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Deposited by the
Linonian and Brothers Library
1913

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

VOLUME II.

SBnftant^ne $rc«
BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO,
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

TROPICAL VEGETATION, RIO SAN ESTEBAN.

(Sec page ii O

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR

WAR, PEACE, AND ADVENTURE

REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA.

JAMES MUDIE SPENCE, F.R.G.S.

MEMBER OF THE ALPINE CLUB.

JKEtth fKaps ano Illustrations.
IN TWO VOLUMES.— VOl.. II.

LONDON:
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON,
CROWN BUILDINGS, 188 FLEET STREET.
1878.
[A 11 rights reserved. ]

EhJJ %ll 2

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
THE ASCENT OF THE SILLA OF I CARACAS.
(April, 1872.)
Previous ascents of the Silla — Union of Excursionists at Los Dos
Caininos — A typical sunset — The mountain cottage — "Fior de
Cachimbo" — The doctor first favourite — Tropical frigidity
— The landscape develops itself — Start from Cachimbo —
Goering's " humbug " — The distance to the Peak — The sum
mit gained — The Naiguata from the Silla — Preparing the
bonfire — Sky rockets — A cold night — Short commons —
Transformation' scene — The descent from the Silla — Excite
ment in the valley of Caracas — " The Volcano of the Avila "
— The return to the Capital . . . Pages 1-13

CHAPTER II.
THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA.
PART I. — THE START.
(April, 1872.)
The Venezuelan coast chain of mountains — The Silla from Caracas
— The Naiguata as it appeared from the Silla — Traditional
superstition respecting the inaccessibility of the Naiguata —
Failure of former ventures — Strong incentives to attempt the
ascent — Objects of the expedition — Members of the party —
Lisboa an acquisition — The departure from the capital —
Humboldt ruins — The guides — " John the Evangelist" shows
the white feather — Giieregiiere — The dark mountain — The
guides try to discourage us — Precipice of the "Tiger's leap " —
Story of a mother's love — The bruised band — Suggestions as
to the route — Ambidexterity of the guides — Quartered for
the night — An early start — Up the bridle path — Fatigue of
the mules — The bald summit — Cerro Duarte . . Panes 14-27
b

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.
THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA.
PART II. — THE RISE TO THE RIDGE.
Pio Berroteran appointed commander-in-chief — Adieu to Cerro
Duarte — La Soledad — A change of pack-animals — On asses
in general — The abodes of Senora Soledad and Madame
Berroteran contrasted — Destruction of forests — Bram
bles and wild strawberries by the wayside — Outposts
of civilization — Tall ferns — La Fuente de la Vida —
Difficulties of the ascent — A medical examination — The
attack on El Calvario — Cutting through the woods —
Demoralization of the guides — "La cuesta de los pasos
perdidos " — Breakfast under the shade — " The Trench " — A
stiff climb — " El cerro de los treinte y dos diablos " — Dis
covery of tiger tracts — Singular effect of the sun's rays on
the Silla — " Punta de Goering " — Choice of a camp site on
the ridge — Water supply — Advice to mountaineers —
Resignation of Lisboa — Three guides sent to the " Well of
Life" — Hallacas — Preparations for the bivouac — The
camp and its surroundings — Ruggedness of the conforma
tion — Vegetation — A marvellous sunset — After dark — A
hard pillow  Pages 28-43

CHAPTER IV.
THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA.
PART III. — THE RIDGE.
A low temperature — Equipment for the attack on the Peak —
Advent of the water-carriers — They receive a salute — More
advice — Misplaced confidence — The doctor anticipates a rich
harvest of casualties — Saint Berroteran — Obstacles on the
ridge enlarge at every step — Mouldering monuments — A
sea scene — The summit recedes — Ups and downs on the
ridge — We have chosen the right path — A natural bridge 
" The leap for life " — Isolation of the Naiguata increasing
with time — More difficulties — The goal reached — Deceived !
— A Cachicama — The vegetation of the Peak — " El Balcon "
— The Sphinx — Hubel discovers a peat deposit — Veri
fication of the general law respecting the direction of earth
quakes in Venezuela — Fantastic forms of isolated rocks 
" The garden of the Naiguata " — The final onslaught on the
Peak  Pages 44-57

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.
THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA.
PART IV.— THE SUMMIT.
" Hurrah for the Naiguata ! " — The Peak Conquered — A glorious
panorama — The Needle of the Naiguata — Minor elevations —
— New Alpine plant — Heat on the summit — A record aloft
— The descent commenced — Short of water — Sufferings
entailed — Bolet discovers a liquid — The way lost in a fog —
St. Berroteran to the rescue — Hieroglyph on the ridge
— " Aqui mismo " — Arrival at the camp — " No water ! " —
" Se gasto en las caraotas " — Desperation — Human tigers
— A rapid descent — Fears as to Lisboa exhausting the stream
— He proves a worthy son of a valiant father — Arrival at
Cerro Duarte — Joy of Mrs. Berroteran — Punishment of Juan
Evangelista — The return to Caracas — Reflections on the
Expedition  Pages 58-70

CHAPTER VI.
after the ascent of the naiguata.
(Apeil-May, 1872.)
What was said of the ascent in the capital — Several friends of
science— Government takes cognisance of the event — Letter
of the Minister of Public Works— Hubel on the geology of
the mountain — Goeringon the fauna — Pamphlet in Spanish
on the expedition — Biography of Nicanor Bolet Peraza—
Letter of the Minister of Public Works— A subsequent at
tempt on the Naiguata defeated — Ramon Bolet, the artist —
His productions criticised by Mr. Ruskin — Dr. A. Ernst on
the flora of the Naiguata— Letter from the British Minister—
Guardia's poem on the ascent — " Memorias de la Sociedad
Eeonomica de Amigos del Pais "— " La Opinion Nacional "
Pages 71-89

CHAPTER VII.
RESIDENCE IN THE CAPITAL.
EL ENCANTADO— CIVIL WAR— TREASON.
(May-June, 1872.)
Excursion to Petare— El Encantado— The river Guaire disap
pears—The Mora— The game of Colear— Theatre of Caracas
—An American circus— Matias Salazar— His early history—

CONTENTS.

Reported depravity — Inordinate ambition — His high position
— Suspected of treachery — He is sent to Europe — Goes to
Curazao and plans a revolution — He lands on the coast of
Venezuela — Raises an army — Fights at Tinaquilla — Is de
feated by Guzman Blanco — He escapes — Is afterwards taken
prisoner, tried by court-martial, and shot — Triumphal entry
of the conqueror into Caracas — Peace speech at the Govern
ment House — A visit to the President—He defends the exe
cution of Salazar — The natural resources of Venezuela
compared with those of England— Introduction to General
Alcantara — Discovery of an original map of Guayana —
Government educational movement — Model school, Guz
man Blanco— Satisfactory interview with the President Pages 90-103

CHAPTER VIII.
EXCURSION TO PUERTO-CABELLO.
(June, 1872.)
Dinner on board H.M.S. " Sirius" — Divine service — How the little
English ship would fight the big Spanish frigate " Gerona "
— Restricted smoking — The captain's invitation for a cruise
to Puerto-Cabello — Vested interest in the "Sirius" — A
dashing naval exploit of the las.t century — Arrival at Puerto-
Cabello — Spanish men-of-war on the look-out for the
steamer " Virginius " -J-Town of Puerto-Cabello — Former
ravages of yellow-fever — Population — Origin of the port —
Public buildings — Situation — Defences — The British Vice-
Consulate — A visit to Goering's studio and museum — River
San Esteban — Tropical vegetation — Departure of the
" Sirius" for Porto Rica — The return by the "Bavaria" — Dr.
Josd M. Rqjas — Curazao and its inhabitants — Where the
Venezuelan revolutions are begun — Arrival at La Guayra —
On the road with the President .... Pages 1 04-11 i

CHAPTER IX.
GOVERNMENT MINING CONCESSIONS.
(1871-1872.)
Commencement of negotiations with the Government — Proposi
tion for the lease of the islands — Other offers from Liverpool
— Interviews with the Minister of Public Works — Slow
progress — Government demands a royalty of one-tenth of the
produce — All negotiations stayed till Scientific Commission
reports on the islands — Petitions for concessions in Barcelona
— These granted by the President — An opponent appears in

CONTENTS. ix

person on the field — He meets with no success, and leaves
the Republic — Another proposition made to the Govern
ment, based on information gained in the Island of
El Gran Roque — Delays owing to the absence of the Presi
dent — His return and verbal consent given to accept the
last offer — More delays in the Office of Public Works — Aid
from an unexpected quarter — A favourable conclusion to the
negotiations — The concession of the islands secured Pages 1 19-126

CHAPTER X.
the first>enezuelan fine arts exhibition.
(July 1872.)
How the scheme originated — Novelty of the enterprise — Enthu
siasm of the promoters — Loan of pictures, &c. — Catalogue
printed — Invitations — Theatre of the Caffi del Avila trans
formed into a picture gallery — The room crowded for four
days— The inaugural banquet — The Exhibition a complete
success  Pages 127-130

CHAPTER XI.
PROJECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESOURCES OF THE
REPUBLIC.
Traction engines— Land and submarine telegraph lines — Coal
mines of Curemichate — New port for Maracaybo — Proposed
railway lines in the lake district of Maracaybo — Navigation
of the lake by steamers — The Copper mines of Aroa — Rail
way from Tucacas- — Venezuelan immigration scheme — The
Caracas and La Guayra railroad . . . . Pages 131 -141

CHAPTER XII.
departure.
(August 1872.)
The lottery of the Charitable Society of Caracas— Last interview
with General Guzman Blanco— Letters from the President
and Minister of Foreign Relations— Last visit to the Foreign
Office— Banquet to the President and his Ministers— Prepara
tions for departure-" Adieu » .... Pages 142-150

CONTENTS.

APPENDIX. PAGE
A. Ancient History of Venezuela  1 5 J
B. List of Plants observed in Los Roques. By Dr. A. Ernst . 175
C. On some Venezuelan Birds collected by James M. Spence.
By P. L. Sclater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Osbert Salvin,
M.A., F.Z.S  177
D. Sertulum Naiguatense : Notes on a small Collection of Alpine
Plants from the Summit of Naiguata, in the mountains of
Caracas. By A. Ernst, Ph.D., &c  180
E. Description of Minerals and Ores from Venezuela. By John
Plant, F.G.S  185
F. Exhibition of Curiosities from Venezuela — Manchester Liter
ary and Philosophical Society  188
G. Orchidese Venezuelans : or, An Alphabetical List of all the
Genera and Species of Orchids collected hitherto in, and de
scribed from, the territory of the United States of Venezuela,
with the necessary literary references. By Dr. A. Ernst,
Professor of Natural History in the University of Caracas . 192
H. Letter from H. B. M. Minister at Caracas, on the Ascent of
the Naiguata  221
J. The Spanish Poetry of South America. By William E. A.
Axon, M.R.S.L. .  223
K. Ascent of the Silla de Caracas. By Juan M. Cajigal . . 232
L. First Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhibition  244
M. Decree Constituting the Islands oftheRepublic into a Territory 253
N. Government Concessions for the working of the Coal-mines of
the Naricual, State of Nueva Barcelona, Venezuela . . 256
0. Concession of Venezuelan Islands for the extraction of Mineral
Phosphates  . . 258
P. List of Public Works in progress in Venezuela, December 1873 263
Q. Select List of Books, Pamphlets, Maps, and Manuscripts
relating to Venezuela  271
R. On Neolithic Stone Implements from Venezuela. By John
Plant, F.G.S  294
S. Exhibition of Venezuelan Curiosities — Manchester Scientific
Students' Association  295
T. The Church of Rome in Venezuela  296
Index  . 301

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VOL. II.

i. Tropical Vegetation, Rio San Esteban . . . Frontispiece.
2. The Naiguata and the Silla, from Los Dos Caminos . Page 3
3. The Attack on El Calvario  To face page 33
4. The Breakfast Party, on El Calvario  35
5. The Tiger's den  yj
6. Isolated Rock on the Ridge  47
7. Isolated Rocks on the Ridge  48
8. Isolated Rock on the Ridge  49
9. The Grand Precipice ....... -53
10. Isolated Rock on the Naiguata (The Arm-chair) . . . 55
1 1. Isolated Rocks on the Naiguata (Crowned columns) . . 56
12. Isolated Rock on the Naiguata (The Crescent) . . . 57
13. The Way lost on the Ridge  63
14. Discovery of the Hieroglyph . . . . - . . 64
15. The Hieroglyph  65
16. Portrait of Nicanor Bolet Peraza  77
17. Portrait of Adolf Ernst  81
18. Chusquea Spencei (new plant)  82
19. Siphocampylus Microstoma  83
20. Gnaphalum Incanum  84
21. Potentilla Ehrenbergiana  85
22. El Encantado, near Petare  91
23. Portrait of Martin Jose Sanavria  120
24. My Last Look at Venezuela  148
MAPS, &c.
1. Outlines of the Silla of Caracas and the Peak of Naiguata
from the Valley of Caracas (south side) . . To face page 1
2. Ideal Perspective of the Principal Mountains and Towns of
the Cordillera of the Coast of Venezuela . To face page 16
3. Map showing the Route of the Bolivar Railway, from the Coast
to the Aroa Copper Mines . . . . To face page 137

NOTE.
[Since tljiS toorf toent to press ©encrat granciaco SinareS Sllcantara IjaS
Been (constitutionality) electeb 5preSibent of t^e Slepuolic cf SBenejueta ; to Succeeb
®eneral Slntonio ®Ujman Stance, toljoSe term of office fjab expiveb.]

ou

TUNES of the SILLA of C/JRA CA S and the PEAK of NAIGUATA from the VALLEY OF CARACAS (S. SIDE

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ERRATA.
VOL. II.
Page i, lines 6 and 8, for " Cagigal," read " Cajigal."
8, footnote, for "Cagigal," read "Cajigal."
163, lines 13 and 16, for " Paredes,'' read " Parades."
164, line 18, for "arquebus," read " arquebuse.''
171, line 11, for " dividivi," read " dividive."
„ 239, line 33, for " Carabelleda,'' read " Caraballeda."
241, line 35, for " Gay laussacia," read " Gaylaussacia.
278, line 41, for " Licencido," read " Licenciado.''

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

CHAPTER I.
THE ASCENT OP THE SILLA OF CARACAS.
The first recorded ascent of the Silla of Caracas is
that of Humboldt at the beginning of the present
century.* Since then it has been climbed by various
enterprising Venezuelans, and by some foreign visi
tors. The most notable ascents have been those of
Cagigal, f Lisboa, J and Dr. Ernst, the last named
having followed up the botanical researches of Hum
boldt and Cagigal, and made a very complete study
of the mountain in its scientific aspect.
To reach the somewhat dangerous summit of the
Silla has always been considered an event in the
capital, and when it was known that another ascent
was contemplated, it gave rise to a good deal of
innocent gossip.
* See Personal Narratives of Travel to the Equinoctial Regions of
America, by Alexander von Humboldt.
t See Appendix K.
X The title-page of the work in which the ascent is described will
be found in Appendix Q., No. 149.
VOL. II. A

2 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i.
Early in the afternoon of April 6th, 1872, our
party started in a coach from Caracas by the Camino
Real del Oriente (Main-Eastern Eoad) for Los Dos
Caminos, at which place we duly arrived and waited
for the remainder of those who had promised to
join us. I took the opportunity which the delay
afforded of sketching the Silla and the Naiguata from
behind the posada, as it seemed the best point from
which to obtain a comparative view of these two
mountain giants of the coast range.
Our company, consisting of Doctor Simon Vaa-
monde ; General Luciano Urdaneta ; Senores Anton
Goering and Manuel Montserrat ; the author ; two
servants (Jesus Anoco and Juan Hernandez) ; and a
dog named "Curazao," being now complete, we started
for the Silla. Our body-guard, consisting of the two
individuals, Jesus and John, and faithful " Curazao,"
proceeded on foot, whilst the remainder went on mules.
We were detained in starting by Goering, who would
not leave without a bottle of whisky, which he said
was absolutely necessary for the preservation of any
insects he might find on the excursion.
Reaching the base of an abrupt and steep spur of the
mountain jutting out into the valley of Caracas, we
commenced its ascent by proceeding along a wind
ing zigzag bridle-path, or natural staircase, to Cach
imbo — the last habitation on the way to the summit
— where we intended to take up our quarters for the
night. The sun was hovering on the verge of the western
horizon, and his rays threw across the sky a glow of

Chap, i.] SUNSET ON THE WA Y TO CA CHIMBO. 3
redness, which hung over Caracas like a blood-red
banner, a fitting emblem of that anarchy which for
generations has desolated this beautiful land, and
" forward flung to Aides full many a gallant spirit of
heroes. ' ' Goering, full of artistic enthusiasm, detained
I [.LA. NAIGUATA".

ll|w
mam

¦MM

>^«S

NAIGUATA AND THE SILLA FROM DOS CAMINOS.

the party, and a few quick dashes of his brush
bare record on paper that he had caught the proper
inspiration, and fixed this glorious vision, "curtained
with clouded red." Our appreciation of the painter
and his work was somewhat damped, however, when
he concluded with Ruskinian force and faithfulness

4 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i.
an eloquent peroration on art in general and the late
sunset in particular, with a specimen of prosaic mate
rialism unworthy of genius, by estimating the value
of his Sunset on the way to Cachimbo in pounds,
shillings, and pence.
At a height of 4265 feet above the level of the sea
the colour of the soil changed from red to dark brown,
and in localities where the face of the hill had been
burned, grass had begun to spring up, receiving no
sustenance from rain or moisture in the ground,
but only from the heavy clouds seen so frequently
sweeping over the sides of the mountain. It was
past 7 p.m. when we approached Cachimbo ; the
shades of night had crept on so fast and so impercep
tibly that in the latter part of our journey it was
so dark that we had enough to do to grope our way
in safety along the perilous path. A light shining
through the darkness showed that our goal was near,
and our shout brought a quick response.
The house which we eventually reached was situated
on the top of a spur or shoulder of the mountain,
at an altitude of 5300 feet, the occupants doing a
thriving retail provision business with the charcoal-
burners who inhabited these heights. Dr. Vaamonde's
presence insured us a flattering reception, and the
best of everything that Cachimbo could furnish was
at our disposal.
There were some terrible stories told that night of
many who had taken refuge in the surrounding hills
during the revolution, and some of whom, it was said,
perished of hunger. Not far from our residence were

Chap, i.] DR. VAAMONDE'S PRETTY PATIENT. 5
found the remains of a man and a tiger who had both
fallen in mortal combat.
We were waited upon by the daughter of the house,
a handsome girl whom Goering christened the " Fior
de Cachimbo." Dr. Vaamonde with a merry twinkle
in his eye introduced her as one of his patients. The
doctor was a universal favourite, and practised not
for the sake of " filthy lucre," but for the amelioration
of the woes of suffering humanity. If all his patients
were like the pretty Fior, then in this, as in other
cases, virtue is its own exceeding great reward. We
were all somewhat jealous of the evident partiality
shown by our young hostess for Vaamonde, but in
truth our irrepressible exhilaration and boisterous
joviality contrasted unfavourably with his gentler
deportment. Our animal spirits were exuberant ;
even after we had climbed into the little loft which
was to serve for a dormitory, the fun went on un
broken, and it was late before the conversation was
silenced by sleep.
The following morning we were roused by half-
past five, and found the air so raw that we were
glad to group ourselves around the kitchen fire. The
sensation of cold was a novelty, and not altogether a
disagreeable one ; its effect was bracing, and cer
tainly our nerves needed strengthening for the work
before us. The physical inactivity naturally result
ing from a prolonged residence in the tropics is not
favourable to the training that would have rendered
our undertaking an easier one than it proved to be.
Having breakfasted, and been encouraged by the

6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i.
good wishes of our host and hostesses, we sallied
forth, and as the barometer had risen during the
night, we had the prospect of a very bright day.
The morning cleared up apace. North of us was a
great amphitheatre formed by the surrounding hills,
with a narrow outlet into the plains below through
the Quebrada de Cachimbo. The large valley of
Caracas, with its branches of Petare, Antimano,
and El Valle, lay before us dotted with luxuriant
patches of grass and cane, whilst more distinctly
visible were the coffee plantations and the long irre
gular wave-like lines of trees marking the meandering
course of the river Guaire. Fleecy clouds drifted in all
directions, here hiding one valley and there opening
up another to our view in quick transition. As we
toiled along at the first rise we tried to keep up our
spirits and to imagine that we were near the top,
although the anxiously-watched barometer contra
dicted Hope's flattering tale. Having accomplished
the work on the first slope, we were disappointed to
find another still more severe in its aspect, with one
side steeply falling off to the valley, and on the north
forming a precipice down into the Quebrada de Cach
imbo. Several times we were obliged to lie down
from fatigue, which a short rest, however, soon
dissipated. Goering was in good form, and took advantage of
these breaks in the journey to search for insects.
Road there was none, not even a trail, and our way
now lay along the edge of the precipice ; to the right
we espied a dense clump of vegetation indicating the

Chap, i.] GOERING'S ENTOMOLOGICAL PRIZE. 7
proximity of water. Thither we sent our peones
to fill the flasks which had become by this time
almost empty. On gaining a footing on another
shoulder of the Silla, our disappointment was height
ened to see a higher one afar off, which we were pro-
vokingly informed was not the last ; and to reach it a
descent of a very rough character had to be made.
We named the height just surmounted the Elephant's
Head, which at a distance it greatly resembled. We
stood for a time looking in the direction we had still
to climb ; some of our party beginning to express
their fears that further progress was impossible, and
many were the propositions made to evade the steep
face by flank movements. At this point Goering
became ill, and was only brought round by the timely
discovery of a new and interesting species of bug. To
this entomological prize he gave a sesquipedalian
name, but as it was a little, nasty, ugly-looking,
noisy insect, we, according to the regulations of the
old jest-book, called it a humbug.
In a shady nook at the foot of the Elephant's
Head we rested for a brief space, exclaiming with the
poet : " Welcome, ye shades ; ye bowery thickets, hail ! "
We were getting tired, and our courage was on the
ebb, but after partaking of refreshments, including a
few drops of a very common stimulant, prescribed
medicinally, things assumed a more cheerful aspect,
and courageously we sprang from the ground with
nerves braced for another attempt, and were quickly
again in the order of march.
All the newly-found prowess was needed, for the

8 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i.
ascent of the next spur was exceedingly difficult, and
we had to make headway by a zigzag course, using
hands and feet ; in fact, a good deal of it was done
on all fours. This work accomplished, the reward
quickly followed, for the undoubted peak was seen a
short distance ahead ; and spurring on our wearied
bodies, the final climb, though a stiff one, was made
with a rush, and an exultant hurrah soon after told
that the goal had been reached.
We gained the summit of the Silla at 1 1 A.M.,
having ascended 3233 feet in less than four hours.
The temperature was 750, and by a rough calculation
we made the height to be 8833 feet.*
We were glad to take refuge under the friendly shade
of some stunted trees growing near the top, for the
enjoyment of a quiet siesta. On awaking, the pro
visions were distributed with a reckless prodigality,
which we repented of before the morrow's dawn ; but
the water was measured out very accurately to each,
our stock consisting of less than a gallon. Some hours
were quickly passed in botanizing, drawing, sleeping,
and entomologizing. Goering gave us no peace in the
prosecution of his studies in the latter-named depart
ment, for he was " death " on all insects, and the most
notorious of lion-hunters was never more enthusiastic
in the capture of the king of beasts than was our
naturalist in that of his insignificant little game.
Then for half an hour we were all hard at work
gathering wood for a grand bonfire.
* The height of the Silla, according to the mean of several careful
observations made by Codazzi aud Cagigal, is 8625 feet. ,

Chap, i.] THE VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT. 9
Varied and beautiful was the view far below our
feet. The most striking object was the Caribbean Sea,
its surface at times seemingly smooth as glass, at
others partially hidden from our view by dense masses
of fog and cloud drifting slowly over its bosom, and
assuming in their erratic and vapoury course rare and
fantastic appearances of icy peaks on vast mountains
of snow, whose bases were in the ocean. The little
village of Juan Dias, although far away on the beach,
seemed as if only a stone's throw from us, and strong
was the temptation to roll a large rock down the pre
cipitous sides of the mountain, and watch it leap from
point to point until it should reach the village 8000
feet beneath. We refrained from this, however,
thinking the possible destruction of life and property
might prove too great a sacrifice for a gratification so
childish. To the east rose the high peak of the Naiguata, ap
pearing to defy the most gigantic efforts of climbing,
though in spite of this I determined to be the first to
plant my foot upon its crest if resolute endurance
could avail to win success. With the binocle the
journey was done in half an hour ! There were diffi
culties visible, but these I felt could be surmounted,
although some of the places had an ugly look. This
contemplation was broken into by my comrades, who
all declared the Naiguatd, to be impregnable ; but
" The distant mountains that uprear
Their frowning foreheads to the skies,
Are crossed by pathways, that appear
As we to higher levels rise."

10 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i.
At 3.45 p.m. the thermometer registered 72°, at
5 p.m. 6 30, and at sunset 6o°.
Now came the evening meal, and with it the
knowledge that we were reduced to very short com
mons ; on our smoking wood fire coffee was made, not
only for that repast, but to serve through the night,
which promised to be bitterly cold. Our cooking
utensils consisted of a kettle and an empty sardine
tin ; in the latter we made a substantial soup, — Liebig
and water, — and the only fault it had was that of not
going far enough. So keen were the appetites of all
that the entire stock of provisions was exhausted at
this sitting ; from lack of a sufficient appreciation of
the necessity of plenty of animal food on such an
excursion, those who attended to the commissariat
department had sadly failed in their duty.
At 8 p.m. we lit our bonfire, and for an hour were
engaged in sending up rockets, which we rightly sur
mised would astonish the natives and the concourse on
the Plaza at Caracas listening to the military music.
We chose places for sleep on the dank and dirty
ground, and had to experience some difficulty in find
ing comfortable locations. Two joined at a hole to
shelter them from the wind, which blew all night
with relentless fury. The surface was damp and our
blankets soon got wet, the dew and a smart shower
of rain spoiling our night's sleep completely. I changed
my quarters several times, and at last got in between
the two attendants. The bonfire having been ex
tinguished by the rain, we cleared some of the
smouldering embers away, and found the warm steam-

Chap, i.] A WORLD OF MIST. 11
ing earth comparatively comfortable for the time, at
least, though somewhat suggestive of old cramps and
aches. Next morning (April 8th) we all shivered up from
our couches, and our cheerfulness was not increased
by the lively reflection that our entire provisions for
breakfast consisted of two pints of thick coffee. This
we dealt out in a semi-liquid state, so that those en
dowed with vivid imaginations might fancy themselves
consuming both food and drink.
We looked around : the landscape on all sides had
disappeared entirely. The sun was rising behind the
bleak peak of the Naiguatd, and to judge by the scene
we might have been transplanted to the frigid zone.
All the valley of Caracas seemed filled with snow, and
far away to the Tuy rose continuous chains of white-
capped mountains ; the Caribbean Sea, an infinite
lake of ice, with here and there vast icebergs, spires,
and peaks of fantastic shape jutting from it ; to the
south-east, glaciers, precipices, and frozen rivers and
seas linked together in wild beauty : the cold air rush
ing up from the valley as from regions of thick-ribbed
ice aided the glamour which had been thrown over the
scene. It required less imagination to think that what
our eyes beheld was ice and snow, than to accept the
fact that they were simply pictures limned by the
great cloud-painter.* But soon —
" The veil was lifted, and below
Glowed the rich valley and the river's flow. "
* " On some isolated mountain at daybreak, when the night mists first
rise from off the plain, watch their white and lakelike fields, as they

12 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i.
We commenced the descent at 6 a.m. with the
temperature at 60°, the landscape changing before us
at every step. We had to proceed cautiously, some
times on hands and feet, whilst occasionally, in spite
of cries of "Wait a bit!" two or three in anything
but elegant attitudes descended at a quicker rate than
was agreeable, setting safety at defiance, and running
the risk of rolling down hundreds of feet into the
misty morning vapours. When we were above the
top of the amphitheatre of Cachimbo, the temptation
was too much for one of the party, who pushed some
large fragments of rock over the hillside, and we all
watched them bound and rebound until they leapt over
the precipice and finally disappeared into the clouds
below. Above the clouds we could see the curling
smoke rising from the houses of the charcoal-burners
on the slopes of the Naiguatd.
On the whole, the descent was marked by no par
ticular occurrence, and we arrived at Cachimbo at
9.30 A.M., where we found a temperature of 8o°.
Here we had a long rest, and then mounting our
mules returned to Caracas, which we reached in the
evening.float in level bays and winding gulfs about the islanded summits of the
lower hills, untouched yet by more than dawn, colder and more quiet
than a windless sea under the moon of midnight ; watch when the first
sunbeam is sent upon the silver channels, how the foam of their undu
lating surface parts, and passes away, and down under their depths the
glittering city and green pasture lie like Atlantis, between the white
paths of winding rivers ; the flakes of light falling every moment faster
and broader among the starry spires, as the wreathed surges break and
vanish above them, and the confused crests and ridges of the dark hills
shorten their grey shadows upon the plain." — Buskin.

Chap, i.] " THE VOLCANO OF THE AVILA." 13
All along the road we heard that the bonfire, and
the rockets sent up from the Silla, had caused great
excitement in the State of Bolivar ; many thought
them to have been signals for the rising of the Blues,
and in some places the Government troops were
actually ordered out. Others were reminded by it of
an old prophecy that the Avila (the ancient name of
the Silla) was to become a volcano and destroy
Caracas. Our pyrotechnic display had been witnessed
by an assembly of about sixty thousand ; — Todo el
mundo y su mujer (All the world and his wife) hav
ing turned out to see the burning fagots flaming on
the crest of the Avila and throwing out " bolts of
fire." All this was opportune, as the capital was just
then rather short of excitement, and the Plaza on the
night in question was crowded with gazers at the un
expected sight.
A few days after our ascent another was made by
my enterprising young friend Lisboa, but the fire and
the rockets this time created no excitement, as they
lacked the charm of novelty.

CHAPTER II.
THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA."*

PART I.
THE START.
" If any yet be so foolhardy,
T expose themselves to vain jeopardy,
If they come wounded off and lame,
No honour's got by such a maim." — Butler.
The chain of mountains striking off at an almost
right angle from the great range of the Andes near
Barquisimeto, and extending along the shore in an
easterly direction until it finally disappears in Cabo
Codera, presents two great heights near the valley
wherein stands the capital of Venezuela of which
this range, indeed, forms a grand natural defence.
These heights are the Silla of Caracas, and the Peak
of Naiguata\ The latter being the most distant, and
nearly in the same line, is not seen from the city.
Viewed from the south side, the Silla, on the contrary,
is the most striking and majestic part of the landscape
which forms the background of the town. Its great
* Messrs. Leopoldo Terrero, Anton Goering, and Bamon Bolet have
had the kindness to place at my disposal for this work the information
they gathered in the expedition.
The thermometer was always that of Fahrenheit, and the observations
were taken in the shade ; those relating to height were made with an
aneroid barometer (No. 620, J. Stewart, 66 Strand, London), and are
given in English feet.

Chap, ii.] NAIGUATA AND ITS INACCESSIBILITY. 15
height, its strange form, and the capricious changes
of light and shade playing upon its brow — when not
lost in thick masses of cloud — produce in the beholder
who for the first time admires its imposing grandeur
a strong desire to ascend the summit, in order to enjoy
the sight of the extensive panorama which it commands.
From the crest of the Silla the high peak of the
Naiguata" rose boldly to view, and the walled-in appear
ance of its flanks provoked not only curiosity but an
enthusiastic desire to overcome its traditional difficulty
of ascent. The Naiguata claims a proud pre-eminence
over all the heights of this region, it towers aloft with
a majesty defying rivalry.
My companions in the excursion to the Silla assured
me that the Naiguata was inaccessible. It was a firm
belief in Caracas that its high peak would never be
trodden by human foot. There was even an old tradi
tion which proclaimed its impregnability. The ferocity
of the animals hidden in the forests surrounding it
was a theme upon which the good people of the capital
were positively eloquent, and, moreover, I was assured
that all those who had attempted to scale the Naiguata
had been compelled to give up their adventurous
design from its absolutely rugged impassability. *
No mountain of the like altitude rises so pre
cipitously from the sea ; but these difficulties only
* "An attempt was made in 1823 to conquer the Naiguata,, by a La
Guayra merchant, and a large party, twenty-five in all, well provided.
They commenced the ascent, but after eight or nine days' effort they had
only reached the foot of the peak, where they shot many tigers, but
were forced by want of Water to give up the enterprise and return un
successful. One of the party was thought to have been lost, but he made
his way back to La Guayra in about fifteen days."

16 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii.
strengthened my desire to make the ascent of the only
peak of the coast range that still remained unconquered.
In a country so full of daring and valour as Venezuela
— the land where the great War of Independence of
South America first began — I was desirous of main
taining that reputation for pluck and fearlessness
which Englishmen have earned by a thousand more
courageous deeds. There is a pleasure even in peril
and hardship, the extent of which no one can more fully
realize and appreciate than he who labours hard to
reach some hitherto untrodden height. I determined,
therefore, to be the first human being to set foot upon
the summit of this highly respectable mountain.
[The relative heights of the various mountains and
towns in the State of Bolivar are shown in the accom
panying sketch.]
That the mere love of adventure was not the sole
motive may well be supposed, and in forming a
party to join me, the selection was made with a view
to gathering information respecting the Naiguata
that might hereafter prove to be a welcome addition
to the physical history of a country to which I was
grateful for a hearty welcome and unbounded hospi
tality. The desire to join the expedition was freely
expressed by many a Venezuelan and foreigner in
Caracas, but as nearly all of them considered the
experiment would prove abortive, few really cared to
throw in their lot with us. But for the risk of a fall
and the fear of the ridicule which always clings to an
unsuccessful adventure, the Naiguata party would
have been very formidable.

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Chap, ii.] MEMBERS OF THE NAIGUATA PARTY. 17
I wished, in fact, to give to the project the character
of a scientific exploration, as well as that of a pleasure
excursion, and the companions who in this true spirit
of enterprise joined me were —
i. General Leopoldo Terrero, whose good judg
ment, analytical powers of observation, and practical
knowledge, made his company of great value to us.
2. Senor Bamon Bolet, a young artist, whose merit,
but for his early death, would have made his name
known far beyond the boundaries of his fatherland.
He looked forward with delight to the prospect of
placing upon canvas the rich landscape which we
knew there was to be seen from the summit. His rare
talents only required to be brought into more intimate
acquaintance with nature and her beauties.
3. Mr. Anton Goering, corresponding member of
the Zoological Society, to whom a new field of labour
presented itself. He is not only an experienced zoolo
gist, but an able and faithful artist ; and his delight at
the prospect of investigating the natural phenomena of
these virgin hills was great. To behold that which none
but the Creator had hitherto looked down upon was in
itself a strong inducement for him to join our party.
4. Mr. Gustave Adolphe Hubel, a mining engineer,
who gladly welcomed this opportunity of digesting a
new slice of the earth's crust. From his geological
knowledge we hoped for aid in identifying the dif
ferent strata we were to encounter.
5. Dr. Simon Vaamonde, who, beyond the ordinary
scientific interest attaching to' our excursion, would
doubtless feel that with only ordinary luck he could
vol. 11. B

18 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii.
with certainty count upon some broken arm, some
tiger-torn limb, some poisoned foot, perhaps even a dead
body to deal with before he found his way home.
6. Sefior Henrique Lisboa, whose remembrance of
that section of the South American continent which
had given him birth enabled him to compare the
characteristics of the mountains of Brazil with those
of the State of Bolivar. Lisboa having been in several
excursions with me, I looked forward to his company
with great pleasure, as his wit, and an unbounded
spirit of contradiction leading him to take the opposi
tion side in all arguments, would help to enliven the
journey and encourage us to get gaily over many parts
of the road which might seem much longer but for his
presence. Mounted on mules and preceded by four pioneers,
who conducted our provisions on a Jerusalem pony,
we left Caracas on the 21st of April 1872, at 1.30
p.m. — with the thermometer at 85°. As we passed
through the town many turned out to watch the
departure of what was considered the most Quixotic
expedition ever undertaken. We stayed for some time
at the village of Sabana Grande and rested in the
casa de campo, occupied by M. Saillard, the French
Consul, where we were joined by Lisboa from his
suburban retreat close by. Starting off once more we
quickly arrived at Los Dos Caminos (The Two Boads),
3050 feet above the level of the sea, where we stayed
an hour beneath the cool corridors of the posada.
Between Sabana Grande and Los Dos Caminos, on
the right, on a knoll some little distance from the road,

Chap, ii.] OUR GUIDES AND ATTENDANTS. 19
stand the ruins of an old mansion, said to have been
the residence, for a brief period at the beginning
of this century, of Baron von Humboldt. It was
destroyed by the great earthquake of 1812, and is
now known as the Humboldt Euins. From this
place a good view of the Silla and the Naiguatd, can
be obtained.
Here we added to our store of provisions, and gave
the requisite orders to the eight guides and attendants
for the proper equipment of the expedition. I was
determined that whatever might happen as to water,
all should, 'at least, have sufficient to eat ; the un
pleasant experiences of the trip to the Silla having
taught the disadvantages of "short commons" in
mountain climbing.
As it is probably their only chance of a brief and
passing fame, a list is here given of the names of
our little army of locusts. They were • Miguel and
Julian Kivero, Ambrosio Mesa, and Meliton Cuervo,
guides ; Antonio Pacheco, attendant of Lisboa ; Jose"
Jesus Sanoja, attendant of Vaamonde ; Juan Jose"
Guillen, attendant of Bolet; and my own servant
Juan Evangelista Fernandez. The last-named went
very unwillingly. His mind was full of dismal fore
bodings. He felt ill, and only came with us from the
fear of being discharged from the services of, perhaps,
a too easy master. I cannot say that "John the
Evangelist " was of much use either as a pointer of
paths or as a bearer of burdens. He was, however,
an excellent meat and drink consumer. From
all of which we may deduce this useful lesson:

20 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii.
never take an unwilling person on a mountaineering
expedition. Mounted once more on our mules we took the road
to the right leading to Petare, and penetrated the
beautiful sugar-cane plantation of Giiereguere, the pro
perty of La Sefiora Vaamonde. This was considered
one of the best-managed and most fruitful estates in the
valley. The reduction works were in excellent order,
and a credit to her son the Doctor, who had charge of
the hacienda. It was six in the evening when we
arrived at this lady's pleasant mansion, where we
were to pass the night. The hospitality displayed by
our truly amiable hostess was so unbounded as to lay
us under a load of gratitude which this acknowledg
ment does not in the least degree lessen.
The last rays of evening light were employed in
pointing our glasses towards the Peak of Naiguata.
Boldly it seemed to defy us with its impassable aspect.
The fading twilight melting into the first shadows of
night made the proud mountain stand out distinctly
against the sky, a great sombre mass, seeming half-
rock and half-phantom. Darkness forced us, alas ! too
soon to quit the view. Merrily glided on the hours
preceding sleep in listening to the anecdotes related
by our guides and attendants. Half-crediting, half-
discrediting, we eagerly hearkened to these self-
deluded mortals as they, in a rough, forcible, and ener
getic manner, chanted the tales of the Naiguatd, and
the wonders nature was to disclose to our eyes on the
morrow. Had we believed all, we should have ex
pected to meet tigers at every turn and snakes at

Chap, ii.] PRECIPICE OF THE "TIGER'S LEAP:1 21
every foot of our journey. One of these grim nar
ratives had relation to an accident which occurred at
the terrible precipice known as the " Tiger's Leap."
Some peasants, a man, his wife, and child, accom
panied by a friend, were riding along this danger
ous path ; the ledge only admitting of Indian file,
the Avoman with her child in her arms being in
the middle. The husband had got some distance
ahead, the friend behind stayed to light his cigar,
leaving the woman for a short time to pursue her
way alone. Having got his smoking apparatus into
order, he spurred on his quadruped and speedily over
took the husband.
" Where is your wife ? " was his inquiry.
" She has not passed, she is behind," replied the
husband. " She is not behind," said the compadre. A terrible
fear" entered into their hearts ; and they knew that
the unfortunate woman must have fallen over the
precipice. They turned back to the " Tiger's Leap," and
there, down, down hundreds of feet below, lay the
shapeless masses of humanity and horse-flesh that
but a few moments before were in the full vigour of
life and health.
As~ they stood spell-bound at this terrible sight a
feeble cry reached their ears, and they saw the child
lying in a little patch of vegetation on the very edge
of the precipice. The darkness and terror of death
cannot destroy a mother's love, and even in the agony
of that descent into the cruel grave below she had

22 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii.
with the strength of despair thrown her babe into its
haven of safety.
Then there was a story of an expedition which set out ¦
to conquer the peak — and failed. The mountaineers
lost their way, and had exhausted both provisions
and water. There was no help for it but to camp out
all night. The leader suffered little from the exposure,
but next morning on looking round he was horrified
to see that all the members of his party were from
cold in a state of stupefaction. He took them one
by one and rolled them down the sides of a steep hill.
This was rough treatment certainly, but it succeeded.
A more bruised band of wretches was never witnessed,
still none of these mangled objects of humanity made
on that occasion an ill-conditioned exit.
No doubt in the legends we heard that evening
the narrators exaggerated the dangers, if not from a
desire to fill us with fears, at least to give interest
and dark colour to the prospect before us.
We discussed also the question of the route that
should be taken, and decided to follow the advice of
Dr. Vaamonde, which was, to ascend by the side of the
mountain opposite to the Silla, following the road as
far as it went, and afterwards by the ascending angles
leading to the crest of the ridge. It was evident
that our track would in a great measure be chosen by
circumstances, we could only keep following up one
ridge until it 'joined another.
Backwards and forwards to Petare in the interest of
the commissariat department went the pioneers. For
an amount of money agreed upon between us they

Chap, ii.] A NIGHT AT GUEREGUERE. 23
were to furnish their own provisions for the journey,
whilst our supplies were to be held in special reserve.
When I saw their sack next morning it presented
beggarly proportions when compared with our own.
Truly they threw in their lot with their employers,
but it was somewhat of a one-sided partnership that
they so cunningly thrust upon us.
The sleeping arrangements for the night were varied
in their character. I had a comfortable bed, some of
the party lay on sofas, whilst Goering stretched him
self on the floor with his saddle-bags for a pillow.
" He that is low need fear no fall," and he was soon
soundly sleeping the sleep of the just. Indeed, the
whole company, being aware that there remained only
two or three hours in which to rest, showed a laudable
disposition to make the most of the flying moments
by giving audible indications of vigorous slumber.
At 4.40 A.M., on the 2 2d, we sallied forth, fifteen
persons in all. The thermometer stood at 62°. Inter
secting the Guarenas road, and tracing out a course
in a northerly direction, an hour's ride brought us to
T6come, the estate of General Santos Jurado, situated
on a gentle rise at the foot of the mountain, 3325 feet
above sea-level. The temperature had increased to
690. The bridle-path behind this estate is extremely
steep, and full of crevices produced by the waters in
the rainy season precipitating themselves with great
impetus from the sides of the mountain. It has been
opened out by the charcoal-burners, who transport
their produce along it on the backs of asses. These
animals have acquired an extraordinary dexterity in

24 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii.
avoiding danger, and they walk on the narrowest foot
path as securely as a horse would trot on a turnpike
road. At this point, after crossing the little river
T6come, the ascent fairly began. For some distance
the road was only difficult for our mules on account of
its steepness ; it tried their mettle, however, and made
them pant and blow at a furious rate. Some of the
company thought it prudent to dismount at places
where the ledge was hardly broader than a curbstone,
and where a false step would have given a premature
finale to our expedition. Still the mule of this country
fully merits the great confidence reposed in it, and in
some spots — " Where hardly a human foot could pass,
Or a human heart would dare" —
I confess I felt safer on its back than when walking ;
so great is the skill and steadiness displayed in picking
a way along these dangerous slopes. Where a descent
had to be made the extreme steepness of the trail
became really hazardous, threatening our lives, and
compelling repeated dismounts in the most perilous
places. It would have been, however, much more to
my taste to have dispensed with the mule altogether,
were it not that I was anxious to husband my strength
for the unknown regions above, and for the final con
test with the Peak.
Fifteen minutes after we had begun the ascent we
reached a height of 3725 feet, and the temperature
lowered to 630. By six o'clock we had gained 530
feet more, and were 4255 feet high, with the thermo-

Chap, ii.] AMONG THE FOOT-HILLS. 25
meter indicating 62°. The fresh morning and the
pure mountain air filled our minds with that child
like gaiety which is nothing more than the contagion
of nature's joy when she first espies Aurora's glimmer
ing rays, whose absence she has wept among the
shadows. In such moments the burden of years seems
to roll from off one's shoulders, the voice gains strength,
the step is quickened if we walk afoot, we gallop if on
horseback, we feel a pleasure in being wet by the dew,
we are keenly susceptible to external nature ; our
bodies long for movement, and the road seems short,
however toilsome it may be.
A wild spirit of hilarity possessed us, and our harsh
shouts echoed through the foot-hills of the Naiguata.
Stimulated, perhaps, by our gaiety, the animals pro
gressed rapidly along the acute zigzags. From the
outer angles we could talk to each other in spite of
the long intervening road-space between each person.
On our right rose mountains looking as if they would
fall upon us ; on our left, steep precipices threatening
instant destruction. Going along the mountain-side
we came out upon a spot containing a few square
yards of table-land. It was not what might be exactly
called a plain, but the nearest approach to level ground
we had encountered since we left the valley, and
here we dismounted to rest our beasts. The sweat
was running from their smoking flanks, and their
short heavy gasps for breath showed how great was
their fatigue.
From foot to ridge, shadows covered all and
struggled with the daybreak, but at the, first ray of

26 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii.
the sun behind the interposing hill stretching out like
a band of dark green, we saw the bald summit of the
Silla. In appearance it was not unlike a Phrygian cap ;
the sun had touched its tip with gold, but all around
the rest of nature lay cold, dark, and dormant. All
the drawing-books were unpacked, and some daring
brushes wetted paper, whilst the mules, to whom the
grandeur of the scenery signified nothing, amused
themselves by nibbling the tufts of grass refreshed by
the dew.
On our immediate right ran the river T6come, the
windings it made in order to reach the valley glittering
like the rings of a silver serpent ; on the left the broken
ground skirting the Silla; and on the east, rising above
us, the crags and precipices which form the Naiguatd/s
most impenetrable defence. Towards the south, the
mists covered the valleys of the Tuy completely, and
it was in vain we tried to make out a single detail
of this most beautiful garden of the State of Bolivar.
North-west of us, dotted with the huts of charcoal-
burners, was the great amphitheatre formed by the
Silla, the Naiguata, and the connecting ridge between,
all sloping down to the Quebrada de Cachimbo.
We continued the ascent, and presently met with a
workman who pointed out a precipice where, a fort
night before, a poor fellow had lost his life. We were
now 4865 feet high — the temperature 6 1°. After a few
minutes' rest we took the road to the right, leaving
to the left the charcoal-burners' trail leading to the
amphitheatre. At eight o'clock in the morning Cerro
Duarte (5375 feet) was reached ; it is a most beautiful

Chap, ii.] CERRO DUARTE. 27
domain, separated from the Silla by a profound abyss
fearful to contemplate. Many a heartfelt wish for
the peace and happiness of the pretty "Fior de
Cachimbo " was wafted over the dark and frowning
chasm dividing us from her and her mountain home.
In this place the temperature had lowered to 6o°.
From this great elevation the mountains circling the
valley of Caracas began to flatten to our sight, and
Antimano, El Valle, Petare, and a few villages of the
Tuy, which appeared to be coming to life again though
still half- wrapped in mist, formed, with the variegated
and symmetrical corn-fields and plantations of the
neighbourhood, a landscape delightfully picturesque
and ravishingly beautiful.

CHAPTER III.
THE ASCENT OP THE NAIGUATA.

PAET II.
THE RISE TO THE RIDGE.
" But, those attained, we tremble to survey
The growing labours of the lengthened way ;
The increasing prospect tires our wandering eyes,
Hills peep o'er hills, and Alps on Alps arise ! " — Pope.
Whilst we were busy sight - seeing, our host, Pio
Berroteran, a worthy hard - working farmer who
owned Cerro Duarte, aided his esposa in the prepa
rations of the desayuno. Berroteran with his wife's
consent — given with fear and trembling — decided to
accompany us on the expedition, for, though he had
done plenty of mountaineering, he had never made the
ascent of the Naiguata. He was a noble-looking fellow,
with honesty engraven on every lineament of his tran
quil face. With him we felt safer than with the guides
we had brought from Caracas, over whom he was at
once appointed commander-in-chief. It was thought
on all sides that his counsel would do us golden
service, and that our chances of success were nowr
very much improved.
Turning our backs on the meseta or little table-land

Chap, iii.] GUIDES VERSUS DONKEYS. 29
of Cerro Duarfe, the stout-hearted animals bore us up
the next steep rise without much evidence of ex
haustion. At the hut of a charcoal-burner we found
it necessary to leave them, as all vestige of road, path,
track, or trail ended a short distance ahead. It was
now nine o'clock, and we soon began to experience
the disagreeable effects produced by the rays of the
sun as it rose from behind the Naiguata.
The provisions which the humble donkey had
carried so far, with that fortitude peculiar to his docile
race, were now transferred to the backs and shoulders
of his bipedal brethren. What a happy day it will
be for mountaineers when pack-animals can manage
precipitously inclined slopes and sharp ascending
angles ! Then farewell to guides, " ye hungry wolves,
adieu ! " On a beast of burden food is not lost, but a
guide, when he has robbed without limit and fed him
self to repletion, can in a moment change his look,
and appear as though he were perishing from hunger,
when dying of plethora would better describe his
condition. The place where we left the animals we called La
Soledad — The Solitude — not from its desert-like
aspect alone, but because it was the name of the
woman to whose charge they were committed.
I was much impressed by the contrast between
the miserable hovel of the Sefiora Soledad and the
comfortable dwelling graced by the presence of
Madame Berroteran from whence we had just come.
In the habitation of the tiller of the soil — a high
farmer certainly — there were cleanliness, hospitality,

30 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii.
plenty, neatness, order, and comfort ; but here, in this
extreme outpost of civilization, this abomination
of desolation, there were squalor, wretchedness,
and piled-up misery, painful to behold ; the misery
which is the Nemesis of Ignorance and Idleness.
Berroteran, with honest industry, made the kindly
earth to bloom in fruits and flowers ; the charcoal-
burner only robbed her, and converted her fair scenes
into a howling wilderness. Berroteran was the only
one on those heights who devoted himself to agri
culture, and he alone appeared to live in comfort.
The others, who obtained a miserable pittance by the
piecemeal destruction of these fine virgin forests, had
the careworn marks of adversity stamped upon them.
These locusts are gradually destroying the whole of
the trees in order to supply the city of Caracas with
charcoal and firewood. In a short time there will be
no wood left, and then the valley will lose its rich
vegetation and semi-tropical aspect. Deprived of the
forests, the hills will not retain the moisture for
gradual distribution during the dry season, and thus
the source of the streams fertilizing the vales below
will be dried up, and the now blooming garden con
verted into an arid waste.
Under the Spanish rule the Cordillera del Avila
was regarded as the property of the state, and none
were permitted to cut down the trees growing thereon.
It is certainly bad policy to allow the rapid destruc
tion of recent years to proceed unchecked. At least
some Government precautions should be taken to
enforce the planting of one or two fresh trees for

Chap, iii.] WILD FRUITS. 31
every one destroyed, which would have the effect of
mitigating the evil.
To return to Soledad — the thermometer in the
shade indicated 750, and in the water 63°. The height
was 6550 feet.
In this part the vegetation, although profuse, was
sickly and stunted, due possibly to the fact of the
charcoal-burners in this vicinity having almost stripped
the mountain-sides of big timber.
Here I happened to see some wild strawberries and
brambles, whose luscious fruits brought to memory
sweet associations of early days. My heart felt moved
by the reminiscences which now arose in the presence
of a scene indescribably beautiful. Before me stretched
an immense horizon, and beyond the impenetrable
vaporous lines I looked, but looked in vain, for the
land whence proceeded my gladsome recollections.
Though the mind fondly lingered with memories
of the past, it was only for a moment, for there
was work enough ahead to monopolize all the
powers of mind and body for its due accomplish
ment. The strawberries and brambles found by the way
side served somewhat to mitigate the thirst produced
by the heat and fatigue of ascending a very steep
hillside. The greatest surprise was shown by the
inhabitants of those places when they saw us follow
ing a direction which their few wants and little
curiosity had never tempted them to essay. At the
last of the huts or rancherias we passed, the woman
who lived there stood at the door with some half-naked

32 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap.

children, showing in her face very plainly the fear she
entertained that we were not in our sober senses.
It was curious to observe the caprices of vegetation ;
trees which a thousand yards lower down attained
great bulk, were at this part but little developed,
whilst on the contrary some of the plants assumed the
proportions of small trees. Ferns of 20 to 30 feet
high, with trunks of 3 feet in circumference, were
common. From a fine spring of water bordering a terra in
cognita we drew what was supposed to be our last
supply. Three full garrafones or demi-johns consti
tuted our sole stock and store. Precious then should
have been these jars filled from La Fuente de la Vida
in the estimation of every member of the company.
At the height of 6625 feet the temperature had
risen to 76°, and at this point, " The Fountain of Life,"
the difficulties of the ascent, strictly speaking, began.
We were entering upon an unknown land, there were
no guide-books to show the route, no traditional in
formation of former travellers to aid us ; our course
was a matter of mere conjecture, our future — doubtful.
Dr. Vaamonde, claiming the right which science un
questionably vouchsafed to him of examining the state
of our health before venturing further towards the
summit, felt every individual pulse, probably to see
if he could discover in the irregularity of its beating
signs of fear. We had the pleasure of finding him
perfectly satisfied with the examination, and the cere
mony ended by his prescribing for both physician and
patients a modest refreshment. We had looked some-

the attack on el calvario.

Chap, iii.] A STIFF BIT OF CLIMBING. 33
what curiously at each other to see if there were any
traces of faint-heartedness, but the white feather was
nowhere visible.
We formed jocosely, but in sober earnest never
theless, a resolution to conquer or die, and with a
dash of enthusiasm entered upon the unexplored
territory. Grasping with difficulty the trunks of
trees, we commenced to ascend a frightfully steep
mountain slope. No enticing gap appeared in the
forest as it closed around us, but inch by inch, foot
by foot, onward and upward, through a close and
thick-set mass of vegetation, the guides with long-
bladed knives in hand hacked out a passage for our
feet. At short intervals we stopped to take breath,
the conversation ceased entirely, fun and frolic had
given place to quick loud breathings, telling of chests
violently agitated with effort and fatigue. There were
moments when we lost all hope of gaining the top of
that interminable ladder. Deep gasps showed how
much this ill-judged spurt — for we were all sadly out
of training — had taxed the strength ; and now and
again a loud Caramba ! from a Venezuelan, and a
still louder equivalent expletive from a foreigner,
spoke of some one having come to grief. More than
one member of the party covered with perspiration
fell exhausted to the ground.
The name of El Calvario was given to this mountain
side. On helping the pioneers to carry the water we
found the contents of the flasks greatly diminished,
owing to the inconsiderate draughts they had taken,
without reflecting that their employers also were
VOL. ii. o

34 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii.
human beings, and therefore subject to the same
'Wants and the same weaknesses. Most ungracious
wretches were they —
" Fit for mountains and the barbarous caves
Where manners ne'er were preached ! "
The footing of familiarity on which we had placed
the guides was decidedly prejudicial to our comfort.
We had allowed them a freedom that proved destruc
tive to discipline and order. They were of course as
ignorant as ourselves of the best route, and in fact
served only to transport our provisions ; and the
manner in which they relieved themselves of the
trouble of carrying full water-flasks forced us to take
these precious treasures into our own charge.
The heat had increased, and although the altitude
of 7295 feet had been attained, the thermometer
keeping pace with it, now indicated 780. At last we
came to a place which had been reached by the great
fire of 1868. The charred shrubs broke when we
leaned against them in ascending, and the acclivity
was so perpendicular, and the dry grass so slippery,
that it seemed as if we were going upon ice and
making one step forward to two steps backward. It was
agreed upon to call this slope the Cuesta de los Pasos
Perdidos (Mountain Side of the Lost Steps). We
escaped hence by scrambling, with faces and hands as
black as negroes, and, as the unpleasant struggle had
not at all helped to put us in good temper, our
appearances were grotesquely diabolical. My servant
had to scrape the soles of my boots which had be-

Chap, iii.] A HALT FOR BREAKFAST.

35

come as smooth as glass ; without this rasping pro
cess it would have been impossible to proceed except
barefooted — a measure not to be thought of in a dis
trict abounding with insect life of a highly poisonous
nature, and reported to be the asylum also of still
more dangerous reptiles.
Here we held a consultation to decide if we should
have breakfast (it was already eleven o'clock) ; but

THE BREAKFAST PARTY ON EL CALVABIO.

as the ground was very little adapted for the purpose,
our position was even worse than that described in
the rhyme —
" I cannot sit or stand, the beggar cries,
But if he speaks the truth, he surely lies ! "
we resolved to go a little to the left, and there,
reclining against some stocks of gramineous plants,

36 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii.
and under their grateful shade, my companions took a
hasty breakfast. I did not join them, preferring to
avail myself of the opportunity the time afforded to
sleep off some of the fatigue rather than load myself
with the weight of a few ounces of our precious stores.
It was 11.35 a.m., and we had reached a height of
7575 feet.
In half an hour we set forth again, and twenty
minutes afterwards arrived at the foot of a rock to
which we gave the name of La Trinchera (The
Trench). Imagining it to be a spur of the mountain
which offered the most direct route up to the ridge,
the climb was commenced. The way was long,
rough, steep, and narrow ; the foothold slight, and
insecure, yet, in fifteen minutes we reached its sum
mit, and to seat ourselves thereon all felt was a real
triumph. The part of the mountain at which we
had now arrived deserved baptizing with a distinct
name, one of the party therefore called it the Cerro
de los treinta y dos diablos (Mountain of the
thirty -two devils) ; being more proud of our endurance
than desirous to be complimentary — he considering
that if each of the sixteen mountaineers had not been
equal to at least two demons we could never have
arrived at this place ! Looking up we saw the
mountain rising peak above peak to its cloud-topped
summit ; but, alas ! between us lay ravines and great
chasms enough to daunt the stoutest. We were all
too plucky to think of failure, yet I doubt if any of
us really expected to reach the top of the Naiguata' in
safety ; but we had made a solemn compact to attempt

Chap, iii.]

THE TIGER'S LAIR.

37

it, ignoring, in the face of a thousand risks, the pos
sibility of failure.
The descent of the face of this deceptive spur or
peak, which was very precipitous, had now to be made.
The affair was managed expeditiously, with sundry

THE TIGERS DEN.

exclamations echoing among the hills telling of the
bruises inevitable in such rough work.
In the valley we entered a thick wood whose
density defied the entrance of the sunbeams, and
where bambusecu interweaving their foliage formed
magnificent arcades and beautiful pavilions. It was

38 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii.
a place of closely matted woods, " where crouching
tigers wait their hapless prey ; " and it was not
long before we came upon traces of the recent
presence of one of these animals. Under other cir
cumstances I should have admired the delicate archi
tectural taste of the wild beast, for the spot was
one that an artist would have selected as the place
upon which to erect the dwelling of his dreams, but
at that moment my mind, solely from the artistic
point of view, did not feel inclined to see the
grandeur of this palace, and I thought it expedient,
and very reasonable, to place myself in the centre of
the party, calculating that, in case we had to make an
abrupt acquaintance with the proprietor of this beauti
ful domain, those who occupied the extreme ends
would have first to render him the honours due to his
rank. Leaving the tiger's lair we steered for another emi
nence which lay before us, and at 2 p.m. we ascended
it. The temperature there was 83°, and the height
8175 feet. The sun, hiding itself behind a cloud on
the top of the Silla, began to pour its rays down into
the Quebrada de Cachimbo, up which a thick mist
was drifting ; although we were at or near the same
level as the summit of the Silla, the effect of the sun's
rays made that mountain assume undue proportions
as it towered above us.
There was much consternation here at the sudden
illness of Dr. Vaamonde. We naturally looked to him
to help us out of any bodily accident, but he, alas ! was
the first of the party to be placed hors de combat.

Chap, iii.] FAILURE OF THE WATER SUPPLY. 39
He lay down incapable of proceeding farther. At first
we attributed his malady to disappointment at not hav
ing any broken bones to set, but Bolet was attacked in
the same way, and as I was never sorry for an excuse I
spread my rug and had a quiet sleep. Goering led on
the remainder of our party for a short distance, but
returned to warn us of the folly of remaining in a
place so dangerous. Dr. Vaamonde having somewhat
recovered we determined to proceed. As a testimony
of our gratitude for this humane warning, "Punta de
Goering " was the name given to the district. Broken
ground, gently undulating, was our next experience,
and the change was delightful after the rough work of
the morning.
Three hundred and fifty feet higher up we found
the dry bed of (what in winter would be) a small lake
formed by the waters which come down from the
highest part of the mountain, and receive in this
ravine a check to their rapid discharge. Here grew a
delicate straw, promising us a soft bed, and as even
ing was already drawing near, it being 3.30 p.m., we
took possession of the spot, and by unanimous consent
it was selected for our encampment and head-quarters
on the ridge.
A grave question now presented itself, casting a
gloom over every face. We had not water enough to
last out the remainder of our journey to the peak,
not even sufficient for the night. The situation was
a doubtful one, and led to many reflections. In ex
peditions of this nature I would suggest that the
water should be carried in double-locked cases, of

40 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii.
which two persons should each have a key, the one use
less without the other. The custodians, kept always as
far apart as possible, should be persons of undoubted
honour and integrity, and very well watched.
At such an immense elevation, after a long dry sea
son we could not reckon upon finding a single drop of
water. It was idle to think of returning to the small well
from which we had drawn our supply, and losing the
vantage-ground already gained with so much painful
labour; while to turn back and abandon the enterprise,
apparently so close to its termination, was a thing which
the unflinching determination of the band obstinately
forbade. Various were the opinions on this occasion,
all agreeing, however, that the calamity which pre
sented itself to us was very great. Only Lisboa re
mained tranquil, assuring us that for himself the
deprivation was nothing, as he. could pass a whole
day without even wishing for water. We all envied
the Brazilian at that moment, although his statement
brought only ridicule upon him, for we declared him
an outsider who ought to have neither voice nor vote
in our deliberations. In this affliction it occurred to
my mind to send some of our followers in search of
water, and I succeeded in inducing three of the
guides to undertake the quest, by addressing to them
the warmest personal eulogies mingled with the per
suasive eloquence of pounds sterling. They set off
in the direction of the Well of Life, promising to
be back in the morning of the following day, and
in this hope we addressed ourselves with much gusto
to a delicious meal. The first rank in it was assigned

Chap, iii.] OUR CAMPING GROUND. 41
to the native delicacy hallacas — highly spiced pud
dings made from minced meat and coarse Indian corn
meal, and boiled in a covering of banana leaves.
Having finished gathering brushwood to feed the
fire which was to save us from the severity of the
cold during the night, as well as to lessen the proba
bility of an extemporaneous visit from the king of
these forests, we devoted ourselves to the pleasant
occupation of examining the surrounding domain.
Enormous masses of stone lay scattered about with
that negligence and disorder peculiar to Nature,
inducing a suspicion that that venerable old lady
must have been madly frolicsome when she did
this portion of her work. Here great rocks formed
bulwarks and galleries for our encampment ; there
platforms whence the sight could follow the dis
tant lines of the wide horizon ; whilst in the midst
of these a few shrubs appeared struggling for a
dubious existence. Lower down the hillsides were
plants which showed all the colours of the rainbow
among their glowing clusters. What a sight it would
be to see this district after the rainy season when all
around is green and fresh and all the flowers are in
bloom !
During a halt in the evening we mounted one
of the highest of the rocks. " On the jag of a
mountain crag " some of us commenced to take notes,
and others to sketch ; Bolet began to paint, whilst
Terrero beneath busied himself with botanizing. The
scene before us was one of such grandeur and solem
nity that I became enraptured in its contemplation.

42 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii.
To the south the valleys and mountains formed
an irregular table-land, and beyond the farthest hills
were seen the plains below. To the north, about
500 feet above us, by an optical illusion, the entire
chain of mountains seemed to extend, like an endless
curtain, very peculiarly folded in some of its parts.
To the east the grand peak of the Naiguatd appeared-as
if retreating from our sight like a night vision, whilst
narrowing the horizon to the west were visible the
Silla of Caracas and the mountains of Aragua. Al
ready the mists were rising towards the Silla, and
beyond, through a large gap in the ridge, we could
discern what looked like the sea. The sun before
withdrawing its light completely from the brows of
the Silla cast its beams through the fog with ex
quisite play of light and shade, and soon fell upon
the distant ocean, and in shadow and silence we
watched the burning globe despoiled of its rays,
tinged with purple, and surmounted by a sort of
shining crown or cupola. As it sank into the blue
waters the atmosphere which surrounded it seemed
to grow rarer and purer ; the crown extended until it
became lost in the great circle of the sky ; its purple
changed to crimson, and meridians of black and green
and blue girded it symmetrically. Gradually it dis
appeared, and with it the band of ruby which had
tinged the surface of the waters before it finally sank
into their waves. At this moment the moon rose
behind us, illumining with its pale light the summits
of the hills, and giving to the ocean the appearance
of an immense shield of burnished steel.

Chap, iii.] THE WATCHES OF THE NIGHT. 43
At_7 p.m. the temperature was 54". The height of
our encampment was 8450 feet above the sea. The
fire being lighted, and our party grouped around, we
commenced a series of comic and lyric perform
ances, in which every one displayed his best humour
and attitude, the proceedings terminating with the
national primitive " dance of the bears," this panto
mime being executed by our two artists with such
gracefulness as to draw from the audience applause
loud and prolonged. The thermometer at 8 p.m.
marked 50° of temperature, and 52° in the water.
Soon after, accommodated to the best advantage
on our beds of straw covered with blankets and
cloaks, with our heads resting upon ungrateful stone
pillows, we gave ourselves up to rest and sleep. The
agreement that one of the party should sit up all
night in order to guard against the attack of wild
beasts was abandoned. The intention of having a
relief -guard was dictated by the commonest prudence,
but Lisboa, the first who took his turn at it, fell
asleep in his watch and did not arouse until morning.

CHAPTER IV.
THE ascent of the naiguata.

PART III.
THE RIDGE.
" They gripe their oaks, and every panting breast,
Is raised by turns with hope, by turns with fear depress'd." — Drtden.
The thermometer must have fallen almost to freezing
point in the night, for at six next morning (April
23d) it stood at 43°, when we all arose shaking like
aspens. The night on the Silla was bad enough, but
child's play compared to this. From the necessity of
being encumbered with as little baggage as possible
our coverings were but scanty. The fatigue of the
preceding day, and the chilliness of the damps and
dews which had struck through our clothes, combined
to fill us with cramps and aches. We jested at
such trifles, however, and one of the party declared
that the chattering teeth reminded him of a band
of nigger minstrels rattling their castanets. But if
our frozen bodies were in evil case, our hearts were

Chap, iv.] RETURN OF THE WATER-CARRIERS. 45
stout and brave, and beat high with the prospect
of a successful termination to this toilsome enter
prise. Full of hope we resumed our preparations
for the journey.
Half an hour afterwards were heard the shouts of
the pioneers with the water. We answered them with
joyful exclamations and loud hurrahs ; and saluted
the precious liquid with a salvo of two guns, the
echoing sounds of which were lost while repeat
ing themselves successively in the recesses of the
mountains. Soon coffee was boiling in a calcerola
(enamelled pan), which we rather ate than drank, so
stingy with the water had been the improvised cook.
The coffee, although nearly the consistence of paste,
had not a bad taste, and at all events served to produce
warmth, and stimulate the circulation of the blood of
the benumbed band. I may give as the result of
some experience a piece of advice which will be of
service to any one forming part of such an expe
dition. When all have to drink out of one dish
drink last, . for common politeness will leave the
largest share to the last man, who will also have
the grounds — a by-product not to be despised on
such an occasion.
At 7 a.m. we recommenced our march, carrying
some flasks filled with water ; against my advice the
remaining liquid, with the provisions, blankets, and
everything not likely to be of immediate use, were
left behind in charge of two guides. This precau
tion made us somewhat more nimble for the ascent,
but was afterwards the cause of new and more terrible

46 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv.
sufferings. It was intended as a safeguard against
the predatory incursions of wild beasts, but the most
ravenous of animals could not have been more de
structive than those we left in charge of our stores.
The Doctor briefly examined the group, and pro
nounced us sound in wind and limb, but none doubted
that he was anticipating plenty of practice in the
surgical line within the next few hours. We marched
along, Indian file, in morose silence, for we were all
impressed with the difficulties of the desperate work
opening up ahead.
We took with us four servants, two guides, and
Berroteran, who, although desiring no remuneration
for the important services he rendered us, endured all
our caprices with praiseworthy patience. He merely
smiled at the occasional " cantankerousness " which
the inconveniences of the journey caused some of the
members to exhibit. The torments inflicted upon him
would have tried the piety and good temper of a
saint. " Sweet are the uses of adversity " is a maxim
that ckoes not apply to the adversities of mountaineer
ing, as these only develop the sourer parts of human
nature. I was so struck with Berroteran's forbear
ance and native courtesy that I dubbed him Saint
Berroteran, and I am sure there are many worse
fellows than he in the calendar.
Our march was rendered more difficult by lack of
any traditional precedent, and the necessity of taking-
circuitous routes in order to avoid the obstacles
presenting themselves in following what seemed to
be the most direct way to our destination. The

Chap, iv.] ISOLATED ROCKS ON THE RIDGE. 47

"^\._^

traces of vegetation grew fainter as we ascended,
without, however, losing their peculiar character.
The quartz now became abundant, and here and there
jutting out from the mountain-side were enormous
masses of rock, and the shapes these assumed were
exceedingly grotesque, for they looked like the
mouldering monu
ments in the bury-
ing-ground of some
barbarous and gi
gantic tribe. We
would gladly have
remained to gaze
upon these ruins,
awful in decay, but
it could not be.
We had taken Excelsior for our motto, and upwards
we must go, and that with hurried steps. At the
end of a march of thirty-five minutes the summit
of one of the eminences into which the mountain
of the Naiguata' is divided was reached.
Here, looking towards the north, we were seized
with amazement at the sublimity of the scene, and
we could understand the surprise Nunez de Balboa
must have felt on discovering from the summits of the
Andes the borders of the Pacific ; for, on coming sud
denly on this rise in the ridge, whose spurs we had
been lately traversing, all the glories of land and sea
burst upon us. The ocean looked like a gigantic
tapestry, suspended from an apparently concave
heaven — its aspect (ever changing) was dark, deep,

ISOLATED KOCK ON THB EIDGE.

48

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

[Chap. iv.

mysterious, opaque, and almost colourless, whilst miles
away its waves were seen to break on the yellow sands
of Cabo Blanco, Juan Dias, and other places on the
coast. The vegetation about us alone presented a sad
appearance, as it consisted of only four families, and
these stunted shrubs.
Clefts and caverns abounded on all sides; large
stones which had fallen upon deep crevices, formed
natural bridges ; everywhere around was seen Nature's

ISOLATED ROCKS ON THE RIDCE.

power in her wildest mood — "ruin upon ruin, rout
on rout, confusion worse confounded."
This peak (8795 feet) Ave had hoped was the last, but
we found out by sad experience the vanity of human
wishes ; the summit of the Naiguata appeared to be re
ceding from us, and was still peak after peak far away.
Descending, we directed our steps towards the next
rise, following the ridge till it brought us to the foot of
some enormous gneiss rocks, which age and storm had

Chap, iv.] MINOR PEAKS OF THE MOUNTAIN. 49
polished, and we began resolutely to ascend the new
height, for all our efforts to flank this impediment to
our progress proved abortive, as the ridge had gradually
become more precipitous, and its spurs, serviceable
heretofore, were now rendered almost unavailable.
The isolated peaks into which this part of the coast
range is divided have the appearance of the naked
turrets of an old round tower. Plants cannot grow,

ISOLATED ROCK ON THE RIDGE.

nor seeds germinate on their inhospitable brows,
which, when warmed by the rays of the sun, throw
out an excessive heat. It is my belief that the only
way to this elevated point of the Naiguatd, is along
the spine of the ridge of which we made use ; the
rocks, though rough as files, offering sufficient hold
during its perilous ascent.
After some rough experiences in the descent of the
height already mentioned we came to a large stone

o
VOL. II.

50 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv.
which in falling over an abyss (one of the frequent
clefts or gashes in the ridge) had formed a wonderful
natural bridge, the opposite extremity of the stone seem
ing to rest upon another piece of rock at a violently
inclined angle, but in reality leaving a gap which
required a great jump to clear. Not over anxious to
monopolise either the glory or the danger of leading
the way across the chasm, I tried my persuasive powers
on a guide to induce him to be the pioneer, but as he
obstinately refused the venture, I was obliged after
all to set the example. With the words Victoria 6
muerte I threw myself on the opposite side, where I
gained a safe footing amidst the hurrahs of our com
pany who were then just arriving on the scene. Had I
failed to clear the space I should have been instantly
dashed to pieces. I could not help reflecting that if
I had succeeded in inducing one of our useless guides
to lead the way, and he had fallen down the abyss, it
would have drawn forth one of the noblest sentiments
of our nature — viz., that Christian fortitude with which
man bears the misfortunes and sorrows of others !
Puente del Salto was the name given to the bridge,
and the best view of the Naiguata was from this
locality.* The Grand Peak looked appalling, and
seemed to bid the stoutest mountaineer despair — hill
after hill rising one above the other, and culminating
in a summit which appeared absolutely impossible to
attain. I hurried on with Berroteran, leaving our party
* The " Illustrated London News,'' of August 24, 1872, contains a
sketch of the Peak of Naiguata taken from this spot.

Chap, iv.] DISAPPOINTMENT. 51
either to take the " leap for life" — which some did — or
to go by a circuitous route through the ravine below.
The isolation of the peak of the Naiguata increases
with time ; there are traces of earthquakes on every
side, and we may expect that some of these disturbances
will rend the ridge with gashes of such a character as
to make the summit totally inaccessible.
We arrived shortly at the foot of another rise which
it was necessary to scale, and which several of the com
pany in their flights of fancy supposed was the goal of
our pilgrimage. Alas ! the wish was only father to the
thought, for the end was not yet. The hope of reach
ing its summit disappeared when we found ourselves
unable to fix upon any point where it was possible to
attempt an ascent. For a while we stood irresolute
until we discovered a slope which terminated in a
kind of step with some- little vegetation growing in
its crevices. This seemed to promise resistance to our
feet, whilst with our knives we could dig holes into
the wall as we climbed up. We ventured, and thus
cutting our way, aided after a time by a rope which
one of our nimble guides threw to us from the top,
the brow was gained. This was at 9.30 a.m. ; the tem
perature we found to be 720, and the height 9340 feet.
Some intervening mounts had yet to be climbed or cir
cumvented before the final elevation could be reached.
The high tor on which a few of the party were now
congregated did not form, like the others, an altogether
isolated eminence, but served as a base to the next
one, which in its turn extended towards the east by a
wall-shaped ridge, flanked on both sides by the most

52 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv.
fearful depths. At the highest point of this hill the
rocks form three round columns, which seen from afar
appear like the remains of a ruined temple. He who
ascends for the first time may easily, here, believe
himself to be already at the end of his journey, but a
good look-out ahead is sufficient to show him his error.
The report of a gun drew our attention to the fact
that Dr. Vaamonde, below, had just killed a cachicamo
(armadillo), which apparently had been running over
the ridge in search of food. No great advantage
resulted from this, however, for the unfortunate ani
mal was extremely thin. It is supposed to inhabit
the plains only, and its appearance 9000 feet above
the sea astonished us.
As we ascended it became noteworthy that the
vegetation had been gradually changing in character,
assuming the forms and qualities stated by geographers
to belong to the flora of regions where the tempera
ture is exceedingly low. There was thus an entire
change in the course of our ascent to the summit of
the Naiguatd,. But, upon the deposits brought down by
the rains to the level lands, which here open between
rock and rock, sheltered from the wind, and rendered
fruitful by the rays of the sun, vegetation has sprung
up which may be called exotic, and beautiful
grasses and plants were to be found whose habitat
was nominally 3000 feet lower down. It appears
that, owing to a rare atmospherical combination
which would have an interest for science, this spot
has a temperature equal to that which is artificially
obtained in hot-houses.

Chap, iv.] A TERRIBLE PRECIPICE.

53

Following for nearly two hundred yards the narrow
way previously mentioned, which at its broadest
scarcely measured three feet, with one side bordered
by a grand precipice of at least 3000 feet, we came
to a place which we called El Balcon (The Balcony).

6&P

HI*

ill

iliiPl
flffi

%M

MM)

ws*m

''If 'HBHfiMYfi

its

ms v

¦ ''3*3

THE GRAND PRECIPICE.

" Down those precipitous, black, jagged rocks,
For ever shattered and the same for ever,"
we could not look without a slight feeling of dizzi
ness, and it required some time to accustom us to the
sight of the abyss along which we had come, and

54 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv.
near which we now sat for the contemplation of its
aspect and its surroundings. Looking back we saw
at a considerable distance, on a spur leading up to
the ridge of the mountain, a peculiarly-shaped stone
having the appearance of a sphinx — an exact resemb
lance of the ancient Egyptian mystery. On the right,
500 yards further on in a direct line, we saw the
needle of the Naiguata' whose side towards the north-
north-west was covered with vegetation.
In this neighbourhood Mr Hubel called our attention
to the small dry bed of -a lake where the vegetable
matter in fermentation had caused the formation,
though very imperfectly, of a matter decided to be
turf. We found two or three of these peat deposits,
and their moisture led us to hope for a spring, but we
were disappointed. Between the second of the three
great heights into which the Naiguata', is divided and
the third, "the grand peak," the entire hillside is
covered with masses of rock, wild and grotesque in
form, and thrown together in the most startling dis
order. We put the same manoeuvre into practice as
before in ascending the slopes of the next elevation.
With sticks and knives we made indentations in its
side for footholds, and by this method we gained the
top, where we stopped to take breath.
There we were in the presence of a geological fact
already known to science but the importance of which
was once more confirmed ; all the exposed bluffs, pre
cipices, and walls of rock lay in a north-north-easterly
direction, and in general they were surmounted by
loose stones, the greater part of which jutted out as

Chap, iv.] ON EARTHQUAKES. 55
if ready to precipitate themselves into the abyss, but
were held back by the weight of the matter resting
upon their other extremities. This natural mechan
ism at the same time causes the formation of spacious
grottoes. It is said that the water-falls of the Cordi
llera, which are large and rapid, slope in the same direc
tion. It may, therefore, be supposed that the great
upheaval or eruption, which gave form to this part
of the chain, has verified in the sense indicated this
general law of the direction of north-north-east. If what
has been told me by several persons be true, that the

ISOLATED ROCK ON THE NAIGUATA (THE ARM CHAIR).
earthquakes which are felt frequently at Caracas follow
this same course, we may conclude that the internal
forces long ago opened for themselves sufficient outlet,
and that it is clear, therefore, that the fear of volcanic
eruption in this part of the chain is groundless.
Various and singular were the forms of the isolated
rocks ; sometimes they looked like walls carefully
bound together ; at others they had the appearance of
columns crowned with turbans, such as may be seen in
Mussulman cemeteries, while some might have been
taken for stately thrones; but one which attracted

56

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

[Chap. iv.

particular attention took the shape of a large half-
moon perfectly sculptured.
With great difficulty we descended into a little
valley, the bottom of which in the winter season will
no doubt be found covered with water. We surmised
this from the great humidity of the ground, and the
occurrence of plants which usually live in water. At
the foot of this declivity, Terrero discovered a spacious
cave into which the light of the mid-day sun pene
trated gently. Round about this grotto grew in great

ISOLATED ROCKS ON THE NAIGUAtX (CROWNED COLUMNS).

profusion grasses which had adhering to their stalks
a kind of gum somewhat disagreeable to the touch.
Truly this spot, by virtue of the rich luxuriance of
its vegetation, merited the name we gave it of The
Garden of Naiguatd.
After making innumerable turns, in consequence of
the irregularity of the ground, we reached the crest of
another peak, not arid and bare like the preceding one,
but covered with verdure. The needle of the Naiguatd
was now separated from us only by about two hundred

Chap, iv.] THE FINAL ATTACK ON THE PEAK. 57
yards, and the rich vegetation which climbed up to its
point made us forget the distance which divided it
from the habitations of men. It was a garden rich with
diverse colours, the freshness of the soil defying alike the
rays of the sun and the changes of the atmosphere.
Full of confidence at having at last come so close
to the goal and the end of our troubles we soon
recovered from our fatigue, and with renewed vigour
made the final onslaught on the needle ; but the
ascent was so steep that, in spite of the support

ISOLATED ROCK ON THE NAIOUATX (THE ORESCENT).
afforded us by the small trees, we found ourselves
compelled to take a moment's rest, when, with remark
able temperance, we drank a few drops of aguardi
ente and water (homeopathically distributed), in order
to quell the thirst which the fatigue of the ascent and
the heat had so greatly increased.
Like a group of warriors who had impetuously scaled
a tower, intoxicated with glory, smiling upon death,
and violently transported with enthusiasm, we hastily
directed our steps towards the summit.

CHAPTER V.
THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA.

PART IV.
THE SUMMIT.
" We reach the summit, earth is in a dream
Of misty seas, and islands strangely born.''
Ten minutes later the crest of that mountain, strange
to the echo of the voice of man, resounded with the
cry, " Hurrah for the Naiguata ! "
This was the first time that a human foot had pressed
the sharp summit of that proud peak, and it deserves
to be recorded that the event took place on the 23d
of April 1872, at 11. 41 a.m., when the barometer
indicated the altitude to be nine thousand four
hundred and thirty feet (9430) above the level of the
sea,* showing a difference of 805 feet in height
between it and the Silla of Caracas, the height of
which we roughly calculated in our journey to its
summit to be 8833 feet, but which in reality is only
8625 feet.
* We did not attempt to take the height by boiling point, as we had
no water !

Chap, v.] A MAGNIFICENT PANORAMA. 59
Seated on the rocks and stones crowning the top *
we surveyed, aided by a powerful glass, the magni
ficent panorama, boundless, endless, and sublime,
which was unfolded to our sight. Fronting northwards
the sea extended so far into the sky as to be visible
at a seemingly greater height than our own, and the
islands of Los Roques and Orchila, which we could dis
tinguish with the naked eye, looked as though they
were chained to the firmament. On the east the range
of mountains descending suddenly from our feet, and
sinking lower and lower mingled at last with the
forests of Unare. To the south the valleys of Cara
cas and of the Tuy were lost amidst the thousand
hills that surrounded them, the latter looking like so
many simple undulations as they extended in the
south-east to the wooded ranges of Barlovento, and
in the south-west to the mountain chains of Aragua.
The horizon in the west was blocked by the Silla, which,
always heretofore grand and bold viewed from what
ever side, looked now somewhat dwarfed in height, and
cheated of its fair proportions as never before had any
one seen it. After having surveyed this immense ex
panse we reluctantly turned our attention to the spot
on which we stood.
The needle of the Naiguata' owes the pointed form
by which it is distinguished not only to its consider
able height but also to the narrowness of its sharp
peak. The point itself consists of about a dozen
rugged rocks, the largest (on the top) and only well
formed one being about ten feet long by six feet wide,
* See Frontispiece, Vol. I.

60 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v.
and three to four feet high ; the platform shelving to
the north-west is embraced within an area of 200
square feet.
On the north and north-east the mountain goes
down by " The Grand Precipice," 3000 feet, and
then in a steep declivity forms a promontory to
the sea ; in the direction of the east and south it is
lost in dreadful cliffs and high craggy spurs ; at the
south-west, from which direction we had ascended,
it first inclines to a high miniature valley, backed
by six lower peaks, and then gradually descending
it ends in another, beyond which rises the Silla with
its barren summit. The declivities of the cone on which
we stood were covered by an abundant vegetation,
but we looked in vain, however, for more than a few
specimens of the flora we had seen growing lower down.
Near one of the stones of the peak we gathered
a number of plants, the greater part of them being
new to all of us. I found here in abundance a fine
( bambusece or tall willow- fashioned grass, which turned
out to be an undescribed species of Chusquea.
The rays of the sun were now so strong as to call
for our serious attention. The excessive heat dis
tressed us considerably, and was attributable to the
rarefaction of the air, a circumstance which did not
tend to augment the number of our scientific and
artistic memoranda. The thermometer showed 82° at
noon. Wishing to leave a testimony of our prowess on the
spot I got the guides to raise a cairn, upon which we
fixed one of our climbing poles, with a handkerchief,

Chap, v.] WE BEGIN THE DESCENT. 61
bearing my initials, fastened to it banner-wise. Further,
we obtained Goering's powder-flask, and placed in it
a paper bearing the signatures of the party. This
record we deposited at the foot of the standard,
protecting it by one of the stones.
Harassed by a burning thirst which the heat had
increased, and having but a small quantity of water
remaining, we resolved to set about the descent, and
at 12.30 we took our departure from the summit.
My companions were all very tired, and I was com
pletely exhausted. During the whole day I had
taken but two or three ounces of Indian-corn bread,
and absorbed by the object in view, like all those
who allow themselves to be possessed by a passion, I
had nearly forgotten myself. The object being gained,
and the result obtained, the mind which under this
tension had so far vigorously sustained the body in
the performance of its work now fell back completely
depressed. At times from absolute physical pros
tration T almost fainted, but trusting to the kind
ness of those whom I had led to the summit of the
mountain not to abandon me at these critical
moments, I asked them to make frequent halts until
my limbs should be ready for fresh efforts. The very
little liquid, a mixture of brandy and water, which we
still had, was distributed by rations of drops. This
meagre consolation at last failed, and the burning lips
sought in vain for moisture.
When the water was all exhausted, an almost pro
found silence reigned among us : only the panting of
labouring chests was to be heard ; few could speak, for

62 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v.
our tongues, dry, rough, and swollen, were unequal to
their usual functions. Suddenly Bolet remembered
that among his painting apparatus he carried a flask of
water which served to wet his brushes ; he approached
me full of Samaritan kindness and applied the liquid
to my lips, but in spite of the frightful thirst which
possessed me, I could not swallow it ; the flask had
been filled some days before and turpentine had mixed
with the water. From time to time as the travelling
fogs passed close to us, eager lips opened to inhale
the thin vapour. But the irritation of the thirst was
terrible ; our temples throbbed, our footsteps became
tottering and uncertain, one idea alone had hold of
all our faculties, and that was to get back to the
encampment where we had left some of the precious
life- restoring fluid.
The prudence of St. Berroteran saved us from losing
our way, and perhaps also from death, since one of
the pioneers, with that rustic simplicity natural to
men in his condition, wishing to be thought a clever
tactician and a knowing fellow, pretended to direct
our return, and with singular persistence wanted to
take us to the abyss. St. Berroteran pointed out to
him the dangerous mistake he was making, and took
the responsibility himself of guiding our downward
track. Soon afterwards we lost our way in a fog which in
creased the discomfort of our condition, and had it not
fortunately cleared away we should have had to stay all
night in this part of the mountain, which, without our
blankets or rugs, would have been almost certain death.

