YALE
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

A
NEW GAZETTEER OF THE
EASTERN CONTINENT ;
OR, A
Geographical Di^ionary :
CONTAINING,
IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, A DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE
COUNTRIES, KINGDOMS, STATES, CITIES, TOWNS, PRINCIPAL RIVERS,
ITAKES, HARBOURS, MOUNTAINS, &c. &c.
IN
EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA,
AND THEIR
ADJACENT ISLANDS.

CAREFDLLY COMPILED FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES.
Br JEDIDIAH MORSE, D.D. A.A.S. S.H.S.
Author ofthe American Universal Geography, and American Gazetteer,
.^ ..And Rev. ELIJAH PARISH, A.M.

Illuftrated with Eighteen Maps.

Defigncd as a Second volume, to the American Gazetteer.
Printeb and sold by SAMUEL ETHERIPGE.
1802.

PUBLISHED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS.

PREFACE.

CjtEOGRAPHY, in ftridtnefs of fpeech, Is a defcriptlon of
t'he earth. It is commonly treated, however, as a mixed fcience.
Geographical writers of eminence give fome account of the people, who
inhabit the countries they defcribe. They admit the reader to as intimate
an acquaintance with man, in the different degrees of his advancement
from the favage to the fecial ftate, as the limits of their work admit.
They exhibit a fummary view of the climate, foil, and produflions ; of
the commerce, agriculture, and manufadures of the various diftrifts
into which the earth is divided. So long have the public expe<Sed fome-
what more than mere lines and circles, heights and diftances, the dimen-
fions, and mere local fituation of countries, and places on the furface of
the globe, that a geographer, who fiiould confine himfelf to thefe fubjecSls
' ¦would hazard the reception of a dull and barren writer.
Of the merits of this work the public will judge. The Compilei-s
have no defire to raife their reputation, at the expenfe of thofe authors, who
have preceded them. Satisfied that they have pofleffed competent means
of information, and confcious that they have employed them with patient
induftry, and ftrift integrity in the execution of this work, they are
' willing to abide the -decifion of thofe,, who examine for themfelves, and
judge with candour.
The expediency of a publication of this kind, in our own country, will
be readily admitted by every genuine American. To traverfe an ocean
of a thoufand leagues for our books on Geography, would be a partial
relinquifhment of our literary claims. It would imply what the friends
of their country would reluftantly acknowledge. Indeed, real incon
veniences, and ferious evils would follow. The frequent eulogies of
foreign Authors on their own government, manners, and religion ; their
cenfures, and perhaps farcafms, on the charafler, and government of the
United States, interrupt the pleafure of the reader, powerfully tend to
diminifh his patriotifm, and prevent improvement, which might have been
obtained. It is, therefore, of great importance that books in common
ufe fhould be written and publiflied in our own country, and by native
citizens, breathing the fpirit of our national charadler, and friendly to our
civil, literary, and religious inftitutions.
It has not been an objeft with the Compilers to inculcate opinions, nor
was it confiftent with the nature of this work ; but they have been par
ticular in their attention to places mentioned in ¦ Scripture, to thofe
efpecially, which have been the fubjefts ot the prophecies. Their exadt
fulfilment, and the confequcnt authenticity of revelation, have been
repeatedly noticed. Chriftianity has not been confidered as an opinion. In
the prefent ftate of human affairs, when an organized phalanx, fcatcered
through the civilized world, are labouring to raze the foundations of social
ORDER, by fubvcrting the Chriftian religion, they concQive it would have

PREFACE.
been a treacherous omiflioii of duty, it would have been doing violence
to their own feelings, to negledt this opportunity of fpeaking in favour of
Revelation. While employed in preparing this work for the prefs, no publication,
which the Compilers could command, adapted to their purpofe, has been
negledled. The names of a number of Authors will be found annexed
to different articles, as authorities for what is aflerted, and as references
for further information.
A few fheets were printed before it was known that Bamberger's
Travels were a fiftion, which will account for the appearance of his
name, a few times, among the authorities.
The Compilers have endeavoured to comprife as much information in
this volume, as was confiftent with perfpicuity, and to proportion the
fize of the articles to their comparative importance. They hope it will
prove entertaining and ufeful. A more complete lift and defcription of
places on the globe, they believe, will be found in this work, and in the
American Gazetteer, which is to be confidered as its firfi volume, than
in any other of the kind.
Recent events, which have happened in different places on the Eaftem
Continent and Iflands, have been noticed, and the work modernifed as far
as corredl information could be obtained.
Under the article Europe, in the Appendix, the reader will find a com
pendium of the informatien, which has been lately received, relative to the
prefent ftate of that quarter of the globe.
As to names, fpelt differently by learned men, the Compilers have not
prefumed to fix a ftandard,' but have generally followed the Author from
whom the information was taken.
The initials, only, of authorities in fome inftances are inferted. The
following are all which need expla!nation.
D. B.' Diftionary of the Bible.
A. R. Afiatic Refearches.
T. D. Topographic Didtionary.
D. A. Dlfcoveries in Africa.

GAZETTEER

OF THlE

EASTERN CONTINENT.

A A L
uTlA. There are three rivers of this
name in Switzerland ; one which emp
ties into the lake Greiffen ; one into the
lake of the four cantons, oppofite Ger-
fau ; another lofes itfelf in the Aar,
about a league S W Brugg.
There is <*. river of this name alfo in
France, which forms the boundary be
tween the departments of Calais and the
-North, and falls into the fea below Grave-
lines. Another in Brabant, which falls into
the Dommel river at Bois le Due. An
other in Rullia, which runs into the
Baltic, near Riga.
This name is alfo applied to many
other ftreams in Germany, and the fev-
en United Provinces.
Aach, a town of Germany, in the cir
cle of Swabia, and county of Nellenbui'g,
near a river of the fame naitie ; 32 miles
N W Conftance, lat. 47 Jii N.
Aacb, a river which rifes near the a-
bbve town of Aach, and loofes itfelf in
the lake of Zell.
Aahtu, a diftriift of Germany, in the
biftiopric of Munfter and circle of Weft-
phalja, of .which the town of Aahus, 12
miles N W Coesfeld^ is the capital, lat.
J2 8 N.
Aain-Charin, a village of Paleftiiie, 2
leagues from Jerufalem.
Aatirke, a town of Denihark, in the
ifland of Bornholm ; in it is held the tri
bunal of juftice.
Aalhorg, a city of Denmark, in North
Jutland, near the Schager Rack, 011 the
foiith fide of the gulph of LymJFort : It
is the fee of a bifliop*, large and popu
lous, and next to Cepenhagen the molt
Vol. II. . B

AAR
opulent town in the kingdom ; the har
bour is fafe and deep ; the principal ar
ticles of commerce are herrings, grain,
fire-arms, &c. lat. 57 N. It is the cap
ital of a diocefe of the fame name, con
taining 13 bailiwicks and I77pariflies.
Aalen, an imperial town of Germany,
in Swabia, in a valley on the river Ko-
cher, 40 miles N W Auglburg, lat. 48
45 N.
Aalholm, a diftri(£t: or bailiwick of Den
mark, in th^ ifland of Laland.
Aals, a town of Norway, 64 miles N
W Chriftiana.
Aar, a river of Germany, which runs
into the Rhine oppofite Lintz.
Aar, a river of Swiflerland, which ri
fes in the Alps not far from the fource of
the Rhine, paffes through the lakes of
Brientz and Thun into the Rhine near
Zurzac. Gold dull: is found in its bed,
conveyed to it by the river Emme.
Aarberg, a town of Swiflerland, in the
canton of Bern, fituated on an ifland in.
the Aar. The principal town of a diftridt
which is called The County of Aarberg,
though only a bailiwick, 4 leagues N W"
Berne, lat. 47 N.
Aarburg, a town of Swiflerliand, in
the canton of Berne on the Aar. It is
fortified and defended by a ftrong caftle
built on a rock, 9 leagues S Bafle, lat.
47 10 N.
Aaret, a town of Norway, 8 miks S
Stavanger, Aarhus, or Arhiifeti, a city and feaport of
Denmark, the fee of a Bifliop. It is fituat
ed on a canal which connedls a large lake.
with the f^a. This canal forms a harbour
not deep, but fafe and commodious. Ths

ABB

ABE

The town is large and well peopled, with
a confiderable trade. The diocefe con-
lains feveral towns, the principal of
tvhich, befides the capital, are Randers,
£beltoft, Horfens, and Scanderborg, with
304 parilhes : 48 miles S Aalborg,
Ion. 9 50 E, lat. J 6 10 N.
Aaron, a fmail ifland or pcninfula, on
the N W coaft of France, on which the
town of St. Malo is built.
Aas, a fortrefs of Norway, 20 miles
W S W of Chriftlanfand.
Aaiter, a diftri(Jt or country of Arabia
Felix, fituated about the 1 8th degree of
north latitude in the country of Yemen.
Aback, a town of Germany in lower
Bavaria, on the Danube, the birth place
of the emperor Henry II. It has a cita
del, and is remarkable for Roman anti
quities. Here is a medicinal fpriiig, the
waters of which are faid to have the
fmell and tafte of rotten eggs ; 4 miles
E.NE of Kelhelm, and 7 S W of Ratif-
l)on, lat. 48 52 N.
Abadan, a town on the Perfian gulf, 15
leagues S S £ Baflbra.
Abahaner, a country of Tartary, in
habited by the Monguls near the Chi-
nefe wall.
Abalak, a town in Siberia, two Iriiles
from Tobolflc ; famous for an image of
the Virgin, conftantly vifited by a great
number of pilgrims ; the clergy carry it
every year in proceffion to Tobollk,
Ion. 68 20 E, lat. 58 11 N.
Abancouri, a town of France in the de
partment of the North, 3 miles N
Cambray. . Abanga, a town of Africa on the flave
coaft, in the country of Whidah.
Abanj-war, a province of Upper Hunga
ry. Caflbvia, or Gafltau, is the chief town.
Abano, a town of Italy, in the Paduan,
celebrated for its warm baths : 5 miles
S W Padua.
Abaraner, fee Abrener.
Abafa, a town of Turkey, in the pro
vince of Romania, in the road between
Adrianople and Conftantinople.
Abafcie, a country of Afia, bounded on
the fouth by the Black Sea, on the weft
by Circaflia, on the north by the Ruf
fian government of Caucafus, and on the
eaft by Mingrelia, Ion. 39 43 E, lat. 43
to 40 N. ,
Ab-atziaia, a town of Siberia, on the
river Ifchim : 128 miles SSE Tobollk.
Aib, . a. town of Arabia; in the country
of Temana, fituated on a mountain of
the fame name : 63 miles NE of Mpcha.
tea. 44 ij E, lat. 13 58 N.

Abteiifeii, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Bremen ; 5 miles S W of Bux'
tehude, Abbeville, a town of France, in the de*
partment of the Somme, on the river
Somme : formerly the capital of the
county of Ponthieu in Picardy. It was
fortified in the_ year 980, by Hugh Ca
pet. It was the birth place of Nicholas-
Sanfon, Pierre du Val, and Philip Briet,
three celebrated geographers ; 52 miles S
Calais, and 80 NNW Paris, Ion. j. $5 E,
lat. 50 7 N.
Abbots Langley, a village of England,
in the county of Hertford, the birth
place of Nich. Brakfpear, afterwards
Pope Adrian IV. the only Englifliman
that ever was Pope : 4 mUes S W from
S. Albans. Abbotjbury, a town of England, in the
county of Dorfet, near the fea, it receiv
ed its name from a celebrated abbey there,
before tbe Reformation ; 7f miles S "W
Dorchefter, and 1275 W London, Ion. 4a
W, lat. 50 38 N.
Abcoudc, a town of the United Dutch
States, between Amfterdam and Utrecht.
Abda, a province of the Empire of
Morocco, on the weft coaft towards the
Atlantic Ocean, between Cape Cantin
and Mogadore.
Abdulina, a town of RufEa, in the gov
ernment of Upha, 60 miles N E Or
enburg. Abeghern, a town of Perfia, in the
province of Farfiftan, 10 leagues N
Schiras. Abella, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
II leagues N Balaguer.
Abenberg^ a town of Germany, in tlie
circle of Franponia, 22 miles N Aich-
ftatt. Abenhsim, a town of Germany, in the
circle, of the JU)wer Rhine, 4 miles N W
Worms. Abemja, a town of Spain, in New Caf-
tile, 20 miles S W of Civdad Real.
Abcnrade, fee Afenradc.
Abenfferg, at Abcnfpruck, a town of Ger
many, in the circle of Bavaria, on the
Abeuts : 20 miles E Ingoldftadt, Ion. 1 1
SS E, lat. 48 45 N.
Aberavon, a feaport town of Glamor-
ganfliire, Wales, on Swanfea bay, at the
mouth of the Avon, s\ -miles S Neath,
195 W London.
Aberbrothivick, a neat town of Scotland,
on the eaft coaft near the German Ocean,
in the county of Angus, 7 miles S Mon-
trofe, and 40 N N E Edinburgh.
Aiercommy, or Cmvia^, a town of
Nortb.

ABE

A B K

Noi'th Wales, in the county of Carnar
von, with a good harbour at the mouth
of the river Conway ; 23 miles N E
Carnarvon, 235 W London, Ion. 43 o W,
lat. 53 18 N.
Abercouh, or Abercouch, a town of Per
fia, 80 miles from Ifpahan.
Aberdeen, a county of Scotland, bound
ed on the fouth by the river Dee, and
on the eaft by the German Ocean, near
70 miles long and 30 broad. It has much
excellent pafhire on the high parts. Its
low grounds are well cultivated. Its chief
rivers are the Don, Dee, Yethan, Uggie.
Its herring and falpion fiftieries are con
fiderable. The chief towns are Old Ab
erdeen, New Aberdeen, Peterhead, Kin-
tore, Inverarie, Strathbogie, and Old Mel-
drura. Aberdeen, a feaport town of Scotland,
on the eaft coaft, and on the north fide
of the river Dee, at its entrsince into the
German Ocean ; the harbour is fecured,
or rather formed, by a ftrong ftone pier,
but is only fit to receive fraall veflels. It
carries on a very confiderable trade ; is'
well built and populous : there are three
churches befides epifcopal places of wor-
fliip ; and a college, which with the col
lege at Old Aberdeen, is termed an Uni-
verfity, having many ftudents. The
number of inhabitants is computed to be
30,000: 136 miles WNE Edinburgh,
Ion. I 45 W, lat. 57 22 N,
Aberdeen, (Old) a town to the north of
New Aberdeen, but almoft joined to it
by modern buildings, on the fouth fide
of the river Don, It has a market, dif-
tindt from New Aberdeen. It was once
a bifliop's fee. Except in refpedt to the
univerfity, they are totally independent
of each other.
Aberdour, a town of Scotland, on the
north coaft of the Frith of Forth, in the
county of fife, 7 miles E Dumferling,
and 12 from Edinburgh.
Aberford, or Aberfirth, a town of Eng
land, in the weft riding of Yorkfliire ;
its principal trade is making of pins ; it
has a maket on Wendnefday : 184 miles
N London.
Aberfraiii, a tpwn of North Wales, in
the ifland of Anglefea, near the fea, on
a river which is navigable for veflels of
30 or 40 tons burthen ; once the refi-
dence of the princes of Wales ; the chief
employment of the inhabitants is fifli-
ing ; 13 miles E3E Holy Head, 263
W N W^ondon.
Abergamiiiiy, a well built town of Eng-
J!an4, county of Monmouth, on the river

Gavenny, at its union with the. Uflc.
Its principal trade is in flannels, manu
factured by the people of the neigh
bourhood. It was once defended by
walls and acaftle, fome ruins of which yet
remain. The mountains near it, abound
in iron ore, coal, and limeftones ; feveral
iron works have been lately ereifted ; the
market is kept on Tuefday. It has 500
houfes : 143 miles W.London, 43 W
Gloucefter, Ion. 3 W, lat. 51 57 N.
Alernethy, a town of Scotland, county
of Murray, formerly the capital of the
country of the Pi6ls, 6 miles S E Perth.
Aberyfwith, a feaport town of Cardi-
ganfliire, in S. Wales, at the mouth of the
Yftwith, in the bay of Cardigan ; prin
cipally fupported by fifliing, and the
coafting trade : 9 1 miles W Wbrcefter,
Ion. 4 25 W, lat. J2 20 N. ^
Abex, a country of Africa, fituated ia
Upper Ethiopia, and from its fituation,
bordering on the Red Sea, called The
Coaft of Abex. It is bounded on the eaft
by the Red Sea, on the foufh by Abyf-
finia, on the weft by Abyflinia and Nubia,
and on the north by mountains, which fep-
arate it from Egypt. It exteijds by the
weft fide of the Red Sea, from the 17th
to the 24th degree nearly, N Lat.
Abiad, a town on the coaft of Abex, on
a high mountain and remarkable for it?
trade in ebony and aromatic plants.
Abiad, aiarge branch ofthe Nile. It is a
deep, dead river. [Bruce.]
Abiagrajfo, a town of Italy, in the Mil«
anefe, ii miles S W Milan.
Abingdon, a town of England, county
of Berks, on the river Thames. It is a
borough town, and fends one member to
the Britifli Parliament ; the lent aflizes
for the couuty are held here ; there are
two markets held here weekly, on
Wednefday and Friday, toll free for corn ;
confiderable quantities of malt are fent
from hence to London ; and a number of
hands are employed in manufatSkuring
facking and failclotb : 6 miles S Oxford,
56 W N W London, l^t. 51 40 N.
Ahira, a town of Perfia, in the prov
ince of Kirman : 23 leagues, E S E Sir*
gian. Aiiul, a town of Beira, in Portugal,
contaiixing 1300 inhabitants. Ion. 7 10
W, lat. 40 20 N.
Aiiverd, a town of Tartary, fituated
in the defert of Kivac.
Abi'zverd, or Baiierd, a town of Perfia,
in the province of Chorafan : ^s leagues,
N Mefliid.
. Abthas, one of the feven nations m
the

A B R
the countries comprehended between the
Black and Cafpian Seas. They are divid
ed into two governments, and are tuib-
Vtary to the Turks. They preftrve
fome faint traces only of Chriftianity.
Ablaket, a town of Ruffian Tartary, in
a ftate of decay, on a river of the fame
name : i8o German miles S E Tobollk,
lat. 49 20 N.
Ablay, a country in great Tartary, fub-
jetft to the Ruffians, Ion. 7 a to 83 E, lat.
51 to J4 N.
Ablis,' a town of France, in the depart
ment of the Seine and Oife, the princi
pal pfece of a canton.
Ablitas, a town of Spain, province of
Navarre, 3 leagues from Tudello.
Abnoub, a large village of Egypt, 4 or 5
leagues S of Dendera, on the E bank of
the Nilej-2j6 miles S Cairo. [Sonini.]
Abo, a feaport, the capital of Swedifli
Finland, on the point where the gulphs
ef Bothnia and Finland unite. It con
tains feveral brick; houfes ; but the gen
erality are of wood, painted red. The
inhabitants export linen, corn, flax, and
iron. Here is a univerfity, founded in
1640, by queen Chriftiana ; and here
likewife is a royal botanic garden, efl^b-
liflied by the late unfortunate Guftavus.
Abo is an epifcopal fee, 140 miles NE
Stockholm, Ion. %% 18 E, lat. 60
a7,N. _ _ [Coxe.J
Abouiir, a vilkge of Egypt on an ifl
and, at the mouth of the Nile. Off" the
harbour of this place, Lord Nelfbn de-
ftroyed the French fleet Augnft i, 1798.
Here i« a caftle. Here many marble ru
ins of the ancient Canopus aie to be
feen. The country round is barren, the
people barbarous. [Sonini.]
Aboura, a town of Africa on the Gold
Coaft, fubjecSl to the king of Aquambo.
Abcufaid, a town of Egypt, 10^ miles W
S W Girge, Ion-. 30 10 E, lat. 2j 47 N.
Aboiitig, or Abutich, a town of upper
Egypt in the Thebais. Poppies grow
here in great plenty, of which the beft
opium is made, lat. 26 jo N, 32 miks
S Manfalout. Abrahamfdorf, a fmall well inhabited
town in Hungary Ion. 1950E, lat. 46
30 N.
AJ>ran*es, a town or city of Portugal,
in the province of Eftramadura, on the
right bank of the Tagus ,- containing
3J,ooo inhabitants, 4 parifli churches,
befides convents : 22 leagues N E Lilbon,
Ion. 7 18 W, lat. 39 21 N.
Abrega, a town of Iftria ; 10 miles N
Rovigno. j

A B S
AhrcHer, a large village?"'*© miles N of
Nakfivan. The inhabitants of this and:
five neighbouring villages are of the Lat
in chuith ; their bifliop and priefts arc,
Dominicans. Religious fervice is per-
; formed in the Armenian tongue. In the
; beginning of the 14th century they were
converted to the Romifli faith, but ma
ny of them have fince returned to the Ar
menian communion. Ion. 63 59 E, lat.
39 N- [Chardin.]
Abrob-ania, or Abrugbania, sl populous
town of Tranfilvania, and capital of a
county or diftria of the fame name :
20 miles W^ N W Weifenburg, lat. 46
50. N.,
Abrusszo Gitra, or Abruzzo^ on this fide
ihe Pefcara, a province of Italy, in the
dominions of the king of Naples. It is
bounded on the northweft and weft by
the Abruzzo Ultra, on the northeaft by
the Adriatic Sea, on the fouth and fouth;
weft by the Molife, and on the fouth-
weft by the country of Lavbra. The
principal towns, Cheti, Lanciano, both
archbiflioprics ; Salmona, Civita Borel-
la, Ortona-a-mare, biftiqprics ; Pefcara,
Francaville, &c. befides' the Appenine,
there are two other mountains called
Monta Maiella and Monte Cavallo. The
rivers are the Pefcara, Lenta, Foro, Mo-
ro, Feltrino, Sangro, Afinella, and Trig-
no. The air is cold but falubrious, the
tops of the mountains are always covered
with fnow. The land is.fertlle, and pro
duces wheat, ^rice, and other grain, winCi
oil, fruit, and abundance of faifron. In
the woods are a great number of deer,
wolves, and bears.
Abruzzo- Ultra, or Abnizzo beyond the
Pefcara, is bounded on the northweft by
the Marquifate of Ancona and the duchy
of Spbleto, on the fouthweft by the Sa-
buie and the Campaiia di Roma on the
foutheaft by Abruzzo Citra, and on the
northeaft by the Adriatic Sea. The
principal towns are Aquila, the capital,
Atri, Campli, Civata di Penna, Teramo,
and Civita di CaU. The five firft are
bifliop's fees. The country is cold and
mountainous, being crofied by the Ap-
panijies ; but fertile in corn, fruit, faff-
ron, and hemp ; and npuriflies a great
number of animals both wild and tame.
The rivers are the Velino, Turano, Ga-
rigliano, Trontp, Piomba, Nora, and
Pefcara. Abfdorff, a town of Bohemia, in the
circle of Chrudim.
Abjieinach,: a town of Germany, in the
cirq-la

A B Y

A C A

circle of the "Lower Rhine : 7 miles
NNE Heidelberg.
Abfteinen, a bailiwick in the circle of
Tapieu, belonging to Prulfia, a moun
tainous, but picalant country, abounding
in cattle and corn.
Abjiorf a town in Auftria ; 7 miles S
Sonneljerg. Abftorf, a town in Auftria, on the
Zeya, 5 miles E ZiftertzdorfF.
Abjlotten, a town in the archduchy of
Auftria : 4 milles S Tuln.
Abfwangen, a town of Pruffia, in the
province of Natangen : 12 miles S Kon-
igfljerg. Abtenau, a town of Germany, in the
archbiftiopric of Saltzburg : 20 miles
SSE Sakzburg.
Abtfgmund, a town Of Germany, in the
circle of .Swabia : 24 miles S W Elwan-
gen. Abu Arifch, a principaUty of Arabia,
in the county of Tehama, by the fide
of the Red Sea ; it is every where bar
ren, except where watered by rivers,
wliich run from the mountains of Yemen.
The principal places are Gezan, 3. fea
port, and the caprtal, which is furround-
td with walls, and is the feat of a flier-
iffe : 20 leagues N Loheia, Ion. 42 15 E,
lat. 16 45 N.
Abu-Girge, a town of Egypt, on the
Nile : 82 miles S Cairo, Ion. 32 50 E,
lat. 28 33 N.
Abud, a town of Arabia in the country
cf Yemen ; 16 miles EDsjebi.
Abiifchureia, a fmall ifland in the Red
Sea : 3 leagues from the coaft of Arabia,
Ion. 41 37 E, lat. 16 54 N.
Abydos, a town of Turkey, on the Afi
atic fide of the Dardanelles, with a caf
tle to defend the ftrait between the Ar
chipelago and the Propontis. Here all
fliips from the Archipelago are fearched.
10 miles S S W Gallipoli, Ion. 37 36
E Ferro, lat. 40 16 N.
Abyo, one of the Philippine Iflands,
where the Spaniards have a fort. Ion.
X22 15 E, lat. 10 N.
Abyjfinia, a large country and kingdom
of Africa, about 300 leagues ' long, and
a8o broad ; bounded on the eaft by the
Red Sea, on the north by Nubia, on the
weft by Nigritia, and on the fouth by
Cafraria. It is divided into twelve prov
inces, Mafliiah, Tigre, Samen, Begem-
der, Amhara, Walaka, Gojam, Damoi,
Maitflia, Dembea, Kuara, and Nara ;
the principal towns or cities are Gondar,
the metropolis of Abyflinia, Dixan, Ax-
um, and M.ifuah. Among the rivers,

the principal is the Nile. The country-
is exceedingly mountainous, but fertile
wherever land can be cultivated. The
air in the vallies is extremely warm,
but more temperate on the monnlains.
The rainy feafon continues 6 months^
from April to September, after which is
an uninterrupted feries of fine weather ;
no country produces a greater variety
of quadrupeds, wild or tame ; of the
tame, the principal are of the cow kind
and flieep ; the wild fort arc the gazel or
antelope, jackal, wild hog, elephant, rhi
noceros, gira'ffa or camelopard, lion, leop
ard, hyena, bohur, fafla, feeho, made-
qua, and many others ; the crocodile,
and hippopotaraos, are found in all their
large rivers. Among the birds, are reckon
ed feveral fpecies of the eagle and hawk,
the golden goofe, or goofe of the Nile,
and a vaft number of others, which fre-
queut both the vallies and mountains.
Of tli6 infc<Sts, the moft remarkable is a
fly, called zimb or tfaltfalya, a Kttle larg
er than a bee, which proves dreadfully
tormenting, and even deftruiSlive to every
quadruped, both wild and tame, and
from which they can efcape only by fly
ing from the rich lands to the defarts,
during the whole of the rainy feafon.
Amoi;g the vegetable productions, may
be reckoned the papyrus, the plant froiu
which paper was firft made by the Egyp
tians, after the difufe of hieioglyphics ;
the balefiTan, or balm, called alfo balm of
Gilead, the fafla, the myrrh tree, the en-
fete, ifeveraj fpecies of the mimofa, the
kol-quali, the rack, the coftee-tree, the
wooginos, cuiTo, tefF, of which bread is
generally made, and wheat. To prevent.
rebellion, the children of the kings, at a
certain age, are confined to a mountain
as a prifon, the mountain of Wechne
having of late years been fet apart for
that purpofe : the crown of Abyffinia is
hereditary as to family, but ele<£tive as
to perfoni and it has fometimes happen
ed, that an infant has been elected under
the age of imprifonment, inftead of fend-..
ing for an elder prince from the moun
tain. The profeflisd religion ofthe coun
try is Chriftianity, but mixed with many
pagan and Jcwifli ceremonies. The cap
ital puhilliments arc crucifixion, flaying
alive, ftoning, and plucking out the eyes.
Ion. 26 to 44 E, lat. 6 to 20 N. [Bruce.]
Acalzike, a town and fortrefs of Afiatic
Turkey, fituated in Ion. 44 14 E, lat,
41 30 N.
Acambou, or A^tiatiiboe, a country 01
Aldcai

A C H

A C H

;ft.frica, and one of the moft powerful
kingdoms on the coaft of Guinea. The
country is populous, and the commerce
confiderable ; the people are brave and
fond of war, inclined to rapine, and cruel,
ion. about 20 W, lat. 6 N.
Acanny, an inland country of Guinea,
aJFording the beft gold, in great plenty.
There is a town of the fame name. Ion.
030 E, lat. 830 N.
Acafam, n town on the coaft of the
Euxine Sea.
Accadia, a town in the kingdom of Na
ples, 20 miles N Conza.
Accetura, a town of Naples, 19 miles
SSE Acerenza.
Accoloretto, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Spoleto, 7 miles S W Todi.
Acerenza, or Cirenza, a city of Naples,
the fee of an archbifliop, and capital of
the Bafilicata, Ion. 16 5 £, lat. 40 20
N. Acerno, a city of Naples, fituated in a
valley, the fee of a hifliop, fuflfragan of
Salerno, 14 miles ENE Salerno, Ion. ij
6 E, lat. 40 45 N. ,
Acerra, a city of Naples, the fee of a
bifliop, fufFragan of the archbilhop of Na
ples, 8 miles NNE Naples, Ion. 14 30 E,
lat. 40 J5 N.
Ach, fee Aach.
Acham, a country of Afia, bordeffng on
China. Acheen, a kingdom in the N W part of
the ifland of Sumatra, now very different
from earlier times, when it was powerful
enough to expel the Portuguefe from the
ifland, and its fovereign received embaf-
fies from fome of the greateft potentates
of Europe. It is comparatively healthy,
being more free from woods and fwamps
than the other .parts of the ifland. Its
chief produiSs are fine fruits, rice, cotton,
gold duft, and fulphur. The Acheenefe
are, in general, taller, ftouter, and much
darker complexioncd than the other Su-
matrans. They are more aiSive and in-
duftrious than their neighbours, and have
?nore fagacity and penetration. They are
Jklahometans. Acheen, the capital of the above king
dom is feated on a river which flows in
to the fea, near the N W point of the ifl
and, or Acheen Head, about two miles
from the mouth, in a wide valley, form
ed like an amphitheatre by two lofty
ranges of hills. The river, which emp
ties itfelf by fe%'eral channels, is very
Ihallow at the bar. The houfes, 8000 in
number, are built of bamboos and rough
^mbersj and are raifeU fome feet from

the ground, this part ofthe country being
overflowed in the rainy feafon. It is an
open town, in the centre of which is the
king's palace, a rude piece of architecture,
a mile and a half in circumference, fur-
rounded by a wide and deep moat, and
ftrong walls. A large manufadture of a
thick kind of cotton cloth, and of ftulF
for the fliort trowfers worn by the Ma
lays and Acheenefe, is eftabliflied herCk
Payments are commonly made in gold
duft, which is carried about in bladders.
The Acheenefe are bold and expert navi-
gators. Crimes are puniflied here with
remarkable rigour ; but the rod of juftice,
it is fuppofed, falls only on the poor.
Petty theft is puniflied by fufpending the
offender from a tree, with a gun, or oth
er heavy weight, tied to his feet ; or by
cutting off a finger, hand, or leg, accord
ing to the nature of the theft. Many of
thefe mutilated people are to be feen
daily in the ftreets. An adulterer lofes
the protedlion of his friends, and is deliv
ered up to the relations of the hufliand,
who convey him to a large plain, and
form themfelves into a circle, in the midft
of which the culprit is placed; a large
weapon is then delivered to him by one
of his relations, a.id if he can force his
way through, and efcape, he is not liable
to further profecution ; but he is moft
commonly cut to pieces in an inftant ;
and liis relations bury him as they would
a dead buffalo, on no account admitting
the corpfe into their houfe, or perform
ing any funeral rites. Highway robbers
and houfebreakers are drowned ; and
their bodies are expofed, a few days, on a
ftake: but if a prieft be robbed, the of
fender is burnt alive. Yet, after all, thq
Acheenefe are fuppofed to be the moft
diflioneft and flagitious people in the
Eaft. Acheen is 1000 miles S E Ma
dras, Jon. <)S 34 E, lat, 5 22 N. (Bowen ;
Dampier.) Achmctfchet, a town of Crim Tartary,
in the Ruflian province of Taurida and
government of Catharincnflaf, Ion. 33 ao
E, lat. 45 o N.
Achmim, a confiderable place on the
eaft fide of the Nile. It is a beautiful ci
ty ; the ftreets are broad and ftraight,
Probably owing to the air of a dirty ca
nal, the inhabitants haveayellow, unheal
thy appearance. Buflies and trees fliade the
ftagnant water. Horeis a convent of Fracif-
cansforthe entertainment of converts,aDd
perfecuted chriftians. It is faid that 2,000
chriftians live in and about the town, 20a
of whom arc catholics. Tiie priefts live

AGO.
,4a great eafe andfafety. Here is a man-
ufaiftory of cotton cloth. Their poultry
is the beft in Egypt. Agriculture is pur-
fued, wheat is plenty. Their women fel-
dom marry after fixteen. They often
bare children before eleven years of age.
They are pale and look as old at 16, as
the women of Europe at 60. Marble
ruins, infcriptions, <ind other circumftan-
ces defignate this as the Panopolis of
the ancients. It is 205 S Cairo, Ion. 31 1;;
E, lat. 26 40 N, [Bruce, Pocoke, Sonini.]
Achfetten, a town of Germany in the
circle of Swabia, 2 leagues N W Augl
burg. Achirka, a town of Rufila, in the gov
ernment of Charkor, 40 miles W S W
Charkor. Achonry, a town of Ireland, in the coun
ty of Sligo, 1 6 miles W S W Sligo. It
gives name to to a diocefe, about 30
miles fquare, and contains 27 pariilicj in
the counties of Mayo and Sligo.
• Achjiede, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Bremen, a leagues N Bremen.
Acken, a town of Germany, in the cir
cle of Lower Saxony, duchy of Magde
burg, on the Elbe, 2 leagues W DeflTau.
Aiqs, a town of France, at the foot of
the Pyrenees, in the department of Ar-
riege and late province of Foix. Its vi
cinity is noted for hot fprings, Ion. i 40
E.lat. 43 o N.
Acqua, a town in Tufcany, noted for
warm baths, Ion. 12 10 E, lat. 43 45 N.
Acqua delta Picoj a town of Italy in the
* kingdom of Naples, and province of Ca
labria Ultra, IJ miles W Squiliace.
Acqua Ifegra, a town of Italy in the
Mantuan, on the frontiers of Breffan, 2
miles NNE Caneto.
Acqua Negra, a town of Italy in the
Cremonefe, near the conflux of the Adda,
and the Po, 3 miles W Cremona.
Acqua Sparta, a town of Italy, belong
ing to the ftates of the church in Umbria,
10 miles W Spoleto.
Acqua Viva, a town of Italy, in the
Patrimonio, 8 miles NNW Rome.
Acqua Viva, a town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples, and the country of
Lari, 9 miles S S E BIttetto.
Acqua Viva, a town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples, in the country of
¦Molife, 19 miles W Molife.
Acqua Viva, a to\vn of Italy in the mar-
quifite of Ancona, at the head of the
Ragnola, a fmall river which runs into
the Gulf of Venice, 10 miles N E Afcoli.
A.quafenJtttti, a town of Italy in the

A C R
eftatcs Of the church, and territory oi
Oivieto, the fee of a bifliop' : fituated on
an eminence, near the river Paglia 9
miles W Orvieto, lat. 42 43 N.
Acqnara, a town of Naples, and Prin-
cipato Citra, 13 miles S W Cangiano.
Aequaria, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of R4odena, fituated on a mountain, on
the fouth fide of the river Panaro ; cele
brated for its medicinal waters, 18 miles
S W Modena, lat. 44 la N.
Acqui, a town of Montferrat, fituated
on the north bank of the Bormia : it is
the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of the
archbifliop of Milan, and celebrated for
its hot baths ; 10 leagues N W Genoa,
Ion. 8*35 E, lat. 44 40 N.
Acra, a town and diftrid of Africa, in
the kingdom of Acambou, on the coaft of
Guinea. The Englifli, Dutch, and Danes
have forts, and each fort its village, Ion.
o o 2 E, lat. 5 N.
Acre. Its ancient names were Accho
and Ptolcmais, a city of Paleftine, which
belonged to the tribe of Aflier. It ftand*
on a point advanced into the fea, north
of Caimel, and has a harbour. It was
ftrong enough to refift the arms of Ifrael
when they fubdued the furrounding coun
try. Aflier did not drive out the inhabitants
of Accho. Here the Apoftle Paul preached
the gofpel ; here Titus tarried fometime
to make preparation for the fiege of Je
rufalem ; here met a general Council iii
the 1 2th century. The city was entirely
deftroyed by the Turks in 1291. It was
famous in the time of the Crufades,
Here Edward I. was wounded by a poi-
foned arrow ; he was cured by his wife
Eleanor, who fucked out the poifon. The
new city is fmaUer than the old ; its in
habitants lately were 40,000. The Greeks
have here two churches, the Latins three,
the Maronites eue ; it is A bifliop's fee.
The Jews have one fmall fynagogue, the
Mahometans three mofques. The wideft
ftreet is completely filled by a pafling
Camel ; the place is unhealthy. It has
lately become famous on account of the
fiege and repulfe of Bonaparte, in 1798.
It is 28 miles S of Tyre, 82 N of Jerufa
lem, 82 W Damafcus, lat". 3a ss N, Ion.
35 47 E. [Mariti, Bowen, D'AnviUe.]
Acrtn, a province on the Gold Coaft of
Guinea, bordering on Fantyn. The in
habitants, protevSted by the Fantymans,
live in peace with their neighbours. They
cultivate their fields with luccefs, and fell
much of their produce to other nations. The

A D £

ADO

The Dutch have a fort here, called fort
patience ; under it is a village inhabited
by fifliermen. There is plenty of game
jn this country. [Moor.]
Acrijlia, a town of Sicily, 23 miles W N
W Mazara.
Acroteri, a town in the ifland of Santo-
fini, Ion. 26 I E, lat. 36 25 N.
ABon Eajl, a village 6 miles W of Lon
don, noted for its medicinal waters.
Acfu, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in Na-
tolia. Acumuli, a town of Naples, in the A-
bruzzo Ultra, on the weft fide of the
Tronto : 17 miles NW Aquila, lat. 42
36 N.
Acy, a town of France, i* the depart
ment of the Aifne : 1 league S E Soif-
fons. Ada, a town of Afiatic Turkey, Nato-
lia, on the road from Conftantinople to
ifpahan. Adaguefa, a town of Spain, in the prov
ince of Aragon, on the Veto.
Adams Pike, a high mountain in the
ifland of Ceylon ; on the top of which
the inhabitants believe the firft man was
created : and there is a fliape of a man's
foot cut out of the rock, about five or fix
feet in length, which they pretend is the
print of his foot. Near this is a reef of
rocks, which run Over to the continent,
called Adam's Bridge ; for they fay it
was made by angels to carry him over to
ihe main land.
Adanft, an ancient and handfome town
of Natolia, in a charming climate, with a
bifliop's fee. It'is feated on the Ghoquen,
35 miles N E Tarfus, Ion. 36 12 E, lat.
37 26 N.
Adda, a river, which rifes in the coun
try of the Grifons, and falls into the Po,
Jiear Cremona.
Adel, a country of Africa, once a part
of Abyflinia, but ' now a feparate king
dom, on the eaft coaft of Africa, at the
entrance of the Red Sea, about 200
leagues in length ; the principal towns
are Adel, Zeila, Auca Gurella, and Bar-
bera. The chief traffic confifls in gold
duft. Ivory, frankinccnfe, and flaves. The
(ails of their fheep are faid to weigh
^jlb. each.
Addberg, a town of Germany, 'iti the
duchy of Wurtemberg, a leagues S E
Schorndorff. Adelberg, or Adelfferg, a town of Ger
many, on a mountain, 4 leagues ENE
Triefte. Adclmansfelden, a town of Germany, in
the circle of Swabia :

Adetnatt, a town of Poland, 7 leagues S
W KaUfli.
Aden, a feaport to*Ti of Arabia Fehx,
on the coaft of the Indian Ocean, with a
good harbour, but little commerce. It
gives name to a country of which it is
the capital. 60 miles E of Mocha, Ion.
46 E, lat. la 40 N:
Aderborgh, a town of Geimany, ill the
circle of Upper Saxony, and duchy of
Pomerania : 3 leagues N W Stetin.
Aderno, a town of Sicily, at the foot of
Mount Etna, in the valley of Demona :
1 7, miles W N W Catania.
Bderfcben, a town of Germany, 16
miles S E Halberftadt.
Adhergat, a town of Syria, on the fron
tiers of Arabia.
Adige, a Hver of Italy, which rifes in
the Alps ; paffes by Tyrol, Brixen,
Trente, Verona, and runs into the Adri
atic fea 8 leagues S Venice.
Adirbeitzan, a province of Perfia, on
the' weft fide of the Gafpian Sea, eaft of
Armenia. The chief towns are Tauris
and Schamachia.
Admiralty Bay, in the fouthemmoft ifl
and of new Zealad, between Cape Ste
phens and Cape Jackfon.
Admiralty Iflands, a number of fmall ifl
ands, at the entrance of Admiralty Bay,
difcqvered 1767, Ion. 146 44 E,lat. a 18 S.
Admont, a town of Germany, in Stiria.
Adolfseck, a town of Germany in the
Upper Rhine :
Adorn, a town of Hungary, on the Dan
ube ; 4 leagues S W Offen, lat. 47 33 N. '
Adorn, a country of Africa, in the in
terior part of the Gold Coaft, on the riv
er Sama.
Adoni, a town of Hindoftan which
gives, name to a diftriiB: in the country of
Golconda : iS8 miles N Seringapatam, i6
S S W Rachore ; Ion. 77 18 E, lat. 15
37 N.
Adonis, a river of Africa, which rifes in
the mountains, S W of Tetuan, and runs
into the fea, between Arzilla and Tan
gier. Adoiva, a town of Abyffinia in the
province of Tigre. It contains about 300
houfes. The Governor has at fometimes
300 prifoners around him in irons, fome
of whom have been there 20 years. Coarfe
cotton is manufadlured here. They raife
three crops a year from the fame ground. ,
The houfes al-e of rough ftone, cemented
with mud. The Jews exclufively enjoy
the profefllon of thatching houfes. In
the neighbourhood, on a high hill, ftands
the Jefults convent of Cremona. It is
two

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A E R

AGE

X iniles from Adswa, ido £rom th«
Red Sea. The convent is a inile in cir
cumference, built of ftone, cemented with
lime mortar. It has towers in the flanks
and angles. The walls arc now entire.aj
feet high. [Bruce.]
Adra, a feaport town of Spain, On the
coaft of the Mediterranean, defended by
a ftrong citadel ; 47 miles S E Grenada,
long, a 37 E, lat. 36 42 N.
Adramitijthe xi\c\entAdramytfiui»,a town
of Afiatic Turkey, in NatoUa ; ai leagues
N Smyrna, on the eaft coaft of a gulf , to
ivhichit gives name, lat. 39 34 N.
Adria, a town of Venice. It gives name
to the gulf or fea, called the Adriatic Sea.
It was formerly a place of confidera
ble Gonfequence ; it is yet the fee of a
bifliop, but much reduced by frequent
inundatiolis ; the inhabitants are chiefly
fifliermen ; a5 miles S S W Venice.
Adriano, a mountain of Spain, in Bif-
' cay. There is a road over it to Aalba
send Old Caftile, tvhich is very difficult :
at its beginning there is a dark path of
150 paces, cut through a rock ; after
which is the mountain that muft be paff-
cd over. It is one of the higheft of the
Pyrenees ; and is only inhabited by a
few fliepherds.
Adrianople, a celebrated town of Tur
key in Europe, in Romania, with an
archbifliop's fee ; fituate in a fine plain,
on the river Marazi, 11 j miles N W of
Conftantinople. The grand fignior often
vifits this place. It is 8 miles in cir
cumference, but the ftreets are narrow
and crooked, Ion. 26 27 E, lat. 41 45 N.
Adriatic Sea, See Venice, Gulf of.
Ad-vinlure Ifland, a fmall ifland in the S
Pacific Ocean, fo called from the fhip Ad
venture, in which capt. Furneaux failed.
Capt. Cook found the people to be mild
and cheerful, with little of that wild ap
pearance which favages in general have.
They were, however, almoft totally de
void of adlivity or genius, and were
V nearly on a level with the wretched na
tives of Terra del Fuego, Ion. 147 29 W,
lat. 43 21 S.
Adaeneta, a town of Spain in Valencia,
fituated on a mountain on the frontiers
of Aragon.
Adzud, a town of European Turkey in
Maldavia, 9 miles W S W Biriat.
Aedlholzen, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Bavaria, celebrated for its medic
inal baths ; 4 miles S Traunftein.
Aerding, a town of Germany, in the cir
cle of Bavaria,
Vol. ii. C

Aifihy, a town of SwiflTerland, in tha
canton of Bern.
Aevjkaia, a town of Ruffian Sileria, on
the river Irtifch j ao leagues N W Fara.
^ffang, a town in the archduchy of
Auftria j three leagues W Steyr.
Affar, a town of Arabia Felix ; 56
miles E Loheia.
Afflenh, a town of Germany, in Stiria.
Africa, a feaport town of Tunis, on
the coaft of Barbary ; 30 leagues S E from
Tunis, long. 11 10 E, lat. 35 30 N.
Africa, one of the four principal divi-
fions of the globe, bounded N by the
Medditerranean, E and S by the ifth-
mus of Suez, the Red, and the Indian Sea,
W by the Atlantic Ocean. Africa
may very properly be divided into four
parts, firft, the country of the whites,
which includes Egypt, the ftates of Barba
ry, and Sahara, or the defert ; feeondly,
the country of the blacks, in which
are included Nigritia,Guinea, and NUbia ;
thirdly, Ethiopia, which is fubdivided in
to Upper, or Abyffinia,and Lower, which
contains the cbuntries of Congo.Monomo-
t^a,and Zanquebar, and fourthly, the ifl
ands roundthe coaft of Africa,(viz.) Malta
in the Mediterranean, the Canaries, Cape
de Verde Iflands, and St. Thomas in the
Atlantic ; Madagafcar and Socotara in the
Indian Ocean. Though fituated for the;
moft part under the torrid zone, and the
climate very hot, the coafts and many
parts of the interior country, are well peo
pled. The principal rivers of Africa, are
the Niger, the Senegal, the Gambia, the
Laira,the Coanza, and the Nile ; the prin
cipal mountains arethe Atlas, the moun
tains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leona.
Afrique, a fmall town of France in the
department of Averion.
Afwejlead, a mine town of Sweden, iii
the province of Dalecarlia.
Agades, a kingdom of Africa, in Ni
gritia, S Saharai,
Agatha St. a. town of Naples, with a
bifliop's fee, 20 miles N E Naples.
Agatbonfi, a fmall Ifland of the Gre
cian Archipelago, about a league S from
the Ifle of Samos.
Agatten, a town of Africa, on the coaft
of Guinea t- So miles S Benin.
Agau, a fmall kingdom of Africa, de
pendant on the emperor of Abyffinia.
Agde, a town of France, in the de
partment of Herault, 7 leagues N E Nar-
bonne, i98SParis,lon. 3 33 E, lat. 21 8N.
Agea, a town qf Perfia, 3 J leagues E If
pahan. Agin,

AG I

AGO

Agen, a city of France, and capital of
the department of the Lot and Garon
ne ; fituated on the Garonne in a fertile
country ; it was, before the revolution,
the capital of a country called Agenois :
36 leagues E Bourdeanx ; 156 S S W Par
is, Ion. o 40 E, lat.,44 12 N.
Ager, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
18 miles Balaguer.
Agerhuus, a biliwick of Norway, and
one of the five.principal governments of
the kingdom, which takes its name from
a caftle fituated on a bay about a, league
W from Anflo, or Chriftiana. This caftle
is the general rdlidence of the governor.
Agerfoe, a fmall ifland of Denmark, in
the Greater Belt :' 6 ftiiles S Corfoer.
Agga, or Aggona, a town and country
on the coaft of Guinea, in wliich is a
very high hill, called the Devil's Mount,
fuppofed to contain a great quantity of
gold. The Englifli have a „fort here,
,lon. 0.0 lat. 6 o N. *
Aggerhuys, a fortrcfs,^ of Norway, fee
Chrijliana. -^
Aghrim, a village^in the county of
Galway, memorablcTOr the decifive vic
tory, gained in 1691, by the army of
king 'William, over that of James II.
Aghrin, a town in the county of Wick-
low, 13 miles SW Wicklow, Ion. 6 21
W, lat. 52 45 N.
Agimere,- ox Azmere, the ^^pit^l of a
territory of the fame namci' in Hindoftan
proper, built at the foot of a very high,
mountain ; on the top of which is a^for-
trefs of great ftrength. It is 230 miles W
of Agra ; and yet the famous emperor
Acbar, made a pilgrimage on foot
to the tomb of a faint there, to implore
the divine blefling on his family, which
at that time," confifted only of daugh
ters : but after this pilgrimage, he had
three fons added to it. Jehanguire, his
fon, occafionally kept his court here ;
and this occafioncdfthe vifits of fir
Thomas Roe to this place from Surat,
Ion. 75 20 E, lat. 26 3J N. [ReiineL]
Agincourt, or rather Azincour, a village
of France, in the department of the Straits
of Calais, near which Henry V, king of
England, with an army of 22,000 men,
gained a complete victory over an army
of 60,000 Frenchmen. The lofs of the
Englifli amounted to about 1700 private
men, and the duke of York, the king's
uncle ; while the lofs on the fide of the
French, befides 120 lords, carrying ban
ners, and feveral princes of the blood,
amounted to 8600 gentlemen of family,
and 3000 private men killed, and 14,000

pi-ifoijersi. ,^ This battle was fought the
25th of Oiftober, 1415 : 7 miles N Hef-
^in, and II E Mqntreuil.
Aglafoun, a town of Afiatic Turkey ; 8
miles S W Iftiarteh.
Aglia, a town of It^ly, in the principal
ity of Piedmont, 7 miles S Ivrea.
Agmat, a town of Africa, in the empire
of Morocco, on the weftern declivity of
Mount Atlas, near a river of the fame
name ; 6 leagues S Morocco.
Agmon'dejham,'or: Amerfham, a town of
England, in the county of Bucks, has
manufaflures of lace, facking, and cotton.
It fends two members to the Britifli Par
liament : 26 miles N Vf London.
" Agnadello, a village of Italy, in the Mi-
lanefe, on a canal^etween the Adda and
Serio, 4 leagues N LodI, Ion. 9 26 E, lat.
45 26 N.
Agnano, a remarkable lake of Naples, in
the country of Lavora, about 3 miles in
circumference furrounded by mountains ; »
on the verge of the lake are warm baths,
called the baths of Agano, or more ufual-
ly the baths of S. Germain, and the grot
to del Cane ; the vapours of which, prove
fatal to animals held too long over it.
Agnona, or Anglona, a town of Naples,
9 miles SSE Qivita Bprella.
Agoas Bellas, a town Xii Portugal, in Ef-
tremadura : 3 leagues and a half N E
Tliomar. Agoas de Moura, a town of Portugal, in
Eftremadura : 4 leagues and a half N E
Setuval. Agoas Ouentas, a town of Portugal, in
Eftremadura : 7 leagues ENE Abrantes.
Agoro, a town of Italy, on the river
Cordevol, on the frontiers of the Tyro-
lefe : 21 miles W N W Belluno.
Agofla,2. town of Sicily,near the E coaft
of the ifland, on a peninfula, which fcrves
as a mole for ,an excellent harbour. The
town was deftroyed by an earthquake in
1693, but has fince been rebuilt : 6 leagues
N Syracufa, Ion. 15 15 E, lat. 3,7 30 N.
Agojla, an ifland in the Adriatic, near j
the coaft of Dalmatia, about 18 miles in
circumference, lat. 43 2 N;
Agoitna, a kingdom of Africa, on the
Gold Coaft.
Agoruo, a numerous peopjg of Abyf
finia, poffeffing the richeft province of the
country. They are fuppofed to be a
tribe, who fled from Canaan when affault-
ed by Jofliua. They inhabit the region
round the head of the Nile, can bring
4000 horfe into the field, and a greater
number of foot. Befides ,what they pay
the governor of Damot, they pay tribute ts

A H R

A I C

to the king, 60,000 pounds of honey,
Ijoo oxen, and 1000 olinces ^f gold.
[Bruce.]
, Agra, a city of Hindoftan, and capi
ta! of a province, about i7omiles fquare,
of the fame name, fituated on the fouth
fide of the river Jumnah. It began to in-
creafe in the i6th century, under theauf-
pices of the emperor Acbar, who' called
It Acbarabad ; aud in the laft . century,
was one of the largeft and ijioft celebrated
cities of India, being 14 miles in circum
ference ; regularly fortified in the Indian
manner, with a fine citadel, built of red
free ftone ; It is now going faft to ruins,
100 miles S by E Delhi, Ion. 78 28 E, lat.
27 15 N.
Agrakova, a town of Ruffia, on the coaft
ofthe White Sea, 70 miles W Archangel.
Agram, a town of Hungary, in Croatia,
the fee of a bifliop, 20 leagues N W Gra-
difca. Agramdnt, a town of Spain, In Catalo
nia, capital of a diftri<ft. "
Agreda, a town of Spain, In Old Caftile,
on the frontiers of Aragon.
Agria, a fmall but ftrong town of upper
Hungary, with a bifliop's fee and a cita
del, fituated on the river of the fame
name, 47. miles N E Buda.
Agrigan, or Ifland of Xavier, one of the
Ladrones or Mariana iflands, in the N
Pacific Ocean : 16 leagues in circumfer
ence, Ion. 146 E, lat. 19 40 N.
Agrimonfe, a town of Naples, 8 miles W
Turfi. Agro, a town of Africa, In the kingdom
of Tigre.
AgropoU, a town of Naples, on the eaft
fide of the gulf of Salerno ; 26 miles W
S W Cangiano : 22 miles SSE Salerno,
lat. 40 22 N.
Agnas Bellas, a town of Portugal in Ef
tremadura. Aguila, a town In the Ipngdom of Fez,
on a river of its name.
Aguigan, a fmall ifland ii) the Pacific
Ocean ; 4 leagues S W Tinian.
Aguilar, a town of Spain, in the fouth
part of Navarr«, on the frontiers of Bif-
cay ; 4 leagues S W Ellella.
Aguilar del Campo, a town of Spain, in
Old Caftile, on the confines of Navarre,
on the Alhama.
4.honi, a feaport town of Africa, on the
coaft of Benin.
Ahouas, a town of Perfia, 58 leagues
W S W Ifpahan.
Ahrenfieck, a town of Germany, in Low
er Saxony, Holftcin ; 12 miles NNW
Ijubcc.

Ahrenfdorf, a town of Germany, Upp^r
Saxony, Brandenberg ; 6 miles SSE Potz-
dam. '
Ahr-weiler, a town of Germany, Lo'n-er
Rliine, Cologn ; 8 leagues N W Coblentz.
Abfa, a town of Perfia, on the Tigris ;
5 7. leagues W Ifpahan.
Ahun, a town of France, In the depart
ment of the Creufe, chief place of a, can
ton, in the diftrldt of Gueret ; 3 leagues
S E Gueret.
Ahus, a ftrong town of Sweden, In fouth
Gothland, on the river Helge : 2 leagues
SSE Chriftianftadt.
Ajaccio, a fine feaport town on the weft
coaft of the ifland of Corfica, on the north
fide of a gulf of the fame name. The
town is populous, and ftands on a point
of land which extends into the gulf, ir
leagues S W of Corte, the capital of the
ifland. The celebrated Napolkone Bon
aparte, Chief Conful of France, was
born here in 1767, Ion. 8 50 E, lat. 35
50 N. '.
Ajan, or Ajen,2L country on the eaftem
coaft of Africa, extending from Maga-
doxo toCape Guardafui, 1500 leagues,
lat. 2 to 12 N. It is divided into feve
ral ftates or kingdoms ; the principal of
which are Adel or Zcila, and Magadoxa.
AU the eaftern coaft of Ajan is f^id to be
fandy and barren, but to the north weft,
the country becomes more fertile, produ
cing great plenty of all forts of provifions,
in which it drives a great comnv-rce, and
more particularly in an excellent breed
of horfes, in great requeft ; which for
eign merchants take in great numbers, in
exchange for filks, cottons, and other
cloths. Aiundun, and Aiajh, two towns in Na
tolia, Afiatic Turkey. -
Ajazzo, a feaport 'town of Afiatic Tur
key, in the province of Caramania, on the
borders .of Syria, on an eminence ; near
' it is a warm medicinal fpring : 30 miles N,
Antioch, 40 W of Aleppo. Here ftood
the city of lffus,whereALEXANDER fought
his firft battle with Dakius, Ion. 33 E,lat.
37 N.
Aicha, a town in Bavaria, on the Paar ;
4 leagues ENE Auglburg.
Aichjijt, a town of Franconia, capital of
a bifliopric of the fame name. It is re
markable for a curious piece of workman-
flup, called the Sun of the Holy Sacra
ment, which is in the church : It is of
maffy gold, of great weight, and is enrich
ed with 350 diamonds, 1400 pearls, 250
rubies, and other precious ftoncs. This
place is feated in a valley, on the river
AUmul,

A I L

A I X

Altffiul, 30 jftHes S Nurenitarg, Ion. ti
10 i, latl 48 J 7 N. The bifliopric is 45
ijilcs in length, and 1 7 in breadth.
' Aielh, a town of Naples, with a ctM(id-
erable figniory, which has the title of
IJuchy ; 9 miles S S W pofenza.
Aiglande, a tpwn of France, in the de
partment of the Channel.
Aigle (L',jz tpwn of France, an4 capital
of a diftrift, in the (Icpattment of prne.
A river of this pame' ejnpties into the
Jjoire at Cloye.
Aigle, a towp of Swifferlandi with a
caftle, in the canton of Berne, on a fmall
river, -iviich runs into the Rhone, 12
leagues ENE Geneva. The houfes are
all built of white marble.
Aign, a town of Bavaria, and archblfli-
ppric of Salt? burg, neac which Is ^ medi
cinal fpring : a miles S E Saltzburg.
A'gnan^ a chief town of a canton in
France, in the department of Gers.
Aigney le Due, a town of Frapce, 14
itules SSE Chatillon.
Aigre, a town of France, in the depart
ment of the Charente, and principal place
of a canton.
Aigrefeuille, a fown pf Frapce, In the
department of the Lower Loire, principal
place of a canton.
Aigues-Mortes, a to'wn Of France, in the
dep^tmeut of the Gard, 14 miles E S E
JVIontpellier. Aiguet Vivet, a town of France, in the
department of the Gard, 16 miles N E
Moptpelller. Aigue-Ptrfe, a town of France, in the
department of Puy-de-Dome, and late
province of 4-uvergne, 18 aiUes N of
Clermont, and 261 S of Paris. It has a
fountain, once regarded as a prodigy, its
cold water having the appearance of
boiling : but the chymifts can now Imi
tate thefe cold fermentatiqns, by i. mix
ture of ferruginous and vitriolic particles.
The water of this fpring is faid to be fa
tal to the animals that drink It, Ion. 3 20
E, lat. 46 6 N.
Aileh, a town pf Arabia Petrea, on the
E fide of the Red 'Sea,near the road which
the pilgrims take from Egypt to Mecca.
Joii. 36 40 .E, lat. 29 10 N.
Ailefbury, the largeft and moft populous
town in Buckinghamfhire. It is the een-'
tre of the bufinefs of the vale of Ailef
bury, which occupies the centre of the
county, and is one of the moft, fertile
(rafts in England. 'The inhabitants of
this town, aud its .neighbourhood, have
fjie art of resripgcafly dutUings, which

is carried to fiich an extent, that it is faid
3000I. have been received at AileflDury
for the fupply of the London market, in
fix weeks, ufually terminating in March. '
This town fends two members to Parlia
ment ; and is 16 miles S E of Bucking
ham, anii 41 N W London, Ion. o 42
W, lat. 51 50 N.
Ailfa', a great infulated rOck, to the S
of the ifle of Arrap, in Scotland. Its bafe
is two mile? in circumference. It con-
fifts of a ftupendous affemblage pf prcr
cipitous cliffs, rifing in a wild feries, form
ing a pyramidal mountain, 900 feet high,
acceffible only on the north eaft. The
ruins of a chapel, and of a caftle, are ftUl
feen ; and within 30 yards of the latter,
is a fpring of frcm water. The lower
parts are Inhabited by goats and rabbits,
and the lofty fummlts are the refuge of
innumerable feafowls, ,.~
Aime, or Axima, a fmall town in Savoy,
on the rivf r Ifere.
Ain, a department of France, lately tbe
province of Breffe. It takes its nanie from
a river -which rifes at the foot of Mount
Jura, and falls into the Rhone, abov^
Lyons. Ainfa, a town of Spain, in ArragOn, on
the river Arq.
Aire, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Landes on the river Adour, on
the declivity of a mountain, 65 miles S
of Bourdeaux, Ion.' o 16 E, lat. 43 42 N.
Aire, a ftrong town in the department
of the Straits of Calai?. It is on the riv
er Lis, aa miles S of Dunkirk, and com
municates with St. Omer, by a canal from
the river Aa, Ion. 2 29 E, lat. 30 4a N.
Airolo, a village in a valley of the Alps.
Near it Is a paffage over Mount Grias to
Munfter in the upper Sallals, pra(9iicable
only from the middle of July to Oftober,
when 300 horfes pafs every week, from
various parts of Switzerland, loaded with
cheefe. [Pennant.]
Aifne, a department of France. It take^
its name from a river, which runs by
Soiffoni, and falls into the Oife, near
Compiegne. /iix, an ancient city of France, It was
the capital of the late province of Pro
vence, -when it had a parliament. It is
now the metropolitan fee of the depart^
ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, feat
ed in a plain, where there are hot bathsj
near the river Arc. It is 75 miles E of
Montpollier, Ion. 5 31 E, lat. 43 32 N.
[Wraxall.]
Aix, an ancient to'wn of Savoy, on the,
lake

A K R

ALA

lake of Bourget. Here are mineral wa
ters, much frequented. It is 8 mUes N
of Chamberry.
Aix, a fmall Ifland of France, between
the Ifle of Oleron and the continent, 1 2
miles N W of Rochefort, Ion. i 5 W,lat.
46 5 N.
Aix-la-Chapelle, a free and imperial city
of Weftphalia. The emperor Charle-
roagne was fo delighted with the beauty
pf the place, that he chofe it for his refi-
dtnce. He Is interred in the church of
Notre Dame, where they keep his fword
and beltj and the Four Evangelifts, writ
ten In letters of gold, xvhich are made
ufe of at the coronation of the emperors.
Its famous mineral waters draw a great
number gf perfons every year. In 1668
and 1748, it was difting'uidied by two cel
ebrated treaties of peace. It was taken
by the French in 1792, retaken by the
Auftrians in 1793, and again taken by
the French ip 1794. It Is feated In a
bottom, furrounded by mountains, 22
niiles N E of Liege, Ion. 6 3 E, lat. 50
48 N.
Akaba, a gulf, or arpi of the Red Sea,
formed by a tongue Of land, part of Ara
bia, which feparates tbi§ gulf from the
gulf of Suez : about 30 leagues Ipng, an^
3 wide. Akabar, or Cataat el Akaba, a town of
Arabia, on the gulf to which it gives name,
J7 leagues S Jerufalem, 53 leagues E Suez.
Akaffeb-AJfalem, a town of Egypt, which
forms the boundary between Afia and
Africa, Akaji, a town of AxMa, 25 leagues E
Jerufalem, Akijfat, the ancient Thyatyra, a towp
0f Natolia, on a fine plain, j 7 piiles over,
planted with corn. It is inhsbited by
5000 Mahometans, on the rivei; Hermits,
50 miles S E Pergamos, Ion. 28 30 E, lat.
38 4»N.
Akerman, or Bielgorod, a town of Beffa-
rabia, fituated on the coaft of the Black
Sea, at the mouth of the Dniefter.
Aki, a province of Japan, In the wef
tern part of the ifland of Niphon, with a
town of the fame name.
Akim, or Aicany, an interior kingdom
of the Gold Coaft. It was once a mon
archy, but by the prevalence of fadlion,
its power is reduced, and its government
changed to republican. They are a war
like people, noted for their fair dealings,
enjoying the benefits of an extenfive com
merce. [Bofman.DIfcoveries in Afria.]
Akrida, a town of European Turkey, In
Afacc^opia, on the Drino, 124 leagues W

Conftantinople, 45 S E Ragufe, lat. 4^
46 N.
Akfu, a province of Afia, In Tartary, N
Kaflcgar: 120 leagues long, and 25 widt
Ala, a town of Japan, in the province of
Satzuma. Alaba, or Alava, a province of Spain,
bounded on the N and W by Bifcay : th?
principal towns are Vittoria, the capital,
Salviaterra, and Trevigno. »
4lada, an ifland in the Ipdian Ocean,
near the coaft of Siam, Ion. 97 52 E.lat.
9 27 N^
Aladulia, a country of Afia, called by
the Turks Dulgadir, or Dulcadir, bounded
on the N by Armenia, on the E by Perfia,
on the S by Syria, and on the W by Cara
mania ; the principal city Is Marafch. It
was formerly an independent Idngdoip,
but is now a province of Turkey.
^lagoa, a town of Africa, in Upper
Guinea, where the Portiiguefe have aa
eftablifliment. Atakfu, an Ifland between Kamfchatka
and America. It is populous and the
people were friendly to the firft European.
vifitants, till they Were provoked beyond
all fufferance. I'hey are tall, and ftrong
built. On the ifland arc warm fprings. Here
are rein deer, wild boars, wolves, dogs with
pendulous ears, fierce and •wild, probably
brought from Apierica. Here are large
flocks of fowls, efculent roots, berries and
large trees. [Mavor.]
Alais, a city of France, In tlie depart
ment of the Gard ; has 10,000 inhabi
tants, fituated on the river Gard, at the
foot of the Cevennes. Near it are vitri..
olic mines ; 37 miles N MontpelUer, lat.
44 8 N.
Aland, a. clufter of iflands, at the en
trance ofthe gulf of Bothnia, in the Bal
tic Sea. The principal ifland, which gives
name to the reft,is 40 nilles long,and from
12 to 16 broad. It contains 16 villages
and good inhabitants, who fpeak the
Swedifli language. [Coxe.] It is included
in the goverpment of Swedifli Finland,
and is 75 miles N E Stpckholpi, Ion. 30 o
E, lat. 600 N.
Alata, a ftupendous catarftcft of the
Nile. The water daflies in one fheet 40
pr 50 feet perpendicularly, and Is more
than half a mile wide. Below the falls
the water is compreffed between the
rocks, fo as to receive a bridge of one
arch. [Bruce.]
Alatri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di
Roma, on a hill, with a bifliop's fee ; 40
miles S E Rom?, Ion. 13 8 E, lat. 41 30 N.
Alaiyr,

ALB

ALB

Alatyr, a town of Ruffia, in Afia, on the
river Suru, 40 miles E of Kafan.
Alauta, a river • of Turkey in Europe,
which rifes In the mountains thatjicparate
Moldavia and Tranfylvania, runs through
Walachia, and enters the Danube, near
Nicopolis. Alaxa, an ifland between America and
Kamfchatka. it has a deep mould, and
produces plenty of grafs. Some wood
grows here. Near the fliore are many
craters. The Inhabitants of this, and the
Beighbouring Iflands, are of a middle fta-
ture,tawny complexion,black hair'. Their
principal food is fifli, which they eat un-
dreffed. They enter their huts-through a
hole in the top : marine andlaiidplantsare
eaten. When fick they abftaln from food
for fome days;fometimesthey opena vein
with a flint lancet, and fuck the blood.
Their boats are of thin flips of wood and
ikins. Thefe generally carry only one,
fometimes 40 men. 'Their wars are fre
quent, and their objei£t commonly is to
take female captives for flaves. The men
are allowed feveral wives. There is little
appearance of religion among them, but
like other favages they have jugglers and
fortune-tellers. ¦ When a ftranger arrives
the women go out to meet him, which is
a pledge of friendfliip and fecurity. When
a huflDand or wife dies, the furvivor re
tires into a foHtary, dark hole for 40
days.' When both parents die, none take
care of the orphans ; they are frequently
fold. Their Tookoo, or king, is elected ;
¦when he goes to fea, he is excufed from'
labour, a fubjed rows his boat ; at other
times he labours, and fives like the reft. In
their feftivals during the fifliing feafon,
fongs and dances are common. 'They are
filthy, vicious favages. [Mavor.]
Alba, a town of Italy, in Montferrat,
with a bifliop's fee ; feated on the river
Tanaro, 20 miles S E Turin, Ion. 8 J E,
lat. 44 46 N.
Alba-Julia,a cyty oiTrsinijhfSL'a.m, with
a bifliop's fee, and a univerfity, feated on
the declivity of a hill, nejr the river Om-
pias, 25 miles W Hermanftadt, Ion. 2 40
E, lat 46 26 N.
Albania, a province of European Tur
key, comprehending the ancient Illyri
cum and Epirus, on the coaft of the A-
driatic ; bounded on the north by Servia
and Dalmatia, on the eaft by Macedonia,
on the fouth by Livadia, and on the weft
by the Adriatic. Its length Is about 80
leagues, and its breadth about ao. It is
under the dominion of the Turks, except
a fmall part on the coaft, which yet be

longs to the V^petians, and Is divided by
them Into fangiacks, or governments.
The land Is fertUe, but' thinly peopled,
and badly cultivated. , The inhabitants
are, in general, excellent horfemen, and
form fome of the beft troops in the grand
fignior's army. The principal towns are
Durazzo, Scutari, Drivafto, Dulcigno,
Croya, Cataro, Antivari, &c.
Albano, a town of Italy, on a lake of
the fame name, in Campagna di Roma,
with a bifliop's fee. The territory about
it produces the beft wine in all this coun
try, aud many no^i^ien have gardens
here, ivhere they fpeJi'd the fummer. It
is 15 miles S E Rome.
Albano, a towp of N.-iples, in Bafilicata,
rcmarksblefor tho/iertility of the foil,
and the nobility of the inhabitants.
Albanopolis, a town of Turkey in Eu
rope, formerly the capital of Albania, on
the river Drino, Ion. ao 12 E, lat.41 48 N.
Alban's St. an ancient borough of Her-
fa, on the river Coin, fo called from St.
Alban, who was the firft martyr in Eng-'
jjland, and was buried on a hill in the neigh
bourhood- This borough fends two mem
bers to parliament, and is 12 miles N by
W London.
Albany or Breadalbane, a diftricS: of ScOt-„
land, in Perthfliire. Albany gives the
title of duke to his Majefty's fecond fon,
Frederick duke of York.
Albarazin, an ancient and ftrong town
of Spain, in Arragon, with a bifliop's fee.
Its wool is the beft in Arragon. It is feat
ed on the Guadalaviar, 100 miles E Ma
drid. Alba^in, a town of Great Tartary, with
a ftrong fortrefs to defend' it againft the
Chinefe and Mongul Tartars. Iti is on
the road from Mofcow to Pekin, Ion. 103
30 E, lat. 54 o N.
Albona, a town of Iftria, belonging to
Venice, 16 miles E Rovigno.
Albemarle, a town of France, in the de
partment of Lower Seine, Normandy.
From this town the Englifli family of
Keppel take the title of earl. Its ferges
are in high efteem. It is feated on the
declivity of a hill, 35 miles NNE Rouen,
and 70 N N W Paris, Ion. i 30 E, lat. 49
50 N.
Albengua, an ancient ftrong feaport of
Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a
bifliop's fee. It is furrounded with olive
trees, and feated on the Mediterranean
Sea, 37 mUes S W Genoa, Ion. 8 3 E,lat.
44 4 N.
Albifola, a town belonging to the re-
pubhc of Genoa. Here is a porcelain
manufaiiure,

A L, C

A L C

manufaiElure, and feveral country houfes
of the Genocle nobility. Ion. 8 20 E, lat.
44 I.? N.
Albret, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Landes, and late province of
Gafeony, 37 miles S Bourdeaux, Ion. o 30
W, lat. 44 10 N.
Alburg, a town of Denmark, in N Jut
land, vvith a bifliop's fee. A great num
ber of eels are taken here ; and it has a
confiderable trade;,in herrings and corn,
and a manufadture of guns, piftols, fad-
dies, and gloves. It is feated on a canal,
,1 o miles from the fea, and 30 N Wiburgh,
Ion. 9 46 E, lat. 5650 N.
Albuquerque, 3. town of Spain, in Eftre
madura, defended by a ftrong caftle. It
, . has a confiderable trade in ivool and cloth,
and is 22 miles S W of Alcantara, Ion.
7 3 W, lat. 38 50 N.
Alby, an ancient town of France, late
ly the^apital of the territory of the Al-
bigeois in Languedoe, and an archiepif-
copal fee. It is now the epifcopal fee of
the department of Tarn, and contains
10,000 inhabitants. In point of Arclii-
teiSure and decorations, the principal
church is one of themuftcuriousinFrance.
The inhabitants were called Albigenfes :
they were the firft that difputed the au
thority of the Pope, and were condemn
ed by a council here In ii'^6. ""(The en
virons of Alby are charming, and pro
duce all kinds of grain, excellent wines,
flax, hemp, faffron, anifeed, coriander, and
woad. The fine paftures afford wool of
a good quality, which is manufactured
into, knit ftocldngs for the foldlers, rat
teens of all colours, flialloons,coarfe wool-
I "lens, &e. The wax caudles of Alby are
equal in whitenefs to thofe of Mans.
I This town Is 42 miles N E Touloufe, and
335 S Paris, Ion. 2 14 E, lat. 44 15 N.
Alcacar Zeguer, a town and fortrefs of
> Africa, on the coaft of Fez, lat. 35 48 N..
tAleaear-quiber, a town of Africa, in Mo-
( roccojon the river Lucos, la leagues S
I Tangier.
I Alcala delos Gazulcs, a town of Seville,
in Spain, fituated on a mountain,furround-
( ed on all fides by a beautiful and fertile
I plain, with an ancient caftle ; 10 miles
Il ENE Medina Sidonia.
Alcala de Henares, a town of Spain, in
( New Caftile, on the river Henares, cele-
I brated for its univerfity, founded by car-
r dinal Ximenes, archbifliop of Toledo.
Without the town is a fountain, the wa
ter of which is fo excellent, as to be in
conftant ufe a^ the king's table : 4 leagues
E Madrid, 14 N E Toledo, Ion, 3 6 E,
lat, 40 4J N.

Alcala Real, a town of Spain, in the
kingdom of Jean : i^ leagues S E Cor
dova. Alcama, a town of Sicily, in the valley
of Mazarro, at the foot of Mount Boni-
fatis, Ion. 13 52 E, lat. 38 2 N.
Alcama, a handfome town of the Unit
ed Provinces, in N Holland. In the en
virons, they make the beft butter and
cheefe in Holland, and have the fineft tu
lips. It Is 17 miles N by W Anifterdani,
Ion. 4 44 E, lat. 52 40 N.
Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in
Eftramadiifa, and the chief place of the
loiigUts of that name. It has a magnifi
cent bridge over the Tajo, built by the
emperor Trajan. It was taken by the carl
of Galway in 1706, but retaken the fame
year. It is 42 miles N by W Seville, Ion.
6 7 W, lat. 39 20 N.
Alcantara, a town of Spain, in Andalu-
fia, Ion. 5 10 W, lat. 37 40 N.
Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in La Man-
cha, defended by a ftrong caftle. It has
a remarkable ancient aqueduift, and is
fituate near the fource of the Guadalqui-
ver, 135 miles SSE Madrid, Ion. 2 5 W,
lat. 38 28 N.
Alcazar, a town of Spain, In New Caf
tile, on the river Guadamana. It has a.
fortrefs on a high hill,' and lies in a very
fruitful country, 100 miles N W Cartha-
gena. Ion. 4 20 W, lat. 38 15 N.
Alcazar Leguer, a town in the kingdota
of Fez, feated on the ftraits of Gibraltar,
Ion. 5 30 W, lat. -35 o N.
Alcazti-de Sal, a town of Portugal, in
Eftramadura, with a caftle reckoned im
pregnable. Fine white fait is made here,
whence the town takes its name. It is
feated on the river Cadoan, 15 miles
from the fea, and 35 S E Lifljon.
Alcefler, or .d&ctyJfr,, an ancient town of
England, In the county of Warwick, fit
uated at the union of the rivers Ain and
Arrow ; the principal manufadure is
making needles, 102 miles N W London.
Alcmaer, a town of the United Nether
lands, in the ftate of Holland, near Scher- ,
meer, one of the largeft lakes of N Hol
land, about a league from the fea, with a
canal into the Ye, and thence to Amfter
dam. The land about the town was for
merly full of moraffes, but being now-
drained, is become good meadow land :
8 leagues NNW Amfterdam, lat. 5 2 3 8 N.
Alcouchete, a town of Portugal, on the
fouth coaft of the Tagus, In Eftramadura,
10 miles E Lilbon.
Atcouiin, a town of Portugal, in the
province 9f /Ugarva, oo a iJnaU ifland in
the

A L D

ALE

die Guadiana : it is fmall, but defended
oy one of the beft caftles in the kingdom ;
ao miles NNE Tavira.
Akudia, a town of Spain, in the pro-
•mnce of Valencia : 8 miles N W St. Fe
lipe. Alcudia, a town of the Ifland of Major
ca, on the north eaft coaft, with a con
fiderable bayi to which It gives name. In
v'hich.is good anchorage in 4, 5, and 6
fathoms water. Ion. 3' E, lat. 39 JO N.
Alden, a river of Siberia, which rifes
on the borders of China, lat. 63 25 N. It
^oins the Lena.
Aldbomugh, a feaport town of England,
in the county of Suffolk, with a commo
dious harbour for fifliermen. The fea
.has heretofore made confidejrable en
croachments on the trfwn : It is a corpo
ration, and returns two members to par-
'llament ; 93 miles N E London.
Aldhorough, a town of England, In the
¦Weft Riding of Yotkfliire, on the river
Cufe, formerly a Roman ftatlon, and a
magnificent to'wn, it fends two members
to parliament : 15 miles N W York, and
ao5 N London.
Aldea Gallega, a town of Portugal, In
Eftramadura, on the Tagus, 9 Ailes S E
lAfhon. Aldea del Ric, a town of Spain, in An-
dalufia, on the fouth fide of the Guadal-
quiver: 12 miles W S W Andujar, 34 N
"W Cordova.
Atiego, a river of Italy, and lofes itfelf
in the Adige, between Zerpano and Al-
baredo. Aldenahr, a to-ivn of Germany, In the
Lower Rhine, 9 leagues W N W Coblentz,
8 S Cologn, lat. 50 35 N.
Aldenau, a town of Germany, in the
Lower Rhine, and elecSorate of Colog'n :
10 leagues S Cologn, lat. jo 29 N.
Alderburgh, a Confiderable manufadur-
ing village of England, in the county of
Wilts : 3 miles S E SaUfljury.
Alderholm, an Ifland of Sweden, in the'
gulf of Bothnia ; 80 miles N Stockholm.
Alderney, a ftnall ifland, in the Englifli
channel, feparated from the coaft of
France only by a narrow channel of the
fea, called the Race of Alderney ; about
4 miles long from eaft to weft. It has a
harbour for fmaJl veffels only,on the fouth
fide, There are many rocks near the Ifl
and, and the paffage of the Race is par
ticularly dangerous in ftormy weather ; 7
leagues and a half N E Guerfey, 3 and a
half W N W La Hogue, Ion. 2 2J W, lat.
49 30 N.
AidJlmtjOt Aldflme-Mttr, a town of

England, county of Cumberland, dn a hill,
near the river Tyne, on the borders of
of Northumberland. The {larlfli is fmall ;
but on account of the lead mines, ex
ceedingly populous. The lands are held
on leafe, granted in the beginning of the
laft century for one 'thoufand years, at
prefent under the governors of Green
wich hofpital ; being part of the fdrfeit-
ed eftates of the earl of Derwentwater ;
more than a thoufandhands are employ
ed in the lead works. The town has a
plentiful market, held weekly on Satur
day : 19 miles from Penrith, and 304 N
London. '
Aldtidcs, mountains, part of the Pyre
nees, in the country of Lower Navarre,
between Pampeluna, and St. Jean Pie de ^
Port. Ale, a kingdom of Africa, In Nigritia.
Alegre, a to'wn of France, in the depart
ment of the Upper Loire, diftridl gf Puy-
en-Velay : 5 leagues S E Brioude.'
Alegretie, a to'wn of Portugal, in Alen--
tejo, on the river Cala. It is 7 miles S E
Portalegre, Ion. 7 25 W, lat. 39 a N.
Alencon, a large and haPdfome town of
France, in the department of Orne, and
late province of Normandy. Near it are
ftone quarries, in which they find a fort
of cryftal like Briftol ftones. It Is feated
in an open country, abounding in all forts
of corn and fruits, on the river Sarte, 20
miles N Mans, and 87 S W Paris, Ion, o
10 E, lat. 48 18 N.
Alentejo, a fertile province of Portugal,
between the Tajo and the Guadiana.
From its fertility, it is called the granary
of Portugal.
Aleppo, fuppofed to be the ancient Be-
rea, the capital of Syria, inhabited by
Turks, and four forts of chriftians, who
have each a bifliop and ¦ a church, and
the free exercife of their religion. The
city and fuburbs contain 200,000 perfons,
of whom 30,000 are chriftians. Next to
Conftantinople and Cairo, it is the moft
confiderable city in the Turklfli empire.
As a place of commerce, It is the empo
rium of Armenia and Diarbekir ; fends
caravans to. Bagdat and Perfia ; commu
nicates- with the Perfian gulf and India,
by Baffora ; with Egypt and Mecca, liy
Bamafcus ; with Europe by Alexandret-
ta and Latokia ; commerce is pi'lncipally
tranfadled by barter. The Enghfli,French,
Venetian, Leghorn, and Dutch mer
chants, have their Confuls refiding here.
The city ftands on eight hiUs, in the mid
dle of a picafant fruitful plain, and is pf

ALE

ALE

an oval figures TKe caftle ftands on the
higheft hill, in the middle of the city; and
the houfes are better than in other places
in Turkey. As ufual In the eaft, they
confift of a large court, with a dead wall
to the ftreet, an arcade running round it,
paved with marble, and a marble foiih-
taTn in the*middle. The city and fuburbs
are 7 miles in compafs. "The ftreets are
narrow, but well paved with large fquare
ftones, and kept very clean. They have
a great many ftately mofques and cara-
vanferas, with fountains andrefervoirs of
water, and vineyards and gardens well
planted with moft kinds of fruit. The
water in all the wells in the city is brack-
ifli ; but good water is brought from fome
fprings about 5 miles 0$, by an aque-
dn&, faid to have been built by the em-
pirefs Jlelena. The chriftian? have theii:
hou&s and churches in the fuburbs, and
carry on a confiderable trade in filks,
camblets, and Turkey leather. Several
European natioiis have faftorles here, and
the merchants live in greater fpleridor and
fafety than in any other city in theTurk-
iui empire ; wliich is owing tb particular
capitulations with the Porte. Coaches
or carriages are not ufed here, but per
fons of quality ride' on horfeback, with a
number of fervants before theni accordr
Ing to their ranK "The heat of the coun;
try makes it convenient for the Inhabit
ants to fleep in the open air, in this city,
over all Arabia, and in many other parts
of the eaft ; for which reafon, their liouf«
are flat on the top. This praiStiee accouft*
for the early acquaintance of thefe nations
with aftronomy, and explains fome parts
of the holy fcripturel a'^s the Turks are
very uniform in their way of living, this
account of Aleppo may give an Idea of
otherTurkifli cities. The pachalic or jurif-
di(£lion of Aleppo extends from the Eu
phrates to the Mediterranean. Its prin
cipal produce is wheat, bariey, and cot
ton ; but the greateft part of the lands,
though naturally fertile, are uncultivated.
In the ancient reglfters, they enumerated
3460 villages, no-w' ttey have not 400.
Eighteen miles S E of Aleppo, Is a large
plain, called the Valley of Salt, bounded
by low rocky hills, which form a kind of
nutural bafin, that retains the rain de-
fceriding from the rocks, together witli
the water rifing from a few fprings, and
caufe the whole to be overflowed in ivln-
tei-. The extent of the furface prevents
this water from being of any great depth ;
fo that It is foon evaporated by the fan,
when' it leaves a cake of fait, in fome pla-
Vox.. a D

ces half ati inch thick ; and, in April, peo
ple are employed to gather this fait,
Vvhich Is.fufficlent to fupply all this part
of the country. Aleppo is feated on a
friiall brook, 70 miles E of Alexapdretta,
and 470 N by E Damafcus, Ion. 37 20 E,
lat. 35 45 N. [Adam, Thevenp^, Bowen.]
Aleria, a town of Corfica, 22 mlle,s S E
Corte, defeated on acSount of Its un-
healthfulniefs. ,
Alcjfano, a town of Naples 15 miles S W
Otranto, loji. 18 25 E, lat. 40 jo N.
Atefjia, a town of Albania, near the
mouth, of the Drino.
Alcffto, a town of Turkifli Dalmatia, on
a mountain, 25 miles from Spalatro.
Alety a town of France, ill tlie departs
meilt of Aude and late province of Lan-
gpedoci, remarkable for, its baths, and for
the grains of gold aiid filver fopnd in the
ftream which runs from, the Pyrenees, at
the foot of which it ftanijs. It is on the
ri'irer Aude, ij miles S'of Carcaffoue.lon.
2 25 E, lat. 42 j'9 N; , . .,, , -
Aleutian-Iflands, are two groups of ifl
ands between N America and Kamfchatr
ka. The fii:_ft cdnfifts of j, the fecond of
8 Iflancls. . They were difcoyered by th^
Ruffians 1745, The natives fubfift chief
ly on roots of fpoiitaneous growth and
marine aniinals. "Though their rivers
abound In fifli, and the fea ip tprbot, they
overlook thefe, and feek a coarfer fare.
Their clothes are made from theflcins of"
birds, and fea otters. Their furniture Is
fimple, their arms are, darts or arrows
pointed with bone or flint, flung .from a
wooden inftniment. Some of the iflands
are uninhabited, fome have no trees ; the
princip^ root being pow parfiiip. - Tli^
iiiow li^s not more than a month. The na-
ti'ves are hofpitable, biit know how to rcr
vpnge an Infult. Sea otters are taken"
here in vaft numbers. '' [Mavor,]
Alexandrctta, or Scanderoon, a town of
Syria, in Afia, at the head , of, the Medi
terranean, and the feaport of AJeppp. , Jt
is now, properly fpeaking, nothing, but, a
village without walls, in which the.tomb<»
are more numerous than the houfes. The
road is fubjeiS: to great inconveniences ;
but the extreme uuwholel<i.menefs " of
the air is the wprft. This annually car
ries off one third of the creTO ofcths vef
fels which remain here during the ftup-
mer ; . and fliips have even frequently lofli
all their men ih two months.. On this
account, while the heats are exceflTive, the
principal inhabitants" retire to the .neigh
bouring; 'villages, among, thcmoiintains,
where there is excellent iroter and deli-

ALE

A L G

tious .fruits. It is 70 miles W Aleppo, Ion.
36 23 E, lat. 3635 N.
Alexandria, a confiderable town of Italy,
in the duchy of Milan, with a ftrong caf
tle, on the Tanaro, 40 miles S by E Mi
lan, Ion. 8 43 E, lat. 44 J5 N.
Alexandria, a famous city and feaport of
Egypt, built by Alexander the Great,332
years before Chrift. It was taken from
the chriftians by'Amrou Ebii el Aas, gen
eral of the Cahffjin the middle ofthe 6th
century, after a fiege of 14 months, In
wliich he loft 23,000 men. It then con
tained 4,000 baths, ia,ooo venders of
vegetables, 4,000 Jews, who paid tribute,
'&c. but what is ftill more to be regretted
in its lofs, the library, in which fucceffivd
lyings had collected more than 400,000
manufcrlpts, all of which were ordered
to be deftroyed by this Ignorant Arabian.
T'here are ftill fome remains of its ancient
fplendor, particularly two obelilks full
ef hieroglyphics ;'andj Pompey's pillar,
which is one 'entire piece of granite, 40
feet high, and 25 in circumference. The
ancient Pharos, fo fatuous in antiquity,
that It was numbered among the feven
wonders of the world, is now turned Into
a caftle called Pharlllon, ufed to direct
Veffels into the harbour. This city now
confifts chiefly of one long ftrfet, facing
the harbour, the reft being a heap of ru
ins : part of the walls are ftanding, with
great fquare towers 200 paces diftant ;
each ef which would contain 200 foldlers,
and had a ciftern in It, to which the wa
ter of the Nile was conveyed ; and its
gates are of Thebaic and granite marble.
It was formerly a place of great trade, all
the treafures of the E Indies being depof-
ited there : but fince the difcovery of the
Cape of Good Hope, this trade is in a
great meafufe loft. It is now, however,
the emporium of a very confiderable com
merce, the harbour for all the commodi
ties of Egypt, 'by the Mediterranean, ex
cept the rice o'f Damietta. The Euro
peans have eflablifliments there, where
faiSors difpofe of the merchandlfe by
barter. Veffels are conftantly to be met
with from Marfeilles, Leghorn, Venice,
Ragufa, and the dominions of the Grand
Signlor ; but' It is not fafe to winter there.
The tovrti, which is low, is fupplled by
means of a'canal- from Faoua, which
brings the ¦tt'ater ofthe Nile to refervoirs
fii the time of its Inundation, to ferve the
year. It is this canal which makes Alex
andria a part of Egypt ; for from' its fitau-
tion without the Delta, it really belongs
to Lybia, It contains 30,000 inhabitants.

The Turks call it Scanieria or Efcandetia :
1 1 leagues S W Rofetta, 32 N N W Cairo,
Ion. 31 II E, lat 31 II N.
Alexandria, a town of New Ruffia, on
the borders of Poland. There is a toijva
of this name in Poland, in Volhynia, JO
ENE Lucko.
Alfacs, the name of certain iflands near
the mouth of tbe libro, on which is a
town of this name, in the principality of
Catalonia, in Spain, 9 mites from Tortofa.
Alfeizerao, a town of Portugal, In Eftra
madura, on the feafide, lop. 9 10 W, lat.
39 30 N.
Alfeld, a town' of Germany, in the
bifliopric of Kildeflieim, 15 miles S S W
Hildeflieim, Ion. 10 4 E, lat. 5138 N._
Alfere, atowiiofArabia,72miles SMedina.
Alfideiia, an ancient town of Naples, ia
Abruzzo Citra, Ion. 14 20 E, lat. 41 48 M.
Alford, a town in Lincolnfllire, 6 miles
from the fea, 20 N Bofton, 138 N London.
Alfreton, a town in Derbyililre, 13 miles
N Derby, and 141 NNW Lpndon.
Algugiola, a fmall fortified feaport in
Corfica. It was almoft deftroyed by the
malecontents in 1731, but has been rc-
ftored. Ion. 8 SS E, lat. 42 30 N.
Algarva, the moft fouthern province of
Portugal, 67 miles in length, and 20 in
breadth. It is fertile in figs, almonds,
dates, olives, and excellent wine ; and
the fifliery brings in large fums.
Algcri, or Algher, a populous city on a
mountain, in Sardinia, near the Weftern
Coaft, 79 miles N W Cagliari, lat. 40 40
N, Ion. 8 40 E.
Algeziras, a ftrong town of Sp»in,in An-
dalufia, on the ftraits of Gibralter ; but
at prefent in a mean condition, the har
bour being decayed. It is 10 miles N W
Gibralter, Ion. 5 22 W, lat. 36 14 N.
Algiers, one of the ftates of Barbary,
bounded on the eaft by Tunis, on the
north by the Mediterranean, on the fouth
by Mount Atlas, and on the weft by Mo
rocco. It extends 600 miles from E to
W. The air is very temperate, and the
land toward the N fertile in corn. The
valleys are full of fruit ; but a great part
is dry, mountainous, and- barren. The
melons have an exquifite tafte, fome of
which are ripe in fummer, and others In
winter. The fttms of the vines are fo
Idrge, that a man can hardly grafp thcra
with his arms ; and the bunches of grapes
arc a foot and a half long. It is divided
into three provinces, »amely, Tlemfara
. on the W, Titterie on the S, and Con-
ftantia on the E, of the city of Algiers.
The Turks, 'n ho have the goverDmcnt in

A L G

A L H

in their hanjs, are not above 7000 in
number ; and yet the Moors, or natives
of Africa, have no fliare in it. It is only
a kind of republic under tlie protedlion
of the grand fignior, and it is governed
by a fovereign, called the Dey, who,
however, can d» nothing of confequence
without the council of the Jaalflarles.
The Arabs, who live in tents, are a dif-
tintSt people, governed by their own laws
and magiftrates, though the Turks inter-
pofe as often as they pleafe. The Dey
of Algiers is an abfolute monarch, but
ele<£ted by the Turkifli foldlers, and fre
quently depofcd, and put to death by
them. The revenues of the government
arife from the tribute paid by the Moors
and Arabs, a detachment of the army be
ing fent into each province every year
to cpUeift it ; and the prizes they take at
fea fometimes equal the taxes they lay
upon the natives. The Dey has feveral
thoufand Moors in his fervice, both
horfe and foot ; and the deys or viceroys
of the provinces, have each an army un
der his command. Their religion is Ma-
hometanlfm, and their language a diale<£l
ofthe Arabic. They have likewife a jar
gon, compofed of Italian, French, and
Spanlfli, called Lingua Frapca, that is
undcrftood by the common people and
merchants. The complexion of the na
tives Is tawny, and they are ftrong and
well made.
Algiers, a large and ftrong town of
Africa, In Barbary, the capital of the
country of Algiers. It is built on the de
clivity of a mountain, and Is In the form
of an amphitheatre next the harbour ;
infomuch that the houfes appearing one
above another, make a very fine appear
ance from the fea. The tops of the
houfes are all flat, for which reafon they
walk lipon them in the evening to take
the air ; befides, they are covered with
earth,and ferve for a fort of gardens. The
ftreets are narrow, and ferve to keep off
the extreme heat of the fun. The mole
of the harbour is 500 paces in length,
extending from the continent to a fmall
ifland, where there is a caftle and a large
battery of guns. The town, by fome, is
faid to contain about 150,000 inhabit
ants ; others fay, 100,000 Mahometans,
15,000 Jews, and 4000 Chriftian flaves ;
others redlice the number of all to 80,000.
Their chief fubfiftence is derived from
their piracies, for they make prizes of all
Chriftian fliips that are not at peace with
them. The country about Algiers is
adorned with gardens and fine villas,

watered by fountains and rivulets ; and
thither the inhabitants refort In the hot
feafons. Algiers has, for ages, braved
the refentment of the moft powerful ftates
in Chrlftendom. The emperor Charles
V. loft a fine fleet and army, in an expe
dition againft it, in 1541. Th'e Englifli
burnt their veffels in the harbour in 1635
and 1670. It was bombarded by the
French in 168S. In 1775, the Sp'aniards
made a defcent near the city with a for
midable army, but were defeated with
great flaughter. In 1784, they fent a
powerful fleet to attack the forts that
defend the harbour ; but they were re
pelled by the Algcrines, although they
made eight fucccffive attacks with great
fpirit and bravery. In 1767, the Alge-
rines took the lead of the other ftates of
Barbary, in ' refufing to pay any longer
their ufual tribute to the Porte. ' Al
giers is fituate oppofite Minorca, 380
miles W Tunis. Algiers has a hofpital,
founded by the king of Spain for Chrif
tian flaves of all nations. This unfpeak-
ably relieves their miferies. Three or
four phyficlans attend, and ten Priefts,
who prepare the medicines for the fick.
Slaves in Algiers are puniflied by being
baftinadoed,by being beheaded, by being
nailed to the gallows by one hand, and
the oppofite foot, till they die in un-
defcrlbable tortures. They are alfo flung
from the walls of the" city upon Iron
hooks, upon thefe they fometimes hang
in agony feveral days before they expire.
A turk, whatever his crime, is pardoned
if he reach a mofque before he is feized.
A Jew would be burned alive were he
ever to enter one of thefe mofques. The
climate is delightful ; the earth is cover
ed with almoft perpetual verdure. Ex«i
treme heat Is not common, feldom is froft
feen. Their religion Is Mahometanifm.
Superftitlon fpreads her gloom. Every
Friday the women repair to the groves
to carry provifions to their friends. Late
ly not more than 1 2C0 Chriftians were in.
flavery here, Ion. 3 47 E, lat. ^S S° N.
[Fofs.]_
Algo'zu,z country of Germany, in Swabia,
on the fouth fide of the Danube, N Tyrol.
Alhama, a town of Spain, in Granada.--
A little below it are hot baths, account
ed the beft in Spain.- It is feated in a
valley, furrounded by craggy mopntains,
25 miles S W Grenada, Ion. 3 24 W.Jat.
36 56 N. There are two other towns of
this name in Spain, one in Cordova, the.
other in Arragon, the latter celebrated
for its medicinal waters. Alicant,

ALL
Alicaiit, a ,fcaport towp of Spain, op thf
Mediterraieaii,' in Valencia, at the bot
tom of the giilf, ito which it gives name.
It is well' bntit and populous. The bay
is flieltijf ed dp the E by Cape de la Ifu-
^ta, aiid to' the W by Cape Saint Paul,
apd the ifland o^ Tabarca. Veffels an-
ihqr about^a niile froni'the mole, in 6, 7,
8,' and io fathoms water, arid may enter,
aipd gO out with any .wind. The inole is
large and coinihodipus. One of tjie clr-
cumftanccs which has moft contributed
to the riches and commerce of Alicant, is
the duties of dntry ^eihg lefs there than
at "Valencia and Cathagena. This dlpiin-
iflied tjie commerce of thefe two clties,ln
favour o'f Aficant, from wfiich all the
Vi.Hcls that carry on the trade betweeii
^pain and Italy, are fitted out. The com
merce confifts Ip barlUa, antimony, al-
luin, anifeed, cumminfeed, dried fruit,
'»vool, and wine, particularly that called
"tent, or Aticanf. Linens frpin France,
Swifferland, apli Sllefla, an^ capi^lets and
xvpolleps from traiici:, are tl^e chief ini-
ports. The ipopntaln onSyhich the caf
tle is built, and at the foot pf wliich the
city ftands, is formed of white earth, arid
being 'vifible a great w^y at fea, ferVes as
a guide to pilots, '^'he bay of Alicant is
faid to have been the famous gulf of IlicI,
fo called from a Aoman colony, now
Elche ; but the decUnliig flate of, that
ptirt, an4 the improvenient of Alicant,
gave it the name It now bears ; It begins
at Cape St. Martip, and terminates at
Cape Palos : 25 miles S Valencia, Ion.
o o, lat. 38 aa N.
Alicum, a town of Spain, in the pro
vince of Grenada, celebrated for Its me
dicinal w<-ii:ers, 14 miles from Grenada.
.Aligata, a town of Sicily, remarkable
for corn and good wipe. It is feated on
a penliifula, 2a miles S E of Gergentl,
lQm'13 48 E, lat. 37 n N.
Aljubarota, n town of Portugal, in Ef-
tramadiira, near which Juan I. Ifing of
Portugal, obtained a iignal vidtory over
tlie king of Caftile, on the 14th of Au-
guft, 1385. They report that 12,000
Caftllians were left dead on the field,
befides a great number of prifoners.
Alkan, a town of Africa, in Egypt, on
the weftern branch of the Nile, 30 miles
N,N W Cairo.
A^kviaer, fee Alcmaer.
Alla-Hi/bad^ a -province of Hindpoftan,
about' 160 miles in length, and 120 in
breadth : bounded on the eaft by the
province of Bahar, on the N by Oude,
on the S' fiy ^rar, and on the W by

A L M
Malwa «pd Agra. Th,e principal city i»
.^lla-rtabad, between the Ganges and the
Jumna, at their confliix, compofed of
two towns, the oU and new ; thp latter
about a mile long, and half a mile wide,
fituated nearer the Jumna than the Gap-
ges. The old town, with a magnificent
clfadel, Is near th? Ganges : 300 iplles S
Dehli, 22a S ? Agra, 470 N W Calcutta,
loii. 82 5 E, lat. 25 27 N.
AUchurch, a vUlage of Worcefterflijrc,
formerly a borough, and 7 miles ip cir
cumference. It is 5 miles N Brqmfgrove.
Allegranza, one of the Canary iflands,
N 6raciofa, and E St. Claue. There are
feveral caftles that defend the harbour.
Allcnbourg, a tpvyn of Prulfia, 24 miles
' E S E Koninglberg.
Ollendorff,-!, town In the laijd^ravate
of He|re Caffel, remarkable for its falt-
'vvorlcs, and three ftone bridges. It is on
the 'Wefer, 15 ipIles E CafTel, Ion. 9 J9 E,
lat ji 19 N.
Alter, a river of Gefpiapy, vyhich en
ters the Wefer below Verdcn.
J^lleria, a decayed town in Corfica, a
bifliop's fee, lat. 42 5 N.
Allejleim, a town of Germany, In Swa
bia, 5 miles S Oettingen.
Ailerfperg, a town of Germapy, Frap-
coiiia, 18 miles ^ Nuremberg.
^lleyard, a tovyn of Fri^nce, departr
inent of Ifere, 18 niiles NNE Grepoble.
Ailier, a departmept of France, lately.
the province o^ Bourbonnols. It is foi
called froni a river which falls into the
Loire, abpye Orleans.
Allpa, a coinmercial tovyn pf Sco^lapd,
on the frith oj Fortli. It confifts pf one
fpacious ftreet, well paved, and fliaded
vvith rows of Ijme-trees. Here Is a cuf-
toin-houfe for the cpnvepiente of the
iliipping in this part of the noi;-th, and if
is the refort of all the coal veffels in the
neighbourhood. It has a glafs-Jioufe and
fome other manufadturcs, Ion. 3 45 W,
kt. 56 10 N.
Allftadt, a town pf -Germany, in Uppe^
Saxony, zb miles N 'W'^cipiar.
AJmacarron, a feaport of Spain, ih Mur-
cia, at the mouth of the Guadalantine,
near the Mediterranean, 20 miles S W
Carthagena. There are fome rich alluip
mines in the neighbourhood. Ion. o 56
W, lat.. 3 7 28 N. '
Almanza, a town of Spain, in New Caf.
tile, 50 miles S W 'Valencia.
Almazan, a town of Spain, In Old Cat
tile, on the Dperp.
Almeda, a town of Portugal, in Eftra
madura, on the Tajo, oppofite Lift)op, Almeida,^

ALP

A L S

Almihfa, a town of Pqrtngal, in the
province of Tra-lps-montes, 17 miles S
W Cividad Rodrigo.
Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal,
in the province of Beira, on the river
Coa, Ion. 8 15 W, lat. 40 38 N.
Almendvalaio, a town of Spain, in Eftra-
ipadura, lat. 38 36 N.
Alineria, a feaport of Spain, in Grana
da, on the river Ahperla, 6a miles S E
<Jranada. Almiffa, a fmall town, at the moufh of
the Cetipa,, in Dalipatia, famous for its
piracies ; 10 miles-E Spalatro, lop. 17 45
E, lat. 44 4 N.
Almondbury, a, village in the W riding
fit Yorklliire, forrnerly a Roman tpwn,
callpd Capippdqnum, an4 afterw^jrij a
iifat of the Saxon kings.
Almond/bury, a village in Gloucefler-
(hii'c. Here is a fgrtlticatiop of the Sax
ons, with a double ditch, which coni-
mands an extenfive view of the SpvC!}.
It is Smiles N Briftol.
^(ifiora, a country of Afia, between the
piouptain? of Thibet qnd Hindooftan, N
of the provinqe of Rohilcund. The prin
cipal towns are Ranipour and Coffipour.
Alnfmouth, pr .^^eitiouth, a feaport town
pf England, fpr fmall veffels, Ip the coun
ty of Northumberlqndi which carries on
a confiderable trade with Holland ; 4
miles S E Alnewick, and 15 N Morpeth,
Ion, 135 ^, lat. 55 25 N.
jiilmunecar, a town of Spain, in Grana
da, feate^ on the Mediterranean, with a
good harbour, defended by a ftrong caf
tle, 30 niiles SSE AUjama, Ion. 3 45 W,
lat. 36,30 N.
Ain-.vifk, the county town of Northum-
bgrlftpd, on the river .Alue, and is a popr
ulous well built town. It has three
gates, which remain almoft entire, and
fhpw that it was formerly fiirrounded by
a wall. It was defended by, an old ftate
ly Gothic caflle, the feat of the duke of
l>!orthumberland, which- has been lately
repaired and beautified. It is 30 miles
N; Newcaflle, and 305 N hy W London.
Alof, a town of Flanders, on the river
Dender, 15 miles N W Bruffeis.
Alpen, a town of Germany, in the cir
cle, of the Lower Rhine, and eledorate
ot Cologn : 8 miles S W Wefel, and 50-
NNWCologn. Alpahavo, a town of Portugal, in Alen
tejo : 3 leagues NNW Pontalegre.
Alpnach, a town of Swifferland, in Un-
derwalden, feated on lake Alpnacih, an
arm of the lake of the Four Cantons.
Alps, a ridge of mountains, which di

vide Italy from France pnd GerniapTV
They commence on the coaft of the Med-
iterraaean, near Monaco, between the
ftate of Genoa and the county ef Nice,
and terminate at the Gulf of Carnero, in
the Adriatic. They confift of Ipfty
chains of mountains, ranging one upon
another, vvith only narrow valleys be
tween. They are compofed of ftupen
dous rocky maffes, piled upon eaph other,
from 40D0 to 12000 feet high. There
are few paffes over them, and thofe of
difficult acccfs, which are the chief fecp-
rity of Piedmont againft the attempts of
France. Swiflerland takes up a good. .
part of thefe piopntains, or rather the
vallies bttween them. I'he famous Han
nibal attempted to crofs the Alps on the
fide pf Piedmont, in the winter feafon,
when he invaded Italy, and loft' moft of
his elephants among them. [Coxe.] They
are called by different names in different
parts. Two departments of France, Up
per and Lovyer Alps, take their name
from thefe niountains. They ai'e form
ed out qf what was heretofore called
Dapphlny, and a part of Provence. Gap
is the capital of the departnient of the
Higher Alps ; and Digne, the capital of
the department pf the Lower Alps.
Alpuxares, high niouptains of Granada,
in Spain, near the Mediterranean, inhab
ited by the Morlfcoes. They produce
excellent vylnes and fruits.
Alresford, a tpwn of. England, ip Hamp-
fliire, 1 8 miles ENE Southampton, and
57 W S W London.
Alface, a late province of France,bound-.
ed E by the Rhine, S by Switzerland. It
is one of the moft fertile countries in
Europe, producing plenty of all forts of
corn, winc; pafture, wood, flax, tobacco,
pulfe, and fruit. There are mines of fil
ver, copper, and lead, as well as mineral
waters. It Is diverfified with pleafaut
hills, and mountains covered with forefts,
in which are pine trees 120 feet high.
The language Is the German, It having
been formerly part of the empire. It Is
now Included in the departments of the
Upper and Lower Rhine ; Colmar is the
capital of the former, Stralburg of the
latter. Alfen, an ifland of Denmark, in the
Little Belt, or entrance into • the Baltic,
between Slefwick and Funen. It has %
caftles ; 100 miles W Copenhagen.
Alsfcld, an ancient town of Germany,
in Heffe Caffel, 12 miles N W Marpurg.
Its inhabitants were the firft of this coun
try who embraced the reformation. A:p.-'c,

ALT

A M A

Alfi.-da, a town of Sweden, in the pro
vince of Smoland, near which a gold
{nine was difcovered in 1738.
Altamont, a town Of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore, 15 miles N W Bafigniano, ' Ion.
16 aa E, lat. 39 50 N.
AUamura, a town of Naples, in Bari,
i.r. the foot of the Appennines, Ion. 1658
E,lat. 4i'.6 N.
Altea, a feapoit of Spain, in Valencia,
nn the Mediterranean, 42 miles S E Va
lencia, and no S by E Madrid, Ion. o 15
E,kt. 3834N.
Altena, or Alttna, a fiourifliing feaport
«f Germany, in the duchy of Holltein,
commodioufly feated on the Elbe, In the
vicinity of Hamburg. The Danes built
it in that fituation, tbat it might rival
Hamburg In commerce. It was burnt
iby the Swedes in 1713, but has been
{beautifully rebuilt. It is the port of the
JJaiiifli E India Company, Ion. 9 52 E,
iat- 53 37 N.
Altenburg, a to'wn of Germany, in Up
per Saxony, with a caftle ; formerly an
imperial town, but now belonging to the
Iioitle of Saxony. It is feated on the
Pteifle, 20 miles S Leipfie, Ion. la a8 E,
iat. 50 59 N. _ ¦
Altenburg, a town of Tranfylvania, 1 8
miles S 'Weiffemburg, Ion. 23 15 E, lat.
46 o N.
Altenburg, or Otoar, a town of Lower
Hungary, on the Danube, 15 miles S
Preftjurg, and 40 S E Vienna, Ion. 1 7 1 3
E, lat. 480 N.
Altenburg, or Oldenburg, an ancient town
of Germany, in Holftein,
Aluffon, a town of Piedmont, between
the rivers Dorc and Stura, 3 miles N Tu
rin, Ion. 720 E, lat. 44 36 N.
Aitezey, a town and caftle of Germany,
in the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of
a territory of the fame name, 15 miles
S W Mentz, Ion. 8 12 E, lat. 49 40 '^.
Althirch, a town of France, in tlie Up
per Rhine, on the river llie, 45 miles S S
W Stralburg, Ion. 7 ao E, lat. 47 40 N.
Altmore, a town of Ireland, in the couu
ty of Tyrone, 7 miles N W Dungan-
JlOIl. Alton, a town of England, in Hamp-
- fliire. It has one church, a famous free-
fehool, a large manufadture of plain and
-figured baragons, ribbed druggets, and
ferges de Nifmes ; and round the town are
plantations of hops. It is feated on the
Wey, 18 miles ENE Southampton, and
48 W S W London.
• Altona, fee Alttim.
Alton.Kmppree, a large and populous

town on an ifland formed by the river
Alton, which is a branch of the Tigris.
Here is a Turkifli garrifon, and the town
is deemed impregnable. This is the capi
tal of Turkifli Curdiftan, and the refi-
dence of a Eafliaw. [Jackfon.] '
Altorf a town of Germany, in Nurem
berg, vi'ith a famous univerfity, a library,
and a phyfic garden. It it fubjeift to the
houfe of Bradenburg, and Is 10 miles S K'
Nuremberg, Ion. 11 22 E, lat. 49- 20 N. '
Altorf, a town of Germany, in Siiabia,
20 miles N E Conftance, and fubjcS to
the houfe of Auftria, Ion. 9 30 E, lat. 47
50 N.
Altorf, a town of Swlflirland, capital
of the canton of Uri, on the lake of Lu--
cern, near the fpot where it receives the
river Rufs, 20 miles S E Lucern, Ion. 8'
25 E, lat. 46 55 N.
Altringham, a town of England, in
Chefliire, 10 miles E Warrington, and
180 N W London.
Alva-de-tormes, a town of Spain, in Le-'
on, with a caftle, feated on the Tormes,
12 miles SE Salamanca.
Alvar, a town of Hindooftan, In the
country of Mewat, 60 miles S S W Delhi.'
Alzira, a town of Spain, in Valencia,
on the river Xucar, 1 7 miles S Valencia,
Ion. o 10 E, lat 39 6 N.
Ama, or Aman, a town of Syria, once'
the beautiful and rich city of Apamea,
now almoft in ruins, 92 miles N Damaf
cus, latl 35 N.
Amadatt, or Uamadaii, a town of Perfia,'
200 miles N E Bagdad. The Jews flock
here in pilgrimage to vifit the tombs of
Mordecai and Eftlier, which they alledge
to be here. On the place of thefe tombs .
they have a fynagogue, Ion. 47 4 E, lat.
35 15 N.
Amadia, a trading town of Afia, In
Curdiftan, belonging to the Turks ; feat
ed on a high mountain, 40 miles S E Ge-
zira, Ion. 41 5 E, lat. 36 5 N.
Amai, an Ifland of Denmark, on which-
part of CopePhagen, -called Chriftian-
Shafen, is built. It is 4 miles fong'and 2
broad, and is chiefly peopled by the de-
fcendants of a colony from E Friefland,
to whom the Ifland was configned by
Chriftian II. at the requeft of his Queen,
for tlie purpofe of fupplying her with
vegetables, cheefe and butter. From the
intermarriages of thefe colonifts with the
Danes, the prefent inhabitants are chiefly
defceiided ; but as they wear their own
drefs, and enjoy peculiar privileges, they
appear a diftin(JV race. The ifland Is laid
out in gardens and paftures ; and ftill, ac
cording

A'M B

A M B

tording to the original defign, fupplies
Copenhagen with milk, butter, and vege
tables. It has about 806 inhabitants,
aud is conne(5tcd with the city by bridge^,
one of -yirliich is faid to be a mile and a
half long, and half a mile wide, on which
part of the city is built. [Coxe, Walker-]
Ainal, a town of Sweden, with a good
harbour on lake Wenner, 175 miles S W
Upfal. It carries on a great trade in
tunber, deals, and tar, Ian. 12 40 E, lat.
59 o N.
Amalf, an ancient archiepifcopal town
of Naples. It is a poor place, contain
ing 4,000 inhabitants. Flavio Gioia,
who is faid to have invented the ma
riner's compafs, about the beginning of
the 14th century, was a native of this
town. It is feated in a charming coun
try, on the weftern coaft of the gulf of
'Salerno, 11 miles S W Salerno, Ion. 14
45 E, lat. 40 28 N. [Adam.]
Amanca. There are towns of this name .
in France, chief places of canlops, one 5
miles N E Nantz, the other la W Lux-
euil, In the Upper Soane.
Amand, Si. a town of France, In the
department of Cher and late territory of
Bourbonnois, on the river Cher, 20 miles
S Bourges, Ion. 2 30 E, lat. 46 45 N.
Amand, St. a town of France, in the
department of the N late French Flan
ders. It is feated on the Scarpe, 7 miles
N Valenciennes, Ion. 3 35 E,lat. 50 27 N.
Amaugiuhi, a town of Japan, the capi
tal of the kingdom of Nangaro, and one
ef the richeft towns in Japan.
Amantca, a feaport of Naples, in Cala
bria Citra, 30 miles S W Cofenza, Ion.
16 10, E, lat. 39 12 N.
Amafia, an ancient town of Natolia, the
birthplace of Strabo, the geographer. It
is the refidence of a bafliaw, and gives
its name to a province, where there are
the beft wines and fruits of Natolia. Ma
ny of the houfes are of hewn ftone, but
more of wood. The greater part of the
inhabitants are Chriftians. There is but
tone mofque in the place. [Jackfon.] It
was deftroyed by an earthquake, July 3,
1794. It IS feated near the river Cafal-
mack, 36 miles N Tocat, Ion. 36 o E, lat,
40 31 N.
' Amaiha, a city on the river Jordan.
Amberg, a town of Germany, capital of
the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria. It has
iron mines, a ftrong caftle, and Is feated
on the river Ills, 40 miles E Nuremburg,
Ion. 12 7 E, lat. 49 30 N.
Ambcrt, a town of France, in the dc-
partirftnt of the Puy de Dome, in a beau

tiful valley, on the rhrcr Ore. There-are
no lefs than 60 paper-imakers in its v.i-
ciiiity, who manufacture paper for print
ing cards, and engraving. It has alfo 2
trade in coarfe laces, camblets, ferrets, &:c.
It is 300 miks S by E Paris, Ion. 3 50 K,
lat. 45 25 N.
Ambil, one of the fmaUer Phiflippice
Iflands, with a volcano.
Ambldiv, one of the Molu cca iflands, 4
leagues in circumference.
AmbUfide, a town of Wcftmorela/tid,
England, 271 miles NNW London, Ion.
3 6 W, lat. 54 28 N.
Amblcteufe, a fcHpoit of France, in tlie
department of the Straits of Calais, Picar
dy, 8 miles N Boulogne.
Amboife, a town of France, In the d/j-
partment of Indre, and Loire, at the con
fluence of the Loire and Maflce. Tlie
ftaircafe of the caflle, being without ftept,
may be afcended to the very top. 1-lcrc
Lewis XI inftituted the order of St. Ii-'ii-
cliael ; and here, ia 1560, was formed tJii;
famous confpiracy againft the Gusii.-.,
known by the name of the Amlvoife. k
is 12 miles E Tours, and 118 S by W
Paris, Ion, o 54 E, lat. 47 25 N.
[Wraxall.]
Ambo-ina, an ifland of Afia, in the In
dian Ocean, with a garrifon town of the
fanie name. It is the chief of the Moluc
cas, and remarkable for the quantity fit
cloves and nutmegs it produces. The
Englifli and Dutch had faiftorics here at
the beginning of the i 7th century ; bul
the Dutch expelled the Englifli, and tor
tured and put to death many of tluin,
under pretence that they had entered Jji-
to a confpiracy with the Chinefe agaiai-il
them. Since that time the Dutch have
poffeffed the entire dominion of the
Spice Iflands, and excluded the reft of tiic
world from trading there. 'I'he men ini}-
their wives of their parents, and if thev
prove barren, the marriage is void.
They are generally Mahometans ; but
there are fome Roman Catliolics amoii^
them, Ion. 127 o E, lat. 4 o S.
Arniras, or Ombra, a town and fnrrrcfs
of Auftria, 2 miles S E Infpruck, vvhich
vvas, as its name (fliade) rather impr.rU,
a fummer retreat for the .irch-dukes.
The ftatues, medals, treafures of ^old,
precious ftoncs and rarities, in the niuii-
um here, are immenfe. There is alfo i\;ii
trunk of an oak, enclofing the whole bo<r-"
of a deer, fuppofed to have perlflitd '--.r.
the fnow, and to liave been covered viiil
the mud and wreck of the trees, &r.
waflicd frooi the mcuuta-'n^ by tl-.t. x\:.'.t> .

A M H

A M R

Tfielfee, thus depoGted, and taking root,
cnclofed with its roots the body of the
animal and in its further growth, ralfed
the body up with it. Here is alfo a good
library, arid a gallery of bufts and admir
able paintings. [Walker.] '
Ambrejbury, a town in Wiltfliire, Eng
land, 78 miles W London, Ion. i 40 W.
lat. 51 II N.
Amedabad, a confiderable city, the cap
ital of Guzerat, in Hindooftan Proper.
It Is one of the beft fortified places In
India, but was taken by general Goddard,
in 1780, from the Poonah Mahrattas, to
¦tf^hom it was reftored in 1783. Travel
lers have dwelt much on its beauty and
convenient fituation. It Is feated in a
level country , on the banks of a naviga
ble river that falls into the gulf of Cam-
bay, 321 miles N Bombay. The Gen-
toos have hofpitals here for birds and
iick animals. The rajah, or Emperor's
viceroy, lives very fplendidly, and main
tains ia,ooo horfe, and 50 elephants. The
city is of great extent, has i a gates, Is
furrounded by a wall flanked, with gates,
and has a garrifon. The royal fquare
formed by the caftle, is ornamented with
palm, date, orange and citron trees, and
contains, the palace, courts of judicature,
caravanfery for lodging- ftrangers, 30
large mofques, befides fmaller ones, 16
pagodas. The Armenians, Jews, and
Abyffinians have here, each their ref-
pe(3ive places of worfliip ; and the Eng
lifli and other European merchants have
their faftors, and purchafe fine cliintz,
calicoes, and other Indian merchandlfe.
It is lao miles N Surat, and 40 N E
Cambaya, Ion. 72 37 E, lat. 22 58 N.
Am'edn'agur, a city of Hindooftan, in the
Deccan ; once the capital of the foubah
of the fame name, Which Is now better
known by that of Dowlatabad. This ci
ty vvas the refidence of the emperor Au-
rungzebe, during his conqueft of the Dec-
can and the carnatic. It is 181 miles by
Poonah, frpm BombaJ-, Ion. 75 o E, lat.
19 10 N.
Amelia, an ancient town of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoleto, 45 miles N Rome.
Amersfort, a town of the United Pro
vinces, In Utrecht, feated in a fertile
country on the river Ems, 12 miles E U-
trecht. Ion. '5 aa E, lat. 5a 14 N
Anterfmm, or Agmondejhizm, a borough
of Bucks, England. It fends two mem
bers to parUament, and is a6 miles S E
Buckingham, and 29 N W London.
Amhara, a province of Abyffinia, lying
between the rivers Baihilo and G.efllem.

It is 120 miles long, more than 40 oi'daiJ.
It is mountainous, full of nobility, who are
the handfomeft, and braveftmen of Abyf
finia. They are fuppofed to lie the de-
fcendants of thofe who fled from Canaari
when Ifrael took poffeffibn of the land.
It Is divided Into 36 diftrldls, and has
mines of copper, tin and lead. [Bruce.]
Amid, a town of Natolia, 40 miles E
-Amafia, Ion. 36 40 E,lat. 4b 30 N.
Amiens, an ancient city of France, in
the department of Somme, Picardy, the
epifcopal town of the department. The
nave of the cathedral Is a finlflied piece
of building, and the whole ftruiSlure
ftal'ely ; befide which, there are 10
parifli churches, one in the fuburbs, and
an academy of belles letters. Three
branches of the river Somme enter this
city, over vi'hich are as many bridges and
5 gates. It has manufactures In linen
and woollen cloth, eftabliflied by Colbert,
which employ, in the city and adjacent
country, 30,000 people. It is on the
road from Paris to Calais, ao miles S E
Abbeville, and 75 N Paris; Ion. a a8 E,
lat. 49 54 N.
Amianthus, a village' of Cyprus, remark-
ble for producing albeftos, from which an
incombuftable cloth was made, with vvhich
they clothed the Europeans burned
here. [Mariti.]
Amlak, an ifland between Kamfchatka
and America, one of the Andreanoffski
group, about 200 miles in circuit. It has
but a few inhabitants. There is a good
harbour, feveral rivulets, plenty oi' roots.
Ion. 173 30 W, lat. 52 30 N. [Mavor.]
Auimercot, a fort in Hindooftan Proper',
in a very extenfive' fandy defert, betweeii
the Indus and the Puddar, 190 miles N
by E Tatta.
Amol, a town of Afia, in Ulbec Tarta
ry, feated on the river Gihbn, 60 mlle.ii
W Bokhara, Ion. 64 30 E, lat. 39 20 N.
Aniorgus, an ifland of the Archlp^fagol
fertile in wine, oil, and corn. The holt
cultivated parts belong to a monaflery^
Fuel is fcarce. This ifland is 30 miles
in circumference, and 67 N Candia, lori.
26 15 E, lat. 36 20 N.
Amoy, an Ifland on the S W coaft of
China. The Englifli had a faftdry hei-t,
but abaridoned' It, on account of the'im-
pofitlons of the inhabitants.
Amphipolis, wow Embda, a town of Tur
key in Europe, anciently the capital of
Macedonia, on the river Strymon, 76
miles N E Salonichi, Ion. 24 i6'e, lat. 4t
[ 38'N.
I Amplepnis, a town of France, in the de^
partment

A M S

ANC

partment of Rhone and Loire, celebrated
for Its wines, i6 miles E Roanne.
Ampthill, a tpwn in bedfordfliire, Eng
land, feated pleafantiy between two hills,
but in a barren foil ; 45 miles N W Lon
don. Ampuriat, a feaport of Spun, in Cat
alonia, at the mouth of tht river Fluvia,
60 miles N E Barcelona, Ion. 3 6 £,
lat. 4a 5 N.
Amras, fee Ambras.
Amfterdam, a rich and populous city in
Holland, capital of the United Provin
ces. The walls are high, and well forti
fied ; and the bridge vvhich joins the
rampart is built over the river Amft'el,
and is one of the fineft pieces of archi-
tefture in thefe parts. Few cities have
their public buildings fo fine, numerous,
and well kept. Here are many hand
fome churches, and hofpitals for perfons
of all religions and countries. The ex
change is one of the principal ornaments
of the city, and the harboui is one of
the largeft and fineft in Europe, where a
vaft number of merchant Ihlps may al
ways be feen ; though there Is a bar at
its entrance, which is, however, a great
fecurity againft foreign enemies. The
foundation of this town is laid upon
piles, driven Into a morafs, and under
the ftadthoufe alone are 13,000. The
ftreets are fpacious and well paved, and
Inoft of them have canals, with rows of
trees on each fide. It is computed to be
about half as big as London, and to con
tain about i50,opo Inhabitants, and Is
governed by a college of 30 fenators,
who hold their places for life, and i a
burgomafters, four of whom are always
fitting. It furrendered to the king of
Pruffia in Odt. 1787, when that prince
invaded Holland, In favour of the ftadt-
holder, but was evacuated on the reftor-
ation of the latter to his rights. It re
ceived the French troops, Jan. 19, 1795,
without any refiftance. It is feated at
the confluence of the rivers Amftel and
Wye, 65 miles N Antwerp, 175 E by N
London, 340 N by E Paris, and 560 N
W Vienna, Ion. 4 50 E, lat. 5a 23 N.
Amjlcrdam. This name has been giv
en to an uninhabited Ifland in the Fro
zen Ocean, near the W coaft of Spitz-
bergen ; and to another in the Indian
Ocean, in Ion. 77 20 E, lat. 30 43 S.
The whole ifland has an appearance of a
volcanic origin. It has neither tree, nor
flirub. From the fummit of a mountain a
volcano now blazes from 6 diftant open
ings. A fpring of water Is boiling hot,
Vol. II. • £

fifli are dreifed in it in a few minutes.
Many lobfters and delicate fifli are taken
in the furrounding waters. [M'Cartney.]
Amul, a city of Perfia, at the foot of
mount Taurus. It Is watered by a river
over which Is a bridge of la arches.
The tradition is, that he, who would not
be purfued by Ill-fortune muft not ride,
but walk over this bridge. If a governor
ftiould ride over it he would lofe his of
fice, if not his life. In May the heat is
fo great that the inhabitants retire to the
mountains to enjoy the cool fhade, deli
cious fruits, pleafant waters, and delight
ful profpeiSbs. They raife rice and wheat,
and manufadture printed cotton. [Hanway.3
Amwell, a village near Ware, in Hert-
fordfliire, famous for giving rife to the
New River, or Canal, which fupplies
London with water. This canal was pro-
jedted by Sir H. MIddleton, who began
it In 1606, and finiflied it in 1612, by
affiftance of the city of London, and
parliament. He facrificed a confiderable
part of his own property in the under
taking. It Is of immenfe advantage to
London, and now very productive prop
erty to the proprietors. The canal is
39 miles long ; has 43 flulces ; and there
are 215 bridges over it.
Anadir, a river of Siberia, that falls in
to the Eaftern Ocean, lat. 65 N.
Anagni, a town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, with a bifliop's fee, 32 miles
E Rome, Ion. 13 25 E, lat. 41 56 N.
Anakopir, the capital of the nation of
the Abkahs, on the river Makai, which
falls below it Into the Black Sea.
Anarghia, the moft confiderable place
in Mingrelia, on the eaft coaft of the
Black Sea, Afia, 2 miles from the fea.
It is on the Aftolphus one of the great
eft rivers In the country. The natives
call It Langur. It has 100 houfes on a
ftreet a miles long. It is faid to ftand
on the place where once was the city
Heraclea. The people are in name
chriftians. A traveller gaffing a church
where the prieft was adminiftering the
facrament, inquired the way of fome
people at the door, the prieft cried from
the altar, " ftay and I will fliow you,"
and haftened politely to give directions.
[Chardin.]
Ancaram, a town of Italy, in Ancona,
5 miles N Afcoli, and 8a NE Rome.
Ancajier, a village in Lincolnfllire, i,y
miles S Lincoln. It was anciently a Ro
man village, on a Roman highway, and lies

AND

AN D

lies under a hill which abounds with an
tiquities. Ancenis, a town of Franee, on the Lo
ire, In the department of Lower Loire,
Jretagne, ad miles E Nantz, Ion i 5
W, lat, 47 15 N.
Anclath, a tbwn of Gerrhariy, In Po
merania, feated on the river Pene, 20
miles S Gripfwald. Formerly It riiade a
refpedlable figure among the Hanfe
towns, Ion. 14 2 E, lat. 53 52 N.
Ancobiir, a territory on the gold coaft
of Guinea, having a river Of the fame
name flovving through If, the banks of
which ate adornerf With lofty trees. On
the weftern bank is a populous village.
Ancona, a marquifate in Italy, in the
Ecclefiaftical State.
Ancona, an ancient town and citadel of
It,aly, on the gulph of Venice, in the
inarqulfate of Ancona. It was original
ly built upon a hill, and the cathedral
ftands upon tHe highelt part, but the
houfes have been gr'adually extended
down the fide of the eminence toward
the fea. The commerce of Ancona has
rapidly increafed of late years ; for Which
h. Is indebted to pope Clement ill, who
made it a free port, and built a mole, f o
render the hafbour fafe : it is ereCled on
the ruins of the ancient mole, raifed by
the emperor Trajan, and is above
20,00 feet in length, too in br'eadth, and
about 60 In depth from the furface of the
fea. Near this ftands the Triumphal
Arch of Trajan, which, next to the Mai-
fon Quarree at Nifmes, is the moft en
tire monument of Romaft magnificence
exifting. Here likeWife Clement eredted
a lazaretto, which advances a little way
into the fea, in the form Pf a pentagon,
and is a n'oble as well as ufeful edifice.
tSreat numbers of Jews are fettled in this
clly, vvhere they have a fynagogue ; and,
although all religions are tolerated, theirs
is the only foreign worfliip allowed tp be
publicly exercifed. ' Ancona vvas takeft by
the French in Jnne 1796. It is 116 miles
N by E Ronie, Ion. I3 35 E, lat. 43
38 N, ' [Moor.]
Andalufia, a province of Spain, '250
miles in length, and 150 in breadth. It
is bounded on the S by Granada, on the
W by Algarva and the Atlantic, on the
N by Eftramadura, and on the E by
Murcia. The Guadalquiver runs through
its whole length ; and it is the moft fer
tile and trading country in Spain, The
capital is Seville.
Avdaman Iflands, There are two- iflands
of this nami^, Orat and Little Andaman,

'Great Andaman is op the E fide of the en
trance Into the Bay of Bengal, and itf
140 miles long, and 20 broad. Its coafts
are indented by deep bays, which form
excellent harbours. It has many inlets
and ¦ creeks, one of -wihich runs quite
through,. and is navigable ior fmall vef
fels. It is furro'unSed by fmall iflands.
The Little Andaman is S of the great, and
30 leagues from Carnicobar. It is 28
miles long, and 17 broad. This has no
fafe harbour, but tolerable anchorage is
found near Its ftiores. Thefe iflands in
fome places are lined with a fmooth
fandy beach vvhere boats may eafily land,
but all are in fome parts rocky. All are
loaded with thick forefts, almoft impene
trable. From the mountains pbur down
many rills of good water. The foil is
various, a black rich mould is the moft
common. Some white cliffs rife on the
Ihore, which feem originally to have
bein clay, but novv being mixed with
fand are hard as ftone, probably would'
be ufeful for building. In fome places
are Appearances of fin, arid gold duft.
Red wood, ebony, cotton, and many fpe
cies of timber for building are found here-
Here are trees affording a rich die, 30
feet In circumference. The people are
(he moft favage of mortals. They are
little, uncouth liegroes'. Shortly after the
!? Of'tugiiefc difcOvered the paffage round
the Cape of Good Hope, one of their
fhips, on board of which were a number
of negroes, ^-as <:aft away oh thefe ifl
ands, till then uriirihahited. The Euro
peans biiilt a fliallop and failed to Pegu.
The negVoes remained, ffoiri whom the
prefent Inhabitants afe defcended. They
live on rice, fruits, and herbs, with which
they furnifli fliips that touch here. The
men are quite nalced. The women wear
a fringe round their middle, not for covJ
ering but for ornament. The women do
the drudgery. Their dWefllngs are the
moft wretched hovels. Three or four
ftakes are fet in the ground, imited at
top, thatched with limbs and leaves of
trees. An opening Is left on one fide
thrbugh which they creep, and lye on
dried leaves. Their arms are bows and
arrows. They are cunning, treacherous,
revengeful. The climate is milder than
in Bengal. They have rains from May
to November. Thefe iflands extend from
lat. 10 32 to 13 40 N, and from Ion. 90
6 to 92 59 E. [Hamilton, Symes, Cole-
brdok.] Andaye, a fortified feaport town of
France, in the department of the Lower
Pyrenees,

AND

AND

Pyrenees, famous for its brandy. It Is
Jfituate at the mouth of the river Bldaf-
foa, oppofite Gontarabia In Spain, i8
jniles S W Bayonne, Ion. i 45 W, lat.
43 25 N.
Andely, a town of France, in the de
partment of Eure and late province of
^orniandy, divided by a paved road into
two little towps called Great and Little
'Andely, a mile from each Qfher. G^eat
Andely is ip a valjey, on the little river
Gambon s. It has a fountain, which bears
the name of St. plptilda, apd to which
pilgrims refort on the feftival of that
'faint. Little Apdcly is op the Seine.
The cloths manufacftured here are faid
to be equal to thofe of England. An-
.dely Is the birth place of Nicholas Pouf-
jGn, the Raphael of France. It is 20
niiles S E Rouen, and 60 N W Paris,
ion. I 30 E, lat. 49 20 N.
Andcra, a beautiful village of Egypt,
on the Nile, near lyljich are found feveral
monuments and mines, vcljiges pf former
grandeur and magnificence.
Andernach, an ancient city of Germa
ny, In the electorate of Cologne, feated
on the Rhine, 10 mifes N W Coblentz.
The trade is principally in mill ftones,
tiles and timber, conveyed down the
Rhine. In its neighbourhood are three
medicinal fprings, Ion. 7 22 E, lat 50 29 N.
Andero, St. a feaport of Spain, in Bif
cay, where the Spaniards build and lay
'up fome of their men- pf waj-. it is 60
niile6,W Bilboa, Ion. 4 30 E, lat. 43 25 N.
Anderfon's If and, a fmall ifland in the
North Pacific Oceap, Ion. 167 40 W,
Jat. 63 10 .N.
Andoyer, a borough irt flapipfliire,
which fends two members to parlianient,
and Is governed by a mayor. If has a
fnanufaCtory of flialloons, and carries on
the bufinefs of malting to a confiderable
extent. A navigable can.il has teen cut
from this place to Southampton. It is
;o miles N by W Winchefter, and 65 W
by S London.
, Andraig, a harbour apd fort of Ma
jorca. Andrarum, a town of Sweden, In
Gothland, 3 miles S Chriftianftadt
here is the greateft alum work In the
kingdom. Andrea, a town of Upper Guinea, Af
rica, near the river Mefurado. It has
40 or 50 houfes. Its principal riches are
palm wine and rice. They trade alfo in
ivory and flaves.
Ahdreanoffoki Ofrova, a large group of
flands between Kamfchatka and Ameri

ca, two pf which have vplcapee?. The
natives live' In holes which they dig, nev
er lighting fires in the coldeft vvcather.
They often fuffer with 'Hunger whep
ftorpis drive theip from the ocean. [Mavor.]' .
Andreiv, St. a fort of the United Prov
inces, at the E end of the ifle of Bom-
mel Waert, takenby the Frepchin I7c)4,
imriediately re'taken by the allies, and
again taken by the French before the
clofe of the year.
Andrew, St. a town of Germany, In
Carlnthia, with a bifliop's fee, feated on
the river Levapt, 95 niiles S by W Vi
enna, Ion. 15 10 E, lat. 46 52 N.
Andre'tus, St. a city In Fifeiliirc, with
a univerfity : formerly the capital of
Scotland, and the fee of an archbi fliop ;
and is featpd at the bottom of a bay, on
the level top of a fmall hill, extending E
and W, having an open profpeCt of the
German Ocean. The univerfity, which
was founded by bllhop Wardlavv, in 14H,
confifts of three colleges. The cather
dral, the chapel of St. Regulys, the
church of St. Salvator, and the priory,
have been noble Gothic ftruClures. The
caftle was the fcene of the cruelty and
puniftiment of cardinal Beton : the win-
dovj' is itill fliown from which he beheld
the inartyrdoni of George Wifliart, who
was burnt on the fpot beneath ; and jn
this caftle he himfelf was afl'affinated In
1546. "The houfes, though buih of ftone,
are gone to decay, there being no manu
factures to fupport the numerous inhab
itants ; nor is the harbour in a good coiv
ditipn. It is 30 miles N E Edinburgh,
Ion, 2 45 \y, lat. 56 i8 N.
Andria, a town of Naples, in Barl, witb
a billipp's fee, 4 miles S Barletta, Ion. 16
31 E, lat. 41 25 N.
Andros, an ifland and town In the Ar
chipelago. There are 60 villages on the
iflaud The inhabitants are moftly ofthe
Greek church, who have a billiop and
feveral monafteries. The Latins have al
fo a bifliop and 6 churches. The houfes
are IU built, the air and water bad,
yet they have neither phyfician or fur-
geon. The ijihribitants are civil, the wo
men chaftc. [Thcvcnot.] The principal
riches of this ifland confifl; in filks,. a.ni
the fields are pleafant and fertile ; being
planted with oranges , citrons, mulbcrrie»,
pomegranates, and figs. The ifland pays
about 55,000 crowns a year to the port. It
is governed hy ap -Aga, who rcfi Jcs in the
illand. It lie's to 'the N Candia, Ion. 25
30 E, lat. 37 50 R AniiXir,

A N G

A N G

AnJttxar, a. town of Spain, in Andalu
fia, defended by a caftle, and feated on
the Guadalquiver, over which is a bridge,
35 miles E Cordova, Ion. 3 34 W, lat.
37 55 N.
Anegada, one of the Englifli Virgin Ifl
ands, Ion. 64 7 W, lat. 18 40 N.
Angela, St. a town of Naples, in Cap-
itanata, 5 miles N Manfredonia, and a
from the fea. Ion. 16 13 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Angers, an ancient town of France, in
the late province of Anjou, and the epif
copal fee of the department of Maine
and Loire. It is feated near the conflu
ence of the Sarte and Loire, and is divid
ed by the Maine into two parts ; the
¦weftern, extending Into the plain, and the
f afterii, which rifes on the acclivity of a
hill. Its environs prefent a pleafing
view of numerous country houfes, upward
of a hundred windmills, well cultivated
kitchen gardens, and eminences that
produce good white wine. The cathedral
is an elegant ftruClure : the exquifite
neatnels of the walnfeot of the choir,
the width of the nave, and the principal
gate, furrounded by three fteeples (of
which the centre one has no fupport but
the bafes pf the other two) are particu
larly admired. In this cathedral Is the
tomb of Rene, king of Sicily, and fev
eral bifliops, in white marble ; and here
is fliown an urn, which Is pretended to
have been ufed at the wedding of Cana.
Before the late diffolution of convents,
monks of every order were to be feen at
Angers ; and out pf four abbeys that
belonged to the Benedictines, three were
particularly beautiful. Here is an acad
emy of belles letters, eftabllfhed in 1685.
The Inhabitants are computed at 30,000 ;
and here is a confiderable manufacture
of handkerchiefs and failclotb. The pro
duce of the flate quarries, at the extrem
ity of the fuburb of Breffigny, forms
likewife an important article of com
merce : this flate is fo common, that the
moft paltry hovel in the fuburbs is cov
ered with it; on which account Angers
has been called the Black City. The
caftle, flanked by 18 great round towers,
is remarkable only tor its advantageous
fituation on a rock, and the width of its
ditches. It Is 50 miles £ Nantz, and
175 S W Paris, Ion. o 35 W, lat. 47
30 N.
Anghiera, a town of Italy, in the Mil-
anefe, capital of a county of the fame
name. It is feated on the E fide of the
lake Maggiore, 30 miles N W Milan,
Ion. 8 40 £, lat, 45 4% N.

Angten, or Angelen, a fmall c*intry of
Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, front
16 to 20 miles in length, and little lefs in
breadth, fituated between Flenlburg and
Slefwick ; It belongs for the moft part to
the duke of Slefwick-Gottorp. Many
authors fuppofe, that from the people of
this fmall country the Englifh originated ;
being called in to affift the Britons againft
invaders from Norway, they, inprOceft
of time, became mafters of the country,
and gave it the name it now bears, Eng
land. Anglefey, the ancient Mona, an ifland,
and the jnoft weftern county, of N Wales.
It is 24 miles in length, 14 in breadth,
and fends two members to parliament.
It Is in the diocefe of Bangor, is divided
Into fix hundreds, and 74 parilhes. It Is
feparated frpm Carnarvonfhire by a long
and narrow ftrait called the Mcnai. That
part of the ifland which borders this ftrait
Is finely wooded, recalling to the mind Its
ancient ftate when it was the celebrated
feat of the Druid's, whofe terrific relig
ious rites were performed In the gloom
of the thickeft woods. Rude mounds,
and heaps of ftones, faid to be druidi-
cal remains, are ftill to be feen. But a
little way within, the whole appears 3
naked traCt, without trees or hedges,
watered by numerous rills, fertile in
grafs and com, and abounding in cattle.
Vaft quantities of copper are procured
from a famous mine on Parys mountain.
In the N W part of the ifland is a quarry
of green marble, intermixed with albeftos.
Angola, a kingdom of A,frlca, bounded
on the N by Congo Proper, on the E by "
Malemba, on the S by Benguela, and on
the W by the ocean. It produces Indian
corn, beans, oranges, lemons, and fever
al other fruits in great abundance. The
inhabitants live in eafe, are generally
Idolators, and take as many wives as they
think fit. The country is divided among
feveral petty princes, and the Portuguefe
have feveral fettlements on the coaft;
but the EngUfli and Dutch traffic with
the natives, and purchafe a great number
of flaves. IWtany of them are chriftians,
a civil and intelligent people.
[Aftiey's Colleaion.]
Angoulcfme, a town of France, In the
department of Charente on a mountain
furrounded by rocks. The river Cha
rente runs at the foot of it ; and there
are fome fine paper manufactures in its
environs. It is 20 miles W Limoges,
and 250 S by W Paris, Ion. o 14 E, lat.
45 39 N. AngoumoU,

A N H

ANN

AHg»umoU, a late province of Franee,
S Poitou. It is now included in the de
partment of Charente.
Angora, a city of Natolia, in the ter
ritory of Amafia, computed to contain
100,000 Inhabitants. It is a Greek arch
bifliop's fee, and remarkable for fome
remains of antiquity. The caftle has a
triple enclofure, and the walls are of
white marble and ftone, refembling por
phyry. Here are bred the fineft goats In
the world ; and the hair is of a fine
white, almoft like filk, which is worked
into the fineft fluffs, particularly came-
lets. The exports from this place to Hol
land, France and England are about 1600
camel loads yearly. The country pro
duces wine and rice. Near this city
Pompey gained a great victory over
Mithridates, and Tamerlane defeated Ba
jazet. It is 212 miles S E Conftantinople,
Ion. 3»5-E, lat, 39 30 N.
Angra, a feaport, capital of Tercera,
one of the Azores. It is a bifliop's fee,
and the refidence of the governor of all
the Azores. The harbour is good, and
the town well built and popuhius. It has
the privilege of fending a deputy to the
ftates of Portugal. 'The Engufli and
Dutch have Confuls here. They import
wood, and provifions, Ipn. 27 7 W, lat.
38 39 N.
Angrogiia, a mountainous town of Pi
edmont, 7 miles W Pigperol. It is ac-
ceffable only at two places, on the S
and E, and there are retreats among the
rocks, particularly at a village called La
Tour, where, during the moft violent
perfecutions againft the poor Vandois,
m th^ir valley, minifters preached with
fafety, and fitted youth for the minlftry
before the reformation, Ion. 7 15 E, lat.
45 o N.
Anguillaia, a town of Italy, In the
patrimony of St. Peter, 15 miles N W
Rome. Angufshire, a county of Scotland (fome
times called Forfar, from the name of
the county town) bounded on the N by
Aberdcenfliire, and on the E by the Ger
man Ocean. Its length and breadth
are about 35 miles each. It has many
lakes and hills, but is fruitful in corn and
Ipaftures. The principal rivers are the
North and South Elk.
Anhatt, a principality of Germany, in
the circle of Upper Saxony, bounded on
the N by Magdeburg, E by' Saxony. The
foil is good and fertile in grain and hops.
There are mines which yield lead, cop
per, fdver, iron, cpals, I'ulphur, vitriol,

alum, faltpetre, and other minerals ;
beer forms a confiderable article of trade.
It takes Its name from an old caftle, now
gone to decay. The houfe of Anhalt,
one of the moft illuftrious of Germany,
Is divided into four branches, viz. An
halt Deffau, Anhalt Bernburg, Anhalt
Cothen, and Anhalt Zerbft. The relig
ion of the three former Is Calvlnifjn ;
the inhabitants of the latter are chiefly
Lutherans. The principal towns are
Deffap, Bcrnberg, Cothen, and Zerbft.
The principal rivers are the Elbe, Mul-
da, Saala, 'W'hipper, and Seik.
Anhalt, an Ifland of Denmark, lying in
the Categate, 8 miles from the coaft of
Jutland, and 10 from Zealand. It is
dangerous to feamen, for which reafon
there is a llghthoufe on it.
Anian, a country on the E coaft of Af
rica, near the Red Sea, lying between 40
and 50 E Ion. and between the equator
and 10 N lat.
Anikan, or Inghenifian, a town on the
Gold Coaft, Africa. The Engliih and
Dutch have each a faCtory and fort here.
Anjar, a town of Afia, in Syria, be
tween Aleppo and Alexandrctta.
Anjengo, a fmall town and faClory on
the coaft of Malabar, belonging to the E
India company. Their merchandifi;
confifts chiefly in pepper and calicoes.
Ion. 77 I E, lat. 9 o N.
Anjou, a late province of France, which
formerly belonged to the foverelgns of
England. It now forms part of the four
departments of Maine and Loire, Indrc
and Loire, Maine, and Sarte.
Anna, a town of Arabia Petrea, on the
weftern bank of the Euphrates, and the
pleafanteft place in thefe parts, there be
ing plenty of olives, oranges, citrons,
lemons, pomegranates, and dates. The
fields are fown with cotton ; and the
corn grows high. It is 130 miles W Bag
dad, Ion. 41 o Ejlat. 33 35 N.
Annagh. There are feveral iflands of
this name in Ireland ; the principal of
which is 5 miles in circumference, on the
W coaft, oppofite the county of Mayo,
lat. 53 57 N, Ion. 9 39 E.
Annan, a borough of -Annandale, Scot
land, on the river Annan, about 3 mile*
N Solway Frith, and 60 S Edinburgh.
Annandale, a diftriCt of Dumfriesfhire
in Scotland, fo called from the river An
nan. The mountains In the northern
part of this diftriCl, fometimes named
Moffat Hills, are the higheft in the S of
Scotland. From thefe defcend the Tweed,
the Clyde, and the ./Vnnan. Annano,

A N S

A N T

Annane,^ fort In the duchy of Milan,
feated on the Tenaro, 12 miles S Cafal,
Ion. 8 36 E, lat. 44 56 N.
Annecv, a tribe of Arabs, inhabitingthe
deferts near Palmyra, bordering on Boz-
ra and Mount Hofeb. They are re
markable for the fineft breed of horfes in
the world, [Bruce.]
There is. a city of this name, In Savoy,
department of Mount Blapc, on the riv
er Siar, 20 miles S Geneva, and 22 N E
Chamberry, capital of the Genevois.
Annabona, an ifland of Africa, on the
coaft of Guinea, fo called, becaufe it vi'as
found out on New-year's-day. It is well
flocked with cattle and fruit, and the air
is more healthful than in other iflands
on the fame coaft; It abounds with palm-
trees, cocoas, oranges, lemons, bananas,
and feveral other fruits ; vvith hogs, goats,
flieep, and chlcken,which are all extreme
ly cheap. The governor is a Portuguefe,
Ion. 5 10 E.lat. I 50 S.
Annonay, a town of France, in the late
province of Dauphiny. Very fine paper
¦is manufactured here ; and it was in this
place that the two jbrothers Mpntgolfier,
paper makers, dlfcovered, in 178a, the
iife of rarefied air in floating balloons,
by a fireplace fufpended under them ;. and
balloons of this kind are ftill called
Jitontgolflers, in honor of the inventors,
and to diftlngulfli thofe filled with gas, or
inflammable air ; both kinds have bnrft.
This town is at the confluence of the riv
ers Cances and Depmes, 12. miles S W
Vienne, Ion. 4 55 E, lat. 45 15 N. _
Ano-Cafri, the lirgeft town in the ifland
of Capri, belonging to the kingdom of
Naples. Anfpach, a town and caftle of Germany,
in Franconia, and capital of the margra-
vate of Anfpach. The foil of which is
fandy but tolerably fertile ; and produces
confiderable quantities of corn and to
bacco. There are iron mines, and feve
ral medicinal fprings. The principal riv
ers which water this country, are the
Retzar, Rednitz, the -Almuhl, the Jait.
the Sulz, and the Tauber : a fmall part
of it lies on the Mayn, which produces
good wine. The principal towns are
Anfpach, Schwabah, Roth, Gunzenhau-
fen, Waffertrudingen, HelUburn, and
Feuehtwang. The palace at -Anfpach,
which is near the caftle, has a remarka
ble cabinet of curiofities. It is feated on
a river of ths fame name, a5 niiles S W
Neuremberg, Ion. 10 47 E, lat, 49 ao N.
Anftruther, a borough and feaport on
the S E coaft of Fifefliire, Scotland, 25

miles N E Edinburgh, Ion. 2 34 V,', la^
56 15 N.
Ante, a province of Africa, on the
Gold Coaft. The country rifes into hills^
covered with beautiful trees ; fpacious
valleys iptej-vene, which produce abun,
dance of rice, millet, fiigar canes, and
palm trees. It Is watered by a large river
navigable three miles from its niouth.
CataraCls above render it impaffible.
Here Is plenty of fifli, From each bank
flioot the branches of trees Into the wa
ter, which are loaded with oyfters. This
beautiful country, producing all that the
labourer gould y.'i{ti, is reduced to wretch-
edncfs by their wars : their wars are ex
cited by the flave traders. " Is there not
fome chofen curfe" for thofe, who trade
in human flefli ? [Bofnian.]
Antejuicra, a town of Spain, In Grana
da, divided into the Upper and the Low^
er. The Upper is feated on a hill, and
has a caftle : the Lower ftar.ds in a fertile
plain, and is watered by many brooks.
There Is a large quantity of fait in the
mountain ; -and 5 miles frprp the tovvn, a
fpring famous for the cure of the gravel]
Here are ftill to be feen the inines,
whence the Romans drew fuch immenfe
quantifies of precious pietals. It is 26
miles N Malaga, Ion. 4 30 W, lat. 37
I N.
Antibes, a feapof t p,f France, in the de
partment of Var, Provence, with a ftrong
caftle. Its territory produces excellent
fruit ; and It is feated on the Mediterra
nean, 9 miles W Nice, Icn. 7 13 E, lat. 43
35 N. ¦
Antilibflnos, mountains, eaft, and a con
tinuation of the mountains of Libanus, iq
Paleftine. See Libanus.
Aiitio, a promontory of Italy, in the
patriipony of St. Peter, near which is ^
harbour, lately made. It takes its name
from the ancient city of Antium, the ru
ins of which extend over a long traCl dt
land. Antioca, or Antioch, an Ifland' in the
Mediterranean, near Sardinia, taken from
his Sardinian majefty, by the French, in
February, 1793, but evacuated fopn af
ter. Antioch, or Antakia, a feaport town of
Syria, built by Seleucus Nicanor, is noyy
r:;duced froip its ancient fplendor, and
become a poor and ruinpus town, fituat
ed on the fouthern bank of the Orontes
or Ell-Aafi, as it Is called by the Turks,
about 6 leagues from its mouth. It was
once efteemed the third city ofthe world j
the refidence of feveral emperors, the
feat

A NT

ANT

feat of learning, apd politencfs, and the
place where the difclples of the gofpel
were firfl called Chrijlians. Its magnifi
cent mines are flill vifible. The walls of
Its prefent houfes are of mud, the roofs
covered with ftraw. It is 15 miles E of the
lUedlterraneau, and 40 S W Aleppo, Ion.
36 45 E, lat. 35 17 N. [Adam.]
Antiochetta,a. town of "Turkey in Afia,
in Caramania, with a bifliop's fee, oppo
fite the ifland of Cyprus, Ion. 32 15 E, lat.
36 42 N.
Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an ifland
nf the Archipelago, a miles W Pares. It
Is only a rock, 16 niiles in circuit ; yet, in
fome parts, is well cultivated, and pro
duces as much barley as ferves a fmall
village. It has a grotto, which Is one of
the greateft curiofities in nature : it ap
pears to be aboiit 80 yards high and 100
broad ; and the roof forms a pretty good
arch, which entertains tne eye with a vaft
variety of figures, of a white franfparent
cryftafline fubftance, very naturally re
fembling vegetables, marble pillars, and
a fuperb marble pyramid, Ion. 25 44 E,
lat. 37 8 N.
Antipater, or Caphar Saba, a feaport
town of Srria, at the mouth of 4 river
¦which runs into the Mediterranean, 6
leagues S S W Jaffa.
Antivari, a toWn of "Tufklfli Dalmatia,
with a Greek archbifliop's fee, 10 miles
k Dolcigno, Ion. 19 16 E, lat. 4a ip N.
Antoine, St. a town of France, m the
department of Ifere, Cauphlny. Here
¦was lately a monaftery, the church of
which is magnificent. It was the princi
pal feat of an order of Hofpitallers, unit
ed to that of Malta In 1777, and whofe
origin may be traced to an hofpital,
built (near a chapel, the depofitory of
the relics of St. Anthony) by Gafton and
his fon Girin, in 1095, for the relief of
devotees, fuffering under a diforder, fince
called Saint Anthony's Fife. It is 5 mUes
iJ E St. Marcellan.
Antonio, St. one of the Cape de Verde
iflands, 15 miles fjrom St. 'Vincent. It is
full of high mountains, whence proceed
ftreams of excellent water, which render
the land very fruitful. The principal
town is feated among the mountains. In-
iigo and cotton are plenty, and all kinds
of provifions. "There are about 2500 In
habitants, four fifths of whom are flaves,
lori. 25 o W, lat. 17 o N. [Roberts,]
Antrim, a maritime county of Ireland,
in the province of Ulfter ; bounded on
the N and E by the fea, and on the W by
that of Londonderry, 45 miles io length, '

and 24 in breadth ; the principal totTM
are Bclfaft, Carrickfergus, and Antrim.
The principal river is the Bann. The
number of houfes are computed at 21,922,
and the number of inhabitants are
160,000. It returns la members to par
liament, Antrim, in the above county, is at the
N E part of Lough Neagh, from whence
is a communication to tbe fea northward
by the Bann, and eaftward by the river
called Six mile nvutcr, and fouthvvard by
the Newry canal. It is a place of fome
trade, a corporation, and fends two mem
bers to the Irlfli parliament : 1 2 miles
N W Belfaft ; 43 S E Londonderry, and
84 N Dublin, Ion. 6 6 W, lat. 54 43 N.
Antrum, a mountain of the Swifs Alps,
in the Vallais, by which there Is a pafl'age
from the Vallais into the valley of Antro-
na In the Milanefe.
Antiverp, the Capital of a marquifate in
Brabant, is fituated in a large plain, on
the eaftern fide of the Scheldt, which has
here fufficient depth and width to admit
veffels of great burthen clofe to the quay,
arid even by means of canals cut throu^
the town, veffels may be brought to un-s
load at the very doors. The commerce
of this city, rather more than two centu
ries ago, was fuperior to that of any oth
er ftate in Europe, 2,500 merchant vef
fels arriving in its port in one year ; and
it Is recorded in the annals of the place,
that the value of the merchandlfe import
ed ia the year 1550, amoanted to one
hundred and thirty-three millions of
gold ; and as a proof of the riches and
magnificence of its merchants, they re
late that a certain merchant, named John
Daens, liaving lent the emperor Charies
the V, a miUion of gold, invited him to
dinnef ; when after a royal entertainment,
he threw the emperor's bond into the
fire, made of cinnamon. But fince that
time, when the United Provinces threw
off the yoke of the Spanifli government,
having got poffeffion of the entrance of
the Scheldt, they built forts on the fides,
and funk obftrui9:ions In the channel to
prevent a free navigation : in confe
quence of which the commerce of Ant
werp has been ruined, and grafs groWs
before the warehoufes of thofe who had
been the greateft merchants in the world.
It is ftill however a large and handfome
city, and the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan ot
the archbifliop of Malines. The cathe
dral Is a fine ftruCture, and contains aa
affemblage of paintings by the greateft
aafters in the Flcmiih fchool, patticuiar- 'v

A O C

A P P

ly Rubens and Matfys. The ftreets, aia
jn number, are in general wide and
ftraight, and furrounded by a wall and
regular fortifications : the citadel, of a
pentagon form, was built by order of the
duke of Alva, on a rifing ground, to keep
the citizens In awe. During the civil
wars in the fixteenth century, this city
fuffered confiderably. In the year 1585,
this city . was taken by the Spaniards.
Upon vvhich the Proieftants, to avoid the
government of an arbitrary Catholic
prince, removed with their families and
effects to Amfterdam and other places,
-where they might be allowed liberty of
confcience, and a free exercife of their re
ligion. This was the firft blow to the
commerce of Antwerp, and from this
time that of Amfterdam increafed, which
laft city it is faid ufed every underhand
riiethod in Its power to prevent affiftance
being given to her rival during the fiege.
At the treaty of Munfter, when a peace
was concluded between Philip IV, and
the United Provinces, when the indepen
dence of thofe provinces was acknowledg
ed and guaranteed, Antwerp feems to have
fallen a facrifice for a peace-pftering ;
for, by an article of that treaty, it was a-
greed, that no large merchant veffel fliould
fed up to Antwerp, without firft unload
ing her cargo in one of the ports of Hol
land, from whence the merchandlfe
might be conveyed to Antwerp in barges,
or fmall veffels. This gave a death blow
to its commerce, fince which It has never
revived. The late emperor Jofeph, made
a pretence of again opening the navi
gation of the Scheldt, but for want of ref-
olution, conduct, or power, the fcheme
proved abortive. The late threatened
plan of opening the Scheldt by the
French, which was, at leaft, the oftenfible
reafon for England's taking up arms, Is
well known. The navigation was declar
ed free In the month of Auguft, 1794.
Antwerp was taken by the French In
November, 1792, and the citadel furren
dered prifoners of war the 29th of that
month ; the French evacuated it in March
following. In July 1794, it furrendered
to the republican troops again -. 25 miles
N Bruffeis, and 75 S Amfterdam, Ion. 4
38 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Anziko, a country of Africa, divided
from Congo by the river Zaira. The
people are defcribed as eaters of human
flefli, which they publicly expofe on their
Ihambles for fale.
Aochara, a town of Algiers between Te-
nez and Sercellcs.

Aajla, a city pf Savoy, fituated at the
foot of the Alps, which ^oin in this place
in a valley to which it gives name, on the
grand Doria ; the valley Is about 30
miles in length, and fertile in pafturage
and fruit. On the decline of the Roman
empire, when the Barbarians invaded
Italy, this country became fubjeCl firft to
the Goths, then to the Lombards. The
town Is furrounded with a wall, which is
much decayed. It is the fee of a bifliop.
Befides the cathedral, it has one collegiate
and three parifli churches. There are
feveral veftiges of Roman grandeur, fuch
as the remains of an amphitheatre, a tri
umphal arch, erected to the honor of
Auguftus Cjefar ; 50 miles NNW Turin,
Ion. 7 30 E,lat. 45 38 N.
Apam, or Apang, a town of Africa, in
the country of Akron, on the Gold Coaft,
where the Dutch bnilt a fort, principally
Inhabited by fifliermen : the fituation Is
faid to be convenient for commerce.
Apamea, a town of Syria, on the river
Affi, 35' miles S Antlpch, lat. 34 32 N.
Afamis, a town of Afiatic Turkey, the
fee of a Greek bifliop. It was anciently
called Apamea, and Is fituated on the Me
ander, now Mindra ; 100 miles W Elki-
hlffar. Apamrmia, a town of the ifland of San-
torln, in the Archipelago, it has a good
harbour ; 6 miles NNW Scaro.
Afennine, a chain of mountains of Italy,
extending from the Alps In the ftate of
Genoa, to the fouthern extremity of the
kingdom of Naples. Although this whole
chain goes by the general name of Apen-
nine, it takes different names iri differ-
erit places. From thefe mountains pro
ceed the numerous rivers which water
Italy. Apenrade, a feaport town of Denmark,
in the duchy of Slefwick, fituated at the
bottom of a bay, furrounded with hills
which form a good harbour, deep and
fecure. The inhabitants are much em
ployed In fifliing ; it Is befides a place of
confiderable trade, Ion. 9 14 E, lat. 54
50 N.
Aphiom Kara-hijfar, a town in Natolia,
on the Mindra, defended by a caftle, on
an eminence, lat. 37 21 N.
Aploga, a diftrlCt of the kingdom of
Whidah, on the Slave Coaft, In Africa,'
where a regular market is held for flaves,
cows, flieep, goats, birds, apes, cloth, cot
ton, callicoes, filk, fluffs, china, mercury,
gold in duft and ingots, &c.
Appenzel, one of the cantons of Swiffer
land furrounded by the Rhinthal, and the
lands

A R A

A R A

lands belonging to the abtiey of St. Gal.
Appen2el is its capital. The whole
country is a mAh of hills and mountains.
It is divided into 1 2 communities, 6 of
Which are Proteftants, arid 6 Roman
CathoHcs. It forms the thirteenth can
ton, being the laft in the union. The cli-
tnate Is generally cold, and fubjeCt to
fudden changes. At the treaty of Union,
in 1597, they reckoned 2782 men able
to bear arms amorig the Catholics, and
£322 among the Proteftants ; at this
time, they eftimate %hjf population to be
i3,000 fouls ofthe former, and 38,000 of
the latter, 51,000 in the whole ; a fur-
prlflng number fof a country of no more
than 60 fquare leagues, and great part of
that compofed Of glaciers, inacceffible
rocks, and precipices.
Appleby, a town of England, in Weft-
moreland, a corpotatlon and a borough,
which fends two members to parliament,
near the river Eden. It has a free gram
mar fchool, endued witb a falary of 120I.
a year ; there is likewife an hofpital for
13 widows. Appleby is the county
town, 30 miles 3 Carlifle, and 266 N
London. I
Apt, a town of France, on the river ;
Calavon : ao miles N Aix, lat. 43 52 N, j
lop. 5 30 E. _ _ _ I
Aqua, a province of Africa, In the j
country of Guinea, on the Gold Coaft,
bounded on the S by the country of Fan-
tin. Aquaffa, a town of Africa, ori the Gold
Coaft, vvRere there is a flave market, to
the W Cape Coaft Caftle.
Aquamboe, fee Acambou.
Aquila, a city of Naples, In the Abruz
zo Ultra, on a mountain, near the river
Pefcara. In the year 1703, great dam
age was done by an earthquake, 24O0
perfons periflied, and 1500 were danger-
oufly wounded ; 800, were fwallowed up,
together with the church. In which they
had taken tefuge ; the greateft part of
the houfes were thrown down, and the
walls of the town much damaged ; 50
miles N E Rome, and 93 N Naples, Ion.
13 i<) E, lat. 43 19 N.
Aquilea, a town of Italy, In the country
of Friuli, formerly very rich and fiour
ifliing, now in a ftate of decay ; 5 7 miles
N E Venice, lat. 45 55 N.
Aquino, A town of Naples, and country
of Lavora, the birth place of Juvenal ;
13 miles SSE Sora.
Arabia, a country of Afia, bounded on
the W by the Red Sea and the ifthmus
of Suez ; on the N E by the Euphrates,
Vol. II. F

which divides it from Diarbekar, tljp an
cient Mefopotamia ; on the E by the
gulfs of Perfia and Ormus ; and on the
S by the Indian Ocean. It lies between
35 and 60 E Ion. and 12 and 30 N lat.
extending 1430 miles In length, and 1200
in breadth. It is divided irito three parts,
Arabia Petrea, Defena, and Felix. Ara
bia Petrea Is the fmalleft of the three,
and, toward the N, is full of mountains,
with few inhabitants, on account^ of its
barrennefs. ' It had its name from the
town Petrea, Its ancient capital, now de
ftroyed, It differs little from Arabia De-
ferta, fo called from the nature of the
foil, which Is generally a bilreri fand :
but there are great flocks of flieep, and
herds of cittle, near the Euphrates,
where the land is good. This is the cel
ebrated wUdernefs through which the
children of Ifrael paffed, In their journey
from Egypt to Canaan. In the defert
are great numbers of oftriches, and there
Is a fine breed of camels in feveral places.
But of all their domeftic animals, it Is
well known that the Arabians put the
greateft value on their horfes. Of thefe
they have two great branches,^he ICadif-
chl, whofe defcent Is unknoVvn, and the
Kochlani, of whom a written genealogy
has been kept for tvvo thoufand years.
The Kadifchi are in no better eftimation
than our European horfes, and are ufual
ly employed in bearing burthens, and itt
ordinary labour. The Kochlani are re-
ferved for riding folely. They are high
ly efteemed, and Confequently very dear.
"They are faid to have derived their orig
in from king Solomon's ftuds : however
this may be, they are fit to bear the
greateft fatigues, and can pafs whole
days without food. They are alfo faid
to fliow uncommon courage againft an
enemy ; It Is even afi'erted, that vvhen a
horfe of this race finds himfelf wounded,
and Unable to bear his rider much longer,
he retires from the fray, and conveys
him to a place of fecurity. If the rider
falls upon the ground, his horfe remains
befide him, and neighs till affiftance is
brought. Arabia Felix, is fo called, on
account of Its fertility, with regard to the
reft. The Arabs in the defert live in
tents, and remove from place to place,
partly for the fake of pafture, and partly
to lie In wait for the caravans, vvhich
they often rob, as they travel over part
of this defert from Bu(|ara to Aleppo,
and from Egypt to Mecca, in order to
vifit Mahomet's tomb. Arabia Felis
produces frankincenfe, royrrh, bahn of
Gilead

A R A

A R A

Gileld, gum arable, and coffee, of which
latter they export prodigious quantities.
The famous Mahomet was a native Of
this country, and his followers, foon after
his death, conquered a great part of Afia,
Africa, and Europe, cftabhfliing their re
ligion wherever they came. The Arabs
are the defccndants of Iflimael, of whom
it was foretold thoiii'ands of years fince,
" That their hands fliould be againft eve
ry man, and every man's againft them."
This is now uniformly true. Though
they have had fo many ages to improve
their morals, and foften their ferocious
manners, they are the fame now as the
moft ancient writers defcribe them.
Though they are fcattered ovter a great
part of Africa, and a confideraole portion
of Afia, mixing with Various other na
tions of different tempers, cuftoms, and
religions, tbey are every where the fame.
The Arab In every clime Is the fame Pi
rate on the fea, and Robber on the land.
From the fands of Morocco to the fliores
- of Madagafcar, from the banks of the In
dus to t'he plains of Gambia, the Ar.ibs
have but one character. According to
prophecy they ftill " dwell in the prefence
of their brethren." Branches of the fame
family now fettle together. 'They com
bine their force, and from their fraternal
union, are invincible. Though they have
ever been at war vvith all the world, they
have never been fubdued. Neither A-
lexander, Caifar, nar Buonaparte, have
been able to fubdue them. Hofpitable
they are to one another, and fometimes
to ftrangers. An Arab prince will fre
quently dine in the ftreet, and invite alli
that pafs to partake with lilin. It Is a
general cuftom with thofe, who live in
plenty, not to prefcrve the fragments of
one day, or meal for another, but to give
them to the poor. Weary and faint on
a journey, the wild Arab doe^ not fit
down to eat his fcanty morfel in the
fliade, till be has afcended the higheft
ground near him, and with a loud voice
ihree times invited his brethren, all the
fons of the faithful, to come and partake
with him. [Maundrell, Park, Niebuhr,
Bruce, Pocoke, Shaw, Wood, Sonini, Jones.]
Aracan, or Arrahan, Or Reccan, a coun
try of Afia, bounded on the E by Bur-
mah, on the S by Pegu, and on the W
by the Bay of Bengal, about 510 miles'
long, and from 20 to 200 broad. The
air is good, the country abounds vvith
meadows and pafture lands, well water
ed ^vith rivers and brooks ; the plains
are exceedingly fertile, and the mountains

green all the year rbund, though from
Auguft to October, which Is their winter,
the wc'dther is for the moft part wet and
ftormy- It produces great quantities of
rice, cocoa nuts, bananas, oraAges, and
many other kinds of excellent fruit. The
people ef Aracan trade very little by fea,
what trade they have is brought home to
them by merchants of diftant countries ;
the principal articles of fale are lead,
tin, fticklack, elephants, and elephant's
teeth, and fometimes precious ftones ; this-
commerce is carried on by the Mahom
etans, who are fettled here in great num
bers. The Inhabitants are idolaters, and
vvorffiip devoutly their images, made of
clay baked in the fun. The principal city
is Aracan, containihg about 100,000 in
habitants ; a river, which empties into the
Bay of Bengal, called alfo Aracan, runs
through It, and waters the ftreets h^
means of feveral arms or canals, Into
vvhich it is divided. The houfes are very
low ; that of the king is very large and
richly ornamented ; 240 miles S E Cal
cutta, Ion. 93 E, lat. 20 38 N.
Araclea, a feaport town of European
Turkey, in Romania, on the N W coaft
of the fea of Marmora, called by the
Turks Erekli ; 15 leagues W Conftanti
nople. Arafat, a mountain of Arabia, about 4
or 5 miles from Mecca. Great numbers
of Muffelmen refort here annually, hav
ing a tradition that on this mountain A-
braham was about to offer his fon Iflimael,
[Walker.]
Aragon, a country which was once an
Independent kingdom, but now united
with Spain, and forms a very confidera
ble part of that monarchy. It is bound
ed on the N by the Pyrenees, which fep
arate it from France, on the N W by
Navarre, on the W by Caftile, on the S
by Valencia, and on the E by Catalonia.
It contains 70 towns, only 8 of which are
confiderable. The air is pure and ferene,
but it often wants water, having neither
fprings nor wells, fo that the principal
fupply, is from rain preferved In clfterns.
'I'he country is generally dry, fandy,
mountainous, and ftony. Some of the
vallies are however very fertile, and pro
duce wheat, flax, faffron, grapes, olives,
and other fruits ; fait mines abound, and
it is fuppofed that mines of filver were
wrought formerly, as we read that the
Roman general Marcellus exaCled from
this country, a contribution of 300 talents
of that metal, and Gracchus deftroyed 30Q
towns

ARC

ARC

lo-wns, a proof of the wealth and multi
tude of the Inhabitants.
Aragon, a town of Arabia, 100 miles
E S E Sanaa.
Aral, a lake or Inland fea of Afia, In the
country of the Independent Tartars,
about 250 miles long, aud 120 broad,
"J'he Tartars have turned the courfe of
the river SIhpn and Glhon from the Caf
pian fea to this lake, to prevent the en
croachments of pirates, lop. 58 to 62 E,
lat. 42 45 to 46 40 N.
Ararat, a mountain of Afia, on the W
pf Cafpian, in Armenia, very lofty and
fteep ; the furamit is inacceflible, and al
ways covered with fnoyr. It Is by fome
fuppofed to be the fame on which Noah's
Ark reined after the flood ; 20 leagues S
Erivaii. 1
Aras, a large river, which has Its fource
in the mountaip on which it is faid Noah's
Ark refted. Dividing Armenia froip Me
dia it falls into the Cafpian. It is large
and rapid, \yhen the fnows melt, and
the waters rife, aided by many tributary
ftreams, with a noife aftonifliing, it laughs
at bridges, and fweeps them away.
[Chardin!]
Arajfl, a feaport town of Genoa,' a place
of fome trade, and well peopled ; veffels
are to be hired here for Genoa, or any
part pf Italy, Ion. 7 56 E, lat, 44 4 N.
Araw, a town of Swifl'erland, in the
canton of Berne, on the right fide of the
Aar, from vvhich it receives its name. In
a fertile country; it contains about 1700
fouls, "The principal manufactures are
cotton, cotton ftuffs, printed lineps, cut
lery, and tanning : 21 miles S E Bafle, lat,
47 23 N, _
Arba, aa ifland belonging to the ftates
of Venice, near the coaft of Dalinatia, on
wbich Is a town of the fame name.
Arbois, a town of France, in the depart-
pieut of Jura, celebrated for the excel
lent white wine' made in its environs ; 8
leagues NNE Lons le Saunicr, lat. 46 54 N.
Arbon, a town of Swiflerland, on the
S fide of the lake of Conftance. The
principal part of the inhabitants are
Proteftants; 1 4 miles S E Coiiftaiice.
Arcadia, a town of European Turkey,
In the Morea,, in a gulf tp which it g'-/es
name, open to the Mediterranean 'fea ;
6 leagues N Navarln, lat. 37 22 N, Ion.
21 42 £.
Arceuil, a village of France, 3 miles S
Paris, remarkable for an aqueduCl which
ii thought to equal the works of the an
cient Romans. Its waters are diftribut-
ed iu Paris.

Archangel, a feaport town of Ruffia,
and capital of the government to wliich
it gives name. All the neceflaries of life,
meat, game, and great varieties of excel
lent fifli, are In the greateft plenty, and
cheap. It is fituated In the Dwina, about
8 leagues from the White Ffa.; there is a
regular jioft between Archangel and Pe-
terflDurg, a diflance of 400 miles, and
what perhaps may appear remarkable,
great quantities, of mutton and beef are
fent to the markets of Peterlburg, during
the winter. The government of A rchan-
gel is bounded on the N by the Frozen
Sea, on the E by the government cf To-
bolfle, on the S by the government of Vo-
Ibgda and Olonet?-., and on the W by the
dominions of Sweden', and extends from
Ion. 28 to 68 E, iat. 62 to 70 N. The
country is cold, niarfliy, woody, and
mountainous; the other principal towns,
befides Archangel, are Kola, Oneg, pineg,
and Mezen. 'The principal rivers are the
Dwina, the Vokfcha, the Mezen, and the
Petchora, Ar.chipela^o, a part .of the Mediterra
nean fea ; bo'unded on the N by Romania,
on the E by .Natolia, on the V,' by Liva
dia and the A^orea, and on the S by the
ifland of Candy. It was formerly called
the iEgean fea. It divides, 3s fur as it
extends, Europe from Afia, and belongs
equally to both; of the many iflands
which It contains, thofe which are near-
eft the coaft of Natolia, are called Afiatic ;
the reft are confidered as belonging to
Europe. Upwards of forty of thefe ifl
ands are reckoned confiderri'.ile : there
are many bays and harbours on the
coafts of each fide, as well as in feveral of
the iflands. There are alfo many rocks
found in the Archipelago, Ion, 27 to 38 E,
lat. 35 30 to 40 40 N.
Arcif-fur-Anbi\ a Lo^'n of France, in the
late province ,of Champagne, on the river
Aube, 15 miles N Troyes.
ArcQ, a town and caftle in the Trentin,
on the river Sarca, 15 miles S W Trent,
Ion. II 13 E. lat. 46 o N,
Atcos, a town of Spain, in Andalufi.i,
on a craggv'rdek, at the foot of which
runs the Guadaleto, 28 miles N E Cadiz.
Arcot, a. city, capital of the " Carnatic,
in the weniiifula of liludooftan. Its cita
del is efteemed a place of fome ftrength,
for an Indian fortrcCs ; and the dercnce
which It made, under captain Cbve, in
1 75 1, eftabliflied the military fame of th.it
officer. It is '73 miles W by S Madr;is,
-ind 217 E bv N Seringapatam, Ion. 79 o
E.Jat. 12 3-) N. A;:fd:.',

A R D

A RG

Ardehil, an ancient fotvn in Perfia, the
refidence and burial place of rnany kings ;
particularly of Sbiek Seffi, the author of
the Perfian fc<^ Pilgrims refort to this
place from all parts pf Perfia. It is fur
rounded with high mountains, which pc-
cafion frequent changes froni extreme
heat to Intenfe cold. The plain on which
it ftands. Is fp frpltful as tp maintain 60
villages round the city- Turks apd A-
rabs alfo pafture large floclfs. [Hanway.]
It is 25 miles £ Tauris, Ion. 48 20 E, lat.
38 15 N.
Ardeche, a department of France, part
of Dauphiny. It taijes its name from a
river. Ardenhurg, a town of Dutph Flinders,
10 miles N E Bruges.
Ardennes, a dcpartpient of Frapfe, part
pf the late province of Champagne, fo
named froni a famous foreft, lying on the
river Meufe, extending. In Caefar's time,
far ipto Germany. What remains pf if
lies between ThlbnvIUe and Liege.
Ardrah, a fmall kingdom of Afrl'^fi in
Guinea, lying at the bottom of the gulf
of St, Thomas. The inhabitants are very
courageous, apd their king was abfolute,
till the kipg of Dahomy reduced the
f ountry, and burnt the towns. The air
is very pnwholefome to Europeans ; yet
the natives live to a great age ; but the
fmallpox niakes great deftru'Ctlon among
them. This country Is fertile In Indian
corn, palm wine, plants, apd- fruits,
vvhich laft all the year ; and they make
a great deal of fait. It has a tbwn of
the fanie name. The people feem to be
more ftupid than almoft any other on the
earth, "They offer neither prayers nor
Jfacrifices. "The great Marabout or chief
prieft appoints every perfpn hi? fetifli.
Some have a mountain, fome a tree, or
ftone, pr piece of wood. The king has a
black bird. Thefe they view with a
kind of reverence, but not with (levotion.
On feeing a ¦white image of the devil at
the Marabouts, It was remarked that he
tvas black. No, gravely replied the negro
prieft, he Is ¦white, I have frequently feen
and converfcd vvith him. The king eats
alone ; to fee him ^rlnk is a crime wor
thy of death. The people can neither
read nor write. The commerce of the
kingdom confifts of flaves apd prpvifions.
It extends about 25 leagues on the coaft,
and above 100 back into the country,
[D'Albec] Ion, 3 5 E, lat. 6 o N.
Ardres, a town of France, In the de
partment of the ftraits of Calais, Picardy.
Here was an interview between Francis I.

ef France, and Henry VIII, of England,
in 1520, where the two kings difplayed
their magnificence with fuch emulation,
that the place of Interview (an open plain,
between the town and Guifnes) vvas
named the Field of the Cloth of Gold!.
It is 8 miles S Calais.
Arebo., a town on the Slave Coaft of
Guinea, at the mouth of the Formofp,
The Englifli had bnce a faClory here,
as the Dptch have ftill. Ion. 5 S'^^ lat. 6
oN,
Areiea,z ftaport pf the Red Sea,in,^f-^
rica, 55 miles from Suaquam.
Aremberg,a. town of Weftphalia, capt*
talof a county of the fame name, on a
river, 22 miles S Cologne.
Arenjberg, a town of Weftphalia, on 3,
hill, Ip the county of the fame nanie, by
the river Roer, 50 miles N iE Cologne.
ArenJI/itrg, an epifcopal fee apd feapo^-f
of the Ruffian government pf Riga, in
the Ifle pf Oefel, Ion. 25 40 E, lat. 58
15 N.'
Arezzo, an ancient epifcopal town o^
Tufcany. Guy Aretin, a BenedlCtine
monk, inventor of the mufical notes, ut,
re, mi, &c. was born here. It is feated
on a mountain, 15 miles W Citta-dl-Caf-
tello. Argau, or Aargau, a fmall well watered
province of Swifferland, In the canton of
Bern. Argences, a town of France, on the
river Me^uce, in the department of Cal-s
vados, Norniandy, 10 miles E Caen, lop.
o 2 'W, lat. 49 1 2 N.
Argentan, a tovi'n of France in the de
partment of Orn, Normandy. It is feat
ed on an eminence In the middle pf a
fertile plain, on the banks of the Orne,
and carries on a confiderable trade in
lace ; x2 pilles N \V See^, and uo W
Paris. Argateteuil, a town of the Ifle pf France,
on the Seipe, 5 miles N W Paris. It '\\
a very Jjeaptlful place, with a fine vine
yard ; and in the environs are quarrlcf
of the plaifter of Paris.
Argentiera, a barren ifland of the Gre
cian Archipelago, fo called from the fil
ver mines in it. There is but one vil
lage in the Illand, and it has no water
but what Is keptjn cifterng, Ion. 23 10 E,
lat. 36 50 N. It produces rye and cotton.
Argentiers, a tpwn of France, in the
departmept of Ardeche, Proyepce, 5
miles S W Aubenas, Ipn. 4 22 E, lat.
44 30 N.
Argenton, a town of France, in the de
partment of Indre and late province of
Berry,

ARK

ARM

Berry, divided into two parts by the
river Creufe. It is 37 miles S W Bour
ges, Ion. I 38 E, lat. 46 35 N.
Argos, a feaport of Turkey In Europe,
in the Morea, 25 miles S Corinth, Ion,
23 5 E, lat, 37 30 N.
Argojiol, a fegport of the ifle Cephalo-
cia, oppofite Albania, but the anchorage
is not firm ; the Proveditor rcfides in the
fortrefs, which is 5 niiles diftant.
Argu, a town of Syria, 5 miles S E
Damafcus. ,
Arguin, an Ifland and fort of Africa, or
the coaft of Zahara. It vvas taken by
the Dutch froni the Portuguefe In 1638 ;
afterward the French took It from the
Dutch. It '\f, 30 miles S E Cape Blanco.
Ion. 17 5 W, lat. 20 30 N.
Argun, a river of Afia, which divides
llie Rpffian from the Chinefe enipire.
Argun, a town of "Tartary, on the
frontiers of the Xhlnefe eippire, There
are mines of filver and lead pear it ; and
a pearl fifliery ip the river Argun, Ion,
103 56 5, lat, 42 30 N.
Argylejhire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the N by Invernefsfliire, on
the S and W by the Atlantic Ocean, by
which It is broken Into iflands and penin-
fulas. It is nearly 100 miles long ; its
breadth Is equal. The foil ip the high
grounds, thdpgh little fitted for cultiva
tion, affords excellent pafture.
Arhvfen, a fefiport of Denniark, in N
Jutland, with a bifliop's fee. It Is feated
on the Baltic Sea, at the mouth pf the
Guda, and furrounded by forefts full of
game. It is 25 miles S Wlburg, Ion. 9
50 E, lat. 56 5 N.
Ariano, a tovyn pf Naples, with a
bifliop's fee ; 15 miles iE Benevento.
Ariano, a town of Italy, ip the Ferra-
refe, on a branch of the river Po, 22
jniles N E Ferrara, Ion. 128 E, lat. 45 o N.
Arifl), (El) a tovyn of Egypt, near a
gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it
gives name, in the road from Catleh to
Gaza ; 4a mile? ENE fatleh, and 115
NESuez. Aripo, a town on the W coaft of Cey
lon, at the mouth of the river Sarunda ;
to the E of it is a pearl fifliery, Ion. 80
a5 E, lat. 8 4« N.
Arhesko, a town of Abyffinia, on thsvrfr
Red Sea, confifting of 400 houfes, a few
built of clay, the reft of coarfe grafs.
The harbour has deep water, but is open
to the N E. [Bruce.]
Arktow, a feaport pf Ireland, in the
county of Wicklow, 1 3 miles S of Wick
low, Ion, 6 5 W, lat. 5a 44 N.

Aries, an ancient city of Franee, in tTie
department of the Mouths pf the Rhone,
Provence. It was lately an archiepifco
pal fee. The country around is very
pleafant, and produces good wine, corn,
vermilion, manna, oil, and fruife. There
are a great number pf antiquities, tit
which the amphitheatre and obeliflc arc
the moft remarkable ; apd the emperor
Conftaptine took great delight In It. It
is feated on the Rhone, 12 miles S 5 Nifr
mes. Ion, 4 43 E, laf. 43 41 N.
Aritjhem, a towp pf Swjfferland, In the
blffiopric of Bafle, where the canons of
that city reildc.
Arion, an anciept town of the Auftri..
an Netherlands, now dlfinantled. It is
feated on a mountain, 10 miles N \V
Luxemburg, Ion. 5 56 E, laf. 4j 45 N.
Annagh, a county of Ireland, 32 miles
in lepgth, and X7 in breadth ; bounded on.
the E tjy Down. It contains 49 parifli-
es, 21,983 houfes, 120,000 Inhabitants,
and fends 6 piemlierg to parliament.
Armagh, a city of Ireland, apd capital
of the county ft) called, the fee of aa
archblfbop, who is lord prlmafe pf all Ire
land. St. Patrick founded the fee in the
year 444. This city was much decayed,
but by the munificence of lord Rokeby,thc
archbifliop, it has been confiderably in
creafed ; he has built a handfome palace,
and a noble lipufe for tbe fchool, which
Is a royal foundation ; %o which he ad
ded a public library for tlje promotion of
fcience. He has alfo ereCtcd an obfer-
vatory, vvith a liberal Income for an af-
tronpmer, fecuring tht endowments by
feveral aCls of the leglflature ; 6a miles
N Dublin, and 46 S S E Londonderry-,
Ion. 6 •^5 W, lat. 54 21 N.
Armagnac, a late province of Guienne,
in France, 55 miles in length, aud 40 ia
breadth. It is fertile in corn and wine,
and carries on a fonCderable trade in
brandy and wool. This province, vvith Gaf-.
cony, npw forms the department of Gers.
Armenia, a country of Afia, bound
ed on the W by the Euphrates, on
the S by Diarbekir, on the E by Perfia,
and on the N by Georgia. It is one of
the moft healthy and fertile provinces in
,Afia ; the climate temperate, and the
foil fich, and watered by many large riv
ers, on which account fome interpreters
have made it the feat of Paradlfe, or the
Garden of Eden in the fcrlptures. "I'he
frontiers are mountainous but ftill fertile.
It had foiinerly kings of its own, but is
now partly fubjeCl to Perfia, and partly
to the Turkifli empire ; that part of Ar
menia ¦

A R N

A R R

menia fubjeCt to the Perfians, is gener-f
ally called Upper, or Grand Armenia,
and fometimes Eaftern ; while the oth
er, which is fubjeCl to Turkey, goes by
the name of Weftern, Lower, or Little
Armenia, The Inhabitants are fober and
induftrious ; and .Armenian rnerchants
are found aljnoft in every capital town of
Afia and Europe. They are Chriftians,
but charged with being Eutychians ;
their clergy are compofed of patriarchs,
archblfliops, bifliops, doilors, preach
ers, and monks. Erzerum- is the capital
of Armenia. Polygamy is not allowed
in this country ; but the inhabitants are
more numerous than in any other prov
ince of the Turkifli empire.
Armentiers, a town of France, in French
Flanders, on the Lis, 8 niiles N W Lifle,
Ion. 3 3 E, lat. 50 40 N.
Armiers, a town of France, in the de
partment of the North, Hainault, on
the Sambre, 20 miles S Mons, Ion. 4 3
E, lat. 50 7 N.
Armiro, a town of Macedonia, on the
gulf of Velp, 30 miles S E Lariffa, Ion.
23 22 E, lat. 39 30 N.
Armfchud, an ifland of the Weftern
Ocean. It has a regular town, and is well
peopled. After a folemn covenant or mu
tual oath, to preferve a remembrance of
the folempity a pile of ftones is raifed.
They live on roots, fifli, beaver and fea
coWs, lat. 5i N. [Beneybwfld.]
Armuyden, a feaport ' of the United
Provinces, in the ifland of Walcheren,
now inconfiderable, the fea having ftopt
up the harbour. "The fait works are its
chief refource. It Is 3 miles E Mid-
dleburg. Ion. 3 42 E, lat. 51 31 N.
Arna, a feaport town of Andros, an ifl
and of the Archipelago.
Arnay-le-Duc, a town of France in the
department of C&te d'Or, Purgundy. It
is feated in a valley, near the river Ar-
roux, 25 miles N W Baune, Ion. 4 26 E,
lat. 47 7 N.
Arneberg, a town of Germany, In Bran
denburg, on the Elbe, 3 miles from Werben.
Arnheim, a town of the United Prov
inces, capital" of Guelderland, on the
Rhine, 8 miles N NImeguen, Ion. 5
j'o E, lat 52 2 N. .
Arno, a river in Tufcany, which rifes
in the Apennines, and paffing by Flor
ence and PIfa, falls Into the Mediterra
nean a little below the latter. The val
ley through which it runs Is very pleaf
ant, abounding in fruits. Part of this
valley Is thought to have been once a
lake ; before the Arno made or deepened

its pafl'age through the Rock at Rignanc).
In digging here the ftrata of the earth
appears regular.and elephant's bones havf
been found.
Arnon, a brook pf Paleftine, rifing ip
the mountain of Gilead, and difcharging
itfelf Into the dead fga. [D. B.]
Arnfheim, a town pf Germany, In the
palatinate of the Rhine, 8 inilcs from
Kreuzenach. Arnjiadt, a town of Thurlngia, on the
river Gera, 10 miles S W Erfurt, Ion. ii
15 E, lat. 50 54 N.
Arona, a town of the duchy of Milan,
with a ruined caftle on the lake Maggi
ore, 30 miles N W Milan, Ion. 8 35 E,
lat. 45 40 N.
Aronches, a town of Portugal, in Alen
tejo, on the river Caro, 5 miles S E Por-
talegra. Ion. 7 o W, lat 39 3 N.
Arool, a town of the Ruffian empire,
in the government of Kiof, feated on the
Occa, 200 miles S Mofcow, Ion. 36 40 E,
lat. 51 58 N.
Aroojfl, a little, pleafant territory of
Abyffinia, equal to any region of the
eaftern world. The whole Is finely fliadr
ed with the acacia free, which produ^;
ces the gum arable. It is finely watered,
and feepis to be the native country of
oats, which grow here, fpontaneoufly,
to a prodigious height and fize. [Bruce.]
Arpenas, a cataraCt of the river Arvei
near Salenche, in Savoy, Its fall is faid
tp be above 1,100 feet, rufliing, with great
noife and violence, from a prodigious im-r
pending rock.
Arpino, a town of Naples, in Terradij,
Lavora, 8 miles N Aquino, Ion. 13 46
E, lat. 41 44 N,
Arqua, a town of Italy, in the Paduan,
remarkable for the tomb pf Petrarch, 10
miles S Padua, Ion. 11 58 E, lat. 45 13 N.
Arques, a town of France, on a river
of the fame name, in the department of
the,,Lower Seine, Normandy. It is fa
mous for the victory gained here by
Flenry IV, over the duke of Mayenne,
general of the league, in 1589. It has
an ancient caftle, and is 4 miles S E
Dieppe, Ion, i 13 E, lat. 49 53 N.
Arragon, a province of Spain, boundT
^ ed on the N by the Pyrenees, on the W
^by Navarre and the Two Caftiles, on the
S by Valencia, and on the E by Valen..
cia and Catalonia. The air Is pure and
wholefome ; but the country, thougl^
abounding in rivers, Is in want of good
water. It Is fertile in corn, wine, flax,
and fruit, near the rivers ; but in other
place? dry and fandy. It produces faf
fron,

A R V

ASA

fron, and there are many mines of fait.
Saragoffa is- the capital.
Arran, an illand of Scotland, In the
frith of Clyde, 23 miles long and la
broad, Ridges of rugged mountains ex
tend acrofs the ifland, but their lides are
fertile. It abounds vvith cattle, goats,
black game, and groufe ; and the ftreams
are ftored with fifli, efpecially falmon.
The climate is feverc but healthful ; and
invalids annually refort hither to drink
the whey of goat's milk. Among the
rocks are found iron ore, fpar, and a
great variety of beautiful pebbles. On
the coaft are many wonderful caverns,
which often afford flielter to fmugglers.
They were once th'e retreats of ancient
heroes. Tradition preferves the memory
of FIngal ; and Robert Bruce took ref
uge In this ifland, during the time of his
greateft diftrefs.
Arras, an ancient fortified town of
France, in the department of the Straits
of Calais. It was lately an epifcopal fee,
and is divided into two towns, one nam
ed the city, vvhich is the ancient ; and
the other the io^wn, which is modern, and
feated on the river Scarp, 12 miles S W
Douay, and 22 N W Cambray, Ion. 251
E,, lat. 50 17 N.
Arriege, a department of France, con
taining the late provinces of Couferans
and Foix. It is fo named from a river,
which rifes in the Pyrenees, and paffing
by Foil and Pamires, falls into the Ga
ronne, near Touloufe. Goldduft is found
among its fands.
Arroe, a fmall ifland In of Denmark, in
the Baltic, containing many gentlemen's
feats, between the iflands of Funen and
Alfen, Ion, lo 20 E, lat. 55 10 N.
Arrojo de St. Servan, a town of Spaip,
In Eftramadura, 8 miles S Merida, and
45 E Badajoz, Ion. 6 20 W, lat. 38 36 N.
Arfiffa, a fortrefs of Syria, 90 miles
S E, Aleppo.
Arfif, a feaport town of Paleftine 6
miles N E Joppa.
Arta, an ancient feaport of Turkey In
Europe, in Albania, vvith a Greek arch
bifliop's fee. It carries on a confiderable
trade in tobacco and flclns, and is feated
on the river Afdhas, 70 miles NNW
Lepanto, Ion. 21 ao E, lat. 39 a8 N.
Ariais, a late province of the French
Netherlands ; bounded on the N and E
by Flanders, and by Hainault, Cambre-
fis, and Picardy on the S and W. It is
now included in the department of the
Straits of Calais.
Arvc, a rapid river of Savoy, w^hich

rifes in Faucigi^, and watering Salenche,
Clufe, and Bonneville, joins the Rhone
below Geneva. It has many cataraCls.
See Arpenas.
Arun, a river of Suffex, England, that
falls into the Englifli Channel, below
Arundel. It is famous for mullets,
Arundel, a borough In Suffex, oft the
fide of a hin,on the Arun, whiih is here
navigable for barges only. The caftle,
the ancient feat of the dukes of Norfolk,
ftands on the hUl, and Is faid to be a mile
in compafs. The poffeffion Of this caftle
confers an earldom on its proprietor ; and,
by this right, the duke of Norfolk Is earl
of Arundel. It Is governed by a mayor,
fends tvvo members to parliament, and Is
8 miles E Chichefter, and 68 S S W Lpn
don, Ion. o 29 W, lat. 50 55 N.
Arivangen, a caflje and village of SwUT-
erland, in the canton of Bern, between
Wangen and Arburg, on the river Aar,
over which It has a covered bridge.
Arzes, a town of the ifland of Cyprus,
formerly a confiderable city, and fee of a
Greek bifliop, but fince the poffeffion of
the ifland by the Turks, reduced to the
condition of a village,
Arze-w, a town in the province of Al
giers, built on the ruins of the ancient
Arfenaria, fome of which are ftill vifible.
A Corinthian capital of parian marble
fupports a fmith's anvil. Their water is
brackifli. Large clfterns have been cut
in the rocks to preferve rain water, but
thefe are now caves in vvhich people live.
Here is a fepulchral chamber 15 feet
fquare, with Latin infcriptions. Five
miles from the city is a traCt of fait pits
6 miles in compafs. The fait is eafily
dug. [Shaw.]
Arzilla, an ancient feaport of Africa,
in the kingdom of Fez, once in poffeffion
of the Portuguefe, who abandoned It. It
is 50 miles S S W Tangier, Ion. 6 3 W,
lat. 35 30 N. _
Arzina, a river of Ruffian Lapland, In
to a bay of which, in 1553, two Englifli
fliips (which had penetrated as high as
72 N lat. to Spitzbergen) were forced by
flrefs of weather ; and their crews were
frozen to death.
Afad-abad, a town of Perfia, In the pro
vince of Irac, on the frontiers of Kurdif-
tan, large and well peopled : 22 leagues
NNE Amaden.
Afaph, St. a city of Flintfliire, on the
river Elway, vvhere it unites with the
Clwyd ; and over each Is a bridge. It Is
a poor place, of note only for its cathe
dral, but has a market on Saturday. It

ASH
J» a4 miles W Chefter, and 409 N W
London, Ion. 3 36 W lat. 53 1 2 N.
Afcalon, a town of Afia In Paleftine, of
much celebrity in the Scriptures and in
the crufades -. 65 miles S W Jerufalem.
It is now called Scalana, fituate between
Ajioth and Gaza, Upon the Mediterra
nean fea. It Is an inconfiderable place.
A Turkifli gafrifon is ftationed here.
[Bowen.]
Afcenfian, a barren, tiflinhabited Ifland,
in the S Atlailtic OceaP, 600 miles N W
St. Helena. It has a fafe harbour, at
which the E India fliips often touch, to
procure turtles, which are here plentiful
and large. Goats are found hefe, and
perfons affliifted- with the fcurvy, find re
lief by covering themfelves with fand. It
is faid there is frefh water here at the
foot of the green mountain, Ion. 14 18
W, lat. 7 40 S. [St. Pierre, Cook.]
Afchajffenburg, 3. town of Germany, fub-
jeCt to the eleClor of Mentz, wha has a
palace here, in which George II. took up
his quarters the night before the battle
ofDettingen, in 1743. It was taken by
the French in July 1796. It Is 40 miles
E Mentz, Ion. 9 5 E, lat. 50 40 N.
Afcoli, a populous town of Italy, in the
piarquifate of Ancona, with a bifliop's
fee. It is feated on a mountain, at the
foot of which runs the Fronto, 80 miles
N E Rome, Ion. 13 29 E, lat. 42 44 N.
Afcoli di Satriano, an epifcopal city of
Naples, on a mountain 70 miles E Naples.
It was almoft deftroyed by an earthquake
in 1399, Ion. 15 50 E, lat. 41 8 N.
Afcer, or Afecrgur, a fortrefs of Cande-
ifli, in the IJeccan of Hindooftan, 20 miles
N E Burhanpour, Ion. 76 o E, lat. 21
35 N.
Afhborn, a town in Derbyfliire, England,
between the rivers Dove and Compton,
10 miles N E Utoxeter, and 139 NNW
London. AJhburton, a borough In Devonfliire,
England. It fends two members to par
liament, is one ofthe four ftannary towns,
and has a very handfome church. It is
feated among the hills (which are i|ie-
markable for tin and copper) near the
river Dart, 19 miles S W Exeter, and '193
W by S London.
Afby de la Zouch, a town In Lelcefter-
fliire, England, It had a caftle with a very
high tower, fome ruins of which are
ftanding, and It has a free fchool. A ca
nal from this town is now making, which
is to communicate vvith the Coventry
Canal, Afliby Is 13 miles S Derby, and
115 NNW London.

A S O
AJhden, a village in Effex, England, 3
miles N E Saft'ron Walden. Here are
feveral pyramidical rifing grounds, faid
to, have been made in memory of a bat
tle fought between Canate and Edmund
Ironfide. Afford, a town In Kent, England, on
the river Afli, 24 miles S E Maidftone
and 57 London.
Afton-imder-Line, a confiderable village
In Lancafliire, 7 miles E Manchefter. It
has a manufacture of cotton, and an
Iron foundery.
Afh-well, a village in Hertfordfliire, for
merly a borough, and governed by a
mayor. Near the chutch are the re
mains of a Roman camp, which confifts
of 12 acres of land, enclofed by a deep
ditch, and formerly a rampart. It Is 4
miles N Baldock.
Afm, one of the fonr great parts of the
world, fituate E of Europe. It extends
4740 miles from the Dardanelles on the
W, to the E fliore of Tartary ; and 4380
miles from the moft fouthern part of Ma-;
lacca, to the moft northern cape of Novjl
Zembla ; being fuperior in extent, as
well as in many other refpeCts, to Africa
and Europe. It is bounded on the N by
the Frozen Ocean, on the W by the ReiJ
Sea, the Mediterranean, the iBladk'Sea,
the Don, and the Oby ; on the E by the
Pacific Ocean, and on the S by the In
dian Ocean. The principal countries in
Afia, are Siberia, Tartary, China, Thibet,
Hindooftan, Siam, Burmah, Perfia,'Ara-
bia, Syria, Paleftine, Natolia, Diarbeckar,
Irac, Armenia, Georgia, Curdiftan, &&
The various particulars of governmSnjtr
religion, foil, climate, and productions,
may be found under the names of the
refpeClive countries. It Is here fufficient
to obferve, that this quarter of the globi: •
has been the fcene of the moft important
tranfaCtions refpeCting the human race,
as recorded in the holy fcrlptures ; as the
creation of man, the eftablifliment ofthe
Hebrew nation and religion, the promul
gation of Chriftianity, &c.
Afnara, an Ifland In the Mediterranean,
on the N W coaft of Sardinia, 17 miles N,,
by W Saffarl. It is 28 miles in compafs,
Ion. 8 30 E, lat. 41 o N.
Afeyton, a borough of Ireland, in the il
county of Limerick, on the river Shan
non, 20 miles W S W Limerick. J
Afhrig, a town in the N riding of YodH
fhire, 6 miles S by E York, and 243 iNJ
London, Ion, i o W, lat. 53 55 N.
Afns, fee Efne.
Afoltt, a town of Italy, in Brcfciano, 'iS|
EtllM

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ASP

A 8 S

Wiles S E Brefcia, Ion. lO 30 E, lat. 45
48 N.
A/olo,a town Of Italy, in Trevifano, on
a mountain 1 7 miles N W 'I'revifo, Ion.
II 36 E, lat. 45 59 N.
Afoph, a fea, anciently the PaluS Majo-
tis, lying N of the Black Sea, with Which
it communicates by the ftrait of Caffa,
the ancient Ciriunerian Bofphorus. This
fea, which Is fometimes called the fea of
, Zabak, extends 390 miles from S W to
N E. It Was wbrfliipped as a deity by
, the MaffagetK, a people of Scythia, Ion.
from 35 to 4a E, lat, from 45 to 47 fJ.
Afoph, a diftriCl of the Ruffian empire,
in the province of Catharincnflaf, includ
ing a large traCl of territory to the E and
W Afoph. It Was ceded by the Turks
in 1774, and fince that period, feveral
new towns have been built by the Em-
prefs Catharine ; one of vvhich, Catha-
rinenflaf. Is riow the capital.
Afiph, the late capital of a diftriCl of
the fame name, in Afia, feated near the
¦ mouth ofthe Don, to the E of the fea of
Afoph. It has been feveral times taken
and retaken by the Turks and Ruffians-
It is no longer of the importance it was
In the reign of Peter the Great ; the'
branch of the Don,ppon which it ftands,
being now fo choked vvith fand, as fcarce-
ly to admit the fmalleft veffel, Ion. 41 30
E.lat. 47 18 N.
Afpereit, a town in Holland, on the
Linge, famous for a long fiege which II
held out againft the Gueldrians, under
the conduct of Charles D'Egmont, duke
of Guelders 15 17. The determined and
long refiftance made by the belieged, fo
enraged the duke, that when he took pof
feffion of the town, he put every foul to
the fword, without regard to age or fex ;
la miles iN WBommel, 15 S Utrecht.
Afperofa^, a town of Turkey, in Europe,
with a bifliop's fee, on the coaft of the
Archipelago, 22 miles S E Nicopoli, Ion.
24 50 E, lat. 40 58 N.
Afphaltites Lake, known alfo by the
names of the Salt Sea, Dead Sea, and Sea
«/ Sodom, is S Jordan, and on the S iE bor
der of the ancient Canaan. According
to Jofephus, it is 72 miles long and about
19 broad. Modern travellers, however,
make It only 24 miles long;, and 6 or 7
broad. The I'ivers Jordan, Ariion, Kid-
liiiron and other ftreaite, empty into this
Lake. It has no vifible communication
vvith the fea. The great quantities ot
bitumen, flime, or mineral pitch in this
Lake, render Its waters unfit to drink.
No fifli can live in it. The fulphurous
¦Vol. II. C

fteam affeCts even the fruit on the di-or«
in fome parts. This Lake is fuppofed to
occupy the ancient fite of Sodom, Go
morrah, Adinah, and Zeboim, and the
valley of SIddim. After thefe cities
were deftroyed in the manner related In
the fcrlptutes, It is fuppofed the fpot on
which they flood was funk by in earth
quake ; and fome hkve felated that, when
the waters bf this lake are low, the mlns
bf thefe cities; are ftill to be feen. When
the Saviour fpeaks of " The Lake of fire
and brimftone,'' he is fuppbfed to allude
to this Lake Afphaltites, which is confid
ered, as the lafting monument of thofe
awful fliowers of fire and brimftbne, by
which Sodom and Gomoftah, and the
other cities of the plain periflied for their
vile lufts. [Brovvn, Mtde.]
Affam, a country of Afia, bounded on
the W by Bengal and Eootan, on the N
by Thibet, and on the S E and S by
Meckley. The river EurratiipOoter
runs through the Whole length of it. Its
capital is Ghergon. The open parts are
marked With papulation and tillage ; the
woods abound with elephants. The
mountains are inhabited by a tribe caUcd
Nanacs, an evil difpofed race, who go
naked, and eat dogs, Cats, mice, locufts,
and any thirig they can find. The other
Inhabitants of Affam are bafe and unprin
cipled, have no fixed religion, nor any
rule but their inclination. They eat all
fiefli except human, even animals that
die a natural death. 1'hcy ate enter prif-
ing, favage, vindictive, and fond of war.
They have neither horfes, affes, nor cam
els ; but they are fometimes brought
there from olher countries. Affes
they are fond of, but ate fo much
afraid of a horfe, that one trooper would
put a hundred of them £0 flight. Affam
lies between 91 and 96 E Ion. and 25 and
28 N lat.
AJfancate, a town of Afmehia, on the
river Ares, built on a fliarp rock, in the
midft of a plain, furrounded With walls,
and defended vvith towers and a citadel
In which a garrifon is kept ; 22 miles E
Erzerum. Here are hot baths much fre
quented. Ion. 41 to E, lat. 39 46 N.
AJfanchif, a tov\rn of Afia, In Diarbeck,
feated on the Tigris, 40 miles S E Diar
bekar, Ion. 40 20 E, lat. 37 30 N.
AJfens, a feaport of Denmark, In the ill
and of Funcn. It has a good harbour,
and is the common paflage from the
duchy of Slefwick to Copenhagen, 17
miles S W Odenfte, Ion. i j a E, lat. 5$
17 N.
AJer,

AST
AJfet^ a generous branch of the Nile,
170 yards broad, 2 feet, deep. It is rapid,
and juft before it unites with the Nile,
has a beautiful c^oade ao feet perpen
dicular. [Bruce,]
Affifit, a city of Italy, in the duchy of
Spoleto, on the fide of a high mountain.
The cathedral is magnificent, and com
pofed of 3 churches ; one above another.
It is 70 miles' N Rome ; lom i» 38 E, lat.
43 o N. . ^
Affos, a feaport of Natolia, o-n- a bay of
the Archipelago, 12 miles S E Troas,lon.
a6 36 E, lat. 39 3a N.
Affouan, a poor, fmall town on the Nile,
-ivith a feeble fortrefs, garrlfoned by Jan
izaries, who' command the country.
Near this place are the ruins of the an
cient Seyne, under the tropic of Cancer.
[Pococke]
AJfumption Ifland, Orie of the Ladrones
in the Pacific Ocean, 3 leagues in circum
ference. It is a volcanic cone a4o feet
above the fea', of black and horrible af-
peCl. In one hollow are a few cocoanut
trees, off which is the only place a veffel
can anchoi', Ion. 143 15 E, lat. 19 45 N.
[Peyroufe.],
Afjjnt, a' diftriCl in the 'W part of
Suthei'landfliire, vvhich exhibits an aflenv-
blage of fliattered mountains, heaped up
on each other ; and feemlnlgly convulfed
in a tremendous manner. "Toward the
rugged peninfula of Affynt Point, are
feveral vaft conic hills, the higheft of
vWiich Is diftingulflied by tlie name of
the Sugar Loaf.
AJyria, a country celebrated in ancient
hlftory. It Is one of the earlleft empires
and comprehended the provinces In Afia
now called Diarbeck, Curcfiftan, and Irac.
Afabttt, a town of Armenia, • 3 miles
from the river Aras, and 12 S iJakfivan,
Ion. 45 30 E, lat. 38 28 N.
Afi, an ancient epifcopal town of Italy,
in Montferrat. It is on the Tanaro, 2a
miles E Turin, Ion. 8 8 E, lat. 43 3 N.
Ajiorga, an epifcop-al town of Spain, in
Leon, Well fortified by art and nature,
feated in a pleafant plain, a5 miles S 'VV
Leon, Ion. 5 52 W, lat. 42 22 N.
Afrabad, a town of Perfia, capital of a
province of the fame name, on the Ca'f-
pian Sea, 300 miles N Ifpahan, loH. 55 35
E, lat. 36 50 N.
Afirachan, a city of Afia, and fee of a
biffiop, fituated on an ifland at the mouth
of the Volga, iri the Ruffian government
or Caiucafus, about 14 leagues from the
Cafpian Sea. It is a league In circumfer- 1
eiice, furrouaded -with a 'wsU, has a good

AST
harbbui«, arid coritalns 78,000 inhabitants..
Peter the Great dcfigned it for the ccn-'
tre of commerce, and the greateft mart of
the world. Its fituation is weft- calculat
ed for" fuch a grand defign, being as.It
vVere the boundary of Afia and Europe*
By means of the Cafpian Sea and the
Volga, merchandlfe niay be brought
from Perfia, Armenia, India, &c. and
conveyed to the ports of the Baltic, and
vice verfa. It is inhabited by Ruffians,,
Armeiiians, Greeks, Perfians, Englifli,
French, Indians, and Jews, Prodigious
quantities of felt are made in its 'neigh
bourhood. FIfli of many fort-s qrc plen-
' tiful and good ; and tlie melons produc
ed here equal thofe of Perfia. The build
ings are cliiefly of wood, except the cathe^
dral and a few other churches. Iwan
Bafilowitz took this city from the Tar
tars in the year 1554. In- 1670, it was"
feized by the rebel Stenkorazin ; but be
foon after fuffered death at Mofcow. It
was once the capital of a kingdom of the
fame name, now divided between the
government of Caucafus and the govern
ment of Saratov, and was the emporiuHi
for the productions of Perfia, India, and
Arabia. The turrets and fteeples of this^
city, which are of ftone, make a hand
fome appearance ; from them is a heauti-'
ful prtipeCl of the City and country. The
fortifications have 500 large brafs guns,
befides mortarj, and a garrifon of 4 or
5000 troops. The natives not being aW
lowed to dwell in tlie city, after tlieir
fummer Wanderings, return near the cap
ital, and are fiirniflied with arms of de
fence againft the Tartars. Thefe arms
are returned in the fpring. They have
princes, and judges and commanders of
their oWP, but to fecure their allegiance
to Ruffia, fome of them are kept as hpf-
tages in the caftle of Aftraean. There Is
but little rain here, but the Volga, on
which it ftands, like the Nile, overflows
its banks, and renders the country very
fertile. [Hanway, Coxe,] 330 miles SSE
Saratov, 1040 SSE Petei'ftiurg, Ion. 65
38 E, lat. 46 18 N.
Afurias, a province of Spain, 120 miles
in length, and 45 In breadth ; bounded
on the E by Bifcay, on the S by Old Caf-
tik and Leon, N by Ihe Atlantic. It is
divided into Aftuila d'OvIedo, and Aflai-
ria de SantiUana. JThis province is fuHj
of mountains and forefts, and its wine and
horfes are excellent. It has iniues of
gold, lapl lazuli, and vermillion, and be
longs to the eldeft fon of the king of
Spain, who is ftyled prince of Afturias. Atbarai

A T H

A T L

¦' Jliiiira, a ftate pf Abyffinia. It has
jplenty of butter, honey, horfes, gold, and
-other coramodlties. It is fituated on a
I-iver of the fajne name, which is a large
Sbranch of the NUe. Teawa the capital Is
lin lat. 14 2 4 N. [Bruce.]
Ataiaua, a town of Portugal, In Eftra
madura, on an eminence, with a (ort, 5
^Iles S Tomar.lon. 7 56 'W,lat. 39 25 N.
Atena, a town of iNaples, hear the river
Jlegro, aa miles N Poilcaflro, ton. 15 58
E.lat, 40 36 N,
Atih'u,' an ifle between America and
Kamfchatka, one of the Andreano^ski
group, about 200 miles in circuit. It has
a good harbour, good water, plenty of fifli.
The inhabitants are not more than 100,
lat. 52 30 N, Ion. 173 30 W. [Mavor.]
Atfich, or Eifh, a tovyn of Egypt, on the
E fide qf the NUe, and- chief place of a
sdiftrlCl, 35 njiles S Cairo, lat. 29 a8 N.
Atb, a town in Auftrian Hainault. It
tos-been often taken and retaken, and Is
jeat.ed on the -Dender, la miles N W
Mous, lop. 3 44 Ejlal:. 50 35 n1
Athelney, Ifle of Athelney, is a rifing fpot
lof ground in the county of Somerlet In
England, fuiTQunded by the river Thone,
over which is a bridge, noyy called Athel-
rtey bridge. This fpot, vvhic^ was ancient
ly environed with impaffaWe marfljes and
|noraffes, yylU be ever meftiorable .for the
retreat of king Alfre^, from the fury of
the Danes, who In tuinultuaus numbers
had overrun tlfe eaftern part of his do
minions. T9>€ reglfter ef Athelney fets
forth, that Alfred, after having bravely
enconatered ihis enemies for 9 fucceffive
years, was at lengtt reduced to the necef-
iity of Seeing from them, and takipg re
fuge ip the ifle of Athelney. The place
that Jddged liim vvas a fmall Cbttage be
longing to St. Athelwine, formerly ap -her
mit here, the fon pf king Kynegilfus. -/^f-
ter he left this retirement, and had total
ly defeated -tie -enemies, lie founded a
monaftery for iBen£di<9iHe monks on the
fpot which had given him flielter, endow
ing the eftablifliment witl) the vvhole -ifle
flf Athelney, exempt from taxes and all
^urdens : i mile E N 'E Taunton.
.Athvnry, a bprou^ town of Ireland, In
the -county qf QalWay, which fent two
members to the Icifli parliament : 10
miles E Galway.
¦tAthens, a city of -Greece, now called Se-
*!"«; the capital of Lavadia, a province
pf European Turkey. At one tlnie one
of the firft cities of Greece, or perhaps
of Europe, the feat of learning, arts, and
,afms. It is now the fee of a Greek arch

bifliop, with feveral churches, but in
confiderable if compared with its ancient _
fplendor: it contains about 15 Or i6,0oo'
inhabitants, Chiefly 'Qreeks. Itwastat-
en by Mah6;inet II. in the year 1455 :
the Venetians took' it from the Turks In
1464 and 1687, -but were compelled to
abapdpu it, and the Turks are now maf
ters pf it with the reft of th'e country :
the chief articles of trade are filkr, wax,
wool, and oil. It is a feaport,aud fituat
ed on the N E coaft of the gulf of En-
gia, In the Archipelago, vvith a fafe and
large harbour; the entrance, which is
narrow, 'Is coftimandedby the citadel, the
ancient Acropolis : 60 miles S 5 Livadia,'
and 304 S W Conftantinople, Ion. 2J 57
E, lat. ,38 aN. ' '
Aiherfion, a towji pf Enriand, in the
county of Warwick, near the Ariker, on
the -borders of Leicefterfliire, containing
about 2500 inhabitants, chiefly employed
in mannfaClures of hats, ribbons, flhal-
loons ; 104 miles N N W London.
Athlone, a town of Ireland, on the river
Shannon, county of Weft Meath. It is a
borough, and fent two members to the
Irlfli parHapient .: 55 ^iles W Dublin,
Ion. 7 45 -W, lat. 53 ii3 N. ' ,
Athol, a country ,of Seofland, foiTning
the -nm-thern part of the county of
Perth; the chief town is Elalr, called
Blair Athol.
Athoi, or Kfot/te Santo, a lofty mountaip
of Greece, in Macedonia, on a peninfula,
at the pioutli of the Gulf of Conteffa. It
is inhaliited by Greek monks, who have
7 convents built like forts. It is faid tp
.eaft its fliadow as far as the illand of
Stalimene, or Lemnps, upwards of 40
miles. Afhy, a -town of Ireland, county pf KHr
dare, it Is a borough, an,d fends two
members to the Irlfli pariiament, 40 miles
W 'Wicklow, Ion. 7 i \^,la;ti 5a 59 N.
Atlantic Ocean, a name given to the
waters which fpread between Europe and
Africa to the E, ' and Aiperlca to the W,
3000 miles wide.
Atlas, Greai and Little, mountains of
Africa : the Great Atlas extends from the
defert -Of Barca, aljout 80 leagues W Alex
andria, to the coaft of the Atlantic fea, to
whicli it gives name, but often changes'
its name, according to the multitude of
countries It^runs through, and the plains
and vallies by which it is interfeCted ; it
is called by the natives Ayduaal. The
Little Atlas extends from the Straits of "
Gibraltar to Bona, in the country of Al
giers, and is called by the natives Erriff: Both

A V A

A U B

Both tl^jfe are of fupUyaft height, ai>4 1
for the jhpll: part coveted with fnow, as, I
tp he Jeen at a great diftane^ off at fea.
The lilgheft parts, apd mpft difficult of
acccfs, are tbqfe which run along the
confines of the kingdom of Treinecen,
and the coldeft tbofc that hpund the do-
jpinipn^ of Morocco. As tp the generali
ty of the reft, tl^ey enjoy a much ^'"4^^
climate, and are not only Inhabited by
va,"i:ious tribes of Berebers, Arabs, and
other African people, but, in many places,
¦vyell cultivated apd fertUized, and a num
ber of; tpwns and villages difperfed In
tjiepi, vyell inhabitefl, and (lored with a-
bundance ^f cattle ; though in ipany of
thefe -they ace obliged not only to retire
intp their caverns all the winter feafon,
iirhich is there vfiy lopg, hut to take In
\xith them all ' their numerous herds,
vvhich would othe,rw(ife perifli with cpld.
AioezH, a river bf Turkey, vvhich einp-
tles intq the iBlack Sea. [Jackfo^n.]
Atougia, a town pf Portpgal, Eftrama-
dp,ca, op ap eminence pear the fea, op
pofite the rocks called, Barlings, or Bur-
lings : 2 miles iE Penlcfee.
Atri, a towp on a craggy mountain, in
the kingdom of Naples, and province of
Abruzzo tfltra, 9 miles E TeranV".
Atfiba., a town of Egypt, 5 miles N W
Achmim. , , ,
Attern, a towp pf -Hindooftap, in the
country of -Agra, 38 ipUes S S, iE Agra,39
N E Gwahor.
Attlebury, a, tpwn in Norfolk, w'lth a
market on "iTuefday, 14 miles N E Thetr
ford, and 93 London, Ion. i 5 E, lat. 52
35 N, ¦ ¦
Attock, a city and fortrefs of Hindoof
tan Proper, on the £ bank of the Indus ;
fuppofed tp ftand op the fite of the Taxi-
la of Alexander, where he croffed that
liver. It is 180 piiles N W Lahore, Ion.
10 36 E, lat. 3a 27 N.
Attack, a river, which rifes In the Tar
tarian Mountains, fj Hindooftan, apd
pafling by Cabuj, flows Iptp the Indus,
above Attoc'K.
Avfi, a kingdom of Afia, E of Arracap,
from which It is divided by a ridge of
iSpfty mopptains, ; on the i^} W it Is fep.arat-
ed from the kingdom of Cauay by the
river Keep-duem ; on tbe N it is bound
ed by inpuntains, and petty independent
principalities, which lie contiguous to .Af
fam ; on the N E and E It touches on
China, and N Siam ; on the S its limit?
have Often varied and are uncertain. In
this country rain feldom falls. The ar
ticles of commerce arc rice, cotton, tcck,

Umber, vaflly fuperior to oak for fliip
building, on which the Englifli |i Indiiv.
company greatly depend ; aloes, fpices,, '
emeralds, rubies, faphans, &c. They have,
mines of copper,lead,and filver The clini-
ate is healthy, the foil fertile. Their fyf-
teip of jprlfprudence is rtplcte with found
iporailty, Their laws are confcientloufly
adtpiniftered. Whep a rpan dies intef^,
tate, tliree fpurths of his eftate goesto his
children born in wedlock. Tpey burp
f heir dead, but people of high dlftinClIon..
arc embalmed, and kept fix 04- eight
vveeks; honey is the principal ingredi
ent ufed to preferve the body. "The popn
ulatiop of the empire is fuppofed to be
1 7,000,000. They are Pagans.. [Symes.] .
A'ua, once a large city In Afia, capital
of the kingdom of Burmah, and feated
on the rivjr Ava, The ftreets are very
ftraight, and the houfes are built with.
teek planks apd bamboos. The royaj
palace Is a niean ftruClure, although very.
large»and built with ftone. Tl^e Inhabit
tants are well fliaped,. have good features^
and an olive complexion, but the women,
who are fmall, are whiter than the men,.
It Is now in a ruinous ftate, the piClure
of defolation, the refort of thieves whtj..
conceal themfelves in the decayed edifin
ces. j4.va is 115P ipIles. NE Calcutta,
Ion. 96 30 E,lat. 21 o N.
[Hamilton, Sypies.]
Ava,3, large river, which rifes in Thi
bet, an^ ci;ofl'ipg the kingdomsj of Buip-.i
ah apd Pegu, falls info, the bay pf Bciis
gal, by feveral mouths.
Amnion, an ancient town of France, Iq
the department of Vonne, Burgundy. It
carries on a great trade,. and is furroundr
ed by hills, covered by fine vineyards. 1^-
is 20 miles S E Auxerre, Ion. 3 52 E, lat.
47 30 N.
4vaiokak a npblc bay of Kamfchat
ka in which are two excellent harbours.
It has a inuddy b.ottoip, and is never fro
zen. Ion. 156 30 E.lat. 53 I N.
[Peyroufe.]
A;uhe,a departirient of France, contain^
ing part of the late prpvince of Cham-.
pagne. It takes its name frpm a river,.
which, paffing by Bar-fur-Aube and Ar-
cis, falls into the Seine, near Nogcnt.
Aubenas, a town of France, in the de-;
partment pf -Ardeche, Dauphiny. It hs%,
a manufacture of cloths of Spanifli vvo^,
and of red cotton, in imitation of Indian
handkerchiefs. Befide corn and wine, its
diftriCl produces truffles, oranges, figs,
olives, chefiiuts, and walnuts. The filk-
worm and iniilberry-t^ee fucceed well
here-

AUD

A U G

here. They wind the filk by a machine,
confifting of three vybeels, turned by a
canal from the Ardeche : thefe wheels
move 36 looms, each containing 6 double
rows of fpindles in the length of 15 feet.
Aubenas is feated on the Ardeche, at the
foot of the Cevennes, near the mineral
w-iters of Valtz, and 15 miles N 'W VI-
viers, Ion. 4 30 iE, lat. 44 40 N.
Aubigny, a town of France, in the de
partment of Cher. It has a caftle, and is
feated in a fine plain, on the river Nerre.
Aubin, a town of the Ifland of Jerfey,
with 3 good harbour and a fort. It is a
town of merchants and mafters of fliips.
The harbour Is fafe, A veffel of 130 tons
may enter at half flood. [Bowep.]
Aubin du Cormier, a town of France, In
the department of lUe and Vilaine, Bre-
tagne ; famous fpr a battle between vrlf-
count Tremouille and the duke of Or
leans, afterward Lewis XII, in 1488,
when the latter was made prlfoner. It
is 10 miles E Renpes, lop. i 23 W, lat.
48 15 N. .
Aubonne, a handfome .town of Swiffer
land, In the canton of Bern, on a river
pf the fame naine, 10 miles W Laufanne,
Ion. 6 30 E,lat. 46 30 N.
Auburn, a town in Wiltfliire, on a
branch of the Kennet, 8 miles N E Marl
borough, and 81 W London.
Aubujfon, a town of France, in the de
partment of Creufe. It has a manufact
ure of tapeftry, and Is feated on the river
Creufe, 37 niiles N E Limoges.
Aucaugrel, a toviTi pf Africa, capital of
the kingdom of Adel, feated on a moun
tain, Ion. 44 25 E, lat, 9 10 N.
Auch, an epifcopal city of France, In
the department of Gers, capital of Gaf
eony. The greateft part of It is feated
op the fummit and declivity of a hill, at
the foot of vvhich runs the Gers. The
cathedral is one of the fineft in France.
The Inhabitants are computed to be
8000; and they have manufactures of
velvet, ferges, crapes, hats, and leather,
37 niiles W Touloufe.
Auckland, Bifimfs,a town in the bifliop
ric of Durharii. It Is pleafantiy feated
on the fide of a hill, and noted for Its
beautiful caftle, and for Its chapel, whofe
architecture is very curious. It Is 8 miles
S by W Durham, and 251 N M 'VV Lon
don. Atfde, a department of France, Langue
doe, It receives its name from a river
which rifes in the Pyrenees, and flowing
by Quillan andLimeux, falls into the Med
iterranean, below Narbonne.

Aveho, a town of iPortPgal, on the
lake of Vouga, with a good harbour, 30
miles S Oporto. The chief article of
trade is fait, great quantities pf which
are made in its environs, Ion. 8 30 W,
lat. 40 40 N.
Aveiran, a department of France, in
cluding the late province of Reuergue.
It is nanied from a river, which rifes
near Severac-le-Chateau, and flowing by
Rhodez and Villefranche, falls iptp th<s
Garonne, below Montauban.
Avellino, an epifcopal town of Naples,
In Prlncipato Citeriore. It was almoft^
ruined by an earthquake In 1694, and is
a5 miles iP Naples, Ion. 15 o E, lat 40
50 N.
Airfnche, a town of Swifferland, In the
canton of Bern, formerly capital of
Swifferland, but now greatly decayed.
lyiany ancient rpins fprround the town.
It i? J5 niUes W Bern, Ion. 6 5a E, lat,
46 50 Jf. [Coxe.]
Averno, a fulphvrous lake of Naples,
in Terra di .J^avora, two miles long, and
one broad, Virgil and others have faid
that the water was fo bad that birds
dropt dead when flying over it, and
hence they call it the lake of hell ; but
it is now fopnd to have no poifonoiis
quality ; for birds pot only fly over It, but
fwim upori it. A little tb tlie W of the
lake is a cave, where fome pretend they
went formerly to confult the Cumsan
Sybil, and through which they feigned
that there was a defcent to the regions of
Pluto. There are alfo fome old walls,
which fome fuppofe to be the ruins of a
tepiple of Apollo, and others of Pluto.
Avefa, a town of Naples, in Terra di
iLavora, with a bifliop's fee. It Is feated
in a fine plain, 8 miles N Naples.
' Aniefnes, a town of Fiance, in the de..
partment of the North, feated on the'
Hefper, a5 miles E Cambray, and 100
N £ Paris, Ion. 3 58 E, lat. yo 8 N,
Aufnay, a pleafant little ifland in the'
lake of Zuric, bclpw Rapperfchwyl. It
belongs to the convent of the Lady of
the Hermits, and has two churches.
Augjburg, an ancient city of Suabia, a
bifliojp's fee, and an imperial city, or
fovereign flate, being governed by the"
tpwn council and the reprefentatlves of
fhe burghers, who are half proteftants
and half papifts. The churches, town-
houfe, and other public buildings, are
: niagaificent. It Is furrounded by beau-
1 tiful plains, and large forefts fuU of all
forts of game. Iri the bifliop's palace,
,the-l4itherans prefented their confeffibn' Pf

A UL
fA faith tp the emperor Charles V, in
1550, hence called the confeffion of
Auglburg. i . The bifliop is one of the
princes of the empire, but • has no fliare
i^ the government of the town. In 146a,
IJ,ooo died here of the plagrie, and in
1535, about i,?,ooo diedpf the fame dlf-
erder. It was taken by the French Au-
' guft 24, 1796. tt Is feated between the
ri-sers Werdach and Lech, .36'miles N W
Munich, Ion. 11 4 £, lat. 48 27 N.
[Walker, Adam.]
.Augufe, or Aufia, .an ifland in the gulf
Vf Venice, on the coaft. of palmatia,
near Ragufa, fubjeCl to Venice, Ion. 170
E, lat. 4*55 N.
Augufioia, a town of Poland, In Polach-
i«, feated on the Narieu, 44 iniles N BI-
eiilk. Ion. 23 40 E, lat. 53 a5 N.
Auf'g, a fmaU town of Bohemia, near
Tophtz, on the bank of the Elbe.
. Avigliano, a tovyn of Italy, in Pied
mont, on a hill, 7 miles W Turin. It ,
has a caftle for its defence.
Avignon, a city of France, capital of a
territory of the faipe name, which de
pended lately on the pope, with an 3rch-
biffiop's fee and a univerfity. It vvas
formerly the refidence of the popes, who
afterward returned to Rome. The
churches are handfome, and the Jews
are allowed to have a fynagogue. It is ,
advantageoufly feated on the Rhone, ap
miles E Nifmes, Ion. 4 53 E, lat. 43 57 N.
"¦ [Wraxall.]
Av'ila, an ancient to'wn of Spain, In
Old Caftile. It has a univerfity, and a
manufacture of fine cloth ; and is feated
-on a large plain, furrounded by moun- .
tains covered with fruit trees and vine
yards, 40 miles N W Madrid, lop. 4 35
W, lat. 40 40 N.
Aviles, a town of Spain, on the bay of
Bifcay, 25 miles N Oviedo, Ion. 6 5 W,
lat. 43 27 N.
Avis, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
on an eminence, with a caftle, near the
river Avis, Hence the military order of
the knights of Avis have their name. It
is 65 miles E Lilbon, Ion. 7 40 W, lat.
3846N. '
Aukland-Bifiop, a town pf England,
county of Durham, near the rivers Wear
and Gaunlefs. ; it takes Its name from a
palace belonging to the bifliop pf ibur-
ham, who is lord of the manor. A cal-
lleo and mufiln manufacture has been
lately eftabliflied here, 10 miles S S W
Durham, and 25 1 N London.
Aulcejier, a town In Warwickfliire. It
-was a Romanftation, as appears from the.

A u a
coins, bricks, &c. often dug up in and near
it, and from the Ropian Ickneild-ftreet
paffing through it. It is 7 miles W Strata
ford upon Avon, and 102 N W Lon4on.
Aulps, a town of France, in the de
partment of 'Var, and }ate province of
Provence, Ipn. 6 30 E, lat. 43 40 N.
Aumale, fee Albemarle..
Aunis, lately a linall territory of France,
in Poitou, and now forming part of the
departinent of Lower Charente, produ
cing corn and wine in plenty, watered by
the'Sevre and Charente; and trading by.
thefe riverf. In the beft fait in France. .
Ayqn, a river that rifes in Wilts, Erig-^
land, coafts the -edge of the New Foreftj
a!id enters the Englifli Channel af Chrift^ ,
church Bay in Hampfliire.
Alton, z river that rifes In Leiceftejj; :
fliire, and running by 'Warwick an4
j Evefliam, falls into the Severn, at
Tewkefljury. Avost, Loiver, a river that rifes ii^
Wilts, and running W to Bath, become^
navigable there, continues its courfe to
Briftol, and falls into the Severn.
Aurach, a fortified town of Suabia, in
:the duchy jof Wirtembuig ; feated at the
foot of a mountain, on the rivrulet iErmft,
15 miles £ Tubingen, Ion. 9 22 E, lati
48 a6 N.
Avranches, an ancient town of France,
of meao appearance, in the department
of the Channel, iNormandy, on a moun
tain, at the foot of which flows the riv
er See, I mile and a half from the Eng;-
lifli Channel, apd 3P £ St. Malo, Ion. i
18 W, lat. 48 41 N. ' [Wraxall.] •
Auray, a feaport pf Frauce, pn the
gulplj of Morblhan, In the department
of thaf naime and late province pf Bre-
tagne, 8 piiles yf 'Vannes, Ion. a 53 W,
lat. 47 ^o N.
Aiirich, a town of Weftphalia, in iE
Friefland, with a caftle, where the count
refides. It is feated in a plain, furround-^
ed by forefts full of game, 12 miles N E
Embden, Ion. 7 la E, lat.' 53 28 N.
AuriUae, 3 populous trading town of
SEi'rance,on the river Jordanne, in the
departnipBt -of Cantal ^hd late province
of Aiwergne. Quantities of lace and
vel-vet ate pjsnufaClured here. It Is 3q
miles S W St. Flour; and 356 S Parl»,
Ion. a aa iE, lat. 44 55 N.
Aurungabad, one of thi largeft and,
moft populous cities pf India, and capi-^
tal of a country called by the fame name,
in the Deccan. It is fituated on a plain,
almoft furrounded with mountains, and
owes the greateft part" of its gran^^ur.
, anc[

A U T

A % t

iKid magnificence to Aururigzebe, -ivKo
made it his place of refidence, and fur
rounded it with walls and baftlons, chang
ing its name which was Ki/kii to the
prefent. He built alfo a grand palace,
likewife furrounded with Walls and gates
of .entrance. The country about produ
ces millet, wheat, and other provifions,
but not fufficient for the immenfe num
ber of Inhabitants ; 545 miles S Delhi,
and 515 S Lucknow, Ion. 76 2 E, lat. 19
45 N.
, Aujlria, one of the circles Pf the Ger
man empire, bo'unded on the W by
Swifferland ; on the N by Suabia, Bava
ria, Bohemia, and Moravia ; on the E
by Hungary, and on the S by Italy and
Croatia. It (Contains the archduchy of
Auftria ; the duchies of Stiria, Carinthia,
Carniola, and Gorltia ; the county of
Tirol ; and the Biflioprlcs of Brixen and
Trent. Aujlria, an archduchy in the circle of
the fame name. The river Ens divides
it into Upper and Lower : Vienna is the
capital of the Lower, and Lintz of the
Upper. Auflria excels all the provinces
of Germany In the fertility of its foil,
the plenty of Its paftures, and the whole-
fomenefs of the air. Corn, wine, and
^uit, are plentiful ; and the faffron bet
ter than that of the E Indies.
Autun, an ancient town of JFrance, the
epifcopal fee of the department of Saone
and Loire, in^the late province of Bur
gundy ; feated on the river Arroux, at
the foot of three mountains. It contains
a great number of Roman antiquities,
and thofe in better prefeivation than In
any other city of France ; particularly
the temples of Janus and Cybele. They
have manufactures of tapeftry from cows
hair and thread, carpets, and coverlets.
Their delft ware is degenerated into
earthen, althoughj with little induftry,
their argil would be very proper for porJ
celain. In St. Martin's church is the
tomb of the crttel Brunehaud, whom
Gregory of Tours mentions as the mon-
fter of the fixth century ; flie Was accu-
fcd of having poifoned her fon Childe-
bert, and of having procured the death
of 10 kings ; by th'e order of her grand-
fon Clovis II, flie was tied to the tall of
a wild mare, and thus miferably perifli
ed. The cathedral of St. Lazarus, the
college, and the fcmlnary, are worthy of
notice. Before the revolution it was the
fee of a bifliop, whofe diocefe - extended
over more than 600 pariflies. Its laft
bifliop was the fiUBOW Talleyrand.

Auturi is 45 miles E by S NcviW,i
and 162 S E Paris', Ion. 4 23 E, lat. ,^(>
57 N.
Auvergne, a late provirice of FranCe,
wbich nbw forms the two departments of
Cantal and Puy-de-Dome. It has miaes-
of fil-^er, iron, lead, and coals.
A-Lt/atfia-Bay, a harbour of Kamfchat
ka, faid to be the fafcft and moft exten
five that has been difcoyered, and thfe
only one, in that pait of the world,
that can admit veffels of a confiderable
burden. The entrance to it Is in Ion.
158 48 E, lat. 5a 51 N.
Aiiie, Loch, one of the moft beautiful
lakes of Scotland, In Argylefliire, 30
miles long, and. In fome parts, above
two broad. It contains many fine little '
iflands, tufted with trees. The river
Awe, tlie outlet of this lake, is difcharg-^
ed Into Loch Etivc, at the village of
Bunawe. Auxerre, an ancient town ef France,
In the department of Yonne, lately »n
epifcopal fee of Burgundy, and feated on
the declivity of a lifll, at the foot of
which flows the Yonne. "I'he inhabit
ants are computed at i6,ooo ; and it con
tains many foantalns and fquares. It is;
a5 miles S Sens, Ion. 3 39 E, lat. 47
48 N.
, Auxrnne, a town of France, in the de
partment of Cote d'Or and late province
of Burgundy, with a caftle, an arfenal,
handfome barracks, a foundery for can
non, and a fchool for the artillery. It Is
feated on the Saone, 17 miles iE Dijon,
Ion. 5 29 E, lat. 47 II N.
A'wlen, an imperial town of Suabia,
on tbe river Cochen, 15 miles W Oetlng.
It vvas taken by the French In Auguft -
1796, Ion. 10 15 E, lat 48 56 N.
Axbridge, a corporate town in Somer-
fetflilre. It is governed by a mayor, and
Is feated on the river Ax, under the
Mendip Hills, 10 miles N W Wells, and
13a W London, Ion. 3 o W, lat. 51
17 N.
.Axel, a town of Dutch Flanders, feat
ed In a morafs, 10 miles N Ghent. It
was taken by the French in 1794, Ion. 3
45 E, lat. 51 15 N.
Axholm, an ifland in the N W part of
the diftriCl of Lindfey, in Lincolnfhire,
formed by the Trept, Dun, and Idle. It
is a rich traCl, in which much flax is
cultivated. Axim, a teritory on the Gold Coaft of
Guinea, containing 2 or 3' 'villages on the
fea fliore. The Inhabitants are generally
rich, and fell a great deal of gold to the
Eoglilh

Ayr
Englifli and Dutch. They are likewife
induftrious in fifliing, and In tilling the
ground, which produces a prodigious
quantity of rlce,i which they exchange
a; other places on the coaft, for Indian
corn, yams, potatoes,, and palm oil. The
Dutch have a fort and a faClury here, call-
cd St. Anthony. They have flieep in
great numbers, alfo fowls, apes and pig-
cons. [Bofmaii.]
Axmitifier, a town In Deyonfliire, on
the river Ax. It was a place of note In
the time of the Saxons. Here Is a manu-
faChire of broad and narrow cloths, and
a* famous one for carpets, vvhich are
-Wrought of any fize in one piece with
needles by women. Number of in
habitants in fown and parifli 2500. It Is
t8 miles E by N Exeter, and 147 W Lon
don, lori. 3 8 W, lat. 50 46 N.
; Axum, a town of Abyffinia, once the
capital of Siris. It has about 600 houfes.
They manufacture parchment and cot-
top cloth. It is watered by a fmall
ftijeam. In the church, which Is a meari,
aqd fmall building, thefe ignorant chrif
tians believe are preferved the ark of the
covenant, and a copy of the law, which
a fon of Solomon, flole from his father.
They are confidered as the defence of the
country. Great marble ruins are feen
here ; In one fquare are 40 obeliflts, each
formed of a fingle piece of granite, with
fciUptures, but no hieroglyphics ; 120
miles W of tlie Red Sea, lat. 14 6 36 N,
Ion. 36 4 E. [Bruce.]
Ayfgh, an ifland between America, and
Kamfchatka, about 100 miles In circum
ference. It has feveral high mountains,
with vales between, of bare heath and
moor land. Berries and roots there are
of various fpecies, but not a fingle tree
on the Ifland. [Mavor.]
Ayamonte, a feaport of Spain, in An
dalufia, with a caftle bpilt on a rock, at
the mouth of the river Guadiana, oppo
fite Caftro-Marino, 80 miles N W Cadiz,
Ion. 7 15 W, lat. 37 12 N.
Ajlefiam, a town in Norfolk, England,
12 miles N Norwich, and 121 N E Lon
don. Aymouth, a town of Scotland, In Ber-
wickfliire,- 6 iniles N Berwick, and once
fqrtified to curb the garrifon of tbat town,
Ipn. I 46 W, lat. 56 II N.
Ayr, a borough and feaport of Ayr-
fliire, fituate on a fandy plain, on both
fides of the river Ayr, over which is a
bridge of 4 arches. Its chief trade Is
in cpal and grain ; the fifliery being iu a
mapner given up, }n the New-Toivu

BAB
are many good houfes, and the ruins of
a Dominican monaftery, founded by .Al
exander II, In 1230. ¦ Amfle N from the
town, is a houfe caUed King's Chapel,
founded for lepers by Robert Bruce ;
the leprofy being a difeafe ib common
Ip thofe days, -as to be the fubjeCt of
feveral parliamentary ftatutes. Ayr is
65 miles S W Edinburgh, Ion. 4 39 E,
lat. 55 3° N.
Ayrjhire, a county 6f Scotland, of Which
the above city is the capital, bounded on
the W and N by the frith of Clyde and
and Renfrewfliire. Its moft northerly
divlfion Is Cunningham, the N W angle
of which, though mountainous, is rich ia
pafture. Azamor, a feaport of Morocco ; for
merly vgry confiderable, but ruined by
the Portuguefe, in 1513, Ion, 7 o 'W'llat.
3 a 50 N„
Azem, fee AJjam.
Azoph, fee Afoph.
Azotes, Terceras, or IVeJlefn IJlandl, m the
Atlantic, which fome defcribe as belong
ing to Africa, fome to America, and oth-'
ers, perhaps upon better grounds, to Eu
rope, called Azores, from flights of hawks
which the firft difcoverers faw. They
are 9 In number, and their names are Ter*
cera, St. ISdichael, Fayal, Gratiofa, St. George,
Pico, Corvo, Flares, arid St. Maloes. They
were formerly called the Flemijb IJIes, as
fuppofed to have been dlfcovered by a
Flemifli merchant, who. In his voyage
to Liflion, was driven fo far to the 'W by
a ftorm, as to fall In with thefe iflands,
which he found uninhabited. They are
called v»'eftern from their fituation, and
they are alfo called Terceras, from "Tercerr
ra, one of the principal of them. They
are fertile, In corn, wine, and fruits, but
fubjeCl to dreadful earthquakes and tem-
pefts. They fay that as foon as fhlps bound
from Europe to America touch here,
they are immediately freed from all the
vermin that before infeftedthem ; nofpe^
cles of noxious or polfonous animal being
able to live above a few hours in the
-Azores, loa. 25 to 33 W, lat. 36 to 40 N.
B
JiABEIN, a town of Egypt, built on
-*-' the ruins of an ancient city : 6 miles
W Afliniunein.
Bakel-Mandel, a narrow ftrait between
the IntKan Ocean and the Red Sea, form
ed by the proje&ing land of -'\rabia in
Afi», aad. AbyfBflia in Africa. Sabsl-McKdf'..,

BAB

BAG

Sahel-Maniiel, ari ifland, in the ftraits fo
i-alled, at the entrance of the Red Sea,
between the coaft of Arabia on the E
and the coaft of Abyffinia on the W ;
about 5 miles in circumference, but bar-
ten, and almoft uninhabited, Ion. 44 a5
E, lati 44 28 N.
Babenhaufen, a town of Germany, In
Swabia 1 26 miles W S W Augfburg, and
16 S E Ulm.
Babuyanes, a clufter of 6 or 7 fmall ifl
ands, about lb leagues north of the ifle
of Lu^on, In the Pacific Ocean. One of
them contains about 500 inhabitants ; the
chief produce Is wax, ebony, bananas,
cocoas, and plantains.
Babylon, anciently one bf the greateft
eitles of the world. It was feated on a
•watery plain, but, on account of its pal
aces and temples, called a moudtain. It
was 15 miles fquare, with walls 350 feet
high, 87 thick ; yet the prophets prefum
ed to fbrtel its complete ruin. Jere
miah faid. " The mighty men of Baby
lon would forbear to fight ; they have
remained in their holds ; their might
hath failed ; they became as women,"
Agreeably to this Xenbphon tells us that
"' when Cyrus came before the place he
tould not. provoke them to venture forth,
and try the fortune of arms, though he
fent a challenge to the king." A variety
of other circumftances in the progrefs of
its deftruClion are foretold, which hlfto
ry confirms. The fame prophet faid
" that It ffiould become deflate, that It
fliould not be inhabited, that the ¦wildbeafls
bf the defert fliould be there." Let us
examine if Babylon has fallen ; If thefe
circumftances have taken plate ; If to, then
iur faith in revelation is confirmed. Di
odorus Siculus fays, that in his time, but
a fmall part of the city was inhabited.
Its deftruCliou had (h.--n "oegun ; it was
gradual. Not long after, Strabo reports
that the Perfians had demoliflied a part
of the city ; that the court was removed
to ScleuCia ; that the great city had be
come a defert. In the time of Pliny, Bab
ylon was a place of " folitude." Maxi
mus Tyrius mentions its, " lying wafte
and ncglcClcd." Conftantlne the Great
fays, be had been an eye witnefs of its
" dcfolate and mifefablc condition." In
the 4th century after Chrift, Jerome fays,
** Its w.iU fcrvcd as a fence, and the city
as a park, in which the kings of Perfia
kept wild beafts for hunting. In the
12th century Benjamin a Jewafferts that
" Bnbylon w:is laid wafte, fome ruins re-
nuining over which men dared not to
VuL. II. H

pafs on account of ferpfcnts and fcorpi-
ons." Ih 1574 Rauwolf fays, " The
tower of Babylon vvas fo ruinous, fo
full of venomous creatures, that no one
dared to approach nearer than half a
league, except during two months in the
winter." More than 2000 years before,
a prophet had predicted this 1 " Their
houfes fall be fuU of doleful creatures ;
the wild beafts of the iflands fliall cry in
their difolate houfes, and dragons in their
pleafant palaces." Petrus '(^alenfis vvas
there in 1616 ; he fays " there was a
heap of ruined buildings, like a moun^
tain, vvhich was probably the tower of
Nimrod." Jannier fays, " In this neigh
bourhood we faw the foundation of a
city, and fome of ihe walls ftanding, up
on which 6 coaches might go abreaft."
The Chronicles of the country faid,
" Here ftood Babylon." Mr. Hanway
tells us that In 1743, " Thefe ruins vvere
fo effaced, that there was hardly any
veftiges of them to point out the fitua
tion of the city." Mr. Jackfon In 1797
was at Bagdad, and fays, at a little dif-
tance " are ftill to be feen fome ruins of
ancient Babylon ;" but it fecms he did
not go to examine whether It vi-as true.
Mr. Wood, who vifited the ruins of Pal
myra in 1 75 1, prefumes to fay " There
is not a ftone to tell where Babylon was
fituated." By thefe brief extraCls from
various travellers we fee how gradually,
how punctually the prophecies refpeCling
Babylon have been fulfilled. " They
ffiall not take of thee a ftone for a cor
ner, nor a ftone for- foundations ; but
thou fhalt be defolate forever, -faith the
Lord." [Newton, Adam ]
Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in
Granadd, 15 miles N E Guadix, Ion. a
42 W, lat. 37 18 N.
Bacano, a village of Italy, in the pat
rimony of St. Peter, on a fmall lake,
near a river of the fame name, where the
Fabli were defeated. In the 277th year of
Rome. Bacaferay, a toWn in the Ruffian prov
ince of Taurida, where the late khans of
the Crim Tartars generally refided. It is 70
miles S Precop, Ion. n^5 40 E, lat. 45 30 N.
Baccarach, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, formerly imperi-«
al, and famous for its wipes. It is feateij
on the Rhine, 20 miles V/ Mentz, Ion. 7
52 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Bachian, one of the Molucca iflands, ia,
the E Indies, vvhich produces cloves. It
is very fruitful and belongs to the Dutch,
Ion. 125 5 E, lat. o 25 S. £adajt:i.

B A F

BAG

Badafoz, a town bf Spain, capital of
Eftramadura, has 2300 houfes. It has a
bridge built by the Romans over the
Guadiana. A treaty between Portugal,
Spain, and France was concluded at this
place in June 1 801. It is 175 miles S
by W Madrid, Ion. 650 W, lat. 38 32 N.
Badelana,. a town of Spain, in Catalo
nia, feated on the .-Mediterranean, 10
miles N E Barcelona, Ion. 2 20 B, lat. 41
38 N. ,, I
Baden, a town of Suabia, capital of a
margravate of the fame name, with a
caftle, on the top of a mountain, where
the prince often refides. It is remarkable
for its baths, whence it takes its naijiie,
and Is feated near the Rhine, 4 milej S
Raftadt, Ion. 8 14 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Baden, a margravate of Suabia, bound
ed on the N by the , palatinate of the
Rhine and bifliopric of Spire, on the E
by the duchy of Wlrtemburg and prin
cipality of Furftenburg, on the S by the
Brifgaw, and on the W by the Rhine.
It is divided Into the Upper and the
Lower. - '
Baden, an ancient town, in the county
of the fame name, In Swiffetland. It is
remarkable for Its baths, mentioned by
the ancients under the names of Aqua
s.nd Thermas Helveticse ; and for the
treaty concluded here in 1714, between
Germany and Spain. The county con
tains about 24,000 fouls. It is feated on
the Limmat, 10 miles N W Zuric, Ion.
8 20 E, lat, 47 25 N. _ [Coxe.]
Badiu, a town of Auftria, famous for
its hot baths ; feated on the river Suechat,
15 miles S W Vienna, Ion. 16 25 E, lat.
48 I N.
Badenive'iUr, a town of Suabia, In the
lower margravate of B-,iden, near the
Rhine, 10 miles S E Friburg.
Badgi:i.irr,tth, a village in Gloucefter-
fiiire, noted for a fpring of mineral wa
ter, called Cold Pool, 7 miles N E Glou
cefter. Badis, a fortrefs of Livonia, 20 miles
E Revel, "lou. 24 36 E, lat. 59 .15 N.
Badjoura, a large town near the Nile,
built with- clay,' furrounded with palm
trees, and large plantations of fugar cane.
The inhabitants make Sugar. [Bruce.]
Baeza, an epifcor.,'.! town of Spain, in
Andal-iiia, with a univerfity, feated on
the Guadalq-jiver, 15 miles N E Jaen,
.Ion. 3 i8'W, lat .i; 45 N.
B.T.ffo, a town in the Ifland of Cyprus,
with a fort near the ancient Paphos, of
vvhich confiderable ruins remain, partic
ularly fome broken columns, which prob -

ably belonged to the temple of VenUs;
Ion. 32 30 E, Ut. 34 50 N,
Bagaria, a canton 3 leagues from the
city of Palermb, remarkable for the beau
ty of its plains, the variety of its cul
ture, the fertility of its foil, and the nu
merous rural retreats vvith which it Is'
decorated. The road vyhich leads to it
from Palermo, is bordered with aloes and
the Indian fig.
Bagdad, a town of Afia, in the Arabi
an Irak, pn the E fide of the "Tigris, near
the fite of ancient Babylon. It is com
puted to be about 1500 paces In length,
7 or 800 in breadfh, and" 3000 in cir
cumference. Its walls are of brick, with
terraces, and large toWers at piroper dif
tances, in form of baftions, and defended
by about fixty pieces of cannon. The
caftle 'is large, and flanked by fome fmall
towers with cannon ; and the garrifon
ufually 'confifts of 900 foot, 4000 horfe^
and 60 gunners. Its buildings are of
hewn ftone. The Inhabitants are thought
to be about 15,000, including thofe who-
live in a fuburb, on the other fide of the
Tigris, at the end of the bridge of boats,
which is undone every night to prevent
a furprife. Bagdad was built out of the
ruins of the Old Seleucia, by Moham- „
med II, caliph of the Saracens, who, in,
762, made It the capital of his kingdom.
It foon became a wealthy and. populous
town, a.nd continued fo till the middle of
the thirteenth century, when the famou*
HaUoon, the Tartar, put an end to it by
the death of the caliph and his whole
family, and by taking and deftroying this
metropolis. It foon, however, recovered
Itfelf ; but fince it has been taken from.
the Perfians by theTurks, It retains very
little of its ancient fplendor. It ftill,
notwithftanding, continues to be a place of
pretty good refort for all the commodi
ties of Natolia Syria, Damafcus, Con-
flantinople, Arabia, Perfia, and India ;
but is not fo populous and opulent as
when the Perfians held it ; 250 miles N
N W Baffora, Ion. 43 52 E, lat. 33 15 N.
Bagenbon Head, a cape of Ireland, In -
the Atlantic Ocean, on the S coaft of the
cbunty of Wexford, lou. 6 48 W, lat. 5a
9 N. Bagiura, a town of Egypt ; 25 mllci
S Girge Baglana, a country of India, fituated
between the countries of Aurungabad,
Guzerat, and Candeifli. It is exceedingly
mountainous, but fertile in many places.
Bagnara, a feaport town of Naples, iri
Calabria Ultra, deftroyed by an earth quake

BAH

B A K.

.^uaTce In the year 1783, when 3017 per
fons psrlflied ; 14 miles W Oppldo.
Bagnareia, a town of Italy, in the ftate
of the Church, the fee of a bifliop, held
immediately under the Pope ; 6 miles S
.Orvieto. Bagneres de Luchon, a town of France,
in the department of the tipper Garon
ne, near the fource of the river Garon
ne, at the foot of the Pyrenees. It has
fome .medicinal fprings ; 20 leagues S W
Thouloufe, and 7 S St. Gaudens.
Bagnarcs in Bigorre, a town of France,
in the department of the Higher Pyren-
xiees, on the Adour, celebrated for it.s
baths and mineral waters, which are
much frequented In fpringapd autumn, 10
jniles S E Tarlees, lop. o 12 E, lat. 43
3N.
Bagnialac, a town of Turkey m Eu
rope, in Bofrila, 30 miles N E Spalatro,
Ion. 18 o E, lat. 44 24 N.
Bagnols, a. town of France, In the de
partment of Herault, Languedoe, near
the liver Cefe ^In the tied of which fome
gold fand is found) 8 miles S W Pont St.
Efprit, Ion. 4 43 E, lat. 44 10 N.
Bahahara, a towp of Africa, capital of
the kingdom of, the fame name. The
.place is furrpunded vvith pallifadoes ; the
palace Is extenfive ; the temples 100 in
number. [Danibcrger.]
Bahar, a eountry of Hindooftan Prop
er, hounded on the W by Allahabad and
Oude, on the N by Napapl, on the E by
Bengal, and on the S by Oriffa. It is
fubjeCl to the EngUfli E India Company;
¦and moft of the faltpetre they export is
manufaClured 'n this province, or vvhich
Patna is the capital. It produces wheat,
rice, peas, &c.
Bahar, a town of Hindooftan, and .once
the capital of a country, to which it
gives name ; remarkable for the number
,of magnificent funeral monuments : 30
miles S E Patna, ,apd 220 N W Calcutta,
Ion, 85 50 E, lat. 25 14 N.
Baheren Ifland, in the gulf pf Perfia,
once fainous for its pearl iiibery. Ion. 49
5 E, lat. a6 10 N.
Bahhrein, a town of Arabia, fituated
on an ifland In the Gulf of Perfia, which
gives name not only to the ifland on vvhich
it is built, but alfo to a clufter of them,
which are all called the Ifles of Bahhrein.
Ic belonged once to the Portuguefe, it is
now in the poffeffion of an Arabian
Scheik : the duties on dates and pearls
are faid to amount to a lack of rupees.
Bahi, a province of the I (land of Lu-
^on, or Mauill.1, which t;ikes ils unme

from a lake fo called ; 30 leagues in cir
cumference. Baliira, or Rif, the northern diftriCl of
Egypt, which extends from the divlfion
of the Nile to the £ and W branches, oa
both fides to the Mediterranean. The
principal towns are Alexandria, Rofetta,
Damietta, Menuf, Manfoura, TIneh, Ca-
tih, and Foua.
Bahus, a town of Sweden, capital of
a government of the fame name, on a
rock, In an ifland, 10 miles N Gottenburg,
Ion. II 4a E, lat. 57 5a N.
Biiia, an IncPniiderable town of Na
ples, ip Terra di Lavora ; but famous,
in the time of the ancient Romans, for
its hot baths and elegant palaces, of which
fome ruins remain. It is feated on the
bay ,of Naples, 12 miles W Naples, lou.
14 5 E, lat. 40 51 N.
Baja, a p.opulous town of Hungary, op
the Danube, 35 miles N W Effeek, Ion.
20 o E, iat. 46 10 N.
Bajador, a cape on the W coaft of Af
rica, S of the Canary Iflands, Ion. 14 22
W, lat. 2,6 12 N.
Baikal, a great lake in Siberia, in the
province of Irkutzk, 320 miles long and
80 broad. There are in it many black-
ifli feals ; flurgeon? of a monftrous lizc,
and fea dogs. In the environs are fev
eral fulphurous fprings, and in one part
near the mouth of the river Barguzin, it
difcharges a kind of pitch, which the in
habitants, purify. The ivatcr is fwcet,
tranfparent, and appears at a ,diftance
green likethe fea. Perfons who travel
from Siberia to China,' crofs this lake,
and are often frightened by the violent •
ftorins which happen, particularly from,
September to A'l^iy ; from January to
April it is frozen over. Many rivers
run into it, but the Angara is the only-
one by which it feems to difcharge any gf
its waters, lun. 137 57 to 143 47 E, lat.
51 20 to s5 20 N.
Bhilleul, a town of France, in the de
partment of the Nortli and late French
Flandc "5, 9 miles S W Ypres, lop. 2 55
E, lat. 50 45 N.
Bain Gonga, or IS. lin River, a river qf
Hindooftan, which rifes near the ^^er-
biidda, runs fouthward through Berar,
and, after a courfe cf near 400 miles,
unites with the G(;J.^vcj y, within the
hills that bound the Britilii CIrcars.
B.ikeiii.il, a town in the Peak of Derby
fliire, on the river Wye, iO miles N NW
Derby. Baku, a town of Perfia, in the province
of l>vliirv.tn, the moft coi-imodious haven of

B A L

B A L

«f the Cafpian Sea, on the W coaft of
which it is fituate. The entrance, in
fome place?, i? difficillt and dangerous, on
account of the niimber of flibals apd Ifl
ands. Baku Is a fortrefs, furrounded by
high brick walls, 300 miles S Aftraean,
Ion. 49 15 £, lat. 40 2 N.
Bala, a town in Merionethflilre. It Is
feated on the lake of Bala, or Pemble-
piere, which is 13 miles in length, and 6
in breadth, and abounds with a fifli caU-
ed il gulnai'd, refembling <t falnipn in
fliape, and tafting like a trout. The river
ibee runs through this Ijke. The town
is npted for a gireat trade In knit wool
len ftpckipgs. It is 50 miles SSE Holy
head, and 1 95 N W London.
Baiagat, a province in the Decan of
Hindooftan, confifling of a vaft extent of
fertile and populous plains, fupported In
the nature of a terrace, by a -ftupendous
wall of mountains,' called, the Gauts,
which rifes abruptly from the low coun
try called the Concan. This traCl Is fo
elevated, that the air Is cool and pleafant.
It is fubjeCl to the Poonah Mahrattas,
and extends not only through their ter
ritories, but through the penlpfula, to
the fouthern extremity of Myfpre.
Balaguer, a fortified town of Spain', in
Catalonia, on the river Segra, at the foot
of a craggy rock, 75 miles N W Barcelo
na, Ion. I I E, lat. 41 55 N.
Balambuan, or Palambuan, a country on
the £ part of the ifland of Java, govern
ed by a king, who is defpotic : it produ
ces pepper, cottpn, rice, IndiaP corn, and
fruit, in great plenty. There are excel
lent paftures which feed a great number
of horfes, antelopes, bufi'aloes, and oxen. '
The principal tov/n i^ of the fame name.
Balanbangan, a fmall Ifland in the Eaf
tern Pacific Ocean, between Borneo, and
Mindanao. Balantes, a people, who poffefs a little
territory on the banks of the Geves, about
12 leagues fquare. They have gold, and
trade in grain, poulti-y, and cattle, with
the neighbouring tribes ; but never In-
tcimarry, nor allow them to enter their
ftate. They are induftrious, and warlike,
but never trade In flaves.
[ibifcoveries In Africa.]
Balaruc, a town of France, near the
road from MontpeUier to Toulofe ; fa
mous for its baths.
Balafore, a feaport to the N W of the
bay of Bengal, 4 miles from it by land,
but by the rivers 20. The inhabitants
make ftuffs of filk, cotton, and a fort of
grafs. Ships generally take pilots here

to conduCl them up the Ganges. It is
180 miles S W Hoogly, Ion. 87 i E, lat.
21 20 N.
Balbaflro, a town of Spain in Aragon,
fituated on the Vero, near its conflux
with the CInca, the fee of a bifliop, whofe
diocefe cjftends oyer 170 pariflies, 8 pon-
vents, 14 hermitages, and 19 hofpitals ;
47 miles N W BarcelopaJ an^ 40 £ N E
Saragoffa. Ba/ieck, a tpwn of Afiatic Turkey, in
Syria, celebrated by the ancients under
the name of Heliopolis, is fituated at the
foot of the Anfi-LIbanus. There are
now to be feen large remains of one 0^
the moft beautiful temples in the world^
fuppofed to have been dedicated to the
worfliip ofthe Sun ; both the ancient and
prefent name of the place, fignifies The
City of the Sun : but by whom or when
built Is not accurately determined. In
the tinie of -Augliftus, it was a garrifon
town of the Romans; and the prefent
temple Is faid to ha-ve been built by An-
tbninu» Piu^, inftead of the ancient one
gone to decay. Under Conftantlne It vvas
neglected, and foon after turned Into a
Chriftian church, and continued fo till
the irruption of the Arabs ; after that
the church fell to decay, battlements
vvere built round it, and from that time
being expofed to the fate of war, it fell
rapidly to ruins. The ftate of the city isj
not lefs deplorable ; added to the wretclv.
ed government of the Turks, an earth
quake In 1759, computed its deftruClion.
"File Inhabitants were computed at 5000^
in 1 75 1, which in the year 1784, were re
duced to lefs than laoo, ppor and Indo..
lent, cultivating a little cotton, maize, and
water-melons, for their fubfiftence : liQ
miles S Aleppo, and 30 N N "W Damafcus.
Balcarry, a village of Scotland, on the
S coaft of the country of Kircudbright,
declared by a^ of. parliament a free
port : 10 miles E S E Kircudbright..
Baldo, a mountain, part of the -Alps,
vvhich feparates the country of Tyrol
from the country of Verona,' 30 miles in
circumference. ¦
Baldock, a town of England, In the
county of Herts, fituated on the great N
roadi^from London tp 'if o,rk. Great
quantities of barley are made Into maltj
for Lbndop and country trade, 8 miles S
Bigglefwade, and 37 N London.
Bale (Bijhopric of) a principality of
Germany, in the circle of the Upper
Rhine. The ecclefiaftical jurifdiClIon
extends to the diocefes of Laufanne,
Conftance, Stralburg, Toul, .ind Befan-

B A L

B A L

jon, apd contains 6 towns, of which Po-
rentrui, the refidence of the bifliop, and
Delemoni are the chief, and 170 fmaller
towns and yillages. The country Is fer
tile, and a great nuniber of forges are em
ployed in manufactures of Iron and fteeL
I'he militia amount to 11,000, divided In
to 9 regiments.
Bale, or Bafil, the chief place of a can
ton, and largeft city of Swifferland, con
fifts pf two towns, built on both fides of
the Rhine. The magiftracy is a mixture
of ariftocracy and deniocracy, in which
f he former prepopderate. The environs
are fertile, and the climate fofter than the
countries round, fo that they fend early
fruit and vegetables as an article of trade
tothediftance of 20 leagues. Three me
lancholy epochas are marked In the an-
pals of Bale ; an earthquake In the year
1356, wliich deftroyed a great number of
houfes ; and two malignant fevers ; one
In 1314, which carried off 1 1,000 perfons,
and another In 1564, when 7000 died.
The principal manufaClures are ribbons.
filk ftuffs, painted linens, gloves, and cut
lery. The bifliop has Ijad no power in
Bile, fince the time of tlic reformation In
15 1 9, wfhen the bifliqp and chapter were
foippellcd to quit the town, and have
from that time refided at Porentrui. See
Baf.l. Bali, or Little Java, one of the Sunda
iflands, forming the N fide of the Straits
of Java, through which the E India fliips
fometimes return from China, but the
pafl'age Is conimonly very difficult on ac
count of contrary winds. The ifland Is
25 leagues long, and 15 wide, fertile and
well peppled. The principal produc
tions are cotton, rice, ginger, and cloves.
The number of inhabitants is faid to be
6ob,obo, who are black, addicted to war ;
and pagans,lon. 115 28 E, lat. 7 14 S.
Malis, a town of Afiatic Turkey, In Sy
ria, bn the frontiers of Diarbekir, on the
W bank of ,fhe Euphrates ; 20 leagues
E Aleppo. Ballantrae, a feaport town of Scotland,
on the W coaft ofthe country of Ayr, in
the Frith of Clyde, containing about 80
houfes, and 300 inhabitants : they have
a good falmon fifliery In the mouth of a
fmall river, which joins the Frith near
the town ; 28 miles S S W Ayr.
Ballagby, a town of Ireland, in the coun
ty of Shgo, aa miles S Sligo, Ion. 8 40 W,
|»t. 53 56 N.
Ballas, a town of Egypt, 10 miles S
Dendera. Ballat, a trading village of Egypt. ' A

great quantity of earthen pots are maim-
taClurcd here ; their bottoms are con
vex. This inconvenient form has betj^
the fame from the remoteft antiquity. [Sonini.]
Ballycmnel, a town o( Ireland, in the
countyof Cavaii, II miles NE Cavan,
Ion. 7 a5 W,lat. 54 10 N.
Batlynakill, a borough of Ireland, in
Queen's County, 18 niiles N W ICilken-
ny. Ion. 7 a5 \V, lat. 52 50 N-
Ballyfiaymon, a feaport of Ireland, in the
county' of Donegal, no N W DubUn,
Ion. 7 50 W, lat 54 33 N.
Ballogifan, Little, a country pf Hindoof
tan Proper, bordering on the N Mewat,
and approaching within 14 miles of Del-
Ill. It is 80 or 90 piiles loilg, ^ud from 3Q
to 40 broad. Witiiin the laft century it
was feized by the Balloges, or Balloclics,
whole country adjoins to the W bank of
the Indus, oppofite Moultan. They arc
reprefented as a very favage and cruel
race. Their territory Is full of ravines,
and of courfe difficult of accefs. Wcft-
vyard if borders on the country of the
Sciks. Baku, a country or kingdom of Africa,
bounded on the iN by Egypt, on the W
by Nubia, on the E by the Red Sea, and
op the S by Abyffinia ; 60 leagues in
length, and 40 in breadth. - The inhabit
ants are Mahometans, but the country
is not well peopled.
Baltic, an inland fea, on the N W part
of Europe, formed by the coafts of Sjve-
den, Ruffia, Cpurland, Pruffia, Germany,
and Denmark ; the're are a great number
of iflands in this fea. Aland, which is
fituated in the northern part, and divides
it from the Gulf of Bothnia, Dago, and
Efel, or Oefel, near the coaft of Ruffia,
Gothland, and Oeland, belonging to Swe
den, Rugen, a part of Pomerania, Born-
holm, Falfter, Moen, or Mona, and La-
land, belonging to Denmark, befides a
number of other fmaller ones ; the Ifl
ands of Zealand and Funen feparate it
from the Scaggerack, or Cattegat Sea.
The length from S W to iN E, rather
more than 200 leagues, and its breadth
between Sweden aad Germany about 25
leagues, but In fome places 50: The gen
eral paflage for veflels from the Nortli
Sea Into the Baltic, is through a narrow
paflage between the coaft of Sweden and
the ifland of Zealand ; and a toll is paid
by veffels to the king of Denmark, for
the purpofe of maintaining lighthoufes
as a guide for mariners in the night.
Several lar^e rivers empty themfelves in to

BAM

BAN

to the Baltic, as the Dwina, the Oder, the
Viftula, the Rega, the Perfante, the Nie-
inen,&c. which give a degree of frefli-
nefs to the water, and probably make it
more liable to be frozen, whiclrit gener
ally is for three mopthsin the vvinter.
Baltimore, a village of Ireland, In the
country of Cork, with a good harbour,
fituated on the E fide of a bay to which
it gives name. It is a borough, and fends
two members to the Irilli parliament. It
was formerly a place of trade, but beipg
plundered by the Algeriiies in 1631, it
has never recovered itfelf ; 13 miles S
Bantry. Bambarra, a kingdom of Africa, on the
Niger. The people are civilized ; the
women are admitted into fociety. The
fliea tree furniflies them with a vegeta
ble butter, richer than that from milk.
This is a principal a i tide of th,elr com
merce. Their lands are highly cultivated ;
the face of the country is beautiful. The
following extempore fong from a female
is a fpeclmen of their poetry. A traveller
arrives at one of their yiUages. The fight
of a ¦white man terrifies them ; they dare
not admit him. A ftorm Is rifing. A
woman more courageous than the reft,
invited him into her hut, lighted her
lamp, gave him a broiled fifli to eat,
fpread a mat for his repofe. With her
companions fhe began to fpin ; they
cheered the night with fong. " The
winds roared, and the rains fell, the ppor
white man, faint and weary, came and fat
under our tree. He has 110 mother to
bring him milk, no wife to grind his corn.
Chorus. Let us pity the white man^-no
mother has he, &c. [Park.]
Bamberg, a town of Franconia, former
ly imperial, but now .capital of a bifliop
ric of the fame name, vvith a univerfity.
It furrendered to the French in Auguft
1796. It is feated at the confluence of
the Maine and Rednitz, 35 miles N Nu
remberg, Ion. II 7 E, lat, 50 2 N.
Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, at the
foot of a mountain, 30 miles S Glatz. Ion.
16 50 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Bamborough, a viUagc of England, coun
ty of Northumberland, near the coaft of
the German Ocean, with a caftle faid to
he built in 548. This caftle, with the
eftate, was left by Mr. Crew, bifliop of
Durham, to charitable ufes. Here are
granaries filled with corn to feed the
poor at a low price In time of fcarcity.
Here a patrole is kept every ftormy night
tor 8 miles to fuccour fliipwrecked fea
men. By a particular mode of firing

cannon, ringing bells, &c. the very piacu
of misfortune.is pointed out to the peoi
pie aro'jnd. Rewards are given thofe,
¦who diftinguifli themfelves' in time of
diftrefs. It is 324 miles N London.
Bambouk, a kingdom of Africa, in the
country qf Senegal ; it is faid to be very
populous, and on the borders of the rlvr
ers fertile, but In other parts fandy and
barren. The moft remarkable animals
are a fpecies of apes, whiter than the
whiteft European rabbits, which they
will not allow to be fent out of the coun
try, white foxes, the girafa, defcribed as
an animal high, but not fo large as an
elephant, made ipore like a camel, of ex
traordinary fwlftnefs. There are 6 gold
mines, and others of filver, tin, lead, iron,
and 16adftpne.
Bampton, a toivn of Oxfordfliire, near
the Thames, 12 miles W Oxford, and 70
Vf by N London.
Bampton, a town in Dfivonfliire, feated
in a bottom furrounded by hills. It is 14
miles N N E i^xeter, and 163 W by S
London. Banbury, a borough in Oxfordfliire. It
fends one member to parliament; is not
ed for Its cakes and cheefe ; aud Is feated
on the Charwell, 75 miles NNW Lon»
dqn. Banca, an ifland of Afia, on the E coaft
of Sumatra, with a town and flrait ofthe
fame name, Io;i. ,106 50 E, lat. 2 35 S.
Bancalis, a feaport on the E coaft of Su;; ,
matra, where the Dutch have a fettle-
ment. It Is 130 miles W Malacca,„lon,
100 7 E, lat. I 15 N. ¦"
Bancock, a town of Afia, In the king-*
dom of Siam, wifh a fprt, once In tlip
poffeffion pf the French, vvhp were ex
pelled in 1 68 8. The houfes are made of
canes, and covered vvith pahn leaves. The
inhabitants are almoft naked, and han-
,ing no furniture In their ' houfes, fit on
the floor. It is 1 7 piiles N of the fea, and
40 S Slanj, Ion. loi 5 E, laf. 13 35 R
Banda, the chief of the Banda, or Nut
meg Iflands, In the Indian Ocean. They
lie between 127 and 12S E Ion. and 4 and
5 S lat. comprehending the ifles of Lan-
tor, Poloroon, Rofinging, Poqloway, Go-
napi, Nero, &c. The nutmeg, covered
with niace, grows on thefe iflands only,
a fufficient fppply for the reft of thp
world ; and they have been fubjeCt to the
Dutch, ever fince 1609, when they ex-
peUed both the Englifli and natives. The
inhabitants have waged unceafing war
againft the birds, which, fvvallowing thf
feeds whole, they fear might . void them 1,1

BAN

B A O

in other Iflands in a ftate capable of veg
etation : and they fend out parties of
troops to fearch for and deftroy every
appearance of the young plants. Thefe
iflands contain .-iliout 5000 fouls, foririer-
ly there are faid to have been 15,000.
"rhey are all very fmall, the largeft being
fcarcely 20 miles in length ; and are fub
jeCl to earthqilakes. Banda is 75 miles
S E Amboyna, Ion. 128 5 E, lat. 4 50 S.
Bander Congo, a feaport of Perfia, pn the
gulf of Perfia, 80 miles W Gombroon,
Ion. 55 8 E, lat. 27 lo N.
Bandora, the capital of Salfettc, an ifl
and feparated from Btmibay, by a nar
row channel, Ion. 72 40 E, lat. 19 o N.
Banff, a feaport, and the county town
of Banffsfliire, Scotland, feated on the de
clivity of a hill, ut the month of the De-
veron, over which is a handfome bridge
of 7 arches, ereCtcd by government. The
town houfe is adorned with a handfome
fpire ; and the h-irbour is defended by a
neat plerand a battery. Here is a man
ufacture of thread, and another of ftock-
Ings ; and the children attend the faClo
ry and ¦fchool alternately ; fo that educa
tion and induftry are united ; 32 miles
N W Aberdeen,
Bangalore, a ftrong fortrefs of Myforc,
in the peninfula of Hindooftan, It is a
place ofgreat political importance, being,
from its fituation, the bulwark of My-
fore, toward Arcot. It was taken by the
E'ngllfli in 1791 ; but reftored in 1792.
It is 74 miles N E Seringapatam, Ion. 77
37 Ejlat. 13 o N.
Banghir, a town of Ireland, in King's
County, on the gbanPon, 15 miles S Ath
lone, Ion. 7 41 W, lat, 53 7 N.
Bangor, a city iu Carnarvonfliire, It
was oncefo confiderable, that it vvas call-
ed Bangor the Great, and defended by
a caftle. Tbe principal buildings are the
cathedral and the bifliop's palace. It is
36 miles W St. Afaph, and 251 N W
London, Bangor, a borough of Ireland, in the
county of Down, on the bay of Carrick
fergus, oppofite the town of that name,
kin. 5 42 W, lat. 54 40 N.
Banjar, a river In the ifland of Borne.o,
at the mouth of which the Englifli have
a faClory. Banjar Majflm, a kingdom in the ifland
of Borneo, the principal town of which
is called Negara. The country produces
great quantities of pepper ; there are al
fo mines of gold. Iron, copper, and tin.
It is faid the king can raife above 7000
armed men.

Banias, a fown of Syria : 50 miles S 'W"
Damafcus. Banfead, a village of Surry, noted for
its walnut trees, but more for its downs,
one of the mofl: delightful fpots in Eng
land, on account of its fine carpet ground,
covered with fliort herbage, perfumed
with thyme and juniper, which make the
mutton of this fpot very fweet, though
fmall. Thefe doAvns form a traCl Pf 30
miles, extending, under different denom
inations, from Croydon to l-'arnham.
Banftead is 1,1 miles S S W London.
Bantam, A fc.aport town on the N W
part of the ifland of Java, and capital of
a kingdom ; once a fiourifliing place,
trading with merchants of all nations, be
fore the Dutch obtained the exclufive
trade. The town lies low, at the foot of
a mountain, and watered by three rivers,
two of vvhich run round, and the other
through the town : walls are of brick,
with cannons placed at the angles, and
two towers : the gates .ire not ftrong, the
town confifts only of three ftreets, not
paved, but covered with coarfe fand -. the
houfes are furrounded with cocoa trees,
they are built with ftraw and rofewood,
fupported by carved pillars, and covered
with palm leaves : the palace is Urge,
but without tafte, and without magnifi
cence. Before the monopoly by the
Dutch, Bantam was a good mart for all
the commodities of India ; they annually
exported three million pound of pepper.
Ion. 105 20 E, lat. 6 20 S.
Baiiton, or Baton, one of the fmaller
Philippine Iflands.
Bantry, a town of Ireland, In the coun
ty of Cork, on the E coaft of a bay, to
which it gives name, on the S coaft of Ire
land, about 24 miles in length, and 4 in
breadth. The French defcent upon Ire
land was to have been made ..at this place.
The bay is one of the fineft In the world,
being large enough to contain all the
fliipplng in Europe ; 40 miles S W Cork,
and 36 W Kinfale.
Banub, a town of Egypt, 52 miles W N
W Manfura.
Banyans, (X Baynons, a people of Africa
fomewhat civilized. They are brave and
induftrious. Their women have the laud
able cuftom vvhen at work, of holding wa
ter in their mouths to prevent Interrup
tion from talkativenefs. [De la Brue.]
Banza a town of Africa, in the king
dom of Congo, now called St. Salvador.
Baol, or Baulja kingdom of Africa, in
the country of Senegal, about 80 leagues
long, and 24 wide. Saoam.

BAR

BAR.

Bacom, or Apoom, one of the rievr dlf
covered iflands in the Southern Pacific
Ocean, Ion. i86 17 W, lat. 16 26 S.
Bapaume, a town of France, and prin
cipal place of a diftriCl, in the Straits of
Calais. It contains about 4500 inhabit
ants : 12 iniles S Arras, and 77 N Paris.
Bar, a town of Arabia, 56 miles S E
El Catiff.
Bar (Le.) a town of Franee, depart
ment of the Var, 4 miles N E Graffc.
Bar le D::c, a town of France, depart
ment of the Meufe ; before the revolu
tion, it was the capital of the duchy of
Bar. It is a cotifiderable town, divided
iuto Upper and Lower. The feparatioii
being formed by a caftle, called B.ir ; and
was a barrier between France and Lo-
rajne ; the walls and towers of this . caf
tle vvere demoliflied by Lnr.is XIV, The
river Ornain runs through the lower part
of the town. They compute^ about 8000
inhabitants in the whole town ; 21 miles
S S E St. Menehould, and 30 miles W
Toul. Barbary, a large country of Africa, is
bounded on the N by the Mediterranean
Sea, on the E by Egypt and deferts of
Lybia, on the S by , Sahara or the defert,
aud on the W by the Atlantic Ocean ;
its utmoft extent, from E to W, 1200
miles, and its breadth, from N to S, 320,
but the breadth' Is lefs or more in differ
ent places. It is ufually divided into 5
kingdoms, Morocco, Fez, Algiers, Tunis,
and Tripoli ; the whole fituated under
the temperate zone. All the coaft and
mountains on the fide of the Mediterra
nean, f^m the Straits of Gibraltar to E-
gypt, are rather cold than hot, and fnow
falls at certain times of the year ; the
rainy feafon commences about the mid
dle of OClober throughout all Barbary :
the months of December and January are
more fevere, nevcrthelefs the cold is not
fo great as to render a fire neceffary ; the
cold diminiflies from January, and the
feafon Is then fo inconftant, that It often
changes three or four times a day ; the
W and N winds blow with violence dur
ing the month of March. In April all
the trees begin to bloom, and at the end
of the fame month, they gather ripe cher
ries in Fez, Algiers, and Tunis, and in
fome places of Morocco. In the middle
of May they gather figs. In the moun
tains and forefts of Barbary are found a
great quabtity of wild beafts, lions, tygers,
apes, and wild goats, a variety of birds
and ferpents. All the ftates which cor.i-
pofc whit we call Barbary, have a num

ber of ports on the j^¦IedIterrariea^, aftd
the kingdom of Morocco and Fez have
fome on the Atlantic, which ferve equal
ly for the commerce Of the Chriftians, aud
the retreat of the veffels of the corfairs.
The merchants of Europe have magaJ
zines In the principal feaport towns. The
chief articles of commerce are oftrich
feathers, gold duft, indigo, dates, raifins,
Ikins tanned and not tanned, copper In
bars, wax, tin, Vvool, Morocco leather,
coral, wheat, beans, millet, and horfeS.
The commerce of horfes and grain is not
allowed at all places, and forbidden in the
kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, unlefs in
exchange for arms and ammunition of
war. "I'he merchants of Europe carry
thither cloths of France, Spain, England,
and Holland; muflins, fpices, drugs, cot
ton, tobacco, fugar, logwood, fulphur, pa-J
per, fteel. Iron, lead, and cutlery of all '
kinds. The inhabitants of Barbary con
fift of three different races of men, the
Africans, natives ; Turks, who come to
feek their' fortunes : and Arabians, who
chiefly dwell in the deferts ; tile Africans
again are divided into whites and blacks ;
the former of which arc thofe who in
habit the feaports, and country along the
coaft ; and the latter, thofe who refide in
the Inland country ; they are all Ma
hometans. Barbafote, a feaport town of Africa, In
the kingdom bf Fez, a little to the W
of Ceuta.
Barbato, a feaport town of Spain, in
Andalufia, on the coaft of the Atlantic,
near the mouth of the river Barbato.
Barberian, an ifland on the Indian O-
cean : 15 leagues W from Ceylon, Ion. 8a
E, lat. 6 24 N.
- Barberino, a town of Italy, In the duchy
of Tufcany, at the foot of the Apennines,
on the fide of the river Sieve : 4 miles
W Scarperla.
Barbefieux, a town of France, depart
ment ofthe Charente. Near It is a med
icinal fpring, 45 miles N E Bourdeaux,
Ion. o o, lat. 45 28 N.
Barbonne, a town of France, depart
ment ofthe Marne, i league and a half
S Sezanne. Barby, a lordfliip of Germany, in Up
per Saxony, of fmall extent. It makes
part of the circle of Wittenberg, being
given In 1748 and 1765 to the count of
Reufs, and the Society of United Breth- -
ren,or Moravians.
Barby, a town In the above lordfliip,
on the Elbe, near the mouth of the Saale,
where there is a Moravian Academy, for
the

BAR

BAR

the inftrudlon of youth ; 14 miles N W
Deffau, and 14 S S E Magdeburg.
Barca, a country of Africa, part of
Barbary, lying to the W of Egypt, an
ciently called Lybia, at prefent belonging
to the Turks, and governed by a fanglac,
dependant on the bafliaw, who refides at
TripoH. The climate is very unequal ;
along the coafts the land is fertile and
wcU peopled, but tiie Interior is fterlle
and defert. Here was the Temple of Ju
piter Ammon, fo difficult of accefs on ac
count of the burning fands. The chief
towns are Derna, the capital and refidence
of the fanglac, Tolomata, and Grena, or
Curen. Barcelona, a city and feaport of Spain,
capital of Catalonia, and fee of a bifliop,
it is faid to have been built by the Car-
thagenlan Hamilcar, the father of Han
nibal, 250 years before Chrift, and Is
now one of the largeft and handfomeft
cities In Spain ; its population is in pro
portion to Its fize, having 15,000 houfes,
and the induftry of the inhabitants far
exceeds that of thofe of any other part
of Spain, It is built on the coaft of the
Mediterranean, in the form of a femi cir
cle, on the bank of the fea In a large plain,
and Is divided into Old and New "Fown,
feparated from each other by a wall, and
the whole defended by thick walls, baf
tions, horn-iwofks, large and lofty ram
parts, and deep ditches ; with a citadel
built on a mountain called Montjoui ; it
is however too extenfive to be eafily
gaurded and defended, on vvhich account
it has always been taken when attacked.
It contains feveral fine edifices ; that call
ed the Terfana, or the arfenal, is of vaft
extent -. a prodigious gallery, containing
a8 forges, has been ereCled In It within a
few years. The cathedral, the church of
NotreDame,theexcliange, bifliop's palace,
the palace of t'ne governor, of the Inqiiifi-
tion,&c.area!lmagnificent. About aoyears
ago, a very large cannon foundery was
eftabliflied In this city, under the care of
Mr. Marltz, a Swifs. Barcelona carries
on an extenfive trade in its own fruits and
manufaClures of glafs, fwords, knives, c5cc,
and foreign merchandlfe. The harbour
is fpacious, commodious, and always full
of veflels, but it is fometimes dangerous ;
it daily fills up, and requires continual
care, and an immenfe expenfe to keep the
entrance open ; the fea vlfibly retires, and
if the clearing of the harbour were neg-
leCled for a few years, Barcelona would
foon be at a diftaiicc from the fliore. It
is flefend'-.l en one lide f'-oiw the winds
Vol. II, I

by Montjoui, which runs into the fea in
the form of a promontory, and on the
other by a mole 300 paces in length. The
port of Barcelona exports its filks, mid-
dhng cloths, and cotonades, wines, bran
dies, and other productions, and if we
wiffi to judge of the part the Catalonians
take in this commerce, it muft be obferv-
ed, that In 178a, out 01628 veffels which
entered Barcelona, 317 belonged to Spain.
It is true that filks from Lyons, ftocklngs
from Nimes, feveral kinds of ftuffs and
cottons, notwithftanding the prohibition,
and particularly dried cod, an article for
which Spain pays annually to the Eng
lifli 3,000,000 of piaftres, pafs Into Cata
lonia by the fame port. The diocefe
contains 213 pariflies, befides 8 In the ci
ty : 250 miles ENE Madrid, Ion. a 13 E,
lat. 41 a6 N.
Barcelonetta, a town of France, depart
ment of the Lower Alps, on the right
bank of the Ubaye, in a valley of excel
lent pafturage : 4 leagues S E Erabrun,
and 8 and a half NNE Digne.
Barcelonne, a town of France, depart
ment of the Gers, on the Adour : it con
tains about a,ooo inhabitants : 3 leagues
S W Nogaro.
Barcelor, a feaport town of the Eaft In
dies, with a good harbour, on the coaft
of Malabar, between Goa and Mangalorc.
It is the capital of Canara, and formerly
belonged to the Portuguefe, from whom
it was taken by the Dutch, Ion. 74 14 E,
lat. 15 30 N.
Barde-wick, a town of Germany, Lower
Saxony, on the Ilmenau : fuppofed to be
one of the moft ancient towns of Germa
ny ; 4 niUes N Luneburg, 1 7 S E Ham
burg. Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parme-
fan, fituated on a rock near the fmall riv
er Ceno, and capital of a marquifate, to
which it gives name : 26 miles W Par
ma. Bardis, a town of Egypt, and refidence
of a fcheik, whofe authority extends a
confiderable way along the Nile : 6 miles
S Girge. Bardfey, an ifland, in the Irlfli fea, near
the coaft of Cardigan, in Wales, la
leagues SSE Holyhead, lat. ja
58 N.
Bardt, or Barth, a town of Germany,
in Pomerania, fituated In a fmall bay in
the Baltic, 32 miles N E Roftock.
Bare, an ifland in the S Pacific Ocean,
near the E coaft of New Ireland : It is
high land, not fertile, but iaJiabited, lat.
J9 56 S. £.i:er.t.-r..

BAR

BAR

Baret^m, a town of Franee, department
of the Channel, at the fource of the Ar-
dee : the number of inhabitants about
2000 : 7 leagues E S E Avranches.
Barefund, a feaport town of Sweden, in
the province of iEaft Gothland, between
Nordkioping and Soderkioplng.
Barfeur, a feaport town bf France, in
the department of the Channel. It had
formerly a good harbour, and a confider
able trade, but through negleCl the har
bour is choaked with fand, and the trade
in confequence decayed : 4 leagues and a
halfECherburg. Barhnagajh, a province of Abyffinia,
in the kingdom of Tigre, in which the
town of Arekea is fituated.
Bari, a feaport town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples, on the coaft of the
Adriatic, once the capital ofthe province
of the fame name, and fee of an archbifli
op. , It is well built, populous, and has a
good trade. The harbour was almoft de
ftroyed by the Venetians : I2D miles E
N £ Naples, 18 E Trani, Ion. 17 5 E, lat.
41 15 i*.
Bari, a province of Naples, on the gulf
of Venice. It produces corn, wine, oil,
cotton, faffron, and fruits ; there are l6
towers built to defend the coafts from
corfairs. The principal towns are Bari,
TradI, the prefent capital, BIronto,'Bar-
letta, Altamura, Gravina, Molfetta, Vlfeg-
lia, and Andri. Ofanto is the only river.
Barjols, a town of France, department
of the Var, the town is populous, and is
fituatdd in a charming country : 9 leagues
iN Toulon ; and 8 E Aix.
Barking, a town of England, county of
Effex, on a creek In the river Rothin, to
which it gives name, near the "Fliames,
from whence goods are brought Up to the
quay, 7 miles E London.
Barlenga, a , fmall Ifland, the principal
of a clufter In the Atlantic Ocean, about
3 leagues from the W coaft of Portugal ;
with a fortrefs : thefe Iflands are called
Borlings by the Englifli feamen, and the
great part merely rocks, lat. 39 20 N.
Barlelta, a feaport town of Naples,
country of Bari, on the Adriatic : 4 miles
W Trani, lat. 41 19 N.
Barmancotly, a town of Afia, in Thibet.
Barmen, a town of Germany, Weftpha
lia, in a fertile valley to which It gives
name -. 5 miles N Laimep.
Barmouth, a feaport of North Wales, In
the county of Merioneth, on a bay, to
vvhich It gives name • 8 miles S W Dol-
goUy. B.ir Hard's Ciftle, a toivn of England, on

the river Tees, county of Durham, con^
tains about 3000 inhabitants. There is
a manufacture of camblets, In vdiich
about 400 weavers are employed : 254
miles N London.
Barnejley, a town of England, In the W
riding of Yorkfliire : there Is a confider
able manufacture for wire, as likewife for
hard-Ware ; another for linen, and anoth
er for glafs bottles.
Barnet, a town of England, Iri Herts,
and Middlefex counties, near vvhich wals
fought a bloody battle between the York-
ifts and Lancaftrians, in which the earl of
Warwick was fiain, with many noblemen,
and 10,000 men of his party ; this battle
was fought 14th April, 1471 : 11 miles
N London.
Barnjiaple, a feaport town of England,
on the river Taw, county of Devon. It
was anciently furrounded with walls, and
defended with a caftle, had the liberties
of a city and a good harbour ; but the
harbour is now fliallow, fo that veflels
cannot come up to the town, yet It has
fome confiderable trade ; fends two mem
bers to the Britifli parliament. Barnfta-
ple bay is an opening in the Briftol Chan---
nel, formed by the union of the riverj
Taw and Towridge : 40 miles NNW
Exeter, Ion. 4 4 W, lat. 51 12 N.
Baroach, a town of India, in the coun
try of Guzerat : 34 miles N Surat, and
80 S Amedabad, Ion. 72 58 E, lat. 21
45 N. .
Baroche (La,) a town of France, In the
department of the Orne, and chief place
of a canton, in the diftriCl of Domfront :
4 miles SSE Domfront.
Barou, one of the -Aleuthian Ifles. No
wood grows here ; bears and fea wolves
are plenty, lat. 59 N, [Beneyowflci.]
Barra, an Ifland of Africa,in the mouth
of the river Gambia.
Barra, a kingdom of Africa, on the
river Gambia, Which extends about 20
leagues ; producing a great plenty of the
neceffaries of life. Their chief trade Is
in fait, which they carry up the river as
far as Barraconda ; and In return bring
Indian corn, cotton cloths, elephant's teeth,
and gold duft. The king of iBarra Is more
formidable to Europeans than any other
chieftain on the river. Accordingly he
demands exorbitant duties, amounting to
20/. on each veffel great or fmall. [Park.]
Barra, or Bar ray. One of the weftern
Iflands of Scotland : about 6 miles long,
arid 2 and a half broad. The principal
produce is barley and potatoes ; great
quantitici

BAR

B A IT

quantities of cod and ling are caughl on
the E coaft, 30,000 of the latter having
one year been fent from this ifland to
Glafgow, which is thought to be about
the average, where they are fold for
about 5 or 6 pound a hundred ; the fifli
ermen alfo catch fome dog fifh, the oil
of wljich they burnin their lamps, and fell
what they do not confume at 7d. or 8d.
the Scotch pint. Shell fifli abound here,
fuch as limpets, mufcles, wilks, clams,
fpout-fifli, or razor-fifli, lobfters, crabs,
&c. &c. but what Is fingularly beneficial
to the Inhabitants, is the fliell fifli, called
cockle. It Is found upon the great fand
on the north end of Barray, In fuch
-quantities, that In times of great fcarcity,
all the families upon the Ifland (about
200) refort to it for their dally fubfift
ence. It has been computed, that in two
fummers, which vyere pepuliarly diftreff-
ing on account of the great fcarcity, no
lefs than from lop to 200 horfe loads of
cockles were takep off the fands at low
water every day of the fpring tides, dur
ing the months pf May, June, July, and
Auguft. If the people made ufe of cock
les in plentiful years, they might fave as
much bread as would prevent a fcarcity
in the worft of times: 5 miles S from
the ifland of South UIft,lpn. 7 30 W, lat.
57 2 N.
Barraconda, fee Barra, Africa.
Bdrrea, a circar or diftriCl of Hindoof-
ton in (he country of Guzerat.
Barrege le Bains, a town of France, fitu
ated in a valley, at the foot of the Pyre
nees, in which are a number of ipediclnal
fprings of different degrees of heat, from
luke warm to nearly fcalding hot ; from
95 to 113 degrees of Fahrenheit's ther
mometer. The waters are limpid, unClu-
pus', or oily to the touch, and In tafte and
fjnell, faid to refemble eggs, on which a "
hen has fat fome time. They are ufed
both for bathing and drinking : 6 ppfts
S Tarbes, lat 42 53 N.
Barren Ifland, In the Eaft Indian Sea ;
about 6 leagi)es in circumference. It Is 15
leagues E of the moft northern of the
Andaman Ifle?. In clear weather it may
be feen at the diftance of 12 league;. A
quarter pf a mile from the fhore, there is
no ground with a line of 150 fathoms
Near the centre of the ifle from a hill
blazes a volcano. An extenfive valley or
crater furrounds It, Volumes of fmoke,
fliower-i of red hot ftones weighing 3 or 4
tons, aflonifli the fpeClator, The bafe of
the cone is but little higher than the fur
rounding fea. It rifes with an acclivity

of 32®,' 17' to the height of 1800 feet, lat.
12 ao N. [Cblebrooke.]
Barrier Iflands, at the mouth of the
river Thames, near the E coaft of New
2'ealand. Barton, a town of England, county of
Lincoln,' on the S fide of the Humber,
from whence paffage boats go every day
to Hull, 7 miles acrofs. It contains about
1700 inhabitants: 34 miles N iLIncoln,
and 166 N London.
Bdrud, a town of Egypt, on the E fide
of the Nile, 7 miles S E iManfalopt.
Barud, a town of Egypt, on the E fide
of the Nile, i a miles S Dendera.
Barud, a town of Egypt, on the W fide
of the Nile : 18 miles S Slut.
Baruth, a town of Syria, 60 miles W
Damafcus. It has a chriftian church, lat.
34 10 N.
Bajhee Iflands, 5 Iflands In the Chinefe
Sea ; 3 of them are large, and 4 of them
inhabited ; they are faid to be fo called
by Dampier, from the name of a liqour
ufed by -the inhabitapts,ijiade of the juice
of the fugar cane, and a fmall black grain ;
this name was given to the moft eafterly
Ifland, and became general to them all :
the produClions are plantains, bananas,
pine apples, fugar canes, potatoes, yams,
and cotton ; their quadrupeds are goats
and hogs. The nanies of the iflands are
Orange, Grafton, Monmouth, Ifle of
Goats, and Bafliee, or Badil ; Uicy are
fituated to the S of Formofa.
Bafil, or Bafe, the capital of the can
ton of Bafil, In Swifferland. It Is divid
ed into tvvo parts by the Rhine ; the
largeft of which is on the fide of Swiffer
land, and the leaft on that of Germany ;
but they are joined by a handfome
bridge, 600 feet long. The larger has 5
gates, 6 fuburbs, 200 ftfeets, 6 large
fquares, and 46 fountains, and Is partly
feated on a hill. The other ftands on ,1
plain, and has but two gates, vi-ith feveral
ftreets and fountains. The cathedral is
an elegant Gothic building, but disfigur
ed by a daubing of rofe coloured paint,
fpread over the whole edifice. Under a
marble tomb in it, is interred the gre?-t
Erafmus. The town houfe, and fine
paintings in frefco, particularly the pic
ture, by Holbein, of the Paffion, are much
admired The univerfity has had the
glory of poffcfling fuch illuftrious names
as Oecolampadious, Buxtorf, Wetfteiii.
Eulcr, the Bernouillis, &;c. The library
contains a prodigious number of book.?
and manufcrlpts ; and there is n rich col-
I IcClion of medals, .imong which are fcve-: ral

B A S

B A S

ral exceedingly fcarce. The clocks al
ways go an hour too faft, becaufe they
did fo on the day appointed to murder
the magiftrates, by which the confpiracy
was difconcerted. This town is fur
rounded by thick walls, flanked by tow
ers and baftions. The art of making pa
per Is faid to have been invented here.
The fumptuary laws are very ftriCl at
iBafle ; and no perfon is allowed to have
a fervant behind his carriage. Three
treaties of peace were concluded here in
one year, 1795, with the French repub
lic ; by the king of Pruffia April 5, the
king of Spain July 22, and the landgrave
of Heffe Caffel Auguft 28. Bafle Is the
largeft, and feems to have been once one
of the moftpopuloustownsInSwifferland ¦
it Is capable of containing 100,000 in
habitants ; but their number is fcarcely
more than 1 4,000. Itis i74milesNbyEof
Geneva, and 250 E by S Paris, Ion. 7 29
E, lat. 47 35 N. See more under article
Bale. [Moor, Coxe.]
Baftlan, one of the Philippine iflands ;
M leagues in circumference, very fertile,
efpecially in fruit and rice : 6 leagues S
W Mindanao, Ion. 121 E, lat. 5 50 N.
Bafilicata, a province of the kingdom
of Naples, bounded on the E by the Gulf
ofTarento. It produces corn, wine, oil,
faftron, cotton, honey, and wax, in abun
dance t the principal towns are Melfi,
Acerenza, Potenza, Turfi, and Venofa.
Bafiligorod, a town on the Volga, at the
foot of a mountain. The city is without
walls, the houfes of wood. The people
of the country round live In huts, feed
on milk, wild fowls and honey. They are
barbarous, and addiCled to robbery. [Olearius.]
Baffmg, a principal branch ofthe Sene
gal, a deep, fluggifli ftream. [Park.]
Bafingfoke, a town of England, county
of Hants. A navigable canal is lately
made from this town to the river Wey ;
there is a manufacture of druggets and
flialloons ; 37 miles E Salifbury, and 46
W London.
Bafqueville, fi town of France, depart
ment of the Lower Seine ; 3 leagues S S
W Dieppe.
Bafs, a great infulated rock in the Ger
man Ocean, one mile from the coaft of
Haddingtonfliire. On the S fide It is al
moft conic ; on the other It overhangs
the fea in a tremendous manner. It is
inacceffible on all fides, except the S W,
and there It is with great difficulty that
a man can climb up by the help of a
rope or a ladder. In May and June it is

quite covered with the nefts, eggs, and
young birds of the gannets, or folan
geefe ; fo that it is fcarce poffible to walk
without treading on them and the
flocks of birds. In flight, are fo prodig
ious, as to darken the air, like clouds ;
and their noife is fuch, that people, clofe
by each other, hear what is fpoken with
difficulty. Thefe birds come hither to
breed. The rock is one mile in circum
ference, and fupplled with water by a
fpring at the top. A ruinous caftle, once
the ftate prifon of Scotland, ftands at
the edge of the precipice. The garrifon,
in 1694, furrendered to king William, and
the fortifications were demoliflied. .A
cavern runs through the rock, quite dark
In the centre, where, it Is faid, there is
a deep pool of frefli water. The rock
has a rabbit warren, and pafture for a.
few flieep. Ion. 2 35 W, l^t. 56 3, N.
Baffano, a town belonging to the ftate
of Venice, on the Brenta : 12 miles N
Vicenza. Baffee (La,) a town of France, depart-""'
ment of the North, formerly a place of
confiderable ftrength, but difmantled by
Louis iXIV ; fituated on the Deule : la
miles S W Lille.
Baffeen, a town of Hindooftan, on the
weftern coaft of the Peninfula of India,
In the country of Baglana ; 20 \miles N
Bombay. Baffora, or Buffarah, a city of Afia, in
the Arabian Irak, fituated on a navigable
canal, on the W bank of the Euphrates,
built in the year 656, by order of Omar,
the fecond caliph, to hinder the com
merce of the Perfians ; this canal is navi
gable for veffels of 50 tons to the Eu
phrates, and thence to the Gulf of Per
fia, from vvhich it lies about 15 league*
N W. It is a place of very confiderable
trade, veffels from Europe and Afia are
always found in the port. The troubles
of Perfia were of confiderable advantage
to the trade of Baffora. Merchants of
Arabia, Turkey, Armenia, Greece, Jews,
and Indians refide there ; the Englifli and
Dutch have their confuls, and their fliips
come from India loaded with merchan
dlfe : thofe from Bengal, vvhich arrive
from the month of March to June, bring
white linens, filk, muflins, baftard-faff-
ron, fandal, and other woods, benzoin,
varnifl], rice, lead, European tin, and
iron. From the coaft of Coromandel they
bring thicker cloths, white or blue, with
which the Arabians clothe themfelves.
From the coaft of Malabar ihcy bring
cardamom iced?, pepper, &c. From .Su ral

B A S

BAT

rat all kinds of gold and filver ftuffs, tur
bans, blue cloths, indigo, and fteel, of
which the Perfians are the chief purcha-
fers, to make their fabres. The princi
pal merchandifes of the Dutch are fpi
ces and coffee fyom Java. The veffels
which arrive from Surat belong chiefly to
Mufl'ulmen merchants, but the Europe
ans are the moft numerous. Some Ara
bians bring flaves, others bring pearls.
The neighbouring countries furnifli alfo
merchandife for exchange ; the moft con
fiderable of which are the ancient cop
per of Perfia, grain when the exporta
tion Is allowed, dates, wine, and dry
fruits of Perfia, &c. Baflbra rather be
longs to the Arabs than the Turks, and
the language of the former Is chiefly
fpoken. The prince pays but little re-
fpeCt to the Ottoman court. As to re
ligion, befides Mahometans, there are
Syrian Jacobites and Neftorians, and
monks from Europe ; there are befides,
fome modern Sabeans, whom they call
difclples of John. Their houfes have no
windows towards the ftreets, and have
flat roofs, on which they fleep in fum
mer. In 1691, 80,000 inhabitants of
this city died of the plague, and In 1773,
275,000. The prefent number of Inhab
itants Is computed to be 50,000 ; the town
is of very great extent, and furrounded
by a wall of clay, faid to be la miles
in circumference ; aio miles S W Ifpahan,
and 600 S £ Aleppo, Ion. 44 30 E, lat.
29, 30 N. [jackfon,]
Bajla, a town of Egypt ; 40 miles N E
Cairo, and 31 S S E Manfora.
Bajlellica, a town of the ifland of Cor
fica : 5 leagues ENE Ajaccio.
Bafia, a city and feaport of Corfica,
and capital bf the ifland, commanded by
a lofty mountain, about 400 fathoms in
length, and 100 In width, In the centre
of which the fea forms a fmall bay, de
fended by a mole. It is divided irito two
parts, called Terra Nuova, and Terra
Vecchia, in the former of which is a cita
del, furrounded with fortifications. The
harbour is good, but fmall, and fit only
for fmall veffels, the commerce is incon
fiderable. In the year 1794, Lord Hood,
after the furi-ender of Morbello and St.
Fiorenza, captured Baftia. The number
of inhabitants is fuppofed to be about
6000 ; 70 miles S S W Leghorn, Ion. 9
30 E, lat. 4» 35 N.
Bafia, a feaport town of Iftria, in the
Adriatic, oppofite Corfu ; 8 miles SSE
Umago, lat. 39 41 N.
Biiflogne, a city of tlic Netherlands, in

the duchy of Luxemburg, near the foreft -
of Ardennes it is fo populous, fo well
built, and has fo much trade, that it is
not unfrequently called Paris in Ardenner.
This city was in poffeffion of the French
from 1684 to 1698, when by the peace
of Ryfwick, it was reftored vvith Its ju-
rifdiClion to Spain, from whom it de
fcended to the houfe of Auftria. "Fhe
jurifdiClion, v.-liich is part of the ancient
comtee of Ardonnes, comprehends 145
villages and hamlets : 22 miles N W Lux
emburg, and 35 S Liege, Ion. 23 11 E,
lat. 50 6 N.
Batacola, a feaport town of India, on
the coaft of Malabar, vvhere the Engliih
had once a fetllement, but in confequence
of a bull dog having killed a facred cow,
they vvere all maffacred by the natives,
In the year 1670 : 20 miles N Barcelor.
Batavia, a feaport towp on the north
coaft of the ifland of Java, in the king
dom of Jacatra, fituated In a low and
marfliy plain, at the union of fome fmall
rivers which defcend from mountains,
and render the interior navigation eafy :
in mofl of the ftreets are canals filled
with almoft ftagnant water ; fome of
which canals extend into the country.
The city occupies a great fpace, becaufe
the houfes which are only one ftory high,
are large, convenient, and airy ; the
ftreets are very wide and ftraight. The
borders of the canals are fliaded vvith
large trees, which flop the exhalations
of the marfliy't-.md, hinder a free circu
lation of air, and render it unwholefome ;
this unwholefgmenefs is much increafed
by the cuftom of depofiting the black
and putrid mud on the fides of the ca
nal to dry. Scarcely i In 20 Europeans
who vifit this place, and refide here for
any length of time, returns. The pub
lic buildings are for the moft part with
out elegance ; the church of the Crofs is
large and handfome ; the town-houfe is
well fituated ; the hofpital Is convenient
and large. It Is furrounded with a ram
part of ftoncs or bricks, at the foot of
which runs a rapid river. At the end of
the town Is a caftle, with lofty and thick
walls, well furnlflied with artillery, which
commands the place of landing, and con
tains large apartments, magazines, work-
fliops, &c. At fome diftance from the
town are forts and redoubts, to command
the canals and the roads ; but the chief
defence is from its marfliy fituation.
The harbour is the moft beautiful in In
dia, it is large, and the bottom fecure.
Round the harbour and in the bay are
icveral

Bat

BAT

feveral iflands, among which are iEdam,
whither they fend criminals to hard la
bour ; It Is about one league and a half
in circumference : Purmerent, in which
is an hofpital : Kuyper, or Cooper, in
which are magazines of rice and other
merchandife : Onruft, this Ifland is two
leagues from the town, and well fortifi
ed ; here is a timber yard, where 3 or
400 carpenters are kept conftantly em
ployed, with magazines of ftore? to fur
nifli veffels with whatever they may
want. Batavia is faid tp contaip within
the walls 1242 Dutch houfes, and 200
Chinefe, and nearly as many in the fub
urbs ; the population I5 fuppofed to be
fiOjOOO fouls, of which 17,000 are Euro
peans, or the defccndants of Europeans.
The heat Is moderated during the day
by a wind which^blows from the fea, and
during the night the air Is cooled by
winds blowing from the land The en
virons are fpread vyith country houfes
and large gardens, covered with lofty
trees, and interfeded with rivers and
canals ; but in the midft of cultivated lands
are found marflies, bogs, and brackifli wa
ters, vvhich produce fevers and epidemic
dlforders ; every countenance announces
debility and langour ; fome houfes In
deed are built In fituatlons more elevat
ed, and where the air Is more pure, but
thefe are very rare. For the fpace of 10
or 12 leagues, the land Is a perfeCl flat ;
beyond this are two hills, where men
feem to pofl'efs ftrength and colour,
•where the difeafed readily find health,
and the rich enjoy a charming retreat.
This foil, fo unfriendly to man. Is the
beft for vegetation, ij.nd produces great
quantites of rice, Indian com, millet,
potatoes, indigo, &c ; vaftplantations of
the fugar-cane grow almoft without cul
ture, and produce a greater quantity of
juice than thofe of the American iflands.
In the year i6ig, Batavia was only a
village, pallifadoed round with bamboo
canes, in a flat country, marfliy, and fub
jeCl to the Inundations of a. river run
ning through it. At this time the Dutch
made a fettlement here, who demoliflied
the old, and built the new town, vvhich
they caUed Batavia , they cut canals and
drains, to carry oft" the water upon any
land floods. The bay has 17 or 18 ifl
ands, vvhich defend the harbour, capa
ble of containing 1000 veffels from the
violence of the winds and waves ; two
large piers run out half a mile Into the
fea, between which 100 flaves are con
ftantly employed In taking out the mud-4, circumftances which forbid the ufe of thg
Bath

or foil, waflied out of the town, without ,
which the mouth of the river would
foon be choaked up : a boom croffes it
below the town, which is fliut up every
night, and well guarded by a detachment
from the main guard. Ifere all veffels
pay toll. The fliips for Europe are laden
with what fpices are neceffary, the reft
are burned. A fea breefe rifes every
morning at ten, to bring veffels into the
bar, and a land ""^ *' '<:" *' night, to
carry them out, one from the north the
other from the fouth. It is the refidence
of the governor-general of the Indies,
appointed by the States of Holland ev
ery 3 years, Ion. 106 50 E, lat. 6
10 N. [M'Cartney, Byron, Cook.]
Bath, a city of England, in the county
of Spmerfet, is fituated in a deep narrow
valley, bounded on the N, S, and S W by
lofty hills, forming a very pleafant natu
ral amphitheatre, and affording the city
a double advantage, a barrier againft the,
winds, and fountains of the pureft waters.
Thefe hills abound with white free ftone,
of which the houfes are built. The build
ings, which are elegant, rife one range
above another, nearly to the fummit of
the lofty hill, on the declivity of which
the city ftands. On the N W fide the
valley widens, divided into rich meadows,
watered by the river Avon. Thefe min
eral waters are faid, frpm the lateft exr
periments, to contain a fpiall portion of
common fait, a, larger proportion of fer
lenltes, a portion of fixed air, and fome
fnlphureous gas, or Inflammable air, to
gether with a flight chalybeate impregna
tion. Thefe are all that chemlftry has
yet dlfcovered ; buf from the inadequacy
of thefp Impregnations to the cffeCls pro
duced, it is probable that fome latent
caufe Is concerned of too fubtlle a nature
to be fubjeCled to fuch analyfis, or per
haps to be the objeCl of our fenfes, or even
of our comprehenfion. There are three
principal fprings, or baths, the King's
Bath, the Hot bath, and the Crofs Bath.
The Queen's Bath is merely an cxpanfion
of the waters of the King's Bath. The
heat of the King's Bath is 1 1 6 degrees on
Fahrenheit's thermometer, of the Hot
Bath 117, and of the Crofs Bath in.
The diforders particularly benefited by
the Bath waters are obftruClions of the
vlfcera, palfies, gout, rheumatifm, hyfterie
colic, the colic of Poiters, jaundice, white
fwellings, leprofy, hyfterie and hypochon
driacal complaints, and fpafmodic dif-
eafes, as the St. Vitus's dance, &c. Tbe

V

BAT

B A V

Bath waters, are all cafes with fever, till
the fever be removed, pain in the breaft,
with cough, a difficulty of breathing, all
cafes in wliich internal fuppuratloii or
fchlrrhus has taken place ; all cafes of
hsemorrhages and plethora. This city is
a place of fuch general refort, that it
feems like a great national hofpital ; it is
fo far, however, from being a houfe of
mourning, that it exceeds every other
part of England In amufements and dlffi-
pation. A General Hofpital, or Infirmary,
was opened In 1 742, for the reception of
the fick poor from every part of Great
Britain and Ireland. There are 3 parifli
churches in Bath, and feveral chapels of
the eftabliflied form ; befide places of
worfliip for Roman Catholics, Prefljyteri-
ans, Moravians, Unitarians, and Quakers ;
19 miles N E Wells, 12 E Briftol, 39 N W
Salifbury, 41 nearly S W Gloucefler, 67
S W Oxford, and 107 W London, Ion. 2
17 W, lat. 51 23 N.
Batha, or Bachia, a town of Hungary,
near the Danube ; once the fee of a bifli
op, now united to Colocza, no miles S
Buda, Ion. 20 40 E, lat. 45 34 N.
Bato, a river of Naples, vvhich runs Into
the Mediterranean ; 2 miles S E Scalea.
Btttoa, a fmall ifland near the W coaft
of Sumatra, on the equInoClIal line, Ion.
98 E.
Battx, a province of Africa, once ii
powerful ftate, but novv fubjeCl to Con
go : the principal towns are Batta, the
capital, Cangon, and Agifymba.
Battaglia, a town of Naples, 3 iniles N
W Viefte.
Battel, a town of England, county of
Suffex ; built near the place where the
decifive battle was fought between Har
old and William Duke of Normandy, on
the 14th of OClober, 1066. The town
confifts of one good ftreet ; the principal
manufacture Is gun-powder, In eftimation
among fportfmen ; 57 miles S London.
Battecola, a fortified town on the coaft
of Ceylon, Ion, 81 3 E, lat. 5 55 N.
Batterfea, a village in Surry, noted for
Its fine afparagus. Here was the feat of
the St. Johns, where the famous lord Bo-
llngbroke vvas born, and died. On the
fite of it, now ftands a diftillery and a cu
rious horizontal air mill. Here Sir Wal
ter St. John founded a free fchool ;
and here Is a timber bridge over the
Thames to Chelfea ; 4 miles W S W
London. Battenburg, a town of the duchy of
Gueldres ,on the N fide of the Meufe, 10
¦lilcs S W Ninjegucn.

Battlefeld, a village of England, in the
county of Salop, near which Henry IV
gained a viClory over Plercy, called Hot-
fpur ; 3 miles N Shrevvfljury.
Battufzani, a town of European Tur
key, in the province of Moldavia : 44
miles NNW Jaffay.
Bavaria, a circle of Germapy, is bound
ed on the N by Franconia and Bohemia,
on the E and S by the circle of Audria,
and on the W by Swabia, and contains
about 2830 fquare leagues. It is compof
ed of 20 ftates, divided into two Benches,
the one ecclefiaftical, and the other fecular.
Thefe ftates are convoked by the duke of
Bavaria, and the archbifliop of Saltzburg,
who direCl alternately ; the affemblies are
held generally at Ratiflion or Waffer-
burg. When the army of tjie empire is
40,000, this circle Is engaged to furnifli
800 horfemen, and 1494 foot^ as Its con
tingent. Bavaria, the electorate or duchy, com
prehends the greater part of the circle,
and has nearly the fame bounds, 60
leagues long, and 40 broad, and is divided
into Upper and Lower Bavaria, and Up
per Palatinate. Towards the S the coun
try Is mountainous, Interfperfed vvith for
efts, lakes, and morafl'es, vvith pafture
grounds, but few corn fields, towards the
N are found large and fertile plains,
which produce plenty of corn ; there are
likewife many fait works, medicinal
fprings, and baths, mines of copper, fil
ver, and lead, quarries of excellent mar
ble, plenty of game, fifli, and catile. The
principal riveis are the Danube, Larch,
Inn, Altmuhl, Nab, and Ifer ; they count
16 lakes of a larger fize, and 160 fmaUer ;
275 rivers, great and fmall ; 360 forefts;
720 mountains, and a great number of
fifli ponds. They reckon 48 cities ; 123
towns; 1 200 villages ; 1000 chateaus, or
noblemen's feats ; 86 convents ; 1500
pariflies ; 28,709 churches ; and about
4,000,000 of fouls. The revenues of the
eleClor amount to about 5 or 6,000,000 of
imperial crowns ; the military forces a-
mount to about 12,000 in time of peace,
and rather more than double in time of
war, The ftates of Bavaria are compof
ed of prelates, nobles, cities, and towns,
which are affembled by the deputies at
Munich ; but this feldom happens ; the
ftates of the Upper Palatinate have held
no diet fince the year 1628. The inhab
itants of the Upper and Lower Bavaria
are the moft zealous Catholics In Europe.
There are however fome Proteftants In
the Upper Palatinate. The principal
manufactures

B A U

BAY

manufactures are coarfe cloth, ftuffs of
woollen, cotton, and filk ftocklngs, velvet,
caX-pels, clocks, &c. The principal ex
ports are wheat, cattle, wood, fait, and
iron ; which employ and feed the Inhab
itants, and enrich the prince. "Fhe elec
tor holds the fifth place in the electorate
college, and the fecond among the fecular
electors ; he has a feat arid the firft vote
among the coUege of princes. His affeff-
ment in the matrlcula of the Empire
amounts to 60 horfe, and 277 foot. Or
i8a8 florins for the Roman month. To
the chamber of Wetzlar he is rated at
811 rlx dollars, and 58 kreutzers.
Bavaria (Upper,) is divided Into two
governments, or regencies, viz. that of
Munich, and Burkhaufen. The princi
pal towns of the former are Munich,
Pfaffenhaufen, Abenfperg, Ingolftadt,
Donawert, Friedberg, Wilheni, and
Wafferburg ; of the latter, Burkhaufen,
Branau, and Scherdlng.
Bavaria (Lo'wer,) Is likewife divided
into two governments, viz. that of Land-
fhuit, the principal towns of which are
Landfliuit, Aerding, Dingelfing, Landau,
Vilfliofen, Ofterhofen, .ind Molburg ;
and the government of Straubing, the
principal places of which are Straubing,
'Cham, Kelheim, DIetfurt, Stadtam Hof,
and Deckendorf.
Bavay, a town of France, In the de
partment of the north ; once a confider
able town, novv fcarcely more than a vil
lage : 2 leagues N E le Quefnoy, and 11
S E Lille.
Baubigny, a town of France : one league
and a half N £ Paris,
Bauge, a town of France, in the de
partment of the Mayne and Loeir, on the
river Coefnon ; before the revolution
the feat of a governor, and a royal juf
tice : it contains about 4000 Inhabitants ;
6 leagues ENE Angers,\
Baulas, a town of Syria : 50 miles E
Damafcus, Bauman Iflands, three Iflands In the Pa
cific Ocean, dlfcovered by Roggewin, in
the year 1722, apparently pleafant and
covered with fruit trees, and vegetables :
the Inhabitants are white, numerous and
armed with bows and arrows, but rep
refented as of a gentle and humane dif-
pofition, and friendly to ftrangers. The
largeft ifland is about 7 pr 8 leagues in
circumference, vvith good anchorage, Ion.
180 59 E, lat. 15 S,
Baumes-les-Dames, or Baume-les-Nones, a
town of France, In the department of
Doubs, on the river Doubs. Five miks

from this town is a famous cavern, the
entrance of which Is 20 paces wide, and
after defcending 300 paces, a grotto Is
feen, 35 paces deep, 60 wide, and covered
with a kind of a vaulted roof, from which
water continuaUy drops. Baume is 15
miles S W Befanfon, Ion. 6 34 E, lat. 47
24 N.
Banff, a town of Courland, on the
river Muza. It has a caftle on a rock,
17 miles S £ MIttau.
Bautzen, or Budiffen, a town of Ger-
TBany, and capital of Upper Lufatia :
formerly imperial, but now fubjeCl to
the eleClor of Saxony, on the river
Spree ; 30 miles ENE Drefden, and 76
E Leipfick, Ion. 14 4a E, lat 51 11 N.
Baux, a town of France, In the de
partment of the mouths of the Rhone^
It Is ftated on a rock, at the top of which
Is a caftle ; 10 miles E by N Aries.
Baivtry, a town of England, In the W
Riding of Yorkfliire, near the river Idle ;
the principal trade is in millflones and
grindftones, 15a miles N London.
Bay of Iflands, fo called from the great
number of Iflands which line Its fliores :
on the coaft of New Zealand : it affords
good anchorage.
Bay of Inlets, a bay on the S E coaft
of New Holland, Between Cape Pal-s-
raerfton and Cape Townlend, Ion. a09
36 to 210 45 W, lat. ai 30 to aa 30 S.
Baya, a feaport town of Africa, in the
diftriCl of Soko^ on the Gold Coaft.
There Is a town of this name ih Lower
Hungary on the Danube, lori. 19 59 E, •
lat. 46 la N.
Bayerfdorf, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, on the Rednitz,
vvith a feat of juftice, and a large fyna
gogue : 4 miles N Erlang.
Bayeux, a town of France,- department
of Calvados. Before the revolution it
was the capital of Beffin, in Lower Nor
mandy, the feat of a governor, a bally-
wick and an cleClIon, and the fee of a
bifliop, whofe diocefe Included 611 par
iflies : the cathedral is admired as the
moft beautiful in the department. Be
fides the cathedral, there were 17 other
churches, a college, a public fchool, an
hotel-dieu, a general hofpital, and fev
eral religious houfes. The number of
inhabitants Is computed at 8000, the
principal commerce Is in leather. It is
fituated on the Aure, about 4 miles from
the fea : 4 leagues and a half W N W
Caen, Ion. o 43 W, lat. 49 17 N.
Bayjjh, a town of Afr'ci, in the king
dom 01 Tunis, which carries ob a confid erable

B E A

B E A

stable trade in corn, fituated on the fide
of a hill, with a citadel.
Baflur, a feaport town of Africa, In the
kingdom of Abyffinia, and province of
Dancale, on the Red Sea, lat. 13 30 N.
Bayon, a town of France, department
of the Meurte, on the Mofelle : 14 iniles
S Nantz, and 9 S W Luneville.
Bayona, a feaport town of Spain, in
Gallcia, fituated In a fmall gulf, near the
mouth of the Minho, with a convenient
harbour ; the fea near the coaft is fur-
piflied with excellent fifli, and the land
about is fertile, and watered by a great
number of fprings ; the place is fmaU,
but ftrong ; 3 leagues S W Vigo, and 4
N W Tuy, lat. 4a 15 N.
Bayonne, a populous and commercial
city of France, In the department of the
Lower Pyrenees and late province of
Gafeony. Two rivers, the Nivc and A-
dour, unite their ftreams in the middle of
this city, and proceed to the fea, at the
diflance of a quarter of a league. The firft,
which is deeper and more rapid than the
Adour, divides the town Into two unequal
parts, the fmalleft of which Is called the
Bourgneuf, or new toWn. They have a
communication by 3 timber bridges. A
bank of fand, at the mouth of the Adour,
renders the entrance of the harbour dif
ficult ; but veffels, when they have enter
ed, find It a fafe one. Great numbers of
maftsj from the forefts of the Pyrenees,
are fent to Breft from this place. The
firft fliips in the whale fiflieries in Green-
¦ land and Finland were fent from this
place in 1605. The citadel is the ftrong-
eft in France. Baypnne was lately a
bifliop's fee ; and the ancient cathedral
is remarkable for the helgJit of the nef,
and the delicacy ofthe pillars which fup
port it. The military weapon, the bayo
net, bears the n,ime of this city, in which
it was invented. "I'he hams and choco-
hite of Bayonne are famous. Its inhabit
ants are about 10,000. It Is 25 miles S
W Dax, and 425 S by W, Paris, Ion. i 30
W, lat. 43 29 N. [Wraxall.]
' Bazas, a city of France, department of
tlieGironde: before the revolution thecap-
ital of Bazadoii, and fee of a bifliop. "I'he
diocefe, which is faid to have been one
of the moft ancient in France, compre-
hands 250 parilhes, and was once of
great extent. The number of Inhabit
ants is computed at 2000: 42 miles S E
Bourdeaux, Ion. o a W, Lvt. 44 26 N.
Brachy Head, the hi);hc(l land on the
,S co-ift of , Sufl'ex, England, which rifes
perjicndicular over the cliffy. On thii pro-
ViH.. 11. K

montory mariy Ihips have been wrecked
in ftormsi Hares, clofely purfued, have
fometimes tumbled over the edge of the
precipice, with the hounds after them,
and daflied In pieces, lat. 50 54 N.
Beaconfeld, a town of England, county
of Bucks. Waller the poet had a fine feat
here; 31 miles £ S E Oxford, aud 23 W
N W London.
Beaminfer, a town of England, county
of Dorfet. It was anciently more confid
erable than it now is. It has a manufac
ture of woollen and fail cloth. The In
habitants are computed at aooo : 12 miles
W N W Dorchefter, and 138 W London.
Bear Ifland, near the S W coaft of Ire
land, in Bantry Bay, about 5 miles long,
and I and a half wide.
Beam, before the revolution, a pro
vince of France, at the foot of the Pyre
nees ; the plain country Is very fertile,
and the mountains are covered with fir
trees, while within are mines of copper,
lead, and iron ; and the little hills are
planted with vines, which yield good
wine. Pan is the capital town. In 1695,
there were 198,000 fouls in this province.
Beaucaire, a town of France, in the de
partment ofthe Gard, on the right bank
of the Rhone, oppofite to Tarafcon, with
which it has a communication by a bridge
of boats : great commerce is carried on
here In wool, filk, ftuffs, fpices, drugs,
leather, cotton, &c. which is"^ affifted by
an annual fair that continues fix d.iys,
the returns of which are faid to be
8,ooo;ooo of livres in fpecie, and 6 or 7
In exchange of merchandife, on an aver
age of one year with another : 10 miles
E Niltncs, Ion. 4 39 E, lat. 43 48 N.
Beauce, a country of France, part of
Orlernnois, fo fertile in corn that it was
called the granary of France. Chartrcs
was the capital. It had neither moun
tain nor river. Now the department of
the Eure and Loire,
Beaufort, a town of France, department
of the Mayne andLoIi e ; 15 milesE Angers.
Beaufort, a town of Savoy : 30 miles
ENE Chambery.
Bcaugency, a town of France, on the
Loire, over which is a bridge oi 22 arch
es ; the chief trade Is in wine and brandy,
4 leagues and a half S W Orleans, lat. 47
47 N-
Beaujeu, a toivn of France, department
ofthe Rhone and Loire, diftriCl ol Ville-
frenche, at the foot of a mountain, on the
Ardiere, formerly the cipital ofthe Benu-
jolois : 4 le.-!,;ucs N N W Villefranche,
and .7. ii N E .'vo.-.njie, B-.avmar'i

B E C

B E U

Beaumaris, or Beoumarff, a feaport town
of Wales, and county town of the Ifle of
Anglefea, very near the Irifli Sea, with a
large and fafe harbour, and good anchor
age, and is a frequent refuge for fliips In
ftormy weather : the trade was once very
confiderable, but Is now removed to oth
er ports, chiefly Liverpool. If is a town
corporate and borough, returning one
member to' the Britifli parliament. It is
the feat of a gbvernor, and, as a port
town, has 5 fmaller dependent on it, viz.
Barmouth, Carnarvon, Conway, Holy
head, and Pwllhely ; 28 miles E S E Ho
lyhead, and 240 and three quarters N W
London, Ion. 4 10 W, lat. .53 14 N.
Beaumont, a town of France, depart
ment of the Calvados, 6 leagues ENE
Caen. There are la other towris of this
name, in- different parts of France, one be-
tvyeen the Meaufe and Sambre, ib miles
E Maubeagne, taken by the Engfifli in
X691 who blew up the caftle.
Beaune, a town of France, department
of the C8le d'Or : remarkable for its
wines : 7 leagues S BIjon, and 8 and a
half S EAuxomie.
Beauvais, a city Of France, and capital
ofthe department ofthe Oife, fituated on
the Theriir. Before the revolution, the
Capttalof the Beauvalfis, and the fee of a
bifliop. It was befiegpd by the Englifli
without fuccefs In the year 1443, *"d tiy
the duke of "Burgundy, in 147a, to as lit
tle purpofe, though at the head of 80,000
mcB', In- the latter fiege, the Women of
Beauvais gave great proofs of their cour
age under the eonduCl of Jane de Hach-
ett, vyhofe portrait is preferved in the
Town-houfe ; and in memory of their
brave defence; the wbraen walk firft In a
proceffion, kept annually on' the loth of
July. The cathedral Is much admired ;
befides this there are 6 collegiate, and 3
pariffi churches. The Inhabitants carry
on a trade In beautiful tapeftry : 42 miles
if^ P9ris, lat. 49 25 N.
Beauvaifs, before the revolution, a fmall
proflnce of France, bordered on the N by
Picardy, on the W by Vexin Normand,
on the S by Vexin iFran^ois, and on the
E by Senlis ; the country is very fertile,
and was one of the firft conquered by the
French. Beauvais is the capital-.
Beauvoir, a. feaport town of France, de
partment of Vendee, 25 miles S W Nantz
Bebe, a town of Egypt ; 8 miles S
Benifuef. Bee, a town of France.l.-p ir-in ent of
the Lower Seine : 9 mili'S EH avre, 18
¦? W Rauca, .

Jfeecles, a town of England, county df
Suffolk, on the navigable river Wavenay..
It has a noble church, vvith a lofty fteeple,
md tvvo free fchools, one of them with-
lo fcholarfliips for Emanuel College,
Cambridge. It has a common of loooi
acres : 15 miles S W Yarmouth, and 108-
NNE London.
Bechin, a city bf Bbhemia, and capital
of a circle to vvhich it gives name. In
this circle there are feveral mediclnah
fprings, and mines of fall, ahd fome gold
s found in the river Lufchiiltz ; It was
dreadfully ravaged In the 30 years' war..
Bechin, the capital, is fituated on the
Lufchnitz ; 50 miles S Prague, Ion, 1453
E, lat, 49 II N.
Beekutii, a town of Germany, Weflpha--
lia, on the Werfe : 17 miles SSE M^pf-' '
ter. Becfangil, a province of Afia, In Nato
lia, bounded on the N by the Black Sea,,
on the W by the fea of Marmora, on the
S by Proper Natolia, and on the E by
BolII. It vvas anciently called Bithynia,
The capital Is Burfa.
Bed'ate, a town of England, in the N
RidiiTg of the courity of York. The
country round is celebrated for breeding
horfes : io miles S E Richmond, and 220
N London-.
Bedarrieux, a town of France, depart
ment of the Herault, on the Orblsg; the
inhabitants carry on a manufacture of
druggets, and other woollen fluffs ; 5
leagues and a half N Beziers.
Beder, a town of Hindooftan, and coun
try of Dowlatabad, In the Deccan ; large,.
weU bullf, and ftrongly fortified ; cele
brated for the number and magnificence
of its pagodas : 70 miles W Warangola,
and 60 N W Hydrabad, bn. 78 7 E, lat.)
1748N.
Bedford!, a town of England, and cap^-
ital of the county of Bedford, to which It
gives name, fituated on the Oufe. It
contains 5 churches, 3 on the N, and 2
on the S fide of the river ; It Is a place
of confiderable trade, vvhich is much af
fifted by the river, navigable to Lynn,
and is the only market town of the coun
ty, on the N fide of the- Oufe ; the foil
about It is fertile, particularly In excel
lent wheat. "I'he corporation confifts of
a mayor, recorder, 2 bailiffs, 12 aldCi*-
men, &c. King Edward VI made John
lord Ruffel, earl of Bedford, the dignity
has ever fince been In that illuftriouj
houfe, vvith an advancement of.it to the
title of duke, by king William III. As
the corporation is very ancient, it ^^as
fenl^

BED

B E H

fent reprefentatlves to parliament from
the earlleft times to the prefent ; aa miles
S E Northampton, 52 N E Oxford, 16
W Cambridge, and 50 N London.
Bedfordfiire, a county of England, Is
bounded on the N by the counties of
Jluntlngdon apd Northampton, pn the
E by Cambridgefliire, on the S by Hert-
fordfliire, and op the W -by Bucking-
bamflilre. The face of the country is
ip general varied with fi^all hills and
d$les, wiith few extenfive levels. To
wards the South the land is hilly and
chalky ; op the W fide fbr the moft part
flat and fandy ; ihe other parts are a .deep
foil and clay. The principal produc
tions of Bedfordfliire, are corn and but
ter. In fome parts they cultivate woad
for dyers ; and near Wobbjirn, they
dig fullers earth. The principal manu
factures are lace making, hats, Ipaflcets,
and other articles made of ftraw. Bed-
fordffilre i$ divided Into nine hundreds,
and contains 116 parilhes, 67,350 inhab
itants, and 260,000 acres. It fends 4
members to the Britilh parliament, viz.
a for the county, and a for the town of
Bedford.
• Bedford Level, a large traCt of land of
¦'England, ip the county of Cambridge,
formerly full of fens and marflies; apd in
rainy feafons for the moft part under
water, but drained at the expenfe of
400,0001. by the noble family of Ruffel,
carls and dukes of Bedford, and others,
by which 100,000 acres of good lapd
have been brought to ufe.
• Bednal, or Betbnal Green, one of the
hamlets of the pari'fli of Stepney, now
covered with houfes, and joined to Lon
don. In It Is the noble hofpital of the
Trinity houfe, for decayed inafters of
fliips, or pilots.
' Bednare, a city of Hindooftan, and cap
ital of a diftriCl, of the fame name, N "W
of the Myfore country, to which it is
united. It was taken by the Engliffi in
the year 1783, but reftored fppn after ;
140 miles N W Seringapatam, aa4S Vif-
iapour, and 330 SSE pombay. Ion. 74
53 E, lat. 13 47 N-
Bedouins, tribes of wandering Arabs,
who rove from place to place. In Afia,
Egypt, and other parts of Africa, with
their wives, children, and cattle. They
generally encamp in deferts near water
and pafture, for the advantage of feed
ing their horfes and camels : they nevt r
dwell in towns, and avoid places - here
they are In danger of being furprifed,
They are governed by their own chiefs

after the manner of the ancient Patri
archs. Their hand Is againft every man,
and every man's band Is againft them.
As to their religion, they are Mahomet
ans. Thefe people take their reft upon
the ground, without bed, piatrafs or pil
low. Wrapping themfelves in their.
Hykes., they lie dowp where they can
find room, on a carpet, in the middle or
corner of their tents. Thpfc who are
married have a corner of the tent fepa
rated by a curtain. 4-npther corner is
referved for theij: foles, calves and kids.
Thtir encampments are In the open field,
In a circular form, with their dPbrs open
ing towards Mecca. Their tents are
fuppprted by a ftraight pole, 8 or 10 feet
high, and 3 or 4 Inches thick, filled with
hooks, on which are hung, their clothes,
balkets, faddles, and implements of war.
[Shaw.]
Bedr, a town of Arabia, 56 miles S S
W Medina.'
Bed'win (Great,) a borough of England,
county of Wilts ; It however fends a
members to the Britifli parliament : 6
miles W Hungerford, .and 71 W Lon-
dop. Beemjler, in 'North Holland, was for
merly an extenfive lake, which by the
Induftry of the Hollanders, who have
drained it, is converted Into excellent
pafture. Bceralflon, a finall borough town pf
England, county of Devon, which fends
a piembers to the -Britifli parliament : 5
miles from Taviftock, and an W Lon.-
dop. Becffa^w, a town of Germany, Upper
Saxony, and capital of a lordfliip tp
wlii'eljjt gives name, on the Spree : a
cloth manpfaClure Is carried' on in the
town : 16 niiles S 'W Francfort, and 34
E S £ Berlin.
Befort, a towp pf France, department
of the Upper Rhipe. It was fortified by
Vauban, There are feveral forges ^p the
town, in which they manufacture niany
tons of excellent Iron : 28 miles W Bafil.
Begemder, a province of Abyffinia, 180
miles long, 60 broad. It is the ftrength-
of the enipire In horfemen ; they can fur
nifli 45,000. Its fields abound in cattle, and
its mountains in iron mines. [Bri-ce.]
Begbni, a town of Africa, in the king
dom of Tunis. -
Behiu, a town of Egypt : 17 miles S
Abu Girge.
Bebkir, a diftriCl of India, in the fouth
ern part of the country of Moultan, on
the E fide of the Indus. Behkir,

B E I
Jfehiir, Or Shaiir, a toWa Sf India,
and capital of ? country to which it
gives liame, fituated on an Ifland in the
river fridus : 145 miles S Moultan, 304
W Aglmere, Ion. 70 6 E, lat. 27 3° N.
Behhlia, A town of Syria ; 40 miles
S W Aleppoi
Behnefs, a town of Egypt : 10 milcs-
N W Abu Girge.
Behring's Ifland, one of the Aleutian
group, generally low and rocky. [Mavor.]
Beiut, a town of HlridooftSri, In the
Malway eountry : 128 miles S Agra, and
ai N N E Chandaree.
Beja, or Bcxa, a city of Portugal prov
ince of Alentejo, near a lake of the fame
name, famous,for an excellent fpecies of
fifli, which they fay makes a noife before
rain and tempefts : 72 miles SSE Lilbon,
loo. 7 40 W, lat. 38 N.
Beiad, a town of Egypt ; a miles ENE
iBenlfuef. Beiadie, a town of Egypt : 3 miles S E
Aflimuneln. Bejar de Melena, a town of Spain, In
Andalufia, near tihe Straits of Gibraltar :
8 leagues S Cadiz.
Beichiengen, a town of Geroiany, Up
per Saxony, and country of Thurlngia ;
1 7 miles N Weimar.
Beiiiheim, a tbwn of Gertnany, in Swa
bia, on the W fide of the Rhine, be
longing to the marquifate of Baden : 6
leagues NNE Strafliurg.
Beinheim, a town of France, depart
ment of the Lower Rhine : 7 leagues
NNE Strafliurg.
Beira, a province of Portugal, the
third In rank ; and firft in fize, being
nearly 30 leagues fquare. It is divided
into - 6 jurifdiClions, called Coraanas ;
bounded on the N by " the province of
Tralos Monies, and Entre Dueroe-MIn-
ho, on the E by Spanifli Eftramadura,
on the S by Portuguefe Eftramadura, and
bn the W by the Atlantic. The land is
exceedingly fertile In corn and fi'uit.
The inhabitants have the charaCler of
being extremely poor and Indolent, and
" accuftomed to mendicity," which is af-
cribcd to the opprcffive treatment of the
nobles and popifli priefts, who are chief
ly owners of the foil. The prineipalcit-
ies and towns are Coi'mbra, Lamego,
Guarda, Idanha, Aveiro, Ovar, Buarcos,
Qaftel-Rodrigo, Couillan and Troncofo ;
the three former are epifcopal cities.
The militia of this province compofe 8
regiments. Of 1000 men each.
Beiffons, a town of Africa, in the coun
try of "funis.

BEL
Beiffus, 3. town of Egypt : 4 miles N
Cairo. Beit el Faheh, a city of Arabia, in the
cbuntry of Yemen, in a fituation well
adapted for trade, being only half a
day's journey from the hills where the
coffee is gathered, and the beft is brought
there, which the merchants fend to Lo
heia, Hodeida, and Mocha, for exporta
tion. This trade brings the merchants
from Egypt, Syria, Perfia, and India.
It is the refidence of a Dola, whofe jurif
diClion extends over a confiderable dif->
trlCl : 72 miles N Mocha, and 86 S S E
Loheia, Ion. 43 7 E, lat. 14 33 N.
Bcith, a town of Scotland, in the coun
ty of Air : about the time of the Union,
the linen trade was introduced, and flour-
iflied here for fome time. Iri the year
1730, that bufinefs was fucceeded by a
trade in linen yarn, and the cultivation
of flax, which is now confiderable. I'he
gauze and mpflin manufaClure has like-
wife been Introduced : 7 miles S W. Pa
uley. ' Belba, a town of Egypt, on the coaft
of the Mediterranean : 1 8 miles E TIneh.
Belbeis, a town pf Egypt, 35 miles N
E Cairo, and '45 N W Suez, lat. 30 22 -N.
Belcafro, a decayed city of Naples, pro
vince of Calabria Ultra, the birth place
of the celebrated Thomas Aquinas : 85
miles N E Regio.
Belchite, a town of Spain in the coun
try of Aragon : 8 leagues S Saragoffa.
Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Fermanagh, feated on Lough
Nilly, 18 miles S Eof Ballyflianrion, Ion.
7 29 W, lat. 54 ao N.
Belclare, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Sligo, aa miles S W Sligo, Ion.
8 54 W, -lat. 54 1 N.
Belem, a town of Portugal, in Eftra
madura, on the N iide of the Tajo, i
. riiile from Lifbon, defigned to defend the
city ; and here all the fliips that fail up
the river muft bring to. Here they in
ter the kings and queens pf Portugal ;
and here is a royal palace.
Belefat, a town of France, in the de
partment of Arriege and late couuiy bf
Foix, remarkable for a fpring, which, it
is faid, ebbs and flows iz times in 24
hours, aj exaClly as a clock.
Belfafl, a town in the county of An
trim, and chief feaport in tbe north of
Ireland, on the river Lagon, vvhich opens
Into a bay or arm of the- fea, called -Bj/-
fajl Lough, or Carick Fergus Bay. In the
year 1791, it contained 3107 houfes, and
18,320 fouls. It is with regard to fize the

BEL

BEL

tlie fifth, and with refpeCt tb Cbmmercc
the fourth, if not the third town in the
kingdom. There artf upwards of 700
looms in it, epiployed in cotton, cam
bric, fail-cloth, and linen ; thefe manu
factures, with others of glafs, fugar, and
earthan-warc, the exports of linen and
provifions, and a confiderable trade with
the Weft Indies, have rapidly Increafed
its importance. A canaf, cpnneCHng
the harbour with Lough Neagh vvas com
pleted In 1793 : 76 miles.N Dublin, 50
E S E Londonderry, Ion. 5 5a W, lat. 54
'35 N. . ¦
Belford, a town of England, county of
NbrthuTnberlaind, on the road from Lon
don to Edinburgh ; 15 'miles N Alnwick,
319 N London.'
: Belgard, a fown of Germany, Upper
Saxony, and chief place of a circle to
which It gives nanie, in the duchy of
Pomerania, fituated on the Perfante, and
noted for Its niarket for horfes. It is a
¦very ancient town, heretofore very con-
fiderilble, both for the number and vail-
biir bf its Inhiibitants, but has been a
great fnfferer by wars and conflagrations :
38 miles NW New Stettin', and ' 40 E
Cammin. Belgern, a town of Germany, Upper
Saxony, on the Elbe : 36 miles iN'W
Drefden. ''
J.' Stlgium, or Bolgie Gaul, the country
Bounded by the Britifli Ocean on 'one
fide, and the' river Seine, ot the io-iu
Countries, or the Netherlands, was former
ly known by this name. ' "The original
Belgee, fo called, on account of their
frrce and quarrelfoni'e difpo'fition, drove
the Gauls from this country, and eftab-
Uflicd themfelves here, and aftcj-wards
peopled the' coaft of' Britain, driving the
natives irito the interior country.
" [Topographic DiCl.]
Belgorod, a town' of Befl'arabia, in Eu
ropean Turkey, at the plouth of the
Dniefter : 80 miles S E Bender.
Belgrade, a ftrong town of European
Turkey, in Servia, arid refidence ' of ' a
fanglac, fituated on the fide of a hill, at
the conflux of the aave and the Danube.
" Where thefe currents meet, their wa
ters no more mingle thap water and oil ;
not that cither floats' aboVe the other,
but joins unmixed, fo that near the mid
dle of the river (fays our authiir) \ \\a\t
gone in a boat and tafted of the Danube,
as clear and pure as a well, and then put
ting my hand not an Inch farther, I have
taken of the Saiie, as troubled as a ftreet
channel, ta.ling the gravel in jny teeth.

They thus run 60 miles together,; and
for a days jouiney, I have been an c-ve
witnefs thereof" [iBlount's voyage to the
levant.] This city is large, and has been
very beautiful and well fortified, being de
fended by one of the ftrongeft caftles in
Europe. It was taken by prince Eugene,
In 1717, apd was kept till 1739, -n-hen it
, was ceded to the Turks. It was a(!;a!n
taken, in 1789, by marflia! Laudolin, but
reftored at the peace of Reichcnbach in
1790. It is a place of confiderable trade,
and is rc-forted to by merchants of many
nations. ' It is 265 mil-s S E Vienna,
and 460 N W Conftantinople, Ion. 21 1
E, lat. 45 10 N-
Belgrade, a fmall town of Romania, in
European Turkey, pn the ftrait of Con
ftantinople, 20 miles N of that city, loo.
29 o £', lat. 41 22 N.
Beliane, a ' confiderable village of
Egypt 'W of the Nile, near which are ex
tenfive ruins : 12 miles S Girge. [Sonini.]
Belvz, a town bf Germany, Upper Sa>'^
bny, on the river ^elltz, defended with
old ramparts and' ditches ; there Is a
manftfaflufe of clbth : 28 niiles S W Ber
lin, and 12 S WPotzdam.
Billiin, a town of Figypt : 45 miles S W
Pamietta, 54 N W Cairo.
Bellac, a town bf France, Upper Vien
na, on the Vipcon. It owes its name to
^n ancient caftle, built In the tenth cen
tury ; the number of inhabitants Is about
2500 : 7 leagues NNW Limoges, lat. 46
7N. ' ¦ ¦
Belle Iff, or Belief een Mer, an ifland
in the Bay of Bifcay; near the weft coaft
of France; about 15 miles long, and from
2 to 4 broad, furrounded by fliarp rocks,
which leave only three fortified pafl'agcs
to reach the ifland.' Tlie foil is diverfe,
rocky, fait marflies, and fertile grounds.
Palais a fortified town, is the capital, it
contains 3 other fmall towns, and about
20 villages. It was taken by the Englifli
in the year 1761, but reftored at the
peace in 1763, Ion. '3 6 E, lat. 47 ao N.
¦' Bcllcgarde, a town of France, and for
trefs, in the departirient of the Aveiron.
It is an important place on account o£.its
being a pafl'age tb the Pyrenees. It was
taken by the Spaniards in I793> but re
taken the 'ne:;t year by the French, and
named Sud Libro, 5 leagues S Pcrpignan,
Ion. 2 56 E, lat. 4a 27 N.
BelUgarde, a town of France, depart
ment of the Loire ; 3 miles S E Bois-
Commun. Bellelay, .1 town of Germany, Upper
Rliine.

BEL

BEN

Kline, with a rich Abbey ; the cheefe
made in the environs are in great efteem ;
lomilesSSE Porentrui.
Bellcfme, a town of France, department
pf the Orne, with an ancient caftle ; It
contains about 25^09 inhabitants : 75
miles S W Paris.
Belleville, atown of France, half a league
iE Paris.
Belley, a tovyn pf France, department of
the Ain, before the revolution the capital
of Bugey, and fee of a biffiop, fituated
between mountains, about 2 miles from
the Rhone : la miles N Cljamberry, 25.Q
S E Paris, lat. 45, 45 1)1.
Belli, a town of S Guinea, Africa, about
10 leagues up the country W pf New
Calabar ; governed by a Captain, has bpt
little trade with, Europeans, except in
flaves. [9^rbot]
Bellinzone, a town of Swifferland, and
capital of a fmall country on the E fide
of the Alps, OH the confines of the Milanr
efe, fituated at the northern extremity of
Lake Magglora, at the conflux pf tlje Te-
fin and the Molfa. The rjchnefs of the
country confifts in its paftures and cattle.
The corn produced Is not fufficient for
the confumption of the inhabitants, who
are fupplled by the Milanefe. The town
is fortified : 25 miles NNW Coniio,,and
40 S Zurich- lop. 9 E, lat. 46 i N.
Belloius Rocks, In the Atlantic, near the
W coaft of Ireland, and county of Gal
way, Ion, lo^W, lat. 53 19 N.
Belluno, a tovvp of Italy, and capital of
the BeUunefe, anipng the Alps, and
fee of a bifliop, on the Plava : 43 miles
N Venice, apd 48 E Trent, lat. 46
10 N.
BeUunefe, a .fmall country of Italy, be
longing to the republic of Venice, mak
ing part of the marquifate of Trevifa.
Belmont, a town of France, department
,ofthe Aveiron, containing about 3000
inhabitants : 3 and a half leagues S S W
St. Afrique.
Belmonte, a tpwn of Naples, and prov
ince of Calabria Citra : on the Tufean
Sea, 1 1 miles W S W Cofenza.
Belt (Great,) a narrow ftrait of the fea,
¦which forms a communication between
the Schager Rack, or Cattegat Sea, and
the Baltic, between the iflands pf Ztal-
and Funen.
Belt (Little,) a narrow flrait, which
forms a communication between the Catr
tegat and the Baltic, and feparates the
ifland of Funen from Jutland.
Behurbei, a town of Ireland, county of
Cavan ; It is a ,berough, and fent two

members to the Iriffi parliament : 8
miles N'N W Cavan.
Beltz, a town of Croatia . li miles
S S W Varafdin.
Belvedere, a town of European Turkey,
in the Mprea and capital of a country to
which It gives name, the moft fertile in
the Mprea : 20 miles S Chiarenza, fub
jeCl to the Turks.
Belvedere, a town of Naples, and counr
try of Otranto : 5 miles E Tarento.
Belvedere, a tpwn pf Italy, 1 7 miles S
Parma. Belz, or Belcz, a town of Poland, and <
capital of a palatinate to which It gives
name, In Red Ruffia : the town is large,
but jfot rich or commercial, and is fitu
ated In the middle of a plain, at the ei^
tremity of whictt" is .? bog ; 148 miles E
Cracow, 152 SSE Warfaw, and 268
S S )E Koplgfllerg, lat, 50 30 N.
Btmbe, a country pf Africa, S E of An
gola, to which It Is fuppofed to be annexed.
Bena, a kingdom pf Africa, near the
fpurpe of the river of §ierra Leopa, and-
S of the country of Maii^'rig*.
Benares, a cpuptry or fubah of Hin-
dooljan, bounded on the N and N W by
Oude, on the E by Bahar, and on the S
by the Orifla, aboijt 1 20 miles long, and
100 broad ; the foil is fertile, and the
country populous s it was ceded to the
EngKffi in the year 1775, and produces
a revenue of near 400,0001 a year. The
capital, Benares, is a populous city, and
more celebrated as the ancient feat of
^raminica} learning, than on any other
aff oupt. It Is built on the N fide of the
Ganges, vvhich Is here very broad, and
the banks very high. Several Hindoo
teipples embelliffi the bapfcs of the river ; ',
and many other public and private build
ings are magnificent. The ftreets' are
narrow ; the houfes high, and fome of
them five ftorles each, inhabited by dif
ferent famihes. The niore wealthy Hin
doos, however, live In detached houfes
with an open court, furrounded by a
wall. Nearly In the centre of the city is
a ponfiderable Mahbmetan mofque, built
by the emperor Aurungzebe, who de
ftroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple, to
make ropm for it ; and roimd the city
are many ruins of buildings, the effeCls'
of Mahomel^an intolerance. Notwlthr
ftanding this, the fame manners and cuf
toms ftill prevail among thefe people, as
at the moft remote period that can be
traced in hlftory ; and in no inftance of
religious or civil life have they admitted
any innovations from foreigners. An inr
furreClion

BEN

BEN

furreClion here in 1781, had nearly prov
ed fatal to the Engliffi Interefts in Hin
dooftan ; in confequence of which, Cheyt
Sing, the rajah, was depofcd In 1783.
Benares is 425 miles S E Delhi, and 400
N W Calcutta, lori. 83 10 E, lat. a5 ao N.
Beiiatek, a town of Bohemia, in the cir
cle of, Boleflaw, fituated on the Iffer :
the celebrated Tycho Brahe died here
in-the year 1601 -. ia miles N £ Prague.
Benavari, a town of Spain in Aragon,
6_ leagues E Balbaftro.
¦Benavente, a town of Spain, in Leon, on
the Efla, containing 7 parlffies, 6 con
vents, 2 hofpitals, and about 4O00 inhab-
i:.ints i 13 leagues S Leon.
Benbecula, one of the wcfterri Iflands of
Scotland, lyin^ between North and Southj
Vift, about ten iMlles in circumference,
with a harbour for fmall fifliing veffels
It has feveral frefli water lakes, well ftor
ed with fifh and fowl.
BeHcooten, a feaporC town of the ifland
bf Sumatra, bn the S W cbaft. The Eng
lifli fettled here In the year 1685, and in
the year 1690 the Eaft India campany
l>uilt a fbrt here, calling it Fbrt York. A
convienient river on its N W fide brings
the pepper out of the Inland cquntry ;
but there is great inconvenience in fliip-
ping It, by reafon of a dangerbus bar at
the river's mouth. The place, wliich is
almoft a miles in compafs, is known at
fea by a high flender mountain, which
rifes in the country ao miles beyond It,
called the Sugar Loaf. In 1693, there
happened a great mortality here, the gov
ernor and conncil all dying, in a fliort
time ; the town ftands on a ftinking mo
rafs, not agreeable to European conftltu-
tions. In 1 719, a new fort was ereCtIng
in a more wholefome part, and fitter for
regular fortifications ; but no fooner did
the walls begin to rife than the natives
rofe and fet fire to the fort and moft of
the Englifli buildings ; the governor, gar
rifon, &c. thought beft to embark for Ba
tavia with all fpeed, leavingfome chefts of
money, artillery, arms, ammunition, &c.
behind. But the natives a year after fuf
fered the Engliffi to return, and encour
aged them to poffefs again theli new fet
tlement, and proceed with building their
fort, which has the name of Marlborough
Fort. The adjacent country is moun
tainous and woody, ind there are many
yotcanoes In the ifland. The air is, in
deed, full of malignant vapours, and the
niountains always covered vvith thick
clouds, which bdl-ft In ftorms of thunder,
rain, &c. Taoie buffaloes are here in

plenty.- Fifli and poultry are fcarce. Tht
foil is a fertile clay, producing high grafs ;
but "near the fea It is all morafs. The na
tives build their dwellings on bamboo
pillars, Ion, loi loE, lat. 4 S.
Bendeirg, a mountain of Scotland, coun
ty of Perth, 3550 feet above the level of
the fea.
Bender, Or Tekin, a town of European
Turkey, iri Beffarabia, on the Dniefter j
it was fei2:ed by the Ruffians in the year
1770, and again in 1789, but reftored in
1790 ; 100 miles W Otchakov, and 100
E Jaffi, Ion. a9 o E, lat. 47 N.
Bendoff, a town of Germany, Weftpha
lia, 5 miles N Coblentz.
Bene, a. to'wn of Piedmont, defended
by an ancient caflle ; It contains about
4000 Inhabltaiits, a8 miles S I'urin.
Benefeiif, a town of Egypt, remarkable
for its hemp and flax, on the Nile 50
miles S Cairo, Ion. 31 10 E, Iat. 29 10 N,
; Benevento, a duchy in Naples, given to
the pope by the emperor Henry 111. A
i'mall diftriCl, with the city of Benevento,
forms the duchy ; which produces about
6000 crowns a year to the pope.
Benevento, a city bf Naples, in Prlnci
pato Ultra, with an archbifliop's fee. It
has fuffered greatly by earthquakes, par
ticularly In 1688, when the archblfbop,
afterward pope BenediCl XIII, vvas dug
out of the ruins alive. When he was ad
vanced to the papal chair, he rebuilt this
place. It is fubjeCl to the pope, and feat
ed near the confluence ofthe Saboro and
Caloro, 35 miles N E Naples, Ion, 14 57
E, lat. 41 6 N. [Adam,]
Benevis, or Bennevis, a mountain" of
Scotland, county of Invernefs, 4300 feet
above the level of the fea : 7 miles N Cal-
lender. Benfeld, or Benfeldttr, a town of Frarice,
department of the Lower Rhine, on the
111 : 12 miles S W Stralburg, Ion. 7 45 E,
lat. 48 22 N.
, Bengal, a country of India, and moft
eafterly of Hindooftan, lying on each fide
of the Ganges, bounded on the N by the
country of Bootan, on the E by Affam and
Meckley, on ths S by the fea called the
Bay of Bengal, and on the W by Bahar
and Oriffa, extending from 86 to 92 30 E
Ion. and from 21 30 to 26 40 Nlat. Ben
gal anciently formed a particular king
dom, and vvas fometimes divided into fev
eral. It was united to the Mogul empire
by Humalon, the third of the Tartar em
perors, and afterwards by Eckar, one of
his fucceffors, who divided it into 22 dif-
triCts. Jt is one of the richeft countries <^'

BEN

BEN

ef India ; the climate is foft and temper
ate, and the land is wonderfully fertilized
by abundant and periodical rains, by
vvhich the rivers, and efpecially the Gan
ges, overflow the country, fo that the In
habitants are compelled In many places
during the Inundation to make ufe of
boats. Silk, cotton, rice, fugar, and pep
per, are the principal produClions. The
Englifli began the commerce iu the reign
of Elizabeth ; but had no regular eftab-
H'fliments. Afterwards the great Mogul
granted them a diftriCl of land, on which
they ereCled a faClory, buildings, and
magazines, from whence they fent their
merchandife, of vvhich indigo vvas the
chief, into the Interior parts of Hindoof
tan. They now fend cloth and woollen
ftuffs, fait, copper, Iron, lead, and other
merchandifes, which they bring from Eu
rope, and purchafe, thence Indian linens,
filk, ftuffs, dimities, raw filk, drugs, falt
petre, diamonds, and other articles, which
load the. veflels for the return. Among
the articles of trade from one part of In
dia to the other, one of the principal is
opium. Cotton Is brought from Bom
bay and Surat to Bengal, and pepper Is
carried from Bengal to China. The
whole country belongs to the Engllflj E
India company, and, together with the
country of Biihar, produces a neat annual
revenue of 1,290,0001. The Englifli E
India company exercife the fovereignty,
jnake laws, eftablifli tribunals, and gov
ern the vvhole vvith an unlimited authori
ty. Calcutta is the capital, the' principal
i;ivers are the Ganges, Burrampooter,
Duinmooda, Coofy, Sanpou, or Teefta,
befides many fmaller ones. The baptifts
itiavc miffionaries on this coaft.
[Bernier, Grofe.]
Benguela, a country of Africa, bound
ed on the N by Angola, on the E by the
eountry of Jaga, Cafl'angi, on the S by
Mataman, and on the W by the fea, Cape
Negro forms its fouthern boundaries,
from whence mountains run northward,
in which are contained the fprings of
many rivers. The produClions are near
ly fimihr to thofe of Angola and Congo,
one of the principal Is Manioc ; divers
forts of palms are found ; dates grow in
great abundance ; caffia and tamarinds
alfo flourifli; and, from the humidity of
the foil, they have two fruit feafons In
the year. The air of the country is ex
ceedingly unwholefome, and Is faid even
to aftcCl its groducc, and tiint the waters
of the rivers. Few Europeans care to
texture ou land, fo that we know but

little of the ftate of the country. Mpft
parts of the kingdom were once populous,
but have fuffered much by frequent wars.
The men wear ikins about their waifts,
and beads round their necks, and are
armed vvith darts headed with Iron, andi
with bows and arrovys ; the women wear
a heavy collar of copper round their
neck, a piece of cloth round their waift-, ;
and copper rings on their legs ; Ion. 14
to 19 E, lat. 13 30 to 15 30 S.
Benguela (Old,) a town In the above
province, on the S fide of a bay, to whlch-
it gives name, near the Atlantic Oceap,3
lat. II 5 S. ^
Benguela ( Netv,) or Si. Philip, a town
on the N fide of a bay, caUedby the Por
tuguefe, Bahiadafvaccas, where the PortUft
guefe have a fettlement, and a governor,
refides, vi-Ith a fmall garrifon. ,,,.
Benguift, or Bcngafi, a feapprt town of
Africa, in the country of "Frlpoli, on the
Mediterranean, Ion, 21 30 E, iat, 32
33 N, - ,
Beni Affer, a town o^ Egypt : 2 miles
NAfna. -
Beni Hafan, a town of Egypt, on the,
E fide of the Nile, remarkable for its
grottos, dug in the mountains, which for- ,
merly vvere ufed for temples : 6 miles N
Aflimunein. Beni Jehie, a town of i?gypt : 1 2 miles
S Affimunein. Beni Jehie, a town bf Egypt : 8 miles
S Enfene. Beni Maran, a town of Egypt :, 9 miles
S Aflimunein. Beni Mezzab., a diftriCl of Africa, I*
the country pf Algiers, S of Moijpt At
las, Ion. 4 to 5 E, lat. 32 to 33 N.
Beni Mifur, a town of Egypt : 3 miles
S Abu Girge. "<
Beni I\Aohamed el Kifur, a town of Egypt :V
9 miles S Abu Girge.
Beni Baffid, or Beni Arax, ' a town of
Africa, In the country of Algiers,
Beni Samti, a town of Egypt : 2 miles
S Abu Girge.
Beni Shekir, a town of Egypt : 6 miles
N W Manfalout,
Benicarlos, a town of Spain, Valencia,
celebrated for the wine which Is made .'
in its neighbourhood : 3 miles N Pennif-;
cola. .4*
Benin, a country or kingdom of Africa, S
extending a courfe of 60 leagues on the
borders of the Atlantic, how far it'ex-
tends Inland Is not known ; it Is watered n'
by a confiderable numl>er of ftreams,,
fome of vvhich are cqpfiderable rivers.
The foil near the fea coaft is low and
marfliy, .,

BEN

BEN

cparfliy, and the climate unhealthy, far
ther from thefea the land is more elevat
ed, and the air more pure. In fome dif-
trlCls fprings are fo rare, that officers are
appointed to fupply travellers with frefli
water, who clfe muft die with thirft ; but
this commodity Is not given, he who
drinks muft p.iy. In the rivers are a
great number of crocodiles, fea horfes,
and a fpecies pf torpedo, with many kinds
of excellent fifli. Among the animals are
elephants In great numbers, tygers, leop
ards, ftags, wild boars, apes, civit cats,
inountain cats, horfes, hares, and hairy
flieep ; there are a vaft number of rep
tiles, ferpents and others. Of the birds,
the principal are paroquets, pigeons, par
tridges, ftorks, and oftriches. The foil
in general is fertile ; oranges and lemons
grow on the fide of the roads ; the pep
per which grows here is fmaller than
that of the Indies, cotton grows on a tree
which abounds every where ; the water Is
moft exceUent. The negroes of Benin
are faid to be kind and honeft, but with
.great courage refifting Injuftice, attached
to their ancient cuftoms ; they are com-
plalfant to ftrangers, generous, fenfible,
yet referved and diffident : the children
of both fexes are clrcumcifed, and go
naked till they are i a years of age. Po
lygamy Is common, apd the king is faid
to have 600 wives. The crime of adulte
ry is feldom committed, but vvhen de-
teCled, Is puniflied with the death of both
the parties, and their bodies thrown on a
dung hill. The king excrcifes an abfo
lute .authority over his fubjeCls ; 3 great
officers, diftinguiffied by a ftring of coral,
continuaUy attend upon him to confiilt,
inftruCl, or decide in his. name. The
king names his fucceffor among his fons,
who is not publicly announced till after
' the death of his father. A regency is
appointed, which then takes the adminif-
tration of affairs, while the new king
eleCl is removed foihe miles from the cap
ital, tliere to learn the art of government ;
the firft fruit of which, on his return, is
putting to death the reft of his brothers.
He rarely fliews himfelf, and always vvith
pomp aniidft his wives and concubines :
his revenues are confiderable, and he can
bring an army of 100,000 men Into the
field. As to their religion, they-feem to
have an Idea of, 8ind a reverence for a
Supreme Being, to whom they afcribe the
I attributes of omnlprefence, omnifclence
I and invlfibility. They fay he governs
all things by his Providence. They have
an annuid feaft in honor of their deceaf-

VOL. II.

ed anceftors. The drefs of the inhabit
ants is neat and ornamental ; the rich
among them, who are generous to the
poor, wear firft white calUco or cotton
petticoats, about a yard in length, and
half a yard In breadth, by way of draw
ers. This they cover with another fine
piece of CaUico of 16 or ao yards, which
they very artfully and becomingly plait
in the middle, throwing over It a fcarf, a
yard long, and a foot wide, the ends of
which are adorned With a handfome lace
or fringe. As to the upper part of the
body, it is moftly naked. Such Is the
drefs In which they appear In public ; at
home their clothing is more fimple and
lefs txpenfive, confifting only of a coarfe
paan for drawers, covered with a large
painted cloth, worn in the manner of a
cloak, of home manufacture. They have
no flaves, [Moor, Bofman, Barbot, Smith.]
Benin, a city of Africa, and capital of
Benin. The ftreets are very long and
broad, where are continual markets for
kine, cotton,, elephants' teeth, and Euro
pean wares ; notwithftanding wliich they
are kept very clean. The houfes are large
and handfome, with clay waUs, and cov
ered with reed ftraw, or leaves. The
town is pleafantiy fituated on the river
Formofa. It was once a very populous
place, but now not fo. The king's court
is fituated in a large plain, The inhabit
ants are all natives, foreigners not befng
permitted to live In the city. Here arc
feveral rich men, who continually attend
court, not troubling themfelves with eith
er trade, agriculture, or any thing elfe,
but leave all to their numerous wives,
who go to aU the circumjacent villages, to
trade In aU forts of merchandifes, or oth-
erwife ferve for daily wages, and are
obliged to bring the greateft part of their
gains to their hufliands. All male flaves
here are foreigners ; for the inhabitants
cannot be fold for flaves, only they bear
the name of the king's flaves, Ion. 5 4 E,
lat. 7 30 N.
Benfuef a town of Egypt, on the Nile,
the capital of a diftriCl, and refidence of
a bey : a mofque here has 3 fteeples. It
is a market towp ; the country round is
well cultivated, the foil fertile, the inhab
itants are better clothed, and lefs wretch
ed than their neighbours. The Nile here
Is fliallovy, the current ftrong. Here is a
great manufaClure of carpets, made of
wool and coarfe thread. They weave
coats without flceves for their children,
which are not cut, and have no feani. Trie

BER

BER

The houfes are built vvith bricks baked in
the fun : 50 miles S Cairo, Ion. 30 58 E,
lat. a9 14 N. [Bruce,. Pocoke.]
Benla-wers, a mountain of Scotland, In
the county of Perth, 3588 feet above the
level of the fea: 11 miles S George
Town. >
Benlomond, a mountain of Scotland, in
the county of Stirling, 3a40 feet above
the level of the fea : a5 miles W Stir
ling. Benheniis, a mountain In- Invernefs, Eng
land, 4300 feet above the level of the fea,
the higheft in Britain.
Banffeim, a town of Germany, Upper
Rhine, 20 miles N Heidelberg, and 10 E
N £ Worms.
Bentheim, a cottntry of Germany, In the
circle of Weftphalia, bounded on the N
and W by Overiffel, on the E and S by
the bifliopric of Munfter, about 40 miles
in length, and from 3 to la in breadth ;
the foil is in general fertile, and produces.
more tiian. is fufficient for the inhabitants.
In the mountains are found' quarries of
excellent ftones, and the plains are divid
ed Into fertile corn fields, and beautiful
meadows, vvhere they feed great quanti
ties of flieep and cattle ; the forefts
abound with game : ' the principal com
merce confifts In thread, wool, linen cloth,
honey, cattle, ftone for building, wood,
&c. The principal river is the Vechte,
which runs through the county, and is
navigable for boats. The principal town
Is Bentheim, which has a palace flanked
vvith towers -. a6 miles NNW Munfter,
lat. 52 zi N. ^
Bentivoglio, a town and caftle of Italy,
in. the Bolbgnefe, 10 miles N E Bologna,
Ion. II 34 E, lat. 44 37 N.
Berar, a foubah of the Decan of Hin
dooftan; bounded by Malwa and Allaha
bad on the N, Oriffa on the E, Golconda
on the S, and Candeifli and Dowlatabad
on the W. The principal part of It is
fubjeCl to a rajah ; the other to the nl-
zam of the Deccan. "Fhe rajah's coun
try extends .';50 miles- from E to W, and
in fome places, 200 from N to S. Its
capital is Nagpour. Lefs is known of the
Interior parts of Berar, than of moft of
the other countries in Hindooftan. That
:ibout Nagpour is fertile and- vwell culti
vated ; bat the general appearance of the
country, particularly betweeii Nagpour
and Oriffa, is that of a foreft, thinly fet
with vilLijcs and towns.
Beraum, a town of Bohemia, capital of
a circle of the fame name, 1 1 miles W
Prague, Ion. 14 2j E, lat, 50 3 N.

Berchtolfgahen, a town of Germany, iit-
the archblfliopric of Saltzburg. It ferves-
all the neighbourhood with fait ; and is
feated on the river Aa, 10 miles S W
Saltzburg, Ion 13 o E, lat. 47 30 N.
Berdaa, a town of Perfia, in Erivan,
feated in a fertile plain, 10 miles W of the
river Kur, and 62 S by E Gangea, Ion. 48
o E, lat. 41 o N.
Berealflon, a borough in Devonfliire,,
that fends two members to parliament,
but has no market- It is feated on the
'Tave, 10 miles N Plymouth, and 211 W
by S itondon, l&n. 2 52 W, lat. 50 28 N.
Bereilly, a city of Hindoofton Proper;
capital of Rohilla, which was conquered
by the nabob of Oude In 1774, It lies be
tween Lucknow and Delhi, 120 miles
from each. Ion. 79 40 E, lat. 28 30 N.
Bere Regis, a town in Dorfetfliire, with
a market on Wednefday. It Is feated on
the Bere, near its confluence with the
Piddle, n miles E by N Dorchefter, Ion.
2 15 W, lat. 50 44 N. ^ ^ _
Bergas, a town of Romania, with a
Greek archbifliop's fee, on the river La
riffa, 40 miles S E Adrianople, Ion. 27 40
E, lat. 41 14 N.
Bergen, an ancient feaport of Norway,
and a bifliop's fee, with a- caftle. It car
ries on a great trade in-flcins, fir wood,
and dried fifli ; and is 350 miles N by 'W
Copenhagen, Ion. 4 45 E, lat. 60 1 1 N.
Bergen, a town of Swedifli, Pomerania,
capital of the ifle of Rugen, la miles N
£ Stralfund, Ion. 13 40 E, lat. 54 23 N.
BergenofZoom, a- tbwn of Dutch Bra
bant, In the marquifate of the fame name.
It is a handfome place, and one of the
ftrongeft In the Netherlands; feated part
ly on a hill, and partly on,the river Zoom,
which communicates with the Scheld by
a canal : It has feveral times been be-
fieged to no purpofe ; but was taken bj
the French, in 1747, by treachery. It is
15 miles N Antwerp, and 22 S 'W Breda,
Ion. 4 25 E, lat. 51- 27 N.
Bergnrac, a trading town of France, iri
the department of Dordogne, and.
late province of Perigord, feated on the
river Dordogne,, 50 miles E Bourdeaux,
Ion. o 42 E, lat. 45 o N. '
Bergues, St. Vinox, a fortified toWn of
France, In the department of the North
and late county of Flanders, feated on the
river Colme, at the fbot of a mountain,
5 miles S Dunkirk, Ion. 2 28 E, lat. 50
57 N.
Berkeley, a corporate town in Glouccf-
terfliire, with a market on Wednefday.
It is governed by a mayor ; and In the
church-

BER

BER

,):huTch are fome elegant monuments of
the Berkelcys. Here is an ancient caftle
on a rifing ground, commancUng a de
lightful view of the country and the Se
vern. In the civil wars it fuffered con
fiderably, as it did a few years ago by an
-accidental fire. The room in vvhich Ed
ward II, was Imprifoned is ftill to be feen.
It is featedon a hrook that flows into the
Severn, i8 miles S W Gloucefter, and 113
W London, Ion. 2 23 W, lat. 51 45 N.
Birkhamfead, a town of Herts, with a
market on Monday. It was anciently a
Roman town ; andiRomancoIns liavebeen
often dug up here. On the N fide are
the remains of a caftle, the refidence of
the kings of Mercla. In 697, a parliament
was held here, and Ina's laws publiflied.
Here William the conqueror fwore to his
nobility to maintain the laws made by his
predeceffors, Henry II, kept his court
in this town, and granted to It many
privileges ; and James I, whofe children
were nurfed here, made it a corporation ;
but this government was dropped in the
eivil wars. Here are tvvo hofpitals, a
handfome Gothic church, and a free-
J'chool. It Is 26 miles N W Loudon, Ion,
O 31 W, lat. 51 46 N.
Berks, or Berkffire, a county of Eng
land, bounded on the E by Surry, on the
S by Hants, on the W, by Wilts, arid on
(the N by Oxfordfliire and Bucks. From
E to W it extends above 50 miles, and
|rom N to S it Is 25 miles in the wideft,
¦though not more than 6 In the narroweft
part. It lies in the diocefe of Saliffiury ;
contains 20 hundreds, la market towns,
and 140 pariflies ; and fends 9 members
to parliament. The air, In general, is
extremely healthy. Its principal risers
arc the Thames, Kennet, Lamborn, and
Loddon. The E part has much unculti
vated land, as Wiiidfor Foreft and Its ap
pendages ; the W and middle parts pro
duce grain in great abundance. Reading
is the capital. The number of inhabit
ants is 115,000 ; pf fquare miles 682, of
acres 438.977-
Berlin, a confiderable city of Germa
ny, capital of the eleClorate of Branden
burg, where the king of Pruflia refides.
The p.alace is magnificent, and there is a
fine libi'aiy, a rich cabinet of curiofities
and medals, an academy of fciences, an
pbfervatory, and a fuperb arfenal, -which
has arms for 200,000 men. There is a
canal cut from the river Spree to the O-
dcr on the E, and another thence to the
Elbe on the W. In 1755 the number of
iohabitants vyas 126,661. It has a com

munication by water, both with theBal-
tic Sea and the German Ocean. As foon
as you ftep through the gates of this city,
you ftep into a fand hill, which for many
miles furrounds the city on all fides. It
is feated on the Spree, 4a miles N W
Frankfort on the Oder, and 300.N by W
Vienna, Ion. 13 26 E,'Iit. 52 32 N.
[Moor, Guthrie, Hanway.]
5^ra, the largeft of the 13 cantons'of
Swifl'erland, 150 miles In length, and 75
in breadth. It is divided into two prin
cipal parts called the German and Ro
man ; but the laft is moft commonly call
ed the Pays de Vaud. It contains about
48,000 fouls. The religion is Calvinifm,
and Bern the capital. [Coxe.]
Bern, the capital of the canton of Bern,
in Swifl'erland. Here is a celebrated
fchool, a rich library, and 1 2 companies
of tradtfmen, in one of which every in
habitant is obliged to be enrolled before
he can enjoy any office. It is a ftrong
place, in a peninfula, formed by the riv
er Aar. The houfes are of a fine vvhite
freeftone, and pretty uniform, particplar-
ly in the principal ftreet ; and there arc
piazzas on each fide, with a walk, raifed
4 feet above the level of the ftreet, very
commodious In wet weather. Criminals,
with irtm collars round their necks, are
employed In removing rubbifli from the
ftreets and public walks. The public
buildings are magnificent. The public
library is well chofen and contains 20,000
vols. The charitable inftitutions are nu
merous and liberal ; the hofpitals ire
large, clean, and airy. At the poor houfe
diftreffed travellers receive a meal .of vic
tuals, a nights lodging, and dd. ut their
departure, if fick are maintained till they
recover. It contains 11,000 fouls. Bern
is 70 miles N E Geneva, Ion. 7 10 E, lat.
46 52 N. [Moor, Coxe.]
Bern, a town of Bohemia, 15 miles W
Prague, Ion. 13 5 E, lat, 50 o N.
Bernard, a town ol Germany, in che
eleClorate of Brandenburg, 5 miles from
Berlin, noted for excellent beer.
Bernard, Gre.it St. a inountain of Swif
ferland, between Vallais and Val d'Aoul-
ta, at the fource of the river Drauce. "I'he
top of it is always covered with fnow,
aad there is a large convent, where the
monks entertain all ftr.-mgers gratis for
3 days, without any diftinction of religion.
Berncy, a trading town of France, in
the department of Euro, and late prov
ince of Norniandy, feated on the river
Carantonne, 20 miles S \V' Rouen, Ion. o
50 E, lat, 49 6 N, Bernbir^,

BER
Seralurg, a town of Germany, in the
principality erf Anhalt, where a branch
of the houfe of Anhalt refides. It is feat
ed on the river Sara, 22 miles S W Mag
deburg, Ion. II 46 E, lat. 51 51 N.
Berncaflel, a town of Germany, in the
electorate of "Treves, with a caftle. It is
remarkable for Its good wine, and is feat
ed on the Mofelle, near Trarbaph.
Beroot, anciently Berytus, a towp of
Paleftine on the fea, furrounded by a fer
tile country, abounding In fprings of wa
ter. A palace here belonging io the de
fccndants of Facardine has gardens, fta-
bles, yards, and dens for Uons, which, if
iinlflied, would honor any monarch of
the civihzed wprld. Majeftic rows of
orange trees are more deeply loaded with
fruit fhan any orchards In England. The
Greeks have a church here. The prin
cipal mofque was a church dedicated to
St. John. On the S fide of the city its
¦wall's are entire. On the fea are the re
mains of a mole, and a caftle In ruins. On
every fide floors of mofalc work ; beau
tiful columns of granite, and pieces of
pplifhed marble, teU the former magnifi
cence of the city. [Maundrell.]
Berry, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by the Orleanois and
Blaifois, on the E by the Nivernois and
igourbonnols, on the S by the Bourbon
nois and Marche, and on the W by Tou-
raine and iPoitou. It is fertile in corn,
fruit, hemp, and flax ; and there Is excel
lent wine in fome places. It novv forms
the two departinerits of Cher and Indre.
Barfello, a fortified town pf- Italy, in
the Modenefe, feated near the confluence
of the LInza and Po, 10 ipiles N E Par
ma, Ion. 10 56 E, lat. 44 45 N.
Berfuire, a town of France, In the de
partment of the two Sevres and late
province of Poitou, 12 miles S W
Thenars, Ion. o 27 W,lat. 46 52 N.
Bertinero, a town of Italy, In Romagna,
with a citadel, and a biffiop's fee ; feated
on a hill, 50 miles N E Florence, Ion. n
40 E, lat. 44 18 N.
Bertrand, St. a tovvn of France, in the
department of Upper Garopne and late
province of jjanguedoc. It vvas lately an
epifcopal fee, and is 43 miles S Auch, Ion.
o 48 E, lat, 42 56 ifl.
Bervie, a feaport and borough of Kin-
cardlnefliire, at the mouth of a river of
the fame naipe, 1 2 miles S W Aberdeen,
Ion, 2 o W, lat. 56 40 N.
Bertoick, a town, and county of itfelf,
on the borders of England and Scotland,
with a market on Saturday. It is govcrn-

B E S
ed by a mayor ; and was once a ftrong
fortrefs, of great importance when Eng
land and Scotland were hoftile nations, to
each of vvhich It alternately belonged, or
was confidered as a diftriCl feparate front
both countries. It Is ftill fortified, and
has good barracks for the garrifon ; but
its ancient caftle is now in ruins. It i,?
large and populous, has a good trade In
corp aud falmon, and is feated on the
Tweed, over which Is a handfome bridge
of 15 arches. It fends two members tp
parliament, and is 147 miles N York, 5^
S E Edinburgh, and 336 N by W Lon
don, Ion. I 46 W, lat. 55 ^5 N.
Ber-wiek North, a borough in Hadding
tonfliire, on the frith of Forth, 30 miles
N W Berwick upon Tweed, Ion. a 33 W,
lat. 56 5 N-
Ber-wicifiire, a county of Scotland, fome-,
times called the iJVIers ; bounded on the
E by the German Ocean, on the S £ by
the Tweed, on the S by Roxburghffiire,
on the W by Edinburghfliire, and ori the
NW by Haddingtonfliire. The S part
Is a fertile and pleafant trad ; and being
a low and flat country, Is fometimes called
the How [Hollow] of the Mers. The
S E angle Is occupied by Berndck Bounds;
a diftriCl only 8 miles in compafs, gov
erned by Engliffi laws, and accounted
part of an Englifli county. The princi
pal rivers are the Tweed, Leader, Black-
adder; Whiteadder, and Eye.
Ber-wyn Hills, lofty hills at the N E
angle of Merionethflilre, beneath which
fpreads the fine vale, in vj'hieh flows the
infant river Dee.
Befan^on, an ancient and populous city
of France, in the departipent of Doubs
and late province of iFranche Comte. It
has a citadel, on a high rock, the bafe of
which touches both fides of the Doubs,
which here forms a pcninfula. The tri
umphal arch of Aurelian, and other Ro
man antlqiuties are ftill to be feen. Be-
fan^on is an archiepifcopal fee ; has an
academy of fciences, arts, and belles let
tres, founded in 1 75 a ; a literary military
fociety; eftabliflied about the fame time ;
and a public library in the late abbey of
St. Vincent. It is 52 miles E Dijon, and
208 S E Paris, Ion. 6 2 E, lat 47 13 N.
Beffarabia, a territory of Turkey in
Europe, between the Danube and the
Dniefter, along the banks of which laft
river the Tartar inhabitants rove from
place tp place. Their comioon food is
the flefli bf oxen and horfes, cheefe, and
mare's milk. Bender is the capital.
Brjiricia, a to-ft-n of Tranfylvania, re
markable

BET

B E W

markable for the gold mines near it, 85
miles N W Hermanftadt, and 90 E
Tockay, Ion. 23 45 E, lat. 47 30 N.
Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Galicia,
feated on the Mandeo, on a bay of the
Atlantic, 20 miles S Ferrol, Ion. 7 55 W,
lat. 43 12 N.
Betelfagui, a town of Arabia Felix, fa
mous for being the mart where the
country people bring their coffee to fell ;
and where the Europeans come to pur
chafe It. It Is 25 miles E Red Sea, Ion.
44 30 E, lat. 15 40 N
Bethlehem, a towp of Paleftine, famous
for the birth of Christ. It Is feated on
the ridge of a hill, running from E to
W and has a delightful profpeCl. It Is
now a confiderable place, has fome fine
ftreets and is much ¦vifited by pilgrims.
Here is a church, ereCled by the famous
Helena, In the form of a crofs : alfo a
chapel, called the Chapel of the Nativi
ty, where they pretend to fliow the man
ger in which Chrift vvas laid ; another,
called the Chapel of Jofeph ; and a third
of the Holy Innocents, A few poor
Greeks refide here. It has 6oomen able
to bear arms, 100 of which are chrif
tians. It is 6 miles S Jerufalem, Ion, 35
25 E, lat. 31 50 N. [iBovven, Adam.]
Bethlehem, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
£ miles N Louvain, Ion. 4 49 £, lat. 50
Bethfaida, once a city of Paleftine on
the lake of Gennefereth, near the influx
of the Jordan. It was raifed from a vil
lage to a magnificent and populous city
by Philip the Tetrarch, who alfo called
it Julias. The woe pronounced upon
this place by Jefus Chrift has proved to
be divine. Ic has long fince been execut
ed. Five or fix poor cottages Is all that
remains of this once fplended city.
[Topographic iDiCl.]
Bethfan, a town of Paleftine t 40 miles
N Jerufalem.
Betbune, a fortified town of France,
In the department of the Straits of Ca
lais and late county of Artois, with a
caftle. It was taken by the aUies In 17 10,
and reftored by the treaty of Utrecht.
It Is feated on a rock, by the river Bret-
te, 20 miles E St. Omer and 130 N Paris,
Ion. a 35 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Betley, a town In Staffordfliire, with a
market on Thurfday, 16 miles NNW
Stafford and 156 London, Ion. a 10 W,
•at. 5.1 5 N.
Bettis, a town of Afia, in Curdiftan,
fituate on a fteep rdck, on the frontiers
of Turkey and Perfia, but fiibjeCi to its

own bey, and a fanCluary for the fub^
jeCls of the neighbouring powers. It Is
150 miles E Diarbekar, Ion. 4a 50 E, lat,
37 30 N.
Betuaue, a fertile Ifland of Dutch Guel
derland, 40 miles long and 10 broad,
containing, in that fpace, eight cities and
feveral hundred villages. It is formed
by the bifurcation of the Rhine above
NImeguen, and by the union of its
ftreams, under different appellations, near
Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia,
and formerly gave the name of Batave-
ern, or Batavians, to the inhabitants of
the Dutch Netherlands, which they have
now tranfmltted to their colony In Java.
In this morafs (as It then was) the ancef
tors of the prefent race firft fettled, vvhen,
at different times, and for different cau-
fes, they emigrated from Germany ; and
it vvas principally hence that the Dutch
fpread themfelves over the different
provinces. Bevecum, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
1 7 miles S Louvain, Ion. 4 50 E, lat. 5a
36 N.
Beveland, N and S, two iflands of the
United Provinces, In Zcland, between
the E and W branches of the Scheld.
Bevergern, a town of Weftphalia, Si
miles from Munfter.
Beverly, a borough In the E riding of
Yorkfliire, vvith a market on Wednefday
and Saturday, and a churches befide the
minfter. It is governed by a mayor,
fends a members to parUament, and b
feated on the river Hull, 9 miles N Hull
and i8a London, Ion. o 15 W, lat. 5^^
5a N.
Beverungen, a town of Germany, in the
diocefe of Paderborn, at the confluence
of the Beve and Wefer, 22 miles E Pa
derborn, Ion. 9 30 E, lat 51 46 N.
Be-wcaflle, a village in Cumberland, on
the river Leven, faid to have been built
about the time of the Norman conqueft.
The church is in ruins ; and in the
churchyard Is an ancient crofs, on the
fides of which are feveral fculptures,
with illegible infcriptions.
Beiudly, a borough of Worccfterflilre,
with a market on Saturday, and a good
trade in malt, leather, and caps. It fends
one member to parliament, and is feat
ed on the Severn, 14 miles N Worcefter,
and 128 N W London, Ion. 2 o W, lat.
52 20 N.
Bcudev, or Beaulieu, a river which rifes
in the N of Inverncfsffilrc, ahd flowing
along the S border of Roi'sfliire, forms
the line eftuary on which ftand Inverneli acd

B I D

B I J

and Fort St. George, and vvhich termin
ates In the frith of Murray. At its
piouthls the ferry of Kiffock, near which
is a good falmon fifliery,
Beziers, a town of France, In the de
partment of Herault and late province
of Languedoe, It was lately an epifco
pal fee ; and the Inhabitants are 20,000
in number. The remaii'is of a circus,
and fome infcriptions, befpeak its ancient
grandeur ; and It has an academy of fci
ences and 2 hofpitals. In the perfecu-
tion of the Albigences 60,000 were maf
facred here, and the city burnt. It is
feated pear the Royal Canal, on a hill, at
the foot of which flows the Orbrc, 1 2
iniles N E Narbonpe, Ion. 3 18 E, lat. 21
o N. [Wrax^.]
Bex, a village of Swifferland, in the
canton of Bei^n, near the town of St.
Maurice, which guards the entrance
from that canton into the Lower Vallais.
It Is remarkable for its delightful fitua
tion, and the fait works near it. The
largeft faline is entered by a paffage cut
out of the folid rock. Travellers, who
have the curiofity to explore thefe gloo
my abodes, are furnlffied with lighted
torches, and dreffed In a coarfe habit, to
defend them from the drippings that fall
from the roof and fides of the paffage.
Bhatgan, a city of Hindooflan, con
taining 12,000 families. The houfes are
of brick, 3 or 4 ftorles high : the apart
ments are lofty. The ftreets arc? paved
with brick or ftone, with a regular decliv
ity to carry off the water. [Shore A. R.]
Biafar, the capital of a kingdom of the
fame name, in Negroland, feated on the
river Los Camarones, Ion. 17 40 E, lat.
6 10 N.
Biana, a to'wn of Hindooftan Proper,
remarkable for excellent indigo, 50 Miles
W Agra, Ion. 80 50 E, lat. 26 30 N.
Biberach, a free imperial town of Sua
bia. It has a manufaClure of fuftians,
and Is feated in a fertile valley, on the
Reufs, 17 miles S W Ulm, Ion. 10 2 E,
lat. 48 10 N.
Biberflerg, a town of Upper Hungary,
15 miles N Preffiurg, Ion. 17 15 E, lat.
48 31 N.
Bicefler, or Burcefer, a town in Oxford-
-fliire, with a market on Friday, 13 miles
N by E Oxford, and 57 W by N Lon
don, Ion. I 10 W, lat. 51 54 N.
Bidache, a town of France, In the de
partment of the Lower Pyrenees and
late province of Bafques, vvith a caftle,
feated on the river Bidoufe, la miles E
Bayonne, Ion. i 9 W, lat. 43 31 N.

Biiaffoa, a river of Spain, which rifi^
inthej?yrenees, and falls into the bay of
Bifcay, between Andaye and Fontarabia.
Biddeford, a feaport and town corporate
in Dcvonfl-.irc, with a market on Tuef
day ; feated on the Torridge, over which
is a ftone bridge of 24 arches. It carries
on a confiderable trade, and i.-i 16 miles
S byW Ufracoinbe, and 203 W London,
Ion. 4 10 W, lat. 51 10 N.
Bieez, a town of Poland, inCracowia,
remarkable for its mines of vitriol ; feated
on the Wefeloke, 50 miles S E Cracow,
Ion. 21 5 E, lat. 49 50 N.
Biela, a town of Piedmopt, capital of
the Bellefe, near the river Cerva, 20
miles W Verceil, Ion. 7 58 E, lat. 45
i5 N.
Bielogored, a ftrong town of Beffarabia,
on lake Videno, near the Black Sea, 42
miles S W Oczakow, Ion. 30 10 E, laf.
46 ao N.
Bielfl, a town of Poland, in Polachia,
near one of the fources of the Nareisi^
100 miles N E Warfaw, Ion. 23 39 E.lat.
52 40 N.
Bielffoi, a town of Ruffia, in the gov^
ernment of Smolenflco, 80 miles N E
Smolenflco, and 170 W Mofcow, Ion. 33
5 E, lat. 55 40 N.
Bienne, a town of Swifferland, on a
lake of the fame name, at the foot of
Mount Jura. It contains about 6000 in
habitants. It Is fubjeCl, with its fmaU
territory, to the Roman catholic bifliqp
of Bafle ; but the iphabitants arc protefl-j
ants. It is 17 miles N W Bern, Ion. 7 10
E, lat. 47 II N. [Coxe.]
Bieroliet, a tovvn of Dutch Flanders,
a miles N Sluys, Ion. 3 39 E, lat. 51
21 N. ,
Biggar, a town in Lanerkfliire, 10 miles
S E Carnwath, Here are the ruins of a
collegiate church, founded in 1545.
Bigglefiuade, a town in Bedfordfliire,
with a market on Wednefday, one of the
greateft for barley In England. It is feat
ed on the Ivel, over which is a ftone
bridge, 10 miles N W Pedford, and 45
NNW London, Ion. o 21 W, lat. 52 6 N.
Bigorre, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Ai-magnac, on the
E by Comminges, on the 'W by Beam,
and on the S by the Pyrenees. It now
forms the department of the Upper Py
renees. Bihaez, a town of Croatia, feated op
an Ifle formed by the river Anna, 65
miles S E Carlftadt, Ion. 16 32 E, lat. 44
51 N.
Bijinagur, fee Bifnagur. Bijon,

B I M

B I R

Eijore, a province of Hindooftan Prop
er, between the rivers Indus and Attock ;
having Cabul on the W, the Bockharian
Mountains on the N, Caflimere on the
E, and Pclffiore on the S. Its dimenfions
are not more than 5P miles by 20. It is
full of mountains and wilds, inhabited
by a favage and turbulent race.
Bilboa, a city of Spain, capital of Bifcay,
with a good harbour. Its exports are
wool, fword blades, and other manufac
tures In iron and fteel. It is remarkable
for the v\'holefomenefs of Its air, and the
fertilit-^ of the foil about it. It is feated at
the mouth of the Ibaicabal, which enters
the bay of Bifcay, 50 miles W St. Sebaft-
ian, and 180N Madrid, Ion. 3 loW, lat.
43 33 N.
Bildefon, a town In Suffolk, with a mar
ket on Wednefday, It has a large church,
about a quarter of a mile from the town,
and is feated on the river Breton. It
was formerly noted for Suffolk blues,.,|
and blankets, but now almoft the only
bufinefs of the town Is fpinning yarn.
It is 12 miles SE Bury, and 63 NE Lon
don, Ion. o 55 E, lat. 52 16 N.
Biledulgerid, a country of Barbary,boun-
ded on the N by Tunis, on the E by Tri
poli, on the S by Guergula, and on the W
by.Tuggurt. It lies between 5 and n E
Ion. and 28 and 32 N lat. "Fhe air Is
very hot ; but though the foil is dry, it
yields a great deal of barley.
Bilevelt, a town of Weftphalia, In the
county of Ravenlburg, 7 miles S E Ra-
venffiurgh. Ion. 8 50 E, lat. 52 10 N.
Billericay, a town in Effex, with a mar
ket on Tuefday. It Is feated on a hill,
vvhich commahds a beautiful profpeCl,
over a rich valley, to the Thames, 9 miles
S W of Chelmsford, and 23 £ London,
Ion. o 31 E, lat. 51 30 N.
Billom, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Puy-de-Dome and late province
of Auvergne, feated on an eminence, 15
miles S E Clermont, Ion. 3 28 E, lat.
45 41 N.
Bilma, a vaft burning di:fert of Africa,.
to the SE Fezzan, between 21 and 25 N
lat. Bilfden, a town in Leicefterfliire, with
a market on Friday, 9 miles S E Leicefter,
and 96 N by W iLondon, Ion. o 51 W,
lat. 52 35 N.
Bilfon, a town of Weftphalia, in the
bifliopric of Liege, on the river Demer,
1 T miles N Liege, Ion. 5 29 E, lat. 50
50 N.
Bimlepatam, a feaport of Golconda, in
the Deccan of Hindooftan, feated on the

bay of Bengal,ia milesNof Vlfagapatam;
The Dutch have a faClory here. Ion.
83 5E,lat. 18 oN.
Binaroi, a tovvn bf Spain, in Valencia,
remarltable for good wine ; feated near
the Mediterranean, 20 mfles S Tortofa,
Ion. o 35 £, lat. 40 33 N.
Binbroke, a town In Lincolnfllire, with
a market on Wednefday, and two church
es. It is 30 miles N E Lincoln, and i6l
N London, Ion. o o : lat. 53 30 N.
Binch, a. fortified town of Auftrian
Hainault, 9 miles E Mens, Ion. 4 15 E,
lat. 50 24 N.
Binchefer, a village on the river Were,
near Durham. By feveral infcriptions
and monuments, it appears to have been
the Roman Vinovium ; many Roman
coins are dug up here, which are called
Binchefter Pennies ; and two altars have
been dlfcovered, importing, that the 20th
legion was ftationed in this place.
Bincaza, a feaport of Africa, in the
kingdom of Tripoli, 140 miles W Derna,
Ion. 19 10 E, lat. 32 20 N.
Binfield,a village in Bcrkfliire, In Wind-
for Foreft, 3 miles N by E Okingham.
It was the fcene of Pope's youthful days,
and here he wrote his Windfor Foreft.
Bingen, an ancient town of Germany,
in the archblfliopric of Mentz, feated on
the confluence of the Nahe and Rhine,
vvith a ftone bridge over the former. It
was takenby the French In 1794, and is
15 miles W by S Mentz, Ion. 8 o E, lat.
49 49 N.
Bingham, a town In Nottinghamfliire,
with a fmall market on Thurfday, 9
miles E Nottingham, and 120 N by 'VV'
London," Ion. o 51 W, lat. 5258 N.
Biorneburg, a town of Sweden, In Fin
land, near the mouth of the Kune, in the
gulf of Bothnia, 75 miles N Abo, Ion, 22
5 E, lat. 61 42 N.
Bir, or Beer, a town of Turkey in Afia,
In Diarbeck, with a caflle, where the
governor refides. It ftands on the Eu
phrates, near a high mountain, in a fruit
ful country. They have a particular
kind of vultures, fo tame, that they fit
on the tops of houfes, and even' in the
ftreets, without fear of difturbance. It
is 50 miles N £ Aleppo.
Bir Ambar, a dirty village of Egyyt,
belonging to the Azaizy, a little, poor
tribe of Arabs. They live by letting out
themfelves and cattle to the caravans,
that go to Coffeir. The houfes are built
of potter's clay in the form of a bee hive,-
ten feet high, fix feet in diameter. [Bruce.] Biri,

B I R
B!ri, an inland kingdom, in the fouth-
fcrn part of Africa. They treat ftrangers
with generofity and kindnefs. The office
of chief, judge, inftruClor of children,
fortune teller, prieft, -»nd prophet, is unit
ed in the fame perfons. They alone
Ihave the privilege of wearing mantles
of tyger and zebra Ikins. Thefe procure
the perfon who wears them, various
marks of refpeCl. -AU who meet the per
fons in this drefs, lay their right hand on
their head, their left on their breaft, till
they pafs by. The population of this
kingdom amounts to about i6,ooo fouls.
The land is fruitful and well cultivated,
but their principal wealth Is their cattle.
They have mmes of rock fait, vvhich
they fell for cattle. The people are tall
and weU made, wear aprons of palm
leaves, the women are modeft, covering
their breafts vvith palm leaves. Their
colour is rather yeUow than brown.
Every morning and evening thefe favage
pagans addrefs God in prayer : they
pradife circumclfion ; and are rigid in
the education of their children. For
adultery the man forfeits his cattle, the
woman is expelled the community. Their
principal food is milk, millet, and flour.
Their huts are fpacious, and of a circu
lar form. After liarveft they have a feaft,
which lafts 2 days ; the third is a faft.
[Damberger.]
Berkenfeld, a town of Germany, capital i
of a county of the fame name, in the cir
cle of the Upper Rhine. It was taken by
the French in 1794, and is feated near
the river Nalic, 22 miles S E Treves, Ion.
7 14 E, lat. 49 55 N.
Birmingham, a large town In Warwick
fliire, with a market on Thurfday. It has
no corporation, and therefore free for any
perfon to fettle there ; which has con
tributed greatly to Its fiourifliing ftate.
The town ftands on the fide of a hill,
forming nearly a half moon. The lower
part is filled with workfliops and ware
houfes, and confifts chiefly of old build
ings. The upper part contains many
new and regular ftreets, and a hand
fome fquare. It has two churches ; one
in the lower part of the town, which Is
an ancient building, with a lofty fpire ;
the other, a grand modern ftruClure,
having a fquare ftone tower, vvith a cu
pola, and turret above It ; it has alfo two
chapels and feveral meeting houfes. It
had au elegant theatre, which vvas de'
ftroyed by fire in 1792. The hardware
manufaClures of Birmingham have been
noted for a confiderable period ; but of

BIS
late years, by great additions to Its traM
from a v&ft variety of articles, fuch as
metal buttons, buckles, plated goods, jap
anned and paper 'ware, &c. it has rlfep
to be fuperlour In population to any of
the modern trading towns in England.
It is plentifully fupplled 'with coal by
means of a canal to Wednefliury'; and it
has a communication with the Great
Trunk from the Trent to the Severn, by
a branch paffing by Wolverhampton.
The BIrmingharii goods are exported in
great quantities to,, foreign countries,
where, in point of cheapnefs and fliow
united, they are unrivalled. The Im
proved fleam engines, toade here by Bol
ton and Watt, deferve to rank high
among the produClions of human inge
nuity : their application to various me
chanical purpofes, and particularly to the
draining of mines, places them among
the moft valuable inventions of the agcw
Birmingham is 17 miles N W Coventry,
and 116 London, Ion. i 50 W, lat. ;»
30 N.,
Birviefca, a town of Spain, in Old Cat
tile, 15 miles N Burgos, Ion. 3 30 W, lat.
4a 35 N.
Birza, a town of Poland, in Samogitia,
42 mUes S E MIttau, Ion, 24 50 E, lat.
56 12 ISf.
Bifaccia, a town of Naples, In Principal
to Ulteriore, with a bifliop's fee, 15 miles
N E Conza, Ion. 15 40 E, lat. 41 3 N.
Bifcay, a province of Spain, bounded
on the N by the bay of Bifcay, on the E
by Upper Navarre, on the S by Old Caf
tile, and on the W by the Afturias. It
contains three divifions ; Bifcay Proper,
Guipufcoa, and -Alava. It is 27 miles
In both length and breadth, and produces
apples, oranges, and citrons : it has alfo
wood for building fliips, and mines of iron
and lead. The BIfcayers are the beft
feamen of Spain. They have a particu
lar language, which has no aflinity with
any other in Europe. Bilboa is the
capital. Bifcay, Bay of, an extenfive bay of the
Atlantic, between Cape Ortegal, in Ion. 7
35 W, lat. 43 48 N, and the ifle of Uffiant,
in Ion. 5 o W, lat. 48 30 N.
Bifchofiffeim, 1 town of Germany, iri
the archblfliopric of Mentz, on the river
Tauber, a miles W Wurtzburg, Ion. 9
10 E,lat. 49 40 N.
Bifchofs Zell, a town of Svyifferland, in
Thurgau, with a caftle. The inhabitants
are Independent, and governed by a fu-
premc council. "I'he bailifl" of the bifliop
of Conftance, who refides in the caftle, has

B I $

B L A

hai jurlfdiClIdn over the Romari catholic
(ubjeCts. The proteftants, as fuch, are
under the protection of Zuric and Bern,
and bf thefe the greateft part of the in
habitants confifts. "Fhe fame church,
however, is Ufed by both religions. It is
feated at the confluence of the Sitter
and Thur, la miles S Conftance, Ion. 9
13 E, lat. 47 »7 N.
Bifchtveillen, a fortrefs of France, In the
department bf Upper Rhine, and late
province of Alface, 5 miles W the Rliine,
Ion. 7 51 E, lat. 48 40 N.
Bifeglia, a town bf Naples, in Terra di
Bari, -with a bifliop's fee, near the gulf of
Venice, 6 miles iE Trani, Ion. 16 45 E,
lat. 41 28 N.
Bifrttt, a feaport of the kingdom of
Tunis, dear the place vvhere Utica once
flood, 37 miles N W Tunis, Ion. 9 46 E,
lat. 37 10 N.
Bijhop and his Clerks, dangerous rocks
on the coaft of Peihbrokefliire, near St.
David's, Ion. 5 20 W, lat. 51 57 N.
Bijbops Auckland, See Auckland.
Bifiops Cajlle, a borough in Shropfllire,
with a market, on Friday, much frequent
ed by the Welfli It fends two members
to parliament, and Is feated near the river
Glun, 8 miles E Montgomery, and 152
W N W London, lori. a 55 W, lat. 5a
»2N. , ,
Biff.ops Stortfard. See Stortford.
BifignaM, a town of Naples, In Cala
bria Citeriore, with a foft, and a bifliop's
fee. It is feated on a mountain, near the
fiver Bbccbna, 18 miles N Cofenza, and
133 SENaples, Ion. 16 20 E, lat. 39 38 N
Bifey, a village iri Surry, noted for a
fpring called St. Johri Baptift's Well, the
waters of which Is faid to be colder than
any othei* in fummer, and warmer in
Winter. It Is 3 miles N Woking
Bifnagur, a town of the peninfula bf
Hindooftan, in Myfbre, feated on the
river Tungebadra. It was the capital of
the ancient kingdom of Narfinga, and
vvhen vifited by Ccfar Frederic in 1567,
was a large city. It is 140 miles E by S
Goa, Ion, 76 10 E, lat. 15 30 N.
Bffagos, a clufter bf Iflands, on the
coaft of Negroland, 200 miles S E the
river Gambia, in 11 N lat. Thefe ne
groes are taU, refolate, androbuft, adorn
ing their horfes with the fcalps of their
enemies. Ingenious, they eafily learn
what they are taught. Thefe fertile ifl
ands are depopulated by the flave trade :
yet are they fo impatient of flavery as
often to murder themfelves. Have mer
cy, ye mafters of flaves, fave the dying
Vol. II. M

wretch. Thefe iflands were probably the
Hefperides of the ancients. [D — ^lu A.]
Bifricz, a town of Tranfylvania, on
the river Biftricz, 142 miles N E Colof-
war, Ion, 25 3 £, lat. 47 33 N.
Bitche, a fortified town of France, In
the department of Mofelle and late prov
ince of Lorrain, with a caftle, on a
rock. It Is feated at the foot of a moun
tain, near the SchWelb, 30 miles N by
W Sti-afliurg, Ion. 7 44 E,lat. 49 5 N.
Biteto, a town of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, II miles S S W Bari, Ion. 16 34 E,
lat. 41 o N.
Bitonio, ari epifcopal tovvn of Naples,
in Terra di Bari, 10 miles W S W Bari,
and 117 E by N Naples, Ion. 16 30 E,
lat, 41 6 N.
Blacklank, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Armagh, 7 miles S Armagh,
Ion. 6 35 W, lat. 54 ao N.
Blackburn, a tbwn in Lancafhire, with
a market on Monday. It has its name
from the brook Blackwater, which runs
thrbugh it. It carries on a vaft trade in
calicoes for printing, and Is feated near
the Derwent, la miles E Prefton, and
ao3 NNW London, lon. a 35 W, lat.
53 4a N.
Black Foreft, a foreft of Germany, in
the W of the circle of Suabia. It is
part of the ancient Hercynlan foreft.
Blackheath, an elevated plain, 5 miles
S E London, commanding beautiful prof-
peCts, and adorned with handfome villaS.
On this heath Wat Tyler muftered
100,000 rebels : and on the fltlrts of it
is Morden College for decayed merchants.
Blackpool, a village in Lancafliire. near
Poultbn, much refbrted to for feabathing.
Black Sea, the ancient Euxine, bounded
on the N Catharincnflaf, Taurica, and
fhe fea of Afoph ; on the E by Min-
grelln, Circaffia, and Georgia ; on the 3
by Natolia ; and on the W by Romania,
iBulgarIa, and Beffarabia. Its length is
200 leagues from E to W, Its breadth
about 3 degrees, at the ends about half
as broad. The waters are neither f 1
clear, fo green, nor fo fait as the ocean.
It lies between 33 and 44 £ Ion. and 42
and 46 N lat. [Chardin.]
Blackiaater, a river of Ireland, running
.through the counties of Cork and Water-
ford Into Youghall Bay.
Slackioater, a river in Effex, which rifes
in the N W of the county, and flowing
by fiocking, Coggeflial, and Kelvedon, if
joined try the Chelmer at Maiden, and
enters the eftuary, to which it gives th*
name of Blackvyater Bay. ilair.