Chap, v.] DISCOVERY OF THE HIEROGLYPH. 63

The fog was much more dense later in the evening,
and next day the whole mountain was enveloped in
thick black clouds followed by copious showers.
On the ridge we stopped to examine a stone of
considerable dimensions ; on its surface was cut a

»- i

wmm

mmm

Hem

THE WAY LOST ON THE RIDGE.

symbol or hieroglyph, which we attributed to some
aboriginal inhabitant of this section of America. It
appeared to be a rude representation of a serpent try
ing to bite its tail, or of a small boat with its prow
suspended. Its size did not exceed one foot. We

64

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

[Chap.

hastened to copy this example of primitive art, which
may have been a sign to show the direction of the
sea, or to denote a date, an event, or a tomb.
We descended two of the slopes very rapidly, some,
in fact, preferring rather to roll than to guide their
movements. Nevertheless it appeared to me as if we
should never get to the encampment, such was the

£

DISCOVERY OF THE HIEROGLYPH.

anxiety I experienced. Desiring to hear somebody ex
press the hope of a prompt arrival at the place where
water — truly the water of life — was waiting for us, I
asked one of the pioneers, on whose arm I frequently
leant, if the place was yet far off. He answered me
with that eternal " aqui mismo " (close here), which
is equivalent in the mouths of the country people

Chap. v.J

DESPERATION.

65

to the most unpleasant irony, and the distressing
meaning of which I had already learnt in my travels
through the states of Barcelona and Aragua, and the
valleys of the Tuy.
At last, at 3.30 p.m., we perceived the encamp
ment like an oasis before us, and quickening our
steps arrived there speedily.
" Water ! water ! " shouted all but myself, I could
only utter a hoarse wordless sound ; while greedily,
desperately, each seized — a decanter — a flask — a
bottle —

THE HIEROGLYPH.

All .were empty !
" It has been used for the caraotas " (beans), com
posedly observed one of these human tigers whom we
had left under the form, of zealous guardians of our
treasure-, and before whose voracity the wild beasts of
the Naiguatd would have fled in terror. [I attribute
the fact of not meeting a tiger on this expedition
solely to the presence of these fellows. The brutes
must have felt that they would be overmatched ! ]
vol. 11. E

66 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v.
The most horrible ideas crossed my brain ; a red
film covered my sight, my ears hummed, and my
tongue vainly tried to translate into words my burn
ing indignation — I fainted and fell senseless to the
ground. Suddenly a cry of joy was uttered by some one who
had found a vessel containing a little water. It was
placed to my lips, and a delightful gulp calmed some
what the fire which devoured me.
My friends wished to leave the encampment imme
diately, but feeling utterly incapable of resuming the
march, I begged them to delay our departure for a
brief interval, and made use of the respite granted to
indulge in a renovating sleep, which so greatly restored
me that I could, although with difficulty, set about
the descent. On awakening I asked for a little water,
and was told that it was all consumed — not even
a drop remained. Seeing near me the remnants of a
pan of the fatal caraotas, half- cooked, which the
pioneers had left, I seized it with avidity, and, in
spite of the black-looking nauseous appearance the
semi-fluid compound' presented, I drained to the very
dregs this dish of uncleanness, which proved, however,
as pleasant to my palate as the most insinuating of
beverages. The guides, ashamed of their conduct, agreed to
start before us in search of water, with which they
promised to meet us on the road, and, some time after
their departure— about 4 p.m.— we broke up our camp
and commenced a furious descent, reaching in half an
hour La Trinchera, where the water-carriers met us.

Chap, v.] ENDURANCE OF LISBOA. 67
Goering had the first draught, and the time that it
took him to drink his share from the spout of the
vessel seemed a century to the thirsty ones waiting.
But this opportune help gave us vigour sufficient to
proceed down the steep sides of the remaining declivi
ties. Refreshed and cheerful, we hurried on. All
tongues were now untied, and to prove the fact, some
gave loud vent to their feelings, and made " the rocks
and nodding groves rebellow to the roar."
Our " enthusiasmatized " friend Lisboa — as one of
the Venezuelans described him — an indefatigable
traveller, and a man of rare and almost incredible
endurance, had gone in advance of us on leaving the
encampment. Being aware of this, the most serious
apprehensions were felt lest one who could refrain for
so long a time from drinking, as Lisboa had declared
he was able to do, and of which he had given ample
proof, should make up for this abstinence by exhaust
ing at one draught the only well on the road, the one
we were now approaching. Whether this fear was
seriously entertained, or whether the exceedingly steep
descent impelled us with greater force, remains an open
question. We did not slide down the slope; — that
is too mild a term — we rather rebounded from stone to
stone and from rock to rock with amazing velocity and
violence. A few minutes after 5 p.m. we arrived at
La Fuente de la Vida, where the limpid current was
still running as though to reprove our fears concern
ing Lisboa.
We left behind in its clear waters the masks, com
posed of dust and the carbon of the charred trees,

68 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v.
which had made us look outlandish objects, — "as
black as Vulcan in the smoke of war." Pursuing our
road we arrived at La Soledad at 6 p.m., where we
all took to our mules except Lisboa, who, on the pre
vious day, had given orders for the return of his
animal, and who proceeded on foot to his house at
Sabana Grande. He arrived there earlier than we,
thus giving additional evidence of his extraordinary
fortitude. He may be said to be a true "chip of the
old block," for his father on one occasion left the
capital, made the ascent of the Silla, and returned to
Caracas all on the same day. At that time he was
discharging the duties of the Brazilian Legation in
Venezuela, where his fine qualities are still remembered.
Favoured by the light of a serene and beautiful
evening we reached, about 7 p.m., Cerro Duarte, where
the wife of Berroteran received us with the greatest
possible satisfaction seeing that we had returned safe
and sound. Here we partook of a humble but abun
dant supper, richly seasoned by the kindness of our
host and the sharpness of our appetites, for we were
now like so many hungry bears.
I had the mortification to notice that my servant
no longer carried the plants which had been intrusted
to him when we left the summit of the Naiguatd.
Unable to understand their value or interest he had
thrown them away near to our camp on the ridge, and
it was only by threats of instant dismissal from my
service that he could be induced to return in quest of
them. I thought it a serious matter to lose by his
stupid carelessness the specimens gathered with so

Chap, v.] THE RETURN TO CARACAS. 69
much trouble. Amongst them were the only shoots
we had brought of the new plant, and I was glad he
succeeded afterwards in their recovery.
We parted kindly from our excellent friend Berro
teran and his worthy spouse, and enjoying the pleasure
of being carried by other feet than our own wearied
ones we arrived at Los Dos Caminos at 10 p.m.
Shortly afterwards we reached the house of Lisboa at
Sabana Grande, and found him already there resting
from his labours. We felicitated him upon his superior
strength and pluck, bade him good-bye, and with many
regrets and good wishes went on our way to Caracas,
where we arrived just as the cathedral clock struck
the hour of midnight, congratulating ourselves upon
the fact that —
" Something attempted, something done,
Had earned a night's repose."
The following day I sent to Dr. Ernst the plants
we had gathered, and it is to his friendly aid and
scientific skill I am indebted for the satisfaction of
knowing that, in spite of the hurried manner in which
our expedition was necessarily conducted, science has
gained something by it, as will be seen in the following
chapter, containing, amongst other letters, one from
Dr. Ernst giving a brief epitome of our botanic dis
coveries. I have now fulfilled the objects with which I com
menced this narrative of the ascent, preferring to be
diffuse, and to note down even trifling occurrences
and impressions, rather than to omit any detail which

70 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v.
might give a hint to the future traveller, and so con
tribute to the advancement of knowledge, and to the
well-being of the republic.
Having shown that as it is possible to explore these
elevated regions so it is for others to follow leisurely
in our track, and collect fresh observations which may
be useful to the inhabitants of this beautiful country,
whose future prosperity and happiness are assured, if
they are wise enough to take advantage of the peace
which has lately been gained. God grant that on this
occasion I may have succeeded as was my most fervent
desire in conferring benefit upon Venezuela, a country
in which I have received the most cordial hospitality,
and amongst whose people I have spent some of the
most pleasant days of my life.
The dates of these adventures, the hardships of
which I have recounted, will be marked as red-letter
days in the memories of those who shared in their
toils and excitements ; and, in after years, we shall all
look back with unalloyed pleasure to the hour when,
inspired by the love of enterprise, we scaled, for the
first time in the annals of Venezuela, the hitherto
impregnable Peak of Naiguatd.

CHAPTER VI.
AFTER THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA.
" And aiblins if it winna stand the test,
Wink hard, and say the folks ha' done their best."
— Burns.
The ascent of the Naiguata' Avas a nine days' wonder,
and the exploit furnished food for an amazing amount
of gossip. Everybody seemed anxious to obtain par
ticulars of our wanderings and our woes. On the
26th of April, La Opinion Nacional contained a short
article, faithfully reproducing the substance of many
conversations held that week in. Caracas :—
" Of course sir, I believe it, since you tell me ; but
— have you seen them ? "
"All of them."
"And they told you that they had ascended to the
very peak of the Naiguata', ? "
" Right to the very top, and they did not go any
farther, because they found an end " 
" What, — to their provisions ? "
"No sir; to the hill!"
"But are you not joking? Have you seen the
leader ? Have you talked with his companions, Lis
boa, Bolet, Goering, Terrero, Vaamonde, and Hubel ?
Are they safe and sound with all their limbs complete ? "

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.

" Yes ; but it was a case of ' neck or nothing' with
them. They were very near saluting his tigerish
majesty, the king of these virgin mountains."
" You don't say so ? "
" They encountered very recent signs that he had
passed that way, and not only evidences of his exist
ence, but of his good digestion.
"Ten thousand feet above the sea, and with all
these dangers, without roads, leaping over sharp-
pointed rocks ; beyond all question they are the first
mortals who have dared to place their feet upon the
peak of this immense granite obelisk, whose height
was respected even by Humboldt.
"The terrible part of the affair was that they were
near dying of thirst ! What do you think of them
paying two guineas to the guides for a drink of water ?"
" Astonishing ! What mountaineers these men are !
Ah ! there I see one of them approaching ; he will tell
me all — I am dying to know more of this extraordi
nary affair."
Our friends urged us to publish a detailed account
of the ascent, and their desire grew so strong that it
found expression in the following communication,
which appeared in La Opinion Nacional, from
" Several Friends of Science : " —
" Mr. James M. Spence, an English gentleman, who has been our
guest above a year, has successfully accomplished the ascent of the
Peak of Naiguata, the highest of the mountains which form the
coast chain of Venezuela.
" That this peak was thought to be inaccessible, and that no
human foot had ever touched its summit, excited in him the wish
to organize an expedition to climb to the top, to make such observa-

Chap, vi.] " SEVERAL FRIENDS OF SCIENCE." 73
tions as might be possible in the short time that his expedition could
devote to science, and to secure some sketches of the various views
the landscape would present.
"The expedition, composed of James M. Spence (as chief),
Earn on Bolet and Anton Goering, both painters, and the latter also
a naturalist and corresponding member of the Zoological Society
of London, Leopoldo Terrero, Dr. Simon Vaamonde, surgeon,
Henrique Lisboa, of the Brazilian Legation, and G. A. Hfibel, mining
engineer, who were accompanied by Pio Berroteran, Miguel Eivero,
Julian Bivero, Ambrosio Mesa, Meliton Cuervo, and four servants,
altogether sixteen persons, left Caracas on the 21st of the present
month of April, and returned from their excursion on the morning
of the 24th inst.
" Such an event deserves to be registered in our statistical annals.
The novelty, the dangers and pains, which had to be faced before
it could be accomplished, give it the interest belonging to extra
ordinary events. The observations they were able to make add
something to scientific knowledge, and enrich our geographical data
by the notice of a new lakelet, and by dissipating the mystery reign
ing around the highest point of the Cordillera of the Coast.
" Several geographers and naturalists have entertained, before
Mr. Spence, the thought of exploring the Peak of Naiguata, but
whether from the difficulties arising from its form and structure, or
whatever other circumstance, certain it is, that these intentions have
never been realized. It is only to-day, more than three centuries
since the Spanish conquest, that a daring son of Britain, accompanied
by some other gentlemen, no less resolute (amongst them three sons
of Caracas, two Germans, and a Brazilian), have succeeded in the
hazardous enterprise of ascending the 10,000 feet of height which
geographers allow to the Peak of Naiguata, at every step escap
ing from dangers only to encounter others still greater in propor
tion as they neared the summit.
" We have seen some of the sketches made by the artists Bolet
and Goering pointing to scenes totally different from those which
generally meet our eye ; we have also seen the specimens of plants
the excursionists brought back with them for more careful scientific
examination. They show a distinct type of vegetation such as
might be expected from the climate of so high a mountain.
" We hope that Mr. Spence, who has given so many proofs of his
regard for Venezuela, will present us, as soon as possible, with a

74 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.
relation of his expedition, which we shall esteem as an invaluable
gift. " Caracas, April 29, 1872."
If Ave had entertained any doubt as to the wide
spread interest felt in our expedition, it would have
been dissipated by the missive I received from the
Minister of Public Works, a translation of which
follows : — " United States of Venezuela,
Office of Public Works,
Caracas, May 4, 1872.
"Sir, — This department is aware that in your desire to behold
the beauties of our zone, you have undertaken two excursions, one
to the Silla of Caracas, and the other to the Peak of Naiguata
which every one had previously considered inaccessible, and incap
able of ever being explored.
" The undersigned, whilst congratulating you on the happy result
of your undertaking, desires to make a request, which, from your
consideration, and from the interest which in so many ways you
have exhibited towards this republic, he has no doubt will be favour
ably received.
" Although the necessities of war absorb the attention of the
Federal Executive, it has also occupied itself in those public under
takings demanded by civilization ; as, for instance, statistics, a
social and political agency indispensable in every well-ordered
country. But this same war renders it impossible, at present, to
perforin much work, and has compelled the direction of this branch
to limit itself to the collection of the statistical data already exist
ing, especially that relating to History and Geography, and amongst
the documents of this kind, it would be a pleasure, not only to the
undersigned, but to all the members of the Government, to include
the history of the expeditions carried out by Mr. Spence, whose
studies and observations would without doubt be highly interesting.
— I have the honour to be, &c.
" Martin J. Sanaveia,
Minister of Public Works."
This letter was printed in the organ of the Govern-

Chap, vi.] HUBEL ON THE NAIGUATA ROCKS. 75
ment, La Opinion Nacional, on the 7th of May,
and along with it my reply. Whilst drawing up
the account referred to in the preceding despatch,
with a view to rendering it as complete as possible, I
requested from each of my comrades such notes as
they were able to supply. Some of these were given
verbally, but from Messrs. Hubel and Goering the
following were received : — " Caracas, May 8, 1872.
" Deae Sir, — Considering your kind request to give a full geologi
cal and mineralogical report of our ascension of the Naiguata, which
enterprise was so ably directed by you, and which was only through
your untiring advance rendered a complete success, as none of us
would have reached the summit, I beg to say : —
" That the mountains of Venezuela, and particularly the Silla of
Caracas, of which the Peak of Naiguata is a brother, have been
thoroughly described by A. v. Humboldt and other eminent geolo
gists, so that it would be difficult for me to add anything new. Be
sides, the time we spent on this high mountain was too short, and the
dry season too unfavourable, to allow of a faithful examination.
" Taking it, therefore, as granted that the Naiguata is generally
composed of metamorphic rocks, that is to say, gneiss (without
hornblend) and mica schist, I call your attention to two peculi
arities, the first of which is well stratified altered or primary lime
stone, highly crystalline, and to be found in the western slope of the
second peak ; the second are those objects by our guides named
lagunas, which are nothing less than mosses of peat. This last
discovery is of high scientific interest, as peat has as yet never
been found at such a height above the level of the sea as 7000 feet,
and, in this country, I believe peat has never been found before.
" You will excuse this short notice, but I promise to complete it
as soon as I come back from the second expedition, which is pro
posed to be made under the guidance of the eminent Dr. Ernst in
August.*— I remain, &c. &c. " G. A. Hubel."

* This proposed expedition was not carried out, No second ascent
to the summit of the Naiguata has taken place.

76 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.
"Puerto-Cabello, May 6, 1872.
" My Deae Spence, — I received your note on the 4th inst.,
the morning of my arrival. The heat is here very great, and I feel
it the more as I have been such a long time in Caracas.
"It is impossible to give you a complete account of the animals
of the Naiguata after having been there only a few hours, but it
seems to me quite certain that this hill has no particular animal
life. The same forms of animals which inhabit other considerable
elevations of the coast range of Venezuela also inhabit and visit
from time to time the Naiguata. Many species which we know,
from equal heights in the interior of Venezuela, are not to be found
on the hills of the coast. Begions of higher elevation in the interior,
in the provinces of Merida, Tachira, and Trujillo, are of greater
extension, and bear a much richer vegetation, and naturally more
variety amongst the animals must exist. Between that Cordillera
aud the high coast range of Venezuela, which together form a
ramification of the great Cordillera of New Granada, exists a large
region of a considerably lower elevation, and therefore, by this
natural interruption, many plants and animals from the Cordilleras
never reach the isolated Silla and the Naiguata.
" The particular situation of these two hills — the Silla and the
Naiguata — so near to the sea, and their exposure to the north
winds, has an influence on the development of the vegetation, and
gives a certain typical character to this part of the coast range, but
the extension of the upper region is too little to produce a dis
tinguished fauna. There may perhaps turn out to be a few insects
not found in other parts of Venezuela.
" After all, my dear Spence, the time was too short, and we
have only been able to get a general impression of all that we saw
there, but as before said, I consider that the Silla and the Naiguata
have no particular fauna. The principal reason seems to me very
clear. " After having finished my excursions I shall write something on
the geographical distribution of quadrupeds in Venezuela.
" A great many people have been here at my house, and all ask
ing me to tell them of the great Naiguata expedition. — I remain,
&c- &c. "A. Goeeing."
The account of the ascent of the Naiguatd appeared

Chap, vi.] NICANOR BOLET PERAZA. 77
in La Opinion Nacional, May 15th, 16th, 17th, and
1 8th ; its length preventing it from being all inserted
on the same day. It was afterwards printed in the
form of a pamphlet, as many were anxious to have
it in a more permanent form than that of a newspaper
article.""" I cannot claim the credit of its elegant

NTCANOR BOLET PERAZA.

Spanish, for my plain narrative was translated into
espiritual Castilian by the kind offices of my good
friend General Nicanor Bolet Peraza, who is distin
guished alike as Soldier, Author, Artist, Dramatist,
and Orator, armed at all points, and equally ready
* For the title see Appendix Q, No. 217.

78 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.
with tongue, sword, and pen. It may not be irrele
vant here to give a brief account of his career, as I
have already mentioned his name several times in
various incidents of my sojourn in Venezuela.
Born in 1838, his father placed him Avhile still
young, in the National College, but his strong distaste
for mathematics led to his flight from that establish
ment. He was, however, passionately fond of litera
ture and the fine arts, and in conjunction with his
brother Ramon, he set up in 1858 an illustrated
periodical, El Oasis, but the military ardour of the
time infected him, and he joined the army. This
episode in his life included some hard experience as a
prisoner of war. His prison gates opened in 1865,
and again aided by his brother's artistic talent he estab
lished El Museo Venezolano* the most interesting and
cultivated of all the literary periodicals the republic
has produced. It was given up, for its editor again
took part in the war which was desolating the coun
try. His pluck and energy subsequently procured
for him the rank of General. He was also elected a
representative of the people, and soon acquired the
reputation of an orator by his brilliant and witty
discourses. He also became a successful pleader at
the bar, and at the present moment is the editor and
proprietor of La Tribuna Liberal. He has himself
summed up the results of his life thus : — " So I may
count, as the total result remaining to me of my
thirty-three years of study, political agitation, and
* Appendix Q, No. 35.

Chap, vi.] DEFEATED ATTEMPT ON THE PEAK. 79
marriage — some teeth less — the diploma of General,
. . . and four sons."
When the pamphlet was in type I sent three
copies of it for the use of the Statistical Depart
ment of the Government, and their receipt was thus
acknowledged by the Minister of Public Works : —
" Sie, — This department has received the three copies of the
printed account of your expedition to the Peak of Naiguata, which
you have been good enough to present as promised in your note of
the 3d inst., in reply to a request made by me on behalf of the
Government in a previous communication.
" The undersigned has great pleasure in conveying to you his
thanks for the gift you have made to the Government, and in
which you have given a proof of a spirit of investigation in the field of
physical science, and at the same time of your interest for Venezuela.
" Martin J. Sanaveia."
" Caracas, June 28, 1872."
We afterwards heard of a party formed to attempt
the ascent of the Naiguatd. Amongst its members
were some experienced mountaineers, and it is said that
they hoped to make the ascent before the notice of our
climb was ready for the press. They went from the
south-east side, and after encountering great diffi
culties reached the foot of the final rise, when the
remaining ascent (1000 to 1500 feet) impressed them
so much with its dangers that they returned to town
declaring that it was impossible that we could have
gone any higher. The proofs of our ascent were so
well known that the defeated expedition was only
laughed at.
The expedition to the Naiguata gave ample scope
to the genius of the lamented Ramon Bolet, whose

80 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.
pencil revelled in the wild and picturesque scenes
which lay around our toilsome path. My admiration
of this self-taught artist, whose imagination was full
of poetry, constantly expressing itself in harmonious
lines and colours, was very great, and we were quickly
good friends. His social qualities Avere at once genial
and brilliant, and he seemed modestly unconscious of
the existence of his artistic talent. Chiefly at my in
stance he devoted a considerable amount of his time
to the study and practice of art, in which I felt sure
he would hereafter be famed. Since my return to
England his Avork has received many warm en
comiums from persons whose judgment is entitled
to the highest respect. Several of his drawings were
submitted to Mr. Ruskin, and the following extract
from a letter will shoAv in what light the sketches of
the talented amateur were regarded by the greatest of
art critics :—
" The drawings have come, and the silver paper has driven me
wild ! but in spite of it, I've made out that the drawings are really
good and full of feeling and power. The portrait ones very won
derful indeed.* But Mr. Bolet must come home to study, he can
make no further advance where he is — or at least, will be losing
precious time. Very little teaching here will set him on firm
ground." I have already mentioned that our botanical speci
mens collected on the Naiguata' were sent for examina
tion to Dr. A. Ernst. Our learned friend was a man of
mark, a very fine example of that class of savants of
whom Germany has been so prolific. Dr. Ernst, who
* " The Peak Conquered" (Frontispiece to Vol. I.) is from one of these
drawings.

Chap, vi.]

DR. A. ERNST.

81

is an able botanist, zoologist, microscopist, and ethno
logist, has done much good work in various directions.
To him is due the foundation of the Society of Physical
Science of Caracas,"15' the labours of which promise to
be of service to his adopted country. His researches
into the flora of Caracas have made him the best

ADOLF ERNST.

living authority upon the subject. The result of his
examination -of our plants he communicated to me in
two letters, one in English, and the other in Spanish,
but both of the same tenor and date. The English
letter is as follows :—
* La Sociedad de Ciencias Fisicas y Naturales de Caracas.
VOL. II. F

82

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

[Chap. vi.

"Caracas May 6, 1872,
"My Dear Friend, — I have the honour to give some slight
notes upon the plants collected by you and your companions in the
ascent of the Peak of Naiguata, which you were kind enough to send
me for classification.
" There are altogether thirty- two species, of which one is new to
science ; it is a tall grass of the genera Chusquea, and as you were
its discoverer, I have named it Chusquea Spencei. Another species,

CHUSQUEA SPENCEI, FROM THE VERY SUMMIT OF THE PEAK OF NAIGUATA.
Height of plant 6 to 10 feet. Sketch taken from a half-dried specimen.

a Galium of the Relbunium family, is probably new also, but as
the flowers are wanting it is impossible to decide the question.
Amongst the other plants there are three which have not previously
been found in our flora : Siphocampylus microstoma, Hook (Nueva
Granada); Gnaphalium incanum, H.B.K. (Peru); and Potentilla
Ehrenbergiana, Schlecht (mountains of Real del Monte, Mexico). The
other species are found also on the Silla. The short time employed
in the excursion did not permit you to make a very large collection,

Chap, vi.] SER TUL UM NA1G UA TENSE.

83

but that which you have brought is more than sufficient to justify
the hope that the high Peak of Naiguata is the habitat of many
interesting species of our flora andina.
" For further particulars, and for the exact description of the
Chusquea Spencei, I refer you to an article which I am sending by
this packet to the Editors of the Journal of Botany, of London,
and which is entitled : ' Sertulum Naiguatense : Notes on a Small
Collection of Alpine Plants from the Summit of Naiguatd in the
Mountains of Cardcas.' *

SIPHOCAMPYLUS MICROSTOMA.

" Hoping that this may be enough for the present, and congratu
lating you as much as I have to thank you for the comparatively
highly satisfactory scientific result you obtained in so hasty an
excursion, I remain, &c. <fec. A. Ernst. '
Amongst the many congratulations which poured
in from all quarters, few gave me greater pleasure
than a letter from the gentleman who so worthily
* The article by Dr. Ernst on the Naiguata plants is reprinted in
Appendix D.

84

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.

represents the interests of England in the republic. *
The highest honour I received, however, was from the
hands of the greatest living poet of Venezuela, Senor
Heraclio M. de la Guardia, who wrote a poem upon
the ascent of the Naiguata, which some good judges
are inclined to consider his finest work. Falstaff, we
are told, was not only witty but the cause of wit in

QNAPHALUM INCANUM.

others. Next to the pleasure of being a poet Ave may
surely rank that of having been the cause of the pro
duction of real poetry :¦ —
VERSOS ESCRITOS PARA EL SR. J. M. SPENCE
EN SU ASCENSION AL NAIGUATX.
A la cumbre ! a la altura !
De Dios al fin mas cerca alii estarSmos :
La luz alii mas pura,
Mas nltido el ambiente ;
* See Appendix H, Letter of Mr. Middleton on the ascent of the
Naiguata.

Chap, vi.] POEM ON THE ASCENT OF NAIG UA tA. 85
A nuestros pies el mar, el llano, el monte ;
Mas ligera la frente,
Mas libre el corazon, acaso el alma
Se ensanchara a la par del horizonte !
A la cumbre ! a la altura !
De confusas pasiones
Lejos del ruido tumultuoso, usado ;
Con nuestro propio pensamiento solos
Y con Dios en sus obras revelado :
En medio la salvaje
Naturaleza agreste y primitiva,

POTENTILLA EHRENBERGIANA.
Que nunca vasallaje
Rindi6 al arte 6 la industria ;
Sino que muestra viva
De la mano de Dios, aiin se levanta,
Virgen de todo ultraje,
Libre del yugo de la humana planta ;
Acaso dado sea
En la huella divina, no tocada,
Que el alma encuentre la escondida idea
De Id vida, del ser y de la nada !
Acaso un d^bil eco, por fortuna,
Vibre alii todavia,

86 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.
En los misterios del recinto oscuro,
De la voz celestial que oy6 en su cuna
El mundo al despertar virgen y puro !
Acaso alii, region de las tormentas,
El cielo airado se desate en iras,
Y en medio de sus luchas turbulentas,
Cuando el rayo chispea,
Y a la trimula voz del sordo trueno
La cumbre sacudida bambolea ;
Puede que la mirada
En la luz del revuelto torbellino
Descifre por el cielo iluminada
Los ocultos secretos del Destino !
Adelante ! £ Del aspero sendero
Que valen el peligro y la fatiga ?
Premio al arrojo habremos lisonjero
Cuando el gigante pedestal sumiso
A nuestros pies se incline,
Y abri^ndose el espacio de improviso
Sus ambitos profundos ilumine ;
Y desde el alto monte
Sin limite terreno
Se estienda y se dilate el horizonte
De ardiente vida y claridades lleno !
Esta es la cima ya. \ Oh ! i desvario
Sera del alma lo que el alma llena 2
{ No sera suefio vuestro 6 sueiio mio
Esta admirable, majestuosa escena ?
—Aca el mar, a los pids, como gigante
Encadenado en un profundo abismo
Que rujiendo se ajita delirante
Y tuerce en convulsion sobre si mismo,
La agreste roca, la estendida costa
Borda en copos de espuma
En el afan inquieto de su -ira ;
Mas burlado su esfuerzo se retira
Hasta perderse en la lejana bruma !—
Cruzando su extension, al soplo suave
De la brisa marina,
Se ve lijera nave
Como viuda gaviota de alas blancas
Que en las movibles ondas se reclina !
— Alii del Tuy la vega

Chap, vi.] POEM ON THE ASCENT OF NAIGUATA. 87
Lujosa en verde pompa y galanura,
Y las colinas mil do la luz juega
Y en varios tonos con placer f ulgura.
Donde la erguida espiga
Del maiz generoso el litil fruto
Promete al labrador por su fatiga.
Donde el Cafe' perfuma
La brisa en los jazmines
Con que su clima pr6digo lo abruma !
— Alia el jardin, envidia a los jardines,
Que riega el claro Aragua
Y al que di6 la fortuna
Beber la miel en estendidas eras,
Corona sin igual de su laguna !
— Y mas alia, tendido mar lejano
Que semeja de fuego
Y en luminosa nube se desata,
La llanura vastisima se extiende
Y en horizonte inmenso se dilata !
Gala de nuestra zona,
De ruda industria asiento,
Todo su augusta majestad pregona,
Todo alii cobra vigoroso aliento ;
Que lejos de los lazos
Con que el placer cautiva,
Tranquilo el corazon, fuertes los brazos,
La savia el hombre guarda primitiva.
— Y aca, y alia ; do quiera
Que at6nito dirija la mirada,
Renace el mundo a su beldad primera,
Se suena el bien de la primer morada !
Y en todas partes Dios, en todas partes
De su augusto poder la providencia,
Sin que logron las artes
O el vano genio de la human a ciencia,
Ni fingir ni esplicar belleza tanta,
Aunque en sus vanidades
Su orgullo hasta los cielos se levanta !
— En el mar Dios severo,
Misterioso, insondable se presenta ;
Y en los campos, benigno,
Solo tesoro de bondad ostenta.
Y aiin mas en este suelo americano
Brillan sus altos dones;

88 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi.
Que su pr6diga mano
A esta zona dar quiso
Las galas del perdido paraiso !
Por eso, oh ! Dios, te siento,
Te escucho, te bendigo :
Se oye en la ardiente tempestad tu acento,
Y en los bosques aqui se habla contigo !
Por eso, de esta altura
Que domina los mares, las praderas,
Y de la nube entre la sombra oscura
Quiere alcanzar inc6gnitas esferas,
Mi suplicante voz a ti levanto
Para que asi cual providente un dia,
Hiciste con encanto
Tan bella y tan gentil la patria mia ;
Hoi con piedad la mires
Y de paz y de amor tiernos afectos
Bajo tu santa ejida nos inspires ;
Y en las otras edades,
En el carro de triunfo del progreso,
De civiles, sangrientas tempestades
Libre la patria, por cortejo augusto
Solo habra de llevar ante la historia
Justicia y Libertad, grandeza y gloria !
Heraclio M. de la Guardia.
Mayo de 1872.
About the same time, Avhilst Seiior Eafael H.
Gutierrez was one day looking over the curiosities of
my museum, there came into his hands a small book,
whose yellow leaves excited his attention by their ap
parent age. It was a volume of a periodical published
in Caracas from 1831 to 1835, with the title of
Memorias de la Sociedad Econdmica de Amigos del
Pais, and one of the numbers contained a full ac
count of an expedition to the Silla of Caracas in 1833,
undertaken by sixteen gentlemen, and commanded by
the celebrated Juan Manuel Cajigal, founder of the

Chap, vi.] JUAN MANUEL CAJIGAL. 89
study of mathematics in Venezuela, and in every
way qualified to manage such an undertaking in a
scientific spirit.
This discovery had very great interest. All memory
of the expedition had died away ; whilst the fame of
Humboldt's ascent was still in every mouth, this one,
later in date, and due to native-born talent and enter
prise, had been utterly forgotten. Yet in some points
the excursion Avas more interesting than that of
Humboldt especially on account of the rich collection
of plants which was made, and afterwards classified by
the learned Vargas.
La Opinion Nacional having published my own
account of the ascent of the Naiguata, and afterwards
Humboldt's expedition to the Silla, was now anxious
to supplement these by the narrative of Cajigal, and
it was printed in that journal, on June 8. As it is
quite unknown to English readers, I have thought
that a translation of it would be a valuable addition
to this work. It will be found in Appendix K.

CHAPTER VII.
RESIDENCE IN THE CAPITAL.
EL ENCANTADO  CIVIL WAR  TREASON.
" Treason doth never prosper, what 's the reason 1
Why if it prosper, none dare call it treason." — Harrington.
A week after the ascent of the Naiguata1 came an
excursion to the Encantado. The morning was dark
and cloudy for a pleasure trip, yet at six, in spite of
wind and rain, our party, consisting of Mr. Leseur, his
wife, daughter, and son, Mr. Gosewisch, Mr. Stiirup,
Mr. Goering, and myself, started for El Encantado.
In this lovely country when a place is named " The
Enchantment," it raises expectations of beauty which
the rain (no joke is intended) cannot damp.
On our way, near the Sabana Grande, we passed a
sugar estate, with its hacienda, a very fair example of
this branch of industry as it exists at the present time
in the valley of Caracas. We also passed Sans Souci, the
elegant country house of Mr. J. Rohl, with its pretty
flower garden and coffee plantation ; the farm of
Blandin; the Avayside inn of Los Dos Caminos; and the
Giiereguere property of Senora Vaamonde. We were
all mounted on mules, proverbially sIoav but sure, and

Chap, vii.] CAVES OF EL ENCANTADO.

91

arrived at Petare shortly after 9 a.m., and in half
an hour left for El Encantado. Following for some
miles the left bank of the tortuous Guaire, we
finally crossed the stream at a point not far from
where the river appeared abruptly to terminate. Rich
sloping pasture lands existed on the left bank, whilst

EL ENCANTADO, NEAR PETARE.

on the right there was a fine coffee plantation, followed
by a high precipice, in the face of which were to be
found the upper caves of the Encantado ; farther on,
the stream, striking at right angles into the hillside,
disappeared altogether.

92 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii.
The ancient river channel has become completely
dammed with debris covered with vegetation. It
has filled up not only the stream itself, but also the
entire valley for a distance of nearly half a mile.
By what cataclysm this chaos of rocks has been
brought about it would be hard to say, but a Cyclo
pean force must have been at work to produce such a
result. The river blocked out of its ancient bed has
forced a passage underneath the piled-up matter, and,
as there was little water in the Guaire during our
visit, we could in some places trace its subterranean
course and see evidences of the force with which
during great floods it had broken or bent to its will
the obstacles it encountered in its passage. When the
river is high the imprisoned waters make their escape
by this way, and their exultant song is like the voice
of many thunders.
In the sides of the precipices above and below,
where the river is lost, are dark and tortuous caves
in whose recesses one may soon be lost. In two of
these, called The Caves of the Gudcharos, Ave got some
fine specimens of the bird Avhich gave them their
name. In places where the bed of the Guaire should
have been, deep down below could be heard the roar
of the river as it leapt from rock to rock, but we
could only guess at its distance by the muffled sound
which reached our ears.
The Mora is an extraordinary sight. It is a
huge stone, a natural obelisk, about ioo feet high,
jutting up from the hillside ; it is covered with
vegetation, and stands in the midst of a grove

Chap, vii.] THE GAME OF " COLEAR." 93
of trees resembling some ruined church or monas
tery. It would be impossible to convey any notion of the
wonders of the Encantado and its surroundings. The
memory of them has all the beauty and glamour of a
dream. Coming back we saw that it was dia de fiesta, and
at Petare the people were all busy with the game of
Colear. In this pastime the ends of the streets are
blocked up, then oxen are turned into them and
hunted by horsemen. When one of the pursuers
overtakes an ox his aim is to seize it by the tail and
so overturn it. On the way I passed through one of
their barricades, and soon had a pack of riders after
me in a high state of excitement, attempting to catch
my mule by the tail in order to make it serve their
sport. I dismounted and protested against their con
duct in my most emphatic Spanish. They wished me
to remount, as it was only fun on their part ; but I
declined to do so unless they promised to cease their
molestation, and at the same time expressed my
astonishment that they should offer such an indignity
to a stranger ignorant of the game. Another of our
party well known to them now came up, and amidst
the apologies of the peasant spectators Ave took our
departure. This was the only occasion during my stay in
Venezuela that I received any discourtesy from the
natives, and the chief of the district gave me ample
satisfaction afterwards, when he informed me that
the men were borrachos, and after sobering down

94 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii.
they expressed to him their sorrow for the inhospi-
tality shown to the foreigner.
The amusements of Caracas were increased by the
appearance at the theatre of Senor Bertz, an English
man, who performed some very clever conjurings.
His attempts at the Spanish language were painfully
ludicrous, and Avhen he varied his discourse with
English the efforts he made to smooth down the
rough asperities of his strong Lancashire dialect were
distressing to some of his audience. His tricks were
of the class one is accustomed to see amongst profes
sors of the magic art, but they were accomplished
with a certain degree of smoothness and dexterity
that gained him much faArour and notoriety ; whilst his
gallant attentions to the fair portions of his audience
were duly appreciated by the belles, who crowded to
watch performances that in their apparent violation
of the laws of nature might have suggested the idea
of diabolical agency.
Towards the end of May whilst at a travelling
American circus I witnessed an accident. The place
was very crowded, and about sixty feet of seats, which
were as usual in rows rising one behind the other,
gave way, and the occupants fell down like characters
in a dissolving view. Fortunately no one was hurt,
and the performance went on with punctuality and
despatch. These itinerants Avere unlucky, for, a feAv
days later, the man who had ventured his life a
thousand times on the flying trapeze at last met the
reward of his folly by falling heavily on his breast.
He died soon after from the injuries he received.

Chap, vii.] SALAZAR. 95
The month of May 1872 saw the end of the at
tempted revolution known as the "Treason of Salazar."
On the very day of General Guzman Blanco's trium
phal entry into Caracas after the victory of the
Apure, the republic was invaded by an Azul force,
under the command of General Matias Salazar, whose
history forms one of the strangest episodes in the
annals of Venezuela.
He Avas born in 1828, and received no education
beyond learning to read and write. He played many
parts in the battle of life, was alternately shop-keeper,
clerk, bull-fighter, and soldier. Principles he does not
seem to have had, and in consequence was in prison
often. His military skill and aptitude raised him,
however, to a high position in spite of the outrages
and crimes associated with his name. He was a man
of undoubted bravery, but of an ambitious and turbu
lent disposition, naturally fond of civil commotion on
the principle — still at work even in Great Britain —
that personal benefits are more likely to accrue from
a state of disorder than from a state of order. An
absolute absence of shame brought him safely through
disgraces which would have destroyed a more modest
man. On one occasion when Salazar was in prison,
General Colino made use of the memorable expression,
" Salazar puede ser juzgado por cualquier crimen "
(He may be sentenced for any crime) ; for he had
passed step by step through every stage of human
wickedness. Salazar was one of the first to take up arms in
the liberal cause. His activity was prodigious. He

96 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii.
gathered men and munitions of war as if by magic,
changed his encampment thrice in a single night,
fought the Blues whenever there was a chance of
success, evaded them when defeat appeared inevitable,
and ever and anon carried on a sharp guerilla warfare.
His unsuccessful attack on Valencia was undertaken
against the judgment of Guzman Blanco, and its only
result was the loss of many valuable lives and much
material of war. In the campaign of seventy days,
closing with the siege and fall of Caracas, Salazar ren
dered good service to his party, but from that day of
triumph for the Yellows he appears to have meditated
treachery. His restless ambition aspired to the
highest power, and he only waited for a suitable
opportunity to declare against his commander and
seize the dictatorship for himself. The defeat he re
ceived at La Mora from the Blues, if it had not been
promptly retrieved by the victory of Guama (fought
against his wishes, and due to the generals who had
been sent to his aid), would have lost two-thirds of
the republic to the Yellows. Whatever assistance he
had rendered to the liberal cause had been amply
rewarded, as he was second in command of the army,
a Vice-President of the Republic, and President of the
important State of Carabobo.
We come now to the incident known as the Noche
de San Bernardino, when Salazar, with a number of
soldiers whom he had seduced from their allegiance
to the Yellows, proclaimed a rebellion against the
Government of Guzman Blanco, but finding no sup
port (for the people treated his advances very coolly),

Chap, vii.] INGRATITUDE. 97
he went to Caracas to beg pardon of the man to whom,
whilst making the warmest professions of friendship
and loyalty, he had been so black a traitor. General
Guzman Blanco extended a pardon to the culprit, but
exacted from him the resignation of his high offices,
and advised him to travel in Europe Avhere he might
study the political economy of the old world, and ac
quire a knowledge that might hereafter make him of
use to his fatherland. Twenty thousand dollars were
given him for the expenses of the voyage, and Dr.
Filepe Larrazabal,"* who accompanied him, is said to
have received half as much from the same source.
Instead of proceeding to Europe these two worthies
went immediately to Curazao, and from that island
issued manifestos against the Government of Caracas,
which were badly received, although some of Salazar's
partizans made an insurrectionary movement in
Carabobo which was promptly suppressed. Instigated
and helped to the utmost by the reA^olution-breeders
of Curazao, Salazar in person commenced another civil
war. He expected on landing in Venezuela to unite
with the Blues of Trujillo, but found that General
Pulgar had routed them, and that the district fully
recognized the authority of Guzman Blanco. His
next move was to join Olivo in Apure, but the
tremendous battle of San Fernando and the death of
General Olivo frustrated this project. Still hoping
for a revolutionary army he met the armed forces of
Blanco, and a battle took place in which Salazar's
troops were worsted, and he himself (with a few fol-
* Author of La Vida de Bolivar.
VOL. II. G

98 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii.
lowers) became a fugitive in the mountain fastnesses
of Tinaquillo, in the State of Carabobo. Afterwards,
on the ioth of May 1872, he was surrounded and taken
prisoner. A memorial from the officers of the army
demanding the degradation and death of Salazar was
forwarded to the President, who remitted the case to
the consideration of a Grand Tribunal composed of
the generals-in-chief. After hearing the statements
of Salazar, this court-martial sentenced him to death.
He Avas accordingly shot, in the presence of the army,
on the 17th of May, on the very spot where, it is said,
he had murdered an inoffensive citizen a short time
before — " Ah me ! what perils do environ
The man that meddles with cold iron."
This execution caused a profound sensation through
out the republic. The telegram from General Guz
man Blanco announcing the end of Salazar reached
the Vice-President and Minister of War Avhilst they
were at breakfast in my rooms, and I well recollect
the excitement it caused and the abrupt conclusion of
our pleasant party.
The triumphal entry of the victor of Tinaquillo
into Caracas took place on the 30th of May. About
thirty carriages and some thousands of persons on
foot Avent a few miles out of town to meet him.
They returned with the President at their head, who
led the AA7ay to the cathedral where a Te Deum was
performed for this last great victory. Afterwards he
proceeded to the Government House, and in the court-

Ghap. vii.] SPEECH OF THE PRESIDENT. 99
yard he addressed to the people one of the most im
portant speeches they had heard for a long time.
" The principles of liberalism," he said, " are now
firmly established, and the opposition is virtually
wiped out. In Apure we completed the destruction
of the Blue party, and the battle of Tinaquillo has
shown that the Liberals can encounter and overcome
traitors as easily as enemies. It is a lesson of warn
ing directed against that unprincipled treachery which
for a generation has proved so great a curse to the
Republic. It uoav remains for all to aid in the great
work of national progress. Patriotism and self-abne
gation are necessary for the regeneration of Venezuela.
The dictatorial power will remain in my hands until
the government of the states has been reorganized ;
Congress will be summoned to meet in October, and
to it I will resign my powers. All possible political
prisoners will at once be released; but those who
were taken in arms, and some conspirators whose in
fluence might be dangerous to the work of pacification,
will have to remain in durance vile until Congress
meets and decides their fate." This speech, which was
eloquent with hope and conciliation, was received
with great enthusiasm. Peace was now regarded by
all as firmly established.
Next day the town was full of excitement ; the
release of the political prisoners adding no small
amount of pleasure to it. Amongst them were three
former Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Republic.
I attended General Blanco's reception on the 2d of
June to pay him a formal visit, and though on all

100 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii.
former occasions he was very cordial, at this interview
his attentions were marked. He introduced me to
his father-in-law, General Ibarra, a veteran of the
War of Independence Avho had been a personal friend
of the great Bolivar.
Speaking of Salazar, the President said, "The
execution of the arch-traitor was an absolute neces
sity ; had he been pardoned he Avould instantly have
recommenced intriguing and probably Avould again
have plunged this unhappy country into war."
We spoke about the industrial resources of Vene
zuela. " These," I said, " far exceed my anticipations,
and continued peace only is needed to make the
republic rich and prosperous. As far as material
resources are concerned Venezuela is much more
favourably situated than Great Britain, which is
proverbially the richest of the nations. The national
debt of Venezuela amounts to about £6 per head of
the entire population, whilst for each man, woman,
and child in the United Kingdom it is OA^er ,£24.
In Venezuela the produce of a month's work is
amply sufficient to feed, clothe, and house the
labourer and his family for a year ; but the working-
man of England has to toil three hundred days to
accomplish the same ends. Hence it is clear, with a
stable government, the industrial peasantry of Vene
zuela Avould have better chances than even those of
the British Isles."
The President then presented me to General Alcan
tara, commander of the forces in Aragua, He had
just ridden into the capital at the head of a thousand

Chap, vii.] CODAZZTS MAP OF GUAYANA. 101
soldiers who were then filing past the door of the
Presidency. In response to a request from General
Guzman Blanco he promised me every attention
during a visit I contemplated to his district.'5'
In looking out for curiosities I had been fortunate
enough to come upon a map of the state of Guayana,
made by the celebrated geographer Codazzi, and en
riched with many valuable and curious annotations. As
this map marked the boundary of Venezuela and Brazil,
it was of special importance and interest. An Envoy-
Extraordinary from the latter country had lately been
in Caracas to try and arrange the disputes which had
arisen on this point. It appeared to me that a document
so important would most fittingly be preserved in the
archives of the nation, and with this view I offered it to
the President. It was received with great interest, and
procured me a flattering letter from the Government.
The second anniversary of the decree establishing
primary education, national and compulsory, in the
republic took place on the 27th of June. When the
history of the administration of Guzman Blanco comes
to be written, its chief glory will be that he was the
first magistrate of his country to recognize the fact
that the encouragement of education is the duty of
the nation, and that there can be no guarantee for
peace and liberty amongst a population destitute of
the elements of knowledge.
An ignorant people will not only be less capable of
* My intended excursion to Aragua with Mr. Leseur was abandoned
in consequence of illness, but I heard that great preparations were
made for our reception.
Since this work went to press General Alcantara has become the
President of the Republic.

102 THE LAND OF BOLLVAR. [Chap. vii.

self-government than an educated one, but more
incapable of control. How firmly the love of freedom
is implanted in the hearts of the sons of Venezuela
let her bloody struggle with old Spain testify. Yet
education was most deeply to be desired by every
patriot, if only that the million, cultivated and in
structed, might learn to distinguish their true friends
from false professors ever ready to flatter and betray
for their own selfish purposes. The indispensable ad
junct of democratic institutions is popular enlighten
ment. Without it liberty is too often only a gift of
tears. Education had been greatly neglected in Vene
zuela, not more than ten per cent, of the community
could read or write, and in the country districts espe
cially there were thousands whose literary culture did
not get beyond learning by rote the Lord's Prayer.
The decree for primary education was signed two
months after the taking of Caracas, but the troubles
that intervened prevented it being carried into effect.
In only two states at this date had it been acted upon.
Therefore the foundation of the model school " Guz
man Blanco " was felt to be an important advance*

* The following extract, translated from the President's (Annual)
Message to Congress of 1875, shows the increased efforts which are being
made to educate the people : — "During the past year (1874-75) thy
Scholars in the Federal National Schools numbered . . 13440
Municipal „ „ . . 12,941
„ Private Establishments „ c 008

ii,3

In the previous year (1873-74), the number in the Na
tional, Municipal, and Private Schools was only . 15,226
Increase . . . . . . .16 163."

Chap, vii.] A PLEASING INTERVIEW. 103
About this time I held my most important inter
view with the President, and although it was not of
long duration it gave me more gratification than any
of the preceding ones. I found him in company with
the Ministers of Public Works and Finance, the
Rector of the University, and some other magnates,
with whom he was arranging the affairs of the
nation. As soon as I was seated he informed me
that my business respecting the islands was now
in the hands of the Minister of Public Works for
formal completion. The Avelcome intelligence that
I had at length brought to a successful issue my
long and Aveary negotiations with the Government
caused me profound satisfaction.

CHAPTER VIII.
EXCURSION TO PUERTO-CABELLO.
" War, war, is still the cry — ' war even to the knife ! '"
— Byron.
On the 15 th of June, accompanied by Lieutenant R.
A. Hammond, I went to dine by appointment with
Captain D. Miller, of H.M.S. "Sirius," which vessel
had just come from the death-stricken west coast of
Africa — the white man's untimely grave. There it is
that the men of the English navy nobly protect the
poor merchant, holding their own lives in their hands
in so doing. A brave sailor hates to die of fever, but
then consider our commercial interests ! What are a
few thousand lives, more or less, in order to secure
the prosperity of our big shop ? The " Sirius " had
been anchored off the coast for nearly a week, and
during that time the captain and officers had availed
themselves of the opportunity it afforded of inspecting
the capital and its neighbourhood, where they passed
— so they said — " some very jolly days."
We left Caracas about 1 p.m., in a light coach drawn
by three active horses, under the control of a spirited
driver. For the most part of the Avay the road is

Chap, viii.] ON BOARD H.M.S. " SIRIUS." 105
down hill ; our progress therefore Avas very rapid, and
we reached the port of La Guayra in three hours, the
minimum time in which the journey is done. Just as
the evening gun was fired we went on board the
" Sirius." In the distance, beyond the rugged cliffs
of Cabo Blanco, the setting sun dipped below the blue
waters, and his departing rays illumined with golden
splendour the canopy of clouds suspended over the
Avestern horizon.
We dined in the captain's cabin, Avhere the British
Diplomatic and Consular services were well repre
sented by Mr. Middleton and Mr. W. A. Cage, and
where none failed to do ample justice to the captain's
excellent bill of fare, which was enlivened by familiar
airs vigorously rolled out by the drum and fife band
of the ship. After dinner we were not loath to
ascend to the quarter-deck, and there, under the
awning, enjoy the " noxious weed," to our heart's
content. I was roused at eight bells the following morning
(Sunday), and after breakfast went to Divine service.
I had been for some time a stranger to the " rest and
peace of the sanctuary ; " the only religious observances
I had attended for sixteen months were those of the
Roman Catholic Church. The sailors were marched
round and closely inspected by captain and officers.
As even Spanish inquisitors would be unable to
detect heresy by ocular examination, it is to be
supposed it had reference either to the condition of
their muscles or clothing, but to which of them was
not very clear.

106 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
Alongside our ship lay the " Gerona," the Spanish
frigate which in August 1866 seized the "Tornado"
in the port of Fayal, under the pretence that she
was intended for a vessel of war for Chili.
Directing the attention of one of the officers to the
huge proportions of the " Gerona," I asked him —
" What course of procedure would be adopted on
board the little " Sirius " in case of an action between
the two ships ? "
" We should keep the frigate at a respectable dis
tance," said he in reply, " and pepjser her all round
with our big guns ! "
This was a very practical matter-of-fact sort of
answer to my question, and worthy of the age we live
in, though I could not see where the " naval glory "
would find a place in such a programme.
There is an excellent regulation on board English
men-of-war which forbids smoking before mid-day, a
rule which might be very advantageously adopted
elsewhere. In the afternoon Captain Miller and Mr.
Middleton went on shore to pay their respects to the
President, who was staying at La Guayra. In the
evening Lisboa came on board with some of the
officers to whom at my request he had been show
ing the lions of the capital. The captain on his re
turn was good enough to offer us a cruise to Puerto-
Cabello, to which place the " Sirius " had next to
proceed. This offer was gladly accepted. It gave me
personally considerable pleasure to sail in a vessel in
which I might claim a vested interest, and I walked
the deck with the proud consciousness of being (part)

Chap, viii.] A NA VAL MONSTER. 107
owner of all I surveyed. This vainglorious impres
sion was however considerably modified by Lieutenant
Herring's unfeeling calculation that my share was only
about one thirty-second-millionth part of the ship !
and that this pecuniary interest in her — by which I
had established such indisputable rights of possession
and proprietorship — if capitalized would amount to
about one halfpenny !
The order on board the " Sirius " was perfect, Cap
tain Miller being a rigid disciplinarian of the old
school ; nevertheless there was an evident good feel
ing all round evinced in the respect of the men for
their officers, and in the latter for their chief.
I was roused at 4 a.m. the following day by the
kindness of Lieutenant W. Molyneux, Avho waited my
letters to send on shore before our departure from
La Guayra. The officers were all pleased to go to
Puerto-Cabello, which had peculiar interest for them,
as having been the scene of one of those dashing ex
ploits for which the English navy has always been
famous. In 1 779, the 32-gun frigate " Hermione " was under
the charge of Captain Hugh Pigot, a commander not
entirely destitute of courage but of a brutal and
tyrannical nature. On the 2 2d of September she was
cruising off Porto Rico, and whilst the sailors Avere
reefing the top-sails Captain Pigot loudly expressed
his determination to flog the last man off the mizen-
top. To avoid this punishment two of them made a
spring to get over their comrades in the rigging, and
missing their hold, fell on the quarter-deck and were

108 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
both killed. " Throw the lubbers overboard," was the
only comment of the fiendish wretch in command.
This last act of base inhumanity gave rise to a most
determined mutiny, which burst forth the next even
ing, when the first lieutenant was tomahawked and
thrown overboard. Sharp retributive justice now
awaited the captain for his savage procedure. As he
ran on deck, he was immediately beaten back bleed
ing to his room, and forced through a cabin window.
Eight more officers ¦ were mangled and murdered.
The mutineers then took the ship to La Guayra where
they represented to the goA^ernor that they had turned
their officers adrift in the jolly-boat. The " Her-
mione " was taken possession of and fitted up as a
Spanish national frigate, and in September 1 799 she
was safe in the harbour of Puerto-Cabello, equipped
and in readiness for a voyage to Havana. Since
changing hands her guns had been increased to 44,
and in place of 220 men, she had a crew of 393, in
cluding 72 soldiers and artillerymen.
Sir Hyde Parker, the commander-in-chief in Jamaica,
was very anxious that the " Hermione " should be
intercepted on her way to Havana, and for this pur
pose Captain Edward Hamilton, of the "Surprise"
— a 28-gun frigate, which had been captured from the
French — was sent to look out for her off Cabo de La
Vela, a point on the Goajira coast about 60 to 80
leagues from Puerto-Cabello. His instructions were to
remain as long as his provisions Avould hold out. As
the "Hermione " did not appear, he determined before
returning to Jamaica to learn Avhether she Avere still at

Chap, viii.] CAPTAIN EDWARD HAMILTON. 109

Puerto-Cabello, or if she had slipped past in the night.
On the 2 ist she was seen in the harbour of that place,
protected by two strong batteries ; she had her sails
bent, and was ready for sea, and although Captain
Hamilton continued to watch her closely until the
24th, she showed no disposition to leave her snug-
quarters. The same evening, the hands being sent aft, Captain
Hamilton concluded an appeal to their daring and
patriotism by saying, " I find it useless to wait any
longer ; we shall soon be obliged to leaA7e the station,
and that frigate will become the capture of some more
fortunate ship than the 'Surprise; ' our only prospect of
success is by cutting her out this night." His appeal
was responded to in true British style, and by 7.30
six boats were ready for action. The men were all in
blue, with no white clothing of any kind visible. In
the event of reaching the ship undiscovered, the
regular crews of the boats were to take the " Her
mione " in tow directly the cables were cut. Whilst
they were yet a mile off they were discovered by tAvo
gun-boats, armed with one gun each ; the alarm was
given, and firing commenced. Captain Hamilton
pushed off for the frigate, but some of the boats,
instead of following him, stayed to engage the gun
boats — an error in judgment which nearly proved
fatal. Hamilton and the men in his boat gained a foot
ing on the forecastle, and freed the foresail ready for
bending and hauling out to the yard-arms, laying
over the fore-stays ; this served somewhat to screen

110 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
the handful of Englishmen now on board. Mean
while the sailors of the " Hermione " were at quarters
on the main-deck firing at what they supposed to be
two frigates coming to attack them, and unconscious
that the enemy was actually on board, but not so
those on the quarter-deck. For ten minutes the sixteen
men had to struggle unaided, and at one time Captain
Hamilton was alone ! He was attacked by four
Spaniards, one of whom felled him with a blow from
the butt end of a musket, delivered with a force that
broke the weapon. He lay for a short time insensible
on the combing of the after-hatchway, and was only
saved by the fortunate arrival of three or four of his
men. At this moment the marines entered the ship
over the larboard gangway ; they instantly formed,
fired a volley down the after-hatchway, and then, with
fixed bayonets, rushed on the main-deck. About sixty
Spaniards retreated into the cabin and surrendered,
while the fight still raged under the forecastle and
on the main-deck. The cables were, however, cut ;
the boats had the frigate in tow, three wounded sailors
stood by the wheel, and the " Hermione " passed out
of Puerto-Cabello, under the fire of the batteries, a
British ship once more. Captain Hamilton boarded
her at midnight, by one o'clock all opposition had
ceased, in another hour they were out of reach of the
batteries ; and then, for the first time, the men from
the towing-boats set foot on her. The Spaniards lost
1 19 men, and had 97 wounded — many of them danger
ously. The British had only 1 2 wounded, and if Cap
tain Hamilton's orders had been strictly obeyed there

Chap, viii.] ARRIVAL AT PUERTO-CABELLO. Ill
would probably have been still fewer, for three of the
boats instead of pushing straight for the "Hermione"
wasted their energies in a contest with the gun-boats.
The audacity of this dashing exploit was amply
justified by its success. A mere handful of English
men disabled two- thirds of the crew of the " Hermione,"
notwithstanding that they Avere armed and fully cog
nisant of the attack, and took her out under the fire
of the shore batteries. As long as this pluck and
valour remains to our race we need fear no reverses.
Heaven send us plenty of gallant sailors, and rulers
who will not reward borough-mongering with peer
ages, and the daring genius of an Edward Hamilton
with simple knighthood.
We arrived at Puerto-Cabello, and came to
anchor in the bay near the entrance to the harbour,
when there commenced at once a series of courtesies
between the " Sirius," and other ships — firing guns,
hoisting flags, and receiving visits. Amongst our
neighbours was the " Arapiles," a large iron-clad screw
of sixteen guns ; the " Pizarro," a wooden paddle
steamer of five guns — both Spanish vessels ; and the
" Shawmut," an ugly-looking American ship or hulk,
something like a Newcastle collier turned man-of-war.
Far inside the harbour, alongside the wharf, lay the
" Virginius " ss.,* belonging to the Cuban insurgents.
She was ready to sail, had all her papers made out,
and carried the United States flag. The " Arapiles "
* The " Virginius " was afterwards captured on the high seas by a
Spanish man-of-war, and the captain, officers, and crew were taken to
the nearest port, where they were all butchered in cold blood.

112 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
was specially on the lookout for her, but as she was
under the protection of the Venezuelan Government
the big Spaniard could not butcher her where she lay :
and the " Shawmut " was to cover her when she came
out. How this was to be done was not very clear,
for, to all appearance, the " Arapiles " could, in less
than five minutes, have bloAvn the " Shawmut " out
of the water, and out of existence too — in which case
there would have been at least one ugly thing less in
the Avorld.
Puerto-Cabello was clean, well paved, and in good
order, with every appearance about the town of its
doing a prosperous business. At one time it Avas
notoriously unhealthy — in 1793 a squadron lost a
third of its complement there, and in 1802 three
French ships of war were attacked by a plague which
in twenty days killed 1 6 1 men. New comers formerly
soon fell victims to the vomito negro, but of late there
has been great improvement in sanitary arrangements,
and the death rate is now comparatively low. The
climate of Puerto-Cabello is much more agreeable
than that of La Guayra from the fact of the average
temperature being lower.
The city has had more than its full share of the
troubles Avhich have visited Venezuela. Its popula
tion which at the commencement of the War of
Independence was 5000, at the close of that struggle
had dwindled down to 2000 ; in 1869 it had risen to
6952, of whom 2568 were males, 3684 females, and
700 described as "floating population."
In its origin Puerto-Cabello was merely a station

Chap, viii.] PUERTO- CABELL 0. 113
for the smugglers in their business relations with
Curazao. The increase of this contraband trade was
the first cause of the extension of the population to
its present proportions. The port is a good one, its
name is said to have been given to it because, in the
opinion of the contrabamdistas who frequented it,
ships might anchor in it with a hair for a cable — los
buques podian anclarse en el con un cabello. It
has an excellent mole, which would probably attract
ships to it for the purposes of loading and unloading,
whatever sort of a place the port itself might be.
The city of Puerto-Cabello has some public works
worthy of notice : the chief are ; the famous fortress
of El Castillo Libertador — in former times considered
impregnable — commanding the entrance to the har
bour ; the lighthouse of Puenta Brava, which has a
nautical school with endowed professors ; El Res-
guardo, or office of the captain of the port ; Las Pilas
or public fountains; and the Alameda or public garden,
kept in good order by the municipality. There are
also a railway and station (abandoned), some fine Avare-
houses near the wharves, and numbers of Avell-built
merchants' store-houses in various parts of the city.
The landscape viewed from the sea is very beautiful.
The water is generally calm and placid, its waves
having none of that fury with which the ocean beats
upon some coasts, but are as gentle as though it were a
sheltered lake ; whilst above the city rises the range of
the Hilaria mountains. Groves of mango and cocoa-
nut trees add the beauty of their graceful forms and
rich colouring to the scene.
VOL. II. h

114 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
Here the coast range of hills, at the foot of which the
city nestles, reaches a great height. Patanemo is 4278
feet, Las Tetas 4256 feet, and the Cerro de la Vigia
4002 feet. The last hill owes its name to a watch-
tower stationed on it — now in ruins and deserted.
The like fate has happened to the Mirador de Salano,
which formerly held sixteen pieces of artillery, but
was abandoned by the captain-general before it was
fairly completed, as it was thought the city could
be better defended from batteries built lower down.
Most of the fortifications established in the old colonial
days have long since been abandoned.
In the evening of our arrival I called upon Mr.
Robert Conn, the English vice-consul, who has plenty
of hard work though no pay from the British Govern
ment. So the post of maintaining the honour and
glory of Old England in a place within ten degrees
of the equator under such circumstances is not one
to be envied. Conn felt it to be so !
At three other ports in the republic, the vice-consuls
receive on an average .£250 yearly. The gross English
tonnage entering one of these (the port of Maracaybo),
during 1861 was only 2046 tons, in eleven sailing bot
toms, and it is probably less now, as other flags are
doing nearly all the business. At Puerto-Cabello
twelve steamers call annually from Liverpool, and the
same number from Great Grimsby, besides a fleet of
sailing vessels hailing from the United Kingdom.
The steamers vary in burden from 1500 to 2500
tons each.
If we profess to pay our consuls in Venezuela at

Chap, viii.] A SYLVAN RETREAT. 115
all we should scarcely make an exception to the
detriment of the one appointed to the best port in
that country.
Next morning (June 1 8), Captain Miller, Lieutenant
Hammond, and I called upon Mr. Goering, and
examined his collection of objects of natural history,
including no less than six hundred species of Venezuelan
birds, many of which he assured us were neAv to
science. Not the least interesting portion of this
exhibition was a variety of sketches he had executed
for me of our late excursion to the Silla of Caracas.
We then proceeded by coach to San Esteban, which
is the country retreat for the business men of Puerto-
Cabello. At an altitude of about 100 feet aboVe the
level of the sea the temperature was 88° in the shade ;
a circumstance which did not at all detract from
our enjoyment of a bathe in the river. We purchased
some of the beautiful flowers and fans which they
manufacture here from the feathers of birds ; and were
much amused by the performance of an itinerant
musician who played on six instruments at once — to
play any one of which was exercise enough on such
a hot day.
Higher up the river plant life had a tropical rich
ness, and the ruddy brilliance of the rosa de montana,
standing out from the background formed by the
dark trunks of the trees, produced a very charming
effect. San Esteban made a pleasant picture. The
clear stream, now brawling into a cascade, now eddying
round some rocky island, and now calmly reflecting the
green foliage of the trees, and the brighter colours of

116 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
the fruits and flowers ; the gorgeous plumage of the
birds, and the blue sky flecked with fleecy clouds,
completed the woodland witchery of the scene. There
was nothing to mar its beauty, it was the harmony of
nature undisturbed by any of man's vain inventions.
The accompanying engraving is from a drawing
made by Mr. Goering on the spot, and gives a good
idea of the form of this pleasant nook ; but colour
alone can adequately interpret its sylvan beauty, and
the bosky coolness of the vegetation.*
In the afternoon I bade farewell to my naval
friends ; the " Sirius" proceeding to Porto Rico, and I
returning to La Guayra by the " Bavaria," a Europe-
bound ship which was to call there. She was one of
the Hamburg line of packets, and as I had had some
experience of the Cunard and other first-class lines, I
found everything about her to be far below that
standard of excellence which is maintained on all
ocean-going passenger steamers belonging to any of
the large English steamship companies. The food
it is impossible to describe, as I failed entirely to
understand it.f
On board the " Bavaria " I met Dr. Jose M. Rdjas,
one of the best scholars in the republic, and an ener
getic business man of Caracas. He is personally well
known to the Venezuelan bondholders in London.
Dr. Rdjas had just returned from the Dutch island
of Curazao, which circumstance gave rise to some
* See Frontispiece.
t Most of the German steamers on the route to the West Indies and
Venezuela are first-class vessels, possessing every comfort and conveni
ence, and thus being the reverse of the " Bavaria."

Chap, viii.] REVOLUTION-BREEDERS. 117
conversation relative to that place. A thousand cases
of merchandise are landed there every month ; half a
dozen amply suffice to clothe the half-naked mongrel
race which constitute its population, and the rest
are smuggled into Venezuela, New Granada, and the
Central American republics bordering the Caribbean
Sea. The capital of the island is a nest of hatchers
of revolutions, smugglers, and renegade Jews, who
enrich themselves by the blood they cause to be shed
and the misery entailed on the unfortunate countries
named. Political feeling runs very high in the Latin
races, and each party, of course, thinks that the
prosperity of the country depends entirely upon the
adoption of its programme. If this cannot be done
peacefully the gentlemen just alluded to are willing
to supply the sinews of war ; but when the revolt has
become a successful revolution the interest demanded
is so exorbitant that its payment breeds fresh dis
content. To do the money-lenders justice, they are
quite willing to aid in overthrowing the government
of their first customers for a consideration.
Trinidad is another hot-bed of conspiracy, but
having its own legislative business to attend to is not
so bad as Curazao. Humanity would suffer little if
the latter island were blotted out of existence.
We left the wharf of Puerto-Cabello at 6 p.m.,
but lay at anchor outside four hours, and then by
moonlight steamed to La Guayra. The following day
we disembarked at 9 a.m., and amongst those coming
on board I met Mr. Thomas Nevett, an Englishman,
who after forty years residence in Venezuela was

118 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii.
returning to the old world ; many a time during the
long winters he will regret the pleasant climate he
was leaving behind.
I returned to Caracas in the afternoon with General
Guzman Blanco, whose body-guard of 600 troops was
on the road. On the way the President spoke of his
plans for developing the resources of the country, and
especially of a railway to Caracas from Catia (near La
Guayra), and of a new port at the latter place.
I arrived at my rooms at 7 p.m., having been only
four hours on the road, which showed that the Pre
sident was not one to loiter by the way.

CHAPTER IX.
GOVERNMENT MINING CONCESSIONS.
*' Los negocios del palacio andan despacio." — Spanish Proverb.
Allusion has been made in the previous chapters to
the progress of my negotiations with the Government
for certain mining concessions or privileges which I
had instituted, to enable various industrial projects
to be inaugurated. I will noAV give a connected
account of them.
The first and most important of these was the
leasing of the islands of the republic for the extraction
of phosphates. Los Roques, Orchila, Las Aves, and
some smaller groups had been granted to an Ameri
can company, solely for the removal of guano. The
first-named were also leased for the production of
salt ; and having heard, on satisfactory authority,
that they contained mineral phosphates, I at once
determined to apply to the Venezuelan Government
for an exclusive right to mine and ship this material.
Accordingly, soon after my arrival in the country, my
good friend Leseur accompanied me to the Ministerio
de Fomento (Office of Public Works), and intro-,
duced me to the minister, Dr. Martin Jose" Sanavria,
with whom a petition was lodged to be submitted to

120

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

[Chap. ix.

the consideration of the Cabinet. About six weeks
later another offer was made from a Liverpool house.
I had interviews almost daily with Dr. Sanavria on
the subject of the phosphate concession, but my pro
gress was very slow. No real or tangible obstruction
presented itself to be grappled with, but innumerable

MARTIN JOSE SANAVRIA.

causes of delay arose — enough to have exhausted the
patience of the man of Uz himself — and the business
dragged on monotonously, instead of being brought to
a speedy conclusion, as I had earnestly hoped, when
first it was taken in hand.
In June 1871 Dr. Sanavria said the Government

Chap, ix.] MINISTERIO DE FOMENTO. 121
wished me to offer a royalty of one-tenth of the produce
of the islands ; but, as my proposals had already been
varied several times with a view to meet the wishes
of the Cabinet, his Levitical suggestion was not acted
upon. The President, it appeared, was unwilling to
make a grant of the islands until they had been exa
mined by a scientific commission. This was on the
1 6th of June, and on the 1 7th came news of the seizure
of the capital of Barcelona by the Blues, dispiriting for
me, as I was now anxious to obtain certain privileges
in connection Avith the coal mines of that State, for
facilitating their working, and the construction of a
railway. [These have already been mentioned in de
scribing the visit to Nueva Barcelona.] Authority was
wanted for this work, and also exemption from im
port and export duties, and port charges. The minis
ter advised me to complete my contract with Senora
Monagas, who was the owner of the coal property,
and then send in my petition to the Government.
Acting upon this advice the necessary documents
were prepared, and by the end of July signed and
placed in his hands, in full hopes of an immediate
and favourable response to my petitions. It was
not, however, until the end of September that the
matter was concluded. Before the President's de
parture for Valencia he left instructions for the com
pletion of the Barcelona concessions. The successful
termination of these negotiations made me hope for
the same good fortune with respect to those still
pending. Early in August of the same year Mr. William

122 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ix.
Grange of Philadelphia, whose acquaintance I had
made in England, came to Caracas. His long life had
been spent in roaming over all parts of the world, and
now under the burden of from eighty to one hundred
years he Avas the very impersonation of one's con
ception of the wandering Jew. Thinking that he was
endeavouring to gain a phosphate concession, I told
him that after my six months' work he had not much
chance ; but he protested that his sole object was to
sell arms to the Government, a statement I received
cum grano salis. The opposition so far encountered
could have been overcome by personal efforts, but
Avhen the American appeared upon the scene it be
came certain that mischief was brewing, and the
sequence showed the correctness of this forecast. Mr.
Grange made offers to the Government for the islands,
and my proposition, virtually accepted before his
arrival, was indefinitely postponed. I had secured
specimens from Los Roques, and some qualitative
analyses were made, and the mineral found to contain
. phosphoric acid, in sufficient quantity t6 induce me per
sonally to make a careful examination of the islands
before submitting another proposition to the Govern
ment ; my previous offers having been based chiefly
— though not entirely — upon speculative grounds.
Meanwhile Mr. Grange was working industriously,
but his progress was of a checkered nature. Some
letters which appeared in the newspapers (and were
attributed to his pen), so far from aiding, probably
damaged his cause. At last he gave up personal
negotiations and left for the United States, but before

Chap, ix.] DIFFICULTIES WITH THE MINISTER. 123
taking his departure he engaged Dr. Ernst to visit
Los Roques and report upon them.
But Mr. Grange's absence did not increase the
rate of my own speeding, and it was not until March
1872 that my final proposition was made to the
Government. The day after it was placed in the
hands of Dr. . Sanavria it became known that the
President was going again to Valencia, and the
Minister was urged to have the contract finished
before his departure. I Avas so tired out with the
constant delays that serious thoughts of giving up
its further prosecution and returning to England
were in my mind.
The President on his return from Valencia having
given his verbal consent to my last proposition, at
an interview mentioned in a previous chapter, I
hoped that at last the end of my troubles had
arrived, but to my surprise, when next I called upon
the Minister, he showed me an immense pile of
documents relating to the matter, and mentioned a
number of alterations which he wished to make in
the contract. The first was to limit the concessions
to Orchila, where, so far as I knew at the time, no
phosphates of value existed! There were other
important changes he desired to make, but this one
was sufficient, and as the President had been under
stood to assent to my ultimate proposal the discus
sion of these questions was declined.
Whilst the negotiations were still hanging fire in
this perplexing manner, I was the object of a delicate
compliment, as agreeable as it was unexpected, and

124 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ix.
Avhich may perhaps have had its effect upon the
Cabinet, by showing to its members that their
petitioner had, to some extent at least, enlisted the
good Avishes of the people of Caracas. It Avill be
best to give a simple translation of the report which
appeared in La Opinion Nacional of July 13th,
1872, omitting only some portions of a complimen
tary character.*
" Last night took place, in the Cafe del Avila, an artistic banquet,
by which twenty gentlemen, friends of Seiior James M. Spence,
desired to show their appreciation of their esteemed guest.
" The saloon was prepared with simplicity and art. The banners of
England and of Venezuela, interlaced and crowned with garlands of
beautiful flowers, adorned the walls ; and opposite the post of honour,
which was occupied by the gentleman to whom the banquet was
offered, was seen a beautiful allegorical picture in crayons, the work
of Senor Ramon Bolet, on which was displayed the two shields of
England and Venezuela, surrounded in artistic mingling by the
symbols of science, art, and commerce ; shining above this beautiful
combination was the English word ' Welcome ' (que espresaban un
cordial saludo). Beautiful festoons of natural flowers ornamented
this picture, which formed the base for a group of plants, amongst
them being our characteristic cambour, the symbol of America,
under whose shade was placed upon a pedestal the bust of the
Liberator. " The portrait of the guest, the excellent work of Sefior Diego
Casanas, had been fixed upon the opposite wall, and round it fell
in graceful folds the English and Venezuelan flags. The lower part
of the picture had a bunch of flowers, symbolic of those gathered by
Senor Spence and his companions upon the Naiguata, to enrich the
investigation of our flora. The banquet commenced by some
musical pieces composed expressly for the occasion, and executed by
* La Revista, edited by General Diego Hugo Ramirez, published a
special number a few days after, with a full account of the banquet,
the number being dedicated to myself. See Appendix Q, No. 192.

Chap, ix.] BANQUET OF THE LITERATI. 125
their authors, who were amongst those by whom the banquet was
offered.* " The gentlemen of Caracas represented at this feast of friendship
and of art have given a striking and eloquent proof of their ability
to appreciate exertions made for the benefit of their country.
" May Seiior Spence find imitators, and may they ever be inspired
by such cordial demonstrations."
On the 1 5th July I arrived at the actual conclu
sion of my negotiations. I had an appointment
with Dr. Sanavria for 9 A.M., but was kept wait
ing until 11 a.m. before he could enter upon the
business of the concession. After discussing some
of the points, we met again at 2 p.m., and worked on
until sundown, and, as even then all the details had
not been arranged we adjourned to his house at " Los
Chaguaramos," where we remained discussing, the
vexed questions until 10 p.m. As there were still
some articles left for the decision of the President I
* " Obsequio al Senor James M. Spence.
Programa.
1. Pieza para canto y piano por Ildefonso Meseron y Aranda.
2. Romance sin letra compuesto y ejecutado por Eduardo Calcano.
3. Barcarola por Ramon de la Plaza arreglada para piano y har
monium.
4. Duo de cornetas de piston con acompanamiento de piano, arre-
glado por Eduardo Calcano y ejecutado por el mismo y los
Senores de la Plaza y Marcano.
5 . Discurso de 6rden por Santiago Terrero Atienza.
6. Poesia por Diego Jugo Ramirez.
7. Composicion en prosa por Pedro Toledo Bermudez.
8. Poesia por Eloy Escobar.
9. Composicion en prdsa por Nicanor Bolet Peraza.
10. Composicion en prosa por Leopoldo Terrero.
11. Poesia por Jacinto Guti&rez Coll.
12. Pensamientos en ingles por Emilio de Las Casas.
Caracas, Julio 22 de 1872.

126 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ix.
set out at midnight by coach to cross the mountains
to La Guayra where he was staying, and saw him
between 7 and 8 a.m. the next morning, when we
settled in half an hour all that remained to be done ;
after which I telegraphed the good news to my friends
in Caracas, and returned there in the evening.
Many called to congratulate me upon the successful
termination of the affair, and the folloAving day my
rooms were besieged by others on the same errand.
The documents * were now signed by the Minister of
Public Works, and if the long delays had someAvhat
irritated and wearied me, the closing scenes were
performed so gracefully, and with so much amiability,
as to compensate for the eighteen months of hard
work which the business had entailed, and as there
were several competitors I could scarcely blame
myself for lost time.
* See Appendix O. Translation of the Concession of the Venezuelan
Islands for the extraction of Mineral Phosphates.

CHAPTER X.
THE FIRST VENEZUELAN PINE ARTS EXHIBITION.
" Don Carlos. I had engagements elsewhere.
Pray who was there ?
Laura. Why, all the town and court.
The house was crowded ; and the busy fans
Among the gaily dressed and perfumed ladies
Fluttered like butterflies among the flowers.
There was the Countess of Medina Celi ;
The Goblin Lady and her Phantom Lover.
Herr Lindo, Don Diego, Donna Sol,
And Donna Serafina, and her cousins." — Longfellow.
One evening at the Cafe" del Avila, whilst talking
with my good friends Ramon Bolet and his brother
Nicanor, Leopold© Terrero, and some others, it was
suggested that, as my collection of pictures was soon
to leave for England, it would be well to give a pub
lic exhibition of them in Caracas. On inquiring it
appeared there had never been a public fine art col
lection in the capital, and it was immediately deter
mined to take the necessary steps to organize one.
The scheme was espoused with enthusiasm by the
gentlemen present, and although there were only
three days at our disposal before the opening fixed
upon, yet in that time we obtained loans of pictures,
drew up and printed a catalogue,* secured the patron-
* Appendix Q, No. 58.

128 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. x.
age of the President and his Cabinet, sent out invi
tations to the principal citizens of the town, and
arranged for the " First Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhi
bition " to be inaugurated by a banquet.
For four days the theatre of the Cafe" del Avila was
converted into a picture gallery. The greater part of
the works shown came from my own collection,* but
various other " amigos del arte " liberally lent from
their treasures to increase the interest of an exhibition
which it was felt might have considerable influence
in stimulating the artistic talent of the republic.
The first day, from eight in the morning until
three in the afternoon, was set apart for those specially
invited ; after that hour the public were admitted
without ceremony, and came in crowds of all ages
and conditions to see and admire the genius of their
countrymen. In short, the exhibition was a decided
success, and the neAvspapers spoke of it in the most
glowing terms. The collection showed that, notwith
standing the neglect of the fine arts in the republic,
there really existed a fund of talent that needed
only culture to develop into proportions which would
do honour to the nation. More than 1 2,000 persons
passed through the room.t
On the first evening, at six o'clock, the rooms were
closed to sight-seers on account of the preparations for
the banquet, which commenced at eight, and was uni
versally considered a great triumph in its way. We
* Appendix Q, No. 221.
t See Appendix L. Translation from La Opinion Nacional, July 29,
1872, of an account of the " First Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhibition."

Chap, x.] THE PICTURES OF THE EXHIBITION. 129
had with us some of the most eloquent orators of the
republic, but it Avould be vain to attempt to record
their " winged words." The speakers were Senores A.
L. Guzman and Eduardo Calcano, Generals Ramon de
la Plaza and Nicanor Bolet Peraza, and Doctors San
tiago Terrero Atienza and Martin J. Sanavria.
Amongst the pictures exhibited were some that at
tracted j ustly merited attention from the visitors. One
of the most popular was a small water-colour drawing
by Sefior Ramon Bolet, entitled The First Sorrow,
representing an incident in the domestic life of one of
his own children. It was thus described by a well-
known critic (Abdul Azis) : "The boy, whose only
treasure was a little bird, which pleased him with
its melodious notes, on opening the door of its cage
one day to give it food found it dead. At what a
little cost has the poor child entered the vale of tears,
and yet, without doubt, there is no greater sorrow for
him." Another from the same artist by its marvellous
fidelity to nature excited great amusement. It repre
sented one of the " characters " of the city, a dealer in
charcoal, whose daily rounds made him familiar as
one of the public men. Each individual has something
to be proud of, whether it be wit, long descent, or
worldly possessions ; it was this man's boast that he
had the finest donkey in the republic !
There was one, a sketch by Anton Goering, which
appealed to the martial spirit of the nation, and re
presented aN group of Venezuelan Troops in Camp.
They looked rough and ragged enough to have thrown
vol. n. " I

130 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. x.
an English martinet officer into convulsions, but " in
their eyes could be read that proverbial valour
which in former times, when used against the well-
equipped regiments of old Spain, gave memories of
imperishable glories."
A water-colour drawing by an Italian artist, Senor
Francisco Devegno, of La Guayra from the East, was
a picture of great merit, as were also four other
studies from the same pencil.
Several oil paintings by local artists who had
studied in Europe were also exhibited, some of which
for originality of design and colouring were the most
attractive objects in the exhibition.

CHAPTER XI.
PROJECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESOURCES
OF THE REPUBLIC.
" And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought ;
And enterprises of great pith and moment,
With this regard their currents turn awry
And lose the name of action." — Shakespeare.
Besides the matter of the coal-mines of Nueva Barce
lona, and the mineral phosphates of the islands, already
mentioned, I gave a good deal of attention to projects
for introducing traction engines into Venezuela, for
extending the telegraphic system, and for improving
the ports of Maracaybo and La Guayra by railroads
from these places.
Traction engines would be an immense benefit in
the republic. In the British Islands, with a net- work
of railways and good roads, we make little use of
them, but in South America where the fertility of the
land is rendered of no avail by the difficulty of trans
porting the crops to the coast, they would form, in
many parts, exceedingly good substitutes for railways.
Mr. Fred. H. Hemming, the Venezuelan Consul in
London, has a concession of an exclusive right to
introduce these engines for twenty-one years into
Venezuela.

132 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi.
There is no telegraphic communication with Europe,
and only a small portion of the country itself is sup
plied with this important means of communication.
In the new Career of peace upon which it is hoped
the republic has fairly entered, the SAvift messenger
electricity will be found indispensable.*
The most obvious course seemed to be that of a
submarine cable to connect La Guayra with the island
of St. Thomas, but the great distance (over 500 miles)
would be fatal to the project, from the enormous cost
in the first instance of laying such a line. Fortunately
a much more feasible plan presents itself, Avhich is, to
run a system of telegraphic wires across the States of
Bolivar, Barcelona, and Cumana, to the Boco Grande,
the strait separating Trinidad from the mainland.
About fiATe miles only of submarine cable would be
required, and, Avitli a short addition of land line,
would unite with the telegraph at Puerto Espana, thus
giving direct communication with Europe, t By this
method three important States in the Union Avould be
opened up, and the route would embrace most of the
places of importance in them. From Barcelona a
branch line could easily be constructed, to go to the
* From a conversation with the manager of the Venezuelan telegraph
lines held whilst a revolution was still raging, I learned that, in spite
of the disturbed state of the country, the wires were very seldom cut,
or interfered with ; perhaps owing to the fact that both the Blues and
the Yellows used them.
t Another opinion, given to me by one of the most practical sub
marine telegraph layers in England, is that a cheap form of cable laid
off the coast, from La Guayra to Puerto Espana, with branches to
Barcelona and Cumana, would be the most advantageous — the distance
not exceeding 375 miles.

Chap, xi.] TELEGRAPH PROJECTS. 133
flourishing town of Ciudad-Bolivar on the Orinoco,
taking in its course Aragua, the centre of an import
ant cotton-growing district.
The Eastern States have often given trouble to the
national government in Caracas on account of the
difficulty of obtaining prompt intelligence from them.
The construction of more telegraphs would be a strong
guarantee for the peace of the republic. From La
Guayra to Caracas, thence by Victoria and Valencia
to Puerto-Cabello, there is a line of telegraphs in
good working order ; and an additional one, to the
valleys of the Tuy, would be of grea,t advantage to the
State of Bolivar. The districts through which the
proposed extensions would run are rising daily in
importance. With peace their natural resources will
become developed, and their Avealth — agricultural
and mineral — will be available for the service of
mankind. The Venezuelan Government has concluded a con
tract Avith Senor Carlos Hahn by which he has the sole
right for twenty-one years of laying and working a sub
marine telegraph cable from La Guayra to St. Thomas,
where it can be joined to the international or inter
colonial telegraph system. The contract is dated
October 31, 1872, and exempts from all duties the
materials required for the construction and mainten
ance of this undertaking.'5'
The existence of coal in Venezuela has been long
knoAvn ; in 1837 there were some mines partially
* It is said, that owing to the work of construction not having been
commenced within the time stipulated, this concession has been forfeited.