B L A

B L Y

Blair Athol, a viUage In Perthfliire, In
an angle formed by the rivers Tilt and
Garry, Clofe by it Is Blair Caflle, a no
ble feat of the duke of Athol ; and in Its
vicinity are many fine waterfalls. Blair
Athol is 28 miles NW Perth.
Blaifois, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Beauce, on the E
by Orleanois, on the S by Berry, and on
the W by Touralne It now forms the
department of Loir and Cher.
Blamont, a town of France, in the de
partment of Meurthe arid late provirice
of Lorrain, feated on the Vezouze, ra
miles S'Lunevilte, Ion; 6 52-E,lat. 48 40 N.
Blanc, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Indre and late province of Berry,
with a caftle, feated on the Creufe, 2i5
miles E Poitiers, lon. a 13 E, lat. 46 38 N.
Blaneii, an uninhabited ifland to the N
of Margaretta, near Terra Firma, lon.
64 30 W, lat. II 50 N.
Blanco, a cape of Africa, on the Atlan
tic Ocean, r80 mfles N the river Senegal,
Ion. 17 10 W, lat. ao 55 N.
Blandfori, a corporate town in Dorfet
fliire, with a, market on Saturday. In
1 73 1, almoft all the town was burnt
dovvn ; but it was foon rebuilt. It has a
manufaClure of ffii'rt- buttons, more of
which are made- here than in' any other
place in England. It is pleafantiy feated
on the river Stour, near the Downs, 18
miles N E Dorchefter, and 104 W by S
London, ten. a i'4 W, lat. 50 5'^ N.
Blanes, a feaport of Catalonia,in Spain,
near the river Tordera, ao miles S Giron-
ne, lon. a 50 E, lat. 41 40 N.
Blankenberg, a town and fort of the Au
ftrian Netherlands, fituate on the Ger
man Ocean, 8 ifeiles N E Oftend, lon. 3
4 E, lat. 51 aa N.
Blankenberg, a toWn of Weftphalia, In
the duchy of Burg, i a miles E Bonn, Ibn.
7 30 E, lat. 50 42 N.
Blankenburg, a tovvn of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, capital of a
county of the fame name, fubjeCl to the
duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. It is
45 miles S E Wolfenbuttle, lon. 11 ro E,
kt. 51 50 N.,
Blaregnies. See Malplaquef.
Blaubeuren, a town of Suabia, in the
duchy of Wirtemburg, 11 miles W Ulm,
lon. 9' 55 E, lat. 48 22 N.
Blaye, an ancient town of France, in
the department of GIronde and late prov
ince of Guienne. It has a good citadel ;
and Is feated on the GIronde, which is
here 3S00 yards wide. Its trade confifts
ia the wines of the adjacent country,. |

Its harbour is much frequented, and th*
fliips which go to Bourdeaux are obliged
to leave their guns here. It is 1 7 miles
N Bourdeaux, lon o 35 W, lat. 45 7 N.
Btcchingly, a borough in Surry, that
fends 2 members to parliament, but has
no market. It is feated on a hill, which
commands extenfive profpeCls, 20 miles
S London, lon. o o lat. 51 15 N.
Blenheim, a village in Suabia, memora
ble for the viClory over the French, gain",
ed Auguft a, 1704, by- the duke of Marl
borough. It is' feated on the Danube, 3
miles N E' Hochftet, and 27 N £ Ulm,
ton, 10 15 E, lat. 48 40 N.
Blenheim Caflle, near Woodftock, In Ox
fordfliire, a magnificent palace, built for
the great duke of Marlborough, at the
expenfe of the nation, In commemora
tion of his victory at Blenheim. The
family hold It by the tenure of dellver'-
irig a French banner at Windfor, on each-
anniverfary of this viClory.
Blois, an ancient commercial city of
France, In the department of Loir and
Cher and late province of Blaifois. The
cathedral is a large flruClure, feated at
one extremity ofthe city, on an eminence
whofe declivity, toward the centre of the
city, joins that of another eminence at
the other end, on- which Is built a mag--
nificent caftle ; fo that both thefe ftru«-
tures form, as It were, the two horns of a-
erefcent. In this caftle was born the
good Lewis XII; and here, ih 1588, Herf-
ry III caufed the duke of Guife, and his
brother the cardinal, to be affaffinated.
Here are fome fine fountains, and a new
bridge, one of the beft in France. Blols-
Is an epifcopal fee, and the terrace of tlife
bifliop's palace affords a charming walk.
This city has the reputation of being one
of thofe In which the French language is-
fpoken with the greateft purity ; but this
muft be underftood of perfons Who hav<e
received a liberal education. It is feated
on the Loire, 47 miles W Tours, and
100 S W Paris, lon. i 25 E, lat. 47 35 N.
[Wraxall.]
Bloneiz, a town of Poland, in Mafovis,.
20 miles W Warfaw, lon. 20 '^5 E, lat.
52 10 N.
Blyth, a town In Nottinghamfliire, with-
a market on Thurfday. Here are fome
remains of a caftle and priory. It Is 23
miles NNW Newark, and 146 N by W
London, lon. i 10 W, lat. 53 22 N.
Bo, a clufter of Iflands In the Pacific
Ocean. They are well peopled, and fur
nifli fait, goats, cocoa, and dried fifli, lon.
120 E,lat. I 17 S. [Forreft.] Btimheuftnr.

B O E

BO K

Bobenhtttfin, a .tov«n of Germsny, in
Weteravia, with a caftle, feated on the
river Gerftrentz, 3 miles S E Francfort,
on the Maine.
Bobio, an epifcopal town of Italy, in
the Milanefe, feated on the river Trebia,
25 miles S E PaVia, lon. 9 I2 E, lat., 44
45 N.
Bocat, I a valley of Syria, in Afia, in
wjilch are the famsus ruins of, Balbec.
It is more fertile than the celebrated vale
of Pamafcus, and better watered than the
rich plains of Rama and Efdr.ielon. [Wood.]
Bochetta, a. chain of momitains, In the
tjerrltory of Genoa, over which Is the
road from Lombardy to Genoa. On the
peak of the higheft mountain is a pafs,
which will hardly admit three men to
;go abreaft : this pafs is, properly, the
Bochetta ; fbr the defence of which there
are three forts. It is the key of Genoa,
and was taken in 1746 by the Auf
trians. Bockholt, a town of Weftphalia, In the
diocefe of Munfter, 20 miles E Cleves,
lon. 6 22. E, lat. 51 42 -N.
"Booking, a large village in Effex, adjoin
ing, to Bralntree. Its church Is a dean
ery ; and here is a very large meeting-
houfe. It has a great manufaClure of
baize, and is 41 miles N E London, lon.
o 40 E, lat. 51 56 N.
Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, wifh a
market on Saturday. It is governed by
a mayor ; and here the fummer affizes
are held. It fends a members to parlia
ment, and is 3a miles N E Falmouth,
and 234 W by S London, lon. 4 40 W,
lac. 50 32 N.
Bodon, a fortified tovyn of Turkey in Eu-
fope, in Bulgaria, with an archbifliop's
fee ; feated on the Danube, 26 miles W
Videa, lon. 23 54 E, lat. 44 10 N.
Bodroch, a towp of Hungary, on the
Panube, 100 miles S E i^uda, lon. 1952
E,lat. 4555N.
Bvero, or Buro, an Ifland of the E Indies..
It Is a delightful affetpblage of hills, woods,
and cultivated plalps. The Dutch have
here a battery of 6 cannon ; about 50
white people live on the Iflapd, one half
of whom belong to tlje garrifon. The
negroes live by cultivating rice. In the
neighbourhood of the Dutch, the Aborig
ines are fubmiffive, while an inland tribe
retain their independence. The ifland
produces black and white ebony, pepper,
pine apples, citious, leipons, oranges,
-bananas^ and cocoa nuts. Sago and ex
cellent barley grow here. ,Thc feather

ed race are mimerous and beautiful. The
Dutch governor lives in fplendour. The
ifland is healthy, lon. 125 E,lat. 3 S.
[Bougainville.]
Boefchot, a tovvn of Auftrian Brabant,
feated on the river Nethe, 12 miles N E
Mechlin, lon. 4 42 E.lat. 51 8 N.
Bog, a river of Poland, which runs
through Pedolia, and Budzlac Tartary,
falling into the Black Sea, between Ocza
kow and the river Dnieper.
Bodlio, A town of Italy, in the county
of Nice, 25 miles N W Nice, lon. 7 6 E,
lat. 44 2 N.
Bohemia, -a kingdom of Europe, bound
ed on the N by Mifnia and Lufatia, on
the E by Silefia and Moravia, on the S
by Auftria, and on the W by Bavaria. It
is aoo miles in length, and 150 In breadth,
and Is fertile in corn, faffron, hops, and
pafture. In the mountains are mines of
gold and filver, and In fome places, dia
monds, granates, copper and lead. The
Roman Catholic religion is the principal ;
but there are many proteftants. The
chief rivers are the Muldaw, Elbe, and
Oder. Their language is Sclavonian,
with a mixture of German. It Is fubjeCl
to the houfe of Auftria, and the capital is
Prague. Bohol, one of the Philippine Iflands, to
the N Mindanao, lop. 12a 5 E, lat. 10
o N. Byador,a cape of Africa, in Negroland,
dlfcovered by the Portuguefe in 1412,
and doubled by them In 14,33, 'o"- ^4 *7
W, lat. 26 12 N.
Boiano, an eplfcppal town of Naples,
in the Molife, at the foot of the Appen
nines, near the river Tilerno, 45 miles N
Naples, lon. 14 40 E, lat. 41 30 N.
Boitnitz, a tovvn of Upper Hungary, in
the county of ZoU, remarkable for its
baths, and the quantity of faffron about
it, lon- 19 10 E, lat. 48 42 N.
Boife Due, a large fortified town of
Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel and
Aa. It Is the capital of a diftriCl of the
fame name, which contains alfo the cities
of Helmont and Eyndhovcn. It was tak
en by the Dutch In 1629, and by the
French in j 794. It is fituate among mo
raffes, aa miles E by N Breda, 45 N E
Antwerp, and 45 S S E Amfterdam, lon.
5 16 E, lat, 51 40N.
Bokhara, a city of Ufficc Tartary, capi
ta! of Bokliaria. It is large and populous,
feated on a rifing ground, with a flender
wall of earth, and a dry ditch.; "1 he
houfes are low, and moftly built-of mud ;
but the caravanfarles and mofques, which are

3 6 t

B O L

«re nuinerous, are all of brick. The ba^
Sfars, or'market places, have been ftately
buildings ; but the greateft part of them
are now In ruins. Here is alfo a ftately
building for the education of the priefts.
Great numbers of Jews and Arabians fre
quent this place : but the khan feizes on
their poffeffipns at his pleafure. It is 138
miles W by S San^arcand, loii. 65 50 E,
lait. 39 15 N.
Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bttcharia, a dif
triCl of Ufficc "Tartary, which fee. Bok
hara is the capital,
Bolchereff, a tovyn of Kamfchatka, on
the river Bolchorleka, a2 miles from Its
mouth, in the Tea of Okotflc, lon. 156 37
iE, lat. 5a54N.
Boleffipe, or Buntzlau, a (own of Silefia,
on the Bobar, 17 miles N E Lignitz,'lon.
16 10 E.lat 51 12 N.
Solingbroke, i town in Lincolnffiire,
-with a market on Tuefday, feated at the
fource of a river, which falls Into the
'Witham. It is noted for being the birth
place of Henry IV :' arid is 29 miles £
Lincoln, and 131 N by E London, lon. o
Jr'E, lat. 53 12 N.
Boiyia^w, a town of Bohemia, 30 miles
iN E Prague, lori. 15 'ia E, lat. 50
45 N.
Bolkwoitz, a tovvn of Silefia, I a miles S
Glogaw, lon. 16 29 E, lat. 51 58 N.
Bologna, a city of Italy, and capital of
the Bolognefe, anciently called Felfma, a
name by fome fuppofed to be derived
from Felfmus, a king of the Tiifcahs, the
founder ; by others, from Felffna, which
fignifies a fortrefs ; about 5 miles In cir
cumference. It Is fituated at the foot of
the Appennines, in a beautiful plain, and
contains 50 or 60,000 fouls. Its form be
ing oblong, it has been compared to a
fliip ; the tower of Afinelli, 307' feet iri
height, is cafled the great maft, "iThe city
is furrounded vyith a fimple brick wall,
folid and lofty. ' The public edifices are
magnificent, as well for the architecture
as the ornaments, and next to Rome this
city contains the moft beautiful paintings
pf any iri Italy, by the Caraccis, Albano,
Guido, GuCrcino, Raphael, Dominichio,
&c. Th(:y count neair 200 churches :
the cathedral is fimple and noble. Here
are found fome of the richeft convents in
Italy, ¦i^ bf men, and 38 of w'omisn. It is
the fee of an archbifliop, who has for fuf-
fragans the bifliops of Crenia, Borgb, St
Donino, Modena, Pai:ma, Piacehza, and
Reggio. The academy,' which they call
,^/>«;//<z, Is a magnificent building, divided
into many apdrtments, filled with natui-al

curiofities, machines, inftruments, &c.
The fchool of painting has been long
celebrated. The academy and the uni
verfity are both In a fiburlfliing ftate.
The public theatre is one of the moft
beautiful and largeft in Italy. The arts
are cultivated, and induljry encouraged ;
the filk manufactory has flourlflied from
the year 1341; there are manufaClures of
lace, filk ftuifs, crapes,- paper, glafs, play
ing cards, artificial floiyers, and toys m
wax, liqueurs, confeClionary, perfumery^
&c. The Inhabitants are reckoned gay,
and free in their manner, gqod friends
and irreconcileable enepiies ; frugality
and fiippliclty are tlieir principal virtues :•
55 miles N Florence, and 86 S S W Ve
nice, lon. II 21 E, lat. 44 30 N.
Bolognefe, a province bf Italy, in the
territory ofthe church, bounded on the
N by the Ferrarcfc, on the W by Mode
na, on the S by Tufcany, and on the E by
Romagna. It is watered by mapy fmaU
rivers, and produces all forts of grain and
fruits, particularly mufcadine grapesj
vyhich are in high efteem Some milcsi-
before the entrance ipto Bologna, the
cbuntry fecips one conjiniied garden. The
vineyards are not divided by hedges, but
by rows of elins and mulberry trees ; the
\riries hanging Ih feftoons, from one tree
to another, in a beautiful manner. There
are alfo mines of alurii and iron. Bblogi
na Is the capital.
Bdfenna, a town pf Italy, on a lake of
the fame name, In the patrimony of St.
Peter, 45 inllb N Rome, lon, 12 13 E,lat.
4a38N. " . ¦'
Bolfforeezkoy Ofrogg, Is the Capital of
Kamfchatka, confifting of 500 houfes.
South of the town is a fortrefs vvith can
non, garrlfoned by 280 foldlers. Near
the fortrefs 'ftands the metropolitan
church, built of wood. At half a league
¦W of the tovvn is the fettlement bf
exiles. The town Is up the river 5 leagues
frbni the fea, lat. 53 '30 N. '
[Beneyowflci.]
Bolfivaert, a town of the United Prov
inces, in Friefland, 8 miles N Slbbten, lon.
5 25 E, lal:. 53 3 N.
Bolton, a town In Lancafliire, with a
market on Monday. ' It l^as been en
riched by the manufaClure offufllansand
counterpanes :' and quantities of dimities
and muflins are alfo made hcfc. Bolton
contains 16,006 inhabltantii, a canal ex-
tend.s from the town to Manchefter. The
Methodifts have here a Sunday fchool in
which more than 1000 children are in-
ftruClcd grati^. "Fhe followers of -Swe-
denburg

BON

BOO

denbbrg have a Spnday fchool for about
300 children. It Is 11 miles N W Man-
ehefter, and 239 NNW London, lon. a
35 W, lat. 53 33 N.
Bolzano, 3 town of Germany, In the Ti
rol, on the river Elfach, a7 miles N Trent,
lon. II a6 iE, lat. 46 35 N.
Bomal, a town pf Auftrian Luxemburg,
on the river Ourt, aoipiles S Liege, lon.
538E, lat. 5018 N.
Bombay, an ifland of Hindooftan, on the
W coaft of the Deccan, 7 njiles ip length,
and 20 in circumference. It has orie of
the moft excellent harbquis ip all the In
dies. Here is an Englifli and Portuguefe
church. It came to the Englifli by the
marriage of Charles II with Catharine of
I'brtugal. It contains a ftrong and capa
cious fortrefs, a large city, dockyard, and
marine arfenal. "I'he ground is barren,
and gobd water fcarce. It was formerly
counted very unhealthy ; but, by drain
ing the bogs, and other methods, the air
is altered for the better. The evening
dews are dangerous. It has abundance
of cocoa nuts, but fcarce any corn or cat
tle. The Inhabitants are of fevefal na
tions, and very numerous. All religions
are here equally protected. It is one ofthe
three prefidencies of the Englifli E India
Company, by v/hich their oriental terri
tories are governed, and is 150 miles S Su
rat, lon. 72 38 E.lat, 18 58 N.
{Grofe, Bowen, Niebuhr.]
JSomene, a feaport of the United Prov
inces, in Zealand, on the N fliore of
the ifland of Sclloweni lon. 4 o E, lat. 51
42 N. '
Bommel, a town of the United Provin
ces, in the ifle of Overflacke, 7 miles W
Williamftadt. Bommel, a town of Dutch Guelderland,
in the Ifland of Bommel Waert, feated on
the Waal, 6 miles ff E Huefden.
Bommel Waert, ah Ifland of Dutch
Guelderland, formed by the junClion of
the Waal and the Maefe. It is 15 miles
long and 5 broad. It was taken b,y prince
Maurice in 1600 ; by the French In 1672 ;
and by the French again in 1794.
Bouavifla, one of the Cape de Verd ifl
ands. It produces indigo and cotton,
horfes, affes and fait, are alfo exported,
"Fhe ifland is low in general with fome
rocky mountains, lop, 22 47 W, lat. 16 o
iJ. ¦ [R.obsrts.]
Bondou, a kingdom of Africa, bounded
on the E by Bambouk, on the S by Tendu,
and the Simbanl wildernefs, on the S W
by Wooli, on the W by Foota Torra, on
the N by Kaj^aga. U Is a hilly country.

eove'red with wood, the foil fertile. Sit
uated between the Senegal and Gambia ;
It is a place ofgreat trade. The inhabit
ants differ in their complexions from the
Mandingocs and Seiawoolies with whonj
they are often at war. [Park.]
Bonifacio, a feaport of Corfica, welllor-
tified, and populous ; 37 miles S Ajaccio',
lon. 9 20 E, lat, 41 25 N.
Bonn, an anciept city of Germany, in
the eleClorate of Cologne. It Is the fa
vourite refidence of the eleClor, whofe
magnificent gardens are open to the pub
lic. It contains 12,000 inhabitants, and
has a fiourifliing univerfity. It was tak
en by the duke of Marlborough in 1703,
and by the French in 1794. Itis feated
on the Rhine, 10 miles S by E Cologne,
lon. 7 12 E,lat. 5045 iN.
Bonna, or Bona, a feaport of Africa, In
the kingdom of Algiers. It was taken by-
Charles V, In 1535, and is 200 miles E
Algiers, lon. 6 15 E, lat. 36 *N.
Bonneflable, a town of France, in the
departipent of Sarte and late province of
Maine, 15 miles N E Mans, lon. o 30 E,
lat. 48 II N. '
Bonneval, a, town of France, In the der
partment of Eure and Loire and late
province of Beauce. It had lately a fine
Benedictine abbey, and is feated on the
Loire, 8 miles N Chateaudun, lon. i 2q
E, lat. 48 12 N. '
Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capital of
Faucigny, feated on the river Arve, at the
"oot of a ipouritain called the Mole. It
is 20 miles S Geneva, lon. 6 10 W, lat. 46.
32 N.
Boodge Boodge, a tpwn of Hindooftan
Proper, capital of the raj,-ih of Cptch, 330
miles N E Surat, lou. 68 O E, lat. 23
16 N,
Bootan, a country N E Hindooftan
Proper, between Bengal and Thibet, of
which laft It is a feudatory. The fouth-
errimoft ridge of the Bootan mountains
rifes n^ar a mile and a half perpendicular
above the plains of Bengal, in a horizon
tal diftance of only 15 miles; and from
the fummit the aftonlflled traveller looks
back on the plains, as on an extenfive
ocean beneath him. The capital is I'af-
fafudon. Bootan prefents to view, moun
tains covered with eternal verdure, and
rich vvith forefts of lofty trees. Where-
everis found the fmalleft quantity of foil
it is formed Into horizontal beds ; not a
flope or narrow flip lies unimproved.
Many of the loftieft mountains are deck
ed with populous villages, furrounded by
orchards and other plantations. Labor!-

B O R

BO R

»as art and rude nature contraft their
jf,arious fcenes. [Turner.]
Booteffallah, a vlUage of Paleftine, near
Bethlehem, inhabited by Chriftians. The
popular opinion is that no Turk or Ma
hometan can live there more than 2
years, fome fay not more than 8 days. On
this account they quietly leave the place
entirely to the chriftians. [Topographic DICl,]
Bopfingen, a free imperial town of Spa-
bia, on the river Eger, 4 miles E .Awlan,
lon. 10 21 E, lat. 48 55 N.
Boppart, a town of Germany, iri the
archblfliopric of Treves, at the foot of a
mountain, near the Rhine, 8 miles S Co
blentz, lon. 7 35 E, lat. 50 16 N.
Borch, a town of the duchy of Magde
burg, on the Elbe, 14 rpiles N E Magde-
Ijurg, lon. 12 2 E, Iat. 5 a 19 N.
Borebloen, a town of Weftphalia, in the
bifliopric of Liege, 15 miles N W Liege,
ion. 5 31 E, lat. 50 50 N-
Boreham, a village In Effex, 3 miles N
E Chelmsford. Here Is a venerable feat
belonging to the family of Olmius, which
¦was built by Henry VIII, who gave It the
name of Beaulieu ; notwithftanding
wliich It has ever fince retained the origi
nal name of the manor Newhall. The
greateft part of it was pulled down by the
firft lord Waltham.
Borgo, a town of Sweden, on the gulf of
yinland, ao miles N E Helfingfor s, lon. a5
40 E,lat. 60 34 N.
Borgoforte, a town pf Italy, In the duchy
ef Mantua, on the river Po, 10 miles S
Mantua, lon. 10 53 E, lat. 45 o N.
Borgo San Domino, an epifcopal town of
Italy, in tbe duchy qf Parma, 15 miles
iN W Parma, lon. lo 6 E, lat. 44
58 N. _
Borgodi San Sepulchro, ap epifcopal town
fif Tufcany, 40 niiles E Florence, lon. la
J E, lat. 43 3a N.
Borgovaldiiaro, a town of Italy, in the
duchy of Parma, ao miles S W Parma,
ion. 10 16 E, lat. 44 30 N.
Borja, a town of Spain, in Arragon, i a
miles S E "Farai^ona, lon. i 16 W, lat. 4a
6 N.
Borkela, a ftrong towp of the United
Provinces, in Zutphen, on the river Bor-
kel, 10 miles £ Zutphen, lon. (5 18 £,
lat. 5a n N.
Bormio, a town of the country of the
Grifons, capital of a county of the fame
name. It Is feated at the foot of the
mountains, clofe tp the torrent Fredolfo,
which falls at a fmall diftance into the
Adda. It contaips about 1000 Inhabit

ants, and has a defolate appearance. TTie
houfes are of ftone plaftercd : a few make
a tolerable figure amid many with paper
windows; and feveral, like the Italian
cottages, liave only wooden window fliut-
ters. It is 40 miles S E Coire, lon, 10 5
E, lat. 46 a5 N. [Coxe.]
Borneo, an Ifland In the Indian Ocean,
dlfcovered by the Portuguefe in I5ai, and
formerly thought to be the largeft in the
world, being 1 800 miles in circumference.
The inland country is mountainous ; but
toward the fea low and marfliy. It pro
duces rice, pepper, fruits, diamonds, gold,
pearls, and bees wax, which laft Is ufed
inftead of money ; and the famous oran
goutang is a native of this Ifland. The
people are very fwarthy, and go almoft
naked. There are Mahometans on the
feacoaft ; but the reft are Gentoos. The.
E India company had fadorles here ;
but differences arifing between them ari4 '
the natives, they were driven away, qr
murdered : however. In 1772, the Engr
lifll obtained a grant, from the Sooloos,
of the N part of this ifland. "The feacoft
Is ufually overfloiwed half the year, and
when the waters go off, the earth Is cov
ered with mud ; for which reafon, fome
of the houfes are built on floats, and oth
ers on high pillars. The capital, of the
fame name, is large and populous, with ^
good harbour, and feated on the N W
fide, Ipn. J 12 27 E, lat. 4 55 N.
[Bowen.]
Bornholm, an ifland of tlie Baltic Sea(
10 miles S E Schonen In Sweden, lon. 14
56 E, lat. 54 55 N.
Borno, or Bornou, a large country of Af
rica, in the eaftern part pf Negroland, on
each fide of the river Niger, with a eapli
tal of the fame name. The country Is,
faid to abound In flocks, millet, and cot
ton ; and the Inhabitants are reprefented
as having neither laws nor religion ;
holding wives and children the common
property of all. More tb?in 30 different
languages are faid to be fpoken In Bornou
and its dependencies ; and the reigning
religion is the Mahonietan. Their mon^
archy is eleCllve. On the death of the
fovereign, the privilege of choofing a fuci
ceffor from among his fon^ Is conferred,
on three perfons, whofe age, and charac
ter for wifdoin, are denoted by the title
pf elder^. "Thefe retire to a fcqueftered
place, the avenues to which are guarded ;
and, while their deliberations laft, the
princes are confined In feparate chambers
of the palace. The choice being made,
they proceed to the apartment of th?
fovereim

B d s

B 0 T

fovereign-eleCt, and conduCt him to the
gloomy place where the corpfe of his fa
ther, that cannot be interred till the con-
clufton of this awful ceremony, awaits
his arrival. There the elders expatiate
to him on the virtues and defeCls of his
deceafed parent ; defcriblng, vvith pane
gyric or cenfurc, the meafures that exalt
ed or funk the glory of his reign. The
fultan is faid to have 500 ladies Iirhls fe-
raglio, and that his ftuft likewife contains
500 horfes. He has a vaft army, which
confifts almoft entirely of horfe : the fa-
bre, lance, pike, and bow, are their wea-
poris of defence, and a fliield of hides is
their armour. In their manners the peo
ple are courteous and hiimaae ; they are
paffionately fondof play ; the lower claf-
fes pf draughts; and the higher excel in
chefs. The caprtal is of the fame name,
Bornou, the capital of the empire of
Bornou, fituate In a flat country, on the
banks of a fmall river. It confifts of a
multitude of houfes, neatly plaftered, both
within and without, with clay or mud ;
but they are fo Irregularly placed, that
the fpaces between them cannot be call
ed ftreets. Their mofques are conftruCl-
td of brick and earth ; and they have
fchools, in which the koran is taught, as
in the principal towns of Barbary. The
royal palace, forminga kind of citadel, is
built 111 a corner of the town. Bornou is
fiirrounded by a wall, and is 650 miles S
E Mourzook, Ian, 27 30 E, lat. 19 40 N.
Boroughbridge, a borough in the N rid
ing of ¦yorkffilre, with a market on Sa
turday ; feated on the Ure, over which
is a ftone bridge. Here Edward II, in
1322, defeated the rebel earl of Lancafter.
It fends two members to parliament ; and
is 17 miles N W York, and 218 N by W
London, lon. i 25 W, lat. 54 10 N.
Borrowdale, a dreary diflriCl In the S
part of Cumberland, abounding, beyond
any other part of the world, with the fin
eft fort Of black lead or wad ; the mines
of which are only opened at intervals,
and then carefully clofed again, left this
precious fubftance fliould become too
common. Copper, lead, and calamine,
are alfo found in this traCl.
Borroivfounmfs, or Bonefs, a village in
Linlithgowfliire, on the frith of Forth. It
has numerous coaleries and fait works,
and is 8 miles N Linlithgovy".
Bofa, an ancient feaport of Sardinia
vvith a biffiop's fee, and a caftle, on a ri
ver ofthe fame name,i7 miles SE Algeri,
lon. 8 50 E, lat. 40 29 N.
itf'^ w Sofchi, a tovvn ef Italy, '\» the

Milanefe, feated on the Orbe, 5 mile's
E Alexandria. Ion. 8 52 E, lat. 44 54 n!
Bofeobel,a village in Shropfllire, 9 miles
S E Newport, noted for the Royal Oak, ia
which Charles II was concealed, and faw
the foMiers pafs by In queft of him, after
the battle of Worcefter. The tree was en-
clofed by a brick wall, but It Is now al
moft cut away by travellers.
Bofna Ser.igo,the Capital of Bofnia, feated
on the river Bofna, no miles SW Bel
grade, lon. 17 57 E, lat. 44 40 N.
Bofnia, a province of Turkey in Europe,
bounded 6n the N by Sclavonia, on the
E by Servia, on the S by Albania, and on'
the W by Croatia and Dalmatia. Seraio
is the capitah The greateft part of the
people are Creek Chriftians.
Bofftney, a borOugh in Cornwall, that
fends two members to parliament but has
now no market. It Is feated on the Brif
tol Cliannel, 17 miles N W Launceftor,
and 23 3 W by S London, lon. 4 40 W,
lat. 50 45 N.
Bofi, a ftrong town of Perfia, capital of
Sableftan, lon. 64 15 E, lat. 31 50 N.
Bofion, aborouo-h In LincolnfliIre,with
a market on Wednefday and Saturday.
It Is feated on both fides of the Witham,
not far from its Influx into the fea ; but
its harbour can admit veffels of inferior
burthen only. It has a navigation from
Lincoln, partly by the Witham, and part
ly by a canal, at the termination of whichi
In Bofton, is a large and curious fluice j
and there is another canal to Bourn. It
is a fiourifliing town, governed by a may
or, and fends two members to parliament.
The market place is fpecious, and the
tower of Its Gothic church is one of the
moft lofty and elegant of the kind, and
a noted feamark. It is 37 miles S E Lin
coln, and 115 N London, lon. 05 E,
lat. 53 I N.
Bofiuorth, or JMIarket Bofivorih, a town
in Leicefterfliire, with a market on Wed
nefday. It is feated on a high hiU, and
fkmous for a battle fought here between
Richard III, and the earl of Richmond,
afterward Henry VII, In which the for
mer loft his crown and life. It is 13
iniles N W Leicefter, and 106 NNW
London, lon. i 18 W, lat. 52 40 N.
Bottany Bay, a bay of New S Wales, on
the E coaft of New HoUand, fo called
from the great quantity of herbs found on
the ffiore. It vvas originally fixed on for
a colony of eonviCls from Great Britain,
which, in the fequel, took place at Port
Jackfon, 15 miles further to the N, lon.
151 aa E, Ut. 34 o S. [Philhps.] .
Botany

B O U

B O U

SUany Ijtand, a fmaU ifland. In ihe S
Pacific Ocean, to the S E New Caledonia,
lon. 167 16 E, lat. 22 a6 S.
Bothnia, a province in Svveden, on a gulf
of the fame name, vvhich divide? it into
two parts, called E and W Bothnia.
Boiefdale. See Buddefdale.
Botol Tabaco Xima, an ifland iri the In
dian ocean, 4 leagues In circumference.
"Two thirds of Its elevation from the fea It
is naked, many places of vvhich are culti
vated ; the higher third is, covered with
large trees. It is well peopled. The S E
point of the ifland is in lon. 119, 3a iE,
kt. ai 57 N. [Peyroufe.]
Bot^war, atown of Suabia, in the duchy
of Wurtemberg, 15 miles SE Hallbron.
Ion. 9 3a W, lat, 49 9 N.
Botzenburg, a town of Germany, In the
duchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Elbe.-
lon. 10 48 E, lat. 53 30 N.
Bouton, the largeft in a clufter of iflands
near the Celebes, i5leagueslong, 10 broad.
It has a harbour and a large town on the
E fide. The tovvn is on the top of a
hill, cnclofed with a cocoa wklk and ftone
Wall. The ftreets are fpacious and clean
Here is a iiVIofque, the people being Ma
hometans. Their complexion Is brown,
their ftature lojv, their language that of
the Moluccas, lon. ia3 30 E, lat. 5 S.
[Dampier, Bougainville, Rogers]
Bova, an epifcopal town of Naples, in
{Calabria Ulteriore, aO miles S E Reggio,
lon, 16 ao E, lat. 37 50 N.
Bouchain, a fortified town of France, In
the department of the North and late
French Hainault, divided Into two parts
by the Scheld. It was taken bythe French
in 1676, and by the allies In 1711 ; but
retaken the year following. It is 9 miles
W Valenciennes, lon. 3 ai E,lat. 50 18 N.
Bouchari, a town of France, In the de
partment of Indre and Loire, and late
province of Touralne, fituate in an ifl
and of the river Vienne, 15 miles S S W
Tours. Boudry, A town of Swifferland, In the
county of Neuchatel,. Ion. 6 40 iE, lat. 47
1 N.
Bouillon, a town of France, in the duchy
of the fame name, and territory ot Lux
emburg. This duchy Is a fovereignty. In
dependent of France ; and, on March 12,
1792, the king of Great Britain granted
to Philp d'Auvergne, captain In the royal
navy, his licence to accept the fucceffion
to the faid duchy, in cafe of the death of
the hereditary prince, only fon of the
reigning duke, without Iffue male, purfu-
ant to a declaration of his ferene hlgh-

nefs, dated Jurie 25, 1791, " at the defire;
arid with the exprefs and formal content
of the nation." Accordingly, captain
d'Auvergne has fince afl'umed the, title of
prince of Bouillon. The town has a caftle,
feated on an almoft inacceffible rock,
near the river Semois, la miles N Se
dan, lon. 5 20 E, lat. 49 45 N._
Bovignes, a town of the Auftrian Neth
erlands; in Namur, on the river Meufe, 10
miles S Namur,- lon. 4 50 E, lat. 5a
19 N.-
Bovino, ari epifcopal town of Naples, in
Capitanata, feated at the foot of the Ap
pennines, 15 miles N E iBenevcrito, lon,
15 15 £, lat, 41 17 N.
Boulogne, a large feaport of Frarice, In
the department bf the Straits bf Calais
and late province of Boulopnois. It vvas
lately ari epifcopal fee; and is divided
into tvvo towns, the Higher and Lower.
The harbour has a mole for the fafety of
the fliips ; and which, at the fame time,
prevents It from being choaked up. It Is
feated at the mouth of the Lianne, 14
miles S Calais, lon. i 42 E, lat. 50 44 N.
Bourbon, an Ifland of Africa, In the In
dian Ocean, 60 mfles long, and 45 broadj
There Is not a fafe harbour In the illand;
but many good roads for fliipplng. On
the SE is a volcano. It Is a fertile Ifland j
producing, in particular, excellent tobac
co. The French fettled here in 1672, and
have fome confiderable towns In the ifl
and ; and here their India fliips touch fot
refreffiments. But the firft inhabitants
were pirates, who cohabited with women
from Madagafcar. They fixed here in
1657. Here are 60,000 blacks and 5000
inhabitants. It is 300 miles E Madagaf
car, lon. 55 30 E, lati 20 52 N.
[Sti Plerrci]
Bourbon Land, a town of France, in the
department of Saone and Loire and late
province of Burgundy. It is remarkable
for its caftle, hot mineral waters, and a
large marble pavement, called the Great
Bath, which is a work of the Romans.
It Is 15 miles S'W Autun, lon. 4 6 E,lat.
46 47 N.
Bourbon F Archambeau, a town, of Frarice,
in the department of Alller and late prov
ince of Bourbonnois, fituate in a bottom,
near the river Ailier. It is remarkable
for its hot baths, and for giving name to
the family ofthe late unfortunate king of
France. It is 15 miles W Moulins, and
362 S Paris, lon. 3 5 E, lat 46 35 N.
Bourbonnelcs Bains, a town of France,
ill the department of Upper Marne and
late province of Champagne, famous for

B O U

SOU

its hot baths. It is 17 iniles E Langles,
lon. 5 45 E, lat. 47 54 N.
Bourbonnois, a late provirice of France,
bounded on the N by Novernois and
Berry, on the W by Berry and part of
Marchc,on theSby Auvergne, and on the
E by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in
corn, fruit, pafture, wood,game, and wine.
It now forms the department of Ailier.
Bourdeaux, a city and feaport of France,
and capital of the department of the GIr
onde, fituated on the weft coaft of the
Garonne : before the revolution, the cap
ital of the iBourdelois, the fee of an arch-
blffiop, and the feat of a lieutenant-gen
eral, a parliament, &c. It has an univer
fity, founded in the year 1441 ; an acad
emy of fciences and belles letters, eftab
liflied in 171 2 ; a public library ; a large
hofpital, in which are feveral manufac
tures, &c. The harbour is large, and the
quays grand and extenfive. Four or five
hundred merchants' fliips are often found
thereat one time,importing wooUen ftuffs,
tin, copper, coals, herrings, leather, failed
beef, tallow, drugs, deals, mafts for fliips,
hemp, pitch, tar, &c ; and returning load
ed with cargoes of wine, and brandy, of
which two articles they annually export
near ioo,ooo,ton3, vinegar, fruit, refin, pa
per, honey, cork, &c. Veffels of France
bring from the Weft Indies fugar, cottbn,
indigo, and other articles. The whale
and cod fifliery form likewife a confider
able branch of the commerce of this city.
There are feveral veftlgris of Roman gran
deur, as the tower gate, faid to have been
ereCled in the time of Auguftus ; an am^
philheatre, and palace of Gallienus, &c.
It contains above 7000 houfes, and about
130,000 inhabitanti : 74 ports S S W
Paris, lon. O 34 W. Iat. 44 50 N-
Bour dines, a town of the Auftrian Neth-
eriands, In Namur, 5 miles N W Huy, lon.
5 0 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Biurg, a town of France, in fhe depart
ment of Ain and late proviiice of Breffe.
Near this place, is the magnificent church
and monaftery of the late Auguftins.
Bourg is feated on the river Reffouffe,
20 miles S E Macon and 233 Paris, lon.
5 i9E,lat. 46 n N.
Bourg, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Gironde and late province of
Guienne, with a good harbour on the
lilorgogne, near the point of land formed
by the junClion of that river with the
6aronne, which is called the Bec-d'-iVm-
bez. It is 15 miles N Bourdeaux, lon.
o 30 W, lat, 45 5 N.
Bourgaueuf, a town of France, in the de
partment of Creufe and late province of
Vol. II. N

Marche. It is remarkable for a largfe and
lofty tower,faced with ftonescut diamond-
wife ; ereCled, toward the end of the 15th
century, by Zifim, brother of Bajazet I',
emperor ofthe Turks, when he was ob-
liged to exile himfelf, after the lofs of a
decifive battle. Bourganeuf Is feated on
the river Taurlon 20 miles N £ Limoges,
and 200 S Paris, lon, 1 ^s E, lat. 45 59 N.
Bourges, an ancient city of France, ia
the department of Cher and late pro-
; vince of Berry, with an archiepifcopal fee
and a univerfity. In extent it Is one of
the greateft cities in Frarice, but the in-
habitarits hardly amount to 25,000, ani
their trade Is IriconfiderablB. It is the
birthplace of Lewis XI, the Nero of
i France ; and the celebrated preacher
iBburdaloue. It Is feated on the rivers
Auron and-Yeyre, 25 mUes N W Never.e,
and- 145 S' Paris, lon. 2 a8 E, lat. 47 5 N.
Bourget, a town of Savoy, on a lake of
the fame name, 6 miles N Chamberry,
lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 41 N.
Bmifgla Reiife, a town pf France, one
league S Paris.
Bourmont, a town of France, in the de
partment of Upper Marne and late pro
vince of Champagne, aa miles E by N
Chaumont, lon. 5 43 E, lat. 48 14 N.
Bourn, a town in Lincolnfllire, with a
good market on Saturdaiy. It is feated
near a fpring, called Bourn Well-head,
from which proceeds a river that runs
through the town to Spalding. From
Bourn Is a navigable canal to Bofton. It
is 35 miles S Lincoln, and 97 N London,
Ibn. o ao W, lat. 5a 4a N.
Bouro, an Ifland in the Indian Ocean,
between the Moluccas arid Celebes, fub
jeCl to the Dutch, who have » fortrefs
here. Some mountains in it are extreme
ly high, and the fea on one fide is uncom
monly deep. It produces nutmegs and
cloves, cocoa and banana trees, and ma
ny vegetables Introduced by the Dutch.
Crocodiles, of an aftonifliing fize, infcft
the banks of the rivers, devouring fuch
beafts as fall in their way ; and men are
protected from their fury by no other
method than carrying torches ; they have
even been known, in the night, to fcize
people in their boats. Bouro Is fifty
miles in circumference, lon. i 27 a5 E, lat.
3 30 S;
Bourion on the hill, a village in Gloucef-
terfliire, on the fide of a hill, with a fine
profpeCl into Oxfordffiire. There are 1
fprings in this parifli, one of which runs
E, and empties itfelf into the Thames,
and the other W, Into the Severn. It is 5
miles from Stow, and 30 from Gloucefter. Boarton

BOY

BRA

JBoitrton en tie tvater, a village, I mile
from the preceding place, watered by a
river that rifes near It, which here
fpreads 30 feet wide, and over which is
a ftone bridge. -'Vdjolning to it Is a quad
rangular Roman camp, enclofing 60 acres,
now divided into ao fields, where coins
and otlier antiquities are dug up.
Bouffac, a tovvn of France, In the de
partment of Creufe and late province of
Marche, with a caftle, on an almoft in
acceffible rock, a5 miles N E of Gueret.
B01U, a town In Devonfliire, with a
market ou Thurfday. It Is feated at the
fource of a river that falls Into the Taw,
14 miles- N W Exeter, and 188 W by S
London, lon. 3 49 W, lat. 50 50 N.
Bow, OF Stratford le Bow, a confidera-
able village In MIddiefei,.a miles- E N E
London. It has many mills, manufac
tures, and dlftUlerlcs, on. the river Lea,
which here feparates Middlefex from Ef-
lex. It is'faid that this, bridge was the
firft ftone one built in England, and from
its arches it received, the name of Bow.
Bo-wne/s. See Bulnefs.
Boxley, a.viUage in Kent, near Maid
ftone, famous for an- abbey of Ciftertian
aionks, founded by William, earl of Kent,
in 1 1 46, the remains of which ftiU exift.
ibi this abbey, Edward II granted the
charter to the city of London, empower
ing them- ta eleC| a mayor from their
own body. Here was the famous wood
en figure, called the Rood of Grace ;, the
lips, eyes, and head of which moved on
the approach of Its votaries. It vvas
broken to pieces, at St. PauKs, Cr-ofs, In
1-538, by Helfey, biffiop of Rochefl:er,
who fliowedto the credulous people the
fprings apd wheels by vvhich It moved.
Boxtel, a town of Dutch Brabant, on
the river Bommel, 8. miles, S of- Bolfle-
duc, lon. 5 15 £, lat. 51, 3a N.
Boxthude, a town of Lower Saxony, In
the duchy of Bremen, feated on a brook
which falls into the Elbe, 12 miles, S W
Hamburg, lon. 9 45 E, lat. 53 26 N.
Boyana, a. powerful kingdomof Mada
gafcar. The inhabitants are Called fe-
claves. The king has the difpofal of life
and property. He keeps on foot an ar
my of 3000 men. He can raife 3q,ooo.
The Arabians of dlffertnt' iflands have
factories at Maronvai his capital. The
country Is level, and affords but little
wood. Thoufands c^ oxen range their
plains, the property of thofe who can
take them. Rivers numerous water this
xeglon, the moft healthy on the ifland.
Suyasa is «n the W part of the ifland

between lon. 41 55 and 39 35 E, and
lat, 14 and 16 S. [Bcneyowflti.]
^oyle, or Abbey Boyle, a borough of Ire-
land, in the courity of Rofcommon, re
markable for the ruins of an abbey. It
is feated near liike Key, 23 miles N Rof-'
common. Boyne, a river of Ireland, wliich rifes
In Queen's, county, and runs by Trlmi
and Cavan, Into the Irlfli Channel, below
Drogheda. Here James II vvas defeated.
by William III^ in 1690.
Boyolo, a. tovVn of Italy, In the duchy
of Mantua, capital of a territory of the
fame name, fubjeCt to -the houfe of Auf
tria. It Is 15 miles S W Mantua, lon.
10 35 E, Iat. 45 6 N.
Bozra, a tovvn of Paleftine, 60 miles
S Damafcus. Braan, a river of Scotland, vvhich de-
fcends from the hills of Perthfliire, E of
loch Tay, and falls into the Tay aboVe
Dunkeld. Upon this river Is a grand
fcene, at a place caUed the RumbUng,
Bridge, tinder an arch, thrown over a
narrow chafm, between two prbjeCling
rocks, the river Is praclpltated in- a fall-
of near 50 feet.
Brabant, -^ duchy of the Netherlands^-
bounded on the N of Holland, on the,
N E. by Guelderland, on the £ by Liege,
on the S. by Nainur, and- on the W by
Halnhault,, Flanders, and Zealand. Bruf
feis is the ca-pi.tal of Auftrian Brabant ;-
but the northern part of which Breda is-
the chief town, belongs to the United'
Provinces; under the denomination of
Dutch. Brabant. The principal rivers.
are the Scheld and Lis. It vvas fubducdi
¦ by the French In 1794.
Bvacciano, a town of Italy, In the pat
rimony of St. I'etei;, on a lake of the
¦; fame name, 12 miles N "W" Rome. There
are fome celebrated baths near the town,,
lon, 12 24 E, lat. 42 3 N.
Braokla^!v, a ftrong town- of Poland in
PodoHa, on the river Bog, 85 miles E
Kamlnieck, lon. 28 30 E, lat. 48 49 N.
Brackley, a Borough in Northampton-
flilre with a market on Wednefday. It
contains 2 churches, and had formerly
a college, now a freefchool. It is govern
ed by a mayor, fends 2 members to par
liament, and Is feated on. the Oufe, 18.
miles S of Northampton, and 64 N W
London^ lon. t io 'W', lat. 52 2 N.
Brad, a towii of Sclavonia, ou the river
Save, 18 miles S of Pofega, lon. 18 56
E, lat. 45 19 N..
Bradefey, or Badefy, a viUage neat
! Broomfgrovc, In Warcefterfliire, where are

BRA

BRA

rartithe ruins of a fuperb abbey, founded
by emprefs Maud, mother of Henry II.
Bradfield, a town In Effex, with a mar
ket on Thurfday, 1 6 miles N Chelmsford.
,lon. o. 30 E, lat. 51 58 N. ^
Bradford, a town in Wilts, with amar-
.ket on Monday. It is the centre of the
greateft fabric of fuperfine clothes in Eng-
'land, which it fliares with the furround
ing towns of Trowbridge, Melkfliam,
.Corffiapi, aivd Chippenham. It is .feated
,on the Avon, 1 1 miles W of Devizes, and
jioa London, ian. 2 20 W, lat 51 ao N.
Bradford, a town in the W riding of
Yorkfliire, with a market on Monday.
4t has a trade in flialloons, everlaftings,
&c. which are ,made In the neighbour-
Jiood. It is feated on a branch of the
Aire, 36 miles S W of York, and 193 N
N W London, lon. i 40 W, lat. 53 49 N.
Brae Mar, a fertile vale in Aberdeen-
.ffiire, furrounded by rugged precipices.
The caftle of Bra Mar, the family feat
.of the earls of Mar, now belongs to the
earl of Fife. Here the earl of Mar be
gan the rebellion in 17 15. It Is 27 miles
N W Aberdeen.
Braga, a town of Portugal, capital of
Entre Minhoe Douero, feated on the ri
ver Cavado, 180 miles ,N of Liflion, lon.
8 29 W, lat. 41 42 N.
Braganza, the capital of the jduchy
.of Braganza, in Portugal. It Is divided
into a towns, the .Old and the New : the
Old is feated on an eminence, furround
ed by double ^aU* ; and the New ftands
in a plain, .at the foot. of a mountain, and
is defended by a fort. It Is feated on the
^abor, 32 miles N W of Miranda, lon. 6
30 W, lat. 42 a N.
Braila, a town of Turkey In Europe,
in Walachia, on the Danube. It has a
caftle, taken by the Ruffians In I7ii,but
afterward reftored.
Braiktu, A tovvri of Poland, In Podp-
Jia, on the river Bog, 30 miles N W of
Bracklaw, lon- 28 o E, lat. 49 12 N.
Brain le Comie, a town of Auftrian
l^alnault, 3.5 iniles S W i^ruffels, lop. 4
i E, lat. JO 41 N.
Braintree, a town in Effex, with a mar-
4cet on Wednefday. It has a confidera
ble manufaClfire bf baize, and adjoins to
the large village qf Pocking, which Is
noted for the faipe. It is la miles N
Chelmsford, and 41 N £ London, Ion. o
40E, lat. 51 55 N.
Brakel, 3 town of Weftphalia, in the
bifliopric of Paderborn, feated on the
rivulet Brught, 12 miles E Paderborn,
Jon, 9 i» E, lat, 51 46 N.

Briilu, a mountain of the -Alps, in the
country of the Grifons, which feparates
the valley of Munfter from the county
of Bormio. This part of the Alps is
fuppofed to be the fame which Tacitus
rnentlons under the name of Juga Rha-
tica. Bramitnt, a town of Savov,.on the river
Arck, 35 miles N W Turip, lon, 7 5 E,
lat. 45 25 N,
Bramber, a borough in Suffex, that
fends two members to parliament, but is
now without either market or fair. It Is
47 rollee S by W London, lon. o 12 W,
lat. 50 52 N.
Brampton, a town in Cumberland, with
a market op Tuefiday. It -Is feated on
the river Itfliin, pear the PiCls Wall. On
the top of a high hill, is a fortified trench,
called the Mote. It is 8 miles N E Car
lifle, and\3ii. NNW London, lon. a 40
W, lat. 54 58 N.
Bramptoe, a -vlUag© in Herefordfliire,
I mile S Rofs. Here are the ruins of .1
magnificent caOJe.
Brancafter, a village in Norfolk, to the
E of the promontory of St. Edmund's
chapel, the ancient Branodunum, a con
fiderable Roman city, where ancient
coins haye been frequently dug up.
Branchott, » towp ofthe Auftrian Neth
erlands, In Namur, on the river Meliaig-
ne, 8 miles ,N N4n>ur, lon. 4 40 E, lat,
50 j6J^
Brandels, a town ef Bohemia, on tlie
ri,vcr Elbe, fo miles N E Prague, lon. 14
45 E, lat. 50 a5 N.
Brandenburgh, a country of iGermanv,
bounded on the N by Pomerania and
lyie.clepburg ; on the £ by Poland ; on
the S by Silefia, Lufatia, ilpper Saxony,
and Magdeburg ; apd on the W by Lu
nenburg. It Is divided into 5 principal
parts ; the Old Marche, Pregaitz, the
Middle Marche, Ucker Marche, and tlic
New Marche. Berlin is the capital ;
and the prlpclpal rivers are the Elbe,
Havel, Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Wartc.
The greateft part of the inhabitants arc
{.utherans ; but the papifts are tolerated.
Brandenburg, a city of Germany, in the
circle pf Upper Saxony, and in the Mark
to which it gives name ; Iituated on the
Havel, which feparates the Old Town
from the New, and the whole from the
caftle. The Qld "I'owri contains about
400 houfes ; the New 800 ; both togeth
er containing 6000 inhabitants, and arc
governed by the fame magiftrates ; there
are $ churches, 7 hofpitals, and a colleges.
Manufactories of linen, fuftian, and cau.- V4S,

BRA
vas, have been eftabliffied by the French, ;'
and the navigation of the Havel brings
3 great deal of trade to the town : 3 1
mUes W Berlin, lon. 14 5 E, lat. 5a 27 N.
Brandon, A village in Suffolk, 'feated on
the Little Oufe, over which is a bridge,
Jnd a ferry at a mUe's diftance ; whence
it Is di-yided into Brandon, and Brandon
Ferry : which laft has the moft bufinefs,
becaufe commodities are brought thither
frorn the ifle of Ely. It is la miles N
Bury. Brando, an ifland in the gulf of Bpth-
l|Ia. It contains 6 pr 7 villages, a church,
fome arable land and fmaU woods. [Coxe.]
Branffa, a town of Tranfylvania, on
the river Meriffi, 35 miles S Welffem-
'burg. Ion. 24 15 E, kt. 46 o N.
Braffa, one of the Shetland Iflands. Be
tween this and l;he principal ifland, called
Mainland, Is the noted Braffa Sound ;
¦Where 1000 fail piay at once find commo
dious mooring.
Braffaiu, or Cronfadt, a ftrong town of
Tranfylvania, on the river' Burczel, 50
mfles E by N Herinanftadt, Ipn. 25 55 E,
lat. 46 35 N.
Bratton Cctflle, on the E fide of Weftr
bury. In 'Wilts, the remains of a fortifica
tion, where the Danes held out a4 days
againft the Englifli. It is feated on a
hill, and cncompaffed by two ditches,
within which feveral pieces of old iron
arms have been dug up.
Braubach, a tovvn of Germany, in We
teravia, with a caftle, feated on fhe Rhine,
8 miles S Coblentz.
Brauna-w., a town of Geripany, in Low
er Bavaria, feated on the river Kun, a5
miles S W Paffau,lon. 13 3 E, lat. 48 10 N.
Braunffurg, A, town of Poland, in New
Pruffia, with a, commodious harbour,
feated near the iBaltic, ^o miles E Dant-
^ic, lon. ao 6 E, lat. 54 aa N.
Braunfcld, a town of Germany, in the
county of Solms, with a handfome palace,
s6 miles N by 'W Francfort, lon. 8 32 E,
lat. 50 21 N.
Brava, an independent town of -Africa,
on the coaft of Ajan, with a good har
bour. It is 80 miles from Magadoxo,
lon. 43 25 Ejlat. Jt 20 N.
Bravo, one ofthe Cape-de-Verd Iflands,
remarkable for exceUent wine; and in
habited by the Portuguefe, lop. 24 39 W,
lat 14 52' N.
Bray, a feaport of Ireland, In the coun
ty of Wicklow, feated on St. George's
Channel, lo miles S pubiin, lon. 6 J W,
lat, 53 II N.

B R E
Bray, a village in Berkfliire, famous in
fong for its vicar, who, having been twice
a papift, and twice a proteftant, in four
fucceffive reigns, and thorefore taxed
with beiri'g a turncoat, faid, he always
kept to his principle, " to live and die
vicar of Bray," It is feated on the
Thames, i riiile S Maidenhead.
Brazza, a town and ifland on the coaft
of Dalmatia, Iri the gulf of Venice, oppo
fite Spalatro, and fubjeCl to Venice, lon,
17 ^s E, lat. 43 50 N.
Breadalbane. See Albany.
Brechin, a borough iri Angusfliire, fcat^
ed in a pdlain, on the river South Eflc.
The Gothic cathedral is partly ruinous,
though one of its alfles fcrves for the
parifli church. .Adjoining to this is a
fcurious antique round tower, compofed
of hewn ftone ; it tapers from the bottom,
and Is very flender in proportion to its
height. Here is a manufaClure of tinen
and cotton, and a confiderable tannery.
It is 35 miles N E Edinburgh, lon. a I'S
iE, lat. 56 40 N.
Brecknock, or Brecon, the capital of
Brecknockfliire, called by the Welfli
Aber Honddey, and feated at the conflu
ence of the Honddey and Uflc. It is an
ancient place, as appears by the Roman
coins that are often dug up here. It con
tains 3 churches, i of which .is collegiate ;
has a good trade in clothing, and a mar
ket on Wednefday and Friday. To the
Eof the tpwn is a confiderable lake, well
ftored with fifli, whence runs- a rlvulel;
into the Wye. It fends i member tp
parlianient, and is 34 miles N W Mon
mouth, and 162 W by N London, lon. 3
22 W, lat, 51 54 N.
Brfcknockffire, a county of S Wales, 39
miles in lerigt-h, and 27 in breadth ;
bounded on the E by Herefordfliire, and
Monmouthffiire, on the S by Glamor-
ganfliire, on the W by Carmarthenfliire
and Cardigaiifliire, and on the N by
Radnorfliire. It ft fuU of mountains,
fome of which are exceedingly high, par
ticularly Monuehdenny hill, not far from
Breckcock ; but there are large fertile
plains and vallies, which yield plenty of
corn, and feed great numbers of cattle.
It lies in the dipcefe of St. David's, has
4 market towns, and 61 parlffies, and
feuds 2 memt>ers to parllameui:. Its prin
cipal rivers are the Wye and the Uflc.
Breda, a city of Dutch Brabant. The
fortifications are ftrengthened by the
waters and moraffes near it. The prop.!
ertyand -government of it belonged to,
the prince of Orange. The great church J3

B R12

B H E

js a noble ftmCipre, with a fine I^ire 362
lect high. In 1577, the Spaniffi garrifon
delivered this city to the Dutch ; but it
was recovered in 1581. In 1590, the
Dutch retook it. In 1625, the Spaniards,
after a memorable fiege of lO months,
reduced it ; but, ip 1637, the prince of
Orange retook it. In 1793 it was fur
rendered to the French, after a fiege of
only 3 days; but it was retaken foon af
ter. It is feated on the river Merk, 22
miles, W by S Bois le due, 25 N N E
Antwerp, and 60 S Amfterdam, lon. 4 50
E, lat, 5135 N,
Bregentz, a town qf Gern^apy capital
cf a county of the faipe name, in the
Tirol. It IS feated on the lake of Con
ftance, 7 miles N £ Appenzel, lon. 9 45
E, lat. 47 27 N.
Brehar, the -moft mountainous of the
ScUly Iflands, 30 miles W of the Land's
End, lon, 6 42 W, lat. 50 a N.
Brele, a river of France, which divides
the departmept of Lower Seine from that
pf Somnte, and watering Eu, enters the
Sngliflj Chanpel.
Bremgarten, a town of Swifferland, In
the free lower 'bailiwicks, watered by the
Rsufs between the cantops of Zuric and
Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in pa
per ; and are Roman catholics. It Is di-
¦vided into the Upper and Lower Town,
has a faandfoipe bridge over the Reufs,
and is 10 -miles W Zuric, lon. 8 17 £, lat.
47 20 N.
Bremen, a confiderable town of Ger
many, capital of a duchy of the fame
pame, with an archbifliop's fee, which is
fecularlzed. The Wefer divides it Into
the Old and New Town. Under the Lu
theran church is the lead cellar, remark
able for undecayed corpfes. In 1744
there were 4778 houfes and 10,223 inhab
itants befides children and fervants. In
it739> wtile the inhabitants were ajleep,
the magazine of powder vvas fet on fire
by lightning, and all the houfes were
fliaken, as if there had been an earth
quake. Here are 5 Calviuifttc churches.
It is 22 niiles E Oldenburg, lon. 8 48 E,
lat. 53 6 N. [Hanway.]
Bremen, A duchy of , Germany, In the
circle of Lower Saxony, lying between
the Wefer and the Elbe ; the foriper of
vvhich feparates it from Oldenburg, and
the other from Holftein. The air is cold ;
but the country is fertile and populous.
It formerly belonged to the Swedes, but
was fold to the eleClor of Hanover, in
;7i6. In the winter It is fubjeCl tp in
undations, and particularly in 1617, on

Chriftmas day, feveral -riiou'feiid cetflc
were drowned, befides feveral hundreds
«f men.
Bremenitioard, a town of Germany, ia
the duchy pf Bremen, 2-7 miles N Bre
men, lon. 8 45 E, iat. 53 -33 N.
Brent, a town in Devonfliire, -with 3
•market on Saturday, 26 miles S W Exe
ter, and »oo "W by S London, lon. 4 a E,
lat, 50 33 N.
Brent, a river in Stfmerfet-fliire, wliich
-rifes in Selwood Foreft, on the edge of
Wilts, and falls into Bridgewater Bay.
Brente, A river which rifes In the blffi
opric of Trent, and falls into the gulf,
oppofite Venice.
Brentford, a town In Middlefex, with
a market op Tuefday. It is featedon tbe
Thames, Into whicih, at the 'VJ end of
the town, flows a rivulet caiNed the
Brent. Here the freeholders of Middle-.
leu ehoofe the knights of the ffiire. It is
a long town ; that part of it, called
Old Brentford, is oppofite Kew Green,
and that called New Brentford, con
tains the church and market place. It is
7 miles W London, lon. o lo W, lat. 53;
26 N.
Brentimod, a town in Effex, "with ^
market on Thurfday. It ftands on a fine
eminence, n miles W S W Chelmsford,
and 1 8 E N E London, Ion. o 25 E, hit.
51 36 N.
iirofcitt, a town of Italy, capital of
Brefciano, with a citadel, and a bifliop's
fee. It was taken by the French in July
1796. It is feated on the Garza, 9,5
miles W Venice, lon. 10 5 E, lat. 45
31 N.
Brefeiano, a province of Italy in the
territory pf Venice ; bounded on the N
by the country of the Grifons and tlic
bifliopric of "Frent ; on the E by lake
Carda, the Veronefe, and the Mantuan ;
on the S by the Mantuan and the Crem
onefe ; and on the W by Cremafco, Ber
gamo, and the Valteline. It is watered
by feveral fmaU rivers, and is full of
towns and villages. Brefcia is the capital.
Brrfello, a tovvn of Italy, in the Mo
denefe, on the river Po, 27 miles NW
Modena, lon. 10 41 E, lat. 44 50 N.
Brefa-w, A large, rich, and populous
town of Germany, capital of Silefia, vvith
a biffiop*s fee and a univerfity. It is feat
ed at the conflux ofthe Oder and Ola,
which laft runs through feveral of the
ftreets. "The houfes are built vvith ftone,
and it is furrounded by good walls,
ftrengthened by ramparts and other
works. There are two iilaiids near 'jt,
formed

B R E

B H I

formed by the Oder ; in bn'e bf which is
a church, whofe tower was burnt by
lightning In 1730 ; In the other, called
Tlium, is the cathedral. The royal palace
was obtained by the Jefplts, where they
founded a univerfity in 1702. The two
¦principal churches belong tp the protef
tants ; near one of which is a college.
It was taken by the kipg of Pruffia In
1741, and retaken by the Auftrians in
J757 ; but the king regained It the fame
year. It Is 1 1 a miles N E of Prague, and
165 N Vienna, lon. 17 8E,lat. 51 3 N.
Breffe, a late province of France, bound
ed on the N by Burgundy and Franche
Comte, on the iE by Savoy, on the S by
the Viennols, and on the W by the Ly-
onols. It now forms the department of
Ain. f.,
BreJJki, or Brzeft, the capital of Polefia,
in Poland, feated on the river Bog, 100
lUiles E of Warfayv. It Is a fprtlfied town,
and has a caftle built upop a rock. Here
Is a fynagogue, retorted to by the Jews
from all the countries in Eurppe, lon. 34
6 E, lat. 5a 4 N.
Breffuire, a town of Franee, in the de
partment of the Two Sevres and late
province of Ppitop, -with a college, 35
miles N W of Poitiers.
Breft, A town of Frapce, in the depart-
jnent of Flnlfterre apd late province of
Brittany, vvith a caftle feated on a craggy
rock by the feafide. "The ftreets are nar
row, crooked, and all upon a declivrity.
The quay Is above a mile in length. The
arfenal was built by Lewis XIV, whofe
fucceffor eftabUffied a marine academy
here In 1752 ; and, as this Is the beft
port In France, it has , every other ac
commodation for the navy. "The Englifli
attempted in vain tp t;ake tjils place in
1694. It Is 30 miles S E Moclalx, and
325 N Paris, lon. 4 '30 'W, lat. 48 22 N.
Bretagny, or Brittany,^ late province of
France, 150 miles in length, and 112 in
hreadth. It is a peninfula, unitgd on the
E to Anjou, Maine, Normandy, and
Poitou. "Fhe air is tepiperate, and It has
large forefts. It now forms the depart
ments of the North Coaft, Flpifterre, Ifle
and Vilaine, LowerLoIre, and Morblnan.
Breteuil, A town of France, in the de
partment of Lower Seine and late pro
vince of Normandy, feated on the Iton,
15 mUes S W Evreux, lon. i o E, lat. 48
56 N.
Brevordt, a town of Dutch Guelderland,
' 44 miles S E Zutphen, lon. 6 25 E, lat.
5* 2 N,
V Srfwood, a town in Staffordffiirc, with

a market on Tuefday, 10 miles S by W
Stafford, and 130 N W Lbndbn, lon. i 5
W, lat. 52 43 N,
Brey, a town of W.eftphalla, in the
blffiopric of Liege, 14 miles N Maeftricht,
lon. 5 39 E, lat. 51 4 N.
Brianqon, a town of France, In the dcr
partment of jUpper Alps and late pro
vince of Dauphiny, with a caftle feated
on a craggy rpck. It is remarkable for
the mapna gathered In its nclghbouti-
hood, jvhich at firft appears on the leaves
and fmall branches of a fort of pine-tree ;
but they make Incifions Into the bark,
to get larger quantities. It has a hand
fome church, and a noble bridge over tbe
Durante. It is 17 piiles N W Embruii,
lon. 6 25 E, lat. 44 46 N.
Briaire, A town of France, In the dc
partpient of Loiret and late province cf
Orleanois, feated on the Loire, and re
markable for a canal lietween that river
and the Seine. It is 35 miles S E Or
leans, and 88 S Paris, lon. 2 47 E, lar.
47 40 N.
Bridgend, a town In Glamorganfliirf,
with a ijaarket pn Saturday; feated on
the Dgmpre, which divides it into twp
parts, jblned by a ftone bridge. It it
feven miles W by N Cowbridge, and 1 78
W London, lon. 3 38 W, Iat, 51 30 N,
Bridgenorth, a borough in ShropfllitCi
with a market on Satiirday ; feated on
the Severn, wrhlch divides It into the Up
per and Lower Town, joined by a ftone
bridge, b has two churches, and a free
fchool that fends and maintains 18 fcho)-
ars at the univerfity of Oxford. '' was
formerly fortified with waUs, and had a
caftle, feated on a rock, now in ruins. At
a fiege of this place Henry II was aimed
at by an arrow, Hubert de St. Clair in-
terpofed and received the arrow and
death for his prince. It fends two mem
bers to parliament, and is 20 mtles W by
N Birmingham, and 139 N W London,
lon. a a8 W, lat. 5a 36 N.
Bridgejuater, a borough In Somerfet-
fliire, with a market on Thurfday and
Saturday. It Is feated pn the Parrel, over
which is a ftone bridge, and near it flii[ts
of loq tons burden may ride. It carries
on a confiderable coafting trade, and
trades with Ireland and Norway. It is
governed by a ipayor, fends 2 membew
to pai llament, and has a large handfomp
church. ' It Is 3 miles S of the Briftol
Channel, 31 S S W Briftol, and i}7
W by S London, , lon. 3 10 W, lat. 51
7 N. Bridlington, or Burl'ifigtta, a feaport i^i
the

B R I

B R I

the E riding of Yorkffiire, with a market
on Saturday. It is feated on a creek near
Flambofbugh head, with a commodious
quay for fliips, and Is a place of good trade,
36 miles N Hull, and ao8 London, lon. o
J W, lat. 54 8 N.
Bridport, a borough In Dorfetfliire,
with a market on Saturday. It .is feated
between tvvo rivers, and had once a har
bour, which is now choaked up with fand.
The market is remarkable for hemp ; and
here are large manufaClures of failclpth
and nets. It is la miles W Dorchefter,
and 135 W by S London, loin a 5a W,
lat. 50 4a N.
Brieg, a town of Silefia, capital of a ter
ritory of the fame name, with a college,
and an academy for the nobility. It be
longs to the king of Pruffia, and I» feated
on the Oder, ao miles. S E Breflaw, lon.
17 35 E, lat, 50^50 N.
Briel, ai town, of the United Provinces,
capital ofthe ifland of Voorn. The Dutch
tookit from the Spaniards In 1572, which
was the foundation of their repuliUc. It
is feated -at the moutlt of nhe Maefe, 13
miles S W Rotterdam, lon. 4 23 £, lat.
51 .50 N.
Brientz, a fake of Swifferland, iri the
canton of Bern, 3. leagues long and 1
broad. A very delicate kind bf fifli is
peculiar tb this- lake, whieh Is falted and
dried like herrings. The Aar runs thro'
tlie whole extent sf this hke, and unites
it to that of Thmr.
Briefria, fee Polefa.
Bricux, St. a town bf France, In the de
partment of the North Coaft and late
province of Brittany, with a biffiop's fee,
and a good harbour. Its Inhabitants are
deemed the beft pioneers In France. It
it feated near the Englifli Channel, 50
miles N W Rennes, ten; a 38 W, lat. 48
31 N.
Briiy, a town of France, in, the depart
ment of Mofelle and late province of
Lorraine, feated near the river Manfe,
30 miles N E St. MIchaeli
^, Brigg, fee Glandfordbridge.
Brighthelmjlon, or Brighton, a feaport in
Suffex, with a market on Thurfday. It
was a poor town, inhabited chiefly by
fifliermen, but having become a fafliiona-
ble place of refort for fea-bathlng. It has
been enlarged by many handfome houfes,
with public rooms, &c. The Steine, a
fine'lawn, forms a beautiful and favourite
refort for the company. Here Charles II
embarked for France in 1 651, after the
battle of Worcefter. It is the ftatlon of
the packet boats, to.and froiD- Dieppe,

and iV 56" miles S London, and 74 N 'Vf
Dieppe.lon. o 6 E, lat. 50 5a N.
Brignolles, a town of France, in the de
partment of Var and late province of
Provence. It is famous for its prunes j
and is feated among mountains, in a plea
fant country, 3a5 miles SSE Paris, lon.
6 15 E, lat.14324 N.
Brihucga, a tbwn of Spain, in New Caf
tile, where geriei'al iStanhope and the Ec-
gliffiarmy were taken prifoners. In 1710,
after they had feparated from that com-
mslnded by cbunt Staiemberg. It Is feated
at- the foot of the moudtain- Tajiina, 43
miles N E Madrid, lon. 4 ro W, lat. 40
50 N. _, ' _, ,
Brimpsfeld, A -villagi: in Glbucefterflilre,
on- the river Stroud. Here are the foun
dations of a caftle long deftroyed, and it
had alfo a nunnery. The river Stour ri
fes here, and the Roman Erminc-ftreet '
extends along the fide of this parifh. Ir
is- feven miles S E Gteuccfttr.
Btindici, an ancient feaport of Naples;
i» Otranto, with an archbiffiop's fee, and
« fortrefs. It Is feated on the giflf of Ve-
nice,-32 mites E Tarento. Once this was
an excellent harbour. To fliut In Pompey
and his fleet, J. Cefar, drove ftakes In
to the channel ; in clearing the harbour
latdy fome of thefe- flakes were puUed up
as frefli as rf tfiey had not been cut a
month'. Thefe piles of oak had been'
here more than 13 centuries, lon. 18 15
E, lat. 40 45 N. [Adam.]
Brinn, A town of Moravia, where the af-
femblyof the- ftates meet. It was inverted
by the Pruffians ia 1742 ; but they were
obliged to raife the fiege. It is feated at
the confluence of the Zwitta and Swart,
53 miles N Vienna, and 27 S W Olmutz,
lon. r6 4-0 E, lat. 49 6 N..
Brioude, in France, the name of two
towns, a mile diftant from each other. In
the department of Upper Loire and late
province of Yelay; one of which is called
Old Brioude, and the other Church Bri
oude, on account of a famous chapter.
Old Brioude Is feated on the river Alller,
over which is a bridge of one arch, 173
feet in diameter. It is 16 miles S Iffoire,
and 2-25 S by E Paris, lon. a 50 E, lat.
45 16 N.
Briquerat, A tovvn of Piedmont, in the
valley of Lucern, 3 miks from the tovvn
of that name, lon. 7 34 E, lat. 44
56 N.
Brifach, Old, a town of Suabia, once
the capital of Brifgaw. It was taken
by the French in 1638 and In 1703 ;
but wafr reilorcd each time to ths-
Auftrians.

B R r

R I •

Auffiiansi It is feated on the Rhifle,
over which is a bridge of boats, a5 miles
SStraffiurg, ten. 7 4^- E, lat. 48 a N.
Brifach, Ne-.i; a fortifiedtown of France,
in the dqiarthient of Upper Rhine and
late province of Alface. It is fcatedt op-
poBte, Old Brifach, about a mile from the
Rhine, and a3 S Straffiurg, lon. 7 40 E,
lat. 48 5 N.
Brifgaiv, A territory of Suabia, on fhe
E fide of the Rhine, which feparates it
&-om France. One part belorigs to the
houfe of Auftria, of which Friburg is the
capital ; the other to the houfe of
Baden.. Briffac, A town of France, In the depart-
raentj of Maine and Loire- and late proV-
ijace of Anjou, feated on Aubence, 13.
miles S Angers,lon. o. a7 W, lat. 47 ao N.
Brijht; a city and feaport In Gloucef-
terfhire and Somerfetfliire ; to which; lafti
county It was accounted to belong, before
it formed a fisparate jUrlfdiClion. In
¦qcealth, trade, and population, It has long
iieen reckoned the fecond In this king
dom ; "Fhe houfes are 13,000, the Inhab-
ttajits 72,000, if vve include the fubarbs;
100,000. Liverpool now claims, the pre^
eminence as a feaport atone. It is feated
at the conflpence of the Avon with the
iErome, 10 miles from the Influx of the
Avon into the Severn. The tide rifing to
3 great height in thefe narrow rivers,
brings veffels of confiderable burthen to
the quay, vvhich extends along the inrier
fhores of the Erome and Avon ; but, at
Ipw water, they lie agrojmd in the mud.
tt has 18 churches, befides the cathedral,,
abridge over the Avon, a cuftomhoufe,
and an exchange. Briftol has a prodig
ious trade ; for it is reckoned that hence
3000 fliips fail yearly. Here are no lefs
than 15 glafshoufes : and the fugar-re-
finery Is one of Its principal manufaClures.
The Hot Well, about a mile from the
town, on the fide of the A.xfm, is much
reforted to : It Is of great purity, and has
obtained a high reputation in confump-
tive cafes. In St. Vincent's Rock, above
this well, are found thofe native cryftals,-
fo well known under the name of Briftol-
ftones. Befide this well, there is a cold
Ijiring, which guflies out of a rock on the
fide of the river, that fupplies the-cold
bath. The city walls have been demol-
jfficd long ago; but there are feveral
gates yet ftanding. Here are ufed fledges
inftead of carts, becaufe the vaults and
common fewers would be injured by them.
iBrlftol Is governed by a m:iyor, has a
nia'rket on Wednefday, Friday ,.and Satur

day, and fends two members to parlia«
ment!. It is 12 miles W NW Bath, 34
S S W Gloucefter, and 124 'W London,
lon. a 36 W, lat. 51 28 N.
Brifiol, a cape of Sandwich Land, in the
Southern Ocean, lon, a6 51 W, lat, 59
2S.
Britain, or Great Britain, the moft con
fiderable of ail the European Iflands, ex
tending 550 miles from N to S, and 290
from E to W. It lies to the N of France,
from which It is feparated by the Englifli
Channel. Its moft ancient name was
Albion, which, in procefs of time, gave
way to that of Britain, by vvhich It was-
known to Julius Cefar. The general dl-
vifion of the ifland is into England, Scot
land, and Wales.
Britain, Netv, an Ifland to the N of New
Guinea. By whom It was firft dlfcoveredi
is uncertain. Dampier firft failed through
the ftrait which feparates it from New
Guinea; and captain Carteret, In 1767,
failed through another ftrait, which di
vides it Into two Iflands, the northerrimolt'
of which he called New Ireland; New-
Britain lies In lon. .152 19 £, and lak 4
o S. The fliores of both Iflands are rocky,
theinland parts higli. and mountainous,
but covered with trees of various klnds,>
among which are the nutmeg, the cocoa-
nut, and dlSferent kinds of palm. The
inliabitans are black, and woolly-headed,
like negroes, but have not their flat notes
and thick lips. On the Ifland' are foundi
pigeons, boai-s, cabbagS trees, and mango
apples. [Bougainville,]
Brittany, fee Bretagne.
Brivefa Gaillarde, an ancient town of
France, iu the department of Correze
and late province of Limofin. It is- feated
near the confluence of the Correze and
the Vezere, In a delightful valley ; on
vi'hich account it has received the appel
lation of La Gaillarde. It has a hand
fome hofpital and college ; and a fine
walk, planted with trees, which furroundsl
the town, and adds to the beauty; of its
fituation. Since the year 1764, feveral
manufaClures have been eflabliflied here ;
fuch as filk handkerchiefs, m»fllns, gau.?
zes, &c. It is 37 miles S Limoges, and
220 S by W Paris, lon. 1 25 E, lat. 45
15 N.
Brixen, a town of Germany, in thfi
Tirol, capital Of the blffiopric of Erixen.
It , Is feated at the confluence of the .
Rieutz and Eyfoch, 15 miles E Tirol, and
40 N Trent, lon. 11 47 E, lat. 46 45. N.
Brixen, A bifliopric of Germany In the
Tirol. It is extremely mountainous; but
produces

B R O

B R O

produces eifceUent wine. The bifliop is
a prince of the empire.
Brizen, or Brietzen , a town of Germany,
in the middle marche of..BrandEnburgh,
feated on the Adah, la miles N £ Wltteiri-
berg. Brodera, a fortrefs and town of Hin
dooftan Proper, in Guzerat, in the N E
part of the traCl lying between the rivers
Tapty and Myhle. Through this place
runs the great road, from Surat to Ougeln.
It Is <)5 miles S by W of the former, and
195 N E ofthe lalter, lon. 73 11 E, lat. '
aa 15 N.
Brod, or Srodt, A (trong place of Hun
gary, on the rivrer Sa-wfe, famous for a
battle gained by the Turks In 1688. It
it ao miles S E Pbfega, lon. 19 25 E, lat,
45 ao N,
Brod Nemeki, Or Teuich-Brod, A town of
Bohemia, on the river Sozawa, ao miles
S by E Cz'izlaw, lon, 15 40 iE, lat. 49
33 N.
Brodziec, a towh bf Lithuania, on the
fiver BerCiSina, 100 mfles S Polotlk, lon,
28 5 E, lat 54 8 N.
Broek, A town of Weftphalia, In the
duchy of Berg, the capital of a county oi'
tile fame name ; featedon the Roer, n
Jniles N Duffeldorp, lon. 6 53 E, lat. 51
23 N. _
Broek, In N Holland," fix miles from
Amfterdam, one of the moft fingular and
piClurefque villages In the world. The
inhabltabts, though peafants only, are all
rich. The ftreets are paved in mofaic
Work, with variegated bricks. 'i'he
houfes are painted on the butfide, and
look as frefli as if quite new. Each has
a garden and terrace, enelofed by a low
railing, that perhiits every thing to be
teen. The terrace is in the ftont of the
houfe, and from this is a defcent Into the
garden, which forms the fepar.ltion be
tween each houfe. "The gardens are a-
dorned with china Vafes, grottos of fliell-
Work, trees, and fiowers ; with borders
compofed of minute particles of glafs, of
aifferent colours, and difpofed into -a va
riety of forms. Behind the houfes and
gardens are meadows, full of cattle graz
ing; the outlioufes are bkewife behind;
fo that waggons, carts, and cattle, never
cuter thefe neat flreets.
BroLeu Bay, a bay of New S Wales, on
the E coaft of New Holland. It is fonnvd
by the niouth of a great river called the
Hawkcffiury, lon. 151 a7 E, lat. 33 34 S.
Broken Ifland, an ifland in the Bay of
Bengal, near the coaft of Ava, lon. 94 23
E, hit. 1 6 30 N.
Vol, II. O

Bromley, a town In Kent, with a mar
ket on Thurfday. Here Is a college for
30 poor clergymen's widows ; and near
the town is the psllace of the biffiop of
Roche.fter, where there Is a mineral fpring.
Bromley Is lo miles S by E London, lon.
O 6 E.lat. 51 23 N.
Bromley, a town In Staffordfliire, with a
market on Tuefday. It was formerly
called Abbots Bromley, arid afterward
Pagets Bromley, being given to lord Paget
at the diffolution of the abbies. It Is
7 miles E Stafford, and 130 N W Lon
don, lori. I 35 W, lat. 5a 50 N.
Bromley, A vrillage near Bow, In Middle
fex. It had once a monaftery, the church
of Which Is ftill ufed by the inhabitants.
Brampton, A village iri Middlefex, 3
miles W by S Lohdoh. Here is the pub-
lie botariical garden and library of Mr.
William Curtis.
Brampton, a village Iri Kent, fituate on
an eSify afcent from Chatham, and con
taining the fine barracks for the military
ot that garrifon.
Broafgrove, a towtt iri Worcefterfliire,
with a market on Tuefday. It is feated
on the river Salwarp, arid has a confider-
ablfe trade in clbthirig. It is 15 miles N
NE Wbrcefter, arid 115 NW London,
lon. 1 50 W, Icit. 5a 25 N.
Bratnyard, a town in Hferefordflilre,
vvith a market on Tuefday. It is 18
miles W Worcefter, and 125 W N W
London, Ion. a 20 W, lat. 52 8 N.
Broniio, Atovin of Italy, In the Milanefe,
10 miles S E Pava, lori. 9 26 E, lat. 45
6 N. Broom, Loch, a great lake and arm of the
fea, in Rofsfliire, on the W coaft of Scot
land. It has lorig been noted for her
rings of peculiar excellence, and is efteem
ed one of the beft fifliing ftatlons on the
coaft. Brora, A feaport On the E coaft of Suth-
erlandfliire. Here is a coal mine, which
Was lately worked, and the coal ufed in
the manufaClure of fait ; but it cannot be
exported, or carried to any diftance, as it
takes fire ori being exjiofed to the air.
Brora is 40 miles N by iE invernefs.
Brora, a river in Sutherlandflilre, which
Iffues from a lake of the fame name.
Above the town of Brora, it forms fever.;!
fine cafcades ; and, below it, falls into the
Britifli Ocean. The precipices on thd
banks bf this river are compofed of lime-
ftone, in which a variety of fliells arc im
bedded. Broaoge, a town of France, in the de
partment of Lower .Charente, and late
province

B R U
province of Salnto-ige. Its fait wbrks i
are the fificft in France, and the fait is
caUed Bay fait, becaufe It Ues on a bay of
the fea. It Is 17 miles S Rochelle, and
170 S W Paris, lon. 14 W, lat. 45 52 N.
Brouca, a town of Sicily, on the gulf of
Catania, 15 miles S Catania, lon. 15 30
E,Iafc 3725N.
Brouerffaven, A feaport of the United
Provinces, in the ifland of Schonen, 9
miles S W Helvoetfluys, lon. 4 15 E, lat.
51 40. N.
Bruohfal, a town of Germany, In the
bifliopric of Spire, feated on the river
Satz,5 miles S E Pliilipffiurg, lon. 8 36 E,
lat, 4-9 II N.
Brugg, or Broug, A town of Swiffer
land, in Atgau, feated on the river
Aar, over which is a bridge. It has a
college, with a public library ; and Is 22
miles S E Bafil, lon. 8 4 E, lat. 47 21 N.
Bruges, A large epifcopal city of Au
ftrian Flanders, once the greateft trading
town In Europe ; now the fecond In
Flanders, but. In the i6ih century, the
civil wars, occafioned by the tyranny of
Philip II, drove the trade firft to Ant
werp, and then to Amfterdam. It, there
fore, is not populous now in proportion
to Its extent ; and poffeffes nothing to
attraCl attention but fome fine churches
and rich monafteries. Its fituation, how
ever, ftill commands fome trade ; for it
lias canals to Ghent, Oflend, Sluys, Nieu-
port, Furnes, Ypres, and Dunkirk, Bru
ges has been often taken and retaken; the
lift time, by the French,. In 1-794. It Is 8
miles E Oftend, lon. 3 5 E, lat. 51 12 N.
Brugge, or Bruggen, A top'n of Lower
Saxony, in the bifliopric of Hildeflieim,
fix miles from the city of that name,
ten. i-o 5 E, lat. 52 6 N.
Brugneto, an epifcopal town of Italy, In
the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the
Appennities, 35 miles S E Genoa, lon. 9
30 E, Iat. 44 15 N.
Brunette, a ftrong and important place In
Piedmont, near Sufa which It defends.
Brunfeuttle, a £:aport of Germany, In
Holftein, at the mouth of the Elbe, 13
milcsN'WGluckftadt,lon. 9 2E,lat.54 2N-
Brmif-.uick, a- country of Germany, in-the
circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the
N by Lunenburg, on the W. by the circle
of Weftphalia, on the S by Heffe, and on
the E by Anhalt, Halberftadt, and Mag
deburg. The principal rivers are the
Wefar, Ockcr, and Lyne. It is divided
into four duchies and two counties. The
duchies of Brunfwick Proper, and Brunf
wick Wolfenbuttle, ¦\vith the counties of
RJicinftein arid Blankenburg, are fubjeCt

B R U
to the diike of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle-;-
while the eleftor of Hanovor, is duke of
Brunfwick Grubenhagen, and Brunfwick
Calenbergi which alfo includes the diftriCl
of Gottingeui The duke of Brunfwick
Wolfenbuttle Is ftyled duke of Brunfwick
a-nd Lunenburg, as well as the eleaor of
Hanover, they being both defcended from
Erneft duke of Lunenburg and ZeU, who'
died In 1546.
Brunf-wick, a large city of Germany, la
the duchy of Brunfwick. It was formerly
an imperial and hanfeatlc town, tiU it
was taken by the duke of Brunfwick
Wolfenbuttle In 1671, who built a citadel'
to keep It in awe. In the fquare before
the caftle is a famous ftone ftatue, with a-
; lion, made of block tin, done after the life.
Here Is alfo a rich monaftery of St. Blaife,
whofe prior is a prince of the houfe pf
Bevern; This town is famous for the'
Uquor caUed Mum, which has hence the
name of Brunfwick Mum. On the ram
part is a brafs mortar piecemade in 1411,
which is 10 feet 6 inches In length, and 9.
feet 2 Inches in diameter.. It requires 52
pounds of powder, carries a ball of 730'
pound, 33,ooopaces, andabomb of looo.
pounds. It is feated on the Ocker, 55
miles W Magdeburg, lon. !0 42 E, lat. 5 a
"25 N. [Hanway.]
Bruffeis, the capltail of Brabant, and;
feat of the governor ofthe Auftrian Low
Countries. It. has many magnificent
fquares, public buildings, and walks,, and,
many public fountains, one of which, in.
the Place de Sablon, was ereCled by Tho
mas, fecond earl of .Aileffiury, who re
fided here 43 years In- a kind of ^ile.-
Here is a kind of nunnery, called the Be-
guinage, which is like a little town, hav
ing fome ftreets, and being furrounded.
by a wall and a ditch : the women cdu--
cated here are allowed to leave it when.
they choofe to marry. Bruffeis is cele
brated for its fine laee, camblets, and ta
peftry. It vvas bombarded by marflial
Villeroy in 1695, by which 4000 houfes
yere deftroyed ; and has been more than
once taken and retaken fince ; the laft.
time hy the French in 1794. It is feated
partly on an eminence, and partly on the
rivulet Sonne. It has a communication
with the Scheld by a fine canal, and is
22"miles S Antwerp, 26 S E Ghent, and
i£;i. N by E Paris, lon. 4 21 E, lat. 50
51 N.
Brutan, a town in- Somerfetfliire, vvith a
market on Saturday, a filk mill, and man
ufaClures In ferges and ftocklngs. Here
is a freefchool, iounded by Edward VI ;
and a ftately a^^ioufc, confifting of the
ruins.

BUG

BUG

'ruins of a priory. It Is feated on the
river Brew, 12 miles S E Wells, and 109
W London, lon. 2 38 W, lat. 51 7 N.
Bruyiers, a town of France, in the de
partment of the Vofgcs and late prov
ince of -Lorrain, 22 miles S by E iLune-
vllle, lon. 6 50 E, lat. 48 18 N.
Bryanffridge, A town of Ireland, in the
county of Clare, feated on the Shannon,
¦8 miles N Limerick, lon. 8 34 W, lat. 5a
50 N. _
Bua, an Ifland of the gulf of Venice,
jion the coaft of Dalmatia, near -the town
of Traou, cafled likewifePartrldge Ifland,
becaufe frequented by thofe birds.
Buarcos, a town of Portugal, In Beira,
27 miles S Aveira, lon. 8 30 W, lat. 40
13 N.
Buchan, A diftriCl in the N E part of
Aberdeenfliire, from fhe fea to -the river
Ythan on the S. '
Budiannefs, the moft eaftern promon-
-tory of Scotland, fituate In the diftriCl
of Buchan, in lon. i 26 W, lat, 57 28 N.
•Between this proinontory and the town of
Peterhead -is the place called the Bullers,
-or Boilers of Buchan ; a large oval cavity,
formed by the hand of nature, in the
fteep rocks -on the coaft, about 150 feet
deep. Boats frequently fail into this aw
ful pit, under a natural arch opening tp
the fea at the E end, and refembling the
•E window of fome great cathedral. At
a little diftance, is a vaft infulated rock,
divided by a narrow and very deep
-chafm from the land ; and in the middle
of the rock, many feet abovethe levelof
the water, Is a large triangular aperture,
through vvhich the fe.i, when agitated,
juflies with a tremendous noife.
Buchaiv, a free Imperial town of Suabia,
on the -Tederfee, with a nunnery, whofe
abbefs has a voice In the diet of the em
pire. It 'k 27 miles S W Ulm, lon. 9 40
E, lat. 48 10 N.
Buchorn, a free imperial town of Sua
bia, on the lake of Conftance, 18 miles E
Cbnftance, lop. 9 42 E, lat. 47 41 N,
Buchenham, A town in Norfolk, with a
market on Saturday, 12 miles E by N
Thctford, and 97 N E London, lon. i 6
E, lat. 52 34 N.
Buckingham, the chief town in Bucklng-
haniffiire, with a market on Saturday.
It is almoft furrounded by the Oufe, over
which are three ftone bridges. There
was formerly a caftle on a mount, in the
diddle of 'the town. It fends tvvo mem
bers to parliament, and Is 25 miles N E
Oxford, and 57 N W London, lon, o 58
W, hit. 5J 56 N.

BuekinghaiKJlire, or Bucks, A county of
England, bounded on the N by North-
hamptonfliire ; on the E by Bedfordffiirc,
Herts, and Middlefex ; on the W by Ox
fordffiire, and on the S by Berks. It is
39 miles in length, and 18 in breadth,
containing 8 hundreds, 185 pariflies, and
II market towns. It fends 14 members
to parliament, and lies In the diocefe of
Lincoln. Its principal rivers are the
Thames, Coin, Oufe, and Tame. The
air is healthy, and the fofl rich, being
chiefly chalk or marl. The moft gene
ral manufaClure is bonelace and paper ;
and the woods of the hflls, chiefly beech,
form a confiderable artlcle.of profit, both
as fuel and timber.
Buda, the capital of Lower Hungary,
fituate on the fide of a hill, on the Da
nube. "I'he churches and pubfic build
ings are handfome. In the adjacent
country are vineyards, which produce
excellent wine ; and hot baths that were
in excellent order, with magnificentroonis,
while the Turks had poffeffion of this
place. It was taken by the Turks In
1526, and retaken .by the Auftrians the
fame year. The Turks took it again in
I5a9, and it was afterwards befieged
feveral times by the Germans to no pur
pofe, till 1686, when It vvas taken. It is
105 miles S E Vienna, and 560 N W
Conftantinople, lon. 18 22 E, lat. 47 25 N.
Buddeflale, a town In Suffolk, with a
market on Thurfday. It is feated in a
valley, 15 miles N E Bury, and 88 N E
London, lon. i 4 E, lat. 52 22 N. ,
Budelich, A town of Germany,' in the
archblfliopric of Treves, on the Traen,
10 miles E 'Freves, lon. 6 55 E, lat. 49
50 N.
Budoa, a ftrong epifcopal town of Dal
matia, fubjeCl to the Venetians. It was
almoft ruined by an earthquake in 1667,
and is 30 miles S E Ragufa, lon. 18 58 E,
lat. 42 30 ..ff.
Budrio, a town of Italy, in the Bologr
nefe, whofe adjacent fields produce large
quantities of fine hemp. It Is 8 miles E
Bologna, lon. II 37 E, lat. 44 30 N.
Budiveis, a town of Bohemia, taken fev
eral times in the war of 1741. It is 70
miles S Prague, and 85 N W Vienna, lon.
14 52 E, lat. 48 55 N.
Bugia, A populous feaport of the king
dom of Algiers, at the niouth of the Ma-.
jor, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It
has a ftrong caftle, but fir Edward Spiag*
ge deftroyed feveral Algerinemen of \v.ir
under Its walls In 1671. It is 75 miles
P Algiers, lon. 3 58 £, lat. 36 49 N. Burit

B U L

BUR

Sugh, a ppst town of Egypt,' on the W
fliore of the Red Sea, almoft oppofite to
'f Iden and the port of Mecca, from which
it is 100 mfles W, lon. 36 E, lat. aa, N.
[Topographic DICl,],
Suilth, a town in Brecknockfliire, feat
ed on the Wye, over which Is a bridge
into Raduorffilre. It has a market on
Monday and Saturday,, and is i a miles
N Brecknock, and ];7i W by N Lbndbn,
ten. 3 14 W, lat. 52 8 N.
Buis, A town of France, in the depart
ment of Drome, and late province of
Dauphiny, 40 miles S W Gap,
Bukarcfi, tbe capital of Walachia, a
very extenfive arid populous city, con^
taining 360 Greek churches, i Roman, i
Lutheran chapel, and a few convents.
Here are no Turkiffi mofques. Luxury
prevails ; the man Is defpifed, who keeps
not a carriage. A fliort time after mar
riage the parties difcoritinue fleeping to
gether, and carry on their (feparate in
trigues. Yet thefe nominal chriftians
make high profeffions of religion, have
prayers in their churches from morning
to evening. The Turks keep a ftrong
garrllon here, lon. 26 E, lat. 45 43 N.
/ [Jackfon, Bowen.]
Bukari, a town of Hungarian Dalma
tia, with a harbour, on the gulf of BI-
keriza, near the gulf of Venice, 10 iniles
iN £ Vegha, lon.'^i4 59 E, lat, 45 29 N.
Bulac, A town of Egypt, on the Nile,
•2, miles W Grand Cairo, being the fea
port of that city. On the N fide of it is
ihe Califeh, whofe banks are cut every
year, to convey the waters of the Nile,
by a canal, to Grand Cairo, lon. 31 22 E,
lat. 30 2 N. [Irwin.],
Bulama, an ifland of Africa, in the
niouth of the Rio Grande. It is 18 miles
long and nearly as wide. The land, gradt
ually rilirs from the vjTater to the center
of the ifland, which is, 1000 feet above
the level of the fea. The foil is remark
ably rich. An Englifli colony, under Mr.
iBeaver, of 275 perfons, fettled here in
1787. Byficknefs, by the afliault of ene
mies, they were In 1793 reduced to 8 or
or 9 perfons, 7 of whom were fick, who
left the fatal fpot and repaired to Sierra
Leonna. Like Capt. Standifli, the found
er of New England, like Beneyowflci, the
father of Madagafcar, like Capt, Smith,
the planter of Virginia, Mr, Beaver dif
played aftonifliing fortitude and energy
of mind, but providence frowned.
[Dlfcoveries in Africa,]
Bulgaria, a province of Turkey in Eu
rope, bounded, on the N by Walachia,

on the E by the Black Sea, on the S Uy
Ronjiania and Macedonia, and on the 'W
by Servia.
Bulnefs,, or Bo^wnefs, a viUage In Cum
berland, at the end of the Pitjls WaU, ou
the Solway Frith. It was a Roman fta
tlon, called Blatum Bulgium ; and hence
Antoninus began his Itinerary. It is i j
miles W by N, Cariifle.
Bundela, or Bundelcund, a territory of
Hindooftan Proper, on the S W of the
river Jumna, and feparated from it by a
narrow traCl of low country. It is Inhaht
Ited by a tribe of Rajpoot^, apd is, fur
rounded by the dominions of Oude, Be
nares, apd the Mahrattas.,- It is a moun
tainous traCl, of mpre tlian x^ miles
fquare, arid contains the celebrated dia
mond mines of Panna, with fome ftrong
fortrefles. Chatterpour is the capital
lon, 79/75 E, lat. 25 o N.
Bungay, a town in Suftolk, yvith a niar
ket on "if hurfday, feated on the Wavenay,
which is navigable hence to Yarpiouth.
It has 2 churches ; and tlie fuiris of a f*.
mpris nunnery, and of a caftle- In 1689,
the to'wn vvas almoft all deftroyed by fire.
It Is now, however, a good trading place :
and the women are employed in knitting
worfted ftocklngs. It is 36 miles N by ^
Ipfwich, and 107 N E London, lon. i 30
E, la?, 52 35 N.
Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, In the Ifl
and of Ximo, whofe capital Is Lunay.
The king of this country was converted to
chriftianity, and fent an embaffy to pope ¦
Gregory, in 1683,
. Buniva, A mountain of Greece, between
Janna and Livadia, extending to the gulf
of Zeiton, "I'he ancient name was CEta ;
and it is famous for the pafs of "Thernio-
pylae (fo called for the hot baths in the
neighbourli,ood) where Leonidas, and his
gallant 300 Spartans, refifted, for 3 days,
the whole ^'erfian army. This is the place,
feigned by the ancients to be the fcene of
the death of Hercules. •
Buntiiigford, a town of Herts, with a
market on Alondsy,,. 7 miles S Royfton,
and 31 N by E London, ten. u 6 E. Ist.
5i-'5.3N. Buragrag, a river of Barbary, in the
kingdom of Fez, vvhich falls Into the At
lantic Ocean, at Sallee.
BurJta, or Civita Burrella, a town, of
Naples, iu, Abruzzo Citeriore, 20 miles S
Lanciano, lon. 14 48 E, lat. 41 58 N.
Buren, a town of Dutch Gflelderland,
which gives the title of count of Buren
to the prince of Or,inge. Ic is 2 a mfles
\i NImeguen, ten, 5 12 E, lat, 51 58 N.
Buretr,

B U R

BUR

Muren, a tovyn of 'Weftphalia, in the
¦bifliopric of Paderborn, feated on the Ai
me, 10 miles S Paderbon, lon. 8 53 E,
lat. 53 16 N. ¦
Buren, a town pf Swifferland, In the
canton (^f Berp, featedon the Aar, between
Arberg and Soleure.
Burfard, A town in Oxfordfliire, with a
market op Saturday ; feated on tlie river
Windrufli, and noted for the making of
faddles, and for the downs in its neigh
bourhood. It is 17 Iniles W by N Oxford,
and 71 W London, lon. i 33 W, lat, 5^
49 N.
Burg, a tovyn of the United Provinces,
in Zutphen, on the Old Yffel, 18 miles E
NImeguen, lon, 6 15 E, lat, 52 5-) N.
Burgaiu, a town and caftle of Suabia,
capital of a margravate of the fame name.
It belongs to the houfe of Auftria, and is
26 miles W Augffiurg, lon. 10 25 E, lat.
48 28N.
Bwgdiorf, a large town of Swiflerland,
jn the canton of Bern, with a caftle. It is
feated on an eminence, 8 miles N E Bcrp,
lon. 719 E, lat 4658N.
Burgbclear, a viUage in Hampfliire, 3
miles W ICingfclear. On the top pf a
hill, near it, are the traces of a camp, and
an extenfive profpeCl.
Purghupan Sands, a vlUage In Cumber
land, near Solway Frith, where Edward
theFirfl; died, In 1307, as he was prepar
ing for an expedition againft Scotland.
The fpot where he died is diftinguiflied
by a coluipn 27 feet high, ereCted by the
duke of Nbrfqlk iii 1605. It i« 5 rnilss
iJW CarliOe.
Burgos, a town of Spain, capital of Old
Caftile, and an archbifliop's fee. The
fquares, public buildings, and fountain?
are fine. It is feated partly on a moun
tain, and partly on the river Aranzon,
95 miles'E by S Leon, and 117 N Ma
drid, lon. 3 30 W, lat. 42 20 N.
Burgundy, A late provijjce of France,
H2 miles in length, and 75 in breadth ;
bounded on the E by Franche compte
on the 'W by Bopr.bonnols and Nivernois,
on the S ' by Lyoilois, and on the N by
Champagne. It Is fertile in corn, fruits,
and exceUent wines ; and is now formed
Into the 3 departments of Cote d'Or,
Saone and Lplre, and Yonne.
Burhanpour, a city Of Hindoofton In .
the Detcan, the capital of Candeifli, and
at one period, of the Deccan alfo. It is
ftill a fiourifliing city, fituate in the midft
ef a delightful country, 225 miles E by
N Surat, Ion. 76 19 E, lat. 21 25 N.
Burici, a town" of Germany, in tlic duchy

of Cleves, Ori the Rhine, oppofite Wefel,
17 SE Cl'etes.'lon. 6 18 E.lat. 51 32N. '
Burkhaufen, a town of Germany, in
Lower Bavaria, on the river Saltz, a?
miles N by W Saltzburg, ten, 12 50 E,
lat, 40 17 N,
Burlington, a towp In Yorkffiire, fee
Bridlington, Burmah, fee At.i.
Biirnham, a town in Norfuik, with a
market on T/Ionday aud .Saturday. It is
feated near the fea, 29 miles N "M^ Nor
wich, and ia6 N E London, lon. o 48 .E,
iat. 53 4 N. '
Bumham, a tovvn- in iEffex, at the mouth
0,f the river Crouch, which is .here call
ed Burnham Water. The Walfleet and
Euruhiim oyfters are the pioduCl of trie
creeks and pits of this rjvcr. Burnham
I? 1 1 miles S E Maiden.
Burnley, a town in Lancafliire, with a
market on Monday, ^^ miles S E Lan
cafter, .-ind 208 NNW London, ten. 3
15 W, lat. 53 46 N.
Burniijlanij, a-Jiorough in Fifefliire, on
the frith of Forth, vvith an exceUent har
bour. It is feated under a ftupendous
rock. 10 miles N ^V Edinburgh, Jon. 3 j;
W, lat. 56 8 N.
Burrampooter, A river of Afia, which
rifes near the head of the Ganges, in the
rnouiitains of Thibet. Thefe two rivers,
iffijlng from oppofite fides of the lame
ridge of mount;uus, direCt their courfe
toward oppofite quarters, till tliey are
more than laoo miles afundcr ; meeting
in one point near the fea, after each h.-is
performed a winding courfe of more
than 2000 miles. Froip. its fource the
Burrampooter proceeds E through Thi
bet, where it is named Sanpoo, or '/.-.ax-
-cln ; that is, the River : after wafliing
the border of the territory of LalLi, it
proceeds S E to within 220-mfles cf Y-j-
nan, the wcfternmoft province of Chin:!.:
it then turns fuddenly to the V, ;ind
paffing_throBgh Affam, afl'umes the name
of Burrampooter. It enters Bengal on
the N E, makes a circuit round the wef
tern point of the Garrftw Mountains, and
then, altering its courfe to S, meets the
Ganges about 40 miles from the fea.
During the laft 60 miles before its junc
tion vvitli the Ganges, It forms a ftrcaro..
which is regularly from 4 to 5 miles
wide ; and, but for its frcflinefs, mi^iit
pafs for an arm of the fea.
¦ Burfa, or Prufi, one of tbe largeft ci;-
ies of Turkey iu Afia, capital of Becfan
gil. It vvas the capit;il ot the Ott!,-ir_-.n
empire before the t.iking of Conftantino ple.

BUR
pie. It ftands upon feveral l|ttle hills, at
the foot of Mount Olympus, and on the
«dge of a fine plain full of fruit trees.
So many fprings proceed from the
mount, that every houfe has Its own
fountain. The mofques are elegant, as
are the caravanfarles. The bezeftine is a
^•irgc ftruClure full of warehoufes and
fliops, containing all the commodities of
the E, befide their own manufaClures In
filk. Here are the beft workmen in all
Turkey, who are excellent imitators of
the Tapefiry of Italy and France. It
contains about 40,000 Turks, apd none
but muffelnien are permitted to dwell In
the city ; but the fuburbs, which are
rouch finer, and .better peopled, are filled
with Jews, Armenians, and Greeks,
Streams of water run through the town
fo hot as to boil eggs. They are fo me
dicinal, as to be the refort of invalids.
The tovvn is more tlian a mile and a half
in length, and has 300 mofques. In the
fuburbs the Greeks have 3 churches, the
Armenians one, the Jews 4 fynagogues.
Polycarp, the defciple of St. John, and
bifliop of Smyrna fuft'ered ipartyrdom
bere. [Savernier, iRiciut, Wheeler, The-
vcnot.] Burfa Is 99 miles S of Conftan
tinople, lon. 29 5 E, lat. 30 aa N.
Burton upon Trent, a town in Stafford
fliire, with a market on Thirrfday. It
had formerly a large abbey ; and over
the Trent is a famous bridge of freeftone,
a quarter of a mile in length, fupported
by 37 arches. It confifts chiefly of one
long ftreet, which runs from the fite of
the abbey to the bridge ; and has a good
market for com and prpvifions. Burton
is famous for excellent ale ; great quan
tities of which are fent down the river to
HuU, and exported to other parts of the
kingdom and abroad. It is la miles
N E Lichfield, .and ia4 N N W London,
lon. I 40 W, lat. 52 48 N.
Burton, a town in Lincolnfllire, with a
market on Monday ; feated on a hill near
¦the Trent, 30 miles N Lincoln, and 164
N by W LondoUj lon. o 36 W, lat. 53
40 N.
Burton, a town in Weftmoreland, with
¦a market on Tuefday ; feated in a val
ley near a hifl called Earleton-KnothlU,
1 1 miles N Lancafter, and 247 N N W
i,ondon, lon. 2 50 W, lat. 54 ib N.
Bury, ci town of Lancafliire, vvith a
market on Thurfday. It ftands on the Ir-
well, and Is noted for Its fuftian manu
faClure, and the coarfe goods called half-
thicks and kerfeys. Roman coins have
teen dug up here. In 1787, more than

BUT
300 perfons w^ere burled by the fall qf
tJie theatre, and many of them were kill
ed, or much bruifed. Bury Is 36 mllet
S E Laocafter, and 190 NNW Londoa,
lon. 2 24 ¦«¦, lat. 53 3^ N.
Bury St. Edmunds, A borough In Suffolk,
with a market on Wednefday and Satiip.
day. "Fhe fituation is pleafant, and the
air is fuppofed to be the beft in England;
for which reafon It is frequented by gen
teel people. 7'he noble ruins pf its ab
bey, arc ftill ftanding near the 2 church
es, which are both large, and feated in
one churchyard. In. St. Mary's, lies Ma
ry, queen of France, who was married tp
Charles iBrandon, duke of Suffolk. Bury
fends two members to parliament, and
took its name frcmi St. Edmund the king,
who was hurried here, after being mur
dered in a wood. Here is an ancient
guUdhall, a -feffions houfe, a theatre, a
freefchool, &c. The affizes are held
here. It is 14 miles E New-market, and
7 2 N N E London, lon. o 46 E, lat. 52
22 N.
Bufarah, or Baffora, A city and feaport
of Turkey In Afia, In Irac Arabia, 40
milesNW of the gulf of Perfia. It ftan^
on the Euphrates, a capal from vvhich it
divides the city into 2 parts ; and overit
Is a bridge of boats. The circumference
is very large ; but a great number of date-
trees are planted within the walls. The
houfes are conftruCled of bricks, dried in
the fun, and have a very mean afpeCl,
Here are many Jews, who live by brok
erage and exchanging money ; but they
are kept very poor. In 169I, the plague
deftroyed 8D,oOoof thciinhabitants ; but it
was afterward peopled by the wild Ai-abs,
who were foon brought under the fubjec-
tion of the Turks. ' The trade here is
not fo eopfidera-ble as It was formerly.
They have no windows towards the ftreet,
the roofs of their houfes are flat, on which
they fleep in fummer. In the fummer of
1773, here periflied 275,000 with the
plague. The prefent number is fuppoftd
only 50,000. Here are various feCls of
chriftians as well as Mohometans. It is
240 miles S by E Bagdad, lon, .44 52 E,
lat. 29 26 N. [Jackfon,] ^
Bvte, an ifland of Scotland, fituated in
the Frith of Clyde, and forming, with
Arran, a cbunty, to which it gives name;
about twelve 'miles long, from N trf
S and five broad, from E to W, fe-pa-
. rated from the county of Argyle by_
a narrow channel, and the fame Irom thU
Ifle of Arran. "I'he northern parts ars
mountainous, but yield good pafture, the

B U X

,e A B

l^eft of the ifland bears corn. Tlie air is
healthy, and the inhabitants generally
live long. There is a canfidcrable fiflie
ry on the coaft, and in the mountains are
found quarries of good ftone, fullers earth,
and cryftal. There arc five churches in
the ifland, and feveral fifliing villages ;
the chief place is Rothfay.
, Butefiire, a county of Scotland, confift
ing of the iflands of Bute, Arran, and
Inchmarnoc, which lie in the frith of
Clyde. They are fertile in corn and paf
ture, and there is a confiderable herring-
fiflicry. This ffiire fends a member to
parliament alternately with Caitlmefs-
fliire. Butrago, a town of Spain, in New Caf
tile, feated on the Lozoya, 30 miles N by
E Madrid, lon. 3 5 tV, lat. 40 46 N.
Butrinto, a feaport and epifcopal town
ef Turkey in Europe, in Albania, On the
canal of Corfu-, and at the entrance ef the
gulf of Venice, 30 raUes S Chimsera, ten
ao 9 E, lat. 39 49 N,
Buttermere IVater, a lake In Cumberland,
eight miles S W Kefwick. It is- two
miles long, and nearly one broad. On
the W fide It Is terminated by a moun
tain, called, from its ferruginous colour,
the Red Pike. A ftiip of cultivated
groiind adorns the E fliore. A group of
houfes, called Gatefgarth, Is feated on the
S extremity, under a very extraordina
ry amphitheatre of mountainous rocks.
Here Honifter Crag is feen rifing to a
vaft hieight, flanked by two conical moun
tains, Fleetwith on the E and Scarf on
the 'W fide. A hundred mountain tor
rents form never-failing cataraCls that
thunder and foam down the centre of the
rock, and form the lake below. This
lake is called the Upper Lake ; and, near
a mile from It, to the N E is the Lower
Lake, caUed alfo Cromack Water. The
river Cocker flows through both thefe
lakes to Cockermouth.
Buttfadt, or Butifett, a town of Ger
many, in the circle of Upper Saxony,
and principaUty, of Weimar, fituated on
the Lofs. It carries on a great trade
in cattle with Poland and Hungary :
9 miles N Weimar, and 8 W Nauni-
burg. Butza'w, a town of Germany, in the
bifliopric,of Schwerin, 17 miles S W Rof-
lock, lon. 1 1 55 E, l.it 54 o N.
Buxton, A village in Derbyfliire, at the
entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells
that rife near the fource ofthe rivtr
Wye ; and are deemed one of the 7 won
ders Of the Peak. Their waters were not

ed In the time of the Romans, They are
hot and fulphureous, but create an appe
tite, and open obftruClions ; and, if bath
ed in, give relief in fcorbutic rheumatifm*,
nervous cafes, &c. Much company re
fort to them In the fiimmer. The build
ing for the bath was ereCled by George
earl of Shrewffiury, and here Mary queen
of Scots was for Ibme lime. The duke
of Devonfliire has ereCtcd a beautiful
building in the form of a crefccnt, under
which ai'e piazzas and ffiops. A mile
from hence is another of the wonders,
called Pool's Hole, at the foot of a moun
tain. The entrance Is low and narrow,
but it prefeiitly opens to a cave of confid
erable height, and 696 feet teng, with a
roof refembling a Gothic cathedral : it
contains many flalaClitious concretions,
and feveral cprlous reprefentation^ both
of art and nature, produced by the petri
fying water continually dropping from
the rock. Buxton is 32 miles N W Der
by and 160 N N W London.
Buzbaeh, a town of Germany in Weter
avia, and iri the county of Solms, 29 miles
N by E Fraiicfoit, lon. 8 44 E, lat. 50
23 N,
Bycho^w, a town of Lithuania, on the
Dnieper, 180 miles S W Wllna, lon. 30-
oE, lat. 53 38 N. _
Byron's Ifland, an Ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, dlfcovered by commodore Byron
In 1765. It is low, full of wood, and
very populous. The natives are tall ;
well proportioned, and clean ; of a light
copper colour, with long black hair;
their features good, and their counte
nance expreffive of a furprifing mixture
of intrepidity and cheerfulnefs, lon. 17J
46 E, lat. I 18 S. [Byron.]
Byzantium,- fee Canflantinople.

f^AAKA, A town of Egypt, on the river'
^ Nile, whence they tranfport corn and
pulfe to Mecca. Some fine nionuments,
covered with hieroglyphical charaClers,
liavebeen found here. It is 320 mUes S-
Cairo, lon. 30 23 E, lat. 26 30 N.
Cabfiade Vide, A town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, with a caftle, 12 miles S W
Portalegro, Ion. 6 43 W, lat. 39 10 N.
Cabenda, a feaport of Africa, In Congo,
100 miles S E I.oango, fubjeCl to Portu
gal, lon. 12 2 E, lat. 4 5 S.
Cubes, or Gabes, A town of Africa, In
the kingdom of Tunis, on a river near a
gulf of the fame napie, teng. 10 55 E,
lat. 33 40 N. Cnlrtria,

C A C

CAD

Calrerta, an Ifland in the MedltWra-
ftcan, about 7 iniles S of Majorca. It has
a large harbour, defended by a Caftle, lat.
41 15 N.
Cabul, a .province of Hindooftan Prop
er, bounded ori the \V by Perfia, on the
K by the Hiridooko, on the E by Cafli
mere, and on the S by Candahar. It is
a country highly diverfified ; confifting
of mountains covered with eternal fnow ;
hills of moderate height and eafy afcent ;
rich plains, and ftately forefts ; and thefe
cnUvcned by innumerable ftreams. It
produces every article neceffary for hu
man life, with the moft delicate fruits
and flowers. It is fometimes called Zab-
nliftan, from Zabul, one of the names
of Ghizni, which vvas the ancient capital
of the country. This prpvince is fub
jeCl to the king of Candahar.
Cabul, the capital of the province of
Cabul, and of the dominions of the king
of Candahar, feated near the foot of the
Hindooko, and the fource ofthe Attock,
vvhich runs near it. Its fituation is no
lefs romantic than pleafant ; and It has,
within Its reach, the fruits and other
products both of the temperate and tor
rid zone. It is confidered as the gate ^f
India toward Tartary, as Candahar is
with refpeCl to Perfia. It is 680 miles
N W Delhi, lon. 68 58 E,lat. 34 36 N.
Cacacd, A town of the kingdom of Fez,
¦with a fort upon a rock. The Moors_
retook it from the Spaniards in I534j lon.
a 55 W, lat. 35 2 N.
Caceres, a town of Spain, in Eftrama
dura, famous for its fine wool, and feated
on the Sabrot, 22 miles S E Alcantara,
lon. 5 44 E, lat. 39 II N.
Caceres de Camarinha, a town of Luco-
nia, one of the PhiHppine Iflands, with a
bifliop's fee, lon. 124 o E, lat. 14 35 N.
Cachan, or Cajhan, A town of Perfia, In
Irac AgemI, where they carry on a con
fiderable trade in filks, filver and gold
brocades, and fine earthern ware. "I'here
are many Chriftians, and Guebres, or
worflilppers of fire. In this place. It is
feated In a vaft plain, 55 inilcs N by, W
Ifpahan, lon. 51 55 E, lat. 33 20 N.
Cachao, the capital of a province of
the fame name, In 'Tonquin, on the river
Hoti, 80 miles from the gulf of 'I'onquin.
It contains 20,000 houfes, whofe walls
are of mud ; the roofs covered with
thatch. The houfe of the Englifli fac
tory Is the beft In the place. 'I'he trad
ing people are civil to ftrangers, but the
great men haughty, and the poor thievifli.
They are pagans, and have a great num

ber of pagodas. The faClories purcliaft
filks and lackered ware, as in China, lon.
105 31 E, lat. 22 10 N.
Cacheo, a town of Negroland, feated on
the river St. Doriilngo. It is fubjeCl to
the Portuguefe, who liave three forts, and
carry on a great trade in wax and flaves,
lon. 14 55 E>1="- i^ ° N-
Cacotigo, a finall kingdom of Africa, on
the river Zaire. The inhabltanls are great
traders ; and their manners, religion, and
government, are the fame as in Loihgo.
It Ues in lat. 5 o S.
Cacorla, A town of Spain, in Andalufia,
on the rivulet Vega, between two mount
ains. It belongs to the archbifliop of
"Foledo, and is 15 miles, E S E Ubeda.lon.
2 55 E, lat. 37 40 N.
Cadenac, a town of France, m the de
partment of Lot, and late province of
Querci, feated on the river Lot, 27 miles
ENE CahooS, lon, 2 o E, lat. 44 3a N.
Cadenet, A towri of France, In the de
partment ofthe Mouths ofthe Rhoneapd
late province of Provence, 28 miles S E
Avignon, lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 42 N.
Cadillac, a town of France, in the de
partment of GIronde arid late province of
Guienne, feated on the Garonne, with a
caftle, 15 miles S E BourdeahS, lon. 0 2I
W, lat. 44 40 N.
Cadiz, a large and rich city of Spain, in
Andalufia, with a good harbour. It is a
bifliop's fee, and feated on an ifland, 13
miles in length and 9 in breadth ; but the
N W end, where the city ftands, is not
2 broad. It has a communication with
the continent, by a bridge. The bay
formed by it is 12 miles In length and 0
in breadth. The S fide is inacceflible by
fea becaufe it Is edged with craggy rocks ;
and 2 forts, the Puntal and Matagorda,
command the paffage into the harbour.
It is a very ancient place, being built by
the Pheniciaiis : It was afterward a Ro
man tovvn ; and there are ftiU feveral fe-
mains of Roman antiquities. All the
Spaniffi fliips go hence to the W Indies,
and return hither. It was plundered by
the Englifli in 1596,; but being attempted
again in 1702, they had not the like fuc
cefs. It contains 50,000 inhabitants ;
and the cathedral is a handfome ftruClure,
It is 45 miles W Gibraltar, and 90 W by
S Malaga, lon. 611 W,lat. 36 31 N.
Cadore, the capital of the diftriCl o(
Cadorino, in Italy ; and the blrthpl-ace of
Titian, the painter. It is 15 miles N
Belluno, lon. 12 o E, lat. 46 28 N.
Cadorino, a province of Italy, in the
territory of Venice ; bounded on the E by
Eriuli

i; A fi

C A F

FrluU Proper, on the S and W by the
BeUunefe, and on the N by Brixen. It is
a mountainous country, and the chief
town is Cadore.
Cadfand, an illand on the N coaft of
Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheld,
which river It commands.
Caen, a confiderable city of France, In
the department of Calvados and late pro
vince of Lower Normandy, of which it
was the capital. It has a celebrated uni
verfity, and an academy of literature.
The Inhabitants are computed at 40,000.
The caftle has 4 towers, built by the En-
gUffi. The firft ftone of the noble bar
racks was laid in 1786, by the unfortu
nate Lewis XVI. The late abbey of St.
Stephen was founded by WlUiam the Con
queror, who was buried In it. "Fhe river
Orne runs through the city, to which the
tide brings up Targe veffels. It Is 65
mfles W by S Rouen, and 125 W Paris,
lon. o 17 'W, lat. 49 II N.
Caer. Fbr fome places that frequently
begin thus, as Caerdiff, fee under Car.
Caerleim, a town in Monmouthfliire,
with a market on Thurfday. It was a
Roman town, as Is evident from the ari-
tlquities found here; and It has the ruins
of a caftle. It is feated on the Uflc, 19
miles S W Monmouth, and 148 W by N
London, ten. 3 o W, lat. 51 40 N.
Caerphilly, a town In Glamorganfliire,
with a market on Thurfday, feated be
tween the "Faafe and Rumny. It is
thought that the walls, now in ruins,
were built by the Romans, whofe coins
are dug up here. It Is five miles N.Lan-
daff, and 15^ W London, lon. 3 18 W,
lat. 51 33 N. _
Caer^went, a village In Monmouthfliire,
famous for a beautiful teffelatcd* pave
ment, dlfcovered here in 1777; and
afl'erted to be fuperior to any fuch dlfco
vered on this fide the Alps, and equal to
thofe preferved at PortlcL It Is 4 miles
S W Chepftow.
Caerivis, A town ill Flintfliire, with a
market on Tuefday, 5 miles W Flint, and
203 N W London, lou. 3 30 W, hit. 53
12 N.
Cafria, a town of Paleftine built by
Herod ; the buildings, private houfes, as
well as palaces were all of marble. The
harbour was formed by a mole 200 feet
long, raifed in water 20 fathom deep.
Stones were ufed 50 feet long, 18 wide,
9 deep, fome greater, fome lefs. Here Pe
ter inftruCled Cornelius, and his friends ;
here lived Philip the EvangeUft ; here
Paul defended himfelf againft TertuUus ;
Vot. II. P

here Herod was fmltten by the angel of
God ; here Eufeblus the Hiftorlan vvas
born. It is 40 miles N Acre, 30 S Joppa,
?6 E Jerufalem. [Topographic DiCL]
Caefarea Phillipi, once caUed Paneas
and Dan, a town of Paleftine at the head
of the Jordan. It Is 20 miles £ Damaf
cus, 2oWSidon, and 100 S Jerufalem.
[Topographic DICl.]
Caffa, A town of the Crimea, vvith an
excellent harbour. It was taken, In 1 266,
by the Genoefe, who made it the feat of
their trade in the Eaft, and one ofthe
moft flourlfliing towns in Afia. It was
taken from them, by the Venetians, la
1297, but foon recovered ; however, In
1474, the Tartars, affifted by the Turks,
finally expelled them. It vvas the laft
pbft in the Crimea bf which the Genoefe
retained the fovereignty. Caffa was the
Theodofia of the ancients ; a name which
has been reftored to It fince the Ruffians
became poffeffed of the Crimea. It Is
furrounded by a ftrong wall ; the houfes
are 4000, built of earth, and are fmall.
The foil is dry, the air wholefome, the
water bad. It is feated on the Black Sea,
150 miles N E Conftantinople, lon. 35
45 E, lat. 45 8 N. [Chardin, Hanway.]
Caffa, Strait of the ancient Cimmerian
Bofphorus, a ftrait that forms the com
munication between the Black Sea and
the fea of Afoph.
Caffraria, a country of Africa, lying to
the S of the tropic of Capricorn, and ex
tending along the Indian Ocean to the
mouth of the Great fifli River, in lat. 30
30 S. By this river it is divided from
the country of the Hottentots. Its other
boundaries cannot, at prefent, be afcer-
talned, it having never been vifited by any
European, before the journey which lleut.
Paterfon made in thefe parts in 1779.
The Caffres are tall and well proportion
ed ; and, in general, evince great courage
In attacking Uons and other beafts of prey.
Their Ikin is a jet black, their teeth white
as ivory, and their eyes large. The cloth
ing of both fexes is the fame, confifting
entirely of the hides of oxen, which are
as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails
of different animals tied round their
thighs ; pieces of brafs in their hair, and
large Ivory rings on their arms : they are
adorned alfo with the hair of lions, and
feathers faftened on their heads, with
many other fantaftlcal ornaments. They
are fo fond of dogs, that if one particu
larly pleafes them, they will give tvvo
bullocks in exchange for it ; and their
exercife is hunting, fighting, or dancing. The-^

C A H

C A I

They are expert in throwing their lances,
and, in time of war, ufe fliields made of
the hides of oxen. The women are cm-
ployed in the cultivation of their gardens
and corn. They raife feveral vegetables,
which are not indigenous to the country,
as tobacco, watermelons, kidneybeans,
and hemp. They have great pride in
their cattle ; and cut their horns in fuch
a way as to be able to turn them into
any fliape they pleafe : when they vvifli
their cattle to return, they go a little way
from the houfe and blow a whiftle, which
is fo conftruCled as to be heard at a great
diftance, and In this manner bring them
all home, without any difficulty. Their
huts are higher and more commodious
than thofe of the Hottentots, and their
lands more fertile ; but their oxen, and
almoIE all their animals, are much fmall
er: Induftry is the leading trait in the
charaCler of the Caffres, who are diftin
guiffied frMir their neighbours to the S
by their fondnefs for agriculture. They
have a high opinion of the Supreme Be
ing, and of his power : they beUeve In a
future ftate of rewards and punlffiments,
but think that the world had no begin
ning, and wiU-be everlafting.. They have
no facred ceremonies, and never pray.
They inftruCl their children themfelves,
having no priefts. Inftead of thefe, they
have a kind of conjurors whom they
greatly revere. They are governed by
an hereditary king, whofe power is very
Uroited, receiving no tax, and having no
troops at his command ; but being per
mitted to take as many wives as he plea
fes, he has a larger portion of land to cul
tivate, and a greater number of cattle to
tend and feed. His cabin is neither
higher, nor better decorated than the reft;
and his whole family live around him,
compofing a group of I2 or 15 huts. The
diftance of the diffe-rent hordes makes it
neceffary that they fliould have inferior
chiefs, who are appointed by the king.
They are a friendly, hofpitable people.
Cagli, an ancient epifcopal' town of
Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the foot
of the Appennines, 20 miles S BJrbiuo,
lon. la 42 E, lat. 43 20 N.
Cagliari, an ancient and rich city, cap
ital of Sardinia, with an archbifliop's fee,
a univerfity, a caftle, and a good harbour.
The French made an unfuccefsful attack
upon this place in January 1793, Ion. 9
14 E, lat. 39 27 N.
Cahors, A confiderable tovvn of France,
in the department of Lot, and late prov
ince of Querci, with a biffiop's fee, and a

univerfity. It Is feated on a peninfafa
made by the river Lot, and built partly
on a craggy rock. There are 3 bridges
over the river. The cathedral Is a Gothic
ftruClure, and has a large fquare fteeple.
It has a manufaClure of fine cloths and.
ratteens, and furniflies exceUent red wine.
It was taken by affauU.In 1580, by Hen
ry IV, by means of petards, vvhich were
firft employed here. The garrifon con
fifted of aooo men ; the affailants were
not more than 1500 ; and they fought 5
days and nights- In the ftreets. In one of
the fuburbs are the remains of a Roman
amphitheatre. Cahors is 50 miles N W
Alby, and 287 S Paris, ten. i 32 E, lat..
44 26 N.. ,
Cajanaburg, the capital of E Bothnia,
in Sweden, on Lake Cajania, three
hundred miles N E Abo, lon. 27 45 £,
lat. 64 13 N.
Cajazzo, or Cajaizza, an epifcopal town
of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, 22 miles
N E Naples, lon. 14 34 E, lat. 41
10 N. ^
Caiffa, A town of Paleftine on the Med
iterranean. It Is defended by ftrong
walls, flanked by towers. One of ftone
with embrazures overlooks the town at
the diftance of 300 yards. This, how
ever, is commanded by mount Carmel..
The place is not tenable againft cannon.
[Bonaparte]
Caifong, a large and populous city of
China, feated on the Hoangho, in the
province of Honan. When befieged by
the rebels, in 1642, they cut the dikes of
the river, which drowned 300,000 ofthe
inhabitants, as well- as the army of the be-
fiegers, confifting of 100,000 men, loni
113 27 E, lat. 25 o N.
Calf of Man, a fmall ifland in the
Irifli Sea, near the S W coaft of the llie
of Man, lon. 4 4 W, lat, 54 I' N,
Cairngorm, A mountain of Scotland, in
the E of InveEnefsfliIre, the lofty top of
vvhich Is patched with fnow. It is fa
mous for beautiful rock cryftals of vari
ous tints, much efteemed By lapidaries ;
and fome of them, having the luftre of
fine gems, bring a high price.
Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city, cap
ital of Egypt, with a caftle built on a
rock. It confifts of 3 towns, about a mile
apart ; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the
port termed ElUac The ancient tovvn
had the name of Mcfra. Old Cairo is
reduced to a fmaU place, through the har
bour for boats that come fropl Upper
Egypt. Some of the beys have country
houles here, to vvhich they retire when the

€ A I

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&.e country is overflowed by the Nile.
New Cairo is a mile from the river, and
7 miles in circumference. It has 3 or 4
grand gates, but the ftreets are narrow,
and look like lanes. The fineft houfes
arc buil,t round a court, in which they
make the beft appearance, having few
or no windows next the ftreet. To the
W of the caflie are the remains of fome
grand apartments, covered with domes,
and adorned with mofaic pictures of
trees and houfes : thefe are now ufed for
weaving and embroidering. StUl higher
is Jofcph's Hall, whence there is a de
lightful profpeCl over the city, the pyra
mids, and all the cbuntry round. It vvas
probably a terrace to that magnificent
room which is now open on the top, and
is adorned with large beautiful pillars of
red granite. There are feveral pubUc
^agnios, very handfome within, and ufed
as places of refreflimcut and diverfion,
efpecially for the women, who go there
twice a week ; but the wives of great
men have baths at home It Is exceed
ingly populoits ; leveral families living In
one houfe, and a number of people In
each room ; In the bufy time of the day,
the ftreets are fe crowded, that it is diffi
cult to pafs along. It is fuppofed there
are 400,000 iBhabItants,fome fay 700,000.
The women have greater liberty here
than In any part of the Turkifli empire ;
and there are particular ftreets vvhere the
courtezans fit at the doors, richly dreff
ed. The C'alifli is a canal which con
veys the waters of the Nile irito the city ;
it is 20 feet broad, and has houfes on
each fide of it. As foon as the water be
gins to rife, they clofe the Hiouth of the
canal with earth, and place a mark, to
fliow the time when this and all other
canals in the kingdom are to be opened,
which Is done with great folemnity. The
houfes of the better fort are of hewn
ftone, a or j ftorles high. Thofe of the
lower clafs are of unburnt brick. Ignor
ance and barbarity reign within. None
but merchants can read or write. In
Old Cairo the Coptis have 12 churches
and a convent. "I'he Roman Catholics
have a hofpital belonging to the fathers
of the Holy land. The Jews have a fyn
agogue, faid to be built, A.D. 237. They
fuppofe they pofl'efs a manufcript of the
Old Teftainent, written by Ezra , none
are permitted to touch it. Here are alfo
I a mofques. In New Cairo are 26 fyna
gogues ; one is of the ancient Efl'enes,
who rejeCl all oral traditions. The town
extends a miles E to a mountiiia. The

canal paffipg through It, when dry Is ufed
for a ftreet. Seated on the Nile, 100
miles from its mouth. The place is
pleafant. Imagine feveral fquares about
the city, and one In the centre 2 miles in
circumference, filled with water a great
part of the year. Thefe in fair evenings
are covered with boats and barges of
both fexes ; the houfes round' are Illu
minated ; the windows fiUed vvith cheer
ful company ; mufic and fire-works en
liven the fcene : It is moft delightful !
When the waters difappear, the future
harveft foon waves on the very fpot
where the boats had failed. "Fhey have
the art fo to warm an oven, that 8000
eggs are hatched at a time. Chickens
have been fo hatched in Italy and France.
I'here are not lefs than 300 mofques in
Cairo, the lofty minarets of which pre- ,
fent a very plKfturefque appearance. The
Europeans have confuls and faClors here ;
and it was a place of very great trade,
before the difcovery of the Cape of Good
Hope, Ipn. 31 27 E, lat. 30 2 N.
[Pococke, Lufignan, Sonini, Irwin.]
Cairoan, or Kairoan, A town of the
kingdom of Tunis, on the river Magrida,
80 miles S Tunis, lon. 10 la E, lat. 35
ao N.
Caithnefiffire, the mofl northerly coun
ty of Scotland, bounded on the N by the
Pentland Frith, on the S E by the Britifli
Ocean, and on the W by Sutherland-
fliire. Its greateft extent is ^5 miles from
N to S, and ao from E to W. "I'he whole
S W part is occupied by grt.it mount
ains, the abode of rocs and a variety of
game ; and the lakes are often reforted
to by nuinerous waterfowls.
Caket, A town of Perfia, near i^C^unt
Caucafus. Its trade confifts chiefly in
filks, lon. 46 15 E, lat. 33 o N.
Calabria, A coiinty of Naples, divided
into Calabria Citeriore, and Calabria Ul
teriore, or Hither and Further Calabria.
The firft is one of the 12 provinces of
Napiss, bounded on the S by Calabria
Ulteriore, on the N by Bafilicata, and on
the W and E by the Mediterranean. Co
fenza is the capital. Cr.labria Ulteriore
is waflied by the Mediterranean on the
E, S, and W, and bounded hy Calabria
Citeriore on the N. Reggio is the cap
ital. In February and M.irch 1783, a
great part of Calabria, as well as of Sici
ly, was deftroyed by one of the moft ter
rible earthquakes on record. iDelidc the
deftruClion of many towns, villages and
farms, above 40,000 people periflied 'hy
this calamity. Mountains v,-ere Iplit, .ind
vai'iits

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vallies formed In an inftant : new rivers
began to flow, and old ft'reams were funk
into the earth and difappeared : planta
tion^ were removed from their fituations,
and hills carried to diftant places. "Fhe
earthquakes (for there were many ffiocks)
vented their greateft force from the foot
cf the Appennines, extending weftward
to the fea ; In all which vaft traCl, there
was not a fingle village or town, which
was not either totaUy deftroyed, or very
much damaged.
Calais, a leaport of France, in the de-
partmc^at of the Straits of Calais and late
province of Picardy, with a citadel.
It was taken by Edward HIj In I347>
after a memorable fiege of more than ii
months, which has given rife to fome hif-
torical as well as dramatic fiCtion. In
I557> it was retaken by the duke of
Guife. I^ was bombarded by the Eng
lifli in 1696, without receiving much in
jury. The fortifications are good ; but
its greateft ftrength is Its fituation among
the marflies, vyhich luay be overflowed
at the approach of an enemy. In time
of peace there are packet boats, which go
twice a week between Dover and Calais.
It is 21 miles E S E Dover, and 152 N
Paris, lon. i 56 E, lat. 50 58, N.
Calais, St. a town of France, In the de-
partnient of Sarte, and late provipce of
Maine, 16 miles N W Vend&ine.
Calamata a town of Turkey in Europe,
in the Morea. It was taken by the 'Ve
netians, in 1685 ; but the "Furks retook
it. It ftands on the river Spinarza, 8
miles from the Mediterranean, lon. 21 55
E, lat. 37 oN.
Calqmianes, three fmall Iflands of Afia,
bct\,f.eri Borneo and the PhUippincs, and
N Parago. They are famous for their
edible bird nefts, lon. 1185 E, lat. 11 oN.
Calat.ijnil, a town of Spain, in Arragon,
at the confluence of iXalpn, and Xiloca,
vvith a caftle on a rock, 37 miles S W
Saragoffa, ten. i 9 W, lat. 41 42 N.
Ciilatrava, A town of Spain, in New
Caftile, the chief place of the military or
der of the knights of Calatrava. It Is
feated near the Guadiana, 80 miles S
Madrid, lon. 3 20 W. lat. ^Q 4 N.
Ca-lben, a town of Germany, in the old
marche of Brandenburg, with a good
caftle, 3 a rpiles N Magdeburg.
Calca'r, a town of the duchy of Cleves,
feated near the Rhine, 8 miles S E Cleves,
lon. 5 55 E. iat 51 40N.
Calcinato, A town of Italy, in the Man
tuan, remarkable for a viClory gained
over ths Auftrians, by the French, in

1706. It is 25 miles N E Milan, lon 9
52 E, lat. 45 45 N.
Calcutta, or Fart William, the emporium
of Bengal, fituate on the E fide ofthe
Hoogly, or weftern arm of the Ganges,
100 miles from its mouth, In the bay of
Bengal. It is a modern city, having rif-
en on the fite of the village of Govind-.
P9ur, about 1700. It extends from the
weftern point of Fort William, along the
banks of the river, almoft to the village of
Coffipoor, 4 miles and a half ; the
breadth, in mariy parts, iriconfiderable.
Generally fpeaking, the defcriptiprii of
bne Indian city is a defcriptipn of all ;
being aU built on one plan, with very
narrow and crooked ftreets ; an Incredi
ble number of refervoirs and ponds, and
a great many gardens Interfperfed. A
few of the ftreets are paved with brick,
The houfes are varloufly built ! fome o{
brick, others with mvid, and a greater
proportion with bamboos and mats 1
thefe diff'erent kinds of fabrics, intermix
ed with each other, form a motley appear
ance. Thofe of the latter kinds are in
variably of one ftory, and covered with
thatch ; thofe of brick feldoni exceed »
floors, and have fiat terraced roofs : the
2 former claffes far outnumber the laft,
which are fp thinly fcattered, that fires,
which often happen, do not, fometimes,
meet vvith the bbftruCtlon of a b^Ick
houfe through a vvhole ftreet. But CaU
cutta Is, in part, an exception to this rule
of building ; for there, the quarter in
habited by the Engliffi is compofed en-^
tirely of brick buildings, many of which
have the appearance of palaces. The
line of buildings that furrounds a fides of
the efplanade bf the fort, is magnificent ;
and it adds greatly to the fuperb appeai--
ance, that the houfes are detached from
each other, and Infulated In a great fpace.
The buildings are aU on a large fcale,
from the neceffity of having a free circuv
latioji of air iu a climate, the heat of
which is extreme. The general approach
to the houfes is by a flight of fteps with
grea( projecting porticoes, or -furroupded
by cotennadcs ' or arcades, vvhich give
them the appearance of Grecian temples.
But the rernainder pf the city, and by
much the greateft part, is built as before
defcribed. Calcutta has been wonder
fully Improved both in appearance and
in the falubrity pf the air, for the ftreets
have been properly drained, and the
ponds filled up. It is fuppofed to contaia
at leaft 500,000 inhabitants. 'I'he mix
ture of European and Afia'tic m'anners th*t

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that may be obferved here, is curious :
coaches, phaetons, chaife, with the palan
keens and hackeries pf the natives, the
paffing ceremonies of the Hindoos, and
the different appearances of the fakirs
form a fight more extraordinary, perhaps,
than any other city can prefent. The
hackery here mentioned is a fmall cover
ed carriage upon two wheels, drawn by
bullocks, and ufed generally for the fe
male part of the family. The Ganges is
navigable up to the town for the larg
eft fliips that vifit India. Here is the
feat of the governor general and council
of Bengal, who have a controul over the
prefidencies of Madras, Bombay, and
Bencoolen, Here is Ukewlfe a fupreme
court of judicature, in which juftice is
difpenfed, according to the laws of Eng
land, by a chief juftice and 3 puifne
judges. In 1756 Calcutta was taken by
the foubah of Bengal, who forced the
feeble garrifon, to the amount of 146
perfons, into a prifon caUcd the Black
Hole, a cube of 18 feet, out of which
only 23 came alive. It was retaken the
next year ; the viClory of Plaffey fol
lowed ; and the Inhuman foubah was de-
pofed, and put to death by his fucceffor.
Immediately after this viClory the erec
tion of Fort WlUiam commenced, which
is fuperior to any fortrefs In India.
Calciitta is 1030 miles NNE Madras,
lon. 88 a8 E, lat. aa a3 N.
Calder, a river in Yorkffiire, which
rifes on the borders of Lancaffiire, and
paffipg by Huddersfield and Wakefield,
faUs into the Aire 8 miles below the lat
ter place. It is navigable the greater
part of its courfe.
Caledonia, New, A large Ifland, In the S
Pacific Ocean, extending from 191022
S lat. and from 163 to 167 E lon. It
was difcoyered by captain Cook, in 1774,
The inhabitants are ftrong, aClive, and
well made ; their hair is black, and much
frizzled, but not woolly ; their beards
are crifp and thick ; they bcfmear their
faces with black pigment ; and their on
ly covering Is a wrapper, made from the
bark of a tree, or of leaves. They cul
tivate the foil with fome art and Induftry,
but fubfift chiefly on roots and fifli.
Plantains and fugar canes are not plenti
ful, breadfruit is very fcarce, and the
cocoa nut trees are but thinly planted ;
but their yams and taras are in great
abundance. Their houfes are circular
like a bee hive, and as clofe and warm ;
being formed of fmall fpars and reeds,
covered with teng coarfe grafs, and the

floor laid vvith dry grafi. They depolit
their dead In the ground, and decorate
the grave of their chiefs with fpears,
darts, paddles. Sac. aU ftuck upright in
the ground about it. They are of a pa
cific dil'pofition, and their women arc
much cliafter than thofe of the more
eaftern Iflands.
Calenberg, a caftle of Lower Saxony,
capital of the duchy of Brunfwick Calen
berg, feated on the river Lein.-i, 10 mUcs
S Hanover, lon lo 5 E lat. 52 15 N
Caillree (La,) a town of France, in the
department of the Vendee and chief
place of a canton, in the diftriCl of La
Chataigneraye ; 4 leagues and a half
N E Lujon.
Calicut, a country on the coaft of M-al-
abar, 62 miles in length, and as much in
breadth. It produces pepper, ginger,
aloes, and rice'; and the trees are alvvavs
green. There is a tree, which produces
a kind of dates, from which is obtained
fugar and oil. This country was fubjcCl
to TIppoo Sultan, regent of Myfore ;
but, in 1792, part of it was ceded to the
Englifli £ India Company.
Calicut, A city, capital of a country of
the fame name, on the coaft of Malabar.
It has 6000 houfes fo diftant from each
other that there are gardens between.
It was the firft Indian port vifited by
European fliipplng ; being dlfcovered by
the Portuguefe, when they came to the
£ Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, in
1498. The EngUfli have a faClory here.
It Is 320 miles W S W Madras, lon, 74 24
E, lat. II 18 N. [Hamilton, De Gama.]
Calla Sufung A town of the Ifland of
Bouton, in the Indian Ocean. It is a
mile from the fea, on the top of a hill,
encompaffed with cocoa nut trees. There
Is a ftone wall round the town, and the
houfes are built on pofts. "Fhe religion
of the inhabitants is the Mahometan,
and they fpeak the Malayan language.
The people are fmall, well fliaped, and
of a dark olive colour, lon. 123 45 E, lat.
50S.
Callen, a town of Ireland, in the coun
ty of Kilkenny, 10 miles S W Kilkenny,
lon. 7 6 W, lat. 53 28 N.
Callimacha, a town of Chio, remarkable
for producing niaftic. It is well peopled,
and has 6 Greek churches within the
walls, and 30 round it. [Mariti.]
Ca'lao, a fortrefs of the Neiherhmds, in
the territory of Waes, on the Scheld, fub
jcCl to Auftria. The Dutch were defeat
ed hereby the Spaniards in 1638. It is
5 nules

CAM

CAM

5 miles 'W Antwerp, lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51
13 N.
Callington, A borough in Cornwall, with
a market on Wednefday. It fends, 2 mem
bers to pariiament, and is fituaje on the
I^ynher, 12' miles S Launceftpn, and 217
W by S London, lon. 4 ^5 W, lat. 50
30 N.
Calmar, a ftrong feaport of Sweden, In
the province of Smoland, divided from
the Ifle of Oehmd, by a ftrait about 7 miles
broad in Its narroweft part. It contains
.450 houfes, the ftreets crofs at right an
gles. It is celebrated in the hiftory of the
J^orth, as the place where the deputies of
Sweden, Denmark, aud Norway, were
•appointed to affemble for the eleClion of
a king, according to the union of Calmar.
On an eminence, half a mile from the
town, is the caftle, the only remains of Its
ancient magnificence. This palace, once
the refidence of the Illuftrious Queen
Margaret, Is now converted intb a diftil
lery. It Is 150 miles S W Stockholm,
lon. 16 27 E, lat. 56 40 N. [Coxe.]
Calne, a borough in Wiltfliire, vvith a
market on Tuefday. It fends a members
to parliament, and Is feated on a river of
the fame name, a5 miks E Briftol, and 88
W London, lon. i 59 W, lat. 51 30 N.
Calvados, A department of France, in
cluding part of the late province of Nor
mandy, It is fo called from a rock of the
fame name. Caen Is the capital.
Calvary, Mount, a hill near Jerufalem,
on which Jefus Chrif was crucified. The
greater part of it is enclofed with a wall,
within which is a church, furronnded
with chapels, fmall churches and lodgings,
¦ inhablied by various fcCls of chriftians. [Sealy.]
Calvi, an epifcopal town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, 8 miles N Capua, Ion.
14 19 E, lat. 41 15 N.
Calvi, a town of Corfica, on a craggy
mouritain and gulf of the fame name, with
a ftrong fortrefs and a good harbour. It
was taken from the French, by the Eng
lifli, Aug. 10, 1794 ; and Is 32 miles S W
iBaftia, lon, 9 16 E,lat. 4a 26 N.
Cam, or Grant, a river which rifes in
Herts, and flowing by Cambridge Into the
ifle of Ely, there faUs Into tbe Oufe, to
which river it is navigaUe from Cam
bridge. Camarana, an Ifland of Arabia, In the
Red Sea, where there Is a fifliery for
white coral and pearl oyfters.
Camarat, a feaport of France, In the de
partment of Finifterre and late province
of Brittany. In an expedition againft Breft,

in 1694, the EngUffi landed here, and loft
a great number of men. It ftands on 4.
bay of the fame name.
Cambay, A large city of Hindooftan
Proper, In tbe province of Guzerat. It
ftands on a deep and dangerous gulf of
the fame name, and vvas the Camanes of
Ptolemy. Its produCls and manufactures
are inferior to thofe of few towns In In
dia ; for the country abounds In corp,
cattle, and filk ; and cornelian and agate
ftones are found In its rivers. It is twp
leagues In circumference, built of hewn
ftone. The Inhabitants are npted for tm.
broidery ; and fonie of tlieir guilts have
been valued at 40I. It is fubjeCl to the
Poonah Mahrattas, 2;nd Is 5 7 miles S Am
edabad, of vvhich It is the port, lon. 1%
10 E, lat. 22 25 N. [Hamilton.]
Cambodia, or Cambeya, A country of Alia,
bounded on the N by Laos, on the E by
Cochin China and Chlampa, on the S by
the fea, and on the W by Siam, about 135
leagues In length, and 50 In breadth. The
air is exceedingly hot, which compels the
Inhabitants to refide chiefly by the fides
of rivers or lakes, where they are tor-:
mented by mulkettoes. The foil is fer
tile, producing corn, rice, exceUent Ict
gumes, fugar, Indigo, opium, camphor,an(|
different riiedicliial drugs in abundance ;
raw filk and ivory are of little value.
Gold, of great purity, anjethifts, hyacinths,
rubies, topaffes, and other precious ftones,
are found; cattle, of the cow kind, are
exceedingly numerous, a tolerable good
one may be purchafed for a crown, and
140 pounds of rice for 4d. Elephants,
lions, tygers, and alnioft all the animals
of the deferts of Africa, are found there.
Among the trees are the fandal and eagle
wood, and a particular tree. In the juice
of which they dip their arrows ; a wound
given from one of the arrows, is faid to
prove mortal, though the jiilce Itfelf may
be drank without danger. This country,
fo rich by nature, is almoft a defert, the
king being fcarcely able to affemble 30,060
men. The inhabitants are a mixture of
Japanefe and Malays, with fome Portu
guefe, who live without priefts, and have
intermarried with the natives. Their re
ligion is idqlatry ; the men are in general
weU made, with Ippg hair, and of a yel
low countenance ; their drefs Is a long
and large robe, the drefs of the women is
fliorter and clofcr ; they are handfome,
but immodeft. They manufacture ex
ceeding fine cloth, and their needle work
Is much admired.
Cambodia, the capital of a kingdom of
the

CAM

CAM

fhe fame name, in Afia, feated oP the riv
er Mecan, or Cambodia, 150 miles from
its mouth, lon. 104 5 E, lat. 13 10 N.
Cambray, A fortified city of France, in
the department of the North and late
province of the Cambrefis. It vvas lately
an archiepifeopal fee, but is now only A
bifliopric. It has a citadel and fort, and
a confiderable manufacture of cambrics,
which took their name from this city. It
IS feated on the Scheld, 22 miles S E Ar
ras, and Ida N Paris, lon. 3 ao E, lat.
50 II N.
Cambrefis, A late province of Frarrce, 25
miles In length ; bounded on the N and
E by Hainault, on the S by Picardy, and
on the W by .'irtois. Cambray is the
capital ; and it is riow included in the
department of the North,
Cambridge, the county town bf CaBI^
bridgefliire, and feat ef a celebrated uni
verfity, fituate on the river Cam, It con
fifts of 14 pariflies ; and is governed by
a mayor, who, on entering upon his of
fice, takes an oath to maintain the privi
leges of the univerfity. The town hall
and, fliire houfe are the only buildings of
note that do not belong to the univerfity :
the county goal Is the galjehoufe of an an
cient caftle, buUt by WiUiam the con
queror. It has a market on Wednefday
and Saturday ; and in the market-place,
which confifts of two fpacious oblong
fquares, united together. Is a ceiiduit that
is conftantly running. The univerfity is
fuppofed to have been founded during
the heptarchy. It contains 12 colleges
aud 4 halls, which, unlike thofe at Ox
ford, have equal privileges ^^^th the col
leges. "Fhe colleges are, Peter Houfe,
Corpus Chrifti or Eennet, King's, Queen's,
Jefus Chrift's, St. Jotiu*'s, Magdalen, "I'rin-
ity, ^manuel, and Sidney Suffex. The
halls are, Clare, Pembroke,, "Frinity, and
Catharine. Of the colleges, Peter Houfe
is the moft ancient, being founded In
1257 ; and King's iind Trinity coUeges
the moft confiderable. King's coUege Is
the nobleft foundation in Europe, and the
chapel one of the fineft pieces of Gothic
architeClure in the world. The library,'
chapel, &c. of Trinity college juftly place
it in the firft rank. The other ftruClures
belonging to the univerfity are the fenate
houfe, a fine edifice, which, with St, Ma
ry's church, the fchools, the univerfity
lilji^ary, and other buildings, forms a noble
fquare. Here is alfo a botanical garden,
and a general hofpital, called Adden-
brooke's, from the name of the founder.
Cambridge fends 4 members to parka-

menf, 2 for the borough and 2 for the
univerfity. It is 1 7 miles SEly,and 51
N by E London, lon. o 4 E, lat. 52 12 N.
Cambridge, A village in Gloucefterfliire,
near Berkeley, on the river Cam. , Here
the Danes were attacked by Edward the
Elder, and fome thoufands pf them were
killed. Cambridgeffire, a county , of England,
bounded on the N W by Lincolnfllire, en
the NE by Norfolk, on the E by Suffolk,
on the S by Efl'ex and Herts, ;md 'on the
W by the counties of Huntingdon, Bed
ford, and Northampton. It extends 50
miles from N to S, and 25 from E to W.
It lies in the diocefes of Ely and Norwich,
contains 17 hundreds, a city, a univerfity,
7 market towns, and- 163 parlffies ; and
fends 6 members to parliament, I'he
principal rivers arethe Grant, Oufe, Nen,
and Cam, The air and foil vary extreme
ly ; fome parts, efpecially the fouthern
and eaftern, are pleafant and healthy ;
but the northern part, called the Ifle of
Ely, Is tew and fenny from the confluence
of many rivers. All the waters of the
middle part of England, which do not run
Into the Thames or the Trent, fall Into
thefe fens ; and In the latter part of the
year, when they are overflowed by water,
they appear covered with fogs ; fo that
while the higher grounds of the adjacent
country glitter vrith the beams of the fun,
the Ifle of Ely appears wrapt In a mifl.
The inhabitants of Cambridgeffiire are
33,000, the acres of land are 443,300.
See Bedford Level.
Camclfard, A borough in Cornwall,
vvith a market on Friday. It is governed
by a mayor, and fends i members to par
liament. A great quantity of yarn is Ipun
in this place and Its neighbourhood. It
is feated on the river Camel, 24 miles W
Launccfton, and 229 W by S London,
lon. 4 55 W, lat. 50 42 N.
Camerino, an ancient and populous.
town of Italy, In the patrimony of St. Pe
ter, with a biflipp's fee- It is feated on a
inoustain, near the Appennines and the
river Chiento, 37 miles S W Ancona, lon.
13 o E, lat. 43 15 N.
Cmninha, a feaport of Port^igal, In the
province nf Entre Doueroe Minho, at the-
mouth of the Minho, 1 2 miles N Vlana,
lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 50 N.
Cammin, A diftriCl of Pruffjan Pomera
nia, formerly the territory of the biffiop
of Cammin, converted into a priiicipality,
in favour of the houfe of Brandenburg,
by the treaty of Weftphalia. Colbcrg i»
the capital. Cammin,-

CAN

CAN

Cammin, a feaport of Pruffian Pomera
nia, in the principality of the fame name,
feated on the Oder, oppofite the ifle of
Wollin, 30 miles N Stetin, lon. 14 55 E,
lat. 54 4 N.
Campagna, or Campania, a town of Na
ples, in Prlncipato Ulteriore, with a bifli
op's fee, 40 miles S E Naples, ten. 15 19
E, lat. 40 25 N.
Campagna di Roma, anciently Latium, a
province of Italy, in the Ecclefiaftical
State, extending 60 miles S E alo'ng the
Mediterranean to the frontiers of Naples.
Formerly the beft peopled and beft culti
vated fpot In the world, few villages, lit
tle cultivation, and fcarcely any inhabit
ants are now to be feen : no trees, no eii-
clofures ; nothing. In fliort, but the fcat
tered ruins of temples and tombs, vvhich
prefent the idea of a country depopulated
by peftilence. Rome is the capital.
Campbeltan, a borough of Scotland, fitu
ate on a bay, toward the S extremity of
the peninfula of Cantyre, In Argylefliire.
tt has a confiderable trade ; for which it
is principally indebted to its being the
general rendezvous of the fifliing veffels
that annually vifit the W coaft. It is 10
miles W of the Ifle of Arran, lon. 5 4a
W, lat.53a9N.
Campden, a corporate town in Gloucef
terfliire, with a market on Wednefday,
aa miles N E Gloucefter, and 87 W N W
London, lon. i 50 W, lat. 52 4 N.
Campen,A town of the United Provin
ces, Sn Overyffel, with a citadel, and a
port almoft choked up. It vvas taken,
by the Dutch In 1578, and by the French
In 1672 ; but they abandoned it In 1673.
It is feated near the mouth of the Yffel,
on the Zuider Zee, 44 miles N E Amfter
dam, lon. 5 55 E, lat. 52 38 N.
Campoli, A town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, 23 miles N by E Aquila, lon.
43 57 E, lat. 42 42 N.
Campo Major, a town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, 100 miles E LIffion, lon. 7 4 W,
Iat. 38 53 N.
Campredon, A town of Spain, in Catalo
nia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on
the river Ter, 45 miles N Barcelona, lon.
a 16 W, lat. 420 N-
Canal of Briary in France, was begun by
Henry IV, to form a communication be
tween the Slene and the Loire, from
the town of Briare : at Montargis it Is
joined by the canal of Orleans, and in
one ftream faUs into the Seine, at Fon-
tainebleau. Canal (Great,) or Royal Canal of China,
extends from N to S through the cvipire,

and, united vvith feveral rivers iri iti
courfe, ferves to convey goods from Can
ton to Pekin, being interrupted only
about one day's journey by a mountain.
In the province of Kiangfi. This canal
was made by order of Chitfou, chieftain
of the weftern Tartars, and founder of
the twentieth dynafty of Chinefe Empe
rors, and employed 30,000 men upwards
of 40 years.
Canals (Englifi,) it is of few years only
that nivigable canals have been introdu
ced into England. The duke of Bridge*
water feems to have fet the example, in
the year 1756. He originally intended
and obtained an aCl of parliament to
form a canal, for the purpofe of carry
ing, coals from his eftate to Manchefter}
by fubfequent aCls, It was extended far
ther. It begins at Worfley, about 7 miles
from Manchefter, and 4 from Bolton,
in Lancaffiire ; croffiiig the Meffey one
branch turns to Manchefter, and anoth
er to Altringham, In Chefliire, and from
thence to Prefton on the Hole, about 3
miles from Frodfliam : a branch is alfo
made from Bury, and another from Bol
ton, by which a comniunication Is open
ed between thofe towns and Manchefter,
From Afliton under Line a cut is made
to Manchefler, which uniting with the
Merfey, forms a communication between
Stockport'and Manchefter. Since that
time, numerous canals have been made
in different parts of the kingdom, and
aCls are continually paffing for others.
The Staffordfliire Canal,' or Grand Trunk,
as it is called, forms a communication
between the Merfey and the Trent, at
a place called Wilden in Derbyffiire, by
which means goods may eafily be con
veyed from the manufacturing towns of
Lancaffiire, Chefliire, and Staffordfliire, to
the Humber, the German - Ocean, and
the northern parts of Europe. Another
canal from near Bewdly forms a com
munication between the Severn and the
Grand Trunk, near Stafford. Other ca
nals are made to form a communica
tion with the Grand Trunk, near Staf
ford, from Birmingham, Coventry, Ox
ford, Fazeley, Walfal, Wolverhampton,
Wedneffiury, &c. There is a canal fromt
I^iverpool to Leeds, &c ; a canal from
Bafingftoke, In Hampfliire, to the Thames,
at Weybridge ; a canal from Andover,
in Hampfliire, to the riv,er near South
ampton ; .1 canal from Lechlade to the
Severn, between Gloucefter and Berk
ley, &Ci &c.
Canals of Flanders, are numerous, and
form

CAN

CAN

form a communication between Calais,
St. Omer's, Dunkirk, Bergues, Bour-
bourg, Gravelines, Furnes, Nieuport, Of
tend, Bruges, Ghent, &c. with little In
terruption. Canal (Grand Irifh,) extendi from Dub
lin to Atliy, where it joins the river
Barrow. s
Canal (Royal Irifh,) extends from Dub
lin to Ballifcullogs, about a miles from
Johnftown bridge, in the county of Kil-
dare. Canal of Languedoe, in France. This
canal was undertaken in the reign of
Louis XIV, for the purpofe of opening
a communication between the Englifli
Channel and the Mediterranean. It be
gins at Cette, and joins the Garonne
about a quarter of a league below Tou
loufe. Canal of Orleans, a Canal of France,
which begins at Orleans, and unites
with the canal of Briara, at Moritargls.
Canal of Picardy, a canal of France,
which forms a communication between
the rivers Somme and Oife. It begins
at St. Quentin, In the department of
the Aifne, and joins the Oife near la
Fere. Canal of Scotland (Great,) this canal
opens a cbmmunlcation between the
rivers Forth and Clyde ; and facilitates
the conveyance of merchandife from
Ireland and the N W parts of England
to the German Ocean, the E part of
Scotland, and the northern parts of Ger
many, &c. and from the northcaflem
parts of England to the Irifli , Sea \nd
weftern parts of Scotland, with much
freater certainty and lefs danger than
y the former courfe of navigation round
the northern coaft of Scotland.
Canal of Vifchnei Vologok, A canal of
Ruffia, which forms a navigation from
Peterffiurg to Aftrachan, a courfe of
1,100 miles, paffing by or near to Nov
gorod, Vifchnei Vologok, Torjok, Tver,
Moflco'w, Kolo, Zalaiflc, Pronfk, Skopia,
Rigjek, Tambov, Koperlk, Arkadinflcaia,
Donlkaia, Tfchenioiyar, &c.
Cananore, a large feaport, on the coaft
of Malabar. It was ceded by "FIppo
Sultan, regent of Myfore, to the Englifli
E India Company, In 179a, lon. 74 10 E,
lat. 12 o N.
Canara, . A province on the coaft of
Malabar, fubjeCl to the regent of Myfore.
Its moft northerly port is Onore, in lat.
14 40 N.
Canaric', or tlic Grand Canary, the prin
cipal of the Canary Iflands, wliich gives
Vol, II. Q__

nattie to the whole. The temperature t*
its air Is defightful ; its water plentiful;.
and good, and abundance of trees, herbsj.
and deUcIous fruits, are found upon it.
Here are a wheat harvefts, in February
and itylay, and the corn makes bread
as wliite as fnow. It is 4a miles long,
and a7 broad; and lies 18 leagues W by S
Fuertaventura.lon. 15 34W, lat. a8 14 N.
Canary If ands, anciently cafled the For
tunate Iflands, are 7 In number, lying
In the Atlantic Ocean, near the continent
of Africa ; namely-, Palma, Ferro, Gomera-,
Tenerlffe, Canarla, Fuertaventura, and
Lancerota ; to Which may be added fev-^
eral fiilaUer ifles, as Graelofa, Roccas, Al-
legrauBa, St. Clare, Infierno, and Lobos.
They belong to the Spaniards, and pro-^
ducc barley, fugar-canes, and excellent
wine ; and it Is hence that the canary
birds originally came. Thefe iflands are
perhaps the ruins of the great Ifland At-
alantls of vyhich Plato fpeaks. The N E
point of thefe is in lon. 15 38 W, lat a8
13 N. [St, Pierre.]
Canary, the capital of the ifland of Cana»
ria, with a bifliop's fee, an Inquifition, the
fupreme council of the Seven Ifland5,and
a caftle feated on a hlU. "Fhey have fu
gar houfes. In which a great quantity of
fugar Is made. The wine caUed Sack,
has hence been often termed Canary. It
is computed that 10,000 hogflieads are
fent annually to England In time of peace,
lon. 15 50 W, lat. 28 4 N,
Cancalle, a bay On the coaft of France,
10 miles E St. Maloes, where the Eng
lifli made a defcent, under the duke of
Marlborough, in 1758 and hence pro
ceeded to burn the fliips at St. Maloes.
Candahar, a rich trading city of Afia,
capital of a kingdom of the fame name.
While the Perfian and Mogul empires
vvere each entire, It was the frontier for-
tres of Hindooftan toward Perfia : It vvas
efteemed the key of the weftern provin
ces ofthe latter, and frequently changed
mafters, although very ftrong by fituation,
being furrounded by fens and' rocks. It
Is 145 miles S W Cabul, lon. 67 15 E, lat.
33 oN,
Candaliar, a kingdom of Afia, between
the river Indus and Perfia, bounded on
the N by Cabul, on the E by Lahore, on
the S E by Moultan, and on the W by
Perfia. The dominions of the king of
this country extend weftward to the
neighbourhood ofthe city ofTei-fliiffi;
Including Cabul, Peifliore, Ghizni, Gaur,
Segeft.i'n, and Korafan ; a traCl, not lefs
than 650 miles in length ; its breadth un-
knewnj

CAN

CAN

known ; and, on the E fide of the Indus,
he poffeffes the territory of Caflimere,
and fome diftriCls above the city of At
tock. Thefe countries are aU CaUedby
the genera!! name of the Country of the
Abdalli, Ahmed Abdalla, the founder of
this kingdom, was originally the chief of
an Afghan tribe, named Abdal (whence
the name Abdalli) who was ftrlpped of
his country by Nadir Shah, in 1739. On
the death of Nadir, he fuddenly appeared
among his former fubjeCls, and ereCled a
confiderable kingdom In the eaftern part
of Perfia, adding to it moft of the provin
ces to the W of the Indus, which had been
ceded by the Great Mogul to Nadir
Shah, tfegether with Caflimere on the E
of that river.
Candia., an Ifland in the Mediterranean,
formerly Crete, lying to the S of the
Archipelago. The caprtal, of the fame
name, though populous formerly. Is, little
better than a defert, there, being nothing
but rubbifli, except at the bazar or nrar-
ket-place ; and the harbour of Candia is
now fit for nothing but boats ; but the
walls- of the town are ftanding, and it is
the fee of a Greek archbifliop. This Ifl-
aadiwas taken by the Turks, In-1669, af
ter a war of 25 years. It was attempted
to be retaken- by tlie Venetians, in 1692,
>vithout effect. The produCls- are corn,
wine, oil, wool, filk, and excellent hoj^ey.
.The air is good ; and it Is chiefly inhab
ited by Greeks, who bear a good char
aCler. Mount Ida, fo famous in hiflory,
is in the middle of this ifland, and is no
thing but a huge, ugly, fliarp-pointed em
inence, with not the leaft Ihadow of a
landfcape. Candia is 200 miles in length,
,and 50 in breadth. ',Not an eighth of the
houfes are now inhabited. More than
1000 cities, towns and vilLgcs are redu
ced to 300. It Is 500 milts S W Con
ftantinople, lon. 25 1 8 E, .hit. 35 1 8 ,N.
[Thevenot,]
Candeiff, a rich and populous. province,
in the Deccan of Hindooftan, fubjeCl to
the Boonah Mahrattas. It is bounded on
.the N by Malwa, on the E by Berir, on
the S by Dowlatabad, and oa the W by
Baglana. Candlemas Ifles, near the coaft of Sand
wich Land, lon. 27 13 W, I-it. 57 10 S.
Canity, A kingdom, of Ceylon, contain
ing about a quarter of the Ifland. It Is full
of hiUs, whence rivulets proceed; and
the Inhabitants are dexterous in turning
them to water their land, which is fruit
ful in rice, pulfe, and hemp. The king
is abfolute, and his 'fubjeCls arc idolaters.

Candy, the capital of a kingdom of the
fame name, in the ifland of Cejdon, It
was often burnt by the Portuguefe, when-
they wore mafters of thefe cballs, ten, 80
52 E, lat. 7 45 N.
Cane, Orotta del, a celebrated grotto, on
the banks- of Lake d' Agnano, feven niiles-
from Puzzoli, in the kingdom of Naples,
Here many dogs have been tortured and
fuffocated, to fliow the effeCl of a vapour,)
which rifes a foot al»ove the bottom of
this cave, and Is deftru'ClIve to animal
life. A dog having his head- held in this
vapour, Is convulfed in a few minutes,
and foon after falls motlonlefs to the
earth. The fellows who attend at the
cave, have always fome miferable dogs,,
with ropes about their necks, ready for
; this cruel purpofe.
Canea, a confiderable town of the ifland
of Candia, with, a good harbour. The
environs are adorned with forefts of
olive trees, mixed with- fields, vineyards,
¦ gardens, and brooks, bordered with myr
tle trees-, and laurel rofes. It vi'as taken.
by the Turks; in 1645, after- a defence of
2 months, In which the viClors loft near
ly 20,000 men, ten. 24 1-5 E,'lat. 2,5 20 N.
Caneto, A town of Italy, in the Mantu
an, on the river Oglio, feveral times taken
and retaken by the French and Auftrians.
It is 20 miles 'W Mantua, lou. 10 22 E, ,.
lat. 45 9 N.
Cangerecora, A large river of the penin
fula of Hindooftan. It defcends from the
Gauts-, and flowing S W to the coaft o£
Malabar, enters the Indian Ocean, four
miles to the N Mount Dilla ; previou/ly
to which its courfe Is paraflel With the
feacoaft for about 11 miles, being feparat
ed only by a fpit of fand.
Canina, the capital of a diftriCl of the
fame name, In the N part of Albania,
a province of Turkey, in Europe, lying
near the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 8
miles N Vetena,lon.i9 25 E,lat 41 12 N.
Cannay, one of the weftern ifles of Scot
land, S W of the ifle of Skya. In this fer
tile Ifland, are vaft bafaltic columns.whlfh.
rife above each other to a great height,
in. many fucceflive ranges, each feparated'
from the other by a ftratum of pebbly,
concretions, refembling puddingftone.
On the E fide of the Ifland, the tops of '
an Imnienfe number, of thefe columns
appear at low waler, forming a fort of
caufeway of furprifing extent, the fur
face of which Is fmooth and regular,
Uke an ordinary paved ftreet.
Cannes., fee. Canofa.
Canoguc, a tovvn of Hindooftan Proper, iii

CAN

C A'N-

in the proJShce of Agra, feated on the
Ganges, near its confluence vvith the
Calini. It is faid to have been built more
.thap 1000 years before the Clirlftian era,
^nd to have been the capital of all Hin
dooflan, ,ppder the predeceffor of Porus,
who fought againft Alexander, in the
year 326 before ijhrift. In the 6tli cen
tury, it was faid to contain 30,000 fliops,
in whicli beteluut (which the Indians
almoft univerfally chew) vvas fold. It is
now reduced to the fize of a middling
town. It is 127 miles ^ E Agra, lon. 80
13 E, lat. 27 3 N.
Canobia, A towu pf Italy, in the IVfilan-
efe, pn Lake Maggiore, 25 miles NNW
Milan, ten. 8 44 E, lat. 45 55 N
Canofa, A town of the kingdoin of Na
ples, In Terra di Bari. It contains not
more than 300 houfes, but ftands on the
fite of the ancient Canufium, one of the
moft populous and m:ignificent cities of
Italy. Between Canolio and the river
Pfanto, are ftill fome traces of the an
cient town of Cannae, in the plain of
which, now cidled the field of blood, was
fought the celebrated battle between
Hannibal and the Romans, wherein the
latter loft 45,000 pjen, lon. 16 32 E, lat.
41 30 N. [Adam.]
Canflai, a town of Sual^Ia, in the duchy
pf Wirtemburg, feated on the Neckar,
a miles N E Stutgard, lon. 9 14 E, lat. 48
53 N. ,
Cantal, a department of France, inclpd-
Ing part of the late province of Auverg-
pe. It Is fo called from a high mountain,
near St. Flour, almoft always covered
with ihow. The capital is St. Flour.
Cantazara, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Calabria Citeriore, fituate near the left,
2omilesE Nic^ftro, ion. 16 47 E, lat 39
3 N. Canterbury, an ancient city, tfee capital
of Kent, with an archb.Ifliop's fee, th^ me-
tropoUtan of all England. The cathedral,
a large ftruClure, vvas once famous for the
flirine of Thomas Becket, vifited by pil
grims from aU parts of Europe. Its mid
dle tower Is 235 feet high, a6 niiles E S E
Rocefter, apd 5(} Londop, Ipn. i 4 E, lat.
51 19 N, [Bowen.]
Cantin Cape, A promontory of the At
lantic Ocean, ou the coaft of Morocco;
lon. 9 5 W, lat. 32 49 N.
Canton, the greateft port of China. It
has a garrifon aud is ftrongly fortified. It
ftands on the Ta, 50 miles from its mouth,
9 noble river, navigable many miles high
er. The city Is 20 niUes in corapaft, con
tains 2,000,000 inhabitants, and often fees

5000 trading veffeb at a tune waiting .ip
receive their rich commodities, 'fliie
country round prefents a delightful view
of canals, lakes, vales, hills and mount-
.lins, feats of Mandarines, temples, vfl-
lages, and towns. The city is entered at
7 iron gates, which are guarded by armed
foldlers. No European Is allowed to en
ter. In the fuburbs, England, HoUand,
France, Svveden, Denmark, Portugal,
Spain, and the United States, have their
f.iclorles, diftinguiflied by the flag of their
nation. The ftreets are narrow, paved,
and ftraight. The houfes are not magnif
icent, being generally but one ftory high;
but they are very fpacious. The moft
fuperb buildings they have are temples, of
whichthere aremanyadorned vvith images.
The people full in adoration before thefe,
wringing their hands, and beating their
foreheads againft the ground. The ftieets
are'conftantly fo crowded with people
that it Is dlflicplt tp walk them. Their
windows never Ipok tpwards the ftreet or
their neighbours' houfes, excepting in
fliops, and places of public bufinefs. In
fummer their windows are of cane, in
vvinter of oyfter fliells. Thefe arc cut in
diamond fliape, fet in wooden frajnes. In
ftead of a chimney they fet an iron pot
in the middle of the room, filled with
charcoal. In their markets you may fee
dogs, cats, rats, frogs, and fnakes, fold for
food. To prevent diforder, every ftreet
has a gate at each end, which Is fliut at
night. "I'he farne precaution is taken in
the day tipie, if any tumult happen, to
confine every one in his own quarter.
"Fhe waters qf the Ta for 4 or 5 miles op
pofite to the city prefent an extenfive
wooden town of boats an^ large veffels,
fo crowded, that fcarcely can aboat pafs.
Here the poorer families dwell without
ever fetting foot on land. Thefe boats,
having arched roofs, are comfortable hab
itations. Here dogs, cats, geefe, hogs and
other anipials are kept for fale and do
meftic ufe. It is faid their connexion
with Europeans begins to produce a de
generacy of manners among theni, lon.
113, lat. 23 7 N. [Crutwell, Chinefe Trav
eller, Bowen, M'Cartney.]
Cantyre, a narrow peninfula in Argyle
fliire, 50 miles long, and from 5 to 8
broad. It is conueCled on the N by an
ifthmus,. to the mountainous diftriCl of
KLnapdale. Acrofs this ifthmus, vvhich is
fcarce a mile broad, a canal might e:iuly
be cut. It has been ufual, for mnny ages,
to draw beats and fmall veil'els over it, in
order to avoid the dangerous navigation round

CAP

CAP

'round the headland, amid flioals and cur
rents ; hence, probably, it has obtained
the name of "Tarbat, which fignifies a car
rying place. To fhe S the peninfula ter
minates in a great promontory, furround
ed by a group of dangerous rocks, called
the MuU of Cantyre. The foil, in gene
ral, is fertile.
Caork, a fmaU ifland in the gulf of Ve-
jiice, on the coaft of Venetian Friuli, 20
mfles S W Aquileia. It has a town of the
fame name, with a biffiop's fee, ten. 1 2
30 E, lat. 45 42 N.
Capaeia, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in Prlncipato Citeriore, 16 miles S Saler
no, lon. 15 o E, lat. 40 so N.
Cape Verd Iflands, Iflands of Africa, In
the Atlantic, fo called from Cape Verd,
oppofite to which they are fituated, or,
according to fome, from a green plant
•which grows in the fea, near tliem_, re
fembling water creffes, and bearing a
fruit fomcthing like a gopfeberry. "This
plant, called fargoffo, Is fopietlmes found
lo thick as to impede veffels in their
courfe. As to their number, fome reckon
30, others 14 or more, by giving the
name of iflands to thofe which are only
rocks. They are In general mountainous ;
the lower hills are covered with a beauti
ful verdure, as well as the extenfive val
lies between, but with little water, ex
cept what Is found In ponds and wells.
They are faid tb have been, and proba
bly were, known to the ancients, under
the name of Gorgades, but not vifited by
the moderns tiU the year 1449, when they
•were dlfcovered by Antonio NoUi, a Gct
noefe, in the fervice of the Infant Don
Henry, of Portugal. The air Is extreme
ly hot and unwholefome ; It rarely raips,
and the ground is fo hot that one can
hardly ftand In places expofed to the fun.
It Is dangerous to pafs the night In the
open air, for the great heat Is often fuc
ceeded by a fudden cold, vvhich proves
mortal to fuch as are expofed to It. The
foU is for the moft part ftony and barren,
nevcrthelefs, fome parts produce, rice,
maize, bananas, lemons, oranges, citrons,
pomegranates, figs, and melons ; grapes
are gathered twice a year. The manu
faClure of leather and fait form the prin
cipal riches The inhabitants catch and
fait a great number of turtles, which they
fend to America ; they get flaves, fugar,
rice, cotton ftuffs, ambergrlfe, civet, ivory,
!l:iltpctrc, and gold, from the continent.
When firft dlfcovered by the Portuguefe,
they were almoft uninhabited ; by Intro
ducing flaves, black men, and mulattocs

have increafed, but the Portuguefe art
not numerous. Some of the iflands are
yet without Inhabitants; all are under
particular lords, who have furniflied
them with cows, goats, hogs, affes, mules,
&c. Two of them, St. Yago, and St.
Philip, depend immediately on the king,
and are the only ones that are fortified,
The governor excrcifes a military pow
er- The inhabitants are calculated at
100,000, but In the year 1771,7000 were
deftroyed by the drought. Few whites are
now feen ; the tnfluence of the climate
has changed the ancient Portuguefe to
negroes. The governor and priefts are
often negroes. They are fituated about
130 leagues W Cape Verd, and between
the 15 and 18 degrees of N. lat.
Qafelle, a tovvn of Frapce, in the de
partment of Aifne and late province pf
Picardy, 8 miles N E Guife, taken by the
Spaniards in 1636, but retaken the year
after, ten. 3 50 E, lat. 49 58 N.
Capernaum, a city of Paleftine celebrat
ed in the gofpel, as a ufual refidence of
Jefus Chrift. It ftood on the fea of Gali
lee. By the inftruClions of the divine
Saviour they were exalted to heaven, hut
abufing thofe privileges, Chrift declared
they ffiould futfer entire deftruClion, " be
thruft down to heU." Accordingly tliis
metropolis, long fince was reduced to fix
fifliermen's huts. So furc are the threat-
nings of fcripture. [Wells.]
Capefaa, A town of France, In the de
partment of Aude and late province of
Languedoe, near the river Aude and the
capal of Languedoe, lon. 3 8 E, lat. 41
ai N.
Capitanata, a province of Naples, bound
ed ori the N by the gulf of Venice, on
the E by Terra di Bari, on the S by
Bafilicata and Prlncipato Ulteriore, and
on the W by Molife and Abruzzo. 1''^
a level country, withoijt trees; has a
fandy foil, and a hot air; but the land,
near the rivers, Is fertile In paftures.
Manfredonia is the cilpital.
Capo Fino, a barren rock, in the ter
ritory of Genoa, with a caftle bn its eaft
ern peak. Near it Is a port of the fame
name, 13 miles E S E Genoa, lon. 8 56 ,
£, lat. 44 20 N.
Capo D' If ria, a town of Italy, in Vene- -
tian Iftria, on the gulf of Trieft, with a
bifliop's fee. Its principal revenue con
fifts in wipe and fait. It Is eight miles S
Trieft, ten. 14' 6 E,lat. 45 49 N.
Cappel, a place of Swifferland, In the
canton of Zurick, where, on account of
a religious difpute, 3 battle was fought |
between

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between the CathoUcs and Proteflants, In
the year 1531, In which ZuingUus, the
Reformer, their Chaplin, loft his life :
9 miles S. Zurifh.
Caprala, an ifle In the Mediterranean
Sea, to the N E Corfica, on which it de
pends. It has a ftrong caftle, and Is 15
miles In circumference, lon. 10 o E, lat.
43 5 N.
Capraria, one pf the Teipitl iflands, in
the Adriatic, about four leagues from the
cqaft of Italy : It Is a rock, ahnoft entirely
barren, but containing habitations, which
furniffi exceUent falters. [Sonini.] lat.
4a 10 N.
Capri, an Ifland of Naples, In the Med
iterranean, oppofite Sorento, famous for
being the retreat ofthe emperor Tiberius.
A vaft quantity of quails come here every
year, forming the principal revenue of
the bifliop, who is hence called the Bifliop
of Quails. It is 5 miles In length, and 2
m breadth .
Capri, the capital of an ifland of the
fame name, with a bifliopric and a caftle.
It was once a delightful place, eipbelUfli-
cd with magnificent works, which were
demoliflied after the death of Tiberius,
ion. 14 8 E, lat. 4011 N,
Capua, a town of Naples, in Xerra di
Lavora, with an archbifliop's fee. It is
a miles from tlie ancient Capua, and vyas
built out of Its ruins. It is the place
vvhere Hannibal and his officer^ trifled
away their time in pleafure, during which
the Romans recovered from their confter-
natipn afler the battle of Caiinse. It was
taken by the Auftrians In 1707; and is
feated on the Volturno, 15 miles N Na-
¦ pies, lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 7 N
Caramania, a province of Turkey In Afia
in the S part of Natolia. Moft of the
houfes have turrets fo contrived, as to
cool the rooms in fummer. SataUa is
the capital.
Carara, A town of Tufcany, In the prin
cipality of Maffa, between Maffa and
Sarzana, 5 miles from each. Near this
place are quarries of marble of various
colours, lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 N.
Carafu, a river of Natolia, which rifes
in Caraniania, crofl'es pairt of Aladvfla,
and falls into the Mediterranean.
Carafu Meflro, a river of Romania,
vvhich rifes in Mount Rhodolpho, and
falls into the Archipelago.
Carafui, A lake in Bulgaria, faid to be
55 miles in circumference, and to contain
feveral Iflands, It Is formed by a branch
of the Danube, not far from its entrapce,
into the Black Sea.

Caravacca, a town of Spain, aniong the
mountains near the river Segura, in
Murcia. They pretepd to have a crofs
here, brought by an angel to a prieft, who
yvas going to fay mafs to a IVloorlfli king.
It is 50 miles N W Carthagena, lon. 2 5
W, lat. 38 5 N.
Carayners, a people who inhabit ^Dalla,
Baffien and feveral provinces of Afia.
"iThey are in the paftoral ftate of fociety,
innocent, Induftrious and fimple in their
manners. Excluding all other feCls, they
live in villages, never marrying with ftran
gers. Profeffing univerfal peace, they
liever engage in war, are timorous, honeft,
and hofpitable to ftrangers. Having no
written ftatutes, cuftom is (heir law.
[Symes.]
Carcaffone, an ancient town of France,
In the department of Aude and late pro
vince of Languedoe, with a.bifliop's fee.
It is divided into the Upper and Lovyer
Tpwn by the Aude, over which is a ftone
bridge, in the Upper Town are a ftrong
caftle and the cathedral. The Lower
Town is fquare, regularly built, and kept
very neat, by means of an aquednd,
which brings the water of the Aude to
different fountains. "I'his part is mod
ern ; but tlie Upper Town, which is alfo
caUed the City, is very ancient, and in
the caftle are preferved fome old records,
written on the bark of trees. Here are
manufaClures of all forts of cloth. In the
beginning of the 13 century the Protef
tants vvere befieged here by the Papifts;
-Alarmed, they begged leave to capitulate.
This was granted on the brutal condition
that all the city of every rank and fer
fliould leave the place naked. They com
plied. It is 15 miles W Narbonne, and
400 S Paris, lon. 2 25 E, lat. 43 14 N.
[WraxaU.]
Cardiff, a borough in Glamorganfliire,
with a market on Wednefday and Satur
day. It has a caftle, a wall, and 4 gates ;
and Is feated on the "Faafe, over which is
a bridge, and It has a confiderable trade
with Briftol ; for veffels of fmaller bur
den may come to the bridge. The con-
ftable of the caftle Is the chief magiftrate,
whomi they call mayor. It fends i mem
ber to parliament, and here the affizes
for the county are held. Near the town
are fome iron works ; and a canal, ex
tending a5 miles hence, to the iron
works at Merthyr Tidvil, In the caftle,
died Robert, duke of Norniandy, eldeft
fon of William the Conqueror, after hav
ing been blinded, and confined 28 years,
by his brother Henry I. Cardiff Is la
mfles

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miles E Cowbridge, and, 64 W Lopdon,
ten. 3 12 W, lat. 53: 30 N.
Cardigan, the county town pf Cardl-
ganfliire, with a market on Tuefday and
Saturday ; fituate on the river Tyvy, over
which is a ftone bridge. 'I'he waUs and
caftle are gone to ruin. It is governed by
d. mayor, fends i member to parliament,
and Is 33 miles N E of St. David's, and
225 W N W bf iLondop, lon. 4 38 W,
lat. 52 10 N.
> Cardigan Bay, on the cqaft of Cardl-
gariflilre, at the mouth of tbe Tyvy, ex
tending to iBarfey ifland in Carnarvon- '
fliire. It is 40 niiles from i cape to the
other, and affords good flielter for fliips.
Cardiganfpire, A county of S Wales boun
ded on the N by Merionethflilre, and
iMontgomeryflilre, on the E by Radnor
fliire and Brecknockfliire, oP the S by
Carmarthenfliire and Pembrokefliire, and
on the W by Cardigan Bay. It extends
42 miles from N to S, and 20 from E to
W; and is divided into five hundreds,
containing 6 market towns, and 64 par
lffies. It lies In the diocefe of St. David's,
and fends 2 members to Pai'llanient. "iThe
air is milder here than in moft parts of
Wales. To the S and W are plains fruit
ful in corn ; but the N and E parts are a
continued ridge of mountains : yet, in
the worft parts of this county, there are
paftures in vvhich are bred flocks of flieep
and large herds of cattle. Near the riv
ers are great numbers of otters ; and in
tlie valleys are feveral lakes. The mount
ains abound with veins of lead and filver
ore ; and the mines have been worked
feveral times to great advantage ; fir
Hugh MIddleton is faid to have cleared
aoool. a month for feveral years together,
which enabled hini to bring the New
River water to London ; but he expend
ed the whole on that great objeCl, The
principal rivers are the 'fyvry, the Rydal,
and the Iftwith.
Cardona, a towri In Spain, In Catalo
nia, with a caftle. Near It Is an Inex-
hauftible mountaip of fait, of feveral
colours, which, when waflied, becomes
white ; and there are vineyards, which
produce excellent wine. It is feated on
an eminence, near the river Cardcnero,
30 miles N W of Barcelona, lon, 1 30 E,
lat. 41 36 N.
Carelia, the eaftern part of Finland ;
belonging partly to the Swedes, and partly
to the Ruriians, fee Wiburgh.
Carentan, a town of France, In the de
partment of the Channel, and late prov
ince of Normandy, with an ancient caftle.

8 miles from the fea, and 21 W Bayeu*,
lon. I 4 W, lat. 49 16 N,
Caniati, A town of Naples, In Calabria
Citeriore, with a bifliqp's fee, a milcj
from the gulf of Taranto, lou. 1.7 19 E
lat. 39 35 N.
Carignano, A town of Piedmont, in a
diftrjCl of the fame name, feaped on the
river Po, 3 miles S Turin, lon. 7 45 E,
lat. 44 57 N. '
Cariman Java, A clufter pf Iflands to
the N of Java, at the principal of which
fliips touch for refreflimcnts, ip their
voyage tb' Borneo, lon. no I a E, lat, 5
56 S.
Carimla, an epifcopal town of Naples,
in "Ferra di l..avQra, feated near Moupt
Maifico, Z5 miles N W Naples, lon. 14
i8E, lat. 41 15 N. ,
Carinthia, A fertile duchy of Germany,
in the circle of Auftria, bounded on thp,,
N by Auftria, on the £ by Stiria, on the
S by Carniola and Friuli, and on the W
liy "Tirol and Salt?;burg, Clagcnfurt is
tihe capifaJ-
Carijbraok Cafle, an anciept caftle, near
Newport, in the Ifle of Wight, where
Charles I was iniprlfoiied In 1647.
Carifia, an epifcopal town of Greece,,,-
in the E part pf the ifland of Negiopont,
lon. 24 45 iE, lat. 38 4 N.
Carlingford, a feaport of Ireland, on
, Carlingford Bay, in the county bf Lowth.
21 ipilef 1^ of iDrogheda, lon. 6 o Wj '^^
54 li N.
Carlifle, an ancient city, the capital of
Cumberland, with. a market on Saturday.,,
It Is walled round, and pleafantiy fituate ,
above a rich trad of meadows, bordering,;,'
the Eden and two other rivers, whie{^,ii
here unite their ftreams. The gates of
this city are called the EngUfli, Irifli, and
Scotch. It has a caftle, on the W fide of
the town ; and the cathedral Is a ftately
ftruClure. Carlifle has a confiderable
manufaClure pf printed linens and checks,
and is noted for the making of vyhips and
fiffihooks. It was taken by the rebels In
1745, Ijut retaken by the dukie of Cum
berland. It Is governed by a niayoc,
fends two members to pariiament, and Is,
60 miles S EcUnburgh, and 301 N N 'Wf
London, lon. 2 53 W, lat. 54 56 N,
Carlaiv, or Caiherlaugh, A county of Ire
land, in the province of Leinfter 28
iniles in length, and 8 In breadth ; bound
ed on the E by Wicklow and Wexford,
on the W by Queen's County and Kil-,
kenny, and on the N by Kildare, It con
tains 42 pariflies, and fends fix members
to parliament. Carbia,

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Carloio, or Catherlough, a town of Ire
land, In a county of the fame name, on
tlie river Barrow, 16 miles N Fi of Kil
kenny, lon. 7 14 W, lat. 52 48 N.
Carlo-witz, A town of Sclavonia, remark
able for a peace concluded here between
the Turks and Germans in 1669. It is
feated on the Danube, 38 miles N W
Belgraide, lon. 20 5 E, lat. 44 45 N.
Carlfcrana, or Carlferoon, a feaport of
Sweden, In the province of Bleklngen.
It derives its origin and name from
Charles XI, who laid the foundation of a
new town in 1680, and removed the fleet
from Stockholm to this place, . on ac
count of its central fituation, and the
fuperior fecurity of its harbour, which has
depth of water for firft rate fliips to carry
their lower tier of guns : the entrance
into this harbour, is defended by 2 ftrong
forts. The greateft part of the town
ftands upon a fmall rocky ifljuid, which
rifes gently in a bay of the Baltic : the
fuburbs extend over another fmall rock ,
and along the mole, clofe to the liafin
where the fleet is moored. Tlie town
contains about 18,000 inhabitants; and
the fuburbs arc fortified, towards the
land, by a ftune wall Formerly, veffels
in this port, when careened and repair
ed, wqre laid Ppou their fides in the
open harbour ; until a dock was hollow
ed in the foUd roek. In 1724, capable of
receiving a firft rate jivan of war A
project for conftruCling 30 covered
docks, and other improvements, was be
gun in 1759 ; but they have proceeded
liowly. One dock was finiflied in 1779,
and gives an idea of the expenfe, and
greatnefs of the plan ; the bottom and
fides are of hewn granite ;. rows of granite
pUlars fupport the roof, and bear rather
the appearance of a colonnade to a tem
ple, than a receptacle for fliips. Carl-
fcrona Is 220 miles S W of Stockholm,
lun. 15 a6 E, lat. 56 20 N. [Coxe.]
Carlfruhe, a tpwn of Germany, in the
circle of Swabia, and marggravate of
Baden Durlach ; fituated in a foreft,
where the prince has a fine palace and
gardens. It was« founded by the raarg-
grave, Charles William, in the year 1715.
Here are 4 choi-ches, a for Roman Cath
oUcs, and a for Proteftants ; a fynagogue
for Jews ; and about 400 houfes, all ef an
uniform height ; aiid 9000 inhabitants,
2 miles and a half N W Durlach, and n
S PhiUpffiurg. It has confiderable man
ufactories of filk, broadcloth, furge, and
worfted ftoclflngs.
Carlfladt, the capital of Croatia, on the

river Kulp, 140 miles S Vienna, ten. i}
21 E, lat. 46 a N.
Carlfladt, a town of Sweden, In Wer-
meland, on the Ifland of Tingwalla,
which is formed by a branches of the
Clara Elb. It is a bifliop's fee. The
houfes are built of wood, and painted :
the epifeopal palace is alfo of wood, but
not painted ; and has- fuch an extenfive
front, and fo many windows, as to teok
like a faClory. The town contains 1500
inhabitants, who carry ori a trade in iron
and wood acrofs Lake Wenner. It is 133
miles W Stockholm, lon. 13 43 E, lat.
59 16 N. [Coxe.]
Carlfeidt, a town of Germany, In the
bifliopric of Wurtzburg, feated ori the
Maine, 16 miles N of ^S'urtzburg, lon. 9
la E, lat. 49 56 N.
Carmagniala, A trading town of I^ed-
moiit, with a ftrong citadel. It was tak
en by the Frcmrh- in 1691, but retaken
the fame year. It is feated on a fmall
river, which runs into the Po, 14 mile*
S Turin, ten. 7 45 E, lat. 44 51 N.
Carmarthen, the county town of Car
marthenfliire, with a market on Wednef
day and Saturday. It is feated on the
river Towy, over which is a ftone bridge,,
to which fmall veffels may come up. It
was fortified with a wall and it caftle,
now in ruins. It is a populous town,
ufually reckoned the firft in S Wales, and
governed by a mayor. It fends i mem
ber to parliament, and is 24 miles S E
Cardigan, and 207 W by N Loudon, lon.
4 23 W, iat. 5 1 5 2 N.
Carmarthenffire, a county of S Wales,,
25 miles In length, and 20 In breadth ;
bounded by Cardiganfliire on the N, the
Briftol Channel on the S, Brecknock and
Glamorganffilre on the E, and Pembroke
fliire on the W. It lies in the diocefe of
St. David's ; contains 8 market towns
and 87 pariflies ; and fends 2 members
to parliament. It is fruitful in corn and
grafs, .ind has plenty of wood, coal, and
lime. I'he air is mild and wholefome. It
not being fo mountainous as the other
counties of Wales. Its prisvcipal rivers
are the Towy, Tyvy, and Taafe.
Carmel, a mountain in Paleftine, noted
for having been the retreat of the proph
et Elias, and for a monaftery of Carmel-
'Ites.. It is 50- miles N of Jerufalem. .It
Is now covered vvl'.h a foreft ;, its only in
habitants a few monks. [Mariti.]
Carmona, A town of Italy, In Auflriaa
Friuli, on a mountam near the river In-
drl, 7 miles N W Goritz, lon. 13 23 E,
lat. 46 25 N, CarfJlonOf

c A Ii
Carmona, an ancient town of Spain, in
Andalufia. The gate toward Seyelle Is
one of the moft extraordinary pieces of
antiquity In aU Spain. It is 25 miles E
SeviUe, lon. 4 48 "VV, lat. 37 24 N.
Carnarvon, the county town of Carnar-
vonffiire, with a market on Saturday. It
is feated on a ftrait of the Iriffi fea, called
Menai,, and carries on a confiderable
trade with Ireland and the principal Eng
liffi ports. It is furrounded on all fides,
except the E, and by the fea and a rivers .
It has a caftle, buUt by Edward I, in
which he gave the Welfli, according to
his equivocating promlfe, a native prince
for their fovereign, In the perfon of his
fon, Edward II, who was born In this
caftle. Carnarvon fends one member to
parUament, and Is governed by the con-
itable' of the caflle, who, by patent, is al
ways mayor. It is 7 miles S W Bangor,
and a5i N W London, lon, 4 ao W, lat.
53 8 N.
- Carnarvonfiire, A county bf N Wales,
50 miles In length, and 13 In breadth;
bounded on the N and W by the Irifli
Sea, on che S by Merionethflilre, and on
the E by Denbigfliire. It lies In the dio
cefe of Bangor, contains 6 market towns
and 68 pariflies, and fends 2 members to
parliament. The principal rivers are the
Conway and Seirit. The air Is fliarp and
cold ; this county being the moft rugged
diftriCt of N Wales, and may be truly
caUed the Britifli Alps. Its central part
is occupied by the famed Snowdon, and
the feveral craggy fummlts, deep dells,
moors, cliafms, and lakes, which confti-
tute Its dreary regions. Cattle, flieep,
and goats are almoft Its fole rural riches.
Thefe are fed, during the fummer, very
high on the mountains, tended by their
owners, who refide for that feafon in tem
porary huts, and make butter and cheefe
for their own confumption. The prof
peCls around are rude and favage in the
higheft degree ; but not without a mix
ture of beauty, when the dimenfions of
the vales admit the varieties of wood,
water, and meadows. In fome of the
lakes are found tlif char, and the gwy-
niad. Many rare vegetables, met with
only on the moft elevated fpots, grow
here. Copper mines have been worked
in various parts of thefe mountains, and
are at prefent about Llanberris. Other
places afford lead ; and quantities of
ftone, excellent for hones, are dug near
Snowdon ; to the bleak region of which
the vale of Conway below. In fertility and
beauty, forms a very pleafing contraft.

CAR
¦Carnatic, a country of the peninfula of
Hindooftan, extending from the Guntopf
circar, along the whole coaft of Coroman
del, to Cape Comorin ; including Its ap
pendages, vvhich ate Tanjore, MaravSV,
Trichlnopoly, Madura, and Tinevelly.
It is 5 70 miles from N to S, but no where
more than 120, and commonly 75 miles
wide. The annual revenue of its fove-
reigri, the nabob of Arcot, Is 1,500,000!.
out of which he pays a fubfidy of i6o,oool.
to the EngUfli £ India Conipany, toward
the expenfe of their military eftabUfli-
ment. The Britifli poffeffions here are
confined chiefly to the trad called the Tag-
hire ; Its annual revenue 150,000!. There
is, befides, a land revenue of 725,000!.
dependant on iVladras. The Carnatic is
rich, fertile, and populous ; and contains
an Incredible number of fortreffes : pub
lic monuments too, the unequivocal
marks of civilization and opulence, are
more common here than in the N parts
of India. In 1787, the E India Compa
ny took the whole adminiftratloh of fhe
Carnatic, and the coUeClion of the na
bob's revenues into their own hands.
Arcot Is the capital.
Carniola, a province of Germany, In the
circle of Auftria ; bounded on the N by
Carinthia and Stiria, on the E by Sclavo
nia and Croatia, on the S by Morlachia
and Iftria, and on the W by FrIuU, If
Is full of rocks and mountains, but pro
duces corn, wine, and oil. Laubach is
the capital.
Carpathian Mountains, mountaiiis whieh
divide Hungary and Tranfylvania from
Poland. Carpentrifs, an epifcopal town of France,
in the late province of Provence, and cap
ital of Venaiffin. Before the revolution.
It was fubjeCl to the pope. It Is, on the
Aufon, at the foot of a mountain, 14 miles
N E Avignon, lon. 5 6 E, lat. 44 8 N,
Carfli, A town of Italy, in the Modenefe,
with a caftle, 8 miles N Modena, lon. n
16 E,lat. 44 41 N.
Carpi, A town of Italy, In the Veronefe,
where a victory was gained by the Auf
trians over the French In 1701. It is
feated on the Adige, 24 miles S E Vero
na, lon. II 39 E, lat. 45 IO N. '
Carriet, an Ifland in the Perfian gulf,
about 12 miles teng, 7 broad, containihg
6 or 700 inhabitants. It abounds in
gbats, has a few cows, no beafts of prey,
no fowls, but doves. Fine turtle are tak
en ; wheat, rye, and barley are raifed
here. On its fummit is the appearance
of a former volcano. [Jackfon,] Carridi

CAR

CAR

Carrici on Surr, a town of Ireland, in
Tipperaiy, 14 miles N W Waterford,
lon. 7 10 W, lat. 5» 24 N.
Carrickfergus, a populous borou^ and
feaport of Ireland, In Antrim, wilih a caf
tle. It is feated on a bay In the Irllh
Channel, of its own name, 85 mUes N
Dutriin, lon. 5 46 W, Iat. 54 43 N.
Carron, A river of Stirlingfliire, which
rifes on tbe S fide of tlie Campfey Hills,
and flows into the frith of Forth, below
Falkirk. Two miles from its fource. It
forms a fine cafcade, called the FaU of
Auchlnlilly ; and cm its banks are the
celebrated Carron Works.
.Carron War/ts, an extenfive fotindry,
belonging to the Carron Company, on
the river Carron, i mile from Falkirk,
coalifting of the greateft iron works in
Burope. AU forts of Iron goods are imade
in it, from the mofl triffing article to a
cannon that difcharges a ball Of 42
pounds. "The ffiort piece of ordnajice,
called a caironade, and introduced into
the navy in the laft war, was firft made
bere, and hence received its name.
Above 1000 men are here enxploycd ;
and hence a great quantity of large can
non are exported to Ruffia, Germany,
and other foreign parts. "Fhefe vvotks
-were ereCled in 1761 ; before which time
there was not a fingle houfe on the Spot.
In one place, where coal is converted in
to coak, and the fire fpread of courfe
over a larges fuxface, the volumes of
iinoke, the fpiiry flames, and the fuffocat-
ing heat of the glinnitering air, are -won
derfully affeClIng ; and at night, its glare
is incouceinrably grand. How Vaft tlie
fire is, we may conceive, when we Are
tald that it often burns 100 tons of coal
in a day. The maffy beUows. which loufe
the famaces are put in motion by water,
and receiving the air In large cyUndirs,
force it out again throoigli fmall orifices,
roaring vrith aftonliffilng noife. The fire
of the furnace thus roufed, becomes a
glowing fpot, which Che eye can no more
look at rhain at the fun. Under fuch In
tenfe heat, the rugged- ftone Inftantly dif-
folvesin ftreams of liquid iron.
Cart,, (he name of two rivers in Ren-
ftewfliire, diftinguiflied by the appella
tions of Blade and 'White. The Blick
Cart ifRres from the lake called Loch-
winooch ;. the White Cart defcends from
(he N E angle of the county ; and, uniu
ing their ftreams, they both flow into the
Clyde, near Renfrew. Oppofite this
town, In the road to Port Glafgow, is a
handfome bridge of 10 arches, built ei-
VOL. II. R

a£tly at the confluence of thefe twP ri«^
ers. Three roads meet upon this bridge,
fo that It has 3 ends or entrances.
Cartama, a town of Spain, iu Granada,
at the foot of a mountain near the river
Guadala Medina, g miles N W Malaga,
ten. 4 43 W,lat. 36 40 N.
Carteret Iftatid, an ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, feen by captain Carteret in 1767.
It Is 6 leagues long from E to W, lon. 159
14 E, lat. 8 a6 S.
Carthage, A famous city of Africa, which
^fputed the empire of the world with
Rome, but was at length razed by the
Romans., Some of the ruins are to be
feen on the coaft of the Mediterranean,
10 miles N E Tunis, near a promontory
called Cape Carthage, ten. 10 25 E, lat.
36 50 N.
Carthagena, a feaport town of Spain,
founded by the Carthagintans, deftroyed
by the Goths, and rebuilt by Philip II.
The harbour Is the beft in Spain. An
drew Doria was wont to fay he knew but
3 good ports, vvhich were Jime, July,and
Carthagena. It is fituated In the prov
ince of Murcia, at the bottom of a fmall
bay in the Mediterranean. This bay
abounds in mackerel, fo much that a
fmall ifland at the entrance of the har
bour is from thence called Scombraria.
It Is the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of "Fo-
leda. The neighbouring country pro
duces great quantities of ruflies, called
fparta, from whence the town Itfelf re-
ceivred the name of Spartaria, and the
country that of Spariariiis Campus. Dia
monds, rubies, amethyfts, and other prec
ious ftones, are found here. It vvas a
teng time the Indies- of the Romans, and
thtr J are ftill filver mines in the environsi
The harbour is fpacious, and fo deep
that ffiips may moor clofe to the land.
tt is a bafon hollowed by nature, which
feems to have flieltered it from the winds,
by feveral hills, placed round it at equal
diftances, lb that ftom the mole nothing
but tbe entrance of the harbour and ba
fon are to be feen. No port in the world
can be compared to this for fafety and
regularity. The entrance is defended
by a redoubts, the mole is protected by
I a pieces of cannon^ The arfenal Is
extremely large, and provided vvith every
thing that can facilitate the buUdIng and
fitting out of a fliip. Every requifite
is there In fuch readlnefs, that a fliip of
the line may be got ready for fea in 3
days To Carthagena, the Englifli, Dutch,
and Neapolitans carry merchandife of
all Idinds, and return loaded vvith filk,
wool,

CAS

C A S

yool, p,ot afli, and bnrilla": 45 miles S S
E Murcia, and 1 15 S S W Valencia, lon.
o 18 'W, lat. 37 35 N. -
Cartmel, a town in -Lancafliire, with a
market on Monday, and a handfome
church, built like a cathedral. It is feat
ed among the hills caUed Cartmel FeUs,
not far from the fea, and near the river
Ken, 12 miles N by W Lancafter, and
a6o N N W London, lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54
12 N.
Carivar, a feaport on the coaft of Mal
abar, -fubjeCl to the regent of Myfore.
It is 60 miles S by E Goa, lon. 74 34 E,
lat. 15 o N.
Cafal, A town of Italy, In Montferrat,
with a citadel and a bifliop's fee. It has
been often taken and-retakcri In the wars
of Italy ; the laft time by the king of Sar
dinia in 1746. It is feated on the river
Po, 37 miles N E Turin, lon. 8 27 E, lat.
45 18 N. -
Cafal Maggiore, A town of Italy, in the
duchy of Milan. It was taken by the
French in May, 1796, and is feated on
the river Po, 20 miles S E Cremona, lon.
10 35 E,lat. 4456N.
Cafal Nuova, a town of Naples, in Cala
bria Ulteriore. A terrible earthquake
happened here In 1783, by whicli the
princefs Gerace, and upward of 4000 in
habitants loft their lives.
Caffin, or Caf-win, or Cafan, a town of
Perfia, in Irac AgemI, where feveral of
the kings of Perfia have refided. "Fhe
houfes are of earth and ftone. Nadir
Shah buflt a palace here, enclofed by a
wall a mile and a half In circumference ;
and the town is encircled by one 4 miles
in circuit. It conta'ns 100,000 inhabit
ants, carries on a great trade, and Is feat
ed near the high mountain Elwend,
vvhere there are fine quarries of white
marble, 180 miles N Ifpahan, Ion. 52 16
E, lat. 35 30 N. [Hanway, Chardin.]
Cafcais, A town of Portugal, in Eftra
madura, at the mouth of the Tajo, 17
miks E LIffion, lon. 8 43 W, lat. 38 40 N.
Cafehatu, fee Caffovia.
Cajhan, fee Cachan.
Caffel, A town of Ireland, in Tipperary,
with an archbifliop's- fee, 13 miles N 'W
Clonmel, lon. 7 33 W, lat. 52 26 N.
Caffgur, or Little. Bokharia, a country of
Uffiec Tartary, vvhich commences on the
N and N F. of Caflimere, in Hindooflan
(^om vvhich it is feparated by the Him-
maleh mountains) and extends to 40 N
lat. Great part of It is a fandy defert ;
the other parts are populous and fertile.
but ihe air is cold, op :iCcount of the

mouatairis. Here are rich mines of .gold
and filver;' which the natives do not wort,
becaufe they are_ employed wholly in
feeding cattle. The mulk animals are
found in this country ; and they have
feveral precious ftones befide diamonds.*
Caffgur, A city of Afia, capital of a
country of the fame name. It ftands at
the foot of the Himmaleh mountauis,
and enjoys a good trade vvith the neigh
bouring countries, ten. 73 25 E, lat. 41
30 N. ¦ ¦ '
Cafimere, or Cachemire, a country of A-
fia, once the feat of a powerful kingdom,
vvhich extended northward into Tartary,
and fouthward to the Indian Sea, at pref
ent confined to a valley about 70 miles
In length, and 4° in breadth. ' The hif
tory of the country reprefents it to have
been origiilally a vaft lake, which forced
an opening through the mountains. It Is
a rich champagne country, embelliflitd
with a . great number of fmaU liihs, and
furrounded by mountains. The mount
ains that are leaft elevated are covered
with trees and paftures, vyhich feed a
multitude of cattle ; here are found hares,
antelopes, civets, partridges, and vail
fwarms of bees, but neither ferpents,
bears, tigers, nor lions. Behind thefe are
mountains more elevated, always covered
with fnow, and whofe tops reach above
the clouds ; from thefe defcend innumer
able fprings and brooks, Which fertilize
the country, and uniting together, run
into the Indus In one ftream. The coun
try refembles a garden Interfperfed with
a grqat number of towns and villages, va-
; ried with beapjiful trees, green meadows,
;i fields of rice, hemp, faffr9n, and differ
ent legumes, InterfeCted by canals windJ
\ Ing through them inall forms. Thecoun-
try is one of the moft beautiful in the
world ; the Moguls caU it tbe terreflrial
paradlfe ofthe Indies. The air is pure
and ferene, the men Hvely andiwell inade,
and the women handfome ; the inhabit- '
ants are more induftrious than thbfe of
other countries of India. They manu
faClure palanklns, beds, cabinets, efcru-
tolres, but!. more, efpecially thofe ftuffs
called -chales,. or ^a^i-/*, which,, ferve the
Moguls and Indians to cover die head
and'flioulders, and have-been of late years
brouglit into EuropCi ' Some are made of
the-wool of the country, which is much
finer than that of Spain 1 -but others are
manufactured from 'hair, cut from the
breaft of the goats -of "I'-hibet, called tout,
vvhich :is much fofter and more delicate
than the hair of the beaver. "Fhe latter

'C'A S

CAS

are very dear. The Cachcmirlaris have
a language of their own, faid to be more
ancient than the Sanfcrit ; and a ri-Ug-
tendiffercnt from that of the Hindoos.
According to the evidence of an eaftern
hiftorian, " without paying refpeCl to
traditions, they are the true worfliippers
of God." They have an idea of the del-
-iige, and fay that' all their country, ex
cept the mountains, was drowned, and
'peopled againjJrom the Bramins. They
fay God fent Noah, whom they call
Sathaviraden, an ark,'and preferved him
and his wife from the general deftruClion.
[Pennant.]
Caff mere, or Cachemire, - called alfo Siri-
nagur, a city of Afia, and capital of the
couStry of Cachemire, fuppofed to have
been the Cafpira of the ancients, is fitu
ated on the river Behut, about 3 iriiles
long, and half a league wide ; but with
out walls. About two leagues from it
the mountains form a circular bafon,
and turn their fprings Into a lake about
4 leagues In circumference, which emp
ties itfelf into the river by a navigable
canal. The houfes are brick and wood,
and weU built ; they were formerly of
ftone, but the injuries they receive from
frequent earthquakes induced the inhab
itants to change their materials. The
city is adorned with a great number of
fountains, refervoirs, and temples, among
the latter is one to which they give the
name'of the temple of Solomon, ten. 73
44 E, lat ¦ 34 ai N. [Forfter.]
' Cajhna, an extenfive empire of Africa,
-part of the region called Negroland ;
'bounded on the N by Fezzan and Saha
ra,' on tlie S by the Niger, and on the E
by Zamphara and Bornou. It refembles
Bornou In climate, foil, and natural pro-
.'diiClions, and in the colour, genius, relig
ion, and government of the people. "I'he
rains, indeed, are lefs violent thari thofe
rf Bornou, Its monkies and parrots (but
feldom feen in Bornou) are numerous
and of various fpecies. The common
people are lefs courteous iri Caflina than
in Bornou. A thoufand towns and vil
lages are faid to be included in this em
pire, which, Uke Bornou, confifts of dif
ferent tribes or nations, fubjeCl to the
dominion of one ruling power.
. Cajhna, the capital of the empire of
Caflina in Africa, 970 miles S hy W of
Mcfurata, In 16 ao N lat.
Cafmir, a town of Poland, in the pala
tinate of LubUn, lon. 22 3 E, lat, 51 o N.
Caspian Sea, a great inland fea of Afia ;
. bounded on the N by the country of the

Kalmues, on the E by a tribe of the Tuf-
comans, on the S by Perfia, and on the
W by Oergia arid Circaffia, It is 686
miles in length, reckoning from Gurlef to
Medffietifar, arid in no part more than
260 miles In breadth. It has nO' tide ;
and, on account of its frequent flioak, is
navigable bnly for veffels drawing from
9 to 16 feet water. It has ftrong cur
rents, arid, Ukeall inland feas, is fubjeCt
to violent ftorms Its waters are brack-'
ifli. -Thefiffieryls a nurfery for failori.
The UraUan Coffacs enjoy the right of
fifliing on the coaft -47' miles on each fide
of the river Ural ; and the inhabitants of
Aftraean have an exclufive privilege -on
the remaining' ffiores belonging to'Ruffla.
The roe of the fturgeons -and belugi fup
ply large quantities. of cavlane ; and the
fifli, which are chiefly falted and dried,
form a confiderable article of confump
tion in .the Ruffian empire. The Cafpi
an abounds with feadogs, which are hjnt-
ed and caught-in great numbers, lon.
from 48 to-53 E, lat. from 37 to 47 N.
[C )xe.
' Caffans, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Milan, with a caflle. Here prince Eu -
gene, in 1 705, was defeated by the duke
de Vendome, In attempting to force the
paffage of the Adda. Caffano is feated
on the Adda, 15 miles N E Milan, lon.
9 24 E, lat. 45 30 N.
Caffano, a town of Naples, in Calabri.l
Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee, 35 miles N
Cofenza, lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 55 N.
Caffel, the capital of the la'ndgravate of
Hefle Caffel, divided Into the Old and
New Town, The ftreets arc bcautifti! ;
the market places fpacious ; and there are
four churches. The caftle, or palace,
whence there ia a delightful profpeCl, is
built of freeftone. The gardens, the
arfenal, and the cabipet^of curiofiticj,
deferve the attention of travellers. It is
feated on the Fulda, 40 iniles S Pader
born, lon. 9 29 E, lat. 51 19 N.
Caffel, A town of France, in the depart
ment of the N and late French Flan
ders, feated on a mountain, whence ma)'
be feen 32 towns, and the German Ocean
though 50 miles from it. It is 10 miles
N E St. Omer, lon, a 2(> E, Iat. 50 48 N.
Caffel, A ftrong town of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, fituate on tbe
Rhine, oppofite Mentz, with which it
has a coimnunication by abridge of boats.
It was taken by the French in 1792, and
retaken by the Pruffians in 179.-5
Caffts^ a town of France, in the depart
ment of tlie Rhine, and chief place of a
cantGn,

CAS

CAS

caatOB, in the diftriCl of Marfe)U««, on
the coaft of the Mediterranean, ^ith a
fmaU port. Here arc two manufaClures
in which coral is poliflied and worked
yp ; the greater part of this commodity
is exported to the coaft of Africa, and ex
changed for human beipgs. The vine
yards which furround this little city pro
duce a white wine, which is held in con
fiderable eftimation : S miles S E Mar-
feflles. [Sonini.] .
Caffovia or Cafciaiu, a ftrong town of
Huppry, with a fine arfenal, feated near
the river Horat, 55 nules N E Agria, lon.
81 2j E, lat. 46 48 N.
Caftimovitz, A town of Auftrian Croatia,
OP the river .Unna, which divides that
country from Turkey, lon. 17 19 E, lat.
45 40 N.
. Caflelamare, a feaport of Naples, In
Prlncipato Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee,
15 miles S E Naples, lon, 14 35 E, kt. 41
40 N. , ,
Cafel Aragoneji, a feaport of Sardinia,
with a biffiop's fee, 20 mfles N £ Saffari,
ten. 9 I E, lat. 40 56 N.
Cafel Baldo, a town of Italy, in the
Veronefe, on the river Adige, 25 miles
S £ Verona, lon. 12 7 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Cafielhar, A town of Ireland, in the
county of Mayo, 25 miles N Galway, Ion.
9 15 W, lat. 52 54 N.
Cafel Branca, a tovvn of Portugal, caplf
*il of Beira, on the river Lyra, 38 miles
N W Alcantara, lon. d 40 W, lat. 39
ja N.
Cafelde Vide, A town of Portugal, In
Alentejo, 8 miles N Portalegre, lon. 7 31
W, lat. 39 15 N.
Cafel Folil, a town of Spain, in Catalo
nia, on an Inacceffible eminence, near
the river, Fulvia, 15 miles W Giropna.
Cafel Gondolfo, a viUage In Campagna
di Roma, near" Lake Albano, on tlie acr
tremity of which is a caftle, to w'hich the
Pope retires in the fummer. Near this
village is the villa Barbarini, within the
gardens of which are the rpins of an
immenfe palace, built by the emperor
Domitian. It is ^o miles S by E Rome.
Cafel Jaloux, A town of France, In the
deparjment of Lot and Garonne, and late
province bf Guienne. It is feated on the
Avance, 20 miles E Bazas, ten. o 25 E,
lat. 44 20 N.
Cafel Nuovo, a town of Venetian Dal
matia, on the g'jlf of Cataro, 12 miles N
by W of the town of Cataro, lon. 18 29
Ejlat. 4236N.
Cafel Rodrigo, a town of Portugal, In
the province of Tra los Monies, 30 miles 1

N W Cividad Rodrigo, loo. 6 aa "W", Ul.
41 o N. I
Cafel Nuavo di Carfagnana, A town ¦ ^
Italy, In the Modenefe, with 91 ftibngforl.
It is the capital of the valley of Carfag-
luna, apd feated on the river Serchip,
17 miles above Lucca» lon. 10 40 E, lat.
44 5 N.
Cafellane, a towp pf France, ia lihe d&i
paruhent. pf • the Lower Alps, arid late
province of Provence. Near it is aifalf
fpring, from which the waler. Iffues in
fuch abundat^ce as to turn a milt at the
very fource. Many of the anciept lords
of Caftellane were diftingulfliec^ among
the poets; called Troubadours. It Is featT
ed on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 27
miiles S by E Sepez, lon. $ 34 E, lat. 43
55 N.
Gaffllatt,, a town of Spain, ip Catalpni^,
5 miles iN 'W Rofes, ten. 44 58 E,.lat.
42 1-8 N. ,. ^
Cafelnaudary„ a towri of France, In the
department of Aude and late province of
Languedpe, on an eminence, at the fbct
of which is the Royal Canal, which here
forms a bafin about 3600 feet In circupv-
fererice. Near this town, in 163a, mar-
ffial Schomberg defeated tbe duke of Or
leans, and took the unfortunate Montmo
rency prifoner. Caftelnaudary isl5 miles
W Carcaffonne, ten. 4 o E, Iat. 43
19 N.
CaJHglione, a town of Italy, in the Man
tuan; with a caftle^ It was taken, by- ihe
AuflxiiaDs in 1701 ; but theFreachi de
feated th'em near it In 1 706, and agairi oq
Auguft 3, 1796. It is 20 niiles N W Mao-
tua, lon. 10 3-* E, lat. 45 23 N.
Caflle, the principal and moftopulent
of the kingdoms into which Spain, was
foraierly divided. It riow forms the two
provinces of OldCaftik and New Caftile;
the former having been recovered from
the Moors fonie time before the latter.
Cafirk, Old, a province pf Spain, 192
miles in length, and 1 15 in breadth. ;
bounded on the S by New Caftile, on the
E by Arragon and Navarre, on the Nby
Bifcay and the Afturias, and on the W by
Leon. Burgos is the capital.
Cafiile, Nt'O!, or Toledo, a province (jf
Spain, 200 miles in length, and 184 in
breadth ; bounded on the N by Old Caf
tile, on the £ by Arragon and Valencia,
on the. S. by Murcia and Arid3lucra,-aDd
on the W by Eftramadura. It is divided
into three parts ; Argaria to the N, Man^
cha to the E, and Sierra to the S. Ma
drid is the capital.
Caflillara, a town of Italy, in tbe Man tuan,

CAS

<5 A T

tuan, 6 miles N 3 Manfua, lon, iP.S4
-E, lat. 45 14 1^. -- -.,
CaftiUtn, a town of France, ip the -^e-
partn^ent of GIronde and late province of
Guieope ; faropus for a vl^ory gained by
the French oyer the EngUfli in 1451-,, jl'
is feated on the Dordogne, 25 iniles, .E
, Bordeaux, ten. o a E, lat. 44 52.1N.
Ciijile (Ury, a town in Soiperfetfliire,
with a market op Tuefday, 1 2 iniles ,S £
¦^felfe and 112: W by S London, Ipn. a
4» W, lat. 51 5 N.
. Ci^le Comk, a town in , Wiltfliire, fo
Ca^ea from its ancient caftle. It Soxms/tr
ly had a market. Itis ; a miles it-^.N E
Bath. ¦ ' .
Caftle Ucdiagbam, A village ifl iEffex, fo
called from the ancient caftle of the ex-
tiBftfapily of the Veres, e^rls of p.xfprd ;
a fine tower pfWhlch, on. an eminence, is
ftill etatlre. It Is 7 wiles S W Sudb.piy-
Cafiie R'tfivg, a boroiMrh in NgrfoJk,
whieh had a market, npw difufed, oil ac-.
coufltt of its haRbbiir, beipg choked up ,;
hut At is governed by a maypr, and fiends
a members to, parliament. The caftle,
whence it has its. name, is new Ip ruins.
It is 7 miles NEi-ynn, and 103, isi N E
Lnndnri, lon. o 30 E, lat. 52 50 N.
Cc^letan, S vilUge: in tlie peak of i)cr-
byflJlire, at the; foot of a rock abo've 250
feet h»gh» . on which are th,e remains, of a
caftle, aiferilaed to 'WiJlIaiii Peverel, natu-
tal fon of the Con^tueror. It has three
of the feven .¦vypniers of the peak ip its
neighboutUaod ; the Devil's Arte, Mam
Tor, and EWen Hole. The firfl is a ifav-
crniri the rock abpvementioired, 'whiofe
arched entrance IS 42 feet high and 120
wide, which becomes narrower as it pro
ceeds, and the roof defcends tp within 2
feet of ^b« fprfaee of a brook ; this beipg
paffed. apother large cttverp tuec.eeds,
with feveral hl^l^ openings in the roof,
'which descends again to a fecond brook ;
after which Is a third cavern caUed Rpger
Rain's houfe, becaufe of the perpetual
dropping ; the length of the whole cavern
is 480 .yaids. Mam. Tor, a mile W of the
village, is a taountain, lobo feet above
the level pf the vaUey, on the top, and
fides of vvhich is a camp, fuppofed to. he
Roman ; it ovirtops the whole Peak
country ; and the vulgar ftory is that
this hill is continuaUy crumbling, vyith-
out heing dimlnifliecL Elden Hole, a mile
S Mam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or
chafm in a limeftone rock, the depth of
which is unfathomable, Its fides being fo
fhslving and irregiflar : it has been
plumbed from 192 to 295 yards, 40 of

which fseme^ to be in -water. CaftletOH
is 5ni'le* N'Fidefweli,; '-' ... , ,
Caflleio-wn, the Capital of the Ifle of
Man, with a cat^e. Uut pf nogrfat ,im-
portancc, onjiccoiint of its diflanee from
the rocky and Aiailow harhour* ten. 4 35
W, lat. ,53 55 iiff." ¦ ". " ;
Cafan, a town iu iNorfolk, with a mAf.-.
ket on Monday, . 10. miles NNW JJor-
wich, and 113 1^ ip Lopdon, lon. i 22
E, lat.. 5.2 ,48 N-_,, ., ' '
Cafor, A town in JUncolnfliire, with a
market on Saturday, ao miles N E Lin
coln, and '159, N i[.ondop, ten. o 9 W,
lat. 52 .30 N.
.^Cafres,.A town of France, in the de-.
partment of Tarn and late province of
Lapguedoc, of which it was recently an
epifcopal fee. In the reigp of Lewis Xlll
it was a kind of proteftant rcpubfic ; but,
in 1629, its fortifications were demoliffi-^
ed. Near this town, are mines o.f "I'pr-
quoife ftones It is, the birthplace of Ra-
piri Thoyras, Abel Boyer, andJVI. iDacier.
It is feated 'n a fine valley, on the Agout,
20 miles S Albv, lon. a ap E, lat. 43
37 -N. '¦ '¦  .'- ;
Cajiro, a towp of Italy, in the patrimo
ny of St. Peter, 40 miles N W Rome, loii.
n 54 E, lat. 42 a3 N. -,
. , ' Caftro, a, feaport of the kingdom of Na
ples, 6 miles S Otranto, ten. 18 31 £,
Iat. 40 16: N. .. • ; •
Cafro Marino, a town of Portugal, in
Algarvc. It Is ftrong by fituation, apd
feated near the mouth of the Cuadlaiaa,
55 niiles S Beja,, ten. 7 12 W, lat. 37
6 nLCatalonia, a province of Spain,, bounded
on the N by the Pyrenees, on the £ and
S by the W?editerr.T!neap Sea, and on the
W by Arragon and Valepcla. Its gr.eatT
eft extent from E to Wis n 3 miles, and
from N to S 148- - The air is wholefome ;
apd it is fU-jl pf tligt^, mountains, covered
with foreft and £rpit trees. It abounds in
wine, corn, and pmlfe, and has quarries
of marble and feveral forts of ciineg. Bai-
eelotta is the capital.
Catania, a celebrated city of Sicily, oft
a. gulf of (he fame name, with a bifliop's
fee, and a univerfity, the only one in liit-
ifland. The church is a noble fabric, the
largeft in SicUy ; and the organ is much
admired by mufical connoiffeurs. The
pi;incipal ftreets arc wide, ftraight,. and
well paved with lava ; and the inhabiti.
ants are computed tp be 30,000. The
land about It is fertile In corn, exceUent
wine, and fruits. By an eruption of Et
na, in 1669, It was almoft totally deftro- -
cd';

C A t

G A tJ

ed ; andjin 1693,1* waserttirely fwallow
ed up by an earthquake',-' -ivhich buried
18,000 people in the ruins ' It i55amiles
S W Meffiria, lori. 15 -29 E, lat. 37 36 N.
' ' '' ' [Adam.]
; Cofanzaro, a towri of Naples, in Cala
bria Ulteriore, with a bifliop's fee, feated
on a mountain, 15 miles S W Belcaftro,
lon. 16 48 E, lat. 39 o N.
Cataro, a town of Venetian Dalmatia,
with a caftle, and a biflibp's fee, featfed on
a gulf bf its owri name, 30miles W Scuta
ri, ton. 18 40 E; lat 42 40 Ni
Cateau, fee Chateau Cambrefis.
Categate, a gulf between Sweden and
Denmark, by which the Baltic communi
cates with the ocean. ¦
'Cdtharinenfaf, or- Ecaterrinenfaf a gov
ernment of the Ruffian empire, divided
into two provinces ; namely, Catharinen-
flaf, which Includes New Ruffiii and the
late government of Afoph ; and Taurida,
which Includes the Crimea.
Catbarinenfaf, the Capital of a province
of the fame name, built by the prefent
emprefs of Ruffia; arid Its name'fignlfles
The glory of Catharine. It is feated near
the confluence of the'Kiltzin and Samara,
178 miles N E Cherfon, .lon.-35 15 E,
lat. 47 a3 N. , ^ ¦ '¦ ' -
Catherine, St a mountain of Arabia.
On the N E fide is a- beautiful fpring of
wster, iffuing from marble roeks. On its
furface Is abundance of curious ftones
and pendant rocks. On the fummit is a
fmall plain where there Is a chapel oV-er
the fuppofed tomb- Of St. Catharine.
From this place Is a delightful profpeCl.
To the N 'W Sirtai rifes In folemn gran
deur. To the W the eye catches the Red
Sea, and the city of Tor on its fliore ; S
extends the Aelanitlc gulf. ' -
[Journal from Cairo to SIriai.] '
Catherlough, itc Carto^w.
Catmandu, the capital of Napaul, in
Hindooftan ' Proper, 445 miles E Delhi.
It contains r8,boo houfes, ten. 84-51 E,
lat. a8 6 N. [Shore, A. R.]
Cattack, or Cuttack, ithe capital of Orif
fa, a province of Hindooftan, in the Dec-
can. It Is a poft of Confequence, as it
lies on the only road between Bengal and
the Northern CIrcars; and the poffeflion
of this city and Its dependencies gives. th^
Berar rajah (a Mahratta prince) more
confequence in- the eyes of the govern
ment of Bengal, than even his extenfive
domain, and central pofitlon In Hindoo
ftan'. Cattack is feated on the Mahanud-
dy, near Its Influx into the bay of Berigal,

lao'iiilles S W Calcutta, ten". 86- 1 E, Iat.
ao^ 51 N.
' 'Caltdriek, A viUage'riear Richmond, In
the W riding of Yorkffiire. '' It has i
bridge over the river Swale, and a^fort of
cataract near it, from vvhitfli it feems' to
' hav^e d'eti'vcd its name. It appears to
have^cen a-great city in the time ofthe
Romahs,'one of vvhdfe'hlglivy.iys croffed
the river here, on the banks of which are
' the fouridatibns -of great- Walls, and a
mount eaft up to a vaft liei|;h't. Many
coins arid urns have been diig up here.
The final deftruClion of this city was by
thc'Danes. ' '¦¦
Cat'wick, a vlUage of HoUand, on the
German Ocean, near which the only
branch ofthe iFlhlnethat retains its 'origv
Inalname, is loftlh the fjuids. • Ij' is 6 miles'
NbyW Leyden. ' - ¦•¦¦'¦¦ ' ' ' ' -
Cakia, a tbwn bf Naples, In Prlncipato
Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee ; feated at
the foot of Mount Metelian, 3 miles W
Salerno, ten. 14 5:5' E, lat. 4b 26 N. -
Cavaitlan, A town of FraSCCfin Veftaif-'
fin, -yvitlia late epifcopal, fee; then fubjcCl
to the pope. It-^^is feated bn the Durance,
2b miles S E Avignon, -lon. 5- 17 E, -lat.
43 34 N. '.
Cavan, a county of Ireland, in the prov
ince of-Ulfter, 47mik8-iii length, and 2j
in breadth ; bdunded'on the N byiPer-
managh and Monaghan,'oa the E by the
latte^r county and Louth, on .'the "W by
Leitrim; apd on the S by Longford, W
Meat-h. and E Meath. It has but two
towris of any note, Cavan and Kihnore.
It fends 6 members to parliament, and
contains -37 parlffies;.' :
' Gbiian, a borough pf Ireland, capital of
the -county of Cavari, 60 miles N WDub.
llnj lon. 7 .i3 W, lat. 54 51 N.
Cducdfus, A bliain of monntalns in Afia,
which extend from the Black Sea to the
Cafpian. They arc the higheft in Afia,
and their tops are always covered with
fnow. While on their funimits you feem
enveloped In clouds, not being able to fee
20 paces before you. 1 As you defcend
you fee the clouds moving below you.
The inhabitants of thefe mountains are
generally chriftians of the Georgian
church. Here, are wolves, tigers; jackalls,
and lions. The tewer parts abound in
honey, corn, wine, fruits, gum, hogs, arid
horned cattle. Tlig . vines . wltid-^out
high trees. Thefe mountains ae Inhab
ited by 7 diftinCl nations, each fpeaking
a different language : namely, the Turco
mans, the Abkhas, the Clrcaffians; the
Offi,

CTA 2

C E R

nffi, theKIftl, tht Lefguls, and the Otbr::
gians. " ' [Chardin.]
. Ca»«^«, a government of the- Riiffian
empire; divided into the two provinces of
Aftraean ind Caucafus. The province
of Caucafus comprifes the CPban, and all
that diftriCl to the E and S, now in the
poffeffion of Ruffia, between the rivers
Don and Cuban, and between the Black
Sea and the Cafpian, extending as far as
the confines of Georgia.
Caudebec,- A populous trading ' town of
France, Ip the department of Lower Seine
and late province of Normaiidy, at the
fobt of a mountairi near the Seine, i8
iniles N W Rouen, lori. i 26 E, lat. 49 3 1 N.
Cauvery, OTjJavery, A confiderable riv
er of the peninfula of Hindooftan, vvhich
rifes among the Gauts, and watering Se*
ringapatam and Tanjore, enters the bay
of Bengal, by- feveral mouths, between
Cuddalbre and Trichlnopoly.
Cavina, A town in the Ifland of Manil
la, with a ftrong caftle, a harbour, and
a dock, it i^ to miles from the city of
ManlUa. Caune, A town of France, in the de
partment of Tarn and late province of
LanguedoCi feated near the mountains '
where the river Agout has Its fource. It
is a I miles N E Caftres, ten. 2 43 E, lat. 1
43 40 N.
¦ Cauterets, a village of France, in the !
department of the Upper Pyrenees and '
Istc province of Bigorre, noted for its ,
mineral water. It is 1-8 mfles S W Bag- j
neres. Cavite, a town and port of Luconla. 1
The principal inhabitants are a comme- i
dants, a licutcriants, and 150 foldlers. 1
The reft are 4000 Indian's and Mulat- !
oes. Here are a pariflies and 3 con- 1
vents. It is 3 leagues S W from Manilla, :
lon. 118 50 40 £, lat. 14 a9 9 N.
[Peyroufe.]
Cawaod, a town in the E riding of
¦yorkfliire, with a market on Wednefday,
ijmiles S York, and 186 NW London,
lon. I o W, lat. 53 47 N.
Caxtom, A town in Cambridgeffiire,
with a market bn Tuefday, 10 miles W
by a Cambridge, and 40 N London, ten.
0 lb W, lat. 10 o N.
' Caya, a river of Portugal, which rifes
near Portalegre, and lunningSE divides
Spain from Portugal, and falls into the
Gufidiana, at Badajoz. '• .
Caziinir, a town of Little Poland, In
the palatinate of Lublin, featedon the
Viftula,.. 80 miles E Zarnaw, lon. aa 3
E, lat. 51 o N.

Celu, one of the moft fttutherly of the
Philippine Ifiandsi
Cedonga, a town of Naples, In Pnnci
pato Ulteriore, with a bifliop's fee ;
feated at the foot of the Appennines, i a
miles N W Melfi, ten. 15 3^ E, lat. 4t
5 N. -
Cefahnia, a confiderable ifland of the
Mediterranean, on the coaft ol Livadia,
and oppofite the gulf of Lepanto. It is
fertile in oil, and excellent mufcadine
wine. It Is fubjeCl to the Venetians, and
the capital is of the fame name, ten, ao
36 E, Iat. 38 aa N.
Ccfalu, a feaport of Sicily, la the v4l-
ley of Demona, with a caftle, and a biffi
op's fee, lon. 13 58 E, lat. 38 25 N.
Celana, A town of Naples, in Abruzzo
Ulteriore, a mfle from the lake of Cela-
no, lon. 13 39 E, lat. 41 56 N.
Cdehes, 01 Macaffar, an ifland in the
Indian Ocean, to the E of Borneo. Th«
heat would be infuppor table, but for the
N winds, and the rains, vvhich conftant
ly fall 5 days before and after the full
moons, and during 2 months that the
fun. is nearly vertical. The fruits are
ripe all the year. The natives are Ma
hometans, and the beft foldiers in thefe
parts. "Fhe\Dutch have ftrong forts here,
by which they keep the natives in awe.
The women are handfome, but take great
pains to render their nofes flat. "Fhey
are taught to read and write, as well as
the arts of houfe-wifery. Their food is
light, and they have but 2 meals In a day.
It is a very delightful and fertile fpot,
immenfe herds of cattle, and extenfive
plantations of cocoanut trees fpread over
the hills, while the champaign is covered
with houfes, lon. from 116 to 124 £, lat.
from I 30 N to 5 30 S.
[Bowen, BouganvIUe.]
Cenado, an ancient town of, Italy, in
Trevifano, witli a bifliop's fee, 18 miles
N Trevigio, lon. la 26 E, lat. 46 a N.
Cenis, a mountain, which is a part of
the Alps, and feparates the marquifate of
Sufa from th^ Morianne.
Ceram, an ifland in the Indean Ocean,
onic of the Moluccas, the W of New Guin
ea, 140 miles In length, and 40 In breadth.
h Is mouhtalriOus' and woody ; and the
Dutch have a fortrefs to keep the natives
in fubjeClion, and to defend the Spice
Iflands, having deftroyed the clove trees
here, ten. ftom ia6 to 129 E. lat 3 o S.
Cerdagna, A fmall diftriCl, partly of
Spain, in Catalonia, and partly of France,
In the department of the Eaftern Pyre
nees and late province of RouffiUon. Puyceida

C E T

C E Y

PSiycerda is the capital of the Spaniffi
part, and Mont Louis of the French.
teranza, a tovvri Of Naples in Calabria
Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee j feated on
a rock, 1,2 miks N W St. Severino, lon.
I? a E, lat. 39 23 N. .
Ccrct, A town of France, iri the de
partment of the Eaftern Pyrenees and
late province of RouflJUon, wilh a mag-
nlticent hfidge of i arch over the Tet.
Here the commUTicsnerj of France and
Spain met, in i66o, to fettle the limits
ot the. two kingdoraa. It is la inilcs
from Perpignan, lon. a 46 E, lat. 4a
36 N,
Cerigt, an ifland at the entranee of the
Grecian Archipelago, formerly weU
known by the name of .Cyibera, feparat
ed from Morea by a narrow ftrait, 5
miles wide s it Is dry aud mountainous,
and produces neither corn, wine, nor oil,
fufficlerit for the inhabitants ; yet fome
ef the vallies are fertUe ; flieep, hares,
quails, turtles, and falcons, are abund
ant. It Is about 7 leagues in circumfer
ence, and ferves as a rendezvous for pi
rates. This ifland at the time the Fteach
took pofl'effion of Egypt, (1798) was
claimed as a part of the French Repub-
lie, under the name of the dspartmmt of
tho Egsan. Sea, " It befitted the moft ami
able nation in the Univerfc to poffefs a
fpot which antiquity has confecrated to
the tevelieft of goddeffes," ten. 23 22 E,
iat. 36 28 N, [Sonini, Thevepot.]
Cer.ims, a feaport of Cyprus, with a
caftle, and a Greek biffiop's fee, ten. 33
35 £, lat, 35 S9 N.
Cetaey, North, A village in Gteucefter-
fliire, near the dowps, where Cif encefter
races are rtui. In an adjacent field is a
camp of corifiderable est ent. It is 4
miles front Circricefter.
Csriofa, a celebrated CartuGan monaf
tery, ia the duchy, of Milan, 4 miles
from Pavia. Its park Is furrounded hy
J wall 20 miles in circumference, and
contains feveral villages*
Cervera, a town pf Spain ip Catalo
nia, on a river of it» own name, 22
miles: N W Tarragona, ten. i 9 E, lat.
41 25 N. ,' .: , ,
Ceryia, a feaport of Italy, ip Roipagria);
with a- bifliop's fee ;¦ feated on the gulf of
Venice, IQ miles -S £- Ravenna, ten. la
17 E, lat. 44 JO N.
Cefcna, A town of Italy, In Romagna,
with a bifliop's fee ; feated on^the Savio,
-15 miles S E of Ravenna, ten. la ao E,
iat. 44 25 N. 
Cette, a feaport of France, in the de

partment of Merault and Jate province of
Languedoe, feated at the place where die
Canal of Languedoe begins, between
MontpeUier and Agde, on the Mediter
ranean, Sea, lon. 3 4« E, lat. 43 23 N.
Ceva, a town of Piedmont, on the
Tanaro, with a fort, 8 miles S E-Mon-
dovi. It was taken by the French Ip
April, 1,796, ten. % 10 E, lat. 44 26 N.
CemnHos, a mountainous country In the
S bf France, in which, after the revbca-
tlori: of the edict of Nants, a remnarit of
the perfeeuted Huguenots took refuga
Here, uadet the name of Caniilards,
they led a fav"age life with the rude na
tives. In 1 701, encouraged by the
promifes of the confederates, they re
volted, and for fome time were fuccefs-
ful againft the generals fent to reduce
Uiem ; and marfhal Vlllars deigned to
enter into treaty with them., SufpeCi^ngj
however, the fiiieerity of the court, they
broke off the negociatlim ; and, Vlllars
being recalled, the duke of Berwick took
the command, and, in 1705, finally fub.i
dued them.
Ceuta, a feaport of Africa, with a bifli
op's fee. John, king of Portugal, took
It from the Moors, in 1415, but it now
belongs to Spain. It is feated ea the
ftraits of Gibraltar, ten. ,5 ao W, iat.
35 50 N, _
Ceylon, an ifland In the Iridlaa Sea, fitu
ated to the S £ ofthe peninfula of Indiai,
from which it is feparated by a narrow
fea, about 60 miles wide ; of an oval
form, 80 leagues from N to S, and vyhere
wideft 45 from E to W. This ifland is
called by the Arabians SereneUb. Nothing
certain was known of this ifland before .
theiathCeaitury,whenItwasdifcoveredby the Poirtugtiefe, who traded and became
very powerful till the middle of the ijth
century^ when the Dutch arrived,and by
theilr means the Portuguefe were expeU-
ed. Theifland Is exceedingly fertile, pro
duces feveral- kinds of rice, and aU the
fruits of. the Indies, but themoft vaiuaHe
production Is that of cinnamon; thebeft
fart bf which growB only- here. Other
piodwCteocn are ginger, pepper cardar
mailnfi,£agar,.cotton, mangoes, long, pep
per, &c. Among the fees is one called the
talipot; the -trunk of, whidi! xefemblesi a
large maJi crowned with loDg.kaves at the
top, ooe of w.hich is l^d to be of fufficIepC
magnitude to cover 15 perfons ; with thefe
they' make, tents, and. cover their houfes ;
tihis tree bears neither flower pot fruit
till it isi eOd s ;oS the pith the iphaj»itairts ,
make cakes, which has the tafte of breads. The

C E Y

CHA

The ketute has leaves like a cotton tree,
the bark, which is Very hard, divides into
threads, of which they make ropes. The
trunk is ftraight, weak, and of a moderate
height, the wood is black, heavy, com.
paCl, and fubjeCl to fplit : by wounding
the trunk the inhabitants obt.iin a liquor
refreffiing, agreeable, and wholefome, but
intoxicating. The bogalia is a large tree
vvith broad hanging leaves, continually in
motion. The inhabitants of the Illanu
hold this tree in great veneration, placin,.^
their idols under them, and fuppofe them
to be the refidence of the god Buddou,
or Baouth. The gorunda gouliah is a tree
which bears the cinnamon. This tree,
which is about the fize of an olive, has
leaves Uke the lemon or laurel tree, but
not fo broad, and bears white fragrant
bloffoms, and a yeUowifli fruit, like a
fmall olive, from which they prefs oil
like that of nutmegs. The young leaves
are red, and bruifed, fmell Uke cloves. It
has a double bark. Of the outer they
make curious cabinets. The inner rind
they peel off the tree, and cutting it in
fquare pieces lay It abroad in the fields,
where it changes its ^ffi colour, and
drinks up into the fmall roUs as we find
our cinnamon. After the trees are thus
peeled, they are let alone for 3 years,
when it is faid they regain their coats.
The wood is very white, and ufed for
building. While green, they diftil out of
it a wholefome well fcented liquor, and
another from the root, which fmells like
the ftrongeft camphor. The fineft fort
of cinnahion is taken from the youngcft,
or /of a middle growth. Here is a
coarfer fort, taken from thick old trees,
and a baftard fort, which grows wild,
like that on the Malabar coaft, but of no
Value. The fruit of the cinniimon tree,
which is ripe In September, is Uke an
acorn, but not fo fragrant as the bark;
and boiled It makes a hard white oint
ment, like taUow, but of better fmell,
which they ufe for aches, and bum in
lamps. Here are alio fiiake wood, betel
nuts, and jackcs, whofe kernels are like
chefnuts, and ferve inftead bf rice when
fcarce. A tree yielding a white thick
glutinous fubftance, which is ufed for
bird lime, and when mixed with rice flour,
taftes like eggs. "Fhe root tree, whofe
branches turn like ropes to tbe ground,
where they take freffi root, and another
fprings from thence, and fo on, over-
fpreading large traCls, after the manner
of the bannlan tree. Among the animals
may be reckoned buftaloes, hogs, goats,
Vol. II, S'

deer, bears, tygers, monkies, jackals, and
elephants, which latter are reckoned the
moft valuable of the Indies. Here arc
feveral fpecies of ants, which devour al
moft every thing they come pear, and
bmid up hlUs with fo much firnmefs as
fcarcely to be leveUed with pickaxes ; the
poultry feed on them. Bees are of feveral
forts. Among the birds are peacocks,
parrots, a black bird caUed carlos, as
'arge as a fwan, which never lights oa
rhe ground, but always, fits on trees,
with fliort legs, large head, and longblU;
partridges, woodcocks, fnlpes, fparrows,
&c. Many ferpents are found here,
fome of which are faid to be of an un
common fize. Here are mines of gold,
filver, and other metals, but only thofe
of Iron are permitted to be wrought.
Precious ftones are found of feveral forts,
as fapphlres, topazes, hyacinths, turquoU
fes, and the fineft rubies in the world.
The ifland was formerly divided into
feveral kingdoms, but Is now faid to be
under one monarch. The Inland parts
are but little known. Candi is faid to
be the capital: the Dutch have long
been In poffeffion of feveral of the prin
cipal towns on the fea coaft, but in Feb
ruary 1796 they all furrendered to the
Englifli. Ceylon rifes from the fea on
every fide to the mountains, which rua
in chains from N to S. The length is
280 miles, the breadth Is i6o. The
latitudes ofthe two extremes are between
550 and 9 5 1 N. Its extremes of lon
gitude are 79 50 and 82 10 E. The
higheft and rudeft: traCl on the Ifland is
the kingdom of Conde lida which is im
pervious by reafon of rocks and forefts,
except by narrow paths, which are ob-
ftruCled by gates of thorns, watched by
guards. The E fide of Ceylon is defend
ed by fand banks and rocks. On one of
its higheft mountains the natives believe
that Adam, the father of mankind, was
created and buried.
Chagaing, a town of Ava. The princi
pal emporium to which cotton is brought
from all parts of the country, whence it
is fent to China. The moft opulent mer
chant in the empire refides here and.
deals folely In cotton. Women perform
the labour of cleaning It. [Symes.]
Chais Dieu, a town of France, in the
department of Upper Loire and late
province of Velay. Its late BenedlCtine
abbey was much celebrated. It is la
miles E Brioude, lon. 3 4 E, lat. 45 15 N.
Chalcedon, a town of Natolia, once fa
mous for its temples of Venus and Apollo,
afterwards

CHA

C H A"

afterwards fbr Its chriftian churches,
in one of which the 4th general council
met. The city Is now reduced to 10, or
I aoo ruinous houfes. [Thevenot]
Chaldea, fee Irac Arabia.
Chalons-far Sonne, an ancient city of
France, in the department of Saone and
Loire, lately an epifcopalfee In the prov
ince of Burgundy. It Is the ftaple of
iron for Lyons and St. Etienne, and of
the wines for exportation. The great
Roman way from Lyons to Boulogne
paffed by Chalons; and here are various
ipcUcations of Roman magnificence, par
ticularly the ruins of an amphitheatre.
The city contains the Old "Town, the
New Town, and the fuburbs of St. Law -
fence. In the firft is the court of juftice,
and the cathedral. In the church of the
late Carmelites, is the tomb of the epi
cure Des Barreaux, immortalized by the
fine fonnet. Grand Dieu, tes jugemens,
&c. Chalons is feated on the Saone, 35
miles S Dijon, ten. 4 57 E, lat. 46 47 N.
- Chalons-far Marne, a city of France, 111
the department of Marne, lately an eplf
cppal fee in the province of Champagne.
It contains 15,000 inhabitants, who car
ry on a confiderable trade in flialloons
and other woollen ftufts. Here is an
academy of the fciences, arts, and belles,
lettres. Chalons is feated on the rivers
Marne, Mau, and Nau, 40 miles S W
Verdun, and 95 £ Paris, lon. 4 27 E, lat.
48 57 N.
Chamb, A town of Germany, in the cir
cle of Bavaria, capital of a county of
its own name, feated on the river Chamb,
37 miles N E Ratiffion, lon. 12 55 E, lat.
49 14 N.
Chamberry, a populous town, the capi
tal of Savoy, with a caftle. It Is water
ed by many ftreams, which have their
fources in St. Martin's Hill, and run
through feveral of the ftreets. There
are piazzas under moft of the houfes,
vvhere people may walk dry in the worft
weather. It has large and handfome
fuburbs, and In the center of the tovvn Is
the ducal palace. It was taken by the
French in 1 792. It is 27 miles N E Gre
noble, and 85 N W Turin, lon. 5 50 E,
lat. 45 35 N.
Chamand, A town of France, in the de
partment of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Lyonois, with a caftle, on the
river Glez, 17 mUes S Lyons, lon. 4 5^ E,
lat.45 29 N.
Champagne, a late province of France,
162 miles in length, and 112 In breadth ;
bounded on the N by Hainault and Lux

emburg, on the E by Lorrain and Fran
che Comte, on the S by Eurgundy, an<
on the W by the Ifle of France and Soil'-
fonnois. It now forms the department
of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper
Marne. Chaiicha, a town of Egypt, 5 miles from
Cairo, at the entrance of the defert which
leads to Mount Sinai.
Chanda, a city of Berar, In the Decan
of Hindooftan, fubjeCl to the chief of the
Eaftern Mahrattas. It Is feated on a
branch of the Godavery, 70 miles S Nag
pour, lon. 79 40 E,lat. ao 10 N.
Chandernagore, a large town of Hindoof
tan Proper, in Bengal. It is a French
fettlement, and had a very ftrong fort;
deftroyed by admiral Watfon in 1757;
and, In 1793, the Englifli again dlfpoffeff-
ed the French of this fettlement. It is
feated on the W fide of the Hoogly, a;
little NNW Calcutta.
Changhai, a town of China, In the prov^
ince of Klangnan. In this town, and the,
villages dependent on It, are more than
200,000 weavers of common cotton cloth.-
Changtang, A maritime province of Chi
na, on the eaftern coaft. It contains 6
cities ofthe firft, and 114 of the fecond
and third claffes. It is traverfed by the
river Yun, or grand imperial canal. ¦ The
capital is Tfinanfou.
Chanmanning, a city of Thibet, which
has been the refidence of the grand lama.
It is 130 miles W Laffa, lon. 89 45 E,
lat. 31 o N.
Channeray, A village In Rofsfliire, near
the frith of Murray, formerly a biffiop's
fee. It Is 30 miles W Elgin, the fine cath
edral of which tovvn is called Channeray
churchi It having been intended, It is
faid, to be built here.
Chanft, one of the fmalleft provinces of
China, bordering on the great wall. It
Is full of mountains, fome of which are
uninhabited, and have a wild and fright
ful appearance ;~ but the reft are culti
vated, vvith care, and cut into terraces
from top to bottom. Chanfi contains 5
cities of the firft clafs, and 85 of the fec
ond and third. The capital is Taiyuen-
fou. , Chantilly, a town of France, celebrated
for a fine foreft and magnificent hunting
feat, which belonged, before the late rev
olution, to the prince of Conde. It Is 17
miles N by £ Paris, lon. a 36 E, lat. 4?
II N.
Chan-tang, a province of China, bound
ed on the E by the province of Petcheli
and by part of Honaa, on the S by Ki-
aiignan,

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angrian, on the E by the Eaftern Sea,and
on the N by the fame and part of Petche
li. It is divided Into 6 diftriCls, which
contain 6 cities of the firft clafs, and 114
ofthe fecond and third. Befides thefe,
there are found along the coaft 15 or 16
forts, feveral villages of confiderable note
on account of their commerce, and a
number of fimall iflands, the greater part
of which have harbours very convenient
for the Chinefe junks, which , eafily pafs
from thence to Corea or Leaotong. Be
fides the grand imperial canal, which
travcrfes this province. It contains a great
many lakes, ftreams, and rivers, which
contribute no lefs to the ornament than
fecundity of its plains ; however, it has
much to fear from drought, as it feldom
rains here. Locufts, alfo, make fome
times great devaftation. There is no
country, perhaps, vvhere game is more
plentiful, or where pheafants, partridges,
^nd quails, are fold 'cheaper. Befides
common filk worms, there Is found In
tills province a fpecies of InfeCl much re
fembling our caterpillars, vvhich produce,
indeed, a coarfer kind of filk, but of
which much ftronger ftuffs are made ,;
as thefe ftuffs are very .durable, they have
an extenfive fale throughout China. Tfi
nanfou Is the capital.
Chaohingfou, a city of China, in the
province of Tchekiang. It has 8 cities
of the third rank under its jurifdiClion.
The inhabitants of this diftriCl are faid
to be the greateft adepts in chicapcry of
any in China. Indeed, they are fowell
verfed In the laws, that tihe governors
of the provinces and great mandarins
choofe their feeretarics from among tliepi-
Chaotcheofau, A city of China, in tlie
province of Quangtong, fituate between
a navigable rivers, and celebrated for a
monaftery of the bonzes In its neighbpur-
hood, lon. 114 ^^ E, lat. 25 o N.
Chaparang, Or Dfiprang, a confiderable
city of Thibet, in Afia, feated on the
fouthern head of the Ganges, not far
weftward from the lake Manfaroar, ten.
'78 42 E, lat. 34 oN.
Chapelin Frith, a town In Derbyfliire,
with a poor market on Saturday, feated
on the confines of the Peak, 1 7 miles S E
Manchefter, and 165 NNW London,
lon. I 55 W, Iat. 53 22 N.
Chaqiie Medja, a pleafant town of Tur-
licy in Europe, feated at the head of a
fait lake, which communicates with the
Archipelago, by a narrow channel, 200
yards in length, over which is a ftone
bridge. 'I'hc country round is highly

cultivated. It is 15 miles W Conflantii
nople. [Jackfon.]
Charabon, a feaport on the N coaft of
Java, in the Indian Ocean, 130 miles E
il3aiavia;loii. 109 10 E.lat. 60S.
Chara, a town in Somerfetfliire, with a
market on Mond?.y ; fe.ited on the fide
of ahiU^ 6 miles W Crewkerne, and 141
W by S London, lon. 3 18 W, lat. 50
52 N.
Charente, a department of France, In
cluding the late province of Angoumois.
It is named from a river, which rifes
In Limofin, runs by Angoulcfme and
Saintes, .-.nd falls Into the bay of Bifcay.
Angoulcfme is the capital.
Charente, Loiver, A department of
France, confifting of the a late provinces
of Aunis and Saintonge. Saintes is the
capital. Charenton, a fmall town, on the river
Seine, 4 miles S Paris ; once famous for
its proteftant church.
Charite, a town of France, in the de
partment of NIevre, and late province of
Nivernois. Its fituation on the road
from Paris to Lyons, and the canal of
Briare has made its trade very briflc,
Here are forges, for converting the iron
in the neighbourhood into fteel, a wool
len manufaClure, and another for arms,
helmets, and hardware in general. The
fuburb is fituate in a kind of ifland,
which forms about a fourth of the tovvn.
The ftone bridge communicating with it
vvas ruined by the melting of the ice in
1 789. The moft remarkable edifice in
this town is the priory of the late Bene-
diClIne Clunlftes. When wc confider the
vaft riches and preoJiitives of this mo
naftery (the prior commendatory of
which was temporal lord of the town)
we fliould not forget, at the fame time,
that, in a feafon of fcarcity, the whole
tovvn has fubfifted upon its bounty ; and
I hence it derives its name. It is feated on
the Loire, 15 miles N Nevers, lon. 3 10
E, lat. 47 10 N.
Charlemont, A borough of Ireland, in
the county of Armagh, feated on the riv-
er'Blackn-citcr, 6 miles S Dungannon, lon.
6 37 "VV, lal 54 44 N.
Charlemont, -.x fortified town of the Neth
erlands', in the county of Namur, ceded
to the Frenel) by the treaty of Nimcguen.
It is feated on the Meufe, 25 miles S W
Namur, lon. 4 40 E, lat. 50 6 N.
Charli-r.-.y, a town of the Auftrian l!etl-.-
erlands, in the county of Nanur, built
by the Spaniards, in 1666. It has been
often tiiken .ind retake ,:. ti,, laft t;n;c b-,;
I'-.c

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tie French in 1794. H is feated oa the
Sambre, 18 miles W Namur, Ion. 4 30 E,
lat. 50 ao N.
Charles Fort, a fortrefs of Ireland, at
the entrance of Kinfate harbour, lon. a
43 W, lat. 51 I N.
Charleville, A borough of Ireland, in
the county of Cork, 30 miles N Cork, lon.
S 30 W, lat. 5a as N.
Charleville, A town of France, In the de
partment of the Ardennes and late prov
ince of Champagne. The ftreets are
ftraight, and the houfes of an equal height.
Here is a magnificent fquare, and in the
centre a handfome fountain. It Is feated
on the Meufe, near Mezieres, from which
it is feparated by a bridge and a caufe-
-way ; 15 miles N W Sedan, and 115 N E
Paris, lon. 4 45 E, lat. 49 50 N.
Charlton, A village In Kent, on an emi
nence that commands a fine view of the
Thames. It Is famous for an annual fair
on St. Luke's day, called Horn Fair, in
ivhioh horn wares are fold, and the mob
wear horns on their heads. Tradition *
traces its origin to king John, who, being
detected in an amour here, was obliged,
it Is faid, to appeafe the huffiand, by a
grarit of aU the land from this place to
Cuckold's Point ; and he eftabliflied the
fair as the teriure. Iri this parifli, on
^lackheath, is Morden College, a noble
inflltution for decayed merchants, found
ed by Sir John Morden, hart, a Turkey
merchant. Charlton is 6 niiles E S iE
iLondon. Charmes, a town of France, in the de
partment of the Vofges and late province
of Lorrain, feated ori the Mofelle, over
which is a handfome bridge, 8 miles E
Mlrecourt, lon. 6 17 E, tat. 48 21 N.
Charn-uiood, or Charley Farefi, a rough
open trad In the N W part of Leicef
terfliire. Charolles, A town of France, In the de
partment of Saone and Loire, and late
province of Burgundy. It has a ruinous
caftle, and Is feated on the Reconce, 24
miles W N W Macon, Ion. 4 24 E, lat.
46 28 N.
Charoft, a town of France, In the de
partment of Indre, and late province of
Berry, feated on the Arpon, 6 miles N E
Iffoudun, lon. a 10 E, lat. 471 N.
Chartres, an ancient city of France, In
the department of Eure and Loire and
late province of Beauce. It is the epifco
pal fee of the department, and, before the
abolition of nobility in France, gave the
title of duke to the eldeft fon of the duke
«f Orleans. Here is a general hofpital,

and another for 120 bUnd perfons. The
cathedral is one of the fineft In France,
and its fteeple much admired. The prln-
cipal trade confifts in corn. It is feated
on the Eure, 45 miles S W Paris, lon. i
34 E, lat. 48 27 N
Charibdis, a famous whirlpool. In the
flrait of Meffina, on the coaft of Sicily,
oppofite the celebrated Scylla, In Italy.
According to the theme of poets, it was
very formidable to mariners ; but it is
faid to have been entirely removed by the
dreadful earthquake in 1783.
Chateau Briant, a town of France, in
the department of Lower Loire, and late
province of Brittanny, with an old caf
tle, containing 3000 inhabitants : 24 miles
S Rennes, lon, i 16 W, lat 47 46 N.
Chateau Cambrefis, a town of France, in
the department of the North and late
province ofthe Cambrefis, with a magnif
icent palace, which belonged to the late
archiepifcopal fee of Cambray. It is fa.
mous for a treaty concluded betweea
Henry II of France, and PhlUp II of
Spain ; and is 12 miles SE Camhray, lon.
3 40 E, lat. 13 7 N.
Chateau Chinon, A town of France, is
the departmerit of Nievre and late prov.,
ince of Nivernois, with a confiderable
manufaClure of cloth. It Is feated on the
Yonne, near the fource of that river, 36
miles E Nevers, ten. 4 8 E, lat. 47 o I^i
Chateau Dauphin, a flrong caftle of Pied
mont, 18 miles W by N Saluces. It was
taken by the French and Spaniards in
1744, and reftored In 1748.
Chateau du Lair, a town of France, In
the department of Sarte and late piovlnce
of Maine, famous for a fiege of 7 years
againft the count of Mans. Iti '* fi?3ted
on the Loire, 22 miles S E Mans, arid 97
W Paris, lon. o 30 E, lat. 47 40 N.
Chateaudun, an ancient town of France,
In the department of Eure and Loire and
late province of Beauce. Flere Is a caflle,
and a holy chapel, built by the famous
count of Dupols. The treafury of this
church contained a magnificent crofs of
gold, enriched with precious ftones, and
a glafs vafe which bore tlie name of Char
lemagne, and is faid to have been a pre
fent from Aaron king of Perfia. The
ftreets are ftraight ; the houfes uniform ;
and the great fquare is very fpacious. It
is feated on an eminence, hear the Loire,
30 miles N Blois, and 72 S W Paris, Ipp,
I' aa E, lat. 48 4 N.
Chateau Gantier, a tovvn of France, in
the department and late province of
Maine, feated on the river Maine, with a
caftle.

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cattle. It has a mineral fpring ; its trade
confifts in linens and woollens, its Inhab
itants are reckoned 7000 : and it is 22
mfles N W Angers, and 147 S W Paris,
lon. o 36 E, lat. 47 47 N-
Chateau Landon, a town of France, In
the department pf Seine and Marne and
late province of the Ifle of France, with a
late Auguftine abbey, feated on a hill, 5
miles S Nemours, and 50 S by £ Paris,
lon. a 38 E, lat. 48 II N.
Chateaulin, A town of France, In the de
partment of Finifterre and late province
of Brittany, i8 miles N Quimper.,o.p the
river Auzon, where there is a falmon
fiffiery. Chateau Meillant, A town of France, in
the department of Cher and late province
of Berry, 9 miles E Chatre. Here is a
caftle, with a tower, faid to have been
Uuilt by JuUus Cefar.
Chateauneuf, a town of France, In the
department of Cher and late province of
Berry, 16 miles S Eourge?.
Chateauneuf a town of France, In the
department of Eure and Loire and
late province of Beauce, la miles N E
Chartres. Chateauneuf, a town of France, in the
department of iK/Iaine and Loire and late
prpvince of Anjou, feated on the Sarte,
;a miles N Angers.
Chateau Renaud, A town of France, in
the department of Indre and Loire and
late province of Touralne, ao miles N W
Amboife, and 88 S W Paris, ten. n i W,
lat. 47 33 N.
Chaie^uroux, a town of France, In the
late province of Berry, and recently
ereCled Into the epifcopal fee of the de
partment of Indrc, with a caflle. It has
a manufaClure of cloth, and is feated in a
picafant plain, on the Indre, 15 miles S W
Iffoudun, and 14S S Paris, lon. i 51 £,
lat. 46 46 N. Ih
Chateau Thierry, a town of France, In
the department of Aifna and late prov
ince of Champagne, with 3 caflle on an
eminence, feated on the river Maine. It
'v> the birthplace of the inimitable La
Fontaine ; and is a? miles S W Rheims,
and 97 N W Paris, ten. 3 33 E.lat. 49 a N.
Chatil, a town of France, in the de
partmept of the Vofges and late province
of Lorrain, featedon the Mofelle, 8 miles
£ Mlrecourt.Chatel Chalon, a town of France, in the
department pf Jura and late province of
Franche Comte, remarkable for its late
BepedlCline nunnery, 20 miles S Dole,
lon. 5 38 E, lat. 46 46 N.

Chatellerauk, A town of France, in the
department of the Vienne and late prov
ince of Poitou, feated on the Vienne, over
which is a handfome ftone bridge. It is
noted for Its cutlery, watchmaking, and
the cutting of falfe diamonds. It gives
the title of duke to the Scotch duke of
Hamilton, it is 22 miles NNE Poitiers,
and 168 S S W Paris, lon. o 44 E, lat.
46 50 N.
Chatham, A town in Kent, adjoining
Rochefter, and feated oathe Medway. It
is one of the principal ftations of the roy
al navy ; and the yards and magazines are
furniflied with all forts of naval ftores. In
1667, the Dutch failed up to this towp,
and burnt feveral men of war ; but the
entranpe Into the Medway is now defend
ed by Sheernefs and other forts ; and in
1757, additional fortifications were begun
at Chatham. That excellent fund for the
relief of wounded feamen, called the
Clieft at Chatham, vvas inftituted in the
year 1588, after the defeat of the Spaniffi
armada, when the queen Elifabeth, by
advice of Sir Francis Drake,' Sir John
Hawkins, and others, afllgned a portion
of every feaman's pay to the relief of fea
men who have been wounded or difabled
in the navy. It has a market on Satur
day, a church, a chapel of eafe, and a fliip
ufed as a church, for the falters. It Is 31
miles E S E Loudon, lon. o 36 E, lat. 51
22 N.
Chatillon-les-Dombcs, A town of France,
in the department of Ain and late prov
ince of Breffe, 12 miles W Bourg.
Chatillan-fur-Indre, a tov.n of France,
in the department of Indrc and late prov
ince of Berry, lo miles S Lochis, ten. o
55 E, lat, 47 22 N.
Chatilkn-fur-Marne, a tovvn of France,
in tlie department of Marne and Lite
province of Champagne, 1 7 miles S Rlii-
ems, ten. 4 5 ilS> iat. 48 58 N.
Cbatilkn-fir-Seihe, a town of France, ia
the departpjent of C6te d'Or and late
province of Burgundy, divided into 2 by
the river Seine. It has iron worhs in Its
neighbourhood, and Is 36 miles N W
Dijpn, Ipn. 4 35 E, lat. 47 42 N.
Chatfs, a town of France, in the de
partment of Indre and late province of
Berry, feated on the river Indre, 37
miles from Bourges. It has a confidera
ble trade kx cattle, ten. i 55 E, lat. 46
35 N.
Chats-worth, a village in the Peak of
Derbyffiire, near the river Derwent, 6
miles W Ch-.-fterfield. Here is a noble
feat of the duke of Devonfliire, which, for

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for Its fine fituation, park, gardens, foun
tains, &c. is deemed one of the w'bndcrs
fif the Peak. In its firft age, It was the
prifon of Mary queen of Scots, for 17
years ; in memory of which the new
lodgings that are built, Inftead of the
old, are called the Queen of Scots apart
ment. Chanes, a town of Portugal, in the
province of Tra-los-Montes, feated at
the foot of a mountain, on the river
Tamega. It has- 2 fuburbs and a forts.
Between the town and the fuburb Mag-
dalcna, is an old Roman ftone bridge.
It is 30 miles S W Braganza, lon. 7 o
W, lat. 41 45 N.
Chaumont, a town of France, in the de
partment of Upper Marne and late prov
ince of Champagne. The principal gate
of the church of the college Is much ad
mired. It Is feated on a mountain, near
the river Marne, 14 miles S Joinville,
ten.. 5 9 E, lat. 48 8 N.
Chaumont, a town of France, in the de
partment, of Oife and late provrlnce of
the Ifle of France, 30 miles iN W Paris,
lon. 2 7 E, lat. 49 18 N.
Chauny, A town of France, in the de
partment of Aifne, on the river Oife, 20
Iriiles E iNoyon, lon. 3 18 E, lat. 49
^^ N.
Cheadle, a town of Staffordfliire, with
a market on Saturday, feated in the moft
fertile part of the moorland, 12 miles
N E Stafford, lon. i 56 W, lat. 53 o N.
Cheam, A village in Surry, adjoining to
which is the fite of the village of Codin-
ton, or Cudington, where Henry VIII
built the palace of Nonfuch, fo much cel
ebrated, by Capiden and Hentzner, for
its magnificence. It was a favourite refi
dence of queen Elifabeth ; but befng
granted by Charles II to the duchefs of
Cleveland, flie pulled down "the houfe,
and difparked the land. Cheam is 13
miles S S W London.
Chedder, a village In Somerfetfliire, fa
mous for Its cheefes, which are as large
as thofe of Chefliire. It is 3 miles E Ax
bridge. Chedivorth, A village in Gloucefterfliire,
4 miles W S W Northlech, fituate on the
declivity of 2 hiUs. In this parifli, in
1760, a Roman bath was dlfcovered ;
and near It Is a tumulus, in vvhich great
quantities of human bones have been
found. Cheitore, or Oudipaur, one of the priii-
c'pal of the Rajpoot ftates, in Hindoof-
t;tJi Proper. It confifts, in general of
high mountains, divided bv narrow val

lies ; or of plains environed by mbliti-
tains, acceffible only by narrow paffes or
defiles ; and abounds vvith fortreffes : in
reality, one of the ftrongeft countries in
the world ; yet having an extent of ara
ble land fufficient for the fupport of a
numerous population, and bleffed vvith
a mild climate, being between 24 and
28 N lat. It is tributary to the Mah
rattas. Cheitore, or Oudipaur, a town, In a prov
ince of the fame name, in Hindooftan
Proper. It was the capital of the Rana,
or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in the
days of his greatnefs ; and was a fortrefs
and city of great extent, fituate on a
mountain ; but it has been In ruins fince
the time of Aurungzebe, in 1681. It is
120 miles S by £ Nagpoar, lon. 74 56 E,
lat. 25 21 N.
Chelm, a town of Polaind, In Red Ruf
fia, capital of a palatinate of its own
name with a bifliop's fee. It Is 100
miles E S E Warfaw, ten. 23 29 E, lat.
51 20 N.
Chelmer, A river ill Effex, which rifes
near Thaxted, and flows by Dunmow
and Chelmsford to Maiden, where It
joins the Blackwater, and forming the
eftuary called Blackwater Bay, or Maldeq
Water, enters the German Ocean,
Chelmsford, the county towp of Effex,
fituate in a beautiful valley, at the con-.
fluence of the Chelmer and Can, with a
market on Friday. U confifts of the
town and hamlet of Moulffiam, parted
from each other by the river Can, over
which is an elegant ftone bridge of I
arch. In the town are the church, a
magnificent fliire houfe, a freefchool, a
new conduit, and a neat theatre : the
hamlet contains the new county goal, and
3 meeting houfes. In 1793, an aCl was
obtained, to make the Chelmer naviga
ble hence to Maiden. Chelmsford is 21
miles W S W Colchefter, and 29 E N E
London, lon. o 33 E, lat. 51 43 N.
Chelfea, a village In Middlefex, on the
Thames, 1 inile W Weftminfter ; re
markable for Its magnificent hofpital for
the invalids of the army, and for the
noble rotundo in the garden of Ranelagh
Houfe, a place of fafliionable amufement
in the fummer evenings, and the fineft
flruClure of the kind in Europe. Here
JS alfo an excellent phyfic garden, belong
ing to the company of apothecaries.
Cheltenham,- A town in Gloucefterfliire,
with a market on Thurfday ; and noted
for ils mineral waters, which are fome
what like thofe of Scarborough. , It is 9
miks

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milts N E Gloucefter, and 95 W by N
London, ten, a 21 W, lat. 51 55 N.
Chelunif a river of Hindooftan Proper,
being the wcfternmoft of the 5 eaftern
branches of the river Indus. It rifes
above Caflimere, waters that city, and
flowing through the province of that
name, in a S E direction, joins the Indus
below MotJtan. This river is the fa
mous Hydafpes of Alexander.
Cheiidi, A vlUage on the eaftern bank
of the NUe, confifting of 250 houfes, or
hovels. The women are handfome, the
men cowardly, ten. 33 29 45 E, lat- 16
38 35, N. [Bruce.]
Chenf, one of the moft extenfive prov-
iaces of China, bordering on the great
vrall. . It is divided into two parts, the
eaftern and weftern, and contains 8 cities
of the firft rank, and 106 of the fecond
and third. It Is fertile, commercial, and
rich, but fubjeCt to long droughts ; and
clouds of locufts fometimes deftroy ever"',
thing that grows In the fields : thefe iu-
feCls the Chinefe eat boiled. In Chenfi
are rich gold mines, which, for political
reafons, are not allowed to be opened.
Bingan-fou is the capital.
Cben-yau, or Moug-den, the capital of
Eaftern Chinefe Tartary (or country of
the Mantchew Tartars) and of a depart
ment of the fame name, which is bound
ed on the S by the great wall of China.
Chepfo'w, A town ill jVtoiimouthfliire,
with a market on Saturday. It Is feated
on the fide of a hill, on the Wye, near
Its confluence with the Severn. It was
formerly a confiderable place, and had a
large caftle on a roek, and a priory, part
of which is convertM into a church. It
is waUed round, has a handfome high
bridge over the river, and fends provif
ions and other commodities 10 Briftol.
The tide Is faid to rife higher here than
in any other part of Europe, It fwelling
to 50 or 60 feet perpendicular. It is 18
miles N Eriftol, and 127 W London, lon.
2 36 W, lat. 51 42 N.
Cher, a department of France, includ
ing part of the late province of Berry.
It receives Its name from the river Cher,
which rifes in Auvci'gne, and falls into the
Loire, below "Fours. Bourges is the capital.
Chcrajeo, a confiderable town of iPied-
mont, capital of a territory of the fame
name, with a ftrong citadel, to which
the duke of Savoy retired in 1706, dur
ing' the fiege of Turin. It Is feated at the
confluence of the Sturia and Tanaro,
upon a mountain, 24 miles S E - Turin,
Ion. 7 j8 E, lat. 44 45 N.

Cherbourg, A feaport of France, In the
department of the Channel and late prov
ince of Normandy, vvith a late Auguftine
abbey. It is a wretched coUeClion of
houfes crowded together, dirty, mean,
and irregular. It is remarkable for the
feafight between the EngUfli, .-ind French
in 1692, when the latter were beat, ancl
upward of 20 of their men of war burnt
near Cape la Hogue. The Englifli land
ed here in Auguft, 1758, took the town,
with the fliips in the bafin, demoliflied
the fortifications, aud ruined the other
works which had been long begun to en
large the harbour, and render it more
fafe and convenient. Thefe works were
refunied, on a very ftupendous fcale, by
Lewis XVI ; but their progrefs was in
terrupted by the revolution. Cherbourg
is 50 mUes N W Caen, lon. i 33 E, lat.
49 38 N. [Wraxall.]
Cherefoul, a town of "Furkey in Afia,
capital of Curdiftan, 1(50 miles N Bagdad,
loa. 44 15 E, lat. 35 JO N.
Cherry Iflaud, in the Nor.hern Ocean,
between Norway and Greenland, lon. ao
5 E, lat. 74 30 N.
Cherfo, an ifland in the gulf of Venice,
¦.vith a town of the fame name, near Cro
atia, belonging to the Venetians. 'Fhe
foil is ftony ; but It abounds in wine, cat
tle, oil, and excellent honey, lon. 14 40 E,
lat. 45 n N.
Cherfon, the capital of New Ruffia, In
the government of Catharlpenflaf. It is
a new town, ereCled by Catharine II, on,
the N bank of the Dnieper, 10 miks be--
low the mouth of the Ingulec. It is not
yet very large ; but the church, and many
of the houfes are built of ftone, in a pret-t
ty tafte. It is Intended to be the princi
pal mart of all the commodities of export
and import. It has a dock, from which
feveral men of war and merchant fliips
have been already launched. It Is fup
plled with fuel by reeds only, of which
there is an inexhauftible foreft in the flial-
lows Pf the Dnieper, oppofite the town.
Rails, and even temporary houfes, are
made of them. They are tall and ftrong,
and afford ffielter to various kinds of
aquatic birds, fome of which are very
beautiful. The fortifications are made,
and the plantations formed, by malefac
tors, who amount to fome hundreds. In
1787, the emprefs made a triumphant
journey to this capital, and here met the
emperor Jofeph II. Her intention, it is
faid, vvas to be crowned here queen of
Taurica, and emprefs of the Eaft : but
the defign did not take place ; and flie
vvas

CHE

CHI

vrSs content to have Infcribed over one of
the gates of the city, Through this gate
lies the road to Byzantium. In this
place, In 1790, the celebrated Mr. How
ard fo well known for his plans of reform
of the different hofpitals and prifbns of
Europe, fell a viClim to his indefatigable
humanity. Cherfon is 50 miles £ Ocza
kow, lon. 33 10 E, lat. 46 5 N.
Cher fey, A town III Surry, vvith a mar
ket on Wednefday. It is feated near the
Thames, over which Is a handfome ftone
bridge of feven arches. It is feven miles
W Kingfton, and 20 W by S London, lon.
o 20 W, lat. 51 25 N.
Cherz, an ancient town of Poland, in
iMafovia, 15 miles from Warfaw, lon. 21
S W, lat 5a I N
Cbeffiim, a town ill Bucks, with a mar
ket on Wednefday, la miles S E Aileffiu
ry, and 21) W by N London, lon. o 36 W,
Iat. 51 42 N.
Cheffire, an Engliffi county palatine,
bounded on the N by Lancafliire; on the
N E by Yorkfliire, ontheEby Derbyfliire,
on the S E by St.iffordffilre, on the S by
Shropffiire, on the W by Denbighfliire
and FUntfliire, and on the N W by the
Irifli Sea, into which projeCts a peninfula,
13 miles in length and 6 in breadth, form
ed by the mouths of the Merfey and the
Dee. This county extends 33 miles from
N to S, and 42 from E to W, without In
cluding the peninfula juft mentioned on
the W, or a narrow traCl of land vvhich
ftretches betweeii Lncafliire and Derby-
fhlre to Yorkfliire, on the N E. It is di
vided into feven hundreds, containing one
city, II market towns, and 101 pariflies.
It fends tvvo members to parliament, for
the county, and two for Chefler. The
air is temperately cold, and very health
ful. The principal rivers are the Merfey,
Wever, Dee, and Dane ; and it has feve
ral fmall lakes. It is rich In pafture and
corn land ; but there are feveral heaths
upon which horfes and flieep feed, among
which are the extenfive forefts of Mac
clesfield and Delamere. The country is
generally level ; the higheft hills in it are
about Frodffiam ; and its extenfive paf
tures feed a great number of cows, whofe
milk is peculiarly rich, and of which is
made excellent cheefe. Such quantities
of thefe cheefes are made, that London
alone is faid to take annually 14,000 tons ;
and vaft quantities are alfo fent to Briftol,
York, Scotland, Ireland, &c. But a con
fiderable quantity of what commonly goes
by the name of Cheffiire cheefe Is made
m Shropfllire, Staffordihire and Lanca

fliire. This county Is likewife famous for
its fait fprings at Namptwich, Middle-
wlch, Northwlch, and Winsford ; and, at
Northwich, there are vaft pits of foiUd
fall rock.
Chcfer, the capital of Chefliire, with a
market on Wednefday and Saturday. It
is a place of great antiquity ; the waUs
are near two miles in circumference, and
there arc four. gates, towards the fdur
cardinal points. It has a ftrong caflle, in
which Is the flilre-hall, and 10 churches
befides the cathfcdral, and 6 places of wor
fliip for diffenters. The main ftfeets have
a fort of covered portico running out
from houfe to houfe, which are called
rows, and afford a flieltered walk for the
foot paffengers. The ftreets are hollowed
out of the roek to the depth of one ftory
below the ground on each fide. It has 2
conftant communication with Ireland ;
this and Holyhead being, the principal
places of taking flilpping for Dubhn. It
has a fmall fliare of foreign trade ; and
its two annual fairs are the moft noted in
England, efpecially for the fale of Iriffi,
linen. It has a manufaClure of gloves, and
a confiderable traffic of fliop goods into
N Wales. It gives the title of earl to the
prince of Wales, is governed by a mayor,
fends two members to parliament, and is
a bifliop's fee. It is 20 miles S by E Liv
erpool, 38 S W Manchefter, and 182 N 'W
London, ten. 3 3 W, lat. 53 la N.
Chef erf eld, A town of England, in the
county of Derby, fituated In a beautiful
vale, called the Vally of Scarfdede, contain
ing near 1000 houfes, and 5,000 inhabit
ants. In this town are feveral potteries
and filk mills, and a cotten mifl, with
large Iron founderles In the neighbour
hood : iron ore and coals are both dug
near the town ; a navigable canal has
j lately been made from hence to the Trent,
about five miles below Galnffiorough. It
j is a corporation town, and governed by
I a mayor, aldermen, &c. The market is
I held on Saturday : a6 miles N Derby,
j and 149 N. London
j Cheviot Hills, hills of England, In the
I county of Northumberland, near which
was a free chace, called Cheviot, corruptly
Chevy Chace, the feat of the encounter be
tween the Piercies and the Douglaffes,
( celebrated in the ancient popular fong :
} 6 miles from the borders of Scotland, and
l8 S Berwick.
Chiarenza, a feaport of Turkey in Eu
rope, in the Morea, oppofite the ifland of
Zante, ten. ai 35 E, lat. 37 50 N.
Chian, a t»wn of Italy, in the Brefci- an*f

CHI

CHI

ano, where the Auftrians defeated the
French in i7oi,ten. lo 17 £,lat. 45 30 N.
Chiaro-Monte, a town of Sicily, on a
mountain, 25 miles W Syracufe, lon. 14
59 E, Iat. 37 3 N.
Chiavenna, a town of Swifferland, cap
ital of a county of the fame name, under
the fovereignty of the Grifons, containing
3000 fouls. It is a trading place, efpe
cially in wine and delicate fruits ; but Its
chief fupport is the tranfport of merchan
dife, it being the principal communication
between the Mflanefe and Germany.
The governor's palace, and the churches
are magnificent ; and the inhabitants are
Roman catholics. Here are the ruins of
a once celebrated fortrefs, on the fummit
of a rock ; and clofe to the towri Is a rock
of afteftos, a kind of mineral fubftance,
of a grcyifli fdver colour, vvhich can be
drawn out Into longitudinal fibres as fine
as thread, and Is fuppofed to be IndeftruCl-
ible by fire. Chiavenna is feated near
the lakes of Chiavenna and Como, ten. 9
19 E, lat. 46 19 N. [Coxe.]
Chiavenna, Laghetto di, A fmall lake of
the country of the Grifons, In Swifferland,
near the town of Chiavenna. The vriews
of this lake are wild and magnificent ;
furrounded as It Is by barren rocks, crag
gy, and rifing into fpires fprinkled with
fnow. The bafes of thefe dreadful pre
cipices are loft in the overfliadowed wa
ter, dangerous ou account of its malignant
vapours, and aflprding no afylum, fcarce
ly a landing place, to the crews of thofe
frail boats, which are caught unwarily in
the violent ftorms to which It Is fubjeCl.
' Chichefler, the capital of Suffex, with a
market on Wednefday and Saturday. It
is feated in a plain, on the river Levant,
is a bifliop's fee, and has a cathedral,
with 7 fmall churches. It fends -J mem
bers to parliament, and is governed by a
mayor. The city is walled round, and
from the market place, which Is the cen
tre, may be ken the 4 gates. It exports
corn, malt, &c. and has lonie foreign com
merce, and a maiuil'aclure of needles.
The haven aflords fine lobfters. Itis 6i
miles S W London, lon. o 48 W, lat. 50
50 N.
Cbiilefa, a town of Turkey in Europe,
in the Morea. It vvas taken by the Ve
netians in 1685 ; but the Turks retook It,
lon, 22 28 E, lat. 36 35 N.
Chlemffee, a lake of Germany, in Bava
ria, which contains an Illand and town of
the fame name, with a billiop's fee. "I'he
illand is 17 iniles in circumference, and
the town is J2 mfles W S W Saltzburg.
Vol. H. T

Chieri, a fortified tovvn of Piedmont,
feated on the decUvIty of a hill, in a pleaf
ant country, bounded on aU fides by
hills covered with vines. It is 8 mUes E
Turin. Chieti, a town Of Naples, capital of Ab
ruzzo Citeriore, with an archbifliop's fee.
It is feated on a mountain near the river
Pefcara, 8 miles S W Pefcara, lon. 15 7
E, lat. 42 20 N.
Chiggre, A rocky mountain In the great
defert of Nubia, at the foot of which is a
great plenty of water, lat. 20 58 30 N.
[Bruce,]
Chigioell, A village in EffeX, near Epping
Foreft, noted for a freefchool, founded by
arehbiffiop Harfnett, who had been vicar
of this place. He was buried in the
church ; and his graveftone was adorned
with his figure in brafs, in his pontifical
robes, but for its better prefervatlon, it
has been fixed on a pedeftal in the chan
cel. Chlgwell is 10 miles N E London.
Chihiri, or Part Cheer, a feaport of A-
rabia Felix, which carries on a confidera
ble trade, lon. 49 25 E, lat. 14 40 N.
Chilka, A lake of Hindooftan, on the
fea coaft of the province of Cattack, on
the N W fide of the bay of Bengal. This
lake feems the efl'eCl of a breach of the
fea over a flat fandy ffiore, and extending
about 36 milts in lerigth, and from 10 to
13 in breadth, vvith many inhabited ifl
ands in It, on the N W it is bounded by a
ridge of mountains, 40 miles 3 W Cat
tack. Chiltern, a chain of chalky hills, run
ning from E to W through Buckinghani-
ffilre. They are covered, in various parts,
with woods ; and fome of the eminences
are of confiderable height, and afford
rich profpeCls. "il'liis diftriCl belongs to
the crown.
Chimay, a town of France, In the de
partment of the Nortli and late province
of Hainault, feated on the river Blanche,
20 miks S S W Charleroy, lon. 4 15 E,
lat. 50 o N.
Chimara, an ancient town of Turkey
in Europe, In Albania, capic-il (,-f a terri
tory of the fame name, including a chain
sf mountains, of which one part is free,
and the other fubjetl to the Turks. It is
feated o.t a rcclc, at the entrance of the
gulf of Venice, 29 miles N Corfu, tell. 20
8 E, lat. 40 8 N.
Cuiiiiliiif, A town in Devonfliire, with a
market on Wrdnei'day. It is almoft fur
rounded by the river Dart ; and is at
miles N 'v'.' Ext ter, and 155 V.' by S Lou
don, lo:i, 3 53 W, lat. jo 57 N, Chiiisi,

CH I

CHI

" China, an extenfive empire In Afia,
bounded on the N by Tartary, from
vvhich it Is feparated by a great waU 500
leagues In length ; . on the E by the Yel
low Sea and the Chinefe Ocean ; on the
,S by that ocean and the kingdoms of
TonqUin, Laos, and Burmah ; and on the
W by Thibet. It lies between 100 and
250 E lon. and 20 and 41 N lat. It Is
aooo miles from N to S, and 1500 from
E to 'W, and divided into 15 provinces,
which contain 4402 walled cities, divided
into claffes, the civil and the military ;
the civil clafs contains 2045, and that of
the military 235 7. The civil clafs is again
divided Into three other claffes, namely,
the firft clafs, which are called /ok ; the
fecond, called tcheau ,- and the third, which
is called hien. It Is^faid China contains
333,000,000 Inhabitants. The climate
and foil are various, as the different prov
inces are nearer to, or f emote from the S ;
fevere cold being felt at Pekin, while the
fouthern provinces are expofed to excef-
five heat. Here are feveral large rivers,
and where thefe are wanting, there arc
Une canals. In feveral of the provinces,
the land yields two crops a year ; yet,
though the huffiandman cultivates it with
fuch care, as not to lofe the fmalleft por
tion of ground, China has been often
defolated by famine. Its numerous
mountains, (which are chiefly In the N
and W parts of the enipire) contain mines
of iron, tin, copper, quickfilver, gold, and
filver : but thofe of gold and filver are
hot permitted to be opened ; the emper
ors having always feared, that if the peo
ple fliould be expofed to the temptation
of thefe artificial riches, they would be
induced to negleCl the more ufeful la
bours of agriculture. Quarries, of niar-
,ble, coal mines, lapis lazuli, roek cryftals,
precious ftones, and a kind of fonorous
ftoncs, of which mufical Inftruments are
compofed, are abundant in China. They
hav^c potter's earth loo pf fuch various
and fuperior kinds, that their celebrated
fine procelaiu will ever remain unrivalled.
Befide the fruits peculiar to the country,
Cliina produces the greater part of thofe
of Europe ; but (excepting the grapes and
pomegranates) they are much inferior.
Oranges were firft brought us from Chi
na. They have *.lfo. lemons, citrons, the
tfe tfe, a kind of fig peculiar to Cliina ;
the li tchi, of the fize of a date, its ftone
covered wIlIi a foft juicy pulp, of an ex
quifite tafte, but dangerous vvhen eaten to
cxcefs ; the long yen, or dragon's eyes,
its pulp white, tart, and juicy, not fo

agreeable to the tafte, but more -whole*
fome than the li tchi. The Chinefe fur-
pafs us in the art of managing kitchen
gardens, and have a number of vegetables
unknown to us, "I'hey cultivate even
the bottom of their waters ; the beds of
their lakes, ponds, and rivulets, pro'
ducing crops unknown to us, particularly
of the pitfi, or water chefnut, the fruit of
which (found in a cover formed by its
root) Is exceedingly wholefome, and of a
very delicate tafte. Among the trees
pecuUar to China Is the tallow-tree,
the frnit of which is contained in a hufic,
divided into three fpherical fcgmcnts,
vvhich open vvhen it is ripe, and difcover
three white grains of the fize of a fmall
walnut, the pulp of which has aU the prop
erties of tallow ; the wax tree, produ
cing a ki-nd of vvhite wax almoft equal to
that made by bees ; the tfi chu, or var-
nifli tree, which produces the admirable
Chinefe varnifli ; the tie ly mou, or iron
wood, the wood of which is fo hard and,
heavy, that it finks in water, and the an
chors of the Chinefe fliips of war are
made of it; the camphire tree ; the bam
boo reeds, which grow to the height and
fize of a large tree, and befide being ufed
as natural pipes to convey water, are em
ployed for numberlefs other purpofes ;
the tea plant, &c. with cotton, betel, aud
tobacco : the flovrerin-g flirubs,. flowers,
herbs, and medicinal plants are too nu
merous to be recited. The mountains,
and vaft forefts abound with wild ani
mals of every fpecies ; but that valuable
quadruped, the muflc deer, is pecuUar to,
it. Of their birds, the moft beautiful in
China, and, perhaps, in the world, is the
kin hi, or golden fowl. The complexion
of the Chinefe Is a fort of tawny, and
they have large foreheads, fmall eyes,
fliort nofes, large ears, long beards,, and
black hair ; and thofe are thought to be
the moft handfome who are the moft
bulky. The women affeCl a great deal
of modefly, and are remarkable for their
little feet. The men endeavour to make
as pompous an appearance as polCble,
when they go abroad ; and yet their
houfes are mean and low, confifting only
of a ground floor. Learning, with the
arts and fciences In general, is much cul
tivated in this country. "Fhe govern
ment is abfolute, and the epiperor has a
privilege of naming his uicceffor ; but
the chief mandarin has permiflion to tell
him of his faults. He looks upon his fub
jeCls as his children, and profeffes to
govern them witli paternal affcCtion. In
the

C H I

CHI

the garden of cne of his palaces Is a tem
ple, in which is a magnificent throne.
On this the Emperor fits at certain times,
to he-ir and determine caufes Such Is
the virtue of this feat that it is believed
that acco.Jing to tlio juftice or Injuftice
of his decrc'-s, h-s h fe or immediate death
depends. Their empire is very ancient,
and they prcicnd th-it it exifted many
thoufand years btfore Noah's flood -. It is
generally allowed to have continued
4000 years. '1 he annual revenues of the
cro-.vn arc computed at 2i,ooo,oooi. fter-
ling, and the forces are faid to confift of
5,000,000 of men In time of peace ; but
they have no enemies to cope vvith.
Their religion is' paganifm. "Fhey al
low polygamy, and keep their vvlves
pretty clofe. The Chinefe pretend to
have a great veneration for their ancef
tors ; and fome keep images of them in
their houfes, to which they pay a fort of
adoration. They have laws which regu
late the ciyiiitics and ceremonious faluta-
tions tiiey pay to each other, for whicli
reafon they always appear to be extreme
ly good natured ; and yet they are as
deceitful as any people in the world.
Their writing is very particular ; for
every letter Is a word, and confequently
they have as many letters, or charaClers,
as words in their language. All their
towns are fo much alike, that thofe who
know one, arc acquainted with all. Pe
kin is the capital. [Staunton, Le
Compte, Du Halde, "Furner.]
Chinon, an ancient town of France, in
the department of Indre and Loire and
late provi."-ec of I'ouraine, with a caftle,
in which Henry II, king of England ex
pired ; and here the celebrated Joan of
Arc firft prefented herfelf, In a military
habit, before Charles VII, Chinon is
the birthplace of Rabelais and of Quillet.
It is feated on the Vienne, 10 miles N
Richelieu, and 150 S W Paris, lon. 0 22
E, lat. 47 12 N.
Cbiiifiira, a town of Hindooftan Proper,
in Behg.il. It is a fettlement of the
Dutch, and is feated on the river Hoogly,
nearly midway betivcen Ch:mdcrnagore,
and the old town of Hoogly. It contains
feveral gbod liinifes, and a church, with a
little mole projecting into the river. It
was taken by the EngUfli in 1795,
Chilly, a town of the Netherlands,
capital of a county of the fame name, in
Auftrian Luxemburg, 57 mUes W Lux
emburg, ten. 5 37 E, lat. 49 45 N.
Chia, an illand ofthe Mediterranean,
once cclcbr;ittd as the paradlfe of Greece.

It is 80 miles in circuit, governed by
chriftians, who are fubjeCl to the Turks.
"Fhere are on the ifland about 60 towns
and villages. In which there are 301
Latin, and 500 Greek churchei. The foil is
fertUe, -ivell watered, and yields about 170
tons of wine annually. But Utile rain
faUs here, yet every thing is very cheap.
They manufaClure talfety, fatin, damalk,
and other filk fluff's. Earthquakes arc-
frequent. The wealthy are idle, and fon-.l
of pleafure. The men of bulincfs ar.;;
fliarpers. The fciences are iiegleCled.
Being ouce fubjeCl to the Genoefe, tbci,-
modes of drefs ftill prevail. The men
ha've difagreeable countenances, the wo
men are handfome, and white as thi;
jefamine they wear. There are fuppofed
to be 10,000 Turks, 10,000 Greeks, ancl
10,000 Latins on the Ifland. [Pococke ]
Chia, the capital of Chio ifland. It Is
well built, has ftreets v\ide enough for
coaches. Moft of the inhabitants arc
Greeks or Latins, both of which have
Bifliops, but mofl of the churches arc-
Greek The Latins have 5 ip the town,
the Capuchlnes have a large church ; they
teach chriftianity, and the learned i;ii,-
guages to thofe children fent to llicni.
The Cordeliers have handfome churches ;
the Jews have fynagogues; tlic 'I'urks'
Mofques. No chriftian Is allowed tc,
lodge in the caftle. [Pococl:c.]
Cbiourtie, an ancient town of Roni,-inia,
with the fee of a Greek bifliop ; feated
on a river of the fame name, 47 miles W
Conftantinople, lon. 27 57 E, lat. -it 8 N.
Chioz^zo, A town and ifland of Italy, in
the territory of Venice, with a biiliop'r,
fee, and a harliour, defended l>y u fort
It is 18 miles S Venice, lon. ij j 1\, lat.
45 1 7 N,
Chippenham, A borough in Wilts, with a
market on Saturday, It fend.-; \\\q mem
bers to parliament ; and is feated on the
Av^on, 0'.rer which is a ftone bridge of 16
arches, 21 miles \L Briftol, and 94 W Lon
don, lon. 2 8 W, lat. 51 27 N.
C'lirk, a village S Wrexham, in Den
bighfliire. It had formerly two caftles,
on the top of a hill, one of which ftcm.^
to have been a magnificent ftruClure.
Chifeb.iijl, ?. vill;L_c;e in Kent, near
Bromley- Here is Camden Place, the
ancient feat of earl Camden, and the refi
dence or' the celebrated antiquary of that
name, who died here. C hilleluirPt is ali',>
the birthplace of fir Nieholab Bacon and
lir Francis Walllngham. It is II miles
S E London.
Cbf::e, a f.nport of iHatolia, on the
ftrait

C H 0

C H R

ftrait that parts the continent from ths
ifle of Sclo. It was anciently called Cyf-
fus, was celebrated for the great victory
which the Romans gained here over the
fleet of Antloehus, In 191 B. C. and has
been diftinguiflied by the deftruClion of
the Turkifli fleet by the Ruffians in
1770. Chifivick, a village in Middlefex, on the
Thames. Here is Chifwick Houfe, a
celebrated villa of the duke of Devon
fliire, built by the earl of Burlington,
after a defign of Palladio, In the church
yard is a monument to Hogarth, with an
epitaph by Garrlck. It Is five miles W
by S London.
Chitro, a town of Macedonia, on the
bay of Salonichi. It is the place where
the mother, wife, and fon of Alexander
were murdered by Caffander ; and where
Perfeus was defeated by the Romans, lon.
aa 35 E, lat. 40 20 N.
Chittedroog, a town of the peninfula of
Hindooftan, In Myfore, 117 miles N b,y
W Seringapatam, lon. 76 15 E,lat, 145 N.
Chivas, a town of Piedmont, which has
been feveral times taken and retaken. It
is fo advantageoufly fituated near the
river Po, that it Is called the key of Italy.
It Is 12 mUes N E Turin, lon. 7 47 E,
lat. 45 13 N.
Chiiifi, an epifcopal' town of Tufcany,
poorly peopled, on account of its un
wholefome air. It is 35 miles S E Sien
na, ten. 10 52 E, lat. 43 o N. '
Chiutaye, a town of .Turkey in Afia,
capital of Natolia Proper, and the refi
dence of the grand fignior before the
taking of Conftantinople. It is feated
on the river Ayala, 75 miles E Eurfa,
lon. 30 47 E, lat. 39 30 N.
Choczim, A town of Moldavia, on the
iDiiieffer. It was taken by the Poles, in
1670, after they had totally defeated the
Turkiffi army, before its walls. It vvas
taken by the Ruffians and Auftrians in
1788, but reftored to the Turks at ihc
fubfequent peace. It is no miles N W
Jafl'y, lon. 26 25 W, lat. 48 46 N.
tholet, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Maine and Loire, and late prov
ince of Anjou, vvith a caftle, 170 miles
S W Paris, Itm. o 45 W, lat. 47 10 N.
Chor.at, ari epifcopal tcvii of Hungary,
capital of a county of the faihe name,
<.n the Mcrich, 25 miles E Scgcdin, lon.
21 4 E, lat. 46 20 N.
Chorazin, one of the cities of Galilee,
v.-hcre Jeffs Cbrf wrought moft of his
i-iiighty works. It is fuppofed to have
ftood on the W co-ift of the fea ol Calik;,

not far from Capernaum, wh ere are no-w.
the veftiges of Tel-oni- For their fici
Chrif pronounced a woe on them, which,
has been awfully exr.-^uted.
[Topographic DiCl. D'Anville.]
Charges, A town of France, In the de
partment of the Upper Alps and late
province of Dauphiny, burnt by the duke
of Savoy In 1692. It is lO miles E Gap,
lon. 6 23 E, lat. 44 35 N.
Charley, a town in Lancafliire, with
a market on Tuefday. It is feated near
the fource of a rivulet called Chor, not
far fr-jm the river Yarrow, 6 miles SSE
Prefton, and 205 N W London, ten, a
45 W, lat, 53 38 N.
Chaivle, A town on the coaft of Mala
bar, with a harbour for fmall veffels,
which is fortified. It belongs to' Portu
gal, and was formerly noted for Its fine
embroidered quilts. It Is 15 miles S of
Bombay, lon. 72 45 E, lat. 18 4a N.
Chremnifz, the chief mine tovvn in Up
per Hungary, 90 miles N iE Preffiurg,
lon. 19 27 E, lat. 48 5^ N.
Chriflciurch, a borough in Hampfliire,
with a market on Monday. It is governr
ed by a mayor, fends a members to par
liament, and is feated at the confluence,
of the Avon and Stour, 98 miles S W
London, lon. x 46 W,lat. 50 45 N.
Chrif iania, A city of Southern Norway,
In the government of Aggerhuys, fituate
! at the extremity of a fertile valley, forra-
I ing a fcmicircular bend along the fliore
; of the beautiful bay of Biorning, which
I forms the N extremity of the gulf of
Chriftiania. It Is divided into the city ;
, the fuburbs of Waterlandt, Peterwigen,
and Ficrdingen ; the fortrefs of Agger-
, buys ; and the old town of Oplloe or
' Anfloe. The inhabitants amount to
\ about 9000. The' city vvas rebuilt in its
prefent fituation by Chriftian IV, after a
\ plan defigned by himfelf. The ftreets
, are carried in a ftraight line, and at right
angles to each other, arc imiformly 40
feet broad, and very neat and clean. The
caftle of Aggerhuys i.s built on a rocky
eminence on the W fide ofthe bay, at a
fmall diflance from the city. The gov
ernor is the chief governor of Norway,
and prefides in the high court of juftice,
Opfloe vvas the fite of the old city, burnt
in 1624 : it contains the epil'copal palace.
Has a latin fchool and library of 6000
vols. Chriftiania has an excellent har
bour, and carries on a confiderable trade.
Its principal eiporls arc tar, foap, iron,
copper, plan'^-.i, deals, and alum. It has
i;6 privileged i^v/inilLs, of whieh ico. hc-
loag

CHU

C I N

long to a fingle famUy of the name of
Anker. The quantity permitted to be
cut is 20,000,006 ftandard deal, 12 feet
long, and one inch and a quarter thick.
Chriftiania is 30 miles from the open fea,
and 290 N by W Copenhagen, lon. 10 50
E, ht. 59 6 N. [Coxe.]
Chrifianople, A ftrong feaport of Sweden,
on the B.'iUIc, and capital of Bleklngen.
It is 13 miles N E Carlcfcroon, ten. 15
47 E, lat. 56 26 N.
Chi'ifianbiirg, A fort of Africa, on the
Gold Coaft of Guinea, fubjeCl to the
Danes, lon i 55 E, lat. 4 ro N.
Chrifiianfadt, a town of Sweden, In the
territory of Bleklngen. The houfes are
all of brick, and moftly ftuccoed vvhite.
Englifli veffels annually refort to this port
for alum, pitch, and tar. The inhabit
ants have manufaClures of cloth, andfilk-
en ftuffs. The town is feated in a mar
fliy plain, clofe to the river Hclgea, which
flows Into the Baltic at Ahus, about the
diftance of 20 miles, and is navigable on
ly for fmall craft of 7 tons burden. It is
efteemed the ftrongeft fortrefs in Sweden,
and is 50 miles N E Copenhagen, lon. 14
10 E, lat. 56 25 N. [Coxe.]
Chrif ina, St. one ofthe iflands In the S
Pacific Ocean, called the Marquefas, lon,
139 9 W,lat. 9 56 S,
Chrif mas If and, an ifland In the N Pa
cific Ocean, fo named by captain Cook,
on account of his firft landipg there on
Chriftmas day. It Is 45 miles in circum
ference, uninhabited, and deftitute of
frefli water ; but has abundance of fine
turtle, lon. 157 30 W, lat. i 59 N.
Cbudleigh, a town In Devonfliire, with a
market on Saturday ; feated near the
river Telgne, 9 miles S W Exeter, and 1 85
W by S London, lon. 3 39 W, lat. 50
38 N.
Chuniloo, A very populous town of Tur
key in Europe. "Fliough not regularly
fortified. It is a place of great natural
ftrength, having a fteep mountain half en-
circUng the town, on which batteries of
cannon are planted. [Jackfon]
Chunar, a fort of Hindooflan Proper,
in Allahabad. It is feated on the Gan
ges, 20 miles abov^e Benares, and Is built
on 11 rock, fortified all round by a wall and
towers. At the end, overlooking the
river, is the citadel, which Is.faid to be of
the higheft antiquity, and originally built
by the Hindoos. In the citadel is an altar,
confifting of a plain black marble flab, on
wliich the tutelary deity of the place is
traditionally fuppofed to be feated at aU
tinica, except froni fucrlfe tiU 9 in the

morning, whcri he is at Benares ; during
which time, from the fuperftitlon of the
Hindoos, attacks may bemade vvith a prof
peCl of fuccefs. Il is 385 miles N W Cal
cutta, lon. 83 50 E,'lat. 25 10 -N.
Chunaub, or Jenaub, a river of Hindoo
ftan Proper, one of the five eaftern branch
es of the Indus. It runs through Cafli
mere and Lahore, betv\-ecn the Cheluni
and the Rauvee. It is united with both
thefe rivers at fome diftance above Moul-
, tan ; and, at their confluence with the
Indus, 20 miles W Moultan, they form
a ftream as large as that river. "The
Chunaub is the Acefines of Alexander.
Chun-te-fou, A city of China, In the
province of Pe-tcheli, with 9 populous
cities of the third rank under its jurif
diClion. Church Streiton, a town of Shropfllire,
with a market on Thurfday, i.j miles S
Shrewffiury, and 153 W N W London,
lon. 2 46 W, lat, 52 32 N.
Chufan, an Ifland on the E coaft of
China, wliere the Englifli E India Com
pany had once a faClory, ten, 124 o E,
Iat, 30 o N.
Ciampa, a kingdom of Afia, bounded
on the E and S by the Indian Ocean, on
the N by Cochin China, and on the W
i by Cambodia.
i Cicco, a village on the fide of Mount
Olypus. It has a monaftery of 500
monks ; a fair is annually held here on
the feftival of the Virgin. [Mariti.]
Ciclui, or Ciclugh, a frontier town of
Dalmatia, on a rocky hillonlhcW bank
of the Narentba. It was taken from the
Turks, by tbe Venetians, in 1694, ten.
18 22 E, lat. 43 29 N.
alley, an ancient town of Germany,
in Upper Carniola. It is the capital of
a county of the fame name, and feated
on the Saaii, 36 miles N E Laubach, lon.
15 15 E, lat. 46 31 N.
Cimbriffam, a feaport of Sweden, in
Schonen, lon. 13 30 E, lat. 56 40 N.
Ciney, A tow-n of the Netherlands, In
the archbifliopric of Liege, 8 miles E
Dinant, ten. 4 57 £. lat. 50 18 N.
Cinque Ports, certain ports on (he coaft
of Kent and Suffex, fo called on account
of their being 5 in number, vvhen their
firft charter wa.'i granted by William I,
in 1077. "rhele were Dover, Hafiing.'i,
Hythe, Romney, and Sandwich ; to
which were afterward added Winchelfea,
Scaford, and Rye. "fhat king appointed
a conflable of iDover Caflle (who is now
ciUed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports)
and invcftrd him' with the command of
thefe

e I R

c I R

thefe ports, whofe inhabitants had con-
, fiderable privileges, fuch as freedom from
fubfidies, from wardfliip of their chil
dren, from being fued in any court but
their own, &c. For thefe immunities,
they were obliged to fupply the govern
ment with 57 fliips, at 40 days notice,
and to pay their crews during 15 days.
At that period, the opulent traders of
London were ftyled barons ; a privilege,
which was enjoyed Ukewlfe by the mer-
. chants of thefe ports, whofe reprefenta
tlves, to this day, are ftyled Barons of
the Cinque Ports.
Cintra, A cape of Portugal, In Eftra
madura, called the Rock of LIffion, on
the N fide of the entrance of the Tajo.
On it is a town of the fame name, 14
miles W LIffion, lon. 9 30 W, lat. 38
46 N.
Ciotat, a feaport of France, In the de
partment of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence, defended
by a ftrong fort. It is famous for Muf
cadine wine, and is feated on the --bay of
Laquee, between Marfeilles and Toulon,
ten. 5 46 E, lat. 43 12 N.
Cipoli, a town of Hindooftan, which
contains about 8000 houfes ; they are of
brick, 3 or 4 ftorles high, the apartments'
lofty. The ftreets are paved with brick
or ftone, with a regular declivity to car
ry off the water. ' [Shore, A. R.]
Circars, Northern, five provinces on the
W coaft of the bay of Bengal. They
were originally denominated Northern
from their pofitlon in refpeCl to |Madras,
on vvhich they depend. Of thefe CIr
cars, Guntoor belongs to the nizam of
the Deccan ; and CondapIUy, EUore, Ra-
jamundry, and Cicacole are in the pof
feffion of the Engliffi. The laft 4 extend
from the N bank of the Kiftna to Chilka
Lake ; forming a narrow flip of, country
350 miles long, and from 26 to 75 broad,
bounded by mountains and extenfive for
efts on the fide oppofite the fea. The
Englifli Circars had been ceded to the
French, by the nizam of the Deccan, in
J 753 ; but they were conquered by colo-
Bci Clive in 1759, and produce an annu
al revenue of 360,0001, fee Guntoor.
Circaffia, a country of Afia, bounded on
the N by the river Don, on the E by the
Cafpian Sea and the mouths of the Volga,
bn the S by Mount Caucafus and the
Black Sea, and on the W by part of the
Black Sea and the Lake of' Azoph. It
vvas formerly governed by feveral inde
pendent princes, but js now almoft whol

ly fubjeCl to Ruffia, and Included In the
government of Caucafus. 'I'he Clrcaf
fians are in general well made, and ex
cellent horl'enicn ; the women generally
handfome. Their principal traffic is in
flaves, honey, wax, flclns of cattle, deer
and tygers. They have no money, and
all their commerce is by exchange. The
Clrcaffians were formerly chriftians ;
but, for want of inftruClioii and written
laws, they content themfelves with a
bare profeffion of being chriftians or
Mahometans. They praClife circumcl
fion, and vvhen a huffiand dies childlcfs
his brother marries the widow. They
have no priefts nor places of worfliip.
The drefs of their women Indecently
wanton ; their breafts are expofed to
view ; fometimes their clothes are open
to the navel. When a great man dies
his friends affemble and facrifice a he-
goat, cut their foreheads, ftomachs, and
arms, till the blood flows ; their mourn
ing lafts till thefe wounds heal. This
country novv is remarkable for its beau
tiful children ; from thefe the feraglios
of Turkey and Perfia are fupplled with
boys and girls. The price of the girls
according to their beauty. Is from 20 to
lool. each. At the birth of a prince,
fome ufden, or fometimes a prince of
another family, Is chofen by the father as
his future preceptor. At a year old he
is prefented with fome playthings and
arms : if he feems to prefer the latter,
the event is celebrated In the family by
great rejoicings. At 12 years of age, he
leaves his father's houfe fpr that of his
preceptor : by him he is taught to ride,
to ufe arms, and to fteal, and conceal his
thefts. The word thief Is a term of the
utmoft reproach among them, becaufe it
implies detection. He is afterwards led
to more dangerous robberies, and does
not return to his father's houfe, iintil his
cunning, addrefs, and ftrength, are fup
pofed to be perfeCl. The preceptor is
recompenfed by 9 tenths of the booty
made by his pupil while under his tuition.
This mode of education Is perfevered In,
v\-ith a view to prevent the bad efieCls
of paternal indulgence ; and is fuppofed
to be peculiar to the Clrcaffians ; but the
objeCl of education Is the fame among
all the mountaineers of Caucafus, who
univerfally fubfift by robbery. They
break, without fcruple,fuch oatlis as they
have taken on the bible and the koran j
but there arc certain forms of oaths, and
certain places in the neighbourhood of
tlieir

C I N

C L A

their ruins (fuppofed to be remains ef
chriftian churches) vvhich Infure their
fidelity. Their courage, great as it is.
Is not proof againft religious terrors.
Like all barbarians, they believe that
what is called accident, may be influenc
ed by particular ceremonies. The Clr
caffians have not any letters of their own ;
thofe among them who wifli to write
their language being obliged to make ufe
of Arabian characters. ^
[Thevenot, Topographic DICl.]
Cirencefler, A confiderable borough In
Gloucefterfliire, vvith a market on Mon
day, and Friday. It is feated on the riv
er Churn, and was a place of great ac
count in the time of the Romans. "I'he
ruins of the walls are yet vifible; and It
had alio a caftle and an abbey. Many
Roman antiquities have been dlfcovered ;
and here th": Roman roads croffed each
other. It is one of the greateft marts In
iEngland for wool, fends 2 members to
parliament, and is i8 miles S E Gloucef
ter, and 89 W London, lon. i 58 W, lat.
51 43 N.
Cirenza, A tovvn of Naples, capital of
Bafiilicata, with a bifliop's fee. It is feat
ed on the river Branduno, at the foot of
the Appennines, 97 miles E Naples, lon.
l6 10 E, lat. 40 44 N.
Cittadello, A feaport and capital of Mi
norca, on the W fide of that ifland, lon.
3 34 E, Ut. 39 54 N.
Citta-di Caflella a populous' city of Italy,
capital of a county of the fame name
in Umbria, with a bifliop's fee.- It is
feated on the Tiber, 27 miles S W Urbi-
, no, lon. 12 18 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Citta Nuova, a city of Italy, in the mar
quifate of -Ancona, containing 16 churches
and convents within Its walls, and 15
without. It is feated on the gulf of Ve
nice, 10 miles S Loretto, lon. 13 40 E,
lat. 43 16 N.
Citta Nuova, a feaport of Venetian If
tria, with a bifliop's fee, 60 miles £ Ve
nice, lon. 14 2 E, lat. 45 36 N.
Ciudad Real, a tovvn of Spain, capital of
Mancha. The inhabitants are noted for
drcffing leather for gloves. It is two miles
from the Gaudiana, and 90 S Madrid,
lon, 3 25 W, lat. 38 58 N.
Ciudad Rodrigo, a town of Spain, in
Leon, with a bifliop's fee, feated on the
liver Aquada, 40 miles p W Salamanca,
ten. 5 58 W,lat. 40 33 N.
Civiti: Di Friuli, an ancient town of Ita
ly, in Venetian Friuli, feated on the Natl-
fona, 10 miles E Udena, Ion. 13 15 E,!ar.
4''> 13 -N.

Civ'la Di Pinna, ail ancient town of
Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, with a
biffiop's fee, near the river Salino, 35
miles N E AquUa, lon, 14 5 a E, lat. 4,2-
a? N.
Civila-Cafellana, a town of Italy, in
Campagna di Roma, on a high rock, at
the foot of whieh is a liver, which falls
Into the Tiber. It is 25 miles N Rome,
ten. 12 35 E,lat. 42 25 N.
Civita-Vecchia, a feaport of Italy, In the
patrimony of St. Peter, with an arfenal.
Here the pope's gailies are ftationed, and
It is a free port ; but the air Is unwhole
fome. It Is 35 miles N W Rome, lon. n
51 E, lat. 41 5 N.
Clackmannan, a borough In Clackman-*
nanfliire, on the N fliore of the frith of
Forth, and at the bottom of a hill, on the
top of which Is an ancient caftle. A
large fquare tower in this caftle derives
its name from the illuftrious Robert
Bruce, whofe great fword and cafque are
here preferved. A large fword Is alfa
fliown, faid to have belonged to fir John
Graham, the faithful attendant of the
heroic Wallace. It is 23 miles N by iK
Glafgow, lon. 3 40 W, lat. 56 5 N.
Clscimannanffire, a county of Scotland,
bounded on the E by Fifefliire, on the
N and W by Perthfliire, and on the S by
the Forth. It is eight miles in length and
five in breadth ; and produces good com
and pafture, and plenty of coal and fait.
This fliire, with Kinrols, fends one mem
ber to parliament.
Clagcnfurt, a town of Germany, capital
of Carinthia, 50 miles S W Vienna, lon.
14 20 E, lat. 46 53 N.
Clameci, A town of France, in the de
partment of Nievre and late province of
Nivernois. Before the late revolution,
the chapel of an hofpital in the fuburb
was tbe provifion for the bifliopric of
Bethlehem, founded in 1180, vvhen Guy
count of Nevers, gave an afyluqi, in this
place, to a Latin bifliop of Bethleham,
who had been driven from the Holy
Land by the Saracens. Clameci is feated
at the confluence of the Beuv^ron and
Yonne, 112 miles S by E Paris, lon. 3
36 E, lat. 47 28 N.
Clapham, a village in Surry, noted for
many handfome villas, which chiefly
furround a beautiful common. In the
old parifli church, divine fervice is per
formed at funerals only ; an elegant new
church having been ereClcd on the com
mon, but without an adjoining cemetery.
Clipham is 3 miles S S W London.
Clare, A town of Sv.S'olk, with a market on

C L A

C -L. iii

en Monday, The ruins of a caftle' arid
of a collegiate church are ftill vifible ;
and liere Is a manufaClure of baize. It is
feated near the Stour, 15 miles S St. Ed
mund's Bury, and 56 N E London, ten.
o 36 E, lat, 52 12 N.
Clare, a county of Ireland, in the pro
vince of Munfter, 55 milee in length, and
38 in breadth; bounded on the E and S
by the Shannon, which feparates it from
Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry ; on the
W by the Atlantic, and on the N by Gal
way. It contains two market-towns ahd
76 pariflies, and fends four members to
parila'ment. Clare, A town of Ireland, capital of a
county of tbe fame name, 17 miles N W
Limerick, lon. 8 46 W, lat. 52 52 N.
Clarendon, a village, three miles E Salf-
bnry, where Henry II fummoned a coun
cil of the barons and prelates, in 1164,
who enaCled the laws, called the Corifti-
tutlons of Clarendon ; and here were two
palaces built by king John.
Clarens, or Ghattilard, a village of Swif
ferland, in the Pays de Vaud, celebrated
as the principal fcene of RouffeaVs Eloife,
though Its ancient caftle by no means ac
cords with the defcription in that work.
It is deUghtfuUy fituated, not far from
Vevay, on an eminence, whofe declivity
flopes gradually toward the lake of Ge
neva. Claude, St. a handfome city of France,
in the department of Jura and late prov
ince of Franche Comte, with a bifliop's
fee. It is feated between three high
mountains, on the river Lifon, and owes
Its origin to a celebrated abbey, built in
425, in this then barren and uninhabited
country. This abbey had the pious priv
ilege of legitimating baftards, and could
confer nobility, and pardon criminals,
till the year 1742, when it was ereCled
into a bifliopric, and its BenediCliiie
monks were metamorphofed into noble
canons. The cathedral is extremely el
egant. Great numbers of pilgrims have
flocked hither, to vifit the remains of the
body of St. Claude, which they pretend
are yet uncorrupted. From Mount St.
Claude, whieh forms part of Mount Jura,
is a fine profpeCl over S-.vIfl'erland and
Savoy, the lake and town of Geneva, and
the Pays de Vaud. In this city are manv'
public fountains vvith large balLis. It is
25 miles N W Geneva, Ton. 6 18 E, lat.
46 24 N,
Claiifenhurg, a town of Tranfylvania,
on the river Samos, 60 miles N W Her
manftadt. On one of the ga^cs is an ia-

fcrlption In honor of the emperor Trl.
jan, lon. 23 20 E, lat. 46 53 N.
Clear, Cape, a promontory of a little
ifland on the S Ireland, lon. 11 15 W, lat.
51 18 N.
Clebury, a town ill Shropfllire, with a
market on Thurfday, feated on the rivet
Rea, 28 miles SSE Shrewffiury, and 136
N W, London, lon. 2 a3 W, lat. 5a ai N.
Clerac, or Clairac, A towii of France, iri
the department of Lot and Garonne arid
late province of Guienne, feated on the
river Lot, 10 miles N W Agen, ten. o 25
E, lat. 44 20 N.
Clerihont, A town of France, in the de
partment of Meufe arid late territory of
Barrois, 127 miles N W Paris, lon, 5 9
E, lat. 49,34 N.
Clermont, a towft of France, in the de
partment of Oife and late province of the
Ifle of France, 37 miles N Paris, lon. a
25 E, lat. 49 25 N.
Clermont, A confiderable city bf France,
in the department of Puy de Dome and ¦
late province of Auvergne, with a bifli
op's fee. Jt is feated on an eminence, and
is alfo called Clermont Farrand, ever fince
the town of Mount Ferrand, about a mile
diftant to the N E was united under the
name of a fuburb. The cathedral, pub
lic fquares, and walks, are very fine ; but
the ftreet^ are narrow, and lined with ,
houfes built of ftones of a fombre hue.
Many Roman antiquities are found in
the nelghbourhopd. There are alfo fome
mineral fprings ; and that of the fuburb
St. Allyre has formed a natural bridge
over the brook into which it falls : it Is
called the Mineral Bridge, and carriages
may pafs over it. Clermont contains
30,000 Inhabitants, and has manufaClures
of ratteens, druggets, ferges, and leather.
It Is the birthplace of the celebrated Paf-
cal ; and Is 300 miles S Paris, lon. 3 10'
E, lat. 45 47 N. [Wraxall,]
Clery, A village in France, 9 miles S W
Orleans, once famous for the pilgrimages'
to our lady of Clery. Here Is the tomb
of that monfter Lewis XI, who appears,
in white marble, as the faint and the-
patrlot king.
Gierke s If audi, two Iflands In the N
Pacific Ocean, betweeii the coaft of
Kaiiiptfchatka and that of iN America.
They were feen by captain Cook in 177S,
and were fo named in honor of captain-
Clerke, his fecond in command. Tbey
vvere both inhabited, and were not un
known to the Ruffians, ten. 169 30 'VY,
lat. 63 15 N.
Clevis, a duchy of Germany, In the
circle

C L O

G L Y

circle of Weflphaha, divided Into a parts
by the Rhine. It is a fine country, de
lightfully variegated with hills, woods,
fields, towns, and vUlages ; and is fub
jeCl to the king of Pruffia.
Cleves, a ci6,y of Weftphalia, capital of
the duchy of CleveS. It is feated on the
eaftern fide of 3 hills, about a mile W of
the Rhine ; and has a caftle, built In the
time of Julius Cefar. Several of the
ftreets, from their elevated fituation, ex
tend their views many leagues deep
Into the country, on the oppofite ffiore.
It has been often taken and retaken ;
the laft time by the French; in 1794. It
Is 15 miles S E NImeguen, lon. 5 50 E,
lat. 51 45 N.
Cleybroak, Great and Little, two viUages
in •Leicefterffiire, on the N W fide of
Lutterworth, l^hey are fuppofed to have
been a part i-f Cleycefter, fituate i mile
to the 'W, which was a flouriffiing city
of. the Romans, and where tlieir bricks
and coins have been frequently found.
Cliff, A town in Northamptonfliire,
with a market on Tuefday, 3omUes NE
Northampton, and 88 N N W London,
lon. o 37 W, lat. 5a 33 N.
Clifion, a village in Weftmoreland, 3
miles SSE Penrith, noted foraflrirmifli
between the king's forces and the rebels
in 1745, in which the latter had the ad^
vantage. Clifton, A vlll-age in Gloucefterffiire,
near Briftol, noted for, the hot well In
Its '.neighbourhood, upon the Lower
Avon, at the foot of St. Vincent's rock.
Clijfa, A fort of Dalmatia, taken from
the 'iPurks by the Venetians. It is feated
ou a craggy mountain, 6 miles N Spalat-
to, lon. 17 31 E, lat. 44 10 N.
Cliffon, A towtt of France, ill the de
partment of Lower Loire and late prov
ince of Bretagne, on the river Seure,
la miles S Nantes, lon. j. 28 W, lat. 47
I N.Clitbera, a borough in Lancafliire, with
a market on Saturday, and the remains
of an ancient caftle. It fends 2 mem
bers to parliament, and is feated near
Peiidil Hill, 36 miles S E Lancafter, and
.213 NNW Loudon, lon. 2 21 W, lat.
53 54 N.
Clogher, an epifcbpal tbwn and bor
ough of Ireland, in Tyrone, ten. 6 50
W, lat. I; 4 30 N.
Ctonmel, a borough of Ireland, in the
county of Tipperary, leafed on the river
Sure, 19 miles S E Tipperary, ten. 7 27
W, lat. 52 14 N.
Cloud, St. a town of France, 4 miles
Vol. II. U

W Paris, feated on the Seine. Here Waa
lately a magnificent royal palace, gard
ens, &c.
Cloyne, an epifcopal town and borough
of Ireland and county of Cork, 16 mile*
E Cork, ten. 8 o W, lat. 51 54 N.
Cluny, a town of France, in the de
partment of Saone and Loire and late
province of Burgundy, remarkable foi*
its late famous Benedidine abbey. It is
feated on the Grofne, 10 miles N W
Macon, lon. 4 33 E, lat. 46 24 N.
Clufe, A town of Savoy, in Faucigny,
feated on the Arve, Z2 miles S E Gene-*
va, ten, 6 29 E, lat. 45 57 N.
Cl^wjd, a celebrated vale of Denbigh
fliire, extending from its upper end to
the Irifli Sea, above ao miles ; Its breadth
varying from 3 to 8, according to the
approach or recefs of the , high moun
tains enclofing it, through which, in dif
ferent parts, are gaps formed by nature
for entrances. This delightful fpot is ia
a high ftate of cultivation, even far up-
the afcent of the hills : and its numerous
inhabitants are remarkable for retaining
their vivacity to a late period of life.
A river of the fame riame, which rifes
in the middle of the country, runs along
this vale, and having entered Flintfliire,
falls into the Iriffi Sea.
Clyde, A river of Scotland, which rifes
in Annandale, runs through Clydefdale,
and paffirig by Lanerk, Hamilton, and
Glafgow, falls Into the frith of Clyde.
Near Lanerk, this river runs, for feveral
miles, between high rocks covered with
wood: and in Its courfe exhibits many
aftonifliing cataraCls. At Stoncbyres, it
is confined within a very narrow bed,
and makes one entire flieet, falling about
60 feet over a perpendicular rock ; the wa
ter then pouring over another precipice.
Is daflied Irito a deep chafm beneath.
The horrid and inceffant din with which
this is accompanied, unnerves and over
comes the heart. The waterfall at Core-
houfc, called Coralln, Is no lefs remark
able : the vvater Is here precipitated ¦at
leaft 100 feet between a vaft rugged pre
cipices. Du a pointed rock, overhang
ing t'nis ftupendous fcene, ftands a folita-
ry tower ; lately inhabited, but now in
ruins. In floods, the rock and tower have
been obfcr'i-ed to fliake in fuch a manner
as to fpiU water in a glafs ftanding on a ta
ble In the caflle. A path leads to the top
of the fall, where, from a projeCliiig rock,-
the fpeClatur has a tremendous view down
the furious cataraCl, as it pours belovv
the eye, fee Canal, of Scotland, Great. cij.i.-j::a!,,

CO c

con

Clydefddle, a wild diftriCi in the S part
Of Lanerkfliire. Amid the mountains
here, particles , of gold have fometimes
been found waflied dbwn by the rains
and ftreams bf watei: ; but this traCt is
chiefly remarkable fbr producing metals
of inferior worth. The veins of lead
lie moftly N and £, and their tbicknefs,
which feldom exceeds 40 feet, varies
greatly in different parts. The fcanty
pafture here feeds fome flieep and cattle ;
but thofe, in the neighbourhood of the
mines, fometimes perifli by drin-king the
water in which the lead ore has been
waffied, fee Lsadhills.
Cnidui, once a ,city of Can4, in the
canton of Doris, notorious for the wor
fliip of Venns, now a pile of rulnsi It
ftood on a promontory now caUed Cape
Crio, had a ports, i on each fide. Here
-was a famous flatue of Venus made by
Praxiteles. [Topographic Did.]
Ceaff Caffls, Caps,- the principal fettle
ment of the Enghfli on the coaft of
Guinea, with a ftrong cItadeL It is 30
miles £ by N St. George del Mina, lon.
o o, Iat. 5 6 N.
Coblentz, an ancient city of Germany,
in the eleClorate of Treves. It is the
refidence of the eleClor, who has lately
built a new palace here ; the old one be
ing oa the oppofite fide of the Rhine, In
the vale of Ehrenbreitftein. It was ta
ken by the French In 1794. It is feated
at the confluence of the Rhine and Mo
felle, 50 miles N E Treves, lom 7 3a E,
lat. 50 a4 N.
Coburg, A town of Germany, in the
circle of Franconia, capital of a princi
pality of the fame name, with a coUege,
a fort and a caftle. This- town, and Its
principality, belongs to the hbufe of
Saxony. It is feated on the Itch, ao
miles N Bamberg, lon. 11 18 E, lat. 50
32 N.
Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile,
neai; which is a ftrong caftle for ftate prif
oners. It Is feated among mountains, at
the confluence of the Morvedro and El-
ezena, 25 miles NNE Segovia, lon. 3
34 W, lat. 41 17 N.
Cachieim, a town in the electorate of
Treves, formerly imperial. It was taken
by the French in 1794, and is feated on
the Mofelle, 25 miles S W Coblentz, lon,
7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N. *
Cochin, A country of India, on the coaft
of Malabar, fituated to the northward
of Travancore. The inhabitants are
idolaters, and it is faid that the women
take as many huffiands as they pleafe.

Tlie chief trade is in the hands of tte
Dutch. Cochin, A feaport on the Coaft of Mala-'
bar, in Travancore. It is a Dutch fettle
ment, and was taken by the Engliffi i«
1795- It Is 1 20 mile J S by E Calicut, Ion.
75 30 E, lat. 10 o N.
Cochin-China, a kingdom of Afia, bound
ed on the E by the Eaftern Ocean, on the
N by Tonquin, on the W by Cairibodia,
and on the S by Giampa. It abounds in
gold, raw filk, and drugs. The religion
of the inhabitants is much the fame as
that of China. Their cities- and towns
have gates at the end of each ftreet,
vvhich are fliut every night ; and if any
fire break out in a ward, aU the Inhabit
ants are deftroyed, except the women and
children. They have mines of gold and
iron, and quarries of marble. The an
nual overflovying of their rivers renders-
their lands fertiile, which produce a
crops In a year. The fea abounds with.
fifli. Their language is fomewhat like
the Chinefe ; theii- charafters are from 3
to & thoufand. They are pagans, but
believe In the Immortality of the foul,
and future rewards and punlffiments.
They worfliip the departed fplrits of men
reputed holy, and place their images in-
their temples. Their high altar is kept
empty "with a dark, vacant fpace behind
for the fupreme GOD, whofe chief attri
bute, In their view,- is inviftbUiiy. They
pray to their other deities to Intercedey
with him-. So natural is the idea of*
mediator. [Topographic DiCl,]
Cocker, A liver which rifes in the S of
Cumberland, and flowing through the
lakes of Buttermere, Cromack-water, and
Lowes-water, joins the Berwent, below
Cockermouth. Cockermouth, a populous borough i»
Cumberland, vvith a market on Monday^
It lies bet-ween the Derwent and Cocker;
over which latter are 2 ftone bridgflf:;!
and betvVeen 2 hills; on one of which
ftands a handfome church ; and on the
other a ftately caftle. It has a manufac
ture of flialloons, worfted- ftocklngs, and
hats. It fends 2 members to parlianient,
and is 27 miles S W CarUfle, and 290 N
N W London, ten, 3 25 W, lat. 54 42 N.
Coconato, a town of Piedmont, remark
able for being the birthplace of Colum
bus. It Is 20 miles E Turin, lorf, 8 9 E,
lat, 45 5 N.
Cedogno, A town of Italy, In the duchy
of Milan. It furrendered to the French
in May, 1796. It is feated near the
confluence

C O I

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Onflaence of the Adda and Po, 33 miles
£ Pavia, loc. lo 49 E, lat. 45 6 N.
Goesfeld, A town of Gerniany, in the
territories of the bifliop of Munfter,
-where he often refides. It is feated near
the river Bnrkel, 2a miles S W Munfter,
Jori. 7 39 E.Jat. 5J 4B N.
Coevcrden, A fortified town of the Unit
ed Provinces, in Overyffel, feated In a,
morafs 30 mUes S Groningen, lon. 6 44 E,
lat. 52 44 N.
Cognac, a town of France, In the depart
ment of Charente, and late provnnce of
, Angoumois, with a caftle, where Francis
I was born. It is remarkable for excel
lent brandy, and feated ori the Charepte,
17 miles 'Vy Angoulefnie, ten. o lo yf, lat.
45 44f^. '
Cagni, an ancient town of Turkey Ip
Afia, in Caramania, in a country abound
ing in corn, fruits, pulfe, and cattle.
Jlere are flieep, whofe .^alls weigh 30
pounds. It is 270 miles S E Conftanti
nople, lon. 35 i6 E, lat. 37 56 N.
Cohgeffal, A town In Effex, with a mar
ket on Sfiturday, and a manufaClure of
baize. It is feated on the river Blackyyfi-
tcr, 43 miles E jj £ London, lon. p 47 JE,
lat. 51 5a N. s
CoiHihettare, a province af^d tpwn of the
peninfula of Hindopflan, In the kingdom
pf Myfore. It was taken by general
Medows in j 790, but retaken by Tippoo
Sultaa in 1791, and confirmed to him
by the peace of 1792. It is 100 miles S
by E Seringapatam, lon. 77 10 iE, lat.
10, 5 N. ^
Coimbra, a city of Portugal, in the prov
ince of Beira, fituated on a mountain,
near the river Mondego, built by the
Romans, about 300 years before Chrift ;
fhe fee qf a bifliop, fuffragan of Liflion,
^ith a celebrated univerfity. It contains
18 colleges, In which are 4000 ftudents,
9 churches, 8 co'nvent?, and abput f 2,000
inhabitants ; 96 miles NNE Liflion, lon.
8 1.7 W, lat. 40,13 N.
Qiire, a town of Swifferland, capital of
the eountry of the Grifons, with a blffi»
op's ' fee, wjiofe prelate has the right of
coining money. It is fituate at the foot
cf the Alp^, iq a rich plain, and is fur
rounded by ancient brick walls, with
fijuare and round towers, in the ftyle of
fortification prior to the invention of gun
powder. The ftreets are narrow and
dirty ; and it contains about 3000 fouls.
It is divided into 2 parts, the leaft of
which is of the Roman catholic religion,
and the greateft of the proteftant. It Is
govern,cd by its own laws, and is feat(^d

near the Rhine, 48 miles S Conftance, Igft
9 25 E, lat. 46 50 N. [Coxe,] ,;
Cokenhaufeii, a ftrong town of Ruflia,
111 the government of iLIvonla, on the riv
er Dwina, 50 mfles S E Riga, lon. a5 50
E, lat, 56 30 N.
Col, one ofthe Weftern Iflands of Scot.
land, 9 miles S W from the point of Ard-
namurchan in Argylefliire. It is rich in
corn and pafture, ten. 7 15 W, lat. 57
o N.
Colherg, a feaport of Pruffian Pomera
nia, remarkable for Its fait works. It was
taken by the Ruffians, In 1761, but re
ftored at the fubfequent peace. It Is feated
at the mouth of the Perfant, on the Baltic,
60 miles J>I £ Stetin, ten. 15 39 E,lat. 54
ai N.
Cqhhefer, a town bf England, in the
county of ^ffex, on the river Coin, vvhich
formerly contained 15 churches, and now
I a, mpft of which are in gobd repair,
with a caftle in the center of the town,
faid to have been built by Edward, fon
of i^lfrcd, wheq he repaired Colchefter
after the ravages of the war : fuppofed
to have been a Roman ftatiqn,' and is
faid to have heen the birthplace of Heir
ena, mother of the emperof Conftantlne.
In the cpnclufion qf the elvll war it fuf
fered a fevere fiege, which, as it made a
refolute defence, was turned into a block
ade, wherein the garrifon, and inhabit
ants alfp, fuffered the utmoft extremity
of hunger, and were at laft obliged to fur-
render at difcretion; and their 2 chief
officers, fir Charles Lucas and fir George
Lifle were cruelly fliot tp death under
the caflle w?ll for their bravery. The
haftered walls, the breaches in the turrets,
and the ruined churches, ftiU ihow marks
of this fiege, except that the church of St.
Mary (where was the royal fort) Is re-
hullt ; but the fteeple, which vvas a thirds
battered down (the befieged having a
large culverln upon it, which did much
execution) remains ftill in that condition.
The lines of cbntravaUation, -which fur
rounded the whole town, and the forts
of the befiegers, remain very vifible in
many places. Ihe river Cote, vvhich
paffes through the town, encompaffes it
on the N and E ; and ferved, in time of
war, for a complete defence on thofe fides.
There are 3 bridges over it, and it Is
navigable, within 3 miles of the town, for
ffiips of large burthen. Colchefter fends
a members to pctrliament, and with its
villages contains 40,000 fouls.
Caldingham, a heathy traCl near the
coaft, in the county of Berwick, in Scot land,

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land, anciently noted fbr a nunnery, built
in the beginning bf the lath century,
by Edgar, king of Scotland. Ebba, one
of the a^beffes, renowned in tradition
for her chaftlty, gave name to the neigh
bouring promontory caUed St. Abb's
Head. Cotding, a town of Denmark, in N Jut
land, remarkable for Its bridge, over
-which all the cattle pafs, that go from
Jutland into Holftein, and they pay a
fmall to'U. Here Is a royal palace, con
taining a fuite of 190 rooms. The har
bour is a miles In circumference, and
deep enough for fliips of the largeft bur
den. It is fituate at the extremity bf a
i hay of the Little Belt, 50 miles S by E
¦Wiiburg, Ion. 10 15 E. 'at. 55 35 N.
Coldfream, A town In the county of
Berwick, feated on the Tweed, over
¦which is a handfome bridge. It had a
famous monaftery ; and here general
Monk raifed the two battalions, now
known by the name of the Coldftream
Regiment of Guards, ten- a 5 W, lat. 55
46 N.
Colebrook Dale, In Shropffiire ; a wind
ing glen on the banks of the Severn, be
tween 2 vaft hills which break into va
rious forms, being all thickly covered,
and forining beautiful flieets of hanging
¦woods. Here are many kilns for burn
ing limeftone ; the moft confiderable iron
¦works in iEngland ; and a curious bridge
over the Severn, conftruCted'entirely of
eaft iron. There Is alfo, in the dale, a
remarkable fpring of foffil tar, or petro-
llum, which has yielded a vaft quantity
of that fubftance ; but it Is now much
dimlniflied. A work, for obtaining a
fimllar kind of tar, from the condenfed
fmoke of coal, has been ereCled here.
Colenet, Cape, a cape of the ifland of
New Caledonia, ir; the S Pacific Ocean,
lon. 164 56 E, lat. 20 30 S.
Colerain, a borough of Ireland, in the
county of Londonderry, on the river
Bann , 25 miles N E Londonderry, lon. 6
39 W, lat. 55 16 N.
Coleshill, a town In Warwickfliire, vvith
a market on Wednefday ; feated on the
fide of a hill, 011 the Coin, over which
is a flone bridge. It Is 11 mfles N W
Coventry, and 105 Londoq, ten. i 3j W,
lat. 52 32 N.
Calford, a town In Glouceflerfliire, with
a market on Tuefday, 14 miles S Here
ford, and 123 W by N London, lon. a 40
W, lat. 51 48 N.
Co' Hour e, A town of France, in the. de
partinent of the Eaft Pyrenees, and chief

place of a canton. In the diftriCl of Ccret,
with a fmall port, on the Mediterra
nean : defended by a caftle, on a rock ;
chiefly Inhabited by fifliermen : the
Spaniards were defeated by the French
near this town In the month of May,
1794. The national convention decreed,
that a column fliould be ereCled on the
fppt iu memorial that " here 7000 Span
iards laid down their arras before the re
publicans :" 5 leagues S E Perpignan,
and 5 E Ccret.
CoUe, an epifcopal town of Tufcany,
10 miles N W Sienna, lon. n 7 E, lat. 43
16 N.
Cotumptorr, fee Columbian.
Calmar, A city of France, capital ofthe
department of Upper Rhine, and late
province of Uppfr Alface. It was for^
meily an imperial town, and has been re
cently ereCled into a Irifliopric. It Is
feated near th^ 'river III, 35 miles S by W
Straffiurg, ten. 7 27 E, lat. 48 5 N.
Colmars, A town of France, in the de^
partmept of the Lower Alps, and late
province of Provence, ao miles E Digne,
ten- 6 35 E, lat. 44 7 N.
Colmogorod, a towri of Ruffia, in an Ill
and formed by the river Dv.-ina, vvith an
archbifliop's fee, 30 miles S E Archangel,
lon. 39 42 E, lat. 64 14 N,
Coin, a river which rifes near Clare in
Suffolk, and paffing by Halftead and Col
chefter in Effex, empties itfelf into the
German Ocean, betweeii Mercy Ifland and
the mainland. In the inlets and pools,
at the mouth of this river are bred the
famous Colchefter oyfters. There are
feveral fmall rivers of the fa^ne riame in
England. Calnbroai, a town of Bucks, with a mar
ket on Wednefday, feated on the river
Coin, 17 miles W iLondon, lon. o 25 W,
lat. 51 29 N.
Calne, A tovvn In Lancafliire, with a
market on Wednefday, feated on a hill,
36 miles S E Lancafter, and 214 N N 'W
London, lon. 2 5 W, lat. 53 50 N.
Colochina, an ancient town of Turkey,
in the Morea, 50 miles S E Mifitra, lon.
23 22 E, lat. 36 22 N; -
Colocza, a town of Hungary, on the
Danube, capital of the county of Bath,
with an archbifliop's fee, 57 miles S
Buda, lon. 18 29 iE, lat. 46 38 INT.
Cologna, A town of Italy, in the Padu
an, 26 miles S W Padua, ten. 17 ;y E,
Iat. 45 14 N.
Cologne,- an eleClorate of Germany, in
the circle of the Lower Rhine ; -bounded
oa the N by the duchy of Cleves and
' QaMeihndf

COL

COM

Ouelderland, ori the E by the duchy of
Berg, on the S by the archblfliopric of
Treves, and on the W by the duchy of
JuUers. The eleClor Is archchancellor of
the empire for Italy, and has a right to
confecrate the emperor for Italy with
that of Mentz. It is one of the moft fer
tile countries In the empire, and the reve
nues are computed to amount to 130,0001.
a year.
' Cologne, an ancient city of Germany,
capital of the" electorate of Cologne,
with a bifliop's fee, and a univerfity It
eontains 10 collegiate and 19 parochial
churches, 4 abbies,' 17 monafteries, 40
nunneries, and about 50 chapels ; all of
which are candidates for the attention of
the devout ' and curious, by their fine
paintings, their treafures, or their re
lics. The town contains 7,400 houfes
and 50,000 fouls. Cologne Is immortalized
by Its being the birthplace of the great
Rubens ; and it Is fortified In the ancient
manner, with ftrong walls, towers, and
ditches. It is a free Imperial city, and
though the eleClor has a palace here, he
has not the liberty of ftaying in it for
many dayj together ; nor is he admitted
to come at all with a nuinerous attend
ance. The Inhabitants are generally Ro»
man catholics, but there are fome prot
eftants, who are obUged to peri'orni di
vine fervice at Mulheim, 3 miles from
the city. In the cathedral are the, gold
en chamber or treafury, the riches of
whlcji are Immenfe ; and the chapel of
the 3 Magi, In which they pretend to
ffiow the bodies of the 3 Magi, called
the Three Kings. Cologne was once one
pf the Hanfe Towns, celebrated for its
commerce, which is now dwindled to the
manufaClure of a few ribands, ftocldngs,
lace, and fome tobacco. To perfecu-
tion It owes this decay ; to the expulfion
of the Jews in 1485, and nf the proteft
ants In 1618. Two thirds of this city
have fince fallen Into ruins, and ftreets
and fquares are converted into kitchen
gardens and vineyards. Cologne was ta
ken by the French In 1794. It is feated
pn the Rhine, 17 mUes iS Jullers, lon. 7
10 E, lat. 50 55 N.
Colombotz . A caftle of Turkey in Europe,
in Bulgaria, on a hill, under which Is the
ftrong'pafs of Urania.
' Colomey, or Calomia, a town of Poland,
in Red Ruffia, on the river Pruth, 4a
miles S E Halitz, ten. a5 40 E, lat. 48 41 N.
Colonia, A town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, 18 miles E Rome, lon. 12 56
P, lat. 41 55 N,

Caloiifa, ,A fertile little ifland, on the W
coaft -of Scotland, 7 miles W of the ifl
and of Jura.
Calorno, a tovi-n of Italy, In the Par-
mafan, near the Po, 8 miles frcm Parma.
The duke of Parma l.a= a picafure-houfe
here, one of the moft delightful in Italy,
lon. 10 aa E, lat. 44 54 N.
Colojkvar, a town of Tranfylvania,
where the ftates meet. It is feated on
the Samos, 37 miles N W Weiflcmburg,
and lao E by S Vienna, lon. 23 15 E,
lat. 46 53 N.
Columb, S.'. A town in Cornwall, with a
market on Thurfday, feated on a hill, 10
mUes W Bodmin, lon. 4 5a W, lat. 50
30 N.
Columbo, A town on the W fide of the
iflarid of Ceylon. It was built by the Por
tuguefe in 1638, and in 1658 they were
expelled by the natives and Dutch. The
natives live in the old town, without the
walls of the ne\*. The ftreets of this laft
are wide and fpacious, and the governor's
houfe Is a handfome ftruCture. It \\:\^
furrendered to the Engliffi in February
1796. It is I S miles S Negombo, lon. 80
25 E, lat. 7 10 N- ^
Coliimbton, a town In Devonfliire, witli
a market on Saturday, fometimes errone-
oufly written Collunipton .and Cullump-
tbri. It has a wobllen manufacture," and
is feated bii the river Columb, 12 miles
N E, Exeter, and 164 W London, ten. 3
23 W, lat. 50 53 N.
Colum'na, a town of Ruffia, in the gov
ernment of Motcow, with an archbifliop's
fee, 50 miles S E Mofcow, lon, 38 25 E,
lat. 55 5 N. _
Caluri, an ifland of Greece, formerly
called Salamis. The principal town is of
the fame name, on the S fide, at the bot
tom of the harbour, which is one of the
fineft In the world. Though Ajax, who
j makes fuch a figure In Flonier, was king of
I this Ifland, it is but a poor place. It is 7
' miles S Athens, ten. 24 5 E, lat. 38 o N.
I Com, A populous town of Perfia, in Irac
AgemI, 10 mfles N Ifpahan, ten. 51 56
I E, lat. 34 5 N. ^
I Comacbio, an epifcopal town of Italy, in
the Ferrarefe. "The air is bad, for vvhich
' reafon it is inhabited by a few fifliermen
I only. It is feated in a lake of the fame
: name, 27 miles S E Ferrara, lon. 12 10
E, lat, 44 45 N.
! Comachia, A lake of Italy, In t'le Ferr.i-
1 refe, betweeii the tvVo mouths ofthe river
Po. Itis 10 miles in circumference ; b-jt
dry in feveral pt,iccs, and on one part a
town of the fame name Is built- Cor::eir' ;-,

€ O M

e o M

€omitrty. One of the Nicobar Ifles, more
than 8 miles in diameter, excavated by
large bays. The fpace between this and
Nancoyyry forms an exceUent harbour ;
the E entrance Is flieltered by Trikut ifle,
a league diftant. The inlet from the W
is narrow, but deep enough to admit the
largeft fliips, when the wind is fair.
[Cokbrooke, A, R.]
Comb Abbey, A village in Warwickfliire,
3 miles from Coventry, once famous for
a rich abbey. The church Is demoliflied,
but the abbty, modernized, is the feat of
lord Craven.
Comb Martin, a town in Devonfliire,
with a market pn Tuefday. It is feated
on the Briftol Channel, vvhere it has an
inlet which runs through the town. It Is
5 miles E Ilfracomb, and 176 W by b
London, ten. 4 a W, lat. 51 13 N.
Comines, a tbwn of Frapce, in the de
partment of the North and late French
Flanders, feated on the Lis, 5 miles S W
Menin, lon. 3 4 E, lat. 50 45 N.
Commenda, or Cammani, or Kdmmani, A
kingdom of Africa, on tlie Gold Coaft,
about ao miles fquare, formerly a part of
the kingdom of Fetu, or Zabu, but now
an independent kingdbm of itfelf. The
natives are of a warlike difpofition, and
fo numerous that the king is faid to be
able, in this little kingdotii, to raife an ar
my of ao,ooo men ; his ordinary body
guard is conipofed of 500 men, well armed.
Commercy, a town of France, in the de
partment of Meufe arid late duchy of
Bar, lylth a caftle, built by cardlrial de
Retz, It is feated on the Meufe, 160 inUes
E Paris, lon. 5 44 E, lat. 48 40 N.
Como, a populous town pf Italy, in the
Milanefe, with a bifliop's fee ; fituate In a
valley, enclofed by fertile hills, on the S
extremity of a lake ofthe fame name. It
is furrounded by a wall, guarded by tow-
ers,"and backed by a conical eminence, on
whieh are the ruins of an ancient caftle,-
The houfes are neatly built of ftone : and
the cathedral is a handfome edifice of
white marble, hewn from the neighbour
ing quarries. On the outfide of the
church, is the ftatue of PUgji the Younger,
in a liiche, with a Latin Infcriptlon bear
ing the date of 1499. Pliny was born
here ; and, in his Letters, fpeaks vvith
'rapture of the delightful fituation of tbe
tovvn, and the romantic feenery of its en
virons. The inhabitants have eftabliflied
feveral manufactures of cotton and filk,
and carry on fome trade with the Grifons.
Como is 80 miles N E Turin, lon. 9 7 E„
lat. 45 45 N. [Coxe,]

Somo, the largeft lake in Italy, in the
MUanefe. It Is 88, miles in circumfer
ence, hut not above 6 miles over in any
one part.
Comora Iflinds, a clufter of iflands In the
Indian Ocean, between the coaft of Zan-
guebar, and the N part of the ifland of
Madagafcar, "Fhey arc 4 in number, viz.
Johanna, Mayotta, Mohilla, and Comora,
which laft is 6 leagues long and 3 wide,
and gives Its name to the gi"oup. It has ne
fafe harbours. Its high mouhtains are
richly covered with verdure and fruit
trees, and give rife to numerous fertilizing
ftreams, on which are many beautiful caf
cades. The valUes between the mount
ains are extenfive, andlnrlchnefs andbean-
ty are exceeded by none in the world.
Thefe iflaods produce rice, peas, yams, in-.
dian corn, purflain, cocoa nuts, plaintalris,
oranges, lemons,, citrons, limes, pine ap-.
pies, cucumbers, tamarinds, fugar canes
and honey. Their animals are buffaloes,
goats, tortoifes, camelions, hens, and a
great variety of birds, iriariy of which are
not known in Europe. Johanna though;,
not the largeft, Is yet. In many rcfpefts
the principal ifland. The Arabs, are fet-,
tied here, and exaCt tribute from the aa-
tives of this and the other iflands. The
Arabs, aljout 3000 i^i igumber, profeffing.
the Mahometan religion, 95* fettled to
gether In a walled town on the S E ; part
of the ifland. The towiij which Is the re
fidence of the king of all the ifles, con
tains abom 900 houfes, one ftory of J5 or
20 feet high, and thatched with cabbage-.
tree leaves. The towni covers about 10
acres. A mofque of ftone, rifes In Its cen-.
ter. The walls are about 6 feet high, and,^
encompafs the whole town, leaving but
one place of entrance, and are mounted
with ;8 caiinon, taken from the wreck of
a French fliip ; but they are bf nb ufe for
defence, as the inhabitants are without;^
ammunition, and ignorant of the manne^.
of managing them, THe ftreets are dirty,
and fo narrow as to adnilt but two per
fons abreaft. The drink of the inhabit-.
ants Is the milk of ^e cocoa nut, from
which they have the art of extracting an
Intoxicating liquor. From the fugar cane?,
they extraa molaffes. The Arabs in the
town, are clothed, and In fome degree
civilized ; but the Aborigines, about 7000
in number, who inhabit the hUls, and
who are often at war with the Arabs, go
naked, are of a dark complexion, and
ftupid. In the Interior of the illand is a
lake held facred by the natives, in which
are ducks, vvhich arc alfo venerated. AUi
ftrangers.

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ftrangers who vifit this lake are Acquired
to leave their guns 5 miles from it. The
birds, thus protected, are tame, and fear-
lefsly approaih thofe who vifit them.
The Arabs, though they dare not openly
oppofCiyet deleft this fuperftition. The
£ India fhlps often touch "here for re-
freffiment. The Arabs, fome of them,
fpeak broken, but inteUigibIc EngUfli —
preferve the manners of Arabia, and are
not fo dark as the natives. Thefe ifles
lie between 11 and 13 S lat. aud 44 and
47 £ lon. [Capt- Ham, Walker, Grofe-]
Comorin, Cape, the moft fouthern point
of the peninfula of Hindooftan, lon. 77
32 E, lat. 7 50 N.
Comorra, a town of Lower Hungary,
Capital of a territory of the fame name.
it is fo well fortified, that the 'I'urks could
never take It. The greateft part of the
inhabitants arc of the Greek religion. It
is feated on the Danube, in the ifland of
Sibut, 70 miles S by E Vienna, tea. 185
E, lat. 47 46 N,
Compiigjie, a town of France, in the de
partment of Oife and late province ofthe
Ifle, of France. Here Is a palace, in which
the kings of France often refided. The
Maid of Orleans was taken prifoner here
in 1430. It is feated near an extenfive
foreft, at the confluence of the Aifne and
Oife, 45 miles N E Paris, lon. 2 55 E, lat.
49 25 N.
Compofella, A celebrated town of Spain,
capital of Galicia, with an archbifliop's
fee, and a univerfity- The public fquares,
and the churches, are magnificent ; and
it has a great number of monafteries for
both fexes. The arehbiffiop is one of the
richeft prelates in Spain, having 70,000
crowns a year, From this town the mili
tary order of St. Jago or St. James, had
its origin. It is feated In a peninfula,
formed Ivy the TamUra and Ulla, 265
miles N W Madrid, ten. 8 17 W, lat, 42
5a N.
Conean, A tew traCl of country, on the
W coaft of the Deccan of Hindooftan.
From this traCl rifes abruptly that ftupen
dous wall of mountains called the Gauts.
It is fubjeCl to the Mahrattas, and lies be
tween 15 and 20 N lat.
¦Cuncarneau, A feaport of France, In the
department of Finifterre and late prov
ince of Brittany, with a caftle, 12 miles
S X Quimper, ten. 4 2 E, lat. 47 46 N.
Concirdia, a towii of Italy, in the duchy
of Mirandola, on the river Socliia, 5 miles
W Mirandola, lon. 11 13 E, lat. 44
i2N.
Cansordin, a town ef Italy, in Venetian

Fruil'I, with a biffiop's fee, 28 miles S S'W
Udlna. It Is now -almoft ruined, and the
bifliop refides at Porto Gruaro.
Condavir, a fort in the peninfula of
Hindooftan, and the principal poft of
Guntoor, one of the five Circars. It is
ftrongly fituate on a mountain, 16 miles
W Guntoor.
Conde, A ftrong town bf France, in the
department of the North and French
part of Hainault. It has a caftle, and
gave the title of prince to a branch of the
late royal family. It was taken by the
allies, July 10, 1793, but it was retaken
by the French OCl. i, 1794, and ordered
l>y the convention to have Its name
changed to that of Nord Libre. Conde
is feated on the Scheld, 7 miles N E Va
lenciennes, and 117 N by £ Paris, lon. 3
39 E, lat. 50 27 N.
Conde, A town of France, in the depart
ment of Calvados and late province of
Normandy. It carries on a confiderable
trade, and is feated on the Nereau, 15
miles W Paris, ten. o 37 W, lat. 4S
50 N, ,
Condom, A large town of France, in the ,
depkrtment of Gers and late province of
Gafeony. As it has no trade. It Is poor,
and thinly peopled. It was lately an
epifcopal fee, and is feated on the Balfe,
22 miles W Auch, ten. o 36 E, lat. 44
I N. Condore, the capital of a number of ifl-'
ands, in the Indian Ocean. It produces
mangoes, vvhich grow on trees, as large as
apple trees ; the fruit Is of the fize of a
fmall peach, and when ripe, has a pleaf
ant fmell and tafte. The inhabitants are
fmall in ftature, well fliaped, and of a dark
olive complexion ; their faces are long,
with black ftraight hair, fmall black eyes,
high nol'es, thin lips, white teeth, and lit
tle mouths. They are very poor, and
their chief employment is getting tar out
of the trees. 'When any fliips arrive, tliey
vvlll bring their women on board, and of
fer them to the falters. They have a lit
tle idol temple, built of wood, and thatch
ed like their houfes, vvhich are very mean.
The Englifli E India company had a fet
tlement here in 1702; but the faClors
falling out vvith the natives, moft of them
were murdered, and the reft driven thence
In 1705, ten. 107 26 E, lat. 2 40 N.
Condrieu, A-town of France, in the de
partment of Rhone and Loire and late
province of Lyonois, remarkable for its
excellent wines. It is feated near the
Rhone, 1 7 miles S Lyons, lon. 4 '53 E,
lat. 45 23 N. ConcoUns,

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Coneolens, A town of France, in the de
partment of Charente and late province
of -Angoumois,. on the river Vienne, 30
miles N E Angoujefiiie, lou. o 43 E, lat.
48 55 n;
Cangleton, A town in Chefliire, with a
market on Saturday. It Is governed by
a mayor, and has two churches, but the
principal one is two miles diftant. It has
a manufaClure of leather gloves ; and a
more confiderable one in filk, there be
ing a large filk mill, which employs 700
hands. It is feated on the river Dane,
7 miles S Macclesfield, and 164.N W
London, lon. 2 10 W, lat. 53 8 N.
Conga, a country of Africa, between the
equInoClial line and 18 degrees ofS lat.
containing the kingdoms of Loango,
Congo, Angola, and iBenguela. It was
dlfcovered by the Portuguefe in 148?,
aud is bounded on the N by Benin, by
the inland part of Africa on the E, by
Mataroon on the S, and by the Atlantic
Ocean on the W. It is fometimes called
Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguefe have
a great many fettlements on the coaft, as
well as in the Inland country. They
have many defert places within land, in
vVliich arc elephants, tigers, leopards,
monkies, and monftrous ferpents ; but
near the coaft, the foil is extremely fer
tile ; and tliere are fruits of many .kinds,
befide palm trees, from which they, gct
wine and oil. .The inhabitants are flrilful
ill weaving cotton cloth ; and they trade
ill flaves, ivbry, caffia, and tamarinds :
the greateft part of them go almoft naked,
worfliippirig the fun, moon, and ftars,
befide animals of different kinds ; but the
Portuguefe have ma-Je many converts
to chrlftfanity. Congo, properly fo called,
is only 150 miles broad along the coaft,
but Is 372 Inland. From March to
September is called the. winter feafon,
when it rains almoft every day ; and the
fummer is from O-ilober to March, vvhen
the weather Is very hot. The river
Zaire is fuU of crocodiles and river horfes.
The principal town is St. Salvador.
Coni, A town of Italy, in the principality
of Piedmont, fituated on the Stura, faid to
be firft founded in 152O; during the ponti
ficate of CaUftus TI. The origin of the
town is faid to be this ; the inhabitants
of fome vUlages had been forely opprcffed
by tlieir lords, who, among other enormi
ties, pretended a privilege granted by the
emperor to deflower the brides before
their huffiands touched them ; the peo
ple at length attacked their lords, expelled
them the country, and deftroyed their

caftles, which had ferved them as a pra<
teClion for their enormities, and, left their
tyrants fliould return with foreign , aid,
they left their home, and founded Coni.
It was taken by the French in April 179^.*
It is feated at the confluence of the 6reffe
and Sture, 35' mfles S Turin, Ion. 7 45 E,
lat. 44 30 N.
Goiiingfck, A town of Suabia, capital of
a county of the fame name, 20 miles N
Conftance, lon. 9 20 E, lat. 47 50 -N.
Coningtan, a village In Huntlngdonfliire,
near Stilton. It hasthe ruins of a caftle j
and is feated at the head of the -river
which forms Ug-mere, Brickmcre, and
Whittlefea-mere- , Canif on-mere, A lake in Lancafliire,
vvhich affords plenty of char. It is five
miles long, but not above one broad ^
and is five miles W Wiuandermere.
Connaught, a province of. Ireland, 130-,
miles long, and 84 broad ; bounded on
the E by Leinfter and Munfter, on the S
by the latter province, on the 'VV and M
by the Atlantic, and on the N W by
Ulfter. It Is fertile In many places, but Is
the leaft cultivated of aU the fou'r prosrin-
ces. It contains one archbIfliopric,:five
biflioprlcs, fix counties, feven market
towns, 10 boroughs,and 330 parlffies. ,
Connor, A town of Ireland, 111 the county .
of Antrim, with a bifliop's fee,- 6 mfles N
Antrim, lon. 6 6 E, lat. 54 5^ N.
Conquet, A tovvn of France, In the dc
partmeiit of Finifterre and late province.'
of Bretagne, with a good harbour and r
road. It is 12 mfles W Breft, lon. 4 41
W, lat. 48 23 N.
Confance, a city of Suabia, with a. .
bifliop's fee; feated on the Rhine, be--
tween the upper and lower lakes of Con
ftance. Once fo flourlfliing in commerce,;
and fo celebrated In hiftory ; grafs now
grows in the principal ftreets, and it
fcarcely , contains 3000 Inhabitants. It
was formerly in ajliarice with Zuric and
Bafil, and, by their affiftance; had expelled
the bifliop, and embraced the reformat"
tion. But the proteftant cantons being
worfted in 1531, Conftance was obliged
to fubniit to the emperor Charles V, and
to re-admit the cathoUc religiori. It thus
loft its independence, and being negleCled
by the houfe of Auftria, feU by dcgrees-
Into its prefent ftate. In 1785, however,
the emperor Jofeph II invited hither the.
emigrants from Geneva, and. In 1787,
350 • perfons ¦ (among whom were 54-
watchmakers) vWjre fettled here : the em
peror granted them the fccukrized con
vent of the Dominicans, for a manufac ture

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ture of printed linens ; aad the refeCtory
was made the chapel of the new cqlony.
Conftance is famous for a council, in
1514, which fat 4 years, aad caufed John
Hufs and Jerome bf Prague tb be burnt ;
and likewife cbndemned the db(9Tlne bf
Wiekliffe, and ordered his bones to be
burned 40 years after he was dead. The
French took poffeffion of this city in July
1796. It is 35 miles N E Zuric, lon. 9
10 E, lat. 47 38 N. [Adam, Coxe.]
Conftance, Lake of, one of the moft con
fiderable lakes of Swifferland, which it
feparates from Suabia, that part excepted,
where the city of Conftance is feated on
its S fide. It is divided into three parts.
"The upper and largeft part is called Bo-
den See ; the middle part is named Bod-
mer See ; and the lower part Unter See,
Zeller See, or the lake bf Zefl. The
upper lake Is 37 miles long, and 15 in
its greateft breadth. Through this lake
the Rhine flows, and then enters the
Zeller See, which is 16 mfles teng, and
10 In Its greateft breadth. Like aU the
lakes In Swifferland, this is deeper in
fummer than In winter ; vvhich is owing
to the firft melting of the fnow from the
adjacent mountains. [Coxe.]
, Canjhniina, a tovvn of Africa, in the
kingdom of Algier8„the largeft and ftrong
eft In all the eaftern parts, and feated at
the top of a great rock. "Fhere Is no way
to it but by fteps cut out of the rock ;
and the ufual way of punifliing criminals
here is to throw them down the cliff.
Here are many Roman antiquities, par-
tioularly a triumphal arch. It Is 75 miles
from the fea, and aio E by S Algiers,
lon. 7 o iti, lat. 36 4 N.
Conftantina, A towu of Spain,,iri Andalu
fia, -with a caftle feated on a mountain,
40 miles N E Seville, lon. 5 35 W, lat.
3740N. Confantinople, the ancient Byzantium,
one of the moft celebrated cities in Eu
rope, In Romania, and capital of the
Ottoman empire. It is feated on a neck
of land, which advances toward NatoUa,
from vyhich It is feparated by a ftrait a
mile In hircadth. "Fhe fea of Marmora
waflies its walls on the S, and a gulf of
the ftrait of Conftantinople does the fame
on the N. It is delightfully fituated be
tween the Black Sea and the Archipelago.
Gonftantine the Great chofe this place
for his abode, and retuilt it after the
model of Rome. It was taken, in 1453,
by the Turks, vvhen they maffacred 40,000
chriftians, and haye kept poffeffion of
it ever fince. The grand fignior's pa lace,
Vol. ii. W

caUed the Seraglio, is on the feafide, and
is furrounded by walls flanked wilh tow
ers, and ieparated from the city by canals.
The number of houfes muft be prodig
ious ; but, in general, they are mean, ef-
peciaUy on the outfide, where there are
few or no windows, and the ftreets being
narrow, gives them a melancholy look.
They reckon that there are 3770 ftreets
and lanes, but they are feldom, or ever
clean ; therefore the people^are infeded
with the plague almoft every year. The
inhabitants are faid to amount to
900,000, of whom 300,000 are Greeks,
200,000 Armenians, and the reft Eu
ropeans, Turks, ^nd Jews. The Greeks
have ^ 30 churches here aud In the
fuburbs ; the Armenians many, the Ro
man Catholics feveral, the Lutherans
one. Here are a great number of ancient
monuments ftill remaining, and particu.-
larly the fuperb temple of St. Sophia,
which is converted into a mofque, and
that of Sultan A&met with doors of brafs
Is fuperior to aU the reft. The bazars,
or bezefteiris are the markets for mer
chandife : they are large fquare bufld-
ings, covered with domes, fupported by
arcades, and containing all forts of goods,
which .are there expofed to fale. There
is a market for flaves of both fexes ; and
the Jews are the principal merchants, who
bring them here to be fold. A great
number of girls are brought from Hun
gary, Greece, Candia, Circaffia, Mingre
lia, and Georgia, for the fervice of the
Turks, who generally buy them for their
feragUos. The. great fquare, near the
mofque of Sultan Bajazet Is the place for
public diverfions. "Fhe circumference of
this city Is faid to be 15 miles, and 2}
with the fuburbs Included : the fuburb,
called Pera, Is the place where the for
eign ambaffadors refide. The city ia
biiilt In the form of a triangle ; and an
the ground rifes gradually, there is a view
of the whole town from the fea. "Flic
palaces, mofques, of which there are 5 or
6000, bagnios, arid caravanfaras, arc
many of them magnificent. It is na
miles £ S £ Adrimople, 240 £ Salonichii
and 700 S E Viejna, lon. 28 59 E, lat. 41
I N, [Thevenot, Niebuhr, Montague.]
Canfantiriople, Strait of, anciently the
"Thracian Bofphorus, and forming the
comniunication between the Euxine or
Black Sea, and the Propontis, or fea of
Marmora. It is 20 miles long, and a
mile and a quarter broad, vvhere narrow
eft. The Turks have built 2 caftles,
oppofite to each other, to defend the paf
fage.

COP

COR

fage. It forms the feparatiori here be
tween Europe and Afia. O'n one fide of
it is fituate Conftantinople, and on the
othei", Scutarii where the grarid figriior
has his feraglioi
Confaniino^w, A towri of Poland In Vol-
hinia, on the river Sclucza, 62 miles N E
Kamlnieck, lon. 27 20 E, lat. 49 58 N.
Conteffa,A feaport of Turkey in Eurbpe,
on a gulf bf the fame name, in the Ar
chipelago, 200 miles W Conftantinople,
lon. 23 58 £, lat. 41 8 N.
Conti, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Somme, and late province of
Picardy. It gave the titte of prince to
a branch of the late royal family of
France. It is leated' on the SeUle, 14
iniles S'W Amiens, and 6a N' Paris, lon.
a 13 E,Iat. 49 42 iN.
Converfano, A tovvn of Naples, in Terra
di Bari, with a Biffiop's fee, 12 miles S £
Earl.lon. 17 6 £, lat. 41 20 N.
Gangway, a town in Carnarvonfliire,
with a market on Friday ; feated at the
mo^th ofthe Cbnway, anddlftlrigulflied
by the maffy remalus of Its caftle, for
merly one of the moft magnificent ftrnc-
tures of the kirid In the kingdom. It is
18 miles ENE Carnarvon, and. 235
W N W Loudon, ten. 4 i W, lat. 53
ao N.
Gangway, a river of N Wales; which
flows through a fertile vale of the fame
name, along the whole eaftern border bf
Carnarvonfliire, and' enters the Irifli Sea,
at the town of Cbnway.
Conza, an ancient town of Naples, In
Prlncipato UlteTlorejwIth an archbifliop's
fee. It was fo greatly ruiried by ari earth
quake In 1694, that the place where the
cathedral ftood is hardly known. It Is 52
Trifles E Naples, lon. 15 35 E, lat. 40 50 N.
¦Coos, an ifland In the Archipelago, 56
miles N W Rhodes, fubjeCl to the Turks.
It Is 100 miles In circumference, the birth
place of ApeUes the painter, and Hyp-
pocrates the phyfician, ten. 27 44 E, lat.
37 I N. [Adam.]
Copenhagen, the capital' of Denmark,
with a univerfity. In 1711, 25,000 died
here of the plague, the whole population
was 60,000. It Is the beft built city of
the North ; and owes Its principal beau
ty to a dreadful fire in 1 728, that deftroy
ed 5 churches and 67 ftreets, which have
been rebuilt in the modern ftyle. The
new parts of the town, raifed by Freder
ick. V; confifts of an oClagon, containing
4 uniform and elegant buildings of hewn
ftone, and of 4 broad ftreets, leading to
it i* oppofite directions ; , in the middle

of the area is an equeftriah ftatue of that"
king, In bronze, vvhich vvas eaft at the. ex
penfe of the £ India Conipany, and colt
8o,oool; fterllng. The greatcft'part of the
buildings are of brick ; and a few ^fe of
freeftone. The palaces of the nobility
are In general fplendid, and ornaznented
in the Italian ftyle of architeClure. The
royal palac^, called Chriftlanburg, built
by Chriftian 'Vt, one of the moft commo
dious and raoft.fumptuoufly furniflied in
Europe, w'as deftroyed by fire, Fch.JiS,
1794 '; and on Jurie 6, 1795, a fire broke
out in the dook-y ard, which foon conimu-
ntcated acrofs the canal' to the houfes,
and continued to rage , fbr a days, by
which one fourth of the city was deftroy
ed. The haven is always crowded with
ffiips ; and the fti^eets are interfeCled by
canals, which bring the merchandife
clofe to the warehoufes that "line the
quays. The citadel is- a regular fortifi
cation, with 5 baftions, a double ditch
full of water, and feveral advanced works^
The city Is 5 miles In circumference; and
feated on the E fliore of the ifle bf Zea
land", 300 miles S W Stockholm, and 500,
N E London, lon. la 40 E, lat. 55 41 N;
fee Amah.
Copilo-wati, a town of Turkey ip Europe,
in Bulgaria, lon. 36 35 E, lat. 46-40 N. ¦¦
Coporia, a town of Ingria, in the Ruf
fian government of Peterffiurg, at' the
mouth of a river of the fame name, lon,
a9 o E, lat. 59 34 N.
Copper If ind; one of the Aleutian group^
It is fo called from the vaft quantities of
copper found on its N E fliofe. It ap
pears to be waflied up, by the fea, in fuch
abundance, that many fhlps might lo»d
at the fame time. It is chiefly In a me
tallic or -malleable ftate, and frequently
looks as if it had undergone a fufion.
This probably is faCl, as many volcanosj
extinCl, now appear on the ifland,' [Mavor.] ,
Coquet,. A river in Northumberlaridf
which croffes the center of that county;.
and enters the German Ocean, at Wark*
vvorth. Coquet, an Iflind on the coaft of North--
umberland, oppofite the mouth of the '
river Coquet.
Corah, or Corahjehenabad, A city of Hin
dooftan Proper, in Dooab, fubjeCl to tbe
nabob of Oude. It is 60 miles SSW
Lucknow, lon, 79 45 E, lat. a6 5 N.
Corbacb, A tovvn of Germany, in the
prIncip-iUty of Waldeck, 10 miles, NW
Waldeck. The hereditary prince of
Brunfwick was defeated here by the
FreoSh

COR

COR.

1?rench in 1760, lon. 8 58 E, Iat. 51 20 N.
Corbeck, a town of Auftrian Brabant, 3
miles S Louvain, lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50
50 N.
Corbeil, a town of France, in the de
partment of Seine and Oife, and late prov
ince of the Ifle of France, feated on the
Seine, 17 miles S Paris, lon. a 26 E.lat.
4833N. , , ,
Corbie, a tovvn of France, in the de
partment of Somme, and late province of
Picardy, with a late celebrated Benedic
tine abbey, feated on the Somme, 10 miles
E Amiens, ten, a 38 E,'lat. 49 54 N.
Corby, A town of Germany, on the con-
•fines of Weftphalia, with a famous abbey,
whofe abbot is a fovereign prince. It Is
feated on the WeHsr, 30 miles E by N
Paderborn, lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51 50 N.
Cordova, an epifcopal town of Spain, in
-Andalufia, remarkable for its afltlquity,
and for having preferved its fpledour and
jichcs through fo many ages. It being
-weU known to the Romans by the name
of Corduba. It Is feated on the Guadal-
fluiver, over which is a magnificent ftone
bridge. The circumference is large, but
it is not peopled in .proportion to its ex
tent, for there are many orchards and
^rdens withia the walls. There are 1 7
churches, 36 convents, 16, hofpitals, and
a colleges. The palaces, churches, and
religious houfes are fuperb, particularly
the cathedral, which was a mofque, when
the Moors poffeffed the tovyn ; for which
feafon it ftill retains the name of Mez-
<guita. The fquare, called the Plaza Ma
jor, Is furrounded by fine houfes, under
which are piazzas. It is the birthplace
of Seneca and Lucan. The trade confifts
in wine, filk, and Cordovan leather ; and
in the neighbourhood are a vaft number
of orange and lemon trees. The beft
horfes in Spain come hence. Cordova is
,75 miles N E Seville, and 137 S tiy W
Madrid, ten. .4 4 W, lat. .37 53 N. '
[Adansi.]
fiafduan, a famous llghthoufe of France,
at the mouth of the Gironde, 55 miles N
W Bourdeaux, ten. i 9 W, lat. 45 36 N-
Corea, a peninfula of Afia, ei^tending
between Cliina and Japan. It is bounded
on the N by Chinefe "f'artary, on the E
by the fea and ifles of Japan, on the S by
the ocean, and on the W by the gulf and
province of Leao-tong. "Fhis kingdoiii
is commonly reckoned 200 leagues from
N to S, ini 109 from E fo W. The
king has abfolute authority over his fub-
je(Jls, but is himfelf tributary to China.
It is divided into 8 provinces, vvhich con

tain 33 cities of the firft rank, 58 of the
fecbnd, and 70 of the third. KIngkitao
is the capital. The principal produCls
of Corea are wheat, rice, ginfeng, gold,
filver. Iron, foffil fait, caftor and fable's
flcins, a yellow varnifli, almoft equal to
gilding, and a peculiar kind of paper"
made of cotton. Numbers nf whales ai e
annually found on the coaft toward the
N E. The Coreans are well made. Ingen
ious, brave, and tradable.' They are
fond of dancing and mufic, aud fliovv
great aptnefs for acquiring the fciences,
which they apply to with ardour. Men
of learning are difiingulflied from other
people by 2 plumes of feathers, whidi
they wear in their .caps. They have
borrowed their wrltlug, drefs, religious
worfliip, ceremonies, beUef of the tranf-
migration of fotils, and the greater part
of their cuftoms, from the Chinefe. Their
women are lefs confined than thofe in
Cliina, and have the liberty of appearing
In company with the other fex. In Chi
na, parents often marry their chUdren
without their content : in Corea, they
choofe for themfelves -. they neither re
gard the inellnatlons of their parents, nor
fuffer them to throw any obftaqles in fhe
way of their union. They never bury
their dead till three years after their de-
ceafe, but keep theni in coffins for that
time. Corfe Cafle, A borpiigh In Dorfetffiire,
with a market on "FJiurClay. It Is feated
iri a peninfula called the Ifle of Purbeck,
on a river, between two lulls, on one of
which ftands the caftle, formerly a place
of great importance. It has a large church,
which Is a royal pec,ullar, not llablje to any
epifcopal jurifdiCtlou. The town Is gov
erned by a fliayor, and its aldermeii have
the title of barons. It fends 2 members
to parlianient, and Is 21 miles £ Dorchef
ter, and 120 W by S London, lon. a 4 W,
lat. 50 36 N,
Corfu, an Ifland of the Mediterranean,
near Albania, fubjeCl to the Venetians,
and the moft important place they have
in thefe parts, becaufe it commands the
gulf of "Venice. It Is defended by an im
pregnable caftle. Here is made a great
quantity of fait. This Ifland contains
above 50,000 fouls, and is divided Into 4
bailiwicks or governments. The air is
healthy, the land fertile, and the fruit
excellent. Oranges, citrons, the moft de
licious grapes, honey, wax, and oil, arc
exceedingly abundant. There are fome
places mountainous and barren, and good
water is fcarce. The capital is of the
fame

COR

COR

fame name, with a handfome metropoli
tan church of the Greeks, on the £ cbaft,
and contains ao,ooo inhabitants, ten. ao
O E, lat. 39 40 N-
Caria, an epifcopal town of Spain, in
jLeon, feated on the Alagon, 120 miles S
W Madrid, lon- 5 30 W, lat. 40 o N.
Corinth, now called Carantho, or Gerame,
A celebrated city, in the Morea, with a
Greek archlsffiop's fee. It was one of
the riibfl important places In Greece, on
account of ite fituation on the Ifthmus in
to the Morea, its caftle on the top of an
almoft inacceflible rbckr it* harbours on
the gulfs of Lepanto and Engla,its riches,
and its architecas, fculptors, and painters,
¦who were the moft flcilful in Greece- It
once belonged to the Venetians, but the
Turks became mafters of it in 1715. It
|s now greatly decayed j for the houfes
are not contiguous, hut intermixed with
fields and gardens, which make it look
like a vlUage. From the caftle, is a fine
profpeCl over the fea to the E and W,
and a fertile country N and S. The in-
ihabltants are chiefly Chriftians, of the
Greek church, arid about 13 or 1400 in
number. It is 40 miles N W Athens, lon.
S,3 2 E, lat. 38 14 N.
Corinth, Ifhmus of, in the Morea, a neck
of land which joins the IV^orea to Liva
dia, and reaches from the gulf of Lepan
to to that of Engia. The narroweft part
of It Is 6 miles over ; and on a mount there,
calledTOneius, were formerly celebrated
the Ifthmian gaines. There are ftill the
ruins of a town, upon it, and of the tem
ples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana,
Neplune, Ceres, and Bacchus, Julius Ce
far, Caligula, and Nero, in vain attempt
ed to cut a channel through the ifthmus ;
they therefore built a wall acrofs it, call
ed Hexamilllum, becaufe It was 6 miles in
length. This was demoliffied by Amu
rath II, rebuilt by the Vepetians, and lev
elled a fecond time by Mahomet II.
Corita, a town of Spain, in Leon, 23
iniles E Salamanca, ten. 5 49 W, lat. 41
5 N.
Cork, A county of Ireland, in the prov-
Jhce of Munfter, 80 miles in length, and
50 in breadth ; bounded on the W by
Kerry and the Atlantic, on the N by Li
merick, on the E by Waterford, and on
the S and S E by St. George's Channel. It
contains 23a parlffies, and fends 26 mem
bers to parliament. It is fertile and pop
ulous, and has two remarkable rivers, the
IBlackwater and Lee.
Coti, the capital of the county of Cork,
¦mth a bifliop's fee. It I? a peat, rich,

and populous place, on the river , Itet,
where it has a commodious harbour, ft
furpaffes all the towns in Ireland for trade,
except Dublin. It vi-as taken by the earl
of Marlborough in 1690. It is 14 miles
from St. George's Channel, and 124 S W
DubUn, lon. 8 23 W, lat. 51 54 N.
Corlin, A town of Pruffian Pomcrattfa,
feated on the river Peifant, 8 miles. SE
Colbcrg, lon. 15 47 E, lat. 54 16 N.
Cormeniin, a fortrefs on the Gold Coaft
of Guinea, belonging to the Dutch. Near
it is the town, which is large and popu..
lous, ten. o 15 W, lat. 5 30 N.
Conner^, A town of France, in the dei
partment of Indre, and Loire and late
province of Touralne. It had recently 1 ,
rich BeriediCline abbey, and is feated on
the Indre, 8 miles from Tpurs, lon. 0 a8
E, lat. 47 30 N.
Cornet, a caflle on the Ifland of Guern.,
fey, lon. a 40 W, lat. 49 30 N.
Corneto, A town of Italy, in the patrlmo'
ny of St. Peter, with a bifliop's fee, feated
on the Maria, 3 mUes E of the fea,
and 37 N W Ro^ne, lon. n 53 E, lat,
43 15 N. '
Corn'wall, A countv which forms the S 'W
extreniity of England ; bounded on the E
by Devonfliire, on the S by the EngUfli
Channel, and on the N W by St. George's
Channel. Its length from E to W is 80
miles ; its breadth next; to Devonfliire is
48, but it foon contraifts, andat Falmouth
does not exceed 14 ; it then fpreads- a
Utile to the S and S 'W, and terminates in,
two points, one of which is called the
Lizard, and the other the Land's End.
It Ues In the diocefe of Exeter ; contains
9 hundreds, 27 market towns, and 161
pariflies ; and fcrids 44 members to par
liament. The air Is fliarp and healthful,
but the vicinity of the fea exempts it frt^ra
hard frolls, and fnow never lies long on
the 'ground. The foil, as It Is fliallow, is
not very fruitful, efpecially in the centre
on the hilly parts ; the vaUies yield plen
ty of grafs ; and the lands near the fea,
by being manured with fea weed, prodiire
corn. It has plenty of fea herbs, and
fome other plants peculiar to its infular
fituatlon The principal rivers are the
Tamar, Camel, and Fale. It derives It^
chief Importance from its minerals, The
mines of tin are numerous, and are, in
general, very rich in ore : thefe have
rendered this country famous In all ages,
There has been fometimes found a fmatt
quantity of gold and filver, but not wpr-i
thy of notice. 'With the metalline ores
are intermixed large quantities of mundic aijiit

COR

COR

and arfenic. Many forts of ftones are al
fo found here, particularly moorflone,
wbich is ufed both in bufldings and for
mlU'ftones ; when poliflied, it appears
more beautiful than any of the marble
kind, and makes {he richeft furniture, as
tables, chimneypleees, &c. but being ex
ceedingly hard, thepoliflilngis expenfive.
The copper rilines are alfo numerous, and
rich In ore. In many cavernous parts of
the rocks are found tranfparent cryftals,
called Corniffi diamonds, they being very
brilliant vyben well pbliflied. This coun
try vvas one of the places to which the
ancient Britons retreated, whofe language
was retained even to the laft century, but
it is now quite extinCl. The king's eldeft
fon is bbrn duke bfCbrnwall, and derives
a revenue, not only from lands apper
taining tP the duchy, but from the mines
pf tin and copper ; he has under him an
cflicer, called lord warden of the Stanna
ry Courts, whbfe jurifdiClion extends over
the mines and miners of Cornwafl and
Devonfliire ; and he appoints, in his privy
(ouncil, the flierifF of the fqrmer county.
jLauncefton Is the capital.
Corny, a fmall village, fuppofed by fome
learpcd men to be the fite of Paradlfe.
It is feated in the aiigle formed by the
confluence of the Tigris and i^uphrates.
It is furrounded by a mud waU ; its Inhab
itants are a few Arabs, who gain lefs from
cultivating the foil, tbsn by their exac
tions from paffengers, [Jackfon,]
Coro, fee Venezuela,
Coromajidel, Coaf of, the eaftern coaft of
the peninfula of Hindooftan, extending
between lo and i6 N lat. There is not
a port for large ffiips on the whole coaft,
which is an even, low, fandy country,
Madras is the principal town.
Coron, a feaport Of the Morea, feated on
a hay, 15 miles S £ Modqn, ten. a? 50
E, lat. 36 50 N.
Coronation, Cape, A Cape of the ifland of
New Caledorila, In the S Pacific Qcean,
lon. 167 8 E, lat. 4a 5 S.
Corrsgio, a town of Italy, capital of a
territory of the fame name, in the Mode
nefe, with a caftle, 9 miles N iE Reggiq,
ten. II I a E, lat. 44 46 N.
Correze, a department of France, con-
talnirig the latp province of Limofin. It
takes its name from a river, which falls
into the Vezere, after liaving watered
Tulles and Brlves. Tulles Is the capital.
Corfiam, A town In Wilts, where the
Saxon Idng Ethelred had a palace. Here
are fome confiderable clothiers. It is 4
miles S W Chippenham.

Corfca, an Ifland In the Mediterranean,
between 8 and 10 E lon. and 41 and 43
N lat. On the S it is feparated from Sar
dinia, by the ftrait of Bonifacio ; to the E
it has the Tufean Sea ; to the N the gulf
of Genoa ; and to the W it is oppofite the
coafts of France and Spain. It Is 150
miles from Nto S, and from 40 to 50 in
breadth. It was known to the ancient
Greeks by the names of Califta and Cyr-
nus, and to the Romans by Its prefent ap
pellation. On the coaft are many excel
lent harbours. It is mountainous, but
fruitful vallies are interfperfed ; and it
has fome fine lakes and rivers. 'With re
fpeCl to produCls, Corfica has nothing pe
culiar to itfelf; but in the earlleft times
it has been famous for its fwarms of becc,
and produces vaft quantities of honey,
whieh, however, is reckoned bitter, on
account of the box and yew vvith wliich
the country abounds. After many revo
lutions, this ifland v/as, for fome ccniuries,
under the dominion of the Genoefe, whofe
tyraririy was fuch, that the Corficans
were almoft Iri a perpetual ftate of infur-
reCliori. In 1736, a German adventurer,
Theodore baron Newhoff, brought fome
affiftance to theni, and, on his affuranecs
of more powerful aid, they eleCled' him
king ; but, as he could not fubftantiate
his promifes, he wjs obliged to leave the
ifland. He came to England, was thrown
into the Fleet prifon, releafed by an aCl
of InfolVency (after having regiftered his
kingdom of Corfica for the behefit of his
creditors) and fuft'ered to die in extreme
indigence. The Genoefe, tired of the
contcft, fold the fovereignty to France in
1 767 ; and the celebrated Paoll, who had
been elected to the chief command, in
1755, vvas obliged to abandon the ifland
in 1769. After the French revolution in
1789, Corfica was admitted as an eighty-
third department of France, at the par
ticular requeft of a deputation, of which
Paol: was at the head. In cbnfeqnence,
hbwever, pf fome events vvhich followed
the revolution of 179a, Paoli revolted;
the French, by the affiftance of the Eng
lifh, were expeUed from the I/land ; and
Corfica, on the 19th of June 1794, vv^s
declared annexed to the crown of Great
Britain, In OCt. 1796, It was retaken by
the French, and Is divided Into 2 depart
ments. Baftia is the largeft town ; but
Corte, in tlie tentre of the Ifland, is reck
oned the capital. The number of inhab,
itants on the ifland Is about 160,000.
Carfare, a town of Denjnark, on the
W fide of the ifle of Zcland, on a pen
infula

c o «.

COT

i»fula in the Great Belt. It has a good.
harbour for light veffels, and is defended
Tiy a citadel, lon. ii I2 E, lat, 55 12 N,
Carte, the prefent capital of Corfica,
as Baftia was under the government of
•the Genoefe. It is the feat of the vice
roy and parlianient of Corfica, agreeably
to the conftitution of 1794, by which
that kingdom was annexed to the crown
of Great Britain, and contains 3000 in
habitants. It is feated partly on the
foot, and partly on the declivity of a
rock, at the confluence of the Tavigna-
110 and Reftonica. On the point of a
rock, rifing above the reft, at the back
of the town. Is the caftle, which has
only one winding paffage to climb, up, in
which only 2 perfons can go abreaft. It
is 27 miles S W Baftia, ten. 9 96 E, lat.
4a 6 N.
Cortis, a town of Germany, in the blffi
opric of Liege, 10 miles N E Raniillies,
lon. 4 59 E, lat. 50 46 N.
Cortona, a town of Tufcany, with a
a bifliop's fee, and a famous academy,
32 miles E Sienna, ten. n 5a W, lat. 43
30 N. ;
Corunna, A feaport of Spain, In Galicia,
at the mouth of the Groyne. It Is the fla
tten of the Spaniffi packet boats, which
have failed hence to Falmouth, and back
again, ever fince the commencement of •
the prefent war, lon. ? 19 W,-lat. 43 18 N.'
Corvo, thefniallc. ifland of the Azores,
fo called from the abundance of crows
found upon it. It has, about 600 inhab- ^
itants, who cultivate wheat and feed
hogs, lon, 31 5 W, lat. 39 42 N.
Coryvrekan, A dangerous whirlpool on .
the 'W coaft of Scotland, between the ifle ,
of Scarba and the N point of that of Ju
ra. It Is fo named from a young Danifli
prince, who periflied in this place ; its
. dreadful vortex extends above a mile in
circuit. Many fmaller wliirlpools and
rapid currents arc found In this neigh
bourhood ; dangerous to thofe who are
ftrangers to the coaft.
Corzola, an Ifiaiid in the gulph of Ve
nice, on the coaft of Dalmatia, lon. 170
E, lat. 43 16 N.
Cafcmca, a city of Naples, capital of
Calabria Citeriore, with an archbiffiop's
fee, and a caftle. It is feated on the riv
er Crate, 11 mUes from the fea, and
105 S £ Napie?, lon. 16 ao E, lat. 39
¦so N. ,, ,
Cafin, a town of Pruffia Pomerania,
TO miles £ Colbei-g.
Cofiie, A town of France, in the de
partment of Nievre and late province of

Nivernbis. 4peiibrs fbr fliips are fbrged
here ; and its cutlery and gloves are
much efteemed. It Is feated at the con
fluence of the Loire and Noain, 88 miles
S Paris, lon. 3 6 E, lat. ' 47 23 N.
Coffacs, A people inhabiting the confines
of Poland, RufEa, Tartary, and Turkey.
They are divided into the Kofakki-fa-
Parovl, the Kofakki-Donlkl, and the
Ujfiliau Cbffacs. Thefe people are large
and well made, have blue eyes, browij
hair, and- aqueline nofes ; the women
are handfome, well fliaped, and cora-
plaifant tb ftrangers. The Uralian Cofr
facs dwell in villages, along the hanks of
.he Ural, and their chief town is Urallk,
Fhe country which the Kofakki-fa-Parq-
.'i inhabit, is called the Ukraine ; and
their towns are built of wood, after' the
inanner of the Ruffians The Kofakia
Donfki dwell on both fides of the Don ;
ire under the proteClion of Ruffia, and
profefs the fame religion, fee Ukraine and
Uralian Coffacs.
Coffeir, A tow^n of Egypt on the fea,'
vvith a poor harbour. "Fhough ence a
confiderahle place, it is novv only a fmaD
mud-walled viUage. , ^~
Caffimbazar, a city of Hlndooftan Prop
er, in Bengal. Il has been at all times the.
refidence of the different European fac
tors ; this being the centre of their trade.
It is feated on an ifland. In Hobgly River,
no miles N Calcutta, lou. 85 22 E, lat,
23 40 N.
Cofagnazzar, the higheft rfbuntain of
Turkey, In Eurppe, In Rpmania, ancient
ly called Hsemus.
Catius, A tPwn bf Lbwer Xufatla, fub^
jeCl tb the king bf Pruffia. Here are a
great number pf French prpteftants, who
have introduced their manufactures ; and
it is npted fbr excellent beer, pitch, ai)d
the cultivatibn bf flax. It Is feated on the
river Spree, 60 miles S by £ BerUn, lon.
14 12 E, lat. 51 36 N.
Cote d'Or, A department of France, con-
taioiag part of the late province of Bur
gundy. JMjon is the capital.
, ~Coies nu Nord, a department of France,
fo named from Its northerly maritime po
fitlon. It contalns'part of the late prov;
ince of Bretagne. St. Brieux Is the capi
tal. Coiigniac, a town of France, In the de-:
partment of Var and late province of
Provence, on the river Argens. It is fa
mous for fweetmeats.
Coteftuold, or Cotf'wold Hills, a long traCt
of high ground In the E part of Gloucef
terfliire. It affords in many places a fine
ffiort

C 0 u

e R A

fcort grafs for the feed of flieep, and
others are devoted to the growth of corn.
The fides of this long range are beautiful
as they fink into the vale, from the hUls
of Stinchcomb and Nibley in the S, -to
that of Bredbii in the N, which has been
celebrated in ancient rhyme.
Coucy, a town of France, In the depart
ment of Aifne, 9 miles N Sbiffons, lon. 3
13 E, lat. 49 31 N.
Coventry, A city in Warwickfliire, which
with Licihfie'd, is a biffiop's fee. Its mar
ket Is on Friday. It is a- county of It
felf, governed by a mayor, and- fends two
members to parUament. It has 3 parifli
churches, 2 freefcfaools, feveral hofpitals,
and contains- abbut 25,000 fouls. The
houfes being morily old, and built of
•Wood and plafter, with ftorles projecting
over each other, make a mean appear
ance. It had very early a great trade in
various articles of manufaClures, as
clothSj ftuffs, thread, &c. At prefent, its
principal branch is that of filk ribands :
fome gauzes, camblets, and laftings are
aUb made here. It has a communication
with the Staffordfliire Grand Trunk, by
a canal to Fradley ; and by- another ca
nal, which- joins the Oxford canal at
Braunfton, it has a communieation with
the Thames. Leofrie lord- of this place
oppreffed the people, but his wife Godl-
na interceding, he promifed to relieve
them if flie would ride through the city
naked, on horfeback. Doors and win
dows wereffiut, covering herfelf with her
long hair, flie performed the talk ; one
man, the ftory fays, peeped, and was
ftricken bUnd. This event Is now annu
ally celebrated by a formal^proceffion.
Coventry is 91 miles N W London, lon.
1 28 W, lat. 52 a8 N.
Ciivoerdin, a- town- of the United Prov
inces, in Overyffel, with a fortrefs In the
marffies, ftrong- both by nature and
art. It is 35 miles N E Deventer, lon. 6
35 E, lat. ^2 46 N.
Courland, (Duchy of,) bounded on the N
by the gulf of Riga, on the E by the gulf
of Riga and Semigallia, on the S- by Sa
mogitia, and on the W by the Baltic.
This country was formerly dependent on
Poland, but Is now under the Influence
ef Ruffia : the country is fertile, bears
good corn, and great quantities of excel-
tent flax. The woods abound with bears,
wolves, and elks. The religion is chiefly
Lutheran. The priuclpal towns are Gol-
diugen, Windau, Libau, Groben, and
Candau. durt of Aldermen, a clufter of fmall ifl

ands, or rocks, near the E coaft of New
Zealand, in the Southern Pacific Ocean,
about Ivalf a league In extent every way,
and 5 leagues from the main land, lat, 36
57 S.
Gourtray, a tovvn of the Auftrian Neth
erlands, on the river Lis, la miles E
Ypres, It has been often taken and re
taken ; the laft time by the French in-
April i794,Jon. 3 6 E, lat;. 50 50 N-
Cauferanr, a late province of France, ly-"
Ing along the river Satat, and forming,
with Foix, the department of Arriege-
Goutances, -a feaport of France, in- the
department ofthe Channel and late prov
ince of Normandy, with a bifliop's fee,
and a fine cathedral. Lately a confidera
ble part of the inhabitants were monks»
Is is 22 miles N Avranches, lon. I 23 E,.
lat. 49 3 N. [Wraxall.]
Goiitras, A town of France, in the de
partment of Dordogne, and late province
of Perigord, feated on the Dordogne, 20
miles N E Bourdeaux, ten. o 3 W, lat. 4a
4N.
Co-way Stales, A plaae of England near
Chertfey; where Cefar is faid to have
paffed the Thames, fo called from the
Hakes with which the Britons fenced the
banks againft him.
Ca-wbridge, a corporate town' In Glar
morganfliire, vvith a market on Tuefday.
It is called, by the Welffi, Pont Van, from
the ftone bridge over the river, which.
foon after falls into the Briftol Channel..
The ftreets are broad and paved ; and
here the affizes for the county are held.
It is I a miles W Cardiff, and 176 Lon
don, lon. 333 W, lat. 51 28 N.
CoTiies, A feaport, on the N E fide of the
ifle of M"ight, 8 miles S W Portfniouth,
lon. I 15 W, lat. 50 46 N.
Cay Ian, fee ^uilon.
Gracatoa, the fouthernmoft of a clufter
of iflands in the entrance of the ftraits of
Sunda. It confifts of eleVated land grad
ually rifing on all fides, fronvthe fea, and
is covered with trees, except a few fpots,
which have been cleared by the natives
for the purpofe of forming rice fields.
The population is confiderable, and Its
coral reefs afford finall turtles In abun
dance, lon. 105 56 E, lat. 8 6 S.
Cracoiv, a. city of Poland, and capital
of a palatinate of the fame name, fituated
on the Viftula, vvhere it is joined by the
Radawa ; built by Cracus I, king of Po
land, with fpoUs taken from the Franks,
and by him made the capital of the king
dom. The tovvn is furrounded by walls,
large, and well built ; the ftreets wida and.