134 THE LAND OF BOLLVAR. [Chap. xi.
worked, but the absence of customers led to their
abandonment. The coal measures of Curamichate are
said by Mr. Henry Ridley, an English engineer, to
be rich and almost inexhaustible. They are situated
on the coast, in the State of Coro, and are reported
to extend from east to west a distance of 45 miles.
The mines which have been worked belong almost
wholly to Mr. Robert P. Syers of Caracas.
The quality of the coal is said to be nearly equal
to English common sorts, and the strata is so near
the surface that the mineral can be very easily ob
tained. Mr. Ridley estimated that .500 to 700 tons
daily could be obtained from one locality. The first
bed is found along the coast at 1 1 metres above
the sea level, but under this is a second seam, where
the coal must be considerably harder than that of
the surface deposit, which takes a place betAveen
bituminous and stone-coal or anthracite.
Mr. A. Hubel has had specimens of this coal tried
in some steamers with very satisfactory results. A
German chemist (Dr. Fleck) made an analytical com
parison between the coals of Cardiff and Venezuela,
and he thus sums up their relative heat-giving pro
perties : Venezuela, 548-155; Cardiff, 728-215 — that
is to say, that every 100 tons of the latter description
is equal to 132-84 tons of the former. Cardiff coal
costing at Trinidad nine American dollars per ton,
Venezuelan coal should then be worth $6.77.
It is estimated that the steamers engap-ed in the
foreign trade of Venezuela consume about 86,400
tons annually ; this alone would form the nucleus of

Chap, xi.] A RAILWAY AND HARBOUR PROJECT. 135
a good and profitable market for coal so easily worked
as that of Curamichate.*
Maracaybo, notwithstanding that it suffered greatly
during the civil war, which robbed it by death and
abandonment of part of its population, at the present
time enjoys a large amount of material prosperity.
This is owing to its favourable geographical position,
and to its magnificent lake. The only drawback is the
barra (bar) de Maracaybo, which is yearly making
the entrance to the port more difficult. The deposit of
sand is now so great that, except for vessels of slight
burden, entrance to the lake is attended with grave
dangers and considerable delay. Every year ships
are cast away, and the cargoes plundered by the
Indians of the coast. We have heard of as many as
twenty-seven ships being detained at one time, wait
ing for a favourable opportunity to escape this ob
stacle. The difficulties of the commerce will increase
every year with the growth of the bar. It is already
an evil calling loudly for a remedy, but fortunately
the difficulty is one not insurmountably.
At Cojoro, on the coast of the peninsula of Goa-
jira, there is an excellent natural harbour, that by a
comparatively short railway could be connected with
Maracaybo so as to make the former place the port of
the latter. The exportation of valuable timber would
then be possible on a large scale. There is also
wanted a railroad from the east coast of the lake to
* The particulars given in the text respecting the Curamichate coal
mines are gathered from a report furnished by Mr. Hubel, who was
specially engaged to examine the district in which they are situated by
Mr. Leseur and myself.

136 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi.
the foot of the sierras of Betijoque, by which the
produce of the interior could be brought to Maracaybo
for exportation. Add to this the navigation of the
lake by steamers, and the industries and agriculture
of the States of the Cordillera would receive an
immense impetus.
So convinced was I of the commercial importance of
this scheme that, after a careful calculation of the ex
penses that Avould have been involved in carrying it into
effect, I made an application to Congress, in conjunc
tion Avith Mr. A. Boyer of Paris, for a concession of
exclusive rights for forty years ; freedom from all na
tional and local taxes ; and a grant of government land ;
in return for Avhich the railway was to become the
property of the nation at the end of that term. The
matter did not come up for decision until after my de
parture from Venezuela, Avhen certain local jealousies
succeeded in " burking " the scheme in Congress, by
a process similar to that so-called in the English
House of Commons. Mr. Boyer, whose personal
knowledge of the district extended over a period of
twenty years, is of opinion that the Maracaybo and
Cojoro Railway and Harbour Project, if properly
carried out, would yield a profit of nearly 30 per cent.,
after making provision for all possible expenses.
The copper mines of Aroa, once the property of
Bolivar the Liberator, now belong to an English
joint stock enterprise, the New Quebrada Company,
Limited. The veins or deposits, of copper are con
sidered to be practically inexhaustible, and can be
worked at little cost for many years to come by adit

THE
BOLlTvM. BAIL"W&1T C!
( limited) MAP
SHEWING the ROUTEofthe RAILWAY
Messr.s Brunlees "bWKenow

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, TiTihb&r ~%&£ m'^ „»%

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•URAMA OUtAJL
\Cacao PLarutat^hrijS

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Scale of EnglishMiles
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Lith.ly R. Paterson, London.

Chap, xi.] THE COPPER MINES OF AROA. 137
levels, without the necessity of either pumping or rais
ing machinery being called into requisition. The late
Lieutenant-Colonel Strange, F.E.S., in 187 1 estimated
an output of 20,000 tons per annum, which in future
years he thought could be greatly augmented. To aid
in the development of the rich deposits a railway has
been projected, and is now in course of construction
to run from the mines to the port of Tucacas in the
Caribbean Sea.* The length of the line will not ex-
* " The Bolivar Railway Company, Limited, with a capital of
,£350,000, has been formed for the purpose of constructing a line of
railway, about 62 miles in length, from the port of Tucacas in the
Caribbean Sea to the celebrated copper mines of Aroa, reputed to be the
most extensive and the richest in the world. The mineral wealth of
these mines is authenticated by the personal inspection of competent
persons, including John Hawkshaw, late president of the Institute of
Civil Engineers.
" The mines are situated about 1200 feet above the sea level ; the de
posit, a vast lode of about 100 feet wide, is worked by horizontal adits,
and without any pumping or other expensive mining machinery, hence
the ore, which is of a quality yielding from 15 to 40 per cent, of copper,
and in some cases of a much higher per centage, can be raised at very
small outlay. The realisation of the wealth of these mines has hitherto
been retarded by the expense of bringing the ores to a port of shipment
— the only means of transport being by mules and boats, involving great
delay, and an expenditure incompatible with the profits.
" There are no engineering difficulties whatever throughout the entire
line of the railway, which could be worked so as to yield profitable
results on the copper ore tonnage alone, guaranteed as hereinafter men
tioned by the New Quebrada Company.
" The New Quebrada Company, Limited (the proprietors of the land
through which the railway will run), have agreed to lease the lands
required for the construction of the railway and its accessories to the
railway company for 999 years, at a nominal rent oi £10.
" As security for dividends upon the share capital of this company,
the New Quebrada Company bind themselves to deliver a minimum
quantity of twenty thousand tons of copper ore annually, for transport
by the railway, for which they will pay to the company £4., 5s. per ton,
or £85,000 per annum.
" The following are additional sources of income which may be fairly

138 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi.
ceed sixty-five miles, and the mining company guaran
tees to the railway company a minimum goods traffic
that will, it is anticipated, return about 10 per cent.,
Avhilst from other sources — timber, agricultural pro
duce, and passengers — an additional 8 per cent, is
calculated upon.
The Government of the republic is turning its
attention to immigration. With a fresh influx of
strong arms there would be some prospect of culti
vating the vast fields of Venezuela, which now lie un
touched. The republic participates in the common
wants of all neAv countries, viz., peace, capital, and
labour, but these she could easily obtain were proper
measures adopted for their acquisition. Capital
would flow into the country in abundance with peace,
and a stable government resolved upon raising the
fallen credit of the republic abroad. Labour is equally
important, but by far the most difficult to obtain.
At first sight it seems strange that the tide of
emigration from Europe should have turned in such
a steady current to North America, whilst the more
fertile lands of South America have received scarcely
any of the surplus population of the old Avorld. Yet
if Ave reflect that Great Britain and Ireland are the
calculated on, viz. : — For all copper ore carried in excess of the above
minimum of 20,000 tons, containing over 13 per cent, of copper, this
company will be, paid £3, 12s. 6d. per ton, and for ore of a smaller per
centage a rate of not less than £2 per ton. In addition to copper ore,
other mineral deposits, including gold, silver, and coal, are said to
exist on the property of the company, which produces also, in almost
inexhaustible quantities, valuable hardwoods and timber, such as rose
wood, Lignum-vitee, fustic, and mahogany." — Extracted from the Pro
spectus of the Bolivar Railway Company.

Chap, xi.] COLONIZATION. 139
sources whence the larger part of these emigrants
are drawn, it ceases to be a matter of astonishment.
The rustic or mechanic, from either of these quarters
going to North America, arrives in a country Avhere
his own language is spoken, and where the general
structure of society is built up on the same traditions
as those of the land he has left behind. The internal
dissensions of the Latin republics have also helped to
keep away the army of industry, whose soldiers were
seeking, not for the laurel of glory, but for a place
where they might sit under their oavii vine and fig-
tree, no man making them afraid. Emigration to
South America has rarely been attempted Avith suc
cess, and in the case of Brazil and Paraguay has
proved a disastrous failure, hence it will be difficult to
induce Englishmen to go to Venezuela, notwithstand
ing its vast natural advantages over other countries.
The only method of obviating the difficulty is for
the Government to institute a few small experimental
colonies — English, French, German, or Italian. In
the case of the establishment of an English colony, the
service of an English gentleman practically acquainted
with agriculture should be obtained, who should
be authorized to select a small band of mechanics and
agriculturists to settle upon land provided by the
state, thus forming the first colony. The greatest care
would be necessary in the choice of locality, which
should combine fertility of soil, and salubrity of
climate ; good roads being also indispensable. The
colonists should be planted not very far from the
capital of the country, and in a situation where, in

HO THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi.
addition to farms, saw-mills and other industrial
establishments could be worked by water power. The
success of the experiment, certified by the British
Superintendent of the colony, would quickly induce
other emigrants to follow. Eight or ten families suc
cessfully established in the country would be sufficient
to show the feasibility of Venezuelan immigration, and
Avould be a complete answer to those who point to
the failures of Brazil and Paraguay. Owing to the
rapid succession of the crops in the republic the ex
periment would not take long to decide.*
In this way Venezuela may hope to attract the in
dustrial force which is absolutely necessary to enable
it to avail itself of the riches of its mountain slopes,
broad valleys, and almost limitless plains.
We in England did a noble thing in aiding the colo
nies of South America to obtain their freedom from
Spanish despotism, but had we, in addition to this,
helped in the construction of railroads, erection of tele
graphs, and other mighty instruments of progress, they
Avould have been more blessed in receiving and Ave more
profited in giving. Such investments would be far
more beneficial to all concerned than the ordinary
wretched foreign loans. My conviction of the truth of
this principle led me to examine various plans which
promised to be profitable if carried out.
Amongst the railway projects which have been
* In January 1874, a decree was passed by the Venezuelan Govern
ment appointing a Director of Immigration who should see to the dis
tribution and settlement of European immigrants as they arrived in the
country. The experiment has been very successful ; during the twelve
months ending April 30th, 1875, over S00° arrived in the republic.

Chap, xi.] RAILWAYS. 141
broached is one from La Guayra to Caracas.* The
distance from the seaport to the capital is only 23^
miles, but the road lies over the coast range of moun
tains, and communication is therefore sIoav, and the
transport of goods difficult. The grade of the road
would vary from 0-93 to 3-50 per cent. The traffic is
now very large, nearly all the coffee from the Central
States being shipped from the port of La Guayra,
which also forms the chief inlet of the republic for
European productions.
* This railway is now in process of construction.

CHAPTER XII.
DEPART DEE.
" Ever in dreams thou comest. I may not trace
In waking hours the presence of that spell
Which holds me bound with such a winning grace —
Farewell ! " — Anonymous.
As the time for my departure drew nigh, I found
myself in a continual bustle of excitement, making
farewell visits and the necessary preparations for
my voyage. Amongst the incidents of these latter
days may be mentioned as a novel experience the
lottery of the Sociedad de Beneficencia.
With those benevolent man-traps, the English
bazaars, I was of course familiar, but the annual raffle
of the Charitable Society of Caracas was managed in
a different fashion to them. The intention of having
such a rifa was publicly announced, and the donations
of the benevolent solicited. The gifts did not as a
rule take the form of money, but of a miscellaneous
collection of articles. The names of the donors were
daily printed in the local papers, with the number of
things they had contributed. As soon as 2000 objects
had been obtained, the list was closed, and the gifts
arranged for exhibition, but there was none of that
chaffering or enthusiastic display of extortion which
goes on at an English bazaar ; the only articles sold were

Chap, xii.] CHARITABLE LOTTERIES. 143
lottery tickets in sealed envelopes, the price being fixed
at a low figure in order to tempt persons to-buy a num
ber of them, Avhich it was necessary to do if a prize were
desired; for two thousand prize-tickets had been mixed
up with ten times that number of blanks. Half a dozen,
generally, of the most graceful, amiable, and beautiful
of the ladies of the capital stood behind a counter, like
tellers in a bank, disposing of tickets, whilst the prizes,
artistically arranged, formed the background. The
Fates usually maintain in Caracas, as elsewhere, their
very spiteful natures in assigning to the so-called
lucky winners the most inappropriate articles.
On the 4th of August I called upon the President,
but found him very unwell. We talked about emi
gration from Europe to Venezuela, and about rail
ways, which would be immense boons to the country.
He inquired if I could not do something in England
to promote the construction of the railroad from
Caracas to the coast at Catea, which is intended to
supersede the roadstead of La Guayra. After promis
ing to do what I could in the matter,"5' some one in
the company remarked that the fisheries of Barcelona
would be a great source of profit to the state if they
Avere properly developed. The President thought
that fishing was an occupation for barbarous peoples.
" The history of nations showed a succession of epochs
in which they advance from fishing and hunting to
* On my return to England I broached the subject to one of the
leading railway engineers in London, who entered fully into the matter,
and would doubtless have carried out the plan he proposed, had not
news arrived from the republic that the Government itself had under
taken to carry out the scheme.

144 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xii.
pastoral life, and thence to agriculture, but the crown
ing glory of civilization is the epoch of manufac
tures." "Venezuela," said he, addressing himself to
me, " is noAv in the agricultural period, but I hope
that she will soon enter upon the industrial era,
the stage at which j^our country has long ago arrived.
I trust that Ave may imitate those arts of peace,
and public virtues, which have made England great
and famous."
The day following I received from the President an
autograph letter, of which the following is a trans
lation : — " Caracas, August 5, 1872.
"My Esteemed Fbiend, — I return you many thanks for the
map of the state of Apure by Count Codazzi.*
" I wish you a happy voyage home, and a quick return, with
good results in the projects for the material development of
Venezuela. '
" From the Minister of Foreign Affairs you will receive the
nomination of Venezuelan Consul in Manchester, and the diploma
of the Busto del Libertador, Simon Bolivar, with which my country
decorates those who serve her faithfully, and disinterestedly.
" The state of my health, as you know, is not good, and will natu
rally prevent me from accepting the invitation to the banquet with
which you wish to honour me. — I am, &c, Guzman Blanco."
At the same time I received from the Minister of
Foreign Affairs the following gratifying letter (trans
lation) : —
" United States of Venezuela, Bureau of Foreign Affairs,
Caracas, August 6, 1872.
" Sir, — I have the pleasure of informing you that the President
of the Kepublic has conferred upon you the distinction of the Order
* This map, which I presented to the President, was similar in
character to the one of the province of Guayana, mentioned at page 101.

Chap, xii.] VISIT TO THE FOREIGN OFFICE. 145
of the Bust of the Liberator, Simon Bolivar, the illustrious son of
Caracas, and Liberator of Venezuela, Colombia, Equador, Peru,
and Bolivia ; a true hero and the founder of South American
Independence. " This Order, the noblest that can be conferred in the republic,
is given as a reward for great services and distinction of every
class. " You have made yourself worthy of it by the repeated proofs
you have given of interest for the progress of this country, and by
the sympathy you have merited in it. — I have the pleasure of
remaining, &c, Antonio L. Guzman."
The map referred to in the President's letter was
an original production of the geographer Codazzi,
delineating the State of Apure in much greater detail
than in that published in his atlas.
The same day on Avhich I received the letter from
Sefior A. L. Guzman I had a conference with this
Minister on the general prospects of the country, and
laid before him my views with great frankness : Vene
zuela being exceptionally well situated, I opined, only
needed that the Government should administer the
laws with equal justice to all, maintain peace through
out the land, and establish public confidence in the
integrity of its financial administration, to insure its
becoming the leading republic of South America.
" Now that peace is established, with every probability
of its duration, a most important thing to be done
is to put Venezuela on a proper footing with her
foreign creditors. No doubt the long civil war has ex
hausted the public treasury, but if the President Avere
to strike out a bold line of policy, based on the moral
right of the situation, and at once commence paying
interest to the foreign bondholders, the result Avould be
vol. n. K

146 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xii.
an increase of confidence that would attract to the
country the capital and industrial enterprise it so
much requires. At the close of the American civil
Avar there had been much talk of repudiation, a word
unknown to the statesmen of Europe,* and there was
no doubt that if such a policy had been carried out
it would have proved most disastrous. I do not give
the Americans credit for more honesty than the
Venezuelans, but they have a clearer perception of
the national injury which would result from breaking
faith with their creditors."
I strongly urged upon the Minister that it was
absolutely essential to the well-being of the country
that it should fulfil promptly, and to the very letter,
all the engagements into which it had entered abroad.
Sefior Guzman listened to the very plain-spoken
exposition of my views with great attention, and pro
mised to bring them under the notice of his colleagues
in the cabinet. This was* my farewell visit to the
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The banquet mentioned in the President's letter,
and which I proposed to give in honour of himself
and his cabinet, took place on the 8th of August.
Instead of attempting to chronicle it myself, I shall
simply translate one or two paragraphs from the report
of it which appeared in La Opinion Nacional: —
" Last night took place, at the Hotel Saint Amand, a splendid ban
quet, given by Mr. Spence in honour of the President and his Cabinet.
General Guzman was unable to be present on account of the state of
* At the time this conversation took place Turkey and Spain had not
attempted to repudiate their obligations.

Chap, xii] THE LAST OF THE BANQUETS. 147
his health, but all his Ministers, with two exceptions, were present.
The guests were General Jose' I. Pulido, Vice-President of the Re
public ; Sefior Antonio L. Guzman, Minister of Foreign Affairs ;
Dr. Diego B. Urbaneja, Minister of the Interior and Justice; Dr.
Martin J. Sanavria, Minister of Public Works ; General Juan B.
Garcia, Minister of War and Marine ; Dr. Diego B. Barrios, Secre
tary of the Minister of Foreign Affairs ; Dr. Santiago Terrero de
Atienza, Secretary of the Minister of Public Works ; General Lino
Duarte Level, Secretary of the President of the Republic ; General
Nicanor Bolet Peraza, Fausto Teodoro de Aldrey, Rafael Hernandez
Gutierrez, Juan Rohl, General Juan F. Perez, John R. Leseur, H.
L. Boulton, Carlos Hahn, F. J. Wallis, Dr. Modesto Urbaneja,
General Leopoldo Terrero, Ramon Bolet, H. Gosewisch, Otto
Becker, Dr. Ernst, H. Lisboa, Manuel Martel, Jacinto Gutierrez
Coll, R. Terrero, and Alexander Boyer, jun.*
" The saloon in which the banquet took place was adorned with
luxury and singular good taste. With the exception of the banners
of England and Venezuela, which in the most conspicuous part of
the room were interlaced in a trophied symbol, all the ornaments
were composed of the choicest flowers of our gardens. It was a
floral feast, whose delicious perfume filled the air, and whose precious
colours enchanted the sight by the artistic combinations of their
varied shades.
" The host in dedicating the banquet to General Guzman Blanco
and his worthy Ministry, mingled the most flattering expressions
about the hospitality of the country, with hopes of a continu-
ence of the prosperity which it is now achieving, under the enlight
ened and progressive administration of its present Chief-Magistrate.
Other speeches were made which are worthy of being reproduced
literally, but on this occasion, as on others, all were surpassed by
the robust and brilliant oratory of the veteran Sefior Antonio
Leocadio Guzman.

* I may here say that this list contains the names of gentlemen whose
hospitality and courtesy, which I had many opportunities of proving,
were conspicuous, and I feel sure that any stranger visiting Venezuela,
and having the privilege of becoming acquainted with any one of them,
will corroborate my testimony. . .

148

THE LAND OF BOLIVAR.

[Chap.

" Some strangers spoke upon Venezuela and praised the virtues
of its people. Dr. Ernst, in phrases full of poetical power, attested
to the high gifts of General Guzman Blanco, and painted in graphic
terms his character and the great things which the country might
hope from his enlightened administration."
The day following the banquet (August 9, 1872)

MY LAST LOOK AT VENEZUELA.

was my last in Caracas and also in the republic.
Friends and acquaintances came trooping in from all
quarters to my rooms at the hotel to say fareAvell ; this
and my preparations for the voyage made me exceed
ingly busy, and very grateful for the kind aid of
Bolet and Terrero. It Avas not until mid-day that

Chap, xii.] "FAREWELL." 149
I was able to take my departure. Several carriages
accompanied me to C&tea, Avhere I bade good-bye to
many friends, amongst them Mr. Leseur, Avhose
partner, Mr. Gosewisch, came with me to England.
General Nicanor Bolet Peraza, his brother Ramon,
and some others, came on as far as La Guayra, Avhere
— Avith my servant, Miguel Gonzales, a Zulian, who
had been very attentive to me at the hotel dur
ing my illnesses — I embarked at 4 p.m. The little
mail-schooner " Guayrefla," in Avhich I had taken a
passage, set sail for St. Thomas immediately after.
Venezuela, where I had landed eighteen months
before, a perfect stranger, and where I had found
many true friends, gradually receded from, my sight.
The Naiguata became the only object visible, and long
I gazed upon it, till at last, as night drew on, its tower
ing peak sank below the horizon, and sea and sky alone
remained. I had found the republic in the throes of
civil war, when I left it was at peace. The remem
brance of this sojourn in a life of travel and adventure
will never be forgotten. Ever bright and fair in my
memory will be the recollection of the lofty moun
tains, the blooming valleys, the glittering cascades,
the luxuriant foliage, and, above all, the warm hearts
of Venezuela.

APPENDIX.

ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA.
" Man's inhumanity to man,
Makes countless thousands mourn." — Burns.
Cristoval Colon on the third of his adventurous voyages was
detained by a calm between Trinidad and the coast, and dis
embarking on the ist of August 1498 at the mouth of the Drago,
explored the country to the point of Araya, and so earned the
immortal glory of being the first European who had seen the
continent of America. The following year the expedition under
command of Alonso de Ojeda (which had for its object to continue
and extend the discoveries of the great Admiral) came on the 24th
of August to the lake and coast of Maracaybo. Finding the natives
living in. huts built on piles in the lake the conquistadores gave the
name of Venezuela to the district. "Little Venice" is now a country
larger than half-a-dozen European kingdoms. In the same year
Cristoval Guerra's expedition discovered the coasts of Paria and
Cumanagota (now Nueva Barcelona), the isles of Margarita and
Cubagua, and went as far as the coast of Coro, when he determined
to return to Spain on account of the ferocity of the natives of the
districts where pearls were to be found, the obtaining of which
was the sole object of his voyage.
Pedro Alonzo Mfio, who was associated with this enterprise, has
the honour of having been the first to make a mercantile transac
tion with the Indians of Venezuela. Those who preceded this
(13th of February 1500), like many who followed, were simply

152 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
pillagers. Glass beads and bits of metal were sufficient to obtain
from the Indians pearls and every variety of food which the
country produced. The Indians, says Bartolome de Las Casas, were
very content, thinking that they had cheated the Christians ; what
the Christians thought is not recorded.
The most uncultivated and least civilized of the Indian tribes
were those which inhabited Venezuela. Some symbolical designs
traced on the granite rocks of the lower Orinqco, on the banks of
the Casiquiare, and between the fountains of the Esequibo and of
the river Brauco, are the only relics of the aboriginal civilization,
and these may with more reason be attributed to a vanished race
than to the wandering hordes who inhabited the district when it
was first invaded by the Spanish conquistadores.
In 1502 Francisco Yanes y Pinzon crossed the equator and dis
covered Brazil, and afterwards going between west and n'orth
came to the equator again, where he noticed that the sea was
composed of fresh water, and seeking the cause discovered the
vast river of the Amazons which enters the ocean by a mouth of
more than thirty leagues in extent. The sailors met with hospi
table treatment which they repaid by taking into captivity thirty-
six persons. This journey extended to 600 leagues, which, joined
to the 400 explored by other navigators, gave full assurance that
the New World was a true continent. Six years later was the
voyage of Alonso de Ojeda, one object of which was to colonize
the province of Coquibacoa, an attempt which proved unsuccessful.
Succeeding efforts in this direction were weak in the extreme, for
Venezuela was not rich in those mines of gold and silver which
alone appeared to have interest for European avarice.
In 1 5 1 2 a Dominican mission was founded in Cumana, and with
good results. The hardships to which the Indians were subject in
Hispafiola led to their extinction so rapidly that a slave trade
sprang up which gave more than forty thousand captives to the
oppression and cruelty which had destroyed their brethren. One
of the ships engaged in this infernal traffic came to the coast of
Cumana, and after some days of mutually pleasant intercourse
the Spaniards invited the cazique and his family (about sixteen
persons in all) to come on board the ship. No sooner had they
got their prey than they set sail for the island of Santo Domingo,
where the cazique and his party were sold for slaves. The vassals
thinking that the missionaries had been accomplices in the
treachery determined to take revenge. The poor Dominicans

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 153
obtained a respite, during which they wrote to the chiefs of their
order to use all the influence they could to obtain justice in the
matter. They were so far successful that the prey was taken
from the pirates and divided among the judges ! The Indians
remained in slavery, and the missionaries paid with their lives
the cruelty and injustice of their countrymen.
The endeavours of Las Casas, the celebrated apostle of the
Indians, to ameliorate the condition of the natives were unavailing,
and his efforts to induce European labourers to settle had little
success. The cruelties and oppressions of the conquistadores some
times goaded the Indians to bloody reprisals, which were made the
pretext of further tyranny. The Emperor Carlos V. issued a de
cree authorising the Spaniards to enslave without exception all the
natives opposing the conquest. The coasts of Venezuela were in
consequence infested with pirates, and these carried fire and death
among the Indians. The outrages were so great that the
Audiencia of Santo Domingo sent Juan de Ampiies to regulate
affairs and see that the privileges of the conquistadores were not
shared by obscurer wretches. Ampiies founded in 1527 the city
of Santa Ana de Coro, and by fair treatment of the natives secured
their friendship, and realized in some degree the benevolent plan
of Las Casas.
In this same year Carlos V. made over to the Welsares of
Augsburg the entire province of Venezuela, from Cabo de
La Vela to Maracapana, in payment of the loans he had con
tracted with them. The grant was accompanied by the con
dition that they should populate the country and build fortresses.
They were empowered to appoint a governor (with the title of
Adelantado), and to reduce to slavery all the Indians who refused
obedience. Ambrosio de Alfitiger was the first governor under
this arrangement, and well he carried out his instructions, by
immediately entering upon a course of cruelty and oppression.
His band of soldiers scoured the country in search of gold, slaves,
and pearls. His outrages and excessses were infamous. His
course at every step was attended with robbery, murder, and
incendiarism. Those whom he could not enslave he slew, that
which he could not pillage he burnt. After three years of murder
and bloodshed Alfinger was wounded by the Indians, and died
in three days. The expedition returned to Coro in 1532.
The second governor, Jorge Spira, less cruel perhaps than
Alfinger, arrived at Coro in 1534, and went on a progress of

154 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
conquest with an army of 400, of whom, in 1539, only ninety
returned, the remainder having perished either in conflicts with
the Indians or from the hardships of the journey.
Don Eodrigo de las Bastides, first Bishop of Coro, and governor
ad interim, sent out a band of soldiers in search of the fabulous
El Dorado. In the narratives of the Indians there were continual
references to a distant land where gold abounded in extravagant
prodigality. Here dwelt a king or priest whose body was gilded
each morning with powdered gold by means of an odoriferous
resin, which was washed off at night ! This fruitless expedition
of Urre, as the Spaniards call Philip von Huten, was marked by
the same want of principle and inhumanity towards the Indians
that had marked those of Alfinger and Spira.
The eighteen years during which Venezuela was under the
rule of the Welsares was a period of disaster for that unhappy
country. The hatred against the company became intense, the
land was becoming depopulated, and Coro was a mere slave-
market. Las Casas gave eloquent expression to the general indig
nation, and at last Carlos V. annulled the grant and sent out
as governor of the province Licenciado Juan Perez de Tolosa.
Under his rule things were managed better, yet even he sent
out. military expeditions which had no other results than the
destruction of parts of the country. Tolosa died whilst on his
way back to Spain, on furlough, in 1548. His delegate, Juan
Villegas, succeeded to power, though not without some disputes
with the local authorities. He set his face more firmly than
his predecessor against marauding expeditions, and encouraged
the foundation of towns. , A gold mine was discovered in the
valley of Nirgua, and led to the foundation, in 1552, of the city
of Barquisimeto or Nueva Segovia, but the opposition with
which the founders were harassed by the Indians caused its
abandonment. He succeeded better in founding the city of
Nueva Valencia, which stands in the same beautiful fertile
valley where in 1555 Alonso Dias planted its first stone.
The valley of Maya had long attracted the attention of the
Spaniards, but the Caracas people, although divided into many
tribes and nations, were united in the defence of their independence,
and were unconquered. Francisco Faxardo, who first attempted
to place a Spanish colony in this valley, had everything in his
favour. He himself was the son of a Caraca, and had married
the niece of the chief of one of the principal tribes : moreover,

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 155
he spoke several of the Indian dialects. He went with several
servants, and was very cordially received by the relations of his
mother, especially by his uncle Naiguata, whose name appears
to have been given to the mountain which towers above the
valley of Caracas. On a second expedition he was accompanied by
his mother, and had obtained full powers from the Spanish autho
rities to treat with the Indians. This was enough to excite the
suspicion and enmity of the natives. As soon as they found that
Faxardo was an instrument of the aggrandizing policy of the
invader, the common ties of blood and language were insufficient
for his protection ; they rose against him, poisoned the waters,
cut off his supply of provisions, and harassed him in every way
until he was glad to escape to the shore in the darkness of night
and sail back to Margarita.
Soon after the foundation of Valencia, Villacinda (who
followed Villegas) died in Barquisimeto, and the subordinate
magistrates who remained in the full exercise of their powers
were anxious to make this interregnum memorable by some
action useful to the Spanish power. This desire turned atten
tion to the subjugation of the Cuicas, who were believed to
inhabit the fertile regions which runs from Carora by the
north, south- to the Sierras of Merida. Diego Garcia de
Parades, who was charged with this enterprise, went from
Tocuyo with seventy men, twelve horses, and a good number
of Yanacona Indians, traversed the entire land of the Cuicas,
who willingly allowed him to choose whatever land he desired
for his colony, and accordingly, in 1556, he commenced the
building of a town which he called Trujillo. It can scarcely
be said to have reached the dignity of a town, for the natives,
exasperated by the misconduct of the Spaniards during a tem
porary absence of Parades, opposed the colonists so violently
that they returned to Tocuyo. Francisco Euiz was appointed to
succeed Parades and headed an expedition to subdue the Cuicas.
Soon after leaving the Valle de Bocon6 he encountered Juan
Maldonado, in command of a party bent upon the same errand,
who had come from the newly-founded city of Merida. Disputes
^ensued that led to the rebuilding of Trujillo, which Ruiz, perhaps
to pique the real founder, re-named Miravel. It did not long
retain the name, for when the successor of Villacinda came, he re
stored Parades, who, however, experienced further troubles which
at last led him to abandon Trujillo. The situation of the Spanish

15C THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
colony was several times changed, but in 1570 the wandering
town came to anchor at last and began to make rapid advances
in prosperity, so that it became one of the most prosperous in
South America. The fame of its wealth and prosperity led to
its destruction, for a century later Grammont the pirate sacked
the place, killed or put to flight its inhabitants, and burnt to
ashes its finest buildings.
Faxardo made a third attempt at conquering the Caracas
Indians, and armed with full power from Collado, the new gover
nor, he left Margarita. He landed at Chuspa early in 1560, and,
thanks chiefly to his friendship with Guaimacuare, a cazique, he
traversed the valley of Maya, but rather as friend than conqueror.
Continuing his route to the valleys of Aragua he met with some
opposition, but arranged a treaty with his opponents. He
founded a town near the bay of Caravalleda which he named
Collado, in honour of the Governor, and continued his search in
the valley of San Francisco for a gold mine of which he had
received some intelligence. His success in discovering this mine
was the cause of his subsequent misfortunes. Collado revoked
the grant which had been made to Faxardo, but this injustice was of
little profit, for those who were sent to supplant him, were unable
to protect themselves against the incursions of the Indians, and at
last the mine was abandoned, and is only memorable for the fact
that the mining village occupied the site where Caracas now stands.
Faxardo was in the meantime engaged elsewhere contending
against the atrocities committed by the tyrant Aguirre. Finding
little success in Caravalleda, he returned to Margarita, but again
sailed to the mainland to renew his attempt. This time, to avoid
encounters with his old Indian enemies, he resolved to disembark
near Cumana, which was under the rule of Alonso C6bos, a
declared enemy of his, but who invited him in a friendly manner
to his house. C6bos deserves a special niche of infamy, for when
he had Faxardo secure in his hold, in defiance alike of hospitality
and humanity, he had him hanged, and helped with his own
hands in the murder of his guest.
The advantages which Caracas offered were too great for the
non-success of Faxardo to delay its conquest long. Accordingly,
under the governorship of Ponce de Leon, Diego Losada, in
1567, set out from Tocuyo, and proceeded to Nirgua, where he
left the expedition for a time in charge of Juan Maldonado, and
turned to Borburata in search of Juan de Salas, who had promised

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 157
to join him with a hundred Indians from Margarita. In this
manner Losada wasted fifteen days without having met Salas.
His troops consisted of 150 Spaniards and 800 Indians, and were
well, provided with animals destined for their food. They
marched to the rising ground of Teperayma without encountering
a single native with whom to speak. To this solitude and silence
they gave the name of the Valle de Miedo (Valley of Fear).
The silence did not last long, for soon the invaders heard the
mountain echoes ring with the shrill notes of the conchas with
which the Indians sounded the alarm. The noise frightened the
animals upon which the Spaniards were depending for sustenance,
and they fled in all directions. When the men went to try
to recover them they were attacked with great fury by the
Indians. To have followed the natives to their mountain
fastnesses would have been a fruitless attempt. The Spaniards
encamped, but hunger drove some of them forth in an endeavour
to get some birds which were visible at a short distance.
These had been placed there by the Indians to entrap their
enemies into an ambuscade. In a fight which ensued the victory
was with the Spaniards, though it cost them the life of Francisco
Marquez. But still greater perils were in store, for the invaders
now approached the gorges of Lagunetas, where the Arbacos
Indians were known to be not only brave and warlike but still
full of that resentment and hatred which had caused the' non-
success of former expeditions. Losada marched so quickly
that it was not until he had reached the valley of San Pedro
that the Indians met him in battle. Here he encountered
the hitherto unconquered Guacaipuro, who was at the head of
some 8000 men. The Indians suffered a most sanguinary defeat ;
whilst the little army of Losada was comparatively uninjured,
although, for a time, the issue of the battle seemed doubtful. '
Losada pushed on for some time, and tried to get on a friendly
footing with the natives, but he found them deaf to his charm
ing. Maldonado with eighty men was surrounded by some
10,000 Indians, and would certainly have perished if Losada
had not come to his aid.
The resistance made by the natives convinced the conqueror
that he must have some town which might serve for a base
of operations or to cover a retreat, and with this view
he founded in the valley of San Franciscp the city of
Santiago de Leon de Caracas, the future capital of Venezuela.

158 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
This was towards the end of the year 1567. The Spanish
colonizers seem to have made small work of founding towns
and cities. " As soon as the site of a city had been chosen
and a gallows erected there, with the formalities which the
law required, the place was called a city, and a municipality
appointed before a single hut was erected." * The young town
had much to fear from the deadly enmity of Guacaipuro, who
endeavoured to form a league amongst the Indian chiefs against
the power of the Spaniards, and in 1568 succeeded in this design.
Chance revealed to a foraging party of Losada's the presence of
large troops of armed Indians. Finding that their plans were
discovered some, of the natives withdrew, but Guacaipuro led the
rest to the attack of Caracas. The Indians were defeated, and their
heroic chief, whose crime was that of loving liberty too well, was
slain in the fight by Francisco Infante, one of the first alcaldes of
Caracas. The victory was decisive, and insured the security of
the rising town. It made rapid progress in importance.
The city of Caravalleda was rebuilt and served for a commercial
port in place of Borburata, which had been abandoned in conse
quence of the ravages committed by the buccaneers. The
Spaniards from 1531, and for twenty years subsequently, at
tempted to conquer the eastern part of the province, which from
Maracapana formed the jurisdiction of Cumana.
The discovery of lands watered by the Orinoco, and the searches
for El Dorado (although unsuccessful and- productive of great
suffering and evil at the time) constantly enlarged the boun
daries of the geographical knowledge of the conquerors, and
brought to light those wide extended table-lands, which, under the
name of the Llanos, now form an especial feature in the prosperity
of Venezuela.
Don Diego de Ordaz was the first to explore the Orinoco, and
after losing many men by sickness and in fights with the. Indians
he reached Uriaparo, and from thence proceeded to Caroan, always
hearing from the natives of a land, still further off, blessed with in
numerable riches: Avarice, and dislike to the idea that the Indians
should suppose him afraid to push his discoveries in the direc
tion they had indicated, induced him to send Juan Gonzalez,
who returned in a short time after having discovered Guayana,
where he had been very well received by the aborigines. The
gold-fever led Ordaz to ascend the river, and though in a constant
* Southey's Expedition of Orsua, 1821.

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 159
struggle with currents, insects, sickness, hunger, and the opposi
tion of the natives, he persevered in his route. Having proceeded
as far as the mouth of the river Meta, he returned to Uriaparo
and thence back to Cumana. The only reward he received for his
laborious and dangerous expedition was to be despoiled of his
conquest by Don Antonio Sedeno and Don Pedro Ortiz Mati-
enzo, who had obtained an order to send him back to Spain.
On this ill-fated voyage he is said to have been poisoned by
Matienzo, who had him in charge.
Ger6nimo Ortal obtained authority to continue the conquest
of Nueva Andalucia, and in 1535 committed the charge of the ex
pedition to Alonzo de Herrera, who explored the Orinoco, follow
ing the route of Ordaz. The adventurers would have perished
from hunger but for the gratitude of a cazique of Cabritu, who in
return for their restoration to him of a son whom they had rescued
from the Caribes, furnished them with provisions for several days.
They now pushed along the Rio Meta, but in place of a land rich
and civilized, full of gold and pearls, which they had hoped to
find, they encountered only tribes of warlike Indians who harassed
them at every step. In one of the many encounters Herrera met
his death-wound, and Don Alvario de Ordaz (nephew of the
unfortunate Don Diego) thought it most prudent to abandon the
enterprise, and returned to Cubagua more than half-starved, and
in a state of extreme misery. The expedition under Sedeno was
equally fruitless. The wild search for El Dorado was the origin
of all these enterprises ; to this fable is due all the inland dis
coveries of the Spaniards. Yet the repeated failures were inef
fectual to repress the endeavours of the conquistadores to reach
the land of gold.
In 1568 Don Pedro Malaver de Silva received powers to
conquer Omagua and El Dorado for an extent of 300 leagues ;
whilst Don Diego Fernandez de Cerpa had a similar grant of
the country from Boca del Drago to the confines of Silva's
territory. Silva's expedition was a complete failure ; many
deserted, the forces broke up, and Silva returned to Spain,
whence, in 1574, he again led a party of conquistadores, who
landed on the coast between the Orinoco and the Amazon. The
entire expedition, including two daughters of Silva, were de
stroyed, some perishing by disease, others by the hands of the
Caribes. The only exception was Juan Martin de Albujar, who
after ten years' captivity amongst the Indians managed, through

160 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
many dangers and hardships, to reach Margarita in a canoe. The
fate of Cerpa was equally hard. He landed in 1569 on a part
of the coast held by the Cumanagotos, whom the past bad faith
of the Spaniards had converted into bitter enemies. He founded
the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, but the Cumanagotos
uniting with the Chaymas were able to bring a force of about
10,000 men against the 400 Spaniards, and in the battle which
followed Cerpa was killed, his party utterly routed, and the
ciudad destroyed soon after.
The expedition of Ursua forms one of the most romantic
episodes in the history of Spanish America. Pedro de Ursua
was a young and chivalrous knight, and took with him Dona
Inez de Atienza, " with the intention of marrying her, as she was
a spirited and beautiful woman." The expedition set out from
Lima, and numbered about 300 men, many of them turbulent
spirits who had been concerned in the various troubles and rebel
lions in Peru. It has been thought that the Viceroy of Peru,
although sharing the common belief as to the rich land of El
Dorado and anxious for its discovery, was probably still more
anxious to get rid of these unruly soldiers. The little army made
their way to the river Orellana (Amazon), but the dangers and
sufferings to which they were exposed raised a dangerous spirit
of discontent. This led to a plot, in accordance with which
Ursua was attacked and murdered by a band of mutineers, who
also killed Vargas, his lieutenant-general. They then appointed
Don Fernando de Guzman commander of the expedition, whilst
Lope de Aguirre, who had been the soul of the conspiracy, re
ceived the appointment of Maestre del Carnpo. The most
particular friends of Ursua were slain, and those who remained
were convinced of the uselessness of any attempt to alter the new
state of things. Guzman had a document drawn up in which
all that could be said against Ursua was set down for the justi
fication of those who had slain him. This was to be signed by
all the expedition. When it came to the turn of the " maestre
del campo," he signed his name " Lope de Aguirre, the traitor."
After some more quarrels and murders, the desperados formally
renounced their allegiance to the King of Spain, and hailed their
general by the lofty title of Don Fernando de Guzman, by the
grace of God, Prince of Tierra-firme and of Peru. They con
structed two brigantines, in which, and in canoes, they purposed
to make for Margarita. This brought the time to about April

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 161
1561, and the new-made prince was not without some compunc
tions for the past and apprehensions for the future, as it became
increasingly manifest that the real master was Lope de Aguirre,
whose force of character and utter want of scruples gave him a
great advantage over the weak puppet-king whom he had set up.
Salduendo, the captain of Don Fernando's guard, was making
arrangements for the lodging of Dona Inez and her mestiza com
panion in the brigantine, but Aguirre would not allow the mat
tresses intended for their use to be placed on board. Irritated
at this he used some expressions which, being repeated to Lope,
filled his dark soul with fury, and with a band of his followers
he attacked Salduendo, and murdered him in the presence of
" Prince " Fernando, who vainly endeavoured to save him. Next
he sent two of his men to kill Dona Inez, which they did, muti
lating the body " in such a barbarous manner, that after her death
even the most hardened men in the camp, at sight of the mangled
victim, were quite broken-hearted, for this was the most cruel
act that had yet been perpetrated." Friends of Don Fernando had
previously resolved to kill Aguirre, but the kingling had become
so listless and timid that they joined the opposite party, and
revealed the project to him. This decided the traitor, and Don
Fernando and some friends of his were slain by Aguirre's party.
The place where this bloody deed was done received the name of
the Village of the Butchery.
Aguirre now assumed the chief command, and ordered that
henceforward no one should speak privately with his comrades
upon pain of death. As the expedition pursued its way down
the river, it encountered many difficulties. On the slightest pre
tence Aguirre would have persons put to death who were in any
decree obnoxious to him. The bloodthirsty wretch seems to
have had a homicidal mania, and was ever on the look-out for
victims. This strange army sailed into the Sea of the North on
the ist of .July 1561. The traitors made for the Island of
Margarita; Aguirre, before landing, strangling two of his men,
as he was afraid they would denounce him to the authorities.
One of his vessels by stress of weather had been, driven into
another port. Aguirre sent a messenger to apprise those on
board where to join him. This messenger had also a com
mission to strangle another person who had excited the tyrant's
fears. The governor came to meet the strangers, who de-
VOL. II. L

162 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
clared themselves only in want of provisions, which they were
willing to pay for. Aguirre obtained permission for his " soldiers
of Peru " to perform some military manoeuvres before the gover
nor. The only military manoeuvre was to take the party of Mar-
garitans prisoners ! He then proceeded to the city, robbed the
royal treasury, and commenced a mad rule which earned for him
the name by which he is best remembered — El Tirano.
The rulers of the city were taken prisoners ; the houses of the
citizens were sacked, their lands wasted, and their wives and
daughters violated. Aguirre killed several more of his followers,
amongst them a leader named Turriaga, whom he afterwards
buried with great funeral pomp.
He also caused the governor and his companions, the alcalde
and the alguazil, to be murdered ; after which, although it was
now midnight, the traitors were summoned by "El Tirano" to
attend in the room where the bodies had been placed.
Having raised the mats which covered the bleeding corpses,
Aguirre made an oration to his men, in which, after recounting
the various crimes which they had committed, he bade them not
deceive themselves with any hope of pardon.
Meanwhile the news of these strange outrages had spread to
the mainland, where the liveliest apprehensions were felt lest this
beast of prey should throw himself upon their coasts. The
" Provincial " sailed to Margarita, and having come within sight
of Lope and his men, and exchanged letters with him, sailed back
again. His barbarities went on without intermission. To-day it was
an old man, to-morrow a friar. Neither age nor sex were any
protection against his bloody orders. His " maestre del campo "
was brutally murdered on a charge of conspiring against Aguirre,
who bitterly reproached Llamoso (one of the murderers of Dona
Inez) with ingratitude, for having taken part with Martin Perez.
Llamoso protested his fidelity, and to prove it " he rushed upon
the body of Martin Perez, which was almost cut to pieces, and
before those who were present, he threw himself upon it, shouting —
'" ' Curse this traitor, who wished to commit so great a crime !
I will drink his blood ! ' and, putting his mouth over the wounds
in the head, with more than demoniacal rage he began to suck the
blood and brains that issued from them, and swallowed what
he sucked, as if he were a famished dog."
Aguirre now embarked his men, reaching the shore by a ladder

App. A] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 163
from an opening high up in. the fortress, to avoid the arrows of
a party headed by Faxardo, who had come to see what they could
do against the traitors. Aguirre murdered his admiral as a com
mencement of the voyage. The port of Borburata was reached
on the 7th of September. Soon after he burnt his vessels to
cut off all hope of escape by sea for his desperate followers.
The wretches committed all kinds of excesses, and marched
towards Valencia, and from thence to Barquisimeto, where the
forces of the colony had been hastily gathered together. In the then
infant state of the colony — it was only a tiny contingent that each
settlement couldfurnish, so that — the handful of desperadoes led by
Aguirre were really to them a formidable enemy. When Don Diego
Garcia de Paredes went out to reconnoitre the camp of the traitor
he had with him fifteen men ; and his general, who remained in
Barquisimeto, had an army of seventy men, armed with two
arquebuses, one of them without a lock. Paredes came within
sight of Aguirre, but thought it best to retire, leaving letters of
pardon addressed to the traitor and his men, who were exhorted
to return to their allegiance. He managed, however, to detach
four horses loaded with ammunition, which was very welcome to
the Royalists.
Pablo Collado, the governor, had retired to Tocuyo, and was
not at all anxious to take an active part in the campaign
against " El Tirano," but Don Pedro Bravo, who had brought
more succours from Merida, urged him to be present in the royal
camp that he might be ready to treat with the traitors. Bravo
and his men appear to have had some amusement from the cau
tiousness of the governor, which was greatly increased when
on their march they met a messenger from Lope to Collado,
who, while shaking with fear, expressed his sorrow that he was
not permitted to settle the matter by a single combat with the
tyrant. Things were now approaching their end. Lope de Aguirre had
entrenched himself, but his fears, well grounded, of desertions
made a long resistance impolitic. A series of skirmishes ensued,
the advantages being chiefly on the king's side. Lope now
proposed to strangle all the unwilling and the sick amongst his
followers, but was dissuaded from this project.
On the 27th October 1561 he disarmed the greater part of his
soldiers, upon which they said that he was taking them to be
slaughtered, and were so determined in their attitude that he

164 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
returned their weapons and asked, them to pardon "the only
error he had committed during the whole expedition." He was
anxious to execute one of his captains, Espinola, but no one
would help him to do it. This captain with his troops then
joined the Royalists, and others of Aguirre's soldiers, under
pretence of attacking the enemy, marched out in the sight of " El
Tirano " and joined the forces of Bravo, shouting " Long live the
king to whose service we come.'' In this manner Aguirre, who
stood outside his entrenchment watching the operations, saw all
his men desert him except Llamoso. The tyrant asked him why
he also had not joined the king's party, but without paying
attention to his protestations of fidelity, he went in to the
apartment- of his daughter. " Commend thyself to God, my
daughter," said he, "for I am about to kill thee that thou
mayest not be pointed at with scorn, nor be in the power of any
one who may call thee the daughter of a traitor." A woman who
was with the girl strove to save her and snatched the loaded
arquebus from the hands of the traitor, but he drew his poniard
and slew his daughter with it. As the forces of Bravo entered
the room, he threw down his arms, and stood in a dejected
manner by" the side of a bed which was in the room. The first
man that approached was a sword-cutler, who cried out, " Here
have I Aguirre as my prisoner," but " El Tirano," with the national
hauteur of his class (he was nobly born), replied, "I do not give
myself up to such a villain as you," and seeing that Parades had
entered the room, added, " Senor maestre del campp, I beg that
you who are a caballero will respect my rank and listen, for I
have many important things to say for the good of the king's
service." Parades was inclined to retain him alive, but the
soldiers, especially his former followers, who knew what dread
ful revelations he could make, were clamorous for his instant
death. The " maestre del campo " was not urgent to save his life,
and the traitor was shot by two of his former soldiers, whilst
a third cut off his head, and holding it by its long hair carried
it out to meet the governor who was just arriving on the scene
of action.
Such was the strange career of the tyrant Lope de Aguirre,
in the narration of which numerous murders committed by him
have been omitted. The letter addressed by him to the king
of Spain, as well as his purposeless butcheries, would seem to
indicate a mind diseased. His end was a very welcome one for

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 165
Venezuela, as he had inflicted great ravages both in Margarita
and on the mainland. His memory was long held in execration,
and the fiery vapour of the llanos, which answers to our will-o'-
the-wisp, was long known to the peasantry by the name of " The
Soul of the Tyrant Aguirre."
The valour of Don Garcia Gonzales de Silva, the nephew of
the ill-fated seeker for El Dorado, was at this juncture of great
service to the colony, for called to the military leadership he
succeeded in reducing to obedience many of the Avarlike Indians ;
amongst them the Taramaynos, the Teques, the Mariches, and
others, who had harassed the pohladores. The comparative tran
quillity which ensued encouraged the foundation of new towns
and cities and gave greater security to the Spanish conquest.
The lake of Maracaybo early attracted the notice of the
Spaniards. The lake-dwellings of the Indians suggested to
Alfinger the name of Venezuela, or little Venice, which was after
wards applied to all the province, but it was not until 1568 that
an establishment was attempted upon its shores. Don Alonso
Pacheco, with two brigantines, cruised about the lake, and after
three years of constant struggle with the Indians, founded the
city of Nueva Zamora in 1571. In the next year Don Juan de
Salamanca traversed, without opposition, the country Curarigua,
where he founded the city of San Juan Bautista del Portillo de
Carora (Baraquigua).
In these wars the Indians often displayed, in individual cases,
a valour and intrepidity, and a greatness of soul, equal to
any of the renowned heroes of antiquity. On one occasion
Garcia Gonzales had prisoner an Indian chief named Socoraymo,
with three companions. As the Spaniards were much harassed
by the arrows of the Indians he threatened that unless Soco
raymo commanded them to cease firing he would have the four
impaled. The Indian patriot undaunted by this inhuman threat
raised his voice, and called upon his people to charge upon the
Spaniards, and animated them by an assurance of victory if they
did so. Garcia Gonzales was not insensible to bravery in a foe,
and revoked the order which he had given, but it was secretly
carried out by his soldiers. This caused great dismay amongst
the Indians, and when the wife and children of one of the chiefs
were sent back from their captivity, a treaty of peace was made
and faithfully adhered to by them.
The subjugation of the Quiriquires and Tomuzas was intrusted

166 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
to Francisco Infante, but illness obliged him to leave the command
to Francisco Calderon, who entered by the valley of Tacata, and,
following the margins of the Tuy, took possession of all the
Sabana de Ocumare, where he would have founded a city but for
the opposition of his companions. Calderon was succeeded by
Francisco Carrizo, whose bad government nearly drove the
Indians to revolt, and it was only prevented by the prudence of
Garcia Gonzales. To liberate the province from the incursions of
the Caribes, and to subjugate the Cumanagotos who, since their
defeat of Cerpa, had stopped all colonization in Cumana and put
an end to the pearl trade on the coast, an expedition set out
under the command of Garcia Gonzales, who left Caracas in 1579
with 130 men, and making for the valleys of Aragua (and then
crossing the llanos of Guarico) he came to Orituco. His intention
in making this long detour was to surprise the Cumanagotos, but
in this he was unsuccessful, and although he routed their army
of 3000 men near Rio Unare, the only advantage he obtained
from his victory was to establish the small town of Espiritu
Santo, which had to be abandoned in consequence of another
battle in which the Indians brought 12,000 men into the field.
At the return of Gonzales to Caracas, there occurred a calamity
which threatened the depopulation of the country. A Portu
guese ship came to Caravalleda in 1580, and brought with it an
epidemic of small-pox which inflicted frightful ravages on the
colony. Entire tribes of Indians were destroyed by this dreadful
disease. The cruelties and oppressions of the Spaniards are, it is
said, less responsible for the total disappearance of entire races
than this terrible distemper. When the scourge had somewhat
abated Garcia Gonzales was induced to leave the retirement in
which he was living, in order to punish the Caribes who were
threatening Valencia and the districts near Caracas. In this
he was successful, and at the same time he also impressed the
Quiriquires sufficiently with the Spanish power to allow Sebastian
Diaz to found the city of San Juan de la Paz at the junction of
the rivers Tuy and Guaire, a locality that was abandoned on
account of its unhealthiness, the colonists moving to San Sebastian
de los Reyes, founded by the same poblador in 1584. '
As even Garcia Gonzales had been unable to conquer the hardy
Cumanagotos, the next expedition against them took the shape of
a punishment for its commander. Cristoval C6bos, the son of
the murderer of Faxardo, was condemned to undertake the war

App. A.} ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 167
against these warlike Indians as a penalty for his father's perfidy,
and Don Luis de Rojas, the governor, assigned to him only 170
Spaniards and 300 Indians for the prosecution of a task which
had been given up as hopeless by the greatest captain in the
colony. C6bos met Cayaurima at the head of 8000 Indians, and
gave battle at the mouth of the river Neveri. The fate of the
Spaniards was very doubtful, when two cavaliers, by a dashing
exploit, took prisoner the Indian chief. A treaty of peace was
concluded, and the conquerors founded, higher up the river, the
city of San Cristoval de los Cumanagotos. C6bos had strong
feelings of resentment towards Rojas for sending him, as it ap
peared, to certain death, with such, a handful of men against the
large and warlike tribes who had hitherto defied the Spanish
power ; and gave expression to this feeling by placing himself and
his new conquest under the command of Don Rodrigo Nunez
Lobo, the governor of Cumana, thus circumscribing the limits of
the governorship of Venezuela. Another act of Rojas led to the
abandonment of the city and harbour of Caravalleda. The
cabildos (municipalities) had always enjoyed considerable powers
of self-government, and particularly that of electing their magis
trates. The inhabitants elected the regidores, who regulated the
local affairs, and nominated the alcaldes. This appears to have
been undoubted right, both by law and custom, but Rojas in
1587 arbitrarily appointed the alcaldes of Caravalleda without any
reference whatever to the local wishes. The inhabitants, unable to
cope with the superior force, hit upon a most effectual and simple
mode of resistance ; their abandonment of the town was so
complete, that they may be said to have blotted out the name
of Caravalleda from the list of Venezuelan cities, and its ruins
alone remain as a warning to those who would trample upon the
rights of citizenship.
The port of La Guayra was founded in consequence of the
unwillingness to return to the old site. Rojas was also in diffi
culties with his subjects, because he attempted to enforce
the laws for the protection of the Indians, which his prede
cessors had allowed to sleep quietly in the statute-book. The
Audiencia of Santo Domingo sent over a judge to inquire into
his proceedings. As the judge had a considerable share in the
fines which he inflicted, his inquiry was conducted with great
vigour, so that at last the corporation of Caracas, foreseeing the
ruin of their city, sent a deputation to the Audiencia, and ob-

168 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
tained his recall. He was superseded in 1 587 by Don Diego Osorio.
The task of Osorio was the reverse of easy. He came in the
midst of discontent and disorganization, and had to deal with
conquistadores not too scrupulous of the rights of others, with
soldiers who had lost even the habit of discipline, and with the
savages, who were at once objects of cruelty and fear. But the
new governor gained the confidence of the people, and in 1589
the municipality of Caracas sent out an agent to the court of
Spain to ask for the additional powers which Osorio deemed
necessary for his task. The Venezuelan agent obtained, amongst
other grants, the suspension of the excise for ten years, and the
right to import, duty free, a cargo of negro slaves ! It is not a
little curious to find the name of Simon Bolivar borne alike by
the enslaver of the blacks, and the liberator of the whites.
Osorio encouraged the peaceful occupation of the land, regu
lated the land-system, favoured the establishment of municipa
lities, congregated the Indians in villages, and in every way
seems to have aimed at converting a colony of conquistadores
into an industrious community of agriculturists and manufac
turers. Whilst he was on a visit to the provinces, the famous
Sir Francis Drake sacked the city of Caracas. The manners of
the time were different no less in war than in peace, and Drake's
mode of procedure was quite in accord with the customs, half-
barbarous and half-chivalrous, of that era.
At the beginning of June 1595 he landed 500 men at La
Guayra, which he occupied without resistance. Many of the
inhabitants having fled to Caracas, Garcia Gonzales and Francisco
Reballedo, the alcaldes, raised a force and marched down the
great road to La Guayra, placing ambuscades in various places on
their march. Meanwhile Drake had found a scoundrel named
Villalpando base enough to sell his country, and under his
guidance was marching by a secret path to the capital. Arriving
there he found that all the men-at-arms had gone to give him
battle at La Guayra, so that he had ample opportunity to
plunder the city at leisure. They were not entirely unopposed,
for an old caballero, Don Alonso Andres de Ledesma, rode out
alone, lance in hand, to combat them. Drake, touched by the
old man's courage, desired his soldiers to spare him, but it is no
easy matter to save the life of a man who rides against five
hundred. Ledesma was killed, but the English bore him to
his grave with every mark of honour and respect, as was fitting

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 169
to so brave a knight. When Garcia Gonzales returned to Caracas
he found the city plundered, and the English entrenched in
the municipal buildings and parish church adjoining, whilst the
traitor Villalpando was decorating a tree on which Drake had
caused him to be hanged, as a fitting reward for his treachery.
The Spaniards do not seem to have contemplated attacking
Drake, but tried to starve him out, and posted ambuscades to
harass him. However, at the end of eight days, he marched
off in battle array with his booty, and reached his vessels without
loss, burning and sacking whatever houses came in his way.
In 1597, Osorio was promoted to the presidency of Santo
Domingo. His successor at Caracas, Liduena, appears to have
worked on the lines laid down by Osorio. Liduena died in
1600, and was succeeded by Alonso Arias Baca. The progress
of the province of Cumana was slow. It was many years
before its governor ruled two cities. In 163 1 Don Juan de
Urpin obtained authority to reduce the Cumanagotos, Palan-
ques, and Caribes. With 300 men enlisted in the isle of Margarita
and in Caracas, he crossed the llanos, and, at the cost of many
bloody encounters, forced his way to Unare, thence to Uchire,
and by the shore to San Cristoval, where his further- progress
was stopped by the intrigues of his enemies. To surmount these
obstacles he proceeded to Spain, and got from the Council of the
Indies the full authority he required. He returned to undertake
his conquest anew, but the constant opposition of the Indians
was too great for him to succeed. He founded several towns,
which seem to have been somewhat nomadic in disposition.
Nueva Barcelona owed its origin to him in 1637. If he did not
succeed in conquering his warlike neighbours, he appears to
have made a good trade by selling hides. The fertility of the
country offered a reward to industry, which gradually led to an
increase in the number of settlers and towns.
The conquest of Venezuela can hardly be said to have been
completed before the end of the 17 th century. It now remained
for peace and good government to consolidate the work, which,
if begun from cupidity and prosecuted in blood, had yet given
bright examples of courage and endurance. The bad success
which attended the early attempts to work the gold mines, can
only be regarded as a piece of good fortune, since it prevented
the colonists from abandoning the pursuit of agriculture and other
peaceful arts, which, in the end, constitute truer riches than
shining gold or glittering jewels.

170 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
It was whilst the eastern part of Venezuela was slowly becom
ing colonized, that the romantic incursion of Sir Walter Raleigh
took place. The history of the fruitless expedition which he
conducted to Guayana is too well known to need repeating here.
As the sword was found powerless to subdue the hardy Cumana
gotos, it occurred to Francisco Rodriguez Leita that missionaries
might succeed where fighting men had failed. In 1652 a cedula
real prohibited further military expeditions against the Indians
of Cumana, and eight Franciscans were sent out to Christianize
and civilize them. There seems to have been quite as much
politics as religion at the bottom of these missions, for the first
place chosen for their apostolic labours was the province of Bar
celona, because its subjection would open out communications
with the western shores of Venezuela, which had so far been pre
vented by the opposition of the Indians. These Franciscan
settlements were divided into two classes ; in those called doc-
trina, the Indians were held to tribute as direct vassals of the
king, but in those called misiones, the preachers were the sole
depositaries of power, and all other white persons were excluded
from settlement or authority. At last, in spite of occasional martyr
doms, the Franciscans had founded thirty-eight pueblos, containing
25,000 inhabitants of the aboriginal races. This does not include
the missionary labours in Guayana. But however excellent may
have been the motives and conduct of the early missionaries they
degenerated into instruments of extortion and oppression. For
bidden by the cedula real of 1687, which gave the Indians into
their hands, to receive payment for the administration of the sac
raments, they carried on an usurious trade in rosaries and images,
and sometimes availed themselves of the simplicity of the Indians
to abuse and oppress them, until it was no rare thing to see
deputations of Indians coming to the capital, to seek redress from
the civil authorities for the wrongs inflicted by their monastic
rulers. Sometimes they would take a more summary course. In
the following century these missions were deprived of their
powers, by being subjected to the general ecclesiastical rule, in
consequence " de los males que sufrian los habitantes asi en lo
moral como en el politico."
Returning from this digression to the general history, it may be
noticed that in the. seventeenth century the province suffered from
the French, who were twice driven from Cumana, and who suc
ceeded in sacking Caracas, and taking great booty in 1679 ; whilst

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 171
the next century saw several attempts by the English upon La
Guayra, Puerto-Cabello, and Angostura.
The Compania Guipuzcoana, formed in 1728, acquired the
command of all the commerce between Venezuela and Old Spain.
Whatever excesses these traders may have committed they cer
tainly gave an important impulse to the commerce and agriculture
of the colony. They introduced the culture of cacao, and the
valleys of Aragua received new fruits from them. The cul
tivation of anil and of sugar alternated in those smiling vales,
and gave a great impetus to their social progress. Cargoes of
tobacco, of hides, of indigo, of dividivi, and of other drugs showed
that Venezuela was not dependent alone upon the cacao as her
sole product for export.
The Guipuzcoana Company having the entire monopoly of
the trade soon forgot the moderation which had marked its
early years, and its exactions and extortions became excessive.
All the evils that a gigantic monopoly can produce were visible,
and the complaints against it were loud and universal. Its
misconduct reached a pitch which provoked a popular rising in
1749, and very nearly plunged the country into civil war. It
was not until 1778 that this company was deprived of its
monopoly, and then only to be replaced by the Compafiia
Filipinas, which, however, only lasted until 1780. The mis
fortunes of the French colony led to the extension of coffee-
culture in Venezuela, and the mountains of Caracas were soon
covered by the coffee plant, and the valleys of Aragua with the
luxuriant verdure of the anil.
We now are drawing to the close of the colonial history of
Venezuela, and it must be admitted that the rule of Spain had
not been one to bring prosperity and contentment to the colony.
Spain seems ever to have had in view the object of enriching the
old country with the wealth of the colonies, in place of building
up free and enlightened communities. Education offers a good test
of her policy. Ignorance has ever been the ally of tyranny and
misgovernment. It is impossible permanently to enslave an
enlightened people. The first provision for education seems to
have been a college-seminary, founded by the Bishop of Caracas
in 1696, with nine professorial chairs. This college was for
ecclesiastics alone ; the laymen if rich might proceed to the
universities of Santo Domingo, Mexico, or Santa Fe, if poor they
must stay at home in ignorance. In 1724, after many applica-

172 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
tions, this college was converted by a royal charter into a
university ; a privilege confirmed in the next year by Innocent
XII. The course of study was enlarged, and the new institution
was a great advantage to the country. Moved by similar motives
the inhabitants of Merida petitioned the court of Madrid to
grant to their seminary a university charter. The two
institutions mentioned were the only public schools which
existed in the country. The reply of Carlos IV. to this request
is the strongest condemnation of the principles upon which Spain
ruled her dependencies. He refused their request "because
His Majesty did not think it proper that education should
become general in America."* This was at the commencement
of the nineteenth century ! The education of women was at
an extremely low ebb ; " for fear of ilHcit correspondence few of
them were taught even to write." The printing-press was not
introduced until the beginning of this century, and was subjected
to a strict censorship which permitted very little that was of real
use to appear. The first printers were two Englishmen, Matthew
Gallagher and James Lamb, who came from Trinidad. It was
chiefly used to spread false news about the state of Europe, lest
the successes of France and the critical condition of Spain should
lead to a revolt. There were not wanting, however, men who
were working ardently for the spread of the education which the
weak Spanish king thought improper for his American subjects.
They must have sacrificed their loyalty on the altars of common
sense. To Don Pedro Sojo is due the teaching of music in
Caracas; to Rafael Escalona and Alexandre Echesuria the in
troduction of modern philosophy; to the brothers Uztariz the
creation of a private literary academy, and to Sanz the diffusion
of the science of political economy.
The immediate causes of the insurrection which deprived Spain
of her South American possessions are not far to seek. The mis-
government under which they groaned was such as to excite bitter
discontent, but their own monarch, and his ally Louis XVI.,
showed them how it might be remedied. It is not safe for
despots to aid liberty in other countries. The revolt of the North
American colonies from the English rule was aided and encouraged
by the courts of Versailles and Madrid, and the republican spirit
* " Porque S.M., no consideraba conveniente el que se hiciese general la
ilustracion en America.'' Resumen de la Bistoria de Venezuela. Por Baralt.
Paris, 1 841.

App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 173
which they helped to bring into existence swallowed up the
French monarchy and the Spanish colonies. The example of
North America was always before their eyes, and in spite of the
censorship and the low state of education the democratic teach
ings of the writers of France had prepared them to strike for
liberty. As early as 1797, an unsuccessful republican movement
was attempted by Gual and Espana. The latter, who was hanged
and quartered on the plaza of Caracas a month before Humboldt's
visit, uttered these prophetic words on the scaffold, " No pasara
mucho tiempo sin que mis cenizas sean honradas." In 1806 General
Miranda, a native of Caracas who had served with distinction
under the French republic, made an ineffectual demonstration
which did not receive any popular support. Nevertheless, the
Spanish rule was felt to be so insecure that Carlos IV. was
advised to erect his American dominions into three kingdoms for
his children.
The news of the disasters in Spain caused a reaction of
feeling, and when the French commissioners arrived in 1808,
although the captain-general was willing to acknowledge the
French rule, the people rose in great enthusiasm, and took the
oath of fidelity to the imprisoned Fernando VII. Various
attempts were now made at Caracas to constitute a Junta, similar
to those which were then governing Spain. One was at last
formed and the captain-general exiled. The other important
towns were invited to follow the example, and it was followed in
many cases. The Junta of Caracas took in hand a good work. It
abolished the excise on the necessaries of life, did away with the
Indian tribute, forbade the importation of slaves, created a mathe
matical academy, and reformed many abuses in the administration
of the laws. Some portions of the country declared for the
regency, but those composing the Junta declared that they had as
good a right to form a provisional government as their brethren
in Spain, and turned their eyes to England as a power likely to
aid them against the common enemy, and to be of service as a me
diator with Spain. This mission was confided to Simon Bolivar
and Luis Lopez Mendez, but met with little success.
Meantime, an event at Quito gave a new impetus to the spirit
of the revolution. The Junta of that town, comprising many
nobly born and wealthy persons, was overturned, and the Conde
Ruiz de Castillo restored to his position as president, in con
sideration of his undertaking to grant a full amnesty to all

174 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A.
its late members. As soon as he received sdme auxiliary troops
he broke his pledged word, and some seventy individuals were
tried, and many of them condemned to death and confiscation
of their property. The popular excitement became intense,
and Ruiz threatened to put his prisoners to the sword in case
of a disturbance. Nine men armed only with knives attacked
the soldiers, who had committed grave outrages. The rioters
were easily killed as the people had taken no part in their mad
action. In retaliation twenty-eight of the prisoners had their
throats cut, eighty people in the town were murdered by the
soldiers, the richest houses were sacked ; and the perpetrators
of these brutal murders received the thanks of the Spanish
Governor !
The excitement in Caracas was intense, and the Junta decreed
funeral honours to the victims of Quito, but at the same time
expelled three persons who had been conspicuous in the popular
demonstration and indignation.
This was the last important civil movement previous to the
events chronicled in the body of this work.
The character of the revolution was now completely changed.
The movement which at the commencement had been a revolt
against the French usurpation in Spain, was now a struggle for
independent national existence.

B.

LIST OF PLANTS OBSERVED IN LOS ROQTJES BY DR. A. ERNST,
September 187 1*
(A Translation.)
1. Cahile cequalis. L'Her. Very abundant in the sands of the
shore. 2. Euphorbia buxifolia. Lam. With the preceding but rarer.
3. Sesuvium portulacastrum. L. Rare.
4. Portulaca pilosa. L. Rare.
5. Suriana maritima. L. Common name " Salcedo."
6. Salicornia ambigua. Mich. " Portuguesa."
7. Batis maritima. L. " Vidrio."
8. Lithopila muscoides. Sw. The lower leaves which form stars
are perfectly lineal and an inch (pulgada) in size ; the upper leaves
are smaller (3-ioths of an inch), and somewhat lanceolate. Very
abundant in the crevices of the rock and on the road to the Light
house. 9. Gossypium barbadense. L. On one of the smaller hills there
are ten or twelve rickety trees, which have no doubt been introduced.
10. Corchorus hirtus. L. Very rare.
11. Pithecolobium unguis. Benth. " Beeschy de Iguana"
(Vainita de Iguana) as it is called by the people of Bonaire. Pro-'
bably introduced.
1 2. Rhizophora mangle L. " Mangle Colorado." Forms in
many parts a dense woody veil on the borders of the isles. The
wood is red, very hard, and makes an excellent fuel, for which
reason the wood-cutters seek it. The shell of the mangle is used
in tanning, and costs $25 per ton of 20 quintales in the dry goods
stores of La Guayra. But as there are no bulky trunks in the islands,
the exploration of the mangles is difficult and little remunerative.
13. Laguncularia racemosa. Gr. " Mangle bianco." Grows farther
from the shores than the preceding species.
* Printed' in the first volume of the Memoria de la Direction General
de Estadistica de Venezuela, 1873, Part II., p. 174.

176 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. B.
14. Conocarpus erectus. L. " Botoncillo." Both trees have
bark which contains tannin.
15. Melocactus communis. B.C.
16. Cereus Swartzii. Griseb (?).
17. Opuntia spinosissima. Mill. These three " cacteas" grow on
the hills in El Gran Roque. The last is a disagreeable obstacle in
the ascent of these little heights, for it is abundantly armed with
large thorns. The fishers have given it the curious name of jonge
frouwen, i.e., young ladies.
18. Cordia cylindristachya. R.Br. " Carischuri " in the patois of
the fishers of Bonaire. It is the Cariaquito of Caracas.
19. Tournefortia gnaphalodes. R.Br. The fishers call it " Tabaco
de pescadores," and chew its entirely insipid leaves when tobacco
fails them.
20. Avicennia tomentosa. Jacq. " Mangle prieto," so called be
cause the leaves turn black when dyed. The bark is used in tanning.
21. Thalassia testudinum. Koen. Near the north shore of Little
Spar key, very plentiful, forming large submarine meadows. After
some hours' search we were not able to find examples with either
fruit or flowers.
22. Sporobolus virginicus. Kth. " Brack grass." Covers all the
flat land in the eastern part of El Gran Roque.
23. Eragrostis prolifera. Steud.
24. Cyperus brunneas. Sw. On the sands of the shore.
25. Cyperus caesins. Belclr. Not rare on the brows of the hill.
26. Roccella tinctoria. Ach. " Orchila." Rare in El Gran
Roque, probably more plentiful in the island of Orchila, which
owes its name to this plant.
A singular fact is the absence of Coccoloba uvifera, Ipomcea pes
caprce, and other seaside plants which abound on the shores of the
neighbouring continent. Perhaps it is from the difficulty of the
conduction of seeds ; as the current (which is noticed on the
coast running from east to west) is sufficiently strong to be an
obstacle.

c.

ON SOME VENEZUELAN BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. JAMES
M. SPENCE. BY P. L. SCLATER, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S.,
AND OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F.Z.S.*
Mr. James M. Spence, F.R.G.S., of Manchester, has been kind
enough to submit to our examination a large collection of birds,
partly made by himself during a recent visit to Venezuela, and
partly obtained from a collector resident at Caracas, f
The collection contains 23 mounted and over 300 unmounted
skins, referable to about 250 species. Only two of these prove to
be absolutely new to us ; but there are several others of sufficient
interest to induce us to offer to the Society the following notes on
them. 1. Tuedus olivater (Lair.); Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 333.
Mr. Spence's collection contains a single skin of this species,
which, so far as we at present know, is confined to the neighbour
hood of Caracas.
2. LOCHMIAS SOEOEIA, Sp. nOV.
Similis L. nematuras, ex Brasilia, sed paulo major, superciliis
albis nullis, et maculis corporis inferioribus minoribus et magis
elongatis : long, tota 6'2, alee 3, caudce 17, tarsi 1.
Bab. Venezuela (Spence).
This is a northern representative of L. nematura of the wood-
region of Brazil, and is closely allied to that species, although easily
recognizable by the characters above given.
3. Coccyzus landsbeegi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 112; Sclater, P.Z.S.
1870, p. 169.
A single skin of this rare Cuckoo in the collection is the only
example we have met with besides one in the British Museum (men-
* From the Proceedings Of the Zoological Society of London, May 20, 1873.
t Senor Carlos E. Edjas.
VOL. II. M

178 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. C.
tioned P.Z.S. 1870, p. 169). The species appears to be restricted
to Venezuela and the northern coast of Columbia.
4. MlCEASTUE Z0N0THOEAX (Cab.).
Mr. Spence brings us a fine adult specimen of this northern form
of M. ruficollis, which agrees in every way with the points of dis
tinction pointed out by Dr. Cabanis.* We had previously only
seen immature examples. +
5. Aedea heeodias, Linn.
The occurrence of this northern species so far south as Venezuela
is a novelty to us. The most prevalent species in South America
is Ardea cocoi, which extends into Guiana (Schomb. Guian. iii. p.
752). But A. herodias occurs in the Antilles and in the Galapagos
(Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 323).
6. Poezana leveaudi, Scl. <fc Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 452, pi.
xxxv. This is the only specimen of this distinct species we have met
with, except the specimens in the Paris Museum, from which our de
scription was taken. The bird may be distinguished at once from
the allied P. cayennensis by the absence of the red crown and by
the white throat and median line below.
7. Poezana eettheops, Sclater P.Z.S. 1867, p. 343, t. 21;
Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 457.
We are glad to get a Venezuelan specimen of this fine species,
as it serves to confirm our notion (hesitatingly expressed, P.Z.S.
1868, p. 458) that Schlegel's Porzana schomburgki is referable to
this species, and not to Crex schomburgki of Cabanis.
8. Ceyptueus ceeviniventeis, sp. nov.
Supra fuscescenti-cervinus fere unicolor, pileo obscuriore fere
nigricante : subtus cervinus, in pectore saturatior,_ in ventre
medio dilutior et albicanlior : gula pallide cinerea : ventre imo
tibiis et caudos tectricibus inferioribus nigro undulatis : tectrici-
bus alarum inferioribus albis : campterio intus obscure cinereo :
remigibus intus pure cinereis, horum quarto quinto et sexto fere
cequalibus et longissimis ; rostro flavido, pedibus fuscescenti-
corylinis : long, tota 10, alee 5 "8, caudce 2.
Hab. Venezuela (Spence).
* Journ. f. Orn. 1865, p. 406. f Cf. P.Z.S. 1866, pp. 254, 356.

App. C] VENEZUELAN BIRDS. 179
Obs. Affinis C. tataupce, sed pectore cervino et alis longioribus,
necnon colore dorsi flavicantiore distinguendus.
There is unfortunately only a single and not very perfect skin of
this Tinamou in Mr. Spence's collection. But it appears to belong
to a species intermediate in size and coloration between C. obsoletus
and C. tataupa. It is rather larger than the latter, but considerably
smaller than the former species.
Bonaparte has described a Crypturus cervinus as an ally of C .
tataupa (C. R. xlii. p. 954) ; but if the short characters given are
correct, his species must be quite different from the present bird.
In concluding these remarks, we must not fail to acknowledge Mr.
Spence's liberality in allowing us to select the specimens above
noticed and other valuable skins from his collection.

D.
SERTULTJM NAIGTJATENSE :
Notes on a small Collection of Alpine Plants from the Summit of
Naiguata, in the Mountains of Caracas. By A. Eenst, Ph.D.,
&c. &c. (From the Journal of Botany, September 1872.)
At a short distance towards the east from the well-known Silla de
Caracas (2670 metres) rises the lofty mass of Naiguata to the height
of about 2800 metres, the most elevated mountain in the Venezuelan
coast chain. Since Mr. Linden's partial ascent some twenty-five
years ago no traveller had made the attempt to reach its top, which
was generally believed to be next to inaccessible ; but this was for
the first time successfully achieved on the 23d of April 1872, by
Mr. James M. Spence of Manchester, accompanied by Mr. A.
Goering, an ornithological collector and skilful landscape painter
and five other gentlemen (R. Bolet, Hubel, Lisboa, L. Terrero, and Dr.
S. Vaamonde). A small collection of alpine plants from the summit,
brought down rather as a souvenir, was submitted to my examina
tion, and as it contains several interesting forms, I beg leave to
publish the following notes. I hope myself to visit Naiguata in
the month of August, and shall then be able to give a complete
account of its vegetation.
1. Usnea ceratina, Ach. Lich. Univ. 619. On the stems of
Befaria ledifolia.
2. Sticta laciniata, Ach. Nyl. Syn. i. 354. On rocks.
3. Frullania cylindrica, Gottsche, Syn. Hepat. 458. A form
certainly belonging to this very variable species was found on the
stems of Befaria.
4. Macromitrium longifolium, Hk. ; Mitten, Musci, Austro-
Americani, in Journ. of Linn. Soc. xii. 210.
5. Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw. ; Mitten, 1. c. 246.
6. Polytriehum aristiflorum, Mitten, 1. c. 620.

App. D.] SEPTULUM NAIG UA TENSE. 181
7. Davallia concinna, Schrad. Hook. Fil. 100. Sterile fronds.
It is the form called by Hooker D. Lindeni, Spec. Fil. i. 193, t.
56, B.
8. Blechnum serrulatum, Rich. ; Hook. Syn. Fil. 186, Spec. Fil.
iii. 54. A barren frond, but perfectly agreeing with Schkuhr's
plate 108.
9. Lycopodium complanatum, L., Spec. PI. ed. Willd. vol. i. 19.
10. L. clavatum, L., 1. c. vol. i. 16.
n. L. taxifolium, L., 1. c. 48.
12. Podoscemum alpestre, H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. i. 131.
13. Chusquea Spencei, sp. n. :—
Ch. erecta, 6-12-pedalis et ultra, culmis nodosis glaberrimis
exsudatione ceracea valde glutinosis ; internodiis ad sexpollicaribus,
diam. semipollicari ; ramis erectis 6-10-pollicaribus, densissime
fasciculatis, gracillimis, compressis oligophyllis ; vaginis (inferiori
bus aphyllis) apice bilobis lobis acutis; ligula nulla; foliorum
limbo breviter pedunculato, membranaceo, glauco, basi attenuato,
lineari-subulato, apicem versus subtilissime spinuloso, 3-4 pollices
longo, 3-5 lineas lato, siccitate spiraliter et transverse convoluto ;
nerviis primariis 5, medio subter prominulo, venulis secundariis
numerosis pellucidis, transversis nullis. Reliqua adhuc ignota.
Though at present I can say no more on this plant, I think there
is already sufficient evidence of its being a new and distinct species,
with well-marked good characters. There are eleven species of
Chusquea known to me, either from specimens in my herbarium, or
from descriptions and plates,* and I think they may easily be dis
tinguished from each other even in the flowerless state, as I
endeavour to show in the following tabular arrangement.: —
I. — Ligula nulla.
A. Vaginae ciliato-pilosse. — Ch. abietifolia, Griseb., West Ind.
Fl. 529.
B. Vaginse glabrae.
a. Lobis vaginarum rotundatis, vegetatio scandens ramis
teretibus. — Ch. scandens, H.B.K., Nova Gen. et Sp. PI. i.
201 ; vii. 154.
* Gen. Munro, in his monograph of BambuseEe in the 26th volume of
the Transactions of the Linn. Soc. , describes 30 species of this genus. He
reduces two of the species in the above table to varieties, 0. valdivensis, Desv.,
to C. Quila, and 0. breviglumis, Phil, to C. Culeou. — Ed. Joobn. Bot.

182 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. D.
b. Lobis vaginarum acutis vegetatio erecta, ramis compressis.
— Ch. Spencei, sp. n.
II. — Species ligulis praeditse.
A. Ligula ciliato-pilosa. — Ch. Quila, Kth. Enum. PI. ii. suppl. 350.
B. Ligula glabra.
a. Folia in aequilatera. — Ch. Dombeyana, Kth. 1. c. 351.
b. Folia aequilatera.
a. Ligulee obtuse bilobae. — Ch. Cummingii, Esenb. ; Desv.
in Gay, Fl. Chil. vi. 448, tab. 83, fig. 1.
0. Ligulae integrae.
a.a. Foliis miuoribus (13 lin. long., 21 lin. lat.). — Ch.
andina, Phil. Linnaea, xxix. 103 ; Walp. Ann. vii.
1044.
b.b. Foliis majoribus.
a.a. nerviis primariis 7-9. — Ch. valdiviensis, Desv. ;
Gay, Fl. Chil. vii. 446; Walp. Ann. vii. 1044.
/3./3. nerviis primariis 5.
* venulis transversis, pellucidis : — Ch. Culeou, Desv.
Gay, op. cit. vi. 450, tab. 83, fig. 2.
** Venulis transversis nullis.
t vaginas superne ciliatae. — Ch. Gaudichaudii, Kth.
Enum. PI. ii. Suppl. 352.
tt vaginae glabrae. — Ch. breviglumis, Phil. Linnaea,
xxix. 103 ; Walp. Ann. vii. 1043.
The different species of Chesquea are called Carrizo in Venezuela
a name derived from Carex ; and places where they grow abund-
'antly, which they always do, are called carrizales, the ending al
having in Spanish the same meaning as etum (e.g., dumetum) in
Latin. I have named this new species after its discoverer, Mr. James
M. Spence, a gentleman who during his stay in Caracas has given
ample proofs of his great interest in botany, by the large and
valuable collections of Orchids he has sent from this country to his
father, Mr. Peter Spence, of Erlington House, Whalley Range,
Manchester. 14. Peperomia galioides, H.B.K., Nova Gen. et Sp. i. 71 • Cas.
De Cand. in Prod. xvi. 1. 463, n. 362, the typical form.
15. Rhopala ferruginea, H.B.K. op. cit. ii. 153 ; Meisn. in De
Cand. Prodr. xiv. 426. It is var. /3. minor.

App. D.] SEPTULUM NAIGUATENSE. 183
16. Phytolacca rivinoides, Kth. ; De Cand. Prodr. xiii. 2. 459.
The fruits are manifestly costate ; the inflorescences were not pre
served complete, I cannot, therefore, say whether they are nodding
or erect.
17. Gardoquia discolor, H.B.K. op. cit. ii. 312; Benth. in De
Cand. Prodr. xii. 238.
18. Gaylussacia buxifolia, H.B.K. op. cit. iii. 276, tab. 257.
Not in flower.
19. Yaccinium caracasanum, H.B.K. op. cit. iii. 266. The speci
mens are in fruit.
20. V. Ottonis, Klotzsch ; Walp. Ann. ii. 1 100. Likewise in fruit.
21. Befaria ledifolia, H.B. Plant. Equin. ii. 124, tab. 120.
22. Gaultheria rigida, H.B.K. op. cit. iii. 286.
23. Siphoeampylus microstoma, Hook. ; Walp. Rep. ii. 733.
Some specimens were found by Mr. Goering in a place sheltered by
an overhanging piece of rock, shortly before reaching the top.
They are in fruit. Fructus capsula turbinata, calyce 10-nervio
vestita, bilocularis, loculis apice dehiscentibus, parte superiore dis-
sepimenti tardius fissa in cornicula dua ad margines spectantia,
seminibus numerosis ovatis minimis griseis levissime sub lente
reticulatis. This plant was hitherto only known from New
Granada. 24. Gnaphalium americanum, Mill. ; De Cand. Prodr. vi. 234.
25. Gn. incanum, H.B.K. op. cit. iv. 80 ; De Cand. Prodr. vi.
228. The specimens have lost their achaenia, but the scales of the
involucre are well preserved. I did not notice this species on the
Silla de Caracas.
26. Achyrocline vargasiana, De Cand. Prodr. vi. 220. Growing
also in the lower part of the valley of Caracas.
27. Libanothamnus neriif alius, Ernst, Vargasia, 185. (Bailleria?
neriifolia, H.B.K. op. cit. iv. 289.
28. Galium sp. (Sect. Relbunium ? ). Not in flower, so that it is
impossible to make out the species. I add the description as
far as the material allows : Caulis tetragonus, quadrisulcatus, ad
angulos retrorsum pilosus ; foliis quaternis sessilibus late ellipticis
margine revolutis apice mucronatis, mucrone sursum flexo, utrinque
minutissime punctulatis et sparsim pilosis, margine ciliolatis, subo-
pacis, reticulato-trinerviis, nervis lateralibus ad apicem usque ductis;
gemmis floralibus ut videtur tribus in axillis verticilli foliorum. —
Herbula annua, casspitosa, subcarnulosa, basi aphylla et terrae im-
mersa, vix decimetralis. Folia siccitate nigra, 4-5 mm. longa,

184 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. D.
2-3 lata ; mucro millimetialis ; internodia inferiora 5 mm., superiora
2-3 mm.
29. Pseudorhachicallis caracasana, Karst. Flora Columb. ii. 10 —
Hedyotis caracasana, H.B.K. op. cit. iii. 393. Rachicallis caraca
sana, De Cand. Prodr. iv. 434. I adopt Karsteu's views, who
proposes the new genus Pseudorhachicallis for those species of
Rhachicallis which have winged seeds, and are therefore true
Cinchonese. Kunth's Hedyotis caracasana has certainly a minute
seed-wing, and moreover a valvate aestivation, whilst Rh. rupestris,
D.C., is stated to have wingless seeds and an imbricated corolla
(Griseb. West Ind. Flora, 330).
De Candolle and Karsten write Rachicallis; I prefer with
Grisebach Rhachicallis; for De Candolle says : " Nomen ex 'pa%'a
rupes maritima and icaKXig pulchritudo, quasi ornamentum rupium
maritimarum." I do not know whether Rh. rupestris, which I
never have seen, deserves such eulogy ; but our Caracas plant, with
its dense, dark green foliage, covered by numberless sweet-scented
little blue flowers, is certainly a rock beauty.
30. Hypericum caracasanum, H.B.K. op. cit. v. 186.
31. Weinmannia hirta, Sw. Flora Ind. Occid. 691 ; Engler in
Linnsea, 36, 618.
32. (?) Potentilla Ehrenbergiana, Schlecht. Linnaea, xiii. 261 ;
Walp. Rep. ii. 31. Though not in flower, my specimens agree so
perfectly with Schlechtendal's elaborate description, that they belong
most probably to this handsome and interesting species. The type
was discovered by Ehrenberg near Real del Monte in Mexico, 2781
metres over the level of the sea (Humboldt, Nouv. Espagne, Paris,
181 1, i. 199). It said to be very abundant on the top of Naiguata ;
I did not see it on the Silla.*
* It is an interesting fact that several peculiar Mexican plants belong like
wise to the flora of Caracas, without known intermediate stations. Besides
the Potentilla I may cite Asagrata officinalis, Lindl. ; Gymnopsis Schiedeana,
De Cand. (Aldama dentata, Less.) ; Sclerothrix fasciculata, Presl., &c.

E.

DESCRIPTION OF MINERALS AND ORES FROM VENEZUELA.
BY JOHN PLANT, F.G.S.*
( Read before the Microscopical Section of the Literary and Philoso
phical Society, Manchester, January 27, 1873. Professor W. C.
Williamson, F.R.S., President of the Section, in the Chair.)
The collection of minerals acquired by Mr. J. M. Spence during
his residence at Caracas, and on several journeys along the coast,
came from the provinces of Barcelona, Bolivar, Carabobo, and Coro,
with a few obtained from the regions of the River Orinoco and the
Lake of Maracaybo. The collection contains gold in quartz of very
rich character, argentiferous ores, green and blue carbonates of
copper, copper pyrites, galena, iron ores of various kinds, carbona
ceous minerals, calcites, silicas, and rock specimens of gneiss, mica,
talc schists, kaolin, hornblendic rocks, and serpentine, with a few
imperfect fossils and silicified woods.
The gold quartz of the richest kind came from the province of
Guayana, where vast regions of auriferous rocks occur, and where
also gold is found in small grains, flakes, and nuggets of all sizes
from an ounce to many pounds' weight, in a clay from two to eight
inches thick, as well as in a red peroxidated iron earth, both pro
bably alluvial drifts. The quartz veins are richly impregnated with
gold in crystals and strings, as may be seen in specimens in the
collection. Other specimens of the gold rocks come from the Isle
of Oruba, and the Loro Estate, Tacasuruma.
The argentiferous ores are galenas and cupiferous, and are not of
very great richness ; they are from La Guayra, Cumana, and Coro,
where decomposed galenas are worked for silver.
The copper ores include twenty specimens from mines that have
been worked with profit, one of which, the Aroa mines in the pro
vince of Yaracuy, is the most famous for the superior richness of its
* Proceedings, Lit. and Phil. Society. Vol. xii. No. 11. Session, 1872-3.

186 THE LAND OF BOLLVAR. [App. E.
carbonates. The specimen of cuprite from the mine of Quebrada
has some long and beautiful crystals of olivenite with cubes of
strontian, and from Aragua are specimens of pyrargyrite or red
silver ore ; others from Caracas, Coro, and the river Tuy, include
malachites and a native sulphate of copper, probably a crystalliza
tion from the waters issuing from the mines. The chalcopyrites
are neither numerous nor very good ; the best comes from the Aroa
mines, the small granular pyrites appears to be most abundant in
a decomposing gneissoze rock.
The galenas are from mines at Los Teques, Aroa, and Cariipano,
several are pseudomorphous crystals in filmy aggregations, interest
ing specimens for the mineralogist.
The iron ores include specimens of pyrites (mundic) which in
Venezuela appears to be as abundant as in most palaeozoic regions ;
ten of the samples are rich, and would be profitable if the cost of
mining is not too expensive at Barquisimeto, Caracas, and the Aroa
mines. The haematites include specular, micaceous, and red iron ores, all
comparable to the best European ores. The limnites comprise bog-
iron ore of recent formation and a brown amorphous ore. The
siderites include an aggregation of tubular crystals from Caracas,
probably a carbonate of protoxide of iron valuable in making steel,
and massive clay ironstones from the districts of Curamichate,
where coal is also worked. The crystallized and compact magnetites
come from the same place. A thin vein of brown siliceous ironstone
has its surfaces covered with minute fragments of clear quartz,
singular and beautiful under the microscope.
The carbonaceous minerals are coals, graphite, sulphur, asphaltum
and petroleum. The coals are from Nueva Barcelona, where Mr.
Spence has proved the existence of workable coals, the Island of
Toas in the Lake of Maracaybo, and a cannel coal from Coro, with
several black shales from these localities. These coals are un
doubtedly of excellent quality, and from report can be worked
economically ; their age is at present unknown from the want of
any proper geological survey, and in the absence of fossils of any
kind in the shales in this collection ; in all probability, however, the
Venezuelan coals are of true carboniferous age.
The graphite from Caracas is an impure amorphous earthy kind,
in schists of two inches thick, occurring in talcose and micaceous
rocks. The sulphurs are massive and of good quality from Carii
pano, Cumana, and Coro. Asphaltum and its varieties are reported

App. E.] VENEZUELAN ORES AND MINERALS. 187
to be found on the coasts in great deposits and in springs : the
specimens in the collection are of excellent quality.
The twelve rock specimens of quartz crystals include some of
equal purity and size to those obtained from Brazil. The marbles
are of inferior quality and quite devoid of colour and beauty ; but
in the International Exhibition of 1862 some excellent green and
red marbles were shown.
The predominating rocks of the mountain ranges in Venezuela are
palaeozoic, metamorphosed talcose and chloritic slates, with great
layers of gneiss ; and within this range along the line of faults and
in veins, are found an endless variety of minerals, of which the
collection contains asbestos, serpentine, talc, hornblende, chlorite,
kaolin, felspar, and selenite.
Amongst the comparatively recent rocks are stalactites, salt,
marl, alum, gypsum, and many calcareous deposits from the sea
shores and fresh water lakes.
The special collection made by Mr. Spence during a visit to the
Island of Orchila is interesting to the geologist. It contains suffi
cient specimens to decide the main geological character of the island
to be entirely metamorphic gneiss, overlaid with modern calcareous
tufas. The collection includes a number of crude guanos, phosphates of
lime, alumina, and urao, a sesquicarbonate of soda — all of com
mercial value and sources of prosperity if efficiently worked.

F.

CURIOSITIES FROM VENEZUELA — MANCHESTER LITERARY
AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
(From the Manchester Guardian, December 17, 1872.)
On Wednesday evening, at the meeting of the Microscopical and
Natural History Section of the Literary and Philosophical Society,
Mr. James M. Spence exhibited a large and interesting collection of
natural history and other objects from Venezuela. Mr. Spence has
lately returned from that country, in which he spent eighteen
months, during which time he accumulated the extensive collection
which is now on view at the Society's room in George Street. An
artist accompanied Mr. Spence, and a large collection of drawings
and paintings — hung in the top room of the institution — forms a
very remarkable and interesting portion of the exhibition.
The natural history collection contains a number of hunter's skins
of the larger animals of prey and of the chase ; but the great wealth
and beauty of the fauna of the South American continent is best
illustrated by an extensive collection of birds, embracing examples
of nearly all the tribes found in the Venezuelan Republic, and in
most instances the greater number of the genera and species
arranged by ornithologists in the various tribes. Examples of the
birds of prey, from the great harpy vulture to the smallest hawk or
owl, occur in specific profusion. The care and judgment that have
been shown in making the collection to secure examples of every
individual species rather than — as is the usual practice of travellers
— large numbers of highly-coloured kinds, is everywhere apparent.
Of the beautiful snowy kite, the dingy sharp-shinned hawk, the
finely-formed true falcon, and the almost grotesque hawk owl, well
preserved skins occur in equal distribution. Leaving the raptorial
birds we see shrikes, true thrushes, and babblers represented —
amongst others, by the remarkable Pteroptochus, the representative
on the great American continent of the still more remarkable lyre-
tail of Australia. Orioles, warblers, chatterers, and the next sue-

App. E] CURIOSITIES FROM VENEZUELA. 189
ceeding tribes of fly-catchers, jays, and fruit crows, prepare us in
their sequence for the expected leap we shall have to make in our
hurried survey over the typical starlings of the old world, and step,
by means of the boat-tails and maize-eaters, to the great family of
the finches, which is here largely represented. The climbing birds,
such as the toucans — with their large painted beaks — and their
congeners the parrots, pass next under review. Five examples of
the woodpeckers and creepers succeed these. We confess our dis
appointment when we come to the gem-feathered humming birds ;
but Mr. Spence's explanation relative to the absence of these is that
the collection has been overhauled by his lady friends. The re
maining families of birds we are compelled to pass over, only calling
attention to that fine game bird of the • crax family, Pauxi galeata,
of which a splendid example is here shown, together with a nice
series of herons, sandpipers, snipes, plovers, which, with a, few sea-
birds, must close our notice of this which is not the least interesting
or valuable portion of the collection.
The economical portion of the collection is of great interest and
value, chiefly from its extent and the care which has been exercised
in its collection and transportation ; and the valuable notes of Dr.
Ernst, of Caracas, which accompany it, render it still more valuable.
Specimens of the vegetable and mineral productions of Venezuela
are found in great number and variety. Among the former are
most of the plants yielding dyes or possessing medicinal properties
— for example, the mucilaginous bark of the guazuma tree, the
chica, from which the Indians prepare a red pigment ; the fruit of
the taparito, from which some of the spoons exhibited have been
made ; the bark of the chinchona, or Peruvian bark trees, which Dr.
Ernst states does not occur in quantities sufficiently large for ex
portation ; the fruit of the roble or oak, which Mr. Spence says is
generally planted as a shade for the coffee trees, the practice in this
country being to grow coffee under shade. Tonka beans — a well
known article of exportation — are here ; and it is a matter of regret
that the vessel which contained the famous tecua oil was broken in
transport, as otherwise its fame as a preserver from rust in steel
goods might have been practically tested. The curious crab oil, on
the acids contained in which a paper by Mr. Wonfor appears in the
"Proceedings of the Royal Society" (vol. xviii. pp. 303-307), is
here exhibited ; and also the milk of the cow tree, alluded to by
Humboldt in his personal narrative. One of the boxes contains a
quantity of the seeds known under the name of Sabadella, which,

190 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. F.
according to the notice already referred to, occurs very abundantly,
and is exported from the country in considerable quantities. The
bark of a species of Vallecia, described by Dr. Ernst in the " Journal
of Botany" (vol. viii. p. 375), possesses a peculiar bitter principle,
which he recommends for further investigation. This bark in
Venezuela is used as a cure for ague. A bottle contains the water
obtained from the Cissus Viatorum— the bejuco de aqua — the stems
of which are described as being so succulent as to yield, when cut
into, as much as half a pint of liquid, fresh and good to drink,
from a stem of not more than two inches in thickness. The flowers
of Brownea grandiceps are also exhibited as a styptic remedy of
great efficacy ; and the beaten and softened bast of Bertholletia
excelsa, which, under the name of estopa de Rio Negro, is used for
caulking the seams of boats. Among the manufactured articles
shown in the collection are some of exquisite fancy and execution
made from the fruits of Suffa cylindrica. The fibrous network of
the interior is the part made use of ; and it is difficult to conceive
the existence of any material, whether metallic or vegetable, capable
of more delicate and elegant manipulation. Panama hats — a well-
known article of commerce — are made from the fibres of the leaves
of Carludovica palmata. Both the leaves and their fibres are to be
seen in this collection. The seeds of another of the coffee planta
tion shade trees, called by the inhabitants bucare, are here ; also
seeds of Mucuna pruriens, known by the singular name, when
Anglicised, of " eye of the carrion vulture," and stated to be a most
efficacious remedy in affections of the respiratory organs. There is
also a kind of sarsaparilla, which is exported in considerable quan
tities, but of which the botanical name is not yet settled.
The above, which is a mere selection of the most striking ex
amples of the vegetable products of the collection, must be taken as
illustrative of the medicinal plants. There are in addition examples
of gums, resins, and various woods, useful for strength or ornament,
well prepared, so as to show their special claims as articles of pro
bable commercial value.
Among the plants exhibited is a small collection of Characece,
named by Dr. Ernst; but the chief interest centres in a small
collection of plants gathered by Mr. Spence on the summit of
Mount Naiguata. This mountain, whose altitude is nearly
9500 feet, is the highest in the Cordillera of the coast of
Venezuela, and was regarded as inaccessible until Mr. Spence
and six companions made a successful ascent in April of the

App. F.] CURIOSITIES FROM VENEZUELA. 191
present year, of which an account recently appeared in the
Manchester Guardian. A species of grass allied to the bamboos,
and new to science, was one of the results of this ascent. It has
been named Chusquea Spencei, after its discoverer ; and specimens
will be found in the rooms of about six or seven feet in height.
This grass is also represented in one of the water-colour drawings
by a native artist, giving a sketch of the mountain peak. Other
plants collected were too limited to generalise, but it is interesting
to see European species, as Lycopodium complanatum and our own
Lancashire L. clavatum. Amongst some of the slender stems of
trees exhibited are one or two lianas, of which abundant use is
made for cordage purposes in the packing of cotton bales through
out that part of the world.
The exhibition includes, in addition to the natural history and
economical collections referred to, an assortment of interesting
curiosities of native manufacture, recent and ancient. There are
goblets, drinking cups, and flasks, more or less finely carved out of
cocoa-nuts, some mounted in silver ; and a series of delicately-
worked cups and bowls of calabash. There are some arrows said
to be poisoned, and, at all events, each with its sharp point of wood
carefully protected by a little cane sheath. Another bundle of
arrows includes two of the flint-headed weapons with which the
Indians stun birds which they wish to secure unsoiled. From the
State of Trujillo Mr. Spence has brought home three curiously-
shaped vessels obtained from Peruvian burial-places.
By the courtesy of the Literary and Philosophical Society the
collection will remain open to the public, on presentation of an
address card, during this week.

G.
ORCHIDE^E VENEZUELANS :
Or, an Alphabetical List of all the Genera and Species of Orchids
collected hitherto in, and described from, the territory of the
United States of Venezuela, with the necessary literary refer
ences, by Dr. A. Ernst, Professor of Natural History in the
University of Caracas, &c. <fec. &c.
To JAMES M. SPENCE, Esq., P.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Corr. M. Soc.
of Phys. and Nat. Sciences of Caracas, &c, the enthusiastic
collector of Venezuelan Orchids, the following pages are
dedicated in remembrance of many happy hours spent
together, and as a contribution to his interesting work on
Venezuela, by his friend, A. Ernst.
Caracas, Easter Monday, 1875.
The following alphabetical list of Venezuelan orchids has been
carefully compiled from the most important works on this family
and systematic botany in general, as well as from the author's own
experience, after many years of floral researches in the neighbour
hood of Caracas. It contains 426 species, distributed in 82 genera,
and although this number is very considerable, it is evident that
the orchid flora of Venezuela must contain a great many species
more ; only those having been mentioned which are expressively
recorded from the territory of the republic. But the greatest part
of this extensive couutry has not yet been sufficiently explored, and
there can be no doubt that the deep forests of Guayana, the Upper
Orinoco, and Casiquiare, will offer an abundant orchidological
harvest to the future collector. It will, therefore, be no exaggeration
to suppose that the total number of species in the country will be
about 600, even if it should be necessary, as most probably it will,
to give up" many forms described to-day as true species, but which
hardly are constant varieties.
This abundance is fully illustrative of the luxurious riches which
nature displays in these fertile regions, and shows at the same time

App. G.] ORCHIDEsE VENEZUELANS. 193
how very difficult it is to compose a flora of any tropical country
with tolerable and approximative completeness. Provisional cata
logues, or, as it were, rough lists, must prepare the road, and this
was one of the principal objects the author desired to obtain by
drawing up the present enumeration, which he tried to make as
exhaustive as possible, rather than to give only a list of valuable gar
den species or so-called fashionable orchids.*
Botanists will not be astonished that the author has adopted the
important changes introduced in nomenclature by the great orchido-
logist, Professor Reichenbach, Director of the Botanic Garden,
Hamburg, from whom, if from any one, we may expect the natural
system of orchids, one of the greatest desiderata of botanical science.
The abbreviations used in the titles of the works of reference
need, of course, no explanation to the botanical reader, who soon
will notice that some books have not been consulted, as there were
no copies within the author's reach. However, it is hoped that
the number of species omitted on this account will be but very
small.I. Acineta. i. A. Humboldtii Lindl. Flore des Serres X. 65, tab. 992.
Caracas (A.E.).
2. A. superba Rchb. fil. Bonpl. ii. 19 (Anguloa superba,
H.B.K, Nova Genera et species plant, i. 343, tab.
93). Caiacas, 5000 feet (Wagener, A.E.)— " Pico de
loro," i.e., parrot's bill.
II. Aeranthes. 3. A. micrantha Rchb. Griseb. Flora Brit. West Ind. 625,
Bot. Mag. 1772. Venezuela (Grisebach).
III. ANGE.ECUM. 4. A. spec. aff. organensi. Eaton in Orchideae Fendlerianae
Venezuelanae.t (Trans. Amer. Acad, of Sciences and
Arts, new series, vol. viii. 220.) Fendler. 1458.
IV. Anguloa. 5. A. Clowesii Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 599. Bot. Mag. 4313.
Merida, near Jajf, 5500-7000 feet (Linden, Wagener).
6. A. Clowesii Lindl. b. major Rchb. fil, in Schiller's Katalog
(1857), No. 69. Same locality as the type.
* Corrections or additions will be thankfully received, and duly acknow
ledged, by Dr. A. Ernst, Caracas.
f This is nothing but a list of names, not even their authors being indicated.
VOL. II. N

194 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
7. A. Ruclceri Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 600. Bot. Mag. 5384.
Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener, A.E.).
8. A. Ruclceri, b. aurantiaca, Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 71.
9. A. Ruckeri, c. purpurea, Lind., ibid., No. 72.
10. A. spec. 2. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. 75. Cariaco.
11. A spec. 3. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. 76. (White spotted.)
Cariaco.
V. BlFEENARIA. 12. B. Wageneri Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 17. Walp. Ann. vi. 548.
Caracas (Wagener).
VI. Bletia. 13. Bl. cucullata, var. cuspidata Rchb. fil. Bonpl. ii. 21. Walp.
Ann. vi. 433. Xenia orchid, ii. 66. (Brassavola cus
pidata Hook. Bot. Mag. 3722.) Caracas (Wagener,
A.E.).
14. Bl. florida R. Br., Rchb. in Walp. Ann. vi. 442. Bot.
Mag. 1 40 1. Caracas, in savannas, common, all col
lectors.
15. Bl.florida var meridana. Rchb. loc. cit. Merida (Moritz,
Wagener).
16. Bl. Humboldtii Rchb. (Epidendrum Humboldtii). Walp.
Ann. vi. 430; Xen. orch. i. 159, tab. 52, ii. 58.
Puerto-Cabello, on trees in the valley of San Juan
(Wagener).
17. Bl. nodosa Rchb. (Brassavola nodosa Lindl.) Rchb. Xen.
orch. ii. 65 ; Bot. Reg. 1839-40.
b. genuina, Puerto-Cabello (Wagener); Caracas (A.E.).
c. grandiftora, Carabobo (Wagener, Bonpl. ii. 21).
18. Bl.retusa Rchb. (Brassavola Lindl.). Walp. Ann. vi. 435.
Xen. orchid, ii. 62 ; Maracaybo.
19.. Bl. undulaia Rchb. (Schomburgkia Lindl.). Bonpl. ii.
10; Xen. orchid, ii. 49; Bot. Reg. 1845-53; Walp.
Ann. vi. 420. La Guayra, near Cabo Blanco. Very
common. " Mulata."
20. Bl. Wageneri Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 21 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
443. Guareyma (Wagener) ; Guarenas (A.E.).
VII. BOLBOPHYLLUM.
21. B. bracteolatum Lindl. (Eaton, orchid. Fendl. 1394).
22. B. meridense Rchb. Linnasa, xxii. 836 (Didactyle Lindl.)

App. G.J OR CHIDES VENEZUELANS. 195
Walp. Ann. vi. 251. Merida, 4500 feet (Funck and
Schlim) ; Trujillo, near Timotes and Chachopo, 6000-
8000 feet.
(Didactyle, n. sp. Eaton in orchid. Fendl. 2129, belongs
probably to this species.)
VIII. Brachtia.
23. Br. glumacea Rchb. Linnaea xxii. 854. Walp. Ann. vi.
855. Xen. orchid, i. 76, tab. 29, ii. 1-12. Colony
Tovar (Moritz); Merida, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
24. Br. sulphurea Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 14. Walp. Ann. vi.
856. Xen. orchid, i. 75, tab. 29, i. Merida (Wagener).
IX. Camaeidium. 25. C. ochroleucum Lindl. Rchb. in Bonpl. ii. 18 ; Walp.
Ann. vi. 541. Bot. Mag. 3306. Caracas (Wagener,
A.E.).
X. Catasetum. 26. C. callosum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 568 (C. Lansbergii,
Myanthus Lansbergii Lindl. Walp. Ann. i. 782).
Bonpl. ii. 19. Caracas (van Lansberge, Wagener,
A.E.).
(There is a curious account of this singular plant in
Darwin, Fertilization of Orchids, 245.)
27. C. macrocarpum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 19. Walp. Ann. vi.
564. Caracas (Wagener).
28. C. macrocarpum Rchb. b. purpureum Rchb. in Schiller's
Kat. 174. Caracas.
29. C. maculatum Kunth. in Humb. et Bonpl. Nova Gen. et
spec, plant, vii. 157, tab. 630. Bchb. Bonpl. ii. 19.
Caracas (Wagener).
30. C. macrocarpum Rich. Walp. Ann. vi. 564. Rchb. in
Bonpl. ii. 19. Caracas (Wagener).
31. C. macrocarpum Rith. b. purpureum Rchb. in Schiller's
Kat. 174. Caracas.
32. C. Naso Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 571. Caracas (Linden).
Cattleya, vide Epidendrum.
XI. Chloidia. 33. Chi. flava Griseb. West Ind. Flora, 643. Caracas,
Carrizal del Catuche, 5000 feet (A.E.).

196 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
XII. Chondrorrhyncha.
34. Ch. rosea Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 663. Deep and damp
forests of Merida, near Jaji, at the height of 5000 feet
(Linden).
XIII. Chysis.
35. Ch. aurea Lindl. Walp. vi. 471. Cumanacoa (Hench
man) ; Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener) ; Mountains of
Capaya (Spence, A.E.). Rare.
XIV. Comparettia.
36. C. coccinea Lindl. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 2435.
37. C. falcata Popp. Walp. Ann. vi. 688. (C. rosea Lindl.
Flore des Serres, ii. May, pi. 6.) Merida (Linden);
Caracas, Galipan (A.E.).
XV. CORYANTHES.
38. C. Fieldingi Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 598. Flore des
Serres iv. 358-360, pi. 364*, 365b. State of Tachira,
where the plant is called Canastillo, or little basket. I
have a pretty good coloured sketch of this remarkable
species, made by a lady in San Cristobal, the capital of
Tachira, and have been told that the plant is not
uncommon there.
39. C. macrantha Hook. Bot. Mag. 1841 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
598. Caracas (Lockhart).
40. C. maadata Hook. Bot. Mag. 3102 ; Walp. vi. 597.
(C. Albertinse Karsten, Answahl neuer und schon blu-
hender Gervachse Venezuelas, 5, pi. 1.) San Esteban,
near Puerto-Cabello, on trees at the foot of the Cumbre
of Valencia (Karsten).
XVI. Craniohis.
41. Cr. mnecosa Sw. Griseb. West. Ind. Flora, 639 Caracas
(A.E.).
XVII. Cyenoches.
42. C. chlorochilon Klatzsch. Walp. Ann. vi. 560. Caracas •
pretty common. " Pelicano."
43. C. macidatum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 561. Rchb. in
Bonpl. ii. 19. Caracas (Wagener).

App. G.] ORCH IDES VENEZUELANS. 197
XVIII. Cymbidium.
44. C. cordigerum, H.B.K. Nova Gen. et spec, plant, i. 341.
Between S. Barbara and Puerto-Cabello (Humb. and
Bonpl.).
45. C. diurnum Sw. Lindl. Genera and Species of orchid.
plants, 169. (Limodorum diurnum, Jacq.) On trees
near Caracas (Jacquin, Icones pi. rar. iii. 603).
46. C. glandulosutn, H.B.K. Nov. gen. et sp. pi. i. 340 ;
Lindl. genera et spec. 168. Silla de Caracas (Humb.
and Bonpl.).
XIX. Cyrtopera.
47. C. longifolia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 19 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 668.
Merida (Linden) ; Caracas (Wagener).
48. C. Woodfordii Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 630. Island of
Margarita, near S. Ana del Norte (A.E., April 1873).
XX. Cyrtopodium.
49. C. punctatum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 666. Bonpl. ii. 19.
Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). " Terciopolo."
XXI. DlCHiEA.
50. D. echinocarpa Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 624. Caracas,
Galipan, 6000 feet (A.E.).
51. L>. graminoides Lindl. (D. gramiuea Griseb.). Griseb.
Flora, 625. Bonpl. ii. 15. Caracas (Wagener).
52. D. muricata Lindl. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1457.
XXII. Elleanthus.
53. E. arpophyllostachys (Evelyna) Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 21 ;
Walp. Ann. vi. 479. Caracas (Wagener).
54. E. bractescens (Evelyna Lindl.) Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi.
479. Pdramos of Merida, 8000-10,000 feet (Linden).
55. E. capitatus Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 475. Slopes of the
Sierra Nevada, Merida (Linden) ; Caracas (A.E.).
56. E. columnaris Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 483. Agua de
Obispo and Sierra Nevada, Merida (Linden).
57. E. ensatus Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 482. Sierra Nevada,
Merida (Linden).
58. E. flavescens Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 479. Between
Humucaros Abajo and Agua de Obispo, in Trujillo, at
the height of 7000 feet (Linden).

198 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
59. E. furfuraceus Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 480. Merida
(Linden) ; Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). Rather common.
60. E. gracilis Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 481 (Evelyna, Rchb. in
Linnsea xxii. 843). Merida, 6500 feet (Funck and
Schlim).
61. E. kermesianus Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 478. Bonpl. ii.
21. Caracas (Wagener).
62. E. linifolius Prsl. Walp. Ann. vi. 476 (Evelyna granimi-
folia Popp. & Endl.) Bonpl. ii. 21. Caracas, 4000 feet
(Wagener).
63. E. lupulinus Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 483. Pdramos of
the Sierra Nevada, 10,000 feet (Linden).
64. E. Wageneri Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 21: Walp. Ann. vi. 474.
Caracas (Wagener).
XXIII. Epidendrtjm.
65. E. agathosmicum Rchb. Linnaea xxii. 841 ; Walp. Ann.
vi. 413. Caracas, near the Venta, on the old road to
La Guayra (Moritz) ; Trujillo (Wagener, Bonpl. ii.
20).
66. E. albovirescens Hors. Link. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat.
415. Caracas.
67. E. alpicolum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. no; Walp. Ann. vi. 366.
Merida (Moritz, Wagener).
68. E. ansiferum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. in ; Walp. Ann. vi. 394.
Caracas, Chacao (E. Otto).
69. E. atropurpureum Willd. (E. macrochilum Hook.) Ann.
vi. 344. Flore des Serres iv. 372. Caracas, rather
common. There is a variety with a pure white labellum
and some red streaks. (Wagener, Spence, A.E.).
70. E. attenuatum. Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi.. 359. Trujillo;
Agua de Obispo, 9000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
71. E. bicornutum Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 345. Bonpl. ii.
20 ; Carabobo (Wagener).
72. E. bilamellatum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 345. Caracas
(Wagener, A.E.).
73. E. Blepharistes Bark. Walp. Ann. vi. 379. La Guayra
(Linden) ; Venezuela (Funck and Schlim).
74. E. brachychilum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 352. Sierra
Nevada, Merida (Linden); Caracas (Wagener, Bonpl.
ii. 20).

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 199
75. E. brachycladium Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 379. (E. cras-
sipes Lindl.). Caracas (Purdie ?).*
76. E. cardioglossum Rchb. Linnaea xxii. 841 ; Walp. Ann.
vi. 407. Silla de Caracas (Moritz).
77. E. carneum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 364. Merida, Jaji
(Linden).
78. E. ceratistes Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 329 ; Bonpl. ii.
19. Caracas (Wagener).
79. E. chacaoense Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 20 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 358.
Caracas, Chacao (Wagener).
80. E. ciliare L. Walp. Ann. vi. 347. Caracas. Very
common. " Mariposita bianco," i.e., "a little white
butterfly."
81. E. clavatum Lindl. " Walp. Ann. vi. 349. Cumana
(Henchman).
82. E. cochleatum L. Walp. Ann. vi. 359 ; Griseb. Flora,
616. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). "Arana," i.e., spider.
83. E. cochlidium Lindl. Walp. Ann vi. 393. Merida in
sub-alpine rocky places (Moritz). " Fior de San Jos6,"
Merida. Caracas (Wagener, Bonpl. ii. 20).
84. E. coriophorum Rchb. Walp. vi. 347 ; Bonpl. ii. 20, no
precise locality, but collected by Wagener in Venezuela.
85. E. cornutum Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 20. Caracas (Wagener,
A.E.).
86. E. cuspidatum Lodd. Eaton, orchid. Fendl. 1384. This
species is generally considered as a form of E. ciliare.
87. E. Dendrobii Rchb. Linnaea, xxii. 841. Merida, in the
alpine region (Moritz).
88. E. difforme Jacq. (E. umbellatum Sw.). Walp. Ann. vi.
402 ; Bonpl. ii. 20. Caracas (Wagener).
89. E. elongatum Jacq. Walp. Ann. vi. 395. Caracas.
" Vara de San Jose\" Very common.
90. E. fallax Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 353, var. b. flavescens.
Merida, Sierra Nevada (Linden) ; Barbacoas (Wagener,
Bonpl. ii. 20).
91. E. fimbriatum H.B.K. Nov. gen. et sp. pi. i. 351, Walp.
* Purdie was never in Caracas ; the species is, therefore, mentioned here
with some doubts. Lindley, and others, comprehend under the name Carac-
cas generally the whole Caribbean coast of South America to Santa Marta,
an entirely false denomination which ought not to be continued in recent
books.

200 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
vi. 406. Pdramo del Zumbador, 1 1,000 feet (Linden) ;
Caracas (Wagener, Bonpl. ii. 28).
92. E.floribundum H.B.K. Nov. gen. et sp. pi. i. 353, tab.
86; Walp. Ann. vi. 413. The variety b. lilacinum
Rchb. (Linn. xxii. 840) was collected in Venezuela
(locality not stated) by Moritz, and Funck and Schlim.
93. E.fragrans Sw. Bot. Mag. 152 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 357 ;
Bonpl. ii. 20. Barcelona (Wagener) ; Caracas (A.E.).
94. E. frigidum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 411. Sierra Nevada
of Merida, on damp rocks a short distance from eternal
snow (Linden, Wagener, Bonpl. ii. 20).
95. E. fulgens Brogn. (E. cinnabarinum Salzm. Bot. Reg.
1842, t. 25). Venezuela (Grisebach Flora, 617).
96. E. grammatoglossum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 857 ; Walp. Ann.
vi. 350. S. Ana in Trujillo, at the height of 5000 feet
(Funck and Schlim).
97. E.heterodoxum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 326.
Caracas (Wagener).
98. E. jajense Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 352.
Jaji, Merida (Wagener).
99. E. Kermesianus Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 349. Caracas (?).
100. E. Klotzschianum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 838, Merida, on
cold places in the deep forests of the Sierra Nevada
(Moritz).
1 01. E. labiatum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 313 (Cattleya labiata).
Var. Mossice. " Fior de Mayo." Caracas, common to
all collectors. This is a very variable plant, the most
frequent forms are the following : —
a. Pallida, La Guayra (Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. 211).
b. Speciosa, Caracas ( ibid. ibid. 212).
c. Reineckeana, ibid. (Rchb. in Bonpl. iv. 327).
Var. Urselli, Rchb. in Schiller's Katalog, 214.
Var. Wageneri, Rchb. in Xen. i. 28, 29, tab. 13 (Cattleya) ;
Walp. Ann. vi. 314; Bonpl. iii. 21. Very rare near
Caracas.
102. E, lacustre Rchb. (E. leucochilum Lindl. ; non. Klotzsch).
Walp. Ann. vi. 369. Laguneta, near Merida, 8000
feet (Linden).
103. E. leucochilum Klotzsch (E. flavidum Lindl.). Walp.
Ann. vi. 369. Caracas (Otto) ; Barbacoas (Wagener).
" Paloma blanca," i.e., white dove.

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 201
104. E. Lindeni Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 393. Merida, Caracas
(Linden).
105. E. Matutinum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 840. Merida (Moritz).
106. E. Moritzii Rchb. Linn. xxii. 837. Walp. vi. 350.
Merida (Moritz, Wagener, Funck and Schlim).
107. E. naucratis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. vi. 412. Col
lected by Wagener, but precise locality not mentioned.
108. E. nocturnum L. Walp. Ann. iv. 404. Bonpl. ii. 20.
Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
109. E. nutans Sw. Walp. Ann. vi. 376 ; Hook. Exot. Flora
50. Caracas (A.E.). Also collected by Fendler
1770.
no. E. orchioides. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1452.
in. E. Ottonis Rchb. Griseb. Flora 613. Venezuela.
112. E. paniculatum Ruiz and Pavon. Walp. Ann. vi. 376.
The var. C. cuspidatum was collected by Linden,
Funck and Schlim, near Caracas.
113. E. Peperomia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 368.
Caracas (Wagener),
114. E. polyanthum Lindl. (E. Landsbergii Regel). Walp.
Ann. vi. 380. Caracas (Lansberge).
115. E. purum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 412. Caracas (Linden,
Wagener, A.E. ).
116. E. pygmceum Hook. Griseb. Flora, 615; Bot. Mag.
' 3233- Caracas (A.E.).
117. E. ramosum Jacq. Walp. Ann. vi. 399. Griseb. Flora,
618. Caracas (A.E.).
118. E. raphidophorum Lind. Walp. Ann. vi. 371. Silla
de Caracas (Funck and Schlim) ; Paramo de los Conejos,
Linden (not Conisos, as is erroneously printed in the
place quoted).
119. E. recurvatum Lindl. Walp, Ann. vi. 410. Bailadores
(Linden).
120. E. refractum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 354. Sierra
Nevada of Merida 10,000-12,000 feet (Linden,
Wagener).
121. E. rigidum Jacq. Walp. Ann. vi. 400; Hook. Icones,
314; Bonpl. ii. 20. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
122. E. sceptrum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 353. Jajf, 6500
feet (Linden).
123. E. Schomburgkii Lindl. .Walp. Ann. vi. 389; Griseb.

202 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
Flora, 617. Island of Margarita, near S. Ana del
Norte (A.E., April 1873).
124. E. Schlimii Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 361 ; Linn. xxii. 838.
Merida, 6500 feet (Funck and Schlim).
125. E. scutella Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 367. Merida
(Wagener).
126. E. Stamfordianum Batem. Walp. Ann. vi. 415 ; Xen.
orchid, ii. 36; Bot. Mag. 4759; Bonpl. ii. 20.
Caracas (Wagener).
127. E. stellatum Lind. Walp. Ann. vi. 339. Caracas
(Purdie 1).
128. E. sthenopotalum Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 402. Near Sau
Cristobal, State of Tachira, in forests at the height of
3000 feet (Linden) ; Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener,
Bonpl. ii. 20).
129. E. strobiliferum Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 618. Island of
Margarita, on trees in the ravine of the rivulet Tamoco,
near Santa Ana del Norte (A.E.).
130. E. subpurum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 21 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 413.
Caracas (Wagener).
131. E. tenax Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 367.
Venezuela (Wagener).
132. E. tesselatum Batem (E. lividum Lindl.). Walp. Ann.
vi. 340, 341. La Guayra, Caracas (Wagener, Bonpl.
ii. 20).
133. E. tigrinum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 354. Jajf, 5000-
9000 feet (Linden) ; Bonpl. ii. 20. Caracas (Wagener).
134. E. tipuloideum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 350. Carabobo,
Campanario, 1000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
135. E. tovarense Rchb. Linn. xxii. 838 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
370. Colony Tovar (Moritz) ; Bonpl. ii. 20. Caracas
(Wagener).
136. E. variegatum Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 355 ; Bonpl. ii.
20. Caracas (Wagener).
137. E. violaceum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 318 (Cymbidium,
H.B.K. ; Cattleya superba Schomb.) ; Flore des Serres,
ix. 926. San Fernando de Atabapo (Humboldt).
138. E. virens Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 337 (E. Wageneri
Kltzsch.) ; Bonpl. ii. 19. Caracas, 3500 feet (Wagener,
A.E.).
139. E. xantholeucum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 839; Walp. Ann.

App. G.] ORCH IDES VENEZUELANS. 203
vi. 373. Merida, Chachopo, near Mucuchies, 9000
feet (Funck and Schlim).
XXIV. Eriopsis.
140. Er. spec. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 532. Venezuela.
XXV. Galeandra.
141. G. Beyrichii Rchb. Linn. xxii. 854. Walp. Ann. iii.
552. Bonpl. ii. 19. Caracas (Wagener).
XXVI. Gongora.
142. G. odoratissima Lemaire, in Flore des Serres, iii. 229;
Walp. Ann. i. 783 ; vi. 596. La Guayra (Wagener,
A.E.).
143. G. odoratissima, b. fulgida, Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No.
554. Venezuela.
144. G. odoratissima, c. zenischii, Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No.
555. Venezuela.
145. 67. quinquenervis Ruiz & Pavon. Walp. Ann. vi. 595.
Puerto-Cabello. Caracas (A.E.).
146. G. retrorsa Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 19; Walp. Ann. vi. 593;
Xen. orchid, i. 54, tab. 20 iii. Merida (Wagener).
XXVII. Goodyeea.
147. G. guayanensis Lindl. Genera and Species, 494. Cara
cas, Catuche (A.E.).
XXVIII. Govenia.
148. G. tingens Endl. & Popp. Linn. xxvi. 144 ; Walp. Ann.
vi. 559. Silla de Caracas, 4000 feet (Wagener, A.E.).
149. G. utriculata Lindl. Bot. Mag. 415 1; Griseb. Flora,
628. Venezuela.
XXIX. Habenaeia.
150. H. angustafolia, H.B.K. Nova gen. et sp. pi. i. 330.
Ciudad-Bolivar, in swampy places (Humb.).
151. H.brachyceras. Eaton Orchid. Fendl. 1437.
152. H. entomantha. ibid. ibid. 1438.
153. H. heptadactyla Rchb. Linn. xxii. 812. Caripe (Moritz) ;
Orinoco (Humb.).
154. H. Lindenii. Eaton orch. Fendl. 1434.
155. H. macroceratitis W. Griseb. Flora, 643. Caracas, on
the grassy slopes of mountains (A.E.).

204 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
156. II. maculosa Lindl. (H. speciosa Endl. <fe Popp.) Bonpl.
ii. 10; Griseb. Flora, 643. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
157. H. obtusa Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 10. Caracas (Wagener).
158. H. spathacea A. Rich. Bonpl. ii. 10. Caracas (Wagener).
159. H. triptera Rchb. Linn. xxii. 814; Bonpl. ii. 14.
Caracas, in savannas at the foot of the Silla (Otto,
Moritz, Wagener, A.E.).
XXX. Hexisea.
160. H. reflexa Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 623. Caracas, in the
mountains, hanging from the branches of trees (A.E.).
XXXI. Houlletia.
i6r. H. Lansbergii Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 617; Bonpl. ii.
19. Cumana (Wagener).
XXXII. Ionopsis.
162. /. pulchella H.B.K. Nova. gen. et sp. pi. i. 348, tab.
83 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 685. Bonpl. ii. 14. Carabobo,
4000 feet (Wagener) ; Chirgua (Mariano Palacios).
163. I.- tenera Lindl. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 585.
Caracas. Flore des Serres, vii. 294.
164. I. utricularioides Lindll. Walp. Ann. vi. 685. Guare-
nas (Funck and Schlim) ; Petare (Enr. Manrique).
XXXIII. Isochilus.
165. /. linearis R. Br. Cumanacoa (Humb.). Bonpl. ii. 22.
Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). " Pluma del Diablo," or
Devil's pen.
XXXIV. Kepeesteinia.
166. K. stapelioides Rchb. Xen. orchid, i. 69, tab. 25; iii.
12-14 (Zygopetalum Moritzii. Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi.
658). Caracas (A.E.) ; Merida (Moritz).
XXXV. KffiLLENSTEINIA.
167. K Kellneriana Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 17; Walp. Ann. vi.
552. Xen. orchid, i. 64-66, tab. 24; iii. 10-18.
Trujillo 7000 feet (Wagener).
XXXVI. Lepanthes.
168. L. Aquila Borussice Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 22- Walp. Ann.
vi. 197. Xen. orchid, i. 157, tab. 50; vi. 17-21.
Caracas (Wagener).

App. G.] OR CHIDES VENEZUELANS. 205
169. L. cyanoptera Rchb. Linn. xxii. 819 ; Xen. orchid, i.
153, tab. 49 ; ii. 5-8. Merida, 6000 feet (Funck and
Schlim).
170. L. ruscifolia Rchb. Linn. xxii. 819 ; Xen. orchid, i. 154,
tab. 49 ; iv. 13-15. Merida, Jajf (Funck and Schlim).
XXXVII. Lipaeis.
171. L. bituberculata Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 22. Caracas (Wage
ner).
172. L. elliptica Rchb. Linn. xxii. 833 (Sturmia) ; Walp.
Ann. vi. 218. Caracas (Wagener).
173. L. Galeottiana. Eaton orch. Fendl. 1410.
XXXVIII. Lockhaetia.
174. L. acuta Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 819. Griseb. Flora, 624
Venezuela.
175. L. elegans Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 820. Griseb. Flora,
624; Venezuela. Caracas (Lansberg).
176. L. obtusifolia Regel. Annales des Sciences Naturelles,
iv. sene, Bot. vol. vi. 378. Caracas (Lansberg).
177. L. pallida Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 819; Xen orchid, i.
102, tab. 39; i. 1-4. Carabobo (Wagener).
178. L. parthenocomos Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 819. Xen.
orchid, i., tab. 40 ; ii. 3-7. Caracas (Wagener, Lans
berg, A.E.).
XXXIX. Lycaste.
179 L. fulvescens Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 605. Bot. Mag.
4193. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 643. Merida.
1 80. L. gigantea Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 604 ; Bot. Mag.
5616; Bonpl. ii. 15. Merida at the height of 5000-
6000 feet (Linden) ; Caracas (Wagener).
181. L. macrobulbon Rchb. Walp. Ann. i. 782. Schiller's
Kat. No. 646. Merida.
182. L. macrophylla Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 602. Bonpl. ii.
15. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
XL. Macrostylis.
183. M. galipanensis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 11. Caracas, on the
Galipan (Wagener).
XLI. Masdevallia.
184. M. affinis Lindl. Rchb. in Bonpl. ii. 23 ; iii. 69 ; Walp.
Ann. vi. 191. Caracas, 5000-6000 feet (Wagener).

206 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
85. M. Candida Kl. and Karst. Bonpl. ii. 23. Caracas
(Wagener).
86. M. caudcta Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 23 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 189.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
87. M. ensata Rchb. Linn. xxii. 818. Merida (Funck and
Schlim).
88. M. maculata Kl. and Karst. Walp. Ann. i. 774 ; vi. 190 ;
Bonpl. ii. 23. Caracas, on the Silla (Wagener); Fendler,
1362.
89. M. aff. meleagri. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1363.
90. M. pumila Rchb. Xen. i. 200, tab. 75 ; iii. iv. 5-7
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
91. M. Schlimii Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 283 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 194.
Merida, 5000-6000 feet (Wagener, Funck and Schlim).
92. M. Tovarensis Rchb. Linn. xxii. 818 ; Bot. Mag. 5505.
Fendler, 1361. Colony Tovar (Moritz).
93. M. triangidaris Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 23. Caracas (Wage
ner).
94. M. tricolor Rchb. Linn. xxii. 818. Merida (Funck and
Schlim).
95. M. verrucosa Rchb. Linn. xxii. 819 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
195 (Pleurothallis verrucosa Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 24).
Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
96. M. Wageneriana Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 188; Bonpl. ii.
23; Xen. orchid, i. 199, tab. 75; ii. 2-4; Bot. Mag.
4921. Carabobo, 6000 feet (Wagener).
XLII. Maxillaria.
197. M. albata Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 514; Bonpl. ii. 15.
Jajl 8000 feet (Linden). Merida, 7000 feet (Wagener).
198. M. anatomorum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 513 ; Bonpl. ii.
15 ; Xen. orchid, i. 188, tab. 67 ; iii. 6-9. Caracas
(Wagener).
199. M. brevifolia Rchb. (Camaridium Lindl.). Walp. Ann.
vi. 540. Merida (Moritz).
200. M. callichroma Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi. 518.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
201. M. corrugata Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 508. Perija
(Linden).
202. M. corrugata, b. Wageneri. Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 508.
Caracas (Wagener).

App. G.] OR CHIDES VENEZUELANS. 207
203. M. crassifolia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi. 529.
Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
204. M. discolor Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 529 (Dicrypta Lodd.) ;
Eaton orchid. Fendl. 2127.
205. M. foveata Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 510; Bonpl. ii. 17.
Caracas (Wagener).
206. M. grandiflora Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 516. Jaji, 5000-
7000 feet (Linden).
207. M. Guareimensis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi.
534. , Caracas (Wagener).
208. M. hyacinthina Rchb. Linn. xxii. 855. Merida
(Moritz).
209. M. lancifolia Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 539. (Camaridium
lancifolium Rchb. in Linn. xxii. 857.) Merida, 6500
feet (Funck and Schlim).
210. M. leptosepala Hook. var. b. subintegerrima Regel. Ann.
des Scienc. Nat. 4. s^rie, Bot. vi. 374. Caracas (Lans
berg).
211. M. longissima Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 516. Forests of
Merida, 6000 feet (Linden).
212. M. lorifolia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 92 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 524.
La Guayra.
213. M. luteo-alba Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 516; Bonpl. ii. 15.
Merida, 8000 feet (Wagener).
214. M. luteo-rubra Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 539, 540. (Cama
ridium luteo-rubrum Lindl.) Merida, 5500 feet
(Linden).
215. M. melina Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 527 Merida, 5600
feet (Linden) ; Bonpl. ii. 16. Caracas, 5000 feet
(Wagener).
216. M. meridensis Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 533. Merida,
6000 feet (Linden).
217. M. nigrescens Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 518; Bonpl. ii.
15. Merida, 5000-8000 feet (Linden).
218. M. notxjliogloss.a Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi.
527 ; Xen. orchid, i. 24, tab. 10, iii. 3, 4. Caracas,
6000 feet (Wagener).
219. M. pallidifilora Hook. Bot. Mag. 2806. Walp. Ann.
vi. 510; Bonpl. ii. 17. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
Synonym with M. stenobulbon Klotzsch.

208 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
220. M. pentura Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 519; Bonpl. ii. 15.
Merida, 6000 feet (Linden).
221. AL ponerantlia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 17 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
536. Caracas (Warscewicz 1).
222. M. praetexta Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 536.
Xen. orchid, i. 23, tab. 10, i. 1, 2. Carabobo, 5000
feet (Wagener.)
223. M. prohoscidea Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16. Caracas, 5000
feet (Wagener). Very rare.
224. M. purpurata Rchb. (Camaridium Lindl.) Walp. Ann.
vi. 538. Merida, 5000 feet (Linden).
225. M. rehellis. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 688. Venezuela.
226. M. rufescens Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 525 ; Bonpl. ii. 16.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
227. M. scabrilinguis Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 508. Rchb. in
Schiller's Kat. No. 961. Caracas.
228. 21. setigera Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 517. La Guayra.
229. M. spilotantha Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 17; Walp. Ann. vi.
534. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
230. M. squalens Hook. Rchb. in Bonpl. ii. 17. Caracas,
4500 (Wagener).
231. M. stenophylla Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 17; Walp. Ann. vi.
531. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
232. M. Truxillensis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 17; Walp. Ann. vi.
509. Trujillo (Wagener).
233. M. virguncula Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi.
522. Xen. orchid, i. 24, tab. 10, 2. Caracas, 6000
feet (Wagener).
XLUI. Microstylis.
234. M. disepala Rchb. Linn. xxvi. 142 ; Walp. vi. 206.
Curucutf (Wagener.)
235. M. ventricosa Endl. & Popp. Reichenb. in. Bonpl. ii. 22 ;
Walp. Ann. vi. 206. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
236. M. umhellulata Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 612. Caracas,
forest of river Catuche (A.E.).
XLIV. Mormodes.
237. M. buccinator Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 578 (M. vitellipa,
Wageneriana, brachystachya, marmorea, and leurochila
Kltzsch). Bonpl. ii. 381. Merida, San Cristobal
(Schlim) ; Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). " Capuchino."

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 209
XLV. NOTYLIA.
238. N. punctata Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 672. Caracas
(A.E.). _
239. N. sagittifera Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 673. Caracas
(Wagener).
XLVI. Odontoglossum.
240. 0. auropurpureum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 839. Vene
zuela (Funck and Schlim).
241. 0. constrictum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 825 ; Bonpl. ii.
12 ; Bot. Mag. 5736. La Guayra, Caracas (Linden,
Wagener, A.E.).
242. 0. costatum Lindl. Walp. vi. 835. Agua de Obispo,
8000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
243. 0. distans Rchb. Linn. xxii. 848 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 837.
Merida, Lagunilla, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
244. 0. megalophium Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 838. Merida,
7000 feet (Linden).
245. 0. ncevium Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 828. Flore des
Serres, v. 594. Trujillo, near S. Lazaro and La Pena,
6000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
246. 0. odoratum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 826. Merida,
Sierra Nevada, 5000-7000 feet (Linden, Wagener).
247. 0. ramosissimum Lindl. var. b. heterosepalum Rchb.
Linn. xxii. 850. Walp. Ann. vi. 840. Merida, 7000-
10,000 feet (Funck and Schlim). A most splendid
plant.
248. 0. Schillerianum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 12 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
827. Merida (Wagener).
249. 0. Wageneri Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 12 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 827.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
XLVII. Oncidium.
250. 0. abortivum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 847 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
558; vi. 810. Caracas, Colony Tovar (Moritz,
Wagener). Very rare.
251. 0. cemulum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 705. Eaton orchid.
Fendl. 1376.
252. 0. ampliatum Liddl. Walp. Ann. vi. 744. Bonpl. ii.
13. Barquisimeto and Caracas (Wagener).
253. 0. auriferum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 847 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
806. Merida, 7000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
VOL. II. O

210 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
254. 0. Baueri Hook. Griseb. Flora, 632. Venezuela.
255. 0. Boothianum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 779; Bonpl. ii.
14; Xen. orchid, i. 190, tab. 68, iii. 6-9. Cumbre de
Valencia (Funck and Schlim, Wagener).
256. 0. caminiophorum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 792. Bonpl.
ii. 13. Carabobo, 6000 feet (Wagener).
257. 0. carthaginense Sw. Walp. Ann. vi. 781.
var. c. sanguineum Lindl. La Guayra, Caracas (Wage
ner, A.E.).
var. d. Klotzschii. Same locality.
258. 0. caudatum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 766 (Brassia cau-
data Lindl., Bot. Mag. 3451). Griseb. Flora, 633.
Venezuela.
259. 0. Cebolleta Sw. Walp. Ann. vi. 720. Caracas; common.
260. 0. cimiciferum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 712. Trujillo,
Agua de Obispo; Merida, 8000 feet (Funck and
Schlim, Wagener).
261. 0. citrinum Lindl. Var. b. rotundatum, Regel. Ann.
des Scienc. nat. 4 s^rie, Bot. vol. vi. 377. Caracas
(van Lansberg).
262. 0. cucullatum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 733, var. b. san-
guinolentum (Leochilus sanguinolentus, Lindl.). La
Guayra.
263. 0. examinans Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 713. Caracas (?).
264. 0. falcipetalum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 704. Merida,
5000 feet (Linden) ; Caracas (Wagener).
265. 0. glumaceum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 769. (Brassia
glumacea Lindl). Merida, 5000 feet (Linden).
266. 0. herbaceum Rchb. (Leochilus herbaceus Lindl.).
Walp. Ann. vi. 772. La Guayra, imp. by Wailes of
Newcastle.
267. 0. Keilianum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 770; Bonpl. ii.
14 (Brassia Keiliana, Xen. orchid, i. 126, 127, tab.
45). Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
268. 0. lentiginosum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 13 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
790; Xen. orchid, i. 192; tab. 69, ii. 6, 7. Caracas
(Wagener).
269. 0. leucochilum Batem. Var. b. speciosum, Regel, Garten-
flora, 1873, 193, tab. 763.
270. 0. Limminghii E. Morren. Walp. Ann. vi. 816.
Caracas.

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 211
271. 0. lingniforme Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 755. (0. um-
brosum Rchb. in Bonpl. ii. 12). Merida, 5000 feet
(Linden, Moritz). Caracas (Wagener).
272. 0. luridum Lindl. (0 guttatum Rchb.). Bonpl. ii.
13; Walp. Ann. vi. 782. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
" Ganso," i.e., goose.
273. 0. maizcefolium Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 803. Merida,
7000 feet (Linden).
274. 0. meirax Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 12; Walp. Ann. vi. 749;
Xen. orchid, i. 42, tab. 18, iii. Caracas, 5000 feet
(Wagener, A.E.).
275. 0. miserrimum Rchb. Bonpl. iii. 66; Walp. Ann. vi.
756. Venezuela (1).
276. 0. nudum Batem. Walp. Aim. vi. 719; Bonpl. ii. 14.
Caracas (Funck and Schlim, Otto, Wagener).
277. 0. Papilio Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 13; Walp. Ann. vi. 815 ;
Flore des Serres, ix. 165. Caracas, on steep rocks ;
all collectors. " Mariposa," i.e., butterfly.
278. 0. Pardalis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 13 ; Xen. orchid, i. 180,
tab. 63, iii. 3-7. La Guayra, Caracas (Wagener).
279. 0. picturatum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 13 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
788. Caracas (Wagener).
280. 0. pusillum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 714. (0. iridifolium
H.B.K.). Caracas (A.E.).
281. 0. refractum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 12; Walp. Ann. vi. 708.
Merida, 9000 feet (Linden).
282. 0. Reichenbachii Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 802. Merida,
Lagunilla, 7000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
283. 0. scansor Rchb. Linn. xxii. 844, (0. convolvulaceum,
Lindl. and Paxt). Walp. Ann. iii. 556; vi. 742.
Merida, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
284. 0. Schlimii Linden. Walp. Ann. vi. 780. Merida,
7000 feet (Schlim).
285. 0. suaveolens Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 765, var. c. pumila.
Caracas (Linden).
286. 0. superbiens Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 705. Venezuela
(Funck and Schlim).
287. 0. tetrapetalum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 717. Cumana
(Funck).
288. 0. volvox Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 13; Walp. Ann. vi. 794.

212 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
Xen. orchid, i. 239, tab. 99, i. 1-5. Caracas (Wagener).
Common.
289. 0. Wageneri Rchb. (Brassia wageneri). Walp. Ann.
vi. 767. Caracas 5000 feet (Wagener, A.E.).
290. 0. zebrinum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 709, Bonpl. ii. 12.
Caracas (Moritz, Wagener, A.E.).
XLVIII. Ophrys.
291. 0. ciliata H.B.K. Nova gen. et sp. plant, i. 334,
tab. 74. El Pejual, on the Silla de Caracas (Humboldt).
XL1X. Oenithididm.
292. 0. Jenischianum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 18; Xen. orchid, i.
210, tab. 84, i. 1-4; Walp. Ann. vi. 490. Trujillo,
7000 feet (Wagener).
293. 0. miniatum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 491 ; Bonpl. ii.
18. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
294. 0. ruberrimum Rchb. (Scaphyglottis ruberrima Lindl.).
Walp. Ann. vi. 489. Merida, 5000 feet (Linden).
295. 0. sanguinolentum Lindl. Walp. vi. 4S9, Bonpl. ii. 18.
Merida, 6000 feet (Moritz, Wagener).
296. 0. serrulatum Lindl. (1) var. b. acuminatum Rchb. in
Linn. xxii. 856. Merida (Moritz, Funck and Schlim).
297. 0. Sophronitis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 18 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
486, Xen. orchid, i. 211, tab. 84, iii. 7, 8. Colony
Tovar (Moritz) ; Guareima (Wagener) ; Galipan
(Roezl, A.E.).
298. 0. vestitum Rchb. (Camaridium vestitum Lindl.).
Walp. Ann. vi. 491. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
L. Ornithocephahjs. 299. 0. Cruegeri Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 635. On trees near
Cua, Tuy (A.E.).
300. O.gladiatus Hook. Griseb. Flora, 635. Same locality,
also near Baruta (A.E.).
LI. Pachyphylltjm. 301. P. crystallinum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 823; Bonpl. ii.
15. Paramo de la Culata, Merida, 10,000 feet (Lin
den) ; Caracas, 40.00 feet (Wagener).
LII. Paphinia.
302. P. cristata Lind. Walp. Ann. vi. 615 ; Flore des Serres,
iv. 338. Guayana.

App. G.J OR CHIDES VENEZUELANS. 213
LIII. Pelexia.
303. P. roseo-alba Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 11. Caracas (Wagener,
Moritz, Vermehren, A.E.).
LIV. Peristeria.
304. P. elata Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 607 ; Bonpl. ii. 19.
Trujillo, 6000 feet (Wagener). " Fior de Espfritu
Santo," i.e., Holy Ghost flower.
LV. Physueus.305. Ph. Plantagineus Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 643. Caracas
(A.E.). P. Brachyrrhynchus, P. Hyphcematicus. See
page 220.
LVI. Pleurothallis.
306. P. cabellensis Rchb. Linn. xxii. 832 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
520. Puerto-Cabello, 4500 feet (Funck and Schlim).
307. P. cardiostola Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 26 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 180 ;
Xen. orchid, i. 72 ; tab. 28, ii. Caracas, 6000 feet
(Wagener).
308. P. cardium Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 26; Walp. Ann. vi. 179.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener, A.E.).
309. P. ceratothallis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
183. Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
310. P chamcestelis Rchb. Bonpl. xxii. 925 ; Walp. Ann.
iii. 417. Merida, 6500 feet (Funck and Schlim).
311. P. chamensis Lindl. Rchb. in Bonpl. iii. 172; Walp.
Ann. vi. 177. Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
312. P. cordifolia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 26; Walp. Ann. vi. 179.
Caracas, 4000 feet (Wagener, A.E.).
313. P. dendrophila Rchb. Linn. xxii. 827 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
518. Merida, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim).
314. P. elegans Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 179.
(Wagener.)
315. P. floripecten Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25; Walp. Ann. vi. 175.
Jajl (Wagener).
316. P. gratiosa Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 184 ;
Xen. orchid, i. 71 ; tab. 28, i. 1, 2. Caracas, 5000
feet (Wagener).
317. P. hemirhoda Lindl (PL nuda Rchb.). Walp. Ann. vi.
187; Schiller's Kat. No. 921. Caracas.
318. P. Hystrix Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 26; Walp. Ann. vi. 182
Caracas (Wagener).

214 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
319. P. incompta Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 24; Walp. Ann. vi. 570;
Xen. orchid, ii. 113; tab. 137, i. 2-5. Caracas
(Wagener).
320. P. ionantha Rchb. Linn. xxii. 830 ; Walp. iii. 519.
Carabobo, 2500 feet (Funck and Schlim, Moritz).
321. P. Kefersteiniana Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 24; Walp. Ann. vi.
170. Caracas, 4000-5000 feet (Wagener). Very rare.
322. P. lanceolata. Eaton Orchid. Fendl. 1476.
323. P. landpetala (Dubois - Raymondia). Karst. Flora
Colomb. i. 95, 96 ; tab. 47. Caracas.
324. P. Landsbergii Regel. Ann. des. Scienc. nat. 4 seVie
Bot. vi. 373. Caracas (van Landsberg).
325. P. lepanthifortnis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25. Caracas
(Wagener).
326. P. Lindeni Lindl. Ann. Nat. History, xii. 397 ; Walp.
Ann. xi. 177 ; Bonpl. ii. 25. Colony Tovar, 5000 feet
(Wagener),
327. P. lorantophylla Rchb. Walp. vi. 169. (Rhynchopera
punctata Karst. Answahl Gerv. Venez. vii.) Venezuela,
Caracas, 5000-7000 feet (Karsten, A.E.).
328. P. meridana Rchb. Linn. xxii. 826 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
518. Merida (Moritz).
329. P. minax Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 24; Walp. Ann. vi. 172.
Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
330. P. Moritzii Rchb. Linn. xxii. 823 ; Walp. Ann. iii. 517.
Colony Tovar, 5000 feet (Moritz).
331. P. octomericeformis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
176. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
332. P. palpigera (Dubois-Raymondia). Karst. Flora Colomb.
i. 95, 96; tab. 47. Caracas.
335- P- pedanculata Rchb. Linn. xxii. 822 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
516 ; Bonpl. ii. 24. Merida and Colony Tovar (Moritz,
Wagener).
334. P. plumosa Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 608. Venezuela.
335. P- pruinosa Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 608. Caracas
(A.E.).
336. P. Raymondi Rchb. Walp. Ann. iii. 520; Bot. Mag.
5385. (Duboisia Raymondi Karst.; Walp. Ann. i.
773). Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
337. P. racimeftota Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 607 ; Hook. Exot.
Flora, 123. Venezuela.

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 215
338. P. ruscifolia R.Br. Griseb. Flora, 608 ; Hook. Exot.
Flora, 197. Caracas, Galipan (A.E.).
339. P. sarcophylla Rchb. Bonpl. iii. 224 ; Walp. Ann. vi
181. Caracas.
340. P. semipellucida Rchb. Linn. xxii. 823 ; Walp. Ann.
iii. 517. Caracas (Otto).
341. P. sicaria Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 608. Venezuela.
342. P. subpellucida Klotzsch. Walp. Ann. vi. 166. Venezuela
(Wagener).
343. P testifolia Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 609. Venezuela.
344. P. triangularis Kl. et Karst. Walp. Ann. i. 773 ; Bonpl.
ii. 25. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
345. P. tridentata Klotzsch. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. No.
936. Caracas.
346. P. tripterantha Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 24 ; Xen. orchid, i.
73 ; tab. 28, iii. 4-6. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener,
A.E.).
347. P. tripteris Rchb. Linn. xxii. 829 ; Walp. Ann. iii. 519,
vi. 177. Caracas, 4000 feet (Funck and Schlim,
Wagener, A.E.).
348. P. tripterygia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 24 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
173; Xen. orchid, i. 74; tab. 28, iv. 7-9. Caracas
(Wagener).
349. P. Trujillensis Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
178. Trujillo, 6000 feet (Wagener).
350. P. velaticaulis Rchb. Linn. xxii. 824 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
517. Caracas (Otto).
351. P. velatipes Rchb. Linn. xxii. 828; Walp. Ann. iv. 518.
Merida (Moritz).
352. P. Wageneriana Kl. Bonpl. ii. 26 : Walp. vi. 182.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
353. P. xanthochlora Rchb. Linn. xxii. 823 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
516. Merida (Moritz).
354. P. xiphochila Rchb. Linn. xxii. 831 ; Xen. orchid, i.
173 ; tab. 60, v. 8, 9. Merida (Moritz).
LVII. Pogonia.
355. P. Moritzii Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii. 89. Merida
(Moritz).
356. P. physurifolia Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 637. Venezuela.
357. P. rosea Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii. 89 (Cleistes rosea

216 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
Lindl.); Bonpl. ii. n. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
Common in savannas.
358. P. tenuis Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 637. Venezuela.
LVIII. POLYSTACHIA.
359. P. caracasana Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 15; Walp. Ann. vi.
641. Caracas (Wagener).
L1X. Ponera.
360. P. leucantha Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 22 ; Walp. Ann. vi.
453 (Scaphyglottis leucantha Rchb., Linn. xxii. 856) ;
Xen. orchid, i. 43; tab. 19, 7-10. Merida, 7000 feet
(Funck and Schlim).
361. P. punctulata Rchb. Bonpl. iii. 220; Walp. Ann. vi.
451. Cultivated by Geitner in Planitz, who obtained
it from Venezuela.
362. P. striata. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1456.
LX. Ponthieva.
363. P. glanduiosa R.Br. Bonpl. ii. n. Griseb. Flora, 638.
Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
364. P. maculata Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 11. Colony Tovar, 6000
feet (Wagener).
LXI. Peescottia.
365. Pr. stachyoides Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 639. Caracas
(A.E.).
LXII. Pterighis.
366. Pt. Diuris Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 10. Merida (Wagener).
LXIII. Resteepia.
367. R. elegans Karst. Answahl. Gen. Venez. ii. Bot. Mag.
5966. Caracas, 5000-6000 feet (Karsten, Wagener,
A.E.).
368. R. erythroxantha Rchb. Linn. xxii. 817; Bonpl. ii. 23 ;
Walp. Ann. vi. 205; Xen. orchid, i. 171, tab. 60; ii.
2. Merida, 7000 feet (Wagener).
369. R. Lansbergii Rchb. and Wagener. Bonpl. ii. 23 ; Walp.
Ann. vi. 205 ; Bot. Mag. 5257; Xen. orchid, i. 170,
tab. 60 ; i. 1. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener).
370. R. vittata Regel. Ann. des Scienc. nat. 4 serie, Bot, vi.
373. Caracas (Lansberg).

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 217
371. R. Wageneri Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 23; Walp. Ann. vi. 205 ;
Xen. orchid, i. 172, tab. 60, iii. 3. Merida, 7000 feet
( Wagener).
LXIV. Rodriguezia.
372. R. secunda H.B.K. Nova. gen. et sp. pi. i. 367 ; tab. 92 ;
Bot. Mag. 930. Caracas (A.E.). Rather uncommon.
LXV. Scelochilus.
373. Sc. Ottonis Kl. Walp. vi. 688; Bonpl. ii. 14. Silla de
Caracas, 5600 feet (Otto) ; Caracas (Wagener).
374. Sc. stenochilus Rchb. vi. 689. (Rodriguezia stenochila
Lindl.). Jajl, 6000 feet (Linden).
LXVI. Sobealia.
375. S. paradisiaca Rchb. Linn. xxii. 816. Merida, 5000
feet (Funck and Schlim).
376. S. violacea Lind. var. albiflora. Bonpl. ii. 11 ; Flore des
Serres, viii. 247. Merida, 5000 feet (Wagener).
LXVII. Solenidium.
377. S. racemosum Lindl. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. 1039.
(Merida).
LXVIII. Spieanthes.
378. Sp. bicolor Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 641. Caracas, Catuche
(A.E.).
379. Sp. data Rich. Griseb. Flora, 641. Caracas, forests on
the south-side of the mountain range of Avila (A.E.).
380. Sp. grandiflora. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 2438.
381. Sp. minutiflora Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 11. Caracas (Wagener).
382. Sp. picta, var. b. grandiflora Lindl. Rchb. Linn. xxvi.
142. Maiquetia, near La Guayra (Wagener) ; Caracas,
Catuche (A.E.).
383. Sp. Scopularice Rchb. Bonpl. ii. n ; Griseb. Flora, 641.
Caripe (Moritz). Caracas, among grasses on savannas
(Wagener, A.E.).
LXIX. Stanhopea.
384. St. ebumea Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 584; Bot. Mag. 3359.
Venezuela, but no precise locality mentioned (Wagener).
385. St. Wardii Lodd. Walp. Ann. vi. 588; Bot. Mag. 5289.
Caracas (Wagener, Appun, A. E.). " Cigarron." This

218 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
being the vulgar name of various species of large dipte
rous and hymeuopterous insects with which the flowers
have some distant similitude.
LXX. Stelis.
386. St. alata. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 2154.
387. St. coriifolia. Ibid. 2144.
388. St. cymbiformis. Ibid. 1465.
389. St. Fendleri. Ibid. 1470.
390. St. grandis Rchb. Bonpl. iii. 70 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 200.
Merida (Funck and Schlim).
391. St. gutturosa Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 23 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 201.
Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
392. St. humilis. Eaton orchid. Findl. 1466, 1467.
393. St. lutea. Ibid. 1461.
394. St. major Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 23; Walp. Ann. vi. 199.
Caracas. Sierra Nevada (Wagener).
395. St. micrantha Sw. Griseb. Flora, 611. Hook. Exot. Fl.
158. El Valle, south of Caracas (A.E.).
396. St. muscosa. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1468.
397. St. muscifera. Ibid. 1460.
398. St. nitens Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 22 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 203.
Caracas (Wagener).
399. St. ophioglossoides Sw. (?) Griseb. Flora, 611. Caracas
(A.E.).
400. St. Porpax Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 23 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 203 ;
Xen. orchid, i. 175, tab. 60, vii. 13-15. Caracas,
5000 feet (Wagener).
401. St. sphcerochila. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1464.
402. St. tenuilabris. Ibid. 1469, 1471.
LXXI. Stenia.
403. St. pallida Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 542. Bonpl. ii. 15.
Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
LXXII. Stenoeehynchus.
404. St. orchidioides Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 642 ; Bonpl. ii.
11; Bot. Mag. 2797. Caracas, in mountain forests
(Wagener, A. E.).
405. St. speciosus Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 642 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
596. Caracas (Wagener, A. E.).

App. G.] ORCHIDES VENEZUELANS. 219
LXXIII. Talpinaria.
406. T. hivalvis Karst. Flora Colombiae i. 153, tab. 76.
Caracas (Karsten).
LXXIV. Telipogon.
407. T. angustifolius H.B.K. Nova gen. et sp. pi. i. 336.
Paramo de Muchucies, near the Indian village of Cha-
chopo, 10,500 feet (Linden, Walp. Ann. vi. 863).
408. T. Klotzscheanus Rchb. Linn. xxii. 851 ; Walp. Ann. iii.
562, 851. Colony Tovar (Moritz); Walp. Ann. vi.
862; Bonpl. ii. 15. Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener).
LXXV. Tetragamestus.
409. T. isochiloides Regel. Ann. des Sc. nat. 4 sirie Bot. vi.
376. Caracas (van Lansberg).
LXXVI. Trichopilia.
410. T. albida H. Wendl. Walp. Ann. vi. 681 ; Bonpl. ii.
815 ; Xen. orchid, ii. 103. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.).
411. T. fragrans Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii. 100; Walp. Ann. vi.
680. Merida, Lagunilla, 5000 feet (Linden).
412. T. laxa Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 680; Bonpl. ii. 15 (Pil-
umna laxa Lindl.) ; Xen. orchid, ii. 100. Merida
(Funck and Schlim, Wagener).
413. T. nobilis Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii. 100. Jajf (Moritz).
414. T. Wageneri Rchb. (Pilumna wageneri Rchb.) Bonpl.
ii. 15 ; Xen. orchid, ii. 100. Caracas, 5000 feet
(Wagener).
LXXVII. Trizeuxis.
415. T. falcata Lindl. Genera et species, 140; Hook. Exot.
Flora, 126; Bonpl. ii. 14. Caracas, on trees in dry
places (Wagener, A.E.).
LXXVIII. Uropedium.
416. U. Lindenii Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 26 ; Xen. orchid, i. 32,
33, tab. 15. Merida (Linden, Wagener).
LXXIX. Vanilla.
417. V. planifolia Andr. Griseb. Flora, 638. Caracas;
common.
LXXX. Warcziewiczella.
418. W. discolor. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1366. Reichenbach

220 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G.
writes the name of this genus Warszewiczella, but
makes it a section of Zygopetalum.
419. W. spec. Eaton orchid. Fendl. 1375.
LXXXI. WULLSCHL^EGELIA.
420. W. aphylla Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 639. Caracas, ravine
of Sebucan (A.E.).
LXXXII. Zygopetalum.
421. Z. coachleare Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 629. Veuezuela.
422. Z. flabelliforme Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 652 ; Bonpl. ii.
15. Caracas, 3000 feet (Wagener). Rare.
423. Z. gramineum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 657 ; Bot. Mag.
5046; Xen. orchid, i. 67, tab. 25, ii. 2-1 1. (Kefer-
steiniaRchb.) Merida, 5000-6000 feet (Linden) ; Cara
cas, 6000 feet (Wagener, A.E.).
424. Z. sanguinolentum Rchb. Walp. vi. 658 ; Xen. orchid.
i. 67, tab. 25, i. 1. (Bonpl. ii. 15 ; Kefersteinia.)
Caracas, 4500 feet (Wagener, A.E.).

425. Physurus brachyrrhynchus Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii. 184.
Venezuela (Fendler).
426. Ph. hyphaematicus Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii. 184. Vene
zuela (Fendler).

H.
LETTER FROM MR. R. T. C. MIDDLETON ON THE ASCENT
OF THE NAIGUATA. "British Legation, CarXcas,
May 2, 1872.
" Dear Mr. Spence, — Permit me to add my congratulations in
writing, to those I hastened to express to you by word of mouth
upon your having succeeded in reaching the summit of the Peak
of the Naiguata, as yet (pardon the word) " unprofaned " by a human
footprint !
" I desire, also, to offer my congratulations to the " gallant little
band" who accompanied you, and amongst whom we mutually
possess such highly valued friends. Still the real glory of the
achievement belongs to you. Undaunted by the apparently insur
mountable difficulty of the ascent (until now universally declared to
be impossible here), — the extent of which difficulty could not but
present itself to you in its truest proportions as you gazed at the
gigantic peak from that of the Silla of Caracas, the summit of which
you had reached, a short time since, at no small expense of toil and
privation, — you did not hesitate to engage in the enterprise, in no
mere spirit of hardihood alone, or of idle bravado, but in' the hope,
perchance of opening a fresh page of the great book of nature to
the English student. Of adding, if but a mite, to the already
richly-stored granary of knowledge possessed by our country. To
which it is the duty of all her children, as it cannot but be their
fervent desire, to endeavour to contribute, alike at home and abroad,
by every means in their power, setting every peril at nought, as you
have just so nobly done, in the cause of science and of real progress.
" I will not allude to the botanical or other discoveries made by
you during your daring ascent of the Naiguata, nor to any beauties
or peculiarities of scenery disclosed by it, as the fullest delineation
of the same will be disclosed to view by the pencil of the eminent
Venezuelan and German artists, Bolet and Goering, who accompanied
you.

222 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. H.
" In again welcoming you back, however, from the 'dizzy peak '
and from the thickets amidst which the tiger prowls, and the
rattle-snake, the scorpion and many other hideous reptiles lurk,
I cannot but express to you my belief that it must have been most
satisfactory to you, as it most certainly would have been to me, to
behold the Venezuelan friends who accompanied you devoting the
intelligence, energy, power of endurance and other great qualities
which so eminently characterize their race to the achievement of a
really noble object, and to the attainment of a useful end, amidst
the invigorating, healthy allurements of ' nature's handiwork ; '
nowhere more successfully carried out than here ; and forgetting, if
but for a moment, the enervating, exhausting, and poisonous allure
ments of civil warfare. — Believe me most truly yours,
"R. T. C. Middleton."

J.
THE SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA.
By William E. A. Axon, M.R.S.L., Honorary Secretary of the
Manchester Literary Club, Miembro Corresponsal de la Sociedad
de Ciencias fisicas y naturales de Caracas.
The Spanish poetry of South America has excited very little atten
tion in England. There is a curious likeness between the literary
history of New Spain and of New England. When the United
States were only a group of English colonies their literary activity
was very small, and its results of little value ; but when the sudden
change from colonial to national life had entered fully into the
consciousness of the people, there commenced an aspiration for a
national literature and a national poetry. A generation passed
away without anything being written in the highest forms of litera
ture which could boast of more than local fame. The desire for
an American school of poetry had also some comic effects, and led
authors like Joel Barlow to suppose that because they could sing
effectually the glories of Hasty Pudding, they were also equal to
the writing of epic poems. The dire results of his infatuation are
visible in a prodigious work entitled " The Columbiad," where the
speakers are a medley of gods, mortals, rivers, and everything else
to which a frenzied poet writing at fever heat can give the attributes
of personal existence. Even yet the poetry of English-speaking
America often retains a provincial tinge. The Americans look
more to London than even to Boston for the best of their mental
food. This custom, whilst it has certain advantages, must be con
fessed to have a dwarfing effect, especially upon the poetical spirit.
For instead of depending upon those natural causes which lead to
the expression of thought and sentiment in poetical form, they very
often draw their inspiration from a foreign source. The character
istics of home life and scenery have left an indelible mark upon
English poetry, but this is not the case, or at least to a much smaller

224 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. J.
extent, with the poetry of America. Their grand scenery, the quaint
phases of their colonial and religious life, the strange legends of the
red man whom they have displaced, have contributed comparatively
little to the sum total of the poetry of the Americans. This coin
cidence is the more remarkable that in the case of Spanish America
one might have been tempted to explain the late origin of its poetry
by other causes. There can be no doubt, however, that the evil
policy of Spain towards her colonies had some share in retard
ing the development of literature in the Latin part of the New
World. Spain never had any ambition to become " an august
mother of free nations," and her dependencies across the seas were
only valued as means by which the king's treasury might be enriched,
and as places where a certain number of adventurous spirits might
find scope for exertions which were not wanted in the old country.
Education was discouraged, learning was confined almost exclusively
to the priests, and to very few of them. So sensible were many of
the richer colonists of the inferiority of the scholastic training
afforded by the very few South American colleges and universities,
that their sons were sent to Paris or to Madrid for the completion
of their education. This was the case with Simon Bolivar, the
great Liberator, who almost single-handed broke the Spanish yoke,
and gave freedom to five nations. It is to this period that we must
look for the new-born aspirations after a distinctive literature. It is
a fact not without a certain significance that the same year that saw
the printing-press introduced into Caracas also witnesssed the estab
lishment of a revolutionary junta. This was the beginning of that
struggle for independence which lasted for half a generation, and
endured many reverses and defeats, but was successful at last. The
history of that sanguinary war is one highly calculated to inflame
the patriotism of the citizens of these new nations. If our Ameri
can cousins can contrive to get material for so much glorification
from the comparatively humdrum struggle in which they en°-aced
with England, what shall be said of the war to the knife which was
waged between Spain and her colonies 1 There are in it incidents of
daring worthy of the greatest heroes, and lights and shades throw
ing a tinge of romance across the sober page of history. To-day the
Liberator is sitting in a triumphal chariot drawn along by the hands
of the fairest ladies, to-morrow he is a fugitive flyino- for his life
but in sunshine or in misfortune never for one moment forgetting
or setting aside the one object of his life, to free his country from
the cruel oppression of Spain. A struggle like this — a long pro-

App. J.] SPANISH POETR Y Of SO UTH AMERICA. 225
tracted fight for life — illumined on the insurgent side by deeds of
magnificent valour and almost inconceivable daring is a potent agent
in the creation of a distinctively national feeling.
In Spanish America there are all the materials for a poetry inde
pendent of exotic influences. The glories of her forests and moun
tains, the smiling loveliness of her fertile plains, the traditions of
the liberty-loving races who inhabited these vast regions before the
first poblador planted his foot within them ; the memories of her
colonial life lit up with such episodes as the search for El Dorado,
and the bloody history of the tyrant Aguirre ; the story of her
desperate fight for freedom with Spain, of her sons murdered in
cold blood by the monster B6ves, of the heroism which at Quesaras
del Medio, and above all, on the gory field of Carabobo, broke
down the Spanish power — these, and a thousand other incidents of
her past history, are deeds one would have expected to find immor
talized in song.
There was a time when Spanish seemed destined to become the
language of the world, but her rulers were not equal to the future
which opened before them, and the day has passed never to return.
Even at the present moment, however, it is spoken by a larger num
ber of persons than speak the French language. The structure of
v Spanish is highly favourable to the mechanism of verse. The
Spanish poetry of South America is now exciting attention in Old
Spain, and on the Continent generally. The firm of Brockhaus of
Leipzig, which is issuing a collection of Spanish authors, has in
cluded in the series a collection of specimens of South American
poetry. This selection has been made by the Senora Anita J. de
Wittstein.* On this charming volume the present sketch is based.
The editor promises on her title-page " biographical notices of the
authors," but these are of the scantiest description, consisting of not
more than three lines in her most liberal moments, whilst some of
the lives are even more restricted.
The first division of Senora de Wittstein's work relates to Reli
gion. The specimens are too long for quotation. The most beauti
ful of them all is an imitation of Victor Hugo's " Prayer for All,"
in which Andres Bello has successfully transferred into his own
language the spirit of that magnificent poem. We may give instead
a brief poem by Julio Calcano : —
* Poesias de la America Meridional. Coleccionadas por Anita J. de Witt
stein. Con Notkias biograficas de los autores. Leipzig : F. A. Brockhaus,
1870. VOL. II. p

226 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. J

A Dios.
I Que has sido para mi ? Ser incoloro,
Sombra, vapor, espiritu impalpable ;
Ahora en otra forma yo te adoro :
Te he dado voz y cuerpo y faz amable.
Tu vienes dulcemente sonreido
Al rededor de mi lecho, vago, incierto ;
Pero al verte me siento entristecido :
Te veo en la forma de mi padre muerto.
The second part is occupied with descriptions of natural scenery.
Here, perhaps, we trace a new departure, which in the future may
lead to a distinctive literature. The majority of these poems,
however, are occupied by generalities ; yet in some, as in Lozano's
" Recuerdo de Puerto-Cabello," local circumstances — the flowers
of the soil — have been turned into poetry.
The section on Youth, Love, and Friendship contains many beau
tiful poems. We may give the opening passage of a poem by Dona
Gertrudis G. de Avellaneda, in which the hot imaginings of youth
are well expressed : —
" Abre tus puertas, mundo ! . . . ensancha, vida,
Para mi tu camino !
Broten raudales de placer divino,
De amor, de libertad ! grandes pasiones
Dadme, dadme, sin fin ... mi alma encendida
Se agita en sed de vivas emociones.
Quiero agotar j o vida ! tus tesores,
Devorar quiero, mundo tus placeres,
Gloria, virtud, festines y mujeres ;
Cantos, risas, y amores. . . .
Todo debe formar mi alta ventura,
Todo lo encierras en tu rico seno,
Como guardan las flores
En su caliz feliz la esencia pura.''
Then we have poems on Sorrow, Misfortune, and Death. This
is a section in which the poet's art is still more severely tried, for
however pleasant it may be to sing the pleasures of youth at its
spring-tide, it is certainly more blessed, as it is more difficult, to pour
balm into wounded hearts, and to bind up the bleeding wounds
which sorrow and death have caused.
In many of these poems the influence of Catholicism is strongly
visible. There is something exquisitely beautiful in the tender
faith with which the mothers bring their sorrows to, and seek consola-

App. J.] SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 227
ation from, the maid of Nazareth. The Virgin, the type at once of
sacred and secular beauty, is the most prominent figure in the
religion of South America. In her are united the loveliness of
maidenhood, and the hopes and tendernesses of maternity. Per
haps one could not have a stronger proof of this than the fact that
even Arvelo, the great satirical poet, leaving quips and cranks aside,
goes out of his way to indite an Ave Maria.
A somewhat daring strain is that of Jos6 Joaquin de Olmedo in
his " Soneto en la Muerte de mi Hermana : " —
Y j eres tu, Dios, a quien podre quejarme 1
Inebriando en tu gloria y poderio,
Ver el dolor que me devora impio.
Y una mirada de piedad negarme ?
Mandar alzar otra vez por consolarme
La grave losa del sepulcro frio,
Y restituye, o Dios, al seno mido
La hermana que has querido arrebatarme.
Yo no te la pedi. Que ! es por ventura
Crear por destruir placer divino,
O es de tanta virtud indigno el suelo ?
O ya del coro absorto en tu luz pura
Te es m6nos grato el incesante trino
j Dime, faltaba este angel a tu cielo ?
Shorter and more cheerful is this piece by Jos6 Maria Rein:1.,
not included by Senora Wittstein : —
Espera ! . . .
En medio del desierto esta el oasis ;
Despues de las tinieblas llega el dia ;
De las horas acerbas de agonia
Vienen la calma y el consuelo en pos.
Y del amargo caliz que el destino
A beber nos condena gota a gota,
Alia en el fondo del brebaje brota
El suave nectar que derrema Dios.
A similar piece, which originally appeared in the Museo Vene-
zolano, to which it was contributed by Senor Domingo Rafael
Hernandez : — Ml ESPERANZA.
j Ves esa humilde tumba silenciosa
Donde brota la flor de los recuerdos ?
Pues aye : tengo mi esperanza, hermosa.
Mucho mas lejos, mucho mas lejos. . . .