C R A

C R E

And ftraight, but badly paved. i(t eon-
tains feveral churches and convents ; on
the W fide is a fauxbourg, with a palace
vvhich belonged to the king, walled
round • on the S fide Is a royal caftle
near the bank of the Viftula, alfo waUed
round, and defended with towers and
baftions. The cathedral is not large,
and rather rich than handfome : here
was preferved a confiderable treafure in
the regal jewels, the crown, the fceptre, ¦
and the globe ufed at the coronation of
the kings. Here they were crowned for
near five centuries, until the laft, who
vvas crowned at Warfaw ; here they vvere
buried. It is dedicated to St. Staniflaus,
the bifliop of Cracow, who was killed by
king Boleflaus II. at the altar of a church,
fituated on a hUl, named Shalka, near the
city. "Fhe day before the coronation, it
was cuftomary for the king eleCl to walk
to this church, as if to expiate the crime
of his predeceffor. Cracow is the fee of
a bifliop, ereCled in the year lOOO, and
ranks the firft biffiop in that kingdom.
This city vvas formerly near the centre
of Poland, but was in the year 1792, a
frontier town ; It occupies a great fpace
of ground, but, with Its fuburbs united,
hardly contains 16,000 inhabitants. The
devaftation was begun by Charles XII,
king of Sweden; who took it In 1 70a, but
it fuffered yet more feverely in tiie late
invafion by the Ruffians and Pruffians.
Kofciufko drove out a Ruffian garrifon In
March, 1794, but being called to the fup
port of Warfaw, Cracow was obliged to
furrender at difcretion to the troops of
Pruffia on the I5lh of June following :
264 mfles S Kianigfterg, and ia8 SSW
Warfaw, lon. 30 15 E, lat. 50 15 N.
Grail, a borough in Fifefliire, at the
mouth of the frith of Forth, 7 miles S E
St. Andrew's, ten. a 36 W, lat. 56 15 N.
Crainburg, A town of Germany, in Car
niola, on the river Save, ao miles N W
Laubach, ten. 14 5 E, lat. 46 36 N-
Cranbeurn, a town in Dorfetfliire. It is
well watered, and has a fine chafe, which
extends almoft to Saliffiury- It Is 38 miles
N E Dorchefter, and 94 W London.
Cranbrook, a town in Kent, 13 mile» S
Maidftone, and 52 S E London.
Craneithurg, a town of Germany, In the
circle of Weftphalia, and duchy of Cleves,
formerly imperial, and furrounded with
waUs In the year 1414. It contains one
Roman Catholic and one Proteftant
church. This town was granted to a
phyfician tlie term of his life, for having
recovered the eleCtor Frederic Wflliam

from a difiiafe likely to prove mortai : j
miles W Cleves.
Cranganore, a tbwn and fort on the coaft
of Malabar, lately fubjeCl to the Dutch,
by whom it was taken from tlie Portu
guefe in 1662. In 1789, the Dutch fold
this place to the rajah< of Travancore.
But "Tippoo Sultan, regent of Myfore,
dlfputlng their right to fell It, a war en-
fued between that prince and the rajah,
who being fupported by the EngUfli, and
their allies, the nizam of the Deccan and
the Mahrattas, the war vyas terminated
in 1792 ; Tippoo contenting to pay three
crores of rupees, toward the expenfes of
the war, and to cede one half of his do
minions to the three confederate powers,
Cranganore Is feated at the mouth of a
river, 24 mUes N by W Cochin, lon. 75
58 E, lat. 10 23 N.
Grata, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo,
7 miles £ Portalegra. It has 29 pariflies
under Its jurifdiCUon, befide the capital
priory belonging to the ordet of Malta,
ion. 7 ao W, lat. 39 6 N.
Grecy, or Grecy en Ponthieu, A town of
France, 111 the department ofthe Somme,
celebrated on account of a battle fought
here on the a6th of Auguft 1346, between
the Engliffi and French : Edward III,
and his fon the Black Prince were both
engaged, and the French were defeated
with great flaughter, 30,000 foot and
I aoo horfe being left dead in the field ',
among whom were the king of Bohemia,
the count of Alengon, Louis count of
Flanders,,with many other of the French
nobfllty : 10 miles N Abbeville, and 100
N Paris.
Creditan, A town in Devonfliire. The
church is a handfome ftruClure, built In
the form of a cathedral, to vvhich belongs
a freefchool. The town was almoft ^
deftroyed by fire in 1743. It has acon-
fiderable manufacture of ferges, and is
feated between two hills, la mUes N W
Exeter, and 181 W by N London.
Creeto-wn, A fmaU port of Scotland, on
the E fide of WIgton Bay, in Klrkcud-
brightfliire. Here feveral floops are con
ftantly employed in carrying feafliells
coaftwife, or Importing coal and lime.
from Cumberland. The fliells are dug
from banks without the feamark, and are
efteemed a valuable manure.
Creiff, A tbwn in Perthfliire, with an
annual fair for cattle, one of the greateft
In Scotland. It Is feated oa the Earn, ao
miles W Perth.
Criil, a town of France, department of
Oife,

C R E

C R O

Oife, Ifle of Frauce, on the Oife, 5 miles
E SenUs, Crema, a town of Italy, capital of Cre
mafco, vvith a bifliop's fee. It is on the
Serio, ao miles N Placentia, ten. 9 50 E,
lat. 45 a5 N.
Cremiu, a town of France, department
of Ifere, Dauphiny. It is at the foot of a
mountain, near the Rhone, ao miles N E
Vienne. Crsmnitz, the principal mine-town of
Upper Hungary, famous for its filver
mines, 70 miles N E Preffiurg, lon. 19 6
E, lat. 48 3a N.
Cremona, an ancient towh of Italy, cap
ital of the Cremonefe, with a caftle, a
bifliop's fee, and a univerfity of no great
celebrity, and ia,ooo inhabitants. . The
ftreets are broad and ftraight, the houfes
-well built, the churches handfome, and
the fquares large. In 170a, prince Eu
gene introduced a body of troops by a
fubtcrranean paffage, furprifed and took
prifoner marflial ViUeroy,and,but for an
accident, would have taken the town. It
has been feveral times taken and retaken ;
and it furrendered to the French in May
1796. It Is on thePo, 30 miles N W Par
ma, lon, 9 58 E, lat, 45 8 N.
Cremonefe, a territory of Italy, In the
duchy of MUan, bounded on t^ie E by
Mantua, on the N by BrefcIanQ\on the
W by Cremafco, and on the S by Parma.
It Is fertile in wine and fruits, and be
longs to the houfe of Auftria. Cremona
is the capital.
Crempen, A town of Germany, in the
duchy of Holftein, 5 miles from Ham
burgh. ' Crefcentina, A town of Piedmont, on the
river Po. It is ao miles N E Turin.
Crefpy, A tovvn of France, in the depart
ment of Oife and late province of the Ifle
of France, 17 miles S Compiegne, ten. a
55 E, lat. 49 to N-
Creffy, fee Crecy.
Creft, A town of France, department
of Drome, Dauphiny, feated on the
Drome, 15 miles S E Valence, lon. 5 a6 E,
lat. 44 40 N.
Crevecocur, A town of France, depart
ment of the North, on the Scheld, five
miles S Camtiray, lon. 3 ao E, lat. 50
6 N.
Crevecosur, a tovvn and fort of Dutch
Brabant, at the confluence of the Dom
mel with the Maefe, 4 miles N W Bois le
Due. It vvas taken by the French in
1794. Creufe, a department of France, fo nam
ed from a river that falls into the Vienne.
Vol. ii. X

It -contains the late province of Marche.
Gueret Is the capital.
Creutznach, A town of Germany, In the
circle of the Lower Rhine, with a caftle,
on an eminence. On Dec. i, 1795, it was
taken by the French, retaken by the Auf
trians, and again taken by the former. It
is feated on the Nahe, over which Is a
ftone bridge ; ao miles S W Mentz, ten. 7
55 E, lat. 49 44 N.
Creivkerne, a tovvn In Somcrfetffiire,
near a branch of the Parret, 35 miles S
WeUs, and 13a W S W London.
Crickha-wel, A tovvn in Brecknockfliire,
on the river Uflc, 10 miles S E Brecknock,
apd 149 W by N London.
Cricklade, A borough in Wilts, almoft
furrounded by the Thames, a5 miles W
by S Oxford, and 83 W by N London.
Crimea, or Grim Tartary, a peninfula of
Afia, bounded on the N by part of the
diftriCl of Taurida, (a divlfion of the
Ruffian government of lEkaterinoflay,)
and on the other parts by the Black Sea
and the Sea of Afoph. It is divided into
two parts by mountains which run E and
W- The iN divlfion is fit for pafturage
only ; in the S part the valUes are re
markably fertile, and the climate extreme
ly mild.. The lower hills, extending from
Theodofia to the £ extremity of the
country, are princIpaUy ufed in garden
ing, and produce excellent fruit. The
Tartar inhabitants are eftiniatedat 70,000-
Achroetftcd was made the capital in 1785.
Befides the ports of Kerth and Jenikale,
the road of Caffa, and the harbour of
Baluclava, there Is near Sebaftapol, one
bf the moft capacious and fecure har
bours In the world. This country is in
fome maps called "Faurica, from Its hav
ing been the ancient Taurica Cherfone-
fus. ,
Croatia, A country of Europe, part of
the ancient Pannotua Superior, or ac
cording to others, of Illyricum, bounded
on the N by Hungary, from vvhich It
is feparated by the river Drave, on the
E by Sclavonia and Bofnia, en the S
by Dalmatia, and on the W by Morlachia,
Carnlbla, and Stiria; about 150 mfles iu
length,, and from 40 to 60 in breadth-
The Croatians derive their origin from
the Sclavonians, and came into this coun
try In the time of the emperor Heraclius-
In the middle ages they had kings of their
own, who for fome time were fubjeCl to
Dalmatia. In the 11 century, Croatia
and Dalmatia devolved to the king of
Hungary, and the Croats have ever fince
continued under the dominion of that
monarchy,

C R O

C R 0

monarchy, except a fmall part fubjeCt to
the "Turks : though not without frequent
attempts to recover their independency.
The principal towns are Warafdin,
Kreutz, Velika, Iwanit;*, Zjfgrab, Karlf-
tadt, and Sluin, Turkifli Croatia is fituat
ed on the E fide of the Unna, and occu
pies a fpace about 40 miles long, and
so wide. The principal rivers of Croatia
are the Corana and the Save.
Croja, A fown of European Turkey, In
the province of Albania, anciently the
capital and refidence of the Albanian
kings. The famous Scanderberg ufed
this place as a fortrefs, from whence he
continually haraffed the Turks ; but when
the Turks became mafters of Albania,
ihey deftroyed the fortifications. It is
the fee of a bIfliop,^fuffragan of the arch
bifliop of Durazizo ; 20 mUes N E Du
razzo, ton. 19 27 £, Iat. 42 6 N.
Croiflc (Le), a feaport of France, de
partment of the Lower Loire, about 3
leagues from the mouth of the Loire,
furrounded, with fait marflies. The in
habitants carry on a confiderable coaft
ing trade : 35 miles W Nantes, ten. 231
"W, lat. 47 17 N.
Creiff lie, a town Of Sivoy, In the duchy
of Geneva : 1 1 miles NNW Annecy.
Cromarty, A feaport foWn of Scotland,
and capital of the county of the fame
name, fituated in the Frith of Murray, at
the mouth of the Frith of Cromarty.
Here Is a manufaClure of coarfe cloth,
and a confiderable coafting trade In corn,
thread, yarn, fifli, and ikins; The river
on which it ftands Is a mile wide, and the
harbour ari excellent one. It has 1450
inhabitants, lou. 3 53 W, lat. 57 39 N,,
Cromarty,^ the fmalleft county in Scot
land, is bounded N by the Frith of Cro
marty ; E by the Frith of Murray, and S
and W By the county of Rofs ; 1 2 miles
long, and 3 broad. The Frith is the
moft commodious of Scotland, and capa
ble of containing all the navy of England
vvith fafety. The country is tolerably
fertile ; but though once almoft a con
tinued foreft, is now deftitute of timber.
Qromarty returns one member to the
Britifli pariiament alternately with Nairn.
Cromer, a town of England, on the N
E coaft of the county of Norfolk, v\'ith
¦i harbour for fifliing veffels, being chiefly
inhabited by fiffiermen. Many attempts
have been made to raife a pier, and great
fums expended for that purpofe, but
without fuccefs, the fea wafliing it away.
The town vvas formerly much larger than
il BOW is, having had two churches, one

of which, with many houfes, fell a facrij
fice to the inundation of the fea. If is a;
place of refort for fea bathing, and fa
mous f6r lobfters, 23 miles N Norwich,
and 127 N N E Londbn, lon. o 3-6 E, la^
5a 55 N.
Cronaci, A fortified town of Germany,
near the river Cranach, 30 miles N i^
Bambetg. Cranbarg, a fortrefs of Denmark, in the
ifland of Zealand, fituated on a point of
land ori the W coaft of the Sound, a little
to the E pf EUrnoer, and oppofite to
Helfingborg, In Sweden ; built by Fred
erick II, king of Denmark, in the year
1577, on piles of oak, ftrengthened with'
ftone. The unfortunate queeh Matilda
was imprifoned here before flie was re-.
moved to Zell. Adjoining to a royal
palace, about half a mile from .Cronborg,
Is a garden, called Hamlet's Garden, fup
pofed to be the fpot where the murder of
his father was <ommitted
Cronenburgi a town of Germany, Weft-
phaUa, 10 miles N Franckfort.
Crbnfniere, an ifland in the Atlantic,
about 5 miles in circumference, near the
coaft pf France.
Cronfadt, or Kronfchad, a feaport towW
of Ruffia, fituated qn the ifland of Retuf-
ari, 15 miles in circumference, In the Gulf
of Finland, where the principal part of
the Ruffian fleet lies in harbour. Here
are docks, and yards for fliip building,
and magazines for naval ftores. "I'he
harbour is good and large, but the frefli-
nefs of the water decays the timber. It
is defended by feveral forts and ramparts'.
The houfes are chiefly built of wood ; the
number of inhabitants about 60,000. It
Is a ftraggling place, occupying a large
fpace of ground ; the houfes are moftly of
wood. There Is an academy here for
marines and officers of the navy, which.
In 1778, while under the Prefidency of
Dr. Robifon, of iEdinburgh, contained
370 cadets, maintained, and InftruCled at
the expenfe of the crown. Here are
barracks, and hofpitals for falters. There
are ST" harbours, i for men of war, i for
merchant fliips, 20 miles W Peterffiurg,
ten, 29 56 £, lat. 59 58 N.
[Coxe, Hanway.}
Cronfadt, fee Braffa^w.
Croffen, a duchy of Germany, In the
circle of Upper Saxony. It formerly
made part of Silefia ; afterwards fubmit-
ted to Poland, and devolved by inherit
ance and treaty to the marquifate of
Brandenburg in 1476 and 1482. It was a
fief of Bohemia till the year 1746, when tlie

e R 0

CUB

the .queen of Hungary ceded the fove
reignty to the king gf Pruffia. It now
makes a part of the New Mark. Crof
fen was formerly^ the capital of this
duchy and is fituated on the Oder, over
which is a fortified bridge near its con
flux with the Bobpr. It contains two
churches for Lutherans, one for Calvin-.
ifts, manufactures of cloth, and exten
five breweries. It is a neat old town, in
a pleafant valley, furrounded with old
¦w^lls ; 21 Iriiles S E Francfort on the
Oder, and 68 E S E BerUn, lon. 15 49
K, lat. 52 4 N.
Crotana, A feaport town bf Naples, in
Calabria Ultra, en the coaft of the Io
nian fea. The Efaro river runs through
the town, and its fituation Is advaot,v
geous for gjiarding the coaft. The Em-
peibr Charles V, vvas at confiderable ex
penfe in fortifying and garrifoning this
pl^ce, but it has fince been negleCled,
and has fallen into decay, aijd but thin
ly peopled. The celebrated Milo, fur-
riamed Crotoniates, was born here, of
whom Valerius Maximus relates, that
" he was fuch a huge ftrong man, that at
the Olympic games, he would carry a
bull or an . ox the fpace of - a furlqng
without taking breath ; then kill him
with his bare fift at one blow, and after
wards eat him up in one day." This city
gave birth to Alcmeon, the phyfician,
who firft made the experiment of ampu
tating a limb, to preliirve the life of his
patient : la miles E S E St. geverina.
Ion. 17 a7 E, laL 39 9 N,
[Topographic DICl.]
Crotoy (Le,) a feaport tpwn of France,
In the department of , the Somme, about a
league from the fea, on the N fide of the
river Somme. It had formerly a good
harbour, but is now little frequented,
the trade being chiefly removed to St.
Valery ,; 10 miles N W .^bbevUle.
Crouche, a river of England in the
county of ipfl'ex, which runs into the
fea : 10 miles N E Rochfort, celebrated
for its oyfter beds.
Crokvland, A tovvn in Lincolnfllire, Eng
land. It is feated in the fens, the houfes
ftand on wooden piles. It had formerly
an abbey of great note. There is no
approaching It but by nafrovv caufeways,
which will not admit a cart. Il has 3
ftreets feparated from each other by wa-
tercourfcs, whofe banks are fupported
by piles, and fet vvitli vvHlo-i\ trees. The
inhabitants go to the fields In little flcer-
ries to milk their cows. The chief trade
JS In fifli and wild fowl, which are plen

tiful in the adjacent pools and marflies.
Itis 1 1 miles N Peterborough, and 93 N
by W London, lon. o 10 W, lat. 52 41 N.
Croydon, a town of England, county of
Surry, encompaffed with hills. Here
was, till within a few years, a palace of
the archbifliop of Canterbury, vvhich
was alienated and fold by authority of
pariiament in the year 1780, and is now
employed for a cotton manufaClure. It
has a hofpital and freefchool, founded by
arehbiffiop Whitgift. The palace Is to be
rebuilt at Park-hiU Farm, half a mile
from Croydon. The church is faid to
be one of the largeft and handfomeft in
the county : 10 iniles S London.
Crucoi:, a town of Naples, fix miles S
E CariatI Vecchia.
Crufacca, a village of Cyprus, on the
fite of the ancient city of Acamantis,
I of the 9 royal cities. 'The wheat of
this place is efteemed the beft in the Ifl
and. Near the gulf Crufacco, on which
ftands the village is a fpot called " the
fountain of love." [Scott.]
Cruxhaven, a feapprt towri of Germa
ny, fituated pn the N coaft of the duchy
of Bremen, in the German Ocean, be
tween the mouths of the Elbe and the
Wefer ; 70 miles N W Hamburg, lat. 53
56 N. ¦
Cnizani, a town of Corfica: 18 miles
NNE Ajaccio.
Cfakathurn, a town of Hungary, fituat
ed between the Muer and the Drave ;
celebrate"d for it^ wine : <)5 mUes S Vi
enna. Cteftphon, (nav! Erach,) an ancient cel
ebrated city, once the metropoljs of the
Parthian Empire. It ftood on the Tigris,
3 miles below Seleucia, on the oppofite
bank. In A. D. 198, the Emperor Seve-
rus took this city by affault after a brave
refiftance, plimdered It, cruelly put all the
men to death, and captivated and cn-
flaved the women and children, to the
amount of 100,000. Before this city, it
is related that Julian the Ajiofate, aw
fully died of his wounds, throwirig hand
fuls of his blood in the air, and blafp.he-
moufly. exclaiining Viciffi tandem Galilee ;
At length thou haf a-veecome me, Qh Galilean.
But Ammianus Marcellinus, who ferved
In this expedition, gives a very different
account of the death of this Apoftate
from the Chriftian faith.
[Topographic Did.]
Ouadac, a feaport town of Afia, In Ton
quin, on a river of the fame name.
Cuba, a town of Portugal, in the prov
ince of Alentejo : 36 miles S by E Evora. Cuban,

C U L

C U L

Cuban, a river of RulSan Tartary,
which rifes In Mount Caucafus and emp
ties itfelf by a mouths i into the Sea of
Azoph, the other Into the Black Sea,
forming the fouthern boundaries of the
Ruffian empire in that part.
Cuban Tartary, A part of Tartary, fitu
ated to the N of Perfia, now united . to
Ruffia and makes a part of the diftriCl of
Taurida. Cucchiara, A fmall Ifland In the Adriat
ic, near the coaft of Naples : 6 leagues N
W from Viefte.
Cuckfisld, a town of England, county of
Suffex, on the road from London to
Brighthelmftone, 40 miles S Loridon.
*Cuddalore, a toWn of Hindooftan on the
coaft of Coromandel, In the Carnatic,
fituated near where St. David ftood ;
this town was taken by the French, un
der the command of general Lally, In
the year 1758 : 15 miles SSW Pondi-
cherry, and 85 N £ Trichlnopoly; lon.
79 45 E, lat. II 40 N.
Quddapa, A town of Hindooftan, and
capital of a province to which it gives
name, belonging to the Nizam of the
Deccan: n6 mfles N W Madras, ten.
78 50 E, lat. 14 25 N.
Cuddapa, A country of Hindooftan,
bounded on the N by the country of
Golconda, on the E by the Carnatic, and
on the S W and W by the Myfpre, ced
ed to the NIzara of the Deccan by Tip
poo Sultan.
Cudrefn, A town and bailiwick of Swif
ferland, In the canton of Berne, on the
S E borders of Neufchatel : ai nules W
Berne. Cue, A town of Perfia, 100 miles SSW
Taiirls. Cuenza, a town of Spain, in New Caf
tile, anciently called Gonqa, fituated be- '
tween a lofty mountains and 2 fmall
ftreams, which form the Xucar ; 75
miles E Madrid, lon. i 55 £, lat. 40
10 N.
Cufa, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the
Arabian Irak, near the frontiers of Ara
bia Deferta, on the Euphrates : 60 miles
from Bagdad.
Gujavia, » province of Poland, on the
banks of the 'Viftula, the fee of a bifliop.
Waldiflaw is the capital. It has paffed
under the dominions of Pruffia.
Cuilli, A town of Swifferland, canton
of Bern, fituated on the N coaft of the
Lake of Geneva, furrounded with walls
and ditches : 5 miles S E Laufanne.
Culembach, Or Culmbach, a town of Fran- I
(Jonia, with a citadel, feated on the Maine,

%S mifes N E Bamberg, lon. ii 33 E, Iat.
50 II N, fee Cultiitach.
Culemburg, A town of the Batavlan Re-
pubfic, in Guelderland, on the S fide of
the Leek. It was taken by the French
iri 1672, who difmantled It a years after :
a7 miles SSE Amftei^dam, and 16 N
Bois-le-Duc. Cull, A poor feaport town of Africa,
fituated at the bottom of a gulf. In Al
giers, with a tolerable port, ten. 6 40 E,
.lat. 3740 N.
, Cullen, a poft town of Scotland, in the
county of iBamff, fituated in a bay to
which It gives name : la miles W Bamff;
and 40 N W Aberdeen. Near it are 3
lofty rocks, called the Three Kings of
Cullen. Cullaien Muir, A heath of Scotland, In
the county of Invernefs, celebrated for a
viClory obtained In the year 1746, by thd
duke of Cumberland, over the unfortu
nate prince Charles Stuart, wliich fpr ev
er deftrpyed the hopes of that family
and their friends : 4 miles E Invernefs.
Cullyton, or ColytoH, a tovvn of England,
in. Devonffiire : 150 miles W London.
Culloor, 51 town of Hindooftan, in the
country of Golcbnda, 15 miles W Raja-
mundry. Cullumpton, or Columbton, A town of Eng
land, county of iDevon. Here are manu
faClures of fagathles, ferges, and other
wooUen goods : 1 1 miles N, Exeter, and
159 W London.
Cully, fee Cuilli.
Culm, A town of PoUffi Pruffia, Capital
of a palatinate of the fame name, and the
fee of a biffiop. This town was built in
the 13th century, an^ is fituated on the
Viftula. It was given by a duke of Ma-
fovla to the knjghts of the Teutonic or
der, who made it the feat of their tribu
nal as teng as they vvere poffeffed of the
territory of Culm, during which time the
Culmean law was generally received
throughout Pruffia : from the Teutonic
knights It became fubjeCl to the kings
of Poland ; and has with its territory
been fince annexed to Pruffia. It is large,
without commerce, and but thinly inhab
ited. It was once Anfeatic, and has till
lately retained the privilege of coining
nioncy>: 18 miles NNW Thorn, lon.
18 3a E, lat. 53 aoN.
Culmbach, (Marquifate of,) A principali
ty and country of Germany, in the circle
of Franconia, bounded on the N by the
bifliopric of Bamberg, and the county of
Reufs, on the £ by the Vogtland and Bo
hemia, on the S by the Upper Palatinate, and

CUM

CUR

and on the W by the bifliopric of Bam
berg. It Is compofed of mountains and
plains ; the foil Is In fome places rich and
deep, in others fandy and ftony, but gen
erally fertile, becaufe well cultivated.
Among the mountains Is one called Fich-
telberg. Or Mountain of Pines, from the num
ber of thofe trees which grow on it, fup
pofed to be one of the higheft in Ger
many. There are mines of vitriol, alum,
fulphur, antimony, copper, Iron, and
lead ; with quarries of flate and marble ;
corn, hemp, and flax abound ; nothing is
wanting but wine. The greater part of
the inhabitants are Lutherans, The prin
cipality contains 54 towns. The principal
of which are Bayreuth, Cuhnbach, and
Hoff. The principal rivers are the
Main, the Nabe, the Eger, the Saale, and
the Pregnitz, The principality pays 329
florins for the Roman monch, and to the
chamber of Wetzlar, 338 rlx dollars 14
kreutzers. The revenues, managed with
economy, may »mount to a million of
florins. The military eftablifliment con
fifts of a regiments of infantry, a troop of
horfe guards, ahd a fmall corps of huifars,
befides 55 companies of militia, It is not
infrequently called The Principality of
Bayreuth, from that city.
Cuma, A tovvn of the ifland of Gllolo,
fituated at the bottom of a large bay.
Cuma, it fmall ifland In the Mediterra
nean, near the coaft of Italy : 5 mfles W
Naples. Cumee an ancient town of Italy, fituated
between the Lake Acheron, (now Coluc-
cla) and Licola lake, 9 miles from Puz
zoli. In this city the Cumean Sybil, de
livered her oracles from a Cave, dug out
bf a rock, which is fliewn to travellers as
a curiofity to this day, [Topog. DiCl.]
Cumberland, a county of England, bound
ed N by Scotland, E by Northumberland
andDurham,S by Weftmoreland andLan-
cafliire, W by the Irifli Sea, aa4 mfles in
circumference. "The furface is diverfified
with plains and eminences ; open, braky,
heathy commons, and irregular enclof-
ures, In fome parts enriched with rifing
plantations ; the whole watered by innu
merable ftreams and extenfive lakes,
abounding with fiffi of various denom
inations, and plenty of game. Cumber
land may be confidered as forming a dif
ferent diftriCls, the mountainous, and that
vvhich is capable of culture. The moun
tainous diftriCls contain 34a,ooo acres ;
improvable common, 150,000 ; old en-
clofures, 470,000 ; lakes and waters,
8000 ; total quantity of acres in the

whole county, 970,000, A little below
Carlifle, was the famous PICls' wall, built
in the year lai, by the emperor Adrian,
acrofs the ifland, from the German Ocean
to the Irifli Sea ; about 100 miles In
length, 8 feet wide, and 12 feet high, to
prevent the incurfions of the PiCts and
Scots. The principal produClions of
Cumberland arc black lead, coals, copper
ore, lapis calaminaris, and falmon. Cum
berland contains one city, CarUfle, and
15 towns. The principal river is the
Eden. It fends 6 members to parliament.
Cumberland Iflands, a clufter of iflands
near the N E coaft of New Holland, lon.
148 32 E, lat. 20 36 Si
Cambray, (Little and Great,) two iflands
of Scotland, at the mouth of the river
Clyde, between the ifle of Bute and the
county of Air. On the former is a liglit-
houfe, the latter ha.s excellent frec-ftoUc
quarries, Cumiana, A town of It:;ly, Piedmont, i a
jniles S W Turin.
Cuningham, A diftriCt of Scotland, in the
county of Air. In the N W part Is rich
pafturage. Cuomi, A town of China, of the third
raftk, in the province of Chan Tong ; 15
miles N W Kiao.
Cupar, A tovvn of Seot'^nd, county of
Fife ; a royal borough, and the county
town ; fituated near the ri ver Eden : 15
miles S E Perth, and 23 N Edinburgh.
Cupar, A town of Scotland, in the coun
ty of Angus, near the Tay, 10 miles N M
E Perth. Curdifan, the ancient Aflyrla, is bound
ed W by the Tigris, E by Perfia, S by
Bagdad, and N by Turcomania. Its north
ern line extends about 200 miles, from 41
to 4^ £ lon. Its S line is fcarcely 90
miles. From N to S it extends from 35
30 to 37 20 N lat. The Coatras mount
ains divide It from Perfia. The Tigris
waflies its weftern borders, and divides It
from the ancient Mefopotamia and Chal
dea. This country Is famous In ancient
hlftory. Here ftood the celebrated cities
of Nineveh, Ctefiphon and Seleucia. An
ciently this country was highly cultivated,
fruitful and populous ; now it Is defcrib
ed as defolate, full of barren plains, and
dreary deferts. Its inhabitants, ftyled
Curdes, are faid to be defccndants of the
ancient Chaldeans. They live moftly by
plunder. In fummer they inhabit the
plains, and live in tents. In winter they
retire to their villages. Like the Arabs,
they rob and frequently murder all trav
ellers they can find. They are vaga
bonds.

c u s

C Y P

bonds, with'out law or religion. They have
» traditionary belief in Jefus, whom they
call Jefid, but have no idea of his being
the Saviour of the world. They fear and
pay great refpeCl to the Devil, becaufe
they believe he can dp them harm. They
acknowledge no fubje(ftion to Turks or
Perfians, but are ftriClly independent.
"ITiey keep large herds of cattle, and their
horfes are very fleet. While the men are
abroad to plunder, the women remain at
home, make butter and cheefe, and take
care of the children. Their huts are made
pf cane hurdles, and covered with their
tents, whieh are made of Coarfe cloth, and
the floors are covered vvith mats. "When
_ th^y remove, thefe huts are taken to
pieces, and together vvith their houfeliold
fluff and children, fixed on the backs of
their co\ys and oxen, and carried to the
place of deftination. Tlieir children go
almoft naked, even in the coldeft feafbns.
They ufe no weapon but the lance. The
women are large, aClive, with fmaU eyes,
wide mouths, bad complexions, black
hair, and fierce forbidding, afpeCl. Chief,
tqwns, Betlis, Arbela, Harpel, Nineveh.
[Topographic DiCt]
~ Curefoon, a viUage of Perfia, abounding
in dates and wild plumbs. "I'hey cultivate
tobacco, and a kind of grain called Zoura,
growing on cane, not unlike Indian corn.
In this vicinity clouds of locufts darken
the air at particular feafons. The peaf
ants gather, dry, and fa't then?. They are
their common food. Of this fpecie? probr
ably John the baptift eat while he dwelt
in the wildernefs of Judea. [Chardin.]
Curia Maria, an ifland iu the Arabian
fea, near the S E coaftof Arabia, 40 miles
teng, and 16 broad, lon. 55 25 E, lat.
17 20 N.
Curigliano,A towri of Naples, on a river
•f the fame name : 6 miles W Roffano.
Current Ifland, A fmall ifland in the Pa
cific Ocean, ten 134 8 E, lat. 4 40 N.
Curzola, or Carqyra, } fmall iflarid of
Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, ceded hy
Ragufa to the Venetians in the year 1386.
It abounds in wood, which makes the fit
uation convenient for building fliips, and
produces good wine. It contains one
city, and feveral vlUages : 30 miles long,
and 8 broad, lo.n. 17 15 E, lat. 43
17 N,
Curzola, a town at the E end of the
,ibove ifland, the fee of a bifliop, and re
fidence of a governor. It is fortified with
ftrong walls and towers, and has a good
Jiarbour. "Fhe Turks attempted to make
a defcent here in the year 1507, but were

repulfed by the women, after the men had
fled into the country through fear.
' Curzolari 5 fmall iflands, which are Ut»
tie more than rocks. In the Mediterra
nean, near the coaft of Greece: 1 2 miles
E Cephalouia. Cus, a large town on the Nile, oppofite
\o Negade. It Is the Appolonis civitat
farva of the ancients ; yet here are no
ruins vifible. -, [Bruce.]
Cuff, (tbe land of,) as ufed in Scripture,
is the proper Ethiopia. [Topog. DiCt]
Cufma, an ifland of tlie "Weftern Ofcean,
It is well peopled, and has plenty of wood.
They are clothed after the Chinefe mari
ner frpm a filant refembling hemp, lat.
48 45 N. [iB^oeyowflci.]
Cuffei, A town of France, department of
the Allikr, contains about 3000, inhabit-.
ants : 9 leagues S J/Ioulins.
Cuffie, A town of Egj'pt : ,15 miles S
Affimunein. Cuffme, A tovvn of France, department
of the Meurt, on the M^eUe ; 2 league^
NNW Nancy.
Cufrin, or Kufrin, a town of Germany^
In Upper Saxony, and new m.ark bf Bran
denburg pn the Odef. "iThe environs arc
marfliy, an(l the ;-oad which leads to the
circle of Lelius Is a fortified dike, with 36
bridges in the fpace of a league ; the roadf
towards the, new mark has feven. It is
very ftrong by art and nature, and con
tains about 200 houfes within the waUs ;
but the three fauxbourgs are more ex
tenfive, and hai^dfoirier than the town.
There are 4 churches, 3 magazines, a
hofpitals, &c. It was burned down by
the Ruffians In the year 1739, but not
taken. After the fire, It was rebuUt in a
more regular form : 48 mfles £ Berlin,
lon, 14 40 E, lat. 52 36 iN. J
Cutch, a country of Hindooftan, bound
ed on the N by fandy deferts, which fepa-
r'ate It from the country of Agimere : on
the E by Guzerat, on the S by an arm of
the fea, called The Gulf of Cutch ; aud on
the W by the Sinde. The principal towns
are BoogCrbooge and Tahej.
Cuya Iflands, arnong the Philllpplnes, 5
in number. "Their mountains abpurid In
aU forts of heafts and fowls, and ^^ plains
produce rice and fruit, &c.
Cyelaies, Greek iflands, 1 6 in number,
in the Archipelago, betweeii Europe arid,
Afia, and between Candia S, and Negro-
pont N, forming a circle round ' Delos.
They formed a Roman province In the
time of Vefpafian, by the name of The
province of the iflands, of which Rhodes
vvas the metropoUs,, [Topographic DICl.] Cyprus,

GYP

C2 £

pypras, an ifland In the Mediterrane
an Sea, belonging to Turkey in Afia, fit
uated between the coaft of Syria and that
part of Turkey at prefent called Cara
mania. This country was formerly knOwn
by a great many different names, in the
poets, under that of Cythera. The latter
made It the birthplace of Venus, and
the abode of the Grdces. This ifland
contained formerly 9 kingdoms, tributa
ry to Egypt, aud foon after to the Ro
mans. From the emperors of the weft
It paffed to thofe of the eaft ; but It was
taken from them by the Arabs, under the
reign of HeracUus I'his beautiful ifland
is 220 miles in length, 65 In breadth, and
about 600 in circumference, compre
hending the gulfs. A chain of moun
tains, the higheft of vvhich are Olympus;
St. Croix, and Buffaveiit, crofs and di
vide it from E to W. There are few
rivers or torrents here, the beds of
which, even in winter, arc not entirely
dry ; and this is owing to the great fcarci
ty of rain, The heavens, as one may
fay, are p{ brafs ; and hiftorians affure
us, that, in the reign of Conftantlne, no
rain feel in this ifland for the fpace of 30
yeai"3. It may readily be conceived how
much Injury a drought of fo long con
tinuance muft do to population. "Fhere
were formerly a great number of cities,
of which nothing at prefent remains but
the names, and a few ruins. Famagufta
and Nicofi arc the only places of import
ance ; unlefs Larnic, where the Europe
an merchants have their faClory, may be
claffed in the fame rank. Befides thefe,
Cyprus contains 7 citadels, vvhich are
commanded by the fame number of gov
ernors. The foil is fertile, the climate
healthy. The women have nothing beau
tiful but their eyes. All the Greeks are
fond of pleafure ; but the Cyprlots give
themfelves up to it with madnefs : and
the vivacity of this paffioii, inftead of
being cooled, appears to revive more and
more under the rod pf defpotlfm. The
people here clothe themfelves In the
fame manner as the inhabitants of Con
ftantinople. When the "Furks conquered
Cyprus, in 1570, they reckoned in it, be
fides women, children, and old people,
70,000 men fubjeCl to capitation, and
1,000,000 fouls In the whole. The pref
ent population is fcarcely 40,000. "Fhis
Illand vvas formerly one of thf richeft
and moft fertile In the world A great
part of It now Ues defolate. It abounded
with mines of gold, filver, copper, iron,
marcafite, lock alum, ai^ eves emer

alds ; but bf thefe ancient prodiiflioiiil
nothing now remains, except the remcm-s
brance, and the names of the places
from which they w-cre procured. The
prefent government fetters curiofity in
this refpeCl, and forbids every kind of
refearch. Some centuries ago, a great
quantity of oil vvas made here ; but in
the time of the Venetians, a fpirit of
fpeculation aboUflied that ufeful branch,
and the cultivation of ohtes was aban-
doned'for that of cotton. Saffron, rhu
barb, aud other valuable produClions,
are at prefent totally negleCled. Deer,
roebucks, affes, wild boars, and a great
nuniber of the moft beautiful pheafants,
ouce enlivened the plains of Cyprus 3
but they are novv all deftroyed : and It
would feem as if thefe animals had refuf-
ed to embelUfli a country which Is no
longer the feat of liberty. "Fhe princi
pal produClions of the ifland at prefent
are filk, cotton, wool, wheat, barley,
pitch, tar, fait, St. John's bread, timber
for building, umber, and green earth.
All thefe produClions form fo many
branches of commerce which the ifland
carries on with Europe The o.ven here
are lean, and of -a fmall fize. The
Greeks never eat beef ; for they hold It as
a maxim, that the animal which tiUs the
ground, which is the fervant of man,
and the companion of his labours, ought
not to be ufed for food. The mutton
Is juicy and tender. No arts are culti
vated but fuch as are abfolutely neceffa
ry. The wants of the inhabitants fup
port alfo a few manufaClures, the prod
uce of which is, however, fcarcely fuf
ficient for their confumption. Every
thing here has been fubjeCled to the yoke
of defpotlfm. Religious toh-ration, how
ever is extended to all nations. Here St.
Paul preached the Gofpel. Here are
now an archblfliopric and 3 bifliops.
St. Barnabas vvas a native of this Ifland.
[Thevenot, Mariti, &c.]
Cyr, St. A viUage of France, a miles
from 'VerfaiUes. Before the revolution,
it had a nunnery for the education of
young ladies of high rank aud decayed
fortunes. Czaekthiirn, a ftrong place of Auftria,
between the rivers Drave and Muhir,
100 miles S Vienna, lon. 17 10 E, lat.
46 44 N.
Czafau, a town of Bohemia, capital
of a circle of the fame name. Here is
the higheft tower in Bohemia, and near
tills place the king of Pruffia gained a
victory over the Auftrians in 174a. It

D A C

D A H

is feated on the river Crudenka, 40 miles
S E Prague, lon. 15 33 E, lat. 49 50 N.
Czenfoko^w, a town of Poland, in Cra-
covla, with a fort. In which Is kept a
r-ch treafure, called the Treafure of the
Virgin Mary. The pilgrims flock hith
er, for the fake of a convent near it, call
ed the Loretto of Poland. The king of
Pruffia added this place to his domin
ions ill 1793, by, a fecond partition of Po
land. It Is feated on the river Watte, 50
miles N by W Cracow, lon. 19 15 E, lat.
,50 48N. _ ,
Czercafli, A town of Ruffia, in the
Ukraine, with a caftle feated near the
Dnieper, 85 miles S E Kiow, lon. 3a 5
E, lat. 49 o N.
Czernic, A town of Carniola, remarka
ble for its lake, which is 15 miles in
length, and 5 in breadth, and produces
fifli and corn every year ; for, when the
waters faU from the mountains, it be
comes full, and abounds vvith fiffi ; and,
after fome time, it finks into the earth,
and then it Is cultivated, and produces
y^afs and corn. It is probable that there
is fome gulf to which the fifli retire with
the waters, lon. 15 o E, lat. 46 6 N.
Czernikau, a town.of Ruffia,' capital of
a duchy of the fame name, with a caftle.
It is feated on the Dezna, 70 miles N by
EKIow, lon. 31 53 E, lat. 51 a9 N.
Czerffa, A town of Poland, on the Vif
tula, ao miles N W Warfaw, lon. ai 31
E, lat: 5a a6 N, ^
Czongrodt, A town of Hungary, capital
of a territory of the fame name at the
confluence of the Telffe and Keres, 13
mile's N Sagedin, lon. 20 54 £, lat. 46
36 N. D
T\AALHAUSEN, a town of Germany,
-*-' Weflphaha, 9 miles NNE War
burg. Dabia, a town of Egypt : 21 miles S
Cairo. .Dff^ra S;6i«, a town of Egypt : 12 miles
S Cairo. Dabul, A town of India, on the coaft of
Concan, taken and facked by the Portu
guefe, under the conduCt of Almeda, in
the year 1509 : but was retaken by the
natives. "The principal commerce is In
pepper and fait : 75 miles S Bombay, lon.
7253 E, lat- 175a N.
Dacca, A town of Hindooftan, in Ben-
jal, fituated on a branch of the Ganges,
"which communicates with all the otherin-

land navigations, with a large manufaClute
of fine muflins. It vvas once the capital of
Bengal, and defended with a ftrong for
trefs, the remains of which appear ; it is
now the third In point of fize and num-
berof Inhabitants, and capital of a diftriCt.
The country round Is low and always cov
ered with verdure, and not fubjeCt to fuch
viblent heat as fome parts of Bengal, 128
mUes N £ Calcutta, ten. 90 a5 E, lat. a3
43 N.
Dachau, A tbwn bf Bavaria, fituated on
an eminence, near the AmmCr, with a
feat of the eleClor : 10 miles N W Mu
nich. Dachfein, A tovvn of France, iri the de
partment of the Lower Rhine, taken by
the alUes In 1610, and by the Swedes In
1633: 8 iniles W Straffiurg.
Dachful, A town of Germany, in the Up
per Rhine, aa miles S E Treves.
Dadivan, a plain of Perfia, about 4 or
5 leagues in circumference, between Schi
ras and Lar, covered with trees of
oranges, citrons, and pomegranates, tb
vvhich the Englifli and Dutch merchants
of Ormus generally retire in the fummer.
Dttfar, or Zlo/izr, a feaport town of Ara
bia Felix, on the W coaft of a bay In the
Arabian Sea, to wlil^jh it gives nanie, gov
erned by a fcheick, who is a fSyereIgn
prince. The chief export is olibanum :
160 miles ENE Cape Fartach, lon. 53 25
E, lat. 1630N.
Dafar, A town of Arabia near the coaft
of the Red Sea, in the country of Yemen,
i30mIlesS Mecca.
Dagelet, an Ifland In the Indian Ocean,
3 leagues in circumference. Excepting a
few fmall creeks, it is furrounded by a
rampart of rocks. It is loaded with ex
cellent timber. The inhabitants are Chi
nefe, ten. 129 2E,lat. 37 25 N. [Peyroufe.]
Dageftan, a province of Afia, on the "W
coaft of the Cafpian Sea, between Circaf
fia and the province of Schirvan, inhabit
ed by Tartars, fubjeCl to Ruffia, and in
cluded in the government of CaucafuS.
Dagiflan, capital of the above diftriCt,
is fituated on a river which runs into the
Cafpian Sea, 340 miles N W Mefchld.
Dagno, A town of European] Turkey, In
Albania, on the Drin : 15 miles £1 E
Scutari. Dago, or Daghae, an Ifland of Ruffia, in
the Baltic, fituated betweeii the Gulf of
Riga and fhe Gulf of Finland, about 20
miles in circumference, lon. aa 56 E, lat,
59 N.
Dagoim, A tbwn of Egypt, on the Nile, a
harbour

D A H

DAL

harbour fbr thieves and piratei : lamUci
N Cairo,
Dahalac, or Dahblak, the largeft ifland
in the Red Sea, aa leagues long, 4 broad,
near the coaft of Abyflinia, It Is low and
level, the foil gravel and white fand.
There are on the Iflandneltherdogs, ffieep,
horfes, nor cows. Here is a valuable pearl
fifliery. There are la villages, all in the
lowcfl Indigence ; of fire arms they have
no knowledge. From March to OClober
they have no rain, but in the other months
it falls in torrents. It is caught in clf
terns hewn in the rocks, to be ufed the
next fummer, there being no ftream, nor
fpring on the ifland. Men and women-
are naked, in want of neceffaries, yet ar
dently attached to this barren, parched
fpot. The inhabitants are black, of the
religion of the Abyffinians, enemies to
Mahometans, addiCled to piracy, lon. 39
a5 E, lat. 15 40 N. [Bruce.]
Dahl, the fineft river in Sweden, which
runs through the provinces of Dalecarlia
and Geftricia, and empties itfelf in the
gulf of Bothnia, 4 leagues E S E Gcffle.
It has a celebrated cataraCl riear Efcar-
leby. Dahomey, or Dauma, A country of Afri
ca, on the Slave Coaft, fituated about 60
or 70 miles fronithe Atlantic ; called al
fo Fouin. Dahomey, as known at prefent,
is fuppofed to reach from the fea coaft
about 150, or aoo miles inland, though
no European has penetrated above half
that diflance. 'fhe capital, Abomej', lies
in about lat. 7 54 N, ten. between 3 and 4
E, The foil is a deep, rich clay, of a red-
difli colour, with a little fand on the fur
face, except about Calmina, vvhere it Is
more light and gravelly : but there is not
to be fyjiiid a ftone fo big as an egg in the
whole country, fo far as it has been vifited
by the Europeans ; of farinaceous veget
ables, the country yields a plentiful fup
ply, proportionable to the quantity of
culture ; namely, maize, millet, or Guinea-
corn of different forts ; a kind of peas, or
rather kidney beans, called callavances ;
and alfo a fpecies of beans, called ground
beans. The Daliomans likewife cultivate
yams, potatoes of two forts,, the caffada,
or manioka, the plantain, and the banana.
Pine apples, melons, oranges, limes, gua-
vas, and other tropical fruits, alfo abound
in this fertile couutry. Nor is It defti
tute of produclionb adapted for ccunmerce
and manufaClure ; fucli as indigo, cotton,
the fugar cane, tobacco, palm oil, together
with a variety of fpices, particularly <i
fpti ies of pepper, very fimilar in flavour,
Vol. II. Y

and indeed fcarcely diftinguiffiable from
the black pepper of the Eaft Indies. The
Dahomans, like the other Inhabitants of
tropical climates, plant twice a year, viz.
at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes ;
after vvhich the periodical rains prevail.
With relpea to the Dahoman religion. It
confifls of a jumble of fuperftitious cere
monies, of which It is Impoffible to con
vey any fatisfaClory Idea. It is paganifm
In its moft ftupid form. The government
is perhaps the moft perfeCl defpotlfm oa
the earth. In the palace are Immured
about 3000 women lor the ufe of the
king and his principal officers. They
have about 500 each. Some hundreds of
the king's women are trained to the ufe of
arms. On the roof of the palace are
ranged numerous human fkuUs. When
the king orders war, the reafon given is,
the houfe tvants thatch. At his acceffion to
the throne the king walks in blood from
the palace, to his predeceffors grave. He
annually waters the graves of his ancef
tors with facriCces of human blood.
[Dlfcoveries in Africa.]
Dahra, A fmall ifland in the Red Sea,
near tfie coaft of Ar;-.bia . i league S W
Loheia. iDahrije, a town of Egypt, fituated on the
Nile, 13 miles SSW Damietta. '
Dalaborg, or Daleborg, a town of Sweden,
and capital of the province of Dalia, fit
uated on the W fide of Lake Venner, 50
miles N Gottenburg.
Dalacca, fee Dahalak. .,
Dale, anciently caUed Idalium, a village
of Cyprus. It is furrounded with fields
of flowers, enchanting groves, and brooks.
[Mariti.]
Dalecarlia, A provlnceof Sweden, bound
ed on the W by Norway, 175 miles in
length, and 100 in breadth ; containing
many mountains, in which are mines of
filver, copper, and Iron, Intermixed with
fertile paftures. The principal produc
tions are corn, wood, and hemp. The
inhabitants are faid to refemble the peo
ple of New England.
Dalem, or Dalen, A town of Germany,
in Weftphalia, on tfie river Berviiie. Its
fortifications were deftroyed by the
French, who took it in 1672. It was cedr
ed to the Dutch at the peace of NImegu
en ; 15 miles NNW Juliers, and 16 W
S W Aix la Chapelle.
Dalia, or •Dual, a province of Sweden,
in W GothUnd, about 28 leagues in
length, and 13 in breadth, fituated be
tween the \'eniier lake and the govern
ment of Eihas. Full of mountains anJ
farcft*

DAL

DAM

fo'fefts towards the N ; but-to'wards the
is It produces com fufficient for the in
habitants : it has a number of mines.
Cattle, fifli, butter, and cheefe, are the
chief articles ; the principal town is Da-
laborg- Dalkeith, a town of Scotland, in the
county of Edinburgh, on the river Efk,
at the union of the two branches, the N
and S Eflc- Near it is a magnificent feat
ef the duke of Buccleugh . 6 miles S £
Edinburgh- Dalmacherry, A town of Hindooftan, in
the Myfore Country, 95 miles N E Ban
galore, and 86 N W Madras.
Dalmanutha, or Medan,a pleafant place,
ttear the fource of the river Jordan, where
9 fair Is held, and much reforted to In the
fummer months. It was near this place
that our bleffed Saviour miraculoufly fed
4000 men with 7 loaves and a few iiflies.
[Calmet.]
Dalmatia, a country of Europe, bouud-
«d on the N by Bofrila and Croatia, on
the E by Servia, and on the S and W by
the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. It is
reckoned to contain 47 7,000 fquare miles,
and in the year 1783, 367,000 inhabitants.
'At prefent the Hungarians, Venetians,
Turks, and Ragufans, fliare this counti'y
amongft them. The Dalmatians ufe the
Sclavonian language and cuftoms, and
profefs the Roman Catholic religion. The
rivers of Dalmatia have no long courfe,
but are moftly navigable. The country
is as it were ftrewed with mountains, but
thefe not unfru'itful ; olives, vines, myr
tles, and a great variety of palateable and
wholefome vegetables growing upon them,
befidss treafures of gold and filver ore
-within them. It has alfo many fertile
plains ; and befides a fufficiency of horn
ed cattle, feeds large numbers of flieep.
The air is temperate and pure. Hunga
rian Dalmatia lies on the upper part of
the Adriatic Sea, containing part of the
ancient Liburnia, and is more generally
called Morlachia. The part poffeffed by
the Venetians lies to the S E of Hunga
rian Dalmatia, and abounds in ancient
caftles and fortreffes. The inhabitants
are warlike, intrepid foldiers, and excel
lent feamen : the nobility and people
well attached to the republic ; mildnefs
makes them faithful fubjeCls to Venice ;
their privileges arerefpeCled.andit would
be dangerous to offend them. ' "Fhe prin
cipal towns are, Zaia, Sebenico, 'i'rau,
Spalatro, Narenta, and Almiffa. Befides
what file Venetians pofl'efs on the conti
nent, feveral illaBdi ea the Adriatic be

long te them, which are confidered ai xl
part of- Dalmatia. Turkifli Dalmatia lies
E of Venetian Dalmatia, the principal
towns Are, Scardona, CUnovo,and Herze-
gowina. The republic of- Ragufa formr
the other part of iDalmatla.
Dam, fee Damme.
Dainac, a town ofthe ifland of Java, o«
the N coaft, vvhere tbe Dutch have a
faClory. Damala, A town of European Turkey,
in the Morea ; 40 miles S £ Napbli di
Romania. Damanhour, A large, ill built town pf
Egypt, near the canal of Alexandria. The
wallsof the houfes are principally of mud,
or bad brick. Itis the refidence of a Bey,
a place of great traffic In cotton, which
the fpacious plains In the neighbourhood
produce. The greater part of the people
are employed In gathering, preparing and
fpinning it. "Flye place is notorious for
its impudent courtezans, 32 miles E S E
Alexandria. [Sonini.]
Damar, A town of Arabia Felix. It has
5000 houfes and a celebrated univerfitT
in which there are generally 500 ftudents,
70 miles N Oman, lat. 16 N.
Darnafcus, a celebrated city of Syria,
about 50 miles from the fea, from which
it is feparssted by a lon^chaln of mount»
ains. It Is the moft ancient town in the
world, it being generally agreed that it
was built by Uzj gramtfon of Sliem. It
was the refidence of the kings of Syria,
for 300 years. It was taken and deftroy
ed by "Tamerlane, and with it 300,00a
Turks. It was at this time lighted with
90,000 lanterns of gold and filver. The
Egyptian Mamelukes took it from Tam
erlane and kept it till the year 1516;
when Selim, emperor of the Turks, con
quered both it and all Syria, fince which
time it has remained with the Turkji
Damafcus Is now the capital of a pacha
lic. The Arabs call it El Sham. It Is
fituated in a vaft plain, open to the S and
E, and fliut in toward the W and N by
mountains, vvhich limit the view ; a num
ber 'of rivulets arife from thefe mount
ains, which render the territory of Da
mafcus the beft watered and moft delicious
province of all Syria ; the .\rabs fpeak
of it with enthufiafm, and think'they can
never fufficicntly extol the frefliriefs and
verdure of its orchards ; the abundance
and variety of its fruits ; its numerous
ftreams ; and the clcarnefs of its rills and
fountains. No city affords fo many ca
nals and fountains ; each houfe has one ;
and all thefe waters are furniflied .ly j
nvuicti.,.

D A M

DAM

avalets, or b»»nche« of the fame river,
which, after fertilizing the gardens for a
courfe of 3 leagues, flow into a hollow of
the defert to the S E, vvhere they form a
¦lorafs called the Lake of the Meadoiv.
With fuch a fituation, it cannot be dif
puted that Damafcus is one of the moft
agreeable cities In Turkey ; but it Is ftill
deficient in point of falubrity. The too
great ufe of fruit, particularly of apricots,
occaCons there, every fummer and au
tumn, intermittent fevers and dyfenteries.
Damafcus is much longer than It is broad.
M. Niebuhr, who has given a plan of it,
¦lakes It 3250 toifes, or fomething ,lefs
than a league and a half In circumference,
and It probably contains 80,000 inhabit
ants. The greater part of thefe are A-
rabs and Turks ; the number of chrif
tians Is eftimated at above 15,000. Da
mafcus Is the rendezvous for all the pil
grims who go to Mecca from the N of
Afia, as Cairo is for thofe from Africa.
Their number every year amounts -to
from 30 to 50,000 ; many of them re
pair here 4 months before the time, but
the greateft number only at the end of
the Ramadan. Damafcus then refembles
an Immenfe fair, nothing is to be feen
but ftrangers from all parts of Turkey,
and even Perfia ; and every place is full
«f camels, horfes, mules, and merchandife.
By means of this caravan, Damafcus is
become the center of a very extenfive
commerce. By Aleppo, the merchants
•f this city correfpond with Armenia,
Natolia, Diarbekar, and even with Per
fia. They fend caravans to Cairo, v\ hich,
following a route frequented in the time
of the patriarchs, take their courfe by
Djefr-yakoub, Tabarie, Nahlous, and Ga
za. , In return, they receive the mer
chandife of Conftantinople and Europe
by way of Saide and Bairout, The home
confumption is balanced by filk and cot
ton ftuffs, which are manufaClured here
in great quantities, and are very well
made; by the dried fruits of their own
growth, and fweetmeats, cakes of rofes,
apricots, and peaches, of which Turkey
confumes to the amount of about 40,000
pounds, "rhe remainder, paid for by the
courfe of exchange, occafions a confider
able circulation of money In cuftom houfe
duties, and the commiffion of merchants.
This commerce has exifled in thefe coun
tries fro^n the moft remote antiquity.
It has flowed through different channels,
according to the changes of the gov^ern-
meiit, and other circumftances ; but it
)>us every where left very apparent

traces ef the opulence It produced. %e
pachalic of Damafcus comprehends near
ly the whole eaftern part of Syria. Ia
this great extent of country, the foil and
its produClions are very various ; but
the plains of the Hauran, and thofe on
the banks of the Orontes, are the moft
fertile : they produce wheat, barley, dou-
ra, fcfamum, and cotton. Some parts are
of a gravelly and poor foil, better adapt
ed to fruits and tobacco than any thing
elfe. All the mountains are appropri
ated to olive, mulberry, and fruit trees,
and in fome places to vines, from which
the Greeks make wine, and the Mahom
etans dried raifins. The pacha enjoys all
the privileges of his poft, which are more
confiderable than thofe of any otlier pa
chalic ; for, befides the farm, of all the
cuftoms and impofts, and an abfolute au
thority, he is alfo conduClor of the fac
red caravan of Mecca, under the highly
refpeClcd title of Emir Hadj. The Ma
hometans confider this office as fo Impor
tant, and entitled to fuch reverence,
that the perfon of a pacha who acquits
himfelf well of it, becomes inviolable even
by the fultan : it is no longer permitted
to flied his blood. But the divan has in
vented a method of fatisfying its ven
geance on thofe who arc protected by
this privilege, without departing from the
literal expreffion of the law, by ordering
them to be pounded In a mortar, or
Imothcred in a fack, of which there have
been various inftances : 270 miles SSW
Diarbek, and no N N E Jerufalem, lon.
37 4 E, lat. 33 15 N.
[Maundrel, Topog. Dia.] -
Damafenfa, a town of Africa, ii\ the
country of Jagra, fituated on a river of
the fame name, which runs into the river
Gambia. Damaun, a feaport town of Hindoo
ftan, in the country of the Pafliwah, on
the coaft of the Arabian Sea ; in poffef
fion of the Portuguefe, by whom it was
taken in the year 1535- Aurungzebe
befieged It about the middle of the laft
century, with an army of 40,000 men ;
but the garrifon fallying out on a part of
his c.-mp guarded by aoo elephants, fo
terrified, thofe animals by their fire arms,
that they turned on their mafters, and
trampled to death half his army ; 53
mfles S Surat, lon- 72 48 E, lat- 20 iS N.
Dambca, fee Dembea.
Darnel, or Kayo, a country of Africa,
on the coaftof the Atlantic, bttween the
rivers Senegal and Gambia-
IKir-^cri.i:, a town of Germany, in
UppiV

DAM

D A isr

Wpper Saxony, and duchy bf Pomerania,
en the Recknitz ; aa miles S W Stralfund,
ten, la 57 E, lat, 54 16 N.
Damietta, or Damiat, a feaport town of
Egypt, firft built at the eaftern mouth of
the Nile, and called Thamiatis under the
government of the 'Lower Empire, It
daily Increafed as Pelufium declined, and
was a fecond time taken by the empe
rors of Conftantinople about the year
338 of the Hegira, But the importance
of a maritime town fo favourably fituat
ed, was at length feen ; and 6 years af
ter, the caliph Elmetouakkel furrounded
it with ftrong walls. Damietta Is larger
and not le'fs agreeable than Rofetta ; It
forms a feml-circle, on the eaftern fliore
of the Nile, a leagues and a half from
its mouth. It contains about 80,000 In
habitants, chiefly fifliermen and Janiil-
zaries, and" has feveral fquares : bazars
fiUed with merchandife, okals, or khans,
under the porticos of which are Indian
ftuffs, filks from Mount Lebanon, fal am
moniac, and ^quantities of rice, befpeak
it a commercial place. The houfes, efpe- |
dally near the river, are very high ;
ftioft of them have pleafant faloons built
on the terraces, from which charming
places, open to every wind, there Is a
view of the grand lake lying ou the oth
er fide, and of the Nile, which traverfes
a rich country between them both. Va
rious grand mofques, with high minarets,
ornament the city. "Fhe public baths,
faced with marble, are fimilar to thofe
of Grand Cairo Multitudes of boats
and fmall veflels Inceffantly fill the port
of .Damietta. Some, named flierm, ferve
to load and unload the fliips that anchor
in tihe road ; others are- coafting pilot
boats. "Fhere is a great trade between
this city and Syria, Cyprus, and Mar
feilles. The rice mezclaoui, the fineft of
Egypt, is cultivated In the neighbouring
plains, and its annual exportation amounts
to bet'.veen a and 300,000 pounds. Ther'q
are likewife clothes fal ammoniac, wheat,
&c. Laws, ruinous to tlie country, pro
hibit the exportation of the latter ; but
they are evaded, and it Is paffed as
rice. The Chriftians of Aleppo and
Damafcus, for many ages eftabliflied
here, carry on the principal trade ; they
are fuffered to grow rich by "I'urkifli in
dolence, which contents itfelf with oc-
cafional extortions. "Fhe thing moft dif-
advantageous to the trad,; of Damietta is
its defeClIve harbour, the road where vef
fels lie being totally expofed. Whenever
a gale rifes, the feamen are obliged to flip

their cables, and take refuge at Cypru*,,
or keep the open fea. By cutting a ca
nal of half a league only, it would be
afy to give ffiips free entrance into the
Nile, which Is deep, and this fmall ex
penfe would render Damiettta a fine har
bour. The flip of land where Damietta
is built, fliut in on one fide by the river,
and on the other by the lake Menzala,
is only from 2 to 6 miles wide E and W.
Rivulets interfeCl it in every direClIon,
aud render It the moft fruitful part of
Egypt. The rice in common yields 80
buffiels for one, and other produCls are in
the fame proportion. From this place Is
Gaza, Arjbs are tne principal inhabitants.
The people of Damietta have a violent
antipathy againft Europeans. This fpirit
has been handed down from father to fon
ever fince'the Crufade-i, this town being
then taken and the chief fcene of war In
Egypt. No perfon can appear In the
ftrepts dreffed In the European ftile, with
out being intuited ; 84 miles NNE Cai
ro, lon. 31 45E, lat. 31 22 N. t^
[Niebuhr, Pococke.]
Damm, A town of Germany, Upper Saxr
ony. "Fhe inhabitants are employed
chiefly in inaiiufaCkurlng fteel ; 5 miles
£ Stettin.Damme, a town of the United Dutcit
States, on the river Damfter, has a com
munication with Groningen, by meant
of a canal : 14 miles N E Groningen.
Damme, a town of Flanders, on the
canal between Bruges and Sluys : 3 milea
NNE Bruges, and 6 S S W Sluys.
Damna, a town of Arabia Deferta : 8a
miles S Damafcus. ,
Damot, a province of Abyffimia, fituat
ed in the S W part of that empire, about
40 miles long fro^n N to S, and 20 from
£ to W.
Damvilliers, a tovvn of France, depart
ment of the Meufe : 1 1 miles N Verdun,
and II S Montmedy;
Danbury, a village of Effex County,
England, 5 ni-les E Chelmsford. Iti
church fteeple ferves as a landmark for
feamen. Danda, A river of Africa, in the king-
dom of Congo.
Dangala, ,or Dancala, A town of Africa,
in the country of Nubia, on the Nile ;
150 miles N Sennar.
Danger f Iflands of) in the Southern Pa
cific Ocean, feen by commodore Byron,
In June, 1765, and appeared to lie welt
peopled, hin. 169 28 "W, lat. 10 15 S.
Danger (Point,) a cape on the iE coaft of
New Holland, ten. 153 20 E, lat. 28 8 S,,
^ Dankalit

DAN

D A R.

Ztaniall, or Dancali, a kingdom ef Aby
ffinia, lying along the coaft of the Red
Sea, the foil Is unproductive, and the
chie^ riches are fait and h mey. It is gov
erned by a prince, nomin-illy tribulary
to the Negus, or emperor of Abyffinia.
Baylur is ihc principal town.
Dannenberg, a town of Germany, Low
er Saxony, and capital of a county of the
fame name. Beer is the principal article
•f commerce : 36 miles E S E Luneburg.
Danizic, one of the richeft cities of Eu
rope, capital of Weftern Prulfia ; with a
.famous harbour, a biffiop's fee, and a uni
verfity. It is encompafl'ed by a wall, and
fprtlficattens of great extent ; and I,
reckoned to contain 200,000 inhabitants
The houfes are well built of ftone or
brick, 6 or 7 ftorles high ; and the gra
naries are ftill higher, to wliich the flilpp
lie clofe, and take in their lading. The
arfen,^l Is well ftored, the exchange is a
handfome ftruilure, and the college is
provided with very learned profeffors.
It carries on a great trade, particularly
in corn, timber, and naval ftores. Th-.
cftabllfficd religion is the Lutheran ; but
papifts, Calvlnifts, and anabaptifts, ar,.
tbleratcd. In i/oo, upward of 30,000
perfons died of the plague. The jurif
diClion of this town extends about 5(
miles round ; and ¦' riialijtalns a garri
fan at Its own expenfe. It was lately a
free hanfeatic town, under the pnoteClion
of Poland ; but. In r793, it fubmitted to
the king of Pruffia, who forcibly ufurped
the fovereignty, in a fecond partition ol
the Polifh dominions. It is fe.ited on tin
Viftula, near the gulf of Angll, in thi.
Baltic, 30 miles S E Marienburg, and
160 N W Warfaw, ten. 18 38 E, lat. 54
32 N. I [Hanway.]
Danuba, a town of"Afriea, in the king
dom of Tomanl.
Danube, the largeft river In Europe
the ancient Ifter. It rifes in Swabia, near
Donefchingen, and becomes navigable at
Ulm, paffes through Swabia, Bavaria,
Auftria, Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Wa
lachia, and Moldavia ; and empties it
felf Into the Black Sea by feveral mouths,
between lat. 44 55, and 45 30 N, 25
miles £ from Ifmail. It receivei; ^-o riv
ers, great and fmall. In its courfe, and
runs near to, or waflies, the walls of the
following cities and towns: Efchingen,
Ulm, Donawert, Neuburg, Ingoldftadt,
Straubing, Paffaw, Lintz, Ips, Stein, Tuln,
Vieiiua, iPreffiurg, R.iab, or Javarln, Cc-
morn, Gran, VIcegrad, Waltzeii, Peft,
-JJuda, Colocza, Baja, lUok, Pcterwaradin,

I Belgrade, Sem-.rdrli,, Vipalanka, Orfovt,
¦ Viu.len, Nicopoli, Ruffig, or Rufcek,
: Lriftra, KaAbvat, Rirfova llv-ail, Rcni,
RakJ, Ifakzl, U'mail, 'J'ulcza, Kilia, .S c.
Below Peft are m.-.,r,y floating corn mills.
Tihe vefl'eli on wbich tlicy arC built arc
kept at a,;chor in the mit'dle of the
ftream ; the wheel is turned by the cur
rent. Why m^y not mills on a fimilar
conftruCTiion, be built on our lar;;e rivers ?
[Jackfon ]
Darnbgerd, or D ••-.th-yier.i, n town of
Perfia, in the province of FarfifltUi, faid '
to have been founded by Darius ; it is
Urge, but not populous, near which fait
'S found of various colours, white, black,
icd, and green. A corfiderabic irianu-
aClure of glafs Is carried on here : n6
miles E S E Schiras.
Dariih, or Dras, a country of Africa,
hounded on the N by Morocco, Gezula,
Hid Tai l.-t, on the E and the S by Zah;i-
I'a, and on the W by Sus, and takes its
-ame from the river Darah, or Dras,
vhich pafl'es throuj;h it: the -principal
produce is indigo and dates : the inhab
itants are Arabians and Mahometans,
md fome of the diftriCls of the. country
ire dependants of Morocco.
Dardanelles, two caftles of Turkey ; the
one. In p.omania ; the other, in Natolia.
They comma.nd the S W entrance of the
ftrait of Gallipoli, the ancient Hellefpont-
,'\t the latter, the cargoes of all fliips fati
ng from Conftantinople arc fearched.
The ftrait is 33 miles long, and from half
(O a mile and a half wide. At the en
trance where the caftles ftand, it Is a
miles vvlde, ten. 26 30 E, lat. 46 o N.
Dardnffen, or Dard.fehn, a 'town of
Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony,
and principality of Halberftadt, 4 mile*
ENE Ollcrwick.
Dar-el Hamara, a town of Africa, in
the kingdom of Fez, faid to have been
built by the Romans ; the trade is prin
cipally in corn and oil, lon. 6 25 W, lat.
34 20 N. _
D,i.-fmr, a kingdom of Africa, wliofe
populaLi.n is fupppfed to be 20C),ooa
foul.". The territory Is exttnfive and
woody. In the dry feafon, nothing but
barrennefs is vifible : in the rainy, the
country is covered with vegetation. The
king, though abfolute, muft annually go
$0 the field, and aid his people In pi lilt
ing. Being Mahometans, polygamy pre
vails : fo brutal are they as to unite -^vith
their fifters iu the moft intimate connec
tion. It lies to th^ S E Ber^oo, and W
Kordofaa. [Brown.] Markings

D A R

» A U

Darking, or Dorking, A town of JEng-
land, county of Surry, fituated at the
angle of two valUes, furrounded by hills.
The market is celebrated for the quanti
ty of poultry. ' The principal trade Is
jnealirig : 24 iniles SSW London.
D.irk Lake, an extenfive piece of wa-
'tcr, formed by the fpreading of the Ni
ger. It Is laid in paffing It from W to E
the canoes lofe fight of land one whole
day. From this lake the water Iffues in
many different ftreams, which terminate
in 2 large branches, 1 running to the N
E, the other to the E, they unite again
at Kabra, which is i day's jouruey S
TombuClop, and is the port or fliipplng
place fbr that- city. Thence, at the dif
tance of II day's journey, It paffes by
the city of Houffa. [Park.]
Darkuila, a negro ftate S W Darfoor
and Bergoo, watered by numerous riv
ers. The people, part of them, are red
or copper coloured. They worfliip idols,
but are cleanly, and fair Iri their dealings.
Their chief article of commerce Is fait,
12 or 15 poundSiOf which purchafe a
'flave. They wprk iron and copper
inines. For the fmalleft fault flavery is
the pdnlfliment. The purchaf'ers of flave:.
fuggefted and keep alive this dreadful
fpirit. What miferies have they infliCl-
«d on this harmlefs portion of mankind !
[Dlfcoveries In Africa.]
Sariingian, A town of iEngland, on the
Skern : with confiderable manufaClures
of linen and wooUen ; 18 miles S Dur
ham, and 238 N London.
Darmfadt, a town of Germany, In the
Upper Rhine, and capital of a princi
pality belonging to a branch of the
houfe of Heffe, to vvhich it gives name :
fortified with a wall : this town contains
a. regency, a court of appeals, a cnnfift-
ory, a criminal court, and a grammar
fchool ; 18 miles E S E Menti, and 32
N Heidelberg.
Daroca, A large town of Spain, In Ar
agon, on the Xiloca, In a valley between
2 hills : containing 7 parifli churches, and
5 convents ; but Is not populous : 38 miles
SSW Saragoffa.
Dart, a river of England, in the coun
ty of Devon, vvhich runs into the Eng
lifli Channel, a Uttle below Dartmouth.
Dartford, A towu of England, county
•f Kent, fituated on the river Darent, on
the road from London to Canter'oury ;
X5 miles E London.
Dartmoor, an extenfive foreft of Eng
land, in the county of Devon, reaching
from Brent, S, to Oakhampton, N, 20

-miles, and 5 to 15 wide. In all whiclj
fpace is no town, and only 2 villages.
Many llieep are bred here.
Dartmouth, a feaport town of Englaqd,
fituated at the mouth of the Dart, on the
Engliffi Channel ; faid to have been for
merly called CI f Ion. It is an ancient cor
poration, and a borough town, fending
2 members to the Britifli parliament",
rhe harbour is fafe, and large enough to
contain 500 ffiips, Here live feveral
confiderable merchants, who fend put
veffels to Newfoundland for fifli, which
tliey difpofe of in Italy, Spain, Portu
gal, &c. loading back vvith wine, fruit,
oil, &e. Dartmouth Is efteemed a great
nurfery of feamen, the fifliery employ
ing near 3000 meii, a certain number of
which the owners are obliged by aCl of
parliament to feleCl from Landmen : 31
miles S Exeter, and 204 W S W London,
Ion. 3 40 W, lat. 50 1 7 N.
Daru, A town of Perfia, in the prov
ince of Kerman : 90 miles N E Sirgian.
Dar-war, A confiderable fortrefs of FUn-
dooftan, one of the king of Myfore"«i
frontier towns : 88 miles S Vifiapour,
and 90 E N E Goa, lon. 75 9 E, lat. i4,
5N.
Darroent, fee Der^weni.
Daffur, a town of Egypt : 15 miles %
Cairo. Daffen, an Ifland In the Atlantic, near
the coaft of Africa, between the Cape of
Good Hope, and Saldanha Bay, lon. 17
7 E, lat. 33 26 S.
Daiidie, A town of Egypt : 1 6 miles N
Aflimunein. Daventry, OT Daintry, A town of Eng
land, county of Northampton. The
principal trade is making whips : ij
mfles S E Coventry, and 72 N W Lon
don. Dauma, a kingdom of Africa, in Ne,
groland, with a town of the fapie name.
Tat. 8 N.
Davos, A town of Swifferland, and
capital of a jurifdiClion of the fame
name, in the country of the Grifons.
lu'the diftriCl area lakes well furniflied '
with fifli, mines of copper, lead, and
filver, and the inhabitants breed a great
number of cattle : 60 miles S E Zurich,
lat. 46 40 N.
Dauphin, Fort, a fort built by the French
on the E coaft of Madagafcar, lon. 45 10
E, lat. 24 55 S.
Dauphiny, before the revolution; a
country of France, which once' made
part of the kingdom of Burgundy, and
after being fubjcCl tp mai3,y princes, wan
tede^^

D E A

DEC

?eded, in the year 1343, by the dauphin
Humbert, to the younger fon of Philip de
Valois, king of France ; obliging him and
his fucceffors to bear the name' and arms
quartered with thofe of France : Qau-
4)hlny thus became an appanage of
France, and the eldeft prince always
took the' title of Dauphin. Ic was not
incorporated, but formed a feparate ftate :
and tlie king took the title of the Dau
phin of the Viennols. The country is
.fertile in fome places, producing corn,
-*rine, olives, hemp, barley, oats, fait,
-wood, copperas, filk, varnifli, cryftal,
iron, copper, and lead ; but two'thirds of
the country are mountains yielding good
pafturage arid fliip timber. It now forms
the departments of the Ifere, the Drfime,
and Higher Alps.
Dauiv, a town in the fouthern part of
the ifland of Celebes.
Dax, or Dacqs, A town of France, de
partmerit of the Landes, on the Adour^
furrounded with walls, flanked with tow
ers and containing about 5000 inhabit
ants celebrated for its warm .baths ; the
fpring of vvhich difcharges 543 cubic feet
of water In 15 minutes : 22 miles N E
Bayonne, ten. i o W, lat. 43 42 N.
Daya, a town on the weft coaft of the
ifland of Sumatra, on a river of the fame
name : 30 miles S Acheen.
Dead Sea, in Paleftine. No living
creature moves in ifs waters. This is
•wing to its extreme faltnefs. No veget
able grows in its neighbourhood. Eve
ry thing round wears a moft difmal ap-
pearancei Mines of foflil fait are found
in the fides of the mountains, along the
iliore, whence llie Arabs and the city of
Jerufalem are fupplled. See Afphaltites
Lake. ' [Maundrell, Mariti.]
Deadmaiis Ifland, one of the Magda
len iflands, ten. 61 25 W, lat. 47 22 N.
Deadmans Head, or Deadman's Point, a
eape of England, on the coaft of Corn
wall, In the Englifli Channel, lon. 4 43
W, lat. 50 13 N.
Deal, a town of England, on the coaft
•f Kent, between the N and S Forelands.
It has no harbour, but the fea between
the ffiore and the Godwin Sands, caUed
the Do-wns, is generally a fecure road for
fliips, where they flop both outward and
homeward, to put in letters, to fet paf
fengers on fliore, to take in provifions,
¦wait for orders, &c. The pilots of Deal,
are good feameri, bold and aClive in af
fording affiftance to veffels in diftrefs, in
faying the lives pf thofe on board, and
fcringmg the cjrgo to laad. C;iblcs, an

chors, fee. are always ready te fiipplj'
veffels which may ftand in need of them :
vegetables and other neccfl'aries. Deal
is defended by a caftle ; or rither feveral
caftles vvere built to defend the coaft be
tween Dover and the N Foreland. Julius
Cxfar landed here when he made his firft
defcent on the ifland. Deal is not reck
oned one of the Cinque Ports, but is a
member of Sandwich. '1 he number of
inhabitants is eftimated at 4500 ; 72
miles E S E London, ten. ,. 25 E, lat, 51
14 N.
Dean, A foreft of England, in Gloucef
terfliire, between the river Severn and ihc
county of Monmouth. The foreft once
contained 30,000 acres of land, in vvhich
were 23 pariflies, and 4 mirket towns,
with great abundance of fine timber.
'I'he iron forges have leffened the quan
tity of wood, but not confumed it, as-
care Is faid to be taskcn in cutting it. The
hills abound in iron ore, the vales la
orchards. Dean (Great,) A town in the above-
mentioned foreft, to vvhich in all proba-
biUty it gives name : 12 miles W Glou
cefter, and 120 W London.
Debalpor, a town of Flindooftan, and
capital of a diftriCl, in the country of
Moultan, fituated on the great road from
Delhi to Moultan : 70 miles S iE Lahore,
and 150 E Moultan.
Dehenham, a to'wn of England, county
of Suft'olk: 14 miles N Ipfwich.
Debreczin, a large and populous town
of Hungary, without walls : 165 miles
E S E Vienna, ten. 22 11 E, lat. 4f
16 N.
Deccan. By this general term, which
fignifies South, the Indian geographers In
clude all the countries of India S of the
parallels of 21 or 22 degrees of N lat.
forming an extent pf territory about
equal to the Britifli iflands, Spain, and
European Turkey. This Is the moft ex
tenfive fenfe ; but in its proper and more
limited fenfe, it means only the countries
fituated betvveen Hindooflan Proper, the
Carnatic, the Weftern Indian Sea, aad the
province of Oriffa ; that is, the Deccaa
is formed of the provinces of Candeifli,
Dowlatabad, or Amednagur, Vifiapour,.
Golconda, and the weftern partof Berar.
Aurengzebe conquered this country, and
erected it into a viceroyalty, or fubah,
the poffeffor of which, at the time of the
invafion of Nadir Shah, took the title of
Nizam Elmoulouk, or ProteClor of the
Enipire ; he preferved an apparent indc-
peudcBce , liis jurifdieiioa extending from

DEG

DEL

from Burhampour to Cape Comorin, and
eaftward to the fea. Six pr-^vinces de
pended on this prince, and che number of
his fubjeCls was eftimated at 35,000,000,
The Mahr.ittas are In pofl'effion of the
greater part ; other diftriCls have from
time to time been formed into feparate
ftates ; and the conftant revolutions of
India will make the boundaries of each
country uncertain. The Nizani',9 prefciit
dominions, including his tri'out-iries, are
about 430 miles long, from N W to S E,
and about 300 wide : Hydrabad is the
capital. Deccan Shahazpour, an ifland of India,
in the moiith ofthe Ganges, lon. 98 58
E, lat. 22 30 N.
Deccaplis, an ancient canton Ln Palef
tine, lb called from its (Deca) tm citiei,
fituated on both fides. of the Jord.m, the
capital of which was ScythopoUs, inhab
ited chiefly by Gentiles. "^
[Topographic DICl.]
, Decize, a town of France, department
ofNyevre, fituated at lhe\ conflux of the
Alron and the Loire, on an iiland : near
it are coal mines : and antimony is found
contained in a fulphurlous ochre, 16 mUes
S E Nevers.
Deckendorf, a town of Bavaria, near the
Danube, 38 miles E S E Ratiffion.
Dedan, an ancient city, in the vicinity
of Edom, oppofite Teman. It had great
trade with ancient Tyre, in ebony, and
fine cloths. [Topographic DiCl.]
Deddington, a to.wn of England, county
of Oxford, 16 miles N Oxford, and C'j W
W W London
DciZ/w/K, a. town of England, county of
Effex, on the Stour, 7 miles NNE Col
chefter, and 5 8 N £ London.
Dee, a river of Abyffinia, which enters
the Nile near its head. [Bruce.]
Dee, a riverof N Wales, which runs
irito the Irifli Sea, about 15 miles N W
Chefter. Dee, A river of Ireland, which croffes
the country of Louth, and runs into the
fea, 4 miles N E Dunleer.
Dee, A river of Scotland, which runs
into Solway Frith, abo.ut 5 miles below
Kircudbright. *
DetfA river of Scotland, which runs
into the German'Ocean at Aberdeen.
Deena, a large town in the kingdom of
Ludamar, built of ftone and clay. [Park.]
Deeping, A town of England, county of
Lincoln, 8 miles N Peterborough, and 189
arid a h^lf N London.
Degligi, A town of the ifland ef Ceylon,
-1 4 -miles NE Candy.

Dugnizlu, or Denizfey, A tPwn Of Afiatio
Turkey, in the province of NatoUa, near
the ruins of the ancient Laodicea, deftroy
ed by an earthquake, which fwaUowed
up many of the inhabitants: excellent
grapes grow in the environs ; to the %
and S are mountains covered with fnow,
108 mUes E SE Srnyrna, lat. 37 51 N.
Deinfe, or Deynfe, a town ot" Flanders,
on the Lys, 9 miles S W Ghent.
Deir Abiiife, a town of Egypt : 45 mUc»
S W Cairo.
Deirut, a town of Egypt, on the W fide
of the Nile, oppofite Foua : 14 miles 8
Rofetta. Delukus, A town of Abyffinia on the
Nile, oppofite to which Is a ford ; the
river being three quarters of a mile wide.
The inhabitants are Mahometans, a trad
ing, frugal people. ' [Bruce,]
Delft, a city of the United Provinces;
in Holland, It is clean and well built,
with canals in the ftreets, planted on each
fide with trees. Here are 2 churches, in
one of which is the tomb of William I,
prince of Orange, who was afl'affinated*
It is about 2 miles in circumference ; has
a fine arfenal, and a confiderable manu
faClure of earthen ware, known by the
name of Delft ware. The city contains
about 5000 houfes, and 20,000 inhabiit-
ants, confifting principally of people re
tired to live on their fortunes, Grotiui
was a native of this place. It is feated op
the Schie, 8 miks N W Rotterdam, and
30 S W Amfterdam, lon. 4 24 E, lat. 5a 4
N. [Hanway.]
De'flffaven, a fortified town of Holland,
on the N fide of the Maefe, with a canal
tj Delft, c&c. It Is between Rotterdam
and Schiedam, not 3 miles from each.
Delfzy, a fortrefs of the United Prov
inces, in Groningen, on the river Damfter,
13 miles N E Groningen.
Delhi, a province *f Hindooftan Prop
er, bounded on the N W by Lahore, on
the N £ by Serinagur, on the E by the
Rohilla country, on the S by Agra, and
on the W by Maultan. Having been the
feat of-con'inuul wars for above 50 years,
it is almoft depopulated ; and a traCt of
country that poife^es every advantage
that can be derived from nature, contains
the moft miferable of inhabitants. It is
now all that remains to the Great Mogul
of his once extenfive empire.
Delhi, the capital of a province of the
fame name, in Hindooftan Proper, feated
on the river Jumna. It is the nominal
capital of all Hlndopftan, and was the
actual cajMtaLduring. the greateft part of
the

DEM

Den

ihe time fince the Mahometan conqueft.
In I738,.when Nadir Shah invaded Hin
dooftan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful
were the maffacres and famine that fol
lowed : 100,000 of the inhabitants per-
iffied by the fword in one day ; and
plunder, to the amount of 6a,ooo,oool.
fterUng, was faid to be collected. The
fame calamities they endured on the fub
fequent Invafions of Abdalla, king of
Candahar. The environs of this once
magnificent and celebrated city appear
nothing more than fliapelefs heaps of ru
ins, the country round forlorn. "I'he ru
ins are ao miles in circumference. Delhi
is 880 mUes NNE Bombay, lon. 77 40
E, lat. a8 37 N. [Franklin, A. R.]
Delichi, a river of Albania, the Ache
ron of the ancient poets, who feigned it
to be in hell.
Delmenhorf, A town of Weftphalia, In
the county of Delmenhorft, belonging to
Denmark. It is feated on the Delm, near
the Wefer, 8 mUes S W Bremen, 1400
inhabitants. Delos, an. ifland of the Archipelago,
now called Dili. There are abundance
of fine ruins, fuppofed to be of the tem
ples of Diana and Apollo, whofe birth
place It is faid to be. It is 6 miles in cir
cumference, but now deftitute of inhab
itants, lon. a5 59 E, lat. 37 30 N.
Delphi, or Delphos, a town of Livadia
feated in a valley, near mount Parnafl'us.
It was famous for the oracle of Apollo,
which people came from all parts to
conful t.
Delfperg, A town of Swifferland, in the
bifliopric of Bafle, 10 miles N W So
leure. Delta, A part of Lower Egypt, between
the branches of the Nile and the Mediter
ranean. The ancients calleu it the ifle of
Delta, becaufe it is in the fliape of a tri
angle, like the Greek letter of that name.
(This name is applied to the mouths of
the Ganges, Ava, and otlier rivers.) It
is 130 miles along the coaft from Dami
etta to Alexandria, aud 70 on the fides,
from the place where the Nile be»iris to
divide Itfelf. It Is the moft plentiful
contry of -all Egypt, and it rains more
here than in other parts ; but its fertility
is chiefly owing to the inundations of 'the
Nile. Demled, a fertile diflriCl of Abyffinia,
It Is called the kings food, being devoted
to the fupport of his houiliold. It is the
granary of the kingdom, lying on a lake
of the fame name. It was probably once
entirely occupied bv the water. The
Vol. ii. ' Z

lake Is fuppofed to be 150 leagues in cir*
cumference, and contains many iflands,
I of which Is a place of confinement for
ftate prifoners. [Bruce.]
Demer, a river vvhich rifes in the blffi
opric of Liege, waters Haffelt, Dieft,
SIchem, Arfchot, and MechUn, below
which it joins the Senne, and takes the
name of Rupel, and empties Into the
Scheldt. Demmin, an ancient town of Swedifh
Pomerania, in the duchy of Stetin feat
ed on the river Peen, ten. 13 22 E, lat.
51 5a N.
Damfcrat, A town of Egypt, 20 miles
N Afna.
Demona, A fort of Piedmont, on the
river Sture, 10 miles S W Coni.
Denain, a village of France, depart
ment of the North Hainault, remarka
ble for a viClory gained over prince Eu
gene, by marflial VUlars, in 1712. It Is
feated on the Scheld, 8 niUes W Valen
ciennes. Denbigh, the couiity town of Denbeigh-
fliire, fituated on a rocky declivity above
the vale of Clwyd on a branch of the
river of that name. Its ruined caflle,
with Its vaft enclofure crowning the top
of the hill, forms a ftriking objcCt.
Denbigh has a confiderable manufacture
of gloves and flioes, which are fent to
London for exportation. It fends i
member to parliament . 27 miles V.'"
Chefter, and 208 N W London,
Dcnbighffire, a county of N Wales,
bounded on the N by the Irifh Sea, on
the N £ by Flintffiire,on the E by Shrop
fllire, on the S by Merionethflilre aud
Moiitgomeryfliirc, and on the W by Car
narvonfliire; 48 miles long, and 20 broad.
It contains 12 hundreds, 4 market towns,
and 57 pariflies; and fends a members
to parliament. "Fhe air is healthy, par
ticularly in the vale of Clwyd. The
principal rivers are the Clwyd, Elwy,
Dee, and Conv.-ay, "The produCls are
chiefly corn, cheefe, cattle, lead, and coal .
Deader, A branch of the Nile. [Bruce.] '
Dender,-A river of Auftrian Hainalt,
which joins the Scheld at Denderiiionde.
Dendera, A confiderable town on the
Nile, covered with groves of palm trees,
orchards of oranges, lemons, pomegran
ates, grapes, and figs, produce exquifite
fruit, and afford a delicious coolnefs in
this fcorcliing clime. J\ foreft of palm
and fruit trees mentioned by the ancients,
ftill remains in th.e vicinity, ^.nci fupplies
the greater part of E^'.'jj': with fuel. Ac.
Arab

DEN*

D E P

Arab prince, with the title of Emif, gov
erns the city, and country round. The
town ftands on a fertile plairi, which
produces plenty of wheat. A mile S of
the town are the ruins of a temples, of
furprifing height and dimenfions, one Is
' entire, and acceffible on aU fides : a42
miles- S Calroj and- 48 S S E Girge.
[Bruce, Sonirii."]
Deiidermonde, a city of Auftrian Flan
ders, with a ftrong citadel. The French
tookit in 1745, aud again In 1794. It
Is furrounded by marflies and fine mead
ows, which can be covered with water,
and is feated at the confluence of the
Dender and Scheld, 16 miles W Mech
Un, ten. 4 10 E,lat. 51 3 N.
Denia, an ancient feaport of Spain, In I
Valencia, on the Mediterranean- Sea, and
at the fpot of a mountain, 5a miles E
AUca«t,.lon. o 36 E, lat. 38 44 N.
Denmark, A kingdbm of Europe, bound
ed on- the E by the Baltic Sea, on the W
arid N by the ocean, and on the S by
Germany, The country is generally
flat, and the foil fandy. The air is ren
dered foggy by the neighbourhood of
the feas and lakes, of which it is full', but
it has no confiderable river. Denmark,
properly fo called, confifts of Jutland
and the Iflands of Zealand and Funen,
with- the little ifles about them ; but the ;
king of Denmark's dominions contain
alfo Norway, and the duchies of Holftein,
Oldenburg, and Delmenhorft, Denmark
vvas once a limited, and eleClive mon
archy ;¦ but, in" 1660, it was made abfo-
Irite and hereditary, by- a revolution al
moft unparalleled in hiftory ; a free peo
ple voluntarily refigning their liberties
into the hands of tlieir fovereigm The
inhabitants are proteftants fince the year
J522, when they embraced the confef
fion of Augffiurg. The forces which the
king of Denmark has ufually on- foot are
near 40,000. The revenues are comput
ed at 500;00ol. a year, .which arife from
the crown lands and duties. The prod
uce of Denmark confifts-in. pitch, tar, fifli,
o.il, and deals. Copenhagen is the capi
tal Denys, St. a famous town- of France, in
the department of Paris. Here is an
ancient and magnificent church, in which
were the tombs of many of the French
kings ; and in the treafury, among other
curiofities, arc the fwords of St. Lewis
and the Maid of Orleans, and the fceptre
of Charlemagne. The abbey of the late
Beiiediclincs, a magnificent piece of mod
ern aicliiteClure, has more the appear

ance of a palace than a convent. Ttt
1793, after the aboUtion of royalty, the
roval tombs in the church were all de
ftroyed ; and the name of the town was
changed to that of Franclade. It is feat
ed on the river Crould, near the Sgine 5
miles N Paris, lon. a 26 E, lat. 48 56 N.
Deptford, a town of England, fituated
on the Thames, partly in the county of
Kent, and partly In Surry. It was gen
erally known in ancient records by the
name of Deptford Strond, alias Wef Creen-
¦wich, A name which, in later times, be
came folely appropriated- to the lower
parts pf it, on the banks of the Thames^
the upper town retaining that of Dept
ford only. Deptford Is now a large and
poputeus town, though it has no mar
ket, and is divided into Upper and Low
er Deptford. It contains about 2000
houfes, many of which are neat and
well built. The greateft fupport and
confequence of Deptford arifes from its
dock. It has a wet dock, of 2 acres, for
fliips ; and another, of i acre and a half,
well provided with timber and aU forts
of naval ftores. Befides the national
docks-, there are feveral- others belonging
to fliipbuilders for merchants' vefl'elsi
At Deptford is the fociety of the Trinity
Houfe ; founded. In the yeari5i5, by
Sir Thomas Spert, knight, commander of
the great fliip Henry Grace de Dieu, and
comptroUer of the navy to Henry VIII,
for the regulation of feamen, and the con
venience of ffiips and mariners on the
coaft, and incorporated by the abova-
mentioned prince, who confirmed to them,
not only the rights and privileges of the
company of mariners of England, but
their feveral pofl'effions at Deptford ;
which, togetlier with the grants of Queen
Elizabeth and king Charles II, were alfo
confirmed by letters patent of the firft
of James II, In the year 1685, by the
name of " The Mafter, Wardens, and
Affiftants of the Guild or Fraternity of
the moft glorious and undivided Trinity^
and of St. Clement, in the parifli of Dept
ford Strond, in the county of Kent."
This corporation is governed by a maf
ter, 4 wardens, 8 affiftants, and 18 elder
brothers ; but the inferior members of
the fraternity, named younger brethren,
are of an unlimited number ; for every
mafter, or mate, expert In navigation,
may be admitted as fuch ; and thefe ferve
as a continual nurfery to fupply the va
cancies among the elder brethren, vvhen
removed by death, or othcrwife. The
mafter, wardens, atfiftants, and elder
brethren,.

DER

DER

ttethren, are by charter inveftcd with
the foUowing powers : that of examining
the mathematical children, of Chrift's
Hofpital ; the examining of the mafters
of his majefty's fliips ; the appointing
pilots to conduCl fliips in and out the
river Thames ; and the amercing all fuch
as fliall prefume to aCl as mafter of a
flilp of war, or pilot, without their ap
probation, in a pecuniary mulCl of 20
fliillings ; fettling the feveral rates of
pilotage, and ereCting llghthpufcs, and
other fea marks, upon the feveral coafts
of the kingdom, for the fecurity of navi
gation, to which lighthoufes all ffiips pay
I halfpenny a run ; granting licences to
poor feamen, not free of the city, to row
en the river "I'hames for their fupport,
in the intervals of fea fervice, or vvhen
paft going to fea ; the preventing of
aliens from ferving on board Englifli
fliips, without their licer-e, upon the
penalty of 5I- for each offence ; punifli
ing of feamen for defertion, or mutiny, in
the merchants' fervice ; and the hearing
and determiaing the complaints -of offi
cers and feamen in the merchants' fer
vice ; but futojeCl to an appeal to the
lords of the Admiralty, or the judge of
the court of Admiralty- To this compa
ny belongs the ballaft office, for clearing
and deepening the river Thames, by tak
ing from thence a fufficient quantity of
ballaft, for the fupply of all fliips that
fail out of that river ; in which fervice
60 barges, with 2 men to each, are con
ftantly employed, and all ffiips that take
in ballaft pay them i ffiilUng a ton, fpr
which it is brpught to the Ihips' fides-
In cpnfideratipn of the increafe of the
poor of this fraternity, they are by their
charter empowered to purchafe in mort
main lands, tenements, ,&c. to the amount
of 500I- per annum ; and alfo to receive
charitable benefaClibns, of well difpofed
perfons, to the amount of 500I. per an
num, clear of reprizes. There are annu
ally relieved by this company about
3000 poor feamen, their widows, and or
phans, at the txpenfe of 6000I. Deptford
is 4 miles E London.
Der, a town bf Egypt, II miles 6 Slut.
Derbent, a feaport and fortrefs of Per
fia, Id the province of Schirvan, on the
W coaft of the Cafpian Sea. It is faid
to have been built by Alexander the
Great, and is fui rounded by high brick
walls. The inhabitants arc chiefly Pei-
llaiis, Tartars, and a few Armenians.
The fortrefs was taken by the Ruffians,
in May, 1756, after a bombardment of lo

days. It Is feated at the foot of Mount
Caucafus,' lon. 50 o E, lat. 4a 8 N.
Derby, the County town of Derbyfliire.
It is feated on the Derwent, over which
is a handfome ftone bridge ; and a brook
runs through the town, under feveral
ftone bridges. It has 5 churches, of which
All Saints is the chief, noted for Its beau
tiful tower. In 1734, a. machine was
ereCled here by fir| Thomas Lombc, for
the'manufaCluring of filk, the model of
which was broiight from Italy. It vvas
the firft of Its kind ereCted in England ;
and its operations are to wind, double,
and twift the filk, fo as to render it fit
for weaving. Derby poffefl'es alfo a con
fiderable manufacture of filk, cotton, and
fine worfted ftockings ; and has a fabric
of porcelain, equal, if not fuperlour in
quality, to any in the kingdom. Several
hands are employed in the lapidary and
jewellery branches ; and Derbyfliire mar
bles, fpars, and cryftals, are wrought in
to a variety of ornamental articles. The
malting trade is likewife carried on In
this town, from which the Derwent is
navigable to the Trent. Derby fends 2
members to parliament, and is governed
by a mayor. It has 8600 inhabitants :
2f> miles N Coventry, and 126 NNW
London, lon. i 25 "W, lat. 52 58 N.
Derby fire, an Englifli county, bounded
on the N by Yorkfliire. It is 59 miles
long, and from 6 to 34 broad. It fend*
4 members 10 parliament, and contains
6 hundreds, 11 market towns, and 106
pariflies. I'he air, efpecially on the E
fide, is wholefome and agreeable ; but in
the Peak, toward the N, it Is fliarp and
cold. The hills in the northern part, by
attracting the paffing clouds, caufe the
rain to defcend there in greater abun
dance than on the circumjacent coumies.
The S and £ paits arc pleafant and fer
tile, producing moft kinds of grain, par
ticularly barley. Even the N W part,
called the Peak, is abundantly rich ; for
the bleak mountains abound in the beft
lead, vyith marble, alaballcr, millftones,
iron, coal, and a coarfe fort of cryftuf;
and the Intermedi:ite vallies are 11 uitful
in grafs. The barytes, or ponderous
earth, vvhich feems to be the medium
fubftance between earth and ores, is here
found in great quantities. ""I'he principal
rivers are the Derwent, Dove, trwafli,
and Trent. "I'he acres cultivated arc
fuppoftd to be 720,640, the numbci of
inhabitants 185,000.
iS^r.ijM, a towu in Kori"i..Ik, noted fcr
w ool

D E V

D E V

"Wool and yarn ; 14 miles W Nonyich,
and 100 N N E London.
Dereote, or Deiroute, A town of Egypt,
in the ifle formed by the canal from Cai
ro to Rofetta, Here Is a magnificent
temple, lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30 40 N,
Derna, a town of Africa, in Tripoli,
near the coaft qf the Mediterranean, the
refidence of a fangiac, famous for honey,
ten. 22 50 E, lat, 32 55 N.
Derp, a town of RufEa, in the govern
ment of Riga, 'with a biffiop's fee, and a
univerfity. It lis near the rivrer Ambec,
50 mfles N W Pfltof, lon. a6 15 E, lat.
58 30 N. ¦
Derri, A town bf upper Egypt on the E
fide of the Nile, near the bend where the
river turn^ W. Very little regard is
paid to the grand fignior In 1737 the
Cachlf of the place told Mr. Pococke that
their prophets had faid : " Franks would
come in difguife, who, by little prefents,
by foothing and infinuating behaviour,
would pafs every where, examine the
flate of the country, go and make report
of It, and return with a great number of
Franks, conquer and exterminate all.". How
far this prophecy has been fulfilled bythe
recent events In Egypt, is left to the read
er to determine. ' ' [Pococke.]
Derry, fee Londonderry.
Der-went, A river in Derbyfliire, which
runs S, empties into the "I'rent, pn the
liprders pf Leicefterfliire.
Dir^went, a river of Yorkfliire, which
falls into the Oufe, below York.
Derwent, A river of Durham, falls into
the "Tyne, above Newcaftle.
Derwent, a river of Cumberland, which
ent'ers the Irifli Sea, near Workington.
Derwent-water, A lake bf Cumberland,
in the vale of Kefwick. It is 3 miles in
length, and a mile and a half widei Five
iflands rife out of this lake, which add
greatly to -the beauty of the appearance.
pri one bf them is an elegant feat.
¦ Deffaw, a ftrong town of Germany, In
Tipper Saxony, province of Hanhalt. It
tielongs to its own prince, and Is feated
on the iEllie, 37 miles N Leipfick, ten. la
S2E, lat. 51 53 N.
Dethmold, A town of V/eftphalla, on the
5-iver Wehera, 15 niiles N Paderborn, ten.
3 55 E, lat. 52 o N. '
Detiingen, A village of Germany, in the
territory of Hanau. Here George II
pained a vIClory over the French in 1743.
It is bptween Hanau and Afchaffenburg,
4 miles from each.
Deva, A feaport of Spain, on the bay of
iBifciy, ill the province of Guipufcoa, 15

miles 3 E Bilboa, and 15 "W St, SBbaftian,^
; lon. 2 40 W, lat. 43 24 N.
Devento, a town of Bulgaria, witH a
Greek archbifliop's fee, feated on the
Panlga, 65 miles NE Adrianople, ten- 37.
33 E, lat. 41 33 N.
Deventer, a city of the UnltcdProvinces,
the capital of Overyffel, with a univerfity,
It is furrounded by ftrong walls, and fcat-j
ed on the river Yffel, 50 miles E Amfter
dam, lon. 5 56 E, lat. 5a 18 N.
Devicoita, A town of India, in the Car
natic, fituated at the mouth of the N
branch of the Cauvery, in the Bay of
Bengal, in the country qf Tanjore : ao
miles N Tranquebar, lon. 79 56 E, la(.
II 21 N.
Devil's Bridge. In the canton of UrI,
Switzerland, there is a ftone bridge of
furprifing height, confifting of a fingle ,
arch, and refting on abutments built on a
very high rod,- , under which runs the riv
er Rufs. 'Fhe inhabitants, believing It im
poffible that it could have been built by
any other than by the Devil himfelf, call It
Teuffelffruck, i. e, the Devil's Bridge, and
give travellers a laughable hiflory of itsi.
coiiftruCtlon : 6 leagues from St, Goth-
ard's mountain. ['I'opographic DICl.]
Devil (Ifle of,) one of the fmaller Mo
lucca iflanda.
Devizes, A town c?f England, in the coun
ty of WUts, of great antiquity ; contain
ing two churches and a chapel, befides a
place of 'vvorfliip for Diffenters. It is a
corporation and a borough towu, return-'
Ing two m£-mbers to the Britifli parlia
ment. Very confiderable manufaClures
arc carried on here, particularly of ferges,
kerfeymeres, and broadcloth. In the mar
ket place is ercCled a ftimc and infcriptlon
, toa memorial of divine vengeance infllCcT
ed on ari unhappy woman who cafled
God to witnefs a falfehood ; 19 miles F.
Bath, and 88 and ;i half W London, ten.'
a a W, lat. 51 18 N.
Devon, a river of Perthfliire, over which
in the beautiful vale of Glehdevon, is a
great curiofity, called the Rumbiing
Bridge. It is fimilar to that over thc-
Braari, and confifts of one arch, thrown
over a horrible chafm, n-orn by the river
about 8q feet deep, arid very narrow.- In
other places, the river has forced its way.
In a furprifing'manner, through the rocks.
At the Chaldron-.lin, it has worn awav
the fofter parts of the flone, aud formei
immenfe pits, into which the water falls
with a tremendous noife. Below this, the
whole river Is precipitated in one ffieet,
f?ora a height t)i 40 fee?. Dfiionffir*,

D I A

DIE

Siiionfeirc, an EngUfli county, 69 miles
teng, and 64 broad ; bounded N and N W
by the Briftol Channel, S and S E by the
EngUfli Channel, and W by Cornwall. It
lies in the diocefe of Exeter ; contains 33
hundreds, one city, 37 market towns, and
394 pariflies ; and fends a6 members to
parliament. There are 1,600,000 acres,
and 400,000 inhabitants. The air is
healthful in the vallies, and fo mild that
the myrtle grows unflieltered ; but it is
cold and bleak oq the mountains. The
foil is various, fpr the lower grounds are
naturally fruitful, and the hills are very
barren. In the eaftern parts there is plen
ty, not only of good corn, but of fine paf-
furage for flieep, wliere the grounds are
dry and chalky. The fouthern part of
the county is remarkably fertile, and is
as juftly called The Garden of Eievon-
fliire, as Italy is The Garden of the World.
Fruit trees are plentiful, efpecially apples,
from which a great quantity of cider is
piade. On the coaft is found plenty of a
peculiar rich fand, of fingular fervice to
huffiandriien ; and thofe who live at a
(llftance from the fea purcliJife it to ini-
prove their poor lands. The weftern
parts abound with game, efpecially hares,
pheafants, and wppdcocikis. In the S W
parts are great quantities pf marble, arid
in many places marble rocks are found
to be the bafis of the high road. The
principal rlversare the Tamar,Ex,TeigHe,
and Dart. Exeter is the capital.
Deux Pants, a town of Germany, in the
palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a duchy
ofthe fame name, feated on the river Er-
bach, 49 iniles N by W Straffiurg, and 50
S W Mentz, loni 7 ^6 E, lat. 49 f 6 N.
Deynfe, fee Deinfe.
Dezizc, A town of Egypt, on the Nile,
fuppofed to be the place vvhere the proph
et Jeremiah was buried, near Cairo.
Diarbeck, or Diarbekir, a province of
Turkey in Afia, between the Tigris and
Euphrates ; boupded ori the N by Tur
comania, on the E by Perfia, on the S by
Irac Arabia, and on the W by Syria. It
was the ancient Mefopotamia.
Diarbekar, ari ancient town pf Turkey,
in Afia, capital pf the prpvince bf Diar
beck, feated on the river Tigris, The
Turks are more aftable here than in other
places, with regard to the chriftians, who
are above 20,000 in number. It; has a
great trade in red Turkey leather, and
cotton cloth of the fame colour. Copper,
iron, and filk, are alfo manufaClured
here. People of the fame trade live in
the fame flrect. The buildings are of

hewn ftone, a wall of the fame furround^
the city : the ftreets are paved. Here
are various feCts pf chriftians : it is 150
mfles N W Aleppo, lon. 39 40 E, lat, 37
i8 N. ¦ jr Jackfon.]
Piavola, an ifland in the Grecian Ar
chipelago, lat, 37 27 N,
Dibe, or Pefchiera, A town pf Egypt, On
the coafl ofthe Mediterranean : iS miles-
S E Damietta.
Dihi, a town of Egypt, on the W fide"
of the NUe : 8 miles S iE Rpfetta.
Dibra, a town pf Eurppean "Furkey, In ¦
Macedonia^ on the confines of Albania. It-
was befieged by the Turks in the year
1442, who found means to convey a dead-
^og Into the only fpring which fupplled-
the town vvith vvater, which compelled.
the inhabitants to fqrrender : 30 miles N
Akrida. Dickvol, A tovvn pf the ifland of Ceylon,
near the S coaft ; 102 miles S Candy.
Dicrich, A town pf the duchy pf Luxem
burg, pn the river Sempy, furrpunded
with a wall, 15 miles N Luxemburg, and
15 NW Treves.
Die, a town of Frarice, department oS<
the Dr6me, fituated on the Drome : 24
miles S E Valencia.
Diego Garcias, or Chagas, an Iflarid of'
Africji, in the Indian Sea, ten. 68 10 E,
lat. 8 45 S.
Biemen, (Straits of,) betvveen the coaft of
Afia, and the Iflarid of Japan.
Diemens, or Van Diemen's Land, thb-
fouthern coaft of New Holland, fo called '
by Tafman, who firil dlfcovered It in the
year }642,
Dieph'olz, A county of Germany, in
WeftphaUi. The Inhabitants fubfift chief
ly by breeding cattle, which they fell in
the countries bordering on the Rhine.
They likewife have manufaClures of coarfe '
'W'oollen fluff, and coarfe linen, which lat
ter lias a confiderable fale in Holland,
Bremen, and America. It contains four
towns, and abcfut 1900 houfes. The in
habitants are Lutherans.
Diepholz, capital of a county to which
It gives name, is on the Hunte : 30 miles'
SSW Bremen. ' '
Dieppe, a feaport town of France, and
principalplaceof a diftriCl, In the depart
ment of the Lower Seine ; ' fituated ber
tvveen two rocky mountains, at the moutli
pf the river Bethune, (which makes its
harbour,)' In the Englifli Cliannel, with a
good harbour, but narrow ; capable of
containing only about 200 veffels, of no?
above 400 tons burthen, with about 18
feet at hiel^ water. It contains about

D I L

D I N

AI ,000 inhabitants. Packet boats pafs'
"between this place and Brighthelmftone ;
29 miles N Rouen, lon. i 9 £, lat. 49
56 N.
Dief, A town of Brabant, on the De
mer, in which are carried on confiderable
manufaClures of cloth, and ftockings, 12
milea N E Louvain, and aa W Maef
tricht. Dietz, a town of Germany, in the Up
per Rhine, and capital of a county to
which it gives name, formerly independ
ent, but now united to the principality
ef Naffau, under the name of Naffau. Dietz,
fituat'ed on the Lahn. It contains two
churches for Calvlnifts, and one for Lu
therans : a3 mUes W Wetzlar, aud 25 N
Mentz. Dieu, (Ifc de) an ifland in the Atlantic,
near the coaft of France, about 7 miles
long, and 2 wide : 15 miles SSW Nolr-
Sioutier, lat. 46 42 N.
Dieiife, a town of France, department of
the Meurte, celebrated for its fait works :
82 miles N £ Nancy, and 27 S E Metz.
Dignant, a town of Venetian Iftria, about
a league from the Gulf pf Venice, lon- 13
S £, lat. 45 10 N.
Digne, A town of France, department of
the Lower Alps, on a fmall river, at the
foot of fome mountains, containing about
3000 fouls, with fome celebrated mineral
-waters, ufed both externally and inter-
naUy : a8 miles S Apt, ten. 6 12 E, lat.
41 5 N.
Bijon, a town of France, department bf
C&te de'Or, on the Ouche, in a fertile and
charming plain, bounded by a ridge of
iBountains, on the fide of which,' the In
habitants cultivate vines, of which they
make excellent wine ; It has 4 gates, and
3 fauxbourgs, and is near a league in cir
cumference. The walls are handfome,
but the foitifieations old. It formerly
contained 7 parlffies, 4 abbies, ii con
vents, a college, an Kofpital, &c. and
35,000 fouls : 138 miles S E Paris, lat,
47 18 N. _
Di'U, A high mountain Of India, on the
coaft of Malabar : 24 miles N N "W Tel-
Jichery, lon, 75 a E, lat. 1 2 i N.
Dillenburg, a town of Weftphalia, and
capital of Naffau Dillenburg, fituated on
the Dille ; near It is a furnace for the
fmelting of copper ; 14 miles N W Wetz
lar. Dillingen, A town of Swabia, near tlie
Danube ; 25 miles NNW Augffiurg, and
24 N £ Ulm.
Dilygan, a town In the territory of Caf-
fac, dependent on Perfia. It confifts of

about aoo houfes, ftands on a river at the
foot of a mountain, which is a part of
"Faurus. Thefe mountains are inhabited
by Georgian and Armenian chriftians :
but they are fo alienated, that they wfll
not live in the fame village. The foil is
rich, and the number of their villages in
credible. Moft of their houfes are cav
erns hoUowed out of the ground, the reft
are built of tegs, with flat tops, covered
vvith turf, through which is an opening
for the fmoak to afcend.and Ught to ea
ter. [Chardin.]
Dimfluc, a town of -Romania, ou a
mountain, 12 miles S W Adrianople.
Dinan, or Dinant, A tbwn of France, de
partment ofthe Nortli Coafts, furrounded
with thick walls ; fituated In a fertile
country; the number of inhabitants is
about 4000, the chief manufaClures are
of linen and thread : near it is a chaly
beate fpring : 1 7 miles S St. Mate.
Dinant, A town of Weftphalia, near the
Meufe; containing 8 churches, 6 ccn-
vents, 2 lipfpitals, and a cpUege. The
chief trade Is in leather ; near it are quar
ries pf marble and other ftone, with fome
mines of Iron ore : la miles S Namur,
and 5 N Charlemont, ten. 6 o E, lat. 50
16 N.
Dinant, A bay of France, on the W coaft
of the department of Flolfterre, in the
Englifli Channel, between Breft Road,
and the Bay of Douarnenez.
Dinafmawdd'wy, a town of Nbrth Wales,
in the county of Merioneth, 35 miles N
W Montgomery, and 196 "W N W Lon
don. Dindigul, a city of India, in the My-'
fore country, capital of a diftriCt or cir-t
car to which it gives name: 51 mfles S
W Trichlnopoly, lon. 78 6 E, lat. iq
23 N.
Dingle, A feaport townof Ireland, county
of Derry, fituated on the N coaft of a large
bay to which it gives name. It vvas a
place of great note and commerce, and
though the town fliovvs at prefent fome
marks of decay, it preferves fome trade,
and expprts butter, beef, corn, and linen ;
4 miks W Llraetlc, lon. 108 W, lat. 5 a
8 N.
Ding^wall, a town of Scotland, county of
Rofs, with a manufacture of linen, fituat
ed at the bottom bf the Frith of Crpmar-
ty : 9 miles W Fprtrofe.
Dinkelffuhl, or Dunkefpuhl, an Imperial
town of Germany, in Swabia, fituated on
three hills, near the Wernitz. "I'he In
habitants are partly Proteftants and part
ly Roman CathoUcs; and the magiftracy

D I X

DOG

!s compofed of one half each : i6 miles
S W Anfpach.
Difapfiiintment (Iflands of,) two iflands
in the S Pacific Ocean, lon. 141 5 to la
W, lat. 14 5 to 10 S.
Difappointment, Cape, on the ifland of
Southern Georgia, in the Pacific Ocean,
ten. 36 15 W, lat. 54 58 S.
Difmtes, one of the eight jurifdiClibns
iri the fuperior part of the Grifon league :
fituated about the fources of the Rhine ;
mountainous and fertile. The inhabit
ants are Roman -Catholics, and their lan
guage a mixture of Latin, German, and
ancient Celtic. In this country about 16
leagues long,are mines of copper and filver.
Dijhne, a town of Egypt ¦- 16 miles N
E Mfennf. Difmii, A tovvn ef Japan, where the
Dutch carry on a confiderable trade.
Difs, a town of England, county of
Norfolk, containing about 600 houfes.
Here are manufaClures of ftockings- and
coarfe hempen cloth ; 92 miles iN N E
London. Diu, an ifland in the Indian Sea, near
the S coaft of the country of Guzerat,
about 3 miles long, and i broad, vvith a
town of the fame name, that has a good
port, fubjeCl to the Portuguefe. It is'
fituated W of the Gulf of Cambaya,
ten. 70 5 £, lat. 20 45 N.
Divandurau, the name of 5 fmall iflands
in the Indian Sea, near the Maldives.
Dixan, the firft town in Abyffinia, on
the fide of Taranta. It is built on the
top of a conical hill ; a deep valley fu: -
rounds it like a trench, and the road
winds fpirally up the hill till it ends a-
mong the hpufes. The inhabitants con
fift of Moors and Chriftians, whofe only
trade is the felling of children. "I'he
Chriftians bring fuch as they have ftolen
in Abyffinia to Dixan, where the Moors
receive them, and carry them to a mar
ket at Mafuah, whence they are fent to
Arabia or India- The priefts of the pro
vince of Tigre are openly concerned In
tbis infamous traffic, lon- 40 7 E, lat. 14
57 N. [Bruce,]
Dixmude, a town of Flanders on the
river Yperlee ; the fea came formerly up
to the walls, making a fmall arm capable
of receiving merchant veffels. It has
feveral convents, and In the Hotel de
Ville they preferve an image of the
Virgin, which they fay ffied many drops
of blood from a wound given by a Ger
man foldier with his fword. Dixmude is
much celebrated for its excellent butter :
XI miles S Oftend.

Iljar, a fmall port on the Red iSeii, Ti*-
33 36 9 N, [Bruce]
Dnieper, anciently the Borifthenes, a
large river of Ruffia, vvhich rifes in the
government of SmolenIko, and flowing
in a foutherly dircClion, enters the Black
Sea, between Cherfon and Oczakow.
From ils fource to its mouth, it now flow*
entirely through the Ruffian dominions ;
and through this whole courfe, of above
800 miles, its navigation is only once in
terrupted by a feries of cataraCls, which
begin below the mouth of the Samara,
and continue for above 40 miles ; but
thefe may be paffed in fpring, without
much hazard, even by loaded barks. In
other feafons of the year, the goods are
landed at Kemenfk, oppofite the mouth
of the Samara, and tranfported 40 miles
by land to Kitchkafe, 6 miles from the
fortrefs of Alexandrowfk, where they
are again embarked and dcfecnd the
ftream to Cherfon.
Dniefr, or Niefer, a river of Poland,
which pafl'es by Halics, Choczim, .Saroka,
Rafzeow, Egerlik, Bender, &c. and emp
ties itfelf Into the Black Sea, at Aker
man. , Dailen, a town of the duchy of Cour
land : 6 miles N E Mittaw.
Dobrzyn, a town of Poland, and capi
tal of a diftriCl of the fame name, fituat
ed on a rock near the banks of the Vift
ula 20 miles N W Plotfko.
Daekum, A town of the United Dutch
States in Frifeland, on the river Ee, vvith
a good port. They preferve in this city
a manufcript of the gofpels, faid to be
written by Boniface, the German apof
tle, and fecond bifliop of Utrecht, who
fuft'ered martyrdom with 51 of his com
panions, in the year 739- The town is
very neat and pleafant, and has a good
town houfe, built on the fide of a grand
canal, over which is a handfome bridge;
it is defended by a good rampart of eartli,
ditches, and baftions- The admiralty of
the province is held here : 10 miles N E
Lewarden, lon- 5 41 E, laf. 53 ao N-
Dodbrook, A town of England county of
Devon ; 15 miles S W Dartmouth.
Doel, A town of Flanders, on the
Scheldt, oppofite Lillo.
Doeffurg, A town of the Dutch ftates,
county of Zutphen, rich and populous :
8 miles SSW Zutphen, and 9 N E Am-
ham, lon. 5 36 E, lat. 5a 4 N.
Dagado, that part of the Venetian
ftates in which is the capital ; it extends
from the mouth of the LIfonzo to tbat
of che Adige between the country of
FriuU,

D 6 M

t) O N

friali,' fhe Paduan, and the Pokfin.-de-
Rovigno; including the canals of Venice
aud the canals of Maranb.
Dogger^ Bank, A very extenfive fand
bank in the German Ocean, between the
coaft of England and Germany.
Doixgoi, an ifland of Ruffia, in the
frozen. Sea, at the entrance pf the Straits
of Vagatflioi, lat. 70 5 N-
- Dal, ^ ancient town of France, de
partment of the lUe and Vilaine, fituat
ed in a marfliy country about a league
.from the fea ; the air is unhealthy, and
the town thinly inhabited, It contains
about laoo houfes : ai miles S E St,
Malo-; Dolce Aequa, A tovi>n of Piedmont,
county of Nice, on the Navia, the cap
ital of .a marquifate, defended with a
ftrong caftle and fortrefs- The land pro
duces all things neceffary, efpecially ex
cellent wine, figs, almonds, filberts, ap
ples, citrons, lemons, melons, legumes
of all forts, and excelleii-t oil : 16 mfles
ENE Nice.
DokigHo, A feaport of Albania, at the
mouth of the Drln-
Dole, A town of France, department of
the Jura, on the N fide of the Doubs,
containing between 9000 and 10,000 in
habitants- It was once a ftrong place,
¦but the fortifications were deftroyed by
Louis XIV : 23 miles W S W Befan^on-
Dolgelly, or Dolgeth, a town of North
"Wales, county Of Merioneth, on the
river Avon, at the foot of the mountains
called Kader-Iris : 4O miles S Caernarvon.
Dollart Bay, A large bay or lake of
Germany, in E Friefeland, formed by an
inundation of the fea, in the year 1277,
which at the fame time is fam to have
deftroyed 3 3 villages : 16 miles W Gro
ningen, and 6 S W Emden.
Domfront, a town of France, depart
ment of the Orne, fituated on a moun
tain near the river Varenne, containing
about 1700 inhabitants : 10 leagues W N
W Alen9on, lat, 48 35 N.
Dominica, or 0-Heeva-Qa, one of the
Marquis of Mendoza Iflands, in the S
Pacific Oce.in, mountainous, rocky, and
apparently barren ; about 16 leagues in
circumference, lon. 139 2 W, lat, 9 41 S.
Domitz, A town and fortrefs of Germa
ny, in Lower Saxony, and duchy of
iMecklenburg, at the conflux of the
Elbe and the Elda : 34 miles S Schweriu,
lon. II 41 E, lat. 53 10 N.
Dommel, A river of Brabant, which
paffes by Bois-le-Duc, where it recei"res
the Aa, and joining the Meufe, forms,

wilh that river and the Walial, the irf^
and of Bommel.
Dom d'Ofello, or Doffola, a town of Pi
edmont, in the valley of Offola, defended
by a fprtrefs : 51 miles N W Milan, and
70 N N E Turin.
Domremy, A tpwn of France, depart.
ment of the Meufe. The birthplace of
the celebrated maid of Orlearis, Joan
d'Arc : 3 leagues and a half E Bar-le.!
Due. Don, A large river that feparates Eu
rope from Afia. It iffues from lake St.
John, in the government of Mofcow,
and divides near Tcherkafle, into three
ftreams, vvhich fall intb the fea bf A-fpph.
This river has fp many windings, is fo'
fliallpw in many parts, and has fuch hu-
merpus flioals, as to be fcarcely naviga
ble, except iu the fpring, on the meltiiig
of the fnows ; and its mouths alfo^re fo
choked up with fiind, tbat flat bottom
boats orily, except in the fame feafon,
can pafs into the fea of Afoph. [Coxe.]
Don, A river of Scotland, vvhich rifes
In Aberdeenfliire, joins the Uric Water
at Inverary, and paffing by Kin tore, falls
into the Britifli Ocean at Aberdeen,
within 2 miles of the mouth of the Dee.
Both thefe rivers are noted for the fal
mon fifliery.
Don, A river in Yorkfliire, which wa
ters Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaf-
ter, and joins the Aire, near its termin
ation with the Oufe.
Donaghadee, a feaport of Ireland, iu
t't.e cbunty of Down, fituated on the %
coaft, at the entrance of the N channel,
where packets are eftabliflied for the
purpofe of carrying the mails and pafr
fengers to Port Patrick, in Scotland, a
diftance not quite 7 leagues : 15 miles E
Belfaft, lon. 5 25 W, lat. 54 37 N.
Donauefchingen, or Donefchingen, A towri of
Germany, In Swabia, fituated in the Black
Foreft, where the prince of Furftenberg
has a palace, near which is a fpring, faid
to be the fource of the Danube ; 13 miles
NNW Schaffhaufen, and 13 W DuttUn-
gen. Donawert, a tovvn of Bavaria, on the
Wernitz, near Its union with the Danube,
30mIIesW Ingolftadt, and 18 N Augffiurg.
Doncafer, A town of England, in the 'W
riding of York, governed by a mayor and
aldermen, 97 miles S Diirham, and 160
N London.
Danchery, A town of France, department
of the Ardennes, on the Meufe : it is dcr
fended with walls, and has a vi'ooUen man
ufacture, I league W Sedan. Donegal,

DOR
Donegal, a town of Ireland, which gives
name to the county, fituated at the mouth
6f the river Efk, on a large bay of the
Atlantic, on the W coaft of the Ifland,
called from the town. The Bay of Donegal :
9 milfes NNE BaUyfliannon.
Donegal, A county of Ireland, bounded
on the W and N by the fea, on the E by
the counties of Londonderry and Ty
rone, and on the S by the county of Fer
managh and ain ajm of the fea , Called the
Bay of Donegal, about 70 miles in length,
and from 10 to 30 in breadth ; it is com
puted to contain only 42 parlffies, 23,531
houfes, and 140,000 inhabitants. The
furface is generally very rugged and
mountainous, In fome parts boggy, -with
fome rich vales between the mountains
and by the fides of the rivers.
Donneraile, A town and borough of Ire
land, county of Cork ; 1 9 miles N Cork '
Near it are quarries ef fine marble.
, Donnington, or Dunningtan, a town of
England, county of Lincoln, with a good
trade in hemp and hemp feed, and a port
for barges, by which goods are conveyed
to Bofton and the Waflies : 1 1 miles 'W S
W Bofton, and iioN London.
Donfial, a town of Egypt : 10 miles N
W Foua.
Donfaw, a town on the S fide of the
Black Sea, remarkable for Its fait pits.
The fait is made by letting in the water
where It evaporates. Two hundred vef
fels are annually loaded, vvhich cofts noth
ing, but the labour of loading it. It Is 50
miles E Caffa. [Chardin.]
Dooah, A fraCl of fertile land of Hin
dooftan; between the rivers Ganges and
Jumnah ; belonging to the Nabob of
Oude. Doon, A river of Scotland, which runs
from a loch of the fame name In the coun
ty of Air, into the frith of Clyde, about 3
miles S Air.
Dora, now called Tartoura, a city of
Paleftine, on the Mediterranean, vvith a
bad harbour. It lies near mount Carmel
towards Casfarla. [D'Anville.]
Doran, A town of Arabia, in the coun
try of Yemen; fituated on the declivity
of a mountain, the refidence of feveral
Imans : 28 miles S Sana, lon. 44 4 E,
lat. 14 5s N.
Dorat, a town of France, department of
the Upper Vienne ^ 8 leagues N Li
moges. Darchefer, A town of England, and capi
tal of Dorfetfliire, containing 3 pariflies.
It is a borough town, fending 2 members
to parUament. This town has long been
Vot, II. A a

D.O R
\
celebrated for its ftrong beer, which forms
a very confiderable branch of trade, both
here and at Cerne. It Is computed that
600,000 flieep are fed within 6 mfles of
Dorchefter, and the ewes are obferved
gfenerallyv to bring two lambs: 53 mUes
E Exeter, and 120 W London,
Dordogne, A river of France, which joins
the Garonne, between Blaye and Bour
deaux. Dordogne, A department of France, part
of the province of Perigord, bounded on
the N E by the department of the Upper
Vienne, and on the N W by the depart
ment of Charente. Perigueux is the
capital. V
aDarnach, or Dorneck, a bailiwick of Swif
ferland, in the canton of Soleiere, which
takes its name from a ftrong caftle, cele
brated for a vIClory obtained by the Swifs
over the Auftrians in the year 1499. The
Swifs had only 6000 men, the enemy
amounted to 15,000, of whom 3000 were
left dead on the field. This was almoft
decifive ofthe Swifs independence.
Darnock, a feaport town of Scotland, fit
uated on a frith or arm of the German
Sea, called the Frith of Dornoch, now much
decayed from Its former grandeur : 24
miles N Invernefs.
Dorpat, or Dorpt, a town of Ruffia, in
the government of Riga : formerly the
fee of a bifliop, in the palatinate of Livo
nia. Peter the Great annexed it to Ruf
fia : 116 miles NNE Riga, and 132 S W
Peterffiurg. Dorfetfiire, a countyof England : bouhd-
ed on the N by Somerfetfliire and Wilt-
ffiire, S by the Britifli Channel. It is for
the moft part hilly ; the foil is, in gene
ral, ffiallow, over a chalky bottom, but
fome of the vallies are very rich ; the
whole is eftimated at 805,000 acres, of
which 250,000 are fuppofed to be in til
lage, 80,000 vvater meadow, 90,000 paf
ture, 9000 woods and - coppices, 290,000
flieep pafture, and 86,000 uncultivated.
The number of flieep kept in this county-
is eftimated at upwards of 800,000, of
which 150,000 are annually fold, and fent
out of the county. Great advantages are
derived from the flieep, not only from
the fleece and c.arcafs, but likewife from
the manure. In one particular. Inftance
the flieep owners excel all other parts of
the kingdom, vvhich is, in providing ewes
to yean at a remarkably early feafon, in
the midland counties, which fupply the
metropolis with fat lambs. I'he wool
produced in this county is ffiort and fine,
of a clofe texture, and. the quaUty of it Is
highly

DOR

DOR

highly efteemed In tbe manufaClure of
that ftaple commodity called broadcloth.
The wether flieep are conftantly folded
al! the year round, running over the ewe
leas, or downs, by day, and are penned
on the tiU3g;e by night ; they are penned
late in the evening, and let out from the
fold before fun rife in the winter, and
not later than 6 o'clock In the fummer.
The ewes are folded only In fummer, that
is, when they have no lambs. From a
due obfervation of the quaUty and num
ber of flieep bred and kept in the county,
it may be fuppofed, with fome degree of
accuracy, that the produce of wool- an-
nuaUy is 90,000 weys, or weights of 3 1
. pounds each. Among various articles of
great import to the cosnmunity in the
county of Dorfet, may be reckoned the
cultivation of hemp and flax, and their
manufaClure. In the neighbourhood of
iBrldport and Beminfter,all forts of twine,
ftring, packthread, netting, cordage, and
rope, are made ; from, the fineft thread,
ufed by fadlers in lieu of filk, to the cable
vvhich holds the firft rate man of war.
The nets made for the fifliery at New-
fotmdland; ' as well as for home ufe, and
the fails.fsr,>flllpplng of every kind, are
manufaClured of the beft quality, as well
as facking for hammocs, &c. and all kinds
of hags. and tarpaulins ; and. In addition
to the great quantity of flax and hemp
ufed here, not more than one third of it
is aUpwed by the manufaClures to be of
Britifli growth ; the remaining two thirds
of It is imported from Ruffia and Ameri
ca, as raw materials. The manufaClure
carried on at Beminfter, employs up
wards of 2000 people. AtTJridport there
are a great nuniber of manufaClures, and
about 1800 people are faid to be employ
ed In this town ; and in Its environs, as
far as 7 or 8 miles round, upwards of
7000 people are In conftant work. No
ores of any kind have been found in this
county, nor mines of coals ; but quarries
of excellent ftone are found In the ifland
of Purbeck, near the fea, where upwards
of 400 people are employed in digging
and tooUng the ftone. The ftone ob
tained at Purbeck is ufed for walling,
fl/tiors, fteps, foot pavements, &c. About
50,000 tons are annually ffiipped at
Swannage. The whole ifland of Port
land feeriis to be one entire mafs of the
moft beautiful ftone, chiefly ufed in the
metropolis and elfewhere for the mofl
fuperb buildings, and Is unlveifally ad
mired for its clofe texture and durability,
IkrpafliBg any other, About a mile dif-

: tant from Corf-Caftle, are fpund Ikrgd
quantities pf pipe clay, which is in great
eftimation, and abfolutely neceffary for
the ufe of the potters in Staffordfliire and
other places : about ii,c^o tons arc an
nually fent from this place for that pur-
pc^e, aad about 100 men are conftantly
employed in digging it. Spine of the pits
are not more than 10 or la feet deep.
Dorfetfliire is divided into 34 hundretk,
which contain aa towns, and a48 pariflies.
It fends 20 members to parliament. The
Inhabitants are eftimated at 89,000.
Deri, or Dordrecht, a city of HoUand».
which holds the firft rankin the affembljp'
of the States ; it Is the capital of a fmafl
territory called the Baili^wick of Dart, aud
is fituated on a fmall ifland,' formed by
the waters ofthe Meufe, the Merwe, the
Rhine, and the Linge ; feparated from
tlie -ifle of Iffelmond by the Meufe, and
from the ifle of Beyerlaridt by a canal. It
vvas firft detached, from the main land,
Npvember 17th, 1421, by an Irruption of
the rivers, which broke down the dylces,
drowned 100,000 perfons, and deftroyed-
72 viUages : this dreadful calamity, it is
faid, was owirig toia peafant, who, out of
\hatred, wifliing to drown his neighbour,
opened the dyke between Gertrudenburg,
and D.ort,.pot doubting of his being able
to ftpp it again when the bufiaefs was.
done; but.the tide being affifted bythe
wind, the waters ppured in vyith fuch fu-^
ry that it carried all befpre It, men, cattle,
and even hpufes :. they record the won
derful prefervatlon of a child vvhich was
borne in a cradle by the waters fafe to
Don. The town is large and well pao-
pled, npt regularly fortified, but defended.
with feveral tpwers ; its fituation is very
convenient for trade,' efpecially in wine,
corn, wood, and other produClions of
Germany, and the countries connected
with the Rhine and the Meufe. In 1618
and 1619, was held a famous affembly of
the clergy from all the Proteftant ftates-
in Europe, called the Synod of Dort, to
inquire Into and fettle the difputcs be
tween the Arminians and Calvlnifts called ,
Gomarifts, Ptherwife called Rempnftrants
jnd Antl-rempnftrants. The dpClrlnes
of Arminlus were condemned ; and Vor-
ftius, profeffor at Leyden, the principal
defender of thofe tenets, with above a
hundred minifters ana profeffors, were
baniflied from the United States, becaufe
they refufed to fubfcribe to the decree of
the Synod : John Olden Barnevclt was
beheaded ; the celebrated Hugo Grotius
was fentenced to perpetual imprifonment ;
aivd

D O U

DOW

Tifld other learned men, favourers of that
opinion, puniflied. It has two canals, by
means of which veffels loaded may enter
the city. It furrendered to the French,
Jan. 1795 : 35 miles S Amfterdam, and 10
S E Rotterdam.
Dortmund, an Imperial town of Germa
ny, in Weftphalia, on the Embs ; 40 miles
W Cologn, and 25 S S W Munfter.
Douay, A city of France, and capital of
the departraeiit of the North : large and
ftrong, fituated on the Scarp, which is
navigable for boats. It contains 7 parifli
es, and 2735 fires. It has long been cele
brated for its £nglifli coUeges, vvhithcr
the Roman Catholics ef that nation were
generally fent for education : 15 miles N
W Cambray, -ten. 3 10 E, lat. 50 22 N.
Daubs, a depa«m%nt of France, which
itakes i(s iiame from the river which paff
es through i» ; bounded on the N by the
departments of*lie Upper Saone and Up
per Rhine, on the E by Swifferland. Be-
.fan9on Is tlie capital.
Doubtful Ifland, an illand In the S Pacific
•Ocean, feen by Monf. Bourgainville, lon.
a'41 38 W, lat. 17 ao Si
Doubtful Harbour, a bay on the W coaft
of the foutheijnmoft Ifland of New Zea
land, in the SouthvPacIfie Ocean, ten. 168
50 "VV, lat. 45 16 S.
Done, A town of France, department of
the Mayne and Loire, 800 inhabitants, 9
Iriiles S W Saumur.
Dover, a feaport town of England,
county of Kent. This Is the .moft con
venient part to fail from tP France, be
ing only 9 leagues acrofs the Channel tp
Cal^, and with a fair vvind tJie vpyage
is generally perfpi'ined in the tide, and
packets are conftantly going backwards
and forwards in time of peace : veffels of
any fize can enter only at high water.
iDover Caftle can contain a great number
*f troops, and has always been confidered
as a place of confequence in civU com
motions. The harbour is made by a gap
in the cliffs which are of a fublime height,
though exaggerated in Shakefpear's fine
defcriptioa. Hence in fair weather, Is a
profpeCl of the coaft of France : 71 miles
E S £ London, ten. a a3 E, lat, 51 8 N,
Douglas, A town of Scotland, county of
Lanerk, 8 miles S Lanerk.'
i)w(g-/ai-, a feaport town of the ifle of
Man, on a large bay to vvhich it gives
name. In the Irifli Sea, with a harbour for
veffels of tolerable burden ; the trade and
number of ijihabitants have greatly in
creafed within the laft 50 years, ten. 4 25
W. lat. 54 9 N.

Doulexs, or Dourlens, a town of France,
department bf the Sbmmc : 15 mUes N
Amiens. Doiirak, A tbwn Of Perfia, near the con
fluence of the Euphrates aud Tigris, re
markable for the reed of which they
make pens, ten. 56 57 E, lat. 3a 15 N.
Dourdan, A town of France, dep-artment
of the Seine and Oife, on the Orge. The
corn niarket is large, and there are man
ufaClures of worfted and filk hofe : a5
miles S W Paris.
Dowlatabad, a province of Hindooftan,
otherwife called Amednagur.
Dowlatabad, a town and fortrefs of Hin
dooftan, which gives name to a confidera
ble province In the Deccan. The fortrefs
is fituated on a fteep rock, not to be af
cended by a horfe or camel : the town 13
at the foot of the rock, was once very
flourlfliing, but has been ruined by wars,
9 miles N 'W Aurungabad, and 92 S Bur
hampour. Down, or Da-wn Patrick, a town of Ire
land, capital of the county of Down, 25
mfles -E Newry.
Down, A county of Ireland ; -bounded
Nby the county of Antrim, .£ and S by
the Irifli Sea. The number of houfes is
computed at 36,636, and of inhabitants
204,500. The furface Is Irregular, about
the center mountainous, hut moft parts
fertile. An Irregularity ef ground, well
watered, abounding in bleach-greens, and
fuU of neat and cleanly habitations, with
an orchard to almoft every cottage, af
ford a moft cheerful and pleafing prof
peCl of the comfort and opulence of the
inhabitants, who are chiefly employed
in the manufaClure of linen, the aniiu,al
tales of which amount to 650,000 dollars.
In the rougher parts of the country they
breed a great number of horfes, with
which the fairs of diftant counties are
fuppUed. This county derives equal ad
vantages from Its maritime fituation, and
Its Inland waters. A canal Is continued
from Newry to the South Bann, aud fo
into Lough Neagli. From this lake to
Belfaft, another canal has beeu lately cut,
at the expenfe of the marquis of Eelfaft ;
and the river I^agan, vvhloli feparates
Dovvn from Antrim, Is alfo made naviga
ble. Fourteen members of parUament
are deputed from this couuty.
Dowiibam, a town of England, county
of Norfolk, 86 miles NNE Loudon.
Downs, A road for fliipplng in the Eng
lifli Channel, near the coaft of Kent, ex
tending from the North tp the South
Foreland,

D R I

D R O

Foreland, about 2 leagues in length. It
is a famous rendezvous for fliips.
Downton, a town of England, couuty of
Wilts. The principal trade of the town
is malting, paper-making, and tanning ;
and the principal employment of the
.poor is making lace : 6 miles S Saliffiury.
Draguigmn, A town of France, depart
ment of the Var ; containing about 9000
inhabitants : 10 miles N W Frejus.
Drave, A river of Germany, whicli rifes
in the mountains of Tyrol, and joins the
Danube, about 16 miles below Efzek, in
Sclavonia. Drayton, A town of England, county of
Slitopffiire : 18 miles N W Stafford, and
154 N W London.
Drefden, a city of Germany, and capital
of Saxony, fituated at the conflux of the
Elbe, and the Weferltz. It Is the feat of
the principal tribunals of the country ;
and divided into 3 towns, Drefden, Neu-
ftadt, and Frederlckftadt. In Drefden,
on the right bank ofthe Elbe, the eleCtor
of Saxony refides in an ancient chateau,
the apartments of which are magnificent,
and furnlffied with > a numerous library,
^ rich cabinet of rare and precious artiy
cles, mathematical inftruments, &c. Be
fides a number of palaces, this quarter
contains an opera-houfe, an arfenal, a
foundry, 3 Lutheran, and i Roman Cath
olic church, the latter of a moft beautiful
architeClure. In the fauxbuurgs are the
prifon, a houfe of orphans, a hofpitals, a
miUtary hofpital, a poor-houfe, a found
ling hofpital, a plate-glafs manufaClure,
&c. In Neuftadt, are extenfive barracks,
the menagerie, the china manufaClure, a
church, a college, &c From the fquare, '
in which is a ftatue of Auguftus II, kitig
of Poland, an eleClor of Saxony. An
aJley of lime trees reaches to Frederlck
ftadt. In the -whole, Drefden Is fuppofed
to contain between 80 and 90,000 in
habitants. The manufaClures are fine
cloth, ferges, flialloons, ftockings, linen,
fluffs of linen and filk mixed, carpets,
Morocco leather, plate-glafs, porcelain,
&c. 62 mUes NNW Prague, and a6a E
Cologn, lon, 13 50 E, lat, 5 i N,
Dreux, A town of France, department
of the Eure and Loire, on the Blaife : 48
miles W Paris.
Driefen, or Ijrefno, a town of Germany,
in Upper Saxony, 90 miles ENE Ber
lin. ~
Driffbor, A town'of Norway : 46 miles
E Romfdal. Driffeld (Great,) a town of England, in
the E riding of the county of York, on a

canal which joins the river Hull : 13
miles N Hull.
Drino Bianca, or White Drino, a river of
European Turkey, which joins the Drino
Nero, 15 miles N W Ibali, where they
form I ftream cafled Drino. ^
Drino, A feaport of Turkey, on the
gulf of Venice : 50 miles S £ Ragufa, lon.
10 19 E, lat. 4a 48 -N.
Drogheda, A feaport town of Ireland,
county of Louth* on the ,, Boyne. It Is a
well built town on both fides of tlie river
Boyne, and Increafes in wealth and com
merce, and the number of Its inhabitants,
which amount to more tbaiji io,QOO. This
port fuppUes the neighbouring country,
fpr many miles rpund, with Englifli cpals,
and ptlier heavfy gppds ; and exports
very confiderable quantities of corn, the
produce of the adjacent and of feveral
pf the inland counties. Here Is alfo a
celebrated fchool, with a very good en
dowment : a3 miles N Dublin,
Droitwich, a town of England, in the
county of Worcefter, containing three
churches, and about 400 houfes, with
large fait works, the duty of which a-
mounts from 150,0601. to aoo,oool, a
year, and the quantity pf fait about
700,000 bufliels. A canal is made from
hence tP the Severn, aborit 3 miles from
Worcefter, for the purpofe of conveying
the fah : 8 miles NNE Worcefter, and
118 W NWLondon. ' ^
Drama, A town of Africa, on the
.Grain Coaft;' noted for its market for
pepper. Drome, a department of France, fitu
ated on the £ fide of the Rli6ne, which
takes its appellation from the river
'Dr6me, which croffes It. Valence is the
capital. Drama, a fmall ifland In the Grecian
'archipelago, lon. 41 46 E, lat. 39 a8 N.
Dromore, A town of Ireland, county of
Down : 15 miles S W Belfaft.
Dronero, A town of Piedmont, on the
Maira, over which is a very higli bridge !
14 iriiles SSW Saluzzo.
Dronfield, A town of England, county
of Derby : 6 miles N Chefterfield, and
153 N W London.
Droniheim, a ' town of Norway, for-
mcrly»tlie capital and the ufual refidence
of the kings, fituated on a gulf of the
N Sea, to vvhich It gives name, at the
mouth of the Nidder ;niearly furrounded -
by the.fca and lofty mountains, with a
well frequented feaport, but not capable
of receiving large -yefl'els on account of
rocks at the entrance of the harbour :
i'i

DUB

DUB

it has neither ditches nor fortifications,
but is enclofed by a wall, and. defended
by a caftle, by no means ftrong. Near it
are mines of copper and .filver. The
principal exports are mafts, fir timber,
copper^ iron, pitch, tar, ftock.fiffi, flcins,
potafli, &c. In exchange," they receive
and import fpices, wine, fait, brandy,
corn, tobacco, cloth, &c. The territo
ry, or province, extends nearly 500
miles in length along the coaft of the N
Sea ; the wjiole was ceded to Sweden in
the year 1658, but by the peace of Co
penhagen was confirmed to Denmark, ten.
10 38 E, lat. 63 26 N.
Drijmlanrig, a town of Scotland in the
county of Dumfries, on the Nith : 13
miles N Dumfries.
Driifes, a people bf Syria, who inhab-'
it a part of Paleftine, on the mountains
of Libanus and Antilibanus, governect
by a prinee of their own. They are In
appearance Mahometans, but have in
reality Uttle religion of any kind. Their
language is pure Arabic.
Dfatchou, or Tfatchou, or Saichau, A riv--
cr of Afia, which rifes in Thibet, and
paffes into the Chinefe province of Yun
nan, where it changes its name to Lant-
fan, after croffing the province of Yun
nan, it takes the name of Kiou-long.
Dsjabhel, a fmall ifland in the Red Sea,
about 8 leagues from the coaft of Ara-
^bia, lon. 43 34 £, lat. 14 4 N.
Dubdu, a town of Africa, in the coun
try of Fez. It was at one time an inde
pendent ftate, and governed by a prince
who took the title of king : 8b miles E
Fez. " Dublin, A county of Ireland, bounded N
by the county of Meath, and E by the
Iriffi Sea. It contains about 142,050
acres, and, in the year 1790, 25,510
houfes, and 107 pariflies, 20 of which
are in the city of Dublin. This county*
is in general flat, except towards the S,
where it is mountainous and rocky, to
wards the fea it is broken Into bays and
creeks, with feveral places of refort for
fea-bathlng. The principal river Is the
Liffy. Dublin, City, the capital of Ireland, fit
uated at the bottom of a fpacioijs bay,
about 7 miles from the fea, on the river
Lifl'y, nearly in the centre of the county
to which it gives name ; extendlisg about
a miles each way, and containing about
16,000 houfes, and 144,000 fouls.' The
river Liffy Is croffed by 6 bridges ; the
fides are embanked with fpacious quays,
fo thalt veffels can load and unload be-

I fore the houfes of the merchants. The
I bay is about 7 miles broad, and unfafe
^n ftormy weather, but the channel is
confined for 3 miles on each fide by a.
broad ftone wall, for the proteClion of
fliips in the road. Veffels which draw
more than 7 feet cannot come up to the
quay. A floating light has been ereClcd
pn the N fide of the harbour, to prevent
accidents, and U^hted every night ; and,
in the day time, a flag is conftantly hoift-
ed from half flood to half ebb. The en
trance into the harbour is thought to be
one of the moft tieautiful in Europe. The
univerfity which was firft projected in the
year i3ii,now confifts pf a chancellor,*
vice-chancellor, provoft, vice-provoll, 22
fellows, and 5 royal profefforfliips of di
vinity, common law, civil law, phyfic,
and Greek ; befides thefe, 3 others were
founded by Sir Patrick Dun, of phyfic,
chirurgery, and pharmacy ; there arc
likev, lie prof^orfliips of mathematics,
oriental languages, oratory, hiftory, and
natural philofophy ; the number of ftu
dents is ufually about 400, Including 70
on the foundation. The building is noble
and fpacious, and \confifts of 2 quadran
gles. An obfervatory has been ereCled
on a rocky hill, about 4 miles N W of the
city, where the lord-lieutenant rcfidts.
"Fhe parliament houfe, the Royal Ex
change, and the Cuftom-houfe, are mag-
nifieent buildings, fo arc the courts of
juftice. Other public buildings of note
are the linen-haH, the barracks, the thea
tre, the tollfell or town-houfe, hofpitals
for Invalids, for the children of foldlers
and falters, and for the reception of the
aged and infirm ; for lying-in women, for
the blind, &c. The royal college of phy
ficlans was eftabliflied in the year 1679 5
the royal college of furgeons in the year
1785 ; the academy for the advancement
of fcience, polite literature, and antiqui
ties, in 1786. Other fociet^es are for
foldiers' orphans ; the marine fociety ;
fociety for promoting the linen and hemp
manufacture ; for improving agriculture,
&c. The civil gpvernment pf Dublin is
executed by a terd mayor, recorder, 2
flieriffs, 24 aldermen, and a common
council, formed of reprefentatlves from
the 25 corporations. The mayor triw
all offences, even capital ones, except
murder and treafon, and matters of prop
erty for any fum under 20I. A new po
lice, lately eftabliflied by aCl of parlia
ment, under a chief and 3 affiftant com-
miflioners and 4 divlfioual juftices, vvha
are aldermen of the city, confifts of 40
horfe,

D U I

D U L

litsrfe, and 400 foot, well armed, trained,
»nd clothed, ftationed in watch-houfes,
and patroUing the ftreets every night.
Befides the filk, wooUen, and worfted
manufaClures carried on in that qaarter
of the fuburbs, called. 7"A; Earl of Meath' s
Liberty, and confiderably improved with
in thefe few years, other branches of ufe
ful manufa(9:ure are eftablifliing in differ
ent parts pf the metrppolis ; and though
the trade in Dublin has heretpfpre con
fifted chiefly In the Importation of for
eign commodities, yet now that the re-
ilrlCtioa of its woollen and moft other
goods are removed, it is hoped the daily
enlargement of the export trade will caufe
e ^proportional increafe of opulence.
Dublin is remarkably well fupplled with
provifions ; with coals, chiefly from Scot
land and Cumberland, and with vvater
from the Liffy, by raachines curloufly
«onftruCled at Ifland-bridge on the N,
and from a fine refervoir on the S. Two
canals are begun on the oppofite fides of
the river, with which they are immedi
ately to communicate. "The fouthern
navigation extends upwards of 40 miles,
to the river Barrow, which is navigable ;
and a branch of this canal Is carrying on
>in a weftern dlre&ion towards the Shan-
,non. The northern canal has alfo for its
.object to communicate with that great
river in the county of Longford, and, by
a collateral cut, to unite with the Boyne
navigation, lon. 6 10 W, lat. 53 21 N.
Dudley, A town of England, county of
Worcefter, containing about 2000 fami
lies, mpft pf which are«mplpyed in man
ufacturing nails and Pther articles of iron.
^^here are a churches j io nules W Bir-
OTiingham. Dueren, or Duren, a town of Germany,
in Weftphalia, and duchy of Juliers, one
of the handfomeft and richeft in the
duchy, furrounded with walls, and con
fidered as an Imperial town. It is a
place of fome trade, and has a manufac
ture of clbth : 7 miles SSE Juliers.
Duero, or Douro, a river which rifes near
Agreda, in Spain, and taking its courfe
weftwardly, paffes acrofs the kingdom of
Portugal, having the provinces of Tra-
los-Montc s, and Entre-Duero-e-MInho
on the N, and Beira on the S, and dif
charges its waters into the Atlantic, a lit
tle lielow Oporto.
Duina, or Diina, a river of Ruffia, which
«mpties itfelf into the Baltic at Riga.
This river formed the boundaries be
tween Ruffia and Poland, as fettled in the
year 1773.

Du'mt, or Daino, or Tyleln, a feaport
town of Germany, in the duchy of Carni
ola : 8 miles N W Triefte.
Duiffurg, A town of Germany, In Weft
phalia, and liufliy of Cleves, near the E
bank of the Rhine ; formerly Imperial
and Hanfeatic ; it yet enjoys great priv
ileges, and has a voice and feat at the
provincial diets. It contains a churches,
3 convents, and an univerfity, founded
for Prpteftants, in the year 1655. It is
a ftaple fpr irpn maiiufa<3:ures and cteth :
14 miles N Duffeldprp, and 29 S E
Cleves. Duitz, or Duytz, A town of Germany,
in WeftphaUa, on the E fide qf the
Rhine, oppofite Cologn, chiefly inhabit
ed by Jews, who are not permitted to
dwell at Cologn, or even enter that city,
without permiflion.
Duke of York's If and. An ifland in the S
Pacific Ocean, dlfcovered by commodore
Byron in 1765, lying N of the,FrIendly '
Iflands. Great nunibers of feafowl weie
feen fitting on their nefts, and fo devoid
of fear, that t^ey did not atteni|!t to
move at the approach of the feamen,
but fuffered*" themfelves to be knocked
down ; a fign, that no human being had
ever before been there. The ground was
covered by land crabs, but no other ani
mal was leen, ten. 17a 30 W, lat. 80S.
Duke of Tark's Ifland, an ifland in the S
Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long, lying
between Lord Hovve*s Group and the S ^
E point of New Ireland. The natives
go entirely naked ; are ftont, well made,
and of a light copper colour : their hair
Is "woolly, but they drefs it with greafe
and powder, and make it hang Uke can-
dlewlcks. The ifland is a perfeCt garden,
and produces, befide the plants above-^
mentioned, betlenut, mangoes, bread
fruit, and guavas. Here are alfo^dogs,
(hogs, poultry, and fome fpices, Th£
nutmeg was feen by captain iHunter, whu
anchored in Port Hunter Bay, In thi*
ifland, in May 1791, ten. 15a 4a E, lat,
4 7S.
Dalas, A river of N Wales, in the Ifl»
and of Ariglefea, which runs into the
Irifli Sea, forming a bay and harbour at
its mouth, with a village of the fame
naroe^ frequented on account of the
corn and butter trade and fern aflies :
10 miles N W Beaumaris.
Dulcigno, a town of European Turkey,
in Albania, on the coaft of the Adriatic,
containing about 70GO or 8000 fouls. The
harbpur ferves as a retreat fpr cprfalrs ;
15 mfles S W Scutari, lat. 4a 23 N.
Dulmen,

D U M

DUN

Dutmen, a town of Germany, in Weft
phaUa : 13 miles S W Munfter.
Dhlverton, A tpwn of England, county
of Somerf'et, on the Ex ; the poor In
habitants are chiefly employed in the
manufaClure of coarfe woollvn cteth and
blankets : a7 miles W Bridgwater, and
164 W Lpndpn.
Dulwich, A viUage pf England, cpunty
of Surry, with a mineral fpring,. caUed
Sydenham Wells, and npted fpr a coUege
-founded by.,WIlliam Allen, a coriiedian,
in the year 1619, called The College of
Cod's Gift : 5 miles S £ London.
Dumaring, A town of the ifland of Bor
neo, on the £ coaft, lon. 117 30 E, lat.
a i^N.
Dumbarton, or Lenox^ A county of Scot
land, bounded N by the counties of Ar
gyle and Perth. The eaftern part Is fer
ule in corn, the other parts feed great
flocks of flieep ; but the principal riches
arife from the fiflieries in the techs in
and abput Its cpafls. Lpch Lpmpnd,
Lpch Lpng, and Lpch Gajrte are the
chie^ ; the prlniiipal tpwn is Dumbartpn.
Dumbarton, capital of Dumbartonffiire,
fituated on the N coaft of the Clyde,
at the mouth of the Leven. It Is an
cient, large, but not well built, and de
fended by a caftle, fituated ctefe to tlie
liver, on a vaft rock, formerly deemed
impregnable, and- nbw the refidence of a
garrifon. There is In this town a confid
erable crown and bottle glafs manufac
ture, which employs upwards of 100
hands. Extenfive print-fields in the
neighbouring pariflies alfo employ fome
of the inhabitants of Dumbarton. It
has a good harbour, where large brigs
lie fafe in all weathers. About aooo
tons of ffiipping belong to this place,-
which employ 70 feamen. The number
cf fouls is about aooo : 13 miles W
Glafgow, and 8 N W Paifley.
Dumblane, A tovvn of Scotland, county
of Perth foi"merly the fee of a biffiop,
founded by David I ; part of the cathe
dral, which yet remains, ferves for a par
ifli church : 4 miles N Sterling, and ai
S W Perth.
Dumferline, A manufaCluring tovvn in
Scotland ; 15 miles N W 1" dinburgh.
Dumfries, a county of Scotland ; bound
ed on the N by the county of Lanerk,
S by the Frith of Solway, which divides
it from England. The country is gener
ally mountainous, with fome fertile val
lies on the fides of the rivers.
Dumfries, capital of the above county,
is fituated on an eminence, near the river

Nld, about 10 miles from its mouth, ia*
the Solway* Frith ; with a refpeClable
grammar fchool, and an infirmary. le
is a royal borough, about 8 or 10 coafb-
ing veffels belong to this town, befides %
or 3 which are employed in the Baltic,
and in the wine trade. The coafting
veflels bring in lime, coals, and mer
chant goods of various forts ; they export
potatoes and grain. About a mUe eaft
ward from the town Is a cralg, or rock»
curloufly hollowed, known by the name
of the Maidenboiuer Crag. It Is faid to
have been famous in the times of Druid-
ifm ; and may have received its name
from being the fcene of fome rites prac-
tifed as a teft of virginity. It has 5600,
Inhabitants : 53 miles SSW Edinburgh.
Dunamond, A town of Ruffia, in the
government of Riga, at the mouth ai
the Duina : 15 miles N W Riga.
Dunbar, A feaport town of Scotland^
on the N E coaft of the county of Had
dington, on the German Sea, with a
gopd harbour : the chief trade of the
place is the Greenland and Herring fiffi
ery : a5 miles E Edinburgh, lat. 56 N.
Duncannon Fort, A fort and village of
Ireland, county pf Wexfprd, on the E
coaft of Waterford Harbour : 7 miles,
E S E Waterford.
Dundali, A feaport town of Ireland,
cour.ty of Louth, fituated on a bay^of
the iriffi Sea : manufactures of muflln-
and linen have been eftabliflied here, and
are fiourifliing : 39 miles N Dublin.
Dundee, 1 large and flouriffiing feaport
town of Scotland, county, of Angus, fit
uated on a fmall river on the N fide of
the Frith of Tay, which is here between
a and 3 miles wide. The harbour Is
good, aud capable of receiving Teffels pf
30D tons : In the year 1792, there were
116 veffels belpnging to the port, navi
gated by 698 men, and meafuring 8550!^
tons. Of thefe, 34 were employed iu
the foreign, and 78 in the coafting trade,
and 4 in the whale fifliery. The chief
manufaClures are glafi,, coarfe linen, fail-
cloth, cordage, thread, buckram, tanned
leather, flioes, hats, &c. a fugar houfe
has lately been ereCled with confiderable
fucceis. The number of inhabitants i»-
about 22,000 : 30 miles N Edinburgh,
ten. 3 3 W, lat- 56 27 N- .
Dunfrmling, fee Dumferline.
Dangala, Or Doiikala, A kingdom of Af
rica, ficuated chiefly on the W»fide of
the Nile, in the country of Nubia. It
owes its name to a populous town
buflt on the river Nile, faid to CPntaln 10,00«

D tf N
iOjOOO houfes of wood, lon. 30 37 E, lat.
ao 30 N.
Dungannon, A town of Ireland, in the
county bf Tyrone, near which are coal
inines : 25 miles NNW Newry, and
36 S S E Londonderry. '
Dtingarvan, A feaport town of Ireland ,
county of Waterford, fituated on a bay
ef the Atlantic to vvhich it gives name :
21 miles W S W Waterford, ten. 7 39
W, lat. 52 5 N.
Dungenefs, a cape on the coaft of Kent,
in the EngUfli Channel, ten. o 47 E, lat.
50 55 N.
Dunieli, a town of Scotland, county
cf Perth, on the E fide of the Tay : la
mijes N W Perth. It Is the refort of
much genteel company In fummer.
Dunkirk, or Dunkerque, a feaport of
France, department of the N, It was
only 3 fmall viUage, Inhabited by fiflier
men, tiUSt.Eloy, bifliop of Noyon, built
a church there in the feventh century.
iBy an article of the treaty of Utrecht, it
was agreed, that all the fortifications
fliould be dempliflied, and the harbour
filled up. This article was renewed In
every, fubfequent peace, till the peace pf
1783, after the American war. Since
that time the harbour has again been
cleared, and the fprtlficattens repaired
and rendered impregnable. In 1793,
the Engliffi army, under the duke pf
Yprk, attempted to befiege It, but were
compcUed to retire. It is the moft im
portant town and harbour on the whole
coaft, and having been declared a free
port, had much commerce. By the river
Colm, and two canals, one to Bruges and
the other to Furnefs, It has a vvater com
munication with various parts of the In
terior country. By means of a fluice, 42
feet wide, the bafon within the town wiU
hold forty fliips of the line always float
ing. Dunkirk is divided into Old and
New Town. The number of inhabitants
is eftimated at 80,000 : 22 miles S W
Oftend, lon. a a8 E, lat. 51 2 N.
Dunleer, A town of Ireland, courity of
Louth ; a borough town, which fends a
members to the Irifli parliament : 7
eaUes N Drogheda..
Dunlop, A village in Ayreffiire, cele-
Igrated for its rich aud deUcate cheefe.
Dunmannus Bay, A bay of the Atlantic,
•n the S W coaft of Ireland, In the
county of Cork, about 14 miles in length,
and from 1 to 3 broad, S of Bantry iBay,
affording a fafe harbour, lon. 9 40 "W,
Jat. 51 30 N at Its mouth.
Dunma-w, Great, a town of England,

DUO.
county^of Effex ; has a manufaCkure of ;.
baize ; 37 miles NNE London.
Dunmow, Little, a village in Efl'ex, ad
joining to Great Dunmo;w. It had once a
priory ; and is ftill famous for the cuftom
Inftituted in the reign of Henry III, by
Robert de FitZY^'"i'> *"<' '^°"' ''^^ *^""
ure of the manor ; namely, that what
ever married couple will go to the prio
ry, and fwear, kneeling upon 3 pointed
ftones, that they have not quarrelled, nor
repent'ed' of their marriage, within a year
and a day after It took place, ffiall re
ceive a flitch of bacon. Some old rec
ords mention feveral that have claimed
and received It. It has been aCluall^ re
ceived fo lately as fince* the year 1750,
by a weaver and his wife, of Coggeflial,
In Efl'ex. It has been demanded more re
cently ftill ; but the ceremony being at
tended with a greaf expenfe to the lord .
of the manor, the demand Is now evad
ed. Dunnei, A town of Scotland, county of
Caithnefs. fituated on the E fide of a bay^
to which it gives name. In the year 1791^
the number of fouls was 1400 : 5 miles
E Thurfo. '
Dunnafc, A cape or promontory on the
S E coaft of the Ifle of Wight, in the
Englifli Channel: about 70 "leagues "W
from Beacliy Head, ten. j. 16 W, lat. 50
33 N. *¦
Dunfe, a town of Scotland, co\inty of
Berwick, containing 2324 fouls. About
a mile from the tovvn is a medicinal
fpring, caUed Dimfe Spaw, firft dlfcovered
In the year 1747, and lately repaired at
the expenfe of a gentleman .who vvas cur
ed of a complaint in his flomach : 29
mUes S £ Edinburgh.
Dunfferry, a fmall Ifland near the N
coaft of Scotland : 4 miles E S E Farout
Head. Dunfable, an ancient town of England,
county of Bedford, at the foot of the
Chiltern Hills. The principal trade, and
that very great, is manufaCluring hats,
and bafkets of ftraw : 20 miles S Bed
ford, and 33 N N W London.
Dunfer,A town of England, in the coun
ty of Somerfet : 20 mUes W Bridgewater.
Dunivich, A town of England, county of
Suffolk, formerly confifting of 8 parifhes,
and furrounded with walls and gates :
moft of the town Is deftroyed by encroach
ments of the fea, and not I church left.
The walls of the town enclofc 7 acres,
and the remains of 2 gates are yet vifible :
30 miles N E Ipfwich.
Duquella, a province of Africa, in the
empire

D U R

D Y N

empire of Morocco, about 35 leagues in
length, and 20 broad ; exceedingly fertfle
in corn and paftures.
Duraiava, A towri of Ruffia, in the gpv
ernment of Archangel, on the coaft of the
White Sea : 68 miles W Archangel.
Durance, a river of France, which runs
into the Rh6ne, a little betew Avignpn.
Durango, a town of Spain, province of
Bifcay : about 3 leagues from tlie fea
coaft, and 4 E Bilboa-
Durazzo, a feaport tdSrii of European
Turkey, in Albania, artciently named
Epidarinus and Dyrrachium, ftrong and
populous, with a good harbour; the fee of
a Gteek bifliop : 88 miles SSE Ragufa.
Durbuy, a town of the Netherlands, in
Luxemburg, on the river Ourte : 20 miles
N Baftogne.
Durciheim, or Turckheim, a town of Ger
many, in Upper Rhine : 14 mfles W
Manhelm, and 14 N Landau.
Duren, fee Dueren.
Durham, a county of England ; bound
ed N by Northumberland, E by the Ger
man Sea. It Is about 107 miles in cir
cumference, and divided into 4 wards,
which contain i city, 9 towns, and about
100,000 inhabitants. This county for its
fize, is, perhaps, one of the moft hilly in
the kingdom, the hills are, in^general,
covered with verdure to the top, and ma
ny of them contain lead and iron ores,
coals, lime-ftone, free-ftone, marble, &c.
Crind-ftones are found a little' to the S
of the river Tyne, and not far from New
caftle ; thefe form an article of exporta
tion to moft parts of the habitable gtebe.
There are alfo feveral quarries of fire-
¦flone, immenfe quantities of which are
exported to be ufed in ovens, furnaces,
&c. The climate Is very uncertain, and
the harveft hazardous ; wheat, barley,
oats, and peas, are the chief pro'duClIons.
The principal manufactures are tammies,
carpets, huckaback, cotton in various
forms, fail-cloths, fait, fteel, glafs, rojies,
pottery, iron works, iron founderles, cop
peras, paper, &c. Durham is the capital.
Durham, capital of the above county,
is fituated on 7 hills, and furrounded by
others more lofty, has been whimfically
compared to a crab, the body being rep
refented bv the center of the town, the
cathedral, &c. and the claws, by the fev
eral ftreets branching every way. It Is
almoft furrounded and InterfeCled every
way by the river Wear. It is the fee of
a bifliop, fuffragan of York, who Is lord
paramount of the county, and earl of Seg-
bcrg. The diocefe cxtcnd's over the
Vol. II. Bb

Cpuntles of Durham and Northumbreland
The cathedral Is a grand Gothic building,
and has lately undergone A thorough re
pair. The city contains about aooo
houfes, and about 9000 inhabitants.
The caftle is fupppfed tp have been built
by fpme Englifli, as a prpteClIpn againft
WllUam the Norman, and ftrengthened
and enlarged by him. Befides the cath
edral, there are 6 pther parifli churches :
120 miles S Edinburgh, 66 N N W York,
and 259 N Lpndon, ten. 1 ao W, lat. 54
47 N.
Durlach, A town of Germany, In Swa
bia. It contains a caftle, vvith a mint, a
Latin fchool, manufaClures of china-ware,
cloth, and ftuffs ; the environs are fertile,
efpecIaUy in fruit and wine : 16 mUes S
Spire. Durfey, A town of England, county of
Gloucefter, celebrated for its manufacture
of broadcloth : 15 miles S Gloucefter.
Duffy Bay, on the S W coaft pf the
fouthernmoft'ifland of New Zealand, lon.
166 18 E, lat. 45 40 S.
Dujfeldorp, A city of Germany, in Weft
phalia, on the river Duffel, at its conflux
wli!h the Rhine ; ftrong and well built :
It contains about 10,000 fouls. The pal
ace belonging to the eleCtor Palatine, con
tained a large coUeClion of valuable pic-
ture| and ftatues before the late difturb-
ances, but which are probably removed
farther into Germany ; 20 miles NNW
Cologn. Dutlingen, A town of Germany, in Swa
bia, ou the Danube, over -which is a
bridge, belonging to the duchy of Wur-
tenburg, though not joined to it, fur
rounded with walls : a5 miles N W Con
ftance. Duyveland, an ifland of Zealand, fepa
rated from the S E part of Schouwen, by
a narrow paffage ; its dimenfitms about
3 leagues by 2.
Dwina, A river of Ruffia, which rifes
in the fouthern part of the government
of Vologda, and runs into the White Sea,
a Uttle to the N of Archangel.
Dwina, A river of Lithuania, which di
vides Livonia from Courland, and falls
Into the Baltic; below Riga.
Dyre, a chain of mountains in Africa,
lat, II N, - [Bruce,]
Dyf.rt, A town of Scotland, counry of
Fife, with a fmall harbour on the N fide
of the Frith of Forth ; the principal
trade is in coals : 11 miles N Edinburgh.
Dyniff, a fmall ifland in the Atlantic,
near the W coaft of Ireland, and co-juty
of Galway, lon, 9 44 W, lat, 53 T-d N.
EAGLE

E B E

EDA

-ti.rf(GX.£,- anciently the name bf the
river Nile. [Diodorus Siculus.]
,,1 Eagle Ifland, near the weftern coaft of
Ireland : lon. 9 54 W, lat. 54 17 N;
Eaaoive, or Eooa, or Middelburg, one
of the Friendly Iflands, in the S Pacific
¦iOcean, which abounds with groves of
fruit and other trees, interfperfed with
traCIs co-vered with grafs. It was firft
dlfcovered by Tafman, in 1643, lon. 174
30 W, lat. 21 24 S.
-Earlfan, A tbwn in Berwlckflilre, on
the river Leader : 35 miles S E Edinburgh.
'¦" Earn, A river of Scotland, which rifes
in Loch Earn, and joins the Tay, a little
below Perth.
Eafngrmld, a town pf England, CPUnty
pf Yprk ; the principal trade is in bacon
and butter : 13 miles NNW York.
• Eaf bourn, a town of England, county
of Suffex, fituated not far from the fea,
in a valley almoft furrounded with hills :
lately become a" well frequented place for
fea bathing : 16 miles S E Lewis, and 64
SSE London.
Eafer If and, an Ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, 12 leagues in circuit. It has a
hilly and ftony furface, and Iron-bound
fliore, and affords neither fafe anchorage,
frefli water, nor wood for fuel. One
well of good vvater Is found at the E end
of the iflaiid. It is the fame that was
feen by Davis in 1686 : it was next vif
ited by Roggewein In 1722, and again by
captain Cook in 1774. The country Is
naturaUy barren ; rats are the only
quadruped, and there are but few birds.
"Yet here are found potatoes, plantains,
fugar-canes, and fowls. The people are
very thievifli, their ears are long beyond
proportion, and their bodies fcarcely any
thing of the human figure, ten. 109 46
W, lat. 37 5 S. [Cook.]
Eaiize, an ancient town of France de
partment of the Gers : a celebrated city
in the time of the Romans : 17 miles
W S W Condon.
Ebaiie, A chriftian village on the Nile.
An opinion that no Mahometan can live
there is the people's greateft fecurity,
ampng fuch bad neighbours. [Bruce.]
Eberach, A town of Germany, Franco
nia :- 7 miles S W Bamberg.
Eberbach, A town of Germany, in the
Lower Rhine, on ths Neckar, celebrated
for its wine : 1 1 miles E Heidelberg.
Eberberg, a caftle of Germany, in the

palatinate of the p.hine : 5 nillSs S W
Creutznach. Sberfein, a county and principality of
Germany, In Swabia, fituated betweeii
the margraviate of Baden, and duchy of
Wurtemberg. The town and caftle of
Eberfteln are a miles W Kuppenheim.
Ebher, A town of Perfia, in the prov
ince of Irak, fituated on a river of the
fame name, in a /ertile country, contain
ing about 3500 houfes, and many mofques
- earavanferas, bazars, and Other hand
fome, buildings ; in one part of the town
the "ifurklffi language is fpoken, In the
other the Perfian : 40 miles W Caftin.
Ebreutiy a town of France, department
of the AUiler, on the Scloule, containing
aliout 3000 inhabitants : a leagues W
Gannat. Ebro, the ancient Iberus, a river pf
Spain, which rifes In the mountains of
Afturia, and runs Into the Mediterrane
an, a little below Tbrtbfa, in Catalonia.
Ehfcrf A town of Germany, in Lower
Saxony, and principality of Luneberg ;
celebrated for its honey, of which the
inhabitants ^U annually to the amount of
feveral thoufand crowns : 7 miles ''VV' N W
Ultzen. Ecclesfechan, A town of Scotland, in the
'county of Dumfries : la miles E Dum
fries, noted for its monthly market for
cattle. '
Eccleffall, A town of England, county
of Stafford ; its principal trade is ped
lary : 7 miles N "W Stafford.
Ecija, or Exija, a town of Spain, in
Seville, on the Xenll containing 6 par
iflies, ao convents, 6 hofpitals, and about
9000 fouls, fituated in a valley furround
ed with fmall hills, which makes it the
warmeft place of Andalufia. Wool and
hemp are the chief riches of the place :
55 miles ENE Seville,
Eda, one of the Orkney Iflands, about
7 miles long, and half a mile to a miles
broad : 8 miles NNE Pamona. It
contains feveral villages, lat. 59 a N.
Edam, ari ifland riear Batavia, where
the Dutch placed criminals, and em
ployed them in divers forts of work.
Edam, a town pf Holland, fituated
near the Zuyder Sea. It is built In a'tri-
angular form, and has a good port, form
ed by the river Ey, on vvhich it ftands,
and vvhich, vvith the dam thrown up a-
gainft the inundations of that river, gives
its name to the town. It holds the 9th
rank among the fmaU cities of the ftates :
I a miles N Amfterdam, ¦ lat. 5a 3a N.
Eidyfone

E D E

E D t

Ed^yfone Rocks, well known - to feamen
who navigate the Englifli Channel. They
lie nearly in the fair way from the Start
to the Lizard, and are, therefore, an ob
jeCl of the utmoft importance to mari
ners. Hence It is, that on the fummit of
the largeft rock a lighthoufe has been
ereClcd, to ferve as a beacon, orfignal, to
avoid the danger, as they are covered
withaflood tide, but become dry at tlieebb.
The firft llghthoufe was ereCled in 1696,
and refifted many violcpt ftorms, hut was
blown down on the 27th of November,
J 703, 111 which the projector, who then
happened to be in it, and all his attend
ants, periflied. The corporation of the
Trinity Hoqfe afterwards ereCled another
in 1709, and, to fupport the expenfe,
laid a duty on all veflels paffing it. This
vvas burnt down in 1755, ^bd rebuilt by
M.'. Smeatori, within fpur years after
wards ; this alfo was burnt down in 1770,
and rebuUt In 1774. The building, as it
is now conftruCled, confifts of 4 rooijis,
one over the other, and at the top, a
gallery and lantern. The ftone floors
are fiat above, but concave beneath, and
are kept from preffing againft the fides
of the building by a chain let , into the
walls, Portland ftone and granite are
united together by a ftrong cement, aud
let into horizontal fteps by dovetails on
the S W, The ingenious architect dlf
covered that Portland ftone was likely to
be deftroyed by a marine animal, and as
the working of granite was very expen
five and laborious, the external part on
ly was conftruCled with this, and the In
ternal part with the other. To form a
ftrong and broad bafe, and a ftrong bulk
of matter to refift the waves, the foun
dation Is one entire folid mafs pf ftones to
the height of 35 feet, engrafted Into each
other, and united by every means of ad
ditional ftrength. It Is about 80 feet in
height : 5 leagues SSW Plymouth, and
45 E Lizard Point, lon. 4 16 W, lat.
50 8 N.
Eden, A river of England, which rifes
in Weftmoreland, on the border of York
ffiire, crofl'es the county of Cumberland,
and runs into the arm of the fea, called
Solway Frith, abo,ut 7 miles below Car
Ufle. Eder, a town of Africa, in RJorocco,
on the cpaft of the Atlantic ; 10 miles
N E Cape Cantin.
Edeffa, A town of European Turkey, in
Macedonia, near the Viftrlcza, call'ed by
the Turks Moglena : it was at one time
the refidence of the Macedonian kings,

before Philip embeUiffied PeUa: 44 milet
W N W Saloniki, and 316 W Conftanti
nople, lat. 40 50 N.
Edgbill, a place of England, county of
Warwick, memorable for the firft battlq
fought between the unfortunate Charley'
I. and the army of the parliament, on the
22d day of OClober, 1642, in which
5000 men were kUled. Neither party
ctjuld claim the viClory ; 1 4 miles S War-
vylck. Edgware, a town of England, county of
Middlefex : 8 miles N W London.
E.lHofen, A town of Germany, in the
Lower Rhine, and palatinate of the
Rhine, where a battle was fought be
tween the Pruffians and the French on
the 1 2th of July, 1794 ; the couteft was
long and bloody, but the viClory doubt
ful : the battle was renewed the next
day, and ended In favour of the French ;
4 miles N Landau.
Edinburgh, a city of Sco,tland, capital of
the kingdom and of the county to which
It gjves name, fituated on 3 hills, about
2 miles from the Frith of Forth. "Fh-
middle hill, which is narrow and fteep, is
occupied by the Old Town, the houfes of
vvhich are generally lofty, even to the ex-
traorcUnary height of 7 to 11, and in fome
inftances even to 14, ftorles. From the
cjftle, which ftands on the weftern point
of the hill, extends a broad ftreet a mile
teng. On each fide of this hill the build
ings divide each way in narrow lanes to
wards the N and S. The hiU on which
the Old Town is fituated, h<id once a lake
on each fide, towards the N and the S,
novv both built over. The Old "Fown is
continued to the fouthern biU, with
bridges of communication between. No
place, perhaps, has received a more rapid
increafe and Improvement within thefe
few years than Edinburgh. The New
Town is built entirely of ftone, with con
fiderable tafte, on the northern hill, and
confifts of a nuniber of ftreets, built In
ftraight lines,, and interfeCled with hand
fome fquares. The univerfity of Edin-
liurgh was founded in the year 1582, by
queen Mary and James VI, and has rifeii
to an eminent degree of reputation. The
profefl'ors have fmaU ialaries, and are
claffed into divinity, phyfic, law, and
arts and fciences The number of ftu
dents in the different profeffions /s efti
mated at a thoufand, of whom 400 ftiidy
phyfic. "Fhe degrees beftowed by the
univerfity of Edinburgh are doClor of di
vinity, of law, and phyfic, and .mafter of
arts. In the year 1681, a charter was
granted

EDO
|ranted by Charles II, for a royfl coIIe|e
. of phyficians at Edinburgh, which waS
j^atlfied by pariiament. "The univerfity
(lands on the S fide of the town, with
noufes for the profeffors, a haD, library,
and public fchools ; the ftudents lodge
in the town. The bufldings of the S
"iTown are elegant and extenfive ; and the
iNew College, begun In 1789, forms a very
ftriking objeCl. The univerfity of Edin
burgh is celebrated in all quarters of the
¦^orid ; arid its medical fchool, in partic
ular, is entitled to the firft rank. Of the
other buildings in Edinburgh, a few only
ckn be noticed : ^he Royal Exchange,
built in 1753 ; l^E Reglfter Office; the
Phyficlan's Hall ; Herlot's Hofpital, a
Gothic ftruClure, founded in 1628, for
the education of 140 poor boys ; Wat-
fon's Hofpital, fpr the fupport of the fons
of decayed merchants ; a Royal Infirma
ry, incorporated by charter in 1736 ; the
Public Difpenfary ; and fome other pub
lic charities. The churches, both pref-
byterian and epifcopal, and other places
of vvorfliip, of various denominations, are
numerous. The public places of amufe
ment are, the Affembly Rooms, the Con-.
cert Hall, the HaU for the Royal Arch
ers, the Theatre Royal, and the iEqueftrlan
Circus, It is fupplled with wafer, con
veyed in iron pipes, from Comifton, 4
miles to the W. The city Is governed by
a lord provoft, a dean of' guild, and a
guild-council, and 25 common-council,
compofed of merchants and tradefmen.
Here are 14 incorporated trades, each
having its deacon, or warden. A con
ftant guard of 75 men, In an uniform, are
k-tpt In the guard hpufe to patrole the
ftreets every night. Edinburgh is fup
pofed to contain 100,000 inhabitants, and
fends I member to the Britlffi parlia
ment : 378 mUes N London, ten. 3 13
¦V^^lat. 55 53 N.
Edinhurghfiire, or Mid Lothian, a county
of Scotland; of which Edinburgh Is the
capital- The foil is fertile, and produces
corn of all fprts, with pleRty of grafs for
cattle ; it contains mines ofcoal, copper,
lime ftone, and black marble. It fends i
member to the Britifli parliament.
Edom, (the Land cf} in its moft profpcr-
pus ftate, was bounded N by Canaan,
and the Lake Afphaltites ; E by Midian ;
S by the Red Sea ; W by Amalekltis.
This tract is very mountainous, and a
great defert ; with few ftreams of water,
but latent fprings fufficient for the in
habitants, who know vvhere to find them.
Tlie moft remarkable places of Edom,

E G t
were, Ti-toan, Bozrah, Dedan, Elath.Efi-
Ongeber, and Mount Hor, where Aaron
died. It is novv inhabited by wandering
Arabs. [Topog. Dia.]
Efferi&ng, A town of Germany, in Auli
tri4 : 10 miles W Lintz, and 100 W Vi
enna. Efrim, A town of Egypt : 27 miles £ S
E .Alexandria. Egeri, or Aegeri, one of the grand com
munities, which, with the town of ?ug,
forms the canton of Zug.
Egg, one of the weftern iflands of Scot
land, abbut 10 miles in circumference : 4
miles S the iflarid of Sky.
Egham, A town of England, county of
Surry, adjoining to which Is Runnymead,
where Magna Charta was figned :• 18
miles "W London.
Eglifau, a town and bailiwick of Swif
ferland, In the canton of Zurich, on the
Thur : 15 miles N Zurich.
Egmont If and, an ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, 6 miles long, and 4 broad, the
land tew and full of trees. It was difcow
ered by Waljjs 1766. Various inftru
ments were found here refembling the me
chanic tools of Europe, formed of fliell*
and ftones. Here the dead are left under
a kind of canopy unburied, to confume,
ten. 138 30 W, lat, 19 20 S. [WaUis.^
Egra, ox Chehbe, A town pf Bohemia, ift
the circle of Saatz, formerly Imperial,
and in poffeffion of towns and villages ;
it yet preferves fome valuable prlvUeges,
and contains a coUege and 3 convents.
Near it are fome medicinal fprings, whofe
vvater is exported in bottles fealed with
the arms of the town : 76 miles W Prague,
lat. 49 59 N.
Egrctnont, a town of England, county bf
Cumberland, fituated on a fmall river
near the Irifli Sea : 6 miles SSE White
haven, and 299 N London.
Eguimuka, or Elgimuha, A town of Afri
ca, in the empire of A-Iorocco, at the
foot of mount Atlas, near whicli is an iron
mine. .
F,gypi, A cpiintry of Africa ; bounded
on the N by the Mediterranean, on the
E by the Red Sea and the ifthmus of Syez,
on the S by mountains, vyhich feparate
It frorn Nubia, and on the W by- the def
erts of Lybia. Its length from N to S
about 500 miles, its breadth about 160.
Egypt Is divided into Upper and Lower,
the former extending in a long and nar
row. valley from Syene to Grand Cairo,
Two ridges of mountains form the out
lines of Upper- Egypt, running along
each fide of the Nile tiU, reaching Grand Cairo,

E G Y

E G Y

Cairo, the weftern ridge takes its cOurfe
towards Alexandria, the other towards
the Red Sea ; the former confifts of fandy
hills, the bafe of which is % calcareous
ftone, the other of ftony rocks. Beyond
thefe mountains, on each fide, are def
erts ; between them lies a long plain,
whofe greateft breadth is not more than
9 leagues. In this valley rolls the Nile.
Lower Egypt Includes all the country be
tween Cairo and the Mediterranean on
tbe N and S ; and Lybia and the ifthmus
of Suez to the E and W ; bounded by
jfandy deferts, it contains flips of land fer
tile and well cultivated on the borders of
the river and canals ; and In the centre,
that traCl which is called Delta, formed
by the branches of the NUe- Some ge
ographers divide Egypt into 3 parts. Up
per, Middle, and Lower. The Upper
Egypt was called by the Greeks Thebais,
novv Said, or Al Said, which extends from
Syene to Manfalout ; Middle Egypt, call
ed by the Greeks Hoptanamis, now fefani ;
and Lower Egypt, the beft part of which
was the Delta, now called Bahira, or Rif.
The Thebais took its name from Thebes,
the capital, and once contained many
more cities; the other parts of Egypt
contained a great number of magnificent
and populous cities. The fertiUty of
^J^gypt, and the excellence of its produc-
rions and its fruits, are greatly celebrated
by ancient writers, and by Mofes him
felf, who muft needs have been well ac
quainted with this country. It abounds
in grain of all forts, but particularly rice;
iafomucli, that, as it wa^ formerly the
granary of Rome, while fubjeCl to the
Roman empire, it is now the principal
country which fupplies Conftantinople.
The moft plentiful parts of Egypt are
the Delta, and that province which Is
riow called Al Fayoum, fuppofed to be
the ancient Heracleotic name, the capi
tal of which, bearing the fame name,
is thought to have been either Heracle-
opolis, NilopoUs, or Arfinoe, and is faid
by the jlatlvcs to have been built by Jo
feph, to whom they own themfelves
obUged for the improvements of this ter
ritory ; which being much the loweft
part of Egypt, was bcfprc nothing but a
ftandliig pool, till that patriarch, by cut
ting canals and particularly the great one
which reaches from the Nile to the
Lake Mocris, drained it of the water,
and clearing it of the ruflies and marfliy
weeds, rendered it fit for tillage. It is
now the molt fertile and beft cultivated
land in the vvhole kingdom, containing

a great number of villages, and yields
grapes and other fruits in abundance ;
and it falls not bearing even in thofe
years when the Nile, not rifing to its ufu
al height, occafions a fcarcity in the oth
er parts of Egypt. "I'here are ftill 80
carials, Uke rivers, feveral of which are
20, 30, and 40 leagues in length, receiv
ing and diftrlbuting the inundation over
the country. Except 6, the others are
almoft all filled up, and are dry when the
Nile is low. The grand lakes of Mcerls,
Bahira, and Mareotis, were vaft refer
voirs to contain the fuperabuiidant wa-r
ters, and afterwards difperfe them among
the neighbouring plains. Befides thefe
refervoirs, all the towns a little diftance
from the Nile are furrounded by fpacious
ponds, for the convenience of the inhab
itants and agriculture. Twelve hundred
years has this country been fubjeCled to
a people, who, not farmers themfelves,
have fuffered thefe great works to pcr-
; Iffi, and the Ignorance of its profane
government will complete their deftruc-*
tion. The limits of cultivated Egypt
yearly decrcafc, and barren fands every
where accumulate. \'.'hcii the Turks
conquered Egypt, In 1517, the Lake
Mareotis, was near the walls of Alexan
dria, and the canals through which. its
waters ran to that city was navigable.
This lake has difappeared, and the lands
It watered, whieh, according to hiftorians,
produced corn, wine, and fruits In abun
dance, are become deferts, where the
melancholy traveller finds neither tree,
flirub, nor verdure. The very canal, the
work of Alexander, neceffary for the fub
fiftence ofthe city he bad built, is almoft
filled up ; It Is dry, except when the wa
ters are at the higheft point of Inunda
tion, and then foon becomes fo again-
Population has equally fuffered : ancient
Figypt fuppUed food to 8,000,000 of in
habitants, and to Italy and the neighbour
ing provinces Ukewlfe- Old men are
numerous ; and many ride on horfeback
at 80- The food they eat in the hot fea
fon much contributes to the prefervatlon
of their health ; It is chiefly vegetables,
pulfe, and milk. "Fhey bathe frequently,
eat little ; feldom drink fermented liquors,
and mix much lemon juice in their food.
This abftinence preferves vigour to a
very advanced age. The waters of the
Nile are lighter, fofter, and more agreea
ble to the tafte than almoft any other.
Ill Lower Egypt, the neighbourhood of
the fea, the large lakes, and the abun
dance of the w.iters, moderate the fun's heat.