228 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. J.
I Ves esa nubes de alabastro i rosa
Que son del air caprichosos juegos 1
Pues aun existe mi esperanza, hermosa,
Mucho mas lejos, mucho mas lejos. . . .
j, Ves la azulada b6veda espaciosa
Donda lanzan los astros sus destellos 1
Pues aun fulgura mi esperanza
Mucho mas lejos, mucho mas lejos. . . .
Ni astros, ni nubes, ni funerea losa,
Puedon de mi esperanza dar los templos,
Que Dios impera, idolatrada hermosa,
Mucho mas lejos, mucho mas lejos. . . .
The following translation is offered : —
My Hope.
" Seest thou yon silent lowly tomb
Where flowers bloom and children play ? "
I see, but ah ! I have my hope
Not there, but far, far, far away.
" Seest thou yon clouds of white and red
On Heaven's fair bosom sport and play ? "
I see, but ah ! I have my hope
Not there, but far, far, far away.
" Seest thou yon dome of azure sky
Where sparkle stars of silver ray ? "
I see, but ah ! I have my hope
Not there, but far, far, far away.
Nor stars, nor clouds, nor mossy tomb
Can be for me a hope and stay ;
For while God reigns my hope must be
Not there — but far, far, far away.
There is a good selection of comic poetry in the book. Notwith
standing the traditional gravity of the Spanish character, it has a
vein of humour running through it. The same race which produced
the mad seriousness of Don Quixote produced also the comic wisdom
of Sancho Panza, with his quaint proverbs and shrewd jests.
Of this class, from their brevity, we may take several examples : —
The Old Man's Answer.
(Gabriel A. Real de Azua.)
They told Beltran that love
For old men was not fit,
That they should watch the sport,
And afar off sit.

App. J.] SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 229
He replied, " If Love
Is fire, as you repeat,
Snowy, age should surely
Seek it for its heat."
All is not Gold that Glitters.
(Manuel M. Fernandez.)
Donosto to the public gave
Old stories very badly told,
Well printed in a portly tome,
And bound in cloth of gold.
And those who read his limping lines
No trouble had in finding
The only gold about the book,
Was that upon the binding.
Love's Weapons.
(Francisco Manuel Martinez de Navarrette)
When Cupid first Clarinda saw,
His golden darts he threw away ;
" Those shining eyes,"
The love-god cries,
" Shall be my weapons from to-day."
Epigram.
(Simon Calcano.)
Upon Juana's table lay
A pretty little horn,
I begged it from her as a gift,
For it was Christmas morn.
But she refused to give it me,
And, playing with her ring,
" My husband's property," she said,
" I hold a sacred thing."
We add the original which first appeared in the Museo Venezo-
lano : — . Tenia Juana un cachito
Precioso, sobre su mesa,
I dijela : linda pieza !
Mia serS, por San Benito.
I ella contestome asi
Con un aire mui cumplido :
" Las casas de mi marido
Son sagradas para mi."

230 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. J.
The following authors figure in Senora de Wittstein's Anthology :
— Don Florencio Balcarce, an Argentine poet, who died at Buenos
Ayres 16th May 1839 ; Don Raphael Maria Baralt, who was
born at Maracaybo in 18 10; Don Adolf o Berro, born at Monte
video nth August 1819, and died 28th September 1841 ; Don
Jos6 Maria Cantilo, born in Buenos Ayres ; Don Alejandro Maga-
riiios y Cervantes, born at Montevideo 3d October 1825 ; Don
Jacinto Chacon, born in Chili 1822 ; Don Jos6 Manuel Cortes, a
native of Bolivia ; Don Felix Maria Delmonte, born in the city
of Santa Domingo 20th November 1819 ; Don Luis L. Dominguez,
born at Buenos Ayres ; Don Esteban Echeverria, born at Buenos
Ayres ; Don Francis Acuna de Figueroa, born in Montevideo at the
end of last century ; Don Juan Godoy, born at Mendoza (Argen
tine Republic) in 1793 ; Don Juan Carlos Gomez, born 25th July
1820 ; Don Bartolome' Hidalgo, born at Montevideo ; Don Manuel
Inurrieta, born in Chascomus, Buenos Ayres ; Don Hermogenes
Irisarri, born in Chili 19th April 181 9; Don Juan Crisostomo
Lafinur, born in the Argentine Republic 27th January 1797, died
13th August 1824 ; Don Eusebio Lillo, born in Chili 14th August
1826 ; Don A. Lozano, a native of Venezuela ; Don Esteban Luca,
born in Buenos Ayres, died March 1824; Don M. M. Madiedo, a
native of Nueva Granada ; Don Jos6 Fernandez Madrid, born in
Cartagena, Nueva Granada, died in London in 1830 ; Don Jos6
Antonio Martin, born at Puerto-Cabello ; Dona Mercedes Martin
de Solar, born at Santiago, Chili ; Don Jos6 Marmol, Librarian
of the Biblioteca Piiblica of Buenos Ayres, where he was born ; Don
Jos6 Joaquin de Olmedo, born at Guayaquil about 1784; Don
Melchior Pacheco y Obes, born in Uraguay 9th January 18 10 ; Don
Felipe Pardo y Aliaga, born in Lima about 1806; Don Mariano
Ramallo, born at Oruro, Bolivia, 24th September 181 7 ; Don Gabriel
Alejandro Real de Aziia, born at Buenos Ayres ; Don Jos6 Manuel
Valdes, Director of the Collegio de Medicena y Cirugia de Lima ;
Don Florencio Varela, a native of Buenos Ayres ; Don Juan Cruz
Varela, born at Buenos Ayres 24th November 1794, died at Monte
video 24th January 1839.
The last section of the work is occupied with patriotic homages
and songs. In this section there is a striking absence of those
qualities we should expect. Talent there is but not genius, and
nothing worthy of the heroic deeds by which the freedom of South
America was achieved.
There are some notable omissions in the book. Since it was

App. J.] SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 231
edited by a lady we need not be surprised that the name of Arvelo
does not occur in it, for although he is the wittiest of their writers
his jokes sometimes turn upon themes which are not of the purest.
His muse also is strongly political, yet there are touches in some of
his poems which certainly give him a right to rank in the national
Valhalla. Still more noticeable is the omission of any reference to Heraclio
M. de la Guardia. There is much in his writings worthy of admira
tion. There is vigour and power about his larger efforts and a rich
ness of diction which make him one of the foremost poets of Latin
America, whilst in his shorter pieces there is a compactness which
one would desire more of his fellow-writers to strive after. For
an example we will (in conclusion) take a poem in four line3
only : — Amor y Libertad.
Dos cosas en el mundo me son caras :
Amor y Libertad solo querria.
Mi vida diera del Amor en aras ;
Pero a Libertad mi Amor daria.
The following is a translation : —
Love and Liberty.
I sigh for Liberty and Love,
And these suffice for me ;
My life I offer up to Love,
My Love to Liberty.

K.

ASCENT OF THE SILLA DE CARACAS BY JUAN
MANUEL CAJIGAL.
1
Excursion to the Silla de Cardcas in August 1833, by Senor
Juan Manuel Cajigal and Sixteen Companions. Translated
from the Memorias de la Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos
del Pais, 1833. With some Observations on the Plants
mentioned in this Excursion, by Dr. A. Ernst. Translated
from La Opinion Nacional of June 12, 1872.
When the illustrious traveller Alexander von Humboldt landed
upon our coasts at the close of 1799, and spoke of his intended
excursion to the summit of the Avila, known by the name of the
Silla de Caracas, he sought in vain amongst the inhabitants of this
city for a person who had ascended it.
Such was the direction that the dark policy of the Spanish cabinet
had given to the education of its unfortunate colonists, that even
in Caracas, which possessed, without doubt, the most enlightened,
there was no one who had thought of acquiring a knowledge of the
rarities enclosed by the Cordillera of the coast of Venezuela, and
especially the branch of the Avila. Nor were there found any per
sons who had learned the heights of its most notable peaks. He
therefore found it requisite to examine for himself the skirts of the
mountain, to determine which would be the most convenient part
to commence the ascent. Others have ascended it since who
have either been animated simply by curiosity, or else have not
cared to publish the results of their observations, and have passed
without marking the path by which to arrive, in the quickest and
easiest manner, at the eastern peak of the Silla, its highest point.
In the present day this state is altered, the spirit of liberty is
rapidly changing the apathy produced by despotism, and if thirty
years ago there was not a single individual who had ascended the
Silla, to-day there are many young men who can serve as guides to

App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 233
the future traveller in the road which has led them to the summit,
and which appears to be the least toilsome aud rugged ; and their
expedition and its results we are about to describe in the present
paper. Sixteen young men having planned an out to the Silla, put them
selves on the march about mid-day on the 30th August in the present
year 1833. At starting there was some deliberation and doubt as
to the proper route to be followed ; some thinking it best to pass
the night in the hacienda of Dr. Ramon Monzon, situated at the foot
of the eastern peak and nearest the point called Los Dos Caminos ;
others that it would be wiser to stay overnight in the house of
Senor Juan Manuel Matamoros, which stands at a considerable
height, though sufficiently aside, at the west of the said peak. This
last was chosen as it could be followed on horseback, and thus save
some of the fatigues of the journey necessarily too great to need
any prolongation of the part to be climbed. The weather was not
very favourable, and they had to form a resolution to endure some
rain-showers in order not to delay any longer the time of departure.
Nor did they forget to inquire for some one more or less familiar
with the paths which lead to the crest of the mountain. These
arrangements made, the party, well provided with food and with
some good instruments,* set out on the day appointed. At Sabana
Grande, and a little before reaching the house called Los Colegialas,
they left the highway, and turned to the right by a pass which leads
to the height of the hacienda of Matamoros. Whilst the crest of
the strip of mountain in which this pass opens is sufficiently steep, it
is nevertheless possible to climb it on horseback. The ravine of
Chacaito continues to the right of that ascended, and the direction
is due north, until the view of the house of Matamoros is lost be
hind the crest of the strip, and takes the left skirt declining into a
little ravine not far from that house. Before arriving at this crest
they perceived very clearly the enormous mass of the western peak
of the Silla, which besides being very steep is covered with tall and
thick wood in which are many gigantic palms. There are also many
perpendicular fissures by which are precipitated the little torrents
that make up the ravine of Chacaito. It was five o'clock in the
evening when the travellers came to the above-named house, ac-
* These instruments were, an excellent centigrade thermometer by Colar-
deau, a syphon barometer of Bunsen's make, marked with the number 6,
which, compared with one that exists of the same class in the Observatory of
Paris, gave ten millimetres of difference, and a. Saussure's hair hygrometer
which Dr. Jose" Maria VargaB was kind enough to lend.

234 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K.
companied by the brother of its master, who had joined them on the
road. This generous and kind-hearted peasant placed everything
at their disposal which his small house contained. He was the first
to give them some hope of success in their expedition, indicating
the best place for continuing the ascent and offering to accompany
them to a place called La Ci^nega, which he assured them he knew
well, having saved himself there from the ravages of the inhuman
B6ves. At half-past five the free thermometer and the one attached to
the barometer marked 2 2c-5 temperature; the barometric column
644^5 millimetres ; and the Saussure hygrometer 74° of moisture.
At forty minutes past six next morning this observation was re
peated : the two thermometers marked i6°-3 ; the mercury of the
barometers, having condensed in proportion to the diminution of
temperature, stood at 643'5. The air held in suspension a great
quantity of watery vapour, so that the hygrometer rose to 820,
indicating a condition of the atmosphere bordering upon saturation.
As already at this height there appeared some alpine plants, it was
thought to determine this as the lower limit of the zone in which
they grow. With this object, before leaving Caracas, an observation
was made in the Mathematical School in the Esquina de Salvador
de Leon, at eleven o'clock in the morning, when the free thermometer
marked 240-9, the fast one 25°'2, and the barometer 695. Intro
ducing these data in the formula of Laplace, the height of the house
of Matamoros appeared from the observation of the evening to be
655, and by that of the morning 651. These calculations made at
such different hours, varied as Httle as could be expected, and gave
as the medium 653 metres or 334^ toesas above Caracas.
Having made every arrangement for attaining the summit this
day, the party set out at half-past six in the morning in a N.W.
direction, passing through a portion of the coffee plantation of Seiior
Matamoros, who, accompanied by an expert, preceded the travellers.
The crest of the strip they followed, whilst sufficiently steep in some
parts, was far from inspiring fear. If it had not been partly cleared
for coffee-planting it would have been covered with wood, as it was,
with some few interruptions, when they changed the direction of the
route a little to the N.E. to follow a pica de Lenateros. In pro
portion as they advanced the vegetation became more vigorous and
hardy until they encountered great thick trees in a place between
plains. Here the travellers saw themselves surrounded by a dense cloud,

App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 235
which scarcely allowed them to see before them more than twenty
steps, and which covered all the Cordillera up to the last hour of the
evening, when it brightened up a little. When the wind from the
east was blowing strongly it promised to dissipate the fog, but this
came up from the regions below, destroying the pleasant views
which might have been possible from this height, and rendering
quite uncertain the distance necessary to conquer before reaching
the end of the journey. Nevertheless the beauty of the plants met
with at every step was enough to console the travellers. Some of
these, as, for example, the Neottia vaginata, mentioned by Kunth in
Peru, have not elsewhere been found in this country. The beautiful
Befaria glauca, which may fairly be considered as the rose of the
Avila, was found from the house of Matamoros to the summit of the
eastern peak, where it was scarcely three feet high, whilst in the
wood it is sometimes eight feet in height. At a thousand metres
above the sea, they found the Alstroemeria rosea with beautiful
red tile coloured flowers spotted underneath, in company with the
Befaria ledifolia and the Bredemeyera floribunda, of a fine cobalt
blue colour. The odorous Gaultheria known as the pesjua, was
noticed on leaving the wood, along with the Trixes of Swartz
(the fragrant incense of the Silla), which rises in this part to a
height of 15 feet, and which continued with greater or lesser
abundance all the remainder of the ascent. A rapid descent which
presented itself made the travellers doubt if they were really on the>
way to the Silla, as the cloud in which they were enveloped rendered
it impossible to make out the surroundings, but a steep and difficult
rise dissipated their fears, and led them by 10 o'clock a.m. to a
small and agreeable piece of table-land surrounded by peaks and
known by the name of La Cienaga (the Marsh), a designation it
has received from the ground in this place being moist and in some
parts muddy, an effect caused no doubt by the nightly condensation
of the vapours, and by the waters flowing down from the surround
ing heights. Its length from north to south would be, perhaps,
300 metres, but its average width was not more than 50. All this
is covered with a species of Podosoemum alpestre, amongst which
are scattered the plants we have mentioned and many others;
one of these we may name for its abundance the Hypericum cara-
casanum, whose flower is very small, and of a blue colour slightly
tinged with violet.
Almost in the centre of this lovely plain they found an excellent
spring, the- existence of which is easily explained. The water com-

236 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K.
ing down as rain enters the soil, is pushed further down by
that which filters in later until it encounters an impermeable layer
of earth, where it accumulates. In the dry season many springs
dry up by excessive evaporation, but that of La Cieiiaga is abund
ant all the year round, partly because it receives the filtration water
of all the surrounding heights, and partly because it is sheltered by
an enormous granite stone, which protects it from the immediate
action of the sun's rays. Probably this stone, and others near it,
were at one time portions of the nucleus of the mountain, but being
on the surface have been loosened by the continual shock of the
waters. This delightful spot appeared the most suitable for a halt,
whilst the travellers discussed a meal not quite so frugal as that
which Humboldt was forced to take when he ascended this moun
tain. The water of the spring could only be drunk in small
draughts. The thermometer was submerged in it for a quarter of
an hour at 10.30 a.m. and lowered to 140, a result which may be
considered as giving the average temperature of the surrounding
peaks. The same instrument registered in the open air 16°, being
approximately the average temperature, if notice be taken of the
month and hour in which the observation was made. We need not
repeat that every precaution was taken to avoid all causes of error
which influence these thermometrical indications. Of all meteoro
logical observations the most' delicate and the most difficult are
those relating to temperature, because the methods so far devised
for the arrangement of thermometers do not fully answer the end in
view. If the instrument be suspended at five or six feet from the
ground it may still be influenced by the heat of the soil ; and if it
is put in the shade, although the place may not be very sheltered,
perhaps its indications may be deceitful from not being exposed to
the action of sufficient air to graduate the temperature. Again, there
is a continual variation in small local atmospheres, an inevitable
consequence of the winds which lead to a continual change in the
thermometer, causing it alternately to rise and falL The tempera
ture of the barometric column was not uniform with that of the
free air. The fastened thermometer marked i60-5 when it was at a
height of 589-5 millimetres. The hygrometer marked 820 of
humidity. These data showed that the plain was 1410 metres or
723 '38 toesas above Caracas.
At 11 "30 the the travellers left La Cienaga in a northerly direc
tion. The grasses at the northern extremity of the mesita were 15
feet high, and so thorny that it was with great difficulty a passage

App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 237
could be forced through the dense thicket which they formed.
After having walked some 1500 metres they were again on the
crest of the Cordillera, and once more surrounded by fog. The
precipices which they observed towards the north, crowned with
masses of granite, showed that they were not far from the western
peak. In point of fact, after a short and easy descent, and another
ascent longer and steeper, they came to a height which was un
known, as there was no point visible with which to compare it.
The great descent they had previously made led them to suspect
that if this was not the western peak it was at least a notable
point of the Cordillera, for which reason they resolved to make an
observation with the instruments. It was now 1.30 p.m., and the
two thermometers indicated a temperature of i5°'8, the barometer
marking 577 and the hygrometer showing 84° of humidity.
According to the previous formula the height of this peak was 1589
metres, or 8i5-33 toesas above Caracas. It was not until the next
day that they found out they had not been very happy in the selec
tion of their station, for one twenty metres higher had been passed
unobserved when walking into a cloud of hairy bees, which Hum
boldt has confounded with those generally called angelitos. These
were certainly not so inoffensive, as they sting without being urged
by necessity, as some of the travellers found. They may with
justice be termed bad angels / In this place were seen unequivocal
signs that these heights are frequented by the Tapir or Danta, con
sidered by naturalists as the elephant of the American continent.
The remarkable pyramid which forms the eastern peak was
visible for some moments, and looked as though it might be touched
by the hands, although it really could not be reached without
descending from this spot and crossing the wood of musaceas, of
which Humboldt spoke. In this descent they came into the route
of the celebrated traveller, reaching the place at the same hour,
that is, at two o'clock in the afternoon. When they examined the'
form of this pyramid they found that, as Humboldt had remarked,
in order to reach the highest peak it is necessary to keep as closely
as possible to the enormous precipice which slopes down to Cara-
balleda. At 2.30 p.m. a wind from the east cleared the summit, and
allowed it to be seen in all its majesty ; its sides covered with masses
of granite, though not from any want of vegetation, for the learned
traveller attributed the nudity of the eastern and. western peaks,
amongst other causes, to the frequent fires in the mountains of this

238 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K.
equinoctial region. If thirty-three years ago grasses and some
small shrubs of Befaria only were found, at present there can be
seen the Trixes of Swartz growing in abundance to a height of four
metres, and various other plants.
The ascent is steep but not dangerous, and can be done in an
hour, although our travellers took a somewhat longer time to reach
the top. The dreadful precipice which descends to Caraballeda
cannot be looked upon without fear. There are few mountains
whose sides are so nearly vertical as to form with the horizon an
angle of 52", which is the inclination of this part of the peak.
When our travellers trod the summit they felt a sensation of cold
the thermometer did not justify, a phenomenon easily explained by
the rapidity with which the evaporation of perspiration takes place
in a rarified air. For a similar reason the repercussion of the per
spiration, caused by the transitions from heat to cold and from
action to repose, in ascending great heights, is not dangerous. This
is not the case with descents, although the fatigue is less. At 4.4
p.m. the instruments were again observed ; the free thermometer
indicated a temperature i4°"2, the fast one 15°, and the barometric
column 562. The hygrometer marked 820 of humidity. These
data gave as the height of the eastern peak of the Silla 1830 metres
or 930^24 toesas above Caracas.
Humboldt, who has occupied himself very largely with meteoro
logical observations, has found that an elevation of 200 metres
corresponds to a fall of one degree in the centigrade thermometer ;
Saussure considers this fall equivalent to a rise of 195 metres, and
Gay Lussac, who in his aeronautical voyage occupied himself with
this law, notes that the diminution of temperature follows an
arithmetical proportion, in which the descent of a degree is equal
to 1 87 '4 metres. The difference of level between the eastern peak
and the house of Matamoros is 1 1 7 7 metres, and as this difference
would increase to 1555 metres according to Gay Lussac's law, we
may be certain that of the three this is the one nearest the truth,
and so most worthy of confidence.
The sky was now clear, and the view embraced an immense space.
It cannot be doubted that Humboldt in the short time he remained
upon the Silla had not the good fortune to enjoy a perfectly clear
atmosphere, and hence could not see all that might have arrested
the attention of a savant. We may believe this when he assures us
that the Cordillera of Ocumare impeded the view of the Llanos
of Calabozo. Our voyagers, on the contrary, noted that the de-

App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 239
pression in its centre allowed the eye to see away to the
south a great part of the vast llanuras which extend to the
margin of the Orinoco, closed in by a terrestrial horizon, as the
view on the north was by the sea. To the same cause may perhaps
be attributed the silence of Humboldt respecting the existence of the
Peak of Naiguatd, which, standing at a short distance from that of
the Silla, may justly dispute with it the first place amongst the high
peaks of the Cordillera of the Avila.
The narrowness of the meseta did not allow our travellers to use
it as the base for a trigonometrical determination of the relative
heights, and they had to content themselves with measuring the
angle of elevation, which was three degrees. It is not so easy to
explain, by the supposition of an atmosphere charged with vapour,
the deception which has led the savant to say in conclusion that
the western peak of the Silla deprived him of the view of the city
of Caracas, whilst in the judgment of our travellers nearly all its
houses were visible from the eastern peak, though only some were
able to see the suburb of La Pastora.
Although the air was not perfectly clear they could distinguish
without difficulty all the valley of Caracas, and a great part of
the valleys of the Tuy, with all the intermediate branches of the
Cordillera, including the routes from El Valle to the Tuy and the
new coach-road beginning at the height of Coche, and running in
the direction of the valleys of Aragua. The high mountains of
Guarayma prevented a view of these valleys, but the road leading
to them by the heights of Higuerote and Las Lagunetas was dis
tinctly seen. The mountains of Tipe were also perceptible, and the
turns which they make towards the sea in the direction of Carayaca
and Tarma. The villages of Petare, Chacao, Baruta, El Valle, and
La Vega were distinctly seen, and lastly, to the south, according to
Humboldt, the narrow curtain of cultivated land contrasted agree
ably with the savage and melancholy aspect of the hills surrounding
it, and to the north the narrow valley of Carabelleda interposed
between the base of the Cordillera and the mouth of the sea, gave ad
ditional grandeur to the aspect of the peak. Some slight vapours
which seemed to rest upon the sea prevented them "from clearly
marking the line which separated it from the atmosphere, and con
sequently rendered the islands of Orchila, Tortuga, Aves, and Los
Roques invisible, although they were included in the horizon open
to the spectator. This horizon would include thirty leagues if we
leave out the effects of refraction. Although the travellers might

240 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K.
have come down from the peak during the same evening, they pre
ferred to stay in order to enjoy the sight of the landscape at day
break. They prepared to pass the night on the. peak, but had not
counted upon the sudden changes of weather so frequent at this
season. Whilst the east wind kept up the air remained clear, but
as soon as the west wind began to blow dense clouds accumulated
upon the peak ; then came a rainfall which lasted from nine to eleven,
at which hour it ceased, and good weather again returned. This
unforeseen event was fatal to the comfort of those who had ex
pected to sleep tranquilly upon the peak. Their wet clothes and
the damp soil made them watch with impatience for the return of
day to put an end to the melancholy plight in which they found
themselves. At five in the morning a return of bad weather was threatened,
for the winds again varied, and on opening the box containing the
hygrometer, the instrument which at first only marked 85° of
humidity rapidly rose to 900 ; but the east wind prevailing dissi
pated the vapours, and it fell to 84°, at which figure it remained
stationary. Humboldt noticed the exact contrary effect upon the
hygromelro de ballena of Deluc, for when in a great cloud which
prevented him from seeing the nearest objects, this instrument,
instead of being affected by the watery vapour, marked a degree
less of humidity than it had done before the existence of the cloud.
Others have noticed similar phenomena, but although they can be
satisfactorily explained, it is not less certain that these are only
caused by special atmospheric conditions.
At six o'clock the thermometer marked 10° temperature, and if it
is recollected that at 4.30 p.m. the preceding evening the same
instrument showed i4°"2, we shall not be far wrong in supposing
that the average temperature of the day was i2°-5. It is known
that the average temperature of .the month of October is the same
as the average temperature of the year, and as this observation just
mentioned was made on the ist of September, we may fix, approxi
mately, the average temperature of the eastern peak at 1 2°, which is
equal to that of Philadelphia. At this hour the air was perfectly
clear; they could see with precision the objects already named,
except the nearest valleys, which were covered with a great cloud
as white as cotton. This rapidly cleared away from the city and
villages on the banks of the Guaire. As these vapours in rising
slipped away by the folds of the mountain, the previous observations
were not repeated, as it was feared, and not without foundation,

App. K.]. ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 241
that they would lower the barometric column and increase the
temperature. At half-past six they began the descent, and on coming to the
seat of the Silla they thought it proper to determine its height. The
barometric column was 585-5, the temperature of the air i4°'5, and
of the mercury 140, which data would make its height to be 1462
metres or 750-8 toesas above Caracas. At half-past nine the travel
lers had reached La Cienaga, and having left it at eleven reached
the house of Matamoros at half-past one, and were in Caracas before
four o'clock.
Here we might conclude our relation, but as they took the
Academy of Mathematics for the point of comparison in determining
the heights, it is clear that they cannot be compared with the results
obtained by Humboldt without a barometric observation at the
level of the sea. To complete this matter two of the young gentle
men who ascended the Silla, in the days immediately following,
went to Maiquetia, where they found that the mercury at the mouth
of the sea was 764-6, the temperature of the air 26°-6, and the mer
cury 25°-9. From these data the height of the Academy of Mathe
matics may be reckoned at 815 metres or 419 toesas, and conse
quently the elevation of the eastern peak of the Silla at 2628 metres
or 1349-24 toesas, a result which differs from that of Humboldt by
less than a toesa, and, whilst confirming the observations of this
savant, it shows the degree of faith which can be placed in those of
our travellers. We conclude this narrative by a list of plants which
have been brought down by them, and which have been classified
by Dr. Jose Maria Vargas, who kindly undertook the task.
Plants gathered on the Avila by Senor Juan Manuel Cajigal and
his companions.
Baillieria Nereifolia, called " Incienso de la Silla."
Equisetum Humboldtii.
Basella marginata.
Gualtheria odorata (pesgua olorosa).
Gualtheria coccinea (pesgua macho).
Gay laussacia buxifolia.
Hypericum Caraoasanum.
Podossemum alpestre (the tall grass of the Silla).
Malpighia (with yellow flower).
Sysirinchium iridifolium.
Tillandsia paniculata.
vol. 11. Q

242 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K.

Epidendro (with rosy violet flower).
Another (drooping species).
Oncidium.Neottia vaginata (a Peruvian plant).
Bredemeyera floribunda.
Alstroemeria rosea (with beautiful flowers of a red tile colour,
almost crimson, spotted inside with green).
Befaria glauca.
Befaria ledifolia.
Tabernse montana umbrosa.
Chiococca paniculata.
Valeriana Caracasana.
Melastomnacea trinerve (with a small white flower).
Another quinquenerve (with a large crimson flower).
Dodonae trialata.
Some Observations on the Plants mentioned in the Ascent of the Silla.
By Dr. A. Ernst.
The Neottia Vaginata, Kunth (nova gen. et spec, plant, i. 331),
found by Humboldt and Bonpland near Loxa, Gonzanama, and
Malacates in Peru, is probably a species of Spiranthes, but his
description is very vague and might apply to various plants of the
tribes of the Neotidea. '
The Alstrojmeria Rose.e (or rather Bomaria rosea) of the
authors of the Flora Peruvise has red flowers streaked with black
lines (lineis nigris maculatis, Flora Peruv. iii. 61); the words of
Cajigal, flores de color rojo de teja, leonadas por dentro, show that
the species they found was the B. Bredemeyerana, Herb. (Alstroe
meria Bredemeyerana, Willd.), of which there is a very minute
description in the Enumeratio plantarum of Kunth, v. 808. It is a
creeping plant sufficiently common in our mountains, and has in its
roots tubes like small potatoes, for which reason it is called Lairen de
montana. I recommend it to the attention of lovers of horticulture !
Bredemeyera Floribunda. If Cajigal did not deceive himself
when saying that this was " de un bellisimo azul de cabalto " it could
not be the plant named, which has yellow flowers. Its common
name is Camilla de Venado, and -it abounds in the lower parts of
the valley of Caracas. I cannot recollect a single instance of having
seen it in the same region as the Befaria ledifolia. Perhaps it may
have been mistaken for the Monina phytolaccafolia, Kunth, a plant
of the family of the poligaleas (to which the Bredemeyera also be-

App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 243
longs), which abounds in the Avila and has flowers of the colour
mentioned by Cajigal. (See the Vargasia 188, note 2).
Incienso de la Silla. This is not a species of Trixis, but a
type of a new species which I have described (Vargasia 185) under
the name of Libanothamnus. For further details I must refer to
that article.
The Hypericum Caracasanum has yellow flowers, and not of
blue slightly violet which are found in none of the 160 species of
this genera. I cannot say what plant Cajigal's may have been.
The Basella marginata is probably the Anredera scanderis, Moq.,
which abounds in the higher parts of the mountain.

L.
FIRST VENEZUELAN FINE AETS EXHIBITION.
(Translated from La Opinion Nacional, 2gth July 1872.)
Yesterday began the exhibition of paintings, sculptures, and photo
graphs in the salon of the Caf6 del Avila, which will continue open
two days more. To Mr. James M. Spence, an English gentleman,
we owe this new development of our civilization, both in its origin
and in the greater part of its happy realization. From eight o'clock
in the morning until three in the afternoon it was visited by num
berless families and native and foreign gentlemen who had received
special invitations, and from that hour until six o'clock (when the
exhibition closed on account of the preparations for the banquet
given to the artists by Mr. Spence) the public invaded the place,
as if it were one of those religious spectacles which in past ages
attracted to the churches immense crowds of the faithful. The
living wave renewed itself at every instant, and the eye of the spec
tator passed over files of visitors of both sexes, of every age and
condition, from the ancient gray-beard leaning on his staff to the
proud lady with black and ringleted hair, from the mischievous boy
to the grave statesman. Artists, litterateurs, artizans, poets, officials,
antiquaries, priests, men of science, and men of labour all elbowed
each other in this fane of Minerva, rendering homage to art, and
hailing the advent of peace which binds all hearts in the brotherhood
of civilization.On entering the hall the aspect was indeed magnificent. The
little theatre in which Meseron, the proprietor of the cafe, has so often
presented to the public of Caracas his well applauded dramatic
pieces, was converted into a sumptuous exhibition of sculptures and
photographs, whilst the walls, hung with blue cloth, were covered
from top to bottom with a multitude of paintings, drawings, and
portraits, in which shone the grace and ability of the Venezuelan
pencil.

App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 245
Here was truly a novelty, a festival — and whilst the lively crowd
investigated everything, admiring here a detail, there a beautiful
combination, inquiring the names of the artists, and eulogizing them
according to their respective merits, one could scarcely help wonder
ing if this was really the artistic genius of Venezuela suddenly aroused
from its lethargy, like a flower which, withering in the diirkness of
night, opens its leaves to the first rays of the day. And truly when
we are so accustomed to see, only in a few private houses, some land
scapes or portraits, or some images of saints, which are never taken
down from the walls of the houses except to decorate the altars in the
Corpus festival, we should almost have believed that the fine arts
did not exist amongst us, or that if they did exist they were poor
and shamefaced beings who hid their faces in their hoods, and only
in the shades of night dared to seek the alms of the charitable.
However, all that was wanting was that which was seen yesterday ;
that the spirit of association should bring them together, and that
each should place his offering in the temple of publicity, to shine
for the first time and receive the plaudits of intelligence and good
taste. We thought, as we saw united so many examples of the
national genius, that Mr. Spence and the enthusiastic companions
who have aided him in this project had discovered the secret of form
ing from pearls, numerous and rich, but scattered and unknown, a
magnificent necklace to embellish the statue of the arts. When our
friend Meseron worked so industriously at the opening of the Salon
de Senoras in his Cafe, however ambitious he may have been, he
could not imagine that in so short a time it would be converted
into a splendid sanctuary of national art, where all those who love
it might burn the agreeable incense of admiration, and where they
might hear words of hope, concord, and progress — the flattering
prophecies of the future. The number of objects which figure in
this exhibition is 230.* As we had barely time to run over them
in the brief moments we spent there, we shall limit ourselves to
citing the names and authors of the productions which most gene
rally excited the attention of those who are connoisseurs in these
matters — following the order of the catalogue.
The copies executed by Senora Felicia Castillo de Amundaray
are in good style, especially the water-colour, The Seal of Affection.
There are thirty-six pictures by Ramon Bolet. We may mention,
The Visit to Orchila, The Carbonero of Cardcas, and The Procession

* This number was greatly enlarged after the catalogue was printed.

246 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L.
of Corpus, as being indisputable for their merit and originality.
Nicanor Bolet Peraza, who can wield the pencil as well as the pen
of the Comic Muses, shines in the Group of Fruits and Cows,
marked by fidelity to nature. The portraits of Senor Spence and
of General Manuel Quesada were the most noticeable works of
Diego Casanas Burguillos; whilst Senor Davegno pleased very
greatly by his views of La Guayra and Genoa. The portrait of
General Guzman Blanco on horseback, executed by Carmelo Fer
nandez, was reputed to be in good style, and so was that of Seiior
Casiano Santana, by Garcia Beltran.
The views of the Lake of Valencia and Cave of the Gudcharos are
beautiful copies, which reveal the talent of the Senorita Ana Gath-
man ; and among the various paintings of Senor Goering, all of
greater or less merit, those of the Panorama de Maracaybo, the
Rio San Esteban, and the Chorro de Marare, overtop the rest.
The picture of The Blind Hen and La Virgen de los panales,
both copies by Pedro Herrera Vegas, show harmonious colour and
the touch of a dexterous hand. Senores Nestor Hernandez and
Celestino and Ger6nimo Martinez enrich the exhibition with various
pictures, of which, by the first, we notice the water-colour Group of
Flowers of Cardcas; by the second, the oil paintings of the Flight
into Egypt, the story of which is told in an original and masterly
manner, and the Portrait of Marshal Falcon on horseback, the
resemblance being perfect ; and by the third, the Portrait of Senor
Juan Jose Mendoza, one of the most finished pictures present. Of
Jose' Manuel Mauc6, we may cite as interesting copies in oil, the
pictures of the Magdalen and Women Bathing. The talent and style
of Seiior Navarro y Canizares were here worthily represented in the
magnificent oil-painting of Santa Clara and the celebrated Portraits
of the beautiful Senora Inocente Palacios, and of Padre Ildefonso
Riera Aguinagade. Manuel Otero, an artist of surprising facility
and invention, exhibited various views, chief amongst them being
that of La Guayra and the original painting of the Disembarkment
at Palma Sola. The Venus of Ramon Plaza is an essay which shows
that in him harmony is not limited to music. With reference to
Senor Martin Tovar y Tovar, the oil-painting of Misery, the Study
from Nature, and the Portrait of Senor I. J. Pardo, would be
enough to establish his reputation as an artist and as an excellent
portrait painter if he had not earned it long ago.
In the section for sculpture, the palm was borne off by our young
artist, Manuel Gonzalez, whose majestic work, the Bust of General

App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 247
Francisco Mejia, has justified the praises of all intelligent persons
who have at mind the exactitude, fidelity, and expression so difficult
in a portrait made of wood. His busts of Coquetry and Fear
prove that Gonzalez is capable of revealing to the inert matter which
he touches all the passions and sentiments of the human heart. The
Lions in clay, executed by Senorita Dolores Ugarte, are beautiful
works. In the photographs by Sefior Prospero Rey, there is a precision of
line, a neatness, and a suavity of colour, which would lead the observer
to think that an insensible machine could not produce images so per
fect as those obtained by this clever but modest artist. Seiior Jose-
Antonio Salas is of the same school as Rey, — good taste, purity,
perfect resemblance, all is praiseworthy in his photographic work.
It only remains for us to add some words about the picture of the
Fountain of Pope Julius, which does not figure in the catalogue.
This picture, which is very beautiful and highly finished, was
brought at the last moment from the Valle, where its author, Seiior
Manuel Cruz, lives. From this obscurity it was drawn by Senor
Navarro y Canizares, a fellow-student with the artist at Rome under
the celebrated Madrazo. At the present time Cruz is simply a
workman concealing his artist face in the obscurity of the camp.
The picture of his, just named, would honour any European
collection. The exhibition was followed by a banquet given by Senor Spence
to the Venezuelan, artists. It commenced at eight o'clock in the
evening, and was attended by the persons of whom we have given
a list. The reunion was a brilliant one ; the genial cordiality, the
careful service, the splendid viands, all contributed to universal
enthusiasm and happiness. The feast terminated about midnight,
leaving in every breast the pleasantest emotions. Our country will
never forget the gratitude it owes to her English guest, who has
shown his love to Venezuela in acts like those of yesterday, and to
the many friends who have responded worthily.
Chronicle of the Banquet.
Senor Spence expressed in feeling terms his satisfaction in seeing
around him the artists whose talents had been receiving praise
throughout the day from the numerous visitors who had beheld
their works. He said that the execution of this idea owed less to
himself than to the spontaneous co-operation of the friends present,

248 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L.
in whom he had ever found the most fervid enthusiasm for all that
is grand and noble. He had resided a year and a half amongst
them, and that period had been the happiest part of his life, and
the experiences which he had passed through in the Republic war
ranted him in testifying to the virtues of the Venezuelan people,
displayed under circumstances most unfavourable, at the very time,
in fact, when they were being tested by what appeared to be a cruel,
demoralizing, and sanguinary civil war.
Seiior A. L. Guzman, the orator, par excellence, of the Republic,
responded in his happiest manner. He said that he had feared to
awaken from one of those enchanting dreams in which the imagina
tion called up golden illusions, but on awakening he encountered in
reality all that was beautiful in the dream. He had seen a great
nation which, having experienced a peace of centuries, had raised
itself to the greatest height of civilization, progress, and power ; that
its people had mixed their blood with ours in the great days of
Independence, and that after this proof of generous sympathy they
still desired to be our friend and guide in the work of progress
which Venezuela has undertaken. That he had awakened from this
enchanted dream and had seen Senor Spence, as though sent by
noble England to give, with proofs like those they had to-day
witnessed, a new testimony of the interest which she feels for our
well-being. Seiior Ledo. Eduardo Calcano afterwards spoke, and having ex
pressed his satisfaction for the generous efforts that Sefior Spence
had made in favour of art in Venezuela, he defined in eloquent
terms its mission, saying that our artists should draw their inspira
tion from the incidents of our glorious War of Independence, and
thus, whether they gave animation to the marble of the sculptor
or life to the canvass and paper of the painter, they might hand
down to posterity monuments in which our sons would behold
eloquent examples that would raise their souls to noble as
pirations. General Ramon de la Plaza, after some general views on the
history and mission of art, said : — " Forty years have passed, and
Venezuela sees for the first time, and even now under the protect
ing segis of a stranger, an exhibition of the artistic work of her
youth. Forty years, in which the stoical indifference of our govern
ments has tried to drown that national genius for art, which after
all has raised itself by the sole impulse of its own inspirations.
Forty years, in which it has thought of everything except the

App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 249
beneficial effects of ties between the nation and art, amongst a
people essentially spiritual.
" It is a consolation, however, to see presiding at this feast of art
a representative of the new era commenced by General Guzman
Blanco, and we have much to hope from his enlightenment and
patriotism, knowing full well that nations fulfil the most innate of
their necessities, and satisfy their justest aspirations, in the cultiva
tion of the arts, which is the cultivation of the intellect."
General Nicanor Bolet Peraza said that the best method of
showing their gratitude to Sefior Spence for the stimulus and
patronage which since his arrival upon our shores he had given
to Venezuelan talent — a stimulus raised to the grandeur of the
spectacle they saw around them, would be to prove that his concep
tion had not perished from indifference, but, on the contrary, had
germinated and increased, so that next July they might solemnize
this anniversary with a new exhibition. That, he added, would not
need any great effort, for if they brought the aspiration under the
notice of the president of the Republic, it would be enough to
secure its success, as was the case with the other proposals of a
similar character, which were already on the programme of his
administration. Dr. Terrero Atienza said that this being the first time that he
had seen gathered together so many lovers of art, and the success
ful realization of Seiior Spence's idea of an exhibition, was an
appropriate occasion in which to point out the absurdity of a
belief generally entertained and avowed by the press almost without
contradiction. " It has often been said that we in Venezuela are
destitute of logic, and that the results always mocked calculation
and destroyed effort. This was false. In the physical, in the moral,
and in the intellectual world, results always agree with causes ;
actions are the certain consequences of principles or premises which
have been allowed to predominate. The truth was, persons had
called logic that which conformed to false judgment, to spurious
desires, to calculations dictated by selfishness and ambition ; and
in the work of insensate passion, by which they had wished to seat
Falsehood upon the throne of Truth, the things which had come to
pass appeared paradoxical. The republic had not existed in Vene
zuela in reality, but only in name ; they had hunted down loyalty
and patriotism, disguised under those names things Which were the
opposite, and seeking in the region of facts for fallacious words,
many had said there was no logic in Venezuela. The proof of

250 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L.
the contrary was, that scarcely was a Government installed which
resembled the empire of truth, of good faith, of work, and of noble
aspirations ; scarcely had confidence succeeded to fear before grand
projects present themselves, and we were spectators of scenes like
the beautiful and sublime spectacle which we owed to the efforts of
Senor Spence, and of the many artists and lovers of art resident in
Caracas. " Providence had decreed that in an epoch of regeneration for our
country, a son of England, — the nation of good sense, — should come
amongst us, and that, with that practical instinct which the English
possess, he should understand that our nation would raise herself
from her fall with greater vigour than ever to re-establish the equli-
brium of interests, the reign of principle, and progress in all its
forms." Senor A. L. Guzman again spoke, and graphically pictured the
noble characteristics of the English people, and the great conquests
which Right, peacefully discussed, had made in the long peace which
wise England enjoyed, and called upon all to follow this civilized
example. A new era was dawning for Venezuela, in which the
weapons of discussion would be the only arms permitted in the war
of aspirations. " Do this," said he ; " launch the republic in the free
practice of the principles it has so dearly earned, and we shall see
very soon the realization of the promise of regeneration, material
and intellectual, which goal the present administration is striv
ing to reach."
Dr. Sanavria Baid that all that he had seen and heard on this
occasion had given him the hope that the Government would meet
with the requisite amount of co-operation to carry into execution the
proposal to found an Institution of Fine Arts, and he would use
this opportunity to ask from all present a formal promise to co
operate frankly and energetically for the realization of this thought,
which promised so many benefits to Venezuela.
These words were most warmly received and crowned the general
rejoicing, as the earnestness of the minister gave all the weight of
a promise. The host then concluded the banquet with a few words, expres
sive of the satisfaction he should experience by their sending to
Europe two or three of the young artists present, that they might
perfect themselves in the schools of the Old World, and return able
to add lustre and honour to their country.

App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 251
List of those present at the Banquet.
Antonio L. Guzman, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Dr. Martin J. Sanavria, Minister of Public Works.
Dr. Jesus Maria Paul, Governor of the Federal District.
Dr. Diego Bautista Barrios, Secretary of the Minister of Foreign
Relations. Dr. Santiago Terrero Atienza, Secretary of the Minister of Public
Works. General Pedro Toledo Bermiidez, Secretary of the Governor of
the Federal District.
General Juan Francisco Perez, President of the State of Bolivar.
Dr. Alejandro Ibarra, Rector of the University of Caracas.
Dr. A. Ernst, President of the Society of Physical Science.
Fausto Teodoro de Aldrey, ) „ t ,. . ,. _
¦nriTT 11 n <.¦ ? Representatives of the Press.
Rafael Hernandez Gutierrez, J r
Heraclio M. de la Guardia (the Poet-Laureate of Venezuela).
Robert P. Syers.
General Leopoldo Terrero.
Ledo. Eduardo Calcano.
Luis Rigail.
Martin Tovar y Tovar, artist.
Miguel Navarro y Canizares, do.
Manuel Cruz, do.
J. Garcia Beltran, do.
Manuel Otero, do.
Dr. Jose Manuel Mauc6, do.
Ramon Bolet, do.
Ger6nimo Martinez, do.
Francisco Davegno, do.
Jose Antonio Salas, do.
General Nicanor Bolet Peraza, do.
H. Lisboa, do.
General Andres A. Level, do.
Manuel A. Gonzalez (sculptor), do.
Luciano Urdaneta, do.
General Ramon de la Plaza, do.
Eduardo Blanco, do.
Arfstides Este>es, do.
Diego Casanas Burguillos, do.
Pr6spero Rey, do.

252 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L.
Andres Socarras, artist.
Carlos Alberto Izquierdo, do.
Anton Goering, C.M.Z.S., do.
I. Meseron y Aranda, proprietor of the Caf6 del Avila.
Poem by Senor Heraclio M. de la Gtjardia, read by Senor
E. Calcano after the Banquet.
(Dedicated to Senor Spence.)
Cuando el genio de America su frente
Corone con los lauros de la gloria
Y en el campo del Arte, fioreciente
Digno sea su nombre de la historia,
Al recuerdo lejano del presente
De esta fiesta del alma hard memoria.
Y habia de bendecir, en su fortuna
Al que alent6 sus pasos en la cuna
Ser hombres, combatir, veneer al cabo
Y alzar libres la frente al firmamento
Es ser un pueblo independiente y bravo,
De noble iustinto y varonil aliento ;
Mas no se rompe el yugo del esclavo
Ni se cumple de Dios el pensamiento
Si el Arte al fin con su poder fecundo
No le da nombre, y lo pregona al mundo.
Por eso Venezuela agradecida
Al elevado fin que le senalas
Al entrar del espiritu en la vida
Viste feliz sus mas valiosas galas,
Orespiisculos de aurora no sabida,
Debil ensayo de atrevidas alas
Que por falta de espacio, luz y aire
No dejan el vergel del patrio Guaire.
Mas hoi que en torno la discordia cesa
Y tranquilo el espiritu, se lanza
Tras de mas noble, generosa empresa
A la voz de la paz y la esperanza,
Digno se hara de la immortal promesa
Que de su cuna el Arte a dar alcanza ;
Y tu fecundo afecto sera un dia
Orgullo y gloria de la patria mia.
28 de Julio.

M.

DECREE CONSTITUTING THE ISLANDS OF THE REPUBLIC
OF VENEZUELA INTO A TERRITORY.
(Translated from La Opinion Nacional, 23d August 187 1.)
Antonio Guzman Blanco,
Provisional President of the Republic, dec. dec.
By virtue of the powers intrusted to me by the Congress of Pleni
potentiaries of the States for the promotion of the public good, and
for considering —
1. That according to the 2 2d section of Article 43, it belongs to
the Federal Power to establish, under the title of territories, special
rules for the temporary government of regions either uninhabited or
inhabited by uncivilized natives, making such territories to be depen
dent directly upon the Executive of the Union.
2. That the opportunity has now come of improving the adminis
tration of the islands hereafter named.
It is decreed, —
Art. I. There shall be a territory called " Colon," subject to a
special rule, and dependent upon the Federal Executive, and includ
ing the following islands : —
1. The island of the bay of La Esmeralda.
2. The group of Los Frailes, nine miles to the north-east of
Margarita. 3. The islet La Sola, twelve miles to the north-east of the largest
of the Los Frailes.
4. The group of Los Hermanos, forty miles to the north of the
west portion of Margarita.
5. The islands of Venados, Caraca del Este, Caraca del Oeste,
Picudas, Chimanas, Borrachas, and also the islets between Cumana
and Barcelona.

254 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. M.
6. The Arapos islands, half a mile to the west-north-west of the
Punta de la Cruz.
7. The isle of Monos and the islets of the bay of Pertigalete.
8. The islets of Piritu, twelve miles to the west of the mouth of
the river Neveri, and three and half from the mainland.
9. The islet Farallon or Centinela off Cabo Codera.
10. The islet of Ocumare, at the north-east of the bay of the
same name.
11. The islands and islets situated from Turiamo to the rocks of
San Juan inclusive.
12. The island and rocks of Orchila, seventy-two miles to the
north of Cabo Codera.
13. The group of Los Roques, twenty-two miles to the west o.f
Orchila. 14. The two groups of Aves, thirty miles to the west of Los
Roques. 15. The group of Los Monges, from nineteen to thirty miles to
the north, 75° east from the Cabo de Chichivacoa.
Art. II. The territory of " Colon " shall be under the authority of
a civil and military Governor, according to separate decrees to be
dictated for the political and military government of the territory.
Art. III. There shall be put at the disposition of the Governor
one of the ships of war of the nation, in order that he may examine
the islands, select that which may be best adapted for his residence,
and dictate provisionally what he may think necessary givin0,
account of all to the Federal Executive.
Art. IV. With the Governor there shall be sent a scientific com
mission, charged to make the investigations indicated by the Minister
of Public Works.
Art. V. The Governor shall present to the national Executive a
circumstantial report of the islands, according to the observations
which shall have been made, and shall propose all the regulations
and other dispositions which he shall think fit for the organization
and government of the territory of '* Colon."
Art. VI. The salary and expenses of the Governor shall be fixed
by a separate resolution — the same to be paid by the Public
Treasury.

App. M.] ISLANDS OF THE REPUBLIC. 255
Art. VII. The Minister of Public Works is charged with the
execution of the present decree.
Given, under my hand, and countersigned by the Minister of
Public Works at Caracas, August 22, 1871 — 8th and 13th.
(Signed) A. Guzman Blanco.
Countersigned by the Minister of Public Works.
(Signed) Martin J. Sanavria.
A true copy. (Signed) S. Terrero Atienza,
Secretary of the Minister of Public Works.

N.

GOVERNMENT CONCESSIONS FOR THE WORKING OF THE
COAL MINES OF THE NARICUAL, STATE OF NUEVA
BARCELONA, VENEZUELA.
(Translation by Mr. Wm. A. Andral.)
Office of Public Works,
Caracas, October 5, 1871.
Decree.
Whereas Mr. James M. Spence has solicited from the Govern
ment the grant of certain franchises for the projected working of
some coal mines, the property of Senora Clara Marrero de Monagas,
and situated in the parish of Aragiiita in the State of Barcelona,
the Government, desirous to promote the progress of the country,
decrees :
ist. Vessels arriving at Barcelona loaded either entirely or at
least half with machinery, tools, and instruments for the working
of the coal mines, and the transport of the coals to the port, shall
pay no tonnage dues.
2d. The articles specified in the foregoing numbers shall be free
of import duty.
3d. In order that the articles mentioned in Nos. 1 and 2 may
enjoy said franchise, they shall be stamped in the manufactory
with a mark of the mining company, a facsimile of which shall be
deposited in the office of this ministry and in that of the Custqm-
House of Barcelona.
4th. The articles imported for the quarrying and transporting
of the mineral to the harbour shall be employed exclusively in the
works, and it shall not be allowed to offer them for sale, nor em
ploy them for other purposes. All the objects which should be
employed in a manner different from the one stated shall forfeit the

App. N.] CONCESSIONS TO COAL MINES. 257
franchise of free importation, and likewise all those of the same
description which afterwards might be imported.
5th. The mining company shall give security to the Custom
House for the amount of duty on the articles imported for the
working of the mines, as if they were not free of duty, and when
ever an importation is made an authenticated copy of the invoice is
to be presented, in order that tho Government may declare that the
imported articles belong to those included in the foregoing numbers,
and give orders to cancel the security.
6th. Sailing vessels and steamers arriving in ballast for coal, and
actually loading, shall not pay any tonnage dues either on their
arrival or on their departure.
7th. Steamers touching at the port in order to take in coal shall
not pay any tonnage dues either on their arrival or on their depar
ture although they be loaded, provided no goods are landed.
8th. By the fact of making use of these concessions the company
shall be obliged to sell to the Government the coal required for the
use of the navy at 5 per cent, under the current market price.
9th. These concessions shall be forfeited if the working of the
mines is not begun within a period of twenty months from this
date. nth. The foregoing concessions in no case whatever shall be
come the subject of international claims.
Be this communicated to the interested party.
(Signed) Martin J. Sanavria.
For the President.
(For right copy.) (Signed) Santiago Terrero Atienza,
Secretary of the Minister of Public Works.

vol. ii.

o.

CONCESSION OF THE ISLANDS OF VENEZUELA FOR THE
EXTRACTION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES.
Translation by Senor Rafael Seijas.
Martin J. Sanavria, the Minister of Public Works of the United
States of Venezuela, being specially authorized by the Provisional
President of the Republic on the one part, and James M. Spence,
a British subject, on the other, has concluded the following
contract : — Article i.
The Venezuelan Government grants to James M. Spence, and his
lawful successors or partners, permission to ship, to the exclusion
of any other enterprise, whether individual or joint, from the Roques
Islands, being a part of the territory of Colon, the phosphatic
mineral in its natural state which may exist thereon.
Article 2.
This permit to last twenty-one years from this date.
Article 3.
The Venezuelan Government grants likewise to James M. Spence,
his partners or successors, permission to ship for the same time
phosphatic mineral from the Orchila island ; but this grant does not
exclude other enterprises which may obtain from the Government a
similar permit. Article 4.
James M. Spence engages to pay during the first three years of
this contract, to the Venezuelan Government, a hundred and twelve
Venezuelan cents for each ton of 2240 pounds in weight, of phos
phatic mineral in its natural state, which he may ship from the
abovenamed islands. The cost of working, carriage, and maritime
transport, or any other expense connected therewith, to be borne
by the said James M. Spence.

App. O.] CONCESSION OF ISLANDS. 259
Article 5.
At the end of the first three years, and from that time forward
(every three years), the Venezuelan Government and James M.
Spence shall appoint each an arbitrator, and the persons so ap
pointed shall select an umpire in order that they, on inspection of.
the then ruling prices of phosphates, may fix the value of each ton
of the mineral for the three years ensuing, in doing which they
shall be governed by the proportion which the then ruling prices
bear to the average prices maintained during the previous three
years of this contract, so that the value of said mineral in its
natural state will rise or decrease according to the like ratio of its
rising or decreasing in its markets. For the purposes of this
stipulation the prices of phosphates in England is hereby fixed
at one shilling and one penny and a half per unit of phosphate
of lime which the mineral may contain.
Article 6.
On account of said working, James M. Spence shall advance a
sum of Eight thousand dollars ( Venezolanos), to be paid into the
national treasury on this contract being signed, either in cash or
in a bill of exchange upon England. Article 7.
The extraction of Guano from the Venezuelan Islands having
been contracted for with an American company, and mineral
phosphate being quite different from guano, James M. Spence
concurs with the Venezuelan Government that the rights of the above
company are not affected by the extraction of phosphates, — the
subject matter of this contract. Article 8.
The vessels which the enterprise may send to the Los Roques
Islands or to Orchila when transporting solely materials for the
construction of buildings, wharves, and other works of the enterprise,
as well as the instruments, implements, and machinery necessary to
the working referred to in this contract, shall pay no duty on any
account ; the national officers on the island shall require only a
statement of the things imported. Article 9.
On the vessels of the enterprise bringing from abroad victuals
and provisions for its consumption, either on the Roques Islands or

260 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. O.
on Orchila, the master of the vessel or the manager of the enter
prise on said islands, shall exhibit to the government officer there
for the time being the manifest of the cargo ; and as soon as the
victuals or provisions are examined by him, he shall express at the
bottom of the manifest the correctness thereof, and shall transmit it
to the Custom House at La Guayra that it may liquidate the import
duties, and collect from the agents to be established by James
M. Spence, either at La Guayra or Caracas, the duties accrued
according to the Venezuelan laws.
Article 10.
The vessels of the enterprise going to the aforesaid islands to take
cargoes of the mineral shall not be liable to any port dues.
AHicle n.
The masters of the vessels referred to in the preceding article
shall make a manifest in writing, and signed, wherein they shall
specify the name of the vessel, her flag, and the number approxi
mately of the tons of phosphatic mineral which they may have on
board. Such a manifest in original shall be received by the
national officer on the respective island, and by him sent to the
Custom House at La Guayra on the first fitting opportunity.
Article 12.
James M. Spence engages to have the amount of the weight of
the cargo mineral verified at the port of her destination, with the
intervention of the fiscal authority there, and of the Consul of the
Republic, if there be one on the spot. This authenticated act shall
be forwarded by James M. Spence or his agents to the Custom
House at La Guayra, by the first English packet, after the arrival
of the vessel at the port of destination. Article 13.
On receiving the manifest spoken of in the 12th Article, the
Custom House at La Guayra shall proceed immediately to liquidate
the credit of the nation arising out of the value of the cargo of
phosphatic mineral, bearing in mind the prices established and to
be established agreeably to this contract. The agent or agents to
be appointed by James M. Spence at La Guayra or at Caracas shall
pay in cash the amount of such a liquidation as soon as the advance
referred to in Article the 6th is discounted.

App. O.] CONCESSION OF ISLANDS. 261
Article 14.
The Custom House at La Guayra shall every six months form
another liquidation of the credit accruing to the nation out of the
value of the cargoes of mineral, calculated at the rates fixed and to
be fixed as per this contract ; and on inspection of the authenticated
acts referred to in the 12 th Article, either party shall pay to the
other in cash any balance which may result from- a comparison
between such a liquidation and the manifests relating to the same
cargoes. Article 15.
James M. Spence engages to present to the Minister of Public
Works, every six months, a sworn statement of the cargoes of phos
phatic mineral, with specifications of the names of the vessels, their
tonnage, flag, names of the masters, cargoes of the mineral in weight,
and foreign port in which the cargoes have been landed.
Article 16.
The Venezuelan Government shall be at liberty to take such
other measures as it may deem indispensable to secure the fiscal
interests on Los Roques islands and Orchila ; therefore, though the
vessels of the enterprise are not bound to proceed to La Guayra, or
any other port on the mainland for clearance, provided they engage
in the traffic permitted under the contract, if any of these vessels
become guilty of smuggling she shall be sent to La Guayra for trial
according to the laws of the republic.
Article 17.
In the event of the Venezuelan Government being willing to con
tract with any other person or company for the working of the
phosphatic mineral on any of the other islands belonging to the
republic, it shall make known either to James M. Spence, or his
successors or partners, or his agents or attorneys at Caracas or
La Guayra, all the conditions of the intended bargain, and should
any of the same offer, within fifty days' time, to comply with all
those conditions, they shall be preferred and the Government shall
be bound to conclude the respective contract.
Article 18.
At the expiration of this contract the buildings and works of an
immovable nature shall become the property of the nation.

262 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. O.
Article 19.
Whatever doubts and controversies may arise shall be decided by
ths courts and under the laws of the republic, nor shall they, in
any case and on any account whatsoever, be made matter of inter
national claims.
Done in duplicate to one intent alone at Caracas, on the
twentieth of July One thousand eight hundred and
seventy-two. (Signed) Martin J. Sanavria.
(Signed) James M. Spence.

LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS IN PROGRESS IN VENEZUELA,
DECEMBER 1 873.
(Fortnightly Review.)*
(La Opinion Nacional, 8th December 1873.)
We have the greatest pleasure in announcing to our foreign
readers, that the Republic is enjoying perfect peace, liberty and
legality. To form a correct idea of the colossal proportions in which pro
gress is increasing throughout the country, we publish a resume of
the principal Works which are being carried out with the greatest
activity. The Capitol. — A handsome massive building of the Doric order,
erected in 90 days, for the Legislative Body to celebrate its session ;
this is the largest building in Caracas.
The Water-Works and Aqueduct Gazman Blanco. — Supplies Cara
cas with water, and is 45,000 metres in length.
Promenade Guzman Blanco.. — The barren hill formerly called the
Calvary has been turned into a most beautiful promenade, offering
a magnificent and extensive panorama. Within a few years the
trees, and shrubbery, now planted, will form an agreeable walk, equal
to any to be found in Europe.
The Aqueduct of Coro. — These Water-Works were constructed
during the administration of Marshall J. C. Falcon, but require some
important repairs both as regards the dam and in the drains.
These repairs having been granted, are being carried out with
rapidity. Custom - house of la Vela. — This is the finest building in the
State of Falcon. — General Guzmon Blanco ordered its construction
and it was concluded to celebrate the 28th of October last.
The alameda of Maiquetia, having been formeerly awfully
neglected, Government appointed a committee intrusted with its
* Verbatim.

264 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. P.
care and preservation, so that this promenade is at present in a
flourishing state.
The alameda of La Guaira which was also much neglected, has
been taken in hand by Government, and considerably improved and
supplied with numerous lamps.
The Alameda of Puerto Cabello, has been kept in good order, with
the funds provided by the Board of public works for its preserva
tion and amelioration.
The Streets of Cardcas, have almost all been repaved, laying slabs
to the largest portion of the blocks which had none.
The Streets of Valencia, — A considerable sum of money has been
laid out in their repair.
The Streets of Puerto Cabello. In this town streets have been
made where none existed, having to contend with the greatest
difficulties. The Streets of the Valle. — The Valle is a town in the vicinity of
Caracas, to which many families resort for change of air, its streets
not having been repaired for long, were in a deplorable state, the
principal ones have now been repaired, by which this pretty little
town, which is becoming notorious for its baths, has been much
improved. The northern mide-road, which unites Caracas to La Guaira,
crossing the Cordillera, was constructed by the Spaniards, required
important repairs, which have been carried into effect, and there are
constantly numerous gangs of labourers keeping it in repair.
The canal of the Gudrico, is intended to bring the waters of the
River Guarico to the State " Guzman Blanco." A competent
Engineer is making the necessary survey for this important work.
Bringing the waters of the River San Juan to the town of Para-
para. — The necessary survey for this purpose is also being made,
and the needful funds have been applied to carry out this project.
Water for the State " Bruzual." — One of the districts of Caracas
bears the name of the hero of Puerto Cabello. This popolation de
manded of the Government the necessary water-pipes to bring the
water, which were brought out,, however, from neglect little or
nothing has been done, we are informed, therefore, that the
Government will undertake this enterprise.
The High-road of " Agua Caliente," which unites Valencia with
Puerto Cabello. — The rains made this road intransitable : large sums
have been laid out on its repairs, which are nearly terminated.
High-road from Valencia to San Gdrlos. — San Carlos is the

App. P.] LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS. 265
capital of the State of " Cojedes " and the key to the Llanos. To
unite this State to Valencia has been a happy thought ; the works
are proceeding with activity and in two months will be concluded.
The High-road from Puerto Cabello to San Felipe. — The State of
Yaraqui is one of the most productive of the Republic, but it had to
contend with the want of Roads connecting it with the sea-coast :
this is the object of the present Road, where it is not only neces
sary to struggle with the difficulties of the formation of the Country,
but also with the unwholesomeness of the climate, at a certain spot
on the Coast. All difficulties have however been conquered, and
the two towns will soon be united, as the works are proceeding at
the same time from Puerto Cabello to San Felipe, and vice-versa.
The High-road from Cardcas to Petare. — A sum of money is laid
out monthly in preserving and improving this road, a Bridge
which was much needed, has been lately built.
High-road from Petare to Mariches. — This branch road so much
required for the transport of the produce of the Crops, which are so
abundant on the high-lands of the State of " Bolivar."
The Western-road, unites Cardcas to La Victoria. — A Board has
the management of this Road, and many hands are daily employed,
preserving and improving it.
The Northern High-road, connects la Guaira with Cardcas. — The
constant traffic of this road, and the immense defects of its original
construction, which took place in the time the Tory's were in power,
— renders it necessary to spend considerable sums on its constant
repair. The High-road to Charayave, which unites Cardcas with the valleys
of the Tuy. — It is long since this road has been undertaken without
obtaining any satisfactory results. The Illustrius American, Guz
man Blanco, decided that it should be carried out, and the road was
made, the present works only tend to improve a part that was
badly layed out in the time of the Tory government.
The High-road from Charayave to Cua. — This is an important
branch-road which unites two towns and is already concluded.
The High-road from Cua to Ocumare, was commenced and termi
nated under the present Administration.
The High-road from Charallave to Santa Lucia. — The works on
this branch-road continue, with activity and it will not be long
before they are concluded.
The High-road to Paracotos, was only commenced a few days
since.

266 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. P.
The High-road from Cua to the " Guarico." — This is a new line
which opens the traffic of the high-lands with the Llanos, and which
will shortly change the situation of the rich Valley of the Tuy,
the necessary survey having been made, these works have already
commenced. The High-road from Ciudad de Cur a to Calabozo, places the States
of Guzman Blanco, Guarico, and Apure in communication, this
road is already far advanced, having overcome the principal
difficulties. The Higlirroad from Ocumare to the Llanos, via Caramacate.
This road also unites the Valleys of the Tuy with the Llanos, and
will produce immense advantages, these works have commenced.
The Higli-road Guzman Blanco, starts from the city of Barcelona
and ends at Soledad, opposite Ciudad Bolivar, the capital of the
State of Guayana. This road progresses rapidly, and General
Guzman Blanco expects that it will be concluded in a few months.
The High-road from Merida to the lake of Mdracaibo. The
States of the Cordillera having no debouche ; its commerce suffers
considerably from the want of so important a road, which is already
begun. The High-road of Guama. — General Guzman Blanco is deter
mined that this road, which has been commenced, since time imme
morial, shall speedily be terminated, not only on accoun tof the
advantages it will afford to the States of the Cordillera, but that it
will in a great measure simplify the question of limits with
¦ Columbia. The High-road from Maturin to Cano Colorado. — Carlo Colorado
is the port where goods proceeding to Maturin are landed ; there
they are transshipped to small crafts which ascend the River Guara-
piche with great difficulty and expense. When once this road is
open these difficultiee will cease, it will be concluded befors
march. The High-road from la Guaira to Maiquetia. — This short road
has been intransitable until lately, since when it has been perfec-
tioned, as well as the Street of Maquetia, through which it passes.
The Highroad of La Guaira to Macuto, has been totally reformed,
and remains perfect.
The Census. This is the first that has been thoroughly carried
out in the Republic, and is of itself a Work of sufficient importance
to raise the pride of Government. It was carried into effect on
the 6th 7th and 8th of November.

App. P.] LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS. 267
The Exhibition of Vienna. For the first time the products of
Venezuela have been worthily represented abroad. — 23 prizes fell
to its lot in the distribution.
The waters of the River Apure to form one single branch. The
engineer, who went to Paris for the purpose of procuring the neces
sary machinery for this work, has just returned, so that in a short
time it will be in operation.
The Rail-road from Caracas to the Sea. — The Survey and Sec
tions are being concluded, and in January the inauguration of the
works will take place.
The Lazaretto of Caracas. — This important work, which was
brought to a stand for a few days, from the want of materials, has
again commenced.
Immigration. — Government will commence to occupy itself with
this important matter, which is being studied by special commissions,
who are to inform the Executive, concerning the means to be adopted.
Public Slaughter ¦ house of Caracas, this building will be ter
minated within two months.
Furniture for the Federal palace, has been ordered from Europe,
(of an appropriate kind.)
The Plaza Bolivar, is the general center of all that is beautifull
and youthful, thanks to the warm interest the Government has
taken in it.
The Bridge Guzman Blanco, unites the parishes of the Cathedral
and Candelaria in this City, and is concluded.
The Bridge of Curamichate, embellishes the Southern entrance of
Caracas, it is finished.
The Bridge of Carlo Amarillo, at the entrance of Guzman Blanco
promenade, is finished.
The Temple of San Felipe. — Government has appropriated one
hundred thousand Venezuelans for this building, the works pro
ceed with activity.
The Temples of Barbacoas, Piritu, Clarines, Barcelona, Curata-
quiche, Pozuelos, San Diego, Aragiiita, and San Bernardino, have
been assisted with different sums of money to be invested in the
repairs they require.
The Temples of Caracas have been endowed with rich and
adequate ornaments.
The Masonic Temple.— -Government has decreed the finishing of
this extensive building, and the Committee in charge is provided
with the necessary funds.

268 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. P.
Front elevation of the University. — This is a handsome gothic
monument, and the only one of this style in the country. It may
be said that it is finished, as what remains to be done is trifling.
The Port Guzman Blanco. — In the State of Barcelona, requires
expensive works, as it is necessary to dredge the Bay, build a
Coustom-house, a warf and a Road to unite it with Barcelona. The
whole of these works are to be finished in march.
The Statue of the Libertador, is being cast in Europe, is already
paid for, and will be inaugurated next year.
Bridge over the River of Manzariares. — The town of Cumana is
divided by this River, therefore its importance will be easily under
stood, it is to be concluded in January.
Port Sucre, Cumana. — Requires a Custom-house, a warf, a Light
house, and a Buoy to be fixed at the point of Araya, also to repair
the road which unites it with the town. These works are to be
concluded by April.
The Portraits of the prominent Men of the war of Independanee,
and those of the Presidents of Venezuela, have been contracted for,
and will be executed in Paris by a Venezuelean artist, who will
deliver them up in the course of next year.
Works to be executed in the district of Rivero, State of Cumana.
— To canalize the River Carinicuao, build a Bridge across the River,
lay out a Road from the Gulf to Caripe, and the irrigation of the
lands bordering the River. These works have been commenced.
The aqueduct of Guanare, has been ordered to be constructed, and
the Committee intrusted with the work, has the funds necessary.
The Aqueduct of Barquesimeto. — The engineer intrusted with this
work has already been dispatched.
Coal Mines of Barcelona. — For the necessary workings of these
mines an engineer has been sent for from London, who is to make
the surveys.
School of sculpture.- — The opening of this establishment having
been decreed, it has already been effected.
The acueduct of Valencia having been ordered to be constructed
by Government, must already be commenced.
The alameda of San Juan in Caracas, an especial committee
has been appointed to lay out and enclose it.
The Barracks of San Carlos, the important repairs ordered have
been executed.
Territory of Amazones. — An engineer will proceed to this country
to explore it as far as necessary, as former governments have at-

App. P.] LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS. 269
tended but little to this point, and a Committee of public works
has been named to construct the public buildings and roads that
may be required.
Lazaretto of Cumand. — This institution possesses the needful
funds for its support and amelioration.
Public Works at Carupano. — The repairs of the Warf, the public
buildings and the fight-house, have been ordered, and by this time
will have been concluded.
Irrigation from the River Manzanares, which was decreed by the
President. — The necessary surveys have been made, and the works
will shortly be inaugurated.
Road from Cumand to Maturin. — Last month this work was
commenced, it is a costly enterprise, and will require time.
Navigation of the " Uribante " and High-road from Vivas to San
Cristtbal. — These two enterprises will open the communications
with the States of the Cordillera, Zamora, Apure, and Guayana, and
will give new life to the commerce of these districts, both are pro
ceeding with rapidity.
High-road from Coro of Barquisimeto. — This road has been layed
out and already begun.
Plaza " Guzman Blanco " in Valencia. — Government has granted
the payment of the railings and the column they are to enclose,
which have been ordered abroad.
Road from Cumand to Urica. — The survey is being made to lay
out this line.
High-road from Puerto de Tobias to Nueva Providencia. — This
road which has been at a stand for some time past, has been taken
in hand by the Government, and supplied with funds for its con
clusion, which will be in three months.
Pontoon-floating light-house on the Orinoco. — The vessel to be
used for this purpose is being prepared, and in January it will be
fixed at its station.
Works of the State of Zamora. — Government has decreed the
following :
The Dredging of the River Santo Domingo, and clearing it of
several obstacles which impede its navigation.
Canalizing of the River Canagua, and bringing all its waters to
the branch which passes through " Delgadito " dike.
The repairs of the house which is to serve as the national College
of Barinas.
The construction of a Bridge over the River Santo Domingo, at

270 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. P.
the sortie of the town ; and laying out the road from Barinas to
Barinitas, so as to make it a good high-road.
It can be easily understood that with all the foregoing enterprises
the resources of the Republic are daily increasing, and accounts for
the warm support and enthousiasm with which, all classes of the
people of Venezuela, second the Presidents propositions of regenera
tion, causing the great prestige he enjoys.
We conclude our present review by informing our foreign readers,
that the eminent democrat, Hector F. Varela, after having been the
object of the most enthusiast demostrations, admiration and esteem
on his arrival, both in this capital and La Guaira, — in the midst of
the feasts to the Liberator, — has since taken a trip through the
States Guzman Blanco, and Carabobo, in which he was received with
splendid triumphs, which prove, how well the american people
kuow how to appreciate, all this illustrious orator of Geneva has
done, for the honour of the american cause, both proving his
eloquence in the tribune, and in the columns of El Americano.
He is once more in our capital, having returned from his trium
phant excursion, and this enlightened city continues offering him
proofs of its gratitude, and its fraternal affection.

Q.
SELECT LIST OF BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, MAPS, AND MANU
SCRIPTS RELATING TO VENEZUELA.
i. Acosta. Cuestion de Retracto Convencional. Niimero extraor-
dinario de " El Toro." Por Cecilio Acosta. Cardcas, i860.
4to, pp. 14.
2. Acosta. Doctrina Federal y Leys secundarias. Por Cecilio
Acosta. Caracas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 108.
2a. Acosta, F. de P. See Rojas, and Vargasia.
3. Aecio. Un Drama en Caracas, Novela de Costumbres, por
Aecio [seud6nimo]. Puerto-Cabello. 8vo, pp. Ii. 322.
4. Agricidtor Venezolano. See Diaz.
4«. Aguirre, Lope de. See Simon, and Southey.
5. Aldrey. Cuestion de Derecho publico internacional de Vene
zuela (Sobre derechos y deberes de los estranjeros residentes
y transeuntes en Venezuela). Fausto Theodoro de Aldrey.
Caracas, 1865. 8vo, pp. 60.
5a. Agriculture. See Cafe, Codazzi, Colombia, Cultivo, Diaz,
Engel, Ernst, Larrazabal, and Madriz.
6. Alfonzo. La revolucion de 1867 a 1868, por Luis Ger6nimo
Alfonzo. Caracas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 32.
7. Almanaque. Almanaque portatil para el ano de 1869 y guia
de la Ciudad de Caracas. Caracas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 67.
8. Almanaque. Almanaque para todos de Rojas Hermanos, para
el ano de 1872. Caracas. 12 mo, pp. 128.
9. Alpine Journal. The Pico de Naiguata, Venezuela (August
1872). Account of its first ascent (November 1872).
10. Appun. Unter den Tropen. Wanderungen durch Venezuela,
am Orinoco, durch Britisch Guyana und am Amazonenstrome
in den Jahren 1849- 1868. Von Carl Ferdinand Appun.
Erster Band : Venezuela. Jena, 1871. 8vo, pi.
n. Apure. Diario hist6rico de la Campaiia de Apure en 1837.
Caracas, 1837. 8vo, pp. 50.
12. Arancel. Arancel de Derechos de Importacion arreglado al
sistema metrico decimal. Edicion oficial. Caracas, 1870.
8vo, pp. 93.
13. Arrowsmith. West Indies (Map). By J. Arrowsmith. Lon
don, 1858.

272 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
13a. Atlas. See Codazzi.
14. Aveledo. Observaciones meteorol6gicas en Caracas, ano de
1868. Leido en la Sociedad de Ciencias ffsicas y naturales
de Caracas, en la sesion del 1 de Febrero de 1869, por
Agustin Aveledo. 8vo, pp. 4.
14a. Aveledo. See Vargasia.
15. Arvelo. Poesias del Venezolano R. Arvelo. Caracas, 1867.
8vo, pp. 104.
16. Ateneo (el). Periodico quincenal de ciencias literatura y artes.
Tomo. I. Caracas, 1854. 4to, pp. 124.
1 6a. Austria. See Montilla.
17. Austria. UnRecuerdo de Bolivar, por Jos6 Austria. Caracas,
1835. 8vo> PP- 63-
17a. Austria. Bosquejo de la Historia militar de Venezuela en la
Guerra de su Independencia. Por Colonel Jos6 de Austria.
Tomo I. (complete). Caracas, 1855. 8vo, pp. 390.
176. Aves. See Briceiio.
18. Avila. Biografia del Doctor Jose' Cecilio Avila, por Juan
Vicente Gonzalez. Caracas, 1858. 8vo, pp. 67. Portrait.
1 8a. Banco de Venezuela. See Documentos.
19. Baralt y Diaz. Resiimen de la Historia de Venezuela desde
el descubrimiento, hasta el ano 1797, por Rafael Maria
Baralt. Ha cooperado a el en la parte relativa a los guerras
de la conquista de la Costa Firme el Senor Ramon Diaz.
Paris, 1 84 1. 8vo, pp. 448. Portraits.
20. Baralt y Diaz. Resiimen de la Historia de Venezuela desde
el ano de 1797, hasta el de 1830, por Rafael Maria Baralt y
Ramon Diaz. Paris, 1841. 8vo, 2 vols. Portraits.
21. Baralt y Urbaneja. Catecismo de la historia de Venezuela,
desde el descubrimiento de su terretorio in 1498, hasta su
emancipacion politica de la monarquia espaiiola en 181 1.
Compuesto por Rafael M. Baralt y Manuel M. Urbaneja.
Caracas, 1865. i8mo, pp. 94.
21a. " Barima." Manifiesto justificative de la conducta del Go-
bierno en esta cuestion. Por Diego Braulio Barrios y
Mariano Briceiio. Caracas, 1841. 8vo, pp. 23.
22. Baring Bros. See Venezuelan Loan.
23. Bdrrios. See " Barima."
24. Becerra. El general Jose' Tadeo Monagas. Apuntes biogrfi-
ficos. Documentos polfticos. Funerales. Honores oficiales.
Por Ricardo Becerra. Edicion oficial. Caracas, 1868. 4to,
pp. xl. 46.
25. Bello, Andres. Coleccion de Poesias originales, con apuntes
biograficos, por J. M. Torres Caicedo. Caracas, 1870.
1 2 mo, pp. 302. Portrait.
26. Bello, Andres, Venezolano, Silva Americana. La Agricultura
de la Zona torrida. Caracas, 1863. i6mo, pp. 15.
27. Benites. Princfpios para la Materia M^dica del pais en forma

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 273
de diccionario, por J. Maria Beuites. Caracas, 1844. 8vo,
pp. 80.
2 7a. Birds. See Sclater.
28. Blanco, G. Informe sobre la epidemia reinante presentado al
Poder Ejecutivo, por Dr. Ger6nimo Blanco. Caracas, 1853.
8vo, pp. 19.
29. Blanco, A. G. Exposicion que dirije el General Guzman
Blanco, al Congreso de Plenipotenciarios de los Estados.
Cardcas, 1870. 8vo, pp. 16.
30. Blanco, A. G. See Codigo, Catalogo, and Guzman Blanco.
30a. Blanco, M. See Yangues.
306. Bohn. See Humboldt.
30c. Bolet, R. See Rothe, and Terrero.
31. Bolet, N. Memoria sobre los efectos de las pildoras tocol6gicas
en la curacion de los abortos. Por Dr. Nicanor Bolet.
Cardcas, 1867. 8vo, pp. 20. With a lithograph plate.
32. Bolet, N. La Salud de la Mujer conservada, por las pildoras
tocol6gicas del Dr. Nicanor Bolet. Cardcas, 187 1. 8vo, pp. 24.
33. Bolet Peraza. A Falta de Pan, buenos son Tortas. Comedia
de costumbres, en un acto, original. Por Nicanor Bolet
Peraza. Cardcas, 1873. 8vo, pp. 21.
34. Bolet Peraza. See Spence.
35. Bolet, H. Museo Venezolano. Tomo I. Bolet Hermanos edit-
ores. Cardcas, 1866. 4to. This excellent periodical termi
nated at the 24th number.
36. Bolivar. Campana del Peru, por el Ejercito Unido Liberta
dor, d las 6rdenes del ihmortal Bolivar en los anos de
1823-24-25, con [3] mapas, por Manuel Antonio Lopez.
Cardcas, 1843. 8vo, pp. 86.
37. Bolivar. Correspondencia General del Libertador Simon
Bolivar enriquecida con la, insercion de los manifiestos,
mensages, exposiciones, proclamas, &c. &c, publicados por
el heroe Colombiano desde 1810, hasta 1830. Precede d esta
col^ccion interesante la Vida de Bolivar. New York, 1865.
8vo. 2 vols. Portrait and facsimile. These two vols.
contain only the life of Dr. Felipe Larrazdbal.
38. Bolivar. Efemdridas Colombianos sobre Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, que formaron en uno tiempo una sola republica.
Paris, 1870. 8vo, pp. 140. There is a second title as
follows : — Raciocinios del Libertador Simon Bolivar sobre
Religion, Politica, Educacion, y Filosofia, 6 Diari6 de Bucara-
manga, por La Croix. Paris, 1869.
39. Bolivar. Los Fiinerales y la Apoteosis de Bolivar. Produc-
ciones escojidas del Senor Antonio L. Guzman. 7a edicion
en Cardcas el 28 de Octubre de 1872. 8vo, pp. 84. Portrait.
40. Bolivar. Proclamas del Libertador Simon Bolivar. Cardcas,
1842. 8vo, pp. [vi.] 64.
vol. 11. S

274 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
41. Bolivar. La Ultima Enfermedad, los ultimos momentos y los
funerales de Simon Bolivar, Libertador de Colombia y de
Peru, por su medico de Cabacera el Dr. A. P. Reverend.
Paris, 1 866. 8vo, pp. 64. Portrait and view of S. Pedro
Alejandrino.
42. Bolivar and, Washington. See Urdaneta.
42a. Bolivar. See Austria, Guzman, and Syers.
426. Bollaert. See Simon.
43. Bonpland, A. See Ernst, and Humboldt.
43a. Bourgoin. See Vargasia.
44. Bovadilla. Viaje que hizo Don Francisco Ferndndez de
Bovadilla desde la Guayana al Alto Orinoco. Original y
firmado. MS. In the collection of the author.
44a. Brasil. See Briceiio, Documentos, and Michelena.
45. Briceiio. Memoria justificativa de la conducta del Gobierno de
Venezuela en la question Isla de Aves, presentada al Exemo.
Sefior Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos. Por
el Enviado Estraordinario y Ministro Plenipotenciario de
Venezuela, Dr. Mariano Briceiio. Cardcas, 1858. 4to,
pp. 28.
46. Briceiio. Limites del Brasil con Venezuela, Nueva Granada,
Ecuador, y Peru. Por Mariano de Bricefio. Cardcas, 1854.
121110, pp. 36.
47. Briceiio. See " Barima."
47a. Cacao. See Cafe.
48. Cafe. Memoria de los abonos, cultivo y beneficios que nece-
sitan los diversos valles de la provincia de Cardcas para la
plantacion de Caf6. Instruccion para el gobierno de las
haciendas de Cacdo. Cardcas, 1833. 4to, pp. 90. Plate.
48a. Cafe. See Madriz, and Schoeffer.
49. Caicedo. See Bello.
50. Calcano. El Lenador. Legenda Americana. Por Jose' An
tonio Calcano. Cardcas, 1857. 8vo. pp. 40.
51. Cale.ndario. Calendario Manual y Guia universal de Foras-
teros en Venezuela,, para el ano de 1810. Cardcas en la
imprenta de Gallagher y Lamb. 8vo, pp. 64. This rare
work is one of the oldest specimens of Venezuelan printing.
^la.Cana Dulce. See Engel.
52. Cardcas. See Constituciones, Contestation, Diaz, Ernst,
Larrazdbal, Manuscript, and Revenga.
53. Cardcas. Reglamento general del "Club Union." Cardcas,
1871. 8vo. pp. 8.
53a. Caratal Gold Fields. See Foster.
54. Cdrdenas. See Garcia.
55. Carreiio. Manual de urbanidad y buenas maneras, para un
de la juventud de ambos sexos. . . Por Manuel Antonio
Carreiio. Cardcas, 1853. 8vo, pp. xvi. and 318.