E G Y

E G Y

Bseal, arid preferve a delightful tempera
ture. The greateft torment of the inhabit
ants are the gnats and mufquetoes, which,
rifing by miUIons out of the marffies,
fwarm in the air and the houfes. The
handkerchief muft be held in the hand all
day. It is the firft thing a vifitor receives,
and at night it is neceffary to fleep under
mufquiteros. Difeafes of the eyes are
the commoneftin Egypt, where the blind
are numerpus. Eight thpufand of thefe
unfortunate people are decently main
tained in the great mofque of Grand Cai
ro. The fmall-pox is very comnion In
Egypt, without committing great ravages.
As to pulmonary difeafes, which in cold
countries carry off fo many in the prime
of youth, they are unknown In this hap
py cUmate. The unhealthy feafon in
-Egypt is from February till the end of
May ; the S wirids blow at iritervals, and
load the atmofphere with a fubtlle duft,
which makes breathing difficult,and drive
feefore them pernicious exhalations. Sorne-
tiraes the heat becpmes infupportable,
and the thermometer fuddenly rifes la
degrees. The inhabitants call this feafon
thamftn, fifty, becaufe thefe winds are moft
felt between Eafter and Whltfuntide, dur
ing which they eat rice, vegetables, frefli
fifli, and fruits ; bathing frequently, and
ufing plenty of perfumes and lemon juice,
¦with which regimen they prevent the dan
gerous effects of the khamfin. A proof
that the plague is nbt native in Eg)'pt is,
that, except in time bf great famine, it
never breaks out in Grand Cairo, nor the
inland towns, but always begins at fea
ports, on the arrival of Turkiffi veflels,
and travels to the capital, whence it pro
ceeds as far as Syene- Having come to
a period In Grand Cairo, and being again
introduced by the people of Upper Egypt,
it renews with greater fury, and fome
times fweeps off a or 300,000 fouls ;
but always flops in the month of June,
or thofe who catch it then are always
cured- This country was formerly In-
fefted with crocodiles and fea-hbrfes, but
they are now fo much deftroyed, that they
are rarely feen below the cataraCls, and
liever below Grand Cairo. Among the
plants which they cultivate are rice,
wheat, barley, lupins, lentils, Turkey
corn, millet, fefame, flax, beans, melons,
fugar canes, carthamus, coloqulntlda, &c.
The fplendid and magnificent ruins found
every where in Egypt, give eviderit
proofs of the enlightened underftanding
cf the ancient inhabitants of this coun
try. The government is. coinpofed of a

paoha, fent from Conftantinopltf, and a*
beys, or fangiacs, who, being at the head
of the provinces and the armies, In reality
enjoy all the power ; abfolute power is
configned over to them, the pacha re
mains no longer than while he is fuhfer-
vlent to their defign s ; ffibuld he dare to
fpeak In defence of his mafter's intereft,
or thofe of the Egyptians, he becomes a
ftate criminal ; the divan aflembles, aud
he is expelled. The real native Egyptians
are the Copts, thefe only are the defccnd
ants of the ancient Egyptians. Thefe
people are among the firft who embraced
Chriftianity, and were permitted by the
Arabian conqueror the free exercife of
their religion, and fince they have ever
had churches, priefts, bifliops, and a pa
triarch, who refides at Conftantinople.
Numerous fuperftitious praClices are
niingled with their vvorfliip ; but they
are gentle, friendly, and humane. Inland
trade, hatching eggs, and the art of ralf-
iiig bees, is almoft the whole of their
knowledge. The Arabs conftitute two
thirds of the prefent inhabitants of Egypt,
but of different manners ; fome, who in
habit the banks of the Nile, are general
ly thieves and pirates ; others, governed
by their flielks, who pofl'efs various priu-
cipalltles in Upper Egypt, are good peo
ple. Incapable pf difguife, vvithput falfej
hpod or knavery; haughty, but generous
and hofpitable. Another fpecies pf
Arabs are the wandering Bedouins, who
have np fixed refidence. The IVtogra-
biaus, pr weftern MahpmjJtans, are, after
the Cppts and Arabs, the mpft numerous
inhabitants of Egypt ; they devote them
felves, fome to arms, and others to trade.
There are but few Turks, exclufive of
Janifl'aries and Affabs ; the other Inhab
itants are Syrians, Greeks, and Jews, tp
which may be added European mer
chants ; the amount of the vvhole about
4,000,000. It was foretold by the proph
et Ezekiel, that Egypt fliould become
" the bafeft among the kingdoms," that
their number fliould be dimlniflied, and
that they ffiould no more rule over the
nations, and that their country fliould
be laid wafte by the hand of ftrangers,
and that there fliould be no more a
Prince pf the land pf Egypt.. (Eajek. chap.
39 and 30.) Hpw literally has this,
prpphecy been fulfilled ! Egypt has been ,
fpr many years, diftraCled by civil wars ;
and the late military conquefts of the
French and Englifli, have probably ter
minated forever the Ottoman power in
Egypt. The pyramids of Egypt arc no
ticed

E I S

E L A

liced by aU travellers ; the largeft takes
up 10 acres of ground, and is, as well as
the reft, built upon a rock. Here are al
fo caverns, out of which they gel the
mummies or embalmed dead bodies, vvhich
are found In coffins fet upright in riiches
of the waUs, and have continued there at
leaft 4000 years : many of thefe have
been carried to England, and were for
merly deemed of great ufe In medicine.
The principal city fs Cairo.
[TheVenot,Ledyard, Volney, Sonirii.]
ihin^en, a town of Swabia : 12 miles
S W Ulm.
Ehrenbreitfein, A fprtrefs of Germany,
in the lower eleClorate, and - Confidered
as the key of the Rhine and the Mofelle,
near Coblentz, on the oppofite fide of
the Rhine. This fortrefs was befieged by
the French in 1796 for 3 months, but
Were compelled by the Auftrians to raife
the fiege.
Aichsfeld, or Eisfeld, A cpuntry bf Ger
many, in the circle of the Lower Rhine,
belonging to the eleClorate of Mentz.!
Einabi, a tovvn of Afiatic Turkey, in
the ^jrovince of Natolia : 36 miles N
Degnlzlu. Einbtck, or Eimbeck, A tOwn of Germa-
nay; in Lower Saxony, on the ilmen,
enclofed vvith walls, and deferided with
redoubts, towers, &c. and containing 830
houfes. It is the chief manufaCluring
town in the whole principaUty : 30 miles
SSW Hildeffieim, and 48 S S W Brunf
wick. Einzellee, A town on the S W coaft of
the Cafpian Sea, confifting of two parts,
thi Old and the New. "Fhe former Is
inhabited by Perfians and Armenians,
under the government of the Sophy ;
the latter by Ruffians and Armenians,
under the gpvernment pf Ruffia. A
garrifon of 30 foldiers are ftationed here
under thp^ Ruffian Conful. The tovvn
confifts of 300 houfes, moftly built of
reeds. There is here an Armenian and
Ruffian church. [Coxe.]
Eifenach, A town of Germany, in TJp-
per Saxony, on the Neffe, where the
reprefentatlves of the ftate afl'enible. It
has a college, a femliiary for divinity,
and an orphan houfe : 40 miles £ Wie-
mar, lat. 50 46 N.
'• Eifenach, a principality of Germany,
ill Upper Saxony. It Is mountainous,
and hardly produces corn enough for
the inhabitants. Some wiue is made, but
of a very Indifferent fort. It has fome
mines of copper, iron, vitriol, and alum,
with fome fait fprings. It gives a vote

to the duke of Saxe-Weimar, in the diet*
and affemblies of the circle.
Eifeben, a town of Germany, In Sax
ony. It contains 3 churches and about
700 houfes. Martin Luther, the cele
brated reformer, was born and died in
this towu : la miles £ Mansfeld, and i»
W HaU.
Eil-hon, or Tthon, a river of Scotland,
which runs into the German Sea : 36
miles N Aberdeen.
Eitiat, A town of Africa, in the empire
of Morocco, and province of Tedla, de
fended with walls, and containing about
3000 inhabitants.
Ekaterinofav, a gpvernment pf Ruffia,
bpunded pn the W by the dominions of
Turkey, on the N W by the government
of Kiov, on the N by the government
of Charkov, on the E by the country of
the Cbfacs, and on the S by the Black
Sea ; divided into a provinces, Ekateri-
noflavfkol, and Taurida. This govem-
merit contains the greateft part of that
territory which was wrefted by the pref
ent emprefs from the Turks, and com
prifes New Ruffia, the former govern
ment of Azoph, and Crim Tartary.
Ekaterinofavffai comprehends what has
formerly been CAlXtdi Budziac Tartary, and
the Ukraine.
Ekenas, A feaport town of Sweden, m
the province of Nyland, on the N coaft
of the Gulf of Finland ; the harbour Is
not good : 50 miles S E Abo.
Ekmin, fee Achmim.
Ekron, the northernmoft of 5 cilies in
Paleftine, which, gave name to the 5
lordfhlps of the phlliftiries. It was N
of Gath, in the N border of Judah, and
ivas a place of great wealth, and fa
mous for its idol Baalzebub, next in re
pute to Dagon. All veftiges of this place
have been extinCl many centuries.
[Topographic DICl.]
Ekfas, A town of Egypt : 31 miles S
Cairo. Elah, (Valley of) lay pn the rpad frpm
Eleutherppolis tp Jerufalem. Here Da
vid flew Gpliah, whp vvas 12 feet 8 Inches
high, and whofe coat pf mail weighed
189 ppundsTroy. [Topographic DICl.]
Elam, was a powerful kingdom on the
river Ulai, E of Tigris, near the Perfian
Gulf, It was the Sufiana of the Greeks.
Elath, was a commodious haven on the
Red Sea, adjoining the SSE part Edom.
It was for a long time a ftatlon for the
I fliipplng, employed in the India trade.
j It is near the road which the Egyptians
1 tiavel in their pilgrimages to Mecca.
Remains

E L C

EL t

Remains of this city were vifible in the
14th century. It vvas a great niart for
the Tyrians. [Topographic DiCt]
Elba, an Ifland in the Mediterranean
Sea, near the coaft of Tufcany, about 8
miles in length, and 2 in breadth ; it
contains 3 good harbours, fome mines of
iron and loadftone, and quarries ,of fine
marble, fron Is made here equal to the
beft Svyedifli, by a procefs more econom
ical, and expeditious than that of the
furnaces of Europe. The Iron mines,
and thofe of loadftone, <wlth which this
ifland is Impregnated, render the ap
proach to It perceptible by navigators
from the variation which the compafs
there undergoes ; 36 miles W Cage Cor-
fo, lat, 42 53 N, . [Sonini.]
Elbe, A large river of Germany, vyhich
rifes in the Mountain of the Giants, on
the confines of 'Bohemia and Silefia ;
paffes to IConingfgratzl, Leutzmeritz,
Drefden, Deffaw, Meiffen, Wittemberg,
Magdeberg, Hamburg, and Gluckftadt,
and enters the German Ocean, at Crux-
haven. It Is navigable for large fliips to
Hamburg, which is 70 miles from the
fea ; S courfe of navigation longer than
that of any other river In Europe. The
vievvs in paffing the Elbe from "Toplltz
to Drefden, are fometimes wild and fub
lime ; fometimes elegant and cheerful.
In fome places the river appears like the
bottom of a ditch between two ranges of
rocks, 2000 feet high, afceuding nearly
in a perpendicular direction from Its
fides ; in others It flows between gently
rifing hills, clad with vines. Now it
meanders through meadows dreffed in
green, covered with flocks, and now It
waffies the walls of a fortrefs, a town or
a village. Among the moft remarkable
objects that meet the eye of the traveller
on this route is the fortrefs of Konigftein,
the ftrong hold of Saxony, and one of
the ftrongeft places In Europe, being, on
the river fide at leaft, hewed out of a folid
rock- [Adams' MS. letter.]
Elbeuf A town of France, department
of the Lower Seine, on the Seine : 10
miles S Rouen.
Elbing, or Elblang, a feaport town of
Pruffia, fituated on a river of the fame
name, near the Frifche Hafte. It Is a
place of confiderable-trade, and was till
very lately Hanfeatic. The Roman Cath
olics make ufe of the largeft church, the
Lutherans have 8 others, the Calvinlfts
have places of worfliip, and other feCls
are tolerated : 30 miles S E Dantzlck.
Eleatif, A feaport of Arabia FeUx, on

the W coaft of the gulf of Perfia : 309
miles S Bufforah, ten. 53 5 E, lat. 36 N.
Elche, A tovvn of Spain, in the prov
ince of Valencia, fituated in a foreft of
palms and olive trees ; the environs pro
duce a great quantity of wine, and feed
a number of cattle ; the water is fall,
and not good, that which the inhabitants
drink is brought from a diftance. Sev
eral magnificent remains of Its ancient
fplendor make it fuppofed tb be the an
cient Ilici : 8 miles S W Alicant.
Elche, a town of Spain, in New Caf
tile : 27 miles S £ Alcaraz.
Elephania, an Ifland on the W coaft of
the Deccan of Hindooftan, 5 mfles fronji
Bombay. It contains one of the moft in
explicable antiquities in the 'world. The
figure of an elephant, of the natural Czej
cut coarfely in ftone, appears on the
landing place, near the foot of a mount
ain. An eafy flope then leads to a ftu
pendous fubtcrranean temple, hewn out
of the folid rock, 80 feet long, and 40
broad. 'The roof, which is cut flat, is
fupported by regular rows of plUars, 10
feet high, with capitals refembling round
cufliions, as if preffed by the Incumbent
mountain. At the further end are 3 gi
gantic figures, which were mutflated by
the abfurd zeal of the Portuguefe,, wheij
this ifland was in their poffeffion. Ele
phania was ceded to the Englifli liy- the
Mahrattas. [Goldhlngham, Niebuhr, Grofe.]
Eleutherus river, mentioned In the Mac
cabees, formed the boundary between
ancient Syria and Phenice. [Sliaw.]
Elcuthes, a kingdom of Tartary, lying
to the N W of Chinefe Tartary. It was
conquered, in 1759, by the emperor of
China, fee Kalmucks.
Elgin, a town of Scotland, and capital
of the county of Murray, near the river
Loffie, formerly the fee of 3 bifliop : 30
miles E Invernefs, and 100 N Edinburgh.
Elgis, A tovvn of Egypt : 6 miles S Abu-
Glrge. Elhamma, a tovvn of Africa, in Tripoli,
lat. 34 N.
Elim, where the Ifraelites found la
fountains of vi'ater, and 70 palm trees,
lies In the N flcirts of the Defert, 2 leagues
from Tor, where are now 9 weUs, and
2000 palm tiees. [Shaw.]
Elkatta, A town of Egypt : 14 miles N
W Cairo.
Elkhalm, A feaport towin of Svveden, on
the Baltic, 24 mfles W Carlcfcroon, lat.
56 20 N.
Ellirtna, a town of Spain, In Eftrema dura,

ELS

E M B

dura, belonging to the knights of the or
der of St. Jago, by whom it was founded :
55 mUes N SevlUe, and 53 W Cordova.
Ellefmere, a town of England, in Shrop
fllire, near a lake famous for fiffi ;' 16
miles N Shrewffiury.
ElHchpour, A city of Hindobftan, and
capital of a circar of the fame name, in
the cpitntry of Berar, fubjeCl to the Ni
zam. It vvas formerly the capital of Be
rar : 144 miles N E Aurungabad, lon.
7-8 5 E, lat. 31 13 N.
Elme, St. A caftle of the ifle of Malta,
feated on a rock near the city of Valetta,
at the mouth of a very fine harbour.
Elmedea, or Etmadia, called likewllfe
Africa, A feaport town of -Africa, in the
country of Tunis ; formerly a place of
great ftrength and importance ; but the
harbour is now ruined and choked up,
lon. 8 47 W, lat. 35 4 N.
Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia, fituated
on a rock, furrounded with mountains,
near the Egra : 6a miles W Prague.
El-Net-Tefgier, a flourlfliing town of
Paleftine. Here Is a fair held every
Monday. It Is a rendevouz of the Cara
vans going to Grand Cairo, and the Ba
fliaw of Damafcus ftops here with his
court as he annually goes to Jerufalem.
, [Mariti.]
Elphin, A town of Ireland, county of
Rofcommon : 75 miles N W Dublin.
. Elfnburgh, a feaport of Schonen, in
Sweden, whence there is a ferry acrofs
the Sound to Denmark : 7 miles E El-
finore. Elfmare, or Helffn^or, a feaport of Den
mark, feated on the Sound, in the ifle of
Zeland. It Is the moft commercial place
in Denmark, next to Copenhagen ; and
contains 5000 inhabitants, among whom
are a confiderable number of foreign
merchants, and the confuls of the prin
cipal nations trading to the Baltic. The
paffage of the Sound is guarded by the
fortrefs of Cronborg, fituated 011 the edge
of a peninfular promontory, the neareft
point of land from the oppofite coaft pf
Sweden. Every veffel, as is pafl'es, tew-
ers her top-fills, and pays a toll at El-
finore. This is the public law of Europe.
All vefl'els, befides a fmall duty, arC rat
ed at ^\per cent, of their cargoes, except
the Englifli, French, Dutch, and Swed
ifli, which pay only i per cent, and, in
return, the crown takes the charge of
conftruCling lighthoufes, and ereClIng
figiials to mark the flioals and rocks,
from the Categate to th-: entrance into
the Baltic, The tolls of the Soiiiid, and
Vol. II, C c

of the a Belts, produce an annual reve
nue of abpve loo,oool : 20 miles N Co
penhagen, lon, 13 33 E, lat. 56 o N.
Elteman, a town of Franconia, on the
river Maine, ten. 10 53 E, lat. 50 8 N.
Eltenberg, a lofty and extenfive moun
tain in the duchy of Cleves. It is crown
ed by an ancient fortrefs, and ftands at
the extreme point of a promontory, 6
miles £ Cleves.
Eltham, A town of England, county of
Kent : 8 miles E S E London.
El-Tar, a town of Arabia, -on the E
coaft of the Red Sea, 50 m. S. Mt. Sinai.
Elvas, A city of Portugal, in the prov
ince of Tra los Montes, near the Gua
diana. It contains, beficles the cathedral,
three parifli chinches, two hofpitals,feven
convents, and with Its environs 13,400
fouls; near it is a fortrefs, caUed the
Lippe. An academy vvas founded here
in the year 1733. Here Is a ciftern fo
large as to contain water enough to ferve
the town for 6 months, fuppUed by an
ac[ueduCl 3 mfles in length : 140 miles E
LIffion. Elwangen, a town of Germany, in a
principality of the fame name, on the
river Jaxt : 32 miles N Ulm, and 42 N
N W Augffiurg.
Ely, a city of England, county of Cam
bridge, fituated on the Oufe, in a fenny
country, called The Iff of Ely. It Is a
county of itfelf, Including the territory
around It, and has a diflinCl civil and
criminal jurifdiClion, of vvhich the bifli
op of Ely is the head. The iiumbei^f
inhabitants is, about 2500: 17 miles N
Cambridge, and 69 N London.
Elyfan Fields, feigned by the poets to
be the happy regions for the everlafting
reception of happy fouls departed from
their bodies, after paffing the Stygian
Lake- Thefe Fields are in Naples, in
the province of Terra di Lavora, near
the Acheron Lake, and the Cumxan
Cave, fee Cumee. [Topographic DICl]
Embab, a town of iEgypt : 3 miles W
Calro- Embar, A town of Africa, in the coun
try of Senegal-
Embaul, A town of Africa, in the king
dom of Daniel, lon- 15 37 W, lat- 15
15 N.
Emboli, a town of Eurppean Turkey,
in the province of Romania : a colony
from Athens- It is called by the Chrift
ians Chrif apolis, but is little better than a
heap of ruins : 48 miles E Saloniki-
Embrun, a city of Franee, department
of the Higher Alps, on the Durance ;
before

E M P

.E:5iD

feefpre the revolution, the fee of an arch
bifliop, containing 5 parlffies, and about
13,000 inhabitants : 17 miles-E Gap.
Embs, or Ems, a town of Swabia, near
which are fome baths impregnated with
fulphur : 10 miles S Bregentz;
Embs, or Ems, a river of Weftphalia,
which falls into the German Ocean, be
low- Embden.
Emden, a feaport of Germany, In the
circle of WeftjAalia, and capital of the
county of £ Frifeland, on the £ fide of
the Embs, near the mouth ; large, ftrong,
and commercial, divided Into Old and
New Town, with 3 fauxburgss It con
tains 8000 inhabitants, and has 3 clmrch-
es for Calvlnifts, befides places of vvor
ffiip for Roman Catholics, Lutherans,
Mennpiiites and Jews. It Is a free port.
The right of proteClion has been purcha
fed; by the king of Pruffia, of the Dutch.
Its territory includes feveral towns and
viUages, ten. 7 20 E, Iat. 53 3a N.
Emeffai a town of Syria, in the gov
ernment of Damafcus. There- are ftill
'noble ruins, that fliow it was anciently a
magnificent city.
- Emfras, A town of Abyffinia, com
manding a pleafant view of the lake
Izana. It confifts of about 300 houfes,
ten. 37 43 30 E, lat. 12 12 38 N.
[Bruce.]
Emly, A village of Ireland, county of
Tipperary ; an archbifliopric : X5 miles
W Cafliel.
Emmaiis, was a village 7 or 8 miles N
Jerufalem. The Romans planted a colo
ny here, and ereCled the place Into a city,
and called it Nicopolis. [Topographic DiCl.]
Emmerich, or Emmerick, a town of Ger
many, Weftphalia, furrounded with walls
arid ditches in the year 1247. It con
tains 4 churches for Lutherans, Calvln
ifts, Roman Catholics, and Mennonites,
r each ; the Roman Catholics have 4
convents, 6 miles E Cleves.
Einoui, or Hiei-ir.en, an ifland near the
SE coaft, of China, In the province of
Fo-Kien, about 15 mile's in circumference,
with a port capable of containing any
number of vefl'els, with fufficient depth of
vvater ; where the emperor keeps a gar
rifon of feveral thoufand men. In the
beginning of this century It was frequent
ed by European vefl'els for trade, but is
now negleCled for Cuiton. It has a mag^
nificent pagod, dedicated to their god
Fo, lon. 116 27 E, lat 24 3 N.
E.i'poli, a town of Tufcany, on the
Aruo ; 15 iniles V,' Florence,

Mnlmirn, E and W in Berks, near New
bury, England, famous for the ludicrpus-
cuftom of the inanor. On the death' of.
a cppyhpld tenant, the widpw is tp enjpy
her free bench, in all his cppyhold lands,
dum fala et cafafuerit, while ffie remains a-
widow and chafte ; but If flie be incbn-
tineiit flie forfeits her widow's eftate. She-
may recover it however. If ffie will come
into the next court held for the manor,
riding backwards- on a- blade ram, with
his tail In her hand, and repeat the follow
ing lines :
 " Here I am-.
Riding on a black ram.
Like a whore as Fam ;
And for my crincum crancum,
Hkve loft my bincum bancum ;
-^nd for my tail's gkme.
Have done this worldly fliame :
Wherefore I pray- you Mr, Steward,
Let me have my lands again."
In confequence of this penance, the Stew
ard, according to cuftom. Is- obliged' to re
admit her free bench. [Topog. Did.]
Enckhufen, A feaport town of HoUand,
on the coaft of the Zuyder Sea, vvhich
encompaffes tvvo thirds of it, and formsi
it into a peninfula. The harbour is ob-
ftruCled by fand, fo that large veffels can
not enter with convenience ; it is how
ever a port of good' trade, particularly In
fait fifli. The ftreets are clean, with a
great number of canals, the houfes hand
fome, and the public buildings good,
efpecially the town-houfe, which is em-
belllflied vvith a very lofty tower, and is
equal to any in Holland, except that of
Amfterdam. The three towns Enckhu
fen, Hoorn, and MedembUc, have the
privilege of coining money each 7 years
alternately: 28 miles NN E -Amfterdam,
lon. 5 4 E, lat. 52 42 N.
Enckendorp, a town of Germany, In the
duchy of Holftein : 6 miles S E Rendf-
burg. Endc, one of the ' fmaller Molucca Ifl-'
ands, lon. 120 E,lat, 8 30 S.
Endeavour Straits, a narrow fea, be
tween New Guinea and New Holland,
explored by Capt. Cook, 1770.
Endeavour .River, a river on the N E
coaft of New Holland, with a bar at its
mputh, and npt'depth of w-ater for veffels
tP fail more fhan a mile abpve the bar,
Ipn. 145 12 E, lat. 15 26 S.
Ending, a town pf Germany, in Auf
trian Swabia, near the Rhine, 10 miles
below Brifach.
Endor, an ancient and confiderable city
of the half tribe of Manafl'eh, pn the W of

¦E-Nti

ENG

«f the Jordan, 4 miles S Mount Tabor,
famous as the refidence of -the Witch of
Endor, mentioned :,: Sam, 28th, ch.
Enffld, a town of England, county of
Middlefex: 1 2 miles N iLondon.
Engadina, a diftriCl of the country of
the Grifons, in a valley on the banks of
the river Inn, bordering on the Tyrolefe,
divided into Upper and Lower. Upper
Engadina is divided into 2 communities ;
the number of mhabitants Is eftimated
at 4000, 4 or 500 of whom emigrate to
foreign countries in different capacities.
The country, on account of its elevation,
.produces pafture, but not fuflScIent corn
for the wants of the people : Zutz is
efteemed the principal place. iLower
Engadina, Is divided into 3 communities ;
the foil is more fertile than In Upper En
gadina, and produces abundance of fruit,
and , all things neceffary for the inhabit
ants. Ceriietz is the principal place.
The people are very induftrious and civil
to ftrangers. [Coxe.]
Etiganna, or Deceit Ifland, near the S W
coaft of the ifland of Sumatra, ten. loa
44 E, lat. 5 9 S. ¦
Engelach, A town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and biffioprlc of
Hildeflieim : 15 miles S W Alfeld.
Engelberg, an abbey of Swifferland, In
the canton of Underwald, in a valley fur
rounded with lofty mountains. The can
tons of Uri, Schwltz, and Underwald are
its protectors : 4000 inhabitants.
Engelholm, A feaport town of Sweden,
on the E fide of the Categat, In a confid
erable bay, with good anchorage : 36
miles N Lund, and 45 W Chriftianftadt.
ten. 12 49 E, lat. 56 13 N.
Engers, A town of Germany, on the
Rhine : II miles N Coblentz.
Enghien, A town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault : 30 miles NNE Valenciennes,
15 S W Bruffeis.
Engia, an Ifland near the coaft of the
Morea, in a gulf to which it gives name ;
anciently called Egina, and Myrmidonia,
which lafl name it obtained from the ac
tivity and Induftry of the Inhabitants,
compared to ants ; about 10 leagues in
circumference ; but rendered by rocks
nearly Inacceflible, except on the N W
It has no harbours It has i tbwn vvhich
contains about 800 houfes, and in It are
feen the remains of a temple dedicated
to Venus, and of aunthcr dedicated to
Jupiter ; 25 miles S S W Athens, lat. 3 7
42 N.
England, A country of Europ-.', wliich
forms the principal part of the kiii;;':loin

and Ifland of-Great Britain ; bounded on
the N by Scotland, on the E by the Ger
man Ocean, on the S by the EngUfli
Channel, and on the W by the Atlantic,
Wales, and the Irifli Sea. It extends
from 50 to 55 40 N lat. and from i 50
£, to 6 W lou. from Greenwich, Eng
land is divided Into 40 flilres or counties,
and contains 2 archblfliops, and 24 bifli
ops, who are peers of the realm, and all
appointed by the king ; befides the fee
of Sodor and Man, vvhich is in the gift
of the Athol family, as defccndants from
the lords of Man ; but not being a peer of
England, he has no feat In parUament.
The nobility of England are created bv
the king, and form a diftinCl branch of
the leglflature ; their content is necefl'a-
ry to the formation of every law, with a
power to rejeCl or alter any bill, except
a money bill, which has paffed the houfe
of commons ; a majority of votes deter
mines, and an abfent peer can vote by
proxy. Every nobleman accufed of any
crime muft be judged by his peers. The
houfe of commons confifts of 558 mem
bers, chofen by the counties, cities, and
towns of England, Scotland, and Wales ;
of which 489 are chofen for England, 24
for Wales, and 45 for Scotland. "I'liefe
are the reprefentatlves of the people at
large. The ftanding army of Great Brit
ain is very large. In the year 179a, the
eftablifliment confifted of 7 regiments of
dragoon guards, 19 regiments of dra
goons, 3 regiments of foot guards, and 77
regiments of foot, befides marines and
artillery. Since the breaking out of tbe
French war, the number of regiments
has been increafed. "fhe navy of ling-
land is the largeft and beft appointed of
any in the World ; thenumber of feamen,
ill time of peace, is calculated at rather
more than 14,000 ; the number in time
of war depends on circumftances. In
the American war they were more than
100,000. The, continual wars in which
this country has been engaged, have in
creafed the expenfes of the nation fo
much, that the aClual debt amounts to
at leaft 350,000,000 fterling, to pay the
annual intereft of which it has been ne-
cefl'ary to lay heavy taxes. The mili
tia of the kingdom, are regiments of men
railed in each county by ballot, for the
internal defence of the kinf,doin, .-i-,-Iiicli
they are never to leave without their
ov,'n confent. The clini;;!,,- Is hcal'Lliy,
though uncertain ; frequent c!i:iti,,;Cs
happen in the lyeather, and tiiufc Hidden
and uni:;;reCl:d, which render ti...- li.-ir-
• VtllS

E N I

E P E

vefts, efpcciaUy in the northern counties,
precarioiis : yet very rarely does it hap
pen but with Care arid atterition the in
duftrious huffiandman will be rewarded
by a profitable crop, and harveft well
fecured. The foil of England Is various,
and differs in different counties ; wheat,
barley, oats, rye, French wheat, beans,
and peas, are the grand and principal
. produClions. Many of the counties pro
duce apples and pears, from which cyder
and perry are made, by fome thought
equal to the greater part of the German
wines ; other fruits have been introduc
ed, for native fruits are few, and ' thofe
not good ; plums, cherries, peaches, nec
tarines, apricots, figs, grapes, and other
fruits, are, by the care and fkill of tlic-
EngUfli gardeners, raifed In the greateft
plenty ^nd variety. The oak Is a native
of England, as likewife the beech ; the
elm moft probably is an exotic ; but
there are few plants in any part of the
known world but what are introduced
either Into the plantation, the nurfery, or
the green-houfe, in England., Among
the wild animals formerly were wolves,
bears, foxes, deer, badgers, &c. The 2
firft have been totaUy deftroyed, the oth
ers yet remain. Among the domeftic
animals are cattle, horfes, flieep, and hogs.
In the mountains of the different parts of
the kingdom are mines of copper, iron,
lead, tin, and coals, vvith quarries of
marble, frce-ftone, lime-ftone, flate, &c.
The manufaClures are various and exten
five in ever)' article made of wppl, cpttpn,
flax, filk, irpn, fteel, &c. Many villages
and towns are employed in providing
for the demands of merchants to almoft
every quarter of the globe. Rich com
mercial companies are eftabliflied, who,
as well as Individual merchants, export
the manufaCl'jres of this country, and
import others in their loom. The prin
cipal rivers of England are the Thames,
the Severn, the Trent, the Tyne, the
Medway, the Humber, the Merfey, and
the Tamer. London is the capital : the
next tovvns in point of commercial im
portance are Briftol and Liverpool, Can
terbury and York are archbifliops' fees ;
Oxford and Cambridge are univerfities.
The number of inhabitants is eftimated
by fome at 7,000,000, by others at only
5,000,000 ; a ftraiige dift'crence, but both
r.i-jfl be uncertain.
Eii'-piff, A town of Ruffian Siberia, in
the government of 'l"obohl:, on tbe river
Enil'ei ; lar;;e, p'jpulous, and foitificd
wiO.i an c.itciifive jurifdiClion, vvhich

pays annually a tribute in flriris to the
crown of Ruflia : 400 miles ENE Ko-
livan, 1692 ENE Aftrachan, and 2293
E S E Peterffiurg, Iat. 58 16 N.
Enkioping, A town of Sweden, pn the N
fide of the Moeler lake, in the province
of Upland : 21 miles S W Upfal.
Ennis, A tovvn of Ireland, county of
Clare, large and populous, fituated on the
Fergus, which is navigable for large boats
from the Shannon, which adds greatly to
the trade of the town. It is a borough
town : 1 7 miles N W Limerick.
Ennifcorthy, eu town of Ireland, county
of Wexford ; where Is a manufaClure of
coarfe woollen cloth, and fome confider
able Iron works. It Is a borough town .
10 miles N Wexford.
Ennifiillen, a town of Ireland, county
of Fermanagh, fituated on an Ifland iu
the river Erne, The linen manufaClure
flouriflies, and produces Its principal
wealth. It is a borough town : 41 miles
S Londonderry. Eno, A town of European Turkey, iri
Romania ; the fee of a Greek archbifli
op : 38 miles N W GalUpoU.
Ens, or Enns, A town of Germany, in
the archduchy of Auftria, fituated at the
conflux of the Ens and t'ne Danube, on
an eminence, well built, and ftrongly for
tified ; containing a convent, an arfenal,
and^ 3 caftles, i of which is furrounded
with waUs, and bears the name of Enf-
burg : 80 miles W Vienna.
Enfene, a town of Egypt, on the £ fide
of the Nile : 120 miles S Cairo, lat. 28
5 N.Enfffeim, A town of France, department
of the Upper Rhine : 4 leagues S Col
mar. Enire-Duero-e-Minho, a province of Por-
tugiil, bounded on the N by Galicia, a.
province of Spain, on the E by the prov
ince of Tra-los-Montes and Spain, on the
S by the province of Beira, from which
it is feparated by the river Duero, and
on the W by the Atlantic. The foil ir,
fertile, and the air pure and healthy, tt
produces corn, wine, oil, and flax in a-
bundance, with great numbers of flieep,
and plenty of game and fifh. It is divid
ed Into 6 jurifdiClions, which contain
1460 churches, 963 parlffies, 1130 con
vents, and 504,006 inhabitants ; it has
feveral feaports fituated on navigable riv
ers, which render it very commercial.
Braga Is the capital.
Epee, a port of Africa, in the country
of Benin.
Eperies, A town of Hungary, celebrated

E P I

ERF

for its mines of fait : 30 miles N Caf-
chau, lon. 31 13 E,Iat. 49 8 N.
Epernay, a town pf France, department
of the Marne, celebrated for its wine
and manufaClures of cloth : 17 miles N
W Chalons.
Ephefus, once a celebrated city of Na
tolia, anciently called Ionia. The Turks
call it Ajafaluc. "The chief ornament of
Ephefus was the celebrated "Femple of
. Diana, built at the common charge of all
Afia, and reckoned one of the 'Wonders
of the world. It ftood on a marfli, at the
foot of a mountain, which rendered ne
ceffary Immenfe drains, and deep founda
tions of flone. Philo Byzantius fays, that
in this work,the quarries of ftone through
out the whole country, were almoft ex-
haufted. According to Pliny, 400 years
vvere fpent in ereCling this temple by aU
Afia. It was 425 feet in length, 200 in
breadth, fupported by 137 marble pil
lars, 70 feet long, of which 37 were curl
oufly carved, and the reft poliflied. Che-
iromocrates, or DInocrates, who built
Alexandria, was the chief architeCl. Of
this wonderful ftruClure there is nothing
now remaining but a few broken pillars.
The lofty church of St. John's, now con
verted into a Turkifli mofque. Is yet ftand
ing. The vvhole town now contains only
400r5O Turkiffi families of herdfmen and
farmers, who live In low cottages of dirt,
covered on the top vvith earth, and fliel
tered from the extremity of the weather
by mighty mafl'es of ruinous walls, the
pride and oftentation of former days, and
the emblem. In thefe, of the frailty of the
world, ancl the tranfient vanity of human
glory. Thefe farmers and herdfmen are
all that remains of this once populous
city. Tlielfe is not, here a fingle chriftian
family ; fo literally is fulfilled the tlireat-
ning of Jefus Chrift. " Thy candleftick
fliall be removed out of his place." It has
a good harbour ,on a gulf of the fame name,
40 miles S Smyrna, lon. 37 33E, lat. 37
48 N. [Rycaut, Newton, Thevenot.]
Ephratah, another name for Bethlehem,
the birthplace of Jefus Chrift.
Epinal, a city of France, department of
the Vofges, on the MofeUc, noted for its
paper miUs ; 35 miles S E Nanci, lat. 43
10 N.
Epire, or Epirvr, an ancient kingdom of
Greece, now united with Albania, and
included in that country, of which it
forms the fouthern part, extending from
Valoiiato Arta.
Epirus, the ancient kingdom of the
.^acidoe, now forms a part of Turkey In

Europe, by the name of Loiver Albania,
S of Albania, and E of the Ionian Sea.
Paruaffus and Helicon, 2 celebrated
mountains, are in this territory. It is a
good country for pafture, fubjeCl to the
Turks. Epping, A town of England, county of
Effex, noted for excellent butter made iu
Its neighbourhood . 17 miles NNE
London. ,
Eppingen, a town of Germany, In the
Lower Rhine : 1 8 milts S S e' Heidel
berg. Epfom, A tpwn of England, county of
Surry ; celebrated for a medicinal fpring
of a purgative quality: and downs on
which are horfe-races annually ; 15 miles
S London. Epworth, a town of England, county of
Lincoln, on the ifle of Axholm. John
Wefley, the father of the methodifts,
vvas born here : 166 miles N London-
Erach, fee Ctefiphon.
Erhach (County of) A principality of
Germany, in the circle of Franconia : the
foil is mountainous, but produces enough
to fupply the Wants of the inhabitants ;
who make a large quantity of pot-afli,
and feed a great number of cattle : it con
tains mines of lead, filver, iron, copper,
and quickfilver : the number of inhabit
ants is eflimated at 23 or 24,000, viho
are chiefly Lutherans- Erbach, 20 miles
N E Maiiheim, is the capital- 'Fhere is
another tpwii of this name, 1 1 miles W
Mentz- Erfiirt, or Erfort, A city of Germany,
in Lower Rhine, belonging to the
elector of Mentz, who governs it by a
ftadtliolder. It has an ecclefiaftical, a
civil, and criminal tribunal, and a re
gency, from whence appeals may be
made to the eleClor. The municipality
is compofed of an equal nuniber of Cath
oUcs and Lutherans. The town is large,
but not populous, the buildings in gener
al in the Gothic ftyle ; fituated on the
Gera, fortified, and defended by 2 caf
tles, with a garrifon. It contains, befides
a college, a mitred abbey, and 7 others, 4
parifli churches and 3 chapels for the
Roman Catholics, and ii churches for
Lutherans, and an academy inftituted
for ufeful fcience ; a v\-ell furniflied li
brary, in which are feveral iiianufcript
Bibles in the Hebrew characters ; and an
univerfity, conipofed of 5 colleges, whofe
profclfors are Roman Catholics and Lu
therans. The territory of Erfurt is fer
tile, but wants .wood ; It contains, be
fides the capital, 2 towns, and 73 villa ges ;

E R- Z

ESC

^es.: 110. miles W Drefden, and i6o E
Cologne, lat. 50 50 N.
Erivan, or Perfian Armenia, A province
of Perfia, about 200 leagues in length,
and 60 in breadth. The country is
mountainous, InterfeCled with fertile val
lies ; the air Is healthy, and the wine ex
cellent ; , the winter is long. Game and
fifli abound : this is the country in which
Noah's Ark is faid to have refted after
the flood, on a mountain, called by the
Perfians Agri, and by the Armenians
Macis, or Mezefan-ver. The Armenians
believed that Noah lived here both be
fore and after the flood, and that It was
the Paradlfe of Adam. This province
' is bounded on the N by Georgia, on the
E by Schirvan and a fmall province call
ed Mougan, on the S by Aberbcltzan,
and on the W by Turkifli Armenia. [Chardin.]
Erivan, or Irvan, capital of the"above i
province. Is fituated In a plain, furround-
.ed with mountains, and watered by 2 fmall !
rivers ; large, dirty, and 111 built, and
tut indifferently peopled ; the ramparts
•are of earth : the fortrefs is encompaffed
-with a wall of bricks, In which Is a pal
ace for the governor, and 800 houfes,
only inhabited by Perfians ; the Arme
nians have fliops there, but muft not re
main during the night. The churches of
Chriftians are fmall, and half burled in
the ground refembling catacombs : in the
town and environs they reckon 28 con
vents for devotees of both fexes, but
they are poorly endowed : 105 miles N
W Aftrabad, lat. 40 20 N.
Erkelens, a town of Weftphalia . 10
miles N Juliers.
Erlach, A town of Swifferland : 15
miles W N W Bern.
Erlang, A town of Franconia, divided
into Old and New, with feveral churches,
an univerfity, and a palace : 10 mfles N
Nuremberg. F,rmeland, (Biffopric of) a country fur
rounded by, and a province of, Pruffia.
The principal towns- are Frauenburg,
Braunffierg, and Heilffiurg.
Erne, a river of Ireland, which emp
ties into the Bay of Donegal, 3 miles be
tew Bally Shaiibn.
Ernte, a towu of France, with about
3400 Inhabitants ; 4 leagues W May
enne. Erqiiiko, d feaport of the Red Sea, on
the coaft of Abex, fubjeCl to 'I'urkcy,
320 miles S V>'' Mecca.
Erzerum, A city of Afiatic Tur'sev,
and capital of a pachalic to v.-hich it

gives name, and is a part of Annenijj,
fituated near the head of the Euphrates,
at the foot of a chain of mountains,
which are ufually covered with fnow tlfl
the latter end of fpring. The town is
furrounded with a double waU, and de
fended with fome fquare towers ; the
houfes are mean, and none of them large.
The fuburbs are inhabited by Chriftians.
I) Of the inhabitants they count 18,000
Turks, of whom two thirds are Janlfa-
ries ; 6000 Armenians, who have an
archbifliop and 2 churches ; arid 400
Greeks, who have a bifliop and i mean
, church. The Greeks are moftly em
ployed in manufaCluring of copper,
brought from ffme mines 3 days' jour
ney from the city ; this, and a manufac
ture of the tkin pf a fpecies of marten,
are the only objeCls of their commerce.
Erzerum is the ftaple of the merchan
dife of India, efpecially when the -Ara
bians iiifeft the environs of Aleppo and
Bagdad. This merchandife confifts of
filk from ' Perfia, cotton, painted Unens,
fpices, rhubarb from Bukliaria, madder
from Perfia, zedoary, ,&c. This town
was one of the laft whieh was taken from,
the Greek emperors by the Arabians :
250 mfles NNE Aleppo, and 510 £
Conftantinople, lat. 39 56 iN.
Erzgebirg, A country of Upper Saxo
ny, adjoining Leipfie. It owes its name
to the mines which it contains, which,
with Its manufaClures, conftitute its on
ly riches. This territory includes 64
towns, and 700 viUages. -Frcyberg Is the
capltal- Efcalaon, A town of Portugal, iu the
province of Beira : i6 miles N Almeida.
Efalana, A tovvn pf New Caftile, Spain,
furrpunded with walls : 32^ miles S "W
Madrid. Efchwegen, A tpwn pf the Upper Rhine,
Germany, with about 600 houfes : 27
miles E S £ Caffel.
Efcurial, a village of Spain, in New
Caftile, fituated on the Guadara, vvhich
takes Its name from a celebrated palace,
or convent, caUcd by the Spaniards, the
Sill wonder of the vvoild, founded by
Philip V, In confequence of a vow made
the day on which a battle vvas fought at
St. Quentin, In the year 1557. It was
22 years i'i building, and coft 6,000,000
crowns. It is in the fliape of a (gridiron,
4 florics high, and has (fome fay) 800
pillars, ii,ooofiniMre winslov-s, and 14,000
doors ; othei-s make them much lefs in
nuiiiber. It is furniflied with fome capi
tal paintings by the bed mafters, and a
librarv,

ESS

ETA

Bbrary, which contains upwards pf 30,000
volumes. It was taken by the allies, in
the year 1706 : 12 mUes N W Madrid.
Efens, a town of Weftphalia, on the
German Ocean : 24 miles NNE Emden.
Bsfarain, a town of Perfia, province
of Chorafan, famous for the great num
ber of Authors it has produced : 80 miles
E Aftrabad. Eff, A river of England, vvhich runs
inlo the Iriffi Sea near Ravenglafs.
Eff, A river of Scotland, which runs
into the Forth, at Muffelburg.
Efingen, an Imperial town of Swabia,
¦fltuated on an ifland formed by the
Neckar- It holds the 3d rank at the di-
eit and at the affembly of the circle ; 4
villages are under its jurifdiClion- "I'he
environs produce excellent wine, known
by the name of Neckaralden : 6 miles
£ S E Stutgart, and 34 N W Ulm.
Efne, A village on the Nile. It is the
ancient Latopolis, of which there are
great remains, particularly, a fpacious
temple. Here refides an Arab Shekh ;
the inhabitants are a greedy, bad people.
A mile to the S Is the monaftery of St-
Helena, called the cpnvent pf the mar
tyrs. Here Is a burial grpund a mile In
circumference ; many bf the tpmbs are
magnificent. [Bruce, Ppcocke.]
Efpiers, a town of Flanders : 8 miles
N "iFoumay.
Efpofenda, A feaport town pf Pprtugal,
prpvince of Entre Duero-e Minho, at
t^ie mouth of the Cavado, with a har-
bbur for fmall veffels : 22 miles N Opor
to, lat. 48 32 N.
Effeek, A trading town pf Sclavpnia,
with a wppden bridge pver the marflies,
8865 geometrical paces in length, and 15
in breadth. It Is a confiderable pafs be
tween Hungary and Turkey ; feveral
battles have been fought here- It Is on
the Drave : 175 miles S by E Vicnna-
Effen, A town of Weftphalia : 16 miles
NNE Dufl'eldorp.
Effex, A county of England, bounded
N by Curabrldgefllire and Suffolk ; S by
the river Th'ames. It is divided Into 19
hundreds, in vvhich are 26 towns, 403
p.iriflics, about 63,000 houfes, and
325,000 inhabitants. The foil for the
moft part is fertile ; the principal pro
duClions are wheat, barley, oats, beans,
peas, flax, hemp, coriander-feeds, cara
way-feeds, potatoes, teazles for the wool
len manufaClures, rape, muftard, and
cofe-feed ; all which find a ready market
in London. The chief town is Chelmf-
ferd.

EfamboUc, A town of Arabia, near the
coaft of the Red Sea : 180 miles NNW
Medina. Efampes, a town of France, depart
ment of the Seine : 15 mUes E Chartres,
lat. 48 26 N.
Efiaples, a, town of France : 12 miles
S Boulogne. Efe, A tovvn of Italy, in the Paduan :
II miles SS W Padua.
Efella, a towri of Spain, in Navarre,
on the iEga ; defended by a caftle, and
containing 6 parifli churches, 6 convents,
an hofpital, and an univerfity 117 miles
S W Pampalona, and 155 NNE Mad
rid, lat. 42 40 N.
Eflepa, a town of Spain, in Seville ;
celebrated for its olives and oil : 15 miles
S Ecija. Efhonia, fee Revel.
EflramadUra, ' a province of Spain,
bounded E by New Caftile, and W by
Portugal ; it formerly made part of Por
tugal. The eountry is mountainous, and
the air in fummer is exceedingly hot,
wholefome to the natives, but infupport
able to ftrangers. Spring water is fcarce,
and the Inhabitants are compelled to ufe
principally that of ponds. The foil is
fertile in grain, grapes, and other fruits.
Cattle and fine wppl conftitute their
principal commerce ; the hiUs are cov
ered with oaks, whofe acorns feed greatt
herds of fwine, which are all black.
The inhabitants are In general inclined
to corpulency, but are hrimane, affable,
fincere, ftout, and brave. The princi
pal town Is Badajoz.
Eframadura, A province of Portugal,
bounded N and N E by Beira, W by the
Atlantic Ocean. The foil Is perhaps the
moft fertile in Portugal, producing corn,
wine, olives, millet, oranges, &c. Large
plains are covered with olive and other
fruit trees. The whole country is cov
ered with flowers, and the bees produce
a prodigious quantity of honey- The
manufacture of fait produces one of the
chief articles of their commerce. The
principal tovvn is Lifbon- yi
Eflremoz, A town of Porfngal, In Alen
tejo, and one of the ftrongeft towns in
the kingdom, being furrounded with lo
baftions. It contains 3 churches, 3 hof-j
pitals, 6 convents, and about 7500 in
habitants- A manufaClure of beautiful
earthenware Is eftabliffied here, and In
the neighbourhood are quarries of beau
tiful marble : 80 miles E LIffion, lat. 38
46 N.
Staphs, or Efaplts, a feaport town of
France,

E T N

E V O

France, department of the Straits of Ca
lais, diftriCl of Boulogne, near the mouth
of the Canche, In the Englifli Channel,
with a harbour for fmall veffels ; the
principal trade is fifliing : 13 miles S
Boulogne. Etayah, A town of Fllndooftan, in the
country of Agra, on the N E fide of the
Jumna, the banks of which, in fome
places are 60 feet high, confifting of
concha, or vitrified fand. There are but
3 tolerable houfes in the place, though
the town Is large : 62 miles S E Agra,
lon. 79 17 E, lat. 26 45 N-
Etham, the 2d encampment made by
the Ifraelites in their march out of Egypt-
About 50 miles from Cairo- [Shaw.]
Ethiopia, A name which has been given
to divers countries as well in Afia as Af
rica, for the Greeks called all thofe peo
ple whofe Ikin was black or tawny,
Ethiopians- At prefent, a great part of
Africa is comprehended under the name
of Ethiopia, which is divided into Up
per and Lower- Upper Ethiopia In-.
eludes Nubia and Abyffinia. In Lower
Ethiopia are comprehended all the king
doms S of the equinoClial line, as Con
go, Lower Guinea, Caffraria, Moriomo-
topa, &c.
Ettieune, St. a city of - France ' depart
ment of Rhone and Loire, remarkable
for its manufaClures of fteel and Iron :
260 miles S by E Paris;
Etna, a mountain of Sicily, fituated on
the eaftern part of the ifland, in the val
ley of Demona, and celebrated on ac
count of Its volcano, called by the in
habitants Mount Gibello. The country
round about is exceedingly fertile. In the
lower region of the mountain are vine
yards, cornfields, and paftures ; the fec
ond Is crowded with forefts of oaks, beech,
and firs ; the third, or moft elevated, is
uncultivated, and covered with congeal
ed fnow, of which the Sicilians make
great ufe, and from which the bifliop of
Catania derives a great part of his reve
nue- The fummit is a league in circum
ference, andjwithin formed Uke a vaft
amphitheatre^rom whence flames, fmoke,
and aflies, iffue In divers places- The
moft confiderable eruptions vvhich have
been recorded, happened in the years
734 B. C- 1447. 1535. 1554, 1566, 1579,
1669, 1693, which deftroyed Catania
and buried in Its ruins, i8oro perfons,
1766, 1780, and 1787- The height of
this mountain is faid to be 9000 feet
above the level of the fea, and the eir-
cuniference 70 miles- On the S E fide of

this mountain is the remarkable chefnut
tree, which, an inch from the ground,
meafures 196 feet In circumference, lOOi
horfes can at one time be flieltered under
its boughs- 1
[Swinburne, Adam, Brydone-]
Eton, A town of England, comity of
Bucks, feparated from Windfor by the
Thames, over which is a bridge of com
munication ; celebrated for its college,
which was founded fpr a provoft; 10
priefts, 4 clerks, 6 chorifters, 25 poor
grammar fcholars, vvith a mafter to
teach them, and 35 poor old men. It
ftill fubfifts In a fiourifliing flate : 20
miles W London.
Etruria, A village In Staffordfliire, near
Newcaftle. It is the principal feat of the
potteries In this county, and here the
moft elegant vafes of every ufe and
form are made. Jofiah Wcdgewood,
Efq. was the founder, who died here in
1795. Ettlingen, a town of Swabia,' on the
Albe : 28 mfles SSW Heidelberg.
Ettrick, A river of Scotland, which
runs into the Yarrow, a miles SSW
from Selkirk.
Eu, A feaport town of France, depart
ment of the Lower Seln'e, ori the Brefle; ,
near the coaft of the Englifli Channel i..
5 leagues N Dieppe, lat. 50 2 N.
Evaux, A tovvn of France, dapartment
of the Creufe ; near it is a mineral
fpring and baths : 6 leagues NNE Au-
buffon. Eveffam, A town of England, county of,
Worcefter, near the river Avon, which,
is here navigable for barges. In a fertile
vale, called The Vale of Eveffam. It Is a,
borough by prefcriptlon, and fends two
members to the Britifli parliamenL It
has 3 churches, and had formerly an ab
bey, of which fmall remains are now vlt*;-
ible ; whofe abbot fat in parliament, and .
exercifed thefpirltual power of a bifliop :
14 miles E 'Worcefter, and 95 W N W
London. Evef, A river of Ruffia, which runs In
to the Dwina, near Kreutzburg.
Evian, A town of Savoy, on the cpaft
pf the lake of Geneva, containing 2 par
iflies, and 2 convents ; near it are fonie
mineral waters) frequented in the fum
mer : 23 miles N E Geneva.
Eulenberg, a towu of Moravia : 14
miles N Olmutz.
Evo'.i, a town of Naples : 15 miles £ S
E Salerno. Evarn, a fortified city of Portugal, cap
ital of the -province Alentejo ; faid to
have

EUR

EWE

have been founded by the Phoenicians,
and walled round by Scrtorius, who fup
plled the towri with water by means of
a beautiful aqueduCt. It is furrounded
by mountains, and contains 5 churches,!
feveral hofpitals, 22 convents or colleges,
and 1 2,000 inhabitants ; 65 miles E Llf-
bort, lat. 38 30N.
Evoramonie, A town of Portugal, fitu
ated on a rock, and containing about
800 inhabitants : 15 miles N £ i^vora.
•Euphrates, A river of Afia, which rifes
in Mount Ararat, in 2 ftreams, a few
miles to the N E of Erzerum, vvhich unite
to the S W, near that city ; in ils courfe
it feparates AladuUa from Armenia, Syria
from Diarbekir, and Diarbekir from Ara
bia ; paffes through the Arabian Irak, in
which it joins the Tigris, about 3"o leagues
from its mouth, near the town of Car-
nah, and empties itfelf into the Perfian
Gulf, about 50 mfles S E of Baffora. lis
water Is remarkably pleafant. It is mud
dy when firft taken up, It foon becomes
clear ; and is by fome prefered to wine
or fpirits. The tide raifes Its w,-iter
more than 30 leagues above its mouth,
lon. 66 55 E, lat. 39 50 N. ' [Jackfon.]
Euphrates, a river of Africa, in the
country of Whidah, on the Slave Coaft.
.Eure, a river of France, which joins the
Loire, a little below Pont de I'Arche.
Eure, ^ department pf France, S pf the
department ofthe Lower Seine : it takes
its name from the river Eure, vyhich
crofl'es It : Evreux is the capital.
- Eure and Lair, a department of France,
S E of the department pf the Eure. It
takes its name frpm the rivrers Loir and
Eure, which water it ; Chartres Is the
capital. Evreux, A town of France, department
of the Eure. Befpre the revplrition, the
fee of a biflipp, fuft'ragan of Rouen, and
containing 8 pariflies. Its commerce con
fifts in 'woollen and linen c'oth; lace, grain,
wine, and cider : 55 miles W Paris, lat.
49 a N- • ' .
Europe, one of the grand divifions of
the world. We can only fay in general,
that tovvards the E It is bounded by Afia,
without afccrtaining the boundary line ;
elfewhere the limits are more accurately
defined ; from the Sea of Afoph to 'the
Mediterranean on the S E, through the
Euxine, or Black Sea, the Bofphorus, the
Sea of Marmora, the Dardanelles, and
the Archipelago ; on the S It is bounded
by the Mediterranean ; on the W by the
Atlantic ; and on the N by the Frozen
Sea : Calio di Rocca or the Rock of Lif-
Voi. II. Dd

bon, on the coaft of Portugal, being the
moft wefterly point of land, lon. 10 W.
The moft eafterly point is in ^o» degrees
E ten. Its extent from S to N is fuppof
ed to be from the 26th degree to the 72d
degree of N latitude. The number of In
habitants in Europe is calculated at 150
miUions ; but it is certainly capable of
fupportiug a much greater number.
Thefe form different ftates; which are
fometimes united and fometimes divided,
as- different political interefts may weigh ;
each ftate fp'eaks a difl'erent language,
many of vvhich are derived from the fame
original fource, or are a mixture of oth
ers formed and fanClioned by lime. Eu
rope may be divided into 16 parts, 4 to
the N, viz. the Britifli iflands, Denmark
with Norway, Sweden, -and Ruffia ; 8 in
the center, viz. France, Netherlands,
Swifferland, Germany, Bohemia, Hunga
ry, -Poland, and Pruflia ; and 4 to the S,
viz. Portugal, Spain, Italy, and European
Turkey. -Its length from E' to W Is reck
oned above iioo leagues, and breadth
from N to S a-bout 900. Although Eu
rope is the fmalleft cjuarter of the world
in number of fquare miles, yet it may be
confidered as the principal in every thing
relating to man in fociety, mildnefs of air,
fertility of foil, whence are produced all
the neceffaries, and moft of t[ie luxuries
of life ; for the beauty, ftrength, courage,
and wif'dom of its inhabitants ; the excel
lence of its government, laws, and relig
ion. The principal iflands of Europe
are -Great Britain, Ireland, the Orcadcs,
the Hebrides, Iceland, the Ifles of Ferro
In the Atlantic ; Sicily, Sardinia, Corfica,
Candy, the Greek Ifles, Majorca, Minor
ca, and others In the Mediterranean ;
and in the Baltic are Zealand, Funen,
Rugen, Bornholm, Gottland, Oefel, &c.
The moft confiderable rivers are the Po
and the Tyber, In Italy ; the Rhine, the
Danube, t'he Elbe, and the Oder, in Ger
many ; the Loire, the Seine, the -Rhdne,
and the Garonne, In France ; the Tagus
and the Duero, in Spain ; the Villula.iii
Poland ; the Dnieper, the Volga, and the
Don, in Ruffia ; the Thames and the Se
vern, In England ; the Tai, in Scotland,
the Shannon, in Ireland ; the Scheldt and
Meufe; In the Netherlands, &c.
Eutin, A town of Lower Saxony, bifli
opric of Lubeek, by the fide of a laice ;
the ufual refidence of the biffiop : 20
miles N Lubcck.
Euxine, fee Black Sea.
Ewell, a town of England, county of
Surry ; 18 miles S London, - £x.

I; Y M

FAH

Ex, a rivfer of England, which runs in
to the fea at Exmouth.
Exet\, A city of England, and capital
Of Devonffiire, on the river Ex, about lo
miles from the Englifli Channel ; the fee
of a.bifliop, fiiffragau of the archbifliop
of Canterbury, The city is ancient,
probably built at the time the Romans
weie in pofTefliori of Britain ; it was fur
rounded with walls, and had 6 gates,
moft of which are pulled down. Befides
the cathedral, which Is a magnificent
pile of building, there are i8 other
churches, a few chapels, and five large
meeting-houfes. The city is -governed
by a mayor, recorder, town-clerk, &c.
The trade of the city confifts principally
in the exportation of coarfe vvbolleii
goods, manufaClured in the neighbouring
counties, to the annual amount of more
tlian half a million fterling befides
this, the £ India Company take off a
quantity of long-^lls, amounting to the
value of about 105,000!. of which about
a fourth part are ffiipped at Exeter ; the
remainder at Dartmouth and Plyriiputh.
Formaking thefe woollens,about 4-000 bags
of wool are Impotted at Exeter from Kent.
Exeter likewife Imports dying drugs,
wines, and fruit, from ppain and Italy ;
linens from Gerniany ; and hemp, iron,
timber, and tallow, frpnj the Baltic, It
fends fliips to the Newfoundland and
Greenland fiffierles. It fupplies the conn-
try round with coal, both from the north
ern collieries, and from Wales ; and it
has an exportation of corn, efpecially
oats, to Londcm. Exeter fends 2 mem
bers to the Britlffi parliament : 78 miles
S W Bath, and 1 73 W S W London, ten.
3 30 W, lat. 50 40 N.
Exmaar, An extenfive fOreft of England,
Jn the weftern part of the county of
Somerfet. Exmouth, a feaport , town of England,
on the S coaft ofthe county of Devon, at
the mouth of the river Ex : 10 miles S
Exeter. Eye, a tovvn of England, county of Suf
folk ; a very ancient borough, fending
a members to the Britifli parliament : 21
iniles N Ipfwich.
Eyerlandt, an Ifland at the entrance in
to the Zuyder Sea from the , German
Ocean, N ofthe 'Fexel, about 2 miles and
¦a half in length, and about half a mile
wide ; joined to the ifland of Texel by a
hank of fand, and overflowed only at
high water.
Eymauih, A feaport town of Scotland
op the E coaft of the cpunty of Berwick,

with a fmall harbour, principally for fifli-
ing veflels, lon. 2 10 W, lat. 55 46 N. .
Ey"'Outiers, A town of Frarice, depart
ment ofthe Upper Vienne, ori the "Vien
ne ; containing about 2000 inhabitants,
with a coi'ifiderable trade In ikins, leath
er, and rags ; 6 leagues Ii} Limoges.
Eyfdale, a fmall illand, near the W coaft
of Scotland, celebrated for its quarries
of excellent flate : 7 miles S E MuU.
Eyfach, a river which rifes in the coun
ty of Tyrol, which runs Into the Adige,
near Bolzano.
Ezel, an ifland bf Ruffia, in the Baltic
Sea, of a triangular fbrm, about 8 miles
in circumference, lat. 5 8 20 N.
Ezion-geber, a feaport of the Red Sea,
celebrated in the reigns of Solomon and
Jehofliaphat. Here Solomon built a na
vy, (i Kings 9. 26.) Near the mouth
of the harbour, is a ridge of rocks, on
which was wrecked, the fleet fitted out
jointly by Jehofliaph.at and Ahaziah,-
klng of Ifrael, which deftroyed the credit
of this harbour. Dr. Shaw fuppofes it
to be the fame vvith* that which is now
called by. the Arah'iam, Aleenah^^el-lfabab,
or " The port of Gold." It lies In the
Gulf of Eloth, 2 days' journey from
Mount Sinai ; is fpacious, and has plenty
of lobfters and other fliell .fifli. [Shaw.]

P.

AABORG, A feaport town of t)en-.
mark, on theS cbaft ofthe ifland of Funen,
in a flat but fertile country, the harbour is
not good ; the principal trade is in, provi
fions : 17 miles S Oldenfei, lon. 10 16 E;
lat. 55 12 N.
Fabriano, A town of Italy, in Ancona, at
the foot of the Apennines, celebrated for,
Its excellent paper ; It contains feveral
rich monafteries, and Is caUed one of the
four caftles of Italy: 32 miles S W An
cona. Faenza, a town of Italy, In the Romag
na : With a manufacture of pottery tb
which it gives name, ao miles S W Ra
venna. Fahlun, a town of Sweden, in Dalecarlia,
fituated in the midft of rocks, and. hills,
and between two large lakes, near fome
celebrated copper mines, whence the town
is fometimes, called Copperfferg. It con--
tains 1200 honfes,2 churches roofed with
copper, and about 7000 inhabitants, ma
ny of whom are employed in the mines:
70 mjles N Slrocmfliolm, lon. 15 32 E,lat.
605JN. [Coxe.]- Faidi,

FAL

FAM

Saido, A town of Switzerland among
the Alps ; it Is the refidence of a Balllf,
who is nominated by the Canton of
UrI. He remains in oflice 4 years, dur
ing which time his power is almoft un
limited. InfurreClions in 171a and 1755,
deprived the people, who were ftruggUng
for an imaginary liberty and equality, of
molt of their real privileges. Not con
tent with the fubftance, feizing the flia
dow, they teft all, and find themfelves un
der the hand of oppreflion, 12 miles N
Eellinzona, [Pennant,]
Fairford, A town of England, county of
Gloucefter ; pek-brated for the glafs win
dows in the church, curloufly painted
with fcripture hiftories, done from the
defigns of Albert Diirer ; the prefent of
John Tame, 1 merchant of London, who
took them In a prize fliip bound for Rome,
and built the church fbr the purpofe
of placing them In It, 85 miles W Lon
don, Faifans (Iff de,) nr Ife of Conference, A
fmall neutral ifland in the river fildaffoa,
which feparates France froin Spain, cele
brated for being the place where the
peace of the Pyrennees was concluded, In
the year 1 669, between France and Spain :
and for the Interview between the kings
pf France and Spaiq, on the marriage of
Louis XIV. At>qut 2 miles from Fontar
abia. Fakenham, a town of England, county
of Norfolk, about 6 miles from tbe fea,
}io miles NNE London.
Falaife, A town of France, department
ofthe Calvados, on the Ante : it hasmari-
ufaClures of ferges, linen, and lace : fa-
'jBous as the birthplace of William the
Conqueror, 6 leagues S Caen.
Falkenau, a town of Bohemia, on the
Eger ; where are manufaClures of alum,
fulphur, and vitriol : 66 miles W Prague.
Falkenberg, a feaport town of Sweden,
00 the Scaggerac -. the chief trade of the
inhabitants is fifliing : 52 miles N Helf
ingborg, ten, 12 27 E, Iat, 56 54 N-
Faikenburg, A ftrong town of Germany,
in the New Mark of Brandenburg : 124
jniles N E Berlin,
Falktnfein, a finall country of Gerniany,
on the confines of France, Containing
the town of WInweilcr, a town of its own
name, and about fifteen villages : the in
habitants are principally Lutherans,
Falkirk, a town of Scotland, county of
Stirling; chiefly fupported by the mar
kets of cattle vvhich are brought here
from the northern parts of Scotland for
fale, of which 15,000 have been fold fume- '

times at one market : 20 miles W Edin
burgh, and 8 S E Stirling
Falkland, a town of Scotland, county of
Fife, formerly the refidence of the kings
of Scotland ; the palace Is now In ruins :
18 miles N E Edinburgh-
Falmouth, a feapprt town pf England,
county bf Cornwall, fituated at the mouth
ot the river Fale, at the entrance into the
Englifli Channel, with a good harbou'r,
and the road for fliipplng fuppofed to be
the beft in Great Britain, capable of re
ceiving veffels of any burthen : guarded
by tvvo caftles : packets for Spain, Por
tugal, and the Weft Indies, fail regularly
frorii this port, vvhich is the occafion of
confiderable trade and advantage to the
town- It Is a corporation, governed by
a mayor and alderman, 95 miles S W Ex
eter, and 258 W S W London, lon, 5 4
W, lat. 50 9 N.
Falfe Bay, a bay of Africa, to the eaft
ward of the Cape of Good Hope, and
weftward of Cape Falfe ; frequented by
fliips when the N W winds prevail, lon.
18 33 Fi, lat. 34 10 S.
Falfer, an Ifland of Denmark, fituated
at the entrance ofthe Baltic, fouth of Zea
land, from which it is feparated only by a
narrow fea, abput 60 miles in circumfer
ence ; exceedingly fertile, and abounding
in game ; the principal tpwns are Nye-
klppiflg and Stubbekipping, ten. 1 2 E, lat.
54 50 N.
Falflerba, A feapprt tpwn of Sweden, in
the prpvince of Schonen, chiefly known
for a Ught-houfe and its herring fifliery :
22 miles SSW ^.tind-
Faliiga, a fmall ifland in the Mediter
ranean, near the W coaft of Sardinia.
Faluga, A town of Afiatic Turkey, on
the weft bank of the Euphrates ; 25 miles
S E Bagdad.
Falun, fee Fahlun.
Falun, a river of S>vifferland, which runs
into the lake of Neufchatel, near Yverdun.
Fam-cham, a town of China, of the third
rank, in the province of Pe-teht-li : 25
miles S W Peking.
Fam-chan-pvu Hotun, A town of ACa, in
the kingdoin of Corea . 612 miles ENE
Peking Famars, A tovvn of France, department
ofthe Nortli ; near which the French, i.i
the beginning of the year 1793, hada for
tified camp for the defence of Valencien
nes, taken by the allies in April, 3 milts
S Valenciennes. Famagajia, a feaport town of the ifland
of Cyprus, on the E coaft of the iflanil ;
wilh a good harbour, but much choaked

FAR

FAR

«p, tlie entrance into which is defended
by a fprts, ppppfite each pther. Once a
fpacteus, fplendid city, now little more
than a heap of ruins, with fcarcely aoo
inhabitants. It is the fee of a Greek
biffiop, fuffragan of;NIcofia. It was for
merly well fortifie^by the Venetians, but
was taken by fhe "iPurks, who had an ar
my of 200,000 men, in the year 1571, af
ter a fiege of ten months : fince vvhich
the fortifications have been negleCled : 40
miles E NIcofia, lon. 35 55' E, lat. 35 10
iN. [Mariti.]
Famine, or Famene, a fmall country of
the Netherlands, in the weftern part of
the duchy of Luxemburg, the principal
towns are Marche and Roche. -
Fano, A town of Naples, 9 miles SSW
Teramo. Fano, a feaport town of Italy^, duchy of
Urbino, on the Adriatic. It is furround
ed with a lofty wall of brick and ditches ;
with towers at fmall diftances, and baf
tions towards the fea. It has feveral mo
nafteries, and fome beautiful churches.
Here are the remains of a triumphal arch,
ereCled in honor of Auguftus, 17 miles
E Urbino, lat. 43 5 a N.
Fanoe, A fmall ifland of Denmark, near
the coaft of Slefwick, about 5 leagues in
circumference, chiefly inhabited by fifli
ermen, lon. 8 25 E, lat. 55 23 N.
Fantin, a country of Africa, on the Gold
Coaft, which extends about 3 miles along
the fliore of the Atlantic. The foil Is
fertile, producingfiuits, maize, and palm-
wine. European nations trade here for
gold and flfives : the inhabitants are bold,
canning, and deceitful. Their gpvern
ment is ariftocratic; their chiefs arc a
fupreme judge or governor, attended by
a council of old men. Each town has a
chief. Their Inteftine divifions are the
chief fecurity of their neighbours, being
able to affemble an army of ten thoufand
men. The fmall towns are very numer
ous, and they reckon about 4000 fiflier
men oil the coaft. The capital Is of the
fame name, and Is fituated about 4 leagues
up the country.
Faoua, or Foua, a town of Egypt, on the
AV branch of the Nile, formerly a feaport,
though now 20 miles from the fea. The
Venetians formerly kept ' conful here,
and merchandife was brought thither by
the cmal from Alexandria ; but the c.i-
nal, not being now navigable, the town
hisioft its commerce, and Rofetta flour
iflies on its decay : 16 miles S E Rpfetta,
arid 70 N N W Cairo, lat. 31 10 N.
fareham, a town of Engla-nd, county of

Hants, on the N W fide of Portfmoiith
harbpur, with a quay, at which veffels of
aoo tpns can unload ; a confiderable trade
Is carried on in coals, corn, &c. and a
manufaClure of facks and cordagcv; bricks
and tiles are made here of a fuperior ex
cellence, 74 miles S W London. ',
Earn Iflands, 2 groups of -fmall Iflands.
and rocks, 17 in number, in the German
Sea, near the Englifli coaft, oppofite Bam
borough Caftle, lon. i 44 W, lat. 55 29 N.
Farnham, a town of England, county of
Surry, on tli,e river Wey ; celebrated
for Its plantations of hops, the beft in
England : 38 miles S W London.
Faro, an ifland of Sweden, 30 miles in
circumference, feparated from the N E
part of the illand of Gothland by a nar
row channel. It is populous and fertile ;
the principal town has the fame name,
and is fituated on the S E coaft, lon. 19
7 E, lat. 57 50 N.
Faro, a feapprt of Portugal, in the gulf -
of Cadiz, lat. 37 2 N.
Faro of Meffma, a ftrait of the Medi
terranean, betvveen Sicily and Calabria,
about 7 miles acrofs, remarkable for the
tide ebbing and flowing every 6 hours.
Faroe If ands, in the North Sea; belong
ing to Denmark, about 170 leagues S of
Iceland, but fomething more to the W of
Norway, and are 25 In number ; though
but 17 are inhabited. They extend
about 70 mIlesInJength,and5oIn breadth.
The fummers and winters are very mod
erate In this climate ; and as the latter
are neither long nor fevere, the cattle feed
here in the open air all the year round.
However, the dampnefs of the air makes
the inhabitants fubjeCl to many diftem-
pers, as coughs, the fcurvey, &c. Thefe
iflands are, indeed, fo many folid rocks,
but the furface of them is covered with
earth, or mould, to the depth of 2 feet,
and this fliallow foil is fo fertile as to yield
ao for I. The paftures are excellent, ef
pecially for flieep, in the great flocks of
which the wealth of the inhabitants con
fifls. Here is a great plenty both of land
and water fowl, and filli. The commodi
ties vended here to foreigners arc falted
mutton, goofe quills, feathers, and eider
down ; knit woollen waiftcoats, caps, and
ftockings ;¦ tallow, &c. There are hers
7 pariflies and 3? churches, under the di
ocefe of Zealand. I'hcfe iflands, togeth
er with Iceland, are under one governor ;
but they have their refpecllvc 'provincial
andinferior judges, and king's conful, who
fuperintcnds the trade of the iflands, lat.
6i 15 to 6a 10 N. larrinitdoii..

FAU ,

FAY

Jfarringdon, a town of England, county
of Berks, near the Thames, 74 miles W N
W London.
Farffan, a province of Peffia, bounded
N by a defart, S by the Gulf of Perfia ;
about 420 miles long, 360 broad. To
wards the S the air is very hot, and the
land fo fandy that it produces Uttle elfe
than palm trees ; northwa'rd It la, full of
mountains, on vvhich are found the moft
beautiful falcons in Perfia, a great num
ber of wild fwine and wild cats. The
parts which are cultivated fcarcely yield
fufficient for the inhabitants ; the princi
pal produClions are rice and fruit; the
centre is the moft fertile. In the forefts is
found a tree from which the Inhabitants
gather Jjiaftic ; emeralds are common.
The celebrated city of Perfepolis, now In
ruins Is In this province.
Fartach, or Fartak, a feaport of Arabia
FeUx, 480 miles E Mocha, lon. 68 10 E,
lat. 14 40 N.
Fatal enda, a town of Africa, on the river
Gambia, about 600 miles from its mouth,
where the Englifli had a faCtory,but from
the behaviour of the king of Tomanl,
vvere compelled to' abandon it In the year
1734. The Gambl^ at this town is as
wide as the Thames at London bridge,
and the tide rifes 3 or 4 feet, lon. 12 W,
lat. 12 45 N. [Moor.]
Fattaconija, the capital of Boridou. AU
the houfes belonging to the king are fur
rounded by a lofty mud wall, which ren
ders the vvhole a kind of citadel. The
interior Is divided into difl'erent courts.
The people are hofpitable and kind, lon.
II 45 E, lat. 14 25 N- [Park,]
¦Fatffo, an illand of Japan, about 80
miles from the S coaft of the Ifle of Niphon,
whither the emperor banlflies the gran
dees who have Incurred his difpleaf'ure ;
to be employed in making filk ftuffs em
broidered with gold ; the ifland is barren
and almoft inacceffible.
Fatiipour, a town of Hindooftan, pro
virice of Agra, once a magnificent city,
now falling to decay : 38 miles W S 'W
Agra, lon. 78 '8 E, lat. 37 10 N.
Favagnana, an Ifland, 7 miles In circum
ference, near the weftern coaft of Sicily.
It Is fertile, with fome excellent meadow
land, fometimes yields from the fiflieries
80,000 livres, lat. 38 N,
Faucigny, A provlncepf S,-ivoy, bounded
W by the Genevois. Wood and paftures
form the principal riches of the country.
Fauqueimnt, a townof the Netherlands,
duchy of LImburg, on the Geule, 1 1
miles W Aix-la-Chapelle,

Fayal, the moft weftern of the 'Azore
iflands, about 9 leagues long, and 3 wide.
"Fhe cUmate is good, and the air alwavsi
mild and pure. It produces wheat, In
dian corn, arid plenty pf pafture for cattle ;
birds are niimerous,,and fifh are caught
pn the cpaft. The chief place is Orta,
which has not a glafs window in it except
in the churches and the houfe of the Eng
lifli Conful. Fayal was firft peopled by
Flemings, who, imagining the Portuguefe
garrifon to be a kind of opprcffive tax
upon them,petitioned his Catholic Majef
ty for leave to take upon themfelves the
defence ofthe ifland. Their requeft was,
granted, and the event almoft fatal ; for
fhe EngUfli, at different times, under the
earls of Cumberland and Effex, made de-
fcents on Fayal, took it, and deftroved
the fortifications, after having taken and
burnt a ftjuadron of rich homeward bound
fliips that lay in this harbour. This dif..
after induced the king to refume the de
fence of the Ifland ; fince which time a
Portuguefe garrifon has conftantly been
maintained here, lat. 38 33 N. [Cook.]
Fayd, a town In Syria, on the frontiers
of Arabia Deferta . 400 miles E Damaf
cus. Fayence, A town of France, department
of the Var, celebrated for its manufac
ture of earthen vvare ; 10 miles N E Dra-
guignan, Fayoum, or Feiutn, a pt*ovince of Egjrpt,
fituated on the W fide of the Nile, former
ly the province of ./^jryjwof, and InterfeCled
by canals which once formed a commu-
I nication between the river and the lake ;
formerly one of the wealthieft and moft
fertile provinces of Egypt, now much de-
I clined in its fertility, through the opprcf-
, fion cf the "Furks ; inftead of fiourifliing
I cities, only mud wall vjiUages are found ;
[ the canals are moftly dry, and the lake
Mieris, reduced to two thirds of its for
mer extent ; notwithftanding all this,
wherever the waters can penetrate,. .the
fame produClions are found in the fame
abundance. The Copts fti|l cultivate the
olives and the vines, which their forefath
ers planted ; ftill gather excellent grapes,
of which they make amoftagrecalilc white
wine. The vvhole country is now cover
ed with wheat, barley, and dourra, M-hich
rife. In fucceffion, uninterruptedly, for 7
or 8 months. The tall flax, the fugar-
cane, and vegetables -of all kinds fprout
up, almoft without culture; cucumbers,
and near 20 fpecies of melons, melting,
fweet, and wholefome, adorn the banks
of the rivulets, clufttring fruit trees are
fcattered

F E L

FER

fcattered over the plain. Amid a dlver-
fity of trees and plants, forefts of the
Tof'cbufll grbw riear villages. Rofewa-
ter, dIftUled from its odoriferous flovvers, ,
fbnns an extenfive bianch of commerce. '
The canals aqd laktf fiyarm with fifli, '
>vhieh are caught in prodigious quantities,
and eat in the province, or carried to the
neighbouring cities, and are as cheap as at
iiDamietta. Whetj the froft and fnow of ,
winter Is felt in the northern countries, ;
innumerable flocks of birds refort to the
lake Mueris, and the canals qf Fayoum.
The people catch abundance of geefe,
vvith golden pluinagc, aqd a moft agreea
ble flavour, fat and delicate, ducks, teal,
fwans, the fltins qf -jyhiclj are ufed like
furs, arid pelican|.
Fayoum, capital bf the above prpvince,
fbimerly cpijt^iiied public baths, markets,
and colleges ; and was divided by the ca
nal of Jofeph, and furrounded by gardens.
At prefent it Is only half a league In cir
cumference, and ftands on the eaflern
fliore of the canal. "The remainder Is de
ftroyed, and the pollegeS are ho qiore.
Houfes built of fun-dried brick?, prefenti
a gloomy affemblage of huts ; their in
habitants are poor, and deprived pf ener
gy, their arts are reduced tq fome manu-
faCfc^u^es of mats, coarfe carpets, and the
diftillation of" rqfewatet : 49 utiles S ^ W
Cairo, lat. 39 27 N. ' "
Faxuela, A province qf Africa betvveen
the Nile and White river. [Bruce.]
Fecamp, a feaport town of France, de
partment of the Lower Seine. It contains
about 1000 houfes. "I'he principal com
merce Is in linen, ferges, lace, lea;ther, and
hats : the herring fifhery employs a con
fiderable number of veffels ; and fmaller
boats fiffi along tfie coaft; 24 miles N B
Jiavre de Grace. )
Fedala, a feaportj of Africa, in Morocco,
on a bay of the Atlantic.
Feldkirch, a fmall county of Germany,
formerly in Swabia, now a part of the
^yrolefc.; bounded S by the Grifons ; W
liy the Rhine. Feldkirch is the capital ;
60 miles N W Tyrol.
Fdicudi, one of the Li pari iflands. In the
Mediterranean : a8 miles W Lipari, lat.
39 3a N.
Felletin, a town pf France, department
of the Creufe .: the chief trade is In cat
tle. Near It is a medicinal fpring : noted
for its tapeftry. 7 leagues SSE Gueret,
iat. 45 5i3 N-
Fellin, a town of Terra di I.ivori . 13
miles NNE Napl--'.

Felling, 2 towns of Germany, In the
arch-duchy of Auftria: one ii mfles S
Vienna. Felaops, a nation in Africa, S of the
mouth' of the Gambia. Tii<^y Are of a
gloomy difpofition, never forgive ap inju
ry; but tranfmit their quarrels from fath
er to fon : yet they poffefs gratitude, and
affeClioji for their benefaClors, are re
markably honeft ill their dealings, and
faithful to every truft repofed in tlicm.
How dcfirable it is that their minds
fliould be enlightened by the gentle
beams of Chriftianity I Were the miffion
aries of Jefus to vifit thefe — [Park.]
Feltri, A town of Italy, capital of the
Feltrin, belonging to Venice, at the foot
of mountains, generally covered with-
fnow, vvhich renders the air cold- The
principal trade is Iron ; 53 iniles N E
Verqna, lat- 46 2 N-
•Femern, an Iflaqd in the Baltic, feparat
ed frpm Holftcin by a narrow ftrait,
called Fcmern Sound, about 9 leagues in
circumference- It contains the town of
Burg, and a few villages, ten- 11 5 E, lat.
54 30 N. '
Fenefrelle, a town of Savoy, in a valley,
on the river Clufoii ; l8 miles W Turiii-
Ferabad, a town of Perila, province of
Mezaiidcran, near the S eoaft of the Caf
pian Sea ; containing about 16,000 iu-
hal^ItantSi principally defecndents of
Georgians and Armenians, wno are ac
tive, lively, and induftrious : the environ^
produce fugar, cptton, and filk : 90 leag-
N Ifpahan, lon. 53 21 E, lat- 37 14 N-
Fere, A town of France, department of
the Aifne, Picardy, 75 riiles iN iE Paris.
Ferentino, A town of Italy, on a moun
tain, 44 miles S E Rome-
Fermanagh, A county of Ireland, pro
vince of Ulfter ; divided into 2 parts by
the extenfive lake Erne ; the number of
houfes is nearly 12,000, and of the in
habitants 72,000- The furface of the
country is hilly,- in fome parts mpun-
talnous ; the linen manufaClure, and raif^
Ing cattle are the chief emplpymentpf the
inhabitants, principal tpWn, Enuifkflleii.
Fermo, A tpwn pf Italy, in Ancona, near
the coaft of the Adriatic. It contains 10
churches and i6 convents, 93 miles N
N E Rome-
Fermofi, fee Benin.
¦ Fernando-Pa, an, ifland of Africa, In the
Atlantic, near the coaft of Benin, 20
leagues In circumference ; the land is
high, and the foil fertile in manioc, fugar
canes, rice, fruit, and tobacco ; the inhab itants

FER

F E

itants are rude and uncivilized, ten. lo
45 £, lat. 3 20 N.
Ferrara, a city of Italy, and capital of
the Ferrarefe, ori ,a branch of the Po, in
the frpnticrs of the Venetian States. It
is about 4 miles injcircumference, and de
fended by a citadel, ftrong walls, arid ^Af-
tious, "i'he ftreets are, liandi'oine, with
many magnificent palaces and beautiful
churches. ,"]'lie cathedral is rem-arkable
for its antiquity. "I'hey reckon 100
churches, 38 convents, aud hardly 14,000
inhabitants. "ihe environs are maffliy,
and the air unwholefome, confequeritly
thinly inhabited. It w-as taken by the
French in ,1796 ; 67 miles N Bologna,
and 40 S E Mantua, lat. 4451 N. [Moor.]
Ferrarefe, province is W of the gulf of
Venice, E of Mantua and Modena, The
-vvhole country Is fertile, but low and
marfliy, being frequently overflowed by
feveral branches of the Po, and other
rivers which ruri through it, fo that
travelling is fometimes dangerous with
out guides. It contains but few towns,
and, though In itfelf fertile, is badly cul
tivated, and thinly inhabited.
Ferre-anah, A tpwn jn the kingdom pf
"iTunls, with cpnfiderablc ruins, whence it
I« fuppofed to have been the ancient
1'hala : 130 miles -S W Tunis.
Ferro, or Hiero, bne pf the moft vvcfler-
!y pf the Canary Iflands, 6 leagues in cir
cumference. It contains np fprings pf
frefli water, the inhabitants making ufe
of what is collcCled in clfterns and refer
voirs during the rainy feafon. Voyagers
fpeak of a large tree in the middle of the
ifland, the top of which is always covered
with a thick cloud, which, during the
night, produces water enough to fupply
the wants of the whole iflarid. But this
Is probably a popular error, as the French
geographers, who ought to know, deny
the exiftence of any fuch tree. Without
being very fertile, the inhabitants raife
corn, fugar, fruits, and legumes, and feed
d great number of cattle. The French
geographers take their firft meridian from
the W extreriilty of this ifland : 100
leagues S from the ifland of Madeira,
lon. 17 46 W Greenwich, lat. 27 47 N.
Ferrol, a feaport tovvn of Spain, in Ga
licia, in the bay of Corunna, vvith a very
fafe harbour, ftrongly fortified : I'he
Spanifli fquadrons, in time of war, refort
here for fafety - 7 leagues N E Corunna,
Iat. 43 28 N.
Ferte-Aleps, or Al,;is, a tovvn of France,
department of the Seine and Oife ; 3
'e:i;;nes N E Eftarapes.

Ferte-Bernard, a town of France, depart
ment of the Sarte ;, furrounded with
w-aUs, and containing 3,,fanibourgj : 7
leagues N E I-.e Maus.
Fethaid, a borough town of Ireland,
county pf Tipperaiy : S6 rijiles SSW
Dublin. /'*(, a province of Africa, c-n the Gold
coaft, E Ci nimendo, 160 milts in length;
v\ell 'fituated for European commerce.
Grain, cattle, palm wine, and oil, confli-
tute its principal richts. Once it vvas A
powerful kingdom, fpreading terror intb
furrounding nations, hut wars, kindled by
flave dealers, have drained and deftroyed
their reluurces. In this fertile ard once
populous country there are not pci-ple
eijuugh to cultivate their lauds. "Ihe in
habitants are pagans, but confiderably
advanced In civilization. Every "I'uefd-Hy
they obferve as a labbath. In this terri
tory is Cape Coaft caflle, a flrong fortrefs
of the Englifli, defended by heavy artil
lery. In (his is a large, well built Chap
el. The Negro tovv-n is large, and pcpu-
j lous; iheir principal imploymcnt is fifli-
- ing and agriculture. "I'i.e garden of the
Englifli fort is 8 miles in circumference.
I It produces pine apples, oranges, Umons,
' cinni'm(in, and tamarinds. 'ihe Dutch
i have feveral forts in this country.
I [Eof man, Mcor,]
I Feverffam,A t( wn of England, county of
ifCtnt, on a river navigable for vtficls of
130 tons, which communicates with the
£ Swale, an aim of the fea, between the
ifland of Shetpey, and the main land ; it
Is a tovvn of great antiquity, having been
inhabited by the Britons, It contains
about 600 houfes, and 5000 inhabitants.
It trades with London, Pruffia, and Sw-e-
den. The oyfter fifliery is confiderable.
A large manufaClure of gun-pcvvder is
carried on here. It is a corporation
tovvn, governed by a mayor, 11 jurats
and 24 common council : 9 milts W
Canterbury, and 47 F. London.
Feurs, a tovvn of France, department of
the Rhone and Loire, 23 miles S W Lyons.
Fez, A kingdom of Barbary in Africa,
bounded N by the ftraits of Gibralter
and the Mediterranean, E by Algiers, W
by the Atlantic Ocean. It is divided in
to 9 provinces, or diftriCls, and the whole
united to the empire of Morocco. The
foil ib fertile, prcc'ucing, in the greateft
abundance, coin, fruit, flax, fait, gum.,
wax, &c. Oranges, kmcns, f; j. ar.d olives,
every vvhere ahound. The Mccrs, hcw-
evcr, are but bad firmcrs, ;.nd cultivate
«n!y in prrpp'tit-'i tc their vvarits, fo that tvv«

FEZ

F E 2

two thirds bf the country lie wafte. The
principal exports are hides and leather of
all forts, particularly that ftyled Moroc
co, flcins, furs, wool, dates, almonds, figs,
raifins, olives, honey, wax, filk, cotton,
flax, horfes, oftrich- feathers, -gold-duft,&c.
The imports chiefly confift in fpicery,
cochineal, vermillion,' iron, brafs, fteel,
wire, arms, ammunition, drugs, watches,
fmall looking-glafl'es, quic'iifil ver, tartar,
opium, alum, aloes, Englifli and other lin
en arid woollen clothes, mullins, cali
coes, fuftains, gold wire, filk of all kinds,
brocades, damafks, velvets, red woollen
taps, toys and trinkets of all forts, Guinea
cowerles, combs, paper, and a great va
riety of earthen ware.
Fez, capital of the above, is confidered
by the Moors as a facred afylum, and an
objeCl of devotion. It has a mofque call
ed Carubln, one of the fineft edifices in
the empire, and, perhaps, in Africa. The
city contains fome tolerably convenient
inns, the ftreets are IU paved, and fo nar
row, that In many places two horfemen
cannot ride abreaft. Fez, which, In paft
ages, attracted the attention of travellers,
is not preferable to the other cities of the
empire, except by its fituation, fchools,
induftry, and fomewhat more of urbani
ty : It has about 80,000 inhabitants. The
fituation of Fez is remarkable for its fin-
gularity ; It is feated at the bottom of a
valley, and furrounded by hills in the
form of a funnel, flattened at the narrow
end. The upper part of the valley is di
vided into gardens, planted with high
trees, orange groves, and prchards. A
river winds along the valley, watering It
in various directions, turning by its de
clivity a number of mills, and fupplying
-vvater in abundance to all the gardens
and mpft pf the houfes. On the height
of Old Fez is a plain capable of great cul
tivation. Jacob-Ben-Abdallah, built, in
tlie 13th Century, New Fez, contiguous
to the Old, and, by its fituation, keeping
the latter in awe. The high town, which
is well fituated, contains fome old palaces,
in which the fons of the emperor^ live. '
The New Town is inhabited by fonie -
Moorifli families, but by ftill more Jews,
who trade with Old Fez, 200 miles NNE
Morocco, 160 S Gibralter, lat. 34 4 N-
Fezzan, a country of Africa, S of Trip
oli, divided from Egypt by fhe deferts of
Lybia, 60 journies VV from Cairo, con
taining, according to the report of trav
ellers, 28 towns, and 100 villages ; the
chief produClions are dates and fenna.
The capital Mourzook is faid to be in
lon. 44 E Cape Verd, lat, 36 N.

' Fiano, A tovvn of Italy, In the patrim*.
ny' of St. Peter, on the Tiber : 15 miles
N Rome.
Fianona, a feaport town of Venetian
Iftria, on the Gulf of Venice, with a good
harbour : 19 miles E 'Rovigno. '
Fiafcone, an eplfcppal town of Italy, in
the territory of the church, noted for fine
mufcadine wine. It Is on a mountain
near Lake Bolfena, la mfles N W Vj-
terbo, lat. 4a 34 N. \
Ficheruolo, A town of Italy, on the Po,
on the frontiers of Mantua : 13 miles W
N W Ferrara.
Fichtelberg, A mountain in Franconia,
one of the higheft in Germany. It is
about 50 miles in circumference.
Fie-Poo, A town of Cochin China. It Is
an afl'emblage of wretched bamboo huts.
The market Is weU fupplled, the country
round is fertUe, were the people induf
trious, they- would enjoy abundance.
Having little knowledge cif agriculture,
like favageSjjhey live principally on the
fpontane'ous produce of the earth, and
viler than the brutes, make their women
a branch of their traffic. ¦ [Macartneyi]
Fiefota, A town of Tufcany : 3 miles N^
E Florence.Fifefiire, a cbunty of Scotland, bounded
N by tbe river Tay, E by the German
Ocean. The county bf Fife is- extremely
populous and fertile, abounding with cat
tle, coal, iron, free and lime-ftone, and
well furnlffied with manufaClures. The
number of towiis'is unparalleled, for the
whole fliore from Crail to Culrofs, abbut
4O Fingllfli miles, is one continued chain
of towns and villages. ' Nor are the
houfes of the nobility and gentry lefs
thick ill the Interior parts than the towns
on the cbaft. Numerous and valuable
plantations bf trees are formed in differ
ent parts of the county, thofe towards
the coaft have been much -Injured by the -
fpray of the fea ; thofe In the Interior
parts flourlffi. Cupar is the county
town. Figeac, A town of France, department
of the Lot, on the Selle, containing about
3,300 inhabitants : 16 leagues NE Mon
tauban, lat. 44 3 7 N.
Figer, or Fisju, a rich and extenfive
province of Japan.
Fighig, A town of Africa, on the S fide
Of the Atlas, in the country of Biledul
gerid. The women maniifadnre cloth,
of wool of exquifite fiacnefs, much val
ued in Barbary, and fold at a high price.
The inhabitants carry on a great trade
with the inhabitants of Morocco and Fez and

F I M

^ IV

and with the Negroes : 340 miles E S E
Mequinex, lon, i 5 W, lat, 33 30 N.
Figueira-dos-Venhos, a town of Portugal,
in Eftremadura, near fome lofty moun
tains ; celebrated for Its wine : ao miles
N Thomar.
Fillek, A town of Hungary, on the Ipol ;
16 miles E S E Korpova.
Finale, a town of Italy in Modena, on
an ifland formed by the Panaro : 18
miles NNE Modena.
Final, A town of Italy, on the coaft of
Genoa, with a ftrong citadel, 2 forts, and
a caftle : 30 miles S W Genoa, lat. 44
14 N.
Finale, a feaport town of Italy, with a
good harbour on the coaft of the Medi
terranean, and capital of a fmall marqui
fate, fubjeCl to the Genoefe : 31 miles S
W Genoa, lat. 44 10 N.
Findharn, A fifliing town of Scotland,
on the N coaft of the county of Murray,
at the mouth of the river Findhorn, with
a tolerable harbour, and a large and cori-
venient bay : 9 miles W Elgin, ten. 3 40
W, lat. 5 7 38 N.
Finiflerre, A department of France,
bounded N, W, and S by the fea ; con
taining the weftern part of what was
heretofore called Bretagne. Quimper Is
the capital.
Finland, a country of Europe ; one of
the 5 general divifions of Sweden, bound
ed N by Lapland, E by Ruffia, W by the
Gulf of Bothnia. The land is fertile,
but badly cultivated, and thinly inhabit
ed. On a traCl of more than 8000 fquare
leagues, hardly a million of fouls are to
be found. The paftures are exceedingly
good, but the cattle are fmall. "I'he for
efts of firs furniffi the principal articles
of commerce, in wood, charcoal, timber,
and planks, which are fent to Stockholm
for exportation. Game is abundant of
various kinds. "I'lie lakes and rivers
abound in variety of fifli, and pearls are
found on the coafts. There are fome
mines of lead. Along the coafts lie a
great number of fmall rocky iflands.
The inhabitants' are in general brave and
warUke, but have fufferejl much from
the ravages of war. They cultivate rye,
barley, and buck-wheat ; and the poorer
fort of inhabitants, for want of better
food, dry even ftraw, bruife and mix It
with fpme meal to make bread. Finland
was formerly a kingdom, and independ
ent ; at prefent, it Is an archduchy, and
annexed to Sweden. In the 12th centu
ry, great pains were taken for the con-
verfion of the Finns to Chriftianity. Lu-
Vol. I{, Ee

theranlfm is the eftabUflied reUgloft j
but the Ruffians have introduced the
Greek worffilp.
Finland Proper, A province of Finland,
having the Gulf of Finland ori the S, and
the Gulf of Bothnia on the W. The foil
Is fertile, and the land, efpecially in the
fouthern parts, bears good corn, hay, and
hops. Their principal commerce Is in
grain, meal, cattle, butter, talc, Unen, yarn
ftocklngs, &c. Abo Is the capital.
Finmark, a province of Norway, bound
ed N, W, and £ by the Notthern Ocean
and the territories of Ruffia, S by Swed
ifli Lapland. There are neither towns
nor viUages, though the coaft is pretty
well inhabited. The inhabitants fubfift
chiefly by fiffiing, and the beft falmon of
any In Norway are caught In this prov
ince. Finmark has a particular govern
or, reglfter, and judge. It is divided In
to Weft Finmark, which Includes 13
churches and chapels, ferved by 5 preach
ers, and Eaft Finmark, in which are 9
churches and chapels, ferved by 3 preach
ers. Fionda, A town of Natolia, on the Gulf
of SataUa, in ruins : 28 miles S Satalia.
Fiorenzuala, a town of Tufcany, in a
valley among the Appennines, on the fite
of the ancient FIdentia : 22 miles N Flor
ence. Fiorlita, A fmall Ifland of the Mediter
ranean, at the entrance of the Gulf of
Tarento, near the coaft of Naples : 11
miles from Alefzano.
Firam, A fmall ifland in the Red Sea,
about 6 leagues from the coaft of Arabia,
km. 41 30 E, lat. 17 13 N.
Firando, an ifland and kingdom of
Japan, with a good harbour, in the fea of
Corea. Fiff River, Great, a confiderable river
of Africa, which rifes in ^he unknown
interior regions, divides Caffraria from
the country of the Hottentots, and falls
into the Indian Ocean, in lat. 30 30 S.
The deepcft parts of this river are inhab
ited by the hippopotamus, and the adja
cent woods by elephants, rhinocerofes,
and buffaloes.
Fifella, or Fefza, A town of Africa, in
the empire of Morocco ; the inhabitants
are rich, courteous, and wa'rUke : 150
miles N E Morocco.
Fivel, A river of the United Dutch
States, which runs Into the Ems, near
Dclfzyl ; it gives name to a fmall country
on its banks, between Groningen and the
mouth of the Ems ; containing 25 fmaU
towns and vUlages, Fladfrand,

^L A

F L I

Fladfrund, a feapof.t town ef Dg^roark,
in North Jutland, arid dipcefe of Aalborg,
on the £ coaft, with a harbour defejided
by 3 forts ; not flielte.rftd from every
wind. Fifliing is tlie chief employment
of the inhabitants : 30 ijijles NNE
-Aalborg, lat, 57 33 N-
Flqmboraugh Ifead, a lofty cape or pro
montory of England, on the E coaft of
the county of York, ten. o 4 E, lat. 54
8 N.
Flanders, a cpuntry pf the Netherlands,
and at one time a cpnfiderablc cpuntry,
b,pupded N by the mouth of the Scheldt
and the German Ocean, W by the Eng
lifli Channel and Artois. Its greateft
length Is about 60 mfles, and its breadth
about 50. It once contained 30 cities
or walhsd towns, a great number pf piar-
ket-towns, 1154 villages, arid 48 abbies,
befides a g.reat number of priories, cpIt
leges, and monafteries. Th'^ town? were
fituated fo near together that the Span
iards, who foUowed PhlUp II. fuppofed
that all Flanders vyas but one town. Since
that time, this country has fufl'ered very
feverely from almoft continual wars.
Flanders has been generally divided into
3 parts : Fleiriifli Flariders, where they
fpeak the language of the country ;
French Flanders, where they fpeak the
Walloon language ; and Imperial or Auf
trian Flanders, on account of the county
of Aloft, which has for a loug time been
dependent on the empire. The firft ex
tends from the North Sea and the Scheldt
to the river Lys, and contains Ghent,
Bruges, Ypres, Sluys, Oftend, Nieuport,
Dunkirk, Furnes, Bergpes-Salnt-Vinpc,
Courfray, Oudenarde, Caffel, Gravelines,
&c._ The fecond, or French Flanders,
contains the towns of Lille, Douay, Tour-
nay, and Orchles. The third is fituated
between the Scheldt and the Dender, and
contains the towns and diftriCls of Aloft,
Hulft, Axel, Afl'enede, and Eocboult.
Flanders has been otherwife divided, in
to French, Auftrian, and Dutch Flanders ;
but in a country fo much expofed to the
depredations of anibitious or tyrannical
ftates, the limits of each muft be uncer
tain ; at prefent the whole li.-is beeri con
quered by the armies of the French re
public, and great part long confidered
as French dominions, Lille, iDunkirk, and
fpveral other towns having been compre
hended in the departnient of the North,
in the new divlfion of France, before hof-
tilities were commeiiced, or perhaps even
thought of, The climate Is temperate
and wholefome ; the fpil, in general, i;

f^rtild and ,fit for tillage. In fwnie places
the fertiUty is uncommonly great. Tho,
land bears all kinds of corn and vegeta
bles. Flax is a great fource of riches t©
the country. Tlie pafture grounds are
excellent, and nourifli a valuable breed
of cattle, y/hich produce rich cheefe and
butter. The breed of horfes and flieep
Is 41fo confiderable. The Flemings were
at one time the principal mauufa,Clurers
of Europe ; from them the Englifli were
taught the art of weaving, and perhaps
too, the art of agricultijre. The moft
beautiful table linen is yet the manufac
ture of this country, and the lace Is fuper
rjor, perliaps, to all others. The prin
cipal rivers are the Scheldt and the Lys.
Flai/igny, A town of France, depart-
riicrit of the Cflte-d'Or, pri the Ojserain ;
9 leagues W N W Dijori.
Fllche, a town of France, departnient
of the Sarte, containing about 0000 fouls;
7 leagues SSW La Mans.
Fleckeren, an ifland In the N Sea, near
the S cpaft pf Norway, with 2 ports, de
fended by a fortjefs, ten. 8 18 E, lat. 58
4N.
Fkdirborn, a town pf Germany, in tl)f
circle of Upper Saxony, and duchy of
Poiperania : 16 miles frpm New Stettin,
Fleet, A river pf England, in the coun
ty pf Npttingham, which runs Intp the
"Trent, 8 miles N Newark.
Fleet, a river of Scotland, which runs
into WIgton Bay, by a wide mouth, 7
miles W Kircudbright. On the W fide
of this river are the veftiges of a camp,
a druidical circle, an^ a vitrified fort.
Flenfforg, A feaport town of Denmark,
on the eaftern coaft of the duchy of
Slefwick, in a gulf of the Baltic, caUed
Flenflargerivieck, which extends as much,
as 6 leagues inland, and fornjs a good
harbour, with depth of water for the
largeft veflels which are unloaded at the
quay, and fcreened from all winds -by
furrounding hills. It is one of the hand- :
fomcft and moft commercial towns in the
duchy : 16 miles N Slefwick, lon. 9 28
E, lat. 54 53 N.
Fleurus, A village of the Netherlands,
in Namur, on the confines of Brabant,
remarkablc._for the number of battles
fought near It ; the laft was fought here;
In June, 1794, between the Auftrians
and the French, In which the former were
defeated vvith great lofs :. 6 mfles N E
Charleroy. Flie, or Vlielandt, an ifland on the coaft
of Holland, at the middle of the en
trance into the Zuyder Zee. FUh

FLO

FLO

Flie, 6i Vlie, A river, or channel, which
runs from the Ztiyder Zee, near f-he coaft
Of Fficfland, Into the German OCcan, be
tween (he iflarids of Sehelling and Vlie
landt. Flint, a town of N Wales, and capital
of a county to w-hich it gives name, fit
uated a friiall di'fta-nce from the river
Dec ; with a caftle : I2^ miles W N W
Chefter, and 194 N W London.
Flint/hire, a county of N Wales, bound-
N by the Irifh Sea. It is momitaiaons,
intermixed with vallies : (he hills are
generally barren- on the furface, t>ut a-
bound with lead ore, calamine, lime
ftone and coals ; the Vallies are fertile,
asid produce both corn and hay; the fep
arated part is moftly a level Country.
The principal towns are Flint, Mold,
Holywell, and St. Afaph.
Flifftn^ne, A fortrefs or fmall Ifland in
the Eaftern Indian Sea, a little to the W
«f Am'boyna.
Flix, A town of Spain, in Catalonia,
en the river Ebro, which furrounds It :
io miles N Tortofa.
Florence, a city of Italy, and capital of
Tufcany, on the river Arno, at the foot
of the Apennines ; firft founded by the
foldiers of Sylla ; embelUflied and en
larged by the trlumvers ; deftroyed by
Totila ; and rebuilt by Charlemagne.
The environs are beautiful, rich, and
populous, containing, as Is faid, 6000
country houfes. The circumference of
the city Is about 2 leagues ; the fortifica
tions confift only Irt a wall and ditch,
with a or 3 forts which defend If, and
command a part of the town. This city
is, next to Rome, the moft beautiful in
Italy, and by fome even preferred to
Rome Itfelf. The buildings are magnlfi-
ceflt, moft of the ftreets clean, and pav
ed with fquare ftones, fo as to appear
Uke a rock made level : they are gener
ally winding, and many of them too
narrow for carriages to pafs each other.
They reckon 17 pubUc fquares ; 7 foun-
lairis conftantly playing ; 6 pillars or
columns, a pyramids, 160 beautiful ftat
ues, placed either in the public fquares,
or in the ftreets, or in the front nf fpme
palaces ; i metrppplitan church, la col
legiate, and 44 parochial ; 35 convents
for men, 60 for women, 37 hofpitals,
and about 9000 houfes. "Fhe nuniber of
inhabitants, in- the year 1761, vvere
found to be 72,000. The metropolitan
church was built in the 13th century, of
Gothic architeClure, the cupola has the
form of an oClagon, "and the defign li;)

bold, that 'Michael Angelo judged it id*
imitable ; It Is 14O feet from one angle
to the other, and 270 feet in height.
Moft of the churches contain a great
number of the moft beautiful paintings
and ftatues by the firft mafters of Italy.
In the Palazzo Pitti, vVhith is the refi
dence of the grand duke, is a Ubrary,
containing about 35,000 volumes, with a
great number of piftures by Raphael,
Rubens, Titian, Andrea-del-Sarto, "Fin-
toret, Guercino, &c. The Palazzo Vcc-
chio, or pld palace, CPntains a ropm 1 7a
feet teng, and 70 Wide, for pnbUc enter
tainments ; in which the moft celebrated
actions Of the republic are painted, by
Vafari, in frefco ; In the Corners arc 4
great hiftorlcal plClnres by CIgoli Llgoz-
zi and Paffigflani. Both palaces have a
communication with the famous Floren-
ti-n gallery, which is indeed an inexhauft-'
Ible furid of entertainment in antique
fculpture and painting; open to the pub
lic from day-light till evening, except be-.
tween the hours of i and 3. Here ftran
gers have the freeft accefs ; either walk
ing about the operi corridors at the'ir
lelfure, or attending in fhe cabinets by
the Cicerones, who Ibok fpr a handfome
gratuity at your departure. This gallery
contains a wonderful collection of paints
ings, ftatues, bufts, drawings, bronzes,
medals, cameos, intaglios, precious ftoncs,
&c. with a numerous and valuable li
brary, both of printed bboks and maiir
ufcripts. Among thofe is ftie celebrated
Venus of Medici, of white marble, the
ftandard of tafte in female beauty and
proportion, the work of Cleomcnes.
A celebratied fociety vvas inftituted here
for the Iniprovement of the Italian Ian..
guage, who ftyled themfelves Academia
della Criifea, the defign of the inftitutioii
being to throw put, like Bran, all wprds
which are riot good Tufean. The man
ufaClures of Florence are chiefly filks
and fattins, of excellent fabric. The
wpollen manufaClure, once extenfive,
now fcarcely filpplies the common peo
ple. The wine of the neighbourhood is
excellent, and they have a confiderable
trade for it both In Italy and other coun
tries. Anciently, the city of Florence,
with Its diftriCls, farmed arep-jblic, hav
ing purchafed its freedom of (he em
peror Rodolphus, for the furii of 60,000
guilders. In the year 1530, the republi
can conftitution was deftroyed, and Al
exander de Medicis appointed duk"e," by
the emperor, Charles 'V, under the title
of grand dnke of Tvifcanv. The Flortri- tjn

r o H

r o K

tin is one of the moft fertile countries
of Italy : Florence is fituated 135 miles
NNW Rome, lon. 11 15 £, lat. 43
47 N. [Moor, and others.]
. Flares,, one of the Azore iflands, con
taining 2 towns and fome hamlets ; Santa
Cruz, is the capital. Lagens Is the moft
pppulous. The number of Inhabitants
is about 1300 or 1400, lat. 30 34 N.
Floiz, A town of Upper Saxony : 6
miles N W Zerbft.
Fluffing, A feaport town of the Dutch
State of Zealand, in the Ifle of Walche
ren, on the N fide of an arm of the
Scheldt, and defends the paffage nPt pf
that river only, but all the iflands of
Zealand, of wliich it is one of the moft
important keys ; it was on this account
that Charles V, when he abdicated his
crown, particularly enjoined his fon Phil
ip, to take care and preferve It fafe : The
port lies between 2 moles that break
the waves of the fea, which enters the
town by means of 2 canals, forming 2
batons, fo that loaded veffels may fail
into the town, to the great convenience
of the riierchants. The Stadthoufe, built
according to the model pf that at Amfter
dam, is a fuperb buUding, and well de-
ferves the attentlpn of travellers. It fur
rendered to the French, January, 1795 :
•18 miles N £ Oftend, lon. 3 35 £, lat, 51
Fochabers, A town of Scotland, county of
Bamff, near the Spey, with a magnificent
feat of the Duke of Gbrdon -. 1 8 miles W
Bamff, Fo-chan, A village of China, In the prov
ince of Quaiig-tong. It is called a vil
lage becaufe it has no walls nor a prefid-
ing governor, although it has a great
trade, and contains more houfes and in
habitants than Canton. It is reckoned
to be 9 miles in circumference, and to
contain 1,000,000 of Irihabitants. It is
12 miles from Canton.
Fochea Nova, a feaport town of Natolia,
on the Gulf of Smyrna, at the mouth of
the Hermus ; 28 miles N W Smyrna, lat.
38 44 N-
Fodwcfr, A town of Hungary, on the
Danube, ppppfite Colocza, lat. 46 39 N.
Fogaras, a town of Tranfilvania, on the
Alauta, 28 miles W Cronftadt.
Foggia, A town of Naples, the ftaple fpr
all the wool in the country, and the price
Is fixed by the magiftrates : 42 miles N £
Benevento. ,
Foglia, a river of Italy, which runs into
•tlie Adriatic, at Pefaro.
- pehr, or Fora, an ifland of Denmark,

near the coaft of Slefwick, In the Gennan
Ocean, abbut 12 mfles in circumference,
with a fmall feaport, and a fafe road for
fliips; the foil is fertile, and it contains 3
pariflies, lori. 8 31 E, lat. 54 44 N.
Foix, before the revolution, a country
of France, on the banks of the Arriege,
now the department of Arriege. The
foil Is fertile in corn, fruit, and wine ; and
abounds in game ; the valUes produce ex
cellent paflurage. Mines of Iron abound ;
thofe of filver„ copper, and lead are ne
gleCled ; there are likewife quarries of
marble, jafper, &c. and many medicinal
fprings. It was once an Independent
country. The principal town is Foix,
which contains about 3500 inhabitants,
and Is defended by a caflle, on a rock ;
3 leagues N Tarafcon, lat. 42 58 N.
Fa-kien, a province of China, bounded
£ by the Chinefe Sea. This is one of
the leaft, but one of t.he richeft prov
inces of the empire ; its fituatlop Is conv.
modious for navigation and commerce,
the cllm,ate is hot, hut the air Is very pur?
and healthy. As part of it borders up
on the fea, they catch great quantities of
fifli, which arc dried and falted to be car
ried into the midland provinces of the
empire. Its fliores are Indented with a"
number of bays ; there are many fortreff
es built to guard the coafts. It contains
9 cities of the firft rank, and 60 of the
third; among the 9 is reckoned Tai-
Quan, capital of the ifland of Formo
fa. Its mountains, by the induftry of the
Chinefe, are almpft every where difpofed
into a kind of amphitheatres, with terrac
es placed one above another, and all cov
ered with rice ; the ^elds are aU watered
hy great rivers, and fpiiings that Iffue from
the mountains, which the huffiandmeij
conduCl In fij,cli a manner as to overflow
the rice whenever they pleafe, as It grows
beft in watery ground ; they have the fe-
cret of ralfing the water to the top of the
higheft mountains, vvhich tliey cpnvey
frpni one mountain to another by pipes
of bambpo, found in great quantities ia
this- province. The province of Fokiea
aboujids with every thing that grows-^a
mofl Olher provinces pf the empire ; the
commerce which the inhabitants have
with Japan, the PhlUppine Iflands, For
mofa, Java, Camboya, Siam, &c. renders
it extremely rich. They have muflc, prec
ious ftones, quickfilver, filk, hempen cloth,
calico, fteel, and all forts of utenfils,
wrought to the greateft perfection ; and
they import from other countries, cloves,
cinnamon, pepper, fandal wood, amber, coral,

FON

F O O

coral, and many other commodities of
this nature. Its mountains are covered
with trees fit for building of fliips ; they
have mines of lead and iron ; and it Is fup
pofed they have alfo gold and filver, but
it is forbidden tp dig fbr thefe under pain
of death. Every city has Its particular
dialcCt, which Is very Incpmmpdious to
travellers. Fou-tcheou is the capitah
Faligno, atown of Italy, In the province
of Umbria, celebrated for its confeClion
ary, paper mills, and filk manufaClures.
It contains 8 churches, and 23 convents :
69 miles N Rome.
Folkefone, A town of England, county of
Kent, on the Englifli Channel, and a mem
ber of the cinque port of Dover. The
town is populous, and many of the in
habitants are engaged in fifliing, in which
bufinefs a great number of fmacks are
employed. There is good anchorage be
fore the town, in 8 and 10 fathoms of wa
ter. Two hoys fail alternately every other
week to Loridon, when wind and weather
will permit : 7 miles S W Dover, and 72
E S E London.
Folkingham, a town of England, county
of Norfolk, 27 miles S Lincoln.
Fondi, A town of Naples, near a lake to
which It gives name ; 10 miles E Tera-
cina. Fang-tftang, A city of China, pf the firft
rank. In the prpvince of Chenfi, which
takes Its name from an imaginary , bird,
the figure of which the Chinefe are fond
of wearing on their drefs : 558 miles S W
Peking, lat. 34 36 N.
Fong-yang, a city of China; of the firft
rank, in the province of Klang-nan, on a
mountain, near the Yellow River : 340
miles S Peking, lat. 32 52 N.
Fonia,A kingdomof Africa, on the bor
ders of the river Gambia.
Feniainebleau, A tovvn of France, depart
ment of the Seine and Marne, and cele-
Jirated for its magnificent palace, the gen
eral autumnal refidence of the kings of
France, thus defcribed by cardinal Benti-
vogUo : — " Fontalnebleau Is a vaft palace,
worthy of a great prince as the king of
France, and though there are many
piles, joined to each other at different
times, without order or fymmetry, form
ing a confuted mafs of buildings of differ
ent architeClure ; this confufion has nev
crthelefs an air of furprifing majefty and
grandeur. It ftands In a bottom, and has
nothing pleafant when the country and
trees are deprived of their verdure, fur
rounded by a vaft foreft, in the midft of
fmaU biUs crowned vvith rocks, which

produce nothing tp fupport life, or pleife
the eye- As there is a great number of
deer, the king comes to take the diverlion
of the chace, and affords by his prefence
a relief which it has not of itfelf- The gar
dens are neat and very extenfive, and be
fides the grand fountain, vvhich, from the
excellency of the water, gave name to the
place ; there is a great number of Pthers
tp adorn this charming refidence." The
foreft of Fontalnebleau is faid to contain
26,480 acres ; the figure is round, and the
town and chateau are in the centre. The
principal trade depended on the palace,
and Its fituation in the high road from
Paris to Lyons, with a manufacture of
thread lace ; the number of Inhabitants
about 3000 : 35 miles S E Paris.
Fantanges, a town of France, in the de
partment of the Cantal : 10 miles N W
Murat. Fontarabia, a town of Spain, province of
Guipufcoa, feparated from France by the
river Bidaffoa, which forms a harbour at
its mouth ; built in the form of an am
phitheatre, at the foot of the Pyrennees;
it is the key to Spain ; it opened its gates
to a detachment ofthe French troops, on
the ift of Auguft, 1794: 18 miles SW
Bayonne, lat. 43 23 N,
fi/nienay le Comte, a town of France,
capital of the department of La Vendee ;
containing about 7000 fouls ; fituated in
a fertile valley, on the Vendee, near the
bay of Bifcay ; the principal commerce
of the inhabitants is in cloth, woollen
ftuffs, and cattle ; 25 iniles N E Rochelle,
lat, 46 30 N,
Fontenoy, A village of the Netherlands,
in Hainault, on the confines of Flanders,
near which a battle was fought between
the French and the allies, in May, 1745.
"Fhe allied army left 1 2,000 on the field
of battle, and the lofs of the French was
not much lefs : 4 mfles S E Tournay,
Fontevrauld, a toiyn of France, depart
ment of the Mayne : here was a celebrat
ed abbey, In the church of which feveral
of the kings and queens of England lie
burled : 2 leagues E Saumur,
Foofit, an Ifland in the Red Sea; the in
habitants are poor, naked fifliermen. The
town confifls of 30 huts, made of grafs
faggots. There are appearances of a
former volcano here. [Bruce,]
Foota Jallo, an interior kingdom of Af
rica, 35c miles long, 200 broad- The cli
mate is good, the foil ftrong, one third of
It extremely fertile. It produces rice arid
maize, which the women cultivate, and
the men market. In fome of their trad ing

FOR

FOR

iit^ jpomiej they carry provifions for 8
¦weeks. They have iron mines, very
deejp, wrought by women. They carry
on feveral kinds of manufactures, have
fchopls, and many poffefs books of law
and divinity- They are Mahometans and
pray 5 times in a day.
[Wats, Winterbottom.]
Fofrxdada, a fmall iflaud in. the Mediter
ranean, near the ifland of Majorca, where
the fon of the king of Aragon bulk a col
lege, fpr the purpofe of iriftru<aing fome
Francifcan monks In the Arabic language,
to convert the Moors.
Forcalquier, A town of France, depart
ment of the Lbwer Alps, on the Laye ;
7 laagues S W Digne.
Farcheim, or Forchaing, A ftrong tovvn pf
Franconia with a fine arfenal ; taken by
the French, Auguft, 1796, but foon aban
doned ; 12 miles S Bamberg.
Fordingbridge, a town of England, county
of Hants : the chief manufaClure is tick
ing ; in which a great number of loonis
arc employed: i a mUes S Saliffiury.
Fordingiana, a town of the Ifland of Sar
dinia : aa miles S £ Bola.
Fordfand, a fmall Ifland of Denmark,
near the eoaft of Slefwick, Iiithe German
Ocean, lon. 8 35 E, lat. 55 i N.
R.arelandi (North,) A promontory of Eng
land, on the N E extremity of the coaft
of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, on
-which a feamark has been ereCled 80" feet
high, in vvhich lights are kept burriiiig
levery night : 2 f N Ramfgate, and a ^ S'E
Margate, lon. i 17 E, lat- 51 23 N-
Foreland (South,) a cape of England, oil
the E coaft of the county of Kent, be
tween Dpver and Deal; between thefe
two capes is the npted road called The
Downs, to which they are a great fecurity,
Ion. 117 E, lat. 5 1 23 N.
Foreff (Black,) or Sah/wartx-^wal'd:, a large
foreft in Swabia; on the right fide of the
Rhine. This foreft confifts chiefly of
mountains, which traverfe the greateft
part of Swabia from N to S, and from E
to W, and frbm them Iffue moft of the
rivers, which, after watering the ooiiritry,
lofe themfelves Iri the Rliine or the Dan
ube- The name is now principally con
fined to that part which-is fituated be
tween the -Rhine, Swifferland, and the
duchy of Wurtemburg, round the Foreft
Towns. For^ Towns, a name given to 4 towns
in the Black Foreft, on the -frontiers of
Swifferland, viz. Rhelnfeld, Secklngen,
Laufenbiirg, and Waldfliut. They are
ancient domains of the houfe of Auftria<

Ptrex, a province of France ; now pan
of the department of the Rh6ne and
Loire. It is a large and fertile valley, in
terfered vvith fmall rivers, which run in
to the Loire ; the loll is fertile; but the
air not reckoned wholefome. It produces
corn, hemp, excellent wine, chefnuts, and
other fruits-; in feveral places are mines
of coal and Iron; and medicinal fprings.
Forfar colinfy, fee Angufiire.
Forfar, a neat town of Scotland, ori an
extenfive plain, capital of the county of
Angus : with a confiderable linen manu
facture : near it is a hollow, where for
merly witches were burned ; 42 miles N
Edinhurgh- Farges, a to'wn of France, department
of the Lower Seine, celebrated for its
medicinal fprings ; 60 miles N W Paris.
Forli, A town of Italy, in the ftate pf
the Church : it cpntains 10 churches,
and 23 convents: 12 rili'es S S W Ra
venna. Pormeniara, A finall ifland in the Medi
terranean : deferted en account of the
number of ferpents on It ; feparated from
Ivi^a by a ftrait of 4 miles.
Formicola, a town of Italy, In the klns^
dom of Naples, in the province pf Terra
di Lavora : 6 miles E Capua.
Farmigales, a town of Spain, In the prov
ince of i^ragpn : 10 miles S iE Ainfa.
FormignanoyA town of Italy ,in the duchy
of Urbinp : 7 miles frppi Fpfibmbrpne.
Formigni, pr Faurmigni, a village pf
France, in the department pf the Calva-
dps ; near which the Englifli vvere de
feated, in the year 1450 : 7 niiles W
Bayeux. Formigiie, a- fmall rocky ifland near the
French coaft, in the Mediterranean, lat.
43 8 N.
Farmocbe, A fmall ifland in the Grecian
Archipelago : 3 leagues N Patmos.
Formofa, an ifland in the Chinefe Sea,
feparated frpm the prpvince pf Fo-kien,
in China, by a ftrait 60 iniles where nar
roweft. The ifland Is about 240 miles In
length from N to S, and 60 from £ tp W,
in its brpadeft part ; but greatly cpntraCl-
ed at each extremity. It Is one of the
mpft pleafant iflands In the wprld- In
many parts It prpduces twp harvefts in a
year- It has a rich variety pf trees, fruits,
plants, animals,birds and poultry- Whole
fome water is the orily thing wanted in
Formofa- It is extraordinary that every
kind of water fpurid here, is' deadly poi
fon to ftrangers. Numerous rivulets and
rivers fall from Its hills and mountains ;
fpacleiis

FOR

J- O R

fpacious plains and fertile vallies, feed
flocks of ffieep, cattle, and goats. "Their
waters abound with fifli; the coafls are
rocky and high, without any harbours or
creeks- There is but one bay at the
niouth of a river, and this ii fo narrow
and fo well defended by forts and high
rocks, that there is no entering it by fur
prife, though when the fliips are once in,
they are flickered from all winds. Their
^nountains produce coal, copper, cinna
bar, filver and gold- 'I'he Inhabitants of
the weftern fide are civilized, and govern
ed by the Chinefe, from whom they are
defcended. The Emperor of China lends,
annually, an ambaffador, with a fleet of
500 fail to receive his tribute. This is
paid in rice, wheat, fait, filk, cotton, fil
ver, mercury, gold, <Scc. In every prov
ince there are feveral towns, which fup
port fchools for reading and writing.
Their letters and figures are Chinefe. The
inhabitants being indolent, their mines,
except in the Chinefe provinces, are not
worked. Cotton is the clothing of the
-common people. Their commerce is
vvith China and Japan ; their towns are
liuilt on [ilains, their villages on hills.
"I'he houfes of the better fort are fpacious
and beautiful ; the poor build huts cover
ed with ftraw pr reeds. The apartments
of the women are always feparate from
the houfe. The independent diftriCls are
governed by kings, who are abfolute In
power, and proprietors of tbe foil. Many
of the wealthy Jiiavc from i to 2D0o flaves.
The councils of the Prince are mUitary
officers. The frontiers arc at all times
defended by fpldiers ; every town aud
village has a military guard ; the prince
has 5 or 600 troops about his perfon,
from the principal families of the iiatlim.
They have many veffels of two mafts,
with twenty-four oars; the ufe of fire arms
is not univerfal ; cannon they have none.
Their religion confifts In believing in
Me GOD. Tliey have rcp.'ited forcerers.
No taverns are found in the country.
The weary traveller fits down near a
houfe ; fis foon as obferved, the mafter
Invites him in and regales him, in the pa
triarchal ftile, with thebeft he has. Thofe
who fettle here muft be protected by
pafl'ports from the Chinefe mandarins,
and thefe paffports are fold at a dear
rate ; fecuritii-s are befides required.
They fear, and with great reafon, efpec
IaUy fince the "Fartar emperors have been
on the throne, that if any revolt fliould
happen In Formofa, its influence might
fpread aud occafion great difturbance in

the whole empire : on this aeCount a
garrifon Is kept of 10,000 men, which
tliey take care to change every 3 years,
or oftener If tlxy judge neceffary. Be
fides the capital, Tai-ouan, the Chinefo
have alfo 2 other cities and fome villages,
which they inhabit alone ; for they do
not permit the Indians, who are their fub
jeCls, to live among them : they fuffer
none to remain but thofe who are either
their flaves or domeflics. "Fhefe Indiana
are united Into 45 villages, 36 of which
lie to the N, and 9 towards the S. The
I eaftern part pf the ifland is mountain
ous, and inhabited by a people courteous
and honeft, ready to affift each other,
carelcfs of gold and filver, vvhich they
confider of no value; never giving of
fence, and never forgiving an injury; as
the Chinefe have, found to their coft,
to whom they are irreconcileable ene
mies, for having formerly maffacred the
inhabitants of a fmall town, for the fake '
of fome ingots of gold which they faw
there. In the year 1782, a terrible earth
quake almoft deftroyed the Ifland ; the
account from Tai-ouan fays, that of 27
fliips that vvere in the harbour 12 dllap-
pcared, 3 were daflied lo pieces, and 10
fo damaged as to be unfit for fervice ;
-befides upwards of ico fmaller veffels
fwaUowed up or daflied to pieces vvith
their cargoes, among which were loo.oco
bufliels of rice. The Inundation of the
fea vvas fo great, as almoft to cover the
whole illand ; the prpvifions vvere either '
fvvept away or ("polled, and the crops en
tirely teft. The capital of Formofa is
Tai-ouan, a name which the Chinefe give
to the whole ifland. Between Formofa
and the continent are 3 great number of
fmall iflands, called Pong-hou by the Chi
nefe, and Pifcadores by the Europeans ;
they form a fmall archipelago ; the prin
cipal of vvhich only is inhabited by 3 Chi
nefe garrifori, uncler the command of a
mandarin, lon. 19 44 to 121 44 E, lat. 2a
5 to 25 20 N. [Beneyowflci & others.]
Formafif, an Ifland of the Atlantic, near
the coaft of Africa, about 2 leagues long,
and I wide : the foil is fertile, and well
covered with trees ; but wants fprings
of good water, lon. 14 20 W, lat. 11 29 N-
Forres, a town of Scotl.ind, county of
Murray ; near which is an ancient pillar,
25 fctt high, carved with foldiers on
horfeback and en fcot, &c. called the
Danff Pillar, fuppofed to have been
ereClcd in mtmory pf the defeat ofthe
Danes near this If.ot, in the year icc8,
by Malccm II, On a moor near this
tOWH

FOR

FOU

town Is placed, by Shakefpeare, Mac-
beth's converfation with the witches : lo
miles W Elgin, and 8 E Nairn, lat. 57 35 N.
Forfa, A town of Lufatia, on the river
Neifs ; the chief trade of the inhabitants
is In manufaCluring fine woollen and linen
cloths and carpets, and brewing beer : 54
miles NNE Drefden.
Fort Augufus, in Scotland, at the S end
of Loch Nefs : 29 miles S 'W' Invernefs.
Fart des Autels, In France, 2 miles N W
Cherburg. Fort Badenfein, In Africa, belonging to
the Dutch, on the Gold Coaft.
Fort Charlotte, on the E coaft of Shet-
'land. Fort Cbrifianffurg, in Africa, belonging
to the Danes, ori the Gold Coaft.
' Fort Grevecisur, In Africa, on the Gold
Coaft. Fart Dauphin, on the ifland of Madagaf
car, fouthern coaft, built by the French,
in the year 1643 ; but has been abandon
ed fome years.
Fort Frederick Henry, at the mouth of the
Scheldt : 10 miles N W Antwerp.
Fort Galet, in France, a mile N Cherburg.
Fort Leydfaamheyde, on the Gold Coaft,
in the kingdom of Acron, belonging to
the Dutch.
Fort Louis, a town and fortrefs of
France, department of the Lower Rhine.
It was taken by the Atiftrians, in No
vember, 1793, who evacuated It on their
defeat near Wiffemburg ; but - not before
they had blown up great part of the for-
tlfication^. It Is novv called Fart Vauban ;
18 miles NNE Straffiurg.
Fort Douis, in Senegal, built by the
French ; taken by the Englifli, in 1758.
Fori Najfau, on the Scheldt, between
Tolen and Berg-op-Zoom.
Fori Naffau, on the coaft of Guinea,
¦with a good harbour ; built by the Dutch,
ini6i2. Fort Nieulet, near Calais and the fea, tb
guard the flulces.
Fart Penthievre, on the Peninfula of
Quiberon ; 3 miles N Quiberon.
Fort St. Julian, In Portugal, on the N
fide of the mouth of the Tagus : 9 miles
below LIffion.
Fart de St. Martin, on a mountain near
the river Sieve : 10 miles N Florence.
Fort St. Philip, an ifland pf MInorca,on
a rock near the cpaft, tp defend Pprt Ma-
hpn. Fort Saflingue, on the Scheldt, between
Hulft and Berg-op-Zoom.
Fort Urbana, on the frontiers of Mode
na : 13 miles £ Bologna.

Fort Wedenburg, a town of Africa, in the
cpuntry pf Commendo, on the Gold Coafb
Fort William, 45 miles N Inverary, In
Scptland. Foriaventura, one of the Canary Iflands,
about 50 miles in length, and from 8 to
24 broad. The foil is in general fertile
In corn, roots and fruits, and beautifuUy
diverfified with hills and valUes, well wa
tered, and fupplled with a variety of tim
ber. This illand produces, befides the
other fruits common to the Canaries, a
prodigious abundance of dates, maftic,
and olives, with orchel fordyIng,andafpe-
cies of figtree,that yields a medicinal balm,
as white as milk ; but the virtues of It are
wholly unknown in Europe. An incred
ible quantity of goat-milk cheefe Is made
in Foriaventura, as may be eafily con
ceived from that Ifland's breeding ' up
wards of 50 thoufand kids every year.
The flefli is fat, better coloured and
tweeter than in any other country ; each
of them weighing between 40 and 50
pounds. There are 3 towns fituated on
the eaftern coaft, Langla, Tarafaro.and
Pozzo Negro, with a good road for fliip
plng betweeii this ifland and the ifland of
Lobos, lon. 14 30, W, lat. 28 4 N.
Forth, A fine river of Scotland, which
runs iiito the German Ocean hy a broad
niouth, called the Frith of Partb, about 20
miles below Edinburgh.
Fortore, A river of Naples, which runs
Into the Adriatic, about a miles £ from
Civita a Mare.
Fortrofe, A town of Scotland, county of
Rofs, near the Frith of Murray, which is
here a mile broad : 6 miles S W Crom
arty. Fortune Ifland, A fmall ifland in the In
dian Sea, near the S W of the ifland of
Sumatra, ten. 90 35 E, lat. i 25 S-
Fofs, or Faffe, a river of England, which
runs into the Oufe, near York-
Foffano, Atown of Piedmont, on the
Stura ; celebrated for its fprings, and pn
that accpunc called Fons Sanus. Befides
the catliedral,It cpntains 3 parifli church
es, 3 cpnvents, and abput 9000 inhabit
ants : 5 miles E Savlgliano-
Foffe, A town of 'Weftphalia, between
the Sambre and the Meufe : 7 miles W
Namur, lat- 50 32 N.
Faffombrone, a town of Italy, io miles S
E Urbino.
Fatheringay, A town of England, North
ampton county, 9 miles S Stamford ; here
Mary queen of Scots vvas beheaded-
Foue, an ancient town of Egypt, on the
Nile ; 40 miles E Alexandria. Fougeres,

FOU

FOU

Pbugeres, A town pf France, department
bf the Ule and Vilaine, containing about
4000 Inhabitants, whofe principal trade
is in leather ; 8 leagues N £ kennes, lat,
48 22 N.
Fau-ko, A tovvn of China, of the third
rank, in the province of Quang-tong : 65
miles NNE Kla.
Faugerolle I'Eglife, a town of France, de
partment of the Upper Rhone, 5 miles
N Luxeuil.
Fougeralles, atown of France,department
of Mayenne, 15 miles iN W Mayenne.
Foul Sound, a ftrait of the Atlantic, be
tween the Iflands of Inifliere, and Inif-
main, on the W coaft of Ireland.
Fouhtnge fur Tonne, A town of France,
in the department of the Yonne, and
chief place of a c.-intou, In the diftriCl of
Auxerre, fituated on the Yonne . 5
leagues S Auxerre, and 2 N Claniecy.
Foulaon, a town of Africa, in the king
dom of Ardra.
Foulahs of Guinea, A people of Africa,
6 of Gambia, on the Rio Grande. Their
complexion is tawny, their hair foft aud
filky, their features pleafing. In the paf
toral ftate of fociety, they have introduc
ed themfelves into all the kingdoms on
the windward coaft, as herdfmen and
huffiandmen, paying tribute for the land
they hold. 'Wherever they dwell they.
are viewed as ftrangers : yet they con
fider the natives as their inferiors, and
rank themfelves with white men. Like
the Jews they introduce themfelves wher
ever they can gain a good living. The
majority are Mahometans. Small fchools
are eftabliffied iu different towns. In
which they are taught to read the Koran.
Great fltlU they difplay in the manage
ment of their cattle. Milk is not ufed
till four ; no cheefe is made. Thefe
people are remarkably induflrlous. On
the Gambia the greater part of the corn
is raifed by them. "Their lands and
flocks are more productive and numerous
than the Mandingocs, who are lords of
the foil. In Bondou they are opulent In
a high degree, and in great prdfufion en
joy aU the neccfl'aries of life. They are
vifible proofs of what fuperior Induftry
and enterprife can effeCl. Scarcely any
Mandingo town, but has a Foulali viUage
near it. So difiingulflied are they for be
nevolence aud hofpitality, that the na
tives think it a great privilege to have a
Foulah fettlement iu their neighbour
hood. Rarely are they angry, living
together in great friendfliip ; they cheer
fully fupport their aged, lame, bhnd, and
Vol. II. Ff

poor pf every defcription. Tecmla, lon.
10 E, laf. 10 N, is their capital.
[Moor, Park.]
Fouli, or Fully, or Phaley, A country of
Africa, fituated on the fides pf the river
Senegal, extending 160 leagues from E to
W ; the boundaries from N to S are un
known. The country is poputeus, the
foil fertile, and capable of furnlfliirig an
advantageous commerce. They are in
general of a tawny complexion, though
many of them are completely black.
They are diligent as farmers and graziers,
and raife millet, rice, tobacco, cotton,
peafe, roots, and fruits with abundance
of care ; nor are they lefs expert in rear
ing cattle, in which confifts great part of
their traffic with the neighbouring coun
tries. , As their chief wealth confifts Itt
their cattle, fome of them lead a wander
ing life, and roam about from field to
field, from country to country, with large
droves of cows, flieep, goats, and horfes ;
for although they htve fome fixed habi
tations, yet they ufe them but little, re
moving them, us the dry or wet feafons
require, from low to the high lands, re
fiding in no one place longer than the
pafture for their cattle will admit. This
hard laborious life is greatly increafed
by the continual neceffity they are upder
of defending themfelves and their cattle
againft the depredations of thofe fierce
animals with which the country abounds :
lions, tigers, and elephants, affaultiug
them from the land, and crocodiles from.
the rivers. At night they coUecl their
flocks within a circle of tents and huts
in which they live, and Where they light
fires to telrify thofe animals from ap
proaching them. The king of this coun
try is called Slratick, and though he fel
dom appears with the badges of ttajefty,
he is a prince of great authority over his
fubjeCls, and as smuch refpeCled by his
neighbours as any one on the coaft. Al
though none but princes of the blood
can be called to the throne, yet the
crown defcends not from father to fon,
but from brother to brother, or nephew
to nephew. The people of FOull are cel
ebrated by travellers as an extremely
hofpitable nation ; all perfons, without
diftinCtion of country, being freely admit
ted into their huts, and treated .with the
beft accommodations they can afford ;
nor Is their humanity In another partic
ular lefs commendable, for as foon as any
of them has the misfortune to fall into
flavery, all the reft join ftpck to redeem
him. Their arms ars compofed of bows !tnd

FOX

F R A

and arrows, lances, fwprds, daggers, and
occafipnally a kind of fmall (uUe, all of
whieh they ufe with great dexterity and
addrefs, fuperior to moft negro nations,
particularly In hunting, a 'diverfion in
great efteem among them. Elephants,
lions, tigers, and the fierceft animals, are
the game they purfue. Twenty or 30 of
them, fome on foot, fome on horfeback,
foUow the chace, arid feldom, return but
1-aden wilh the fpoils of fome of thefe def-
perate animals. The elephants' teeth,
the lions, leopards, and tigers' tklns they
fell, aud the flefli Is fmoked and dried
for ufe and vvinter ftore. In fuch num
bers as,e the elephants bred here, that
they are feen in droves of 200 together,
plucking up the fmall trees, and deflroy-
ing whole fields of corn ; pleafure there
fore alone is. not the pbjeCl of their hunt
ing, but neceffity and felf prefervatlon.
Foulnef, an Ifland feparated by a nar
row arm of the German Ocean, frpm the
malri land pf England, 13 miles in cir
cumference : 6 miles E frpm Rpchfprd.
Fou-tcheou, A city of China, of the firft
rank. In the province of Fo-kien, and
one of the mpft confiderable in the prov
ince, on account of its trade, the number
of learned men, and the convenience of
its rivers and harbour. It has a bridge
of 100 arches of white ftone. It is the
refidence of a viceroy ; 870 miles S Pek
ing, lat. 36 4 N.
Fowtcheau, A city of China, of the firft
rank, in the province of Kiang-fi, for
merly one of the moft beautiful cities of
China, but almoft ruined bythe invafionof
theT-irtars : 735 miles S Pekingjlat. 37 55N.
Fowey or Fay, a feaport town of Eng
land, county of Cornwall, near the Eng
lifli Channel, with a commodious and
fafe harbour, capable of receiving large
veffels, defencjed with 3 batteries ; tho
town is populous and flouriffiing ; and
befides the pUchard fifliery, which is very
confiderable, the inhabitants carry pn
fome foreign trade. It Is a corporation,
governed by a mayor, alderman, record
er, &c.*knd fends 3 members to the Brit-
Itli parUament : 26 miles W Plymouth,
lon. 4 38 W, lat. 50 19 N.
Fox Iflands, A group of iflands in the
Northern Archipelago. They are 16 in
number, and lie between the coaft of
Kamtfchatka and the W CPaft of Ameri
ca, between 52 and 55 N lat. The drefs
ofthe inhabitants confifts of a cap, and a
fur coat that reaches down to the knees.
They feed upon the flefli of all forts of
ft-a animals, aud generally eiit it raw :

but when they drefs their food, it is plated
in a hoUow ftone, which they cpvcr with
aupther, and clofe the Interftlces with
Umeor clay ; they then lay It horizon-^
tally on 2 ftones, and light a fire under
It. The provifion intended for keeping,
is dried without fait in the open air.
Their weapons are bows, arrows, and
darts ; and, for defence, they ufe wood
en fliields. The moft perfeCl equaUty
reigns among them ; they have neither
chiefs nor fuperiors, neither laws nor
punifliments. They live together in
families, andfocielies of feveral families
united, which form, what they caU, arace,.
who, In cafe of attack or defence, mutu- '
ally aid each other. They feed their
chUdren, when very young, with the
coarfeft flefli, and for the moft part raw.
If an infant cries, the mother immediate
ly carries it to the feafide, and whether It
be fummer or winter, holds it naked In
the water till It Is quiet. This is fo far
from doing the children any harm, that
it harderis them againft the cold ; and
they accordingly go barefobted thrbugh
the winter, without the leaft inconven
ience. They feldom heat their dwellings i^-
but when they would warm themfelves,
they light a bundle of hay,,and ;ftand o-
ver it ; or they fet, fire to train oil, which
they pour Into- a hoflow ftone. They
have a good fliare of plain natural fenfe,
but are rather flow of underftanding..
They feem cold and Indifferent in moft
pf their aClipns ; but if an Injury, pr even
a mere fufplclpn, rpufe them frpm this
phlegmatic ftate, they become furious and
inflexible, taking the moft -violent revenge,
without any regard to the confequences.
The leaft aflGClIon prompts them to fili
cide ; the apprehenfion of even an uncer
tain event often leads them to defpair ;
and they put an end to their days with
great apparent infenfibility. The Ruf-
, fians call thefe iflands the Lyffie Oftrova.
[Mavor:]
Fox Ifland, an Ifland In the Atlantic, on
the W coaft of Ireland, 7 miles E Slyme
Head." Foxerna, a town of Sweden, in the pro,.
vince of Weft Gothland ;' 35 miles N
Gothenburg. Fayle, A river of Ireland, which paffes
by Londondery, and 4 mfles betew ex
pands itfelf Intp a large bay, called Laugh
Foyle, 12 miles teng, and 7 broad.
Fraga, A tPwn of Spain, in Aragon, on
the frpntiers of Catatenia, fituated pn a
fliarp rpck near the Cinca : 30 miles S
Balbaftro, lat. 41 27 N. Framlingham,

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FU A

F R A

Framlingham,^ town of England, coun-
ity of Suffolk, furrounded with thick walls,
with a caftle : 87 miles N N-EiLondon.
Piiimptan, a town of England, county of
Dorfet, on the river Frome : 6 miles W
N W Dorchefter.
¦'France, formerly.a kingdom, now ftyled
a Republic, of Europe, bounded, before the
Revolution, N by the Engliffi Channel
and the Netherlands ; E by Germany,
Swifferland and Italy ; S by the Medlter-
Tanean Sea and Spain ; W by the Atlan
tic ; about 200 leagues long, and 188
wide. I'he prefent lunlts of France
are more extenfive. As a general peaJce
will probably produce alterations, we o-
mii giving the new boundary lines, "if he
kSigly government of France continued
from Clovis, who eftabUflied himfelf at
Solffons„in the year 486, till January 21,
X793, when Louis X'VI was executed on
a public fcaffold at Paris, and with him
ended the monarchy of France. His fon,
a minor, remained in prifon tiH his death,
which happened In the month of June, '95.
Thus France, after contlnuinga monarchy
upwards of 1 200 years, has been, by the
national affembly, declared a republic ;
-with the fall of monarchy, or indeed be
fore, all titles of nobility were aboliffied ;
and all ecclefiaftical domains, fuch as ab-
•bies, monafteries, convents, &c. were de
creed national property ; all tithes were
aboliflied ; the revenues of the higher
orders of the clergy reduced, and the
iiumber leffened. The ancient divlfion
into provinces, or governments, was alfo,
by a folemn decree of the nation, changed
into that'of 83 departments, which gener
ally took the names of the rivers which
.paffed thrpugh them. The number pf
•departments has fince been increafed
tP 103. In the year J 793, anew calen
dar was fprnjed, dividing the year intp
12 mpnths, pf 30 days each, with five In
tercalary days, which are dedicated to
-natipnal feftivals, and cal'ied fans-culotides.
Each month is divided Into decades, and
*he (day of reft is appointed for every
tenth day, inftead of every feventh. Thus
the Sabbath Is aboliflied. By a decree
of the national convention, a free exer
cife of religion is allowed to all. This
great revolution of France vvas not
ibrought about without alarming_ the
neighbouring powers of Europe, who en
tered into a fprmidable aUiance. Dread
ful and blpody has the contcft been hith
erto, and the aweful fcene is not yet
<lofed. There is no cpuntry of Europe
more beautiful or more agreeable to live

in than France ; the air in general i?
pure and whplefpme, and the change pf
feafpns Is lefs incpnvenient than in almpft
any Pther. It is npt fubjeCl to fuch fe
vere cold as Germany, nor to the vriolent
heat of Italy and Spain. In the fouthern
parts the winters are Indeed fliarp, but
of ffiort duration. The feafons are more
regular than In England. The,, foil, di
verfified by mountains and plains, is wa
tered by a great number of large and
fmall rivers, which ferve to fertilize the
country, and, together with the canals of
Languedoe, Dehune, Burgundy and New
Crifl'ac, to convey merchandife from one
extremity of the nation to the other.
The Induftry of the inhabitants, joined to
ils natural advantages, renders it one of
the moft fertile countries in Europe, It
abounds in corn.legumes, fruit, wines, oil,
pafture, hemp, and flax, fufficient for its
own inhabitants, and much to fpare. Here
are mines -of iron, lead, arid copper, there
are likewife fome of filver arid gold, but
the laft are not rich enough to defray the
expenfes of working. The chief pro
duClions of France, for e^tportation, arc
wines, as Champagne, Burgundy, claret,
&c. brandy, viiieg;ar, fruit, fuch as prunes
and prunelloes, dried grapes, pears, ap
ples, oranges, and olives ; corn, fait,
hemp, flax, filk, refin, oil, foap, cork, kld-
flclns, perfumes, drugs, &c. The manu
faClures are filks, fuch as luftrlngs, modes,
brocades, velvets, &c. woollen cloth, lin
en, coarfe and fine, lace, paper, China, of
exquifite beauty and finenefs, foap, &c.
The French have for fome years paft ob
tained the fecret from Spain of leaking
Caftile foap, as it is called, and have very
large manufaClures both at Marfeilles and
Toulon, and have thereby deprived the
Spaniards of that valuable branch of trade.
Nor Is this the only benefit the French
receive by this manufaClure ; for as one
of the chief ingredients of making this
foap Is Levantine olive-oil, their largefale
for their foap gives them the advantage
of conftant back freights from the Levant
with thefe oils,; which, il feems, has
proved one means of the French advanc
ing their Turkey trade upon the ruin of
the EngUfli. As France is certainly the
moft populous arid, extenfive country of
Europe, fo its inland traffic Is propor
tionate, and In many particulars far be
yond any country in Europe ; being car
ried on with great eafe and Uttle ex
penfe, by means of many large navigable
rivers and c:mals. The arts and fciences
have always been encouraged in France. The

F R A

F R A

The art of engravlnghasobtalried great ex
cellence ; ardiiteClure, civil and military,
ha^ attained a high degree of perfedlon,
and the conftruClion bf their fliips has
Jibt beeri out-done even by the iEnglifli
themfelves. The piincipal rivers are the
Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, and Rhone,
France is faid to contain 400 cities or
waUed towns, 43,000 fmaU towns of vil
lages, and 35,000,000 of Inhabitants.
Accordlrig to a cenfus made by Order of
the National Affembly of France, the in
habitants amounted to upwards of 26
miUions. In 1796, exclufive of the new
departments, the iDIreClory made them
Vpwards of »8 mllUons ; including thefe
they amount to upwards of 30 millions.
Pans is the capital.
France (Ifleaf,) a partofFrance, fo caUed
'before the revpliitipn, being bpunded by
the rivers Seine, Marne, Oife, Aifne, and
Ourque. Paris was the capital, and fitu
ated in the centre.
France (Ifle of,) fee Mauritius.
1 Francfort on the Maine, an Imperial city
of Germany, in the Upper Rhine, fituated
in a pleafant, fertile, and healthy country,
on the river Maine, by which It Is divid
ed into 2 parts ; that on the N which
is the largeft, and is properly , call
ed Francfort ; the other pri the S fide
is Called Saxenhaufen. The kings Of the
Pranks refldcd here, as likewife the Im
mediate fucceffprs of Charlemagne : the
emperors of Germany have ever fince
been elected and crowned here to this
time. Francfort is about a league and a
ihalf in circumference. The inner wall is
lined, with towers ; beyond are ditches
filed with water, ramparts, baftions, &c.
The garrifon confifts of 13 companies of
¦foldiers. The principal ftreets are hand
fome, the others are narrow. The Ro
man Catholics have 3 churches, and
the Lutherans 6. The Jews, about
7,000 in number, are confined to a narrow
ftreet, where they are ihut up every night ;
they have a fynagogue, a feminary, and
an hofpital ; but they are excluded from
the public walks, fuffer great indignities,
yet ftill find it their intereft to refide
here. Among the archlves'of the town-
¦Jioufe is kept, in a calket of gold, the gol
den bull of the emperpr Charles I"V ;
which is a parchment bpok of 43 quarto
leaves, containing the fundamental infti-
tutes of the empire, written in Latin, In
capital letters. Francfort Is a place of
coafiderable trade, which Is affifted by
two annual fairs. The magiftrates are
divided into 3 benches ; the firft is com- '

ppfed of 14 echevlns, the fecond of 14
counfcllors, the third Is compofed chiefly
qf tradefmen and artificers. AU affairs of
Importance are decided by the 2 former,
out of whom 2 burgomafters are annual
ly chofen ; the third bench executes offi
ces relating to the police. , l"lie territory
of Francfort contains a great number of
country houfes, and feveral villages, con
taining 30,000 fouls. Francfort was tak
en by the French in 1792, but foon af
ter furrendered by them to the Pruffians :
20 miles E Mentz, lon. 8 40 E, lat. 50 N.
[Moor.]
Francfort on the Oder, A town of "Upper
Saxony, with an univerfity, compofed of
Calvlnift profeffors. It has befides a no
ble academy, a fociety for the promoting
of arts and fciences, 2 colleges, 2 faux
bourgs, and feveral churches : 48 mUes
E BerUn, lat. 52 24 N.
Franche-Comti, A province of France, an
ciently a part pf the kingdpm Of Burgun
dy. Almoft one half of the country is
level, abounding in graiq, wine, pafture,
hem-p, &c. "Fhe reft is mountainous, but
breeds excellent cattle, and produces fome
corn and wine. There are mines of cop- '1
per, iron, lead, and filver, and fome min
eral fprings, with quarries,ofalabafterand
marble. It is now divided into the 3 de-.
partments of Mount Jura, the Doubs,
and Upper Saone.
Francbimont, a town of Weftphalia, 13
miles S E Liege.
Franconia, A circle pf Germany ; bpund-.
ed E by Bphemla and the Upper Palati
nate, S by Bavaria and Swabia. It is fit
uated near the centre pf Germany. In the
centre the land is fertile In com, wine,
fruit, &c ; but the frontiers are full of
forefts and iriountains, and little culti
vated. The principal river is the Maine,
The Inhabitants of many towns are Ro
man Catholics, though the pi^inclpal part
are Lutherans. The French penetrated
into this country In the fummer of 1796,
but were driven back by the Auftrians
in September following.
Franeker, A town of the United Dutch
States, in Friefland 5 it is watered by a
canals, navigable for barges, and has a
caftle, where the governors of the coun
try fometimes refided. It has a cel^brat»
ed univerfity, eftabliflied by the States
and WiUiam Louis, comte of Naffau, in
the year 1585, It Is one of the neateft
towns in Friefland, and the ordinary
refidence ofthe noblefl'eof the country :,
9 miles W Lewarden, lat, 53 11 iN.
Frankendal, a town of Germany, in" th*
Lower

F R A

F R E

Lower Rhine, on a fertile plain, on a nav
igable canal, which communicates with
the, Rhine. It owes its rife to two con
vents, one of men, and the other of wom-
|cn. Some Flemings, who fled from per-
fecution, fettled here, and it became a
flourlfliing town, when, wifh the reft of
the palatinate, it felt the miferies of -yvar,
and was deftroyed by the French : but,
by the care of the prince, fopn after re
built in a regular and handfome manner.
The inhabitants are engaged in manu
factures of porcelain, cloth, ferges, filk,
ftuffs, ftockings, foap, &c. It was taken
by the French again, in 1793, and laid
under conti Ibutipn, It cpntains 3 church
es and a handfpme hpf pital : 8 miles N N
WManlieira,and 8 S Wprmf,
Prankenfels, a tPwn pf Germany, In the
archduchy pf Auftria, fituated pn the riv
er Npderfpateh : 20 piiles W S W Hain-
felden, and 36 W Vienna,
- Frankenhaufen, a town of Germany, In
the circle of Upper Saxony, and princi
pality of Scliwartzburg-Rudolftadt : di
vided into Old and New Town, fituated
on a branch of the Wipper. It contains
a chatteau, 3 churches, and a fchool, for
merly a Ciftertian convent ; with rich
fait works, which are very profitable, arid
belong to the citizens : 10 miles E Son-
derfliaufen, aind 26 N Erfurt, lon. 1203
E, lat. 51 16 N.
Frankland's Ifland, A clufter of iflands on
the N E coaft" of New Holland, In the
S Pacific Ocean : about 2 leagues from
the land, ten. 146 E, lat. 17 19 S.
Frafcati, a town pf Italy, in the ftate of
the Church, on the declivity of a hill ; cel
ebrated for the 'number of palaces and
country feats of Italian princes and car
dinals, in which are found moft beautiful
paintings and fculptures. Frefcati, vvith
Tlvoli and Albano, is the favourite a-
bode of the landfcape painters who trav
el into Italy for improvement. Nothing
can furpafs the admirable affemblage of
hills, meadows, lakes, cafcades, gardens,
ruins, groves, and terraces, Vvhich charm
the eye, as it vVanders among the fliades
of thefe delightful villages. Here are 7
convents. It vvas the ancient Tufculum, der
ftroyed by the Romaps in the year 1191 :
10 miles !3 £ Rome. [Adam, Moor.]
Frqfcrffurgh, A fcaport town of Scotland,
county of Aberdeen, with a toleiable har
bour ! 3 i miles N Aberdeen.
Fraueiifild, A town pf Swifferland, 20
¦iniles N E Zurich, and 14 S W Conftance.
Fraufadt, a town on the frontiers of Si
lefia, remarkable for a battle fought here
iii tbe year 1706, in vvhich the Saxons

were defeated by the Swedes ; ^o mile*
N W Breflau.
, Fredeburg, a town pf Weftphalia : 5a
miles E Cplogn.
Fredericia, a ftrong feaport tovvn of Den
mark, in North Jutland, on the Little
Belt, vvith a cuftom houfe, w-here all vef
fels pay a toll. The circumference Is ex
tenfive, but not filled vvith houfes or peo
ple. The fortifications, though in good
condition, are bf fo large compafs that
they would require a numerous garrifon
to defend them. Fredericia has alfo fev
eral commercial privileges, but as it wants
a good harbour, it cannot improve than
to the beft advantage. Here are 2 Lu
theran churches, a Calvlnift church, a
poplfli church, a fynagogue, a grammar
fchool, and good arfenal. A confiderable
quantity of tobacco is planted both witii
in and without the walls, lon. 9 44 E,
lat. 55 37 N. _ ,
Frcderickffur^, 3 town of Pomerania : 30
miles SSW Colbcrg.
Frederickffall, A feaport of Norway, on
the frontiers of Sweden, at the niouth nf
the river Tifle, In a bay called the Sivine-
fund ; the harbour would be faf^ and
commodious, but from the quantity of
fawduft brought down the river from tlic
fawmills up the country, which it is ne
ceffary tp remove at leaft yearly. The
tpvyp contains about 3000 inhabitants.
Near it is the fortnfs of Oever.Bicrget,
or Fredericftein, in the fiege of which the
brave Charles XII loft his life. The prin
cipal commerce Is in timber: 50 miles
S Chriftiania. Frederichfadt, a fortrefs and feaport town
of Norway, on the river Glomme, con
taining a well fupplled arfenal. It is the
moft regular fortrefs in the fouthern part
of Norway. "Ihe nuniber of Inhabitants
is lefs than a looo, who carry on fome
trade in planks, mafts, and timber : 43
miles S Chriftiania, ten. 11 i E, lat. 59 2 N.
Frederickfadt, a town of Denmark, in
Slefwick, on the N coaft of the Elder.
The inhabitants are principally employ
ed in manufaClures of filk and woollen,
navigation and commerce : 18 miles
W S W Slefwick, lon. 9 10 E, iat. 54 26 N.
Frederikfwerk, a feaport town of Den
mark, fituated in a bay on the N coaft of
the Ifland of Zealand ; where is a can-
non-foundcry, and manufaClures of mili
tary articles, efta'Dliflied In the year 1756.
Fredericffund, a feaport town of Den
mark, in the ifland of ZeaUiiid ; the
chief trade is in corn : 19 miles N W
Copenhagen. Freim^rJheim,

F R E

F R I

freimerffe'im, a town in the palatinate
of the Rhine, taken by the French in the
yea? i''94 : 4 miles NNE Landau.
Freifacb, A town of Germany, in the
duchy of Carlirthia, on the Metnitz. It
has a caftle, coUege, a convent of Doml-
iiicans, and a cpmmandery of the Teuto
nic order : 4 miles N N iE Gurck.
Frejus, A town of France, department
of the 'Var ; formerly a feaport, but now
3 miles from the fea. It was flouriffi
ing as early as the time of Julius Csefar,
and Is fuppofed to have been found
ed by a colony from Marfeilles ; ma
ny monuments of its ancient gran
deur ftill remain, fuch as an aqueduCt,
an amphitheatre, ftatues, Infcriptions,
&c. 40 miles N E Toulon, lon. 6 50 £,
lat. 43 28 N.
Fremana, a town of Abyffinia, kingdom
of Tigre, where the Portuguefe miffiona
ries took up their firft refidence : 135
miles from theifland Maffuah.
Frefcati, fee Frafcati.
FreudenJIadt, A towu of Swabia, duchy of
Wurtenburg, founded in the year 1600,
as an afylum for the Proteftants who
were perfecuted in Germany ; it is
fituated in the Black Foreft, fortified In
the modern manner, and defended by a
citadel: 36 miles SW Stutgard,;.^nd 24
S E Straffiurg, lat. 48 23 N. •
Freudenthal, A town of Silefia, celebrat
ed for Its breed of horfes, and manufac
ture of fine linen. It belongs to the houfe
of Auftria : 17 miles W Troppnu.
Freybirg, or Friedberg, A town of Upper
Saxony, on a branch of the Muldaw, near
fome mountains which feparate the cpun
try frprii Bphemla. It coritains 6 church
es, 2000 houfes, and 60,000 fouls. In the
environs are mines of copper, tin, lead,
and filver, which employ a great many
hands, and produce about 10,000 ris
dollars a year. The foil, though moun
tainous. Is fertile. Here is the general
fepulture of the princes of the electoral
houfe of Saxony ; 19 miles W S W
Drefden,lat. 5053 N.
Freyburg, A town of Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, and circle of
Thurlngia: 16 miles S Halle, and 4 N N
W Naumburg.
Freye Aemter, A country of Swifferland,
furroundedby Zurich, Bern, Lucerne,ZBg,
aad Baden. The inhabitants are Roman
CathoUcs ; their chief employment Is the
cultivation of their fields and vineyards.
The country is about 7 or 8 leagues in
length, arid 3 or 4 in breadth. The num-
feer of inhabitants about 20,000.
Freyen'walde, a town (^f Upper Saxony,

whofe inhabitants carry on a confidera
ble trade in fifli, corn, beer, linen, medic
inal waters,and alum : 32mlles NEBerlin.
Freyftngen, an ecclefiaftical princIpaUtT
In Bavaria, betvveen the cities of Munich
and Landfliut.
Freyftngen, a town of Bavaria, and refi
dence of the blfh^p of Freyfingen, on
the Mofach, pne part at the fppt of a
mountain, the other on its fummit. The
epifcopal palace and cathedral church
are beautiful edifices, and both fituated
in the upper part of the town ; 17 miles
NNE Munich, lat. 48 30 N.
Freyfladt, a town of Silefia, containing
a Roman Catholic church, a convent,
and a Lutheran church and fchool, the
privilege for the 3 latter was purchafed
for 90,000 florins. Here is a manufac
ture of good cloth : 19 miles W N W
Gros-Gtegau. Frias, A town of Old Caftile, on an emin
ence near the Ebro : I3i8 miles N Madrid.
Friburg, one of the cantons of Swiffer
land, the length about 40 miles, the'
breadth about 30. It is almoft furround
ed by the canton of Bern. The N W
part of the country Is more level than
the reft, and produces abundance of corn
and fruit, the other parts are mountain
ous ; their mountains pafture 15,000 cows,
from which more than 3,000,000 pounds
of cheefe are made for exportation. Be
fides thefe they have 12,000 cows kept
for domeftic fuppUes. They alfo raife
great numbers of oxen and horfes for
fale. In fome places they cultivate vine
yards and make wine. There are feveral
medicinal fprings. ' The inhabitants are
Roman CathoUcs, under the Bifliop of
Laufanne, in number 72,800, who live
in 7 towns, and 103 pariflies.
Friburg, a town of Swifferland, clipital
of a canton of the fame name. The pub
lic bufldings, efpecially the cathedral, are
very handfome, and the inhabitants are
papifts. It is governed in fpirituals by
the biffipp pf Laufanne, whp refides here,
and in tempprals by a council, over which
an avoyer prefides. Its fituation is very
extraordinary, for only the W fide Is near
plain ground, and all the reft is built a-
mong rocks and liUls. Three miles from
this tovvn Is a celebrated hermitage, cut
in a rock, which cpntains a church and
fteeple, a veftry, a kitchen, a large haU, 2
rppms pn each fide, 3 pair pf ftairs ; and
a cellar. The length of the whole is more
than 400 -feet. The church Is 63 feet
long, 36 broad, and 32 high : but the
moft wonderful thing of all is the fteeple, which

F R r

F RI

which is 70 feet high above the rock; and
the chimney of the kitchen is 90 feet in
height. It Is almoft Inconceivable how
one man, with his fervant, could perform
fo difficult a work, though they were 25
years about it. Friburg is feated on the
river San, 15 miles S W of Bern, lon. 6
53 E, lat. 46 48 N. [Addifon, Coxe.^
Friburg, a town of Suabia, capital of
Brifgaw ; remarkable for the fteeple of
the great church (which, except that of
Straffiurg, is the fineft in Germany) and
for Its univerfity. The inhabitants are
famous for pollfliing cryftal and precious
ftones. It has been feveral times taken
and retaken ; the laft time by the'French,
In June, 1796. It is feated on the river
Trifer, 10 mfles £ of Brifach, and 26 S of
Straffiurg, lon, 7 57 E, lat, 48 10 N.
Fricenty, A town of Naples, 12 miles
N W Conza.
Fridberg, or Friedberg, An Imperial town
of Germany, in the Upper Rhine, on the
Efbach ; which holds the twelfth feat dn
the bench of the Imperial towns of the
Rhine, and fits and votes at the diets of
the Upper Rhine : I2 miles N Franck
fort on the Maine.
Friedetvalde, a town of Weftphalia, en
dowed, in the year 1324, vvith the fame
privileges as Franckfort ; 9 miles S Slegen.
Friedeburg, a town of Upper Saxony,
Brandenburg: 46 mfles NE Franckfoit
on the Oder.
Frideburg, a town of WeftphaUa, E Frief
land : 22 miles ENE Emden.
Friedland,^A town of Moravia, 18 miles
NNE Olmutz.
Friedlingen, or Fridlingen, a town of Sw«-
bia, near the Rhine, 4 miles N Bafle,
Friendly Iflands, A clufter of iflands In
the Southern Pacific Ocean, of great ex
tent, and upwards of 150 in number ;
fome of which are large, and fome lofty,
with volcanoes. They are In general fer
tile, and well planted with cocoa nut and
bread fruit trees, plantains, fugar canes,
yams, &c : fowls are large and good ;
parrots and paroquets are found of vari
ous kinds ; pigeons, with plenty of wild
ducks and otlier waler fowl. The inhab
itants were hofpitable and kind, on which
account captain Cook, who firft dlfcover
ed' them, in the year 1773, gave them
the name they bear ; the number of fouls
is fuppofed to be about 200,000, The
climate is healthy : they themfelves are
aClive and Induftrious, and acquainted
with neither riches, want, nor oppreffion.
The fea coafts aboimd with fifli, in catch
ing which they are exceedingly expert,

and on their coafts are found great num
bers and variety of ffiell fiffi. They are
exceedingly fond of iron ; and will readi
ly give the produce of the iflands in ex
change, fuch as hogs, fowls, fifli, yams,
bread fruit, plantains, coeoa nuts, fugar
canes, &c ; gopd water is fcarce, or gen
erally It is difficult for navigators to ob
tain it In a fufficient quantity; lon. 184
46 to 185 45 E, lat. 19 40 to 21 30 S.
Friefand, one of the ftates of the Unit
ed Netherlands, bounded N by the Ger
man Ocean, S by Overifl'el and the Zuy
der Zee. As to its air and foil it refem
bles HoUand, efpecially in the N W parts,
which lie lower than the fea, and are par
ticularly remarkable for fine paftures, in
which, befides excellent oxen, cows, and
flieep, a great number of large horfes are
bred, for fale into Germany and other
countries. In the more elevated parts is
found good corn land, and the wheat is
particularly efteemed for thc.«finenefs of
the ears and whitenefs ofthe flour. Peat
forms one of the principal articles of fuel.
The Inhatiitants, for want of fand hills
along the fea coaft, arc under the necef
fity of fecuring themfelves by means of
dykes, which are attended with vaft ex
penfe. To preferve themfelves from the
calamities of an inundation, the inhabit
ants raifed eminences, from 20 tp 25 feet
high, and of cpnfidcrable circumference ;
tP which, unlefs by the rapidity pf the in-
undatipns Intercepted, they betpok them
felves with their cattle aud houfehold
furniture, and there remained till the
flood fubfided. In procefs of time houfc-^
or rather whole villages and towns; were
built on thefe tumuli. In the year 1570,
the dykes were ordered to be made high
er and wider, at the charge of the pub
lic ; and fince this the erruptions of thefea
have been lefs frequent. Friefland may vie
vVith Holland in the number of canals with
which it is in all pans interfeCled ; and
great Is the convenience of thefe canals,
both for the carrying off the fuperfluoii-r
waters iuto the fea, and likewife fpr facil
itating traffic and intercpurfe. The prin
cipal reaches from Harlingen thrpugh
Franeker, as far -as Lewarden and Dokk-
um, and Groningen, and even to the fron
tiers of E Friefland. In the whole prov--
ince are 11 towns, and 336 villages. The
inhabitants ftill retain that ftrong paflioD
for liberty which diftinguiffied their an
ceftors. Lewarden is the capital.
Friefland (Eaf,) a principality of Ger
many; bounded N by the fea, W by
Groningen. The air is moift and tliick, but

FR O

F U E

Sint much purified by fea breezies ; the
fpring and harvefts are late ; the land is
low, and defended by ftrong and lofty
dykes againft the waves of the fea. The
land along the coafts Is rich and fertile,
chiefly meadow land, wilh few cornfields.
The cattle are of an extraordinary fize
and goodnefs, as are the flieep and horf
es. It is not uncommon for a ewe to
yean 4 lambs. "Fhe butter and cheefe
are abundant and rich. In the centre pf
the country the foil Is for the moft part
fandy, interfperfed with fens aiid moors,
in which the inhabitants dig peat for fu
el, a circumftance of the more importance
as wood is fcarce. Fowl and game are
plentiful, and the geefe in particulanof an
uncommon fize, even to weigh as much
as 24 pounds a piece. One third of the
principality is uneuhivated. The prin
cipal river is the Ems, by means of wliich
the trade and navigation of the country
is. very confiderable. The exportation
principally confifts in large horfes, horn
ed cattle, cheefe, butter, oats, beans, rape
feed, and fine linen, which' they fell for
Holland. The principal towns are Au-
tich, Norden, and Emden. The revenue
to the fovereign Is about 300,000 rlx dol
lars. Frina, A fmall, rapid river of Africa, a
branch of the Niger. Allegators render
it dangerous to enter its waters. [Park.]
Frifcb Haff, a gulf onthecoaftof Pruf
fian Pomenaria, S of the Baltic ; through
¦which the Oder paffes at the eaftern ex
tremity. Frifch Haff, a bay bet ween Kohigffierg
and Elbing. It communicates with the
Baltic by a narrow paffage, near Pillaw.
Friuli, a province of Italy, belonging to
the ftates of Venice ; bounded E by the
county of Qoritz and the gulf of "Friefte,
S by the giilf of Venice. It Is fertile 111
-wine and fruit, Udina Is the capital.
Friuli, a town in the above province, 32
miles NNW Triefte, lat. 46 15 N.
Frodlingham, a town of England, county
of "ifork, 1 2 miles N Beverly.
F-rodffam, A tpwn of England, county" of
Cliefter, at the conflux of the Wever and
the Merfey. The principal trade is in
fiilt, of which near 7000 tons are annual
ly refined. A cotton nuinufaClure has
Eitely been eftabliffied : 10 miles N E
Chefter. Frame, a town of England, county of
Soijierfet, on the Frome, near the foreft
of Selwood ; long celebrated for its man-
jlfaCtures of woollen cloth, of which
s6q,oco yards- arc made annually, four-

fifths are broad cloths, the reft are nar'
row cloths and kerfeymeres : in which
1450 packs of vvool are confumed, of 240
pounds each. The number of families in
the year 1786, was 1348, and thenumber
of Inhabitants 6342 : 13 miles S Bath,
and 104 W London.
Frarifac, A tovvn of Franee, department
of the GIronde, on the Ille j 3 miles N W
LIbourne. Fronteira., A town of Portugal, 10 mile»
N Eftremos.
Frontigniac, a town of France, depart
ment of the Herault, cetebratedfor Its ex
cellent .wine, generally called Frontig
niac : 4 leagues SSW MontpeUier. -
Frutingen, a town of Swifferland, canton
of Bern, vvhich gives name to a bailiwick,
one of the moft beautiful places In Swif
ferland ; 30 miles S £ Friburg.
' Fuego, one of the Cape Verd Iflandsi
The, name it received from a volcano,
which Iffues from a lofty mountain, and
throws out flames that may be feen at a
great diftance In the uiglit,clouds of aflies,
which fuffocate cattle, pumice flones,
which float on the fea, and torrents of
fulphur. The ifland is without rivers, al-
mofl without frefli water ; yet Is fertile in
maize, gourds, water melons, wild figs,
oranges, and apples. There is a great
number ef goatsy which run wild upon
the mountains ; the profit on their Ikins
Is a revenue of the crown. The Inhabit
ants export the flcins of cattle, horfes, aff
es, and hpgs. The ifland Is about 5 leagues
In length, lon. 34 20 W, lat. 15 10 N.
Fuen-hau-fou, A city of China, province
of Pe-tcheli, celebrated for its extent and
the number of its Inhabitants, as well as
for the beauty pf its ftreets and triumphal
arches. It has under Its jurifdIClIpn 2
cities of the fecond rank, 8 of the third,
and many fortreffes, which bar the en
trance of China againft the Tartars. It
is feated near the great wall, amid moun
tains-. Fuen-tcheou-fou, -i commercial city of
China, In the province of Chang-fi. Its
baths and fprings, alriioft as hot as boiling
vvater, attraCl a great number of ftrangr
ers. Its diftriCl contains I city ofthe fec
ond, and 7 of the third clafsi It is feated
on the river Fuen-ho, 250 miles S W of
Pekin. Fuents-Duenna, a town in New Caftile,
pn the Tagus : 34 miles S E Madrid.
Fuente de la PWr^i, a village of Spain, ill-
Grenada, in vvhich Is a medicinal fpring,
whofe virtues were known to the an
cients, and celebrated -for curing fevera! i
diforders.

FUN

F U T

diforders, particularly the gravel : 3
leagues frpm Antequera.
Fueffen,' pr Fuffen, a town of Swabia, on
the Lech : a frontier town to Bavaria and
the Tyrolefe, with a BenedlCtine abbey
and convent of Franclfcaiis : 47 miles S
Augfburg, 65 E Co&ftance.
Fula, or Thule, one of the Shetland ifl
ands, W of Mainland. It is thought by
fome to be the fame, which the ancients
reckoned the ultimate limit of the hab-
ifsble globe, and to which, therefore, they
gave the appellation of Ultima Thule.
Fulda, -a bifliopric and, principaUty of
Germany, In the Upper Rliine; bounded
N by Heffe Caffel. The country Is moun
tainous and woody, with fome rich arable
lands, and fome fait and medicinal fprings.
Fulda, is the capital eftlie above blffi
opric, on the river Fulda. The bifliop
refides here in a handfome palace. Be
fides the cathedral, it has a collegiate
church, an univerfity, founded in the year
1734, a college, an academy, and a con
vent of Benedictines. The library con
tains a number of ancient and rare man
ufcrlpts : 63 miles ENE Mentz,,
Fulham, A village of England, county of
Middlefex, on the Thames, over which is
a toll bridge. The bifliop of London has
a palace here : 4 miles "W London.
Fullan, A country in the interior part
of Africa, W pf the kingdom of Caflina.
Its boundaries have not yet been afcer-
tained, nor has the face of the country
been defcribed. All the information ob
tained of It Is, that the drefs of the na
tives refembles the plaids of the Scotch
Highlanders. Funchal, A feaport town, and capital of
the ifland of Madeira, fituated In a vaUey
on the S coaft of the Ifland. The har
bour is defended by feveral batteries, and
a caftle. It contains 6 pariflies, feveral
chapels, and 6 convents, with feveral hof
pitals. Il Is illy defended on the land fide.
Tbe Englifli and French Roman Catho
lics are fuppofed to exceed the Portu
guefe in number and wealth ; befides
thefe, there are multitudes of Mulatto and
Negro freemen. The ftreets of Funchal
are drawn by a Una, all the houfes neat,
and the windows faflied with lath-work,
but with openings wide enough for thofe
within tb fee and be feen. The principal
trade of the inhabitants confifts in wine
and fweet meats, lon. 16 49 W,lat.32 32 N.
Funen, or Fyen, an ifland of Denmark,
at the entrance of the Baltic, of an oval
form, 35 miles long. It Is a fertUe and a
pTeafarit ifland ; -moft of the Danifli no-
VoL. II. Gg

blUty have feats here. The foil yield*
great crops of corn, nearly 100,000 bar
rels are annually exported to Norway and
Sweden, exclufive of the confumption at
home. The inhabitants keep a great
number of bees, and with the honey
make mead, vvhich forms a confiderable
article of trade, being fent to every part
of the kingdom. Here are feveral lakes
and rivers.jabounding in fifli, but none
navigable ; great quantities of cod, her
rings, turbots, and other fifli, are caught .
in the bays along the coaft. Odenfee is
the capital, lon..9 40 to 10 50 E, lat 55
7 to 55 42 N.
Furnes, or Vuerne, a town of Flanders,
on the canal from Bruges to Dunkirk,
about a league from the fea. The town
houfe is a gopd building, adprned with
many figures pf kings and princes ; it has
a handfpme tower, with mufical chimes :
15 miles S W Oftend, lal. 5 1 4 N.
Furrackabad, a town of Hindooftan, cap
ital of a fmall diftriCl belonging to a
prince of the Patan Rohilla tribe : about
30 miles in length along the W bank oE
the Ganges : 75 miles £ Agra, lon. 79 53
E,lat. 27 23 N.
Furffout, an III built, ruinous town, up
on the Nile, in a cultivated, extenfive
plain, which Is 9 miles over, aU fown with
wheat. It is fuppofed to contain 10,000
people. The Francifcan miffionaries have
a convent here, under the name of Phy
ficians. Here refides the great Sheik,
who governs W to the borders of Affou
an, lat. 26 3 30 N. [Btuce, Pococke.]
Furfenberg, a town of Swabia, with aa
ancient caftle, on a mount near the Da
nube : 1 4 mUes NNW Schaffhaufen,
on the lake Conftance. The fource
of the Danube, Is in the principality of
Furftenberg. Furfenherg, a town of Lufatia, on the
Oder. Its tolls bring In about 5000
crowns yearly to the king of Pruffia : 13
miles S Franckfort on the Oder.
Furfciifeld, A town of Stiria, on the con
fines of iHungarv, near the conflux of the
rivers Feiftritz and Laufnitz : 68 miles 3
Vienna, lat. 47 6 N.
Furfen-.v.i'.dc, A town of Upper ^axony,
Brandenberg ; 26 miles E Berlin.
Futtypour Sicri, a confiderable tovvn of
Hindooftan Proper, in th'e province of
Agra. It is feated under a range of hills,
the fouthern boundary of an immenfe
plain. In which, for the greateft part, not
a flirub is to be feen, aiid the foU is alnijll
as fine as hair powder ; a clrcumitjiice,
productive of lie moft dii'i^;-;;.;blj ef-
fcfc,

GAD

GAL

feAs, ttrlien this fine duft is taken up by
the hot winds from the weftward. Its
fituatlori too Is unhealthy, from the indif
ferent water with which thewhole country
abounds ; but the country next the town,
is in tolerable cultivation. On the fum'
mit of the higheft hill is a large mofque,
built by the emperor Afcber, In the firft
ftile of Mooriffi architecture ; and at the
foot of this liill are the ruins of an imperi
al palace, which occupy a great extent of
ground. It is 42 miles W of Agra, ten. 77
45. E, lat. 27 o N.
Fyal, {ee Fayal.
Fyres, a rivef bf Scbttand, which runs
into Loch Nefs, In the county of Inver-
ilefs, 10 miles N E fort Auguftus. There
is a confiderable cataiaCt, or fall, about
1 mfles from its mouth.
Fyzabad, a town of Hindooftan, prov
ince of Oude, on the Gogra ; founded by
Sadatkhau, a Perfian, who was 40 years
governor of the province, near the an
cient city of Oude. He firft bullt^a pal
ace, with extenfive gardens, and made it
tlie place of his refidence ; many houfes
¦were added, till, by degrees, it became a
large city, and for fome time the capital
of the province : it was defended with a
fortrefs, a ditch, lowers, ramparts, &c ; 65
iniles £ Lucknow, and 80 N Allahabad,
lon. 83 24 E, lat. 26 45 N.
G
yTABARiT, A town of France, depart
ment of the Landes, on the GeUfe : 20
miles W Condom.
Gabian, A village of France, department
of the Herault, with a mineral fpring ;
near It, from a rock, Iffues petroleum, or
native tar : 7 miles N 'W Pezenas.
Gabin, A town of Poland, In the palati
nate of Rava : 40 miles W Warfaw.
Gabou, or Jabou, A country of Africa,
btween Benin and Dahomy, about 150
miles from the coaft ; the chief trade is
in rtave"B. Gadamis, an ifland in the fand, N W of
Fezzan. It is 24 journies S of Tunis,
fometimes tribulary to Tripoli, and fre
quently to Tunis. The foil is dry and
barren, producing little elfe but dates and
corn, camels and goats. They fpeak the
oilgirial African language. In their coun
try is a fpring alternately hot and cpld,
lat. 32 N. [Morgan.]
Gademis or Gademir, n country of Afri
ca, W of Fezzan, and 100 leagues from
tbe Mediterranean, faid to contain 92 vLl-

kgeis ; the capital bears the fame name*
lon. II E, lat. 31 30 N.
Gadana, or Gadua, A country pf Africa,
on the S fide pf the river Senegal, cpn-
talnlng mines of gold, Iron, and faltpetre,
lon. 8 W,lat. 1330N.
Gadara, an ifland in the fea of Marmo
ra. Ils buildings are a few cloyfters aud
houfes of monks, who are its only inhab
itants. [Thevenot.]
Gaeta, A feaport tovrn of Naples, on
The gulf of Gcteta : the harbour is defended
by a citadel. It Is at the foot of a moun
tain near the fea : 40 miles N W Naples.
Gaga, an extenfive and populous king-
don> of Negroland, In the interior pf Af
rica. It abounds with gold ; the inhab
itants carry on a flourlfliing commerce
with furrounding nations. The capital is
Gago, 400 miles S pf TombuCtoo. They
are farmers and fliepherds ; the land it
fruitful, and well watered. The country
produces abundance of corn, rice, fruits,
and is covered with hamlets and villages,
lon. I 54 £, lat. 10 N. [Leo Afrlcanus.]
Gaillac, A town of France, department
of the Tarn. It Is a place of confiderable
trade, and the wine made in the environs
is much efteemed. It is fituated on the
Tarn, which is here navigable ; 9 leagues
N E Touloufe.
Gaillon, A town of France, department
of the Eure. Near it was a celebrated
Carthufian mpnaftery, burned down in
1764: 3 leagues N 'W Vernon.
Gainfforaugh, A town of England, county
of Liricoln, on the E bank of the Trent,
and brings tolerable fized veffels with the
tide ufi to the town, about 40 miles from
the Huriiber. By means pf the naviga-
tlpnltls a place pf confiderable trade: 18
miles N W Lincoln, and 148 N Lpndpn.
Gdlacz, pr Galatx, a tPwn pf Bulgaria,
near the Danube : 54 miles W Ifmael,
Iat. 45 24 N.
Galam, A fprt of Africa, built by tho
French on ^he river Senegal, ceded to the
Englifli by the peace of VerfaiUes, in the
year 1763. During the American war It
was taken by the French, In whofe poffef
fion It remained by the peace of 1783.
Galaffiels, a flourlfliing little town' of
Scotland, county of Selkirk, on the Gala,
at ils union with the Tweed, with a con
fiderable woollen manufaClure ; 5 miles
N Selkirk. Galafo, A riverof Naples, which runs in
to the fea near Tarento.
Galata, a fmall Ifland in the Mediterra
nean, near the coaft Of Tunis, lon. 9 30 E,
lat.38j5N. > Calcrmi,

G A t'

G A t

Gahren, a town of the ifland of Celehcs,
celebrated for its fifliery.
Galicia, A province of Spain, bounded
N and W by the fea, S by Portugal, from
vvhich itis feparated by the river Minho.
It is mountainous, with forne fmall plains
pn the fea coaft. There are fome excel
lent ports, yet has but little commerce.
The Inhabitants plant many vineyards
^and fruit trees, and cultivate wheat, rye
and flax. The fea coafts abound vvith
fifli ; the fprefts fupply good fliip timber.
In the mountains are found mines of gold,
copper, iron, lead, and vermillion. It
has likewife fpine excellent paftures. It
cpntains 64 cities and towns, but few con
fiderable ones, 3242 pariflies, 343,264
families, 12,637 religious, 11 cathedrals,
34 hofpitals, 14 colleges, 79 convents of
men, and 24 of woinen. The Inhabit
ants are faithful and courageous : poverty
compels great numbers of theni 10 feek a
living in the neighbouring provinces,
where they hire themfelves to ' the moft
fervile and laborious employments, for
syhicli they are defpifed by the other
Spaniards. The principal town is Com-
poftella. Galicia, a large country in the S of Po
land, which confifts of that part of Little
Poland on the S fide bf the Viftula, almoft
the whole of Red Ruflia, and a flip of
t'odolla. It vvas forcibly feized by the
Auftrians in 1772, and Incofporated into
the Auftrian dominions, under the appel
lation of the klhgdorijs of Galicia and
Lodomerla. The population of Galicia
and Lodomlria, in 1776, amounted to
2,580,796. The mountainous parts pro
duce fine pafture; the plains are moft
ly fandy, but abound '" forefts, and are
fertile in corn. "The principal articles of
traffic are cattle, hides, wax, and honey ;
and thefe countries contain mines of cop
per, lead, iron, and fait, qf vyhich the lat;
ter are the moft iraluable.' Lemburg, or
Leopold, Is the capital of the vvhble coun
try, whicli extends 380 miles from E to
'\V ; "its greateft breadth being 190 miles.
Gall, St. or St. Gallen, a town of Swiffer-
]|and, in Thurgau, with a rich abbey. In
'which is a library, containing feveral
jnanufcrlpts of the claflies, 10 which we
are indebted for Petronius Arbiter, Silius
Itallcus, Valerius Flaccus, and QuintlUian,
copies of which were found here in 141 3 ;
alfo 13 vblumes bf manufcript letters,
from thefirft German arid Swifs reformers.
4Thefe might throw much light on the re
formation.) The tovvn owes its flourifli-
ifig ftate 10 a very extenfive comnierce,

arifing chiefly from its manufaiftures of
linen, muflin, and embroidery. Itis feated
in a narrow, barren valley, between 3
mountains, knd on 3 fmall ftreams, 37
miles N E of Zuric, lon, 9 20 £, lat. 47
26 N. [Coxe.]
Galla, A wild, barbarous race, inhabiting
the inland regionsof Africa, roundthehead-
ofthe Nile. A ftrange, wandering race,"'
they have fometimes ravaged the breadth 1^
of Africa, from Sierra Leonna, to Arabias-';
Their complexion is whiter than the oth
er Negroes, but they flafli their own faces,
turn their upper eyelids outwards, to apr
pear terrible to their enemies. Surpaffing
other tribes In agility and ftrength, their
courage is irivlnciblc. They rieither plant,
nor fow, living by plunder and carnage.
They neither give nor take quarter ; but
eat the flefli of their enemies, and dpink
their blood froiB cups, made bf human
fkulls. When annoyed by rain or thun
der, they bend their bows againft heaven,
and curfe the flcles. [Bruce, Battel, &c.J
Galle or Ponte Galle, a feaport town and
fort of the ifland of Ceylon, pn the S W
coaft, about halfa league in circumference
within the walls, defended by l^aftions to
wards the land ; on the fide towards the
fea are banks and rocks ; the fortrefs Is 01}
a tongue of land : the bay is expofed only
to the weflerly winds ; but is laid not to
be large, nor convenient, and the entrance
dangerous on account of the rocks. The
Dutch took it from the Portuguefe in the
year 1640. The air Is healthy, and the
heat of the climate moderated by the lan4
and fea breezes; j8 miles S" Candy, ten.
80 20 E, lat. 6 N.
Gallipoli, A feaport town of European
Turkey, province of Romania, on the fea
of Marmora, vyith a good harbour ; the
refidence of a pacha, and the fee of a
Greek bifliop. It contains about 10,000
Turks, 3500 Qreek^, aqd many Jews. The ,
houfes of the lalter, have doors not above
3^ feet high, to prevent the Turks riding
Into them: 8p miles S -Adrianople, loS
W S W Conftantinople, lat. 40 24 N.
Gallipoli,A feaport town of Naples, prov
ince of Otranto, fituated on a rock, fur
rounded by the fea, and .attached 10 the
land only by a bridge. "The en-vlrons arc
planted with olive and cotton trees, which
produce the chief articles of its commerce:
31 miles W Otranto, lat. 40 18 N.
Gallipoli, a ftrait between European and
Afiatic Turkey. It forms the communi
cation between the Archipelago and the
fea of Marmora, and is defended at the S
Wentranceby the Dardanelles. It is here
2 ijiiles

GAM

G A N

ft mfle.^ over, and is 3 3 miles long.- It was
anciently caUed the Hellefpont. See Dar
danelles. Galloway (Ne-w,) A town of Scotland,
near the Ken : 15 miles N Kircudbright.
Galloway (Upper, or Wef,) a name fome-
tijnes given to the county of WIgton, In
Scotland. Galway, a County of Ireland, province
j^ofjPonnaught, next to Cork, the moft con
fiderable In point of fiz: in the .kingdom,
but the leaft populous ; bounded, S by
the county of Clare and Galway Bay, 'W
by the Atlantic Ocean ; containing 116
pariflies, and 38 churches. The number
of houfes is 28,212, and about 142,000
i'ouls. The foil is warm and fertile, with
a lime-ftone bottom. This lime-ftone ri
fes fometimes fo near the furface as to
render It unfit for tillage, but yielding ex
cellent pafture. Some parts are moun
tainous, with quarries of black and white
marble. Great quantities of kelp are
made along the coaft, and feaweed gath
ered for manure, of great advantage to
'the families that- dwell there, who are lit
tle farmers, and hardy fifliermen. On
the fea coaft is a large bay, ffieltered by
the three fouthern iflands of Arran. The
found betweeii thefe iflands is a fafe road.
Gal¬way, capital of the above county,
is on a river, furrounded with ancient
walls. The houfes are generally well
built, in number 950, and about 12,000
inhabitants. It was formerly the moft
commerci^ town in Ireland, and has now
a confiderable trade. The port is very
commodious and fafe, but fo diftant from
the city, that lighters are neceflary to
carry goods into the town. Galway Is
governed by a mayor, recorder and flier
iffs : !)(> miles W DubUn, ten- 8 58 W,
lat, 53 15 N.
Gambia, A country of Africa, which
takes its name from the river vvhich paf
fes through il ; ceded to the Englifli by
the peace of 1783.
Gambia, or Gamba, a deep, muddy river
of Africa, vvhich empties into the 'Atlan
tic. The banks are frequently covered
with thickets of mangrove ; the coun
try is flat, and f'wampy. Abundance of
fifli are caught, many of which are un
known in Europe. Here are ffiarks, alli
gators, and the hyppotamus, an amphibi
ous animal, which may be called the fea
elephant. He is of a timid, inoffenfive
difpofition. The river Is navigable for
floops 600 miles, and annually overflows
its banks like the Nile. Its mouth is
in lat. 13 20 N. [Park.]

Gamlron or Gomron, A feaport town, of
Perfia, in the province of Larlftan. This
town, called alfo Bender Abbas, was fa
mous tUl the beginning of the laft centu
ry, as the port of Schiras, and of all the
S of Perfia. Its trade was, at that time,
very extenfive. At prefent it is very low,
nprjs there a fingle European countlng-
houfe in the city. This decline has been
occafioned by the domeftic difturbances
inPcrfia,and the wars and difputes be
tween the French and the EngUfli. The
Dutch, for a while, continued to carry on
a confiderable trade here. But fince
they formed a fettlement in theifland of
Karek, Ihey have entirely deferted Gam-
bron,ten. 57 E, lat. 27 20 N.
Gamma, a town of Africa, on the Ivory
Cpaft. Gamps, a town pf Swifferland, canton.
of Schweilz, and Claris, In which is a ful-
phurpus medicinal fpring : 5 miles S Ap^
penzel. Ganara, a country of Africa, wilh a.
town of the fame name, on the banks of
the Niger. The country ispopulous and
fertile : the articles of commerce are
gold, fena, and flaves, lon. 16 E, lat. la
20 N.
Ganderffeim, A town of Lower Saxony,
and principaUty of Wolfenbuttel, on the
river Gande, with a celebrated abbey of
Proteftants, compofed of an abbefs, who
Is a princefs, and 4 ladies of npble fami
lies : 20 miles 'W Goflar.
Gandia, a feaport town of Spain, in Var
lencla, with a finall univerfity : 40 miles
NNE Alicant.
Gandicotta, A town and fprtrefs pf Hin
dpoftan, fituated on the top of a lofty
m'o.unlain, on the fide of the river Pen-
ner, in Cuddapa. The road to it Is nar
row, and formed in the rock, by the fide
of a frightful precipice. Below is a fmafl
plain, well watered by a numbcro'" fprings,
in which the inhabitants cultivate rice
and millet. Near it Is a diamond mine :
33,milesNW Cuddapa, lon. 78 29 E,
lat. 14 45 N._ .*
GaM^fj, a river of Afia, which rifes by
2 branches from the mountains of Kent
talfl'e, in the country of "Fhibet ; thefe
2 branches take a wefterly direClipn, in
clining tp the N, for a courfe of about
300 miles in direCl diftance, when, meet
ing the great chain or ridge pf mount;
Himmaleh, which extends from C^bul a-
long the N of Hindooftan, and through
Thibet, the rivers are compeUed to turn
IP the S, in vvhich courfe they unite their
waters, and form what is properly term ed

G A N

GAR

cd the river Ganges. This body of vvater
npw forces a pafl'age thrpugh the ridge
of mount Himmaleh, at the diftance,
poffibly, of loo miles below the place of
its firft approach to II, and tapping Its
foundation, ruflies through a cavern, and
precipitates Itfelf Into a vaft bafpn, which
it has wprii In tlie rpck, al the hither foot
of the mountains. Fancy has given to
this bafon the form of a cow's head, and
they call it the Cow's Mouth, and pay it
divine honors. From this feconfl fource
(as it may be termed) of the Ganges, ils
courfe becomes more eaftwardly than be
fore, through the rugged country of Si-
rliiagur, until, at Hurdvvar, it finally ef-
papes from the mountainous traCl, in
vvhich it has wandered for about 800 Brit
ifli iniles. At Hurdwar It opens Itfelf a
paffage through mount Sewaliick ; which
18 the chain of mountains that borders on
the level country, on the N of the prp
vince pf Delhi. After entering Hlndpp-
(lan, it flows with a fmooth navigable
ftream, through delightful plains, during
the remainder pf its courfe, In which it
receives 1 1 confiderable rivers. Soon af
ter It joins the Sanpoo it divides into a
multitude of branches, called the Mouths
of the Ganges, which empty themfelves in
to the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 21" 40 to 22
N. A circumftance attending the courfe
pf the Ganges and the Burrampotiter riv
ers. In refpeCl lo each other,' is very fingu
lar Iffuing from oppofite fides of the
fame ridge of mountains, they direCl their
courfes toward oppofite quarters, till they
are more than 1200 miles afunder, and
afterwards meet in one point near the
fea, after each has performed a winding
courfe of more than 2000 milet. In the
annual inundation of this immenfe river,
the country is overflowed to the extent
pf more than 100 miles in width ; noth
ing appearing but villages and trees, ex
cepting, very rarely, the top of an elevat
ed fpot, the artificial mound of fome de
ferted village, appearing like an ifland
The rife of the water ij, pn an average,
31 feet. In a word, it is. In every re
fpeCl, one of the moft beneficial rivers in
the world ; diffufing plenty Immediately
by means of its living productions, and
fecondarlly by enriching the lands, af
fording an eafy conveyance for the pro
ductions pf Its borders, and giving em
ployment to many thoufand boatmen.
It is no wonder, therefore, that the Hin
doos regard this river as a kind of deity^
fhat they hold its waters in high venera-
fiou, and thai it is vifited anqually by a

prodigious number of pilgrims from aH
parts of Hindooflan.
Ganjam, a town of HIndooftan, on the
fea coaft of the bay of Bengal, ten. 85 20
E,lat. 19 23 N,
Gannat, a town of France, department
of the AlUer, containing about 3000 In
habitants : 9 leag, S Moulins, lat. 46 5 N.
Gaoga, a country of Africa, W of Nu
bia, with a town of the fame name, fitu
ated on a large lake. The inhabitants
are barbarous ; ten, 26 E,lat. 16 N.
Gap, a tPwn pf France, and capital pf
the department pf the Higher Alps ; neay
it Is a mineral fpring : 15 leages S Gren-
pble, Carefk, an ifland in the Gulf pf Perfia,
near the mouth of the Euphrates, remark
able for a fine pearl fifliery.
Gard, a department of France, bounded
E by the Rhone, S by the Mediterranean.
Nimes is the capital.
Garda, a lake of Italy, between the Vcr
ronefe and the Breffan, 30 miles long and
4 wide, on which is a town of the fame
name : 12 miles N W Verona. <
Gardelegen, or Gardeleben, a town of Upr
per Saxony, containing 4 churches, 4 hof
pitals and a manufacture of cloth ; cele
brated for Its hops and beer : 72 miles W
Berlin, lat. 57 3 N.
Gard, P^n! du, a Roman aqueduCl in
France, 9 miles N E of Nifmes, ereCted,
il is fuppofed, by Agrippa, In the time of
Auguftus. It is 160 feet In height, and
confifts of 3 bridges riling^, above each
other, and uniting twp, craggy mountains.
"Fhe higheft of thefe bridges has 6 arches,
of great blocks pf ftones, withput cement ;
the centre one has 11 ; and the loweft
(under which flows the Garden, an in
confiderable, but rapid river) has 36.
Lewis XIY, when he repaired, in 1699,
the damages which this ftupendous work
had fuftained by time, caufed a re^
bridge, over which travellers now pafs, lo
be conftruCled by the fide of the lower
range of arches. "This aqueduCl vvas
built, In order to convey to Nifmes the
water of the fpring of Eure, vvhich rifes
near Uzes.
Gared, a town of Africa, in the king
dom of Suz, on the river Suz, celebrated
for ils Morocco leather.
Gar-el-Mailah,- a feaport of Africa, on
the E coaft of Tunis ; 4 miles W Cape
Zibeeb. Garnache (La,) a town of the Vendee,
I league NNE Challans.
Garonne, a river of France, which rifes
in the Pyrenees, and joining with the
Dordogne,

GAT

G AZ

feordogne, about I3 miles belovr Bour
deaux, changes its name tb Gironde.
Garonne (Upper,) a department of
France, bounded S by Spain. It takes Its
name from the Garonne, which paffes
through it. Toulqufe Is the capital. It
has a navigable communication vvith the
JMediterranean, by its junCtion with the
Royal Canal.
Garrachicha, A feaport town of the ifl
and of Tenerlffe, deftroyed by an earth
quake and eruption of the volcano on
the Peak, in 1704 ; fo that houfes are
now built where Ihips then lay at anchor.
Garret Dennis, an Ifland in the Eaftern
Pacific Ocean, about 14 leagues in cir
cumference, inhabited by blacks, who are
armed with lances, bows and arrows, fit
uated to the N of New Ireland : lon. 151
»5 E, Iat. i 30 S.
Garrows, a country of Afia, fituated to
the E of Bengal, W of Affam, and S of
Burhampooter river.
Garfang, A town of England, county of
Lancafter : 10 miles S Lancafter,
Gartz, A town of Pruffian Pomerania,
en the Oder, 13 miles S Sfetln : lat. 53
13 N.
Gafeony, a late province of France, Ct-
oated between the Garonne, the fea, and
the Pyrenees. The Gafcons have a great
deal of fpirit ; but their exaggeration, In
defcriblng their exploits, has made the
term Gafconade proverbial. The Gafcons
¦who dwell near the Pyrenees, are origin
ally from Spain.
Gafein, A town of Bavaria, celebrated
f<>r its warm baths, and mines of lead,
iron and gold : 36 miles S Saltzburg, and
16 W S W Radftadt.
Gatehoufe, A town of Scotland, county
of Kircudbright, near the mouth of the
Fleet, not far from the Irifli Sea, with a
cotton manufaClure. Sloops come up
near to the tovyn : 13 miles W Kircud
bright. Gateffead, a village of England, on the
^yne, oppofite to Newcaftle, to which It
appears like a fuburb ; celebrated for ils
grindftones, which, under the name of
Newcaftle, are exported to all parts of
the world.
Gath, the principal of the five ancient
cities of the PhlUftlnes, in Paleftine. It
ftood on a hill E of Aflidod, on the coaft
of the Mediterranean, on the borders of
the tribe of Dan. Here Gollah was born.
When David took and difmantled this
city, it was populous and ftrong. Its ex-
B& fite is not now known.
[Sanfon, Topog. DICl.]