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 275
56. Castillo. Teatro de la Legislation Colombiana y Venezolana
vigente. Por Dr. P. P. del Castillo. Cardcas, 1852.
3 vols, 4to, pp. 592, 549, 412.
56a. Casas. See Defensa.
57. Castro. Confesion de Julian Castro y Sentencia de la Nation
Venezolana. Ano de 1858. Cardcas. 8vo, pp. 29. A
political satire on a former President of the Republic.
58. Catalogo. De los cuadros, fotografias y esculturas espuestas
en la primera esposicion venezolana auual llevada d cabo en
1872, bajo los auspicios de los senores Jeneral A. Guzman
Blanco, Presidente provisional de la Repiiblica, Ministros de
Fomento, Dr. Martin J. Sanavria y de Relaciones Esteriores,
Antonio L. Guzman, y del Gobernador del Distrito federal,
Dr. Jesus Maria Paul. Cardcas. Fol. pp. 4.
58a. Catalogue. See Spence.
59. Caulin. Historia corografica, natural y evangelica de la Nueva
Andalucia, provincias de Cumand, Nueva Barcelona, Gua
yana y vertientes del rio Orinoco. Por Antonio Caulin. 4to,
pp. 460.
60. Chirinos. Carta postal de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela,
por Rafael Cliirinos. Cardcas, 1873. One sheet.
60a. Chitty. ' See Vargasia.
606. Club. See Cardcas, and Ernst.
61. Codazzi. Atlas fisico politico de la Repiiblica de Venezuela
dedicado, por su autor, el Coronel de Ingenieros Agustin
Codazzi, al congreso constitugente de 1830. Cardcas, 1840.
Folio, pp. 8. 19 maps.
62. Codazzi. Catecismo de la Geografla de Venezuela. Por Agustin
Codazzi. Cardcas, 1867. i2mo, pp. 80.
63. Codazzi. Proyecto de poblar con las razas teut6nicas los terre-
nos altos y hasta ahora incultos de Venezuela. Cardcas,
1842. 8vo, pp. 14. With map.
64. Codazzi. Rapport sur les travaux geographiques et statisques
ex6cut6s dans la republique de Venezuela, d'apres les ordres
du Congres, par M. le Colonel Codazzi. Paris. 4to, pp. 18.
(Extrait des Comptes renduo des seances de l'Academie des
Sciences, stance du 15 Mars, 1841.)
65. Codazzi. Resiimen de la Geografla de Venezuela, por Agustin
Codazzi. Paris, 1841. 8vo, pp. 648.
66. Codazzi. See Millan, Rojas, and Rosa.
67. Codigo. Codigo civil sancionado, por el Congreso de los
Estados Unidos de Venezuela desde su descubrimiento y
conquista hasta que se declard estado independiente. Card
cas, 1840. 8vo, pp. xi. 192.
68. Codigo. Codigo civil sancionado, por el General Guzman
Blanco, Presidente provisional de la Republica y General en
jefe de sus ejercitos. Edition oficial. Cardcas, 1873. Folio,

276 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
pp. 183-5. Codigo Penal, pp. 78, 2. Codigo de Comercio,
pp. 112, 2.
69. Coleccion. Coleccion general de los Tratados piiblicos , Cele-
brados por Colombia y Venezuela con varias naciones de
Europe y America. Cardcas, 1840. 8vo, pp. 151.
69a. Colombia : being a Geographical, Statistical, Agricultural,
Commercial, and Political Account of that country, adapted
for the general reader, the Merchant, and the Colonist.
London, published by Baldwin, Cradock, & Son. 1822.
696. Colombia. The present State of Colombia, containing an
account of the principal events of its revolutionary war, the
expeditions fitted out in England to assist in its emanci
pation ; its constitution, financial, and commercial laws ;
revenue, expenditure, and public debt ; agriculture, mines ;
mining and other associations, with a map exhibiting its
mountains, rivers, departments, and provinces. By an
Officer late in the Colombian service. London : John
Murray, Albemarle Street. 1827.
69c. Colombia. See Bolivar, Briceno, Castillo, Garcia y Garcia,
Leyes, Lisbcia, Michelena, and Recollections.
70. Colombia. Constitution de la Republica de Colombia. Card
cas, 1822. 4to, pp. 40.
70a. Colon. See Montenegro.
71. Colonia Tovar. Boletin de la Colonia Tovar. (In Spanish
and German.) Nos. 1-5 complete. Colonia Tovar, 1843.
8vo, pp. 42.
71a. Congreso. See Blanco, Castillo, Codazzi, Codigo, Constitution,
and Guzman.
72. Constitucion. Constitution politica del Estado de Venezuela
formada por su segundo Congreso Nacional, y presentada
a los pueblos para su sancion, el dia 15 de Agosto de 1819.
Imp'resa en Angostura; reinipresa d Habana, 1821. 4to,
pp. 60.
72a. Coleridge. See Form.
726. Comedia. See Drama.
73. Constitucion. Constitution de los Estados Unidos de Vene
zuela. Edition oficial. Cardcas, 1864. 4to, pp. 52.
74. Constituciones. Constituciones synodales de Venezuela y San
tiago Leon de Cardcas. Hechos en la Santa Iglesia Catedral
de dicho Ciudad de Cardcas, en el ano del Sefior de 1687.
Por el ilustrisimo y reverendisimo Senor Dr. Don Diego de
Banos y Sotomayor, Obispo de dicho Obispado. Madrid,
1 76 1. Folio, pp. 495. New edit. 1848, pp. viii. 486.
75. Contestacion. Contestation veridica, y formal, que se hace al
manifiesto, que ha dado al publico la Compania Guipuzcoana
de Cardcas, sobre los Beneficios, que de su estable cimiento
han redundado al Estado, a la Real Hacienda, al buen

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 277
publico, ya los verdaderos interesses de la Prpvincia de
Cardcas, fundada en hechas de tan inexorable verdad, que lo
mas se pueden diferir a lo que sabe, y ha experimentado el
mismo Director, Autor del Manifiesto. Cardcas, 1748. Folio,
pp. 62.
75a. Coronado. See Vargasia.
756. Correspondent. See Bolivar, Paez, and Rojas.
75 c. Cotton. See Cultivo.
76. Crame. See Manuscript.
77. Cuestion. Cuestion pegones y Tacamahaca. Valencia, 1858.
8vo, pp. 12.
78. Cuestion. Cuestion promovida por los Agentes de Francia y de
la Gran Bretaiia. (Expulsion of General Monagas.) Cardcas,
1858. 8vo, pp. 49.
79. Cultivo. Cultivo del algodon "Sea Island." Cardcas, 1869.
8vo, pp. 7.
79a. Cumanagota. See Yangues.
796. Dance. Recollections of Four Years in Venezuela, by Charles
Daniel Dance, a Mission Priest in the Diocese of Guiana.
London, 1876. (Henry S. King & Co.) With a map and
three illustrations.
80. Defensa. Defensa documentada de la conducta del Coman-
dante de la Guayra Sr. Manuel Maria de las Casas, en la
prision del General Miranda y entrega de aquella plaza d
los espaiioles en 18 12. Cardcas, 1843. 8vo, PP- 74-
81. Delgado. Tablas que indica diariamente la hora media en
Cardcas y demas puntos de Venezuela, el momento en que
d la luz del crepusculo di la tarde se lea con dificultad este
escrito. Por Elias Delgado. Cardcas, 1862, one leaf.
82. Diaz. El Agricultor Venezolano 6 Lecciones de Agricultura
practica nacional. Por Jose' A. Diaz. Cardcas, 1861-4.
8vo, 2 vols.
82a. Diaz, J. D. Recuerdos sobre la rebelion de Cardcas. Por Jose'
Domo. Diaz. Madrid. Ymprenta de D. Leon Amarita,
Plazuela de Celenque, 1829.
83. Diaz, R. See Baralt.
83a. Diaz, M. V. See Vargas, and Vargasia.
84. Documentos. Documentos relativos al establecimiento del Banco
de Venezuela. Cardcas, 1861. 8vo, pp. 177.
85. Documentos. Documentos relativos d la cuestion de limites y
navigation fluvial entre el Imperio del Brasil, y la Republic
de Venezuela. Cardcas, 1859. 8vo, pp. 165. Map.
85a. Drama. See Aecio, Bolet, Escobar, Manfredo, and Perez.
86. Dupons. Travels and Description of the Carracas. London,
1807. 8vo.
87. Eastwick. Venezuela : or Sketches of Life in a South
American Republic ; with the history of the Loan of 1864.

278 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
By Edward B. Eastwick, C.B., F.R.S. London, 1868
(Chapman & Hall). 8vo. Map.
87a. Ecuador. See Briceno, Garcia y Garcia, Lisb6a, and
Michelena.
876. Educacion. See Bolivar.
88. Educacion. Projectos de leys sobre instruction piiblica y
protection de cultos, dedicados d la legislatura de 1839.
Por un Ciudadano entusiasta de la prosperidad de su
patria. Cardcas, 1838. 8vo, pp. 9.
89. Efemerides Colombianos. See Bolivar.
90. Engel. Estudio Sobre la Caiia Dulce, en el Estado Aragua.
Por Louis Engel. Dedicado a sus amigos los Senores Dr.
Martin J. Sanavria, Ministro de Fomento, y James M.
Spence. (La Opinion Nacional, Feb. 10, 1872.)
91. Ernst. Apuntes biograficos sobre Amadeo Bonpland leidos
en la sesion de el de Noviembre de 1869, de la Sociedad de
Ciencias fisicas y naturales de Cardcas. Por A. Ernst.
Cardcas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 18.
92. Ernst. Consideraciones Generales sobre los mamiferos F6siles
y especialmente sobre el Mastadonte de San Juan de los
Morros. Por A. Ernst. La Opinion National. Julio
1874. Nos. i575-76-77-79-
93. Ernst. Das Thai von Cardcas in Venezuela. Von A. Ernst.
(Globus xx. 25.)
94. Ernst. Determination barometrica de la altura de Cardcas.
[Por A. Ernst.] Estracto del acta del Colegio de Ingenieros
de Venezuela sesion de 23 de Marzo de 1870. Cardcas,
1870. 8vo.
95. Ernst. Francia, Alsacia y Lorena. [Por Charles Leland.]
Traducido del Ingles [por A. Ernst]. Cardcas, 1871.
8vo, pp. 22.
96. Ernst. La F^culo y los plantas farindceos del Nuevo
Mundo. Por A. Ernst. Puerto-Cabello, 1873. i2mo,
pp. 18.
97. Ernst. Proben venezuelanischer Volksdichtung, von A. Ernst
. in Cardcas. (Globus, vol. xviii. p. 9.)
98. Ernst. Rede bei der von dem deutschen Club in Cardcas,
am 22 Marz 187 1 veranstalteten Feier des Geburtstages
Kaiser Wilhelms I., gehalten von A. Ernst. Cardcas, 187 1.
8vo, pp. 14. Also a Spanish edit, traducido del Aleman
por el Licencido Rafael Seijas. pp. 14.
99. Ernst. Sertulum Naiguatense : Notes on a small collection
of Alpine Plants from the summit of Naiguatd in the moun
tains of Cardcas. By A. Ernst, Ph.D., &c. (Journal of
Botany, Sept. 1872.)
99a. Ernst. See Unger, and Vargasia.
996. Esclavitud. See Ley.

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 279
100. Escobar. Viaje fantastico en 3 Cantos. Por Eloi Escobar.
Cardcas, 1857. 8vo, pp. 48.
101. Escobar. Nicolas Rienzi. Drama en 4 actos y en versos.
Por Eloi Escobar. Cardcas, 1862. 8vo, pp. 62.
102. Espinosa. Batalla de Santa Ines 6 rasgo hist6rico sobre la
Campana del occidente en 1859. Por J. M. Espinosa. Card
cas, 1866. 8vo, pp. 29.
102a. Estadistica. See Larrazdbal.
103. Estadistica de Venezuela. Memoria de la Direction general
de Estadistica al Presidente de los Estados Unidos de Vene
zuela en 1873. Folio, pp. xvi. 311, 320, 288, xxxvii.
Edited by General Andres A. Level.
104. Estadistica de Venezuela. Primeros Actos del Ejecutivo
Federal para la Estadistica de Venezuela. Edition oficial.
Cardcas, 187 1. Folio.
104a. Fecula. See Ernst.
105. Ferrocarril. Los Empresarios del ferrocarril central de
Venezuela al publico. Valencia, 1858. 8vo, pp. 58.
105a. Ferrocarril. See Geneste.
1056. Fine Arts Exhibition. See Catalogo.
106. Flores de Pascua. Coleccion de composiciones escritas por
Venezolanos. Cardcas, 185 1 and 1866. 8vo.
1 06a. Forasteros. See Calendario.
107. Form. Form of Consecration of the British Chapel and
Burial-ground, according to the Rites and Ceremonies of
the Church of England, by William Hart Coleridge, D.D.,
Lord Bishop of Barbadoes and the Leeward Islands. Card
cas, 1834. (Spanish and English.) Folio, pp. 10.
107a. Fosiles. See Ernst.
108. Foster. On the Caratal Gold Fields. By C. Le Neve Foster,
B. A.D.Sc, F.G.S. (Quarterly Journal of Geological S ociety,
vol. xxv. p. 336, June 1869.)
1 08a. Gallagher. See Calendario.
109. Garcia y Reveron. Noticia biografica del Doctor y General
Gonzalo Cdrdenas. Por Luis Felipe Garcia y Reveron.
Cardcas, 1869. 4to, pp. vi. 46.
no. Garcia y Garcia. Relacciones de los vireyes del Reino de
Granada, ahora Estados Unidos de. Venezuela, Estados
Unidos de Colombia y Ecuador, compiladas ' y publicadas
el Sr. Dr. D. por J. A. Garcia y Garcia. New York, 1869.
8vo, pp. 705.
in. Geografla. See Bovadilla, Codazzi, Colombia, Documentos,
Gumilla, Humboldt, Michelena, Montenegro, Rojas, and
Wappaus.
112. Geneste. Ferrocarril de la Guayra. Informe sobre el proyec-
tado Ferrocarril de via angosta Narrow Gage (systema de
Fairlie) de Cardcas al mar. By. F. A. B. Geneste, dated

280 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.

London, Mar. 24, 1874. La Opinion Nacional, 10 June
1874.
112a. Geological Society. See Foster.
1 126. Gobierno. See Aldrey, " Barima," Becerra, Blanco, Briceiio,
' Cafe", Godoi, Madariaga, Michelena, Rojas, and Villafaiie.
113. Godoi, Manuel R. Decano de los porteros de la casa de
Gobierno, Apuntes para la Historia. Sucesos occurridos
en el palacio de Gobierno en Cardcas. Cardcas, 1862.
8vo, pp. 11.
114. Gonzalez. Las Fiestas de la Pascua. Por Jorge Rodit
Gonzalez. Cardcas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 31.
114a. Goering. See Vargasia.
115. Gonzales. Venezuela y los Mondgas Unimpersonal. PorJ.V. G.
Cardcas, 1838. 8vo, pp. 37.
1 '$a. Gonzalez. See Avila.
116. Grossourdy, Renato de. El Medico botdnico criollo. Paris.
Parte primera : Flora medical y util de los Antillas y de
la parte correspondiente del Continente Americano. Tomo
I. Botanica elemental, Metodo dicot6mico, &c. 8vo, pp.
426. Tomo II. Familias, <fcc. 8vo, pp. 512. Parte
segunda: Compendio de Terapeutica vejetal de las Antilles
y de la parte correspondiente del Continente Americano.
2 tomos (III. and IV.), 8vo, pp. 416, 511.
116a. Gual. See Relacion.
117. Guardia. Coleccion de Poesias Originates por Heraclio M.
de la Guardia. Cardcas, 1870. [Havre printed.] 8vo,
pp. 254. Portrait.
117a. Guardia. See Vargasia.
1 1 7 b. Guayana. See Appun, Bovadilla, Caulin, Dance, Manu
script, Michelena, and Tate.
118. Gumilla. Historia natural, civil, y geographica de las
Naciones situadas en las Riveras del Rio Orinoco. Su
autor el P. Jos. Gumilla. Nueva impresion correcta. Bar
celona, 1 79 1. 4to, pp. xvi. 360, 352. With plates.
1 1 8a. Guipuzcoana Compania. See Contestation, and Real.
119. Gutierrez. Religion y Bellas Artes. Estudia sobre los tem-
plos antiguos y modernos y la catedral de Cardcas. Por
Rafael Herndndez Gutierrez. Cardcas, 1867. 8vo, pp. 88.
Portrait of Archbishop Silvestre Guevara.
120. Guzman, A. L. El Venezolano. Numero extraordinario
del 17 de Diciembre de 1843. Primero Aniversario. [4to,
Reimpresion del editorial del numero 149, publicado el 20
de Diciembre 1842. Por Antonio Leocadio Guzman.]
Cardcas, 1853. Folio. With page of engravings relating to
Bolivar's second funeral.
121 Guzman, A. L. Informe de S.E. el Vice-presidente de la
Republica sobre inmunidades consulares. Reimpresion

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. -281
oficial. Cardcas, 1871. 8vo, pp. 51. Signed Antonio L.
Guzman, and dated April 12 de 1852.
122. Guzman, A. L. See Bolivar, and Venezuelan loan.
123. Guzman Blanco. Mensaje del General Guzman Blanco
presentado al congreso constitutional de 1873 las leys,
decretos, resoluciones, documentos, medidas de fomento y
ornato las codigos de hacienda, civil, penal, mercantil y
militar, y todo lo hecho durante sti dictatura desde 1870
hasta 1873. Cardcas, 1873. Folio, pp. 24, 911.
124. Hawkshaw. Reminiscences of South America : from two
and a half years' residence in Venezuela. By John Hawk
shaw, F.G.S. London. i2mo, 1838.
124a. Hippisley. A narrative of the expedition to the Rivers
Orinoco and Apure, in South America ; which sailed from
England in November 18 17, and joined the patriotic forces
in Venezuela. By G. Hippisley, Esq., late Colonel of the
first Venezuelan Hussars, in the service of the Republic, and
Colonel-Comandante of the British Brigade in South
America. London : John Murray, Albemarle Street, 181 9.
1246. Historia. See Baralt, Caulin, (Godoi), Gumilla, Oviedo y
Baiios, and Simon.
125. Humboldt. Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial
Region of America, during the years 1 799-1804. By
Alexander von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland. Translated
by Thomasina Ross. London, 1852-53. 3 vols.
126. Humboldt. Recuerdos de Humboldt. Por Aristides Rojas.
Reimpresion de La Opinion Nacional. Puerto-Cabello,
1874. 8vo, pp. 36.
127. Humboldt. Views of Nature. By Alexander von Humboldt.
Translated by E. C. Ott6 and Henry G. Bohn. London,
1850. 8vo, pp. 452.
127a. Humboldt. See Rojas, and Vargasia.
128. Illustrated London News. Peak of Naiguatd, Venezuela.
(August 24, 1872.) With a woodcut.
129. Indigenas. Ley sobre su reduction y civilization. Cardcas,
1863. 8vo, pp. 23.
129a. Indigenas. See Level, and Pompo.
130. Irisarri. Historia Critica del asesinato cometido en la
persona El Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho. Por Antonio
Jose' de Irisarri. Cardcas, 1846. 8vo, pp. 266.
130a. Journal of Botany. See Ernst.
1306. Kingsley. Westward Ho ! or The Voyages and Adventures
of Sir Amyas Leigh, Knight of Burrough, in the county of
Devon, In the reign of her most glorious Majesty Queen
Elizabeth. Rendered into modern English by Charles
Kingsley. (7 th ed.) London and New York (Macmillan
& Co.), 187 1. 8vo, pp. 519.

232 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
130c. Kingston. The Wanderers : or Adventures in the Wilds of
Trinidad and the Orinoco. By W. H. G. Kingston. Lon
don (T. Nelson & Sons), 1876. 8vo, pp. 392. With
illustrations.
131. La Croix. See Bolivar.
131a. Lamb. See Calendario.
13 16. Lago de Asfallo. See Rojas.
132. Lander. Los Tribunales de Comercio y la Constitucion.
Por Tomas Lander. Cardcas, 1837. 8vo, pp. 18.
133. Lansberge. Venezuela pintoresca, 6 vistas de las principales
ciudades, pueblos, rios, lagos y m6ntes de la Repiiblica de
Venezuela. Por Henrique Van Lansberge. Cardcas, 1853.
8vo, pp. 28. Only two numbers appeared.
134. La Revista. See Spence.
135. Larrazdbal, J. Estadistica general de la provincia de Cardcas
en 1855. Cardcas, 1856. 8vo, pp. 73. Compiled by Juan
Larrazdbal.
136. Larrazdbal. See Bolivar, and Vargasia.
137. Larrazdbal. Historie de los Seminarios clericales. Por
Felipe Larrazdbal. Cardcas, 1856. 8vo, pp. 130.
138. Larrazdbal. Memoria sobre las verdaderas causes del atraso
de nuestra Agricultura y los medios mas convenientes para
restablecerla. Por Felipe Larrazdbal. Cardcas, 1869. 8vo,
pp. 52.
139. Larrazdbal. Principias de Derecho politico 6 Elementos de
la Ciencia constitutional. Por Felipe Larrazdbal. Cardcas,
1864. 8vo, pp. viii. 212.
139a. Las Casas. See Defensa.
140. Las Casas, 1542. "Of the Realme of Venesuela," pp. 1587
and 1588 of vol. iv. Of " Purchas, his Pilgrims," London,
folio, 1625, being part of chapter iv. "Abriefe narration
of the destruction of the Indies by the Spaniards, written by
a Frier Bart, de la Casas, a Spaniard, and Bishop of
Chiapa, in America." (Copied by Purchas, from the English
edition of Las Casas, 1583.)
141. Lei. Lei de 16 de Junio de 1865 sobre consulados y agendas
comerciales de la republica en paises estranjeros. Edition
oficial. Caracas, 1872. 8vo, pp. 11.
142. Leland. See Ernst.
142a. Limites. See Briceiio, and Documentos.
143. Lenguaje de las Flores. See Rojas.
144. Leseur y Yanes. Entretenimiento Familiar destinado a las
personas de ambos sexos que quieran aprender a jugar el
Whist. Translated by John R. Leseur and Emilo Yanes.
Cardcas, 1872. 12 mo, pp. 74.
145. Level, A. A. See Estadistica.
146. Level, A. E. Informe sobre el estado actual de los distritos de

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 283

reduction de indigenas — Alto - Orinoco, Central y Bajo
Orinoco, y medidas que reclaman. Presentado a S. E. el
Poder Ejecutivo por el visitador nombrado al efecto (Andres
E. Level). Cardcas, 1850. 4to pp. 98. Lithograph plates.
147. Ley. Ley y Reglamento sobre abolition de la esclavitud en
Venezuela. Cardcas, 1854. 8vo, pp. 20.
148. Leys de Venezuela. Cuerpo de Leys de Venezuela con un
fndice — tomo primero que comprende todos los actos legis
latives desde 1830 hasta 1850 — todos los tratados — y un
apendice de las leys vigentes de Colombia. Edition oficial.
Cardcas, 1851. 8vo, pp. xvi. 831.
148a. Leys de Venezuela. See Acosta, Aldrey, Codigo, Education,
Estadistica, Guzman, Indigenas, Lei, Pimentel, and Sanojo.
149. Lisbda. Relacao de uma Viagem a Venezuela, Nova Granada
e Equador pelo G>nseilhero [M. M.] Lisboa. Bruxellas,
1866. 8vo, pp. 393. With engravings.
149a. Loan. See Baring, and Eastwick.
150. Lopez. See Bolivar.
151. Lozano. Coleccion de poesias originales por Abigail Lozano.
1864. 4to, pp. 472.
152. Madariaga. Diario y observaciones del Presbltero Jose'
Cortes Madariaga en su regreso de Santa Fe d Cardcas por
la via de los rios Negro, Meta, y Orinoco, despues de haber
concluido la comision que obtuvo de su Gobierno, para
acordar los tratados de alianza entre ambos Estados. 4to,
PP- 43-
153. Madriz. Cultivo del Cafe, por F. G. Madriz. Paris, 1869.
8vo, pp. vii. 167. At p. 97 commences " El Comercio
de Cafe, por H. Schoffer, traducido del Aleman, por el joven
Diego Bautista Urbaneja.
154. Maitin. Obras Po^ticas de Jose' A. Maitin. Cardcas, 185 1.
8vo, pp. xxiii. 163.
155. Manfredo. Una Culpa. Drama en un acto, por Manfredo.
Bogotd, 1866. 8vo, pp. 40.
156. Manuscript — 1. Nuevo Reino de Granada. Cardcas. Descrip
tion de la Provincia de Cumand, por el Virrey de Santa Fee,
Don Jorge de Villalonga en 1720 mediante informe de un
practico. Notas para al mas pronta comprehenscion del
Mapa General de la Governacion de Cumana, por El Gover-
nador Coronel Don Jose' Dibuja y Villagomez en 1761 (no
esta el mapa), Yncluyeseia de Barcelona, habla del Coroni,
Surinam, Guayana, Orinoco, estado y regimen de las
Missiones, estadistica, &c. Brebe Noticia del Gran Rio
Orinoco, particularmente desde el Puento y Castillo de S.
Francisco hasta el mar y sobre el establecimento y fuerzas
Hollandezas por el mismo. 4to, 142 leaves.
2. Nuevo Reyno de Granada. Maracaybo. Plan de Defensa

284 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
para la Provincia de Maracaybo hecho de orden del Rey,
por el Brigadier de Ynfanteria Don Agustin Crame de
acuerdo y con aprobacion del Coronel Dr. Francisco de
Santa Cruz Governador y commte Gral de dicha Provincia.
Nada tiene de Geografid.
i$6a.Map. See Arrowsmith, Bolivar, Codazzi, Colombia, Docu
mentos, Eastwick, Manuscript, Millan, Paez, and Rojas.
1566. Markham. See Simon.
157. Mar cano. See Vargasia.
158. Maracaybo. Description de los actos y regocijos publicos
que tuvieron lugar con motivo de la bendicion e inauguracion
del Palacio Gobierno. Maracaybo, 1868. Folio, pp. 21.
1 58a. Martel, M. Proceso de los Presbiteros Doctores Martin
Tamayo, Domingo Quintero y sus complices, acusados del
horrendo crimen cometidos in los dias ocho . y nueve de
julio de mil ocho cientos sesenta y cinco. Cardcas, 1S72.
8vo, pp. 20.
159. Medica. See Benites, Bolet, Grossourdy, and Pompo.
160. Memorias. Memorias de la Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos
del Pais. Cardcas, 1831 hasta 1835. 8vo, 2 vols.
160a. Mendez. See Revenga.
1606. Mensaje. See Guzman.
161. Michelena y R6jas. Exploration oficial por la primera vez
desde el norte del America del sur siempre por rios, en-
trando por las bocas del Orin6co, de los valles de este mismo
y del Meta, Casiquiare, Rio-Negro 6 Guaviare y Amaz6nas,
hasta Nauta en el alto Maraiion 6 Amaz6nas, arriba de las
bocas del Ucayali bajada del Amaz6nas hasta el Atldntico
comprendido en ese inmenso espacio los Estados de Vene
zuela, Guayana Inglesa, Nueva Granada, Brdsil, Ecuador,
Peru, y Bolivia. Viaje d Rio de Janeiro desde Belen en
el Gran Pard, por el Atldntico, tocando en las capitales de
las principale provincias del Imperio en los anos, de 1855,
hasta 1859, por T. Michelena y Rojas. Publicada bajo los
auspicios del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela.
Bruselas, 1867. 8vo. pp. 684.
162. Millan. Mapa fisico, politico, e historico de los Estados
Unidos de Venezuela sacada del mapa atlas del General
Agustin Codazzi en 187 1. Por Bonifacio Coronado Millan.
One sheet.
163. Millan. Teneduria de libras por partida doble, seguida de
un ap^ndice que trata de conocimientos generales de co-
mercio y cdlculas mercantiles. Por Bonifacio Coronado
Millan. Cardcas, 1868* 4to, pp. 112.
163a. Minerals. See Plant.
1936. Miranda. See Defensa.
16 3c. Monedas. See Prontuario.

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 285
164. Mondgas y Paez. Being a brief view of the late events in
Venezuela. New York, 1850. 8vo, pp. 80.
165. Mondgas, J. T. See Becerra, Cuestion, Gonzalez, and Ponte.
166. Mondgas. Bosquejo historico de la vida militar del ilustre,
General en Jefe Jose Tadeo Mondgas, durante la guerra de
nuestra independencia. Cardcas, 1855. 8vo. Portrait.
167. Montenegro. Geografla general para el uso de la juventud
de Venezuela. [Por Feliciano Montenegro Colon.] Cardcas,
1833-1837. 4 vols.
167a. Montilla. Biografia del General de Division Mariano Montilla
del 6rden de libertadores. Por Col. Juan Austria. Cardcas,
1851. 8vo, pp. 23.
1676. Museo Venezolano. See Bolet.
167c. Music. See Rothe.
168. Naiguatd. See Alpine Journal, Ernst, Illustrated London
News, and Spence.
1 68a. Nueva Granada. See Colombia.
1686. Orinoco. See Bovadilla, Caulin, Gumilla, Kingston, Level,
Madariaga, Manuscript, and Michelena.
169. Or sua. See Southey.
169a. Ores. See Plant.
1696. Otte. See Humboldt.
170. Oviedo y Banos. Historia de la Conquista y poblacion de la
provincia de Venezuela. Primera Parte. Por Jose' de Oviedo
y Banos. Madrid, 1723. 4to. There was a new edition,
Cardcas, 1824. " The second volume, if ever really published,
is supposed noiv to be lost. It is said to have been destroyed
by Los Mantuanos, as it threw some unpleasant light upon
their family history."
171. Paez, R. Travels and Adventures in South and Central
America. First series : Life in the Llanos of Venezuela.
By Don Ramon Paez. London, 1868. 8vo. Map and
plates.
172. Paez. Autobiografia del General Jose' Antonio Paez. Nueva
York, 1867, 1869. Two vols. 8vo, pp. 576 and 488.
1 72a. Paez. See Mondgas.
173. Paez. Carta que el General Jos6 A. Paez escribi6 de la carcel
de Cardcas d un amigo suyo. Cardcas, 1850. 8vo, pp. 21.
174. Paez. Documents relative" to the public life of General Jos6
A. Paez. New York, 1854. 8vo, pp. 67.
175. Paez. El General J. A. Paez en los Estados Unidos. New
York, 1850. 8vo, pp. 33.
176. Pardo. Meditaciones sobre el desastre de Cumand. Por
Francisco de Paula Pardo. Cardcas, 1852. 8vo, pp. 23.
177. Perez. Lo que siembras cajerds. Comedia original de costum-
tumbras en 3 actos y en prosa. Por Francisco de Sdles
Perez. Cardcas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 56.

286 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
177a. Peraza. See Bolet.
1776. Perrey. See Rojas.
177c. Pent.. See Bolivar, Briceno, and Michelena.
178. Penal. See Codigo, and Guzman.
178a. Piar. See Syers.
1 786. Pimentel y Roth. Resuinen Cronol6gico de las Leys y Decre-
tos del credito Publico de Venezuela, desde el ano 1826;
Cuenta general hasta 31 de Diciembre de 1872. Liquid
ation de todos los contratos desde 1864 precedida de un
resumen de todos ellos, y cuadros demostrativos de las oper-
aciones del mismo Credito Publico, por el Ministro del Ramo
Francisco Pimentel y Roth. Cardcas, 1873. Folio, pp.
cxxxix. 412.
179. Pita. El Consultor del Sistema M^trica 6 tablas de reduction.
Obra escrita y publicada por Don Eduardo Sanchez Pita.
Madrid, 1868. 8vo, pp. 254.
180. Pizarro, Franz, 1525, in Abschnitt II. ("Niederlassungen an
der Kiiste von St. Martha, Venezuela, und Toro "), pp. 47-
56, of Capitel II. (" Reisen und Entdeckungen gegen Siiden
von America ") of vol. xv. (Funfzehnter Band) of the " Alleg-
meine Historie der Reisen zu Wasser und Lande ; oder Sam-
mlung aller Reisebeschreibungen," &c. Published at Leipsic
by Arkstee und Merkus, 1757. Small 4to.
180a. Piano. See Revenga, and Rosa.
181. Plant (paper). Description of Minerals and Ores from Vene
zuela. By John Plant, F.G.S. (Microscopical and Natural
History Section). Proceedings Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society. Vol. xii.. No. 11. Session, 1872-73.
1 8 r<i. Poesias. See Arvelo, Bello, Calcaiio, Escobar, Flores, Guar
dia, Lozano, Maitin, Rojas, Salazar, Urdaneta, and Wittstein.
182. Pompo. Coleccion de medicamentos indigenas y sus aplica-
ciones, extraidos de los reinos vegetal, mineral, y animal,
recogidos y anatados. Por Geronimo Pompo. Cardcas, i860.
8vo, pp. 148.
183. Ponte. Oration fiinebra que en las exequias del General J.
T. Mondgas promincio. Por Dr. J. A. Ponte. Valencia,
1868. 8vo, pp. 15.
183a. Postal. See Chirinos.
1836. Proclamas. See Bolivar.
184. Prontuario. Prontuario para el Bolsillo que contiene las tab-
las de monedas estranjeras circulantes en Venezuela conver-
tidas. Cardcas, 1872. i2ino, pp. 39. Table.
184a. Purchas. See Las Casas.
1846. Quintero. See Martel.
185. Real. Real Compariia Guipuzcoana de Cardcas : Noticias his-
toriales prdcticas de los sucessos y adelantamiento de esta
compauia desde su fundacion ano de 1728 hasta el 1764,

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 287
por todos los ramos que comprehende su negotiation. Dis-
puesto todo por la Direction de la misma Real Compania
aiio de 1765. 4to, pp. 183.
186. Recollections. Recollections of a Service of Three Years
during the War of Extermination in the Republic of Vene
zuela and Colombia. London, 1828.
187. Relacion. Relation de la gloriosa y singular victoria que ban
conseguido las armas de S. M. Cat61ica contra una escuadra
britdnica que invadi6 el dia 2 de Marzo de 1743 la plaza de
La Guayra, comandada esta por Don Mateo Gual y aquella
por Don Carlos Wnoles (?). Cardcas, 1858. 8vo, pp. 15.
187a. Religion. See Bolivar, Constituciones, and Gutierrez.
188. Revenga y Mendez. Piano Topografico de la Ciudad de
Caracas. Lino J. Revenga y Gregorio F. Mendez. 1852.
One sheet.
189. Revenga. Estudio Seismologico. Consideraciones sobre la
revolution seismica del ano 1S65-66. Por Lino J. Revenga.
Cardcas, 1866. 8vo, pp. 39.
190. Reverend. See Bolivar.
191. Revista cientifica. Revista cientifica del Colegio de Ingeni-
eros de Venezuela. Cardcas, 1862. 8vo, pp. 128. No
more published.
192. Revista. See Spence.
192a. Revoluciones. See Alfonzo, Apure, Espinosa, Mondgas, Salazar.
193. Rojas. Los Mitos volcdnicos en ambos mundos. Estudio
geol6gico-hist6rico. Por Aristides Rojas. Cardcas, 1871.
4to, pp. 39.
193a. R6jas. Fragmento de un estudio geologico sobre los terre-
motos y temblores de tierra en Venezuela. Por Aristides
Cardcas, 1865. 8vo, pp. 28.
194. Rojas. Vindicacipn de algunos hechos cientificos en sur
America carta al profesor Perrey sobre los fen6inenos scls-
micas de America. Por A. Rojas. Cardcas, 1867. 4to,
pp. 18.
194a. Rojas. Mapa Politico de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela.
Reduction del mapa de Coronel A. Codazzi, arreglado a la
actual territorial, porLedo F. de P. Acosta, ingeniero. Card
cas, Rojas Hermanos, editores (printed in Paris). Con privi-
legio del Gobierno de la Republica (large sheet).
195. Rojas. El Lago de Asfalto en la isla de Trinidad. Por A.
Rojas. Cardcas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 15.
196. Rojas. Lenguaje de las flores y de las frutas. Por A. Rojas.
Cardcas, 1867. 8vo, pp. xxx. 140.
197. Rojas. Primer Libro de Geografla de Venezuela segun Cod
azzi. Por Aristidas Rojas. Edition ilustrada con mapas y
figuras intercaladas en el texto. Cardcas (Havre printed),
1870. 8vo, pp. 189.

288 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q-
198. Rdjas. Ciencia y Poesia. El rayo azul en la Naturaleza y
en la Historia. Por A. Rojas. Cardcas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 43.
1 99. Rojas. Ciencia para todos. El Rei de los Volcanes. Por A.
R6jas. Cardcas, 1869. 4to, pp. 42.
200. Rojas. See Almanaque, Humboldt, and Vargasia.
201. Rdjas. La Cuestion Harina de Trigo en sus relaciones con la
sociedad y con el fisco. Por Dr. Jose' M. Rojas. Cardcas,
1869. 4to, pp. iv. 58.
202. Rosa. Piano de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, delineado
con arreglo d las mas recientes y autenticas autoridades,
siendo las principales el Piano corografico de Codazzi, las
cartas levantados por el almiron Tazgo britdnico y las de
los SS. Blunt. Por el Ingeniero civil R. Rosa. New York,
1866.
203. Rosa. Piano de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela. Por el
Ingeniero civil R. Rosa. New York, 1866.
203a. Ross. See Humboldt.
204. Rothe. Album de Bailes, una nueva coleccion de lindisimas
composiciones. Originales de este genero, todas por los
maestros mds renombrados del pais. 43 pdjinas con 26
piezas, dibujados por el talentoso artista venezolano Ramon
Bolet. Cardcas : A. Rothe.
205. Salazar. La Columbiada 6 Colon, el amor d la patria y otra
poesias liricas. Por Jos6 M. Salazar. Cardcas, 1852. 8vo,
pp. x. 192.
206. Salazar, J. M. Obras escojidas. Por Jos6 Maria Salazar.
Caracas, 1864. 8vo, pp. 32.
207. Salazar. Biografia del General Matias Salazar. Valencia,
1872. 8vo, pp. 48.
208. Salazar. Proceso del General Matias Salazar. Publication
oficial. Cardcas, 1872. 8vo, pp. 26.
208a. Salvin. See Sclater.
2086. Sanavria. See Engel.
209. Sanojo. Comentarios al Codigo de Procedimiento judicial
de Venezuela. Por Luis Sanojo. Cardcas, 1870. 8vo,
pp. 220, iii.
210. Santander. Derrotero de las Islas Antillas de las Costas de
de tierra firme y de las del Seno Megicano, corregido y
aumentado y con un aptiidice sobre las corrientes del Oceano
Atldntico. Mandado reimprimir por el Esmo. Sr. Francisco
de Paula Santander. Bogata, 1826. 4to, pp. 578.
211. Schceffer. El Comercio de Cafe. Por C. H. Schoeffer. Tra
ducido del Aleman por el j6ven Diego Bautista Urbaneja.
Publicado por 6rden y d expensas del Ejecutivo Nacional.
Cardcas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 37.
212. Schceffer. See Madriz.
213. Sclater and Sahin. On some Venezuelan Birds, collected by

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 289
by Mr. James M. Spence. By P. L. Sclater, M.A., Ph.D.,
F.R.S., and Osbert Salvin, M.A., F.Z.S. From the Pro
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, May 20, 1873.
8vo, pp. 2.
213a. Seijas. See Ernst.
2136. Sertulum Naiguatense. See Ernst.
214. Simon. The Expedition of Pedro de Ursua and Lope de
Aguirre in search of El Dorado and Omagua in 1560-1.
Translated from Fray. Pedro Simon's " Sixth Historical
Notice of the Conquest of Tierra Firme." By William Bol-
laert, Esq., F.R.G.S. With an introduction by Clements R.
Markham, Esq. London, printed for the Hakluyt Society,
1867. 8vo, pp. (xiii.) liii. 237.
215. Soutliey. The Expedition of Orsua and the Crimes of Aguirre.
By Robert Southey. London, 1821. 12 mo, pp. x. 215.
215a. Sociedad de Ciencias Fisicas y Naturalas, de Cardcas. See
Aveledo, Ernst, and Vargasia.
2156. Sotomayor. See Constituciones.
216. Spence. See Alpine Journal, Engel, and Sclater and Salvin.
217. Spence. Primera Ascension al Pico de Naiguatd. Por James
M. Spence, traduction de Nicanor Bolet Peraza. Cardcas,
1872. 8vo, pp. 22.
218. Spence. From a forthcoming work on Venezuela. An Ex
cursion to Puerto-Cabello. By James M. Spence, F.R.G.S.,
F.Z.S. Manchester. 8vo, pp. 12.
219. Spence. Obsequio de La Revista y sus Colaboradores al
Senor J. M. Spence. Cardcas, Julio 20 de 1872.
8vo.
220. Spence. Venezuela : its People and its Products. An Ad
dress at the Spring Soiree of the Manchester Scientific
Students' Association. By James M. Spence. Manchester,
1874. 8vo, pp. 16.
221. Spence. Illustrations of Venezuela. Catalogue of Works
of Art, &c, collected during eighteen months' travel in
that republic, 1871-2. By James Mudie Spence, F.R.G.S.,
F.Z.S., Miembro Corresponsal de la Sociedad de Ciencias
Fisicas y Naturales de Cardcas. Exhibited on the following
occasions : — Primera Exhibicion Anual de Bellas Artes Vene-
zolanos, Cardcas, July 28, 1872 ; Literary and Philosophical
Society, Manchester, December 11, 1872; Scientific Stu
dents' Association, Manchester, March 4, 1872; Peel Park
Museum, Salford, during the greater part of 1873. Man
chester: Printed for private circulation. 1873.
2 2 1a. Sullivan. Rambles and Scrambles in North and South
America. By Edward Sullivan. London, 1852.
2216. Sucre, A. J. See Irisarri.
221c. Syers. Bolivar y la muerte de Piar. Article in El Mundo
VOL. II. T

290 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
Nuevo- America. By Robert P. Syers. 1875. Vol. vi.,
No. 120. Ilustrada.
222. Tacamahaca. See Cuestion.
222a. Tate. Notes on the Geology of Guayana in Venezuela. By
Ralph Tate, Assoc. Linn. Soc, F.G.S., &c. Quarterly
Journal of Geological Society. Vol. xxv. p. 343. June 1869.
2226. Tebor, J. M. See Vargasia.
223. Terrero, S. Cuba y Puerto Rico las Antillas Espanolas ante
las naciones civilizadas. Asamblea popular el 5 de Julio de
1869, en Cardcas, en favor del reconocimiento del partido
republicano de las Antillas como beligerante legitimo.
Edited by S. Terrero Atienza. Cardcas, 1869. 8vo,
PP- 57-
223a. Terrero, L. Biografia del Malogrado Artista, Venezolano,
Ramon Bolet, por Leopoldo Terrero. Cardcas-Imprenta
Nacional. Cardcas, 1877. 8vo, pp. 22.
2 23 J. Teutdnicas. See Codazzi, and Colonia.
224. Thirion. Exposition Universalle de 1867. Etats — Unis de
Venezuela. Statistique presented d la commission imp^riale.
Por M. Eugene Thirion. Paris, 1867. 8vo, pp. 31.
224a. Tovar. See Colonia.
2246. Travels. See Bonpland, Bovadilla, Colombia, Dance, Du-
pons, Eastwick, Hawkshaw, Hippisley, Humboldt (Kings-
ley), Kingston, Lisb6a, Madariaga, Michelena, Paez, Simon,
Southey, Spence, Sullivan, and Trollope.
225. Trollope. The West Indies and the Spanish Main. By
Anthony Trollope. London, 1859. 8vo, pp. 395.
226. Ugarte. See Vargasia.
226a. Urbaneja, D. B. See Madriz, and Schceffer.
2266. Urbaneja, M. M. See Baralt.
227. Urbaneja. Honores Fiinebres tributadas d la grata memoria
del Diego Bta. Urbaneja, por acuerdo del Sup. Cons, de
GG. JJ. qz. 33. Cardcas, 1856. 8vo, pp. 23. Portrait.
228. Urdaneta. Bolivar y Washington. A los libres del Nuevo
Mundo por un Colombiano. [Amenadoro Urdaneta.]
Cardcas, 1865. 8vo, pp. 22.
228a. Urdaneta. See Vargasia.
229. Urdaneta. La Batalla de Santa Ines. Canto d Zamora.
Por Amenadoro Urdaneta. Cardcas, 1864. 8vo, pp. xvi.
29. Portrait.
229a. Ursua. See Simon.
230. Unger. La sumergida isla de Atlantis. Estados geo!6gico
traducido de Unger. Por A. Ernst. Caracas, 1867. 8vo,
pp. 17.
.231. Vargas. Historia de la Quimica tomada del Manual de
Brande. Introduction al curso de esta ciencia leida en la
Universidad de Cardcas, por Dr. Jose' M. Vargas. Publi-

App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 291
cado por uno de sus discipulos (Dr. Manual V. Diaz).
Cardcas, 1864. 8vo, pp. 55.
232. Vargas. Curso de lecciones y demostracipnes anat6micas
en la Universidad de Cardcas, por Dr. Jos6 Maria Vargas.
2 tomos. Cardcas, 1847, 1848. 4to, pp. 394, 500.
233. Vargasia: Boletin de la Sociedad de Ciencias fisicas y natu-
rales de Cardcas.
Num. 1 -3. Enero, Febrero y Marzo 1 868. — A . Ernst. Intro
duction. Reglementos y funcionarios. — M. V. Diaz. Estu-
dios sobre Vargas. — A. Ernst. Sobre la Gesneria Vargasii
D. C. — F. de P. Acosta. Materias calorantes. — A. Rdjas.
Cartas y escritos cientificos sobre Venezuela. — Humboldt.
Cartas cientificas. — A. Aveledo. Cuadras Meteorologicas.
— A. Ernst. Sobre los maniferos de Venezuela.— C. E.
Rdjas. Observaciones entomo!6gicas. — A. Rdjas. Sobre
la tempestad seismica de las Antillas en 1867-68.
234. Vargasia. Num. 4. Abril 1868. — A. Ernst. Extractos
de las actas de la Sociedad. — L. Urdaneta. El acueducto
de Coro. — F. de P. Acosta. Estudio sobre las materias-
colorantes. — Humboldt. Cartas cientificas Variedades.
235. Vargasia. Num. 5. 1869. — A. Ernst. Estractos de las
Sesiones de la Sociedad. Lista de los Miembros. — A.
Ernst. In Memoriam. — A. Ernst. Los Helechos de la
Flora Cardcasana. Clane dicot6mica de los generos. —
S. Ugarte. Una visita d las grutas del Penon. — A. Aveledo.
Observaciones meteraldgicas en Cardcas ano de 1869. —
A. Ernst. Sobre una pequina correction que debe hacerse
al calcular por los medios correspondientes d cada mes, los
terminos medios que corresponden al ano entero. Andlisis
de un mineral de hierro (ologisto). — A. Rdjas. Los Ecos de
una tempestad Seismica. — A. Rdjas. Comunicacion. — A.
Ernst. El Ursus nasutus Scl. — Le Neve Foster. Noticias
geol6gicas sobre el distrito aurifero de Caratal en la
Guayana. — A. Goering. Escursion d algunas cuevas hasta
ahora no esploradas, al sur-este de Caripe (con una ldmina).
236. Vargasia. Num. 6. Contendido la celebration del centesimo
aniversario del nacimiento de Alejandro de Humboldt en
Cardcas. Discurso, &c, por Jesus Muiioz Tebor, Gaulterio
Chitty, Dr. F. de P. Acosta, Dr. Felipe Larrazdbal, Heraclio
M. de la Guardia, Adolfo Ernst, Vicente Coronado.
237. Vargasia. Num. 7. 1870. Estractos de las Actas de las
Sesiones (2d semestre de 1869). — A. Aveledo. Estrellas
cadentes de Noviembre de 1869. — Vic. Marcano. Sobre
un nuevo sulfocianato de platina. — A. Ernst. Plantas in-
teresantes de la Flora Cardcasana. — A. Ernst. Apuntes
para la Fauna ornitol6gica de Venezuela (con una lamina).
— Bourgoin. Ascencion d la Sierra Nevada de Merida. —

292 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q.
A. Aveledo. Observaciones meteorol6gicas en Cardcas aiio
de 1869.
237a. Venezuela. See Eastwick, and Spence.
238. Venezuelan Loan, 1862. A letter (translated) addressed to
Messrs. Baring Brothers & Co., by Antonio L. Guzman,
fiscal agent of the Republic of Venezuela, with copies of
documents referred to therein. London, 1865. 8vo, pp. 38.
238a. Venezolano, El. See Guzman.
2386. Viar. See Yangues.
238c. Viso. See Yangues.
239. Villafane. Informe dado al Gobierno sobre las actas de la
comision mixta nombrada para conocer y decidir de las
reclamaciones norte-americanos contra Venezuela. Por J. G.
Villafane. Cardcas, 1869. 8vo, pp. ii. 79.
239a. Villalonga. See Manuscript.
240. Villegas. Discurso pronunciado en el acto de distribucion
de premios del colegio de Chaves el 6 de Enero. Por Dr.
Guillermo Tell Villegas. Cardcas, 1868. i2mo, pp. 13.
240a. Volcanos. See Rojas.
241. Wall. On the Geology of a Part of Venezuela and of Tri
nidad. By G. P. Wall, Esq. (Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society. Vol. xvi. p. 460.) May 16.
241a. Walton. Present State of the Spanish Colonies, including
a particular report of Hispanola : History, Trade, Popula
tion, Customs, Manners, &c. By William Walton, jun.
London : printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, &
Brown, Paternoster Row, 18 10.
242. Wappaus. Die Republiken von Siidamerika, geographisch-
statistisch mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung ihrer Pro-
duktion und ihres Handelsverkehrs, vornehmlich nach
amtlichen Quellen dargestellt von Dr. J. E. Wappaus.
Erste Abtheilung. Venezuela. Gottingen, 1843. 8vo.
242a. War of Independence. See Austria, Baralt, Bolivar, Colombia,
Defensa, Diaz, Irisarri, Mondgas, Recollections, Syers, and
Terrero.
2426. West Indies. See Arrowsmith, Form, and Santander.
242c. Whist. See Leseur.
242*/. Wittstein. Poesias de la America Meridional. Coleccionadas
por Anita J. de Wittstein con noticias biograficas de los
autores. Leipzic : F. A. Brochaus, 1870.
243. Yanes. See Leseur.
244. Yanez. Manual politico del Venezolano 6 breve Exposicion
de los principios y doctrinas de la ciencia social que deban
ser conocidos por la generalidad de los ciudadanos. Por
un Venezolano (Dr. Yanez). Cardcas, 1839. 8vo, pp.
25r-
245. Yangues. Principios, y reglas de la lengva Cvmmanagota,

App. Q.J SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 293
general en varias naciones, qve habitan en la provincia de
Cvmmana en las Indias occidentales. Compvestos por el
v R. P. Predicador Fr. Manuel de Yangues, del Orden de
N. P. S. Francisco, hijo de la S. Prouincia de Castilla, y
Missionero en las viuas Conversiones de los Cummanagotos,
Piritus, y otra Naciones. Dirigidos al Reverendissimo
Padre Fray Christoual del Viso, Comissario General de
Indias, &c. " Sacado a lvz aora nvevamente corregido,"
y reducidos d mayor claridad, breuedad, jvnto con vn
Diccionario qve ha compvesto el R. P. Fr. Mathias Blanco,
Religioso de las misma Orden, Lector de Theologia, Ex-
aminador Synodal de el Obispado de San Iuan de Puerto-
Rico, hijo de la Santa Prouincia de Andaluzia, y Missionero
de las dichas converziones. Con Licencia. En Bvrgos :
Por Iuan de Viar, ano de 1683. 4to, pp. vi. 220.
246. Zulia. El Estado de Zulia. Falcon y Sutherland. 8vo,
pp. 28.

R.
ON NEOLITHIC STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM VENEZUELA.
BY JOHN PLANT, F.G.S.
A Paper read before the Manchester Geological Society,
December 24, 1873.
In the collection of objects and natural products brought by
Mr. James M. Spence from Venezuela are seven stone implements,
obtained from the ancient burial-places of the primitive Indians,
which are found very widely spread over the country. These
implements are of serpentine, greenish jade, sienite, diorite, and
black trap. The largest is shaped like an axe of uniformly thin
serpentine, with the edges sharpened, and the projecting heft cut
like a triangle, for the firmer fastening to the long handle. This
implement is too weak for heavy work, and being nearly 9 inches
long, was probably only a symbolical weapon used at the sacrifices.
It agrees with the Mexican and Central American axes in shape
and workmanship. The next in size is a broken smoothed hatchet
of fine grained trap, 6 inches long, thick, and rude in form, similar
to hatchets found all over Central and North America. The third
is a small hatchet of fine grained sienite, 4 inches long, a type of
weapon of common occurrence in Europe and America. The fourth
is a small hatchet of greenstone or diorite, like the implements seen
in the hands of the carved figures and hieroglyphic drawings from
Mexico. The fifth is a smaller one, nicely worked, but broken.
The sixth is part of a knife or chisel of light green jadestone. The
seventh is a small boulder of dark diorite, with two flattened sides,
and is traditionally said to have been used for the purpose of
smoothing the stone weapons made by the Indians. These imple
ments have the typical characteristics of the weapons described by
Mr. E. G. Squier in his work, published by the Smithsonian
Institution, as found over Central and South America.

s.

THE MANCHESTER SCIENTIFIC STUDENTS ASSOCIATION —
EXHIBITION OF VENEZUELAN CURIOSITIES.
Last evening a soiree of this association was held in the Memorial
Hall. The exhibition in connection with it of Mr. J. M. Spence's
most interesting and valuable collection of Venezuelan curiosities
(of which a larger portion was exhibited at the rooms of the Literary
and Philosophical Society, and described in the Guardian about
two months ago) attracted a large crowd of visitors. There was a
general feeling of regret that this collection, incomparable in its
extent and variety, could not remain open to public inspection for
a few days. Besides objects illustrative of the natural history of
Venezuela, with which the tables were loaded, the walls of the room
were covered with water-colour drawings, chiefly by native artists,
which conveyed a vivid impression of the characteristic features of
the country. In the course of the evening, Professor W. C. Wil
liamson, F.R.S., the president of the association, took the chair,
and, in introducing Mr. Spence, said that no single traveller who
had not gone abroad for the special purpose of collecting had ever
made so large, varied, and valuable a collection as Mr. Spence.
During his (Mr. Spence's) residence in Venezuela he was engaged
in commercial pursuits, yet he set an example worthy to be fol
lowed by every one, similarly circumstanced, of how with such
pursuits a devotion to the enlightened and elevating study of
natural history could be combined. Mr. Spence delivered an ad
dress descriptive of Venezuela and its people, and of the natural
products which it yields.* He also gave some account of his
personal experience in the country. A very cordial vote of
thanks to Mr. Spence was passed on the motion of Mr. Plant,
seconded by Mr. Angell ; and some time was afterwards spent
by the company in inspecting the objects in the room, t
* Appendix Q, No. 220.
t As most .of the objects forming the collection were presented to the
author by people of the republic, he thinks it only due to the donors to insert
the above article.

THE CHURCH OF ROME IN VENEZUELA.
(The Times, September 18, 1876.)
Mr. R. J. Simpson, a member of the South American Missionary
Society's Committee, has favoured us with the following correspond
ence from one of their missionary clergymen, the Rev. J. Roe : —
" Caracas, May 15, 1876.
" It is not possible to estimate the importance of the religious
crisis through which this country is passing. As I was arriving in
the capital on Wednesday evening last, the Houses of Congress were
voting unanimously that the Church of Venezuela will be henceforth
independent of Rome. By this mail I will send you the particulars
as published in the press. You will see that the President's Mes
sage is exceedingly important, for while it breaks off all connection
virtually with Rome, it acknowledges and asserts the truth and
greatness of the true Christian religion. The answer from the
Congress exhibits the same spirit. I consider this step to be the
only true statesmanlike step since the Reformation as regards
political dealings of Roman Catholic countries in religious matters.
The present President, Guzman Blanco, is a man of great talent and
ruling power, and has kept the country in comparative peace during
the past six years. He has suppressed all the monasteries and con
vents in the country, and turned their houses into useful institutions ;
he has abolished celibacy and established civil marriage ; he the
other day inaugurated a magnificent masonic temple, built at the
expense of the State ; he is improving the city and country wonder
fully, and establishing schools throughout ; and last, but not least,
as regards England, he is making arrangements to pay interest on
the National Debt. Such are some of the things this extraordinary
man is doing, and the future of this very beautiful and fertile country
seems hopeful ; hitherto it has been in a state of chronic revolution.

App. T.] CHURCH OF ROME IN VENEZUELA. 297
I append a translation of the Message of the President of Venezuela
to the House of Congress : —
" ' Citizen Senators and Citizen Deputies, — In my report of the
administrative year, which closed on the 20th of February last, I said,
speaking of archiepiscopal disputes, that the last term which I had
been asked to grant was in order that, in conformity with certain
indications received from Rome, Seiior Guevard should present to
His Holiness his resignation of the Archbishopric, an act by which
the usurping policy of the Holy See believes that Venezuela could
alone be enabled to elect an Archbishop, and the Pope authorized
to grant him the faculty to act, all which is to ignore the sovereignty
of the country- — the whole source of power whence its prelates
derive the jurisdiction in their dioceses or archbishoprics — and is,
moreover, diametrically opposed to the express text of Articles
XVI. and XVII. of the Law of Patronage in force since 1824, which
literally is as follows : —
" ' Art. XVI. — Those designated by the Congress for the Arch
bishopric and Bishoprics before they present themselves to His
Holiness through the Executive Government, must make before said
Executive, or the person whom the Executive may delegate to this
end, the oath to sustain and defend the Constitution of the Republic,
not to usurp her sovereignty, rights, and prerogatives, and to obey
and fulfil the laws, orders, and dispositions of the Government.
Two copies of this oath shall be drawn up, both to be signed by the
nominees, one of which shall be passed to the Senate, and the other
to the Chamber of Deputies, to be kept in their respective archives.
" ' Art. XVII. — As soon as the nominees have made the preced
ing oath they may enter into the exercise of their jurisdiction, the
Executive summoning the ecclesiastical bodies to this effect ; but
they shall not enjoy the emoluments of their office until the Pope
shall have confirmed their nomination.
" 'The term granted terminated on the 19th April; but as the
Pope's Nuncio in San Domingo notified to me on the 20th, that on-
the 2 ist he would proceed to Trinidad in order to obtain the re
signation of Senor Guevard, in conformity with the instructions he
had just received, I judged it advisable that I should make a new
and final effort, and await the result of the conference between
Monsignore Roccabocetria and the ex-Archbishop. Yesterday, I
received the official intimation that Seiior Guevard refuses to resign,
and I am also informed that the Nuncio has not the power to oblige
him to resign nor to remove him. Such being the situation, all

298 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. T.
diplomatic means of settling the archiepiscopal dispute are exhausted,
and I have taken upon myself to pass a law which shall declare the
Church of Venezuela independent of the Roman Episcopate, and ask
that you further order that parish priests shall be elected by the faith
ful, the Bishops by the rectors of parishes, the Archbishops by Con
gress, returning to the usage of the Primitive Church, founded by
Jesus Christ and His Apostles. Such a law will not only resolve
the clerical question, but it will be besides a grand example for the
Christian Church of republican America, hindered in her march
towards liberty, order, and progress by the policy, always retrograde,
of the Roman Church, and the civilized world will see in this act
the most characteristic and palpable sign of advance in the regenera
tion of Venezuela. Guzman Blanco.'
" The following is the Address of Congress in reply : — ' Illustrious
American, President of the United States of Venezuela : — The
Legislative Chambers assembled in Congress have considered with
patriotic interest the important Message communicated to them
through the Ministry, under date of the 9th inst., upon the Archi
episcopal Question. Congress sees, with profound displeasure, that
the Roman See refuses to satisfy the just desires of the people of
Venezuela upon the grave question which we are engaged in debat
ing through the fault of a prelate false to his duties as a priest
and patriot, and who dares to insist upon the right to override that
natural sovereignty which we exercise as an independent and free
nation. The country knows, noble American, that with wisdom
and prudence you have endeavoured to reconcile the interests of
Venezuela with the capricious demands of the Roman See as far as
our national dignity, the majesty of our institutions, and the high
duties which the revolution of April imposed upon you have per
mitted ; and thus the Members of this Congress, founders of this
glorious epoch of national regeneration, convinced of the justice
which assists Venezuela in this dispute, and inspired with the con
victions of their constituents which repel all foreign intervention do
not hesitate to associate themselves with your Excellency to fight
this last battle — all diplomatic efforts having failed — against the
Roman See in the name of modern civilization and our national
sovereignty. Faithful to our duties, faithful to our convictions and
faithful to the Holy Dogmas of the religion of Jesus, of that Great
Being who consecrated the world's freedom with His blood, we do
not hesitate to emancipate the Church of Venezuela from that Epis
copacy which pretends, as an infallible and omnipotent power, to

App. T.] CHURCH OF ROME IN VENEZUELA. 299
absorb from Rome the vitality of a free peopie, the beliefs of our
consciences, and the noble aspirations and destinies which pertain
to us as component parts of the great human family. Congress
offers to your Excellency and will give you all the aid you seek to
preserve the honour and the rights of our nation, and announces
now with patriotic pleasure that it has already begun to elaborate
the law which your Excellency asked it to frame. Rely upon our
patriotism and upon our loyalty to the great principles of our
democratic republic. T. V. Guevard,
President of Congress and of the Senate.
Eduardo Calcano,
President of the Chamber of Deputies.
Caracas, May 16th.
Together with the Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of both Chambers.'
" Let me only add a commentary from the leading journal of
Venezuela, the Opinion Nacional : — ' To-day we publish the reply
which was given last night by the Congress to the illustrious
American upon the subject-matter of his last Message, which is, in
fact, the question relative to the appointment of the Bishops of
Venezuela which the Pope has for ages past arrogated to himself,
and which should revert to and become the exclusive function of the
territorial Sovereign in every nation, as it was uninterruptedly in
the first ages of Christianity. To re-establish at this point the true
discipline of the Church from the time o'f her foundation, when her
doctrine was pure and she respected the civil rights and prerogatives
of temporal government, when as yet the ambitions and earthly
passions of the men she had raised to high ecclesiastical dignities
had not culminated in those usurpations which have become the
scandal of modern times, is to gravitate with all sincerity towards
that genuine religion of Christ, and to refuse to become the accom
plice of those adulterations which falsify her law, which substitute
the reign of vanity, pride, and contempt for mankind for the doctrine
of gentleness, meekness, and love. This dispute does not enter into
the region of dogmas, for two reasons — first, because it is by its
very nature purely jurisdictional, and it cannot be dragged either
by violence or reason on to the terrain of the fundamental truths of
dogmatic belief ; secondly, because a National Congress, a purely
political corporation, cannot by its very nature be called upon to
declare new religious dogmas, and convert itself into a Council with
the same authority wherewith the Pope has instituted himself for
those, and has donned the cap of infallibility.' "

INDEX.

'Abdul Azis,' the Litterateur, i.
1 66 ; ii. 129.
Abolicion de la esclavitud. See
Slaves.
Aboriginal civilization, relics of, ii.
152.
Aborigines. See Indians.
Absenteeism, i. 39, 166, 305, 309.
Acacia, i. 156.
Academia Espanola, i. 322-323.
Academy, military, i. 57.
Aceite tree, i. 76.
Achiote. See Onoto.
Achyrocline vargasiana, ii. 183.
Acid, sulphuric, manufacture of, i.
112, note.
Acid. See Phosphoric.
Acineta, ii. 193.
Acosta, Dr. F. de P. : On Indigo, i.
243, note ; ii. 271, 287, 291.
Acosta, Sefior Cecilio, ii. 271.
Act. See Leys.
Addenda. See Appendix.
Adelantado, title of, ii. 153.
Adornment. See Dress.
Aduanas, or Custom Houses : La
Guayra, i. 16-18, 22 : Gross annual
revenue from all in Republic, i. 56 :
Export of bitters from the Custom
House of Angostura, i. 82.
Aduanero, or chief of the Custom
House, i. 1 7.
Adulteration of Peruvian Guano, i.
284.
Adventure. See Incident.
Advice. See Mountaineers.
Aeranthes, ii. 193.
Affront, ii. 93.
Agents, or Middle Men, sharp prac
tices of, i. 1 1, note.
Agitator. See Salazar.

Agriculture, i. 11, 13, 14, 39, 50, 63,
75. *9. 97, 153. 165, 177, 236, 242,
244, 247, 292-296 ; ii. 28, 30, 171 :
Works on, ii. 271.
Agua bendita, i. 220.
Agua Caliente, village of, i. 171.
Aguacate, or alligator pear, i. 51.
'Agua Providential de Potentini,'
i. 96-97.
Aguardiente, i. 45, 176, 228, 229, 249 ;
ii- 57-
Agua Salud, village of, i. 275.
Aguas termales. See Thermal springs.
Ague, cure for, ii. 190.
Aguinagade, Padre Ildefonso Riera,
picture of, ii. 246.
Aguirre, Lope de, the traitor, i. 67 :
Joins expedition of Ursua, ii. 160 :
His first murders, ii. 160 : Is ap
pointed maestre del campo, ii. 160 :
His homicidal mania, ii. 161 : He
sails for Margarita, ii. 161 : His
murders there, ii. 162 : His depar
ture, ii. 162 : He reaches the main
land, ii. 163 : His sanguinary pro
gress there, ii. 163 : Is brought
to bay, ii. 164 : He kills his own
daughter, ii. 164 : His surrender to
Parades, ii. 164 : Death of the
tyrant, ii. 164 : Works relating to
Aguirre, 225, 271, 289.
Aguirre river, i. 78.
Aid, fortuitous, ii. 123-125.
Air, atmospheric, rarefaction of, ii.
60.
Air, humidity of, i. 208 ; ii. 234, 240.
Ap, or garlic, i. 241.
Ajonjoli plant, i. 51.
Alameda, i. 21 ; ii. 113, 264, 268.
Alamo, Senor Anjel Maria, i. 161.
Albion Hotel, Barbadoes, i. 13.

302

INDEX.

Albujar, Juan Martin de, captivity
of, ii. 159.
Album, i. 268.
Alcaldes, ii. 158, 162, 167, 168.
Alcdntara, General Francisco Lind-
res : Anecdote of him, i. 121 : His
sobriquet, i. 1 54 : His troops on the
march, i. 156 : They enter Cardcas,
i. 178 : He joins Guzman Blanco,
i. 259 : The author introduced to
him by the President, ii. 100 ; He
becomes Ruler of Venezuela, ii.
101, note.
Alcdntara, San Pedro de, bone of,
i. 96.
Alcatras, or pelicanus fuseus, i.
208.
Alcoves. See Arbours.
Aldama, Spanish general, atrocities
of, i. 85-88.
Aldrey, Senor Fausto Teodoro de,
editor, ii. 147, 251, 271.
Ale. See Beer.
Alfinjer, Ambrosio de, governor, ii.
153 : His brutality, ii. 153 : His
death, ii. 153.
Alfonso, Luis Geronimo, ii. 271.
Alguazil, ii. 162.
Alligator pear. See Aguacate.
Alligators, i. 53, 262.
Almaeiga, or nursery for coffee
plants, i. 294.
Almanaque para Todos, i. 32, note.
Almeja de mar, i. 53
Almendrones, grove of, i. 21.
Almuerzo, or breakfast, i. 11 5- 11 6.
Aloe, i. 51.
Alphabet, i. 220.
Alpine district of Venezuela, i. 72.
Alstroemeria Bredemeyerana, ii. 242.
Alstrcemeria Rosea, ii. 235, 242.
Alta Comercio, banquet of the, i.
315-
Alta Corte Federal, i. 56.
Altagracia, difficulties to reach, i.
249 : Estate of, i. 254 : Route to,
i. 254 : Mansion of, i. 255.
' Alto ! Quien vive ? ' meaning of
expression, i. 28.
Alum, ii. 187.
Alumina, ii. 187.
Alverjas plant, i. 234.
Amargo de Siegert, i. 82.
Amarillos. See Libei-ales.
Amazon river, i. 41, 48; ii. 152, 159,
160, 284.
Amazonian territory of Venezuela,
population of, i. 53, note; ii. 268.

Ambassadors : English, i. 24 : Brazil
ian, i. 41 : American, i. 217-218 :
Danish, i. 272 : German, i. 318.
Ambidexterity of the guides, ii. 22-
23, 29, 33, 65.
Ambition of General Paez, i. 134-
i35> .*39-
Ambition. See Salazar.
Ambuscade, ii. 157.
Amphibolite slate. See Rocks.
Amphitheatre, a great natural, ii. 6,
12, 26.
Ampues, Juan de, ii. 153.
Amundaray, Senora Felicia Castillo
de, artist, ii. 245.
Ammunition. See Firearms.
Amusements, and places of amuse
ment, i. 22, 30, 37-38, 39, u 1, 318 ;
n- 93, 94-
Amyris altissima, i. 293.
Anache, lake of, i. 63.
Anagram on the name of Simon
Bolivar, i. 122.
Analysis: Salt of St. Christopher, i.
10, note: Of phosphate, i. 211, note:
Of the national dish, i. 234 : Of
fruit of Onoto, i. 238 : Of Orchila
guano, i. 283 : Of Los Roques mine
ral, ii. 122 : Of Curamichate coal,
ii. 134.
Anastacia, Santa, a bone of, i. 96.
Anauco river, i. 30.
Ancestors, i. 165-166.
Anchorage, i. 85, 103, 201, 284.
Ancient History of Venezuela, ii.
151-174.
Andes range of mountains, i. 47-49,
72, 73, 75 ; ii- 14, 47, 76.
Andral, Mr. William A., ii. 256.
Anecdotes. See Incidents.
Angelito (bee), i. 237.
Angostura Bitters, i. 82.
Angostura, City of. See Ciudad-Boli-
var.
Angostura, Congress of, i. 130.
Angostura, Government of, i. 131.
Angraecum, ii. 193.
Anguloa, ii. 193.
Anil de Cardcas, i. 242.
Anil plant, cultivation of, i. 242-243 :
When introduced, ii. 171.
Annihilation of the armed Blues, i.
262.
Anniversary of the Revolution, i.
111: Of the Declaration of Inde
pendence, i. 178.
Anniversary of the Centenary of
Humboldt, ii. 291.

INDEX.

3°3

Anoco, Jesus, guide, ii. 2.
Amedera scanderis, ii. 243.
Anthracite. See Coal.
Anthropology, i. 54, 300.
Antidote, i. 81.
Antilles. See West Indian Islands.
Antimano village, ii. 6.
Apio de Espana, i. 234.
Apostacy, ii. 296-299.
Appeal, Court of, i. 56.
Appendix, ii. 151.
Apple, i. 51.
Appun, Von Carl Ferdinand, ii. 271.
Apure, battle of, plan of attack of
the, i, 260 : The combat, i. 261 :
The victory, i. 261 : Flight of the
vanquished, i. 262 : Their total de
struction, i. 262, 311.
Apure, campaign of, i. 259.
Apure, fisheries of, i. 76.
Apure, Uaneros of, i. 77.
Apure, llanos of, i. 52 : Enormous
extent of, i. 75 : Meagre popula
tion of, i. 75 : Abundant animal
life in, i. 76.
Apure, Paso Real of, i. 260-261.
Apure river, i. 60, 73, 74, 161; ii.267.
Apure, State of, i. 75-77.
Apurito river, i. 260.
Aquaria, i. 280.
Aqueducts, i. 69 ; ii. 263, 268, 269.
'Aqui mismo,' meaning of expres
sion, ii. 64.
Aragonese Capuchins : They take
refuge in caves, i. 65.
Aragua, Barcelona, i. 89 : Cotton
districts of, i. 98.
Aragua, mountains of, ii. 42, 59.
Aragua, State of, i. 59.
Aragua, valleys of, i. 47 : First view
into, i. 152 : Descent into, i. 153 :
Estates of, i. 153 : Troops of, i.
156: The famous tree of, i. 156:
Rich lands of, i. 157-159: Tobacco
of, i. 159 : Grand lake of, i. 159 :
Bad roads in, i. 163 : Dearth of
cattle in, i. 163: Acreage under
sugar cane in, i. 165 : Cost of war
in, i. 166 : Lands suitable for a
colony, i. 177 ; ii. 171.
Araguita, parish of, Barcelona, i. 101 ;
ii. 256 : Its Church, ii. 267.
Araguita, State of Bolivar, i. 59.
Aranjo,' General Juan, i. 258.
' Arapiles,' Spanish ironclad, ii. in.
Arapos islands, ii. 254.
Arauca river, i. 130, 262.
Araya, peninsula, i. 63 ; ii. 151.

Araya, mountains of, i. 63.
Arbacos Indians, ii. 157.
Arbours, i. 38 ; ii. 7, 35, 37.
Arch, a triumphal, i. 186, 312.
Archbishop of Venezuela, i. 56, note;
ii. 296-299.
Archipelago, i. 196.
Ardea herodias, i. 265 ; ii. 178.
Arena. See Cock-pits.
Arendetario, the system of, i. 248.
Arismendi, General, i. 67, 127.
Aristeguieta, General J. M., i. 112.
Aristocracy, i. 138-139, 302, 305 : Los
Mantuanos, ii. 285.
Arizona, territory of, i. 1 : Indians
of, i. 90.
Armadillo, ii. 52.
Arms. See Firearms.
Army. See Soldiers.
' Arno,' steamer, i. 9-13, 41.
Arnotto, i. 51.
Aroa copper mines, i. 67-68, 224 ; ii.
!36, i85- . , . ,o
Aroa, mountains of, 1. 68.
Aro river, i. 78.
Arquebuse, ii. 164.
Arrechedera, Senora Nicolasa, death
of, i. 226.
Arrests, i. 120.
Arrow-heads, ii. 191.
Arrow-poison, i. 80.
Arrow-root, i. 51.
Arrowsmith, J., ii. 271.
Artesian well, i. 96.
Artillery, i. 262.
Arts, i. 69 ; ii 127.
Arvelo, Dr. Carlos, i. 168.
Arvelo, Senor Rafael, i. 168 : His
book of poems, ii. 227, 231, 272.
Asbestos, ii. 187.
Ascent. See Naiguatd and Silla.
Asfalto. See Lago.
Asphaltum, beds of, i. 69 ; ii. 186.
Asphyxia, i. 80.
Assassin, an attempt on the life of
Bolivar by an, i. 126 : One takes
the life of Urdaneta, i. 144 :
Another that of C6bos, ii. 156 : El
Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho, slain
by an, ii. 281.
Asses, i. 52 : A collection of, i. 223 :
A goods train of, i. 229, 247.
Asses versus Guides, ii. 29.
Asuncion, town of, i. 66.
Atabapo river, i. 78.
Athlete, a Californian, i. 185.
Atienza, Dofia Inez de, ii. 160 :
Murder of, ii. 161.

3°4

INDEX.

Atienza, Dr. Santiago Terrero de, i.
317, 322 ; ii. 125 : He speaks at ar
tist's banquet, ii. 129, 249, 251,
255, 257, 290.
Atlantic Ocean, i. 2, 6, note, 47, 77.
Atmosphere. See Air.
Attic, 1. 285.
Attire. See Dress.
Attires Indians, destruction of, i. 80.
Attires, rapids of, i. 79.
Auriferous. See Gold.
Aurora, ii. 25.
'Australian,' ss. of the W. I. & P.
M. Co., i. 39.
Austria, Jos<5, ii. 272.
Austria, Colonel Jos^de,author,i. 272.
Authors, list of, ii. 271-293.
Auyama plant, i. 234.
Avarice. See Conquistadores.
Aveledo, Sen. Agustin, ii. 272, 291.
Avellaneda, Dona Gertrudis G. de,
poetess, ii. 226.
Aves, Las, island, ii. 119, 254, 272.
Avicennia tomentosa, ii. 176.
Avila, Dr. Josd Cecilio, ii. 272.
Axe, Indian, ii. 294.
Axon, Mr. Wm. E. A., Preface ii.
223-231.
Azaf ran plant, i. 51.
Azambuja, Dom J. M. N. de, Bra
zilian minister, i. 41-42.
Azores, or Western Islands, i. 2-3.
Azua, Don Gabriel A. Real de, ii. 228,
230.
Azules. See Conservative party.

Baba. See Alligators.
Baca, Alonso Arias, governor, ii. 169.
Baggage, i. 17.
Bahia de Nuevo Napoles. See Nuevo
Napoles.
Bailleria neriifolia, ii. 183, 24I.
Bailon, San Pascual, a bone of, i. 96.
Baio-Seco island, fortress of, i. 70.
Balboa, Nunez de, ii. 47.
Balcarce, Don Florencio, poet, ii. 230.
Ballot, vote by, i. 55 : ' Stuffing
the ballot boxes introduced,' i.
140.
Balls in Cardcas, i. 113-116: In the
Tuy, i. 297, 299.
Balsam Copaiba, i. 76.
Bambusese, ii. 37, 60, 181, note.
Banana tree and fruit, i. 51, 88,
173, 294-295-
Bandiera Brothers, 1. 179.
Bank of Venezuela, ii. 272.

Banos y Sotomayor, Dr. Don Diego
de, ii. 276.
Banquete, popular, i. 112, 271.
Banquets, i. 253, 271-272, 315 : An
artistic one, ii. 124 : One to the
artists, ii. 128 : The author's, to
the President and his Cabinet, ii.
146-148 : An account of the ban
quet to the artists, ii. 247-252.
Baptisms, custom at, i. 188.
Baralt, Sefior Rafael Maria, author,
ii. 172, note, 230, 272.
Baraquigua, city of, ii. 165.
Barbacoas, town of, its church, ii.
267.
Barbadians : What Trollope says
about the, i. 12 : Hospitality of the,
i. 13 : Presumption of the, i. 13 :
Language of the, i. 14 : Sacred
plant of the, i. 14.
Barbadoes island, i. 8, 9, 12-15.
Barbosa, General Antonio B. , i. 19.
Barbula, coffee estate, i. 1 70-1 71.
Barinas, city of, i. 74, 126 : The city
taken by Paez, i. 128 : Roads, ii.
270.
Barinas, plains of, i. 47.
Baring Bros., Messrs., ii. 272, 292.
Barinitas, road to, ii. 270.
Barlovento, hills of, i. 228 ; ii. 59.
Barlow, Joel, poet, ii. 223 .
Barnacle, i. 53.
Barometer, aneroid, i. 213 ; ii. 14,
note.
Barquisimeto, city of, i. 68 : Earth
quake in, i. 68 : Capture of the city,
i. 143, 148 : Founding of, ii. 154,
155 : Invaded by Aguirre, ii. 163 :
Roads, ii. 269.
.Barquisimeto, State of, i. 68 : Large
population of, i. 68.
Barracouta fish, i. 199, 285.
Barrett, Mr David, i. 283 : Over
drawn portrait of, i. 285-286 : Ter
rible tribulation of, i. 287-288.
Bdrrios, Dr. Diego Bautista, ii. 147,
251.
Bdrrios, Sefior Diego Braulio, ii. 272.
Barter, i. 198, 213 ; ii. 152.
Baruta, village of, ii. 239.
Basella margmata, ii. 241, 243.
Basket. See Caramute.
Bastides, Don Rodrigo de las, Bishop
of Coro, ii. 154,
Batis maritima, ii. 175,
Battery Hill, El Gran Roque, 201,
202, 207, 209.
Battue, a strange, i. 205-206.

INDEX.

3°5

'Bavaria,' Hamburg steamer, ii.
116-117.
Bazaar, ii. 142-143.
Beans, i. 67 ; ii. 67.
Becker, Mr Otto, i. 26 ; ii. 147.
Bee, i. 53 ; ii. 237.
Beef, Preface, i. 242, 244, 253.
Beer, i. 176.
Befaria, ii. 238.
Befaria, glauca, ii. 235, 242.
Befaria, ledifolia, ii. 235, 242.
Bejuco de agua, ii. 190.
Belligerent rights asked by patriots,
i. 125.
Bello, Senor Andres, poet, ii. 225,272.
Beltran, Sefior J. Garcia, artist, ii.
246, 251.
Benigna, Santa, a bone of, i. 96.
Benites, Senor J. Maria, ii. 272-273.
Bergantin, mountains of, i. 62, 63.
Bermtidez, General Jos^ Francisco,
birthplace of, i. 67 : His victory
over the Spaniards, i. 125 : His
defeat, i. 126 : Anecdotes of, i.
317-318, note.
Bermtidez, General Pedro Toledo, i.
317; ii. 125, note, 251.
Berro, Don Adolfo, poet, ii. 230.
Berroteran, Madam Pio, comfortable
home of, ii. 28, 29, 68, 69.
Berroteran, Pio, joins the Naiguatd
party, ii. 28 : His appearance, ii.
28 : Appointed chief guide, ii. 28 :
Patience of, ii. 46 : He is dubbed a
Saint, ii. 46 : He goes in advance,
ii. 50 : Prudence of, ii. 62, 68, 69, 73.
Bertholletia excelsa, ii. 190.
Betijoque, sierras of, proposed rail
way to, ii. 136.
Bibliographical list, ii. 271-293.
Bifrenaria, ii. 194.
Bigote, village of, i. 235.
Biflega, A., i. 276.
Binocle, ii. 9.
Birds, Venezuelan, i. 52 -. Of ill omen,
i. 76 : Indian mode of capturing
birds, i. 81 : Of Los Roques, i. 208 :
A strange place to build their
nests, i. 232 : New and rare species,
i. 265-267 : Birds of Orchila, i. 281,
284, 288, 298 : Goering's collection,
ii. 115 : Author's collection, ii. 177,
188 : Ernst's paper on Venezuelan
birds, ii. 291.
Birthdays, celebration of, i. 188.
Birth-rate, i. 31.
Bishop of Cardcas, ii. 171.
Bishop of Merida, i. 73-
VOL. II.

Bishops, i. 56, 73 ; ii. 297-299.
Bitter-cedar, i. 293.
Bitters. See Angostura.
Bituminous Coal. See Coal.
Bivouac, ii. io-ii, 43-44.
Bixa orellana, i. 234, 238.
Black-cattle, i. 52, 60.
Black trap, implements of, ii. 294.
Black waters of the Upper Orinoco,
i. 80.
Blanco, Don Antonio, i. 161.
Blanco, Dr. Gerdnimo, author, ii. 273.
Blanco, Father Ruiz, his dictionary
of the Cumanagota language, i.
29; ii. 273, 293.
Blanco, General Antonio Guzman
(President), i. 27, 77, note, 104 :
Author's introduction to, i. 106 :
His personal appearance, i. 106 :
His frankness, i. 106 : His past ex
perience, i. 106: His fitness to rale,
i. 106: His Herculean task, i. 108:
He goes to 'banquete popular,'
i. 112: He receives a public ova
tion,!. 112: A medal of honour pre
sented to him, i. 112 : He goes to
a ball, i. 113 : Author's interview
with, i. 117: His biography, i. 142 :
His profession, i. 143 : His travels,
i. 143 : His expatriation, i. 143 :
He joins General Falcon, i. 143 :
He enters the army, i. 143 : His
military aptitude, i. 144 : He re
organises the Liberal forces, i. 144:
He leads them to victory, i. 144 :
He arranges a treaty of peace with
the Blues, i. 145 : Accepts high
offices, i. 145 : He visits Europe
about a foreign loan, i; 145 : He
comes home, i. 146-147: His house
mobbed, i. 147 : He escapes to
Curazao, i. 148 : Returns to Vene
zuela, i. 148 : He collects an army,
i. 148 : He takes Cardcas by as
sault, i. 148 : He becomes the
Ruler of the Republic, i. 150 :
Road made by him, i. 152: One of
his supporters, i. 154 : Author's in
terview with him atYalencia,i. 164-
165: The President goes in state to
the Cathedral, i. 178: His reasons
for forming the islands of the Re
public into a territory, i. 219: He
heads the army of Apure, i. 259 :
His plan of attack on San Fer
nando, i. 260 : His engagement
with the enemy, i. 261 : His great
victory, i. 262 : Issues decree re-
U

io6

INDEX.

specting new territory, i. 273 : Re
turns from Apure, i. 311 : Ovations
on the way, i. 312 : Reception in
Cardcas, i. 312 : His speech to the
multitude, i. 313 : The merchants
entertain him, i. 315 : His trouble
with Salazar, ii. 95, 96 : He again
takes the field, ii. 97 : His victory
of Tinaquillo, ii. 98 : His return,
ii. 98 : His speech, ii. 99 : He de
fends the execution of Salazar, ii.
100 : His railway scheme, ii. 118 :
He refuses to lease islands till
examined, ii. 121 : Orders com
pletion of coal-mining concessions,
ii. 121 : Leaves for Valencia, ii.
121 : He promises author the
islands, ii. 123 : Leaves again for
Valencia, ii. 123 : Completes con
cession of phosphate islands, ii.
125, 126 : His farewell letter to
author, ii. 144 : The author's
banquet to him, ii. 147 : Decree
respecting islands, ii. 253 : His
address to Congress, ii. 273, 275,
2S1 : His trouble with the Church
of Rome, ii. 296-299.
Blanco, Sefior Adolf o, i. 317.
Blanco, Seiior Eduardo, i. 317 ; ii.
251.
Blanco, Padre, the patriot, death of,
i. 319 : His funeral, i. 320.
Blandin, estate of, i. 39 ; ii. 90.
Blanquilla, island of, i. 67.
Blechnum serrulatum, ii. 181.
Bletia, ii. 194.
Blues. See Conservative party.
Bluff. See Precipices.
Boa constrictor, 1. 53.
Boats, i. 16, 21, 60.
Boca de Copl^, i. 261.
Boca de Drdgos strait, i. 47.
Boca Grande, proposed telegraph to,
ii. 132.
Bocond river, i. 72, 74.
Bocond valley, ii. 155.
Body-guard of Paez, i. 129 : Of the
President, ii. 118.
Bogotd, battle of, i. 125.
Bogley, the Recorder, anecdote of, i.
181-185.
Bolbophylliim, ii. 194.
Bolet, Dr. Nicanor, ii. 273.
Bolet, Hermanos, ii. 273.
Bolet, Senor Ramon, artist, Preface ;
i. 29, note ; i. 103 : Joins commis
sion to Orchila, i. 276, 282 : ' He
designs triumphal arch, i. 312 :

Joins party to Catuche, i. 317 .
Joins the Naiguatd party, ii. 17 :
His sudden illness, ii. 39, 41: He
discovers water, ii. 62, 71, 73, 78:
His artistic powers, ii. 79 : Ruskin
on his drawings, ii. 80 : His alle
gorical picture, ii. 124 : Promotes
fine arts exhibition, ii. 127 : His
drawings at exhibition, ii. 129, 147:
Accompanies author to La Guayra,
ii. 149, 180, 245, 251.
Bolivar, Plaza de (Cdracas), i. 26, 86,
126, 221, 313, 314; ii. 13.
Bolivar Railway Company,ii. 1 37, note.
Bolivar, Simon, the Liberator :
Monumental statue of, i. 33 : His
private secretary, i. 40, 68 : His
Order of ' La Guerra a Muerte,' i.
72: His fear of the Caribe fish, i. 76:
His expedition to free Colombia, i.
82: Birthplace of, i. 122: Travels of,
i. 122 : Anagram on name of, i. 122 :
Mission of, to Europe,i.i22 : Fights
under Miranda, i. 123 : His trium
phal entry into Cardcas, i. 125 :
He escapes to Curazao, i. 125 :
Captures fortress of Tenerife, i.
125 : Captures Izquierdo's entire
force, i. 125 : He is hailed by the
title of Liberator, i. 125 : Defeated
at San Mateo, i. 126 : Attempted
assassination of the Liberator, i. 126:
Lands at Margarita, i. 127: Decrees
the abolition of slavery and manu
mits his own slaves, i. 127 : He joins
Paez, i. 129 : His victory of Cala-
bozo, i. 129 : Defeat of, at La
Puerta, i. 130 : He attends Con
gress, i. 130 : He liberates New
Granada, i. 131: His victory of
Carabobo, i. 132: He liberates Peru,
i. 133: Assumes the dictatorship
of it, i. 133 : He purchases the
liberty of 1000 slaves, i. 133: His
magnanimity, i. 134 : He resigns
the Presidency of Colombia, i.
135 : His country's ingratitude, i.
135 : He dies broken-hearted, i.
136 : Political results of his death,
i. 139 : Grand national funeral, i.
140 : Bdves attacks the Liberator
at San Mateo, i. 155 : His address
to Senorita Brion, i. 268: His exile,
i. 269 : Anecdote of him, i. 318,
note; ii. 173, 224: Works relating
to, ii. 273, 274, 280, 289.
Bolivar, State of, i. 50, 58: Islands of,
i. 58: Mountains of, i. 58, 59: Rivers

INDEX.