Gaiinois, Ot Gafinois, A province of
France. It now forms part of the de
partments of the Seine and Marne, Seine
and Oife, and Loiret.
Gatton, a borough of England, county
of Surry, which fends 2 members to par
liament : 20 miles S London.
Gavi, A town of Genoa, once very
ftrong, but the fortifications have been
deftroyed : 25 miles N Genoa.
Gauts, or Indian Appennines, a ftupend
ous wall of mountains, extending from
Cape Comorin, the S extremity of Hin
dooftan, to the Tapty or ^urat River, at
unequal diftances from the coaft ; In one
fliort fpace only, it approaches within 6
miles, the common diftance Is 40, and it
feldom exceeds 70. They rife abruptly
from the low country, called the Concan,
or Cockum, fupporting In the nature of a
terrace, a vaft extent of fertile and popu
lous plains, which are fo elevated, as to
render the air cool and pleafant.' This
celebrated ridge does not terminate in a
promontory, when It approaches the
Tapty ; but, departing from Its meridi
onal courfe, It bends eaftward, In a wavfy
line, pariallel with the river ; and Is af
terward Ipft ampng the hills. In the neigh-
bpurhppd pf Burhamppur. In its cpurfe
alPrig the Tapty, it forms feveral paffes,
or defcents toward that river. The
height is not well known, but fuppofed
to be between 3 and 4000 feet ; whlcl^
will prevent the great body of clouds from
paffing over them ; and, accordingly, the
alternate N E and S W winds (called the
monfoons) occafion a rainy feafon only
on the windward fide of the mountains
Gaiaa, A village on the Nile. Here are
ruins of Egyptian architeClure. A fmall
temple, with 3 colums in front, has Its
capitals entire : lat. 37 20 N. [Bruce,]
Gaza, an ancient town of Paleftine, in
the tribe of Judah, once a ftrongly forti
fied and magnificent city of the PhUift-
Ines. It ftood on an eminence, 3 miles
from the fea, with an Indifferent port.
It was in the S W corner of Canaan, on
the fklrts of the defert which led to £-
gypt. It was the gates of this city that
Sampfon carried away; and here, after
wards, he pulled down the houfe of Da
gon on the lords ofthe PhlUftlnes. Here,
after the city was fo far laid in ruins that
it was called a Defert, (ACls 8, 26,) Philip
baptized the Eunuch, of Ethiopia. The '
prefent Gaza, ftands about 2 miles from
the Mediterranean, contains hardly 3000
inhabitants. Here is a manufaClure of
cotton, which employs 500 looms in the
town

GEE

GEN

town and neighbourhood. The caravans,
vvhich pafs between Egypt and Syria, and
the Arabs, who bring their plunder here,
and fell it for lefs than its value, furnifli
the articles of commerce for Gaza. It
has a ftrong caftle, not large, but is fen
ced, having two Iron gates, over againft
which Is the feragUo of the iBaflia. At alit-
tle diftance Is fliewn a heap of rubbifli,faid
to be the ruins of the temple, pulled
down by Sampfon. The Greeks have
here a handfome church, whofe roof Is
fupported by marble pillars of the Cbr-
Inthian order, with all their proper or
naments. The Armenians have a church
here. Without the city are fome beau
tiful mofques, once chriftian churches.
The caftle is the refidence pf the Sangiac,
whpfe government includes 300 villages.
The country round Gaza is extremely
fruitful, producing, without culture, pom-
egranitcs, oranges, dates and flowers, In
great repute even at Conftantinople. It
is 20 miles N of the frontiers of Egypt, 50
S W Jerufalem, ten. 34 44 E, lat. 31 38 N.
[Bowen, Thevenot, Top. DiCt]
Gearan, or Jaraan, a town of Perfia,
province of Farfiftan ; celcbrtaed for Its
excellent fruits, raifins,pomegranites,dates
and quinces ; 70 miles S i^ Schiras, lat. 28
15 N. ' _ '
Geba, A town and country of Africa, on
a river ofthe fame name, which joins the
river St. Domingo, ten. 13 30 W, lat. 13
10 N.
Ge-bel-tor, an Ifland in the mouth of the
Red Sea, In ppffeffipn of the Englifli,
who eftabliflied a port here 1801, about
60 leagues N W Mocha. [Capt. Dana.]
Gebel-el Mokatab, or the Written Moun
tains, are mountains of Arabia. They are
fo called, becaufe, for the fpace of an
hour's travel, their marble rocks are en
graved with unknown charaClers. The
infcriptions are from 10 to 14 feet from
the ground, In a place where there is
neither water nor food. Travellers, ac
quainted with the Arabic, Greek, He
brew, Syriac, Cpptie, Latin, Armenian,
Turkifli, Illyrican and Bphemlan lan
guages, have been unable tp read them.
Sbme conjecture they were written by
the Chaldeans, or fome Other perfons, long
before the coming of Chrift. Others fup
pofe they are the original Hebrew char
acter, loft in the captivity of Babylon,
and were the amufive employment of If
raelites In the 40 years they wandeied in
this wildernefs. [Journey to Mount Sinai.]
I Cte/i, 3 fmaU diftriCt of Abyfliinia, re

markable for nothing but from having
^in it the celebrated fountains which arc
the head of the Nile. It rifes from three
fmall fprings, in a triangular marfli.which
Is about 86 yards broad. The Agows,
who refide in the vicinity, pay divine
honors to the Nile. Here thoufands of
cattle have been, and are facrificed to
the Spirit of the river. Here the fur
rounding tribes annuaUy afl'emble and
make ofl'erlngs to the God of peace. No
feudis laftlng.lhe folemn anniverfary can
cels aU. The high prieft of the Nile, if
we may believe him, fees and converfe«
wilh the fpirit of the river. The river
is ftyled « Moft High God, Saviour of the
World, God of Peace, Father of the U-
niverfe." To him they direCl their pray
ers. [Bruce.]
G^e, or Gt'awle, a town of Sweden,
province of Geftricia, on an arm of the
Gulf of Bothnia, which divides the towix
and furrounds it, forming two Iflands.
The town is ancient, populous and com
mercial, with many rich merchants, but
neither regular nor handfome. The bar-,
hour is good : the principal exports are
iron, pitch, tar and planks. Two thirds
of the inhabltanls are fifliermen : 60
miles N Upfal, lon. 17 i E, lat. 60 50 N.
Gehmen, A town of Weftphalia, on the
Aa, 16 miles N E Wefel.
Geiflingen, an Imperial town of Swabia,
on the Kocher ; 1 2 miles W Ulm.
Gelnhaufcn,A tovvn ofthe Upper Rhine,
fubjeCl to the count of Hanau, 13 mUes
£ Hanau. Gemappe, a viUage of Hauault, at the
junction ofthe rivers Hall'ne and Trou-
Ille ; remarkable on account of a battle
fought there the 5th of Nov. 1792; ia
which, after a moft obflinate refiftance,
the Auftrians were compelled to leave
the field, and retire to Mons. The lofs
on both fides in this adion vvas very
great : %\ miles S W Mons.
Gemblours, a town of Brabant, on the
Orneau, vvhich runs Into the Sambre ; it
was formerly in poffeffion of a celt brated
library, containing a number of vj.luablc,
ancient manufcrlpts, among which was
the Clironicum Gemblacenfe, well known
among the learned, began by iSIgebert, a
monk, who died In the year 1112, and
continued by Anfelm, the abbot, to his
death, in 1137 : 10 miles N W Namur.
Gemund, au Imperial town of Swabia.
The magiftracy Is clipfen outpf the bpdy
of the people : 24 mileo E Stutgard.
Gemund,atown of Auftria, on thcTraua
Sea ; celebrated for its fait -vrpilts : 24
milei

GEN

GEN

Iriiles SSW Lintz, and io8 W S W Vi
enna. Genadel, a mountain of Africa, in the
country of Nubia, over which the Nile
paffes, and forms a cataraCl, 45 miles N
Jalae. Genap, A town of Brabant, ou the Dyle
5 miles £ Nivelle.
Geneva, a city and republic, till lately,
in alUance with the Swifs, fituated on the
confines pf Savpy, France and Swiffer
land, at the fputhern extreniity of the
lake, called t\ieLake of Geneva pr the Leman
Lake ; the Rhpne paffing thrpugh it, and
dividing It intp twp unequal parts. Ju
lius Cxiar made it a place pf arms. It
flpuriflied under the fucceffprs pf Csfar :
the inhabitants became Chriftians in the
third century, and, at leaft as early as the
middle pf the fourth. It was the fee of a
bifliop. Geneva, which Ues partly in the
plain on the borders of the lake, and
partly on a gentle afcent, Is irregularly
built, and contained, before thp late rev
olution, 24,000 fouls. In the year 1535,
in full council, the doClrines ofthe refor
mation were adopted ; in confequence of
¦which the canton of Fribourg renounced
the aUiance. The celebrated John CalT
vin arriving accidentally al Geneva, to
wards the clofe of the foUowiiig year, vvas
induced to remain and complete the work
that was begun. Geneva was now re
garded as the centre and afylum of the
reformed reUgion, both by the French
and Italians, and by the retreat of the
perfecuted Proteftants, the arts and com
merce became daily more flourlfliing, and
population increafed. In the year 1559,
an academy vvas founded by the celebrat
ed John Calvin. In this academy chil
dren of all the citizens might receive an,
education. Confcious that the Chriftian
reUgion derives fupport from every
branch of knowledge, he liberally pro
moted the cultivation of fcience, and the
ftudy of elegant literature. "Though he
refuted (he office of pe^-petual Prefidenl,
he obtalbed it for his fellow labourer,
Beza. In this new feminary Calvin, and
his colleagues, all men of eminence, read
^Clures with fo much reputation, that
ftudents neforted here from all quarters
of the proteftant world. Before this Ge
neva was hardly known, except to Swit
zerland and Savoy. They have a pubUc
library, containing 25,000 volumes, to
which all the citizens have free accefs.
In np city, of Europe, or perhaps pf the
Whple wprld, are the pepple fo well In-
;^rm«4 k ii aot uncommon to fiad me

chanics In the intervals pf their labour, a-
mufingthemfelves withthewprks pf New
ton, Lpcke, and pther bppks pf the kind.
In 1547 a quarrel happening, the two
parties tpok arms ; Calvin ruflied be
tween them, in the moment of their ven
geance, teUing them, if they thirfted for
blood to take his. Awed by his Vfirtue,
they retired. Farel, Viret, Beza and
Calvin, have been their Paflors. Here,
but a few years fince, fermons and public
worfliip vvere attended with remarkable
punCluaUty and decorum. Such were
the Genevans : but their moral glory Is
departed. The prefent clergy of Gene
va, by a public aCl pf fliamelefs appftacy,
frpm pretended gratitude to Franee, have
abandoned their religion, and betrayed
their Saviour. Voluntarily they have ex
changed the fabbath of chriftians for the
decade of athiefts. Geneva Is revolution
ized, cruflied, ruined, by foreign domina
tion. Their liberty and religion are an
nihilated. In 1798,-Genevavvas annexed
to the French Republic, and now makes
a part qf the department of Leman : 136
mfles N W Turin, lon. 6 10 E, lat, 46 13
N. [Bowen, Moor, Coxe, Du Pan, Scott.]
Geneva Lake of, a magnificent expanfe
of water, In Swifferland, which extends
from the city, of Geneva to Villeneuve,
54 miles in length ; its breadth, in the
wideft part, is 12. It is in the fliape of a
crefcent, of which Swifferland forms the
concave, and Savoy the convex part.
Savoy affords a rude and awful bbundary ,
of af piling Alps, craggy , and covered with
the ice of ages. From Geneva to the en
virons of iLaufanne, the country flopes,
for a confiderable way, to the margin of ,
the lake, and is enriched vvith all the va
rieties that nature can beftow. The long
ridge of the Jura, fertile In pafturage, and
varied with woods, backs this beautiful
traCl. Near Laufanne, the banks rife
confiderably, forming a charming terrace,
and a few miles beyond the town, is a
rapid defcent. Near Vevay, begins a
plain, which is continued far beyond the
end of thelake, but contraCling,by the ap
proach of the mountains toward the wa
ter ; the depth of which Is various, the
greateft yet found by founding,! 60 fathoms.
Like all inland lakes, enclofed within high
mountains. It is fubjeCl to fudden ftorms.
Among the birds that frequent this lake,
are the tippet grebes of Pennant, which
appear in December and retire in Febru
ary. Their fkins are an elegant article of
luxury, and fell for 12 or 14s each. "Fhefe
birds are pbliged to breed in other places,- this

GEN

GEO

this lake being almoft totally deftitute of
reeds and rufjids,ln which they form their
floating neft. The river Rhone runs thro*
the whole extent of the lake, from ils E to
its S W extremity.
Genevois, a province of Savoy, bounded
W by France, from which it Is feparated
by the Rhone : Geneva and Its territory
formerly madea part of it. Annecy is
now the capital. /
Gengenbach, an Imperial town of Swa
bia, 15 miles S E Straffiurg.
Gennep, a town of WeftphaUa, near the
Meufe, 9 miles SSW Cleves.
Genojc, A ftate and city of Italy ; bound
ed N by Piedmont, the Milanefe, and the
Parmefan, E by the ftates of the duke of
Tufcany, S by the Mediterranean Sea, W
by the county of Nice ; about I20 miles
in length, from 8 to 20 in breadth. The
, country Is mountainous, and part of it
covered with barren rocks, which ferve
for its defence. Some of the mountains
arc covered with wood, and fome yield
.good pafture. There \^s but a fmall quan
tity qf arable land, fo tliat the inhabit
ants are obliged to- purchafe great part
of their corn from Naples, Sicily, and
other places ; however, tliey carefully
cultivate every place they can, and
throughout the year, are fuppUed with
excellent legumes and vegetables for the
table. They make a confiderable quan
tity of wine, and have abundance of ex
cellent fruit, efpecially citrons, oranges,
pomegranates, almonds, and figs. A great
number of mulberry trees are raifed to
feed filk-worms, and olives grow in great
plenty, efpecially round the Gulf ot Spez-
zia. Salt is produced for exportation.
Here are found quarrries bf marble and
otlier ftone. The manufaClures are not
fo flourlfliing as they formerly were ; the
moft confiderable are velvet, plufli, dam-
afk, different kinds of filk, for which they
purchafe a great deal of raw filk from
Meffina and other places ; gold and filver
ftuffs, lace, gloves, ftockings, ribbons, foap,
paper to imitate the Indian, &c. Other
articles of commerce are oil, fruit, maca
roni, confeClionary, Parmefan cheefe, an
chovies, &c. The manufaClures of the
Genoefe are greatly reduced, too great a
price being paid for the articles which
they manufaClure, and the infecurity of
their ports contribute greatly to enfeeble
their commerce. Genoa has been declar
ed a free port ; but Leghorn is Ukewlfe a
free port, and with ftill greater liberty.
The banking bufinefs In Genoa Is very
confiderable, aud the bankers are cfteem-
VoL. II. H h

ed the richeft in Europe. The* city of
Genoa was formerly the capital of LIguria.
The fleet pf this republic, anciently fo
celebrated for Its victories over all the
neighbouring nations, is now reduced to
6 gailies. Genoa City, capital pf the abpve repub
lic. Is about 10 miles in circumference,
and defended towards the land by a dou
ble wall. Several baftions are ere<aed
along the fea ffiore, on rocks which rife
above the water. It has a good harbour,
vvith ample 560 paces in length, 13 ia
breadth, 15 above the level of the water.
The ftreets are In general narrow, but
clean and well paved ; 2, called the Stra
da Nfjiova and Strada Balbi, are filled with
magnificent palaces, fronted with marble.
It is the fee of an archbifliop. The cath
edral is built in the Gothic ftyle, and
paved with black and white marble, ia
the treafury of vvhich is preferved, a cu
rious hexagon difli, faid to be of a fingle
emerald, found at Cefarea, In the time of
the crufades, which the Genoefe received
as their fliare of the plunder. Befides
the cathedral, it contains 3 2 parifli church
es, many of which are magnificent, and
adorned with fculptures and piClu.res by
the beft mafters. The doge's palace is
large, without decoration, except 3 ftat
ues of John Andrew Doria and Andrew
Doria, larger than the life, at the entrance.
The arfenal contains arms for 34,060
men, machines, models for bridges, the
armour worn by a num'odr of Genoefe
women in the crufades, a fliield contain
ing I30 piftols, made by Julius Cefar
Vacche,forthe puj-pofe ofaiTaffinatingthe
doge and fenate at one time, &c. Olher
public buildings are the Albergo, vvhich
ferves as a poor-houfe and houfe of cor-
reCUoii, where Is a beautiful reUevo, the
Virgin fupporting a dead Chrift, by Mi
chael Angelo; and the affumption of the
Virgin, in white marble, by Puget, an in
imitable piece of fculpture ; a large hof
pital for the fick of all nations and relig
ions ; the Confervatory, for educating
and portioning 300 poor girls ; and a
great number of palaces belonging tp the
nobiUty, They reckon at Genoa (i<) con
vents pf men and women. The number
of inhabitants Is eftimated at 150,000:
63 miles S Milan, lon. 8 41 E, lat. 44
25 N.
Georgia,.a^ country of Afia, between the
Cafpian and the Black Seas, but particu
larly applied to* a country between the
Cafpian Sea and Mingrelia, ancienvly
kuowu by the name of Iberia. The air is
drw

GEO
dry, very warm in fummer, and very
cold in winter. Fine weather com
mences in the month of May, and con
tinues till the end of November. The
foil Is exceedingly fertile, provided the
ground be watered. The bread and
JTruits are excellent, and the paftures feed
a great number of cattle, fat and lean.
The game Is pf exceUent flavour, and the
wild hogs delicate. Nature feems to have
lavifhed on this cpunlry, every prpduc-
tion that can contribute to the happinefs
of its inhabitants. They make wine,
whichthey fell Into Armenia and Perfia,
efpecially to Ifpahan for the king's table.
Silk forms a confiderable branch of trade
to Erzerum ; but the inhabitants aae not
acquainted with thebeft method of wind
ing it. Georgia was in one kingdom, of
•which the inhabitants vvere Chriftians ;
but fince the year 1639, they have be
come a mixture of Mahometans ; and
the king of Perfia having conquered the
country, has divided It between 2 native
princes, by themfelves called kings, but
by the fophi ftyled only governors, or
viceroys. The moft powerful of the 2 Is
that of Teflls, called in the language of
the country, the king of Carlela. Each
of thefe princes has generally a guard of
Mahometan horfe in their pay. The
king of Perfia obliges them to embrace
the Mahometan religion, to preferve the
dignity In the family. "The Chriflians of
the country In part foUowthe rites ofthe
Armenian, and In part that of the Greek
church, and are reprefented as the moft
tradable of all the Chriftians of the E.
Their money bears the name of the kings
of Perfia, but juftice is adminiftered by
Chriftian magiftrates. The Georgians
have wonderful fkill in the ufe of the
bow, and have the reputation of being
the beft foldiers of any in Afia. The
women are celebrated for their beauty,
and being educated In convents, can gen
erally read and write, which cannot be
faid of the men, even of the higheft rank.
As the country produces ftrong wine,
the Georgians are great drunkards, and
are particularly fond of brandy, the wom
en as well as, the men, "Fhe manners
and cuftoms of the Georgians are a mix
ture of thofe nations which are fituated
about them. The men have no virtue,
but courage. Girls are betrothed at the
age of 3 or 4 years, and fometimes even
in their cradles. This is done to pre
vent their tyrants from giving them for
concubines or flaves. The country is
thinly iuhabited, for the governors fell

G E R,^'
their fubjeCls, the lords their tenants, thi
mafters their fervants, and even parents
their children, and huffiands their wives.
The women are without modefty, and,
although very handfome, love to paint.
There are only 4 confiderable towns,
viz, Teflis, Gori, Suram, and Ali.
[Chardin.]
Georgia, Southern, an ifland of the S Pa
cific Ocean, dlfcovered by captain Cook
in 1775, and fonamed byhim. It Is 31
leagues teng, and 10 in Its greateft
breadth. It feems to abound with bays
and harbours, which the vaft quantities
of Ice render inacceffible the greateft part
pf the year. Twp rpcky Ifiands are fitu
¬ate at the N end ; piie pf which, frpm
the perfon who dlfcovered it, was named
Willis' Ifland: it is a craggy cliff, nearly
-perpendicular, and contained the riefts of
many thoufand ffiags. The other receiv
ed the name of Bird Ifland, from the in
numerable flocks of birds that were feen
near it, from the largeft albatroffes down
IP the leaft petrals. Here are perpendic-
¦jlar ice cUfFs, of confiderable height, like
thofe at Spitzbergen ; from which pieces
were continually breaking off and floating-
out to fea. The vallies were covered
with fnow ; and the only vegetation ob
ferved, was a bladed grafs, growing In
tufts ; wild burnet ; and a plant, like
mofs, which fprung from the roclcs. Not
a ftream of frefli water was to be feen on
the whole coaft. This ifland lies be
tween 38 13 and 25 34 'W ten. and 52 57
and 54 57 S lat. ' [Sparrman.]
Gera, a town of LTpper Saxony, on the
Elfter, with a handfome college : 30
miles SSW Leipfie, lat. 50 49 N.
Gerar, mentioned fo often in the hiftory
of Abraham, was a city of the PhlUftlnes,
the feat of their firft kings, in the S W
corner of ancient Canaan, near Gstza.
[Wells,]
"Gerau, a fmaU country -of Germany,
fituated near the conflux of the Maine
and the Rhine, in the Upper Rhine. Ge-
rau, and Darmftadt are the capital towns.
Gerberoy,A town of France, department*
of the Oife, 4 leagues N W Beauvais, lat.
49 32 N. _
Gerbes, an Ifland on the coaft of Tunis,
producing barley, figs, olives, and grapes.
Subject to Tripoli, lon, 10 30 E, lat. 33
56 N.
Gerbevillcr, a town of France, depart-,
ment pf the Meurte, 5 miles S Lune-
viUe. 1
G^,-i/?ai/;, a tPwn pf ' Germany, in the
circle pf Upper Saxpny, and county of
Mansfeld ;

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GER

GER

Mansfeld ; 30 miles S W Deffau, and 36
6 Magdeburg. Gerdatian, A town pf Pruffia, province
of Natangen, defended by 2 caftles : fitu
ated on the Omet, near a confiderable
lake, which Is called tbe Calendar of Ger-
daven, as prpgnbftlcating weather : 30
mUee S E Konigfterg.
Gexifau, A village pf Swifferland, on the
N fide of the lake of Schweilz, at the foot
of the Rigi. It Is a repubUc, the fmalleft
in Europe. Its territory is -2 leagues in
length and i In breadth. It contains
N200 Inhabitants, who have their general
taffembly of burgeffes, their landamman,
council of regency, courts of juftice, apd
militia. Gdrifau Is compofed entirely of
fcattered houfes and cottages, of a very
jineat and piClurefque appearance. The
inhabitants are much employed In pre
paring filk for the manufaClures at Bafle.
pThis republic Is under the protection pf
( the cantons of Lucern, Uri,Schweitz,and
Underwalden : and, in cafe of war, fur
niflies its quota of men. Gerifau Is 12
fnlles S W of Schweilz.
Gcrizzim, and Ebal, 2 fmall mountains
or hills, fituated, according to St. Jerom,
near Jericho ; on the latter of which,
Mofes enjoined the Ifraelites, after they
paffed the Jordan, to fet up great ftoncs
and plafter them, and write the law upon
them, and to build an altar unto the
Lord. He direCled that the tribes ffiould
be divided, 6 tribes to be placed on Ge-
rlzzlm, and 6 on the' oppofite Mount
Ebal. From Mount Ebal, the Leviles
were to read the curfes, denounced againft
tranfgreffprs of the law ; and frpm
Mount Gcrizzim, the bleffings promifed
to the obedient. SanbaUat, by permif-
ifiori ofthe king of Perfia, buflt a temple,
on Mount Gerizzim, like that at Jerufa
lem; who, with his followers, the Apof
tate Jew? and Samaritans, conterided
that this, and nol; Jerufalem was the
place, defignated for the true vvorfliip-of
»God. [Topog. Dia,]
Germany, A country of Europe, in anr
cisjjt times inhabited by various nations,
who derived ihiir origin from the Celtcs
and Sclavonians, or Vandals, differing In
language and in manners,. The Enipire,
at prefenf. Is bounded N by , the duchy of
Slefwick and the Baltic ; E by Pruffia,
Poland, Huiignry, Sclavonia, and Croa
tia ; S by the Culf of 'Venice, Italy, and |
,Swifl"crland ; Wby the Rhine, the United I
Provinces, and the Germ:in Ocean, All ;
parts dp not,eiijoy tile fame mildnefs of ,
climate, nor the fame fertiUty of foiljbut,

in general, the air Is wholefome, and thq
inhabitants live as long, or perhaps long
er than in the neighbouring countiiesi
Germany vvas formerly covered will*
wood, and even at this time contain!^,
fome large forefts, though feveral diftriCls
are in want of woo<l, and burn turf, peat,
and coals. The white mulberry-lree ia
very commpn, pllves grpw in- feveral
places, and chefnuts, paks, beech, firs,
and fruit-trees, fuch as apples, "' pears,
cherries, plumbs, peaches, almorids, wal
nuts, filberts, &c. It yields all kinds of
grain, fuch as wheat, rye, maize, barley,
oats, peas, beans, tares, &c. The inhabit
ants cultivate hemp, flax, hops, :inife,
cummin, tobacco, maddey, woad, faffron,
carthamus, or baftard faffron, &,c. Ger-
many produces wine, which, in the opin4
ion of many, furpafl'es the French and
Hungarian wines. Of this the beft fort
grows In the circle of the Lower Rhine,
and'conflitutes'the feveral fpecies of thd
Rheniffi Wine (of which that pf Rhinga-4.
Is the beft in all Germany) and the Mpfef
wine, ' The Francpiilan, Neckar, Ko
cher, and Mufcadel wines are alfo excel
lent/ The number of horfes, oxen, cows,
ffieep, goats; and fwine, are incredibly
great. The numerous rlvtrs, brooks,
lakes, ^rid ponds in Germany, abound in'
various and fine forts of fifli, fuch as ftur-*
,geon,fliad, falmon, pike, carp, trout, lam
prey, perch, roach, barbel, or red-beard,
jack, ccl, and many other fpecies. Ger
many contains mines of gold, filver, lead;
tin, iron, copper, loadftone, ochre, cinnar
bar, quickfilver, coals, &c, with quarries
of marble, alabafter, and otlier ftone ; Iii
many places are found agates, cornelians,
and even the more valuable precious
ftoncs, as diajnonds, rubies, emeralds,
amethyfts, &c, with vitriol, .faltpetre,
alum, fulphur, and fait fprings in abund
ance. The number of medicinal fpring^
an.d baths, both warm and cold, is very
great. - This country,,, w.hich h.id ancient
ly nothing but fcattered huts, thatched
with ftraw, now contains mpre tliaii
2300 towns, and about 80,000 villages.
"Ihe number of inhabitants is eftimated
at 30,ooo,ooq. Some reckon them at
25,700,00a -iFortifications exifted before
towns ; all the 'eminences were' in confe
quence adorned with caftles. "Fhe Ger
mans , fpeak different languages ; have
fpread themfelves over Europe ; almoft
all the kings of this part ofthe world are
of German blood. The empire is coni
pofed of a great nuniber of fmall fta tes,
fome are free, others are not fo. 'I'l.e
territorial

GER

G E Z

territorial Iprds are called immediate
members ofthe empire, their vaffals ,fire
immediate members, the vvhole are divided
into 10 circles. This Inftltutlpn vvas
eftabliflied for the fake of order and
peace. Thefe circles halfle no determt^i-
ate rank, but cuftom has placed them In
the foUowing order, viz, Auftria, Burgun
dy, Lower Rhine, Franconia, Bavaria,
Swabia, Upper Rhine, Weftphalia, Upper
Saxony, and Lower Saxony, The 2 firft
are CathoUcs, the 2 laft .Proteftants, the
other 6 a mixture of both. Bohemia,
iMoravIa, Lufatia, Silefia, and fome other
countries are not comprifed in the 10
circles.' The diet of the empire is an
affembly ofthe emperor, and of all the
ilates, or of all their envoys and plenipo
tentiaries, in order to confult about, and
come to refolutlons in matters vvhich
concern the whole German Empire. This
diet is fummoned by the emperor, who,
after confultation with the eleClors, ap
points the time and place for it, which
latter muft be within the German domin
ions. Should it once ceafe, yet It muft be
zenewed at leaft once In 10 years. The
firft diet of an emperor is to be held at
iNuremberg. - The prefent Is held at Rat
iffion. The principal rivers of Germany
are the Danube, Rhine, Maine, Elbe,
Oder, and Wefer. 'Vienna is the capital.
Germerffeim, a town ofthe Lower Rhine,
at the conflux of the Queich and the
Khine ; 5 miles S Spire.
Gerona, or Girana, A town of Spain, in
Catalonia : 47 miles N E Barceloria,
Gerri, a town of Africa, in Nubia, fitu
ated on the Nile, containing about 140
lioufes. It is on the margin of the rains,
and enjoys the double advantage of fliow
ers and the waters pf the Nile. It is
therefpre called " the cpuntry of GOD :"
130 miles NNE Sennaar, ten, 30 39 E,
lat, 16 15 N. , [Bruce,]
Gers, A department of France, bounded
N by the department of the Landes and
the Lot and Garonne, S by thofe of the
Upper and Lower Pyrenees. It takes its
name from the river Gers, which croffes
it from S to N, Auch Is the capital.
Gerfau, fee Gerifau.
Gertrudenburg, an ancient town of Bra
bant, of late years fubjeCl to Holland.
It has a good harbour formed by the
Merwe or Maefe, which Is here extend
ed to a very confiderable lake, called
Bies Bof ch, of 2!oo\\t 2 hours paffage acrofs
to Dort. It is built in the form of a cref
cent, with regular fortifications, good
baftions, and fome forts, with fluices, by

irieans of which they can lay the country
about it under water. It was fummoned
by the Frepch the latter end pf February,
1793, and furrendered after 3 days
bpmbardment ; it was evacuate^ fppn af
ter ; was again taken by the French in
the year 1795 : 10 miks S E Dort, and
7 N £ Breda, lat. 51 42 N.
Gefeke, A town of Weftphalia : 9 miles
£ S E LIpftadt.
Geffur and Maacah, tvvo cities, capitals*
of two fmall ancient kingdoms, fituated
in the N part of the half tribe of Manaf-
feh, £, of the river Jordan. [Top. DlCt.}'^
Gefricia, A province of Sweden, bound
ed E by the Gulf of Bothnia, Wby Dale
carlia. The mines, forges, forefts,' lakes,
and rivers, fufnifh the principal riches
and fupport of the inhabitants, who do
not much concern themfelves with agri
culture. The Dam, the fineft river in
Sweden, meanders through the whole of
the province. Gefle is the capital,
Gethfemane, a garden, or plat of ground,"
between the foot of mount Olivet and
the brook Cedron, near Jerufalem, 57
yards fquare, famous for its olive-trees.
At the upper part of thlsgarden,ls fliewn
a ledge pf rpcks, faid to be the place'
where the apoftles Peter, James and
John fell afleep, during our Lord's Ago
ny. A few paces from hence is a grotto,
faid to be the place In which Jefus un
derwent that bitter part of his paffion.
Here is fliewn the path by which Judas
entered the garden to betray his Lord.
This path is feparated from the reft of
the garden by a wall, and Is cnnfider-
ed as accurfed ground. And what
Is remarkable, this waU was ereClcd by,
the Turks, who, as well as Chriftians,
deleft the very ground on which was
aCled fo infamous a treachery. [WeUs.]
Gevaudan, A mountainous ¦ country of
France, In Languedoe, of which MCnde,
was the capital. It Is npw the depart
ment bf Lozerc.
Gex, a fmall country of France, fituated
between mount Jura, the Rhone, the lake
of Geneva and Swifferland. It now forms
part of the department of the Ain. Gex is
the capital, noted for good cheefe : 3 leag;
NNW Geneva, lat. 46 2i N.
Geyer, a tovvn of Upper Saxony, fituat
ed in the midft of mines. Here are man
ufaClures of vitriol, fulphur, alum, and
arfenic : 6 miles W S W Wolkenftein,
Gezan, or D.jezan, a feaport of Arabia
FeUx, on. the Red Sea, vvhich carries on a
confiderable trade in fena and coffee : 23
miles W Abu-Arlfch. Gezirai,

G H E

G H U

Gezirai, A town in the province of Di
arbekir : 60 miles S E Diarbek.
Geziret Iddabad, or Ifland of Gold, an
ifland of Egypt, In the Nile : 2 miles S
Foua. Gezula, or Gazula, A country of Africa,
the moft fouthern province of the empire
of Morocco, "rhe inhabitants are con
fidered as the moft ancient people of Af
rica ; the country produces a great die al
of barley, and pafture for cattle ; thCTC
are mines of Iron and copper, of wliich
they make various utenfils, which they
exchange fpr cloth, fpices, hprfes, and
other things pf 'which they ftand In need.
Strangers are well reoelvcfl, and every
,year there is a well regulated fair, which
continues 2 months, for the fale and ex-
chang'e of cattle and merchandife in gen
eral. Thefe people are free, being allies
rather than fubjeCls of Morocco. Their
arms confift pf fabres, large, fliarp, twp-
f*dged fwprds, and lances. They are
'numerpus, but have no towns, generally
living in camps or villages.
Ghalefkif, a tpwn pf Arabia Felix ; pnce
a celebrated city and /eaport, but now
gone entirely to decay, arid only 20 cot
tages remaining, to fllew the place where
it ftood ; ao miles S from Hodeida.
Ghana, or Ghinnah, capital of Caflina,
in a central part of Africa, being nearly
equidlftant from the Indian Sea, and the
Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Ethio-
pic Sea. It Is 90 miles N E of Caflina ;
ao8 S of Agadez ; 700 from Germa In
Fezzan ; 652 from "FobuCloo ; 760 from
Benin ; 11 18 from.Dongola. The prov
ince contains all tHe countries between
iFezzan and the Niger, lon. 13 I E, lat.
16 10, N. [Rennel]
Ghanah, or Ghanara, A ftrong town of
Africa, in the kingdopi of Wangara, fitu
ated pn the Niger, ten. 15 56 £, lat, 15 30 N.
Ghent, A city, and capital pf Flanders,
fituated pn the cpnflux pf the rivers
Scheldt, Lis, Mpeze, and Lleve, which,
with a great number pf canaW, cut
thrpugh it every way, divide the tPwn
intp 26 fmall iflands. The emperpr,
Charles V, was bprn in this tpwn the 5th
pf February, 1500, Befides the cathe
dral. It has 6 pariffi churches, and a great
many religipus hpufes ; the ftreets are
large, and the market places fpacipus,
in the midft pf one pf which is a ftatue
pf Charles V, In his imperial habit. Il
has, confiderable trade in cprn, with
clpth, Unen, and filk manufaClures, much
affifted by 2 navigable canals, pne tP Sas
deGheptjthe Pther to Bruges, Oftend,

&c. The magiftracy is compofed of
burgomafters, echevens, and common
council. It has 70,000 Irihabitants, and
was taken by the French in 1794: 3«
miles S W Antwerp, and 35 N Lille, lon.
3 49 E, lat. 514 N.
Ghergsiige, a town of Afia, in the coun
try of Afi'am, on the Burhampooter riv
er : 448 miles E Patna, ten. 95 35 £, lat..
26 26 N.
Gheriah, a feaport of Hindooftan, on
the Wor Pirate Coaft, in- the country of
Concan : ftrongly fortified by the pirate
Angria, frpm whpm it was taken by ad
miral Walfpif and cplpnel Clive, in the
year 1756 : 80 miles NNW Goa, ten.
73 7 £,lat. 16 45 N. ¦
Ghilan, pr Kilan, a province of Perfia,
bounded N E and E by the Cafpian Sea ;
about 200 miles from E tp W, and 150
frpm N IP S. Supppfed IP be the Hyr-
eania pf the ancients. It Is pne pf the
mpft beautiful and fertile prpvlnces in
all Perfia, prpducing filk, pllves, rice, tp-
baccp, and mpft excellent fruits of all
kinds, and in fo great quantity, as not
only to fupply their own wants, but fuffi
cient to fupply a great part of Perfia and
Armenia. Whole forefts are feen of
mulberry, box, and -n-alnut trees. Every
peafant has a garden to his cpttage, filled
with prange-trees, citrpns, figs, and vines.
The inhabitants arfe Mahpmetans, pf the
feCl pf Omar, brave, haughty, and induf
trious. This province was ceded to
Ruffia with allitsdependeneies,bya trea
ty concluded at Peterffiurg, in 1723, be
tween the emperor and the fchah, but no
fteps feem to have been taken on the pait
of Ruffia till the year 1780, when the em
prefs annexed It to the Ruflian dominions.-
It can be entered only through narrow
paffes, which are eafily defended. Reflid
is the capital. [Hanway]
Ghinnah, a confiderable town of Upper
Egypt, on the Nile, the refidence of a
povyerful Shaik. Here Is a manufacture
of earthen vvare ; the vefl'els have . con
vex bottoms, and are fet in wooden
frames. [Irwin.]
Ghizni, or Gazna, a town of Afia, in
the country of Cabul, once the capital of
a powerful empire of the fame name :
the city is called ihe Second Medina, from
the great number of iUuftrious perfons
who have been interred there : 150
miles £ Candahar, and 54 S Cabul, ten.
68 20 £, lat. 33 40 N.
Ghunfide, A feapprt of Arabia, on the
Red Sea, belonging to the flierriffe of
Mecca. All vefl'els which carry coffee t*

GIB

C I B

to Jidda are compelled to anchor here
and pay a duty : 145 miles S Mecca, lat.
19 7 N.
Giant's CaufeiDay, A premontory of Ire
land, in the county of Antrim, on the N
coaft. Giavenna, A tovvn of Piedmont, at the
foot of the Coltian Alps, riear the San-
gon. The air is falubrious, and the fitu
ation agreeable ; It is furrounded with
an ancient wall,, with 4 gates : the abbey
of St. Michael de I'Eclufe is the fpiritual
and temporal lord pf this and the neigh-
bpurlng tPwns, in which they number
about 5000 inhabitants : 14 miles W
Turin. Gibean, capital of the country of the
Gibeonites, in Canaan, on an eminence,
7 miles N Jerufalem. It vvas a large and
populous city, and In the time of Eufe
blus it exifled under the fame name,
though reduced to a vlUage. [Top. Dia.]
Gibraleon, A town of Seville, on the riv
er Odiel, with a harbpur for fmalf fiffiing
veffels. It contains about 150 houfes ; It
is about 10 miles from the Atlantic : 44
inilcs W Seville.
Gibraltar, A town of Spain, In Andalu
fia, but belonging to Great Britain, fituat
ed on a tongue of land, at the fouthern
extremity of Europe, on the N fide ofthe
narrow fea which forms a communica
tion between the Mediterranean and the
,AtlantIc, called the Straits of Gibralter.
Weftward is a large bay, to which it gives
name, behind It, to the E, is a rocky
mountain, vvhich rifes 1700 feet above
the level of the fea, called by the ancients
Calpe, feparated, according to Pagan my
thology, from the oppofite mountain in
Africa, called Abyla, forming the Straits
of Gibralter ; thefe 4 mountains were
called the Pillars of Hercules. From the
fummit of the Calpe mountain is a moft
extenfive vic-w pver a part of Spain and
Africa, and on It Is built a tower, in
which a guard is kept, to give no
tice of veffels paffing the Straits. The
townisnotlarge,bul ftrongly fortified; the
garrifon, in March 1801, confifted of 4500
men,withupwardsof30opieces of cannon.
At the extremity of a rock, which ad
vances inlo the fea, is a large fort, cover
ing a mole made to form a port, 300 feet
in length, made to facilitate the anchor
ing of veffels ; towards the land is anoth
er mole, vvith a port ; and farther one
more fortification. The bay Is 2 leagues
acrofs from £ to W, and 3 from N to S.
The towh contains feveral ftreets, one of

which Is well paved, the others are tiar-
row and dirty. It has 3 gates, one Eng
lifli and one Spanifli church, and a fyn
agogue. The number .of Englifli, befides
the garrifon. Is about 2000, and of Span
iards, Portuguefe, Genoefe and Jews, a-
bout as many mpre. Moors are con
ftantly coming from Barbary with cat
tle, game, fifli and fruit. A fortified line
is drawn by the Spaniards, from fea to
fea, to cut off the communication of
the garrlfpn with the reft of Spain.
The length of Gibralter from the lines
on the Spanifli fide, to the moft fouth
ern part, called Europa point, is about- 3
Englifli miles, and the circumference
7. On the W fide ftands the town of
Gibralter, on the water fide, and is de
fended by a line of ramparts, forming a
continued fortification from the N and
perpendicular fide of the rock, to the ex
tremity of the Moor's Wall, which near
ly divides the rock In twp equal partS
"This wall was built by the Mpprs abpiit
the year 1000, and runs from the water ,
fide abput pne third pf the way up, with
a very rapid afcent, till it meets an inac
ceffible part pf the rpck, where It was
difcpntlnued, and another built further
lo the S, at an acceffible place. The
fortifications have fince been continued
all round the rock, and rendered impreg»
Bable by works cut into the interior on
the north and eaftern fide, where it Is
perpendicular, The Englifli, fince they be-,
came mafters of this place.liave been inde-
fatlgablein excavating the rock, and form
ing fubterraneous walks, 5000, feet in
length, galleries and caverns,intp whichthe
befieged might retreat diiring an attack,
in cafe the puter wprks flipuld be carried
by an enemy. Thefe galleries fcrm fev
eral tiers pr ranks (23 in number) pf bat
teries, from 300 to 1300 feet abovethe
furface of the flat cpuntry betew, called
the neutral ground, v/h'ich is between the
Spanifli and Englifli lines. Were a general
battering frpm all the embrafures tP take
place at the fame tinie, It wpuld affprd
pne pf tbe grandeft fpeaacles in the
world. It would refemble a huge mon
fter, with a thoufand mouths, from each
vomiting out thunder, fmoke and red-
hot balls. The cannon have aU been fo
well praaifed, and are fo well elevated,
that the objea aimed at, is hit with as
much certainty, as with a fufee. The
whole furface of the rock, oritfide, is
planted with cannon, in every place
where it is poffible to make an attack,
even wilh one or tWP men pnly at a time.
Should

G I E

G I R

.should the water lines be carried by an
enemy, they would have to difpute the
afcent to the top of the mountain, inch
by inch, and, in many places, by nariiiw
paffes, betweeii ftupendous rocks, which
are not more than 25 or 30 feet wide.
Should they even fucceed and obtain pof
feffion of the vvhole furface of the moun
tain, they would have to combat with an
army in the bowels of the rock, againft a
thoufand mines, and other artifices, which
would render the fituation of the con
querors very unfafe. It is faid there are
clofe quarters within the rock for more
than 12,000 men, and provifions for 3
years, always ftored in the rocks, with a
Efficient quantity of ammunition. Apes,
from 4 feet In height, down to the fize
of a kitten, are feen here in great num
bers, iffuing from the crevices of the
rocks, when an eafterly wind blows ;
fome of them are good raarkfmeri : one
of them not long fince killed a centry
with a ftone. Here are goats climbing
the precipices, and oxen, that frequently
make a miftep, and are daflied to death
among the rocks. Gardens have been
made here and planted with fruit trees,
producing vegetables for their proprie
tors. Some handfome feats have been
creaed on the margin of this ftupendous
mountairi, which is afcended by eafy,
winding, artificial fteps. The fort of Al
geziras is within cannon fliot of Gibral
ter, and fliots are frequently exchanged ;
but it has been agreed that they fliall
not hurt each other. The ftrait of Gib
ralter Is 24 miles long, and ^5 broad ; a
ftrong current always runs 1 through it
from the Atlaiitic Into the Mediterra
nean. In 1779 the Spaniards befieged It :
but their memorable attack vvith floating
batteries of upwards of 200 cannon, in
fliips of all fizes, ended only in difap
pointment, in the deftruaion of the fliips
and men employed,! ^"'^ '" '¦^^ Immortal
honor of the brave defenders : 16 miles
N Ceuta, and 70 S Seville, lon, 5 17 W,
lat, 36 8 N. [Brown.]
Gibyle, a town' of Paleftine, once a
beautifuland great city. Here is a church.
It Is the birthplace of Adonis, and is
furrounded with extenfive ruins.
[MaundreU.]
Gidda,{ee Jidda.
Gien, A town of France, departnient of
the Loiret, on the Loire, and containing
about 4200 inhabitants : 11 leagues S £
Orleans. Giengen., an Imperial town of Swabia,
on the river Brcntz : aS miles N W
Augffiurg.

G/ra/or, a town of Africa : 10 m'fles S
Tripoli. Gierace, a town of Naples : it contains
13 churches and 4 monafteries. Near
it are fome fulphurous baths : 34 miles N
Reggio. Gieffen, A town of Germany, in Upper
Heffe. It is ftrong, and defended by a
good citadel and arfenal ; and fituated In
a fertile country, on the Lahn ; and has
an univerfity. The French took it in
1796, but it was rclinquiflied to the Auf
trians : 6 miles E Wetzlar, and 36 N E
Mentz, lat. 50 25 N.
Giglio, A fmall Ifland In the Mediterra
nean, near the coaft of Italy, belonging
to Sienna, lat. 42 23 N.
Gijon, A feaport town of Spain, prov
ince of Afturia, with an ancient caftle,
18 miles N Oviedo.
Gilolo, one of the Molucca Ifiands in
the Eaftern Indian Ocean, about 70 leagues
long, and 250 In circumference, but little
known. It is faid the air is very hot and
unwholefome, that the country is very '
f.-rtile in rice and fago. The inhabitants
are reprefented to be well made, but fav
age and cruel, living without l^ws pr fix
ed habitatlpris. It neither bears ctevcs
pr nutmegs. The equinpaial line runs
through the fputherii part pf it, ten.
128 •£.
Gfngee, A town and fprtrefs pf Hindoo
ftan, in the Carnatic, once the capital of
a kingdom of the fame name, fituated on
a mountain, defended by 3 caftles : 34
miles N W Pondicherry, and 70 S W
Madras, lon. 79 36 £, lat. 12 16.N.
Gingiro, A kingdom of Africa, fituated
S W Abyffinia, ten. 30 E, lat. 5 N.
Giornica, famous for the vHaory of 6oi5
Swifs over 15,000 troops of Mil.inols, in
1478. Here firft Italian fcenes com
menced.. 'Vineyards are loaded vvith fruit,
walnut and chefnut trees are large. The
chefnut is often 10 feet In diameter. [Pennant.]
Giovenazza, a town of Naples, near the
fea ; containing 4 churches and 4 con
vents, and defended by a caflle : 11 miles
E SE Trani, lat. 41 16 N.
Girge, A city of Egypt and capital of
the Said. It is built along the left bank
of the Nile, about 400 yards diftant. The
banks ofthe river here are fteep and lof
ty. The Coplits have a bifliop here. "Tlie
town Is a league in circumference, and has
feveral mofques, baz.irs, aad fquares.
There are no marble buildings or remains
of ancient architeaure. A Bey rcfides
here, it being the firft city of Egypt, Cai-' ro

G L A

G L A

ro excepted, from which it is 300 miles S
ind 160 N of Syene, ten. 31 22 E, lat. 26
30 N. [Sonini.]
Girgenti, anciently Agrigentum, a city
of Sicily; of an irregular form. It Is faid
once to have contained 800,000 people,
but now is reduced to 20,000. The whole
mountain on which It ftands Is compofed
of a concretion of fea flieUs, cemented by
fand, now as hard as marble. 'Vaft ruins
of its ancient grandeur furround the city.
The vicinity is extremely fertile ; wine,
wheat, oil, oranges, lemons, almonds, are
the produce of the foil. It is the fee of a
bifliop, ftands on the river St. Blaife, 3
mUes from thefea, lon. 13 32 E, lat. 37
a8 N. [Mariti.]
Gironde, a department of France, bound
ed N E liy the Lower Charente, S by
the Landes, W by the fea. It takes its
name from the river Gironde. Bourdeaux
is the capital.
Gironde, A river formed by the union of
the Garonne and Dordogne, 4 leagues N
from Bourdeaux, runs into the Atlantic,
after a courfe of about 9 leagues N N W.
Girvan, a town of Scotland, at the
mouth ofthe river Girvan : the principal
trades carried on are tanning of leather
and making of ffioes : 14 miles SSW
Ayr. Gifforn, A town of Yorkffiire, England :
37 miles S E Manchefter.
Gifforough, A to-wn of England, north
riding of the county of York, - about 6
miles from the mouth of the Tecs : in
the neighbourhood of which are confid
erable alum mines and works : 1 1 'miles
E Stockton, and 248 N London.
Gifors, A town of France, department of
Ihe Eure : 9 leagues E Rouen.
Giti, A town of Thibet : 234 miles N
N E Delhi, lon. 79 36 E, lat. 32 10 N.
Gitfchin, a town of Bohemia, 44 miles
N E Prague.
Givet, A fortified town of France, de
partment of the Ardennes. The fortifi
cations are tbe work of "Vauban : 8
leagues N Mezieres.
Giula, A ftrong town of Hungary, on
the river Keres : 52 miles N N 'W "Teme-
fwar. Giulenei, an ifland in the Cafpian Sea :
130 mUes S Aftrachan.
Giulia Nova, a town of Naples, on the
coaft of the Adriatic : 12 mfles ENE
Teramo. Glaciers, A name given to fome very ex
tenfive fields of ice among the Alps of
Swifferland. Thefe glaciers may be di
vided into 2 ferts : fhe firft, occupying

the deep vallies fituate in the bofom of
the Alps, is termed by the natives Val
ley of Ice, but Mr. Coxe calls them the
Lower Glaciers ; the . fecond; which
clothe the fummlts and fides of the moun
tains, he calls the Upper Glaciers. The
Lower Glaciers are by far the moft con
fiderable in extgnt and depth. Some
ftretch feveral leagues in length : that of
des Bois, in particular. Is more than 15
miles long, and above 3 in its greateft
breadth. They are bordered at the high
er extremity by inacceffible rpcks, and on
the other extend info the cultivated val
Ues. The tliicknefs of the ice varies In
different parts. M. de Sauffure found its
general depth in the glacier des Bois from
80 to 100 feet ; but queftlons not the in-
forinatlon of thofe who affert, that. In
fome places. Its thicknefs exceeds even
600 feet. Thefe immenfe fields of ice
ufually reft on an incUned plain. Being
puflied forward by the preffure of their
own weight, and but weakly fupported by
the rugged rocks beneath, they are inter-
feaed by large tranfverfe chafnis ; and.
prefent the appearance of walls, pyra
mids, and other fantaftic fliapes, obferved
at all heights and in aU fituatlons, where;
ver the declivity exceeds 30 or 40 de
grees. But in thofe parts, where the plaiiii
on which they reft is horizontal, or only
gently inclined, the furface of the ice is
nearly uniform ; the chafms are but few
and narrow, and the traveller croffes on
foot with much difliculty.
Glamfard Briggs, A tPwn of England,
county pfLIncpln, pn a river, pr canal,
called Ancbolme, navigable tP the Humber, .
with cpnfiderablc trade in cprn, coals,
and timber, and a large manufaaure pf
fkins: 23 miles N Lincoln, and 156 N
London. Glamorganffire, A county of S Wales,
bounded S by the Briftol Channel. On
the N and N E fides itr-is very mountain-
pus, the fpil pf the liiUs extremely varied,
la fome parts they are abfolute rocks,
in others full of coal and iron. The fur
face over thefe mines prpduces plenty pf
fine wool. What corn grows in the coun
ty is principally between the S fide of the
mountains and the fea, in a fpacipus vale,
or plain, open to the latter. The roads
over the mountains are exceffively fteep,
ftony, ftrewed, as well as the heaths on
each fide of them, with ftones of various
fizes, detached from the rocks by the
winter rains. The air on the N fide Is
fliarp, the S mil-i and temperate, improv
ed by the fea breezes. Such Is the pro-
fufiaa

G L A

G L A

fufion of coal and limeftone in this coiin
ty, that lime is the general manure of It,
and there is fcarcp a cottage that is not
Whitewalhed regularly ouce a week. The
plenty of coal, and tho convenjiency of
cxporlatioft,. have brought- a lai-ge cop
per work to Swanfea. Glamorganfliire
is divided into lo hundreds and ii8 par
iflies, which, boptain about 58,000 inhab
itants. Two members are returned to
the Britifli parliament.
GlandfarSridge, or Brigg, a town in Lin
colnfllire, Eriglaiid, on tlie .'^nkani, vvhich
is noted for line eels, aiid has, been lately
piade navigable fcir floops to the Hurtibcr.
It is 23 miles N Lliicolq, ,
Claris, or Glarus, a cantoii of Swiffer
land, and eighth in the order of the league,
fiirrounded with loffy moiintains ori all
fides, except toward the N ; thefe moun
tains are coveredr-ivith elern?^! fnow. In
the lower parts fruit-trees flourlffi, the
irihabitants cultivate but little grain ,
their principal vicHcs arife from their
ineadows anJ paftures. "I'liefe paftures
jn the Alps are pf a fuperior qUalit.y ; me
dicinal plants are ari objea of commerce.
The Alps of Olaris afford ¦^ large field,
not only for the botauifts, but for natural
hlftpry in gcileralj in a prodigious v.iriety
of uncommon, plants, divers metals and
inineuils, cryftals, thedii'in.-il fprings, pe-
trefaclions, large flate, which foriiis a con-.
fiders^ble article Of exportafidn, &c. It is
fiippofed that- 10,000 hea.l, of catUe and
jtooo ffieep may be fed during the fiim-
mer feafon on the raouut:iiii» of this
Sarvton. In the main, ho-wever, thefe
different prOduaioris of the Alps .cannot
'eonipenfate for the Inconveniences afifiiig
f,i'om a cold and nipuntaindus cpuntry.
,, 'rhe great extent occupied b)- rocks, pre
cipices, iriacc;.ll,ble fprefls, barren heathy,
4nd perpetual f'riow, lefl'eii the enjoyment
of man, culture, and population; frequent
inundations are caufed By fudden thaws
or rain, always n'uire abundant in rhoun7
tainous countries.; 10 thefe niay be added
the falls of fnow, of earth and rocks
.from the mountains, ftorms and tempefts.
The governnfeut is pllrely democratic ;
every perfpn whp is 1 6 years pf age has a
vdtein the general affembly, vvhich, ei:-
cepl pn extraordinary occafions. Is only
lield yearly, iii the month' o,f May. "Fhis
general affembly has a right to make
new lavvs, levy contributions, make alli
ances, and treat of war or peace. The
executive power Is entrufted to a council,
compofed of 48 Proteftant members and
15 Roman Catliolios. The chief ef the
Vol. II. 1 i

republic Is called iLandairiman, who 13
alternately, chofen from the 2 religloris,,.
only with this differerice, that v^hen A.
Proteftant, his office continues 3 years,
andwhen a .Catholic, pnly 2. Every
man froirj the age of 16 to 60 is obliged
to regiftcr himfelf in the, riatiorial mUitia.
The contribution of this canton fpr the
arijiy of the confederacy is 400 meii.
Tbe whole population amounts to mure
than, i6,doo fouls.
Glaris, capital of thg above canton. Is
fltuated on the Linth ; large and popu
lous. 'Fhe town.houfe isi handfome ftrua-
ure. "iThe hofpital and the church ferve
both for Proteftants and Roman Catho
lics. It is the f^at fcif j'j.flice, and the af-
fenibUes of the pedule are held here In
the open air, accordingio the cuftom cf
the Ancient Gauls and. Germans; 32 miles
E Lucerne, lat. 26 5 8 N.
Glajgpw, a city, of Scotland, county cf
Lanerk, ori the banksof the Clj'de, which,
by an aa of pftrllament, and at a confid-
eralile expenfe, hais Ijeen, w'ithin this laft
30 years, made navigable for veffels draw
ing 7 feet 6 inches water. It was for-
merly the fee of a bifliop. The principal
trade of Glafgow formerly vvas the. cur
ing arid exporting of falmon and hei rings,
the principal market for vyhich vv.-r.
France, from whence they imported
wines, brandy dnd fall. On the union
vvith Englaw,[i, In the year 1707, the iher-
chants of Glafgow firft entered into the
American trade. And, iri the year 1775,
they imported upwards of 57,000 ho,.;!-
heads of tobacco, 5000 of fugar, upwards
of no puncheons of rum, and 500 bags
of cotKin. Since the decline ofthe Ameri
can trade, the merchants haye found out
new channels, and the trade is ftiU in-
creafing. 'Varieties of manufaaures are
carried ori at Glafgow, the principal of
which feem to be in the article of-(;otton,
ppttery, cdarf'e earthen Ware, hats, ftock
ings, glpves, ropes, cordage, glaft, and
feveral others. "Fhe nuniber pf inhabited
hpufes in Glafgow is upwards pf 10,000,
and near 62,000 inhabitants. Glalgovv
was .originally one parifli, but now, for
the benefit of the pppr, and eafe ef minif-
terS, divided intp eight, with as many
churches, befides 3 chapeh p'f eafe. Glaf
gow contaius feveral hofpitals and char-
.itable foundations, and a public infirma?
ry. "Fhe celebrated univerfity of Glaf
gow was founded In the year 1454, under
the dlr^aion pf a chancellor, reaor, dean,
principal, and 14 profeffors ; 38 miles
W Edinburgh, ten. 4 15 W, lat, 5.? 5,-; N.
Gl-'ijgovt,

G L A

Gt-E

Glafgow, Fort, A town in Renfrewfliire,
on the S fide of the Clyde, creaed In
1 7 10, to ferve as the feaport of the city
of Gljafgpw, whpfe magiftrates appoint
a bailiff for the government of il. It has
an excellent harbour, with a noble pier ;
but ftiU moft of the fliips that trade to
the W Indies, fail frorii Greenock, and
return tn thai pprt. "The herring fiflie
ries, in the frith pf Clyde, fprm a cdnfid-
crable partpf Itstrade. This port is fit
uate 21 miles W by N Glafge-w.
Glaf anbury, A town of England, county
of Somerfet,' which owes its origin to a
celebrated abbey, fituated in a low marfliy
country. "The tp-wfn comprehends two
pariflies, which contain upwards Of 360
houfes. The abbey is faid to owe Its foun-
dalioii to Jofeph of Arimathea, who plant
ed his fhiff, that is, took up his abode here, and
built an oratory 'in honor of the 'Virgin
Mary. Rlcliard Whiting, the laft abbot
ef Glaftoiibury, uuwiffing to furrender
his abbey to king Henry VIII, or fo lend
an ear to any of the foKcitations which
were oflered him, was'feized. In the year
X539, and yvithbut much fi^rmal procefs
a* to law or equity, he was- dragged on a
hurdle tp the Tprr hiU, where, vOithput
the leaft regard tP his age, his fanaity, pr
his entreaties to revifit his convent, he
was hanged ; his head fet upon the abbey
gate, and his quarters fent to Wells, Bath,
Jvelchefter, and Bridgwater. • The reve
nues of this houfe, amounted, in 153.4, to
£3311 Is dd. ft'erl. The foundation- plot of
ground ou which the abbey and Its offices
were ereaed, comprifed no lefs ihari 60
acres of ground, Gf this Immeafe range
of buildings-, fcarce a veftige now is to be
feen ; and all that remains of tliis once
magnificerit pile, are fome fragments of
the church, St. Jpfeph's Chapel, . and the
abbpt's kitchen. The reft Is reduced to
a heap of rubbifli, loading the furface of
its fite with unfightly ruins. Not only the
town, but the environs of Glaft'onbary,
abound with religious reliques. The
, moft confplcuous is the T'or or Tpwer of
St. Michael, ftanding upon a very high
hill, N E pf the tpwn, pn wliich poor
Whiting met his untimely end. On this
bleak and defolate fpot, the Saints and
fucceeding abbots built a large and elegant
church, monaftery, and other buildings,
dvvelling houfes and offices ; and obtain
ed many- grants of privileges from feveral
of the langs. The whole of the build
ings which had been ereaed on this hill
bv feveral abbots, at a vaft expenfe, were
totally deftroyed by the earthquake which

happened ill 1271, but aftct'wards'^more
fplendidly rebuilt, and that church erea
ed, of which the tower ftill remains, and
lifts Its head into the clouds ; an-o'ujea of
admiration to travellers; a landmark to
feamen, and an ornament to the furround
ing country : 5 miles S S 'W Wells, and'
ia6 W Ijondon.
Glatz, a town of Silefia, and capital of
a principality of t.he fame name, on the
Neiffe, built pn the fide of a mountain,;
on the fummit pf which Is a large and
ftrpng caftle. The town contains about?
400 houfes withlii the walls, and as many
in 4 fauxbourgs. It is a place of confid
erable trade. It has- been frequently pil-l
, laged and burnt, and the fubjea of Incef
fant difcords betweeii the Poles and Bo-
-iiemlans; 88 mfles E IVague, lat. 50 ifr
N. Glatz, a mountainous principaUty of
Silefia, lying on the border's of Bqhemia,'
furroiirided on all fides by mountains.-
, It is interfeaed 'With vallies, meadows,
cornfields, woodlands'andfmail rivers. In 'a
good year it produces wheat fufficient, in
bad feafons it is fuppUed from the neigh--
; bouring countries. It has excellent paf^
ture grounds, which feed great numberj-
, of cattle; wood and game are plentiful.
It contains quarries of mill-ftones, free--
ftone and marble. Jafper, topazes and
cornelians are found In fome places.. '
Here are mines of coal, copper and fil
ver, vrith feveral mineral fprings. In the
year 1742, the emprefs iMarIa Therefa
ceded it to Frederick II, king of Pruffia,
and his heirs fpr ever, with entire fove
reignty, and abfolute independence of tlic-
crown of Bohemia. The country forms
only one circle, divided into 6 diftrias..
Glatz is- the capital'.
Glaucha, a- town of Upper Saxony, on
the Mulda, containing about 600 houfes :
the Inhabitants are engaged in manufac
tures of ft-uffs : 46 miles W Drefderi.
Glauehe, a town of flower Saxony,join-
iiig to the town of Halle, but governed by
Its proper magiftrates,' Here are, four
fchools, or feminaries, in which the lan
guages, theology, mathem,atics, mufic, &c.
are taught by one hundred and twenty
preceptprs. It is fpmetimes cpnfidercd a
fauxbourg of Halle.
Glencroy, Vale of, A wild and romantic
traa, near the N E extremity of Loch
Loung, in Argylefliire. • The two ranges
of mountains, which overhang this valley,
approach each other, and betvveen thcic
the traveller is immured. Their ftupen
dous litight, and the roaring of numerous cataraas

G L 0

G L U

•ataraas that pour over their broken
furf'ice, produce an awful effeCl.
Gkn,^.hy, A viUage and vale of Scotland,
icounly of Ai-gyle : 13 mUes N Inverary.
Glenffee, a vale of Scotland, county of
Perth : ¦ 15 miles E Elaii- Athol.
Glogau, A princip.iiity of Silefia, ,on each
fideof the Od;r, on the borders pf Pp-
laiid. It produces corn and wine in, plen
ty ; the forefts are well furnlffied with
wood, and in fomcparts are mines of iron ;
a, great number of flieep are fed, and the
-wool is wrought into different ma^ufac-
i;ures,p. It \i divided ipto 6 circles,; in the
year 1241 it was governed -by princes of
Jts pwn, after that It belonged to the king
iOf Polarul, to the king of Bohemia, to the
.emperor, and laft of all to the king of
, , , Pruffia, Great Glagaw Is the capital,
built on the S fide of the Oder, and now
confidered as a fortrefs, being taken by
the Pruffians In the year 1741, whp
ftrengthened the fprtificatlons. It is the
feat of the governor and a commandant
*)f divers tribunals, a bifliop's court, &c.
' Jt contains two Catholic churches, one of
' which is coUeglate, 3 convents, a Luther
an-church and fchool, and a chapel for
Calvinlfts : 50 njiles SSW Ppfcn, anij 50
N W Breflaw, lat, 51 3q N.
Glomme, a river &f the province of Ag-
igcrhuys, in S Norway, which falls inlo
:,,ithe N Sea at Fredericftadt, It Is not nav-
. igable In any part of Its courfe from lake
Mips to Fredericftadt, its ftream being
Intercepted by fuch frequent cataraas
and ffipals, as, in fome places, to render it
neceffary ro drag the trees, which are
floated down, over the ground. At leaft
50,000 trees are annually floated by this
jrlver to Fredericftadt.
Gloucefler, a city of England, and capital
(Of the county to which it gives name, on
the E fide the Severn ; formerly furround
ed yylth walls, antl defended by a caftle.
It contains 5 churches and a cathedral, 4
principal ftreets, befides feveral fmaller,
well paved, aad^iii general well built. It
is a borough. "The trade Is confiderable
by the Severn. The principal manufac
ture Kov\' Is making pins. Befides the
churches for eftabliflied religion, there
are places of worfliip for diffenters and
iquakers, with feveral charity fchools, ar,d
a county infirmary ; governoed by a
mayor, recorder, and la aldermen, &c.
.34 miles NNE Briftol, and 106 W N W
London, lon. 2 15 W, lat. 51 48 N.
• • G/orK^fr.5«ffKi/, an ifland in the S Pacif
ic Ocean, about 2 leagues long, and a mile
wide, furrounded with rocks, againft

which the fea-beats with great violence.
It Is inhabited, and the men appeared
armed with long pikes or poles : lon. 140
4 W, lat. 19 15 S.
Glauceferffire, a county pf England,
bounded N by Worcefterfliire, W by
Monmouthfliire, the Briftol Channel,
and Herefordfliire. It is divided inlo 28
hundreds; whieh contain one city, 26
market towns and 280 pariflies. The
farms In general are large, great quanti
ties of flieep are fed here, formerly' cele
brated for the finenefs of their wool, and
the fmallncfs of their fleece. Here arc
many confiderable dairy farBis, and be
tween the hills are fome excellent mead
ows. What Is called the fale of Berkeley
is an extenfive and fertile plain, lying 09
both fides ofthe Severn, in the S Wpart
of the county. This part of the county
is celebfat;ed tor its excellent cheefe. The
vale about the city of Gloucefter contains
excellent meadow and pafture land. Iu
the foreft of Dean, it vvas formerly fup
pofed the beft ffiip timber grew ; this
foreft at prefent contains but a fmaU part
of what It did formerly ; however, fome
pains are taken to preferve what remains.
"Fhe woollen manufaaure Is carriedonto
a great extent In this county, particularly
at Durfley, Stroud, Wotlon-Underedge,
Painfwick, Mirichin-Hariiptpu, and their
neighbpurhppd. Mines of coal abound
in Klngfwpod and the neighbourhood of
Briftol, and mines of iron iti the foreft of
Dean. Great quantities of cider are
made In the villages on the banks of the
Severn, a kind of which, called Slyre ci
der, is almoft pecuUar to the weftern banks
of tjiat river. Eight members are retu rn-
ed to the Bntiffi parliament from this
county. Gluckfadt, A feaport town in the duchy
.of Holftein, belonging to Denmark, on
the Elbe, regular and well built. The ad
jacent country being liqllow and marfliy, a
ftonecaufeway of near^of a mile inlength,
has been carried along if from Krempe.
On the land fide the town may be laid
under water. There being no fprings
here, the greateft part of the houfes have
clfterns for the receiving of rain, and
thofe which are without fuch conveni
ences are obliged to ufe the harbour wa
ter, or that of the new moat. Storms and
inundations being frequent In fhefe parts,
the inhabitants have not been negligent
In making proper fences. "Fhis town is
the feat of the king's regency, and the
pflices and cpurts cpnneaed with it. In
1738, a corom.ercial coUege was in.ftitutfd here

GOA

GOD

here by ting Chriftian 'VI, it being a
place of fome trade. Adjoiriing to this
harbpur is -a bafon for the reception of
veffels. The king pf Denmark attempted
-tP oblige fliips paffing up the Elbe tb pay
foil here, -but the ftrohg refiftance which
Was made to it,'by'aU the powers of Eu
rope, occafioned It to be givren up ; 28
.miles N W Hamburg, lat, 53 54 N,
Gnefen, or Ghefno, 3 tbwn pf Pplaiid, the
'moft ancient in the cbuntry : loo miles
Ne Breflau, laf. 52 28 N. '
Goa, an Kland in the Indian Sea, near
the W coaft' of Hindooftan, feparated
from the contlntntby a river called Maii-
dava, about 8 leagues in circumference.
The foil is fertile, efpecially iiitlie val
lies ; the trees are always covered with
leaves, flowers, and fruit ; and abundance
of fprings iffue from the m.ountains. The
rainy feafon continues here from June
tUl September' or Oaober ; and the land
fioods bring down fuch quantities of mud
and fand, as tp ftop up'the haven ahd Im
pede the navigation. . During this time
the weithcr is very hot after funrife,
when the rains ceafe; from Oaober to
March, the weather is very modCrate. '
Goa, A city, and capital of the Portu
guefe fettlements in India, the feat of a
¦Viceroy, and fee of au archbifliop, taken
by the Portuguefe General AlbuquerqiiC,
in the year 1510. ' The port of Goa is
reprefented as One of the beft in the In
dies, and for this charaaer it ftands In
fome meafure obUged to natiire ; hut the
Portugiiefe' have I'parcd' no pains to
heighten and improve thofe advantages,
As well as to fortify it with many calllcs
and towers, furiiiflied with .abundance of
good cannon. Beyond thefe caftles the
channel becomes narrower, fometimes to
it, fometimes to 2 miles ; and its banks
Axe pl'iiited with the beft fruits and fineft
trees India a-ffords. Eight miles np the
river is the town of Goa, ' Between the
fown and tlie fea is a ftrong broad wall, 2
mites in length, for a footpath when the
eountry is overflowed, and a great deal
of fait' Is gathered thereabouts.' This
channel, that makes fo noble a port, runs
ifiany miles up the -country, dividing it
into feveral fruitful iflands'and penirifu-
ias, which plentifully furnifli the city
with necefi'arics. Adjoining to this port
is the haven of Muirmugon, formed by
the other channel, thaf'runs' between'lhe
ifl-and of Goa and peninfula of Salfete, and
fupplies a' fafe retreat tci the ihips that
come from Portugal, and other parts,
-to-hcn they are fliut out of the port by

the fand^ which the river ManddT^
brings down, when fwollen by the firfl
rains of Ju'rie ; the paffage not being ppeit
tUl Oapber. This port of Murmugon fcs
defended by the caftle of the fame name;
feated in the ifland of Salfete^ in which
there is a good garrifon, and the fortifica-
tipns are well fupplled with cannon, A't
the S entrance into the channel, a little
beyoud the forts on the right hand, are
feen the remains of Old G6,i, and from
therice lo the new city thereas^ conimtv
dious road, elegantly adorned with trees
for fruit and flia'de. What is ftiled the
new city, carries evident marks of decay ;
for, though the waUs are kept In good rcJ
pair, and are every Where well fupplied
with cannon, yet taking in, as they do, a
compafoof 12 niiles; they ferVe to flio*'
what the city once was, in comparifon of
\vh3t it now is; ' In the tiiri'e of Its prof-
pcrity, there \yas nothing could be com
pared with it in the Indies, and very feW
citles ill EuropeVere either larger 6r bet
ter built, "File public ftruaures (till re
main, knd bear Incopteftible evidence of
its former grandeur, "I'hc number of
flihabitants is' faid to be, in all, about
.atOjOoo : of thefe the ' native Portuguefe
amount to a very fraall number ; the
IVieftizos are more numerous, the Cana-
rlns, or natives, are as black as jet, but
have long black hair, and many of thein
fine features ; riiuhitudcs of negro flavesi
aad Pagans "of different riations, make up
the reft 'of the people. • It is generally a*
greed, tlrat the men are for tlie moft part
proifd, Indolcnt,'jealoUs, revengiful, and
indigent ; the women lazy, lafclvious, and
as well fl:illcd in poifonirig as any in the
world ; '215 miles SSE Bombay, lon/ 73
46 E, lat, 15 48'N, ' '
Goa, a town of the ifland of Celebes,
near the S coaft, Iat, 5 12 S, '
Oobbi, a country of Africa, betvveen thfe
countryof Ca'mma and' Cape I.optz Gon-
falvo ; the chil^f trade of the in'liabitantS
confifts in elephants and ivory ; the prin-'
cipal town is. Iituated about a day's jour-"
ncy from the Atlantic. '
'Goch, a town of Weftphalia, duchy of,
Cleves, contains 3 churches ; 6 m,. S Cleves.
Oadulming, a town of England, county
of Surry, on the road from London to
Portf'inOuth : 34 miles 6 S 'W London. ¦
'GodaVery, or Gunga, A river of Hindoo
ftan, which rifes about 70 miles N E'
Bombay, and falls into the Bay of iBerH ,
gal by feveral mo'uths, between lon, 81" ;,-
40 and 82 30 E, lit, 16 20 and 16 50 N;
I'his river is reckoned facred by the Hliv
doos.

G O J

G O L

^i?os. Ingeram, Coringa, ^alani, Ban-
d.irmalanka, and Narfapour, are' among
the places fituate at the mouths of this
river, which appears to be the moft con
fiderable (jne between the Gaii'ges and
Cape Comorin. Extenfive forefts of teek
timber bowler on Its banks, within the
'mountaiiis,''and fupply fliip timber for the
rife, of the abovenientiuned port^.
Godnmiichejier.',-i town of England coun
ty of Huntingdon; where James I, when
he pafl'ed through, is faid to have been
rjiet by the f.irrners of the place, attended
by 70 ploughs, drawn by 70 teaips of
horfes : i mile from Huntingdon.
Godwin Sandt, fainoiiS fandbanks off the
coaft of Kent, lyirig between the N and S
Foreland ; and, as they run parallel with
the coaff for 3 leagues together, al about
2-| leagues diftant frpirj it, they add to
the fdcurlty of the capacious road, the
Powns. "il'hcfe fands occupy the fpace
that was formerly a large traCl pf low
ground belonging lo Godwin, earl of Kent,
father pf king Harold ; and which, being
afterward given to the monaftery pf St,
Auguftin, at Canterbury, the abbpl ueg-
leaing fo keep in repair the wall that de
fended it from the fea, the whole traa
Was drowned In the year iioo', leaving
thefe fands, upon which fo m.any fliips
have been Wrecked.
'Goes, or Ter-Gocs; a town of the United
Putch Slates, ih Zealand, fituated on the
N coaft of the Ifland of S 53e'velaiidt,on an
arm of the Scheldt, with which if is con-
pcaed by means 'of a canal. ' It has 6
gates, that next the waler are fortified with
2 good baftions. The great church is a
handfome flruClurt; the town Is not
large, but carries on confiderable trade,
jjartioiilarly in fait and grain : lo miles
E Flufliing, lat.51 30N.
Gogmagog Hills, hills of England, 3 miles
E Cambridge. The people tell ftrange
ftorles about theih;
Gohud, A towri of Hiridooftan, and cap
ital of a circar of the fame name, In the
country pf Agra, the revenues pf wliich
are eftimated at 20 br 30 bcks of rupees
per annum :' 5^ miles SSE Agra, ten. 78
44 E, lat. 26 24 N. '
Gojak, a tPwn pf Crpatia, pu the river
Mrelnitza: 18 miles S Sluin.
Gojam, a province of Abyffinia, 80 miles
teng, 40 broad. ' It is a flat country, all
in pafture, has feiv mountauis, fhefe very
high, on the the Nile, by the circular
courfe of which rivcritis almoft furround
ed. The cattle are numerous, the men
cowards. [Bruce.]

Goifo,Aiovtn of Mantua, pn the Mineil|
river, 9 miles NNW Mantua.
Golconda, a Country of Hiridooftan, iri
the Deccan, bounded Nby the country of
Berar, S by the Myfore country and the
Carnatic. It takes its nairie from a for
trefs. The king pf Golconda, at one time',
maintained in his pay aboye 500,000 fol
dlers, but, m the year 1667, the reigning
prince becaiue tribiitary to Aurengzebe.
The kings had vaft revenues, arifing from
the prbpertle's of lands, cuftoms of mer-
clfandifes and provifipns ; bijt chiefly the
diairiond mines : for Gplconda may he
laid to be the country of diamonds,
Thofe who -were allowed to vvork to
wards Mafulipatam, paid a pagoda every
hour they worked, ^-.-hcthcr they found
diamonds or not. "The chief mines are in
the Carnatic, and in feviral places tOr
wards "Vifiapour ; he ha^l 6000 men con-^
tiniially at vvork In them, who daily
found near 3 pounds weight of thefe
precious ftoiiis ' ; and nobody digs
there but for the king. Winter begins
here In June, with rain and thunder.
The thunder is of a fliprt continuance ;
but the rains ppur dpwii, with furious
ftorms of wind, till the middle of July,
with fome Intervals of fine weather. In
Auguft, September, and Oaober, great
rains fall again, and fwell the rivers to a
very dangerous degree of depth and ra
pidity. Thefe rains render the land ex
ceedingly fertile, efpecially ill fruits.
¦Vines are Iu great plenty ; and of thd
grapes, which are ripe in January, they
make vvhite wine. "Fhey have yearly 2
crops of rice,, and feveral otlier kinds of
grain. Hydrabad is the capital.
Golconda, a fortrefs of Hindooftan, for
merly the refidence of the kings of Gol
conda- This fortrefs, for extent miglrt
be called a city, in the middle of which
rifes a hill like a fugar loaf, fhe fides of
wliich are furrourided by the king's pal
ace. The walls of the fortrefs arc built
of ftone, 3 feet diameter, encompaffed
vvith deep ditches, divided into ranks ful!
of good vvater. After all, it has no forti
fications except 5 towers, which, as well
as the walls, are mounted with a great
many cannon. The palace is very large,
and well fituated for air, apd has a good
profpea over Hydrabad. In the year
1687, this fortrefs vvas befieged by Au
rungzebe, but being unable to fucceed, he
corrupted the governor, who furrendered,
againft the will of his fovereign. The
king of Golconda offered to pay a tribute
of 3,700,000 rupees, and become his vaf-
" ' fal:

G O L

G O N

fel ; -but the conqueror refnfed, and en
tered the place in trluniph : 5 miles W
N W Hydrabad.
Gold Goaf, A name given to a country
of Africa, near, fhe Atlantic, abput 120
leagues in length from E fo "W, between
the rivers Ancobar and 'Volta If con
tains a variety pf different ftates and
Mngdoms, and received its name from the
immenfe quantity of gold, which it pro
duces. Several of the European nations
have fettlements here. The climate is
exceeiiirigly hof from Oaober to March,
the reft of the months are tolerable. The
natives enjoy a good ftate of health, and
are fubjeCl to but few difeafes ; to Euro
peans the climatie is frequently unwhole
fome, and often proves fatal, efpeciaUy In
the mpnths of July and Auguft. Their
wealth epables them to gratify their tafte
for ornaments. The women wear gold,
and coral chains about their necks, arms,
legs, and waifts ; they cover themfelves
>yith ornaments. "The king v,yhile at
iiome. Is riot diftinguiflied by any mafks
of grandeur. His clothes are not wprth
a flillUng ; bread, pllj (linking fifli, and
vvater, make his bill pf fare. But vvhen
abrpad, and on public days, he and his
, wives and attendants, appear in fplendor.
In the ufe of fire arms they are very ex-
pen : many ufe lances, fabres, and ffiields.
Like all ignorant people in every coun
try, they bijlieve In omens, charms, gliofts,
lucky days and witchcraft! Thefe ne
groes beUeve in one God, who created;
and preferves all things. They have an
idea of immortality, and expea future
rewards and punifliments. ijEvery one
has his Fetifli, a fubftance or ornament,
dedicated to God, which Is viewed
with the greateft- reverence. Ignorant-
!y fuppofing if prefumptuous to ad
drefs God, they apply fo their Fetlffi-
es, as Mediators. When oppreffed with
calamity they make facrifice's fo obtain
relief. Annually, in a formal manner,
they banifli the Devil frpm ampng them.
After a feaft pf 8 days, they have a rude
proceffion, throwing dirt and ftones to
drive away the foul fpirit. Polygamy,
in all its ugly forms, is familiar here.
Their women are delivered without af
fiftance, with little pain ; after which they
foon go and bathe in the fea. TJie wealthy
protea, and fupply the poor : no one is
obUged to beg. In this delightful country
they live together in great union ; they
are well tempered, civil and traaable.
In ficknefs, when other remedies fail, fhey
have recourfe to their pagan priefts, who

require expenfive offerings, which are
fubmitted to their difpofal Their fune
rals are a medley of mournful bowlings,
and favage drunkennefs. At the inter
ment of their kings, the favourite wife
and fervant, with a nuxnber pf flaves, are
facrificed to attend them in-the pther
wprld. Orange, lemon, cocoa, palm, and
cabbage frees are common. Maize, rice,
and wheat are plenty. Sheep, affes, goats,
and cows iiKreafe their wealth. Their
land Is extremely fruitful. Elephants,'
tigers, apes, and wild cats, roam their df-
ferts. Here is a fpecies of ants, which
raife a pile 12 feet high for their dwellr
ing. No animal can ftand before thefe
creatures; fhey will eaf every particle of
flefli from the moft formidable foe. The
people of this coaft contemplate death
with horror. ' No perfon- would dare
mention tlje fubjea to the king on pain
of death. (Barbot, Moor, Artus, At7
kins, Bofman, iLoyer, Smith]
Goldberg, A town of Silejia, which rc^
celves Its name from a gold mine near it,
which was formerly very rich : fealed
earth is found in the neigjijiourhood, and
the Inhabitants are engaged In manufacr
tures of woollen and Unen : 8f miles
S W Lignitz. ,,'
Goldingen, a town qf the duchy of Cour
land, near the Weta, defended by an old
caftle, and contains 2 churches : 48 miles
W N W Mittaw, lat. 56 48 IST.
Goleita, a fortrefs of Africa, on a canal,
in the kingdomofTunis: 25 miles NTunis.
Golnaw, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Pomerania, on the Una, furrpunded with
walls : 18 miles NE Stettin.
Galo, A river of Corfica.
Gamaun, mountains of Afia, 'which fepa
rate Hindooftan from Grand Thibet, the
fame with Himmaleh, Ipn. '76 to 77 £,lat.
30 30 to 31 20 N.
Gombroon, fee Gamroon.
Camera, pne pf the Canary Iflands, about
20 miles long, and 10 wide, vvith a capital
of the fame name. It is well cultivated
and fertile, producing abund-ance of fu
gar canes and wjne, with corn enough to
fupply the wants of the inhabitants. Thf
town is fituated on the E coaft, and has
a g;ood harbpur, where the Spanifli W
India fleet ftpps fp take in wine and fruits,
and Pther prpvlfipiis pf the cpuntry : 6
leagues S W frPm the Ifland pf Tenerlffe,
lon. 17 8 W, lat. 286 N.
Gonapi, one of the fmaller Banda Iflands,
in the Eaftern Indian Sea, in the middle
of which is a volcano ; wjld hogs, cow»,
and ferpepts, are fhe only inhabitants,. [ Gondar^

G O 0

6 0 0

Goiidar, a town of Africa, and capital of
Abyffinia, fituated on a hill of a confider
able height, furrounded on every fide by
a deep valley. It confifts of 10,000 fami
hes in time of peace;' tli'e houfes are
chiefly of clay, the root's thatched in the
form of cones, which is always the coii-
ftruaion w'ithin the tropical fains. On
the W end of the town is the Vin'g's houfe,
formerly a ftruaure of confiderable con
fequence ; it was a fquare bnilding, flank
ed with fquare towers ; it was formerly 4
ftorles high, and, from the top of it, had
a magnifi'c'fent view of all the coantry
fouthward to tbe lake Tzana. Great part
of this houfe is now in ruins, having been
burnt at difl'erent times ; buf there Is
ftill ample lodging in the 2 lo-ftfcft floors
of it ; the audience chamber being above
120 feet lonj.;. "I'he palace, and all iu
contiguous biildirigs, are furrounded by
a fubftantlal ftone wall, 30 feet high, with
battlements upon tlie outer wall, and a
parapet roof between fhe out?er and In
ner, by which you can go alongfhe whole
arid look into the ftreet. "Fhere appears
to have never been any embrafures- for
cannon, and the 4 fideS of this wait arc
above an Englilli mile and a half in
length : 1000 miles S Cairo-, lat. I'a 34 N.
Ion. 3? 33 E. _ [Bruce,]
Conjah, A kingdom of Africa, between
the coaft of Guinea on the S, and Tom-
buaoo on the N, Gonjali, the capital, is
870 miles W by S Caflina, ten, 6 10 W,
lat, 13 20 N,
Gonneffi, a town of iFrance, remarkable
for Its fine bread, department of the Seine
and Oife : 3 leagues N I'-iris.
Ganon-Befar, a mountain on the eaflern
fide ofthe ifland of Java : celebrated for
the quantity of pepper gathered from the
trees which grow on it.
Good Fortune, or Para, An ifland in the
Eaftern Sea, near the W coaft of Suma
tra, about 12 le-agues long, and 2 broad ;
ten. 98 30 E, lat. 1.5 S,
Good Hope, Gape of the moft foutherly
point of the continent pf Africa, and very
rocky, in ten, 18 23 F.,lat. 34 29 S. Up-
vv^ rds of 30 miles N is Cape-Toivn, neat
arid well built, rifing in the midft of a
defert, encompafl'ed by black and dreary
mountains, beyond vvhich the country is
cultivated to a great extrnt, and forms 6
dillerent eftabliffimcnts. TIk town is a-
bout 200 paces in length, and the lame In
breadth, including orchards and gardens.
The principal fortifications, vvhich are
ftrong and regular, are N of the town.
T>lic ftreets are all p;<rallel wiih each oth

er ; the houfes are well built of bricfc,
moftly 2 ftorles high, and being whlte-'
^ waflied, have a neat appearance. A.
fquare, encompaffed with trees, vvith a
canal fupplled with water from adjacent
fprings, add much to the beaiity and con
venience of the place. The town ftands
under the flielter of 3 lofty and fteep
hills, which extend a confiderable diftance
back Into the country. Thefe hills, from
their fliape, are called the Table Land,
the Sugar Loaf, and the Lion's Rump j
the firft of which, antecedent to a gale of
wind, is always covered vvith a thick
cloud, v^'hich the people call fhe Devil's
Table Cloth ; It is an infaUible fign that
witliln 12 hours, al fartheft, the wind will
blmv ftrong Off the land. The wind blows
fteadily perhaps 2 or 3 days ; vvhen ic
ceafes for as long a time ; and' then, after
the fame fign begins to bl-ow again. It \i
not fo flrong but thai fliips may ride
very fafely at anchor 9 months in the
year, in the bay which is formed by a lit
tle Ifland oppbfite, called Ponguin ifland.
In the winter mouths, which arc June,
July and Auguft, the fliips which arrive
are obliged fo put into another bay about
8 miles to the eaftward of the Cape, call
ed Falfe Bay. Thefe high winds are con
fidered by the Inhabitants 43 conducive
to the healthiriefs of the place, which i:
low, arid in a,hot and uqhealthy cUmate.
Fanned by thefe winds, the people enjoy
tolerable health, though they are not long
lived : Few live beyond the age of 50
years ; vaft numbers die between 40 and
50 : A very old man or woman Is here
really a wcynder. Coufantia, ?. place vif
ited by all ftrangers. Is a neat farm, about
8 miles from the Cape, remarkable for
making very rich wine, both red and
white, called Cape Madeira, vvhich is-
much efteemed every where, both on ac
count of Its richnefs and fcarcity. The
grapes, It feems, of this vineyard, owing
CO fome peculiarity in the foil, are fupe
rior to any other in the countrj'.
[Eutop. Mag. 1800, Sparman, Kolben.]
Goadivin Si',Tds, fee Godiuin Saiuls.
Qaomfy, a river of Hindooftan, which
runs into the Ganges 15 miles NNE Be
nares. Gooty, a town and fortrefs of Hindoof
tan, and capital pf a diftria pf the fame
name, in the Myfpre countrv : 170 mile-!
N Seringapatam, lon. 77 4S E, lat. 15
15 N.
Gooz, A fmall village on the eaftern fide
of the Nile, the capital of Barbar : lon,
34 25 30 E, lat, 1751 a2 N. [Bruce.]

G O R

GOS

J Gorcunt, a town of Holland, on the
Linge, at its union vyith the Wahal. From
the fteeple pf the pryicipal church, may
be feen, 22 walled cities, befides a great
number of towns and villages ; before
the revolution it had one parifli church,
and 3 religious houfes. The city carries
on confiderable trade in butter and
cheefe. "fhe comte de Lu'may, afler he
had taken Gorcum for thc'Slates,.In the
year 1572, put to death 19 priefts, and
other religious people, with the moft cru
el torme;its, cutting off their nofes and
their ears, and then hanging theni in a
row near the Brill ; toi the credit of the
prince of Orange and the States, he was
difgraced, and died a few years after at
yege, from the bite of a mad dog: 12
miles E Dort, and 30 S Amfterdam,
Goree, or Goeree, an Ifland near the
iriouth ofthe Meufe, about 10 miles in
circumference, lat. 5 1 49 N.
Goree, A feaport town in the iflaud of
th,e fame name, fituated near the E coaft,
on a canal which communicates with the
Meufe, formerly a place of confiderable
trade : but the harbour is novv choaked
rip with fand : 6 miles W Helvoetfluys.
Goree, A fmaU Ifland in the Atlantic,
near the Coaft of Africa, about 2 miles in
circumference, within a cannon fliot of
the fliore, fubjea, to the French. Not
withftanding its fituation, the air is faid
to be Cool and temperate all the year
round, and the Inhabitants refreflied by
alternate breezes from the land and fea,
Befides the multitude of furrounding
rocks, that render it almoft inacceffible,
except at two particular bays, a late di-
reaor, M. de St, Jean, has embelUflied
the fort with feveral riew buildings, as
well as fortified it by works, which ren
der it a place of great ftrength. By the
diligence of this gentleman, feveral frefli
fprings, fo much wanted, have been dlf
covered In the Ifland, the gardens-
have been planted with excellent
fruit trees ; all kinds of vegetables have
been raifed in great abundance : and
from a fmall, barren, and defpicable ifl-
. and, lie has made it one of the fafeft,
pleafanteft, and moft Important fettle
ments in all Africa, lon. 17 30 W, lat.
14 40 N.
Gargana, a fmall Ifland In the Mediter
ranean, about 16 miles from the coaft of
Tufcany, fubjea to the Duke. Ils moun
tains render it vifible at a great diftance ;
c^-lebr^ted for the anchovry fifliery on its
coafts, lat. 43 22 N. [Sonini.]
Gorgora, In Lake Dembeg, in Abyffinia,

where father Pays built a palace, in
which the emperor ufually, refides in tliti
winter : 15 miles N W Gondar.
Garham, a kingdom of Africa, fituated
between lon 24 and 29 E, laf. 10 and 15 N.
Garitz, or Gorz, a county of Auftria,
'hounded Wby the 'Venetian S.tfites. The
', chief produce ofthe country Is wine aud
; 'fruit, vviili foirie corn and filk ; the liprlies
^d oxen are few, but. goats numerous.
The language of the country is Sclayqur
ian, ancl the religion Roman Catholic
The town of Goritz is divided inlo Up-'
per aifd Lower ; the former is' ancient,
fituated on a mountain, and defended by
a caftle ; the latter is fituated on a plain
on the river LIfonzo. Befides the church,
which was heretofore Metropolitan, it
has 7 convents, 9 chapels, and a ebllege :
20 miles N N W Triefte, lat. 46, 11 N.
Garlitz, a ,tp'wn of Lufatia, on the
Neift'c, the firft for fize population, and
riches. It contains 3, churches within
' the walls, and 3 without. "iThe princi
pal trade is brewing, with manufaaures
; of woollen and linen cloth,: 50 miles "Vil^
Drefden, and 68 N Prague.
Gormauih, a town pf Perfia,' vvhich, iri,-
cludiqg ils gardens, is 3 miles in length.
Grpves pf date trees extend as far as the
eye can reach. Flere the inhabitants of
Cifrmania deferta, retire from the intol
erable heat. In the hot feafon the coun
try for 50 or 60 milesx round is entirely
forfakeri. "The inhabitants fly to thefe
; forefts of date trees, and live on their
i fruit. During this time the country Is
! totally parched, and there is often a va-
] pour from fhe ground, ais infupportable as
- flame. - [Chardin.]
; Gorpingen, a town of Swabia, duchy of
Wuitembergj fituated on the Fils, in a
\ fertile country. Here arc confiderable
i manufaaures, pf virooUen, and near It is a
medicinal fpring : 22 miles E S E Stut-
¦ gard, and 2P N N W Ulm.
Coize, a town of Franee, on a hfll ; 8
miles S W Metz. ' ,
; Goffen,that partof Egypt, (« fhe,b£fl:,
' of the land,") fo called in Scripture, fitu
ated on the Arabian, or Eaftern baiik of
the Nile, in the vicinity pf Cairo, Matfa-
reah, and Biflihefli. Cairo Is fupppfed
to be the ancient Ramefes, the place
where the Ifraelites affembled, and from
whence they took their departure out of
: Egypt. [Shaw.]
Goffen, in Canaan, a city m the tribe of
Judah, fo called, it is fuppofed, beraut'c
fituated iu " a fat larid, like that of the
IasA of Goflicn in, Egypt." [Wells.] Gofport,

G ot
, tio/^ert, A tbwn of England, iounty of
Hants, on' the 'W fide of the entrance iij-
to Portlinputh harbour. The town, is
ilarge, and a place of great trade, efpecial
ly In time of Wkr, Several fOfts are
iereaed to defend the channel. Here are
feveral dbcks for repairing merchant
fliips, and a little to the S of the town is
an hofpital; called Hafa'r Hofpital, for the
reception of fick and woiinded feamen in
the .fervice of the navy. Iri time pf peaiie,
packets fail from Gofport every weet to
Jiavre de Grace and other ports- of
France ; i niile from Portfinputh, 79 S
"W Lpndon.
Gafslar, an ancient town of Lower Sax
ony, firee and imperial, furrounded by the
bifliopric .of Jlildeflieim, and the princi
pality of Wolfenbuttel. .'Fhe priiiclpal
commerce of the town . arifes frOm; the
mines of iron and lead found in the Ram-
inel mountain, near which It Is fituated ;
?nd In beeh and provifions : 30 miles S
Brurifwick. ,
, Gofynen, A town of Pojarid, re;narkable
for having been the prifon qf Demet riiis
Sufki, Czar of Mufcovy, yvho was con-
lined, to the day of his death, in the cila-
flel : ^6 miles N Rawa,
, Go*Ao, a principaUty ,of Germany, in
¦ tipper Saxony, bolinded E by the duchy
of "Weimar. The couutry abounds , in
' grain and friiit ; the fouthern divifipn
contains a part of the foreft of Thurin-
jia, and fome mirie works. The whole
duchy cqnf ains 1 2 tPwns, and more than
. 4oo churclnis. ,
Gotha, a city and capital of the above
principality, feated on a rifing grpund,
near the Leiile, frptn which water is cpn-
-yeyed thrpugh all the ftreets; hy means pf
flpne canals.. Gptlia is pne bf tlie beft
apd handfomeft tovyns in "rhuringia, Ih
it is a hofpital for the foldiery, with
a fchools. for /:hildren defcended from
them, and the liarracks, in the largeft of
¦vvhich the cadets are inftruCled in the
feveral branches of the military art.
Here is flkewife a fo.undery for can
non and bells, &:c, with 2 churches, a
good academy, , a houfe t)f cdrrcClibn, a
hofpital for widows, and another for or
phans. Ori a hill above the town, ftimd^
the ducal refidencie, called Friedenfein, iri
which is a well provided armoury,^ vvith
a valuable library, a fine inufeufti of nat-
Un.l curiofities, and one of the moft valu
able cabinets of medals In Europe: 13
miles S W Erfurt, lat, 50 46 N, .
Gathard, St. qne ol the higheft, moun
tains of Switaerlaad, being 9075 fefit
"Voi. H; K k

GOT
abbve the level ofthe fea. The higheft
peak, is aooo feet above the adjacent
plain. In 1784, the average ftafe of Far-
eriheif's Therrnometer on thefe iripiirt-
tains ,7000 feet aboye the fea, -Was, 9 o'clock
inthetaorn.,28,nopn 32, at 9 evening 29-I;
the barometer ftoo^ at 2193. In that
year It fno.wed part of 118 days,, rained
78, tempeft, with hail 12, cloudy a9'3,
thunder and lightning ^z, ferene and
pleafant 87, The tops of thefe moun
tains have heen covered with, fnow for
ages :.,8 mUes from Aftort [Coxe, Scot.]
Goibeburg, or Gothenburg, a .town of
Sweden, in W Gbthland, near the fea, at
the conflux ofthe Moldaland theQolha,
In a marfliy plain, ^Imoft furrounded with
barren rocks, bn the fide pf -iyhlch part pf
the tpwn.js built, the pflier part Is, fituat
ed In a valley, interfeCted by canals ; the
whple about 3 miles in circumference;
and regularly fortified, containing 20,000
In.habitanfs The liarbour is between a
chains qf rocks, about a furlongs wide.
Gotheburg Is a place of confiderable
trade, and, next to Stockholm, one of
the moft commercial in Sweden. An
Eaft India company was eftabliflied in the
year 1,731. In the,year 1740, the her
ring fifliery was firft begun, which is very
advantageous ; as much as 6oo,coo bar-^
reis having fome years been caught in the
flibrf Ip^ce bf 3 weeks : 188 miles S W
Stpckholm, 1,1
Gothland, a, cbuntry of Swedeti, bound
ed on the N by Sweden Proper, On the
E and S by the Baltic, apil ou the W by
the Sound, the German Ocean, and Nbr-
way. This country is inhabited by a
nation celebrated for theii,, Irivafiops of
other cpuufries. It Is pleafant and fer-
tile,,confiftingpf ffPPd aratle ancl pafture
land : it lial many lake^ and rivers,
which abound In fifli, forefts and mines.
It contains 48 tpwnS; arid is divide4 into
E Gollil|ind; W Gothiand, ,and S Gotli-i
larid. £ Gothland lies ori the,W of ,thc
Baltic. The Occupations qf the Inhabit-^
ants are agriculture, grazing, huntliig,
fifliing, and mining. S Gothland, is di
vided into 3 provinces, Schonen, Hal-
land, and Bleklngen, which have uiider-
gope many viciffitudes and changes;
W Giiblana, which lies E of the Scagger
ac, was formerly an inilependent king
dom, governed by its own laWs. , The
principal occupations ofthe iuhablfants
are agriculture, grazing, arid fifliing.
Gothland, ao Ifland bf Sweden, in the
Baltic, 70 miles teng, and 20 broad, fub-
iiSt to Stuckiivlm. It has 18 towns and
viUagss

GOT

G OU

^flages. From- Its convenient fituation
it has juftly acquired the name of the Bye,
ofthe Baltic. The foil is fertile, and there
are fine woods of oaks and pines, good
paftures, and profitable fiflieries on this
ifland ; large quarries of ftone, particu
larly the famous Gottland ftone, and a
foft grey fandy ftone, vvhich are exported
to Stockholm and other places. The in
habitants fubfift by agriculture, grazing,
fifliing, working in the quarries, burning
lime, and by feveral forts of mechanic
ttades, and navigation, Wifty is the
capital, lon. i8 6 to 19 6 E, lat 56 54 to
57 56 N. [Hallway.]
Gottefierg, a town of Silefia. Near it
is a mine of gold, and aribther of coals,
the former is not worked. Great quanti
ties of worfted ftocklngs are knit in this-
town : 9 mfles SSW Freyberg. •
Gotiingen, a town of Lower Saxony, fit
uated in an agreeable, fpacious; and fer
tile vafley; on a canal, or branch of the
river Lelne, vvhich paffes through, and
divides it into fhe New Town and Marfch,
It contains about 1000 houfes, and 8000
fbuls ; the ftreets are large and convenient,
and paved on each fides Here are 5
parifli churches, and i for Calvlnifts; The
priricipaloi'nament aiid.advantage of Got-
tingen Is the univerfity, founded' In the
year 1734, by George II, king of Eng
land, and confecrated' on the 17th of
September, 1737, which univerfity, by the
great attention and care of its firft cura
tor, baron MunChaufen, has acquired a
very diftinguiflied reputation. Belong
ing to It Is a large fplendid church, with
a peculiar paftor, arid to it likewife be
lorigs a riew aud ftately ftruaure of ftone,
the ground floor of y/hich ferves as^a hall
for public lectures, dnd that above is the
library,wlth a council chamber, and other
apartmen|ts. This Ubrary, to which con
fiderable additions are every year made,
if confidered with regard to the number,
goodnefs, and value of Its books. Is one of
the beft libraries in Europe. It is called
the Bulowcan, havlrig received ils origin
froni a colleaion of about 10,-000 vol
umes, beijueafhed by the baron Bulow
tor the public ufe, and by his heirs given
to the univerfity. A royal fociety of
fciences, founded in 1751, and a royal
German fociety, alfp form . part of the
univerfityi It has likewife a fine ottfer-
vatory, ereaed on a tower on the ram
part, with a phyfic gaMen, and near It a
handfome anatomical theatre of ingenious
conftruClion, a fchool for teaching mid
wifery, &c. The territory belonging to

the town is very confiderable ; 32 niile»
N £ Caffel, lon. 9 53 E, lat. 51 24 N. ' '
Goitorp, A town and fortrefs of Den-«
mark : 2 mileS N W Slefwick The town it
fituated ori an arm of the fea, called Sley^
4 mUes WS W Slefwick.
Gouda, or Tergouw, A city of Holland;
on a branch of fhe Rhine, called Iffel^
where it receives the river Go'uw, which
gives It its name. It is the fixth and laft
of the large cities which have a voice in
the States of Holland. The great church
is one of the handfomelt and largeft in
the country, and is particularly celebrat
ed for its painted glafs windows, fuppofed
to be the fineft of the kind in Europe,
and prefei'ved with great care ; the prinJ
cipal painters were 'Theodore and Waltef
Crabeth, both of this town. The fitua
tion of the place is very advantageous,, on
account of the fluices and the canals,
which are running ftreams ; It has alio a
convenient port on the Iffel, and 5 gates.
It cannot eafily be befieged, as they could
open the fluices and lay ttie country
round under wafer ; add to this, thai
breadth and depth of the ditches, fo that
the only approach Is by the banks of thi
Iffel, which are ftrongly fortified. Its
principal trade confifts in cordage, cheefe,
and tobacco pipes : there are boats
which pafs regularly to Amfterdam, the,
Hague, Rotterdam, Utrecht, &c. 9 milea
N iE Rotterdam, and aa S Amfterdam.
Goudburff, A town of England, county Cff
Kent : 44 miles S £ London.
' Gauet, A river of India. In Its fan^s are
found diamonds wafliid from the moun
tains. In fearchlng for thefe 8 or io,ooal
perfons are enaployed. [HamUton.]
Gouernolo, a town of Mantua, at the
junaion of the Mincio and the Po : i»
miles S E Mantua.
Goura, or Gura, a town of Poland, in
Mafovia, on the "Viftula ; la niites from
Warfaw. Gourdan, A town of France, department
of the Lot : 18 miles N Cahors.\
Gournay,A townof France, department
of the Lower, Seine : 8 leagues iE Rouen.
Gournei, a wretched village of Egyptj
W of tbe Nile; The people are half
naked, inhabiting huts of mud, not 6 feet
high. , [Sonini,]
Gourock, A town of Scptland, cpunty of
Renfrew; bn the Clyde, near which is a
copper mine : 2 miles W Greenock. "
Goutto, A province of Abyffinia, near
the head of the Nile. The country Is
full of large cattle, and like the neigh
bouring pruviuces, abounds ip honey. Fa
thers,

G R A

G R A

ihers, Ibns, and grandfons, fettle near
each other, fo that each village confifts of
one family. [Bruce.]
Gowran, A borough of Ireland ; 6 mfles
% Kilkenny. Goz, or Gozen, a feaport town of Mo
rocco, on the coaft of the Atlaptic, not
far from Mogador.
Gazzi, or Gozzo, an ifland, 5 miles N
W Malta, 12 niiles long, 6 broad, moun
tainous, healthy, well watered, arid culti
vated, belonging to the Knights of Malta.
¦ [Thevenpt, Sonini,]
Gozzo, A fmall Ifiand, near the ifland of
Candia, laf. 34 58 N.
Grahow, A town of Lqwer iSajony : aa
Jniles S Schwerin.
Graciofa,{et Gratiofa
Gradifca, a towri bf Sclavonia, pn the
river Save, near the borders of Crpatia,
well peopled, and furrounded with fortl-
^catlons : 132 miles W Belgrade, and 170
S Vienna, laf, 45 28 N.
Gradifia, A ftrong frontier town of Au
ftria, county" of Friuli : 5 miles 8 Goritz,
and 182 S S W Vienna.
Grado, A fmall ifland In the Gulf of 'Ve
nice, near the coaft of FriuU, on which
is a town 50 miles E by N 'Venice, lat.
45 44 N.
Graham's Moor, A place of Scotland, In
the county of Stirliti^, vyhere the brave
Sir Williain WaUace fought his way
through the Englifli army, ip the year
1298 : 3 miles S E Falkirk.
Grain Goaf, or Malagueita, or Pepper
Coaf, A country of Guinea, bounded by
the Sierra Leona country, which lies to
the W, and the Ivory coafl, pn the S E,
extending along the Atlantic, about 100
leiguesi fhe climate is faid 1° 1"^ un
wholefome, efpgcIaUy fp Europeans. It
produces abundance of rice and roots ;
peas, beans, and leinons ; indigo, and cot-
tpn, need no culture. Their waters a-'
bound in fifli ; the country is rich. Hap
pily the Europeans have no fettlements
here ; therefore, coipiiferce is carried on
by fignals frpin the fliips on the cpaft,
fhey are accufed pf being fliy and
treacherqus. - The faa is they have been
frequently carried ofl; and fold for flaves,
when they have, for traffic, gone on board
European fliips. It is- now often impofli-
ble 10 decoy them on board. They are
populous, but never fell any of their
iiumber but criminals. There being no
Europeans here, they are lefs engaged in
v.'ar than on the Gold coaft ; confequent
ly, there is little bufinefs for flave fliips.
Wpvy happy had it been fpr other Afri

cans, had the men of iEurope, and Ameri-*
ca, not vifited their fliores I f heir talct,
or king, excrcifes an arbitrary power and
defpotic authority over his uibjeCls, and
ne-ver appears abroad but with tfte ut
moft pomp and ma^ificence. His peo
ple raife his power by certain impUcit
tcritlmenls of a natural fubmlfllpn, and
that awe with which they wouIct regard
a fuperior being. Their ignorance at
taches them to paganifm ; but natural
reafon .diaates a future ftate. They
welcome the new moon with fongs, danc
ing, and diverfions of every kind ; and
their fuperftitious regard for forcerers is
extreme. The fole employment of many
of the negrpe^ pf this country Is fifliing,
and every morning prefents large fleets of
canoes, ranged along the fliore upon this
bufinefs. . [Smith, Bofman]
, Gfamont,, a town of Flanders, fituated
for fhe ipoft paft on a hill, with the river
Dender runnlijg through it, and fepa-
ratliig it into the Higher and Lower
Town : 20 miles W Bruffeis.
Grampian liills, mountains pf Scotlaqj^
which extend through the counties of
Perth, Arigps, Mearns, and Aberdeen.
They '^'^^ their nanie from a fingle liill,
the Mons Gramplus, of "Tacitus, vvhere
Galgacus waited the approach of Agrlco-
la, arid vyhere the battle was fought fo
fatal to the brave Caledonians.
Grampound, a boropgh of England,
county of Cornwall, on the river Falle,
containing about 260 inhabitants. It fends
2, members fo the Britifli Parliament : 8
miles ENE Truro.
Gramfere Water, A fipaU lake of "Weft
moreland, to the W of Amblefide. Its
margin is hollowed into fmall bays, with
bold eminences, fome of rock, fome of
turf, th^f half conceal and vary the figure
of the lake. , From the ffiore a low pro
montory projcas far into fhe vvater ; and
pu it ftands a white village, with the par
ifli church rifing In the midft pf it.
Gran, A tPwn pf Hungary, near the
CPiiflux pf the rivers Gran and Danube j
the fee pf an archbifliop : ^5 mUes S E
Preffiurg, and 8:? E S iE 'Vienna.
Granada, fee Grenada.
Grand Cairo, was taken by the Englifli
and Turks from the French, who had
poffeffed it about a year, June, 1801. See
Cairo. .
Grandviilc or Granville, a feaport fown
of France, department of the Channel.
The harbour is only capable of receiving
about 6o,fmall veffels ; the town is fitu
ated on a fliarp rock, forming a peniufu-

G R A

6 R B

!a, of an oval form, and furroundci} with
walls. It has 2 gates, 2 Fauxbourgs, and
about :^50Q inhabitants ; near it is an
oyfter |iffiery, and on the land fide are
quarries of ftone of a very large fize, and
fe'ipar'kable hardnefs : 4 leagues N W
Avranches", lat. 48 ^o, N,
Granic, or Granicus, a fmall river of Na-
Jqlia, which has its fource'iq Mount Ida,
near the ruins of ancient Troy,' and falls
into the fea of Marmora; to'the E Lamp-
faco. On its" ba'nks was fought the' cele
brated tattle, ih vvhich Alexander the
Great; with'30,oob Macedonians, defeated
r^arius arid 666,600" Perfians. '
Gritnfon, a town of Swifl'erland, between
the lake bf Neufchater and Mount Jura.
The reformation was pretty genetally re
ceived here, Iri the year i5 65 : 16 ipfles
S W.'Jfeufchatel, ' " '"'
'Grantham, A borpugh pf England, cpun
ty cif Lincoln, on tlii road fl-bm' Lopdoii
to York ; fei^ds two members' 10 the iBri-
tifli' parKamenl. fhe fteeple 'of the
church, which terminates in a fpire, is
^6 feet in height : 'thirty miles S 'Lin
coln. ' ¦ '' 
'Granville, fee Grandville.
Grdffe, A towii of Firapce, department of
the Yar. The 'principal tradeof the in
habitants is' i'n dry fruit, olives, oil, ' per
fumes arid tanned leather :' 5 leagues W
S W Nice. • ' ' '
Gratiofa, qne bf the Azores Iflands ; about
10 iniles loiig, arid Sf broad, taking 'Its
name from its beauty and fertility in Corn,
fruit, pafliire and cattle, fupplying Terce
ra, and feveral of the father' iflands, 'with
a great part of its prqducei It is weU
peopled, arid has a nuiribe;; of ' villages,
-with' forts fpr the deferice of the coaft
fhe principal place is La Plata.
Gratz, a walled tovirri of 'Germany, cap
ital of iSf iria, on the river Muehrl It con
tains feveral churches and' ccinvents', an
arfenal, a caftle" on a rock, aiid an uni
verfity. fhe ' affembly bf the' flat'es is
held here, arid in 1784, it' was ereaed In
to ah'arehbifiiop'ric pn the fupp'reffibn of
that bf Goritz : 70 miles S S "W 'Vienna,
lat. 47 10 N. ¦¦ " ¦'
Gj-audentz, a town of Pruffia, pn the
'Vift'ula : 14 niiles NNE Culm. "
Grai\e, a ftrpng town oi* bity of Bra
bant, be'longing to the Dutch, "fituited in
a marfliy country, on {he S fide of the
Meufe; taken' by thfe trench" In 1794;
20 miles E i Bois-le-duc, and 34 S £ U-
freehl,lat. 51 46 N, ' '
' Gravelines, ' A ftrong feapbrt pf France,
department of the North, on'rheEftgllfli

Ch^ijel, at the mouth of the river Aa.
It is iiot large, but vvell fortified, with bal-
tions; half mppns and hprn-wprk. Th^
country near it' is interfeaed by canals,
one of vyhich goes to Dunkirk, by' Bour^'
bourg, and another dlriaiy to Bergues f
3 leagues 'W'"S 'W Dunkirk, arid Ii2 miles
E Calais, lat. 50 59 "N. ¦  ' '" " ^
Gravenm'aeheren, a town of Luxemburg,
on the Mofelle, In a pteafarit and fertile'
courilry ;¦ near if is an ariei'erit monument,
eieCted by" two brothers, to the iri'emorj'
of their parents :' 5 leagqes iB NE iLux-
einbiirg. 
Grav'cfanie, A town of Holland, 4 miles
fro'm the fea, -vvhere the a'iicieiit 'counts of
Holland generally refided \ 6 miles W 5
WDelft, -¦" ' "" ¦¦ ' '• ' ¦•¦ ' ¦ '
' Gravefend, A town of England, county
of Kent;' ori the S fide of th? Thames, and
the firft port 611 that rivrer ; a place of
great' refo'rt,"b'eihg"llie' common landing
place for ftrangers' and feameri on their
palfage tb'LpndPri, to wjiich they are
conveyed in convenient lipats, ¦ivhich gb
fp Lpndon wifh every flood. The fare
is 91^ a pafffrigeK On the £ffeix fliore.
Is a regular fortificatipri, qbmmanding the
river, nipunted'with a\)6ve 166 pieces ef
cannon, carrying balls from 514 tP 46
ppun'd weight. ' All oritward bound fliips
are obliged lo eaft anchor before the
towri, till they have been "examined by,
aud obtainlsd prpper clearances from,'
fearchers, appointed' fpr that purpofe,'
whphavS anpffice near "the tpwn quay ^
a centinel Is alfp ftaftened at the bleck-
houfe, belpvv the tovvn, to give riotlce by
the firing of a mufket, when fliips art
coming iip"fhe rhi-er, vvho "a're' obliged to
receiv'e ori board officers frbm' thfe cuf
toms, a number of which are cp'nftantly
waiting' here for that purpofe. . The gar
dens round this town'are fo rich, tliat
they not only fupply the ffiippirig with
every article-of that kind, but fepd great
quantities to London ; the "afparagus iri
pariicuTar, is rcmairkably fine : 22-| miles'
B London, laf. 5"! 23 N. "
Grciy, A tovyn of France, on the Sa6ne,
navigable for boats to Lyops, whither the
iuhabilarits'fend grain and iroh, which
form thfe chief articles of commerce : 25
miles N E Dijori.' " • ¦ ¦ '
Grayes-Thurnock, A town of England,
county of Effex, ori the ba'iiks 'of. the
Thariies, ppppfite Dartfprd; 24 miles E
Lpndon. ' < ' ¦
Greece, called by the Turks Rumelia, bcr
longs to the furkifliEmpirein Europe; lies'
between 20 and 36 deg. E 'loa. and '36 and
'¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ '44

©RE

ORE

44 deg. N Iat, It has the Mediterranean
jSea S, the Adriatic W;and the Archipe
lago E, 400 miles long, and -nearly' as
broad. If is a temperate,healthful, fruitful
country; but moft ofthe fine cities at once
contained, have been deftroyed by tlje
barbarous Turks ; and a defuge of ignor
ance has been introduced into the bnce
admired feats of Jearnj-g and politencfs.
The Chriftian religion was planted in this
fine country,' foon after the death of our
Saviour, by Paul arid iTImothyi and for
ages after flbuilflied in great purity; It
is now almol): extinCl. 'I'is a great tnerit
even in the clergy, if they can read ; and it
is afferted that there are fcarcely 12 per
fons in the Turkifli dominions fltilled in
the ancient Greek language. Modern
Greece is divided into Macedonia, Alba-
hla, or Arnaut.EpIrus, Thefl'aly, or Sanna,
Achala, br Livadia. The Peloppnriefus,
now called the' Morea, ^nd the Iflands bn
the coaft. t'i'bpog. Didt.]
Greeniaw, A (Own pf Scotliind, cbunty of
Berwick : 27 mile's S E Edinburgh.
Greenock,^ ^ feapprt tovvn of Scotland,
on the rlver'Glyde, vvith a fniall fort to
defend the hirbour : 18 miles W Glaf-
govy, laf. 55 56 N.
Green-wicbjA town pf Enghind, county
of Kent, ori the banks of the Thames, an-
pehtly CAWed Eaf Greeijti/ich. King Charles
II enlarged the park, walled'it round,
planted it, and caufed a royal obfervatory
to be ereClefi on the top of the hill, "this
edifice vvas ereaed for the' ufe bf the cel
ebrated Mr. Flamftpad, and it ftill retains
the name of that great aftronomer ; it
vvas likewife furniflied wilh mathemati
cal Inftruments for aftfonomical obferva-
tions, and a deep dry well for obferving
the ftars in the day time, on which ac
count Grc-e"n?vlch Is made the meridian of
longitude by moft Engliffi riaifigators.
Greenwich is faid to contain 1350 houfes.
The Thames Is here very broad, arid the
channel deep ; and at fonie very high
tides the water is fait, though it is ufually
fweet and frefli. Here Is Greenwich
lipfpital for the ufe of Englifli feamen in
capable pf fervice either through age or
jnfirmity. Here alfo 140 boys, the Tons
of feamen, are iriftruaed ini navigatiorii
and bred up for the fervice of the royal
navy. Each of the mariners has a week
ly allowance of 7 loavCs, weighing 16 oun
ces each ; 3 pounds of beef ; two of mut-^
ton ; a pint of peafe ; a pound and a
quarter of cheefe ; 2 ounces of butter ;
14 quarts of beer, and is a week fobacco-
Jnoney : the tojiacco-money pf boatfwalns

Is 2s fid a vyeek each, and that pf thciv
malts IS fid, and the pther officers ii}
proportipn to their rank, iBefides vvhich,
each common penfioner receives pnce in
two years a fliit pf'blue clothes, a hat, 3
pair Of ftockings, 2 pair of flioes, 5 ncck-^
tipths, 3 ffiirts and i' night-caps. This
hofpital has abput 100 gpvernprs, epm-
ppfed qf the npbility, great pfficers of
ftate, an'd perfons In high' pofts! ' tor the
belter fupport pf this hofpital, every tea
man in the royal navy, arid in the fervice
of the merchants, pays fid every month.
This is flopped pu{ pf the pay pf all fail-
prs, and delivered In the Sixpenny Re
ceiver's Office, f ower Hill : and, there
fore, a feamen, who can produce an au
thentic certificate of his being difabled
and rendered unfit for the fea fervice, by
defending any fliip belonging to Britifli
fubjeCls, or in taking any |hip from the
enemy, may be admitted into this hofpi
tal, and receive fhe faine benefit from It
as If he had been In the king's fervice.
In the year 1779, a fire deftroyed eight
wards of this hpfpital, vvith the beautiful
chapel : 5 miles E Lpndon.
Greifswalde pr Grifpwald, a feaport
town of Swedifli Pomerania, on the Rik,
which is navigable to the Baltic, with na
univerfity : 15 miles S E Stralfund, lat.
54 4 N. ' '
Greitz, or Grewitz, a towp pf Upper
Saxony, iri the "Vogtland,, with fome ftul?
manufaaures, on a finall river which
runs into the Elfter. It contains about
450 hpufes : 12 miles S W Zwickau.
' Greniida, or Grana.ia, called Upper An
dalufia, a province of Spain, S of New
Caftile, on the Mediterranean. As this
couritry lies oppofite tb Africa, and the
coaft is much expofed to the ravages of
corfairs, a great number of towers and
forts are ercafed along the coafts. This
province Is one ofthe moft healthy and
moft temperate in Spain, and fo fertile,
as fcarcely lo ftand in need of human in
duftry and culture ; rivers, brooks and
fprings, are innumerable. When in the
poffeffion of the Mpprs; it was pne pf the
moft populous and rich countries In the
world ; at prefent it is not fo. However,
generally fpeaking, the land produces
corn, wine, oil, fugar, flax, hemp, and a
great variety of excellent fruit. Honey
and -wax are abundant. In the nioun
tains riear Anlequerai, a great deal of ex
ceUent fall is made by the heal of the
fun, which is fufficient for the evapora
tion of the moifture. In feveral places
are q[uarries pf excellent ftone for build ing,

G R E

¦G R I

tag, arid id forite places hyacinths, and
Other precious ftone^, are found. . The in-
fiabitaiits of the cOijntry are the moft la
borious in the fouthern parts pf Spain.
They, are fondof commerce and agriculr-
ture ; they are of mild and poliflied man
ners, and drink l^ijt little wine.
Grenada, capital of the above prpvinpe,
Js fltuated at the foot of the Snowy Moun
tains, on the Xenll. h is divided into 4
quarters, of which, the principal begrs
the name of Grenada, and is inhabited by
tbe nobility. Clergy, and the richeft' of
the cltlzcris, with many public apd prir
vate bulldip'gs. In fhis part is the cath
edral, remarkable for Its beautiful dome.
The fecond, quarter is irihabifed by de
fccndants froip the' ancient Moors. Here
are a palaces, one built by the |»Ioors,
the remains pf which bear evidence ,pf its
¦wonderful magnificence : The other, built
by a Moorifli prince, from the balco-
mies of vvhich is faid to be one qf the moft
Ijeautlful profpeAs iq Europe, oyer the
fertUe plains of Grenada, terminated by
mountains, whofe tpps are cpvered with
fnpw. The third quarter, built by the
Arabians, pn 2 hillsr containing near 1.000
houfes, chieflylnhabited by tbe- defoend-
a-Kts of fhe Moorg. fhe fourth Is inhab
ited by people frprii Antequera, Who are
almoft wholly employed in the different
manufaaures of filk, whic'n conftltntes
the principal coinmerce of the place.
The ftreets of Grenada are narrow. Irreg
ular, and badly paved. It isthefee of an
archbiihop, and contains 24 parifli
churches, 38 convepts of both fexes, ,13
hofpitals, an uriiverfily, an amphitheatre
for bullfights, 3 tribunal pf inquifition ,
and about 90,000 -foulj. The country ly
ing rqund the city, is called the Orchard
of Grenada, froqi Its fertility, and is full
ef pl'eafant towns and villages. Grenada
had fonnerly 20 gates, 12 bf which pnly
novy remaip. fhe Moors have left more
monuments in Grenada than in any other
city of Spain ; and, amongft the loffes
which they faftained in that country, are
faid to regret nothing but Grenada ; they
mentipn it in all their evening prayprs,
and fupplicate Heaven to reftbre it . to
their poffeffion ; 188 miles S Madrid, lat.
37 17N. ¦
Grenoble, a cityiof France, on the Ifere,
not far from its cpnflux , with the Drac ;
capital of Dauphiny : 27 miles S Chain-
berry, lat. 45 la N.
Gretna Gr^en, A celebrated viUage of
Scotland, county of Dumfries : whither
Biiuors of England generally refort to be

married, as out of the jurifdiClion of the
marriage a^: the ceremony js ufually
performed by a blaclcfmith : 8 mites N-
Carlifle, ' ,
Grimberg, a tqivij qf Germany : i6
mjles S E Treves.
' Grimi^a, a town of Upper Saxony. It
contains. 3 churches and 'a college. Its
chief trade is in wood, Unen,. thread, heer,
and flannels : 15 miles E S E Leipzig.
Grimmen, A town of Upper Saxony, in
Pomefania : 14 piites S Stralfund.
Crimffy, A town of England, county of
Lineoln, on the Pppiber, 5 mfles froip the
German fea. It was formerly a confider^
able feaport, but, through neglea, the
harbour has been teng choaked up, fq
that rip velTels pf burthen can come up
to the town ; yet the road before It is
generally conlidere4 as a good ftatlon fof
fliips that waif for wind. It fends ;j'
niembers to, parliament, fhe principal
trade is in cqals and fait : 35 miles N iE
Lincoln, Ipn. o 8 W, lat. 53 22 iN,
Grimfl, A inountain pf Swifferland^
which feparates the Valais from the can?
ton of Bern, fhere Is a road acrofs it,
and a houfe for iravfellers on the top, ip
whicli a perfon refides during the funir
mer : 40 miles E Sioij. ' -
, Grinfed (Eaf,) A town of Englandj-*
county of Sufliex. , .It fends 2 members .tO(
parUament : 30 mile? S iLondpn.
Gripfzvitld, fee Greifs-walde,
Grifignana, a tovvri, of Iftria : 9 milet
E Capo d'Iftria, 
Grifehamn, Old and Nciy, feaports pf
Sweden, in the prpvince of Upland, \>e-
tween 40 and 50. inilcs NNE Stockholm.
Grifons, a people In alliance -vvitli the
Swifs, divided Into Three Leagues, which
are united in one repu'^lic. The country
which they inhabit is bounded N by the
cantpn pf GlarjsjE-by the Tyrolefe, The
inhabitants have reciprocally engage^,
oot to make any pew alliance, por declare
-wai;^ nqr iijake peace, hut by conimop
cprifept. They agree to fuccour each
Other at their own experife, guarantee
each other's privileges, &c. Their gov
ernment is perfeClly democratic, fubdir
vided Into a great number of fpiall de
mocracies Independent of each( Pther in
their particular police. A diet, or affem
bly of the Three Leagues is held yearly,
coippofed qf (12 deputies, and 3 chiefs.
In the eleaiop of thefe deputies, every
male of 1 6 years (^ age has a voice, and,
in fome communities they are allowed tp
vote at the age of 14. The country is,
in general, very piountamQUs ; it contains feveral

G R Q

G R O

feveral vallleS, to fome of which the paf-
fagesare fliut up during great part ofthe
year. Towards the S Ue the chief ot
thefe vallies, funk In the Alps, which at
laft terminate in inacceffiljle glaciers, or
elevated rocks, capable of affording np
kind of vegetable whatever. From thefe
glaciers the principal riveis take their
fource ; as the Rhine, the Inn, and the
Adda. 'I'heir principal objea, as farm
ers. Is tbe care of their flieep and cattle,
from which they obtain excellent butter
«nd cheefe. The mountains afford good
pafture, the vallies produce fruit, and the
hills chefnuts. The number of inhabit
ants of the Three Leagues is eftiiriated at
150,000 fouls ; and of their fubjea Coun
tries, the Valteline, Bonnio, and Chia-
Venna, is 100,000. Thefe are CathoUcs
and Proteftants ; bf the latter there are
135 pariflies. [Coxe.]
Grodno, a town of Lithuania, fituated
on the Niemen, partly pn an eminence
and partly on a plain, furrounded with
hills. Near It Is an old- caftle, in which
the diets formerly affembled, but now
fallen to decay,- only one wing of it rfe-
tn-ainlng, furrcmndedby a deep ditch, and
commUoieatIng with the tbwn by a
bridge. The Roman Catholics have 9
churches, thofe of the Greek church
have a, and the Jews have a fynagogue.
The market place, and the principal
ftreet which leads to the caftle, are pav
ed ; the othet' ftreets in general are mean
and dirty, and the hoilfes forthe moft part
little better than cottages. The number
of inhabitants is eftimated at 7000, ma
ny of which are employed in manufac
tures of llrien, woollen, 'cotton, and filk.
A medical academy wasf inftituted here by
the late king of Poland, for ftudents in
phyfic andfiirgery, at his own Immediate
expenfe ; which, but for the late troiiibles,
bid fair to become of confiderable confe
quence to the country. In the botanic
garden are 1500 eiotic plants, &c. feveral
of them American : 64 miles S S W Wil-
na, 140 N E Warfaw; lat. 53 a8 N. [Coxe,]
Grahnde, a town of Lower Saxony, on
the Wefer, where a toU is paid : 9 miles
S iHamelq. Groll, a town pf the United Dutch
States, cpunty pf Zutphen, ftrongly for
tified, on the Slinghe, whofe waters fiU
the ditches rpund the fprtificatipns. The
fituatinn pf the place, In the vicinage pf
Weftphalia and the blffiopric of Mun
fter, Is Important : 19 miles E Zutphen,
lat, 52 8 N.
Groningen, one of the Uoited Dutch

States, bounded N by the German OceSrij
E by Eaft Friefland and Germany. Iri
the States General, it holds the feventh
rank, Groningen, Capital of the above ftate is
large, rich, ftrong, well peopled, and ad
orned with many excellent buildings,
public and private; its figure is nearly
round, eflcompaffed -ivith good ramparMj
guarded by large ditches filled with wa
ter, befides many baftions and other for
tifications, which would render an atta<i
upon it' very difficult. Its port is very
commodious, into which fliips enter with
great eafe by means of a canal, whofe
fides are lined with large ftones, about j
leagues from the fea. It is vvatered by
the river Hunes, which runs through 18
to the fea northward ; the Dunfter runi
eaftward from it into the river Ems, This
city has offen fufifeied from the calamities
of war. The city is governed by 4 bur
gomafters, and a common council of lai
An univerfity was eftabliflied here in
1614, and endowed with the revenues of
feveral monafteries. Ubbo Emmius, flie
celebrated hiftoriogi^apher of Friefland,
was fhe firft reaot : 81 miles W Brer
men, lat. 53 11 N.
Groffa, an ifland in the Adriatic, 6 miles
teng, and i Wide, near fhe coaft of Daly
matia, belonging tp "Venice.
Graffeta, a town of Tufcany, the fee of
a bifliop : 14 miles E S E Piomblno.
Grotffaw, A tbwn of Setvia, where, iri
the year 1739, the ImperiaUfts were beat
en by the Turks, which brought on the
peace of Belgrade ! 5 leagues S Belgrade^
Grattgau, or Crottkau, a tovvn of Silefia,
on the Neiffe. In the year 1438, this
town vvas deftroyed by 'Wladiflaus, king
of Poland, and, in the year 1445, by Wll
Uam, duke of Troppau. In the year
1449, 1490, and 1591, It was deftroyed by
fire, arid in the year ifi33 and 1642 it was
pfllaged : 14 miles N Neiffe,lat. 50 41 N.
Grave Hill, an elegant and beautiful vil
la, or country feat, near Camberwefl, s
miles from London, belonging tp the cel
ebrated philanthrppift. Dr. Lettsom.
Croupe's Iflands, two groupes, or cluf-
ters, of Iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, cx-
tendirig for the fpace of 9 leagues. Th«
2 largeft are feparated by a ftrait, about
400 fathom wide, and each furrounded
by a number of fmall ones, as it were
chained together by rocks under water,
and placed In all forts of direaions ; they
arc all covered with cocoa trees. 'Fhe
inhabitants are well proportioned, almoft
naked, and painted brown, vvith black hair.

G U A
iiair, tied in a kind of net wbtk, "Thefe
iflands were probably dlfcovered by Rog
gewin, loq. 14a 45 tb Mi 54 W, lat. 17
58 to 186 S. ' ,
Grubenhagen, A tbtyn arid,' caftle iri iLow
er Saxony : 7 miles S S S W Eiribedc, 45
S Hanover. Grubenhagen, a principality bf Lower
$axbny; belonging to fhe eleabrate of
Hanover. It contains forrie fertile land,
but the greater part Is tpountalnbus and
-woody. The ancient Hercynian Foreft, Is
^ mountain covered -svith trees, arid a-
bbunding with mines, "ifhe revenues are
not large : Eimbeck Is the capital. ,
Grunberg,. a fown of the Upper Rhine,
where the kirigs bf the Merovlglari race,
and Charlemagne held their court : ±0
infles E Glefffen.
Grunberg, A town of Silefia, iri Glbg4u,
turro,uridcd with vlrieyards : la iriiles N
Freyfiadt. , Grand, a to'wn of Lower Saxony, in thd
Hartz foreft. . . , ^
Gruningen, a town bf Swifferland '. la
iriiles S £ Zurich. , ,
, Gruningen, a towri of Lower Saxony, ori
the Boden : 5, leagues E Halbelftadt. ,
Gruilin, a plain of S-yvifferland, near the
lake bf the four caritbns, in the cantpn
of Uri, remarkable for being the place
where the 3 firft cantops^ niade a league
for the defence of theit liberty, in the
year 1307. ,,,,'.
, Qruyeres, A tow'ri of Swifferland, novv a
bailiwick of the cantori of Friburg. In
this diftria is made the celebrated clieefe
of Gruyeres; which is expbrted to a very
confiderable .amount to Italy, France,
Germany, apd otlier countries ; aa iriiles
ENEL^ufanriei Guadalajara, a town of Spain, id New
Caftile, onl the Henares, coritalnlng 9
pariffi churches, 14 convents, feveral hof
pitals, and ^hardly 3000 inhabitants : 82
miles N E Madild, lat. 40 2S N.
duddalajura, . A river of Spain, vfrhich
Turis mtb the fea, betvyeen Gibralter and
Marbellai • , , ,
Guadalanlidr, a river of Spairi, vVhIch
*uns info the fea near 'Valentia. ,
Guadaloupe, a'^own of Spain, Iri Eftre
madura, fituated In a valley,' abounding
with vines, orange trees, fig trees, &c. op
a river of the fapie namfe : 45 wiles S 'W
Toledo. Guadalquivir, a. i;iver of Spaiii; - vvhlch
rifes in New Caftile, and empties into
the fea, about 6 leagues N W Cadiz.
Guadarramaj = town of Spain, in New
CaftUe,~ celebrated for its cheefe : 6
leagues N W Madrid, ,

G U B
Guatldrrdma, a river of Spain, whicli
runs into the Tagus, about 3 leagues be
low Toledo.
, Guadiana, i river tif Spairi, which runs
Into file fei, aboUt 7 leagues N £ Gib-'
raller. ,. , '
'Guadix, A t8wi/t)f Spain, province of
GrePada, the fee bf a bifliop. It con
tain^ 3 pariflies;arid 6 cbPverits : 28 mile)
E N E Greriada. .
Guahede, A diftria Of Africa; in the
Cbuntry of Sejilmefla, about Joo miles S
of the Atlas, -which contaiiis 3 towiis and
fome village^'. The principal' produce is
dates. , »..,'.,,
(ru'atJo, A towri of Ancona ', lo miles
N W Nocera.
Gua'm, the chief ofthe ,M,af ianav, or La-"
droiie Iflands, In the iEaftern Indian Sea,
about 30 leagues in ^ircumferefice.^ "The
iflarid Is fertile, vvith feveral gopd har-
boiirs, arid a great Puiriber of fmafl freffi
water rivers. 'The Spaniards have a town,'
the hpufes of vyhich are built with ftone,
and deferided by 2 fortp, and a garrifori
pf 100 men. There are feveral other vil
lages, fpme pf vyhicli tbPtain abput 130
hpufes, stnd the riuiriber <;>f irihabiitants In
t.he vyhple iflanfl is eliimate^.at 30,000.'
f he H^tlyes go riaked^ and never bury
their dead, but le^ye thein expofed to thd
air ; lori., 145 E, lat. ±3 15 N.
Gairdafui, A qape of Africa, at the en
trance of the .Jlralt of ' Babelpiandel. It
rifes to a lofty pr'fecipice, is barren, an4
infufferably hot, lon. 5a 5 E, Iat. 11 46
N. ,, , , ,- , , [Beaulieu,]
GuardaioT Guardia, a tbwn Of Portugal,' ,
province Of Beiri, the fee of a bifliop j
flrong by art.and natrire. BefideS a magi;
nificent cathedral, , it coritalns 4 other,
churches, a hofpital, two . convents, and
a30o irihabit^'rifs : 67 mUes £ Coimbra,
lat. 46 21. N.
, ; Guarslamar,& feaport town of Spainjirt
Valefifia, ^t the mouth bf the Segura ; It
exports fait ! 1 7 mfles S S \^ Alicarit, lat.
38 7 N., , ., --.-..:
Guardia Alferes,A tOwriof Naples : il
miles N E MoUfe. ,
Gitaftalla, a town of Italy, near fhe Po,
at thd union bf the riyers Crofola and
TagUata, with, a fmall territpry, to -which
is annexed the title of duchy, which
duchy was ceded by the treaty pf Aix le
Chapelle, ip the year 1,748, to the duke
of Parriia J 21 niiles N W Parriiai, and 21
S Mantua, lat. 44 43 N.
Guafa, s town of Naples, near the coaft
ofthe Adriatic : 15 miles S E Lanciano.
Guhiii, a, -town of Italy, containlpg 7
ehurchesj '

G U E

G 1>I

churches, and 21 convents: 33 "miles S
Urbino. , .
Guben, A tqwn of Lufatia, on the Lubbe,
near the Nelfs, furrounded with vvalb.
It contains 3 churches and an hofpital ;
good wine is made- here, and fhere is a
manufaaure of cloth : 22 miles S Franc
fort, on the Oder, and 70 N N E Drefden.
Giiber, A kingdom in the Interior, part
of Africa, on the banks of the Niger, lon.
8 30 E, lat. 18 15 N.
Guelderland, or Gueldres, A territory of
the Netherlands. The fown of Gueldres
and its diftriCl belong to fhe king of Pruf
fia ; Ruremonde and its dependencies, to
the houfe of Auftria ; and 'Venlo and
Steveiifwaert tp the United Provinces.
Gueldres, A tpwn of the Netherlands, In
the territory of the fame name. It fur
rendered to the French in 1 794 : 10 miles
N £ Venlo, lat.. 5126 N.
*! ¦ Giierandc, A town of France, department
of the Lower Loire ,12 leagues W
Mantes, lat, 47 20 N.
Gueret, a fown of France,-department
of the Creufe, fituated between 2 moun
tains, at fome diftance from the Creufe.
The air is thick, and gives the inhabit
ants a heavy melanchply appearance, the
number is about 3000 : 170 iniles S Paris.
Guernfiy, an ifland in the Englifli Chan
nel, about -30 miles In circumference;
ftill governed by the lavvs of Normandy,
of which It' was' anciently a part ; and
tjiough fubjea fo England, the French
language is univerfally fpoken. The air
is pure, and the Inhabitants in general
healthy and- long lived. The foil is fer
tUe, the corn raifed js enough for fhe Ifl
and, and cattle are bred in fufficient
quantities fo viaual their fliips. A lake,
'about a mile In circumference, fituated
In the N W part of the ifland, Is ftored
with excellent carp, and fea fifh of vari
ous ,kirids are caught in plenty. The.ifl-
iuid Is defended by a ridge of rocks, rug
ged and fteep. The principal drink of
the richer clafs Is winefrom France ; fhe
poor drink cider, great quantities of
which are made yearly from the abund
ant brchards in every part of the Ifland.
Coals are Imported from England, and,
through the fcarcity of wood and fuel,
the poor are compelled to burn feaweed.
It Is divided into 10 pariflies, with only 8
churches. The convention of the ftates
confifts of a governor, coroners, jurats,
clergy, and conftable. The inhabitarits
carry on a confiderable trade ¦Ito New
foundland and the Mediterranean. The
ftaple manufaaure is knit'ftockinjs. Port
'Vol, II. L 1

St. Pierre is the chief town, lon. a 56 W,
lat. 49 30 N.
Gueta, or Hueta, a town of Spain, in
New Caftile, containing loparlflies, 7 con
vents, and 3 hofpitals : 43 miles E Madrid.
Giietaria, a feaport of Spain, with -a
good harbour, at the moufh of the Orio,
3 leagues W St. Sebaftlan.
Guienne, lately a province of France, of
which Bourdeaux was the capital.
Guierche, fee Guerche.
Guildford.,^ A town of England, county
of Surry; on the fide of a hill near the
river Wey, which Is navigable for barges
^to the Thames. If is a corporation, gov
erned by a mayor and aldermen, and con
tains 3 churches, a public grammar fchool,
and an hofpital for the maintainance of
fingle aged men and women : 30 miles S
S W London.
Guillefire, A town of France, department
of the Higher Alps, 3 leagues N N W-
Embrun. Guimaraens, a town of Portugal, prpv-
iu'ce pf Entre Duerp-e Minho, divided in-
tb'Old and New Town, the former fitu
ated on an eminence, about iioo paces
lu-clrcumference, furrounded with walls,
lov^, weak, and defended only by a fingle
barbican, which yet exifts. "iThe New
Tovyn contains 6 churches, 4 hofpitals,
and 6 convents. The collegiate chuich
of Notre Dame d'Oliveira is faid to be
founded on the ruins of a temple of Ceres.
Guimaraens contains i5fquares,57 flreets,
8 gates, 4 bridges, and fiooo inhabitants.
Here is likewife a manufaaure .of linen,
ill high eftimation: lo miles" S £ Braga,
and 27 N N E Oporto.
Guiomere, a kingdom or couritry of Af
rica, on the Ivory Coaft. It is of but fmall
extent tpwards the coaft, but confiderable
ill land. It is populous, rich, and cele
brated for Its commerce In gold, ivory,
and flaves. '
.Guinea. The great region known by the
name of Guinea is diyided into the two
large countries of Upper and Lower Gui
nea, of which the latter is commonly
caUed Congo. Thefe two together extend.
above 2500 miles along the fea coaft.
The moft general divlfion of Upper Gui
nea is into three parts, viz. the Grain
Coaft, or Malagueta, Guinea Proper, and
Benin, which, together, extend 500 leagues
from £ to W. The country of Guinea
Prpper extends from Cape Palmas. fo the
river Volta, about 120 leagues along the
fea coaft, which bounds it on the S. It
has the kingdom of Benin on the E ; .Gago
and MeUl on tbe N ; and Malagueita on
the

& U R

G tr z

the W. The Eurppeans divide it into
two parts; the Ivory Coaft and the Gold
Goalfc See Benin, Congo, &t.
Guinea (New,) an ifland of the Pacific
Ocean, fituated to the N of Nfew Hol
land, from which -it is feparated by En-
deavrour Straits. The land is in general
low, but fertile ; moft of fhe trees and
plants common to the S Sea Iflands are
produced here ; among which are the
cocoa nut, plantain, and bread fruit trees.
Marriage, among the inhabitanti, i^ con-
fummated by the parties covenanting be
fore witnefles; and killing a cock : lon.
J31 to 153 E, lat. 0 to la S. [Forreft.]
Guipuf'oa, a province of Spain, on the
Atlantic, and the Bifcay. The country
is mountainous and' woody, among fhe
trees are chefnuts, oaks, walnuts, filberts,
and an aftonifliing quantity of apple trees
for cider, and other fruit trees ; but thefe
forefts begin to be thinned, frorii the mul
titude of forges which have been eftali-
Uffied to manufaaure the iron found in
the mountains, fuppbfed fo be the beft'in
Europe. Thofe places which are free
from wood are well cultivated, and the
irihabitants "pay more regard to the cuU
ture of trees, than any other province In
Spain. The chief towns are Tolofa,-St.
Sebaftian, and Fontarabia.
Guife, a town of France, department of
the Aifne, on the Oife: 14 miles £ St.
Quentin.' Gurjurat, A town of Hindooftan, in fhe
country, of Lahore : 50 miles N Lahore,
ten, 7a 30 E, Iat. 31 50 N.
Gulf of Courland, ke Curifcb Haff-
Gumbinnan, a towri of Pruffian Lithua
nia, coritairiing 2 churches, 200 houfes,
and .3000 inhabitants; with fome manu
faaures of cloth : 66 miles E Konigffierg.
Guntoor, a circar of Hindooftan, N of
the Carnatic, extending along the coaft of
the Bay of Bengal about 40 miles : lately
ceded to the iEnglifli. "The fea coaft Is
flat, buf there are feveral fortreffes and
ftrong towns in the Interior part.
Guntz, a town of Hungary, on a river
of the fame name, with a caftle, furround
ed by'a rampart and a ditch, in a country
abounding with corn and wine : 40 miles
S "Vienna. Gunzburg, a town of Swabia; at the
cpnflux ofthe Gunz and the Danube : 15
miles £ Ulm.
Gunzenbcrufen, A town of Franconia, on
the Altmuhl : 10 miles SSE Anfpach ;
fubjea tp Pruffia.
Guria, a tovvn of Africa, on the E coaft

of t^e kingdom of Tunis, formerly a con
fiderable place, though the »ruins bf ai»
aquedua and clfterns are the only re
mains of its former grandeur. Part of
it has been fwaUowed up by , the fea :
21 jmiles S W Clybea. ^
Gurck, a town of Germany, duchy of
Carinthia. Ils principal trade is In iron :
126 miles S W Vienna.
Gurev, or Guritf, a town of Ruffia, in
the government of Caucafus,at the mouth
of the Ural, on the Cafpian Sea : It is a ,
ftrong fortrefs of Ruffia, which guards
the frontier towards the Kirghees Tartars.
Here are fcaAely 100 -houfzs, and no in
habitants,' befide the garrifon, and a few
merchants, 172 miles iE N E - Aflrach-aii,
lat. 47 10 N. [Coxe.]
Gurgeik, A lake of fait water near the
head, of the. Tigris, 15 miles long, and 4
broad. , Several ftreams enter thelake,
none iffue firom It. An Ifland in the lake*
of the fame name Is covered with houfes.
Their water and every neceffary Is re- *
ceived from the fliore. [Jackfon.]'
Guriel, A town of Afia, and capital of a
fmall courity, on theE coaft ofthe Black
Sea, lat, 43 10 N,
Garinamuckin, a river of Ireland, whicli-^,
hides Itfelf in the earth feveral times, and
after a concealed courfe of two miles,
finds a pafl'age betew high water mark,
among, the rocks In Galvray Bay, 8 mUes-
S Galway. . ,•
Gufrow, a town of Lower Saxony, cele
brated for its beer, which forms the prin
cipal part bf Its trade : 29 miles E Wifmar.
Gutzkow, A town of Upper Sjixbny, in
Pomerania : 24 miles S Stralfund.
Guzerat, A coiSntry of Hindooftan, in the ,'
form of a peninfula, between the Arabian;
Sei and the Gulfs of CutCh and Cambay,
about 170 miles in length, and 120 in
breadth. This is one of the richeft prov
inces of the Mogul empire, abounding in
rice, cotton, corn, fugar, fruits of vrarions
kinds, with plenty of cattle and game.
The rain Is continual from the middlfc of
June to the middle of September : during
the other months fhe Iky is perpetually
clear and ferene^: an abundant night dew
refrefltcs the plants, which during the
day have been fcorched by the rays of a
hot fun. This province contains a great
number of confiderable towns, with flour-
ifliing manufaaures, and In the wpods
abound different fprts pf timber fit for
building. It Is chiefly poffeffed by the
Popnah Mahrattas. The Inhabitants are
HIndpps, and fpltew tfie worfliip of the
Bramins. Here are alfo Moguls, Arabi ans,

H AT3

HAD

ans, Perfians, Armenians, and Europeans.
Great part pf this cpunlry was conquered
by the Englifli, under the command pf
general Goddard, but reftored to the
Mahrattas, foon after the war with Hy-
der Ally. Aioedaliadis the capital. .
G-waUar, a ftrong l^rtrefs of Hlndop
ftan, in the circar pf Gphud, pn a vaift
rock, a-bout 4 mites in length, but nar-
TPw, and nearly flat at the top, the height
from the plain below, aoo or 300 feet
alippft perpendicular, the rampart cop-
fnrmln^ to the edge of the precipice all
reund ; the only entrance by fteps run
ning up the fide of fhe rock. This fpr
trefs was taken by colonel Pppham by
furprife, In the month of Auguft, 1780.
The town is fituated at the foot ^f the
mountain, large and well built, wifh a
numbci; of magnificent edifices, and the
wbote furrounded 'with a wall : fio miles
S Agra, lon. 78 28 E.lat. 26 15 N.
Gyri, a feaport town of Sweden, prov
ince of Eaft Gothland : 30 miles SSE
Nordkipping. , Gyula, pr Julia, a town pf Hungary, on
an ifland near the river ICores, with a
' caftle : 50 mfles N N W Temefwar.

Ha

H

lAA, A fmall ifland In the N Sea, near
< the N coaft of Scotland.
Fiaag, A town of Bavaria ; it .gives the
«leaor a feat in the affembUes of the cir
cle ; 28 miles E Munich.
Haanno, one of thi; Hapaee ifiands, In the
pacific Ocean, dlfcovered by Capt. Cook
m 1777 : ten. 185 43 E, lat, 19 41 S,
ffaarhurg, a feaport; town of Lower
Saxony, on the Seeve, which runs through
it into the Elbe. The inhabitants carry
on a confiderable trade in bleaching wax,
refining fugar, manufaauring ftarch, rib
bons, hats and ftockings. They fend
W()od for bnilding to Holland, mafts, &c.
which they fend by means of a canal to
the Elbe, 17 barges are appropriated for
this purpofe, and a fail every day : paf
lage boats fail from Hamburg every day,
with a fixed price for pafl"engers and
goods. If is defended by a fort between
the tpwn and fhe Elbe : 7 miles S Ham
burg, lat. 53 33 N.
Haiuba, A fmaU ifland In the Mediter
ranean, near the coaft of Algiers, with a
harbour and frefli water.
Habid, an Inland tribe of rebellipus A-
rabs, who pay no tribute to the Iman of
Mecca, but jilunder, when they can, the
towns ou the coaft. ["Bruce.]

HahfStirg, or Hi^fmrg, a- caftle of Swif
ferland, in the canton of Berne, advan
tageoufly fltuated on the right bank of
the Aar, about a leagtte above the town
of Bruck.
Haiur, afmaU ifland in the Red Sea; a
leagues from the coaft of Arabia ; lat.
16 45 N.
Hackney, a poputeus village to the N E
of London, and the fir.ft that vvas accom
modated with carriages for occafional
pafl'engers ; hence the drlgiu of the name
of the h.'ickncy-coaches of iLondon.
Haoqueville, a town of France, in the
department of the Eure : 5 miles W Gi
fors, Hadagia, a tovvn of Eez, which was a
long time deferted and laid wafte, and
has lately been repeopled by a colony df
Arabs : 70 miles SSW Melilla.
Hadamar, a tpwn pf Weftphalia, with a
fuperb chateau, and a cpnvent of Fran-
cifcans : 15 miles S W DUlSnburg, lat.
50 25 N.
Haddington, a fown of Scotland, and cap
ital of a county to which it gives name,
on the river Tyne, which divides it Into
2 equal parts. It Is a burgh of great anti
quity. There Is a weekly market held on
Friday, reckpiied the greateft in Scotland
for all kinds of ^ain. Haddington has
fuffered frequently from fire, and from
the inundations "of the Tyne, vvhich. In
oaober 4tli, 1775, rofe 17 feet perpen
dicular, continued in this ftate feveral
hours, and then gradually fubfided. The
number of inhabitants is rather more than
2000. John Knox, the famous reformer,
was a native of this town : a8 miles N W
Berwick, and 14 E Edinburgh.
Haddingtanffire, or Eaf Lothian, a coun
ty of Scotland, bounded N W by, the
Frith of Forth, N E by the German Ocean.
It is in general a rich traa of corn land,
with fome confiderable woods ; and plen
ty of coal mines, aud quarries of lime
ftone. On the coaft are feveral conven
ient harbours and fiffiing towns ; great
numbers of flieep are fed in the hiUy
parts, and abundance of rablts are found
along the coafts. Salt is made In feveral
places, and the country may in general
be accounted fertile, rich and pleafant.
It returns one member to the Britifli par
liament. Hadelii, a fmall country of Germany,
near the Elbe, bordering on the duchy of
Bremen, fecured from inundations hy a
large dyke. 'I'he land Is fertile, and
abounds in grain, fruit and cattle, vvith
plenty of fifli. It belongs to the cleaor of

H A E

H A I

bf Hano-yer. ^he annual revenue amounts
to about 16,000 rix doUars. *"
Haderfeben, A feaport of Deniriark, on
a--bay of the Baltic, in Slefwick. The
harbour isjonly fif for fmall veflfels ; 24
miles E Ripen, lon. 9 2i5 E, lat. 55 15 N.
Hadley, A towri of Erigland, county of
Suffolk ; 44 miles N E i^ondon.
Hadr'amaut, a province of Arabia Felix,
bounded N by a defert, S E by the fea,
W by Yemen : foriie pa^ts are dry and
deffirt ; pfhers,p''articularly the hills, are
extremely fertile, with well Watered val
lies between. The principal articles of
produaion are frankinccnfe, gum-arabic,
dragons-blood, myrrh and aloes ; fhe lat
ter chiefly produced In the Iflarid of So-
catra-, which belongs ' to the princes of
Hadramaut. This provincei contaiiis fev;
eral large towns and • feaports. Hadra
maut, the capital, is 360 miles ENE Mo
cha. . " ', ' ' »
"JSddsjar, Ot Lficbfa, A provirice of Ara
bia, bounded N hy Arabia. Deferta, £ by
the Perfian Gulfi ' The affes^nd camels
of this country are much ^'slued, and
fome thoufands of the latter annually
fold irito Syria. Iri the interior'' parts of
the country, dates form a principal branch
of the food of fhe inhabitants. Pearl fifli
ing on the coafts produces confiderable
advantage, arid there is foi^e 1 foreigri
trade. iLachfa is the capitah
Hamus, A chain of mountains of Euro
pean Turkey, which'feparate the counti-y
of Servia from Macedonia, and are in
fome parts fo loft,y, that it is faid the A-
driatic and the Black Sea may be ^feen at
the fame tlhie.
Haerlcm, OT Harlem, A large, handfome,
rich and ppputeus city pf Hplland, capi
tal of a country called Kemmer, fituated
about a league from the fea, on the river
Sparen. It holds a fecond rank among
the principal cities of Holland. The
Iiumber of houfes In the year 1732, Was
7963, ajid that of the inhabitants about
40,000; there are 4 Dutch churches, one
French, one Lutheran, one Arminian, and
4 Anabaptift, befides private houfes or
chapels for the Roman Catholics. ' Har
lem carries on confiderable maiiufaClorles
in linen, ribbons and tapes, and exports
great quantities of beer to Friefland and
other places. They have alfo agreaf;tradc
for flowers, Mr, Dutens fays he faw a hy
acinth, in May, 1771, for vvhich the Own
er refufed ;[0,ooo florins. Harlem bpafts
of the honor of having given birth to
Laurence Cofter, who, as they pretend,
was fhe firft Inventor of fhe art of print

ing, which happened about the year.
J440 : JO mfles W AmfterdaEfi, lat, 5J'
aa N. ¦¦
i- Haggein,A mountairi of Swiffetland, 'in'
Schwejtz, remarkable for its triple' top,
and frightfvil afpea : from , it extends a
chain, which feparates this canton from,
UrI on the N, aijd Glarlson the E.
Hagi, or Haddi, A kingdom of Africa,"
in fhe defert of Zanliflga,'on the banks of
the Hver St, Tohn, near the coaft "bf the
Atlantic. Hague, A town of the United Provin
ces, in HoUand, which may compare wilh
the 'handfom^ cities In Europeyln extent;
the beauty of its palaces, its ftreets, its
agreeablS w^lks, and Its great trade. It is
feate^ a miles from fhe feii.and there is
a pavement acrofs the fand hills, with
trees on each fide, which leads. to Shev-
ellng, oh fhe feafliore," The ancient counts
of Holland refided here "; •aaHl it ,is,the
court, though not the capital, pf the
United Provinces, As it is jibf 'vvalled,
and fends no Deputies to tlie ftates; it is
called a village. It was fuppofed,' in
1768,10 contaln40,o'oo fouls, fhe French,
took ppffeffipn pf Hague Janua^-23, *
1795, It Is ,10 mUes N W" Rotterdam, -
and 30 S W Amfterdam, lon, 4 23 E, lat;
5» 4N.
Hdguenau, A tov.-n of France, depart-
rijienl of the Lower Rhine, on t'he Mottet,
in the iniddle bf a foreft. The number
of inhabitants is about 3400. The fur
rounding, land Is fandy and unproduaive,
arid the commerce is inconfiderable ; the"
principal articles are madder aud tobac;
CO ; 5 leagues N Straffiurg , lat. 48 50 N.
Hahras, a town of Egypt : 21 miles £
TIneh. ' ''
Haifar, a town of Paleftine, near the
coaft of the Mediterranean, at the foot
of iWount Carmel, and on the S fide of a
bay oppofite Acre. If has hp harbour,
but tolerable good anchorage. Here are
the ruins of a caftle and 2 chur'ches, of.
the latter, one ferves for a magazine ; the
other for a caravanfera : 5 miles S E
•Acre. ' ¦ • , ¦ ' : ' ' ' I
Hainan, an ifland in the Eaftern fea, be
longing to China, feparated froiji, the
fouthern extreniity of the province of
Quangtong, by a narrow fea, -about 8
miles over ; the ifland is of an oval form,
50'lcagues in length, and 25 in breadth.
The gre-ater part of the ' Ifland is under
the dominion of the emperor of China ;
the reft is independent, and 'inhabited by
a free people, vvho' have never yet beeri
fubdued. CompeUed to abandon - their
' plains

HAL

H A I-

plains and fields to the Chinefe, they have
retreated to the mountains in-the 'centre
of fhe ifland, where they are flieltered
fpom the infults^, of . their neighbours.
The natives of this ifland are very de
formed, fmall pf ftature, and of a cppper
colour : both men and wbiisien wear their
hair thrijft through a ring on their fore
head ; and above they have a fniall ftraw
hat, from which' hapg twoftring$ that are
tied under the chin. Their drefs confifts
of a piece of black or dark Tilue cotton
eloth,''which reaches from their girdle to
their knees : the wpmen hayea^ind of
robe ofthe fame fluff, and-;mark their fa-
cesfrom the eyes to the chin with blue
ftripes, madejwlth indigp. , Befides mines
pf gold and lapez-lazull, vvhich eiirkh
the ifland of Hainan, it produces in abun
dance various kinds &f cprious aiid 'valu
able wood. Hainan, 'on, account of its
fituation^ riches'and extent, defervcs' tb
be ranked among the moft confiderable
Ijilands Df'Afia :, lat, iB 15, to' 20,2 N,
Hainault (County of) A provipce of the
Catholic Netherlands, bounded N- by
(Slanders and Brabant, E by Brabant, S
and "W by France and Flanders, "I'lie air
is good; the foil pfoduces c- rn in al^un-
'dance. The rich paftures feed large herds
of cattle, and the ffieep yield good wool,
its vybbds and forefts fupply timber for
building, and fuel fgr burning. In it are
mines of coal arfd iron, and quarries of
beautiful marble, flate, 'and other very,
good and fervlceable ftone. The princi
pal rivers are . the l^cheldf, the Sambre,
^and fhe Denver.
Hainburg, A towll of Bftvaria : 20 qilles
,>V S W Amberg.
Hainburg, or Haimbth-g, a fo^vn of Auf
tria, on the Danube, wifh a manufacture
Pf cloth : 8 miles yf, Preffiurg, and ao £
S£'Vicnna;laf, 48 6 N,
Hair, or Hayr, A country of Africa, in
the defert of Sahara : \an.h, 30 E, lat. 25 N.
Halai, a' village on the fummit of Ta
ranta, inhabited principally by fervants
'from Dixan, who here keep their matters'
flocks. Their complexion is dark,, bor
dering on yellow. fhfey Ihave their
heads, and wear fandals." 'Wheat grows
here. [Bruce.]
Hallftrfadi, a principality of l.ower
Saxony, S of Wolfenbuttel. It is, for
the nioft part, level. The foil Is extreme
ly fertfle, both In grain aud flax, with
rich pafturage and meadows. The gra-^
zicry here alfo is confiderable, and .theii;,
large breed of flieep afford plenty of
wool. On the other hand, the woods arc

cpritinually lefftnlijg, and at prefent the
waiit of fuel Is fo great, that even ftraw
and ftubble'are tifcd .fpr it. The coal
pits 'are of no grCat importance.' Of
game and fiffi the country has npt a fuf
ficiency, neither is there a river in It of
any confiderable bignefs. . The greateft
part of the inhabitants' are Lutherans.
The chvirches pf that religion are .divided
into II infpeaions, civer which is a gen
eral fHperint;endcncy. f he'Calvinifls and
Roman Catjiqlics are pretty nearly equ.il
ip number. The latter are prohtbitcd
fropi making converts, as the convents,
by an prdinance of 1702, are from ppr-
ehafing imriipveable tftates. 'I'he Jews
are tplerared fp a, fixed number pf fami
lies Tbe 'vvocllen pianufasaiii'res cftab-
, Uflied- ip this country are In a thriving
"condition. Hatberfadt, city, is the capital Pf the
above prillcipaUly. fhe buildings are old
fafliIoried,and irregular, f he'iiihabltants .
do not much exceed 1300, notwithftand
ing which, within and about the town are
16 cbufches : 30 iniles S W Magdeburg,
and '34 S S E Bru'nfvylck, lat. 5^ 54 -N.
Haldenfein, A baroiiy of the Grifons,
i near Coire, abfolutely free and Indepen-
dept, under the protection Of the three
leagues, ft belongs to the family of Dc
-Sails. If'takes ils name fropi an ancient
caftle, BOW ill ruins. It confills.of 2 vil
lages, and 4PP ipjiabitants : 2 miles l>f
.Coire. Halefi-wen, a town pf England, countj
of Salop, with»a manufaaure of nails : 8
miles S W Birnilngham.
Uahfiuarth, a tovvn of England, county
of Suffolk, fituated on a canal fo South-
vvold, navigable for barges, which pafs 3
or 4 times a week, vvith corn, &c. for the
Londion markets : 32 miles NNE Ipf
wich, and loi N E Londpn.
Ifalfa, a toyyn of Atbara, half a mile E
of the Nile, fhe ground Is fo high, that
water is raifed by 'ivheels, turned'by ox
en, to fpread over their fields. Thisfccms
to be the limits of the rains ; date trees
are barren. The hoyfes are about 300 ;
fhe people make coarfe cotten cloth ; eat
river horfes, crpcpdilcs and cats : ten. 3 a
54 15 E, lat. I5'45 54 N. [Bruce.]
Halicz, or Halitfch, a tpwn of Poland,
and capital of a'fmall country, to which
it gives name. In the palatinate of Lem-
berg, -n-hich vvas formerly a kingdom, fit
uated on the Dniefter^ Since the year
1773, it has belonged- to the Emperor,
and is included in the new kingdom of
Gallicia ; 58 mfles S E Lemberg. Halifax^

HAL

HAL

Halifax, a town of. England, W riding
cf York, on a branch qf the river Calder,
rendered navigable to the Aire and Oufe ; ,
it ftands on a barren foil, and in a moun
tainous coiMitry, In its townfliip and
parifli there are a great many rivulets, *
favourable to trade, and affording innu
merable fituatioQs for-miUs, for the wool
len or other manufaaures. "Fhe wopl-
len mariufatSure has been Inng eftablifli- j
cd ia this parifli. It has been calculated i.
that 100,006 pieces of flialloons, are made
in a year' in this pSrlfli alone : and.It has
been aflSi^med, that orie dealer here, has
traded, by commiflibn,for 6oo,6oo.pounds
a year, to Holland and Hapjbui gh„iii the
fingle article of kerfeys. For the con
venience of trade, the manufaaurers have
ereaed an elegant edifice, caUed the Man- ,
Wfaiiiirers Hall. It is in the form of an
oblong fquare, occupying iQ,6)oo fquare
yards, and containing 315 difllna rooms
1 for the lodgment of goods, which are open .
for fale once a'vi'cek only, a hours on the
inai;ket day, from 10 o'clock flfl la, "I'he
prlncipal^manufaCtures.of this pariffi are
flialloons, (pf which cprifiderable quanti
ties are fenttp Turkey, and tlie Levant)
tammies, duroys, calamanc'pes, everlaft
ings, ruffels, figured and flowered am.ens,
denims, fays, moreens, and fliags ; alfo
kerfeys, halfthicks, ferges, honlles, baizes',
narrow and broadcloths, cpatlngs, and
carpets. . Here are alfo ereaed ma,ny
mills for the cotton manufaaure, which
is rapidly increafing. This parifli Is efteem
ed the largeft in England ; it Is upwards of
16 mileslong, and from'*6 to 8 broad, and
containing more than 12^,000 Inhabitants.
Halifax gave birth to John of Halifax,
or de Sacra Bafco, the chief mathematician
of his age, vvho vvas burled at the public
expenfe of the univerfity of Paris, and to
the late arehbiffiop Tilloffon, Befides the
mother church, there are 12 chapels of
eafe within the parifli : 16 miles S W
Leeds, 40 S W York, and 197 NNW
London, lat. 53 43 N.
Hall, or Halts, a town of Germany, in
Tyrol, on the river Inn, with confiderable
faltwprks. The fait is dug in large
bipcks out of a mountain, and afterwards
cleanfed of its impurities in faltpits ; is
conveyed in a fluid ftate, by means of
¦wooden canals, to InfpruCk, where it is
boiled to a due confiftence, in large Iron
pans. This faltwork is faid fo produce
a neat profit of 260,000 crowns yearly : 6
miles j!f £ Irifpruck, and 24 S W Knffftein,
lat. 46 19N.!
ffall, or Halls, an Imperial town of

S'Wabia. The town is, furrpunded with
mountains, which abound in fait fprings,
which yield 3 ounces of fait from 1^ of
water : 46 miles S E Heidelberg, and '30
N E Stutgard, lat. 49 i N.
- Halla, or Hella, a, town of Afia, in- the
Arabian Irak, fituated on both fid{:s the
Enphrat esi with a bridge of communica
tion, fuppofed to have been built on the
fite of the ancient Babyl'on. * It was for
merly furrounded by a wall, which ispow
deftroyed ; the gardens are cpvercd with
fruit-trees, particularly<palms, fp that the
tpwn appears as If fituated in a wpod :
55 miles SSW Bagdad, and 236 N W
Baffpra. Holland, A province pf Sweden, on tbe
E coaft of the N Sea. The country is, in
general mountainous, with confiderable
woods of oaks and birch trees The
produce of corn is not fufficient fl!r the
inhabitants, but the rivers, vvhich fire
confiderablfe, abound in fifli, efpecially
falmon.. Halls, a town of the Netherlands, in
fhe'county of Hainault, on • the river
Senne ; once ftrongly foutified : 8 miles
SSW Bruffeis.
Halle, a town of Lower Saxony, on the
Saale, and divided into 4iquart€rs. Here
is a celetirafed univerfity. There are 3
Lutheran churches, withplaces of worfliip
for Calvinlfts and Roman Cat holies, and
a fynagogue for the Jevw. The number
of houfes which pay, taxes is about 1100 ;
the number of inhabitarits is eftimated at
13 or 14,000. In it are 4 rich fait
fprings, with ,96 houfes, where the water
from the Saale Is boiled, In order to make
fait : 56 miles S Magdeburg, and aa N
W Leipfick. '
Hallein, a town of Bavaria, on the Sal-
za ; celebrated for fait fprings, whicb rife
in the mountain of Durnberg, near the '
town : 750,000 quintals of fait are made
every year : 8 iniles SSE Saltzburg, and
7a E N E Infpruck.
Halmfadt, a feaport town of Sweden, in
Halland, fituated at the mouth of the
Niffa, with a falmon fifliery. The forti
fications are deftroyed : 96 miles W , N
W Carlferoon, ten. i'2 48'E, lat. 56 38 N.
Halfted, A town of if ngland, county of
Effex, with a confiderable manufaaure of
baize and fays, fituated on a rifing ground,
near the river Colne : 47 miles N E
London. Halteren, a town of Germany, bifliopric
of Munfter, on the Lippe : ao miles S W
Munfter. lialton, or Haulian, a towu of England, County

HAM

HAM

county of Chefter, on a navlj^ble canal :
i86 miles N W Londpn.
Halvan, or Chmdan, A town of Fez, cel
ebrated for ils baths : lo miles S Fez. .
Ham, A town of France, department of
the Somme, on the Somme, and defended
by a ftrong caftle, lat. 50 11 N.
Hamah, a town of Syria, on theOrbnteis.
It is the refidence of the fcheik, with the
title of emir. The geographer, Abul-
feda, was prince of Hainan from the year
X34a'to 1345. Numbers of wild affes
are found in the, country between this
place and Aleppo : 114 iniles N Damaf
cus, and 68 S S W Aleppo.
Hanfamet, A town of Tunis, Africa, on
the E coaft of Tunis : 30 miles S Tunis.
Hamath, There were feveral ancient
cities- of this name ; i in the N of the land
of Canaan, [Jofephus] i on the Ororites,
between Hems and ApSmea, [Abulfeda]
and there was a country of this name, E
of Canaan, near Palmyra. ,[Tbp. Dia.]
liambledan, a tbwn bf England, county
<of Hants ; 63 miles W S W London.
Hdmboonas, a nation 1400 miles Nfrdra
the Cape of Gbbd Hope, on the Mogafie
rivers. "The climati; is healthy ; fhe coun
try is fine. The people are of a yellow
cbmpleiiion, long hair, frisizlcd, andfafli-
ioned, like a turban. [Van Reinan.]
tlaintut'g, a free imperial city of Ger-
maity, in the ductiy of Holftein, confift
ing ofthe Old "Fown and the New Town;
nearly of equal fi%e. Moft of fhe houfes
are biiilt after the manner of the Dutch,
ifnd richly furniflied within. The prin
cipal ftreets of the Old Town have long
and brozd canals, which are filled iSy the
ttdb, over the canals are 84 bridges. It
I6 Ibated on the 'rivers Elbe and Alfter ;
the fprmer a mile wide oppofite tlie city,
the latter, before it enters the town by
fluices, forms a fine bafin. Hapiburg is
'Will fortified, and on the ramparts are
haadfonie walks. The Purghers mount
jjUard themfelves, arid are divided Into
feveral companies. The fenate of this
town is compofed of 4 burgomaifters, of
whom I Only is a tradefinan ; 4 fyndics ;
24fenator8,vof whom 11 are men of let
ters, and the reft tradefmen ; 4 feereta
rics, one of whom is a prothonotary, and
another belongs to fhe archieves ; fo that
the whole fenate confifts of 36 perfons:
•The fown is divided Into 5 pariflies tand
out of each are formed tfeveral colleges,
or tompanles, who take-care of the pub
lic affairs, unlets, there is any thing too
high for their determination, and then It
is judged by a- fort of general affembly.

Hamburg, -from Its fituation, has all poffi
ble advantages for foreign and domeftic
trade ; particularly from Its communica-
lion, by the Elbe, with fome of the prin
cipal navigable rivers of Germany ; and
hence it Is one of the mdft commercial
places in the worid. There are not lefs
than aoo fliips at a time; belonging to
foreign merchants, at anchor before the
city; and there is a handfome exchange.
' The Inhabitants are Lutherans, and have
been computed by fome at 100,000, by
others 180,000. iNone but the EngUfli
'have (the liberty of performing diviric
fervice in a ehapel of their own. Other
religions are tolerated at Altena, a large
toWn near the harbour of Hamburg ; ex
cept the Jews, whq have no fynagogue.
Befide the 5 principal churches, there arc
1 1 fmaller ones for particular occafions,
fame of which belong to hofpitals. Thi
cathedral of Our Lady is a very finie
, ftruaure. Here are more hofpitals than
'in any other proteftant city in Europe
of fhe fame fize. There Is one, large
and fumptuous, for poor frkvellers, anoth
er for feamen. The neutral ftate of this
city dui'irig the prefent war,-has extended
its commerce beyond calculation. Ham
burg is 55 miles S E pf the mbuth of the
Elbe In the German Ocean, and 55 N E
of Bremen, ten. 9 55 E, lat 53 34 N,
[BoWen, Hanwaiy, J
Hamelhurg, a town ofthe Upper Rhiries
24 miles S FulSa.
Hamiln, a fortified fovi-n of Lower Sax
ony, on the Wefer, which here forms aP
ifiand, and is furniflied vvith a fluice for
fhe convenience of the fliippipg. The
river Hamel, which probably gave nama
fo the town, here joins the Wefer. In
the town are about 600 houfes of mer
chants and tradefmen, with 50 ecclefiafti
cal and other fplendid buildings. There
are only a churches ; 28 miles S W Han
over, lat. 5a 10 N.
Hanii, a country of Chinefe Tartary,
with I city, and a few villages, fituated
in fhe Defert of Cobi, which bounds it
on the E. tt is barren, and produces
little elfe but melons, which are faid 10
be of an exquifite flavour. The inhab
itants are Mahometans, large, robuft,
well clothed, and live in houfes. They
firft fnbmitted to China about the latter
end of fhe 17th century.
Hami Hotun, capital of the above coun
try, not large, but full of houl'cs and peo
ple : 1045 miles N W Peking, lat 4»'
55 N.
HaiBM, a town of Weftph'atia ; largr, well

HAN

HAN

well built, and furrourided with ditches,
and palifades, which ferve for walls.
The Calvlnifts have an academy, with 3
profeffors, a Latin fchool, and a parifli
church., fhe Lutherans have a church,
ancl the Roman GathoUes a convent : 1 7
miles S of Munfter, laf. 51 42 N. , , - ^
Hammam Leif A town of f unls;celebrat-
ed for its baths : 13 miles S W Tunis,.
Hammer Ifland, in the Baltic : 4 miles
E Carlfcron. Hammcrfmith, A -vlUage of Middlefex,
on tlia,N fide of the .Thames : 4 miles W
London. i
Hamoaze, a creek or bay in the Englifli
Channel ; the , weflerii branch or main
ftream of the river Tamar, which falls
into Plymouth Sound, and forms an har
bour for the Britiffi navy . trapable of
containing near 100 veffels : they ufually
Ue at anchpr, In 3 tiers, in 13 to 15 fath
om water.
Hampffire, A cpunty pf England,
bounded on the S by the Englifli Chan
nel. The air Is healthy, and the foil
in general fertile , but various ; a large
proportion Inclining to chalk, vvith a great
quantity of rich land and meadows. 'Fhe
principal produClions are corn, timber,
and wool. The number of flieep In the
county is eftimated at 350,000. The
planting of hops has of laf e years Increaf
ed In this county. Hampfliire is 150
miles In circumference, coiitainrng
1,212,000 acres. If is divided in 39 hun
dreds, which contain i city, Winchefter,
SO market towns, and 1062 villages; The
number of inhabitants Is eftimated at
800,000. «
Hampffead, A village of Middlefex, for
merly reforted to for its mineral wafers :
5 miles N London.
Hampton, a village of England, county
of Middlefex, near which Is a royal pal
ace, built by Cardinal Wolfey, fituated
near fhe Thames, called Hampton Court .-
15 miles W -S W London.
Hanau, a town of the Upper Rhine, on
the Kinzig. Here ai'e feveral churches,
with manufaaures of woolleri, filk, cotton,
porcelain, &c. Great qaaiitlties -, of roU^
toba<;cois made up here ; but the great
eft article of its trade confifts iu timber,
brought dovvn the Maine, rough and eaft
iron, meal, and corn : 8 miles £ Franc
fort on the Maine, 27 £ Mentz, lat. 50
3N.
Hanau Munzenbiirg, a cpunty and prin
cipaUty pf Germany, fituated principally ,
on the Maine, between Mentz, Fulda,
and Heffe Hamburg. It is eftemed one

pf the moft fertile and rich countries ia
Germany, ^oducing grain, legumes, ex
quifite wine, and delicipus fruits.' It cpn-
! tains njagnlficenf "fprefts, a rich fall mlne-j;
" a copper mine, a filver mine, and a mine
of cobalt.
Hanazo, a, river of Africa, which rifes
in Abyffinlai, and runs into the Arabian
'Sea, 65 miles -S frqm the Straits of Babel-
mandel, near the town of Zeilla.
.Hang-fcheou, a. city of China, pf the firil
rank, and capital pf fhe prpvjnce of Tche
kiang, and pne of the richeft and latgeft
cities of the empire, caUed by the Chi
nefe The Terreflrial Paradife, and faid fo ,
contain a million <)f fbuls. fhe country
round produces great quantities of 'excels ,
lent filk, and they affert, that 60,000 pep
ple are employed In the filk manufacture
within the walls, without reckoning the
vaft numbers employed In the towns and
villages round about. A garrifon- is k^{JC
here of 10,000 nien. There are feveral
canals cut to affift the commerce -of ' the
town, the wafer of which is not good for.
ufe ; but a lake of about 2 leagues In cir
cumference fupplies fhe Inhabitants with
excellent water : 600 miles SSE Peking,
lat. 30 20 N. ,
Hanover, a city of Lower SaXoriy,,ion
the Leine, which divides It ipto 2. toyynS; .
OldandNew. The Oldis fituated on thelcft
fide of the Leine, which, running In a
channels between the old and new town,
and thus forming an Ifiand, unites Info i
ftream again, and then becomes naviga
ble. The f owii.^tfelf 4S fortified, apd, con
tains about 1200 houfes; among which
are divers very large and handfonie
buildirigs. The Neuftadt Hanover is fit-,
iiated on the right fide of the Leine, op
pofite Old Hanover, and communicates
with It by means of. bridges. This town
is fprtiSed, and althpugh it cpntains hard
ly 400 houfes, is weU built. ¦ It cpntains
feveral valuable' manufaaures ; 58 mile^i
SE Bremen, and 140 W BerUn, lat. 52
Hanover (EljBorate of) comptehends
the duchies of Zell, Saxe l.auenburg,
Bremen, Luneburg, fhe principalities pf
Calenberg, 'Verdeii-Grubenhagen, Die
pholz, Hoya, Oberwald, &c. In the year
1714, the ekaor, -Geoi-ge, became king ,
of England, on the deafli^of queen Apne,.
by virtue of the aa of fettlenient. The-
Inhabitants are computed at 50,000.
. [Hanway.] .-
Hanover (New,) ari ifland in the Pacif-;
ic Ocean', feen by captain Carteret, In the
year 1767, about lo" leagues in lengtli.
' The"

H A R

H A R

The S W part fituated in ten. -I48 27 E,
lat, 2 49 S.
Hans To^wris, or Hanfeatic Union, A
name give'ri to a confederacy of commer
cial feaports. Their firft objea Was com
mon defence againft Pirates. In fhe year
I aoo fhere were 7a cities iri" the Uft of
Hans Towns, flieir fliips were often
hired by fbvereigns at war ; their power
finally gave umbrage fP feveral princes,
who required their cities to withdraw
from the unipn. The cities pf Germ'any
fpr a while cpntinued the cpnfederacy,
but it was finaUy reduced to Bremen, Lu
bcck, Hamburg and Danfzick. Each of
thefecities now carries on afeparate trade
for Itfelf. [Walker.]
-Han-tchong, a city of China, of the firft
'rank, Iri the fouthern part of the prov
ince of Cheri-fi, on the river Han, iri a
fertile country, furrounded by mountains
and forefts. The principal articles of
commerce are honey, wax, muffc, and cin
nabar : 625 miles S W Peking, laf. 3 a
59 N.
Harborough, a town of England, county
'of Leicefter: here are manufaautes of
tammies and laftings i 14 miles SSE
Leicefter, and 83 N N W London,
Harburg, A fown and ruined caftle of
the Lower Rhine, Iri the territory of
Eichsfeld : 9 miles S £ Duderftadt,
Harcaurt, A town of France, department
'of Calvados, Normandy, Hcrice a late no
ble family Iri France derived their ducal
title ; and hence priginally came the npble
family Of the fariie name in England. It
is 1 2 miles S Caen
Harderwyck, A feapprt tpvi'n pf Guelder
land, on fhe Zuyder Zee : 25 miles N E
Utrecht, and 19 W Deventer, lat, 52 22 N.
Harfeur, A town of France, department
of the Lbwer Seine. The profperiiy of
Havre de Grace ruined this port ; the har
bour Is filled up, and only fit for boats.
It is fituated on the fide of a liiU, on a
fmaU river near the Seine. The number
of Inh-abitants is about 2400 : i-J leagues
iE Havre, lat. 49 32 N.
Harjcdaleh, a province of Sweden, in
Nordland, incorporated vvith fhe SwecUfli
dominions In the year 1645. It abounds
in mines and woods ; and 'confequently
agriculture is not much praClifed here.
Its paftures, however, are fo excellent,
that the Inhabitants cat ry on a very ad-
v,antageous trade in horned cattle. Ils
: rivers and lakes, like all the reft in the
cpuntry, abound with fifli. The inhabit
ants fubfift by grazing, hunting, andfifli-
ipg ;' and fell a great quantity of cheefe,
Vol. II. M in

which Is riiuch efteemed; They ifialntain
no foldlers in this province ; and feveral
places among the mountains are inhabited
by Lappers.
Harlingen, A feapprt tPwn pf Friefland,
pn the Zuyder Zee. This place is npw
very weU fprtlfied, and naturally ftrpng,
the adjacent cpuntry being very eafily
laid pnder water. There have been fome
;dyke3 raifed here to ftop the fury of the
waves.- The city is fquare, the ftreets
handfome, ftraight, and clean, wifh canals
in the middle of them. It is adorned with
5 gates, 4 tpwards the land, and i towards
the fea, "Fhough the harljour be large
and much frequented, yet bv reafon of
the fands that lie before If, veffels of
great burden muft either Ue off at a great
diftance at fea, or unload part of their
cargo before they can get in. Their chief
trade confifts In making fails, in Importing
and exporting corn, pitch tar, fir-ifrees,
and deals. This city has a grammar
fchool and 2 hofpitals. The adjacent
country yields abundance of corn, paf
ture, and other neceffaries of life : i.t
miles W Lewarden, lat. 53 11 N.
Haro, A fown of Old Caftile, on the
Ebro, furrounded with walls, in a fertile
country, and contains 700 families, 3
pariflies) and a Convent : 32 miles N E
Burgos. HarratHgate, a vlUagebf England, coun
ty of York, celebrated for its medicinal
fprings : 208 miles N London.
Harfo, A fmall ifland in the Baltic, near
the coaft of Sweden, ten. 17 16 E, lat. 58,
44N. ,.
Hartland, A fiflilrig towri of England,
courity of Devon, In the Briftol Channel:
14 miles W Biddeford.
Hartlepool, A feaport town of England,
on the E coaft, county of Durham, with
a harbour for fmall fifliing vefl'els. Of
late years it has been much frequented by
company, for the purpofe of fea-bathing ;
and by fome invalids on account of a
mineral fpring : to miles N Stockton.
Hartley, A tovvn in Northumberland,
N W of TInmouth, where terd Delaval
has cpnftruaed a haven, whence coal is
Iliipped to London. Acanal is cut through
a folid rock to the harbour ; and here
are alfo large fall, copperas," and glaf^
works. Harvey's If ands, in the S Pacific Ocean,
compofed of 3 or 4 fmall iflands, united
together by rocks, covered by" the fea,
the whole about 20 miles in circumfer*
ence, dlfcovered by captain Cook,in 177.;.
Ion. 15S 48 W, lat."''l9 18 3. llar-wicb^

HAS

H A VI

Harivich, a feaport and borough in Ef
fex, Englarid. It is governed by a may
or, ferids 2 members to Parliament, and
is feated on a tongue of land, oppofite
the united mouths of the Stour and Or
well. Here the packet boats are ftation
ed that go fo Germany and Holland. It
has a capacious harbour, and a dock for
the building of men of war. The entrance
Into the harbour is defended by a ftrong
fortrefs, cafled Landguard Fort, built on
a fandy point on the Suffolk fide of the
water, but within the jurlfdiaion of Effex.
Harwich Is 42 miles iE by N Chelmsford,
and 72 £ N E London, ten. i 25 E, lat.
5a oN,
Harz, a foreft and mountain in LoiVer
Saxony, being In length about 48 miles,
and In breadth about 20. The air here is
fo cold, that the winters ufually laft one
half of the year. The rains, fnows, and
fogs are alfo more freqrient than in the
levels around it ; yet thole who live and
tranfaa their bufinefs above ground, and
not in the mines and forges arrive to as
great an age as the inhabitants of the lev
els. Theforeft whieh covers themountain,
confifts f of It hard wood, viz. of oak,
beech, afli, afpen, alder, birch, &c. and
two thirds of foft wood, among which
are firs and pines. The minerals found
here, are, yellow oker, vitriol, faltpetre,
fulphur, lapis calaminaris, and zink ; to
gether vvith cobalt for the making of pow
der blue, lead, borax, Iron, copper, brafs,
filver, arid fome gold. The whole Harz
yields annually about 1,172,733 rix dol
lars, of which, to the value of 2,880, Is
gpld, which is coined Inlo ducats, and
802,860 filver. The Iohabitants of fhe
Harz are compofed of miners, labourers
in the melting houfes ; wood hewers, car
riers, and the fovereign's officers and fer
vants ; together with minifters, fchool
mafters, artificers, handicraftmen, ' and
tradefmen. Has, a town of Arabia Felix, In the
province of Yemen, 40 miles N Mocha,
ton, 43 25 E, laf. 14 58 N.
Haffet, a town of Egypt, on the £ fide
of the Nile, oppofite Rofetta.
Hcfi, a diftria of, Swifferland, canton
of Bern, vvatered by fhe, Aar, and fever?!
fmallci- ftreams, celebrated for Its cheefe,
Haffelt, A town of Weftphalia, on the
rl.ver Demer, which divides It Into two
parts : i6 miles NNW Liege, lat. 50
54 N. -
• Haffelt, a town of Overiffel, on the
'Vecht : 10 miles E Campen, lat. 52 36 N,
H.fings, a town of England, county

of Suffex, and the firft of thofe called fflB
Cinque Ports. If contains 3 pariflies,
hut only 2 churches ; the number of
houfes is about 600, and the inhabitanti
eftimated at 3000. Iri the year 1066, n.
battle was fought near this town, between
Harold II, king of England, and William
duke of Normandy, In which the former'
loft his life and kingdom. There fell of
the Normans, near 15,000 men ; and a
much greater number Of the Englifli.
William, furnamed the Conqueror, was
foon after acknowledged, and crowned
king of England ; and introduced a mem
orable epocih In the annals of England ;¦
64 miles S iE London, ten. o 34 E, lat.
50 50 N.
Haifeld, a (oWp of England, in the
county of Herts, 20 miles N London.
Hatberley, a town of Devonfliire, near
the conflux of fhe Towbrldge and Ock„
vvith a confiderable woollen manufaaure :
28 miles W N W Exeter.
Hatten, a tovvn of the United iDutch
States, in Guilderland, on the Iffel : 13
niUes N Deventer.
Hattingen, a town of Weftphalia : 16
miles N E Dufl'eldorp, lat. 5'i 22 N.
Hatvany, A town of Hungary : 20 niileji
N E Buda.
Havant, A town of Hampfliire, contain
ing about 500 houfes : 66 miles S S 'W
London. Havaff, or Hawafch, A river of Abyffi- .
nia, which runs into the Arabian fea, lon.
44 55 E, lal. 19 N.
Havelberg, A town pf Upper Saxpny,,
on the Havel, which furrounds and forms;
it Into an Ifland. The principal trade is
diftilling brandy, and knitting ftocklngs.
Many veffels for the navigation of the
Elbe ar% built here, and great quantities
of wood are fent from hence to Hamburg:
48 miles W N W Berlin, lat. 52 51 N,
Hauenfein, A town of Swabia, capital
of the county to vvhich it gives name, in
the Auftrian Brifgau : the county con
tains rich mines of iron, and is divided
into 8 communities ; the town is fituated
near the Rhine : 13 miles N W Baden.
Haverford(Wef,) a town of S Wales,
county of Pembroke, on the river Doug-
ledy. It contains 3 parifli churches with
in the town, and 1 in the fuburbs, about
6co houfes, and 5000 inhabitants. The
river Is navigable for fliips of burden.
"The country round vvas fettled by a colo-'
ny of Flemings in the time of Henry I,
Their language and manners were loug
difcernable : 32 miles W Carmarthen,
and 239 W London, lat. 51 45 N, [Aiken,}
H uviril,

H E A

H E I

Haveril, A town of England : ao mites
iS E Cambridge.
Havre-de-Grace (Le,) a feapbrt town of
franee, department pf the Lower Seine,
at the mouth of the Seine, "I'he lifirbour
has particular advantages above all others
on the coafts. It is fufficient to receive
30 fliips, and deep enough for veffels of
60 guns. The water does not begin to
ebb till 3 hours affer the full tide, which
gives an opportunity for a great n,umber of
fliips fo depart in the fame tide. The
caufe of this Is attributed to the current
of the Seine, which croffes the nrouth of
the harbour, as foon as the fea begins to
retire, aud thus confines the wafer in the
harbour till It has fpent its ftrength. Be
fore the revolution, if contained 2 church
es, 3 convents, an hofpital, town-houfe,
an arfenal, magazines, and ftore-houfes
neceffary for the conClruaipn and arming
of fliips. It is defended by lofty n-alls,
large ditches, filled with water, and fur
niflied vvith fluices ; a regular citadel
with baflions, &c. 112 miles N W Paris,
lat. 49 31 N.
Hawick, a towp pf ScOtlapd, county
of Roxburgh, on the Tlviot : 33 mile? S
S E Edinburgh.
Ha^wke's Bay, on the E coaft of , the
-northernmolt ifland of New Zealand.
Hawkefiead, a tovvn of England, coun
ty pf Lancafter, near a lake, in a valley
furrounded by bills : 38 miles N Lan
cafter. Haw's Watar, A lake of England, in
the county (jf Weftmoreland.
' Hay, A town of S Wales, county of
, I Brecknock, fuppofed to have been known
to the Romans : 151 miles W N W
London. Haydenheim, a fown of Swabi.!, Wur
temburg, celebrated for Ifs pottery : 42
¦miles E Stutgard,
¦ Hayes (The,) rocks riear the N E coaft
,pf the ifland of Guernfey, betweeii the
finall iflands of Harnitand Hummet,
Haz-aghi,-Bezarzich, a fown of Bulga
ria, commercial, and inhabited by many
rich Armenians : 38 miles S Driftra.
Headan, or Heydon, a town III the coun
ty of York, formerly a place of confid
erable trade, fituated on a river 2 miles
from the Humber, but the harbour is
now choked up. If is a corporation and
fends 2 members fo parliament : 8 miles
E Hull. Hean, a town of Afia, iri Tonquin, on
a river, about 4 days' journey from the
fea, where the French hav.; a fa-aory :
it is the refidence of a mandarin.

Hebrides, fee Weftern Iflands.
Hebron, now Called Elkahil, a city of
Paleftine, pnce, magnificent ; npw only a
village. It ftands partly on a plain and
partly on a mountain, giving a profpeft
of the fruitful, delicious valley of Mam-
re, planted wilh vineyards. The walls
of a church, built by Coriftantine, are yet
vifible. Here is novv a handfome church,
built by St. Helena, over the fpot where
Abraham and Sarah are fuppofed to hav*
been burled. It is now a Mofque,
much rcfpcaed by Chriftians and Ma
hometans. Hebron Is now the capital Of
a diftria. Hecla (Mount,) a mountain pf Iceland,
with a volcano, which frequently fends
forth flames an,d torrents of burning mat
ter. The eruptions In the year 1693
apd 1766 occafioned terrible devaftations,
fome of the matter being thrown forth
to the diftance of 150 miles, and a cir
cuit pf nearly 50 laid wafte by the lava.
It takes up 4 hours' time to afceiid. On
the higheft point, where Fahrenheit's ther
mometer vvas al 24 in the air, It rofe to
153 when placed lon the ground.
Ilei/emarn, a townof Sweden, province
of Dalecarlia, and one of the principal
towns of the kingdom, fituated near a
lake, well built and commercial. Here
is a large manufaaure of gunpowder :
52 miles N W Upfal, ten. 16 E, lat. 60
17 N. "
Hedjas, A province cf Arabia, lying
along the Red Sea, between Mount Si
nai and the province of Yemen.
Hedic, a frpall ifland in the Atlantic,
about 5 leagues frpm the coaft of France,
chiefly inhabited by fifliermen : it con
tains a town of the fame name, and a
fort called Pengarde : 2-J leagues E Belle
Ifle, lat. 47 23 N.
Heirau, or Hegow, a name under which
Is comprehended all that part of Ger
many in the circle of Swabia, which bor
ders on the Bodenfe, or Lake of Con
ftance. Heidelberg, a town of the Lower Rhine,
and capital of the Palatinate, on the S
fide of the Neckar, furrounded with
walls ill the I2fh century. Al prefent
tl-.is town is but fniall, fhough well built.
Here is an univerfity, founded in the
year I,;86, compofed of 20 profeffors, 4
of which are Calvlnifts. Heid-rlbcrg cm-
tains 3 churches for R.iinan Catholics
arid Proteftaars of tiic '.l'ili;rcnr ptvl'na-
i'lons, feveral con-ycnts, an anatomical
theatre, a military hofpital, upwards of
20 fountains, ap-J, 6 gates, Heidelberg

H E L

HEN

was much celebrated for a magnificent
cafle, called the tun of Heidelberg, which
holds 800 hogflieads. The town Is com
mercial, and has manufaaures of ftufts,
filk ftpckipgs, &c. The inhabitants are
chiefly Lutherans, with 3, free tpleraf ten :
44 miles SSE Meptz, and 42 S Franc
fort on the Maine, lat. 49 20 N.
Heila, A town of Pruffian Pomerania,
at the mputh of fhe "Viftula, In the Bal
tic : 8 leagues NNE D.antzick, lat. 54
53 N. ;
Heilbronn, an Iriiperial town of Swabia,
op the Neckar, on the frontiers of the
Palatinate, In a country celebrated fpr
its vineyards. It Is well built, and con
tains 3 churches, 2 convents, a fen:^Inary,
a library, and public baths.
Heilgeland, an ifland in the N Sea, be
longing to Denmark, about 9 miles in
circumference, with a Ught-houfe : abput
II leagues N W from the mputh of the
Elbe, lon. 7 57 £, lat. 54 22 N.
Heiligenhafcn, A feaport town of Low
er Saxony, duchy pf Holftein, fitu
ated near the Baltic, oppofite fhe Ifland
of Femerfi. The harbour is at fome dif
tance, eaftward from the town. It be
longs to Denmark, lat. 54 30 N.
Hciligtufadt, A fown of the LpY'Cr
Rhine: 42 miles N W Erfurt, lat! 51
12 N.
Heinzenberg, a mountajnpi;s diftria pf
Swifferland, In the country of the Gri
fons, and one of fhe moft beautiful and
fertile in the county, full of cornfields,
meadows, fmall lakes, and forefts inter-
inixed ; fituated tp the S pf the biffipp-
ric pf Coire.
Helmefadt, a town of Lpvyer Saxony,
principaUty of Wolfenbpttel : contain
ing 2 fauxbpurgs, 3 churclies, and' an
univerfity, an analpmical theatre, anij a
public library. Near it is a, medicinal
fpring : 17 miles E Wplfenbutfel.
Helmont, a town of Brabant, on the
Aa, vyith an old caftle : 8 leagqes S £
from Bois-le-Duc.
Helmfey, a town of En,gland, county
of York, near the river Rye. It is a
place of confiderable trade In the manu
faaure of cotton and linen : aa miles
N York.
Helfingborg, A feaport town of Sweden,
province of Schonen, on the coaft of the
Sound, oppofite Helfingoer. It had for
merly a ftrong caftle, but fuffered fe
verely by wars, fo that It is now a de-
fencelefs place with little commerce. It
, has, however, manufaaures of ribbons,
hats, and bouts. Here is a ferry acrof.

the Soiind to Denmark : a8 miles N W
Lund, and 50 W Chriftianftadt, lon. 11
40 E, lat. 56 a N.
Helfmgfars, A feaport town of Sweden,
In the province of Nyland, op the N
coaft of the Gulf of Finland, defended
by feveral forts, and confidered as one
of the beft towns in the province : 140
miles E S E Abo, ten. a4 42 iE, lat. 60
20 N.
Hilfmgland, A province <rf Sweden, In
Nordlapd. The chief articles of com- ,
merce are Irpn, flax, linen, tallow, bub
ter, far, deals, timb.er, &c. The prlnr
cipal fown is HudickfWall.
Helfingoer, fee Elfnare.
Helfon, A town of England, county of
Cornwall, on the Loe, near the fea. It
is large and populous, and one of the
places appointed for ftampiiig tin, ac
cording fo fhe ancient ftannery laws, ' It
is a borough town, and fends 2 members
to parUapient. : 274 miles W S W Lou
don, and 1 1 S 'W Falmouth, ten. 517
W, lat. 50 7 N.
Hehoetfiiys, A feaport town of H0I-,
land, on the S fide of the Ifland of Voorn,
with a good harbour, about la miles
from the open fea, in the middle of a
large bay, capable of holding the whole
fleet of the country ; the town is fmall,
but well defended with ftrong fortifica
tions ; this Is fhe general port for pack-
els from England : 12 miles W Dort,
and 15 S W Rotterdam, ten. 4 23 £, lat.
51 48 N. ¦
Hempfed, A tpwn pf England, county
pf Hertford -. 23 miles N W London.
Hen and Chickens, mountains of Ire
land, in the coupty of Downe ; 8 milts
E Newry.
Henley upon %hames, A town of Eng
land, couuty qf Oxford, on the Thamesj
with a large bridge, which divides it
from Berkfliire. It is a place of confid
erable trade to London in malt, corn,
flour, and wood, fent by barges down
the rivtr Thames. It was formerly a
borpugh, and fent 2 members to parlia
ment : 23 miles SSE Oxford, and 35
W London.
Henley in Arden, A town of England,
coutty of Warwick . 14 miles S Bir-r.
mlugKam., Henneherg, A county of Franconia, N
Wurzburg. The land bear? corn and
tobacco. Here are fome extenfive for-
efls and mountains, with mines of cop
per, filver, iron, and fleel, feveral medior
Inal fprings and fait works. It has 13
towns. The inhabitants are Lutherans, IJenncbon,

HER

HER

HenneboB, A town of France, depart
ment of the Morbihan, on the Blavet,
which is navigable for veffels of a mod
erate fize. It contains about 3000 in
habitants, who carry on j. confiderable
trade in corn, iron, hsney, &c. 22 miles
N W 'Vannes, laf, 47 48 N.
Henriehemont, a town of France, de
partment of fhe Cher : 15 miles NNE
Bourges, lat. 47 18 N.
Heppenheim^ a town of the Lower
Rhine, in Mentz ; 16 miles NNW Hei
delberg. Heppenheim, A town of the Lower
Rhine, on fhe Wies ; 4 miles S W
Worms. Heraclea, A feaporf town of Rpmania,
in which are the ruins pf an amphithea
tre, built by the emperpr Severus ; pn
the N cpaft of the fea of Marmora, the
fee of a Gieek archbiflioj}, though once
many chriftian martyrs fuffered here : 45
miles W S W Conftantinople, lat. 40
53 N. ['"f'hevenot.]
Herat, A town of Perfia, province of
Chorafan, on a river of the fame name,
vvhich runs Into the Cafpian Sea, fur
rounded with walls and ditches, and de
fended by an pld caftle. The neighbour
ing country produces excellent fruit ; and
rofes are in fuch plenty, that it obtained
the name of Sargultzar, or City of Rofes,
lon. 60 50 E, lat. 34 30 N.
Herault, a department of France, on
the Mediterranean. It takes Ils name
from the river fo caUed, which croffes
from N to S nearly in the centre. Mont
peUier is the capital.
Herba, A town of Africa, in the defert
of Sahara : 50 miles S E Gardeia.
Herbemont, a town pf Luxemburg, pn
a mpunfain near the Sempy : 20 miles
W Arten.
Herborn, a fpwn pf Weftphalia, prin-
clpalily pf Naffau, with a caftle ; pn the
DUle. In fhe year 1584, a celebrated
Prpteftant academy was fpundcd here,
now a univerfity. The chief trade Is
fprging and manufaauring irpn : 3 miles
SSE Dillenburg.
Herculaneum, an ancient city pf Italy,
In the kingdom pf Naples, totally pver-
whelmed by an eruptldn pf Mount "Ve-
fuvius. In the beginning of the reign of
the emperor Titus. In the years 16P9
and 1711, upon digging iu fhefe parts,
fomething of this city vvas dlfcovered.
In the year 1738, frefli attempts were
made, and fince that time a prodigious
niimlier of ancient monuments of every
kind have been difcovetcd, fuch as paint

ings, ftatues, buftos, furniture, utenfils,
•Sec, The fituation was near where Vor^-,
tici now ftfinds,
Hereford, a city of England, on the'
river Wye; near the centre of the coun
ty to which il gives name. The city is
large, buf neither populous nor well
built, though confiderably Improved
within a few years. It fends 2 members
to parliament : 28 miles V/ S W Wor
cefter, and 130 W London.
HereforJfiire, a county of England,
bounded "W" by fhe Welfli counties of
Brecon and Radnor. The form is near
ly circular. Itis divided Into 11 hun
dreds, which contains i city, Hereford,
6 market towns, 176 pariflies, and about
90,000 inhabitants, and 781,440 acres of
cultivated land. The climate is mild, and
the land generally fertile ; the face of
the country is rich, beautiful, and pic-
turefque. The principal part ofthe land
is employed in tillage, producing wheat,
barley, oats, clever; turnips, &c. T'he
county is in general vvell wooded, both
in limber and coppice wood, the value
of which is much increafed by the culti
vation of hops. Herefprdflilre cyder
has besn teng a liqupr highly efteemed ;
of courfe orchards and the culture of
apple frees are a matter of confiderable
confequence. Thf county fends 8 mem
bers to parliament.
Herford, or Hervarden, a town of Weft-,
plialia, and county of Ravenfperg, on
the Wcrra and Aa, which divide if into
'3 parts : it contains about 800 houfes,
between which are large fpaces and gar
dens, 4 Lutherans', i Calvlnift church,
2 chapels, and a convent. On a moun
tain near the town ftands the abbey of
FIcrford. Since fhe reformation, it has
become Lutheran : 10 miles ENE Ra-
vcnffierg, lat. 52 11 N,
Hergrundt, a towii of Upper Hungary,
remarkable for its mines of vitriol and
copper, vyhich are extremely rich. The
miners, who are numerous, have built a
fubterraneous town. It Is 65 miles N of
Buda, lon. 18 15 E, lat. 48 30 N.
Heri, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, 2
miles N N W of Ternate. It is not more
than 2 miles In circumference, and ap
pears to be In a perfea ftate of cultiva
tion, and well Inhabited.
Herifuu, A towii of Swifferland, In the
canton of Appcnzell, faid to have lieeu
known to the Romans, and the firft place
in Swifferland which embraced Chriftian
ity. The inhabitants are induftrious, and
manufaaure linen aud muflluo, remarka ble

HER

H E S

ble for their finenefs : 7 miles S W St,
Gall, and 10 N W Appenzell.
Herk, a town of Weftphalia," blffiopric
of Liege : 20 miles W W Liege.
Hermenfadt, A free town of Tranfilva
nia, and Capital of that country, fprtlfied
with a doubje wall, and a deep moat ; it
is fituated on the fide pf the Szeben,
vvhich fpon after runs intp the Alula :
147 miles N E Belgrade, and 300 S E
¦Vienna, lat, 46 15 N, [Jackfon,]
Herman, a lofty mountain of Paleftine,
whpfe fummit Is generally cov^ered with
fnow. Hence it Is, by the Samaritans,
andChaldee interpreters called the moun
tain of fnow. iForinerly In the fummer
fnow was fent to Tyre. Sion and Si-
non are peaks or fummits of Hermon.
[Diaionary of the Bible,]
Herngrund, iee Hergrundt.
.Hernofand, a fea-porttov/^ pf Sweden,
province of Apgermania, on an ifland in
the Gulf of Bothnia, divi4ed from fhe
continent by a narrow channel, over
which a bridge is thrown. On the N
fide of the harbour the water is deep
enough for the' largeft veffels fp cotne up
and-unload at fhe warehoufes, Hermo-
fund vvas formerly a ftaple town, and has
ftill a confiderable trade, efpecially in
Jinen. In the years 1710, i'7i4, and 1721,
this town was burned by the Ruffians, but
is recovered fince, ten. iS 38 E, lat. 62
38 N.
Hernhuf, A famous place 111 Upper iLufa-
tia, in fhe territory of the eleaor of Sax
ony, between Zittaw and Loebau. Here,
in 1722, fome perfecuted Moravian breth
ren (defccndants of the church of the
ancient United Brethren, eftabliflied in
Epheraia and Moravia, as early as the
year 1456) fettled in the fields pf the vil
lage pf iBerthelfdorf, belpnging fp count
Zinzcndnrf, and began to build another
village. They were joined by fome pro-
teflanfs, vvho had been bred in other fo-
cletics. They all agreed in adopting the
confeffion of Augffiurg, and lived as'
brethren, without quarreling, about par
ticular fentiments ; and vvhen, after fome
time, the number of thofe admitted from
other proteftant churches, became great
er than the number of the Moravian
brethren, they took the name of Evangel
ical, Brethren, or The Brethren's Unity
of the Augffiurg Confeffion. They con
fidered count Zinzendorf as their biffiop
and father, and were, for fpme time caU
ed Hernhutters, as this place cpntinued
their principal nurfery. They were af
terwards extended Inlp many different

cpuntrles 5 their miffipnarles were iritro-
duced into America, in 1741. by count
Zinzendorf, and fettled at Bethlehem, in
Pennfylvania. TSreir focieties, which
are now numerous in this country, afford
the moft pleafing examples of piety arid
virtue, of decency and good order.
Hcrsfeld, or Hirfclifeld, a town of the
Upper Rhine, belpnging fo the houfe of
Heffe Caflel. It contains about 500 houf
es, a chcafeau, a public feminary, a rich
hofpital, and a fpring .of metflclnal water ¦
laf. 30 39 N.
,Herfal, Or Herifia', A town of Weftpha
lia, pp the Meufe, with a caftle. If was
fold fo the king of Pruffia in the year
1 741 : 4 miles N Liege.
Hertford, A town of Englan4, and capr
ital of the county fo which it gives name.
On fhe river Lea, vvhich is navigable
from the Thaipes, faid to be a town In
the time of the ancient Britons. There
were formerly 5 churches, but now on
ly a, with places of worfliip for Diffent
ers, and Quakers. A caftle was built
here in the reign of king Alfred, to ftop
the incurfions of the Danes. It is now
the feat of the marquis of Downfliire.
Here is a large fchool for the younger
children belonging fo Chrift's Hofpital
in London : 21 miles N London.
Hertfordffire, a county of England,
bounded on the'N by Bedfordfliire and
Cambridgefliire. It is divided Into eight
hundreds, which contain 1 8 market towns,
and 135 pariflies. The air is temperate,
and the land, though not naturally fer
tile, by proper culture, prpiiuces great
quantities of corn, efpecially wheat and
liarley. Six members are returned fQ
parliament. Hervey's Bay, on the N E coaft of New
Holland, ten. 152 30 E, lat. 24 50 S.
Herve, A large town of the duchy of
Limberg, which contains 800 communi
cants, among which are fome rich mer
chants : 8 miles N W LImburg," ii S iE
Liege. Herzberg, A fown of Lower Saxony,
near the Harz mountain, with manufac
tures of arms arid iron fools : 14 mUes
S Goflar. Herzgovina, or St Saba, a fown of Turk
ifli Dalmatia, which gives name to a
duchy ; it is fortified, and fhe refidence of
a Turkifli governor, great part of the
duchy belongs to the 'Venetians : 80
iniles SSW Belgrade.
Hefdin, a tovvu of France, department
of the Straits of Calais, on the Canche,
built in the form of a regular hexagon, ftrongly

HEU

fi I E

ftrongly fortified, and almoft furrounded
wifh marflies : 165 miles N Paris.
Hefivon, A town of Egypt : 22 miles S.
S W Cairo. •
Hefnal-niai, A fmall ifland and village of
Egypt, In the lake of "Fennis ; 25 miles
•N W Tineh.
Heffe, a principality in theUpper Rhine,
the boundaries of which have been dif
ferent at duTerent flmeS. The laiidgra-
vlate of HelTe, confidered in itfelf, is rath
er more than 80 miles iu length ; the
breadth is very unequal. "Fhe air ib
wholefome ; the foil is mountainous and
woody, interfperfed with pleafant vaUies
and plains, fertile iri corn and paftures,
which feed inultltudes of cattle ; the fides
of the hills are covered wilh vines ; game
and fifli are plentiful, fo likewife are fruit
and honey. Near Frankenberg is a gold
mine, and fome gold fand is found in the
Eder. Silver,, copper, lead, and iron, are
found in confiderable quantities, as like-
wife alum, vitriol, fulphur, coal, bole, pipe-
maker's clay, marble, and alabafter, with
feveral fait fprings, mineral w, iters, and
medicinal baths. The principal rivers
are the Rhine and the Maine. The an
nual revenue of Hefl'e Caffel is eftimated
at about 1,200,000 rix dollars. Thofe of
Datinft-idt at 600,000. The military ef
tablifliment for Caffel confifts of 3 regi
ments of foot guards, 10 regiments of in
fantry, a regiment of life guards, a regi
ment of geiifd'armes, 3 regiments of cav
alry, 2 of dragbons, a corps of hiiffars, a
corpsofcliaffeurs, another of artillery, and
7 regiments in garrifon. That of Darm
ftadt is compofed of life guards, a regiment
of foot guards, 2 fquadrons of dragoons, 2
regiments of infaitry, and 4 battalions of
militia. Hefl'e is divided into Upper and
Lower, and fubdi-vided into 5 diftrias,
which lake their names frpm the rivers.
The pi^Inclpal fpwn of Lower Heffe is
Cafl'cl, and Marburg Is the capital of
Upper Hefle.
Heukelum, A town of Holland, on the
Linge : 4 miles NNE Gorcum,
Heufden, a town fituated on the bor
ders of Hplland and Brabant, vvitliput be
ing accurately defined to which it belongs.
It is built in the midft of moraffes, and
nearly furrounded by a branch of the
Meufe ; well fortified with a caftle, baf
tions, mid horn works. The jurifdiaten
of the magiftrates extends over feveral
villages, almoft to Bois-le-Duc. On the
25th of July, 1680, the lightning fet fire
to the powder magazine, which killed
many people, and djd confiderable dam

age to the town. The quantify ofpow^
derl.-lown up was 70,000 pounds, befide*
fone thoufands of grenades : 15 miles
N E Breda, and 7 S E Gorcum. It was
taken by the French in 1795, lat. 51 45 N.
Hexham, a town of England, in North
umberland, near the Tyne, fuppofed to
have been a Roman ftation. The num
ber of inhabitants is about 2000. "I'he
chief manufaaures are tanning leather,
ffioes, and gloves : 22 miles W Carlifle,
and 284 N London.
Heydon, a borough of Yorkffiire, Eng
land, near the Humber, 6 miles W Hull.
There is another town of this name in
Northumberland, on tlie Tyne, 6 miles
W Hexham.
Hcylffiny, a town of Wilts, England.
I' It was at one time the refidence of the
emprefs Matilda. There is a large wool
len manufaaure, and it returns 2 mem
bers to parliament : 17 miles W Saliffiurv.
Hia-tiiin, a town of Chinr., province of
Pe-tcheli, faid lo cont,-iIii nearly 80,000
inhab't nts . ^5 miles E Peking;.
Hibrahim, or St. Mary, an ifland In the
Indian Ocean, near the ifland ef Madgaf-
car: 50miltoloiig,andi4wide,lat.i6 31.S.
Hiercs, a town of France, dt partment
of the V,ir, formerly a feaport town,
where pilgrims bound for the H0I3' land
ufed to embark, but the fea is novv retired
to a confiderable diftance from the town.
Here Maffillon- was born. It is fitu
ated at the fitle of a hill, in a dellglitfut
country. Flere is a perpetual fpring. It
is furrounded by the moil beautiful j.^ar-
dcn.",, in which is found the beft fruit of
Ff.-.ncc ; oranges, citrons, and porttgra-
iiates gro-.Y in the open air. Near the
fown are large fait works, made partly
from the wafers of the fea, and partly
from a fiilt lake, near the town. The
exhalations from the lake render the ?.ir
frequently malignant, but this evil has
been remedied by a c-anal cut from the
lake to fhe fea. The Gulf of Hiercs, be
tween the town and the ifland fo called, is
a famous and fafe road for v^effels, with
good anchoring ground, and fufficient
depth of waters 3 leagues E Toulon, and
6 S ?.rignol}e, lat. 43 10 N.
Hien, 'jrin.ls, Ji clufter of fmall ifl.inds
in the M'eQ-fCerrancan, near the coaft of
France, which take tlieir name from the
¦ ttnv'i of Hiercs. They are parlicuUirly
celebrated for the great varietv of medic
inal plants on thein, lat. 43 2 N.
Hiero, fee Fe-.-j-o.
H e-f' % or 'Yeiifig, a feaport town of
Deniii.iik, fituated at the- mouth of the
Warije,

H I N

H I N

.'^''arde, with one of the beft harbours In
North Jutland : 22 miles N W Ripen,
ten. 8 22 E, lat 55 29 N.
Higham Ferrers, or Ferris, a town of
England, county of .Northampton, near It
are the remains of a caftle : 15 miles iN
Bedford, and 65 N London;
Highgate, a village of Middlefex : 4
miles N London,
Higbworth, a town of Wilts, England :
77 mUesW London,
Hillburghaufen, a tpwn of Upper Saxony,
and capital of a principality, fituated on
the 'Werra, and Is the ufUal refidence of
the duke : 32 miles S Erfurt.
Hildefieim.,a'pr'inceiy biflidpric of Ger
many, W Wolfenbuttel. The greateft
part of fhe diocefe confifts of good land,
proper for tillage, producing large quan
tifies of corn, flax, hops, arid legumes ;
buf the breed of caftle, hprfes, flieep, and
fwine, is pnly fufficient for the confump
tion of fhe'-inhabifanls. The South part
is hilly, but for the moft part covered
wifh timber, pak, beech, afli, and birch,
and fuch pf the mpunlains as are bare pf
wppd contain mines pf iron ore. In this
part, alfo, are fome fall works. 'The dio
cefe contains 12 towns and 248 villages.
The Inhabitants p.re partly Lutherans and
partly Roman CathpUcs.
Hildeffeim, capital of the abo've blflibp-
ricjls near the Innerfee ; it Is pretty large,
old fafliioned, and irregular, and confifts
of the Old and New town, which were
united in the year 1583. The magiftrates,
as vvell as the greater part of the citizens,
are Lutherans ; the reft are Roman Cath
oUcs. It was formerly one qf the Hanfe
towns ; 72 miles W Magdeburg, laf. 52
12 N.
Hillfforough, A town of Ireland, cbunty
of Dpwn : 20 miles S W Belfaft.
Himmaleh, mountains of Afia, which
feparate the countries of Cachlmere and
Gaffigar from Thibet. Thefe mountains
were known to the ancients under the
name of Imaui, or' Himaus.
Hims, or Hems, a town of Afiatic fur
key, in Syria, .fituated at the foot of
Mount Libanus, In a plain, watered by a
canal, which communicates with the
Orontes. „ In fhe neighbourhoo<l are the
remains of a caftle, fuppofed to liave
been built by the ancient kings of Affyrla.
The Inhabitants carry on a confiderable
traffic in filk : 90 miles S Aleppo, and 93
U Damafcus. j
Hinckley, a town of Leicefter, iEngland :
99 miles N W London. The inhabitants
manufaaure ftockirig.-:.

Hindelaopen, a feaport towri of Friellarid;
fituated on the Zuyder Zee. It Is gov-i
erned by 5 burgomafters and 6 echevlns.
The inhabitants are ^irlncIpaUy employed
in fifliing and baildirig fmaU veffels. The
harbour is fmall, and the town not walU
ed : 21 mfles SSW Leu warden, lat. 5!
58 N.
Hindon, A town bf England, County of
Wilts, fends two members to parUament i
15 miles W Saliffiury.
Hindoofan, a cpuntry ef Afia, bounded
on the N by fhe mountains of Tartary
and Thibet, on the E by fhe countries of
Affam, Meckley, and Aracaft, on the S
by the fea, and ori the W by the river
Indus, or Sinde. The country of Nar^
budda river S, is caUed by the general,
name Of Deccan ; but the term Hindaofait
is applied to this region, as well as to
Hindooftan Proper. Hindooftan Proper,
In the opinion of Majbr Rennel, is ari ex
tent about equal to iFrance, Germany,
Bohemia, Hungary, Swifferland, Italy;
and the Netherlands, coUeaively, while
the Deccan and peninfula are about equal
to fhe JSriflfli Iflands, Spain, and Europe-*
an Turkey. Thfe words Hindooftan and
India are originally Perfian. This coun
try Was buf liltle known fo the ancients Ji
It was Invaded, but not conquered, by
Alexander the Great. In the time of
Aurengzeb, the provinces which com-^
pofed the Mogul einpire were Delhi, Ag
ra, Agimere, Moultan, Sindy, Lahore Pr
Punjab, Oude, ALlaha-bad, Bengal, iBahar,
Orlfl'a, Cabul, Cachlmere, Malwa, Guze
rat, Berar, Candeifli; Dpwlatabad or A-
mednagur, Beder, Hydrabad or Golconda;
and Vifiapour, all which produced an
annual revenue of about 32,000,000 fter
ling. Al this time Bengal, the greater
part of Bahar, with part of Allahabad,
and part of Oriffa, beloi^ to the Englifli,
who are alfo in poffeffion of the northern
circars, a jaghire in the Carnatic, Bara-^
malial,- Dindigul, and fome confiderable
countries fo th€" N and S of Calicut, on
the coaft of Malabar, wifh the ifland and
territory of Bombay. Oude is governed
by a nabob, In alliance with Great Brit
ain, as likewife the eaftern part of Deffii.
Allahabad, Malwa, Dowlatabad, part of -
Guzeiat, Oriffa, Berar, Agra, Agimere;
and "Vifiapour, are governed by Mahrat
ta princes, in fmaller ftates, chiefly under
the name of rajahs : Golconda, Aurunga
bad, Beder, part of Berar, &c, are fubjea
tp the, foubah of the Deccan. Lahore,
Moultan, and the weftern parts of Delhi,
are fubjea to the Sheiks. The foUthern parts

fiibllsh'd hy Tkovias yA.ndreH-s.
TT III

.VI7

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nni,h-„niieCi\n->.osaml
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' RemarlcB,

Tri-if'in>s rrdnl /'J Ifirl^riiislt by Tip/iooi _
-','iUla,i,ti''-"i>liii_'it.,l/iePaiit/ton Treaty i

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t>Tfo;|:M.T.v X;,.':>4J
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rare o/' 1 H i b £ Td^...  .'... toth^nizauL  f
d9.  I  to die fiJishwak  ^
f. 'hrinj)iuiijutu/

/ .V J)

H I N

H I N

parts of the peninfula are the Myfore,
the Carnatic, Tanjore, Cochin, Travan
core, Madura, Tinevelly, Colmbetore,
Canara, and a few fmaller ftates fubjea
to the king of Myforc. The Carnatic,
including Tanjore, Madura, Tinevelly,
and Marawars, are Britiffi allies, fo like-
wife are Cochin and Travancore. The
inhabitants of Hindooftan are computed
at about 10,000,000 Mahometans, and
100,000,000 Hindoos. The Mahome
tans, or Mufiulmans, are reprefented to
be of a deteftable charaaer. The Hindoos,
or Gentoos, are of a black complexion ;
their hair is long, their perfon ftraight
and elegant, and their countenance open
and pleafant. They differ materially
from all other nations, by being divided
into tribes or cafts. The four principal
tribes are, the Bramins, Soldiers, Labour
ers and Mechanics ; and thefe are fubdi
vided into a multiplicity of Inferior dif-
tlnaions. There are Bramins of various
degrees of eSccellence, who have the care
qf religion allotted to them, and are held
facred by the reft. The Soldiers are com
monly called Rajali-Poots ; that is, de
fcended frpm rajahs. They are much
mpre rpbuft than the reft, have a great
fliare pf cpurage, and a nice fenfe pf mil
itary hpupr, vvhich confifls, ampng theni,
in fidelity to thofe they ferve. Fighting
IS their profeffion ; they readily enter in
to the fervice of any that will pay them,
and will follow wherever he leads; but,
fliould their leader fall in the battle, their
caufe is at an end, and they run off the
field, 'without any ftain on their reputa-
lion. The EngUfli F.afl India Company
have many baftaUons of them in their
fervice : they are called Sepoys, and are
clothed and difclplined in the European
manner. The Labourers include farm-.
ers, and all who cultivate the land. The
Mechanics include merchants^ bankers,
and all who follow I'ny trade: thefe
again are fubdivided into each profeffion.
fiefide thefe, are the Hallachores, who
cannot be ealled a tribe, being rather
the rcfufe of all the tribes. They are a
let of unhappy wretches, who perform
aU the vileft offices of life, bury the dead,
and carry away every, thing that is pol
luted. All the dift'crcnt tribes are kept
din:ina from each other by infurmount-
ablc barriers, fhey are forbidden to in
termarry, to cohabit, 10 eat vvith each
other, or even lo drink out of t'ne fame
veffel with one of another tribe. Every
deviation from thefe points fiibjeas them
to he reieacd by their tribe, rtndcri
, Vol. II. N n

them poHuted for ever, and ,obUges them,
from that Inftant, to herd with the Hal
lachores. The members of each eaft ad
here invariably to the profefllon of their
forefathers : from generation fo genera
tion, the fame families have fpltewed, and
will always continue fo follow, one unl- ¦
form line pf life. To fhis may be afcrib-
cd that high degree of perfeaion con-
fpicuous in piany of the Indian manu
faaures ; and though veneration for the
praaices of their anceftors may check
the fpirit of invention, yet, by adhering
to thefe, they acquire fuch an expertnef's
and delicacy of hand, fhat Europeans, '
with all the advantages of fupcror fci
ence, and the aid of more complete in
ftruments, have never been able to equal
their workmanfliip. To this circum
ftance alfo is afcribed a ftriking peculiar
ity in the ftate of Hindooftan, the per
manence of its inftitutions, and the- ini-
mutabiUty in the manners of the inhab
itants. iEfeuce it is that the Hindoos ad
mit no converts, nor are themfelves ever
converted, whatever the Roman miffion
aries may pretend. The Hallachores
may be here excepted, vvho are glad to be
admitted info any fociety vvhere they' are
treated as fellow creatuies. The Hindoos
vie vvith the Chinefe, in refpeA to the
antiquity of their nation ; and the doc
trine of Iranfmigration Is one of their
diftlnguifliing tenets. Their inftitutions
of religion form a complete fvfteni of fu
perftition, upheld by everything which
ciin excite the reverence Of the people.
The temples cOnfcciated to their deities,
are ma^ilificenl ; their religious ceremo
nies fplendid j and the abfolute domin
ion which the Bramins have obtained
over the minds of the people, is fup
ported by the command of the immenfe
revenues, -ivlth which the liberality of
princes, and the zeal of pilgrims and
devotees, have enriched their pagodas.
The dominion of religion extends ti» ,1
thoufand particulars, which, in other'
countries, are governed by the civil l.-.«.i,
or by tafte, cuflom or fafliion. Their
dicfs, their food, the common intcr-
cotirfes of life, their marriages, and pro
feffions, arc all under the jurii'diaion of
religon. The food of the Hindoos ii
fimple, confifting chiefly of rice, ghee
(a kind of imp'.rfea butter) milk, veget
ables, and oriental fpices. The vvarrior
caft 'nay eat of the fiefli of goats, Oieep,
and pouU'"y. Other fuperior caflis may
e:-it poultry and fifli ; hut the iiL^'erior
calls are prohibited from eating fitfli I'V
fiih

H I N

HIT

fifli of any kipd. Their greatelV luxury
confifts in the ufe of the richeft fpicerles
and perfumes, of vvhich the great peo
ple are very lavifli. They efteem milk
the pureft of food, becaufe' they think it
partakes of fome of the properties of
the neaar of their gods, and becaufe
they efteem the cpw Itfelf almoft as a di
vinity. Their manners are gentle. Their
happinefs confifts in. the folaces of do-
melKc life ; and they are taught by their
religion, that matrimpny is an indifpen-
fable duty in every man, who dpes not
entirely feparate himfelf frpm the world,
from a principle of devotion. Their re
ligion permits them to have feveral
wives ; but they feldom have more than
one ; and their wives are diftinguiflied
by a decency pf demeanpr, a fpllcitude
in theit- fanulles, and a fidelity tP, their
vpws, which might dp hpnpr fp human
nature In fhe mpft cIvIUzed cpunfrles.
The cuftpm of women burning themfelves
on the death of their huffiands is ftill
praaifed in Hindooftan. In fome parts
of India, as the Carnatic, it is afferted,
that they dig a pit. In which is depofitcd
a large quantity of cjmbuftlble matter,
which is fet on fire, and the body being let
dbwn, the viaim tlirows herfelf into, the
flaming mafs. In other places, a pile is
raifed extremely high, and the body,
with the wife, Is^ placed upon. It, and
then the whole Is fet on fire. In the
Code of Gentoo Laws,, tranflated by Mr.
Halhead; is the following paffage con
cerning this- praaice : " It is proper for
a woman, after her huffiand's death, to
burn herfelf In the fire with his corpfe.
Every woman, who thus burnsherfelf, fliall
remain, in paradife with her huffiand 3
croEes-, and 50, lacks, of years, by defti-
n,y :: k£ flie cannot burn, flie muft, in
that ca-fe, prefcrve an Inviolable chafti-
ty : If flio remains always; chafte, flie
goes to paradife ; and if ihe db not pre
ferve hie chafticy-, ffie goes to hell.'"'
This code of laws, with their facred
books, the Veidann and the Sliaftah,
vvere written, in. the Sanfcrit language,
which is very copious and nervous, al
though the ftyle of tliclr beft authors is
wonderfully conclfe. Hindooft-dn, toward'
the N, is pretty tein.perate ; but hof to
ward fhe S, and it rains almoft conftantly
for 3 months in the year. Ils produas,
and various other particulars, will be
found under the dlfterent names pf Its
provinces, cilies, tPwns, nipuntains, and
rivers, defcribed ia the courts of this
work.