3°7

of, i. 59: Climate of,i. 59: Notable
sights in, i. 59, 174, 178: Capacities
of the State for production of in
digo, i. 242: For cattle breeding,
i. 244, 308 : Proposed telegraph
through, ii. 132.
Bolivar, the Enslaver, ii. 168.
Bolivia, Republic of, i. 133; ii. 284.
Bollaert, Mr. William, ii. 274, 289.
Bomaria rosea, ii. 242.
Bonaire, island of, i. 202, 278 ; ii. 176.
Bonfante, Sefior Pedro, kindness of,
i. no: His breakfast party, i. 116.
Bonfires, i. 112 ; ii. 8, 10, 13, 43.
Bonpl and, M. Aimd, i. 157 : Orchids,
ii. 193-220, 274, 278, 281.
Bon-vivant, a, i. 116.
Books relating to Venezuela, ii. 271-
293.
Borburata, port of, ii. 156, 158, 163.
Borburata river, i. 173.
Borracha, island of, i. 62.
Borrachitos, islands of, i. 62 ; ii. 253.
Borrego, General, joins Guzman
Blanco, i. 259.
'Borussia,' German steamer, i. 174.
Bosket, ii. 115, 116.
Botany. See Flora and Vegetation.
Boulton, Mr. H. L., ii. 147.
Boundaiy. See Limits.
' Bouquet,' American Guano Com
pany's schooner, i. 278.
Bouquet. See Floral.
Bovadilla, Don Francisco Ferndndez,
ii. 274.
Bdves, Spanish general, his cruelties,
i. 126 : Attacks Bolivar at San
Mateo, i. 155 ; ii. 225, 234.
Boyd, Mr. Lodewic Christoff, his salt
works, i. 197 : His house on El
Gran Roque, i. 201 : Hospitality
of, I. 201 : His lighthouse, i. 203 :
His unselfishness, i. 204 : He saves
lives, i. 204 : His anecdotes of
wrecks, i. 204 ; His rat difficulty,
y i. 206 : His dread of heat, i. 209 :
A sail round the island with him,
i. 209 : He challenges the ' Venus,'
i. 212 : His sloop wins the race, i.
214.
Boyer, Mr. Alex., ii. 136.
Boyer, Mr. Alex., junior, ii. 147.
Brachtia, ii. 195.
Brack-grass, or SporoboLus virgini-
cus, i. 201 ; ii. 176.
Brauco river, ii. 152.
Bravo, Don Pedro : His encounter
with Aguirre, ii. 163, 164,

Brazil, Empire of, i. 41, 47, 48, 50,
77 : Yellow fever in, i. 1 10 : Cost
of producing raw sugar in, i. 168:
How coffee is grown in, i. 293 ;
ii. 274, 277, 284.
Brazilian legation, i. 41.
Brazils, i. 8.
Brazil-wood, i. 51.
Brazo del Casiquiare (river), i. 41, 48,
78, 79 ; ii. 152, 284.
Bread, i. 152.
Bread-fruit, i. 51.
Breakfasts in Cardcas, i. 115, 116.
Breakwater of La Guayra, i. 20, 21.
Bredemeyera floribunda, ii. 235,
242.
Briceno, Dr. Mariano, ii. 272, 274.
Bridges, i. 21, 30, 97, 100, 171, 229,:
Puente de Falcon, i. 231 : Natural
one on the Naiguatd, ii. 50 : New
erections, ii. 267, 268, 269.
Bridgetown, Barbadoes, i. 12-14.
Brigantine, i. 192 ; ii. 165.
Brimstone. See Sulphur.
Brion, Admiral, death of, i. 268.
Brion, Senorita Loria, i. 268.
Brisco, Sir Robert, i. 9, note.
British aid to War of Independence,
i. 123, 132.
British Guiana, i. 46, 77, 284.
British Legation, the, i. 25, 188.
British Legion, the, i. 129 : Valour
of, i. 132.
British Minister, a strange one, i.
222, 223.
British Minister, the. See Middleton.
Brockhaus, Mr. F. A., ii. 225.
Brown, Mr. Charles, discovers high
est known waterfall, i. 79, note.
Bruzual, General, his joint-president
ship, i. 146 : His death, i. 146.
Bruzual, Feast of, i. 186, 187.
Bruzual, Senora, i. 186.
Bucare de fuego, or fire tree, i. 293 :
Its beauty, i. 293 : Its seeds, ii.
190.
Buccaneers, i. 201 : Ravages of the,
ii. 156, 158.
Buena Yista, defile of, i. 132.
Buenavista, lake of, i. 63.
Buena Vista, Tuy, i. 250.
Buenos Ayres, i. 244.
Bug, Josd Antonio, i. 235.
Buildings, noted public, i. 26, 30, 32,
34, 35, 38, 95, 109, 164, 169, 315,
321 ; 11. 113, 263, 267, 268.
Bullion, transportation of (anec
dotes), i. 224.

3°8

INDEX.

Burguillos, Senor Diego Caganas,
artist, ii. 246, 251.
Burial. See Funeral.
Burro, island of, i. 70.
Burying-grounds, ancient. See In
dian.
Buscarito, channel of, i. 161.
Butcher, i. 244.
Butchery, Village of the, ii. 161.
Butterfly. See Mariposas.

CABIMBU mountain, i. 68.
Cabo Blanco, La Guayra, i. 20; ii.
48, 105.
Cabo Blanco, Orchila, i. 282.
Cabo Codera, i. 84 ; ii. 14, 254.
Cabo de La Vela,ii. 153.
Cabra lake, i. 68.
Cabrera, village of, i. 161.
Cabritu, gratitude of a cazique of,
ii. 159.
Cacdo, i. 12, note, 50, 51 : Cultiva
tion of, i. 67, 73 : When intro
duced into Veuezuela, ii. 171.
Cacdo lands, i. 157.
Cacdo districts — Yaracuy, i. 67 :
Cua, i. 243 : Ocumare, i. 249 :
Santa Lucia, i. 307.
Cacdo estates — Chuao, i. 32 : Dr.
Nicanor Guardia's, Tuy, i. 242 :
Milagro, i. 306.
Cacdo, exports of, i. 42, 89.
Caehicamo, or armadillo, ii. 52.
Cachimbo, house of, ii. 2, 4 . A night
there, ii. 5 : The return to, ii. 12.
Cadiera, Captain L., of the ' Por-
tefia,' i. 276.
Cadiz, Regency of, i. 124.
Cafe\ See Coffee.
Cafd del Avila, Cardcas, i. 316 :
Fine arts exhibition in, ii. 127,
128, 244-252.
Cage, Mr W. A., ii. 105.
Caicara, the painted rocks of, i. 80.
Caicedo, Senor J. M., Torres, author,
ii. 272, 274.
Caiman, i. 53.
Cajigal, Sefior Juan Manuel, birth
place of, i. 67 : His ascent of the
Silla, ii. 1, 8, note, 88 : His account
of an ascent of the Silla, ii. 232-241 :
His Silla plants, ii. 241, 242.
Cakile sequalis, ii. 175.
Calabozo, battle of, i. 129.
Calabozo, llanos of, ii. 238.
Calabozo, town of, i. 259 : Road to,
ii. 266.

Calamar, i. 53.
Calcano, Ledo. Eduardo, ii. 125 : He
speaks at artists' banquet, ii. 129,
248, 251, 252.
Calcano, Senor Josd Antonio, ii. 274.
Calcano, Senor Julio, poet, ii. 225.
Calcano, Sefior Simon, poet, ii. 229.
Calcareous tufa, i. 279 ; ii. 187.
Calcerola, or enamelled pan, ii. 45.
Caldera, mountain of, i. 72.
Calderon, Francesco, ii. 166.
California, i. 1, 188, 208, 228, 304.
' Calido y sano, ' meaning of expres
sion, i. 20.
Calle de Carabobo, Cardcas, i. 225.
Calle de Comercio, Cardcas, i. 219.
Camaridium, ii. 195.
Camino Real del Oriente, or Main
Eastern Road, ii. 2.
Camp-fire, on Naiguatd, ii. 41, 43.
Camp-fire, on the Silla, ii. 10.
Campo Alegre, village of, i. 230.
Caiia Dulce. See Sugar-cane.
Canagud river, canalization of, ii.
269.
Canal, i. 41, 48 ; ii. 264, 268, 269.
Canalization, ii. 264, 268, 269.
Canastillo, or Little-basket orchid,
ii. 196.
Candelaria district, Cardcas, i. 226.
Cane, wild, i. 51.
Cangrejos, island of, i. 78.
Canilla de Venado, ii. 242.
Cannel. See Coal.
Cannon. See Fire-arms.
Cano Amarillo (river), i. 260, 261, 312.
Cano de Guariapo (river), i. 260, 261,
312.
Cantharis, i. 53.
Cantilo, Don Josd Maria, poet, ii. 230.
Caobo tree, i. 293.
Capachos plant, i. 51.
Caparro river, i. 74.
Capes, i. 47.
Capitol, the, ii. 263,
Carabobo, battle of, i. 132 ; ii. 225.
Carabobo, State of, its rich lands, i.
61, 159, 163, 174, 176-
Carabobo, valleys of, i. 165.
Caraca islands, ii. 253.
Caracas (capital), i. 23-28 : Climate
of, i. 29 : Trade of capital, i. 30 :
Population, i. 30, 31 : Vital sta
tistics of, i. 31 : Schools of, i. 32 :
Churches of, i. 32, 36 : Social life
in, 1. 113-116: Peaceful state of,
i. 118: Military troubles in, i. 143:
Rainy season in, i. 187 : Earth-

INDEX.

3°9

quakes of, i. 187 : Floods of, i. 187 :
Telegraph lines of, ii. 133 : At
tempted conquests of, ii. 156, 157,
158 : Sacked by Drake, ii. 168 : By
the French also, ii. 170 : Streets
of, ii. 264.
Cardcas, flora of, ii. 81.
Cardcas Indians, independence of,
ii. 154.
Caracas, rebellion of, ii. 277.
Cardcas, valley of, i. 29, 47, 59, 151,
290 ; ii. 2, 6, 30, 59, 239.
' Caramba, ' meaning of <word, i. 42 ;
ii- 33-
Caramute, Indian basket, i. 94.
Carafia tree, i. 51.
Caraotas, or frijoles (beans), ii. 65.
Carapa, lake of, i. 63.
Caratal gold-fields, Guayana, ii. 274,
279.
Caravalleda, ancient city of, i. 19,
20; ii. 166: Its abandonment, ii.
167, 238.
Caravalleda, bay of, i. 20 ; ii. 156.
Caravalleda, valley of, ii. 239.
Carayaca, village of, ii. 239.
Cariaco, gulf of, i. 47, 63 : Submarine
thermal springs of, i. 66.
Cariaco, lake of, i. 63.
Caribbean Sea, i. 9, 84 : Winds close
to land, i. 191 : The sea from the
heights, i. 192 : Calm on, i. 195,
196: Islands, i. 196, 197: Fishing
in, i. 199 : Storm on, i. 212, 277 :
Rise and fall of tide in, i. 283 :
How the sea looked from the Silla,
ii. 9, 47-
Caribe fish, i. 53 : Their ferocity, i.
76.
Caribe Indians, a family of, presented
to author, i. 90 : Rapid extinction
of the tribe, i. 92 : Legend respect
ing its origin, i. 93 : Their dress,
i. 93 : Their women, i. 94 : Their
marriage ceremonies, i. 94 : Spanish
attempts to reduce, ii. 159, 166,
169.
Carite fish, i. 52, 285.
Cdrlos IV. of Spain, on the education
of her colonies, ii. 172, 173.
Cdrlos V., the Emperor, ii. 153 : His
slave decree, ii. 154.
Carludovica palmata, ii. 190.
Carne asada, i. 112.
Caroan, Guayana, ii. 158.
Caroata river, i. 30.
Caroni river, i. 78.
Carora, town of, i. 149 ; ii. 155.

Carrefio, Sefior Manuel Antonio,
author, ii. 274.
Carrizales, the place where the car-
rizos grow, ii. 182.
Carrizo, Francisco, ii. 166.
Carrizo plants, ii. 182.
Cartagena, town of, i. 8, 126.
Carthamus tinctoria, i. 51.
Carupano, port of, i. 63, 66 : Public
works of, ii. 269.
Carving, ornamental, ii. 191.
Casa de campo, i. 113, 306.
Casa de Misericordia, i. 30.
Casa del Ingenio, i. 155.
Casa Mortuaria, i. 320.
Casanare, Nueva Granada, i. 128.
Casafias, Senor Diego, portrait
painter, ii. 124.
Cascades. See Waterfalls.
Casiquiare. See Brazo.
Castillo, Dr. P. P. del, author, ii. 275.-
Castillo Libertador, el, capture of,
i. 149; ii. 113.
Castro, Julian, ii. 275.
Castro, Mr., i. 176.
Catalogue, Fine Art Exhibition, ii.
127, 245, 247, 289.
Catalogue of Illustrations of Venez
uela, ii. 289.
Cataracts. See Waterfalls.
Catasetum, ii. 195.
Cathedral of Cardcas, i. 32, 33 : Te
Deumin, i. 178, 320, 321.
Catia, proposed new port of, ii. 118.
Cdtia, village of, i. 275 ; ii. 149.
Catre, a night on a, i. 246.
Cattle, formerly plenty of in Aragua,
i. 161 : Present scarcity of, i. 163 :
Absence of, in the Tuy, i. 243 :
Immense herds of, in the Llanos,
i. 245.
Cattle-breeding, i. 50, 52, 64, 68, 72;
74, 75, 89 : Desirable location for,
i- 243, 244-
Cattle station, or hato, i. 250.
Cattleya, ii. 195, 200.
Cattleya mossise, i. 263 : ii. 200.
Cattleya superba, Schomb., ii. 202.
Catuche river, i. 30, 317.
Caucho, i. 51.
Caulin, Antonio, author, ii. 275.
Caura river, i. 78.
Cavalcade, a grotesque, i. 221 : A
goodly one, i. 247.
Caves, Caverns, &c. : El Encantado, i.
59: Gudcharos, i. 64-66: Rio-Negro,
i. 80 : El Gran Roque, i. 209 : Nai
guatd, ii. 55, 56 : Petare, 91, 92.

310

INDEX.

Cayaurima, Indian chief, capture of,
ii. 167.
Cayo de Sal, Los Roques, i. 196, 214.
Cayo El Dorado, i. 278, 282, 284.
Cayo Grande (island), Orchila, i. 196 :
Salt works of, i. 197, 212.
Cazique of Cabritu, ii. 159.
Cazique of Cumana, ii. 152.
Cedar, i. 51.
Cedrela odorata, i. 293.
Cedro amargo tree, i. 293.
Cedro Blanco del Rio-Negro, i. 293.
Cedro dulce, or sweet cedar tree, i.
293.
Cddula real, ii. 1 70.
Celibacy, abolishment of, ii. 296.
Cemeteries, i. jo, 152, 225, 271; ii.
279.
Census. See Population.
Centinela, islet of, ii. 254.
Central American axes, ii. 294.
Central American revolutions, i. 180 ;
ii. 117.
Cereus Swartzii, ii. 176.
Cerpa, Don Diego Ferndndez de, de
feat and death of, ii. 159.
' Cerrito del Diablo,' anecdote of, i.
3<5-
Cerro Azul, mountain, i. 59.
Cerro de la Vigia, ii. 1 14.
Cerro Duarte, ii. 26, 28 : Meseta of,
ii. 29, 68.
Chacaito, ravine of, ii. 233.
Chacao, village of, ii. 239.
Chacon, Don Jacinto, poet, ii. 230.
Chalcopyrites, ii. 186.
Challenge and countersign, i. 28, 119.
Chamberlain, Mrs., i. 86 : Murder of
the heroine, i. 87.
Chaparal, i. 172.
Charallave, battle of, i. 126.
Charallave creek, i. 244.
Charallave town, road to, i. 233 :
Backward state of, i. 235, 236, 241 :
Road through it, ii. 265.
Charcoal, i. 229.
Charcoal-burners, ii. 4, 12, 23, 30, 31.
Chaves, college of, ii. 292.
Chaymas Indians, victory of, ii. 160.
Cheese, Venezuelan, i. 228 : How to
make it, i. 245.
Chemicals for rough analysis, i. 192,
201.
Chemical works of Cardcas, the, i.
ii2, note.
Chewing, women, ii. 176.
Chichivacoa, cape of, ii. 254.
Chiguire, the, i. 76.

Chimanas, islands of, i. 62 ; ii. 253.
Chincha islands, Peru, i. 279, 281.
Chinese coolies, i. 12, note.
Chiococea paniculata, ii. 242.
Chiquichique plant, i. 51.
Chirimoya fruit, i. 38, 5 r.
Chirinos, Senor Rafael, author, ii.
275-
Chitty, Sefior Gaulterio, author, ii.
275, 291.
Chloidia, ii. 195.
Cholera, i. 42.
Chondrorrhyncha, ii. 196.
Choro de Marare, i. 298.
Chuao, cacdo estate of, i. 32.
Chuchivero river, i. 78.
Church building, i. 21, 22, 33, 34,
42, 95-
Churches, i. 21, 22, 30, 32-36, 95,
126, 156, 163, 169, 246, 257, 306,
321 ; ii. 267.
Church of Rome, i. 30, 31, 43, 56 ; ii.
227, 296.
Chuspa, village of, ii. 156.
Chusquea, species of, ii. 60.
Chesquea Spencei, ii. 82, 83, 181,
191.
Chysis, ii. 196.
Cigarros. See Tobacco.
Cigars. See Tobacco.
Cinchona tree, ii. 189.
Circulo de Amigos, i. 115.
Cissus viatorum, ii. 190.
Cities. See Towns.
Citrus limonium, i. 153.
Ciudad-Bolivar, or Angostura, i. 48:
Heat in, i. 49 : Its trade with
Apure, i. 77 : Rise and fall of
Orinoco at, i. 78 : Historic import
ance of, i. 81, 82 : Proposed rail
way to, i. 90 : Capture of, i. 258 :
Proposed telegraph to, ii. 133 :
English attempts upon the city,
ii. 170, 171.
Civilized Indians, i. 79.
Civil war. See Revolutions.
Clarines, town of, its church, ii. 267.
Clerical seminary, i. 32, 57.
Climate, i. 49, 61, 63, 67, 68, 71, 72,
78, 109, 281,284; ii. 76, 115.
Clock-tower, i. 33.
Cloud effects, ii. 9, 1 1, 38.
Clubs, political, i. 147.
Club, the Union, i. 115 ; ii. 274, 278,
Cnemidophorus nigricolor, i. 208.
Coaches, i. 151, 170 : The first one to
enter the Tuy valley, i. 232.
Coal, i. 52 : Anthracite, ii. 134 :

INDEX.

3n

Bituminous, ii. 134 : Cannel, ii.
186.
Coal beds of Coro, i. 69 : Of Toas, i.
70 : Of Tachira, i. 74 : Of Cura-
michate, ii. 1 34.
Coal-mines of Nueva Barcelona, i.
63, 83, 98, 100, 101; ii. 121 : Govern
ment concessions to work them, ii.
256 : Engineer appointed to survey
them, ii. 268.
Coast-guard, station of the, i. 22.
Coast-line of Venezuela, i. 47, 273.
Coast of Venezuela, temperature on
the, i. 49.
Coast range of mountains, i. 47, 84 :
ii. 14.
Cdbos, Alonso, the assassin, ii. 156.
Cdbos, Cristdval, his punishment and
its results, ii. 166 : His resentment
to Rdjas, ii. 167.
Coccyzus landsbergi, i. 265 ; ii. 177.
Coche, island of, i. 67.
Coche, sugar estate of, i. 230.
Coche, the Peace of, i. 145, 230.
Cochineal, i. 53.
Cock-fighting, i. 37.
Cockpits, i. 38.
Cocoa-nut trees, i. 11, 51, 172; ii.
"3-
Codazzi, Agustin, the geographer, i.
46, 49, 62, note: On the caves of
the Gudcharos, i. 64, 65 ; ii. 8, note :
His map of Guayana, ii. 101 : Map
of Apure, ii. 144, 145, 275, 284,
287, 288.
Codera. See Cabo Codera.
Coffee cultivation, i. 39, 67, 68, 73 :
Mistakes made, i. 244 : System of
' arendetario,' i. 248 : Venezuelan
method of cultivation, i. 292-295 :
Cost, i. 295 : Profit, i. 296; ii. 171,
274, 283.
Coffee districts — Carabobo, i. 61 :
Yaracuy, i. 67 : Aragua, i. 153 : A
poor one, i. 172 : Macarisao, i. 234 :
Charallave, i. 236 : Cua, i. 243 :
Ocumare, i. 248 : Paracoto, i. 257 :
Yare, i. 305 : Santa Teresa, i. 306 :
Santa Lucia, i. 307 : Mariches, i.
' 308.
Coffee estates — Blandin. i. 39 : Guay-
abo, i. 233 : Monte Verde, i. 235 :
El Deleite, of Nicanor Guardia, i.
242 : Of Pedro Condd, i. 244 : Mar-
are, i. 247 : La Vega, i. 254 : Alta-
gracia, i. 255 : El Mamon, i. 292 :
Milagro, i. 306 : El Volcan and
Santa Cruz, i. 308 : Sans Souci, ii.90.

Coffee, exports of, i. 42, 71, 89.
Coffee lands, i. 73, 99, note, 153, 157,
298.
Coffee: Of greatest perfection, i. n,
12, note, 39, 50, 51, 67, 68.
Coffee picking, i. 247, 294.
Coffee planting, i. 294; ii. 274.
Coffee shade trees. See Shade.
Coffee, transport of, i. 229, 247.
Coffee trees, i. 234, 245, 247 : The
height at which the tree produces
most Coffee, i. 293, 295.
Coinage, copper, i. 215.
Coins, custom of boring holes in
coins, i. 188 : Mixed, i. 215 : Scar
city of circulating medium, i. 254.
'Cojedes,' State of, i. 61, note ; ii. 265.
Cojoro, proposed new harbour of, ii.
135-
Cold, extreme, i. 49; ii. 5, 11, 44.
Colear, the national sport of, ii. 93.
Coleridge, Mr William Hart, ii. 276.
Colino, General Leon : Abortive re
volution of, i. 69 : He takes Carora,
i. 149 : Joins Guzman, i. 259 :
What he said about Salazar, ii. 95.
Collado, Pablo, governor, ii. 163.
Coll, Sefior Jacinto Gutierrez, ii 125,
note, 147.
Colleges, national, i. 57.
Colleges, i. 32, 57; ii. 171, 224.
College Seminary, ii. 171.
Colombia, independence of, i. 82, 131.
Colombia. See New Granada.
Colombus, his discovery of the Ame
rican continent, i. 47; ii. 151.
Colon, i. 8.
Colon, Cristoval. See Colombus.
Colon, Feliciano Montenegro, ii. 276,
285.
Colon, territory of, i. 58, 219, note:
Resort of smugglers, i. 273 : Guano
Company's lease of islands of, i.
274 : Second government commis
sion to, i. 274 : Author receives
invitation to join it, i. 275 : Decree
forming territory, ii. 253.
Colonial history, i. 30; ii. 151-174.
Colonia Tovar, i. 59, 176 : Orchids '
of, ii. 202, 209, 214, 219, 276.
Colonization, i. 176 : Proposed Eng
lish, ii. 138-140: Spanish, ii. 155,
158, 169.
Colony of emigrants, a fine field f or
a, i. 176.
'Columbiad,' the, ii. 223.
Commerce of Venezuela, i. 57-58.
Comparettia, ii. 196.

312

INDEX.

'Concejo Administrador de Cardcas,'
i. 112.
Concerts, open air, i. 38.
Concessions. See Government.
Conchas, ii. 157.
Concurrencia, on the Plaza de Boli
var, i. 221.
Condd, General Pedro, estate of, i.
244 : His death, i. 244, note.
Condd, Sefior Fabricio, i. 245.
Congress, i. 55, 56, 82, 119, 124, 130 :
Treats the Reformistas with great
vigour, i. 140 ; ii. 276 : Blanco's
message to Congress on the Church
of Rome question, ii. 297.
Conn, Mr Robert, vice - consul of
Puerto-Cabello, ii. 114.
Conocarpus erectus, ii. 176.
Conquistadores, los, i. 92, 157; ii.
I5I-I74-
Conservative party, i. 139 : Election
expedients of, i. 140 : Ups and
Downs of,i. 141-150: Road making
by, i. 230, 232 : It again takes the
field, i. 258 : Its successes, i. 259 :
Its signal defeat, i. 260-261 : Its
forces annihilated, i. 262 : What
the president said about it, ii.
99, 265.
Contraband, i. 58, 273; ii. 113, 117.
Contrabandistas, ii. 1 13.
Conucos, or cottage farms, i. 50, 75,
222, 237.
Convent, Franciscan, i. 85.
Convents, suppression of, ii. 296.
Conveyance of bullion, i. 223, 224.
Copaiba. See Balsam.
Copei, mountain of, i. 66.
Copey tree, i. 51.
Copld, battle of, i. 144.
Copld, Boca de, I. 261.
Copper, i. 51, 52, 152 : Carbonates
of, ii. 185-186.
Copper coins, i. 215, 216.
Copper mines of Aroa, i. 67-68 ; ii.
136-137, 185.
Copper, native, i. 152 ; ii. 186.
Copper ore, i. 152; ii. 137, 186.
Copper pyrites, ii. 186.
Copper, sulphate of, ii. 186.
Copper veins, i. 152.
Coquibacoa, province of, ii. 152.
Coral beds, i. 281.
Coral reef, i. 213, 284.
Corchorus hirtus, ii. 175.
Cordage, plants which serve for, i.
51,175, 222.
Cordia cylindristachya, ii. 176.

Cordillera of the Andes. See Andes.
Cordillera of the Avila, ii. 30, 232,
239-
Cordillera of the Coast, i. 47 : Habi
tations on the summit of road over,
222; ii. 73, 76.
Cordillera of Merida, i. 49, 50 -. ii. 76.
Cordillera of New Granada, ii. 76.
Cordillera of Ocumare, ii. 238.
Cordillera, States of the, i. 71; ii. 269.
Cordillera, troops of the, i. 259.
Coro, city of, i. 69 : Ancient slave
market of, ii. 154: Road from, ii.
269.
Coro, coast of, its discovery, ii. 151.
Coro, gulf of, i. 47, 69.
Coro, State of, i. 68 : Minerals of, ii.
69, 134, 185, 186.
Corocuro, island of, i. 78.
'Corona de Saugre,' i. 85-88.
Coronado, Senor Vicente, ii. 277, 291.
Corpo Cristo, Fiesta de, in Victoria,
i. 154.
Corro, Don Juan del, anecdote of, i.
Cortado de Rincon, i. 229.
Cortado de Totumo, i. 234, 257.
Cortes, Don Josd Manuel, poet, ii. 230.
Coryanthes, ii. 196.
Cosecha, la, i. 295.
Cotton, i. 12, note, 51, 229: 'Sea
Island,' ii. 277.
Cotton, cultivation of, in Barcelona,
i- 89, 97.
Cotton districts, i. 67, 89, 98, 157,
306.
Cotton exports, i. 42, 89.
Cotton factory, a, i. 117.
Cotton ginning works, i. 101.
Cotton lands, i. 98, 157.
Court of appeal, i. 56.
Cows, scarcity of, in Venezuela, i.
243-
Cow- tree, i. 51 : Milk of, ii. 189.
Crab oil, ii. 189.
Crame, Brigadier Agustin, ii. 277,
284.
Cranichis, ii. 196.
Crespo, General Joaquin, i. 259-262.
Crevices on Naiguatd, ii. 48, 50.
Cricket matches, military, i. 12.
Cruz, Senor Manuel, artist, ii. 247,
251.
Crypturus cerviniveutris (new bird),
i. 266 ; ii. 178.
Cua, town of, i. 237, 239, 241, 243 :
JNew road, 11. 265.
Cuartel, or guard -house, i. 28, 119 :

INDEX.

3J3

Saintly patroness of a, i. 229 -. Sol
diers of, i. 230, 275, 290.
Cubagua, island of, i. 67 : Discovery
of, ii. 151, 159.
' Cuban,' steamer, i. 14 . Wreck of,
i. 15, note.
Cuchivano, grotto of, i. 66.
Cucurbita maxima, i. 234.
Cuervo, Meliton, ii. 19, 73.
Cuicas Indians, subjugation of, ii.
155-
Cultivation. See Agriculture.
Cumand, ancient province of, ii. 152,
156, 159, 167, 169, 170.
Cumand, city of, i. 63, 64 : Earth
quakes in, i. 64 : When founded,
i. 64.
Cumand, coasts of, i. 124.
Cumand Indians, ii. 170.
Cumand, State of, i. 63-64 : Its
caves, i. 64-66 : Proposed tele
graph through, ii. 132 : Its islands,
ii. 253 : Lazaretto, ii. 269 : Port
Sucre, ii. 268 : Roads, ii. 269.
Cumanagota, coast of, its discovery,
ii. 151.
Cumanagota Indians, their language,
i. 29 : Ancient burying grounds of,
i. 152 : Victory of, ii. 166 : Defeat
of, ii. 166 : Large army of, ii. 166,
169 : Missionary efforts to subju
gate them, ii. 170 : Language of
the tribe, ii. 292-293.
Cunucunuma river, i. 78.
Cura. See Villa de Cura.
Curamichate, Bridge of (Cardcas), ii.
267.
Curamichate, coal-mines of, ii. 134.
Curamichate, port of, i. 148.
Curarigua, the country of, ii. 165.
Curataquiche, town of, its church,
ii. 287.
Curazao, i. 69, note ; i. 125, 146, 148:
The trade between Venezuela and,
ii. 113: Revolution hatchers of, ii.
117.
Curiosity of Venezuelans compared
with Americans, i. 193.
Currency, mongrel, i. 215-216.
Custom Houses. See Aduanas.
Customs, curious native, i. 93-95,
109, 114, 115, 188, 220, 226, 240,
302, 315 : At funerals, i. 320, 321.
Cutuciapon river, i. 232, note.
Cuyuni river, i. 78.
Cyenoches, ii. 196.
Cymbidium, iii 197.
Cyperus brunneas, ii. 176.

Cyperus cfesius, ii. 176.
Cyrtopera, ii. 197.
Cyrtopodium, ii. 197.

Dahlia, i. 38.
Dalla-Costa, General Juan, Presi
dent of Guayana, i. 259.
Dance, Mr. Charles Daniel, author,
ii. 277.
Dances, i. 113, 115, 224, 272, 297,
299 ; ii. 43.
Danish Government blamed for per
mitting open shipment of arms
from Curazao, for Venezuelan in
surgents, i. 69, note.
Danish man-of-war visits La Guayra,
i. 272.
Davallia concinna, ii. 181.
Davegno, Sefior Francisco, artist, ii.
130, 246, 251.
Death penalty, abolishment of, for
political offences, i. 142.
Death-rate, i. 31, 32.
Debt, foreign and national, i. 58,
117, 145, 146; ii. 140, 146, 275, 291,
296.
Decoratkms. See Floral.
Delgadito dike, Zamora, ii. 269.
Delgado, Senor Elias, ii. 277.
Delmonte, Don Felix Maria, ii. 230.
Delta of the Orinoco, i. 50, 64, 78.
Demerara, cost of producing raw
sugar in, i. 168.
Desayuno, el, i. 152; ii. 28.
Descerazar, maquina para, i. 295.
Desmanthus, i. 156.
Diabase or hyperstheine, i. 207.
' Dia de cumpleanos,' i. 1 88.
Dias, Alonso, founds Valencia, ii.
154.
Diaz, Dr. Lisandro, murder of, i. 259.
Diaz, Josd A., author, ii. 277.
Diaz, Josd Domingo, author, i. 277.
Diaz, Sebastian, ii. 166.
Diaz, Senor M. V. , ii. 277.
Diaz, Senor Ramon, historian, ii.277.
Dichsea, ii. 197.
Diorite, i. 207 : Implements of, ii. 294.
Diplomatic corps, i. 115, 178, 189,
218: Author's dinner to, i. 222, 223,
272, 315, 318.
Discorea alata, i. 234.
Dish, the national, i. 233: Analysis
of, 234, 318.
Dividive,i. 51 ; ii. 171.
Docks, i. 11.
Dodonse trialata, ii. 242.

3i4

INDEX.

Dog, instinct of a, i. 304.
Dogs, i. 39, 52.
Dominguez, Don Luis L.,poet,n. 230.
Dominguez, Dr. Rafael, author, i.
317-
Dominica, island of, i. 11.
Dominican mission, ii. 152.
Dormitory, a strange, i. 246, 257,
285 ; ii. 10.
Dos Aquadas road, i. 211.
Drdgo river, ii. 151.
Dragon's-blood, i. 51.
Drake, Sir Francis, sacks Cardcas, ii.
168, 169.
Drama, ii. 277.
Drawings. See Venezuelan Fine
Arts Exhibition.
Dress, i. 93, 113.
Drugs, export of, ii. 171.
Dry season, the, i. 49, 293 ; ii. 40.
Ducharnie, General, i. 150.
' Dudley Buck,' steamer, i. 83, 104.
Dutch Government. See Danish.
Dyewoods, i. 51, 89; ii. 171.

Eagle, i. 52.
Earthquake-proof buildings,, i. 17, 25,
33.
Earthquakes, i. 28, 33, 53 : In Cu
mana, i. 64 : Barquisimeto, i. 68 :
San Cristobal, i. 7 4, note: Valencia,
i. 164 : Cardcas, i. 187, 190, 318: On
Naiguatd, traces of, ii. 51 : Confir
mation of established theory re
garding, ii. 55 : Dr. A. R6jas on,
ii. 287.
Eastwick, Mr. Edward B., author,
ii. 277, 278.
Ebony, i. 51.
Echesuria, Alejandro, ii. 172.
Echeverria, Don Esteban,poet,ii.230.
Ecuador, Republic of, i. 82 ; ii. 278.
Eden, an earthly, i. 30, 294.
Education, i. 31, 32, 57 : Compul
sory, i. 219 : ii. 101, 102: Of women,
ii. 172 : Laws relating to, ii. 278.
Educational establishments, i. 32, 57.
Eels, electrical, mode of capture,
i. 60.
'El Americano,' newspaper, ii.
270.
'El Balcon,' Naiguatd, ii. 53.
'ElBoqueron,' pass of, i. 59.
' El Calvario,' N aiguatd, ii. 33.
'El Cambour,' inn of, i. 171.
'El Casino,' public garden, i. 38.
'El Cerrito del Diablo,' i. 36.

'El Chingo,' meaning of the expres
sion, i. 259, note.
'El Constitutional,' newspaper, i.
134-
'El Diario de Cardcas,' newspaper,
i. 65, note.
El Dorado, i. 52, 92 : Expeditions to
search for, ii. 154, 158-160, 165, 225.
Elections, State, i. 55 : Strange form
of liberty of elections, i. 147, note.
El Encantado, caves of, i. 59 ; ii.
9°-93-
' Elephant's head,' Silla, 11. 7.
'El Gran Mariscal,' or The Great
Marshal, i. 69.
El Gran Roque, island of, i. 58, 193 :
Boyd's house on, i. 20 1 : Topography
of, i. 201 : Scarcity of water on, i.
202: Mineral deposits on, i. 202 :
Lighthouse on, i. 203 : Rat hunt on,
i. 205 : Valuable part of, i. 207 :
Ernst on the formation of, i. 207 :
Guano on, i. 207 : Fauna and flora
of, i. 208 : Excessive heat on, i.
208: Phosphates on, i. 211.
Elleanthus, ii. 197.
El Mamon, coffee estate of, i. 292.
'El Museo Venezolano,' periodical,
ii. 78.
' El Oasis,' periodical, ii. 78.
El Pioni, mountain of, i. 62.
El Poso (El Gran Roque), the well,
i. 202.
El Resguardo, Puerto-Cabello, ii.
»3-
El Teque district, how it lost its
name, i. 186.
'El Tirano.' See Aguirre.
El Valle, village of, i. 229: As seen
from the Silla, ii. 6, 239 : The
streets of, ii. 264.
El Volcan, coffee and cacdo planta
tion, i. 308.
Emancipation of slaves. See Slaves,
Emigrants, i. 176: A good field for
them, i. 177, 308 ; ii. 138-140.
Emigration, i. 176 ; ii. 138-140.
Encantado river, i. 231.
Engel, Sefior Luis, i. 275 : Joins the
party, i. 276 : His distress, i. 277 ;
ii. 278. _
English invasions of Venezuela, ii.
168, 170, 171.
Entomological observations, ii. 291.
Enumeratio plantarum, ii. 242.
Epidendro, ii. 242.
Epidendrum, ii. 198-203.
Equisetum Humboldtii, ii. 241.

INDEX.

3i5

Eragrostis prolifera, ii. 176.
Eriopsis, ii. 203.
Ernst, Dr. Adolf, Preface : His de
termination of the height of Card
cas, i. 29, note: On the formation of
El Gran Roque, i. 207 : His new
lizard, i. 208 : His kindness, i.
264, 269 : In his rdle of priest, i.
271 : His ascents of the Silla,
ii. 1: The Naiguatd plants sent
to him, ii. 69 : His talents, ii.
80 : His researches into the flora
of Cardcas, ii. 81: His letter to
author, ii. 82, 147 : His speech at
banquet, ii. 148 : His list of Los
Roques' plants, ii. 175, 176: His
paper on those of Naiguatd, ii. 180:
His notes on author's collection, ii.
189 : His list of Venezuelan Or
chids, ii. 192: His observations on
Silla plants, ii. 242,251: Some of
his literary works, ii. 278.
Erythrina vemtina : E. umbrosa :
E. dubia,, i. 293.
Escalona, Senor Rafael, ii. 172.
Escobar, Sefior Eloy, poet,ii. 125,279.
Escogida, la, i. 295.
Esequibo river, i. 50; ii. 152.
Esmeralda, bav of, ii. 253.
Esmeralda, village of, i. 48.
Espana, General, i. 124 : His pro
phetic words on the scaffold, ii.
173-
Espejo, General, courtesy of, 1. 240.
Espinal, General Mariano, Governor
of Colon, i. 274, 276, 287.
Espino, lake and estate of, i. 229.
Espinola, Captain of Aguirre's band,
ii. 164.
Espinosa, J. M., author, ii. 279.
Espiritu Santo, town of, ii. 166.
Estdves, Senor Aristides, ii.251.
Estimates : Salt of St. Kitts, i. 10,
note : Phosphate on Redonda, i. 10,
11, note: Live stock, i. 52: Cotton
of Barcelona, i. 98: Sugar produc
tion of La Quebrada Estate, Ara
gua, i. 154: Cost of coffee growing
in the Tuy valley, i. 295 : Cost of
a large coffee plantation i. 298 :
Curamichate coal, ii. 134 : Aroa
copper mines, ii. 137.
Estopa de Rio-Negro, ii. 190.
'Estoy demasiado limpio,' meaning
of expression, i. 44.
'Estrella,' s.s., wreck of, i. 204.
Eulalia, Santa, statue of, i. 95.
Euphorbia buxifolia, ii. 175.

Eustachio, San, a bone of, i. 96.
Excise on necessities of life, abolish
ment of, ii. 173.
Exhibition in Cardcas, ii. 127-130,
244-252.
Exhibition of London, Venezuelan
commission, i. 318.
Exhibition of Paris, i. 81, note.
Exhibition of Vienna, i. 318; ii. 267.
Exports, i. 42 : Annual national, i. 58 :
71, 82, 89, 211, note, 242 : How to
increase them, i. 243, 284.
' Eye of the can-ion vulture, ' ii. 1 90.

Facundo, San, a bone of, i. 96.
Faith, statue of, i. 33.
Falcon, bridge of, i. 231.
Falcon, State of. See Coro.
Falcon, General, i. 69: He proclaims
the Federal Republic, i. 143 :
Leads the Liberals, i. 143 : Is de
feated, i. 144 : Reeks aid in New
Granada, i. 144: He continues the
war, i. 144 : Triumphs over Paez,
i. 145: Becomes President, i. 145:
Dissensions in his party, i. 146 :
His abdication in favour of two
revolutionary chiefs, i. 146.
Falling stars, or estrellas cadentes,
paper on, ii. 291.
Falsification in voting, introduction
of, i. 140.
Fandango in the Tuy, i. 297.
Fans, bird-feather, ii. 115.
Farallon islet, Orchila, i. 282.
Farallon islet, off Cabo Codera, ii.
254.
Farol de Maracaybo, i. 71.
Fauna of Venezuela, i. 52.
Faxardo, Francisco, aCardca.ii. 154:
He marries Indian girl, ii. 154:
Treats with Indians, ii. 155 : His
flight to Margarita,ii. 155 : Renewed
attempt to subdue the Indians, ii.
156 : Again returns to Margarita,
ii. 156 : Sails again for the main.
land, ii. 156 : His assassination by
Cdbos, ii. 156 : His attempt to sub
due Aguirre, ii. 163 : Punishment
to the son of Cdbos, ii. 166.
Feasts, grand public, i. in, 112, 178,
186, 271, 311, 312.
Feasts, religious, i. 101, 154, 225, 321.
' Feast of the dead,' i. 225.
'Feast of St. Peter and St. Paul,' i.
227.
Feasts of the Libertado, ii. 270.

316

INDEX.

Feat, a dexterous, i. 303, 304.
Federation Hill, Orchila, i. 279-281.
Federal District, i. 53, note, 59.
Federalists. See Liberales.
Federal Republic, i. 55: Proclaimed,
i 143.
Felspar, 11. 187.
Ferndndez, Don Manuel M., poet,
ii. 229.
Ferndndez, Juan Evangelista, ii. 19,
Ferndndez, Senor Carmelo, artist, ii.
246.
Fernando VII., ii. 173.
Ferns, tall, ii. 32.
Ferrocarril de La Guayra, ii. 279.
Ferrocarril (railway) Central de
Venezuela, ii. 279.
Fever - breeding exhalations from
marshes, a means of preventing,
i. no, in.
Fever districts, i. 74,78, 109, no; ii.
112.
Fibrous plants, i. 51, 175.
Fiesta de los Muertos, i. 225.
Fiestas. See Feasts.
Figueroa, Don Francis Acuna de,
poet, ii. 230.
Filipinas Compaiiia, trading mono
poly of, ii. 171.
Fine Arts Exhibition, ii. 127-130,
244-252.
Firearms, high import duty on, i. 1 7 :
Imports for revolution, i. 69, note,
129, note, 144, 201 ; ii. 164.
Fires in forests, ii. 34.
Fire tree, i. 293.
Firewood, transport of, i. 229.
Fireworks, i. in, 178, 274, 321 : On
Silla of Cardcas, ii. 10, 13.
Fish-bone tree, i. 293.
Fisheries of Apure, i. 75-76 : Of
Barcelona, i. 104 : Of Orchila, i.
285 : ii. 143.
Fishermen of Los Roques, i. 198, 214.
Fleek, Dr., chemist, ii. 134.
Floods, i. 187, 217, 306.
Flora andina, ii. 83.
Flora of Cardcas, ii. 81 : Its ferns
(helechos), ii. 291.
Floral decorations, i. 154, 189, 222,
225, 312, 313, 314, 315 ; ii. 124, 147.
Flora of Orchila, i. 281, 284.
Flora of El Gran Roque, i. 201, 208 :
ii. 175, 176.
Flora of Naiguatd, ii. 180, 184.
'Fior de Cachimbo,' ii. 5, 27.
' Fior del Tuy,' i. 301.

Fior de Mayo, i. 263 ; ii. 200.
Flour, i. 152.
Flower gardens, i. 40, 1 14.
Fog on the Naiguatd, ii. 62.
Foreigners, advice to, i. 1 79.
Foreigners in the Republic, number
of, i. 31.
Forests, destruction of, i. 159-160 :
How to preserve them, ii. 30.
Forests, extensive, i. 70-75, 78, 79,
100.
Forests, virgin, i. 50,57, 70, 71, 73, 80.
Fortifications, i. 22, 57, 70, 81, note,
125, 149; ii. no, 113, 114, 153.
Foster, Mr. C. L. N., author, ii. 279.
' Fountain of Life,' the, ii. 32.
Fountains, public,i.2i,3o, 314; ii.113.
Franciscan missionaries, ii. 1 70.
Fredensburg, Dr., i. 109.
Freemason's Journal, i. 322.
Freemason's Hall, ii. 267, 296.
French corsairs invade Venezuela, i.
163.
French invasions, ii. 170
Fristes, patriot-soldier, his execution,
i. 86.
Fruits, farinaceous, i. 51.
Fruits, tropical, i. 38, 51.
Frullania cylindrica, ii. 180.
Fry's Caracas Cocoa, i. 1.
Fuenta de la Vida, or Fountain of
Life, ii. 32.
Funaria hygrometrica, ii. 1 80.
Funeral of Bolivar, i. 140 : Of Padre
Blanco, 319, 320.
Funeral, Protestant, i. 271.
Fustic, i. 51.

Galactodendrum utile, i. 51.
Galeandra, ii. 203.
Galena, ii. 186.
Galena argentiferous, i. 69 ; ii. 185.
Galindo, Senor Tovar, soapmaker, i.
112.
Galium, sp., ii. 82, 183.
Gallagher, Mr. Matthew, printer, ii.
172, 274.
Gamelote grass, i. 235, 237, 243.
' Gang of Apure,' the, i. 128.
Garcia, General Juan Bautista, i.
144 : Becomes Vice-President, i.
275 ; ii. 147.
Garcia y Garcia, Dr. J. A., author,
ii. 279.
Garcia y Reveron, Luis Felipe, author,
ii. 279.
' Garden of the world,' the, i. 161.

INDEX.

3*7

Gardens, public, i. 38; ii. 113, 263,
264, 267-268.
Gardoquia discolor, ii. 183.
Garlic, or ajo, i. 241.
Garrafones, ii. 32.
Gathman, Senorita Ana, ii. 246.
Gato Amarillo, village of, i. 230.
Gaultheria coccinea, ii. 241.
Gaultheria odorata, ii. 241.
Gaultheria rigida, ii. 183.
Gaylaussacia buxifolia, ii. 183, 241.
Geneste, Mr. F. A.B., ii. 279.
Geography of Venezuela, i. 46-82 :
Books relating to, ii. 279.
Geological fact, confirmation of, ii. 54.
Geological Society, Journal of, ii.
279, 289.
Geology of Venezuela, works on, 11.
279, 289, 291, 292.
'Gerona,' Spanish frigate, 11. 106.
Girasole, i. 51 : How it can be utilized,
i. in.
' Globus,' magazine, ii. 278.
Gnaphalium americanum, ii. 183.
Gnaphalium incanum, ii. 82, 183.
Gneiss, ii. 75, 185.
Gneiss, nietamorphic, i. 280 : ii. 187.
Goajira peninsula, i. 49, 70, 135.
Goajira territory, population of, i. 53,
note.
Goats, rearing of, i. 68.
Godoi, Manuel R., ii. 28o._
Godoy, Don Juan, poet, ii. 230.
Goering, Mr. Anton, caves discovered
by, i. 66 : Joins the Tuy party, i.
289 : His snake story, i. 290 : A
proof of his friendship, i. 292 : His
miracle, i. 297 : His Indian subject,
i. 297 : His sketch of the Tuy valley,
i. 298 : His anthropological studies,
i. 300 : He sketches the peasantry,
i. 302, 308 : He joins the Silla
party, ii. 2 : Is the cause of its de
tention, ii. 2 : His ' Sunset on the
way to Cachimbo,' ii. 4 : His
search for insects, ii. 7 : His ill
ness, ii. 7 : His entomological
prize, ii. 7 : His little game, ii. 8,
14 : Joins the Naiguatd party, ii.
17: His bed, ii. 23: He cautions
party, ii. 39, 43 : His inordinate
thirst, ii. 67, 71, 73 : His letter to
author, ii. 76 : Joins El Encantado
party, ii. 90 : His collection of birds,
ii. 1 15 : His paintings at exhibition,
ii. 129, 180, 183, 246, 252 : His
paper on the new caves he dis
covered, ii. 291.

Gold Bluff, California, i. 180.
Gold-fever, ii. 158.
'Goldmakers' village,' the, i. 18.
Gold mines, of Guayana, i. 52 : Of
Nirgua, ii. 154: A traditional mine,
ii. 156 : Beneficial results to Vene
zuela from failure of gold mines,
ii. 169 : The mines of Tacasimima,
ii. 185 : Of Caratal, ii. 279.
Gold quartz, ii. 185.
Gomez, Don Juan Carlos, poet, ii.
230.
Gongora, ii. 203.
Gonzales, Miguel, ii. 149.
Gonzalez, Juan, discovers Guayana,
ii. 158.
Gonzalez, Sefior Manuel, sculptor, ii.
246, 251.
Gonzalez, Sefior Jorge Rodit, author,
ii. 280.
Gonzalez, Sefior JuanVicente, author,
ii. 272, 280.
Good Haven Key, Los Roques, i.
213.
Goods train, a Venezuelan, i. 229.
Goodyera, ii. 203.
Gosewisch, Mr. H., i. 26 ; ii. 90, 147 :
Accompanies author to England,
ii. 149.
Gossypium barbadense, 11. 175.
Govenia, ii. 203.
Government concessions, author
treats for, i. 106-108, 164, 175, 189,
194, 218, 275 ; ii. 1 19-126, 136 : De
crees, ii. 256, 258.
Government House, i. 26 ; ii. 267, 280.
Governor of St Thomas, death of, i.
8.
Grammont, the buccaneer, i. 72 ; ii.
156.
Granadillo tree, i. 51.
Granate mountain, i. 74.
Grange, Mr William, i. 274 : He ar
rives in Venezuela, ii. 122: He
makes offers for islands, ii. 122 :
Meets with no success, ii. 122 : He
writes to the papers, ii. 122 : He
departs, ii. 122 : Commissions Dr.
Ernst to report on islands, ii. 123.
Granite, i. 52.
Granville, Lord, i. 24.
Grapes, i. 64.
Grasses, tall, ii. 236.
Great Britain and Ireland, i. 13, 31,
note, 47.
Grenada, island of, i. 15.
Grossourdy, author, ii. 280.
Grotto. See Caves.

3i»

INDEX.

Guacaipuro, the Indian chief, ii. 157:
Defeat and death of, ii. 158.
Guacamaya mountain, i. 163.
Guacara, pueblo of, i. 162.
Gudcharo bird, i. 64, 65, 66 ,- ii. 92.
Gudcharos, caves of the (Cumana), i.
64 : Shrieking of the birds in the,
i. 65 : Agustin Codazzi's description
of the caves, i. 65 ; Humboldt's
visit, i. 65 : Goering discovers new
caves, i. 66.
Guadeloupe island, i. 11.
Guaimacuare, the cazique, ii. 156.
Guaire river, i. 30, 117, 187: Bridge
over the, i. 229 : Ford on the, i.
289, 306, 308 ; ii. 6 : El Encantado,
ii. 91, 92, 166, 240.
Gual, Don Mateo, ii. 173, 280, 287.
Guamo fruit, i. 51.
Guamo rabo de mono tree, i. 293.
Guanape, village of, i. 42.
Guanipe, table land of, i. 62.
Guano, i. 65 : Of El Gran Roque, i.
207 : Of Orchilla, i. 274, 275, 279,
281, 283, 284, 287,288; ii. 187.
Guano, Peruvian, i. 207 : How it is
adulterated, i. 284.
Guaracarambo village, i. 275.
Guaraguata, musical instrument, i.
104, 299.
Guarapiche lake, i. 63.
Guarayma mountains, ii. 239.
Guard-house. See Cuartel.
Guard of honour to accompany author
through the Tuy valley, i. 302.
Guardia, Dr. Nicanor, estate of, i.
242.
Guardia, Seiior Heraclio M. de la, his
poem on the ascent of the Naigu
atd, ii. 84-88, 231, 251 : His poem
at artists' banquet, ii. 252, 280,
291.
Guardia, Sefior Tomas, i. 242.
Guarenas, valley of, i. 59.
Guari, coffee estate of, i. 255.
Guariaparo lake, i. 63.
Guariapo river, i. 260, 261.
Guarico, llanos of, ii. 166.
Guarico river, i. 60.
Guarico, State of, i. 59 : Physical
aspect of, i. 6a, 62, 68, 77 : Canal
in, ii. 264 : Road through, ii. 266.
Guasaconica lake, i. 63.
Guatire valley, i. 59.
Guaviare river, i. 78 ; ii. 284.
Guayabo coffee estate, i, 233, 263 :
Gathering the annual crop of
coffee on the, i. 290.

Guayana Inglesa. See British Guiana,
Guayana, State or Province of, i. 48 :
Gold mines of, i. 52 : Enormous ex
tent of the province, i. 75 : Meagre
population of, i. 77 : The Orinoco,
i. 78: Mountain ranges of Guayana,
i. 78 : Rivers of, i. 78 : Unhealthy
climate of, i. 78 : The divisions of,
i. 79 : Natural curiosities of, i. 79,
80, 258 : Codazzi's map of, ii. 101 :
Discovery of Guayana, ii. 158: Sir
W. Raleigh's expedition to, ii. 170.
'Guayrena,' author takes passage
to St. Thomas in the, ii. 149.
Guazuma tree, ii. 189.
Guereguere, sugar estate of, ii. 20, 90.
Guerra, Cristoval, expedition of, ii.
151.
Guerrero, Spanish General, defeat
of, i. 128.
Guevard, Silvester, Archbishop, ii.
296-299.
Guides — To the Silla, ii. 2 : Those of
the Naiguatd expedition, ii. 19 :
Their stories, ii. 20: Their subtlety,
ii. 23 : Their powers of deception,
ii. 29 : Their selfishness, ii. 33 :
Three of them go back for water,
ii. 40 : They return with it, ii. 45,
46 : They refuse to lead, ii. 50 :
They steal all the water, ii. 65 :
They make some atonement, ii. 66.
Guillen, Juan Josd, ii. 19.
Guipuzcoana Compafiia's trading mo
nopoly, ii. 171, 276, 280, 286.
Guiria, port of, i. 63.
Giilich, F. von, (German Minister),
his tea party, i. 318.
Gumilla, Senor P. Josd, author, ii.
280.
Gun-boats captured by cavalry, i.
129.
Guns. See Fire arms.
Gutierrez, Dr. Jacinto (Cabinet Min
ister), i. 115.
Gutierrez, Senor Juan J. , i. 276.
Gutierrez, Seiior Rafael Herndndez,
author, ii. 88, 147, 251, 280.
Guzman Blanco, Bridge of, ii. 267.
Guzman Blanco, Port of, i. io-? •
ii. 268. •* '
'Guzman Blanco Promenade,' ii.
263.
' Guzman Blanco,' State of. See
Aragua.
Guzman Blanco, Water-works and
aqueduct of, ii. 263.
Guzman, Don Fernando de, ii. 160 :

INDEX.

319

He is crowned by Aguirre, ii. 160 :
Murder of, ii. 161.
Guzman, Senora Carlota Blanco de,
i. 113 : Death of, i. 271.
Guzman, Seiior Antonio Leocadio,
Minister of foreign affairs, i. 40 :
Faithful among the faithless, i.
134 : His political mishaps, i. 140:
He edits a paper, i. 141, 142 : He
speaks at feast of Bruzual, i. 186,
220 : Represents the nation at
funeral of Padre Blanco, i. 320:
He speaks at artists' banquet, ii.
129 : His letter to author, ii. 144,
145, 146, 147, 248, 250, 251, 280, 291.
Guzman, State of. See Merida.
Gypsum, ii. 187.

Habenaria, ii. 203.
Hachas, or torches, i. 102.
Hacienda of Chuao, i. 32.
Haematites, ii. 186.
Hahn, La Senora Elena Echanagucia
de, home of, i. 113, 114.
Hahn, Mr. Carlos, his flower garden,
i. 114: His estate of Trujillo, i.
308 : His telegraph concession, ii.
133, 147-
Hakluyt Society, ii. 289.
Halibut, i. 52.
Hallaca puddings, ii. 41.
Hamilton, R.N., Captain Edward,
anecdote of, ii. 108-m.
Hammocks, i. 94, 99, 109, 261.
Hammond, R.N., Lieut. R. A., ii.
104, 115.
Harbour, a new one, i. 103, 189.
Harrieros, i. 229.
Hatchets, Indian's stone, ii. 294.
Hato, or cattle station, i. 50, 250.
Hawkshaw, Mr. John, ii. 137, note,
281. .
Heart-disease, i. 244, note. I
Heat, tropical, its effects, i. 3, 7, 8,
note, 12, 13, 20, 23, 49, 78, 191, 208,
note, 305 ; ii. 29, 57, 60, 115.
Hedges of lime-tree, i. 153 : Of
pifion, i. 153.
Helianthus annuus, i. 51, no.
Hemming, Mr. Fred. H., ii. 131.
Heras, General, reinforces Paez, i.
132.
'Hermione,' frigate, ii. 107-m.
Hermit crabs, i. 280.
Hernandez, Juan, ii. 2.
Hernandez, Senor Domingo Rafael,
poet, ii. 227.

Herndndez, Sefior Nestor, artist, ii.
246.
Herrera, Alonso de, explores Orinoco,
ii. 159 : His death, ii. 159.
Hen-era, General, his defence of
Apure, i. 259 : Wounding of, i. 261.
Herrera, General Joaquin, i. 302 :
He kills a snake, i. 303.
Herring, R.N., Lieut., ii. 107.
Hexisea, ii. 204.
Hidalgo, Don Bartolomd, poet, ii.230.
Hides, export of, i. 42, 89 ; ii. 169,
171.
Hieroglyph, discovery of an ancient,
ii. 63.
Hieroglyphic drawings, ii. 63, 294.
High Mass, where first performed in
Venezuela, i. 69.
Higuerote mountain, ii. 239.
Hilaria mountains, ii. 113.
Hippisley, Colonel G., author, ii. 281.
Historical works, Venezuelan, ii. 281.
History, ancient, of Venezuela, ii.151.
History of Cardcas, i. 30.
Holy Ghost flower, or Fior de Espi
ritu Santo (orchid), ii. 213.
Holy water, strange use of, i. 220.
Holy Week celebrations, i. 101, 320.
Honey from the sunflower, i. m.
Hornblende, ii. 75, 187.
Horses, i. 52, 57, 60, 75 : Wild, i. 127,
1 28 : Gun boats captured by cavalry,
i. 129 : Stampeding bands of wild
horses, i. 130, 131, 132, 151, 152,
170, 192, 228 : Large number of in
llanos, i. 245, 251, 253, 254, 255,
256, 275 ; 11. 93.
Hospitality, native, i. 39, 85, 104, 108,
note, 113-116, 170, 177, 201, 233,
266, note, 269, 290, 315, 317 ; ii. 4,
5, 20, 28, 29, 68, 70, 124, 147.
Hospitals, military, i. 30.
Hotel-keepers. See Hotels.
Hotels and Posadas, i. 13 : Hotel
Neptune, i. 18 : The Saint Amand,
i. 25, 26, 152, 153, 158 : Hotel in
Valencia, i. 169: Moderate charges
at, i. 170 : Sala of the Saint
Amand, i. 190 : Charallave, i. 235:
Cua, i. 241 : La Teia, i. 244, 249,
263 : Parodi, i. 315 rCafd del Avila,
i. 316 ; ii. 2, 18, 127, 128, 146.
Hot-house, natural, on Naiguatd, ii.
52.
Hot-springs. See Thermal.
Houlletia, ii. 204.
Howard, R.N., Captain, i. 220, 221.
Hubel, Mr. Gustave Adolphe, joins

320

INDEX.

Naiguatd party, ii. 17, 54, 71, 73 :
His letter on the formation of the
Naiguatd, ii. 75 : His report on
coal mines, ii. 134, 135, note.
Hueso pescado tree, i. 293.
Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, i.
54, 65, 78, note, 79, note, 89, note :
His recollections of the Saman de
Guere, i. 156, 157: His theory ac
counting for the drying up of the
Lake of Valencia, i. 160, 161 :
What he said about the llanos, i.
245, note: His ascent of the Silla,
ii- 1, 19, 72, 75, 89, 173, '89, 232,
236 : His angelitos, ii. 237, 238 :
His silence respecting the Peak of
Naiguatd, ii. 239, 240, 241, 242,
281.
Humboldt Ruins, the, ii. 19.
Humming buds, i. 52, 298 ; ii. 189.
Humucaros, orchid of, ii. 197.
Humucaros, waterfall of, i. 68.
Hunting, i. 39, 205.
Hurricanes, i. 10, note, 20.
Huten, Philop von, alias Urre, ii.
154.
Hypericum caracasanum, 11. 184, 235,
'241, 243._
Hyperstheine, or diabase, i. 207.

IBARRA, Dr. Alejandro, ii. 103, 251.
Ibarra, General, ii. 100.
Icavaro river, i. 78.
Ices, i. 13, 38.
Idioms, Spanish, i. 44, 45, 240.
Iguanitas, i. 10, note.
Illegitimacy, i. 31.
Illuminations, public, i. in, 113,
312, 314.
' Illustrated London News,' ii. 50,
note.
Images, miraculous, i. 35, 36.
Imataca river, i. 78.
Immigration, i. 176, 255 ; ii. 138 :
Experimental colonies, ii. 139 :
Government to take the initiative,
ii. 139 : Special commission ap
pointed, ii. 140, note, 267.
Imports, annual national, i. 58.
Incidents — A British Minister, i. 1 :
Nocturnal despair, i. 3-6 : Com
modore Rivett, i. 6, note: The
Aduana, i. 16, 17 : Rdjas, the
tyrant, i. 19 : Heat of La Guayra,
i. 20, note: A smart Yankee, i. 21 :
The church of San Juan de Dios,
i. 21, 22 : Heretic's money, i. 22,

note : The evangelical agent, i. 22,
note: A Venezuelan soldier, i.
28 : Challenge and countersign,
i. 28 : Roman Catholic morality,
i. 31 : St. George and the maggots,
i. 33 : A pious son of Cardcas, i.
34 : The miraculous image, i. 35 :
Legend of 'El Cerrito del Diablo,'
i- 3^, 37 : A. L. Guzman, i. 40 :
' Caramba ! ' i. 42 : The monks'
casuistry, i. 43 : Spanish idioms,
i. 44, 45 : Electrical eels, i. 60 :
The caves of- the Gudcharos, i. 65 :
The owl of Apure, i. 76 : Bolivar
and the caribe fish, i. 76 : An In
dian's love task, i. 81 : A young
general, i. 84: La Casa Fuerte, i.
85 : The quack doctor's remedy,
i. 88 : Indians, i. 90-95 : The
church of San Cristobal, i. 95 :
The Semana Santa, i. 101 : The
negro Perez, i. 102 : Death of the
author's servant, i. 105 : A ball,
i. .114 : A cabinet minister, i. 119 :
Venezuelan soldiers, i. 119, 120:
The taking of Cardcas, i. 120, 121 :
The wretch Zuazola, i. 125 : Briga
dier Pardo, i. 127: Llanero cavalry,
i. 128 : General Paez, i. 129 : The
British Legion, i. 132 : The elec
tions, i. 141 : Slave emancipation,
i. 142 : A mob, i. 147 : The Revolu
tion, i. 148 : Heroic audacity, i.
149 : General Ducharme, i. 150:
The patriot Ricaurte, i. 155 : Hum
boldt, i. 157 : Dr. R. Arvelo, i. 168:
A passport, i. 174 : A German emi
gration agent, i. 176 : Alienated
mail-bags, i. 179 : A Yankee cap
tain, i. 180 : Bogley the recorder,
i. 181: Revenge, i. 182-185 : An
inebriated partizan, i. 187 ¦ An
earthquake, i. 188 : Mr. Leseur, i.
191 : A backwoodsman's first view
of the sea, i. 192 : A thirsty negro,
i. 198 : A critic, i. 200 : Ingrati
tude of merchants, i. 204 : The
wrecked bullion, i. 204 : Mr.
Boyd, i. 204 : A rat battue, i. 205 •
A storm, i. 212 : National currency,
i. 216: A U.S.'s minister, i. 217:
English naval officers, i. 221: An
eccentric British minister, i. 222 :
A rare collection of asses, i. 223 :
Slander, i.' 223: A bon rivant,
i. 223 : The peasantry, i. 223, 224 :
A feast day, i. 227 : The travel
ler's Spartan store of provisions,

INDEX.

i. 228 : The Cuartel,i. 229 : Campo
Alegre, i. 230 : Birds, i. 232 : The
national dish, i. 233 : Military
exigencies, i. 239 : The English
man and his donkey, i. 240: Vene
zuelan courtesy, i. 240: General Es-
pejo, i. 240: An unknown daughter,
i. 240 : Garlic, i. 241 : Beef, i. 242 : A
catre, i. 246 : A mule's sagacity, i.
251 : A merchant prince, i. 252 :
A Tacata banquet, i. 253 : Change
for a sovereign, i. 253 : General
Olivo, i. 259 : General Crespo, i.
262 : A tiger skin, i. 265 : A jaguar,
i. 265 : Bolet Peraza, i. 268 : Boli
var, i. 268 : A missionary, i. 270 :
The hermit crab, i. 280 : Linguistic
difficulties, i. 287 : A snake bite,
i. 291 : An old Indian, i. 296 : In
dian woman, i. 297 : Indian boy, i.
297 : A native ball, i. 299 : The
death of the snake, i. 303 : A dog's
instinct, i. 304 : Venezuelan sol
diers, i. 305 : Mr. Goering, i. 308 :
General Bermtidez, i. 317, note:
Bolivar, i. 318, note : Goering's
sketch, ii. 3 : Dr. Vaamonde, ii.
5 : Little game, ii. 7, 8 : ' The
Volcan of the Avila,' ii. 13 :
The Naiguatd, ii. 15 : A mother's
love, ii. 21 : A defeated ex
pedition, ii. 22 : Guides, ii. 22 :
La Trinchera, ii. 36 : The tiger's
lair, ii. 37: Low- water, ii. 39 : The
leap for life, ii. 50 : The water-
flask, ii. 62 : Saint Berroteran, ii.
62 : The guides' voracity, ii. 65 :
Lisbda, ii. 67 : Bolet Peraza, ii. 78:
A defeated expedition, ii. 79 : The
fame of Colear, ii. 93 : General
alazar, ii. 95 : The ' Sirius,'
ii. 106 : A proud shipowner, ii.
107 : A daring naval genius, ii. 108:
The Cuban rebel steamer 'Vir
ginius, ' ii. 1 1 1 : Consular injustice,
ii. 114: Curazao, ii. 116: 'The
Wandering Jew,' ii. 122 : The
Charcoal Seller, ii. 129; El Dorado,
ii. 154: Uncle Naiguatd, ii. 155 :
Cdbos, the assassin, ii. 156: 'El
Tirano' Aguirre, ii. 160: Llamoso,
the murderer, ii. 162 : An Indian
hero, ii. 165: Ledesma, the patriot,
ii. 168: The Quito massacre, ii.- 173.
Inciensio de la Silla, or incense of
the Silla, ii. 235, 241, 243.
Independence Day, celebration of, <
i. 178. VOL. II.

Independence of Venezuela, i. 82,
124; ii. 174.
Independence Hill, Orchila, i. 281.
Indian abodes, i. 79; ii. 151, 165.
Indian burying-grounds, i. 152 ; ii.
191, 294.
Indian Christian missions, rise and
fall of, i. 170.
Indian corn. See Maize.
Indian corn cakes, i. 228.
Indian ornaments, i. 81 ; ii. 294.
Indian relics, i. 45, 80 ; ii. 152.
Indian ancient pottery, ii. 191.
Indians, civilized, i. 79.
Indians, friendly, i. 57.
Indians — Their intermarriages, i. 54 :
Their rapid extermination, i. 55 :
Their antidote for poisoned arrow
wounds, i. 81 : How they were
taught to use the franchise, i. 141 :
Their enfranchisement, i. 141: The
Indians of Aragua, i. 156 : Their
veneration for the big tree of Ara
gua, i. 157, 162: Body paint of the
Indians, i. 238 : Their superstition,
i. 296 : Some fair specimens of
Indians, i. 297 ; Musical instal
ments of, i. 299 : Display of
maternal solicitude, i. 300 : Car
goes plundered by Indians, ii. 135 :
Trade with, ii. 151 : Their re-
vengefulness, ii. 153 : Enslavement
decree, ii. 153 : The El Dorado of
the Indians, ii. 154 : Their honour,
ii. 165 : They are decimated by
small-pox, ii. 166 : Indian tribute
done away with, ii. 173 : Nations
on the banks of the Rio Orinoco,
ii. 280 : ' Ley sobre su reducion y
civilization,' ii. 281.
Indians, wars of the — Destruction of
the Attires, i. 80: They destroy
Spira's army, ii. 153-154: Their en
mity to the conquistadores, ii. 155
Victories gained by them, ii. 156
Large army of Indians, ii. 157
Their strategy, ii. 157 : Losada de
feats them, ii. 157 : They defeat
Herrera, ii. 159 : Instance of va
lour, ii. 165 : Treaty of peace with
the invaders, ii. 165 : They are
conquered by Cdbos, ii. 167.
Indian tribes — Tuapocanos, i. 65: At
tires and Maiptires,!. 79: Rio Negros,
i. 81 : Salinas, i. 93: Cumamangotos,
i. 152 : Tuys, i. 296 : Cardcas, ii.
154: Cuicas, ii. 155 : Yanaconas,
ii. 155: Arbacos, ii. 157 : Caribes,
X

322

INDEX.

ii. 159 : Chaymas, ii. 160 : Tara-
maynos, ii. 165: Teques, ii. 165:
Maricb.es, ii. 165 : Maracaybos, ii.
165: Quiriquires, ii. 165: Tomuzas,
ii. 165 : Palanques, ii. 169 : Cu-
mands, ii. 170.
Indian weapons — Poisoned arrows,
i. 80 : Tubes of sabracane, i. 81 :
Flint-headed weapons, ii. 191 : Of
Stone, ii. 294.
India-rubber of Apure, i. 77.
Indies, Council of the, ii. 169.
Indigenas, i. 162.
Indigo, i. 42, 50, 5 1, 67 : An old manu
facture of, i. 242; ii. 171.
Infante, Francisco, an alcalde, ii.
158 : Illness of, ii. 166.
Infante, Juan Domingo del Sacra
mento, anecdote of, i. 34 : His
death, i. 35.
Influence of forests, i. 159, 160; ii. 30.
Inga ligustina, i. 293.
Inga lucida, i. 293.
Inga pungens, i. 51..
Inirida, forests of, i. 80.
Inirida river, i. 78.
Innocent XII., ii. 172.
Insects, i. 50, 53, 64 : A protection
against bites of, i. 238 : Author
poisoned by them, i. 262 ; ii. 6.
Insurrection. See Revolutions.
Intermarriages, i. 54.
Inurrieta, Don Manuel, poet, ii. 230.
Ionopsis, ii. 204.
Irapa, massacre in, by Ducharme, i.
150.
Irassari, Don Hermogenes, poet, 11.
230.
Irissari, Antonio Josd de, ii. 281.
Iron, i. 52.
Iron ores, ii. 185.
Iron pyrites, ii. 186.
Irrigation, artificial, i. 69 ; ii. 263,
264, 268, 269.
Irrigation, natural, i. 60, 63, 71.
Isica altissima, i. 293.
Islands of Venezuela, i. 1, 15, 47, 48,
58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 70, 78, 193, 194,
196, 273 ;ii. 59, 119, 122, 151, 253.
Isochilus, ii. 204.
Izquierdo, a Spanish officer, defeat
of, i. 125.
Izquierdo, Seiior Carlos Alberto, ar
tist, ii. 252.

Jade, greenish, implements of, ii.
294.

Jaguar of Apure, i. 76, 265.
Jalon, republican soldier, i. 125.
Jasmine, i. 38.
Jatropha cuicas, i. 51, 153.
Jatropha oil, i. 153.
Jefe Civil, of Tacata, i. 250.
Jet of Coro, i. 69.
'John the Evangelist,' ii. 19: He
loses the Naiguatd plants, ii. 68.
'Journal of Botany,' ii. 83, 180, 190.
Juan Dias, village of, ii. 9, 48.
Juan Griego, port of, i. 66.
Judas, the traitor, execution of, i.
321.
Junta de Caminos, i. 237.
Junta de Cardcas, i. 178 ; ii. 224.
Jurado, General Santos, estate of,
ii. 23.
Justo, San, a bone of, i. 96.

Kaolin, ii. 185, 187.
Kefersteinia, ii. 204.
King-fish, i. 285.
Kingsley, Rev. Charles, ii. 281.
Kingston, Mr. W. H. G., ii. 282.
Kite, the snowy, ii. 188.
Koellensteinia, ii. 204.

La Angostura, New Barcelona,
pass of, i. 100.
Laborde, Admiral, i. 71.
La Borracha island, i. 62.
Labourers. See Working-classes.
La Cabrera, village of, i. 159, 160.
La Calera, village of, i. 232.
La Casa Fuerte, i. 85-88.
La Cidnega, lake of, i. 68.
La Cidnega, Silla of Cardcas, ii. 234-
236, 241.
La Constitucion Centro-Federal, i.
142.
La Croix, author, ii. 273, 282.
La Cuiva, thermal springs of, i. 69.
'Ladrillo regular,' meaning of ex
pression, i. 45.
Ladrones, or hermit crabs, i. 280.
La Encaramada, painted rocks of,
i. 80.
La Epidemia, sugar estate of, i. 154.
La Esmeralda, islands of, ii. 253.
Lafinur, Don Juan Crisdstoma, poet,
ii. 230.
Lago de Asfalto, ii. 282.
La Guayra, port of, i. 8, 9, 12, 15 :
The author's first impression on
seeing the town of, i. 15 : The

INDEX.

323

landing stage of, i. 16 : The
Aduana of, i. 17, 18 : Origin of the
town, i. 19, 20 : Its climate, i. 20:
The breakwater, i. 20, 21 : The
Alameda, i. 21 : Its churches, i.
21, 22 : Its commerce, i. 23, 36,
39 : Export of, i. 42 : Heat of, i.
49, 58, 174, 273, 275, 276: Its tele
graph line, ii. 133 : Proposed rail
way from, ii. 141 : Railroad and
new port of, ii. 143 : When founded,
ii. 167 : Drake lands at, ii. 168 :
English attempt to take, ii. 171 :
Public square of, ii. 264 : The mule
road to, ii. 264; High road of,ii.265.
' La Guerra d Muerte,' i. 72.
Laguna- Grande (lake), i. 63.
Lagunas, i. 48, 49, 71 : Of Naiguatd,
ii. 73, 75-.
Laguncularia racemosa, ii. 175.
Lagunetas, the gorges of, ii. 157.
' La Iglesia de la Santisima Caram-
ba,' i. 42.
Lairen de montana, ii. 242.
Lairenes, i. 51.
La Hoz, Spanish officer, i. 125.
Lake County, California, i. 181.
Lake dwellings, ii. 151, 165.
Lake, dry bed of, i. 28 : ii. 39, 54.
'Lake of Beauty,' the, i. 161.
Lakelet, a new, ii. 54, 73.
Lamb, Mr. James, printer, ii. 172,
274-
La Mora, battle of, i. 149.
Lamp-wick, manufactory of, i. 117.
Lander, Senor Tomas, author, ii. 282.
Landing-stage of La Guayra, i. 16.
Landscape, a beautiful, ii. 27.
Lands — Waste, i. 50 : How sold in
Venezuela, i. 249.
Lands, rich, i. 98, 100, 157, 163, 243,
255, 298, 3°6.
Lands, cheap, i. 176, 177.
Landsberge, Henrique Van, artist,
ii. 282.
Language, i. 3, 14, 16, 28, 29, 41, 45,
90, 200, 287.
'La Opinion Nacional' newspaper,
i. 3 7, note: Aldama's despatch, i.
87, m, note: 168, note: ,An aged
woman, i. 226, 273, 274 : Accounts
of Mountaineering, ii. 71, 72, 75,
89 : Accounts of Banquets, ii. 124,
146 : Cajigal's ascent of the Silla,
ii: 232 : Article on the Fine Arts'
Exhibition, ii. 244 : Decree consti
tuting Territory of Colon, ii. 253 :
'A Fortnightly Review ' in English,

ii. 263 : Engel's paper, on Sugar
cane, ii. 278.
Lapa, i. 65.
LaPastora, Cardcas, suburb of, ii.239.
La Plazoleta, New Barcelona, mine
ral spring of, i. 96.
La Puerta, battle of, i. 126 : Bolivar
defeated at, i. 130.
La Quebrada, sugar estate of, i. 154-
' La Revista,' magazine, i. 322 ; ii.
287, 289.
Larrazdbal, Dr. Felipe, author, ii. 97,
273, 282, 291.
Larrazdbal, Seiior Juan, author,ii. 282.
Las Bobedas of La Guayra, i, 22.
Las Casas, Bartolomd de, ii. 152:
His benevolent treatment of the
Indians, ii. 153 : His opposition to
the rule of the Welsares, ii. 154,
282. ¦
Las Casas, Sefior Emilio de, ii. 125.
Las Casas, Sefior Manuel Maria de,
ii. 277.
Las Chimanas, islands of, i. 62.
Las Lagunetas, ii. 239.
Las mariquitas, i. 188.
La Sola, island of, i. 15, 67 ; ii. 253.
La Soledad, Naiguatd, ii. 29, 68.
Las Palomeras, cuartel of, i. 290.
Las Picudas, islands of, i. 62.
Las Pilas, Puerto-Cabello, ii. 113.
Las Tetas, mountain of, ii. 114.
Las Trincheras, bridge of, i. 171.
La Teja, country store of, i. 244.
Lathyrus sativus, i. 234.
La Torre, Spanish General, his army
routed, i. 128 : Defeated by Piar,
i. 129, note: By Paez. also, i. 130 :
Final defeat, i. 133.
La Trinchera, Naiguatd, ii. 36, 66.
Laurel tree, i. 76.
Lauras persea, i. 51.
Lavadura, la, i. 295.
La Vega, coffee estate of, i. 254.
La Vega, village of, ii. 239.
La Vela de Coro, port of, i. 69 : New
custom house of, ii. 263.
Law of Patronage, ii. 297.
Laws, civil and criminal code, i. 55.
Lazareto, of Cardcas, i. 30.
Lazareto, of Zulio, i. 70.
Lazaretto, of Cumand, ii. 269.
Lead, i. 52.
Lead ore, argentiferous, of Cumand,
i. 66 : Of Coro, i. 69.
Lead ore (galenas), ii. 186.
Leblond's method of obtaining colour
from onoto, i. 238.

324

INDEX.

Lebranche fish, i. 52.
Lechoso fruit, i. 51.
Lechoso, sugar estate of, i. 230.
Ledesma, Don Alonso Andres de,
the brave knight, ii. 168.
Leeward Islands, i. iq, note.
Legends. See Incidents.
Leita, Francisco Rodriguez, ii. 170.
' Lenguaje de las Flores,' ii. 282.
Lent, a long one, i. 198.
Leon, Juan Fernandez de, founds
the city of Guanare, i. 75.
Leon, Ponce de, ii. 156.
Lepanthes, ii. 204.
Leseur, Mr. John R., i. 26 : His
house of business, i. 26 : His be
nignity, i. 26 : His receptions, i.
113: Anecdote of, i. 191: He
engages schooner for author, i.
191 : Joins the Tuy party, i. 228 :
Inspects road officially, i. 237 : His
name a passport, i. 239 : His agent
at Ocumare, i. 246 : His estate of
Marare, i. 247 : His interview with
the Jefe Civil, i. 251 : Values the
stock in trade of the Tacata mer
chant, i. 252 : Again joins the Tuy
party, i. 289 : Lends his hacienda
for a ball, i. 299 : His dinner party,
i. 315 : He joins the Encantado
party, ii. 90 : Accompanies author
to the Bureau of Public Works, ii.
"9, 135, note, 147, 149: His
literary work, ii. 282.
Leseur, Romer, & Co. , Messrs. , i. 26.
Leslie, Messrs., Hepburn, i. 15, note.
Lessons in Spanish, i. 3, 16, 28, 42-
T 45, "5-
Level, General Andres A., author,
ii. 251, 282.
Level, General Lino Duarte, ii. 147.
Level, Seiior Andres E., author, ii.
282.
Leys de Venezuela, ii. 282, 283.
Libanothamnus, ii. 243.
Libanothamnus neriifolius, ii. 183.
Liberales, Amarillos, or Yellows,
i. 40, 139 : Their presidential de
feat, i. 140 : A Federal constitu
tion demanded, i. 142 : They are
lead by General Falcon, i. 143 :
They commence the "War of the
Federation," i. 143: Their suc-
. cesses and defeats, i. 144 : The
decisive victory, i. 145 : Their re
turn to power, i. 145 : Internal
dissensions, i. 146 : Falcon abdi
cates, i. 146: They are again driven

from power, i. 146 : The Azules
oppress them, i. 147 : The house
of their leader, Blanco, mobbed, i.
147 : They head a popular revolu
tion, i. 148 : Its success, i. 149 :
They again become the rulers,i. 1 50 :
The President's speech to them
about the Blues, i. 1 78 : They cele
brate the Feast of Bruzual, i. 186 :
Road-making by them, i. 230,
232 : Their sway disputed, i. 258 :
They lose two cities, i. 258 :_ Their
great army takes the field, i. 259 :
Its advance on San Fernando, i.
260 : The attack on the city, i. 260,
261 : Its capture, i. 261 : The ene
my annihilated, i. 262 : Peace cele
brations, 311-317 : A traitor in the
camp, ii. 95-100.
Liberal Clubs, i. 147.
Liber amicorum, the author's, i. 268.
Libertad mountain, Orchila, i. 281.
Liberty, religious, i. 56, 270.
Library, national, i. 57.
Liduena, governor, ii. 169.
Lighters, 1. 21.
Lighthouse Hill, El Gran Roque, i.
201, 203, 207, 211.
Lighthouse — On Sombrero, i. 6 : On
El Gran Roque, i. 202 : At Puerto-
Cabello, ii. 113 : On the Orinoco,
ii. 269.
Lightning, in Los Roques, i. 212.
Lignum vitas, i. 5 1 .
Lillo, Don Eusebio, poet, ii. 230.
Lima, city of, i. 323.
Lime. See Phosphate.
Limestone, ii. 75.
Limestone, white, i. 232.
Lime trees, i. 153, 306.
Limites, territorial, i. 41, 47, 77 ; ii.
274, 277, 282.
Liparis, ii. 205.
Liquor question — As it affects the
Indian races of South America, i.
92, m : As it affects colonization,
i. 176 : Sale of intoxicants forbid,
i. 187, 198, 252 : Vino bianco, i.
262, 287 ; ii. 2, 7, 57.
Lisbda, Conseilhero (M. M.), ii. 1:
His ascent of the Silla, ii. 68 : His
book of travels in South America,
ii. 283.
Lisbda, Sefior Henrique, i. 41 : Joins
the party, i. 228 : He gets too much
beef, i. 242 : He pities coffee, i.
247 : He samples the wine, i. 252 :
His mortification, i. 253, 309: His'

INDEX.

325

ascent of the Silla, ii. 13 : Joins
the Naiguatd party, ii. 18 : His ab
stemiousness, ii. 40 : His derelic
tion of duty, ii. 43 : His powers of
endurance, ii. 67, 68, 69, 71, 73 :
Accompanies author to Puerto-
Cabello, ii. 106, 147, 180, 251.
Literary Academy, ii. 172.
Literati of Cardcas, picnic of the,
i- 317-
Lithopila muscoides, ii. 175.
' Little Britain.' See Barbadoes.
'Little Venice,' ancient name of
Venezuela, ii. 151, 165.
Liverpool packet to Venezuela, i. 8,
15-
Lizards, i. 10, note: A new one, i.
208.
Llamoso, the murderer, ii. 162.
Llanero cavalry, i. 127-132.
Llahero military tactics, i. 130.
' Llanero of Guarico,' the, i. 262.
Llaneros of Apure, i. 76, 77.
Llaneros of Guarico, i. 60.
Llanos, i. 50, 52, 57 : Of Apure, i.
75 : Life in the Llanos, i. 77 :
Llanos of Barcelona, i. 98 : A
cheap estate in the Llanos, i. 245 :
Their first discovery, ii. 158 : Fiery
vapour of the, ii. 165 : Llanos of
Guarico, 166 : Xlanos of Calabozo,
238 : Road to the Llanos, ii. 266.
Llanuras, i. 50.
Loan. See Debt.
Lobo, Don Rodrigo Nufiez, governor,
ii. 167."
Lochmias sororia (new bird), i. 266 ;
ii. 177.
Lockhartia, ii. 205.
Longevity, extraordinary, i. 226.
Lopez, Manuel Antonio, author, ii.
273-
Losada, Don Diego de, i. 19, 29, 268:
His great victory over the Indians,
ii. 157 : He rescues Maldonado, ii.
157 : He founds Cardcas, ii. 157 :
Guacaipuro, the Indian chief, de
feated by him, ii. 158.
Los Adjuntos, i. 151.
Los Borrachitos, islands of, i. 62.
Los Cardquenos, i. 38.
Los Chaguaramos, house of, ii. 125.
Los Colegiales, house of, ii. 233.
Los Dos Caminos, ii. 2, 18, 69, 90,
233-
Los Frayles, islands of, i. 15, 67 ; ii.
253-
Los Guayos, pueblo of, i. 163.

Los Hermanos, islands of, i. 67 ; ii.
253-
'Los Hijos de Dios,' cemetery of, 1.
225.
Los Mariches. See Mariches.
Los 'Mesedores ' of Catuche, i. 318.
Los Monges, islands of, ii. 254.
Los Padres Santos, i. 102.
Los Roques, islands of, i. 151 : Their
great number, i. 196: Fishermen of,
i. 198 : The Great Shoal of, i. 199 :
Boyd's wreck -register of, i. 203-205 :
Phosphate outcrops in, i. 207 : Com
mercial value of the group, i. 211 :
A storm amongst the islands, i.
212 : Mode of catching turtles, i.
214: El Gran Roque as seen from
the Naiguatd, ii. 59 : Flora of the
islands, ii. 175, 254.
Los Teques, .village of, i. 59 : Indian
burying-grounds in, i. 152.
Los Testigos, islands of, i. 15, 67.
Lotteiy (rifa), ii. 142, 143.
Louis XVI., ii. 172.
Lovera, Senor Carlos, estate of, i.
233 : His hospitality, i. 233 : His
carriage, i. 237, 257, 263, 290.
Lowell, Mr. James Russell, anecdote
of, i. 22, note.
Lower Marare, coffee estate of, i.
247, 298, 299.
Lozano, Abigail, author, ii. 283.
Lozano, Don A., poet, ii. 226, 230.
Luca, Don Esteban, poet, ii. 230.
Lycaste, ii. 205.
Lycopodium complanatum, ii. 181,
r x9r-
Lycopodium clavatum, ii. 181, 191.
Lycopodium taxifolium, ii. 181.
Lynch law instituted, i. 147 : How
it works in California, i. 184.
Lyre-tail bird, ii. 188.

Macanao Mountain, i. 66.
Macarisao, Vuelta de, i. 233.
Machado Brothers, cotton factory of,
i. 117.
Machado, General, i. 260.
Machado, Sefior Juan Bautista,
estates of, i. 308.
Machete, or long-bladed knife, i. 97,
229.
Mackrel, Spanish, i. 285.
Macrornitrium longifolium, ii. 180.
Macrostylis, ii. 205.
Macuare, lake of, i. 63.
Macuto, road to, ii. 266.

326

INDEX.

Madariaga, Josd Cortes, author, ii.
283.
Madiedo, Don M. M., poet, ii. 230.
Madrid, i. 24, 323.
Madrid, Don Josd Fernandez, poet,
ii. 230.
Madriz, F. G., author, ii. 283.
Madriz, Sefior Carlos, estate of, i.
230.
Magarinos y Cervantes, Don Alej
andro, poet, ii. 230.
Magdalenariver,New Granada, i. 125.
Maggots, plague of, i. 33.
Magnetites, ii. 186.
Maguay plant, i. 51: Utilization of,
i- 175-
Mahogany tree, i. 51, 293.
Mails. See Postal service.
Maiptires, rapids of, i. 79.
Maiquetia, village of, i. 42 ; ii. 241 :
Alameda of, ii. 263 : Road to, ii.
266.
Maitin, Josd A., poet, ii. 283.
Maize, i. 51, 67, 75, 153, 155, 238.
Maize, mode of cultivation of, i. 97.
Malachite, ii. 186.
Maldonado, Juan, ii. 155, 157.
Malpighia, ii. 241.
Mamiferos fdsiles, ii, 278.
Mamo lake, i. 63.
Manapire river, i. 60.
Manchester 'Evening News,' wreck
of the steamer 'Cuban,' i. 15,
note.
Manchester Geological Societv, ii.
294.
' Manchester Guardian,' the, ii.
188, 295.
Manchester Literary and Philoso
phical Society, ii. 185, 188, 289, 295.
Manchester Scientific Student's As
sociation, ii. 289, 295.
Mangle bark, i. 273.
Mangle bianco, i. 51 ; ii. 175.
Mangle, scrubby red, i. 201.
Mangle bark, shipments of, i. 273.
Mangle Colorado, ii. 175.
Mangle prieto, ii. 176.
Mango fruit, i. 51, 113, 173.
Mangrove trees, i. 201.
Manuare hat, i. 240.
Manufacturing establishments —
Cardcas, i. 30 : Of shell flowers, i.
69: Chemicals, i. 112, note: Calico
and lamp- wick, i. 117.
Manzanares river, bridge over the,
ii. 268.
Manzano, General, i. 261.

Mapanare serpent, i. 53.
Maps, i. 211 ; ii. 101, 144, 145, 284.
Mapuey plant, i. 51.
Mapurito cattle station, i. 249.
Maracapana, district of, ii. 153, 158.
Maracay, town of, i. 158, 160.
Maracaybo and Co j oro Railway and
Harbour project, ii. 136.
Maracaybo city, heat of, i. 49 : Size
and importance of, i. 71 : Its shipp
ing, ii. 114: Proposed railway from,
ii. 135 : Government Palace in,'ii.
284.
Maracaybo, coast of, ii. 151.
Maracaybo, gulf of, i. 47, 70.
Maracaybo Indians, ii. 165.
Maracaybo, lake of, i. 47, 48, 70 : Its
extent, i. 70 : Great beauty of, i.
70, 72 : Difficult access to, ii. 135 :
When first discovered, ii. 151, 165.
Maraguaca mountain, i. 48, 78.
Maraiion d Amazdnas, ii. 284.
Marare (Upper and Lower), Leseur's
estate of, i. 247: Its productive
ness, i. 298 : Native bail given in
the hacienda of, i. 299.
Marble, i. 52 : Green and red, ii.
187.
Marcano, Senor Vicente, i. 274, 276,
281 ; ii. 125, note, 284, 291.
Mar de leva, i. 21.
Marea, or sea-sickness, i. 277.
Margarita, island of. See Nueva
Esparta.
Mariches, coffee district of, i. 59, 228,
309 : Road to it, ii. 265.
Mariches Indians, ii. 165.
Marine territory, population of, i.
53, note.
Marifio, General, birthplace of, i.
67 : His enmity to Bolivar, i. 135.
Mariposa bejuca, i. 263.
Mariposa, or butterfly orchid, ii. 211.
Mariposas, i. 53.
Market Halls, i. 21, 164.
Markham, Mr. C. R., author, ii. 289.
Marl, argillaceous, i. 65.
Marmol, Don Josd, poet, ii. 230.
Marquez, Francisco, death of, ii.
157-
Martel, Senor Manuel, his attention
to foreigners, i. 269 ; ii. 147 : His
matrimonial grievance, ii. 284.
Marriages, civil, introduction of, i.
31, note; ii. 296.
Marriage customs, Indian, i. 81, 94.
Marriages, i. 31.
Marshes, i. 67, 71, no.

INDEX.

327

Martin, Don Josd Antonio, poet, ii.
230.
Martin's Act, i. 192.
Martin, M., paper on the cultiva
tion of the girasole, i. m, note.
Martinez, General J. M. Ortega, i.
150, 151, 163.
Martinez, Sefior Celestino, artist, ii.
246.
Martinez, Seiior Gerdnimo, artist,
ii. 246, 251.
Martinez, Sefior Pio (Judge), i. 276,
277,285.
Martinique, island of, 1. n.
Masdevallia, ii. 205.
Masonic Temple, the, ii. 267, 296.
Masparro river, i. 74.
Massacre in La Casa Fuerte, i. 87, 88 :
Irapa, i. 150 : Quito, ii. 173, 174-
Matamoras, Sefior Juan Manuel,
house of, ii. 233, 234, 238, 241.
Matapalo tree, i. 51.
Matienzo, Don Pedro Ortiz, ii. 159.
Maturin, city of, i. 66, 126: Roads to,
ii. 266, 269.
Maturin, State of, i. 66.
Maucd, Dr. Josd Manuel, artist, ii.
246, 251.
Mavaca river, i. 78.
Maxillaria, ii. 206.
Maximilian tragedy, the, i. 25.
Maya, valley of, ii. 154, 156.
Mazaruni river, i. 78.
Medialdea, Senor Gabriel, i. 246:
His political misfortunes, i. 292.
Medicinal plants, i. 51; ii. 286.
Medicinal waters, of Nueva Barce
lona, i. 63, 96: Of Los Roques, 202.
Mejia, General Francisco, ii. 247.
Melastomnacea trinerve, ii. 242.
Melocactus communis, ii. 176.
'Memorias de la Sociedad Econd-
mica de Amigos del Pais,' ii. 88,
232, 284.
Mendez, Sefior Luis Lopez, 11. 173.
Mendez, Sefior Gregorio F., ii. 284,
287. . ..
Mendoza, Sefior Juan Josd, artist, 11.
246.
Mercantile establishments, i. 26, 30,
89.
Mercedes, Nuestra Sefiora de las,
church of, i. 30.
Mercury, i. 52.
Merida, city of, 1. 73, 125 : Found
ing of the city, ii. 155: Roads from,
ii. 266.
Merida, bishopric of, i. 73-

Merida, sierras of, i. 49, 50, 72, 73,
74: ii. 155 : Orchids of, ii. 193-202.
Merida, State of, i. 72.
Mesa, Ambrosio, guide, ii. 19, 73.
Mesa de Guanipe, i. 62.
Mesa de Urica, i. 62.
Meseron y Aranda, Seiior Ildefonso,
i. 316; ii. 125, note, 244, 245, 252.
Meseta, or little table-land, ii. 28.
Mestizo, i. 54.
Meta river, i. 50, 78: ii. 159, 283, 284.
Meteor, a luminous, i. 7 1 .
Meteorological observations, i. 217;
ii. 232-241, 291.
Mew, a species of, i. 208.
Mexican axes, ii. 294.
Mexico, Republic of, i. 24; ii. 171,
184.
Mica schist, ii. 75.
Michelena y Rdjas, Sefior T., author,
ii. 284.
Micrastur zonothorax, i. 265: ii. 178.
Microstylis, ii. 208.
Middle Hill, El Gran Roque, i. 201.
Middleton, Mr. R. T. C, British
Minister, i. 24 : His diplomatic
experiences, i. 24 : His residence,
i. 25, 26 : Presents author to Min
ister of Foreign Affairs, i. 40 : He
reports an earthquake, i. 188 : He
entertains the officers of H. M. S.
' Racoon,' i. 220 : ii. 83, 84, 105 :
His letter to author on the ascent
of the Naiguata. ii. 221.
Milagro, estate of, 306.
Military academy, i. 57.
Military convoy, a, i. 223, 224.
Mihtary exigencies, i. 239.
Military guard of honour, a, i. -302,
305.
Military hospital, i. 30.
Military Service, compulsory, i. 134.
Military sports, i. 305.
Military system, i. 56.
Milk. See Queso.
Milk of the cow tree, ii. 189.
Millan, Bonifacio Coronado, ii. 284.
Miller, R.N., Captain D., ii. 104:
His dinner party, ii. 105: He offers
author a cruise, ii. 106 : Visits
Goering, ii. 115.
Millet, i. 51.
Mimosa, i. 156.
Minerals and ores from Venezuela,
description of, ii. 185.
Minister of Finance, ii. 115.
Minister of Foreign Affairs, i. 40; ii.
145, 146, 147.

328

INDEX.

Minister of the Interior and Justice,
i. 119; ii- J47-
Minister of Public Works, i. 106,
274 ; Official letters to author on
the ascent of the Naiguatd, ii. 74,
79, 103, 119-126, 1.47.
Minister of War and Mraine, i. 27 ;
ii. 98, 147.
Miracles, i. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37.
Mirador de Solano, ii. 1 14.
Miranda, General, joins patriots, i.
123: Takes Valencia, i. 124: Defeat
of, i. 124; ii. 173.
Miravel. See Merida.
Miscegenation, i. 54.
Misericordia, Casa de, i. 30.
Missionary efforts, i. 270 ; ii. 1 70,
296.
Mission villagers, Indian, i. 54, 79.
Missions of the Orinoco, Indian, i. 79.
Moir, Captain of the "Seine," ss. i. 2.
Molasses, i. 13.
Mollusca, i. 53, 104, 285.
Molyneux, R.N., Lieutenant W., ii.
107.
Momboi, lake of, i. 72.
Momboi, river of, i. 72.
Mondgas, General Domingo, i. 85.
Mondgas, General Josd Gregorio,
(President), i. 55 ; His birthplace,
i. 67 : Becomes President, i. 142 :
Emancipates the slaves, i. 142 :
His death, i. 142.
Mondgas, General Josd G., hospi
tality of, i. 85 : His fishing estab
lishment, i. 104.
Mondgas, General Josd Tadeo, be
comes chief magistrate, i. 14.0 :
Forms a liberal ministry, i. 141 :
His abdication, i. 142 : His arrest,
i. 143 : Again President, i. 146 ; ii.
272, 285.
Mondgas, Senora Clara Marrero de, i.
99, note; ii. 121, 256.
Mondgas, Sefior Cruz, i. 85.
Mondgas, the family of, i. 85; ii. 280.
Monasteries, suppression of, ii. 296.
Monasterios, Colonel L. M., i, 186.
Mofiina phytolaccEefolia, ii. 242.
Monkeys, i. 52, 270.
Monkey's tail tree, ii. 293.
Monos, island of, ii. 254.
Monte Verde coffee estate, i. 235.
Monteverde, Spanish General, i. 124:
Persecutes the patriots, 125.
Montilla, Sefior Mariano, ii. 285.
Montserrat, Senor Manuel, joins
Silla party, ii. 2.

Monument to Bolivar, i. 33.
Monzon, Dr. Ramon, hacienda of,
ii. 233.
Moonlight effects, i. 278, 303 ; ii. 42.
Moonlight, explorations by, i. 278.
Mordles, Spanish office, brutalities
of, i. 126.
Morillo, the Spanish General, his dis
aster at Margarita, i. 67 : Bolivar's
treaty with, 1. 72: The patriots gain
advantage over him, i. 127 : De
feated at Calabozo, i. 129 : His vic
tory over Bolivar, i. 130 : Marches
against Paez, i. 130 : His signal
defeat, i. 131 : He proposes an
armistice, i. 131.
Mormodes, ii. 208.
Morro de Barcelona, i. 103.
Mortality in Cardcas, i. 31, 32.
Mosquito Cayo, Los Roques, i. 198.
Mosquitos, i. 53.
Motatan river, i. 72.
Mountaineering, residence in tropics
unfavourable to, ii. 5.
Mountaineers, advice to, ii. 39, 45.
Mountains, heights of principal—
Cerro Azul, i. 59 : Platilla, i. 59
Cabimbu, i. 68: Caldera, i. 72
Picacho de la Sierra Nevada, i. 73
Naiguata, ii. 58: Silla, ii, 241.
Mountain spurs, a deceptive one, ii.
36, 51 : Mountain path, a danger
ous one, i, 221, 254.
Mucuchies, highest town in Vene
zuela, i. 73.
Mucuna pruriens, ii. 190.
Mucuritas, battle of, i. 128.
Mulatto, i. 54.
Mulberry tree, i. 76.
Mules, i. 52: Sagacity of, i. 251:
Large numbers of, in Llanos, i. 245 :
Their cautiousness, ii. 24.
Musaceas, a wood of, ii. 237.
Museum. See Natural Histoiy col
lection.
Music, i. 101, 104, 186, 220, 224, 257,
299, 302, 320; ii. 10, 105, 1 15, 124, 1 72.
Musical improvisations, i. 302.
' Muy flojo,' meaning of expression,
i. 191.
'Muy guapo,' meaning of expres
sion, i. 45, note.

Naguanagua, village of, i. r^i.
Naiguatd expedition, the, ii. 14-89.
Naiguatd, mountain of the, i. 36, 47,
58,257 : Viewedfrom theTuy valley,

INDEX.

329

i. 299 : From above Petare, i. 309 :
From Los Dos Caminos, ii. 2:
From top of Silla, ii. 9 : Author
resolves upon its ascent, ii. 9 :
Inaccessibility of, ii. 15, 16 : Foot
hills of, ii. 23-25 : Cold on, ii. 44 :
The ridge of, ii. 46-48 : Its peaks,
ii. 48, 49 : Peat deposits on, ii. 54 :
Bluffs of, ii. 54 : Caves of, ii. 56.
Naiguatd, needle of the — Its isolation
increases with time, ii. 51 : View
from it, ii. 59 : Its form, ii. 59 : Its
surroundings, ii. 60 : Extreme heat
on, ii. 60, 61.
Naiguatd, peak of the : Defeated at
tempts to ascend, ii. 15, note, 22,
73, 79 : The author's last look at,
ii. 149 : Humboldt's silence respect
ing the Peak, ii. 239 : Works relat
ing to, 285.
Naiguatd, uncle, the Indian, ii. 155.
Naiguatd, vegetation of the, ii. 30, 31,
32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 48, 49, 52, 56,
57, 60, 69, 73, 76, 82 : Ernst's list
of, ii. 1 80.
Name plant, i. 51, 234.
Napoleon, the cook of the ' Venus,'
i. 195.
Naricual, coal mines of, 1. 97; 11. 256.
Naricual, valley of, i. 98.
Naricual river, i. 98, 100.
National ingratitude, i. 135, 269.
Native courtesy, i. 16, 17, note, 19, 240.
Natives, curiosity of the, i. I93;_ii. 31.
Natural History collection, i. 116,
175, 263-269; ii. 188, 294, 295.
Natural History of Venezuela, i.
46-82.
Nauta, country of, ii. 284.
Nautical school, ii. 113.
Xautical science (modern), exacti
tude of, i. 6, note.
Naval 'exploit, scene of a dashing, ii.
107.
Naval tactics, modern, ii. 106.
Navarrette, Don Francisco Manuel
Martinez de, poet, ii. 229.
Navarro y Cafiizdres, Sefior Miguel,
artist, ii. 246, 247, 251.
Negroes, how treated in Redonda,
i. 1 1, note; Excess of, in Barbadoes,
i. 13: A talkative one, i. 102, 103:
Negro emancipation, i. 133, 142 :
A dry negro, i. 198 : A cargo of
negroes, i. 278 : A humorous one,
i. 301.
Neolithic stone implements, ii. 294.
Neottia vaginata, ii. 235, 242.

Neptuno Hotel, La Guayra, i. 18, 26.
Nervous system, effects of chronic
revolution on the, i. 244, note.
Neveri river, i. 97, 98, 100 ; ii. 167,
254-
Nevett, Mr Thomas, ii. 117.
Nevis, island of, i. 9.
New Granada (Colombial, Republic
of, i. 47, 48 : Trade of Venezuela
with, i. 74, 75, 77, 82, 128, 131,
139, 144 ; 11. 276.
New Quebrada Company, agent of
the, i. 174: Its copper mines, ii.
136.
Nigua insect, i. 53.
' Nile,' s.s., i. 6.
Nifio, Pedro Alonzo, ii. 151.
Nirgua, valley of, ii. 154.
Nispero fruit, i. 51.
' Noche de San Bernardino,' i. 258;
ii. 96.
Nocturnal despair, i. 3-6.
Notylia, ii. 209.
'Nuestro amigo,' image of, i. 101.
Nueva Andalusia, i. 63, 66; ii. 159.
Nueva Barcelona, city of, i. 85 :
Commerce of, i. 89 : Church of, i.
95 : Coast of, i. 124 : Origin of the
city, ii. 169.
Nueva Barcelona, port of, ii. 84, 103.
Nueva Barcelona, State of, i. 62, 66,
77 : Cotton district of, i, 89 : Llanos
of, i. 98 : Coal beds of, i. 99 :
Trial of the coal of, i. 101 : Author
discovers new harbour in, i. 103, 189:
Proposed new telegraph line for,
ii. 132: Fisheries of, ii. 143: Islands
of the State of, ii. 253 : Coal mines
of, ii. 268.
Nueva Esparta (Margarita), State of,
i. 47, 66, 125: Discovery of, ii. 151:
155, 156: Aguirre's outrages in, ii.
161, 162, 169: Its adjoining islands,
ii. 253.
Nueva Granada. See New Granada.
Nueva Segovia, ii. 154.
Kueva Valencia. See Valencia.
Nueva Zamora, city of, ii. 165.
Nuevo Napoles, el bahia de, i. 278.
Nufiez, General, i. 145.
Nutrias, city of, i. 148.

Oasis, an, i. 290.
Oberto, Spanish officer, defeat of, i.
125.
Obituary notices, strange form of, i.
226.

33°

INDEX.

Obrero. See Working classes.
Ocamo river, i. 78.
Ocumare del Tuy, cordillera of, ii.
238.
Ocumare del Tuy, sabana de, ii. 166.
Ocumare del Tuy, town of, i. 126 :
Favourable position of, i. 237 :
Plaza of, i. 246 : The old church
of, i. 246 : Shop of the principal
merchant of, i. 292 : Road to, ii.
265.
Ocumare, islet of, ii. 254.
Ocumare, Josd Carmen del, negro
humorist, i. 301.
Odontoglossum, ii. 209.
Official courtesy, i. 17, note, 174, 240,
263.
Oil, crab, ii. 189.
Oil from girasole, i. in.
Oil, jatropha, i. 153.
Oil-producing plants, i. 51.
Oil, tecua, ii. 189.
Ojeda, Alonso de, expedition of, ii.
151, 152.
Olavarria, General, i. 245.
Oligarquia. See Conservative party.
Olivenite, ii. 186.
Olivo, General, i. 259 : His sobri
quet", i. 259, note: His defence of
San Feniando del Apure, i. 260,
261 : Defeat and death of, i. 262 :
His house at San Fernando sold
for a tiger's skin, i. 265, 274.
Ollendorff's 'Spanish method,' i. 3.
Olmedo, Don Josd Joaquin de, poet,
ii. 227, 230.
Oinagua, Indian country of, ii. 159.
Oncidium, ii. 209-212, 242.
Oncidium bauerii, i. 263.
Onoto, i. 234 : Cultivation of the
plant, i. 238 : Uses of fruit of, i. 239.
Ophrys, ii. 212.
Optical illusion, an, ii. 38.
Optuntia spinosissima, ii. 176.
Orange groves, i. 40.
Orange trees, i. n, 236.
Orchidese Fendlerianse Venezuelanae,
i. 193-220.
Orchideae Venezuelans, ii. 192-220.
Orchids, Venezuelan, i. 25 : Growing
on the big tree of Aragua, i. 156 :
Of the coast range, i. 222 : Export
of, i. 263 : Ellington house collec
tion of, ii. 182 : Dr Ernst's list of,
ii. 192.
Orchila, island of, i. 58 : El Bahia de
Nuevo Napoles, i. 278 : Federation
Hill, i. 278 : Moonlight examina

tion of, i. 278 : Guano deposits of, i.
279 : Formation of, i. 280 : Com
mercial value of, i. 281 : Cabo
Blanco, i. 282 : Bay of Santa Ines,
i. 282 : Cayo El Dorado, i. 283 :
The American Company's estab
lishment on, i. 283 : How the guano
is collected, i. 283 : Fauna, i. 284,
285 ; ii. 59, 123 : Minerals of, ii.
187 : Adjoining islands, ii. 254.
Orchila, Government Commission to
the island of, i. 274: The author
receives an invitation to accom
pany it, i. 275: Departure from
Cardcas, i. 275 : On board the Port-
efia, i. 277 : Arrival at the island,
i. 278 : The commission in session,
j. 285 : The author's appointment,
i. 287 : Linguistic difficulties, i.
287 : Barretts examination, i. 288:
The return, i. 288.
Orchila weed, i. 58, 273, 281; ii.
176.
Ordaz, Diego de, first explorer of the
Orinoco, ii. 158: His death by
poison, ii. 159.
Ordaz, Don Alvario de, ii. 159.
Order of the " Busto del Libertador,''
i. 144.
Ordgano, i. 234.
Orellana (Amazon) river, ii. 160.
Orfile, Mariquita, her remedy for
yellow-fever, i. no, note.
Origanum majoranoides, i. 234.
Orinoco, Delta of the, i. 50, 64, 78.
Orinoco Indians, i. 92.
Orinoco river, i. 41, 48, 50, 60, 64, 73,
79, 80, 90, 161, 245 ; ii. 133, 158,
'59, 239, 269 : Works relating to
the, 285.
Orinoco river (Lower), rise and fall
of the, i. 78, 79 : Difficult naviga
tion of, i. 90: Symbolical designs
on granite rocks of Lower Orinoco,
ii. 152 : Lighthouse on, ii. 269.
Orinoco river (Upper), i. 41, 79 :
Region of the Great Rapids, i. 78.
Black waters of the Upper Ori
noco, i. 80: Orchids of, ii. 192.
Orituco river, i. 60.
Orituco, town of, ii. 166.
Ornaments, Indian, i. 81.
Ornithidium, ii. 212.
Ornithocephalus, ii. 212.
Orore tree, i. 293.
Orsua, expedition of, ii. 160, 285.
Ortal, Gerdnimo, continues the con
quest of Nueva Andalusia, ii. 159.

INDEX.

33i

Oruba, island of, gold quartz of, ii.
185.
Osorio, Don Diego, governor, wise
rule of, ii. 168 : His promotion, ii.
169.
Otero, Senor Manuel, artist, ii. 246,
Ourari, or wourali, liquid arrow
poison, i. 80.
Oviedo y Bafios, Sefior Josd de, his
torian, i. 30 ; ii. 285.
Owl of Apure, i. 76.
Owl. See Gudcharo.
Oysters, i. 53, 104.
Oyster tree, i. 104.

Pacaraima, mountains of, i. 79.
Pacheco, Antonio, ii. 19.
Pacheco, Don Alonso, founds Nueva
Zamora, ii. 165.
Pacheco, General Rafael, i. 308.
Pacheco y Obes, Don Melchior, poet,
ii. 230.
Pachyphyllum, ii. 212.
Pacifico, San, a bone of, i. 96.
Pacimoni river, i. 78.
Padamo river, i. 78.
'Padres de familias,' or parents,
i. 113.
'Padres Santos,' los, i. 102.
Padrinos, or god-fathers, i. 188.
Paez, Don Ramon, author, i.76, note:
His remarks on U. S.'s diplomats to
South America, i. 218 : His work,
' Life in the Llanos,' ii. 285.
Paez, General Josd Antonio, i. 76,
77 : His followers in War of Inde
pendence, i. 127 : His llanero ca
valry, i. 128 : He takes Barinas, i.
128 : His victory at Mucuritas, i.
128 : Bolivar joins him, i. 129 : He
captures gun-boats with cavalry, i.
129 : His llanero tactics, i. 130 :
His share of the battle of Cara
bobo, i. 132 : Becomes military
chief of Venezuela, i. 134 : His dis
loyalty to Bolivar, i. 134 : His in
ordinate ambition, i. 135, 139 : Is
elected first constitutional presi
dent of Venezuela, i. 139 : He sub
jugates the ' Ref ormistas, ' i. 140 :
He causes a civil war, i. 141 : Is
defeated by the Liberals, i. 145 :
He abdicates, i. 145 : Works re
lating to him, ii. 285.
PaguridBe, i. 280.

Painted rocks of La Encaramada,
i. 80 : Of Caicara, i. 80.
Pajonales, i. 60.
'Palabra de Ingles,' meaning of ex
pression, i. 42.
Palanque Indians, ii. 169.
Palms, imperial, i. 306.
Pampatar, port of, i. 66.
Panama hats, material from which
they are made, ii. 190.
Panthers, i. 52.
Pao river, i. 161.
Papelon (crude sugar), i. 228.
Paphinia, ii. 212.
Paracoto, coffee district of, i. 257.
Paracoto, village of, i. 257 : Road to,
ii. 265.
Parades, Diego Garcia de, ii. 155 :
He pursues Aguirre, i. 163 : He
captures the tyrant, i. 164.
Paradise, an earthly, i. 30, 294.
Paraguand peninsula, i. 69, 70.
Paragua river, i. 78.
Paraiso, El, i. 114, 263.
Paralysis, i. 80.
Pdramos, i. 50.
Parapara, town of, ii. 264.
Pardsitas, queer forms of, i. 263.
Parcha fruit, i. 51.
Pardo, Seiior Francisco de Paulo,
author, ii. 285.
Pardo, Sefior I. J. ii. 246.
Pardo, Spanish Brigadier officer, i.
127.
Pardo y Aliaga, Don Felipe, poet, ii.
230.
Pargo fish, i. 52, 285.
Pana, coast of, discovery of, ii. 151.
Paria, gulf of, i. 47, 49, 63.
Paria, mountains of, i. 63.
Paria, peninsula of, i. 47.
Parima, mountain range of, i. 48, 78.
Paris, epicures of, the coffee they like
best, 1. 11, '?.
Paris Exhibition, i. 81, note.
' Paris of the Antilles,' the, i. 11.
Parker, Sir Hyde, ii. 108.
Paroquets, plumage of, i. 81 : Their
great number in Marare, i. 298.
Paso Real, country house of, i. 1 73.
Paso Real, of the Apure, i. 260, 261.
Passports, i. 174, 192, 227, 229, 263,
275-
Pasturage, rich, i. 50, 243.
Pasture farms, i. 50.
Patacon (Brazilian coin), i. 216.
Patanemo mountain, ii. 1 14.
Patio, or inner court-yard, i. 25.

33 2

INDEX.

Patronage. See Law.
Patron Saint of the chapter of Card
cas, i. 33.
Patrullo, Senor Carlos, civil engineer,
i. 309.
Paul, Dr. Jesus Maria, ii. 251.
Pauxi galeata, ii. 189.
Peace celebrations in Cardcas, i. 271,
311: The city decorated, i. 312:
The Triumphal Arch, i. 312 :
Grand illuminations, i. 314: The
merchants' banquet to the victors,
i. 315 : Te Deum, in the cathedral,
i. 316.
Pearl-fishery of Margarita, i. 66 ; ii.
151.
Peat deposits, Naiguatd, ii. 54, 75.
Pedraza, village of, i. 128.
Peel Park Museum, Salford, ii. 289.
Pelexia, ii. 213.
Pelezo, J., i. 276.
Pelicanus fuseus, or alcatras, i. 208.
' Pendejo,' meaning of word, i. 45,
note.
Peninsulas, i. 47, 49, 69.
Pensioners, government, i. 269.
Peones. See Working classes.
Peperomia galioides, ii. 182.
Peraza, General Nicanor Bolet, Pre
face, i. 65, note: He joins the party,
i. 83 : He entertains the peasantry,
i. 104 : Anecdote of him, i. 268:
Again joins the party, i. 317 : An
account of his career, ii. 77-79, 125 :
Promotes Fine Arts Exhibition, ii.
127-129, 147 : Accompanies author
to La Guayra, ii. 149 : His paint
ings at exhibition, ii. 246 : His
speech at artists' banquet, ii. 249,
251 : His comedy, ii. 273 : His
translation of author's pamphlet
on the aspent of the Naiguatd, ii.
289.
Perez, General Juan Francisco, ii.
147, 251.
Perez, Jesus M. J. J. D. D., i. 102.
Perez, Martin, murder of, ii. 162.
Perez, Sefior Francisco de Sdles,
author, ii. 285.
Periodicals, Venezuelan, list of, i.
322.
Peristeria, ii. 213.
Pertigalete, islets of bay of, ii. 254.
Peru, islands of, i. 279.
Peru, Republic of, Bolivar assumes
the Dictatorship of, i. 133 : His
popularity there, i. 133 ; ii. 242, 286.
Peruvian bark, i. 51 ; ii. 189.

Peruvian burial places, i. 45 ; ii. 191.
Peruvian guano, i. 279, 281.
Peseta Columnaria (Spanish coin), i.
216.
Peseta Sevillana, i. 216.
Pesgua olorosa, ii. 241.
Pesgua macho, ii. 241.
Pesj ua plant, ii. 235.
Petare village, i. 59, 309 ; ii. 6, 20,
22, 91-93, 239, 265.
Peters, Dr., of Berlin, naturalist, i.
208.
Petrifactions, i. 65.
Petroleum, i. 52 : Of Tachira, i. 74.
Pez-sierra, i. 53.
Philadelphia Guano Company, its
lease of Venezuelan islands, i.
274 : Works on Orchila of, i. 283 :
Quality of the material collected
by it, i. 283 : How utilized, i. 284.
Philadelphia, U.S., ii. 240.
Phosphate of alumina, on Redonda,
i. 10, note : On El Gran Roque, i.
207, 2ii, note.
Phosphate of iron, on Redonda, i. 10,
note: On El Gran Roque, i. 207, 211.
Phosphate of lime, i. 6, 207, 281, 288.
Phosphates, mineral, i. 52, 58 : Im
mense outcrops of, on El Gran
Roque, i. 202, 207, 211, 274, 278,
279, 281, 283, 284, 288.
Phosphoric acid, i.207, 211, note, 279,
283.
Phthisis, i. 32.
Physical history of Venezuela, i. 46-
82.
Physurus, ii. 213.
Phytolacca rivinoides, ii. 183.
Piar, the patriot officer, i. 125 : His
execution, i. 129, note : ii. 289.
Piaje, or toll-bar, i. 275, 290.
Picacho de la Sierra Nevada, i. 73.
Picnic to Catuche, i. 317.
Pico de loro, or ' parrot's bill '
orchid, ii. 193.
Pico, mountain and island of, i. 3.
Picudas, islands of, i. 62 ; ii. 253.
' Piedra de los Solteros,' i. 81.
Piers, i. 21, 284.
Pigot, Captain Hugh, a naval mon
ster, ii. 107.
Pigs, transport of, i. 229.
Pile, Mr. W. A. (United States Mi
nister), gives evidence of Repub
lican simplicity, i. 217, 270, 272.
Pimentel y Roth, Dr. Francisco,
' Cabinet Minister,' ii. 286.
Pine apples, i. 51, 64.

INDEX.

333

Pifion shrub, i. 51, 153.
Pinzon, Francisco Yanes y, dis
covers Brazil, ii. 152.
Piraguas, or canoes, i. 60.
Pirates. See Buccaneers.
Piritu, island of, i. 62; ii. 254.
Piritu, town of, its church, ii. 267.
Pita, Don Eduardo Sanchez, author,
ii. 286.
Pithecolobium unguis, ii. 175.
Pizarro, Francisco, ii. 286.
' Pizarro,' ss. Spanish man-of-war,
ii. in.
Plains. See Llanos.
Plant (new), ii. 60, 82.
Plant, Mr. John, description of mi
nerals and ores from Venezuela, ii.
185, 286: Paper on Neolithic stone
implements, ii. 294, 295.
Plantain tree, fruit of, i. 88.
Plants, farinaceous, i. 51; ii. 278.
Plants — List of Los Roque's, ii. 175
Collected on Naiguatd, ii. 18c
Venezuelan orchids, ii. 192 : Col
lected by Cajigal on Silla, ii. 241.
Platilla mountain, i. 59.
Plaza de Bolivar, Cardcas, i. 26 :
Executions on, i. 86, 126 : Gather
ings on, i. 221, 313, 314; ii. 10, 267.
Plaza de San Pablo, Caracds, i. 312,
Plaza de Ocumare, i. 246.
Plaza, General Ramon de la, i. 317 ;
ii. 125, note, 129, 246 : His speech
at artists' banquet, ii. 248, 251.
Plaza, or public square, of La
, Guayra, i. 21.
Pleurothallis, ii. 213.
Plimsoll, Mr., i. 15.
Pobladors, Los, ii. 165, 166.
PodosEemum alpestre, ii. 235, 241.
Poetry of South America, Spanish,
ii. 223.
Pogonia, ii. 215.
Poisoned arrows, i. 80 ; ii. 191.
Poito river, i. 161.
Political complications, i. 134, 135,
138-150: A reason suggested ac
counting for same, i. 177 ; ii.
172-174.
Political economy, introduction of
the study of, into Venezuela.ii. 172.
Political history of Venezuela, i.
122-150.
Politics, a taste for, dangerous to a
merchant in the Republic, i. 292.
Polystachia, ii. 216.
Polytrichum aristiflorum, ii. 180.
Pompa, Gerdnimo, author, ii. 286.

Ponce, Dr F., Mayor of Cardcas, i.
263.
Ponds, artificial, i. 40.
Ponera, ii. 216.
Ponte, Dr. J. A., ii. 286.
Ponthieva, ii. 216.
Pope, the, ii. 296-299.
Population, returns of, i. 30, 53, note,
59-61, 63, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77,
89, 246; ii. 112, 266.
' Portena,' schooner, passenger list
of, i. 276: Her voyage to Orchila,
i. 276-288.
Porto Rico, cost of producing raw
sugar in, i. 168.
Port Royal, Martinique, i. 1 1 .
Portugueza river, i. 161, 260.
Portugueza, State of, i. 75.
Portulaca pilosa, ii. 175.
Porzana erythrops, ii. 178.
Porzana levraudi, i. 265 ; ii. 178.
'Posada de los Embajadores,' i. 25.
Posadas. See Hotels.
Postal service, the, i. 1 79 : Anecdote
of, i. 179.
Posuelos, village of, i. 103 : Enter
tainment at, 1. 104 : Church of, ii.
267.
Potash, i. in.
Potatos, i. 50: Common, i. 51 : Sweet,
i. 51.
Potentilla Ehrenbergiana, ii. 82,
184.
Potentini, Sefior Tomas, discovers a
spring of medicinal waters, i. 96.
Powder magazine, i. 22 : Explosion
of one, i. 155.
' Pozo de los Pajaros,' i. 231, 232.
Praag, General Leon Van, inter
preter, i. 276 : He shares the bed
of superintendent, i. 285 : At fault
as interpreter, i. 287.
Prairie grass, firing of, i. 128.
Precipices, i. 207, 209 ; ii. 53, 60, 62,
237, 238. __
Prescottia, ii. 216.
President of the Republic, the,
powers of, i. 27, 55, 56.
President of the Republic, author's
interview with, i. 106, 117, 164, 188,
189, 218, 314; ii. 100, 103, 118, 126,
143.
President's residence, the, i. 17, 188.
President, receptions of the, i. 178,
188-189.
Press, the, i. 321 ; ii. 172.
Printing press, introduction of the,
into Venezuela, ii. 172.

334

INDEX.

Prisoners, political, release of, i. 275 ;
ii. 99.
Privateers, commissions issued to, i.
124.
Processions, public, i. 101, 112, 154,
186, 225, 312, 314, 316 ; ii. 98.
Promenade of La Guayra, i. 16.
Provisions, a scanty supply of, ii.
10, 11.
Protestantism at a discount, i. 270-
271.
Pseudorhachicallis caracasana, ii. 184.
Pterichis, ii. 216.
Pteroptochus bird, ii. 188.
Public works of improvement, i. 109:
Official list of, ii. 263.
Puenta Brava, lighthouse of, ii. 113.
Puente de Falcon, i. 231.
Puente del Salto, Naiguatd, ii. 50.
Puerto-Cabello— Heat of, i. 49, 61 :
Taken by the Blues, i. 146 : Civil
war in, i. 149 : Health of, ii. 112 :
Origin of, ii. 113 : Harbour and
port of, ii. 113: Public works of, ii.
113: Its fortifications, ii. 114:
Telegraph line of, ii. 133, 171, 264,
265.
Puerto Espafia, Trinidad, ii. 132.
Pulga insect, i. 53.
Pulgar, General Venancio, he takes
the Castillo del Libertador, i. 149 :
He restores Trujillio to Liberal
party, i. 259 ; ii. 97.
Pulido, General Josd I., i. 148, 261 ;
ii. 147.
Pulperias, or lowest class of public
houses, i. 187.
Pumas, i. 52 : Of Apure, i. 76 : Of
Altagracia, i. 255.
Pumas, skins of, i. 270.
Puru, the Indian god, i. 93.
Puruni river, i. 78.
Putucual, lake of, i. 63.
Pyrargyrite, ii. 186.

Quarantine in St. Thomas, results
of, i. 78.
Quartz, ii. 47, 185, 187.
Quartz jewellery, i. 81.
Quebrada de Cachimbo, ii. 6, 26,
38.
Quebrada de Humucaros, i. 68.
Quebrada de Tipe, i. 23.
Quebrada Mining Company. See
New Quebrada.
Quebrada-seca, battle of, i. 144.
Quesada, General Manuel, ii. 246.

Quesaras del Medio, battle of, i. 13 1;
ii. 225.
Queso de manos, i. 228 : How to
make it, i. 245.
Quevedo, General, i. 178.
Quintero, Dr. Domingo, the high-
priest, i. 220 ; ii. 284, 286.
Quiriquire Indians, ii. 165, 166.
Quito, massacre in, ii. 173, 174.

'Racoon,' H.M.S., i. 220.
Railway project, Cardcas to Cdtia,
ii. 118, 143.
Railway project, Coal mines to Nueva
Barcelona, i. 100.
Railway project, La Guayra and
Cardcas, ii. 118, 267.
Railway project, Nueva Barcelona
to Soledad, opposite Ciudad Boli
var, i. 90; ii. 133.
Railway project, Maracaybo to Co-
joro, ii. 131-136.
Railway, Puerto-Cabello and San
Felipe, ruins of, i. 172 : An aban
doned station on the line, ii. 113.
Railway, Tucacas and Aroa, ii. 137.
Rains, heavy, i. 170, 187, 211,212, 217;
ii. 63.
Rain water, how collected in the
West Indies, i. 202, 283.
Rainy districts, i. 78, 79.
Rainy season, i. 20, 49, 1 87, 284: ii.41 .
Raleigh, Sir Walter, his expedition
to Guayana, ii. 170.1
Ramallo, Don Mariano, poet, ii. 230.
Ramirez, General Diego Hugo, i.
317 ; ii. 125, note.
Rancherias, ii. 31.
Rapids, or raudales, of the Orinoco,
i. 78, 79-
Rat-hunt on El Gran Roque, i. 205,
206.
Rats, i. 206, 285.
Rattlesnakes, i. 223, 304.
Ray fish, i.. 53.
Reballedo, Francisco, alcalde, ii. 168.
Receptions of the leading citizens of
the capital, i. 113.
Red mangle, i. 201.
Redonda, worthless mineral deposits
on the island of, i. 10, 1 1, note.
Reformistas. See Paez.
Regales, Gabriel, cooper, anecdote
of, i. 198.
Reichenbach, Professor, Botanic Gar
dens, Hamburg, ii. 193.
Reina, Don Josd Maria, poet, ii. 227.

INDEX.

335

Reis (Brazilian coin), i. 216.
Rejoicings, public, i. in, 112, 186,
220, 271, 274, 311-316; ii. 98-100.
Relbunium, ii. 82, 183.
Republican simplicity, i. 217.
Restrepia, ii. 216.
Revenga, Sefior Lino J., author, ii.
287.
Revenue-officers, i. 16.
Revenues, national, on imports and
exports, i. 56.
Reverend, Dr. A. P., i. 274, 287.
Revett, Captain, 'Nile ' s.s., i. 6.
Review, a fortnightly (in English),
ii. 263-270.
' Revolucion Azul,' i. 186.
' Revolucion de las reformas,' i. 139.
Revolutions — i. 57, 58, 69, note : In
Barcelona, i. 89 : Author's servant
killed in one, i. 105 : Demoralizing
effects of, i. 108 : Anniversary
of one, i. 11 1: How they affect
the society of the eapital, i. 115 :
Congress congratulated on the
scarcity of, i. 119 : Injurious effects
of, in Aragua, i. 158: In Tuy, i.
244, note: In llanos, i. 245, 248,
305: In Puerto-Cabello, ii. 112:
Where they originate, ii. 117: A
means of preventing them, ii. 133 :
European immigration retarded
by, ii. 139-
Rey, Seiior Prdspero, artist, 11. 247,
251- ' ..
Rhizophora mangle, 1. 201 : 11. 175.
Rhopala ferruginea, ii. 182.
Ricaurte, Antonio, the patriot, death
of, i. 155-
Rice, i. 51.
Ridley, Mr. Henry, engineer, ii. 134.
Rifa, or lottery, ii. 142.
Rigail, Seiior Luis, ii. 251.
Rifion fruit, i. 38.
Rio Caribe, port of, i. 63.
Rio-Negro, i. 48, 78, 79 : Caverns of
the, i. 80 : Indians of the, i. 81 ; ii.
284, 283.
Rivas, General, i. 125 : His victory
at Charallave, i. 126 : Execution
of, i. 126.
Rivas, of Barcelona, his execution,
i. 86.
Rivero, General M. D., i. 306': His
hospitality, i. 308.
Rivero, Julian, guide, ii. 19, 73.
Rivero, Miguel, guide, ii. 19, 73-
Rivero, Sefior Luis, his estate of
Altagracia, i. 255.

Roads— La Guayra to Cardcas, i. 23 :
Cardcas to Puerto-Cabello, i. 151-
173 : Dos Aguados, i. 221, 222 :
Cardcas to Ocumare, i. 228, 230,
232, 236, 237, 243 : Ocumare to
Cardcas, via Santa Lucia, i. 303-
309 : Camino real del Oriente, ii.
2 : Construction of new roads, ii.
263 -270.
Roccabocetria, Monsignore, ii. 297.
Roccella tinctoria, ii. 176.
Rocks, amphibolite, i. 207.
Rocks, chaos of, ii. 48.
Rocks, disintegration of, i. 207.
Rocks, isolated, fantastic forms of, ii.
47, 4«, 49, 54, 55-
Rocks, gneiss, ii. 48, 75, 187.
Rocks, metamorphic, i. 280 ; ii. 75.
Rocks, painted (natural), of the
Upper Orinoco, i. 80.
Rocks, rugged, ii. 49, 54.
Rodreguez Brothers, estate of, i. 39.
Rodriguez, Dr. T., i. 37, note.
Rodriguez, General Victor, i. 19, 150.
Rodriguezia, ii. 217.
Roe, Rev. J., his letter on the Church
of Rome in Venezuela, ii. 296-299.
Rohl, Mr. John (Brazilian Consul),
his receptions, i. 113, 114: His
country house, ii. 90, 147.
Rdjas, Don Luis de, the tyrant, i.
19, 20; ii. 167.
Rdjas, Dr. Aristides, author, i. 32,
note, 62, note, 268; Works of, ii.288.
Rdjas, Dr. Josd M., author, ii. 116,
288.
Rdjas, General, he initiates a revolu
tion, i. 146.
Rdjas, Hermanos, publishers, ii. 271,
287.
Rdjas, Sefior Carlos E., ii. 177, note,
291.
Rdjas, Senor Pedro Josd, arranges
the Peace of Coche, i. 145.
Roman Catholic Church in Vene
zuela, i. 30, 56 ; ii. 296.
Roots, farinaceous, i. 51.
Rosa de montana, ii. 115.
Rosa, Sefior R., civil engineer, ii. 288.
Rose, i. 38.
Rose of the Avila, ii. 235.
Rothe, Mr. A., publisher, ii. 288.
Royal Geographical Society, i. 81,
note.
Royal Humane Society, i. 204.
Royal Mail Company, captains of
the, i. 2 : Passengers deceived by
the Company, i. 9.

336

INDEX.

Ruins — In Aragua, i. 155, 162 : A
railroad in ruins, i. 172 : Afiil
works in ruins, i. 242 : Ruined
plantations, i. 254 : The Hum
boldt ruins, ii. 19 : Ruined for
tresses, ii. 114.
Ruiz, Francisco, expedition of , ii. 155.
Rum, i. 13, 92, 198.
Ruskin, Mr John : On day-break on
an isolated mountain, ii. 11, note:
His letter on Boilet's drawings, ii.

Sabadella seeds, ii. 189.
Sabana de la Cruz, battle of, i. 143.
Sabana de los Pegones, battle of,
i. 125.
Sabana Grande, village of, i. 309 ;
ii. 18, 69, 233.
Sabbath, a true, i. 196.
Saillard, M., French Consul, ii. 18.
Saint Amand Hotel, description of:
i. 25-26 : The author's sala, i. 190 :
Flood in, i. 2 1 7 : Shipping orchids
from the hotel, i. 263, 316: Fare
well banquet at, ii. 146.
Saint Amand, Miss Henrietta, i. 25,
26, note.
Saint Amand, Mrs., 25, 26, note, 316.
Saint, a popular, i. 233, 234, 318.
Saint Christopher (St. Kitts) island,
salt ponds of, i. 9, 10, note.
Saint George and the maggots, i. 33.
Saint James', Court of, policy of the,
i. 123.
Saint Pierre, Martinique, port of,
i. 11.
Saint Thomas, bay of, i. 6, 9.
Saint Thomas, island of, intense
heat of, i. 6, 7 : Miserable popula
tion of, i. 8, note, 41, 42, 108, note,
143: Proposed telegraph to, ii. 132 :
Author sails for the island, ii.
149.
Saintly patronage of a cuartel, i. 229.
Salamanca, Don Juan de, ii. 165.
Sdlas, Juan de, army of; ii. 156.
Sdlas, Sefior Josd Antonio, artist, ii.
247, 251.
Salazar, General Matias, i. 113 : De
feated at battle of La Mora, i.
149 : Disaffection of, i. 258 ; Bio
graphy of, ii. 95 : His treachery to
the Yellow party, ii. 96, 97 : His
army routed at the battle of Tina
quillo, ii. 98: His escape and cap
ture, ii. 98 : He is tried by Court

Martial, ii. 98 : His condemnation,
ii. 98: His execution, ii. 98 : Works
relating to, ii. 288.
Salazar, Josd Maria, author, ii. 288.
'Salcocher,' meaning of the word,
i. 233, note.
Salduendo, Captain, murder of, ii.
161.
Salicornia ambigua, ii. 175.
Salinas, i. 89, 211.
Salinas Indians, i. 93.
Salt marshes, i. 201.
Salt Pond Estate (St. Kitts), i. 9,
note.
Salt ponds of St. Christopher, i. 9, 10.
Salt works of Tortuga Island, i. 58 :
Of Los Roques, i 197 ; ii. 1 19.
Salvin, Mr. Osbert, his paper on
Venezuelan birds, i. 266, note ; ii.
177, 288.
Saman-acacia, i. 156, 293.
Saman-acacia de Gtiere, the famous
big tree of Aragua, i. 156.
Saman tree, i. 156, 293.
Sanavria, Dr. Martin Josd, Minister
of Public Works, i. 106 : Speaks
at opening of new school, i. 220 :
He commands government expedi
tion to Orchila, i. 274-288: His offi
cial letters to author on the ascent
of Naiguatd, ii. .74, 79 : Author's
negotiations with him for lease of
islands, ii. 1 19-126, 129, 147: His
speech at artists' banquet, i. 250,
251, 255,257, 262.
San Bernardino, town of, its church,
ii. 267.
San Carlos, battle of, i. 144.
San Carlos, castle of, i. 70.
San Carlos, cuartel of, i. 148.
San Carlos, island of, i. 70.
San Carlos, town of, i. 61, note: Road
to, i. 132 ; ii. 264.
San Cocho de Gallina, analysis of, i.
234, 290, 318.
San Cristobal, church of (Barcelona),
i. 95.
San Cristobal, Tachera, importance
of the town of, i. 74 : Its destruc
tion by an earthquake, i. 74, note;
Irrigation works of, ii. 269.
San Cristoval de los Cumanagotos,
city of, ii. 167, 169.
Sanctum sanctorum, golden key of
the, i. 321.
Sandery, Captain G. S., i. 15, note.
San Diego, town of, church of, ii.
267. -

INDEX.

337

San Esteban river, ii. 115.
San Felipe, town of, i. 68 ; ii. 265.
San Fdlix, battle of, i. 129, note.
San Fernando del Apure, battle of,
i. 259-262, 265, 274.
San Fernando del Apure, town of, i.
77-
San Francisco, California, i. 180.
San Francisco, Caracas, church of,
i. 35, i4°-
San Francisco de Yare, village of, 1.
3°5-
San Francisco, valley of, ii. 156, 157.
San Joaquin, pueblo of, i. 162.
San Juan Bautista del portillo de
Carora, city of, ii. 165.
San Juan de Dios, church of, i. 21, 22.
San Juan de la Paz, city of, ii. 166.
.San Juan de Payara, town of, i. 130.
San Juan river, waterworks on, ii.
264.
San Juan, rocks of, ii. 254.
San Mateo, battle of, i. 126, 155.
San Mateo, pueblo of, i. 156.
Sanoja, Josd Jesus, ii. 19.
Sanojo, Senor Luis, author, ii. 288.
San Pablo, Cardcas, church of, i. 321.
San Pedro, valley of, ii. 157.
San Sebastion de los Reyes, city of,
ii. 166.
Santa Ana de Coro, city of, ii. 153.
Santa Cruz, Dr. Francisco de, gover
nor, ii. 284.
Santa Cruz, plantation of, i. 308.
Santa Fd, gulf of, i. 47, 63.
Santa Ines, battle of, i. 144 ; ii. 279.
Santa Ines, bay of, Orchila, i. 282.
Santa Lucia, district of, i. 307.
Santa Lucia, town of, i. 306 : Indus
trious population • of, i. 307; New
road to, 11. 265.
• Santa Lucia, valley of, i. 306.
Santa Marta, i. 8, 136, 140, 269.
Santa Teresa, district of, produce of,
i. 306.
Santa Teresa, village of, i. 306.
Santana, Sefior Casiano, ii. 246.
Santander, Sefior Francisco de Paula,
ii. 288.
Santiago de Leon de Cardcas, city of,
ii. 157, 276.
Santiago de los Caballeros, city of,
ii. 160.
Santo Domingo, Audiencia de, u.
153, 167-
Santo Domingo, island of, n. 152,
169, 297.
Santo Domingo, lake of, i. 73.
VOL. II.

Santo Domingo, mountain of, i. 74.
Santo Domingo, river of, ii. 269.
Santo Tomas de Guayana, i. 81.
Santuario, key of the, i. 321.
Sanz, Sefior, ii. 172.
Sarsaparilla, i. 51 ; ii. 190.
Sassafras, i. 51.
Sauerkraut, i. 241.
Savannas, i. 50, 64, 71, 74, 75, 79.
Scavenger of Cardcas, the, i. 187.
Scelochilus, ii. 217.
Schceffer, H., author, ii. 2S8.
Scholastic training, inferiority of the
colonial system of, ii. 224.
School of sculpture, ii. 268.
School of mathematics, ii. 173, 234,
241.
Schools, i. 32, 57 : Opening of a
national one, i. 219; ii. in, 112,
note.
Sclater, Dr. P. L., his paper on
author's collection of birds, i. 266 ;
ii. 177, 288.
' Scourge of the Antilles,' the, i. 39.
Sea-bathing, i. 42.
Sea-birds of Los Roques islands, i.
208.
Sea-currents, i. 47, 285 ; ii. 176.
Sea-serpent, i. 214.
Sea-wall of El Gran Roque, i. 209.
' Secada,' la, meaning of the word
i. 295.
Secretary of State, i. 27.
Sedeno, Don Antonio, ii. 159: Fruit
less expedition of, ii. 159.
Seijas, Licenciado Rafael, his trans
lations, ii. 258, 278.
' Seine,' Royal Mail steamer, i. 2-9.
Semana Santa, feast of, in Barcelona,
i. 101 : In Caracas, i. 320.
Seminario Tridentino, i. 32.
Sepulture in Venezuela, chief
method of, i. 225.
Serpentine, ii, 187 : Implements of,
ii. 294.
Serpents. See Snakes.
Sertulum Naiguatense, ii. 83,- 180-
184, 278. _
Sesasum orientale, i. 51.
Sesuvium portulacastrum, ii. 175.
Severiano, San, bone of, i. 96.
Shad, i. 52.
Shade trees, for coffee plantations, i.
236, 293, 298.
Sharks, i, 53 : A young one, 1. 196 :
Sailor's aversion to, i. 196.
' Shawmut,' American man-of-war,
ii. in, 112. Y

338

INDEX.

Sheep, i. 52.
Shell-flower making in Venezuela, i.
69.
Shells, i. 69, 214, 280, 281.
Shoal, The Great, Los Roques, i. 199,
205, 214.
Siapa river, i. 78.
Sienite, implements of, i. 294.
Sierra de Federation, Orchila, i. 278.
279.
Sierra Nevada, i. 47, 73.
Sierra Nevadas, North America, i.
208, note.
Sierra Parima, i. 48, 78.
Siesta, i. 304: ii. 8.
Silla de Cardcas, its orchids, ii. 197,
199, 203, 204, 206, 212.
Silla of Cardcas mountain, i. 299,
309 : Most noted ascents of the, ii.
I : The author forms a party to
ascend it, ii. 2 : The start, ii. 2 :
A night in Cachimbo, ii. 5 : A
cold morning, ii. 5 : Difficulties of
the ascent, ii. 6 : The first rise from
Cachimbo, ii. 6 : Water found, ii.
7 : The summit, ii. 8 : Its height,
ii. 8 : View from it, ii. 9 : Fire
works, ii. 10 : A night on the top,
ii. 10 : Sunrise, ii. n : The descent,
ii. 12 : Excitement in the State of
Bolivar, caused by the fireworks
on the summit, ii. 13, 14, 15, 22,
26, 38, 42, 59, 60, 74, 75, 76, 82,
88, 89, 115, 180: Cajigal's ascent
of the Silla of Cardcas, ii. 233-41:
Plants collected by him, ii. 241,
242 : Ernst's description of them,
ii. 242, 243.
Silva, Don Garcia Gonzales de, ii.
165 : Prudence of, ii. 165 : His de
feat by the Cumanagotos, ii. 166 :
His victory over the Caribes, ii.
166 : He advances to meet Drake,
ii. 168.
Silva, Don Pedro Malaver de, re
ceives power to conquer El Dorado,
ii. 159.
Silver, i. 52, 66.
Silver ore, red, ii. 186.
Simon, Francisco Pedro, author, ii.
289.
Simpson, Mr. R. J., ii. 296.
Sipapo river, i. 78.
Siphocamphylus microstoma, ii. 82,
183.
' Sirius,' H.M.S., author's cruise to
Puerto-Cabello in, ii. 106-m.
Skeletons, Indian, i. 80.

Skins, colouring matter for, i. 239.
Skull of Indian, i. 80.
Sky-rockets, i. 274; ii. 10, 13.
Slate, amphibolite, i. 207.
Slaughter-house, Cardcas, ii. 267.
Slavery, law respecting abolition of,
ii. 282.
Slaves — Large import of, into Vene
zuela, i. 54 : Emancipation of, i.
55 : Bolivar purchases the liberty
of 1000, i. 133, 142 : Trade in In
dian, ii. 152: Introduction of, free
of import duty, ii. 168 : Their
importation forbid, ii. 173.
Sloth, i. 52.
Small-pox, i. 7, Introduced into
Venezuela, ii. 166.
Smith, Mr. R. Persall, missionary
merchant, i. 270.
Smithsonian Institution, ii. 294.
Smoking, women, i. 302.
Smugglers. See Contraband.
Snakes, i. 53 : Poisonous fangs of,
i. 80 : A legendary serpent, i. 93 :
Goering's anecdote of one, i. 290:
Death of one, i. 303 : Bites of, i.
304: A dog's knowledge of, i. 304.
Snipe, i. 285.
Snow region, eternal, i. 49, 72, 73.
Snow peaks, i. 3, 73.
Soap manufactory, i. 112, note.
Sobralia, ii. 217.
Sobrina, or niece, i. 42.
Socarrds, Sefior Andres, artist, ii.
252.
Sociedad de Beneficencia, ii. 142.
Sociedad de Ciencias, Fisicas y Na-
turales de Cardcas, i. 166; ii. 81
note, 289.
Societd de Therapeivtique, i. in,
note.
Socoraymo, the Indian hero, ii. 165.
Socorra, Nuestra Sefiora del, la pa-
trona, i. 229.
Socorro, La Prodigiosa Imagen del,
i. 95.
Sojo, Don Pedro, professor of music,
ii. 172.
Solanum licopersicum, i. 234.
Solar, Dofia Mercedes Martin de,
poetess, ii. 230.
Soldiers, Venezuelan, i. 28: Massacre
of, in La Casa Fuerte, i. 88: One
pays tribute to Englishmen, i. 119:
Fidelity of, i. 120: Anecdote of,
i. 149 note : Troops on the march,
i. 156, 178, 229, 259, 305: Presi
dent's bodv-guard, ii. 118.

INDEX.

339

Soledad, image of Nuestra Sefiora de,
i- 35-
Soledad, Senora, miserable hovel of,
ii. 29.
Soledad, Nueva Barcelona, village
of, i. 90 : New road to, ii. 266.
Solenidium, ii. 217.
Sombrero island, phosphate deposits
on, i. 6.
'Sopladura,' la, meaning of the
word, i. 295.
Sotillo, General, his defeat, i. 144.
Soto, Dr. F., i. 226.
Soublette, General (President), i. 140.
¦South America, author's first sight
of continent of, i. 15.
South American English, i. 45.
South American Independence, i. 40:
The last survivor of those who
began the movement of, i. 319.
South American Missionary Society,
ii. 296.
Southey, Mr. Robert, author, ii. 158
note, 289.
Sovereign, change for a, i. 216.
Spanish Americans, as contrasted
with the Yankee, i. 194.
Spanish artillery, i. 132.
Spanish Cabinet, grants of the, i. 19.
Spanish cavalry, defeat of, i. 128,
130, 131.
Spanish colonies, 'present state of,'
ii. 292.
Spanish conquests, ii. 151-174.
Spanish cruelties, i. 87, 88, 124, 125,
126 ; ii. 153, 154, 166.
Spanish idioms, i. 44, 240.
Spanish language, how its purity is
preserved, i. 322.
Spanish, lessons in, i. 3, 16, 28, 44,
45,. 84, U5, i5ii 165, 221.
Spanish mackerel, i. 285.
Spanish mainland, i. 8, 15, 26.
Spanish misgovernment, results of,
i. 139.
Spanish phrases, i. 42-45.
Spanish poetry of South America,
ii. 223-231.
Spanish prisoners, how treated by
patriots, i. 126.
Spanish rule, the, ii. 151-173.
Spanish settlers, ii. 154.
Spence, Mr. Peter, his poem on the
death of Bolivar, i. 136 : His Vene
zuelan orchids, ii. 182.
Spira, Jorge, governor, disastrous
expedition of, ii. 153, 154.
Spiranthes, ii. 217.

Sporobolus virginicus, i. 201 ; ii. 176.
Sports, raral, i. 39, 305 ; ii. 93.
Springs, hot- water. See Thermal.
Springs, mineral, 63, 96.
Spurge, i. 51.
Stag, i. 52.
Stage-coach, i. 23, 151, 192; ii. 104.
Stalactites, in caves of the Gudcha-
ros, i. 64.
Stalagmites, in caves of- the Gudcha-
ros, i. 65.
Stanhopea, ii. 217.
Statistical department of Govern
ment, ii. 74, 79.
Statistics — of Martinique, i. 12 note:
Cardcas, i. 30-32 : Exports of La
Guayra, i. 42 : Population, Vene
zuela, i. 53 : National revenue, i.
56 : National commerce, i. 57, 58 :
Aragua valley, i. 154, 165, 166:
Population of central states, i.
174 : Rain-fall in Cardcas, i. 217:
Coffee trees of Macarisao, i. 234 :
Produce of Charallave district, i.
236 : Production of Indigo, i. 242 :
Produce of Cua district, i. 243 :
Ocumare district, i. 248 : Tacata
district, 256: 'Guano' shipments
from Orchila, i. 284 : Produce of,
San Francisco de Yare district, i.
305 : Santa Teresa district, i. 306 :
Santa Lucia district, i. 307 : Coffee
produce of the entire Tuy valley,
i. 309: Education, ii. 102: Popula
tion of Puerto-Cabello, ii. 112 :
Shipping Puerto-Cabello, ii. 114.
Statues, i. 33, 35, 95, 313 ; ii. 268.
Steam-crane suggested for La
Guayra, i. 21.
Steamers, screw v. paddle, i. 2, 8:
French mail, i. 11, 15, 83.
Steam-power works in Aragua, i.
165 : in Tuy, i. 236.
Stelis, ii. 218.
Stenia, ii. 218.
Stenorrhynchus, ii. 218.
Sticta laciniata, ii. 180.
Stock-farming. See Cattle-breeding.
Stock-raising. See Cattle-breeding.
Store, a country, i. 244, 252, 257.
Store-houses, i. 26, 30, 89 ; ii. 113.
Strandloper bird, i. 208.
Strange, Lieut. -Colonel, on the Aroa
copper mines, ii. 137.
Strawberries, wild, ii. 31.
Strontian, cubes of, ii. 186.
Strychnos toxifera, arrow poison
from, i. 80.

34°

INDEX.

Sttirup, Mr. Guillermo, his enter
tainments, i. 113, 272.
Stiirup, Mr. T., joins the party, ii. 90.
Suapure river, i. 78.
Suarez, Sefior Ramon, garden of,
i. 149, note.
Subera, village of, i. 230.
Submarine phosphate deposits, i. 6.
Subracane, use made of it by the
Indians, i. 81.
Sucre, General A. J., i. 67.
Sudorifero, i. 42.
Suffa cylindrica, ii. 190.
Sugar, i. 12-14, 51 : Average cost of
production, i. 168.
Sugar-cane, i. 11, 13, 50, 68, 73: How
treated in Venezuela, i. 166 : Loss
of saccharine, i. 167 : An improved
method suggested, i. 167 : Food of
the Indians, i. 297.
Sugar cultivation, i. 99, note, 165 :
Engel's paper on, ii. 278.
Sugar districts, Martinique, i.' 11 :
Barbadoes, 13, 14: Barcelona, i.
99: Aragua, i. 153-168 : Cua, i. 243:
Ocumare, i. 249: Tacata, i. 256 :
Yare, i. 305 : Santa Teresa, i. 306 :
Santa Lucia, i. 307.
Sugar estates — La Quebrada, i. 154:
La Epidemia, i. 154 : Barbula, i.
170 : Espino, i. 229 : Coche, i. 230:
Lechoso, i. 230: Gtieregtiere, ii. 20.
Sugar, export of, i. 42.
Sugar lands, i. 14, 61, 68, 99, note, 153,
157-
Sugar-mill, hand-power, i. 99.
Sugar planters, i. 14.
Sugar, works for refining, i. 164.
Sullivan, Mr. Edward, on Venezuela
and the Venezuelans, i. 107, note :
His work of travel in America, ii.
289.
Sulphur, i. 52, 66 ; ii. 186.
Sulu plant, i. 51.
Sun-flower. See Helianthus annuus.
Sunset, a tropical, i. 70, 192, 210, 298,
309 : A typical one, ii. 2, 42, 105.
' Sunset on the way to Cachimbo,'
ii. 4.
Sun's rays, deceptive effect produced
by, ii. 38.
Sunstroke, on El Gran Roque, lia
bility to, i. 209, 211, 215.
Superstition, native, i. 93, 95, 96, 296.
Surf boats, i. 16, 85, 276.
Suriana maritima, ii. 175.
' Surprise,' frigate, ii. 108-m.
Swamps, i. 64, 68, 70.

Swamps and marshes, i. 67, 68, 71,
78, 1 10 : How to improve them,
i. no, in.
Swietenia mahogoni, i. 293.
Syers, Mr. Robert P., author, i. 16,
17; ii. 134, 251: On the death of
Piar, ii. 289.
Sysirinchium iridifolium, ii 241.

TABERN.E MONTANA UMBROSA, ii.
242.
Table-lands, elevated, i. 50, 60 : Of
Guanipe, i. 62: Of Urica, i. 62, 63,
64-
Tacamahca, ii. 290.
Tacarigua, lake of. See Valencia.
Tacasuruma, the estate of, i. 176:
Gold mines of, ii. 185.
Tacata river, i. 249 : Branch streams
of, i. 254: Falls on, i. 254.
Tacata, town of, i. 250 : Poverty
stricken appearance of, i. 250 :
House of the Padre of, i. 250: The
chief merchant of, i. 152: Meeting
of the capitalists of, i. 254.
Tacata valley of, ii. 166.
Tachira, port of, i. 73.
Tachira, State of, i. 49, 73 ; ii. 76.
Talc schists, ii. 185.
Tales. See Incidents.
Talpinaria, ii. 219.
Tamanak language, i. 29.
Tamarind trees, i. 156.
Tannic acid, i. 201.
Taparito fruit, ii. 189.
Tapatupa brook, i. 159.
Tapir, or Danta, ii. 237. '
Taramaynos Indians, ii. 165.
Tarma, village of, ii. 239.
Tate, Mr. Ralph, author, ii. 290.
Tavera, Neven, Barcelona, i. 100.
Taylor, Captain John, i. 194 : His
language, i. 194 : In his role of
critic, 1. 200 : His vocabulary, i.
200 : His vessel caught in a storm,
i. 212 : Terror of, i. 213.
Tebar, Sefior Jesus Mufioz, ii. 290.
Tecua oil, ii. 189.
'Te Deum' in the Cathedral of Ca
rdcas, i. 178, 316; ii. 98.
Telegraph lines, ii. 131-133. I
Telipogon, ii. 219.
Tello, Senor J. R., official courtesy
of , i. 17 note.
Teques Indians, ii. 165.
Terecai, i. 53.
Terra incognita, a, ii. 32.

INDEX.

34i

Terrero, General Leopoldo, joins the
party, i. 83 : His house used for
a grand ball, i. 115, 276 : He is ap
pointed judge, i. 285, 317 : Joins
the Naiguatd party, ii. 14, 17, 41 :
He discovers a cave, ii. 56, 71, 73,
125 : Promotes Fine Arts Exhibi
tion, ii. 127, 147, 180, 251.
Terrero, Sefior Rdmulo, ii. 147.
Teteo, port of, i. 73.
Tetragamestus, ii. 219.
Thalassia testudinum, ii. 176.
Theatres, i. 22, 30 ; ii. 94.
Theatrical performance to aid church
building fund, i. 22.
Thermal springs, i. 52, 63 : Sub
marine, i. 66, 69, 74, 161, 171.
Thirion, M. Eugene, author, i. 80 ; ii.
290.
Thirst, intense, ii. 62-67.
Thorns, crops of, i. 69.
Thunder in Los Roques; i. 212.
Tierra Firme and Peru, Prince of, ii.
160.
'Tierras, frias, templadas y calidas,'
i. 49.
Tigers, i. 223, 255 ': Skins of, 1. 265,
270 : Evidences of tigers on Nai
guatd, ii. 37 : Lair of, ii. 38 : Pre
cautions against meeting them,
ii. 38.
Tigre serpent, i. 53.
Tillandsia paniculata, ii. 241.
Tinaquillo, battle of, ii. 98.
Tipe, mountains of, ii. 239.
Tipe, Quebrada de, i. 23.
Tique, heights of, i. 256.
Toas, island of, i. 70.
Tobacco, i. 12 note, 25, 51.
Tobacco, Gudcharo, i. 65.
Tobacco, cultivation of, in Apure, i.
75 : In Aragua, i. 159 : In Charal
lave, i. 236.
Tobacco, former exports of, ii. 171.
Tobacco lands, i. 157.
' Tobaco de Pescadores,' ii. 176.
Tdcome, estate,_ii. 23.
Tdcome, river, ii. 24, 26.
Tocuyo, city of, i. 68 ; ii. 155, 156,
163.
Tocuyo, mountains of, i. 68.
Tocuyo river, i. 68.
Todd, Captain Henry, kindness of,
i. no.
Todd, Captain Robert, i. 20, note.
Tolosa, Licenciado Juan Perez de,
death of, ii. 154-
Tollbar, or piage,. i. 275, 290.

Tomates, i. 234.
Tomuza Indians, ii. 165.
Tonka beans, ii. 189.
'Tornado,' seizure of the ship, ii.
106.
Toro, Marques de, ruined mansion
of, i. 163.
Tortuga, island of, i. 58.
Toiy. See Conservative.
Totuma, carved, i. 268.
Totumo, Cortado de, i. 234, 257.
Tournefortia gnaphalodes, ii. 176.
Tovar colony. See Colonia.
Tovar Galindo, Sefior, his garden and
chemical works, i. 112.
Tovar y Tovar, Senor Martin, artist
in oils, ii. 246, 251.
Towns and cities, founding of, ii. 154,
155, 157, 160, 165, 166, 167, 169.
Traction engines, ii. 131.
Trails, i. 221, 243, 254; ii. 2, 23,
24,
Tramway, 1. 17.
Transportation, difficulties of, ii. 131.
Travellers, foreign, duty of, i. 179,
221, 240, 266.
Treachery, i. 258 ; ii. 96.
Trees, leguminous, i. 156.
Trees, valuable timber, i. 67, 71, 89 :
ii. 138, note.
Trench, Naiguatd, The, ii. 36.
Trichopilia, ii. 219.
'Trillada,' la, meaning of the word,
i. 295.
Trinidad, Iglesia de la Santisima, i.
33-34.
Trinidad, island of, i. 259; ii. 117, 151,
282, 297.
Tristeza, or ennui, i. 13.
Trixis of Swartz, ii. 235, 243.
Trizeuxis, ii, 219.
Trollope, Mr. Anthony, on Barbadoes
and the Barbadians, i. 12.
Tropical coldness, ii. 5, n, 44.
Tropics, residence in, unfavourable
to mountaineering, i. 5.
Trujillo, city of, sacked by Gram-
mont, i. 72 : Bolivar's treaty with
Morillo concluded in, i. 72 : No
madic character of, ii. 155: Its past
greatness, i. 156.
Trujillo, mountains of, i. 72, 74, 75 ;
ii. 76.
Trujillo, State of, superior wheat of,
i. 72: Insurrection in, i. 258: Relics
from, ii. 191.
Tuapocano Indians, i. 65.
Tucacas, port and railway of, ii. 137.

342

INDEX.

Tucusiapon,riverandvillageof, i. 232.
Tufa, calcarious, i. 279 ; ii. 187.
Turdus olivater (rare bird), ii. 177.
Turiamo, point of, ii. 254.
Turimiquire, mountain of, i. 63.
Turmerito, valley of, i. 230.
Turriaga, followei-of Aguirre, murder
of, ii. 162.
Turtles, i. 53 : How caught in Los
Roques, i. 214.
Tuy river, i. 59, 235, 246, 249: Its
windings, i. 249, 250 ;. ii. 166.
Tuv, margins of, i. 242, 249, 250; ii.
166.
Tuy, valley of, i. 59, 177 : How it
looked from the heights, i. 234: Ex
tent, i. 237 : Topography, i. 237 :
Vegetation, i. 238 : A Tuy military
chief, i. 240: A resident English
man, i. 246: Inducements to settle
in, i. 240: Indians, i. 296, 297:
Grand panorama, i. 298 : A Tuy
ball, i. 299 : San Francisqo de Yare,
i. 304: Military sports, i. 305: Santa
Teresa, i. 305 : Santa Lucia, i. 306,
307 : Annual coffee produce of the
Tuy valley, i. 309: Proposed tele
graph, ii. 133, 239: Roads, ii. 265.
Tyrolese minstrel, i. 275, 277.

Ucayali river, ii. 284.
Uchire, town of, ii. 169.
Ugarte, Sefiorita Dolores, sculptor,
ii. 247.
Ugarte, Sefior Simon, coffee estate
of,, i. 292 : Coffee cleaning on, i.
296 : His Indian workman, i. 296 :
His paper on the caves of Penon,
ii. 290, 291.
Unare, forests of, ii. 169.
Union Club. See Club.
United States, the, i. 23 : War in,
i. 217 : The diplomats sent to
South America by, i. 218 : Claims
against the Venezuelan Govern
ment, ii. 292.
Universities, ii. 224.
University of Cardcas, rents of, i. 32,
57; ii. 171, 268, 291.
University of Merida, i. 57; ii. 172.
University of Mexico, ii. 171.
University of Santa Fe, ii. 171.
University of Santo Domingo, ii. 171.
Upper Marare, coffee estate of, i.
247.
Urao, lake of, i. 73.
Urao ore, i. 73 ; ii. 187.

Urbaneja, Diego Bautista, ii. 290.
Urbaneja, Dr. Diego Bautista (Cabi
net Minister) : He keeps order in
Cardcas, i. 119; ii. 147.
Urbaneja, Dr. Modesto, ii. 147.
Urbaneja, Sefior Diego Bautista, ii.
290.
Urbaneja, Sefior Manuel M., ii. 290.
Urbaneja, Sefiora Margarita, i. 114.
Urbaneja, Sefiora Santos, i. 114.
Urdaneta, General, assassination of,
i. 144.
Urdaneta, General Luciano, the water
works he designed, i. 69 : He joins
the Silla party, ii. 2, 251, 291.
Urdaneta, Senor Amenadoro, ii. 290.
Uriaparo, district of, ii. 158.
Uribante river, i. 74.
Urns, ancient, i. 80.
Uropedium, ii. 219.
Urpin, Don Juan de, Indian expedi
tion of, ii. 169.
Urre, expedition of, ii. 154.
Urrutia, Dr. , i. 146: Death of, i. 148.
Ursua, Pedro de, expedition of, ii.
160 : Murder of, ii. 160, 290.
Usnea ceratina, ii. 180.
Uztariz, the brothers, ii. 172.
VAAMONDE, Dr. Simon, he joins
Silla party, ii. 2 : His pretty
patient, ii. 5 -. His philanthropy,
ii. 5 : He joins Naiguatd party, ii.
17, 20, 22, 32 : He shoots an arma
dillo, ii. 52, 71, 73, 180.
Vaamonde, La Sefiora, kindness of,
ii. 20.
Vacciuium caracasanum, ii. 183.
Vaccinium ottonis, ii. 183.
Valdes, Don Josd Manuel, poet, ii.
230.
Valencia, city of, i. 19: Campaign of,
i- 149, 150, 156: Its increasing dis
tance to Lake of Valencia, i. 160 :
History of, i. 163 : Its destruction
by earthquakes, 1. 164 : View from
the old church of, i. 169 : Cheap
fare in, i. 170: Its telegraph line,
ii. 133 : Foundation of the city, ii.
154 : Streets of, ii. 264 : Aqueduct
of, ii. 268.
Valencia or Tacarigua, lake of, i.
48, 61: Altitude of, i. 159: Ex
tent of, i. 159 : Nilometer, natural
in, i. 159 : Its islands, i. 159 :
Gradual diminution of waters of,
i. 160 : General accepted theory

INDEX.

343

accounting for same, i. 160 : Hum
boldt's theory, i. 1 60 : Sefior Alamo
discovers an outlet to waters of, i.
161 : Beauty of the lake and its
surroundings, i. 1 61.
Valeriana caracasana, ii. 242.
Valez, patriot officer, i. 86.
Valley of Fear, ii. 157.
1 Vamos d tomar las once, ' meaning
of expression, i. 45.
Vanilla, i. 38 ; ii. 219.
Varela, Don Florencio, poet, ii. 230.
Varela, Don Juan Cruz, poet, ii. 230.
Varela, Seiior Hector F., poet, ii. 270.
Vargas, Dr. Josd Maria, author, his'
ups and downs, i. 139 : He becomes
president, i. 139 : He resigns the
presidency, i. 140 : His pupil
Blanco, i. 143; ii. 233, note: His
classification of Silla plants, ii.
241 : His medical work, ii. 290.
Vargas, Lieut. -General, of the Ursua
expedition, murder of, ii. 160.
'Vargasia,' scientific magazine, i.
66, 243, note; ii. 243, 291.
Vatican, appointments in Vene
zuela, i. 56, note : Trouble with, ii.
296-299.
Vdgas, Senor Pedro Herrera, artist,
ii. 246.
Vegetation, rich tropical, i. 11, 70, 78,
79, 100, 159-161, 222 ; ii. 115, 234.
Vegetation on Naiguatd, caprices of,
ii- 32, 33, 35, 37 : Eaint traces of,
ii. 47 : Stunted specimens of, ii. 48,
49 : Exotic Alpine growth of, ii. 52,
56> 57- " .
Vejuga, or natural rope, 1. 222.
Venados, islands of, ii. 253.
Venezolanos, 6 fuertes, i. 216.
Venezuela, ancient or colonial his
tory of, i. 19, 30; ii. 151-174-
Venezuela, conquest of, ii. 169. _
Venezuela discredited abroad, i. 1 :
Why it is, i. 177, 223, 267, note.
Venezuela, geography of, i. 46-82.
Venezuela, gulf of. See Maracaybo.
Venezuela, ignorance respecting, i. 1.
177-
Venezuela, modern history of, i. 122-
137-
Venezuela, republic of, i. 46 : Extent
of, i. 47 : Coast-line of, i. 47 :
Mountains of, i. 47, 48 : Lakes of,
i. 48 : Rivers of, i. 48 : Zones of,
i. 49, 50: Vegetation of, i. 51:
Minerals of, i. 51, 52 : Fauna of,
i. 52, 53 : Population of, i. 53, 54 :

Anthropology of, i. 54, 55 : Gov
ernment of, i. 55 : Rulers of, i. 55,
56 : Laws of, i. 56 -. Revenues of,
i. 56 : Religion of, i. 56 : Army of,
i. 56, 57 : Education of, i. 57.:
Commerce of, i. 58 : Debt of, i. 58:
States of, i. 58-82. '
Venezuela, isolation of, i. 177.
Venezuela, travellers in, who have
brought ridicule on the country, i.
267, note.
Venezuela, works relating to, 271-
293-
Venezuelan civil wars, i. 138-150 :
Works on Revolutions, ii. 2S7.
Venezuelan Commission of London
Exhibition, i. 318.
Venezuelan curiosities, exhibition of,
ii. 188, 295.
Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhibition,
the first, i. 127 : Its success, ii. 128:
Description of some of the Draw
ings, ii. 129 : The visitors to, ii.
244 : The picture gallery of, ii. 245-
247.
Venezuelan mail schooner, 1. 9, 41,
io8,~ note; ii. 149.
Venezuelan society, author's intro
duction to, i. 19 : Its culture, i.
266, note.
Ventuari river, i. 78.
'Venus ' schooner, author engages it
for expedition to Los , Roques, i.
194: Caught in a storm, i. 212 :
In danger, i. 213.
Verbena officinalis, i. 1 10, note.
Vervain, plant, i. no, note.
Vichada river, i. 78.
Victoria, city of, i. 59, 153, 154 : Its
telegraph line, ii. 133, 265.
Victoria, Santa, a bone of, i. 96.
Vilar, Don Enrique, his anagram on
the name of Bolivar, i. 122.
Villacinda, death of, ii. 155.
Villa de Cura, i. 259.
Villafafie, Sefior J. G., author, ii.
292.
Villalonga, Don Jorge de, ii. 292.
Villalpando, the traitor, ii. 168.
Villdgas, Dr. Guillermo Tell, ii. 292.
Villdgas, Juan, governor's delegate,
ii. 154. ¦
Vinita de Iguana, 11. 1 75.
Virgin islands, i. 6.
Virgin (The), prominence of, in reli
gion of South America, ii. 227.
'Virginius,' Cuban rebel steamer, ii.
in.

344

INDEX.

Vital statistics of Cardcas, i. 31.
' Vivo,' meaning of the word, i. 45,
note.
' Volcano of the Avila,' the, ii. 13.
Volcanic eruptions, conformation of
established theory as to, ii. 55.
Vomito negro, or black vomit, i. 42 ;
ii. 112.
Vuelta de Macarisao, i. 233.
Vulture, the great harpy, ii. 188.

Wall. See Precipices.
Wall, Mr. P., geologist, ii. 292.
Wallis, Mr F. J., i. 193 ; ii. 147.
Walton, Mr William, author, i.
292.
Wappaus, Dr. J. E., author, ii. 292.
War. See Revolution.
War of Independence, i. 57, 71, 77 :
Episode in the, i. 84-88 : History
of, i. 122-137 : Incident of, i. 155 ;
Results of in Aragua, i. 160-163 :
In Carabobo also, i. 164 ; ii. 224,
225.
War of the Federation, i. 53, 143-
145, .r5i-
Warcziewiczella, ii. 219.
Warehouses. See Storehouses.
Warm springs. See Thermal.
Watchword. See Challenge.
Water carriers, i. 97.
Water-mill. See Water-wheel.
Water, scarcity of, i. 202 : Want of
on Naiguatd, ii. 39, 40, 45, 61-67.
Waterfalls and cascades, i. 68, 79,
231, 254, 298; ii. 115.
Watering-places, i. 20, 42.
Waters, Black, of the Orinoco, i. 80.
Waters, medicinal, i. 96, 202.
Waters, thermal. See Thermal.
Water-wheel, i. 117.
Waterworks, i. 69 ; ii. 263, 264, 267,
268, 269.
Weapons. See Indian.
Wedding. See Marriages.
Weinmannia hirta, ii. 184.
' Well of Life,' the, ii. 32, 67.
'Well of the Birds,' ii. 231.
Welsares of Augsburg, Venezuela
granted to the, ii. 153 : Disastrous
rule of, i. 153, 154 : Their grant
annulled, i. 154.
Western Islands. See Azores.
West Indian and Pacific Mail Com
pany, i. 14, 15.
West Indian Islands, 1. 6, 9, 15, 26;
ii. 290.

West Indies (English), cost of pro
ducing raw sugar in, i. 168 :
(French), cost of producing raw
sugar in, i. 168. .
Wharves, i. 21 : How constructed in
Orchila, i. 284.
Wheat, i. 50, 51 : Of Trajillo, i. 72 :
Of Tachira, i. 73 : Of Merida, i.
73-
Whey. See Queso.
Whist, i. 113 : Leseur and Yanes'
translation of work on, ii. 282.
Wild cats, i. 52.
Williamson, Professor W. C, ii. 295.
Windmill, i. 197.
Winds, prevailing, i. 20, 284.
Windward Islands, i. 11.
Wire ropes, i. 10, note.
Wittstein, Sefiora Anita J. de, i. 225.
Woodlands, rich. See Forests.
Woodmen. See Charcoal-burners. ~
Wood, silicified, ii. 185.
Woods, valuable. See Trees.
Working classes, Venezuelan, i. 84 :
Entertainment to, i. 104: Adrunken
specimen of, i. 187 : Honesty of the
masses, i. 223-225, 239, 248, 269,
294-302 ; ii. 29, 93, 244.
Wourali (liquid) poison, i. 80.
Wrecks — Of the 'Cuban,' i. 15, note:
Of a cotton laden ship, i. 203: Of a
bullion laden vessel, 1. 204 : Of the
steamer ' Estrella,' i. 204 : Of an
entire fleet, i. 205 : On the coast
of the gulf of Maracaybo, ii. 135.
Wullschkegelia, ii. 220.

'Ya-ACABO,' meaning of the cry, i.
76.
Yanacona Indians, ii. 155.
Yanes, Sefior Emilio, i. 228 : In
ducements he offers to immigrants
to settle on his estates, i. 308; ii.
292.
Yanez, Dr., author, ii. 292.
Yangues, Francisco Manuel do,
author, ii. 292.
Yankee captain, strange career of a,
i. 180.
Yankee. See Spanish- American.
Yaracuy river, 1. 67.
Yaracuy, State of, i. 67 : Roads of,
ii. 265.
Yellow-fever, i. 39, 42 : Author at
tacked by, i. 109: Specific for, L
no, note: Mild character of Vene
zuelan type of, i. no; ii. 112.

INDEX.

345

Yellows. See Liberales.

Zapara, island of, its fortress, i. 70.

Yuca plant, i. 51, 67, 152, 234, 238.

Zones, i. 49, 50.

Yuruari river, i. 78.

Zoological Society, transactions of

the, i. 266, note ; ii. 177.

Zoology. See Fauna.
Zuazola, the wretch, i. 125: His exe

ZAMANG TREE, i. 156.

Zambo, i. 54.

cution, i. 126.

Zamora, General, death of, i. 144.

Zulia river, i, 73.

Zamora, plains of (Cardcas), i. 271.

Zulia, State of, i. 70, 71.

Zamora, State of, i. 74, 75: Public

Zumbador, mountain of, i. 73.

works of, ii. 269.

Zygopetalum, ii. 220.

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