Hinghtwt, a town of Norfolk, EngCu>d.i
i4.milea W Norwich.
Hing-boa, a city of China, of the firftt
rank, In the province of Fo-kisn, near
the fea coaft. The walls arc of great
thicknefs, the ftreet« are vvell paved, and
adorned vvith feveral triumphal arches
and majelBc public buildings. The coun
try furniflies abundance of rice, U-chi,
and filk : JWO miles S Peking, lat. 25 28 N.
Hinzuan, fee Joanna, and Comora.
Hio, A town of Sweden, province of W
Gothland, on the Welter lake, with a good
falmon fifliery : 75 miles E Uddevalla.
Hiorring, A town of N Jutland, once
a large place, and the fte of a bifliop,.
buf In 1693, it was almoft deftroyed by
¦ fire : 27 miles NNW Aalborg,
Hirfchberg, a town of Silefia, next 10-
Breflau, the moft confiderable trading;
town in Silefia, with confiderable manu
faaures in the town and neighbouring
villages^ It is famous for its baths, fhe
churches in the town, belong to the Ro
man Catholics, but the Lutherans, by 1
paying 30,000 ducats as a gift fo the em
peror, and a loan of 100,000 florlps, ob
tained a privilege of ereaing a church.
and fchool, without the walls : 20 milefr
S W Jauer, and aa S S E Buntzlau.
Hirfchbom, A fown of the Lower Rhine,,
and eleaoratc of Mentz : 7 miles E Hei
delberg, Hitfcbolm, A town of Denmark, In the
ifland of Zeland: la miles N Copen
hagen. Hirzbolmen, or Hertzholm, 3 fmall ifl
ands of Denmark, lying in the Cattegat,,
chiefly inhabited by fifliermen : 4 mfles N
£ Flaadftrand, lon. 10 24 E, lat. 57 31 N.
Hiftngen, a fmall ifland near the coalt
of Sweden, at the mouth of the Gotha,
about t6 miles long, and 6 broad, con
taining 7 pariflies.. The fown of Gothe-
borg vvas firft buiHt on this ifland, ten. il
48 E, lat. 57 45 N.
Hiffar, A town of Hindooftan, and
capital of a diftria, to vvhich if gives
name, in, the country bf Delhi, near the
river Surfoofy : 112 mites W N "W^ Del
hi, lon. 75 40 E, lat. aji J N.
Hit, a town. In the Arabian Irak. Ia
" the neighbourhoodi is found a fpi ing of
naphthe, and bitumen. It is fituated on-
a river of the fame name, vvhich foon
afler runs into the Euphrates : 100 miles.
W Bagdat, and I9P S Moful.
Hifhe, or Hythe, or Eaf Hithe, A town
of England, county of Kent, and one of
the Cinque Ports ; it was formerly a
' feaport, but the harbour is now qiiitfr
chokcd

n 0 c

H p H-

Aoked up. There is a remarkahle pile
-of dry bones In fhe town, a8 feet teng,
and, 6 broad, and 8 high, fome very gi-
f antic, and appear, by an Infcriptlon, to
e the remains of the Danes and Britons,
killed in a battle, near this place, before
the Norman conqueft. If fends a mem
bers to parliament : 7 mHes S W Dover,
.and 68 S E Londpn, ten. i E, lat. 51 4 N.
Hitteroj or Hitteren, an ifland in the ,
'Nprthcrn Ocean, near the cpaft of Nor
way, about 60 miles in circumference : |
lion, 9 5 E, lat. 63 3a N.
Hoai-ngan,.A cttViof CSbifla, of thefirft
.rank, in the province -of jKIang-nan, fitu
ated in a raarffiy foil, aad enclofed with a
triple waU ; near a canal, which is above
the level of the tonm, which is confe
quently in danger of !|>«ing inundated, if
.great care be not conftantly taken fo fe-
,cure the di4(es : 415 miles S,S £ Peking,
lat. 53 30 N.
Hoang, or YMlom River, A river of Chl-
ra, which rifes in the mcmntains, fituated
pn the N W part of China, and after a
iCPurfe of 100 leagues, through Tartary
and China, em,plie8 itfelf into the Eaftern
!Sea, lon. 121 30 E,lat, 34 5 N. It is broad i
and rapid,. but fo fliallow, that it is hard-
iy navig^le ; it -often overflows itsJjanks,
fo that it has 'been found -neceffa¬ry to raife
dikes In mainy places, on the fides of the
j-iver, and even round many towns in the
province of Ho-n»n. "The name is dc-
jrlved from the .cplour of the ,clay, or
fand, at theibottom and -fides.
, Hoang-tabeou,-3. city of Chi,na,'pfthe firft
rank, in the province of Hou-quang, on
the Ifang-tfe. This city and fuburbs ex
tend 7 miles In length ; the ftreets are
narrow, but vvell paved ; the houfes 2
and 3 ftorles high ; the population great,
she commerce extenfive, and tJie fliops
(magnificent 4 5^,5 miles S Peking, lat. 38
Jl8 N. [M'Cartney.]
Haatchit, A country of Chinefe Tartary,
governed hy a Mongol prince, tributary
to the empire, fituated to the N of Pe-
'kirig, aliout lat. 44 N, formed into two
ftandards. Hodberg, A marquifate of Swabia, an
nexed to the margraviate of Baden Dur
lach, fituated 2 miles N E Emendingen,
vvhich is the principal fown.
Hochflatt pr Hoehfctt, a town of Bava
ria, on the Danube. Near this place vvas
fought the celebrated battle of Blenheim ;
ke Blenheim : 19 miles N W Augffiurg,
Hockheim, a town of fhe Lower Rhine,
eleaorafe of Mentz, fituated near the
conflux of the Rhine and the Maine, cel

ebrated for Its ficceflent wine: 16 -miles
W Frankfort on the Maine.
Hadal, a feaport of Sweden, province
of W Gothland, on the coaft of the N
Sea : 45 miles NNW Uddevalla.
Hoddfdon, a town of England, county
of Hertford, near the Lea : 1 7 miles N
laOridon. Hodeida, A feaport town of Arabia, on
the Red Sea, with an haijbour only fit
for finaH veffels : 96 imles S W Sana,
lon. 42 40 E, laf. 14 39 N.
Haedic,.A fmall French Ifland, in the
Englifli Channel, a-bout j leagues E Bdl-
Iflc, and 4 S £ the penlHfiila,of C^Iberon.
Il has a t-owjior v'Ua^-of the fame name,
apd a f<»rt : iat. 47 18 N,
Haei-tcbeau, a cityof 'China, of the firft
ranlc, in the province of Kiang-nan.
This is one of the richeft, and moft com
mercial cities in the province, the air Js
mild and healthy : there are fome mines
of gold, filver and copper in the neigh
bouring mountains ; the beft tea grows
ip the environs, andthe japajnned work of
this town is reckoned equal, or fuperior,
to any other : 625 mUes S Peking, lat.
49.57 N.
Haff, A town ,of Frapcpnia, on the Saale,
which divides Itlnt-o.-Old and New Tpwn.
It h^ts 3 fauxbpurgs, 4 churches, an acad
emy, and a wppUen Bianufaaure. In the
environs, are fpund quarries of marble,
red, and black, and grey, in the latter
are fpmetiisnes found rod fpots like drops
ofbteexl. Hoff was formerly imperial :
! 46 miles N E Bamberg, laf, 50 14 N.
Hogue (La,) a town of France, depart
ment of the Cliaimd : 2-| leagues ENE
Valognes, In the year 1692, admiral
Ruffell obtained a viaory over tlie
French, oppofite this town, in v\ hich 15
French men of war were taken, burned
or deftroyed.
Ilahenembs, A county and principality
of Germany, in the circle of Swabia, S
of the lake of Conftance.
Hahenlabe, pr Holach.A cpunty and prin
cipality of Franconia, W of the margra
viate of Anfpach. The country is com
pofed of mountains, vallies and plains.
The fouthern parts abound in vineyards,
the northern parts are cultivated with
corn ; in the vallies are excellent mead
ows and pafture land, which feed great
numbers of an excellent kipd of cattle;
on the mountains arc valuable woods of
oak, fir, pine, beech and birch, with plen
ty and variety of game. The Inhabitants
are chiefly Lutherans, with fome Roman
Catholics. Hohenmau^i

I

H 0 L

H 0 L

Hahettmaut, a tovvn pf Bphemla, With a
fmaU terrltpry annexed : 14 miles E
Chrudim. Hohen-Solms, A tPwn of the Upper
Rhine, in a valley near a high inountain.
The inhabitants are Calvlnifts, but thofe
of the villages round about are chiefly
Lutherans ; 5 miles NNE Wetzlar.
Holbck, A feaport town of Denmark, ip
the ifland of Zealand, with a good har
bour, from which gre"^ quantities pf
cprn are annually expprted : 30 miles W
Copenhagen, lon. 11 44 E, laf. 55 42 N.
itolbeacb, A town in Lincolnfllire, 12
miles S' by E Bofton.
Holdernefs, A divlfion of fhe £ riding of
Yorkfliire, which has a very rich foil;
and is^ remarkable for its large breed of
horned cattle and horfes.
Haldfw'orthy, a town in Devonfliire, be
tween 2 branches of the Tamar, 43 miles
ENE Exeter.
Hale-Gafs, a place in Swifferland, where
WilUam "I'ell fliot the Auftrian governor,
who; by his tyranny, gave bjrf h to the
republic. In memory of this event a
clrapel is built on fhe fpot, near Kufnack.
, Holland, the moft confiderable of the
United Dutch Provinces. It is a penin
fula, bounded on the N and W by the
German Ocean, bh' the E by the Zuyder
Zee and the ftate of Utrecht, and on the
S by the river Meufe and iprabant. It is
divided into North and South. North
Holland includes all to fhe N of Amfter
dam. South HoUand extends from the
ftate of Zealand and Brabant to the river
Y'e ; the length of the whole, including
the ifland of Texel and the iflands in the
Meufe, is about 90 miles, the breadth is
various, from 15 to 48. It contains 29
vvalled towns, with many others that en
joy municipal privileges, and above 400
villages. Six large cities have feats in
the Slates General, viz. Dort, Haerlem,
Delft,- I;eydcn, Amfterdam and Gouda.
The nuniber of inhabitants Is eftimated at
,800,000. The foil of the country is fp
foft and marfliy, fhat but for the conftant
care in forming ditches and canals. It
w-ould' be hardly capable of cultivation ;
fome part of it lies even lower than the
fea, from vvhich it is fecured by dikes or
dams. The meadow grounds are rich,
and great numbei's of milch cows are
kept by the farmc-s, and the making of
butter and cheefe is one of their princi
pal occupations; thefe meadows pre gen
erally u^der \vatcr in the winter, and the
water would continue there at all times,
if the inhabitants of the country had net

found means to difcharge them, by mills
invented for this purpofe, into the ditches
and canals. The Hollanders are affable,
induftrious, laborious, abforbed in trade,
excellent faUors, formerly good poUticians;
and lovers of liberty, A free exercife of
religion is allowed to all perfuafions, ex
cept the Roman CathoUcs ; but Calvin
ifm is the moft prevaiUng. In the dif
putes on the French revplution, Holland
appeared hoftile to the new republic, but
is faid never heartily fo have co-operated
with the allies. The ftadlholder was
moft probably Influenced by Pruffia and
England ; but a party more powerful
than his own, were his enemies, and oa
the invafion of Holland bythe French, iri
the beginning 1795, the ftadtholder, with
his fainilyi took refuge in Erigland. Such'
are the ways of Providence ! Im the year
1688, a prinee of Orange came to England
to obtain a crown, and in the year 1795",
a prince of Orange fled hither fpr pto-
teaion. This country is ftill (Novi 1801)
in an unfettled ftate as to its government.
Holland, a dift'ria in Lincoln county,
England, wilh the German Sea on the E,
and the counties of Cambridge, North
ampton and Norfolk on the S, divided in
to Upper and Lower, both of which con
fift of fens, bogs and marflies, drained-and
interfeaed in various ways by ditches
and canals. The air is unwholefome, but
riiade much better in parts which are well
drained ; the wafer is brackifli, fo that
in many places rairi wafer is preferved in
refervoirs for family ufe ; and in the
fummer vaft fwarms of infeas fill the ail,
and prove exceedingly offenfive.'' The
land; after being drained; forms good
pafture and meadow land, and, if culti
vated, produces good crops bf corn.
Ilarge flocks of geefe are bred, arid form
a confiderable article of. commerce, as
well for their quills and feathers as for
the birds thcmfelves,> great numbers of
which are driven to the London markets;
there ,ire alfo many large decoys for wild
ducks, widgeons, &c. The principal
towns are Bofton, Spalding, Crowlaiid,
and Holbeach.
Holland, a town of Pruffia, province bf
Oberland, ftiongly fortified: 52 miles S
W Konigffierg.
Holland (New,) the largeft iflarid in the
world, fituated in the Indian Ocean, long
fuppofed to be part of a vaft fouthern
continent ; nearly equal iri fize to the
habitable part of Europe, dlfcovered in
the beginning of the 17th century, and
then called Terra Aiif rails Incognita. The
iiihabitauls,

H O L^

H O L

inhabitants, according to Diemen, are the
moft miferable people in the world, with
out houfes, and wilhout clothes ; black,
tall, thin, ftrait bodied, with iriiall limbs,
great heads, and heavy brows. Their
eyeUds are always half clofed, fo keep
the flies out of their eyes, which are here
fo iroublefome that up fanning will drive
them away from the face, and without
the alBflance of both hands to keep them
oil', they will fill one's noftrUs and mouth,
if the lips are not fliut clofe ; fo that
from their infancy, being thus annoyed
with thofe infeas, they never open their
eyes like other people, and confequently '
cannot fee far, unlefs they hold up their
heads as if they were looking at fome
thing over them. I'hey have great bof-
tle-nbfes, pretty full lips, and wide
ihouths. The two fore teeth of their up
per jaws are wanting in all of them, men
and women, old and young ; neither have
they any beards. 'Fhey are long vifaged,
and of a very unpleafam afpea, having
no one graceful ' feature in their faces.
Some other navigators - alfo vifited this
ifland, but none after the fecond voyage
of Dampier, tiU fhe year 1770, when the
E coaft was vifited and explored by cap
tain Cook, who fpent 4 months iri exairiiri-
ing a coaft of 2000 miles in length. He
took poffeffion of this eafterp coaft io the
name of the king of Great Britain, and
gave it fhe name of Neiv South Wales. In
the year 1773, capt. Furneaux difcpvered
it tpbe an ifland : ten. no 30 to 153 36
E, lat. II to 43 S.
Holm Ahby, a town of England : 27
miles N W Penrith. ' ' ''
Holmeflrand, A town of Norway, prov
ince of Aggerhuus : 30 miles S Chrifti
ania, lon. 10 30 £, lat, 59 30 N:
Holmvfdale, a rough and woody traa in
Surry, lying immediately beneath the hills
to the S and E of that county, and ex
tending into Kent. Red deer are ftill
found here ; and it abounds with the
,holm oak.
Holftein (Diichy of) A country of Lower
Saxpny. Including the lordfliip of Pin-
neberg. It is bounded N by the duchy of
Slefwick and the Baltic, E by the Baltic.
Its fituation between the Baltic and the
German Ocean expofes it to frequent
ftorms, which occafion heavy expenfe to
the land owners, in ralfing dikes to pre
vent inundations, efpecially in the diftrias
bordering on the German Sea and the
Elbe. Thefe diftrias confift of excellent
marffi land, producing;' wheat, barley, oats,
beans, peas and rape-feed, in great plen

ty. The meadows and paftures feed
great numbers of cattle, both milch kine
and lo be fatted for the butcher. The
other parts of the country are flill more
fertile. Holftein is divided into 4 prov
inces, namely, Holftein Proper, Sfoimar,
Ditmarfcn and Wagria. The Saxons of
this country were a free people, till they
were fubdued by Charlemagne, vvho
tranfporled 10,000 famiUes into Brabant,
J'landers and Holland. I'he exports of
Holftein are wheat, barley, malt, ftarch,
buck wheat, peas, beans, rape-feed, horn
ed cattle, flieep, rams, fwine, horfes, poul
try, butter, cheefe, venifon and fifli.
Halfivorthy, or Holdfworthy, a town of
Devon, England : 41 miles W Exeter.
Halt, a town of England, county of
Norfolk : 22 miles N "W" Norwich.
Holt, a village in Wiltfl-.ire, famous for
Its mineral waters, which are reforted lo
for the cure of the fcurvy, and fcrophu-
lous complaints, [Bowen.]
Holyhead, a. fcaporf of N Wales, pn
the N W extremity of the ifland of An
glefey, near the Irifli Sea, with a con
venient harbpur, whence the packets
with the mail to Dublin fail regularly ev
ery day, except Tuefday ; wind and
weather permitting ; the paffage Is gener
ally performed in about 12 hours : 24^
miles N W Caernarvon, and 276 N W
London, ten. 4 45 W, lat. 53 23 N.
Holy Ifland, III tlie German Sea, near
the E coaft of England, and about 8
miles S E from Eei-wick upon Tweed, 8
miles in circumference. If is fometimes
called Lindisfarne. On the S ^coaft is -a.
convenient bay, which frequently proves
a ffielter to veffels from Greenland and
the B,-illic. On one fide of the bay is a
fmall town, defended by a fort, and on
the oppofite fide Is a caftle, lon. 1 52 W,
lat. 5'5 34 N.
Holywell, a town of N Wales, in the
county of Flint, celebrated for a fpring,
called Saint Winnifred's Well, whence it
fakes its name, and concerning which
many fjibles have been told. It iffues
from the foot of a hill with great impet-
uofity, and turns feveral mills, ereaed
for working copper, making brafs wire,
paper, aud fnuff, winding cotton, &c.
At the back of the town is a hill, in
which lead ore is found : 52 miles N N W
Shrewffiury. Holzapfl, a town of Weftphalia, and
capital of a county of the fame name,
fituated between the eleaorate of Tre
ves and Naffau Dietz, on the borders of
the Lahn, at the foot of a mountain, on
which

H 0 O

HOR

^yhlch is the tower of an ancient caftle,
Hhe original feat of the princes of Naf
fau : 4 miles N E Naffau,
Hamberg, A fown of file Upper Rhine,
and principality of Heffe Caflel. It con
tains an Iron forge and a ^lafs manufac
ture : 20 miles S Caffel. There is an-
lOfher town of this name 7 miles N
Frankfort on the Mairie.
Horns, or Ems, a town of Syria, for-
inerly called Emeffa, and a celebrated
city ; on the Orontes : 6 pjiles NNE
Damafcus. Ho-nan, a province of China, The
-Chinefe call it Tang-boa, which fignifies
the flower of the middle ; it contains 8
cites of the firft rank, 102 of the fecond
and third. The vvhole province Is a
plain, except tpwards the W, where it
is mountainous : it is well watered with
rivers, great and fipall ; the air is tem
perate and healthy ; it produces corn,
jice, and fruit, ill great abundance and
variety. The IJoang croffes it fromWtoE.
Ho-nan, a cityof China, capital of the
above province, fuppofed formerly by
the Chinefe tp have been the centre of
the world, liecapfe it is in the centre of
their empire -. 360 ipIles SSW Pejfing,
lat. 34 44 N.
Honfeur, a confiderable feaport of
France, department Pf Calvados, Nor
mandy. The harbour is very capacious,
at the mouth of the Seine ; arid its prin
cipal trade is In lace. It is 8 miles N
Pont I'Eveque, and iio fJ '^ Paris, ten.
o 15 E, lat. 49 24 N.
Honimoa, or Uliaffer, one of the Mo
lucca Iflands, about 3 leagues In length,
and from i to i^ wide. The land is fer
tile ; the chief produaipns for com
merce are rice and cloves,
Honitan, A town pf England, county of
Devon, The principal manufaaure Is
lace. Above 5 tons of butter are faid to
he fent weekly to London from this
neighbourhood. It is a borough, and
fends two nienibers to parliament : 16^
miles E Exeter, and 156 W S W London,
Hony, river, a branch of the Senegal,
Hood's Ifland, in the S Pacific Ocean,
and fhe moft northerly of thofe called
The Marquis of Mendoze^s Iflands, difcov-
,ered, by capt. Copk, in 1774 ; abput 16
leagues in circumference, lon, 138 47 W,
iat, 9 a6 S.
Hoogly, a city nf Bengal, pn the W
fide pf a river pf fhe fame name. In
the time pf the Mahometan government,
if was the place vvhere the duties and
jiierchandlfe, brought up the weftern

branch of the Ganges, were coIle£le^ 5
20 miles N Calcutta.
Hoogly, a river of Hindooftan, formed
by the union of a branches of the Gan
ges, the Co/Embuzar and Jejli.nghy : th?
only branch of the Ganges jifuafly navi,-
gated by fliips. Several European na
tions have faaories on this river, bcr
tween Hpogiy and Calcutta. It empties
into the Bay of Beng;al, lon. 88 E, lat.
21 40 N.
Haolaiva, Hoo^ga-^Ilapaee, ,and Hoanga^
tonga, 3 pf the fmaUer Friendly Iflands 5
the a laft, 9 or 10 leagues NTongataboo.
Hoorn, A feaport of Hpllandi Pn the
Zuyder Zee. Befpre the year 1390 it
was only a hamlet ; in 1426, It wasfur-
rounded with waUs ; In {508, It was
confiderably enlarged, and the harbour,
which is one of the beft in the Zuyder
Zee, was made in 1577. It now hold?
fhe fecpnd rank among the cities of N
Holland, after Alcmaer, and its depu?
ties hold the feventh place apiong the
fmall cities at the affembly of the ftates;
The magiftracy confifts of a grand bally,
4 burgon^afters, aad 7 ecjievins, chofen
annuaUy. In the year 1557, a very
dreadful ftorm broke down the dams,
and filled the town with water, fo as to
threaten its totali deftruaion : however,
on the ceafing of the ftorm, the water*.
retreated, and they have fince made the
dams fufficient to refift fo danger.pus ap
enemy. "Fhe town is fortified, has 5
gates and fome handfome buildings,
churches and hofpitals. The land about
it is rich, producing cheefe and butter,
befides fattening vaft herds of caftle,
brought lean from the N of Europe :
II miles E Alcmaer, lat. 5a 39 N,
Hoorn, or Horn, atiwn of Weftphali?,
vvhich gives name to a fmall county, Ip
the bifliopric of Liege : I league W Ru7
remond. Harb, A town of Auftrian Swabia, op
the Neckar, with a confiderahle trade In
woollen goods : 28 riiles S W Stutgard,
Har-Cacamoot, a follfary village of Abyf
finia, Its name fignifies. The vaUey of
the ftadow of death- They raife a litr
tie maize, but live chiefly on the Elcr
phant, and Rhinoceros, lat. 13 i 33 N.
[Bruce.]
Horeb, A mountain of Arabia Petrea,
W of Mount Sinai, or rather another
eminence belpnging fp fhe fame mpun-
tain. Here Gpd appeard tp Mpfes In
the burning bufh. At the foot of this
mountain Mofes flruck the rock, (which
ftlU remains here) and drew wafer to af-
fuage

ii ot

HOT

fnage tke people's thirft. There are »
or 3 fine fprings, and abundance of
fruit trees on the top of Horeb, but not
on Sinai. At the foot of the mountain
is a monaftery, vvhere a bifliop of the
Greek church refides. Here is novv the
cave where Elijah bid himfelf, flying
from Jezebel ; a church is built over it
of white and red marble. The cave is 5
feet long, and 4^ high. It is W of Sinai,
or rather one eminence of Sinai, hence
fometimes one Is put for the other, fee
Sinai. Horn, or Hooren, a town of Auftria,
celebrated for its beer, made of oats, fent
by water to all the principal towns of
Auftria : 40 miles N W "Vienna, lat. 48
35 N.
Horn, A town of WeftpliaKa, county
of Lippe, near vvhich is a plain, called
VinfeAl, or ths field of ViBory, fuppofed
to be the place where "Varus periflied : 6
miles ^ S E Detmold, lat. 51 54 N.
Hamberg, A town of the iLower Rhine :
43 miles N Cotegn.
Harncaftle, a town of Lincoln, England,
on a navigable canal : 21 miles £ Lin
coln. Hornfea, A town of England, county of
York : 15 miles N Hull.
Horfens, A feaport town of Denmark, on
the Baltic, in Jutland. The harbour is
loo fliallow to admit veffels deeply laden,
fo that goods are brought to fhe tovv.i
in lighters It Is a place of confide
rable trade, with manufaaures of flan
nel and other wooUen ftuffs, and con
tains 2 churches : 19 miles SSW Aar-
huus, ten. 9 45 E, lat. 55 57 N.
Horfiam, A poputeus town of England,
county of Suffex : 36 miles S Londoa.
Hottentots (Country of) a large territory
of Africa, and part of that vvhich goes by
the name of Caffraria, bounded on the N
by countries unknown, on the S E, S and
W by the fea, 'Fhe coaft is mountainous,
and abounds in bays and capes. There
are no confiderable kingdoms throughout
this large extent pf country, the whole
being inhabited by different nations, or
tribes of Hotteritots, governed by differ
ent chiefs, who have no fixed refidence,
living like the Arabs, in huts or portable
houfes, and removing their vUlages, when
ever the pafture becomes too bare for the
fubfiftence of their cattle, and upon the
natural or violent death of an inhabitant.
The known nations are the Kochaquan,
Suft'aquan.Odiquan, Chirigriquan, Great
er and Leffer Namaquan, Attaquan,
Heffaquan, Song,uan, Dunquan, Dania-

quan, Gauros or Gouriquan, Houteni-
quan, Chamtpver and Heikpm. They
no longer cpmppfe, as fprmerly, pne na-
flbn, uniform in their manners, cuftomi*
and purfuits. The eftablifliment of the
Dutch colony vvas a fatal epoch, whicb
difunlted them all, and occafioned thofe
differences by which they are at prefent
difliiiguiflied. Among fhe different tribes
of Hottentots, the women wear a or 3
coverings forriied of a Ikin, and faftened
about their 'oodles like an apron ; the
outermoft, which Is the largeft, meafur
ing from 7 inches to la. This is fre
quently adorned with glafs beads in dif
ferent forms. All thefe coverings are
well fnieared with greafe. The garment
ufually worn by the men, for covering
their bodies. Is a flieep ikin wilh the wool.
This is tied forwards over the breaft.
If the weather is not cold, they le,t it hang
loofe over their flioulders, ia a carclefj
manner, when it reaches down to the
calves of their legs, leaving the lower part
of their breaft, ftomacli, and fore part of
the legs and thighs bare ; buf in rainy
and cold weather they wrap It round
them ;. fo that the fore part of the body
likewife, is in fome meafure covered with
It, as far as below the knees. That which
is ufed by the women fer tbe fame pur
pofe, docs not differ from thofe ufed by
the men In any other refpea, than that
the women have a peak to their karofics,
which they turn up, forming with it a
hood or U«le pouch, with the hairy fide
inwards. Iu this they carry their little-
children. The men in general wear no
peculiar covering ou their heads. Thofe
who live nearelt to the colonifts, wear
European hats, fieuched all round, or elfe
with one fide turned up. The women
frequently gp bareheaded ; when they
cover their heads, it Is vvith a cap in the
form of a fliort truncated cone, without
any fcam , made of fome animal's flom
ach, and is as black as foot, mixed uj>
with fat, can make it. Over this cap
they fomeliraes wear another ornament,
confifting of an oval wreath, made of
buffaloe's hide, with the brown hair out
wards. Both the rims of this wreath, as
well as the lower one on which it refts, as
the upper one, are always fmooth and
even ; each of thciii fet with a row of
fmall fliells, to the number 01 more than
30, in fuch a manner, that being placed
quite clofe lo each other, their beautiful
white enamel, together with tlieir mouths,
is turned outwards. Neither fhe cars or
nofes of the Hoticiitotj arc adorned with any

HOT

HOT

any pendant or other ornaments. The
necks of the men are bare, but thofe of
the women are decorated with a ftrip of
undreffed leather, upon which are ftrung
8 or IO fliells. Another ornament in ufe
with both fexes, is rings on their arms
and legs. Mofl of thefe rings are made
of thick leather ftraps, generally cut In a
circular fliape, which by being beat and
held over the fire, are rendered tough
enough to retain the curvature that is
given them. The men wear from one to
5 or 6 of thefe rings on their arms, juft
above their wrift,but feldom any on their
legs. The matrons of a higher rank,
frequently have a confiderable number of
them both on their arms and legs, efpe
cially on the latter, fo that fhey are cov
ered with them from the feet up to their
knees. Thefe rings are of various thick
nefs, viz. fometimes of that pf a gpofe
quill, and fometimes a or 3 tinies that
fize. Now and then they are made of
pieces of leather, forming one entire ring,
fo that the arms and feet muft be put
through them, when fhe weaier wifhes
to put them on. Rings of iron and cop
per, but efpecially of brafs, of the fize of
a gpofe quill, are confidered as more gen
teel and valuable than thofe made of
leather. They feldom wear any flioes.
The Hottentots who live within the
boundaries of the Dutch colonies, feldom
make ufe of any weapons. Here and
there, indeed, a man will furnifli himfelf
with a javelin, by way of defence againft
the wolves, this Is called haffagai. Their
habitations are as fimple as their drefs,
and equally adapted to fhe wandering
paftoral life they lead In thofe parts. In
faa, they fcarcely merit any pther name
than that pf huts ; thpugli they are fuf
ficient for the Hottentot's wants and de-
Cres : vvho may therefore be confidered
as happy men, in being able in this point
likewife fo eafily to falisfy them. Every
hut is difpofed in fhe following manner :
they are of a circular form, refembUng a
round beehive "Fhe ground plot is from 18
to 24 feet In diameter. The higheft of theni
are fo low, that a middle fized man can
fcarcely ftand upright. From the fitua
tion of their fireplace, which Is in fhe
-centre, the Hottentots likewife have this
advantage, that when they fit or lie in a
circle round the fire, fhe whole company
equally enjoy the benefit of Its warmth.
The door, vvhich is low. Is the only place
that lets in the daylight ; and at the fame
time fhe only outlet that is left for the
fmoke. The frame of Ihis arched roof is

compofed of flender rpds pr fprays of
trees. Thefe rods being previoufly benf
into a prpper fprm,arfe laid, either whole
or pieced, fome parallel with each other,
others eroffwife ; fhey are then ftrength
ened by binding others round them, in a
circular form, with vviths. Large mats
are then, laid very neatly over this lattice
work, fo as perfeaiy to cover the vvhole.
The aperture which is left for the doof,
is clofed, whenever there Is occafion for
It, with a fkin fitted to It, or a piece of
matting. Thefe mats are riiade bf a piece
of cane or reed, "Fhe reeds being laid
parallel to each other, are fafleried to
gether with firiews, or catguts, or elfe
fome kind of packthread, fuch as they
have had an opportunity of procuring
from Europeans. The order or diftrlbu-"
tion of fhefe huts In a clan, is moft fre
quently in the form of a circle, with the
doors inwards ; by this means a kind of
yard or court is formed, where the cattle
are kept at night. The milk, as fppn as
taken frpm the cpw, Is put to other milk
which is curdled, and Is kept In a leather
lack ; of this fhe hairy fide being confid
ered cleaneft. Is turned inVards ; fo that
the milk Is never drank while it is fwcet,
Vaillant, who learned the language of
thefe people, and lived among tlieiri,
fpeaks of them with a degree of affeaion.
Some authors have faid that the famiUes
of the favages' fleep all promifcuoufly to
gether. In the fame hut ; , and are neither
acquainted with difference of age, nor
that invincible horror which feparates
beings conneaed by btepd. The favages,
indeed, confined to what Is ftrlaiy necef
fary, have never thought of preferving,
under an apparent decency, all the totpi-
tude of unnatural inclinations ; and fep
arate apartments for brother and fitter,
mother and fon, are not to be found
among them. But to conclude becaufe
they have only one habitation, one bed,
and one mat to repofe on, affer fhe la
bours of the day, that they live like the
brutes, would be to calumpi'af e in'nocerice,
and offer an infult f o nature 'Vaillant
fays, he vifited more than one horde of
favages, and never found ariy where but
modefty aud rcferve amorigft both men
and women. He thinks that the women
of favage nations, once vifited by cor
rupted Europeans, and too well acquaiiit-
ed with their perverfe inclinations, prof-
fltufc themfelves to all thofe who choofe
tp enjoy them, and gratify their tafte,
from a dread of the barbarous cruelties
which the whites are capable of commit- '
ting.

HOT

HOT

ting, if fhere be a corner of the earlh
where a decency of condua and manners
is ftill honoured, he thinks we muft feck
for Its femple In the bofoms of the deferts.
There is fomething peculiar In the fea
tures of the Hottentot, which, in a cer
tain degree, feparates him from the gen
erality of riiaiikind. His cheekbones are
exceedingly prominent, fo that his face,
being very broad in that part, and fhe
jaw-bones, on fhe contrary, extremely
narrow, his vifage continues flill decreaf-
ing even lo the point of the chin, "Fhi:-,
configuration gives him an air bf laiik-
nefs, which makes his head appear very
much difproportioned, and too fmall for
his full and plump body, iHIs flat note
rifes fcarcely half an inch at its higheft
elevation, and his noftrils, which are cx-
(ceriivcly wide, often exceed in height
' the ridge of his note. His mouth is large,
and furniflied with^ l"mall teeth, well en
amelled, and perfeaiy while : his eyes,
very beautiful and open, IncUne a liltle
towards the note, Uke thbfe of fhe Chi
nefe : and to the fight and touch his hair
has the refemblance of wool, it is very
fliort, curls naturally, and in colour is as
black as ebony. He has very little hair,
yet he einploys no fniall care to pull out
by the roots part pf what he has ; but
the natural thiiinefs of his eyebrows
faves him from this trouble in that part.
Though he has no beard but upon the
upper lip, below the iiofe, arid at the ex
tremity of the chill, he never fails lo pluck
it out as foon as It appears. This gives
him an effeminate look, which, joined lo
the natural mildnefs of his charaaer, de-
ftroys that commanding fiercenefs com
mon to all men in a ftate of nature, and
vvhich has acquired them the proud title
of kings. Withiegafd lo proportion of
body, a Hotten^<)t is as perfea as If eaft
In a mould. His gait is graceful and a-
gile; and all his motions, which are eafy,
feem very difl't rent froin thofe of the
American favages, who appear only to
have been iketched out by the hand of
nature. "Fhe women, with more delicacy
df features, exhibit the fame charaaerif-
tic marks In their figure : they are equal
ly well made. Their breaflio, admirably
placed, have a moft beautiful form, while
in the bloom of youth ; and their hands
are finall, and-their feet exceedingly well
fliaped, though they never w-ear fandals.
The found of their voice Is foft ; and
their idiom, paffing through the throat,
i? not defliilule of harmony. When they
fpeak, they employ a 2rcat many geftarei ,
Vol. U, Oo

vvhich give power and gracefulnefs to
their arms. The Hottentots, naturally
t-'mid, are not enterprifing. Their phleg
matic coolnefs, and their ferious looks,
give them an air of referve, vvhich they
never lay afide, even at fhe moft joyful
moments ; while, On the contrary, all
other black or tawny nations ^ive them
felves up fo pleafure with the Uvelieft
joy, and without any reftraipt. A pro
found Indifference to fhe affairs of life,
inclines them very m.uch to inaaivity and
indolence : the keeping of their flocks,
and the care of procuring a fubfiftence,
are the only objcas that occupy their
thoughts, fhey never follow hunting as
fportfmen, but like people oppreffed and
tprmented by hunger. In fliort, forget
ting the paft, and being under no uneafi-
nefs for the future, they are ftruck only
with the prefent ; and It is that alone en
gages their attention. They are, how
ever, the beft, the kiiidefl, and the moft
hofpitable of people. Whoever travels
among them may be afl'ured of finding
food and lodging ; and though they will
receive prefents, yet they never afk for
any thing. If the traveller has a long
journey to accompUfli, and If they learn,
from the information he requires, that
there are no hopes of his foon meeting
with other hordes, that which he is going
to quit fupplies him vvith provifions, as far
as their circumftances will allow, - and
wilh every thing elfe necefi'ary for h's
continuing- his journey, and reaching the
place of his deftination. The Hottentots
are reprefented as a mifeiabie, poor, fu
perftitious, ferocious, indolent, and cxcef-
fivtly dirty people. That iliey befmear
themfelves with greafe is a faa. But
then It muft be confidered that all thefe
lavages, without exception, are excellent
fwimmers, and perhaps the beft divers in
the world, and the praaice of bathing,
which they ufe feveral times a day, can
leave little power to ointments, or even
to duft, to fpoil and corrode the llcin.
The continual care and attention beftow
ed by the Gonaquas in particular, on
their drefs, fufficicntly prove that they
are fond of cleanliiiefs : all, therefore,
that can be faid is, that it is ill under
ftood ; and even before vve proceed fo
far, it might be neceffary to inquire
whether they are not obliged to greafe
themfelves in this m,inner, either on ac
count of the temperature of the clini,^.t-j,
or from a want of thofe refources w-l-.icli
nature has nol polnteel out to them.
Tlicir clothes, Indeed, are only the fpoil? taken

HOT

HOT

taken from favage animals ; but they do
not neglea, as fpme have pretended, tb
clean and prepare them befpre they em
ploy them for making dreffes. . A Hot
tentot is neither poor nor miferable. He
is nbt poor, becaufe his defires never ex
ceeding his knowledge, which Is very lim
ited, he never feels the fpur of neceffity.
The language, notwithftanding ils fingu-
larlfy, and the difficulty of pronouncing
it, is, however, to be acquired by an Eu
ropean. In 1778, lieutenant Paterfon
vifited a Hottentot village In the Small
NImlqua Land, In the N W part of the
country : it confifted of 19 huts and
about 150 inhabitants. The enfign of
authority, worn by their chief, was a cane
with a brafs top, given to him by the
Dutch E India Company. The Hotten
tots amufed them part of the night, with
mufic and dancing : their vICtors, in re
turn, treated them with tobacco and dac-
ka, or hemp leaves, which fhey prefer
even to- tobacco. Their mufic vvas pro
duced from flutes, made of fhe bark of
trees, of different fizes. The men form
themfelves into a circle, with their flutes,
and the women- dance round them. A-
mong other tribes of the Hottentots are
the Boflimans, who inhabit the moun
tains In the Interior part of the country,
N E of the Cape, and are enemies to the
paftpral life. Spme of their maxims are,
tP live by hunting and plunder, and nev
er tp keep' any animal alive fpr the fpace
of pne night. On this account, they
themfelves are jnirfued and exterminated,
Uke the wild beafts whofe manners they
have affumed. Some of them, vvhen ta
ken, are kept alive, and made flaves bf.
Their weapons are poifoned arrows,
vvhich, fliot from a fmall bow, wIU hit a
mark, with a tolerable degree of certain
ty, at file diftance of 100 paces. Their
habitations are not more agreeable than
their mannei-s and maxims. Like the
wild beafts, buflies. and clefts in rocks
ferve them by turns for dvvcUIivgs. Ma
ny of thefe favages are entirely naked ;
but fome of tliera coyer their body with
the fkin of any fort of animal, great or
fmall, from the flioulder downward, as
far as It will reach, wearing it till it fall
off their back In rags. As ignorant of
agriculture as apes and memkies, they are
obliged, like them, to wander over hills
and dales, after certain wild roots, berries
aud plants, which they eat raw. Their
table, however, is com pofed of feveraloth-
cr diflies, among which are catcrpillari,
lerttiile.s, locufU, graflioppers, I'naiccs and

fpidcrs. Another tribe of Hottentots,.
near the mouth of Orange River, v^'ere
obferved by lieutenant Paterfon, In his
journey fo the N W, in 1779. Their huts
were loftier, and thatched with grafs ¦„
and were furniflied wifh ftools made of
the back bones of the grampus. Their
mode of living is In the higheft degree
wretched, and they are apparently the
moft dirty of all the Hottentot trlbesi
Their drefs is compofed of the flcins of
feals and jackals, the flefli of wliich they
eat. When a grampus Is eaft affiore,,
they remove their huts to the place, and
fubfift upon It as long as any of it re
mains ; and, In this manner, it fometimes
affords them fuftenance for half a year,
fhough In a great meafure decayed and
putrlfied by the fun. They fmear their
flcin with the oil, the odour of which is
powerful. They carry their water In
the fliells of oftrich eggs, and the blad
ders of feals, which they flioot with ar
rows. With refpea to the Hottentots-
ill general, they feera to have little relig
ion, and their prejudices render them un-
wiUIng to receive in-ftriiaion. All of
them, however, like olher favages, have
the firmeft' pplnten of the ppwer pf mag»
ic ; whence It might be inferred, that
fhey believe in an evil being ; buf they
pay np reUgious worlhip to him, though
from this fource they derive all the evils
that happen ; and among thefe they
reckon cold, rain and thunder. So mon-
ftrpufly ignprant are they that the Bpfli-
mans, like the Galla, abufe the thunder
with many ppprpbrteus epithets, and
threaten to afTault the lightning. As
they neither fpw npr reap, the mpft intel
ligent of them cannot be convinced that
rain was not always an evil, and that it
would be an unhappy circumftance were
It never to rain, fhey feem, however,
to have ideas of a future ftate, as they
reproach their friends, when dead, with
leaving them fo foon ; admonifliing them
to behave henceforth more properly : by
which fhey mean, that their deceafed
friends fliould not come back again and
haunt thein, nor allow themfelves to be
made ufe of by wizards, to bring any
mifehlef on thofe that furvive them.
The integrity of a Hottentot, his juftice,
his charity, are equalled by few people
of the world. Their word is facred, theft
and adultery are puniflied with death.
They firmly believe there Is a God, the
author of all things, whom they call fhe
God of Gods ; but like many other far-
age aatlous and philofophifts, they do riot
pay

HOT

H 0 U

pay him any formal worfliip. They fay
the vices of Europeans prevent their at
tention to chriftianity. f heir depprtmcnt
is expreffive of benevolence and good na
ture.'! Their fidelity is often furprifing on
tryi ng occafions The country poffeffed
liy the Dutch Is of pretty confiderable ex
tent, comprehending not only the large
traa between Table Bay and Falfe Bay,
but that which is called Hottentot Hol
land, extending from Falfe Bay to fhe
Cabo dos Agulhas, or Cape of Needles,
;ind the country further E beyond St.
Chriftoplier's River, called Terra de Na
tal. 'I'he whole of this country Is natur
ally barren and mounlainous ; but the in
duftrious Dutch have overcome all natur
al difficulties, and It produces not only
a fufficiency of all the neceffaries of life
for the inhabitants, but alfo for the re-
frefliment of all the European fliips that
touch here. The Dutch confider the
year as divided into two feafons, which
they term monfoons ; the wet monfoon,
or winter, begins in March ; and the dry
one, or fummer, in September. Among
the quadrupeds of this country are ante
lopes, vvhich go in herds of 20,000 each ;
buffaloes, cameleopardiUfc8,tliegcmffioch,
a fpecies of antelope, which has remarkably
long fliarp horns, and when attacked by
dogs, will fit on its hind quarters, and
defend itfelf ; wild dogs, which travel in
herds, and are very deftruaive to flieep ;
elephants, elks, hyenas, the koedo, an an
imal of a raoufe colour, rather larger
than our deer, with 3 white ftripes over
the back, and the male having very large
twifted horns ; lions, jackals, tigers, the
quacha, a fpecies of the zebra, but more
traaable ; rhinocerofes, horfes, domeftic
horned cattle, common flieep, and a pe
culiar fpecies of flieep covered with hair
/ inftead of vvool. fhe hippopotamus or
river horfe is frequently feen here. A-
mong the birds are vultures ; oftriches,
whole eggs are excellent food ; and the
loxia, a fpecies of gregarious bird : thefe
latter build the'ir curious neft In the mi-
mol'A tree, where they form a kind of
thatched houfe, with a regular ftreet of
nefts on both fides, at about 2 inches dif
tance from each other, and containing
under its roof, in one that lieutenant
Paterfon faw, upwards of 800 birds.
Among fhe infeas are, the lermires, or
vvhite ants, which do no injury to wood
as in the F. Indies, but, by raifing a num
ber of hills, they impede the progrefs of
vegetation. The Hottentots eat them ;
and lieutenant Paterfon, vvho tafted this

food, found it far from difagreeable. The
locufts alfo are efteemed excellent food by
the Boflimans, by whom they are dried
and kept for ufe. The black, or rock
fcorpion, Is nearly as venomous here as
any of the ferpent tribe, of which there
are numerous kinds ; ten. 14 lo 32 E.lat.
24 to 25 S. [Vaillaint,Tacliard, Holben,
Sparrman,] Hail, or Ho'w, a town of Egypt, on the
left bank of the Nile, fituated on an em
inence, which feems to be artificial, and
is faid to have been built by the patriarch
Jofeph : 28 miles S Girge, lat, 26 2 N.
Houac, or Houat, a French Ifland, in the
Englifli Channel, near the coaft of Mor
bihan, about 8 miles in clrcirmfeicnce,
defended by a fort : 7 miles N E Belle-
Ifle, lat. 47 26 N.
Hoval, or ¦Qualo, a kingdom of Africa,
on the banks of fhe river Senegal, and on
the coaft 'of the Atlantic, 90 miles frcm
E to W, and 18 from N to S. The foil is
rich and fertile, producing in fhe greateft
abundance maize, rice, legumes, indigo,
tobacco, and cotton, the meadows feed
great numbers of large and fmall caflle,
whofe flefli Is excellent ; game Is plentiful,
and birds in the greateft number and va
riety ; the forefts abound with palm frees.
The king of Hoval takes the title of brak
or Emperor, he was formerly very pow
erful, but Is now lefs fo, and often in
want of millet for his fupport ; when he
can fliake off his indolence, he affembles
his courtiers, travels with them through
the villages of his kingdom, cats what
provifions he finds, drives away the cattle,
and expofes the oy.'ners 10 public fale.
Houdan, A town of France, departnient
of the Seine and Oufe, has a manufaaure
of woollen flockings :. 3 leagues W Mont-
fort. Hounjlow, A town of Middlefex, Eng
land, on the great weftern road : 10
miles W London.
Hau-tcheau, A city of China, of the firft
rank in the province of Tche-kiang, near
a large lake, called Tai. The chief place
in China for making writing pencils : the
filk manufaaure, is likewife extenfive :
587 miles SSE Peking, lat. 30 52 N.
Hau-^ang, a province of China, about
480 miles from N to S, and 350 from E 10
W. This province contains 15 cities of
the firft rank. The greateft part of the
province is a flat open country, watered
every where by brooks, lakes, and rivers,
with great number and variety of fifli
and waler fowl, cattle are without num
ber. "I'hc land produces all forts of grain and

HOY

HUE

and fruit, efpecially oranges, and citrons ;
the forefts abound vvith trees, and the
mountains with mines and medicinal
plants ; in the fands of the rivers and
brooks, which defcend from the moun
tains, gold is found ; fhere are mines of
iron, fin, toutenague, &c. in the fields
are great number ot infeas which yield
wax, as well as bees which produce hon
ey. In a word, there is fucha great plen
ty sf aU forts of commodities, that it Is
commonly called, the Magazine of the
Empire ; and it is a proverb among the
Chinefe, That tlie provirice of Kiang-fi
may furnifli China with a breakfaft, but
none but Hou-Quang can wholly main
tain iti The great river Yang-lfe croffes
it from W fo E.
Houffa, the capital of a powerful em
pire, ill the centre of Africa. Irt popula
tion it ranks with Londpn pr Cairo: The
government qf the nation is a limited
monarchy. Juftice is adminiftered' ac-
c6r<ling to written laws. They have an
order bf nobility, or hereditary officers.
The merchants are hOneft, the women
refpeaed. The charaaers they ufe are
different from the Hebrew, qr Arabic.
It is a great mart for Moorifli traffic.
[Bruce, Dlfcoveries in Africa.]
Houfouanas, A' nation looo miles N
from the Cape bf Good Hope.
How Ifland, ih the S Pacific Ocean, dlf
covered in 1 767, by captain 'Wallis, .ind
according to captain Cook, who favv it in
the year 1774, compofed (>f feveral fmaller
Iflands, imited'by breakers. Some cocoa-
nut tpccs ^vere feen, but riot abundant,
lon. 154 7 W, lat. 16 46 S.
Howden, A town of Y'ork, England :
33 miles W Hull.
How's (Lord) If ands, in the S Pacific
Pceaii, one in lon. 159 4 W, lat. 31 36 S,
the other, ten. 164 43 E, lat. 11 10 S.
Iloxter, A town of Weftphalia, belong
ing to the abbey of Corvey. There were
formerly upwards pf 1000 citizens, but
thenumber Is now greatly reduced : i
league N W Corvey.
Hoy, one of- the Orkney Iflands, fituate
between the ifland of Pomona, and the
N coafl: of Caithnefsfliire. Itis 10 miles
long. On this idand, liefide the great
conic hill of Hoyhea'd, which Is a fea
mark, there Is a ftupendous rock, called
the Beary, where a bird, named the lay
er, fuppofed to be a fpecies of penguin,
is found. It is about the fize of a fmall
dijck, remarkably fat, and efteemed by
nianv a great delicacy. Thefe birds bur
row in the rabbit holes ; and the perfon

employed in taking theyoungis let cte>yq
by a rope from the top of the precipice'.
In a gloomy valley in this ifland, is a large
ftone, 36 feet long and 18 broad, called
the Dwarfic ftone. It Is hollow vvllhip,
having the forrri of abed and pillow cut
in the ftone ; and is fup-pofed to have
been the habltatiori of a hermit, lou. 3
120 W, lat, 58 56 N, ' [Walker,]
Hoya, A cpunty and principality of
Weftphalia, S of BreiTi(;;i, about 32 miles
in length, and 29 in breadth. In this
cpuiity are fome good arable lands, pro
ducing wheat, rye, barley, oats, ffax, and
buck-wheat. On the fides of the rivers
are fome good meadows, and on the hills,
are fine paftures. Tjie inhabitants apply
themfelves partly fo agriculture, breed
ing cattle, and keeping bees, and partly
to manufaauring linen, woollen, and
flockings, &c. Moft of the peafants are
boiidfmen. The whole country contains
54 parlffies, all which profefs the doc
trines pf Luther. Hoya is the capital,
befides which there are 1 7 towns. Hoya'
is ou the Wefer : 24 miles SSE Bre
men, lat. 52 49 N.
Hoyer, a town of Slefwick, with ap
hariiour for fraall veffels, fltuated off the
coafl of fhe N Sea, celebrated for its
oyfter fifliery : 4 miles "W "Fondern.
Hradifch, a town of Moravia, the cap
ital of a circle of the fame name, on the
rivfer Moraw, celebrated for Its excellent
¦vvine 4nd ffuit : 30 miles S Olmutz.
Hubertfferg, A lov,-ii of Upper Saxonyj
and circle of Leipfie, v\nlh a magtiificent
hunting feat,' remarkable fot a peace
m'ad'e here, between the king's of Pruffia
and Poland, and' the emprefs Queen : 3
miles NE Mutfchen,
Huddersfeli, a tpwn of York, England,
celebrated for its wdpljen manufaaure,
vvhich confift of harrow cloths, fine and
coarfe, fine broadcloths, ferges, kerfey
meres, &c. It is fituated on the Calder,
furrounded v/ith barren moors ; 25 miles
N E Manchefter,
Hudichfivall, a feaport town of Sweden,
province of Helfing-land, vvith a good
harbour furrourided on 3 fides by the fcai
The inh'sibitants carry on an advanta
geous trade, in timber, wooden chairs,
flax, linen, butter, fifli, &c. In the year
1670, it was deflroycd by fire, and 1721
it was burned by fhe Ruffians : at prefent
It is in a flourlfliing ftate, lon, i8 36 E,
lal, 6148 N,
Hiiefca, A town of Aragon, on the lAie-
la, the fee of a bifliop ; It contains 4 par
iflies, 5 cpnvents, and an univerfity fpunded

HUL

HUN

foun/led in t'he year 1354 ; 27 miles N N
ilii Saragoffa, lat. 42 7 N.
A',..yi,!), a town of Spain, in Granada,
containing 2 parifhes, and 4 convents :
7 miles "A- N W Carthngena.
Huetta, a town of New Caftile : 67
miles E Madrid,
Hulin Roiks, nr Ths Maids, rocks in the
N channel of the Irifli Sea ; 6 miles from
the coaft of Antrim, lon. 5 37 W, lat. 54
57 N.
Hull, A river of England, cpunty of
York, vvhich runs into the Humber, at
Hull. //,///, or JCingfon upon Hull, A fcaporf
of f-ingi..nd, in "York, on fhe N fide of the
Humber, at the mouth of the Hull,
jyhence its name ; formerly defended by
a ftrong wall, ditches, ramparts, and half
moons. This w:,s the firft town that fliut
its gates againft Charles 1, in the begin
ning of the civil war, and flood a fiege of
near 6 weeks, being defended by lord
Fairfax. The royal army was commanded
Jjy the marquis of Newcaftle, but com
pelled tp raife the fiege. FIuU Is fituated
low and vvas formerly fubjea to great iii-
jundalions, but by proper drains that
complaint is now remedied. "I'he coni-
iperce of Hull has for fpme time been
conftantly increafing, fo as to render it
probably the 4tli port for bufinefs in the
kingdom. Its fituation is extremely ncl-
[ yantageous ; for, beii,lcs its commuiilca-
jtion yyllh the Yorkfliire rivers and ca
bals, it has alfo accefs, by means of the
HuDiber to the Trent, aud afl its branch
es and communications : hence it hasthe
import and export trade of many pf the
portliern and mjdland countries. The
foreign trade is chiefly lo the Baltic ; but
it has alfo regular frafiic with the fouth
ern parts of IJurppe, and with Apierica.
More fliips are fent frpm hence to Green
land than from any other port, that of
London excepted. The coafting trade
for coals, corn, wool, nianuf'aaurcd
goods, &'c, is very extenfive. A new
dock has lately been co'nftruacd,in which
80 ffiips may ride fafely and convenient
ly. There are a churches, an exchange,
infirmary, and a Trinity-houfc, which is
a corporation compofed of a Ipclety of
riierchants, for the relief of aged and
diltrefl'edXcameii, their wives and widows.
Hull is defended by 3 forts, garrlfoned by
foldiers. HuU fends a members IP par-
ll.iment; 97 miles £ Manchefter, and 173
N London, ten. 017 V\", lal. 53 43 N.
Hulfl, a town of Flanders, the capital
of 4 offices, with la dependent viUages,

fituated on a canal, which communicatist
with the .Scheldt : itis fmall, but ancient
and very ftrong, by its fituation among
marflies, and its forfificatinris-. It was
taken by the French in 1747, and 1794 ;
16 miles W Antwerp, and 16 N N K
Ghent, lat. 51 15 N.
Humar, a fmall illand of Arabia, in the
Red Sea : i leagi.e N '^'i' Loheia.
Humber, a riv-.-r of England, formed
by the Oufe a.nd Trent, betweeii the
counties of Lincoln a(id York, which
runs ipto fhe German Sea, lon. i 15 K,
lat, 5330 N,
Hummoch, an ifland of .Afisi, in the In
dian .Ocean, about 6 tpil'es long. H re
is a rajah, fupported in his authority by
the Dutch E India Cojnpany. The iil
and is exceedingly fcitil,.-, arid produces
niofl of the tropical fruits ; but the prin
cipal articles of trade with the Dutch are
beefw-ax and honey. It lies 5 leagues S
Mindanao, lon. 125 li E, lat. 5 27 N.
[Walker.]
Hundfruck, or Hunds-Rucl, A diftria of
the Upper Rhine, fltuated bcLvt.cn the
Rhine, the Mofelle, and the Nahe, be
longing partly to the ek-apr of "i'reves,
the cleaor Palatine, and the prinee of
HeiTc, Hungary, A kingdom of Europe, bound
ed on the N by re)land, from which it is
feparated by the Carpathian, mountains,
on the E by Tranfilvania and \\";-l.icM.i,
pn the S by Sclavonia, from which il is
feparated by the Drave and Servia, :-iid
on the W by Moravia, Auftria, ancl ^li-
ria. In a more extenfive Icnfe, .Sclavonia,
Pajmatia, Bofnia, Servia, Traiirtlvania,
Moldavia, anjd Walachia, are compre
hended under the general name of iHun-
gary. The country. Inwards the N, is
mountainous and barren ; the nir is cold,
but healthy. Near the Daiiuhe the loll
is level and fandy, the ciiniate temperate,
and tbe air is moift. Farther .to the S arc
extenfive plains, cxcecelingly fertile ; fhe
cUmate is hot, and the air from the
rnarlhes rendered moift ard unwhole
fome. Hot days, with cold nights and
intemperance, occafion difeafes, particu
larly what Is cm;ih:itically called the
Hungarian fever; and the plague is fre
quently brought from Turkey. Kcver-
fhelefs, the country is altogether fuch as
to have given rife to a proverb, whicii
imports that life can only be enjoyed in
Hungary ; this proverb is exaggerac-r-J.
but not altogether without foundation.
The level country produces. :diundant!y,
corn of tv'ery kinii, exccUeut fruit, w-incs
celebrated

HUN

H U R

celebrated fpr their ftrength and good
nefs, legumes, hemp, afparagus, metens,
faffron, tobacco, &c. The forefts are
beautiful, and fhe meadows feed numer
ous herds of cattle, of which the in
habitants yearly export niorefhan 100,000
head. Horfes, buffatees, affes,; mules,
flieep, goats, and fwine are bred, not
only fufficient fo fupply the wants of the
inhabitants, but form objeas of com
merce ; chamois and deer are found in
the forefts and mountains, and in fome
places bears. The rivers and ponds are
vvell fupplied with fifli, and the woods
with game. The fides of the mountains
produce excellent wine, and \i-ithln them
are found gold, filver, iron, lead, quick
filver, antimony, orpiment, fulphur, vit
riol, marcafite, fall, falt-petre, loadftone,
d'fferenf kinds of marble, alabafter, pre
cious ftones, but inferior to thofe of the
E, a metal hardly known elfewhere, call
ed by the Hungarians, Zinnapel, &c. There
are many mineral fprings both v\-arm and
c-ild. The principal mountains are the
Carpathian and Crapack. The chief riv
ers are the Danube, Drave, and Leitha.
This kingdom, teng wafted by war. Is
beginning to be populous ; it has few
large towns, all are ill built, and filled
with ruins. Hungarians and Sclavonians
are confidered as the only native Inhabit
ants. The nobility are numerous, vvell
informed, and warUke. Their lands owe
their fovereign no fervice. The peafant
poffeffes notliing, he can be nothing but
a farmer, and the proprietor can difmifs
him at his pleafure ; without being a
flave, he is not better off. Anciently the
peafants might change their mafters; they
cannot do fo now ; they had at one time
particular tribunals, lo vvhich they might
have recourfe ; but this privilege is no
longer allowed. The doarine of the ref
ormation vvas at firft preached with fuc
cefs ; but. In i68i, the Proteftants were
inferdiaed from having more than two
churches In a county, fome of which In
clude 100 towns, and yet their number is
j^eatly fuperior to the Roman Catholics.
Hungary is governed by the king and
ftates. "iThe ftates of Hungary are divided
into 4clafl"es, lothe firft lielong fhe pre
lates, as the archbiffiops, bifliops, abbots,
and probfts ; to the fecond clafs belong the
great barons, waywodes, bans, or vice
roys ; f o the third clafs belong fhe gentry,
and to fhe fourth, the royal free cities.
The public revenues confift of cfontribu-
tions, cuftoms, mines and minerals, fait
works, which belong to the ciown, rpyal

deraefnes, »nd efcheats. Thefe abun
dantly anfwer the expenfes of the court,
and defence of the frontiers. 'Fhe king
dom of Hungary can eafily raife an army
bf 100,000 men, of vvhich 50,000 are in
pay, and a like number Is furniflied by
the provinces. The infantry are caUed
heyducks, and the cavalry huffars. The
number of inhabitants, including Tran
filvania, Is eftimated at 8 millions. Pref-
burg Is the capital of Upper, Buda, of
Lower Hungary.
Hungerford, A town of England, county
of Berks, on the Kennet, which feparates
it from Wiltfliire : 9 miles W Newburg.
Huninguen, A towii of France, depart
ment pf the Upper Rhine, on the Rhine.
The town is fmall, but handfome, and
regularly fortified by M Vauban : 2 miles
N Bale.Hunmanby, A town of England, county
of York, about 2 miles from the fea ;
209 miles N London.
Hunter's Ifland, an ifle of the Southern
Ocean, dlfcovered in 1799 by captain
Fearn. It is fmall, of a conical form, of
confiderable height, 12 leagues E Mat
thew's roek, lat. 22 24 S, lon. 171 50 E,
Huntingdon, a town of England, and
capital of the county to which it gives
name, fituated on a rifing ground, near
the river Oufe, faid formerly fo have.
had 15 churches, all which were deftroy
ed in Speed's time except 3, Near the
town was a caftle built by WiUiam the
Cpnquerpr, There are at prefent only
2 churches, Huntingdon, Is a borough,
and fends 2 members fo parliament. The
affizes for the county are held here : 15
miles N W Cambridge, 5<) N London.
Huntingdonffirc, A county of England,
bounded N by Northainptonfliire, weft
by North'Smptonfliire. It Is divided Into
4 hundreds, which contain 5 market
towns, 79 pariflies, about 50,000 inhab
itants, and 240,000 acres of land. Great
part of the E and N E part of the coun
ty confifts of moors and fens: along the
river Oufe are fome rich meadows, be
fides which there is a great quantity of
arable land, prpducing excellent corn.
The air is generally reckpned gpod, ex
cept In the fens. Four members arc
returned to parliament, for the fown
and county, 2 each. The principal riv
ers are the Oufe and the Nen.
Huntly, a town of Scotland, county of
Aberdeen : 28 miles N W Aberdeen.
Hurdwar, a town of Hindooftan, on the
Himmaleh, and the borders of Thibet ;
86 miles N Delhi, lon. 78 23 E,lat. 29 55 N,
Bus,

H Y D

I C E

Hus, or Huffu, A tPwn pf Moldavia,
the fee of a Greek bifliop, on the Pruth,
Here Peter the Great made peace with
the Turks : 70 miles S W Bender, and
87 N N W Ifmael, lat, 46 35 N,
Hufum, A feaport town of Denmark,
on the W coaft of the duchy of Slef
wick, formerly famous for exporting
great quantities of malt,' At one time
above 40 large veffels belonged to this
port, and the oyfter trade vvas almpft
entirely Iii the hands pf the Inhabitants,
but It Is npw greatly declined. The
Rincipal trade at prefent confifts In
beer, cattle, and horfes : 18 miles W
Slefwick, ten. 9 8 £, lat. 54 32 N.
Htiilwiel, A town of Swifferland, can
ton of Bern, on the frontier of Lucerne ;
16 miles N E Bern.
Huy, a town of "^SVeftphaUa, bifliopric
of Liege, on the Meufe, which divides
it into 2 parts, the one belonging to the
county pf Haftaie, the other to Con-
droz, of which laft Huy Is the capital.
It fuffered terribly in 1673, when the
French took and burned the whole town,
becaufe the citizens had taken up arms
to affift the garrifon, which was very
weak ; they alfo broke down a bridge of
freeftone, which had been built over the
MeuIV in the year 1294. The Spaniards
retook it In the year 1694, and reftored
il to the the bifliop at the peace of Ryf
wick. In the year 1714, a new bridge
was built in a fuperior manner ; 12 iniles
SSW Liege, lat. 50 3a N.
Hwen, or Ween, a fertile ifland of Swe
den, to which couutry it vvas granted by
the treaty of Rofcliild, In the year 1658,
fituated in the Sound. It is about 8160
paces ill circumference, and at a diftance
has the appearance of a high mountain.
This ifland was granted by Frederick II,
king of Denmark, fo Tycho Brahe, the
celebrated aftronomer, wilh a caftle call
ed Uranienburg, ereaed for fhe purppfe
of making obfervatlons, In which he re
fided upwards of 20 years. The whole
Ifland contains but i parifli, or village,
containing about 50 houfes : 5 leagues N
Copenhagen, lon. la 38 E, lat. 55 54 N.
Hydra, a frontier between Algiers and
Tunis, Inhabited by Arabs, whole chief
U A Marabout. They are immenfely
rich, paying no tribute either to Algiers
or Tunis ; the pretext is their living on
Lion's flefli. This mode of gaining a
livelihood renders them bold, undaunted
hunters, [Bruce,]
Hydra, a fniall ifland in the Grecian
Archipelago, hit 37 15 N.

Hydrabad, a city of Hindooftan, capi
tal of a province, to which it gives name,
and now called Golconda, and at this
time the capital of the Deccan, fituated iii
a plain. It is very large, furrourided with
waUs, and defended with towers, and is
fuppofed to contain upwards of 100,000
inhabitants : 690 miles S Delhi, and a70
NNW Madras, lou, 78 ja E, lat, 17
17 N.
Hypolite, St. A town of France, depart
ment of Gard, Languedoe. A canal
croffes the town, which turns feveral
mills, and fupplies many fountains vvith
water. An infult, offered by the inhab
itants of this town, to a prieft, vvho vvas
carrying the viaticum, occafioned the
revocation of the edia of Nantes. This
town has a good fort, and Js feated on
the Vidourle, near Its fource :- 12 mile*
S W Alais, ten. o 4 E, lat. 43 55 N.
Ilys, a towu in the Arabian Irak, on
the Euphrates : 120 miles S Bagdad,
Hythe, fee Hithe.

J. BABA, capital of Mailffia, one of
the largeft cities in Abyffinia, with a
caftle and dafly market. [Bruce.]
Ibrahim, a mountain of Arabia, in the
province of Yemen : .;o miles S Chamlr.
Ibrim, a town of Africa, N part Nu
bia, fubjea to the Turks.
Iborg, A townof WeftphaUa: 10 miles
S W Ofnaburgh, and 30 N £ Munfter,
lat. 52 14 N.
Ibziga, A town of Siberia, having a
garrifon of 100 Ruffians, and 3 or 40O
Cofl'acks. It confifts of 200 exiled fami
lies, and reckons 6000 tributary Coffacks,
lat. 63 N. [Beneyowlki.]
Iceland, A large Ifland to the W of Nor
way, 300 miles In length, and 150 in
breadth, lying between 64 and 66 N lar.
For 2 months together the fun never fels ;
and in the vvinter It never rifes fpr the
fame fpace, al leaft iict entirely. 'I'hc
middle pf this ifland is mountainous,
ftoney, and barren ; buf in fpme places
there are excellent paftures. Mpunt
Hecla is the moft noted mountain, and
is a volcano, which fometimes tlirows
out fulphureous torrents. The inhabit
ants believe that fome of the fouls of the
damned go to this mountain, and that
others are confined lo the ice near this
ifland. Their houfes are at a diftance
from each other, and many of them
deep iu the .ground ; but they arc all
siiferabls

ICO

i L A

fniferable huts, covered with fkins. Ma
ny of the inhabitants profefs Chrlftian-
itv ; but thofe that live at a diftance are
pagans. 'I'hey are moftly clothed vvith
the flcins of be-lfts. The Danes trade
wifh the natives for hides, tallow, train-
oil, whalebone, and feahorf'cs' teeth,
which are a,-i good as ivory. Iceland,
which was confidered by the ancients as
the Ultima Thule, or the extremity of
the world, and by lis as fcarcely habita
ble, once abounded in learning and fci
ence, at a time when a great part of Eu
rope was involved in darliincfs'. Their
langcage was the old Gotliipor Teutonic.
the vernacular tongue of the Swedes,
Danes, and Norwegians, before it 'branch
ed into the feveral dialeas fince fpoken
by the natives of thefe 3 kingdoms. The
number of inhabitants in Iceland Is, ac
cording fo an authentic computation,'
about 50,000. There are np tov/ns,
properly fo called, on this iflarid : howev-
ever, the houfes of the Icelarid company
kt the 22 ports, or harbours, and of
which there are 3 or 4 at each, harbour,
are dignified with the appellation of
towns, though they are only trading pla
ces. Iceland, accordijig to the general
divifion, confifts of 4 , quarters, which
derive their names from the 4 cardinal
points .towards which they lie : this di
vlfion is caufed by fo many ridges of
mountains that , feparate the quarters from
each other. The N cjuarter conftitutes
the diocefe of Hpplum, v\'hich contains
140 churches. The other 3 quarters are
included iu the dipcefe pf Skaalholt, to
which belong 163 churches, lon. 10 to
35 W, lat. 63 15 to 67 15 N.
Ickworth, A town in Suffolk, England :
It is 23 miles N W Ipfwich, and 74 N N
E London.
, Icolmkill, formerly lana, a famous little
ifland, one of the Hebrides, near the
S W point of the Ifle of Mull. It is
only 3 mileslong and t broad ; but is
very fertile. It has a mean village, and
the ruins of an auguft monaftery and
cathedral, faid fo have been founded by
St. Columba, where there are 3 chapels,
or rather cemeteries, in which feveral
ancient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and
Norway are burled. In former times,
this ifland was the place, where the ar
chives of Scotland, and many valuable
and ancient mss. vvere kept. Many of
thefe, It is faid, were carried to the
Scotch College at Douay in France.
This once celebrated feat of royalty aud

learning, is nbw almoft deftitute of iifl
Inftruaor, to teach the people the com
mon duties of religon.
Ida, Mount, a lofty and pointed riiouri-
tain, In the middle of the iflaud of Can
dia, famous in ancient times, as being
the place on which Jupiter was broiighli
up, and where there was a temple dedi
cated to Cybele. Whatever may have
been Its former beauties, it now has not
the leaft fliadow of a landfcape.
Ida, a mountain of Natolia Proper, fa
mous, in ancient fable, fpr the judgriiern
pf Paris, and for being fhe refort of the
gods during the Trojan v.'ar,
Idanba-la-N.:eva, A town of Portugal,'
in Beira ; 3 miles S W Idanha-la-Vclla.
Idanha-la-Vella, a town of Portugal, in'
Beira, on the Ponfal, Ion. 6 14 'W, lat."
39 39 N. .„, . ,
Idria, A f owri pf G ermany, and county
of Goritz, with a caftle. Here are rich'
quickfilver mines, dlfcovered 111 1497.
It is feated amid mountains. In ^a deep
valley, pn the river Idria : 17 miles N Z
Goritz, and 25 N Trieft. .
IJfein, a tovvn of Germany, in Wete
ravia; which is the refidence of a branch"
of fhe hbufe of Naltau : 12 miUs N E
Mentz, lori. 8 23 E, lat. 50 2 N.
If, an Ifland of France, the moft eaft
ern of the 3 before' the harbour of Mar-:'
feiUes. It Is well fortified, and jls port;
Is one of the beft in the Mediterranean.
Igis, A tovvri of the Grifons, with, a
magnificent caftle, in which is a cabinet
of curiofities, and a library : 23 miles
S W Coire, and 23 S . Glarus, Iat. 46'
33 .N. , , _,
Igla^w, A town of Moravia, remarka-
I ble fbr a manufaaure of good cloth, and
excellent beer, on the Iglaw : 40 miles W
Brinn, and 62 S E Prague, lat, 49 8 N.
Iglefas, a town In the S part of the
Ifland of Sardinia, with a biffiop's fee :
37 miles W S W Cagliari, lat, 39 18 N.
Ihar, fee Johor.
II a, fee If ay.
Ilak, or Jalak, A town of Africa, iri
the country of Nubia, on the Nile, fup
pofed by fome to be the ancient Meroe,
lon, 34 30 E, lat, 18 48 N.
Hants, A town of the Grifons, capital
of the Grey League. It is partly fur
rounded by walls ; being the only walled
town, except the Coire, among fhe Gri
fons, Here the general diet of fhe 3
leagues atFembles every 3d year. It "
feated on the Rhine: 17 miles S "W?
Coire. [Coxe,] Ilchepr,

I L S

I M E

Bchtfftr, A borough in Somerfetfliire,
England, It is of great antiquity, as ap
pears by fhe Roman coins dug up, and
¦~tl!ice had i6 churches, but now only 2.
It fends 2 members to parliament, and
here the county goal is kept. This was
the birthplace of Mifi Singer, afterwards
Mrs. Rowe, a fervent promoter of piety,
apd glory of her fex. It is feated on the
Ivel : i6 miles S Wells, and 123 W by
S London, [Bowen-.]
Ildefiifo, St. A viUage of New Caftle, 5
miles N Uzeda. Here is a magnificent
palace, built by Philip "V, which has
very fine waterworks aad gardens
Ildertan, A village in Northumberland,
4 mile.5 S Wooler. On a hill near it. Is
a femlcircular encampment, defended
by 2 high rimpires of earth, and a deep
foife, with an inner circle of ftones,
which appear uncemented. The area is
aliout 100 yards diameter, and contains
many remains of buildings.
Ilfracomb, a feaport and corporate town
in Devonfliire, England. It Is governed
by a mayor, and has a fpacious bafin,
formed by- a good- pier projeaing into
the Briftol Channel. It Is feated almoft
oppofite Swanfea, in Glamorganfliire :
49 miles NNW Exeter.
Ilimff, A town of Ruffia, on the Ilim,
in the government of Irkutflc. In the en-
vlronsof whichare found the moft beauti
ful black fables. Il confifts of an oftrog,
and about Ro houfes. It carries on a
lucrative trade with Clfliia in firs : 152
miles N trkulfl:, lat. 56 30 N.
[Beneyowfltl.]
llhuch, A town of Poland, palatinate
of Cracow, remarkable for its filver
mines mixed with lead. It is feated iu a
barren country, at the foot of feveral
mountains : 15 miles N W Cracow.
Ille, a town of France, department of
the Eaftern Pyrenees, 2000 inhabitants :
10 miles S E Perpignan.
Filer, a river of Germany, whicli rifes
in Tirol, runs N through Suabia, falls
into the Danube, at Ulm.
lilocki a ftrong town of Sclavonia, on
the Danube 55 miles N W Belgrade,
lon. 20 6 E, lat. 45 36 N.
Ilmcn, a lake of Ruffia, in tlie gov
ernment of Novogorod, which cnmmu-
niciites with the lake Ladoga, by the
river "Volkhof, ten. 34 o E, lat. 58 o N.
li'virfer, a town in Somerfetfliire, Eng
land, feated in a dirty bottom, among the
hills. 300 houfes . 26 miles S W Wells.
Ifry, Eaf, A town in Berkfliire, Eng
land, in a picafant vallev, between a
Vol. II. P p

hills, and ese«Uent dqwps for feediag
ffieep : 14 miles N W Reading, and 53
W London.
Iff, a town of Friefland, pn fhe Wey-
mer : 12 miles S Lewarden.
Ilftadt, A town of Ba.varia, feated at
the coiifiuepce of the Danube and lUs, op
pofite Paffau, lon. 13 37 E, lat. 48 27 N.
Imbro, an ifland in the Grecian Archi
pelago, mountainous and woody, vvith
plenty of game : it is about 20 miles, in
circumference, and contains 5 villages, 4
of which are defejided by caftks, lon,
26 30 E, lat. 40 10 N.
Imenfadt, a town of Suabia : 20 mfles
E Llndau, ten, iq 20 E, lat, 47 35 N.
ImeriHa, or Imiretta, a. country of
Afia, between the Black Sea and the
Cafpian ; bounded on tlie S by Turkey,
on the W by MingreUa, on the N by
Offetia, and on the E by Georgia, of
which it is, p-roperly fpeaking, a part.
The ufpal fare of the Prince is gora (a
fpecies pf millet, grpund, and bpiled in
to a pafte) a piece of roafted meat, and
fome preffed caviare. Thefe he eats
with his fingers ; forks and fpoons being
unknown In Imerltla. At table he is
frequently employed in judging caufes,
which he decides at his difcretion, there
being no law but liis own will. He ufu
ally wears a coarfe drefs of a brown col
our, with a mufket on his flioulder ; but
upon folemn pccafitms, he puts pn a
robe of rich gold brocade, and hangs
round his neck a filver chain. He is
diftinguiflied from his fubjeeSls by riding
upon an afs, perhaps the only one in
Imeritia, and by wearing boots. He has
no regular troops, but can eollea an un-
difl2ipUped army of 6,000 men ; nor has
he any artillery ; formerly, an army of
20,000 could be raifed here. His civil
ordinances arc ifl'ued every Friday, whicli
13 the market day, when one of his fer-
vrarits afcends a tree, and with a loud
voice proslaini.<> the edia which is com
municated 10 the people, by each perfon,
upon his return to the place of his abode.
'Fhe inhabitants, eftimated at 20,000
fanilUes, are npt coUeaed into towns or
villages, but fcattered over the country
iu fmall hamlets.. A great number of
children are purchafed annually t>y the
Turks. They fend yearly confiderable
qu^dutitles of wine to the neighbouring
parts of Georgia, in leathern bags, car
ried by horfes : but they are vvithput
manufaaures, very poor and miferable,
and cruelly oppreffed by their landlords.
"Fhe Imeritlans arc of the Greek religion, fheir

IND'

I N G

Their patriarch, who is generafly of the
royal family, can feldom read or write ;
and the Inferior clergy are not better in-
ftruaed; Their churches- are wretched
buildings, fcarcely to be diftinguiflied
from common cottages;, but from a paper
crofs over the principal door, and fome
paintings of the virgin and the faints.
Cutais is the capital.
Imola, A populous town of Italy; in
Romagna, with a bifliop's fee; feated on
the Santerno, furrounded wifh walls,
towers and, ditches. It has i6 churches;
and 17 convents : 45 miles N by E Flor
ence. Incaffan, A canton or diftria' of Africa,
on the Gold Coaft ; the cpuntry is
mpuntainpus and abpunds in forefts ;
among the trees is one fhe wood of whicli
is yellow, and much efteemed in cabinet
work and furniture : there is a fmall-bay
on the coaft, with convenience of land
ing, and good anchorage.
Inchcolm, an Ifland In the frith of Forth,
county of Edinburgh. . Here are the fine
ruins of a monaftery, founded in 1123,
by Alexander I, In gratitude. It is faid,
for his efcape when driven on fhis ifland
ip a tempeft, and for the hofpitable
treatment he received here, for 3 days,
frpm a hermit, whp entertairied hlm-
wlfh the irillk pf his cpw, and a few
fliellfifli. It was of the order of Au-
guftlnes and dedicated to St. Columba.
Inchmarnock, a beautiful little Ifland of
Scotland, S W pf the ifle pf Bute. It Is
one mile long ; and. on fhe W fide are
vaft ftrata of coral and ffiells. It had a
chapel dedicated to St. Marnoc, the ru
ins of which are ftill to be feen.
India, an extenfive region In Afia-, which
lies between 66 and 93 E lon. and 7 and
35 N lal. Under this name, the Euro
peans have included all the countries
vvhich lie S Tartary, and extend from
the eaftern frontiers of Perfia to fhe
eaftern coaft of China. But the name of
India can be applied, with propriety, to
.that country only-> which is diftinguiflied
both in Afia and Europe, by the name
of Hindooftan. The countries to the E
of fhe river Burampooler (namely, Ar
acan, Affam, Ava, Burmah, Cambodia,
Cochin-China, Laos, Malacca, Pegu, Si
am, and Tonquin) vvhich geographers
have hitherto diftinguiflied by the name
of the Peninfula of India beyond the
Ganges, are no more to be confidered as
belonging to India, than fhe bordering
countries of Perfia, Tartary and Thibet.
See Hiiulooflan.

Indies, Eaf, the name given by Euro
peans to a great number of iflands In the'
Indian Ocean, extending from the pen
infula of Hindooftan as far £ as New
Guinea, and from the bay of Bengal-
and the China Sea as far S as New Hol
land. The moft weftern of them are fhe
Maldives, and the moft eaftern the Mo
luccas ; between which are feveral very
large ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, and Celebes, befides many ptli->
ers pf cpnfiderablc importance as to
riches, though much inferior In extent.
Their produce and other particulars, are
[• defcribed under fheir feveral heads.
Indrapore, a Dutch fettlement on the
W coaft of Sumatra, in the £ Indies : i6o<
miles N W Bencoolen.
Indre, A department of France includ
ing the late province of Berry. It has-
its name from a river, which falls into.
the Loire, betweeri Chinon and Saumur.
¦ Chaleauroux is the capital.
Indre and .Loire, A department of France,
Including the late province of "Fouralne.
Tours is the capital.
Indare, or Endore,. A modern city of
Hindooftan Proper; capital of a terrifory-
In the provlnceof Malwa, fubjea to one
of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs. It is 30
miles S Ougein, ten. 76 5 £, lat 24 31 N.
Indus, A great river pf Hindooftan-
Proper, called by the natives Sinde or
Siiideh. It is formed of about 10 prin
cipal ftreams, which defcend from the
Perfian and Tartarian mountains. From-
the city of Attock- to Moultan, or to the
conflux- of the Chunaub, it is commonly
named the river of -'Vtlock. Below the
city of Moultan, It proceeds In a S W
dlreaion, through the province of that
name, and that of Sindy, and enters the
Arabian Sea, by feveral mouths, N W
of fhe gulf of Cutch, between lat. 23 20
and 24 40 N. '
Ingleffeim, a town of Germany, iu the
palatinate of the Rhine, remarkable for
having been the refidence of the emper
ors. It Is feated on the river Salva, on-
an eminence : 5 miles S W Mentz, lon.
8 15 E, laf. 49 48 N.
Ingolftadt, A. ftrong town of Bavaria;
vvith a fainous univerfity, and a fine
church. The houfes are built of ftone,
and the ftreets are large. It was bom
barded by the French, but relieved bythe
Auftrians, Sept. 11, 1796. It is feated
on the Danube : 5 miles N N E Neuburg, ¦
and 45 N by W Munich, ten. 11 10 E,
lat. 48 46 N.
Ingria, A province of the Ruffian em
pire,.

INN

1 N V

"jilre, whlth now forms the government
of St. Peterffiurgh. It is 130 miles long
and 50 broad ; bounded 'on the N by
-the river Neva and the gulf of Finlantl.
The czar Peter the Gieat wrefted it from
the Swedes, and it was confirmed to him
by the treaty of Nyftadt in 1721. The
Ingrians are a ftupid, fufpicious, thievifli
race, and dangerous from their phleg
matic and pilfering temperament. They
refemble fhe gypfies, are vagabonds like
tbem, calculate nativities, and tell for
tunes. Before the Ruffians conquered
this country, the Ingrians liad,Lutheran
minifters for every canton ; but numbers
of them have been fince converted 10 the
Greek faith. They are full of abfurd
notions and pagan fuperftitions, which
they mix with the ceremonials of Chrift
ianity. They carry fhe figures of the
faints Into the woods In iproceffion, and
¦there pay them a formal worfliip. When
a man is inclined to marry, he buys him
felf a girl, and celebrates his nuptials.
All the way to fhe church, they are ac
companied by 2 women in veils, finging.
No fooner is the marriage ceremony per-
fprmed, than the huffiand begins tp
treat his wife with -the utmpft feverify,
and thcncefnrward keeps her under ftria
difcipline, fhpugh not always wilh fhe
greateft attention ,to juftice. She is of
ten beaten for fhe faults of tlie children,
and fometimes for fhpfe -of the fervants.
The dead are buried by ihe prieft pf the
profeffipii tp which they belong. Their
jreueral opiniop is, that. they continue to
live in the fubterranean world in the
fame manner as they did on the furface
of the earth ; and that fhe grave is Utile
more than a change of habitation ; for
which reafon, they bury their money,
that they niay havcit fo ufe in the other
world. Inguffi, iee Kifi.
Iiihamior, A town and diftria of Africa,
•in the country of Monomotapa, fituated
.about lon. 31 20 E, lat. 17 30 S.
Inhaquea, A town of Africa, in the
kingdom of Sofala, in the poffeffion of
the Portuguefe, near fhe .fea coaft : 9
leagues S W Sofala.
Iim, A river of Germany, vvhich has
Its fource in the country of theOrifon.s,
at the foot of the mountain Septlmer-
berg. It runs N E through Tirol, by In-
fpruc, and continuing its courfe N F.
thrpugh Bavaria, falls inlo the Danube,
•between Pafl'aii and Inftadt. '
Inna'canJa, A fortrefs of the Deccan of
Hindooftan in the Guntoor Circar, fituate

on a hin -. 46 miles N W Ongole, and
fubjea to the nizam of the Deccan.
Innerkeithing, A vlUagc In Pccblesffilre,
on fhe N fide of the Tweed ; near which
is a medicinal fpring, rifing into celebrity.
Inniffilling, a town of Ireland, in the
county of Fermanah, with a ftrong fort,
it being a pafs of the greateft importance
from the N to S of Ireland, If is feated
in the middle of Lough Earne, vvhere
that great lake is contraaed, for about 6
miles, to the breadth of an ordinary
river : 20 miles E BaUyfliannon, Ion. 6 50
W, lat, 54 25 N.
Innthal, A diftria of Germany, in the
Tirol, watered by the river Inn. Infpruc
is the capital.
Inawfadifto-w, a town of Poland, with
a fort : 39 miles N E Gnefna, and 90 W
Warfaw. Infpruc, A populous town of Germany^
in the I'irol, capital of the diftria of
Intlial, vvith a ftrong caftle. It was for
merly the place where the archdukes of
Auftria refided ; and is feated in a pleaf
ant valley, on the river Inn, 27 miles
N W Brixen, and 60 S Munich, lon. n
27 E, laf. 47 IO N. [Addifon.]
Infadt, fee Paffau.
Inverary, a royal borough In Argyle
fliire, on the N W fide of Loch Fyne.
Iri the neighbourhood of this place is a
confiderable iron work. It Is 75 -miles
N W Edinburgh.
Invereff, a village Iri Edinburghfliire,
on the V. fide of the mouth of the river
Efk, on the frith of Forth. In 1783, the
fubterraneous remains of a Roman hyp-
ocaufl, ,pr hpt bath, were difcpvered
here, Iimerieitbing, a bprpugh in Fifefliire,
in a beautiful bay of the frith of Forth.
It has a confiderable trade in coal and
other articles J and is 18 miles N W Ed
inburgh, Invernefs, A feaport town of Scotland, in
the county of fhe fame name, at fhe
mouth of the river Nefs. The harbour
is fafe Jind commodious. Seven veffels
belong to it, of 400 to 500 tons ; and 9
boats, manned by 6 men each. "I'he vef
fels trade principally to London, carry
ing fifli, fkins, and the manufaaure of the
country, bringing back grocery, &c.
The manufaaures of the town are leath
er, coarfe hempen cloth, bagging, facking,
&c, linen, and thread. The memorable
battle of CuUoden was fought near this
town. There are 3 national or Prcffiyte-
rian churches, befides i of Epifcopalians,
a place of worfliip for Methodifts, &c.
The

1 PS

I R E

The number of IrihabJtajits, in the yes*
1791, "WSs 5I07, befides 1823 iri thie par-
i'ffi, -making in the wh-Ple 7930: 57 «i-iles
W Baraft", ten. 4 lo W, lat. 57 28 N.
Invernefsfiire, the moft extenfivfe courity
bf Scotland, bounded N by Rotsfhire, W
by fhe chahfiel caUed the Minfli. The
N part is mountalhouS arid barren. The
S part ofthe fliire is alfo very mountain-
feus, arid Is -fuppofed to be the moft ele
vated ground In Scotland. This cbunty
has feveral confid'erable lakes. The ex
tenfive plains 'whic'h furround the lakes,
are, in general, fertile ; and the high
grounds feed many ffieep arid black cat
tle, the rearing and felUug '<S which is the
chief trade of the inhabitarits. Lime
ftone, Iron ore, arid fome tVaceS pf differ-
i'erit minerals have beeri fburid in this
county, with beautiful rock cryftals of
Various tints ; but no mihes have been
Avorkcd hitherto with much fuccefs. "The
principal river Is the iSpcy. Tlie com
mon people In the high parts of the coun
try, arid on the weftern ifhore, fpeak Ga-
eUc ; but the people bf faffiion in Inver-
Wefs,^ and its -n-cighbourhood, ufe the
Englifli laftguage, and prbripnnce It "With
propriety. InverHi^, a borough in Aberdeenfliire,
on the 'fertile banks of the Don, juft
above its con-Huerice with the river called
Urie Water, containing 700 inha'b'itarils.
It is 15 miles N W Aberdeen.
Inyami, a town of Africa, in the king
dom of Loango, with a celebrated idbl,
adored by the inhabitap'fs.
loartam, a tbwn and kingdom of the
iflarid of Java, in the N E part of the
iflaiidi Ipfala, A town of Turkey in Europe,
¦nith a Greek archbifliop's fee. Near It
are mines of alum. It Is fea'fed on the
Lariffa, 20 toifes S W TrajanopoK, and
118 W Conftantinople, lon. 26 10 E, lat.
40 57 N.
Ipfera, A fifnall ifland in the Archipela
go, in the form of a heart, 15 miles N W
the ifland bf Scio. To the W, is another
fmall ifland, caUed Anti-Ipfera.
Ipfwich, A borpugh and ifeaport in Suf
folk. It is a place of great antitjuity, and
was once furrounded by a VvaU, traces of
which are yet fo be feen. It contains 12
parifli churches, a guildhall, a hofpitals,
a free fcfhool, and a cuftom houfe. With a
good quay. Il is poputeus and well in
habited, though irrcgulariy built ; but it
hasdecUned frbm its 'former confequence.
Its mariufaaures of broadclbth and can
vas are at au end ; and its prefent com-

is«rct cfcisfly depends up'ori the maWirg
and exportation of corn. If has a confid
erable coafting trade, a friiall ffiare of for
eign commerce, and fends fliips to Greeny
land. Veffels of large burden are pblig-
-ed to ftop at fome diflance betew the
town. It is notecl for being the birth
place of cardinal Wolfey ; and is feated
on the Orwell, 69 miles N E Loudon, lon,
I 16 E, lat. 5a 8 N. '
Irac-Arabia, pr Babylonian-Iriic, [the an
cient Qialdea) a province pf "Furkey ip
Afia ; boundeil on the W by the defert
of Arabia, pn the N by Curdi'ftaiP and
Diarbeck, pn the E by Irac-Agcnii an4
Kufiftan, and on the S by the gulf of
Perfia. It is watered by th'e Eu{*iratcs
and Tigris ; and is almoft all undet t'l-ve
domiaion of the Turks. iSagdad is the
capital. Iriic, or Irac Ageitii, a province bf Per
fia, bounded on rhe N by Gbilftp and
Mezaiideran, on the iE by Ohorafafl, ori
the S by Farfiftan, and on the Wjby the
Arabian Ivac. This ptovi'nc'e coritairis a
part of ancient Media arid PaTthia. It
is about 150 'leagues In length, and 120 in
'breadth ; a part of it-is coriipofed -of -bal--
reri and naked mountains, c»r fandy
plains, in vvhich little can gtovv for the
fervice of man. The air -is healthy, but
extremely dry ; the CliWiale is feot, 4od it
hardly ever rains and fometiri^es riot for '6
months together ; near the rivers are vaft
arid fertile plalfls ; 'd-fevAere file coun
try is barreri, Mjiflc is obtaitsed from
an anipial fpuii'd pB Mbuipit 'Taurus,
! v\'thich 'croffes the provlBCc ; arid in fev
eral -places manria is collcaed Of exquifite
I whitenefs. 'GalbaSBiita isCoUeacd 'iri the
I mourita'ina, a few Isa^ft'e-s from Ifpahan,
; arid iP feveral places VhCy cultivate'grapes,
i part of wbich ai<e dried, and the -rtift'
I made into white wine. They reckon
'. about 40 tovyns or cities, Tf'pahan is the
J capital, Ireby, ft to'wn in Cumberlarid, England,
in a valley, at the fource of 'the rivcf tl
ian ; many Roman artliqui'1-ies have Ve'-:p
dug up hei<e. It 'is lo'mi'lc-? K E Cock-
etmorith, arid *99 -N N W London, lon,
3 18 W, lat. 5450 N.
Ir'eken, Jerkin, Pr Tarkiin, a rich and
¦poptilbus 'town Pf Talta'ry, the capit-a'l of
Bocharia, with a caftle. ft is the fta'-p'le
town of all the trade carried on belive'cn
'India and the N part o'f Afia. "Fh'c K-jl-
niucks are mafters of it ; and never dif-
turb any one on account of their relig
ion. It is 8 miles N Cailigur, lon. 73 25
E, lat. 41 40 N. Ireland,

IRE

I R?

Ireland, one qf the iBrrtlfli iflan-ds, ly
ing to the W of tjiat of Great Britain,
from which it is feparated by St. George's
Channel er the ¦Iiri'ffii Sea. It is 278 miles
in loHgth, amd 155 in Iri-eadth. It is di-
¦yided irito 4 provinces ; namely, Ulfter
to the N, Leinfter to the E, Munfter to
the S, amd Oonnaught to the W ; and
thefe are 'fubd'ivided into counties. Ire
land is eftimated to Contain about
21,000,000 acres ; 1084 marbcf towns,
in 191 of which poft offices are kept, 37
charter fchools, in yvliich 1735 yon-t-'hs of
both fexes are maintained and fauglit till
the age of 14 ;*4 iprovinelal nurfer'es, in
which 300 ohildrien are prepared for
the public 'fchools ; 3000 Epifcopal cler
gy, and according to the committee of
the Irifli Catholic Bill, 5,000,000' in
habitants. Others -eftimate 'them at about
2,000,000. Ip 1731, a cenftis of the in
habitants was taken, wheii there was
"700,453 Proteftants, and 1,309,768 Cath
olics, fhere is ftill a niajcn-Ity of the
latter in Ireland, who, fince 1793, have
^enjoyed -gi<eater privileges tha-n they did
fomiveriy. The air is mild and lempci'a-te,
'but more <humiid than in England. In
general, it Is a level cpuntry, well watered
wiA lakes amd rivers ; and the foil, in
pioft pa-its, is very good and fertile : even
in thofe -places, where the btfgs and -mor-
a-ffes -have been drained, there is good
ffneadpw ground. It produces -com, hemp,
and flax, in great plenty ; and there are
fo many -cattle, tliat their beef and but
ter arc expor-red into foreign '\iarts ; and
pot only the Englil-h, but other fliips, fre
quently come 'to be viaualled here. The
other commodities are, bides, -wool, tal
low, wood, fall, honey, aad wax. The
principal mannfaaurc -of Ireland Is fine
linen -cloth, which is brought to great
perfeaion, and the trade In it Is vaftly
"increafed. In 1787, it exported above
30,000,000 yards, befides 3i;Ooo cwt.
yarn, and 101,85 9 barrels -of beef : 50,000
bullocks have been fent in a year, from
Ireland to England and Scotland. This
country is Well fituated for foreign trade,
having many fecure amd commodious
'harbours. The laws differ buf Uttle from
thofe of -England ; and t^he eftabliflied
religion is the fame. Formerly, this'klnig- ;
dotti was entirely fubordinate to that of]
Great Britain, whofe parliament coulcl I
make laws to bind the people of Ireland ;;
and an appeal might be -made from their I
courts of juftice to the houfe of lords in
England ; but,'in 1782, it vviis declared,
that although Ireland vvas an Imperial i

crown, infepara-bly annexed to that Of
Great Britain (wi which connexion flic
intei-cft of both nations effcritially de
pended) yet the kingdom of Ireland was
¦fliftina, with a pariiament of its own,
and that no body of men were competent
to make laws for Ireland, except the king,
l-prds, and cpfnmons thereof. And, fprac
time after, this declaration being thought
iiilalllcient, the Britifli leglflature, by an
-exprefs aa of parliament for that pur-
,pol'c, relinqulflied all claim of right to
interfere with the judgment pf the Irifli
courts, or ip make laws fo bind Ireland
in time to cpme, In confequence of thp
calamitous civil commotions In this por
tion of the Britifli dominions, and as an
effiaual preventative againft their repe
tition, a propofition for a legiflative un
ion between the 2 kingdoms was fubmit
ted tp the parliaments of England and
Ireland on the fame day, (Jan. '22, 1799)
and in the Englifli parliament the plan
vvas approved, without divifion. ]n the
Irlili Hou-l'e of fjords the prppofifibn was
accepted, but re^eaed in fhe Commons
by a majority of 2. The fucceeding year,
libw-ever, (Jan. 15, 1800) the -meafure
-was revive^ and approved in the Irifli
Houfe of Lords without divifion, and in
the -Commons by a majority of 44. "I'hc
articles of this union, vvh-ich have fince
been voted. Import, " Ihat the kingdoms
of Great Britain and 'Ireland fliall, upon
the firft day of January, 1801, and for ev
er afler, be united Into i kingdom, by the
name of The United Kingdom of Great Brit
ain and Ireland. "I'hat of the peers of Ire
land at the time of the -union, 4 fpiritual
Lords, by rotation of feffions, and a8
temporal Peers for life, fliaU be thenum
ber to fit and vote, in the Hpu-fe of
Lprds : and 100 Cpmmoiicrs (viz. 2 for
each county of Ireland, a for the city of
Dublin, a for the city pf Cork, and i fbr
each of the 32 of the moft confiderable
cities, towns, and boroughs) be the num
ber of -reprefentatlves of Ireland in the
Houfe of Commons of the parliament of
the united kingdom." It is alfo provid
ed by thofe articles "tliat, for the fpace of
20 years afler the union -fliall take place,
the contribulion of Great Britain and
Ireland refpeaively towards fhe expendi
ture of the united kingdom in each year,
fliall be defrayed in the propoilion of 15
¦parts for Great Britain, and 2 parts for
Ireland ;" this proportion at that time
tobe fubjea to rtvifion and regulation
from other confider-rfions. That this .
plan -w-iU be carried into cffca, there re
mains

IRT

I S E

-mains little doubt. How far It will alle
viate fhe calamitous condition and dif-
<:ontents of the poor, cannot be forefeen.
Certain it is, that the ftate of thefe king
doms, rendered fuch an union expedient,
if not neceffary, A clofe cpnnexion be
tween the 3 kipgdpms, which cpnftitute
the Britifli empire, with an impartial and
equal diftribullon of proteaion and rights,
fairly granted and faithfully maintained,
muft tend to diffufe new life info every
part of the United Nation, while it will
add fo the profperity, the wealth, and
the power of the whole. Dublin is the
capital. Irkutzk, the largeft and leaft populous
^government of Ruflia, comprifiiig aU the
E part of Siberia, from the Northern O-
ceaii fo fhe frontiers of Chinefe Tartary,
and from the boundaries of the govern
ment of Tobollk, to the Eaftern Ocean.
This large territory was gradually con-
-quered and appropriated by the Ruffians
in their defultory excurfions from To
bollk. It is divided into the 4 provinces
of Irkutzk, Nertfliiufls:, Yakutlk, and
•Okaffk, and has 375,000 Inhabitants.
Irkutff, a town of Ruffia, and capital
of a government, to whicli it gives name,
on the Angara, near the lake Baikal ;
the fee of a Greek bifliop, and a place
of confiderable commerce ; the caravans
which trade fo China, paffing through it :
840 miles E S E Kolivan, and 1248 E S
E Tobolflc, lon. 106 E, lat. 52 4 N.
Iran-aBon, A village In Gloucefterffiire,
3 miles from Briftol. Much iron has
formerly been dug up, and many Iron
works and great heaps of cinders are to
he feen here.
Irrawaddy, Anoh\e river of Afia, in the
kingdom of Ava. If enters the ocean by
a number of mouths or channels ; above
thefe, it is generally, for a great length,
from 3 fo 5 miles In width. Large cities,
numerous towns and villages, temples,
fertile fields, and paffing boats in conftant
fucceffion delight the eye in going up
this river. [Symes.]
Irramanga, ifland, one of fhe New He
brides, In fhe S Pacific Ocean, lon. 169 20
E, lat, 18 48 S,
Irronam, one of fhe New Hebrides, in
the S Pacific Ocean, near Tanna, ten. 170
26 E, laf. 19 31 S.
Irtyff, A large river in Siberia, which
running from the S to N E falls Into the
Oby, near Tobolflc. The N W fnore is
low pafture ground; on the other fide,
are a prodigious number of blac'K bears,
-K'olves, red and grey foxes, and grey

fquirrds. This river abounds with 'fifli,
particularly fturgeons and delicate fal-
mons. Irvine, A feaport town of Scotland," and
royal borpugh, in the county of Ayr, fit
uated at the mouth -of a riverof the fame
name. The principal trade is export
ing coal to Ireland : the harbour Is near
half a mile from the town. In the year
i79P,tlie number of veffels which belong
ed tIS) this port was 51, the tonnage, of
vvhich amounted to 3682 tons: the larg
eft 160 lons, the fmaUeft 33 : and about
24000 chaldrons of coal are exported
annually ; confiderable qtiantilies of wol-
len goods and carpeting, muflins, lawns,
gauzes, and linen, are likewife exported
from the manufacluring towns ; the prin
cipal imports are hemp, iron, deat
from Meniel and Norway, fliip-timber,
and corn ; the number of Inha-bitants of
the town and parifli is fuppofed lo be up
wards of 45000 : 21 miles S W Glafgow,
and 8 N Ayr, lat, 55 39 N,
Irvine, a river of Scotland, which rifes
in fpme mpuritains that form a boundary
betweeii the counties of Ayr and Lanerk,
and runs inlo the Frith of Clyde, a Utile
below fhe town of Irvine,
Irwell, a river In Lancafliire, which
falls info the Merfey, below Arton.
Ifahella,Fortya Auftrianriaiiders,on the
W fide of the Scheld, loppofife Antwerp,
Ifchia, an Ifland In the Mediterranean,
near the coaft of Naples, about 10 miles
In circumference. If appears to have
been formed by a volcano. It is moun
tainous, but fertile in fruits, and abounds
111 game ; the white wine is much efteem
ed. The air is healthy, on which, account
if is much refbrted to by invalids, as il is
but a finall diftance from fhe continent,
and hardly more than 4 leagues from
Naples, Ifchia, the town, is on the N
coaft of the Ifland, on a rock, furrounded \
by the fea, and communicating with the ,
ifland by means of a bridge. It is the fee
of a bifliop, fuffragan of Naples, lon. 14
2 E, lat. 40 50 N.
Ifelfein, a town of Utrecht, on the Iffel,
4 miles S W Utrecht.
Ifenarts, A tovvn In Stiria, famous for
its iron mines, 30 miles N W Gratz, lon,
15 4 E, lat. 47 25 N. , ^
Ifenburg, a tovvn of Germany, capitsl
of a county of the fame name, in the
eleaorate of Treves, wilh a caftle ; on a
river, 8 miles N by E Coblentz.
Ifer, a river of Germany which rifes on ^
the confines of Tirol and Bavaria, aiwi '
paffing by Mimich aud Landfchul, fall*
imp

I S L

I S M

into the Danube, between Straubing and
Paffau. If re, a department of France, includ
ing part ofthe late province of Dauphiny.
It Is fo named from a river vvhich rifes on
the confines of Savoy, and falls imp the
Rhpne, above Valence. Grenoble Is the
capital. Ifernia, A town of Naples, In Molife,
wilh a bifliOp's fee, at the foot of the
Appennines : 12 miles W Molife, and 46
N iNaples.
Ifigni, A feaport of France, department
of Calvados, Normandy, noted for its fait
works, cider, and its butler. Il Is 15
miles W by N Bayeux.
Iflands, Bay of, a bay of New Zealand,
at the N extremity of the moft northern
of the 2 iflands that gp under that name.
In 1772, M. Dufrefue Marion, with two
French floops, put into fhis bay, and with
28 of his crew, was murdered by the na
tives. If ay, or Ha, an ifland of Scotland, r of
the Hebrides, to the S W Jura. Ils great
eft lenglh Is 25 miles ; its lireadth 18.
The principal village is Bpwmore, whicli
has a convenient harbour. The face of
the country is hilly. Several mines are
wrought to great advantage, particularly
Iron and lead ore. Here llikewlfe arc cop
per, emery, native quick filver, and blac'ic-
I'ead ; wifh immenfe ftores of limeftone,
marl,' coral, and fliellfand, for manure.
Much corn and flax is raifed here, and- a
great number of cattle exported. In this,
and fome of the neighbouring iflands,
multitudes of adders infeft the heath. On
the N W fide of the ifland is the cave of
Sanegmore, which is a grotto, divided in
fo a number of far winding paffagt-s,
fometimes opening into fine cxpanfes ;
again clofirig; for a long fpace, into galle
ries, and forming a curious fubterraneous
labyrlnlli. There are alfo many other
caverns, the haunts of numerous -wild
pigeons, that lodge and breed in them.
The goats that feed among the rocks are
fo wild, that they arc obliged to be fliot
like deer. Some veftiges of antiquity are
on this ifland ; particularly, the remains
of a circular dry ftone building, on the
hill of Loffet, near the found of Iflay.
Iff Ailam, a town of France, depart
ment of Seine and Oufe, :ind late province,
ofthe Ifle of France, with a caflle, feated
ou the Oufe, 20 miles N by W Paris, lon.
2 13 E, lat. 49 7 N.
Ife dieu, A fmall ifland of France, 14
miles from the coaft of Poitou. It was
taken by the Englifli in- 1795, but foon

after evacuated, ten. 2 15 W, lat. 46 i^^
N. Ifle de France, fee Mauritius.
Iff Jourdaitt, A town of France, de-
partmtat of Gers. If is feated in an Ill
and of the river Save, 8 miles N Lombez-,
lat. 43 40 N.
Iff Roiffe, a town of Corfica, on the
feacoaft, 36 miles S W Baftia.
Ife and Vilaine, a department of France,.
containing part of the late province of
Bretagne. Rennes is the capital,
Ifeben, fee Eijlebcn.
Ifeworth, a village in Middlefex, on the
Thames, 9 miles W London. Near it i»
Sion Houfe, the magnlfieent feat of the
duke of Northumberland.
Ifingion, a large village, N of London,
lo which ir Is now contiguous. The New
River Is received at the S W end of It,
into a large refervoir, called fhe New
River plead, whence Its vvater is convey
ed, in pipes, to all parts of the metropo
lis. Near this, is a famous fpring of Cha
lybeate, vvater, called New "I'unbrldge
"Wells ; and alfo a noted place for panto
mimes, &c. called Sadler's Wells. "I'o the
N of the White Conduit Houfe Tea- Gar
dens, are the remains of a fortification,
fuppofed to have been a Roman camp j
and on the E fide of the town, is an ex
tenfive manufaaure of vvhite lead.
Ifip, A town in Oxfordfliire, 4 miles N
Oxford. It is noted for the birth and
baptlfm of Edward the Confcffor. The
chapel In which the ceremony w;is per
formed, ftands a little N of the church,
and is ftill called the King's chapel. It
was entirely defeciatcd in Cromwell's
time, and has now a roof of thatch. Here
alfo are fome remains of an ancient pal
ace, faid to have been kiiig Ellielred's.
Iflip was given by Edward the Confefl'or
to Weftminfter Abbey, to which il ftilf
belongs. Ifmail, a ftrong town of Turkey In Eu
rope, in Beffarabia. The Ruffians took
it by ftorm. In 1790 ; aud it Is faid, that
the long fiege, and the capture, did not
coft them lefs than 20,000 men. "I'he
brave garrifon riierited the higheft hon
ors ; but they were maffacred in cold
blood by the mercUefs Ruiiians, to the
amount of 30,000 men ; and the place
was abandoned to the fury of the brutal
foldiery. Ii'm;:il is fealed on fhe N fide
ofthe ibanubc, 140 miles S by \',' Bender,
ten. V) 30 E, Kit. 45 II N.
Ifmit, a lar;'/' town of Turkey In Afia.
If ftands on the fea of Marmora, and-
niakes a Ucli(;htful appearance. Cypr-^is trees

1 S S -j*.-i

I T A

tl^es afe fcattered over fhe city i It is
forrounded with gardens, orchards and
vineyards ; to the W, they cover fhe
country for 5 or 6 miles. [Jackfon.]
Ifiiy, an imperial town pf Swijbia, feated
on the Ifriy, 14 miles ' N E iLindau, and
62 S W A-agfturgj lon. 10 3 E, lat. 47
42 N. • -¦' , ^ , -
Ifiiic, A town of Natolia, with a Greek
archbifliop '^fee. It Is the ancient Nice,
famous for the firft general councU held
here In 325. Nothing remains of its an-
cient fplendor but an aquedua. It con
tains 10,000 inhabitants, Greeks, Turks
arid Jews ; buf the Jews are the moft
numerous. It Is feated in a country fer
tile in corn, and excellent wine, 75 mfles
S E Conftantinople, lon. 30 9 E, laf. 40
1 3 N- [Bowen, Thevenot.]
Ifola, a feaport town pf Naples, te Ca
labria Ulferlpre, wilh a biffiop's fee, 18
miles S E St. Severino, lon. 1 7 26 E, lat.
39 2 N.
Ifpahan, A celebrated city, capital of
Perfia, in the province of Irac AgemI, and
thought by fome, to be the fineft city In
the Eaft. It ftands In the middle of a
plain, furrounded on all fides by moun
tains at 8 miles diftance, and on a fmall
river, ,called Sandcrut, which fupplies al
moft all the houfes wilh water. It is 20
miles in circumfeieiice, with weU built
houfes and flat • roofs, on- which they
walk, eat, and lie. In fummer, for fhe fake
of the cool air. Here are a great num
ber of magnificent palaces ; and that of
the- king Is 2^ mfles in circumference.
There are 160 mofques, 1800 large cara
vanfarles, above 260 public baths, a pro
digious number of coffee houfes, and very
fine ftreets, in which are canals, planted
on each fide with trees. The ftreets are
not paved, but always clean, on account
of the drynefs of the air ; for It feldpm
rains pr fnows here. The Inhabitants
were computed at above 1,000,000 ; but
this kingdom having been teng cUftraaed
by civil wars, the pruiclpal towns are
greatly depopulated. Ifpahan has three
large fuburbs, called Juif'a, Hafenbath,
and Kebrabath. Though at a diftance
from the fea, il carries pn a great trade,
people of feveral nations retorting there
for the fake of traffic. It is 265 miles N
E Buffarah, and 1400 S E Conftantino
ple, lon. 52 55 E, lat. 32 25 N.
[Olearius, Chardin.]
Iffel, or Tffel, A river of the United
Provinces, which branches off from the
Rhine, and falls iuto the Zuyder Zee.
Iffoire, au ancient town pf France, In

the ijepartmeftt pf Puy de'IXiijiSi. Ak
'Vernet, near this fpwn, are found a ame
thyfts, pfa colour as beautiful as thofe of
the E, but not fo, hard. Iffoire is feated.
on the Couze, near the AUier, 13 miles S
Clermont, lon. 3 15 E, lit. 45 34 N.
Iffoudun, A towu of France, department
of Indre, With a caftle, 11,000 inhabitaati.
Its trade is in wood, cattle, cloth, hate,
and ftockings. It is on the Theols, S7
miles S W iEourgcs, apd 135 S Paris.
Iffur-Tille, A towri of France, departs
merit of Cdte d'Or, In its vicinity are
qu.irries pf a white ftone, which Is pot
affeacd by the froft. It Is feated on the
Igpon, near, the TlUe, 12 miles N Dijon.
If ria, (part of the ancient Illyrium) a
kind of penlufula of Italy, lying on the
N E part of the gulf of Venice. Il ia
bounded by Carniola on the N E, and on-
all other fides by the fea. The air Is un
wholefome ; but the foil produces plenty
of wine, pil and pafture : there are alfo
quarries pf fine marble. One part of it
belongs to the 'Venetians, and the reft to
the houfe of Auftria. Capo d'Iftria ia
tlje capital.
Italy, one ofthe fineft countries of Eu
rope, lying lietween 7 and 19 E lon, and
38 and 47 N lat. On the N and N E it
is bounded hy Swifferland and Germany,]
on the E by the gulf of Venice, on the SA
by the Mediterranean, and on tlie W by
that fea and France. Its figure bears
fome refemblance to that of a boot ; its
length, from Aoufta, in Savpy, fo the ut
moft verge of Calabria, is 600 miles ; but
its breadth is very unequal, in fome
places near 400 miles, iu others not above
25. It is the moft celebrated country in
Europe, having been formerly the feat of
the Roman empire, and, afterward, of
that aftonifliing univerfal ufurpafion, the
fpiritual dominion of the pope, Italy is
divided into a great number of ftates,
whicli differ much in extent and import
ance. Between the confines of France
aud Swifferland, on the W and N are the
contuiental dominions of the king of Sar
dinia, vis. Piedmont, Savoy, Montferrat,
part of the Milanefe, and Oneglia. To
the N E are the territories of Venice,
vvhich are enumerated under that article.
South of thefe, are the dominions of fhe
emperpr of Germany, namely, part of
the Milanefe and the Mantuan ; and S
of thefe, are Modena, Mirandola, and
Regio, belonging to the duke of Modepa.
Weft of thefe are fhe ducliles pf Parma,
Placentia, and Guaftalla, whpfe fovereign
is of the hqufe of Baiu-bon. To the S of
Paima,

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1 T A

I V 0

f^rma, lies the republic of Genoa ; and
S E of this, that of Lucca. Hence extends,
s^png the coaft of the Mediterranean, the
grand duchy of Tufcany. The ecclefiaft
ical State, or territory of the pope, lies
N E aud E Tufcapy/, between the gulf
of Venice and the Mediterranean ; and
all S pf this, is the kipgdqm of Ns^ples,
Vith its ctependent Iflands, of vvhich Sicily
js the principal. Such were the i^ivifions
of Italy before the lace war, whieti has
wrought great changes in this part of the
world : thefe having recently happened,
and not yet fettled, cannot be fpecified.
The air of Italy is very different, accord"
Ing to the different fituatlons of the coun
tries it contains : In thofe on the N fide
bf the Appenniries, it is more temperate ;
but on the S it is very warm. "Fhe a'r of
Campagna di Roma, and of the Ferrarefe,
is faid to be upwholefpme ; which is ow
ing to the lands not being duly cultivat
ed, nor the marflies drained : that of the
Otlier parts Is generally piire, dry, and
healthy. The principal rivers are the
Po, Tiber, Arno, Adige, and Yar ; an^
there are feveral fine lakes; as the Mag
giore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Perugia,
Bracciano, and Colapo. The foil, in gen
eral, is very fertfle. It produces a great
Variety pf wines,, and the beft pil ip Eu
rope ; excellent filk in abundance ; cprn
of all forts, but not in fuch plenty as in
other countries ;, oranges, lemqns, citrons,
pomegranates, almonds, raifins, fugar, figs,
pe;iches, apricots, pears, apples, filbert^,
cheftnuls, &c. Moft of thefe fruits ^ere
al firft imported by the Romans fropi
,Afia Minor, Greece, Africa, apd Syria,
and were not the uatural produas of the
foil. The tender plapts are flieltered. In
Winter, on the N fide of the Appennines;
but on the S fide, they have no need of
that precaution. This country alio yields
good pafture, and abounds vVith cattle,
fteep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules,
apd horfes. The forefis are ftored with
game; and the mountains have, not only
mines of iron, lead, aluni, fulphur, mar
ble nf all forts, alabafter, jafper porphyry,
, &c. but alfp gold and filver ; with a great
variety of aromatic herbs, trees, flirubs,
and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfumes,,
fruits, and filks, are the principal articles
of -exiiortatlon ; and great fums of money
are expended by travellers in the pur
chafe of piaures, curiofities, relics, antiq
uities, &C. No country liiis produced
better poUticians, hiftorians, poets, roufi-
cians, painters, and fcplptPfs ; that is,
fince the revival of t}ie arts and fciences,
Vol. H. Oil

exclufive pf tho% pf angiept times, The
eftabliflied religipn is the Roman cat M)-
lic Their language, a corruptipn of the
Latin, is faid to lie ipoken iu its greateft
purity at Florence. ,.-.
lizehoa, an ancient town of lower g$x-
ony, in Hqlfteln, on the Stoer, 15 miles
N E of Gluckftadt, and 30 N W Hapi-
burgli. I
Ives, St. a feapprt and borough iP Corn
wall, on ? bay of the fame name, wlilcli
beiri^ unfafe, is frequented by fifliermen
only, for the taking pf pilchards. If is
gpverned by a mayor, fends 2 members
tp parUament, arid is 8 mites N E of
Penzance. '
Ives, St. a towri in Huntlngdonfliire,
confiderable fpr cattle. It is on the river
Oufe, over vvhich is a ftone bridge, 6
mfles N E Huntingdon,
Ivica, an Iflarid of the Medilerr^nfan,
56 miles S W of Majorca...^ It is about
60 miles in circumference. It is moun
tainous, but fertile In corn, wine, and
fruits ; and is remarkable for the great
quantity of fait made here. The capital,
of the fame name, has a good harbour,
lon. I 25 E, lat. 38 52 N.
Ivingbo, A town in Bucldnghamfliire,
6 miles S W Dunftable, and 32 N W
London, lon. o 35 W, lat. 51 54 N.
Ivory Coajl, A name given to a country
of Africa, Iituated on the coaft of the At
lantic, between Cape Apollonia and Cape
Palmas, containing feveral towns, vvhich
are fifuated at the mouths of rivers called
by the fame name. The inferior country
is but little known, the nativ'cs refuUng
the Europeans leave to build fettlements,
or even to trade ampngfl them, except
by means of the coaft negroes, and even
this with the moft circumfpea caution.
The chief commodities are gold, ivory,
and flaves, the former in the greateft
plenty, but no regular tarilF, or table, of
the different proportions of each was ever
fettled. The inhabitants of this chitria
have been more careful to defend them
felves againft the afj'aults of the flave fliips
than luoft of their countrymen. "1 licir
fufpicicm and jcaloufy are prtdominent
cjualilies ; infomuch, that, on the leall
noife, they will precipitate themfelves
;- headlong into the fea, and fwim to the
canoes ; for many of tliem have been for
merly carried off by E-uropean traders.
Vv'hatever the Gold Coaft produces, is
alfo found liere In greater a'b'.ipd.Hnce and
perfealop, arid, indeed, the friiits and
vegetables oii tl\e warmer climatt.i fc.cui
all to be united on the ivory Co.iit. /^-,-,r,

fAE
Ivrea, a ftrong town of Piedmont, cap
ital of Canavez, with a bifhop's fee, a
fort, an ancient caftle, and 6op inhabit
ants. If is feated on file Doria, between
a hflls, 20 miles N Turin, and 32 E by N
Sufa, lon. 7 '48 E, lat. 45 22 N.
Ivry, a town of France, department of
Eure, Normandy, on the Eure, 10' miles
N by 'W Dreux, lon. i 28 E, lat. 48 54 N.
Ivy Bridge, A vfllage in Devonfliire, 11
mfles N E Plymouth. It'is remarkable
fpr Its rural and piAutefque feenery ;
having, pn the N, the rude barren mpuii-
talns Pf Dartmppr, and pn the S, one pf
the beft cultivated cponfries In the king
dpm ; while fhe river Arme, whicli runs
•through the village, forces its Way through
huge maffes of granite, with great noife
and impctuoCty, and, when fWelled with
heavy rains, exhibits a very romantic ap
pearance. A little above the bridge, is a
confiderable paper manufaaures

J AALONS, A town of Frimce, de
partment of the Marne : 3 leagues W
Chaalons. Jab, A toWn of Africa, on the river
Gambia, in the kingdom of Wpply.
Jabaz, A to'wn pf Natplia : 20 miles-
N W An'gura.
Jablunkau, A town pf Silefia, on the
river Elfa, vVlth a fprt ript far from it,
called Jablunka Fort, to guard the pafs
into Hungary : II mfles S S ETefclien.
Jabs, or Yabbah, A diftria of the Gold
Coaft, fituated to the E of Anta : the
chief is fo poof that no one will truft
him ; yet the foil is rich and fertile : the
gold found here Is adulterated.
Jacatra, A coimtry of the ifland of Java,
of which Batavia is the capital, arid was
formerly called Jacatra.
Jacca, A city of Aragon, at the foot of
the Pyrennees, on the river Aragon,
with a citadel, the fee of a bifliop. The
town is very ancient, and preferves its
original name. It was at one time fhe
capital Of Aragon, and at prefent is fo
of a diftria, which includes near 200 ,
towns and villages : 45 miles N Saragoffa,
lat, 42 29 N.
Jadida, a town of Afiatic Turkey, on
the Euphrates : 124 miles W Bagdad, lat.
33 42 N.
Jaen, A province of Spiln, S la Man
cha, almoft wholly furrounded wilh
mountains, which afford mines of lead,
copper, and filver. - ' ,

j A P
Jaen, A city of Spain and ckpitaT of
the above province, fituated on a branch
of the Guadalquiver. It Is furrounded
with walls, and defended by fome ram
parts, towers, and a caftle. It is tolera
bly large, and contains fomt beautiful
churches and cpnvents, and Is well fupj
pUed with water by numerpus fpuntains;
pne pf which, in particular, iffues out
of a rock In a ftream, fufliclent to forma
brook. The country about is exceeding^
ly fertile in corn, wine, and oil, With
abundance of filk, and the moft excellent
fruit : 36 miles N Grenada, lat. 37 53 N.
Jafa, A country of Arabia, north of
Aden, and 'weft of Hadramaut r it is fer
tile, and abounds partlciilarty in coffeei
Jafa was formerly under the dominion of
the imam ; but about 'the year 1700, the
inhabitants revolted, and made themfelves
independent, They arc governed at pref*
ent, by 3 fovereign princes, who have,
conquered alfo a part of the provlnceof
Hadramaut. i '
Jaffa, A towri In Paleftine, near fhe
Mediterranean, formerly a celebrateil
city, and called Joppa, frequenlly men-
fioried, iui^the fcrlptures, Ijeing the port
where Jonah embarked on bis miffion to
Nineveh, and fhe place where Peter raifed
Tabitha from the dead. It Is enclofed'by
a wall, flanked by feveral ftrong towers -
with fome cannon. Towards the fea are
2 forts fo defend the port and anchorage;
It is now inhabited by Turks or Arabs,
wiUi a mixture of Greeks, Maronites, apd
Armenians. The houfes are fmall, and
furrounded with fhe ruins of the ancient
walls arid towers. The Franks, Greeks,
and Armenians have each of them fmall
houfes for the reception of pilgrims' of
different nations. "The money paid by
the pilgrims for permiflSon to vifit the
Holy Land Is part of if fent fo Mecca,
and part to the klflar-aga of Conftarititio-
ple, but the cuftoms belong to fhe pacha
of Gaza, in whofe jnrlfdiaioB it is fituat
ed. Jaffa vvas laid wafte in the crufades,
and afterwards deftroyed by an earth
quake. But If is fomewhat recovered ;
the part near the fea Is covered with
handfome houfes of ftone. The town car
ries on confiderable trade In foap, and
rice. The wafer is excellent. The har
bour is fliallow. In profane hiftory, it Is
faid to be the place from whence Perfeus
delivered Andromeda : 7 teagues N W
Gaza, and 11 W Jerufalem, lon, 53 E, lat,
31 45 N. [Bowen, Bpnaparte,]
Jaffnapatdm, A town pf the ifland Of
Ceylon, pn a peniilfrfhi, and furrpundifd "
¦ ' ' with

J A G
¦wkl^ high walls, flanked vvith 4 baftions,
a fort, and other putwprks. If was an
ciently the e^pifal of an Independent
kingdom, whicli was divided into 4 prov
inces ; the foil is low, fertile, and planted
with beautiful trees ; and the cpuntry is
fp poputeus, that fhey reckon 160 towns
iiva diftria of I2 leagues in length, and
8 in breadth. The firft European fettle
nient was made by the Portuguefe, vvho
were driven out by fhe Dutch, lon. 80 12
E, laf, 9 45 N.
Jagarnautporum, or Cuckanara, A tpwn
pf Hindooftan, in the circar pf Rajamun-
dry, celebrated for a grand Pagoda, one
ofthe principal objeas of Hindoo vener
ation, and forming an excellent fea mark
fbr veffels failing in the Bay of Bengal :
it is fituated a few miles to fhe E of
Chilka lake : 27 miles £ Rajamundry,
JagernHorf A principaUty of Silefia : it
-ivas originally a part of the country of
¦Troppau, Jagerndorf, capital of the a-
bove principality, is fituated on the Op-
pa, containing 2 churches and a convent :
12 miles N W Troppau.
Jaga, a town ot Africa, In the country
of Guinea, on fhe rlvpr Formofa : 70
miles from fhe fea-
Jago, St. the largeft and moft fertile of
the Cape "tf Verd Iflands, It lies 13 miles
"VV" the ifland of Mayo, and abounds with
^igli barren mountains ; buf fhe air. In
the rainy feafon, is unwholefome to ftran
gers. The animals are beeves, horfes,
affes, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet cats,
^d monkies. Here are fowls and birds
of almoft all forts ; and Indian corn, plan
tains, bananas, pompions, oranges, lemons,
tamarinds, pineapples, cocoanuts, gua
vas, tar, apples and fugar canes. It has
¦alfo fome cedar trees, apd plenty of cot
ton. Rjbeira Grande is the capital, lat.
15 N. [Kolbern, Roberts.]
Jagra, A kingdom of Africa, on the S
of the Gambia, 50 miles from the fea.
The inl^abitanfs are a merry people, civil
to ftrangers. When a child is bprn they
plunge him 3 or 4 times ia cold -.vater.
They do not appear originally lo have
had flat nofes, but broad noftrils being
confidered as extremely beautlfpl, the
niolhers, vvhen they vvafli their children's
faces, prefs down the iiofe. Is it not pof
fible, that as nature, Infulted and cruflied
by polygamy, finally produces more fe
males than males, that this habitual dif-
toftion of features may finally become
uatural and permanent .' At the entrance
of every village hangs a frightful image,
faUed Mumbo Jumbo ; , by wli-jui the

JAM
people fwear, and the oath is irrevocable.
His drefs is a long, loofe garment, jn
vvhich a perfon in the dark may eafily
conceal himfelf. He is the fovereign ar,-
biter in domeftic quarrels. When com
plaint is made, this terrible peace maker,
in the dark evening, begins his march into
town, making difmal fereams as he adv?in-
ccs. Jarrihg families tremble. It is uht
knovvn who are the objeas to be fum
moned. He calls for the accufed. He
hears the charge ; he judges, he feverely
punifhes the guilty. "The poor .wives are
commonly the viaims. His whole bufi
nefs, Uke mafonry, is a profound myftery ;
It would be death fpr thpfc initiated to
reveal it to a woman. The country is
rich in rice, cotton and corn. [Moor, Park.]
Jaka, A kingdom of Africa, 500 miles
from the fea, vvith a capital of fhe fame
name, on the S fide of the Senegal,
Jaka, A town and tjiftria of Africa, op
the Ivory Coaft.
Jakin, a tovvn of Africa, in the king
dom of Adra, on the Slave Coaft, where
the Englifli and Dutch had faaories, till
fhey were driven away by the king of
Dahoniy. Jali, a town of the ifland pf Borneo :
70 miles N Negara.
Jallonkasj A people of Africa, bordering
on tlie Senegal. They are governed by
a>number of petty chiefs, independent of
each other. [Dlfcoveries in Africa.]
Jaloffs, an aaive, warlike people of
Africa, inhabiting between fhe Senegal,
and the Mandingo States, on the Gambia.
They differ from the Mandingocs in
language, complexten, aud features. Their
nofes are not fo flat, nor their lips fp pro
tuberant, as the Africans generally are.
Their flclp Is the deepeft black, yet they
are confidered as the moft handfome neg-
rpcs on this part of the continent. Di
vided into feveral clans, they are fre
quently at war with each other, or their
neighbours. Their language is copious,
and- expreflive. Their manners, their
form of government, and fuperftitions
refemble the Mandingocs. [Park.]
Jamama,ox Imam, a town of Arabia, in
the province of Nedsjed, famous, before
fhe days of Mahomet, for being the na
tive place of a prophet of the name of
Mofeilania ; fituate on a river, whieh runs
Into the Perfian Gulf : 330 miles SSW
Baffora, and 420 ENE Mecca, lon. 47
14 E, lal. 25 5 N.
Jambi, the capital of a klngdcm, of the
fame. name, In the ifland of Sunia'.ra, much
frequented

JAM
frequented by the Enghfh and fiptch, bh
account of its excellent 'p'epper. It is fit
uated on a large river, riavigable for
boati ¦ the toWri is large, bfit thfe air Un-
wholefqriie, lon. 102 '45 E, lat, I 14 S.
Jdmio, or Jan'bo, A feaport town of A-
rabia FeUx, in the pi'ovinceof Hedjas, On
the abaft of the iRed Sea, with a good
harboiir: 72 miles SW Medina, lat. 24
5N.
Jam'dra, of P'atta, a lake of Afia, In
Thibet. It is of fo great ext'ept, that, ac
cording to the report of the Pativcs, it
re'quires 18 days fp walk rpund It. In
the iLama's map, hdWeVer, the circnm-
ferenc'e is only 150 Brili'fh Piiles. Iri the
ifiiddle of it, there is, according tb Gior-
gl, a contiri'jed range Of hillocks and
iflarids ; Pr, according to the Lama's
map, one large ifland, encirclfed by a lake
from 3 to 8 mites wide. On th'e 'Weftern
fliore of this iflarid pr congeries pf iflands,
is a monafte'ry, arid the feat 'pf the Ldtnif-
ft Tar..spanio, or The Great Regenerate ; iri
whom the Thlbetlans think that a divine
fpirit is regenerated, as in fhe Great La
ma : 24 miles S Laffa.
Jaines Ifland, an iflarid of Africii, about
30 miles up the river Gambia, where the
iEnglifli have a foi-t arid faaory.
Jamefown, A towri of Ireland, county
of Lellrim, On the river ShanftOp : 3 miles
S Carriclc. Jamtland, a p'roVihce cif Sweden, bdr-
derliig oil Norway, nearly of a circular
form. The weft'trH part of thh province
is overrun with vaft craggy rocks and
high mouiitairis, whicli lie ft'ri 'the fron
tiers of Norway ; arid betWeeri thefe are
deep vallies arid rapid tofreri'ts. How
ever, in fome fpbfs among the ttipuntains,
which are frequently covered 'ivith fnow,
one meets wltli fine verdure, and ple'rity
of nutritive paftures, Ip thefe parts the
inhabitants houfe fheir cattle even in
fummer time : arid thus never fall of
breeding fine cows, 'Whofe milk yields
excellent butter, and yet they purchafe
beef and tallow 'from No'rWay. The
eaftern part of Jamtland is a 'champaign
country, watered with feveral lakes and
riyers, vvhich abound with fiili. Corn,
barley, tye, oafs, and turnips, are a'raong
the principal produaioris. In this p'rov-
ince many hands are employed In eitBr.ia-
ing iron from a kihd of iron ore, refem
bling fmall ftoncs, which arc colleaed in
fenny places. Hers are alfo alum quar
ries, fine rock cryftals, lead ore, 2 new-
Tniilt copper n'orks, and a place Where
faltpStre is refined. Tlietc are only 6

j A P
places Vhtre divine fervice i* perfortned
every Sunilay ; in fome churches it Is cel
ebrated every other Sunday, and in oth
ers pnly every 3d Sunday ; in all the reft,
the congregations affemble but 3 or 4
times in a j'car. There is riot fo much
as one town in Jamtland, arid only n
pkriflies. In whicli 46 churches are erea
ed. In all thefe pariflies there are but
717 chimnies. The irihalritants, forthe
moft part, fubfift by agriculture, grazing,
hunting, and fifliing. They alfo carry on
a confiderable trade with the Norwegians,
vvhpm they fUpply with fait paris, fteel-,'
and Ii'on ware, and a kind of leather,
dreffed In a particular manner, fo as en
tirely to keep out the water ; of which
they make ihbes, boots, and even jack
ets, that are proof againft wet. Every
peafant is obligecl to coiifrlbitte towards
the fitbflftence o'f the foldiery ; fo that
this country malri'tains aregime'ntof fpot,
or, according to others, of dragoons, at
the expenfe of 31,609 dollars, arid a
troop of horfe, the charge bf which ij
6210 dollars.
Jama, or Jannrna, a town of Europe
an Turkey, -iri 'ifheiffaly. It is a confid
erable town, and the fee of a Greek bifhw'
op ; fituated. On a lake, which coniiriu-
nicates with the river Peiieus, 'The prov
irice, by the Turks, is called yaMo, from'
this town : 40 'miles W Latiffa, and 340I
E Conftantinople, Janna, fee Theffily.
Jupan, A l^rge arid powerful epipire pf
ABk, called by the ualives Niphon, and
Hippoa, frbm the largeft ifland of which
it IS compofed ; fituated on the eaftern
verge df Afia, confifting of three large,
and a number of fmaller iflands It lies
about 160 leagues eaftward of fhe coaft
of Chiha and Corea. The author ofthe
Chrirt^h Hlftory of Japan, pubUflicd in
Englifli, in the year I'7co, computes all
thofe iflands together to ' contain about
600 leagues in compafs, or 200 leagues
in lepgfh, and fo proportionable in
breadth, exclufive of their various windi'
ings, apd of fundry remote Iflarids whicli
are fubjea to that empire. All the
coafts of this empire are furrounded with
craggy, high, and inacceflible 'mountains^
and fliallow boifterous feas, and their
creeks and bays are for the moft part
choked up wilh rocks, flie!vcs,faBds, and
vvhirlpools ; fo that Provideflce I'eeuis to
have excluded if from all cPnimunicatiori
wirh rhe reft pf the world. The coun
try Is no k-ls ple&fant and inviting vi'ah-
in, than its a-venucs are difcouraging am!
irightlul.

JAB
frightful. Its fituation is fpch, that it
would be many degrees hotter than Eng
land, were not the air refreflied by the
winds wlijch continually blow from the
fea, -and to which thofe iflanders are
much expofed bythe height of their fitu
ation, "This fituatipn imakes their win
ters exceffively coldi "The fnow falls ih
great quantities, and is generally follow
ed by a ha rd froft. The riionths of June
arid July, are called water-months, on ac
count of the rains, Ihe country Is ex
pofed to dreadful thunder, lightnings,
ftorms, arid hurricanes. The country is
motf-nfdlnuus, and the ancients defcribe it
as Very barren ; the induftry pf the in
habitants, however, halve made If fufli-
ciently fertile to fupply their own wants,
arid even to furnifli other countries with
the fineft and whiteft of rice apd corn,
which are exported by the natives and
Dutch in vaft quantities. They have 5
different grains, rice, of the -fineft of
vyhich they make bread ; barley ; wheat,
of which they chiefly make cakes for
thdlr table ; daid beans, which they grind
Into meal, and boll for eating ; and an
other fort of bean, whichthey boil in tlje
fame manner, or make into fweet cakes,
by mixing fome fugar witli them. Be
fides the 5 forts of grain abpvemePtipned,
they have the Indian wheat, the millet,
and feveral others in great abundance.
Their large woods amd forefts, and the
long ridges of mountains with which the
couritry is interfeaed, produce good paf
turage, and are ftocked with deer, oxen,
buffaloes, 'flieep, hogs, and other ufeful
animals. The country abounds with riv
ers, lakes, and fprings of various kinds,
fo that they have plenty of fweet, as well
as medicinal vVaters, arid of fifli, Japan
breeds a great number of horfes : though
not fo large as thofe of Europe, they are
yet very beautiful, and highly valued.
The forefts abound with all forts of wild
beafts, of the furs of which they make
confiderable trafiic, as well as of ele
phants' teeth. This noble animal is not
only found in great plenty In their woods,
but is likewife bred up tame In their
towns and cilies. iBut the great riches
of this empire confift in the variety and
finenefs of their metals and minerals.
Their volcanoes, and numberlefs hot
fprings, fiifficiently fliow what prodig
ious quantities of fulphur lie concealed in
the bpwcls pf the earth ; to fay nothing
of the immenfe loads of it which are al
mpft every where dug up for ufe and ex^
pprtation. Mines of gold, as well as gpld-

JAP
e;n fand, are tobe found in rnany pf theii;
provinces, particularly in the great Ifland
of Niphon ; but the emperor lays an ab
folute claim lo thefe, as weU as othet-
mefals, none of which cap be opened
without his permiffion, Of gold and fd
ver extrae'tcd from mines, he referves 2
thirds for hinifelf, and the reft he allows
to the lord or prince in whofe territory
they are found. Silver mines are not fo
numerous ; b^t fome of them are very
rich ; but the mofl plentiful of all metals
Is their copper, of which they have great
variety ; fome kinds ex'quifitely fine, and
others very coarfe and cheap. From
fome of It the refiners c^lraa a confid
erable quantity of gold. All that Is de
figned for exportation Is eaft into cylin
ders, about II or 12 inches long, and i
inch thick : thefe they put into boxes,
vvhich hold 125 pounds weight, and arc
fold to the Dutch, who ma-ke a confider
able traffic of it. Some tin they havi;,
fo very fine and white, that it looks al
moft like filver, and fells al a high price.
"The iron mines are not numerous, but
rich, and yield great quantities of Pietal,
wbich is refined and eaft into bars; but
their greateft art is in tempering their
fteel, of vyhich they make the fineft and
keeneft cimetars, cuflaffcs and othep
vyeapoiis, vvhich carry an edge beyond
thofe of any other nation in the world ;
buf moft of thofe are forbidden to be ex
pprted, under the fevereft penalties. 'I'he
Japanefe are fo ufed to earthquakes, that
they are fcarcely alarmed at any, unlefs
they chance to be very terrible indeed,
and bury whole towns under their ruins.
The religion of the Japanefe is allowed
by all writers to have been grofs heath-
enifm and idolatry from time immemo
rial. They do not feem to have even a
tolerable notion of a Supreme Being ;
but beUeve the world to have exifted
from eternity, and that the gods they
vvorfliip were men, or beings that lived
on earth feveral thoufand years, and
were afterwards, for their virtue, raifed
to that height of power and dignity they
have ever fince -enjoyed. All agree in
obferving the 5 foUowifig maxims, or
precepts : not to kill, or to eat any thing
that is killed ; not to fteal ; not to defile
another man's bed ; not to lye ; nor to
drink wine. It vvas not long after the
firft difcovery of this country by the
Portuguefe, that is, about the year 1552,
that fome Jefuits, fent thither from Ma
cao, by Francis Xavier, found means to
he introduced into that empire, and to re-
commcrid

J A P

J- A F

commend themfelves to the learned meri,
fey their flcill In the mathematics and
olher fciences, as well as by the many cu
rious inftruments of aftronomy, naviga
tion, and other European rarities which
they produced. .Their fuccefs was fo
great, fhat In a little time not only vaft
multitudes of people of aft- ranks were
converted,- that feveral of their petty
kings, or maritime princes, not only en
couraged fhe propagation of it,' but
fome of them made open profeffion of
Chriftianity. They went on vvith this
wonderful fuccefs above 60 years, that
is, tUl about the year 1616, during whicli
lime all their letters from thence were
fraught wifh accounts of the coiiverfions
they made, and the great confidence fhey
had of feeing idolatry quickly baniflied
-out of the whole empire ; when all this
promifing funfliiiie was at once turned
iritp a difmal gloom ; the miffionaries
were fufpeaed and accufed of the moft
treafonable defigns, and, under pretence
of converting the empire, of plotting f o
dethrone the emperor, and bringing his
domliiions under the gpvernrnent ofthe
Spanifli monarchs. This charge was be
lieved by the jealous emperor and all fhe
grandees of Japan ; and turned fheir
Icindnefs Into fuch a deteftation againft
thofe miffionaries and their religion, as
produced a moft dreadful perfeeution,
in the year 1622, not only againft them,
but againft as many of their profelytes
as refufed fo renounce if, who were all
put to the moft excruciating deaths. Ev
er fince that epoch, Chriftianity has been
entirely extirpated out of the whole em
pire, and held in fhe greateft abhor
rence ; nor is any perfon or people fuf
fered to live there, who is fufpeaed to
profefs it ; nor any ftranger to come
amongft them that does not publicly re
nounce It, under the fevereft penalties.
The government of Japan is, and has
been for many centuries, altogether mo
narchical and defpotic. As fo the peo
ple, they are doubly 'flaves, firft to fheir
own princes, and tiext to their emperors,
who have -power- of life and deal;h over
them all. Anciently, the emperors vvere
Ukewlfe foveraign pontiffs, under the ti
tle of dairos ; at which time, their perfpns
and dignity were held fo facred, that npt
only every rebellion againft them, but
even every contraventipn to their de
crees, whether in civil or religious mat
ters. Was dcteftedas a crime againft heav
en itfelf. They were, in fome meJfure,
worfliippcd by all their fubjeas, and af

fumed fuch ftate as if they had been pat-
takers of, a divine nature.,,, They never
fet their feet upon the ground,, nor fuf
fered the fun tp flilne or wind to blow
upon them. They never wpre their
clpthes abpve pne day, and never ate
twice out of the fame diflies. In a word,
all their furniture, veffels, and utenfils
belonging 10 bed or board, were renewe4
every day. They never cut their hair or
beard, nor paired their nails They kept
themfelves as much as poflible from being
.pubUcly feen; and were chiefly waited on
by 12 wives, whom they married with
great folemnity. The titles they affumed,
and by which they w-ere addreffed, came
little fliort of blafphemy, and the man
ner of approaching them favoured ftrongi
ly of idolatry. Whoever appeared in
their prefence, were obliged to ptoftrate
themfelves flat uppn the ground, and in
that humble fituation prefent their petl^
tion, anfwer their queftions, and receive
their commands- The army confifls of
100,000 foot, and 20,000 horfe, Includi
ing his garrifpns, aU weU difclplined, and,
In general, ftout men. Their arms, are
mu&efs, bows antl arrows, the cimetar,
and dagger, are all of the beft metal.
The Japanefe are generally very acute,
and of a quick apprehenfion, good under
ftanding, modeft, patient, and courteous,
and excelling all the Orientals In dociUty.
They are fo juft in their deaUngs,^that
one may , abfolutely depend on their
word : and, contrary to the Chinefe, dif-,
dain to take advantage pf thofe fhey
deal with. They are cpmmonly very in
genious at handicraft trades, and excel
even the Chinefe in feveral of their man-
ufaapres, particularly In fhe beauty,
goodnefs, and variety of filks, cotton, and
other ftuffs, and in fheir japan and por
celain works ; on which account they
are efteemed all over the Eaft, as well a^
in Europe. Their japan bears a much
finer glofs, is much harder and more lafl;-
Ing, and more beautiful than that of Chi
na; and tlieir porcelain iis better burnt,
and more finely wrought and painted :
fo that both articles bear a much higher
price, and they would have a much great-,
er demand for all their merchandife, not
withftanding their high price, if fhe em
perors did npt reftrain their fubjeas fo
much fron/trading Into foreign countries,
or would give greater encpuragemept to.
ftrangers IP trade ampngft them ; but
their natuial jealoufy of all foreigners,
and efpecially of Europeans, fince the fad
cataftrophe of the Chriftians, has occa-
fiouetf

JAR
fioned fevere lavvs and penalties to be en-
aaed agairift many branches of their an
cient commerce. They are allowed to
trade with none but the Chinefe, Core
ans, the country of Jedfo, and with the
Dutch, The commodities exported from
thence are rice, filk and cotton wrought,
firie porcelain and japan work ; gold and
filver, though not In fuch quantifies as
formerly ; copper wrought and in bars ;
iron, fteel, and other bafe and artificial
metals ; variety of rich furs, moftly
brought from the land of Jedfo ; tea of
all forts, and much-finer and better cured
than that of China ; a great variety like-
wife of medicinal herbs, foots, woods, and
gums, well preferved ; to thefe we may
add, diamonds and other precious ftoncs,
pearls of exquifite beauty, coral, great
quantities and variety of fine fea fliells,
and ambergrlfe. In exchange for thefe
commodities, fhe Hollanders bring them
gtaffes of all forts ; raw and wronght
filks, raw hides, hempen and wollen
cloths, quickfilver, borax, antimony, fpi
ces of all kinds, of whicli fhey make im
menfe gain, not only In Japan, but in all
other parts of India. They likewife im'
port thither fome forts of fugar, mulk,
camphor, fiampan,braiil and pther wopds,
calambac, elephants' teeth, and a great
number pf fmall wares which come frpm
China, Thibet, and Siam ; china, ginfeng,
and Pther medicinal ropls, from "I'arfary.
All thefe cpmmpdities are imported or
exported cuftom free. The Dutch are
ftriaiy watched, and kept under fevere
reftraint, from the time of their arrival
to that of their failing away. The names
•"ofthe 3 principal iflands are Niphon, or
Hiphon, fituated, In ten. 132 30 to 147 30
E, laf. 32 10 to 41 N ; Ximo, the- fecond
in dignity and extent, lon. 131 to 135 20
E, laf. 31 45 fo 34 55 N. The third is
Xikoko, fituated in Ion. 134 24 to. 136 40
E, lal. 33 20 to 35 6 N.
Japara, A feaport town of the ifland
of Java, fituated on a peninfula on the
N eoaft : the harbour is formed by a riv
er of fhe fame name, and is capable of
receiving a great number of fliips. The
inhabitants are Mahometans, and deleft
the Dutch : 200 miles li Batavia.
Jargeau, a town pf France, depart
inent of the Loiret, containing- about
1300 Inhabitants ; 3 iniles S E Orleans.
Jarnac, a town of Franee, depart
ment of the Charente, wilh about 1400
inhabitants : 2 leagues E Cognac.
Jarnus, a town of Egypt : 1.1 miles- iN
Abu Girge. l

J A V
Jurofa-iil, A town of Ruffia and capital
of a government to whicli it gives name, 5
celebrated for its manufaaure of leather,
called Ruffian Leather : 144 miles N,N.iB
Mofcow, and 340 E 9 E Peterfliurg, lat.
57 35 N.
Jarofaw, A town of Poland. It has
fince the year 1773, belonged to the em
peror, and is included in the new king
dom of Galicia : 44 miles W N W Lem
berg. ,
Jarra, a large town in the kingdom of
Ludamar in Africa. The houfes are
built of clay andiflone Inlei-mixed. . [Park.J
Jaffy, fhe capital tOwn of Moldavia j
fuppofed to have been a garrifon in the
time of the Romans : it has a citadel and
fome fortifications. The inhabitants are
chiefly Greeks, and it is the fee of am
archbifliop. In the year 1788, it was
taken by the Ruffians; and reftored in
1790 ; 200 miles E Otchakov, and 370
N Conftantinople, lat. 47 10 N.
Java, a large ifland in the Eaftem In
dian Sea, feparated from Sumatra by u
narrow fea, called ihe Straits of Sunda,
680 miles in length from E to W, and
from 60 to 80 in breadth from N lo S.
The center of the ifiand is mountaiuous,
but ori the coaft low and marfliy, vvhich
renders the air exceedingly unhealthy,-
efpecially to new comers. No Europe
ans have formed anv eftablifliments here
except the Dutch, who have feveral 011
the coafts, the priricipal of which arc
Batavia and Bantam. The reft of fhe
ifland Is divided intP feveral kingdoms,
or ftates, whicli are greatly influenced by
ihe European fettlements. Little of the
internal country is known. The produc
tions are various, and valuable for com
merce. Pepper grows in fuch quantities,
that if is faid the Icingdom of Bantam
alone can annually furnifli 10,000 tons,
I'lere are mines of gold, filver, and pre
cious ftones. Among quadrupeds may
be reckoned the, rhincceros, elephants,
tigers, wild boars, horfes, cows, deer,
apes, buffaloes, flieep, civet cats, &c.
with feveral animals unknown in Eu
rope ; among the birds are pigeons,
beautiful parroquets, peafowls of an cx-
traotdinai-y fize, Bantam fowls, &c. in
the vegetable vwirld are a great num
ber of flowering trees and flirubs, re-
markablefor the elegance and perfumery
of their flowers, fruit-trees, and timber
trees, whofe wood is uf'tful for building
and cabinet work : caffia, or wild cinna
mon, myrobolans, galarigal, fed faunders wood

JE H
-tvOod, gum benzoin, tamarinds, cocoa-
tiuls, coflee and rice are among the pro-
daaions of Java. The natives are, by
themfelves, faid lo be defcended from the
Chinefe ; but of this there can be no cer-,
tainty. They are of a dark complexion,
¦with flat faces, thin fhort black hair,
large eyebj'P-tJrs and cheeks. The men
are ftout made, and are clothed vvith cal
ico, wrapped round them 2 or 3 times,
as Ukewlfe are the wbmen from the knees
ro fhe armpits. Thofe who are rich
have tirrianients of gold, &c. Near the
coaft they are Mahometans, in the inte
rior -parts, Pagans, lon. 104 to 114 15 E,
lat. 5 45 to 7' 50 S.
Java-head, the weftern point of the
ifland of Java, ten. 104 15 E, lat. 6 i8 S-
Jauer, a principality of Silefia, E Bo
hemia. The whole priocipallty is moun
tainous. Its mountains are covered with
wood. It yields likewife pit coal and
mill ftones. The mountains contain va
rious ores, with numerous mines of iron
and copper,' which are aaually worked.
In this principality loo Is a mineral fpring,
with fome warm baths, which are much
frequented. Exclufive of 12 towns, in
this principality are fome villages. Some
of thefe villages contain 200 families and
upwards, and among their inhabitants
are artificers, particularly weavers, whofe
goods are bought up for exportation.
The\earthenwate is much efteemed. The
principal town is Jauer : 12 miles N
Fryeburg, lat. 50 66 N.
Jean de Barre, an ifland hi the kingdom
of Senegal, about 5 leagues in circum
ference. Jedburgh, a town of Scotland, county
of Roxburgh, on the river Jed, contain
ing near 2000 inhabitants, and about 800
in the environs belonging to the parifh :
7,5 miles S W Beryyick, 34 S E iEdin
burgh, lat. 55 30 N.
Jedo, or Jedda, or Teddo, a feaport of
Japan, and fecond capital of the empire :
it is reprefented as weU fortified, 9 miles
long, 6 broad, containing i,OGO,ooo in
habitants, 3 lowers, 9 ftorles high, are
covered with plates of gold, the king's
hall of audience is fupported by pillars of
gold. Thecityaboundsin palaces,temples,
and other public buildings, lat. 35 32 N.
Jebol, A city of Tartary. Here the
emperor of China refides a part of the
time. It is large and populous, but ir
regularly built. The houfes are low, and
chiefly of wood ; in the neighbourhood
of the imperial palace the ftreets are
paved. There being little commerce, the

Ji: R
prioclpal fupport of the plaCe is the ei-
pepfes of the court. ' [M'Cartney.]
Jemarraw, A kingdom of Africa, on
the S fide of the Gambia, about 40
leagues from the fea. The irihabltanti
arc chiefly Mahometans.
JeMma, A branch of the Nile, which
rifes in the kingdom of Spoa, [Bruce,]
Jemme, a tovvn of Tunis, in which are
found fume broken ftatues of marble and
other antiquities, particularly of ap atn-
phitheatre : il was anciently calfed Tf-
dra, of Trfdrus, and the emperor Gordi-
anus was crowned at this town : 90 milcl
S Tunis. Jettimin^en, or Jemgum, 3 tovi-n of
WeftphaUa in E Friefland : 8 miles S E
Emden. Jsna, A town of Upper Saxony, on the
Saale, in a pleafant valley, among rifing
hiUs, which produce great quantities of
wine. It is furrounded with walls, ditches,
and towers ; there is an univerfity, firft
founded in the year 1548, and confecrat
ed in the year 1558 : 10 mfles E Wei
mar, lat. 50 51 N.
Jeni-biffar, or Novi-bafar, a town Qf
Bulgaria, on a branch of the river Ibar,
containing about 30a houfes, Inhabited by
Chriftians aud Turks, aneieiitly the eap-
ital qf the Rafcians ; 175 miles W Nico
poli, and 83 N E Ragufa.
Jeniiza, a town of Macedonia, op a
lake which communicates with the Gulf
of Saloniki, by means of a canal about 1}
miles teng. It is little better than a heap
of ruins : 24 miles W N W Salopiki, and
ao E Edeffa.
Jsnm,A town upon a fmall iflaud in
the Niger. It contains a greater numbeft
of inhabitants than Sega, or any town in
Bambarra. , [Park.]
Jeraada, A town of Tunis, remarkable
only for the ruins of an aqueduct, cif-
terns, &,c. 26 miles S Tunis.
Jericho, the name of a circle or divif
ion of the duchy of Magdeburg, fituated
on the E fide of the Elbe, vvhich includes
the towns of Jericho, Burg, Sandgu, and
a few villages.
Jericho, an ancient town of Afia, in Pa
leftine ; formerly celc'orated for the num
ber of palm, trees growing near it, and
on that account called The City of Palms :
many palms are yet growing there, though
the town is now only a fquare tower,
furroimded with huts, or tents, of the A-
rabians : about 5 miles from the river
Jordan, and l8 N £ Jerufalem, ten,. 35
50 E, lat. 31 5?N,
Jsrim, a - town of "Vemen, the feat of a
dolat

J E R
aola, cnntaioing about 2000 houfes : So
inilcs N £ Mocha, lon. 44 22 £, lat. 14
17 N.
Jerredare, a large town of Turkey In
Afia, It ftands in an elevated fituation.
The hpufes are built pf large, rpund tegs ;
the crevices are filled with clay. Here
is a leather, arid feveral cppper, manufac
tories. [Jackfon.]
Jerfey, ah ifland in the Englifli Chan
nel, . about, 4 leagues froni the French
coaft, 12 niiles long, and about 6 broad.
It is divided into 12 pariflies, but con
tains orily 8 churches, 'i'he air is healthy,
^nd the foil fertile ; though the cultiva
tion of apple trees for cider has occa
fioned a deficiency of arable land for
corn. If has been cpiriputed, that 24,000
hogflieads have been made here in i year,
,part pf It, prpbably, mixed with wine for
the Englifli market. The coafts abound
with excellent fifli. The nuniber of in
habitarits is conipuled at rather lefs tlian
40,000, of which 3000 are able to bear
Jiriris, and are formed irito 2 regiments.
Though fubjeas of Erigland, they are
governed by Norman laws, and their lan
guage Is French. The civil goverriirient
is entrufted 10 a bailiff and 12 jurats, un
der a governor appointed by the crown,
f'he ifland is furrounded with rocks,
>vhicli render navigation daiigerous in
ftormy weather, biit round are good roads
at divers places, with anchorage all along
the N fide Iri lo and 11 fathoms water.
Round lowers, wifh embrafures ori the
top for friiall cannon, and loop-holes on
tht-lr fides for fmall ariris, have beeri built
bn this i.land.at all the acceffible places
bn the coaft, fince the year 1701, at which
tinie It -ri-as furprifed tjy a body of Frc*ich,
under the b,-iron de RuUecoiirt, who
paid dear for their r.iflincl's, beiiig every
one "billed. Wounded, or iriade prifoners,
though with the lofs of fonie lives, par
ticularly of major Pierfori. The entrance
to thefe towers is by A door, fo high up
in the vi-aU, as to be out of the reach of
man, and Is to Be al'cerided by a ladder,
to be draivn up vvhen the defendants are
fafely within the buildings. In many
pi tees are pieces of large cannon mount
ed, with florc-houfes riear them for pow
der and ball. The poor people, from the
fcarcity of fUel, principally burn feaweed,
called vraic. Druidical allais remain
here on which human viaims v^f-ere ofl'er
ed. They are huge flat ftones, fupported
by flones 4 or 5 feet high. The princi
pal places are St. Heller and St. Aubin,
lon, 2 II W,l,it 49 7 N, [Bowen]
Vol.. II. Rr

JE it
Jerifalem, a celebrated city pf Afia
and capital pf Paleftine, fuppofed fo
have been founded by Melchifedeck, and
then called Salem and Solyma. Its firft
bufldings were eteaed on fhe IpweCl part
of Mount Sion, that is to fa:y, Mount
Acra ; the northern mountain, and this
pan, waj, therefore; called the Lower
City, The Jebufites, a people of the
land of Canaan, made thenifelves maf
ters of It ; and It vvas ftiU fubjedt to
theni at the time the Hebrews were un
der the proteaion of Mofes. Thefe
pepple afterwards built on the higheft
part of Mount Sion, that divifion dif.
tinguiflied by fhe name of the Upper
City, arid which, by Its irihabitants, was
called Jebus. They buUt there, likewife,
a fortrefs, to defend themfelves againft
the altaclcs of the Hebrews. When the
Hebrews entered the Land of Promlfe,
under the condua of Jofliua, in the year
2584, In the divifion of it, Jerufalenl fell
fo the lot of the tribe of Benjamin.
Affer the death of Jofliua, vvhich hap
pened in the year 2601, the lower city
was taken and burnt by the tribe of ju
dah ; but not being able to mike them
felves millers of the upper city, tp which
the Jebufites had retired fpr flielter, the
latter recovered the tewer city, and re
ftored It to its former cpnditioii. It ap
pears, that the city of Jerufalem belong
ed fometimes to the tribe of Benjamin,
and fonietiiries to the tribe of Judah ;
but according to the dlftribution of the
land of proirtife, iriade by Jofliua, It cer
tainly, as before mentioned, fell to the
lot of the tribe of Bcnja.nln. The glory
of entirely fubjeaiuj; tlic Jebufites, how
ever, was referved for David, v,-lio, iri
the year 2988, expelled thefe people,
feized their fortrefs and city, and called
the latter after his own name, The C'ty of
D.ivid. The city then occUTied 2 moun-
t-iins, tliat is 10 lay. Mount ,'",ion, whicli
formed the upper city, aad Acra, whicli
formed the lower city. Iu the year 391 1,
Simon Maccabeus fortified Jerufalem, by
crcaiiij ftrong and high towers on the
walls. The fprt at ihi-i time was in the
hands of the Syro-'M.icedonlans ; but
Simon took and deftroyed it, that it might
never again fall into the poffeiruin of the
enemy. This citadel had kept Jerufalsgi
26 years dependant on the king of Syria.
John Hyrcauus, fon of Simon Maccabe
us, entered upon the governor'iilp and
high-priefthoud, after the death of hi^
father, in 3919 ; and the fame y^Hr Ami-
ochus S-Jdetes, inccnfcd at the loffci whi,:)i h.-

JE IL
he had fuffered by Simon Maccabeus, de
clared war againft Hyrcauus, and be
fieged Jerufalem, deftroyed the walls of
the city, and then retired, with all his
forces. During the reign of Herod the
Great, otherwife called the Afcalonite,
Jerufalem received many additions and
embelUflimenls. In the year 4030, he
conftruaed a fuperb royal palace, a the
atre, and an amphitheatre, fo celebrate
various kinds pf games in honor of Au
guftus. Herod likewife conceived a de
fign of rebuilding the temple, or rather
of enlarging that which had been erea
ed after the return of fhe Jews from the
Babylonifh captivity, and -accordingly be
gan his work, in the iSt-h year of his
reign, and completed it in 8 years. Un
der fhe emperor Tiberius, Pontius Pilate
being prefident of Judea for the Romans,
our Lord and Saviour Jefus Chrift, al
the age of 33, vvas condemned fo death,
on the falfe accufaflon of the Jews, and
crucified on- Mount Calvary, which was
then without the walls of the city. In
the year 66 of the Chriftian xra, and
the 1 2th of file reign of Nero; Gclfius
Floras, the procurator of Judea, had by
his injuftice and extortion reduced that
rich country tP a miferable cpndifipn ;
and adding cruelty fp rapine, vvas fhe
principal caufe pf fhe Hebrews attempt
ing fp throw off tlic Roman-yoke. iBe-
ing declared rebels, they began to com
mit every kind of Iniquity; The Ro
mans employed fhe feverefi punifliments
to reduce thefe people to obedience, but
ftill without effea. Having attacked
Ceftlus Gallus, the governor of Syria,
they obUged- him to retire ; and this fuc
cefs Infpired them vvith frefli hopes and
courage. The flames of war being, thus
kindled in Judea, Nero entrufted the man
agement of it to his general, "Vefpafian,
who, accompanied by his fpii Titus, and
a ppwerful army, arrived in Syria in the
year 67 pf the Chriftian a:ra. Vefpafian
foon after being chofen emperor, fent
orders to his fon Titus to continue
the war againft the Hebrews, and fet
out for Rome, vvhere he arrived amidft
the aoclamatlons- of the populace, In the
year 70 pf the Chriftian lera. Jerufalem
at fhis time was torn by different cpn-
tending faalons, and a prey to all the
miferies of a civil war witliin Ils own
walls. Nothing was feen throughout fhe
whole city buf flaughter, tumult, and
murder ; while patriotifm vvas made a
pretence for committing every fpecies of
atrocity, lathis miferable ftate was the

PE R
city of Jerufalem and all Judea, when'
on the 14th of April, in the year 70, Ti
tus undertook the fiege of the former,
having encamped at fhe diftance of 7
flradia, or a mile, from it. On the 4lhj
of May, Titus made himfelf mafter of
the firft wall of Jerufalem, and caufed a
great part of it towards the N to be de
moliflied. Notwitflanding this fuccefs,,
he offered very favourable terms lo the
befieged, if they would fubmil, but his -
"offer was rejeaed Five days after, he
took the fecond wall, from whlcli"lie was
however repulfed ; butin 4 days more
he again got into his poffeffion, and de
moliflied what remained- of If in the
northern quarter.. Having failed in his-
attempt to batter down the third wall, ,
Titus made new propofals fp the He
brews, thrpugh the medium pf Flavlus
Jofephus, who had been taken prifoner, .
and, after receiving his liberty, had at
tached himfelf to the Romans, and was ¦
with Titus in his encampment. The
greater part of the people were Inclined
to accept the eafy conditions propofedi
them by Jofephus, in. the name of the
emperor, but- being , oppofed by fome
zealots, Jofephus was treated with every
mark of indignity and reproach. After:
this behaviour,; there remained no more
mercy for the Hebrews. Titus caufedi
the hands of thofe who had voluiitarily '
fpught flielter in the Roman camp to be
cutoff, and fent them back fo the cify,,
and others were crucified in the fight of
their countrymen. Famine, In the mean,
time, began to make dreadful liavock,
among fhe people. The effeas of hunger
' were fo great, that a noble lady, called
Mary, devoured. the flefli of her own fon ;
this aaiori appeared fo. unnatural to Ti
tus, that he fwore that he. would bury the
remembrance of It under the ruins' of
Jerufalem. In order to haften fhe cap
ture of the-oity, he caufed aU the trees-
whicli were within the diftance of fome-
miles from Jerufalem to. be cut down,
¦ and employed them In his machines and:
military works. Having made every ne
cefi'ary difpofition for continuing his op
erations with vigour, he applied his bat
tering rains to the third waU, that Is to-
fay, the wall enclofuig the fortrefs, and
made himfelf mafter of the tower called,
Antonia, The Romans being defirous of
getting poffeffion of the Temple, wilhout
deftroying it, were obliged fo fuftain a-
fierce couflia in it : but a foldier, infl:i-
gated by fome unknown motive, threw a
burning torch into the northern part of.
¦ it.

J E R

J E R

it, Where there was a great quantity of
-combuftible materials, by which means
•it was fet on fire. This magnificent build
ing, therefore, vvas reduced to aflies,
and the Hebrews, with great grief and
-forrow, faw a monument deftroyed which
vyas the principal objea that had animat-
.ed their hopes, and awakened their cour
age. In fliort, on the 2d of September,
-ill the year 71 of the Chriftian sera, and
the 2d of the reign of Vefpafian, the
:city of Jerufalem felt entirely into the
, hands of Titu--, If was then given up to
;be plundered by the foldiers, and moft
of Its Inhabitants were put to the fword,
jAccordiiig to the order of Titus, the city
.was deftroyed lo Ils foundations ; and
even the ruins of the temple were de
moliflied, Jofephus fays, that the num-
,ber of prifoners taken during the whole ,
time of the war vvas 97 ,00D ; and fhat
the number killed in the city during fhe
.fame period amounted to 1,100,000 ; but
Tacitus, who lived In the firft century,
,i:i the time of Vefpafian and Titus, heard
¦if reported, thaif the number of the be
fieged, including thofe of every age and
fex, was only 600,000. Nofwithftaiiding
,tlie deftruaion of their country, a good
many Jews remained In it, and even in
Jerufalenl, or rather in new buildings
vvhich they ereaed amidft the ruins of
.the city ; buf they now paid tribute lo
,the Romans, and vvere entirely fubjea
to their laws. In the year 118, they at-
.tempted to rebel, but were foon over
come by Tinius Rufus, the Roman prcfi-
.dcnt in Paleftine. On account of the
turbulent difpofition of thefe people.
Adrian, it appears, highly Incenfcd at
their condua, refolved the fame year to
level the city of Jerufalem with the
ground ; that is to fay, thofe new build
ings ereaed by fhe Hebrews, to deftroy
3 towers left by Titus for the convenience
-of the Roman garrifon ; and to fow fait
in the ground on whicli the place had
-flood. Whatever may have been the
caufe that induced Adrian to make this
.devaftation, and to fliow fo much refent
ment againft the remains of a wretched
iiatiori, he fulfilled the pro.phccy of our
Saviour, who foretold that neither in
the city nor the temple fliould one ftone
be left upon another This, therefore,
may be called the final deflruaion of Je
rufalem, whicli took place 47 years after
that of Titus, In the year 614, the Per
fians came before Jerufalem, whicli hav
ing fallen into their hands, was facked
and plundered. Ninety thoufand Chrift

ians, of b^tli fexes,-and pf all 'ages and
conditions, were made flaves in fhis war,
and fold by the Perfians to -the Jews;
who, contrary to the laws of humanity,
butchered them in a cruel planner. In
the year 628, Jerufalem was reftored to
the emperor Heraclius, who baniflied all
the Jews, and inferdiaed them from ap
proaching within 3 miles of if. In the
year 636, Jerufalem was taken by the
eaUph Omar ; vvhen the provinces of
Syria and Paleftine fell entirely into the
hands of the Saracens ; the city of Je
rufalem vvas for feveral centuries govern
ed by the caliphs. The government now
became entirely Mahometan ; and Ma
hometanifm was the prevailing religion
of the country. The Turks, afler they
had made themfelves mailers of Damaf
cus, -and fubdued the wdiole country
around, carried their arms againft Jerufa
lem, -which they likewife took, in the
year 1076 of the Chriftian xra, and of
the Hegira 469. At the time when Je
rufalem was under the dominion of fhe
Turks, the Chriftians who refided in it
were expofed fo fo great affllaions, that
their fituation was worfe than when fub
jea fo the government -of the Saracens.
Many of, the Weftern Chriftians, how
ever, ftill continued fo vifit the holy pla
ces ; buf for this indulgence they were
obliged to -pay a very heavy tax. In the
year 1093, ainong the many pilgrims
who reforted to Jerufalem, tliere was a
French monk, of the ,city of Amiens, in
Picardy, named Peter, v.-hp has fince
been diftinguiflied by the name pf Peter
the Hermit, Peter departed from Syria
in fhe year 1095, in a merchant veffel,
bound fior Bari, in Apulia ; and on land
ing there immediately went to pope Ur
ban II, to whom he delivered letters
from the patriarch and Chriftians' of Je
rufalem, requefting his affiftance and
fupport. At the fame time he laid before
him, in themoft pathetic terms, the un
happy fituation of thofe people ; and in
formed him ill what manner they were
infulted and opprefl'ed by the Mahomet
ans, "Fhefe letters, and the rcprefenta-
tlons of Peter the Hermit, made fuch an
imprefUon on the pontiff's heart, that he
refolved from that moment to do every
thing ill his power to recover the Holy
Land, Peter then werit to various courts,
aud applied lo dUFerenf princes, w,th a
view of eng.-iging them in the fame de
fign ; and in every place in ivhich he
paffed he p'reached up the-cruf'ades. I he
city vvas taken the I5lh of July, 1099, the

J E a

jss

the 3d year affer the Chriftians had ftt
out from Europe to recover Palefline.
iEight days after the city was' tak^n, all
the Chriftian princes, generals, apd com
manders affembled and eleaed, for king -
pf Jerufalem, Godfrey of ' Bouillon, duke
- bf Lorrain, whq by his piety, prudence,
and valour, was judged mpft worthy of
that dignity. From the tiihc that the
city of Jerufalem remairied under the
power of the Weftern Chriftians, that Is
to fay, from' the 15th of July, 1099, to
the end of the year 1162, Jerufalem was
governed by 5 Latin kings, and the
church by 8 patriarchs. On the death
of the laft king, Baldwin III, the affairs
bf the Weftern Chriftians in Syria and
Paleftine began greatly to declirie. The
kingdom of JerPfalem, confidered In its
¦whole extent, was already-divided iuto
4 parts ; that Is, to fayj that which was
properly called the kingdoin of Jerufa
lem, fhe couritry of Edeffa, the princi
paUty of Antioch, and the country of
Tripoli. Jerufalem, in its modern ftate,
called by the "Turks Cudfenibaric, and Gudf-
cherif is reduced by their opprfefli've ty
ranny. Into the condition pf a poor, thinly
inh.-ibited town, of about 3 miles at
moft In circumference ; if is fjtuated on
a rocky iriountain, with 'Very fteep af-
ccnis on all fides except to the N ; the
vallies at the bottom are deep, and at
fome diftance eiVvironed with hills: The
foil' is fo'r llie ri'ioft paft ftony, yet af
fords corn, wine, and olives, vvhere cul
tivated ; ' but fcarce any thing except
grafs, heath, and pther fpont'sneous heirbs
and flirubs, which are left fP run up to
feed, grow ac a diftance from the city.
The houtcs are built of flint ftpnCs, one
ftory high. The Ipp is flat, and plafter
cd, having battlements a yard high. In
the day tiriie they hide frprii the furi un
der the ro'of ; in the night fhey walk,
cat, and fleep on It. The riuinbe't of in
habitants ' is' faid tp be about 12 or
14,000. Some ftreets feem lo be ruins,
rather than dvvelling houfes. ' 'Syithin the
'walls large places 'lie defolate, covered
with ftones, and rubbifli. Their gardens
are ill inariaged, being furfounded with
low walls of mud ; they are conftantly
wafliing down, and. requiring new re
pairs. The citizens are taylors, cooks,
fmiths, or flloemakers ; a poor, wicked
race, the fcuni of different nations, prin
cipally Arabs, ' Still fhe decayed town of
Jerufalenl will always be interefling to
{he believer in revelalipn. Here his fond,
deUgiited imagination fixes, not o«ly pn

Recount of the Iplended fcends record^
in the old Teftament; not only -b'ecaufe
here the Son of God accbmpliflied thfe
work of liunian redemption ; net only
becaufe here the fpark kindled, which,
like fhe fup, fliall enUghten 4II uatipiis j
but here a conftellation pf prophecies are
fulfilled. One pr two we mention. Con-
lemplafing the (;ity, its bqly temple, and
majeftic palaces, Jefus Chrift prophefied
that in that generation devaftation fliould
enter,; thai the time fliould come that
one ftone fliould riot be left upon an
other.' AU fhis came to p-=.fs as has beep
related, jefus Chrift alfo prppheclcd that
" Jerufalenl flioulid be trodden down of
the Gentiles' ;" That Gentiles flioiild pof
fefs the place, not Jews. "iThis we have
feen has been literally accpmpUflie(|i
Adrain baniflied all the Jews ; fhe placi
was fettled by Rpmaiis, and other for
eigners. Underftanding' the pi^ophccy,
apd deterrtiiiiing fo crufli the foiii of God;
Julian exerted all his influence, and pow-^
cr to falfify . the ¦ predialon. For tliis
purpofe, about the year 363, he wrote
kindly to the Jews ; Invited them tO their
holy city, proniifed to rebuild their tem
ple iri magnificence : to make Jerufalem
his royal refidence, to join with them in
worfliipping the great Goo of the uni-^
verfe. fie appropriated immenfe funis
of money for "the building ; he' aaually
commenced the vyoirk which he intended
fhould give the lie to Chrift, deftroy the
confidence bf his friends, and cover his
enemies with glory. As the wprkmen
commenced theii- talk, and had laid thq
foundation's of the temple bare, God him
felf interpofed, a fudden florip rofe, ari4
a dreadful earthquake' tore up, and dif
perfed the old foundations ; the wbrl^
was fufpended. But they refuiped the
bufinefs, wheu balls of fire burft frpm the
grpurid, confumed the tools, deftroyed -a
part of the vvprkriien, arid forced the rel^
lo lay afide their defign. The Jews are
ftill perfecuted by Mahometans, as they
were baniflied by Romans. Jerufalem is
ftill ti'oddeil down by the Gentiles. Is ij
poffible to be an Infidel .? — lon. 35 25 E,
lat. 31 15 -N. ' [Ne-ivton, and others.]
Jeji, A town of Ancona. The fee of a
bifliop, immediately under the pope. It
contains 3 churches and 10 conyenls":
23 miles iN E Liiretto.
Jefo, or Jedfo, pr Tedfo, A large ifland in
the N Pacific Ocean, gpverned by i
prinqe, tributary to the emperor ofjapan.
The inhabitants are ippre rucle and fav?

J I p
-a J? than the Japanefe. They Uve chiefly
on fifh and game, lat. 42 N.
y -i-i-r, a town of Weftphalia, cipilal
of a country called Jeverland, in the N
E part pf E Friefland, on the W fide of
the mouth of the Wefer, which belongs
to the prince of Anhalt Zerbft : 28 miles
N E Emden, Iat. 53 39 N.
Jems Rock, a mountain of Abyffinia,
in the province of Samen. It is the high
eft of a large rugged chain of mountains. [Bruce.]
Jibbel Sabeia, a large ifland in the Red
Sea, fp which, ip time pf war, the Arabs
,of Ras HeU fend their , wives and cliiU
dren, [Briice,]
Jidda, pr Judda, a feaport of Arabia
Felix, on the E coaft of the Red Sea, in
the Sheriff.ile of Mecca, firfj furrounded
with vvaUs, in the year 15 14, by El Guri,
fultan of Egypt, to protea it from the
Portuguefe ; the walls are novv in a ftate
of decay. If is fituated in a barren, un
healthy, fandy diftria, and Is without wa
ter. Jidda, has been always a part ofthe
.dominions of the Sheriire of Mecca. The
I'urkifli fullan fends, Indeed, a pacha to
this city ; but he is npt abfplute fovereign
pfil. 'I'he fupreme authority Is fliared
between the ShcrifTe and the Turkifli
governor. The hatter is changed every
year ; and accordingly refufes fometimes
to obey the pacha. "The revenue arifing
from the cuftoms is fliared between the
fultan and tlie flieriffe ; upon which ac
count che kiaja and ihe vifier always at
tend together when goods are exanilned.
The dues of cuftom are fixed at 10 per
cent, upon the value of the gopils, eftimat
ed arbitrarily by the cuftom-houfe offi
cers ; fo that they may be confidered as
equal, iri reality to 12 pr 15 per cent.
The Englifli, howeirer, are particularly
favoured, even more than the fubjeas of
the fullan : they pay only 8 per cent, and
are fuffered IP difcharge this in goods,
whereas, all others muff produce money.
Although the trade of Jidda is fo confid
erable, yet fhis city is no more than a
mart between Egypt and India. The fliips
from Suez, feldom proceed farther than
\\\\} port ; and thofe from India are nol
fuft'ered to advance to Suez. "Fhe cir-
oumjacent country affords nothing but
Taif almonds for an objea of traflic ; of
thefe, indeed, the Englifli carry 500,000
weight a yeir to India. Balm of Mecca
IS alfp brought hither from the nciijh-
bourhood of Medina, as an article pf ex
portation. The imports are gre^atcr, h,-
<aufe both Mecca and MccUua arc to be

JO A
fuppUed from this Marktf. Large (^uaaj
titles of corn, rice, lentilcs, fugar, oil, &c.
are imported from Egypt, without which
this part of Arabia could not poffibly be
inhabited. All goods from Europe comp
alfo by the way of Egypt ; and ' on the
Olher hand, thofe vvhich are brought
hither from India pafs generally into E'-
gypi. Here they pretended to fliow fhe
tomb of Eve, the mother of mankind.
Without the gales eaftward, a defert plalu
is filled wilh huts pf Bedoween Arabs.
They fupply Jid.da with milk and butter.
It Is much frequented by fliipping. Pro
vifions are high, and in np fpwn of Ma
hometans are there fo many unmarried
woinen. The city is large, and well peo
pled. Chriftians arc not allowed to liettlc
here, pn account of its vicinity to the ho
ly city, Meccajpf which it Is the port : 34
miles diftant, 170 S Jvleilipa, laf. 21 28 N.
[Niebuhr, Bruce, D. Hcrbelot, Poncet.]
'Jidoon, A country or diftria pf Afia, on
the E fide of the river Sinde, pn the bor
ders of Cachlmere and Thibet.
Jifrai, a town pf Africa, op the river
Gambia. Jillifree, a town on the N bank of the
Gambia in the kingdopi of Barra. The
alkaid or governor of Jillifree colleas
fhe exorbitant duties, vvhich the king lev
ies on Europeanij. In the execution of
this oflice he Is attended with a numerous
train. The town Is large and inhabited
by Portuguefe, I\1andIngoes, and Mahom
etans : thefe have a mofciue. "il'he Eng-
Ufh have a faaory here. [Park.]
Jimmelah, a town of Africa, anciently
Geniella. Near it are magnificent ruins,
the remains of an apiphithcatre, &c. 9
leagues SSW Conftantina.
Jinbala, a fmall kingdom of Africa.
The fori is remarkably fertile ; the Inhab
itants are negroes, fome of them very
opulent. [Park.1
Jianpour, a tcm-n of Hindooftan, In the
country of Benares, on the Goomty river.
This town vvas once the feat of an em
pire. Over the Gopmty is a brid^^c, of
16 arches ; au extenfive fort, now in ru
ins, once commanded fhis bridge, and fhe
country from the Ganges to Lucknow.
"The river fometimes rifes over the
bridge. In I774,a Britifli army of 10,000
men, palled It in boats : 30 miles N W
Benares, lon. 82 55 E, lat. 25 46 N.
Jaa,.himfh.il, a towii of Bohemia, in the
circle of Elnbogen, celebrated for its fil
ver mines, the beft in the kingdpm, dif-
--overcd in the year 15 16, From fhe
year 1586 to the year 1601, thefe mines
yielded

JOT
yielded' 305,790 marks of filver : ii miles
.N Elnbogen, and 52 S S E Drefden,
Joag, A frontier town of Kajaaga, con-
¦taining about 2000 inhabitants. The
town is furrourided by a wall ; each
man's pofl'effion is alfo walled In, making
fo iriany citadels. To the v\'eft of the
<own is a fmall river, on the banks of
which a great plenty of tpbacco and on
ions is raifed. [Park.]
Joal, or Juala, A fown of Africa, in .the
kingdom of Siu, on the fea coaft, with a
road and good anchorage, where the
French have a faaory for flaves, flcins,
ivory, and wax.
Joanna, or Hinzuan, one of the Comora
iflands, which fee.
Joar, a town of Africa, In the kingdom
of Burfali, furrpunded with palifades, tp
keep pff wild beafts. The king has a
houfe here ; the Englifli a faapry. It Is
only 3 little clufter pf huts, pleafantiy
fituated pii a fine Sav^aiipah, furrpunded
with wpods. There is fpund here a re
markable bird, as large as a pigeon wilh
4 wings. The Oftrich here is ftrong
enough to carry a map on his back, 2
miles from Gambia. [Moor.]
Jockgrim, A tovvn of France, In the
l.ower Rhine, on an eminence, near the
Rhine : 3 leagues S E Landau.
Jahan Geargenfadt, A towil of Upper
Saxony, founded in the year 1654, by the .
Proteftant miners, who were driven out
of the little Bohemia mine txiwn of Plat-
ten. On the corn wliich is raifed, the
inhabitants would hardly he able to fub
fift, even for a few days ; but their cat
tle are good ; the women weave lace, the
men are miners. At firft, only tin was
found ; but in 1662, filver vvas dlfcover
ed. Copper ore, and cobalt is found.
Emery Is prepared, and other minerals
found, at this place : 7 miles S Schwar-
zenberg; Johnny Groat's Houfe, the moft north
erly dwelling of Scotland, In the county
of Caithnefs : i mile W Duneanfby Head,
the N E point of Great Britain.
Jahor, A town of the peninfula of Mal
acca, ne.ir the S cpaft, and capital of a
kingdom of the fame name. In the year
1603, this fown was deftroyed by the
Portuguefe, lat. i 5 8 N.
Joigny, A fown of France, department
of the Yonne, furrounded with thick
walls, near the Yonne : 14 miles N W
Auxerre, lat. 47 59 N.
Joinville, A town of France, depart
ment of the Upper Marne, on the Marne:
5 leagues S E Sl. Dizler, lat. 48 27 N.

j 0 R
Jalut, an ifland near fhe W coaft of E
Greenland, lon. 46 50 W, laf. 60 56 N.
¦Jana, a town of Hindooftan, in the
country of Delhi : 35 miles S DeUii,
Joncy, ,a town of France, department
of the .Sa6ne aud Loire, 5 leagues and 3
quarters S W Chalons.
Jonkahanda, A place of confiderable
trade, on fhe Gambia, [Park.]
Jonkioping, A tovvn of Sweden, in the
province of Smaland, near the Wetter
Lake, containing 2 fauxbourgs, 3 church
es, an arfenal, and a manufaaure of
arms, and about 3000 Inhabitants. It is
the feat pf juftice for Gothland : 15^
irifles S W Stockholm, ten, 14 7 E, lat.
57 48 N,
Jonquerrei, a town of Spain, in Cat
alonia, the foot of the Pyrenees : 20 miles
N Gerona,
Jonfic, a town of France, department
of fhe Lower Charente, 3 leagues S S-E^
Pons. Jonfferg, A town of Sweden, in E Goth
land, near fhe coaft of the Baltic : 2»
mfles £ Nordkioping.
Jonville, A town of France, deparlmcnt',
of the Upper Sa&ne, pn the ' Sapne : two
leagues apd a half iN Juffey.
Joodpaur, A town of Hindooftan, capi
tal of a diftria, in the country of Agi
mere : 85 miles W S W Agimere, lon.
73 48 E, lat, 26 7 N,
Jsotffma, one of the Japanefe ifles.
It is level, well wooded, and many of
their houfes are handfomely built, lon
135 20 E, lat. 37 51 N. [P.eyroufe]
Joppa, iee Jaffa.
Jordan, A river of Paleftine rifing froiii
lake phlala in Antl Libanus. It runs un
der ground 15 miles, then breaks out at
Peiieum ; paffes through Samachpniile
Lake, anciently called Meron, ,6 niiles
long, 4 broad. Two miles afler ils leav
ing the lake, is a ftone bridge of 3 arches,
called " Jacob's Bridge," fuppofed to have
been built before the days- of Jacob,
Afler feparatiqg Galilee from, Tracoritis,
it paffes through the lake Tiberias ;
thence, after a courfe of 65 miles, part of
the way through a vaft and moft horrid
defert, receiving the Carith, (on the
bank of which Elijah was fed by ravens)
and many other tributary ftreams, it
empties info the Dead ^Sea, It is a very
rapid river, generally about 4 or 5 rods
wide, and 9 feet deep, aud except in frefli-
ets, runs 2 yards below the brink of its
channel. The waters are turbid buf very
wholefome, [Mariti, Shaw, Maundrell,
Topog, Dia,] Jorifim,

JU u
Jorifma, one of the iflands of Japan.
Jofapatli, A long narrow valley between
Jerufalem and the Mount of Olives,
fuppofed by feme enthufiafts to be the
place where all mankind are to affemble
at the day of judgment,
Jaffelin, A town of France, department
of the Morbihan : ii leagues EL'Orlent,
Jauaville, A town of France, depart
ment of the Mozelle, 3 leagues W Metz.
Joura, a barren iflaud In fhe Grecian
Archipelago, about 10 miles in circuit :
12 miles S W Andros.
Jaux la Villa, a tovvn of France, depart
ment of the Yonne : 3 leagues N Aval-
Ion. Joux (Mount,) a part of Mount Jura,
near the fource ofthe Doubs, on the bor
ders of Swifferland, and France.
Joux, A lake on Mount Jura : 4 miles
W Romalnmotier.
Joyeufe, A town of France, department
of the Ardeche, ou the Beauue ; contain
ing about 600 inhabitants : 7 leagues S
SW Privas, lat. 44 28 N.
' Juanparc, A diftria of the province of
Benares. A race of Hindoos, called Ra-
jekoomars, refide here. It Is a cuftom
with this people fo deftroy their female
infants, to prevent the expenfe of pro
curing them fuitable matches. -The cuf
tom Is general, excepting that In each
family i daughter is fpared. One village
alfo fpare their female infants. There,
qwing to the expenfe of procuring huf-
bands, old maids are numerous. This
race of cruel nior,tals are continued by
the few daughters,, not deftroyed, and by
their intermarriages with other diftrias.
The Englifli have exerted themfelves
with fome fuccefs In fuppreffing this hor
rid cuftom, [Shore A, R.]
Jubo, a kingdom of Africa, on the
coaft of Ajan, near fhe Eafteru Indian
Sea, vvith a capital of the fame name,
fubjea to the Pprfuguefe, lon. 43 20 E,
lat. o 50 N,
Juba, a river pf Africa, which runs
into the Indian Sea, a little to the N of
the cquinoaial line.
' Jucendro, a town of fhe ifland of Mad
agafcar, lal, 23 10 S,
Judsnbvrg, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Stiria, in ^ plain furrounded
with lofty mountains, always covered
with fnow. It li.is a caftle, a college, and
2 convents : 32 miles W N W Grai-, and
84 SW Vienna, lat. 47 17 N.
Judoigne, or Geldenacken, .1 town of Bra
bant, on the Geefe ; near it are the ruins
«f au ancient caftle, where the children

JU N
of the dukes pf Brabant were heretofdre
brought up on account of the excellency
of the air : 12 mfles SSE Louvain, and-
25 W Liege.
Judomfoi Kref, a fortrefs of Ruffia, in
the government of Irkutflc : 100 miles W
N W Ochotflc.
Jiiida, fee Whidah.
Juillac,A town of France, department
ofthe Correze : (i\ leagues W Tulle.
Julbach, A vlUage of Upper Bavaria,
with a caftle : 4 miles W Branau .-
Jiilfar, A town of Arabia, province of
Oman, in abay pf fhe Paifian Gulf : 160-
miles N W Mulkat, lon. 56 24 E, lat. 25
55 N.
Juliers (Duchy of) A country of Weft-
plialla, on the Rhine ^nd Meufe. This
duchy enjoys a fruitful foil, which pro
duces all forts of corn In abundance, to
gether wifh good meadow and pafture
land. The breed of cattle here is con
fiderable, and in particular it has a good
breed of horfes, vvhich are partly fent to
the neighbouring countries, and partly to-
France, Much woad alfo is cultivated
here, and linen nianufaaured. Near
Efchweller is found ftone coal. In this
country are 26 towns, and about 11 free
doms and boroughs,
Julieri, A city and capital of the above
duchy, is fituated on the Ruhr. It is
finall but ftrong, and has a regular cita
del. It contains a cliurch, and a con
vent. Without the walls are a Calvlnift
and a Lutheran church. This city fur
rendered at difcretion, fo the troops of
the French republic, in fhe month of Oc
tober, 1794. The arfenal was vvell pro
vided, and jvell furniflied with 60 pieces
of cannon,, and 50,000 pounds of pow
der : 22 miles W Cologn, and 37 N E
Liege, lat.- 50 58 N.
Jumnah, a river of Hindooflan, which
rifes in Thibet, and runs into the Gan
ges, at Allahabad.
Jmilfeilon, or Junfalem, an ifland in the
Eaftern Indian Sea, near the S coaft of Si
am, 21 leagues long, and from 3 to 7
wide. "Fhe principal town, of the fame
name, Is fituated in the Npart ofthe ifl
and, with a harbour capable of rcceiving-
vefl'els only of a moderate fize ; but the
road has good anchorage, and affords a
fecure retreat for vefl'els furprifed by
ftorms or hurricanes ; the fituation is
convenient for commerce. Near it is a.
mine of loadftone, but the pieces dp not
preferve their virtue above 4 or 5 month..
The ifland is fertile in rice, fruit, c-;c, lon.
98 5 to 98 30 E!, lat. 7 37 to 8 40 N.

iu

Jura, a mountairi, or rather a teng
thain pf mountains, which extend from
the Rliine, near Bale,_to the Rh&ne, about
IO miles below Geneva ; fometimes more
fometliries lefs elevated ; and in different
places takes different namies. The rockS
vvhich form th"e bafe of the Jura, are
nioflly compofed of calcareous ftone, and
perhaps fhere is not a fpot in Europe,
of the fame extent, vvhere are found fuch
quantities of petrified fhells", and marine
plants. ' [Coxe.]
Jura, a departirient 6'f France, of
vJhich Lons le Saunler is the capital.
Jura, An iflarid Iri fhe Nortli Sea, near
the W coaft of Scotlarid, ab'Put 25 miles
in length, and from 2 to 6 iri breadth :
chiefly mountainous or bsfrnin heath ;
fliell-fifli and potatoes form' fhe principal
food of fhe poorer people. What are
called The Paps of Jura, are 3 lofty
riiouutaiiis, of a conic form, of ftupendous
height. Some black cattle arc raifed,
and about 3 or 400 fold annually out of
the ifland,, and atxjut 100 hPrfes : the
Wool is remarkable for its finenefs ; but
the flieep are fmall, and not numerous :
goats are in greater plenty. Some wild
deer are ftill remaining, but the number
is continually growing lefs. The num
ber of inhabitants is faid fcarcely to ex
ceed 900, who all refide on the E fide of
the ifland : the weftern part being too
rugged for cultivation. There are 2 good
harbours on the E fide of the Ifland, but
no veffels above 5 or 6 tons belonging to
them. The village of Jura is fituated
about the center from N to S, on the £
coaft, lat. s5 58 N.
Jurea, A city of Picdmorif , on the Do
ria" Ballea, or Grand Doria, cfriginally a
Roman colony, fent thither during the
fixth confulfliip of Marius, and the firft of
Valerius Flaccus, and was called Eporedia.
It Is fltuated partly In a plain, and partly
on a hill of eafy afcent : the nuriiber of
inhabitants is about 6000 : it is the fee
of a bifliop : the cathedral Is faid to have
been anciently a temple of Apollo. Be
fides the cathedral, It has 3 other parifli
churches, and feveral religious houfes.
The marquifate Was founded by Charle
magne . 20 miles N Turin and 53 W
Milan, lat. 45 12 N.
Jurjura, a mountain of Africa, and i
of the higheft in Algiers, about 20 miles
in length, full of fliarp rpcks, and cpver
ed vvith fnow in winter : 60 miles S E
Algiers. Jaffa Krafnaiarfik, A town pf Siberia
on the river Jenifea. It confifts of about

JUT
36 houfes, inhabited by Ruffian eiife.'
There is a fort, the refidence of the gov
ernor, garrlfoned by 120 exiles. [-Beneyowflci.]
Jufingen, A town of Swabia, and capi
tal of a loidfllip, purchafed, iri the year
1751, by the duke of 'Wurtemburg, for
300,500 florins . it gives a feat arid voice
at the diets of the empire ; 32 miles S E
Stutgard. Juterbock, a town of Upper Saxony, on'
the Angerbach ; 18 miles N E Wlttcn'-'
bcrg, lal. 52 I N.
Jutbia, or Odia, or Siam, a town of A-.
fia,- capital of the kingdom' of Siarii, and
refidence of the klu^, fituated in a large
Ifland in the river Menan, foriic leagues'
,from. the fea, Tbe city contains a great
number "of magnificerit pagodaS, arid the
royal palace is large and beautiful : the
Dutch have a faaory here, and a number
pf merchants frpm different countries'
cpine there to' trade, ten, 102 E, lal, 14
i8'N. ,
Jutland, A periirifu'la Pf Europe, in fhe
kingdom' of Denmark,fornierly calledC/w-,
bria, and Gherfonefus Cinibrica : bounded '^
and N by the Northern Sea ; about 200 ni.
in length, and ^5 In breadth. It Is gener
ally divided into N Jutland, mpre efpec
ially called Jutlani ; and S Jutland, more
generally called The duchy of Slefwick.
Jutland, Nortb, is bpunded Pri' all fides
by the fea, except pri' the S by Slefwich ;
of all the territories belonging to the
crown of Denmark, It Is the la'rgetf, and
yields the greateft revenue. A large
quantity of all forts of grain is annuall^
exported from hence fo Sweden, Norway;
and Hplland ; and cpnfiderablc fums ac
crue tp the inhabitarits from the fale of
oxen, horfes, and hogs. Jutland is com-
morily faid to be tbe land of beaoSn and rye '
bread. Here is a great plenty of fea and
frefli water fifli of all kinds. Jutland is
every vvhere interfperfed with hills, and,
on the E fide, with fine woods of oak,
beach, fir, &c here is alfo grea't plenty
of all kind of game. The air iS cold, ef
pecially towards the North Sea, The
Juflanders are of a robnft, vigprpus, con-
ftitutipn, and refolute temper ; and feeni
fp have raifed themfelves tP a ftate of
freedom, fuperior to that of the other iri
habitants of Denmark. Many of the
Jutland peafants have freehplds, for
which they pay only a fmall acknowledg
ment to the lord of the manor, and the
pubUc taxes, Fredericia is the pnly
place where the exercife pf any religioii,
twfides Lutheranlfm, is tolerated. Aal
borg,

il A B

K At)

borg, Wibojg, Aarhuus, and Ripen, are
the chief towns.
. Jysnagur, a country or province of
Hindooftan, fituated to the S of the Me-
Avat. Jyepour, city, capital of a territory, In
Hindooftan Proper. Here Is an obferva
tory erefted in 1754. lBi779,it was a
pl*ee of wealth and confequence, being
the principal mart for ih^ goods brought
from aU parts of India. [Wendel.]
K
[iv. B. Words that fometimes begin ivith I^
and fometimes ¦ivith C, if not; found under
the former, rHay bs fcigftt for under tbe
latter.}

Ka

- A A EL IBUD, a vfllage of Arabia
Felix, which is chiefly inhabited by Jews,
who are not fuffered to lodge in the town
bf ' Sana, near which it is fituated.
Kabas, a town of Egypt : 3 miles S E
Foua, Kabba, s large town in tlie kingdom of
Bambarra, ficuated in a bcaufit'ul and'
highly cultivated country. Here, from the
fruit of the Shea tree, is prepared vaft
quantities of vegetable butter, preferable
to any made frorri cow's milk. It is
whiter, firmer, of richer flaviaur, and
keeps a whole year without fall. The
tree much refembles an American pak,
[Park,]
Kabyles, a pepple of Barbary, who, from
their language aud other circumftances,
feem to b; the only tribe df that region,
vvho bear any near rclatipii to the ancient
Africans, Retiring to the moiintaius,
thefe clans have been lefs affc-acd by In
novations than thofe who fubmitted to
invaders. Their' huts are of Hurdles,
covered with mutl, or of materials from
adjacent ruins, or of fquare pieces of
clay, dried in the fun. 'Fhe roofs are
of mud or ftraw, fupported hy reeds or
branches of trees, ""iheii princip;il man
ufaaure is of Hykes, .is they call wool
len blankets, and V,'cbs of goat's hair for
their tents. In this only women are em
ployed. They ufe not the fliuttle, but
condu-a the threads of the woof, with
their fingers. The Hyke is 6 yards long
and about 2 broad; a drefs by day, a bed
and covering by night for the Kabyle.
It is a loofe troublpfome garmrnt, contin
ually reciuiring to be folded anew about
the body. This fliows the ufe of a girdle
in any aaivc employment, and the force
Vol. K. bs

il of lAaJiy ^ fcrlptures, (alluding to fuch a
I cuftom,) which require men to gird them-
! felves. Their bumoofe or cloak feems an-
fwerable to the Raman Pallium, being
probably the fanie with our Saviour's,
which was woven without fam ; and the
fame as the clothes of the Ifraelites, in
which they folded their kneading troughs.
This is done by the Kabyles at the pref
ent day. Sometimes they wear frocks or
lunicks under their Hykes. Round thofe
alfo they wear gjrdles. .When they la
bour they often throw off their burnoofes
and Hykes, Wearing only their frocks.
Dreffed' in this garment, Chrift took a
towel and girded himfelf, afler he had
; laid afide his other garments, his Palli
um and Hyke. In this tuni(:k, which l!he
Vulgate tranflates tunica, was Peter
drefl ; this he girt unto him as he calft
himfelf into the fea, J<ohn 21. Thebur-
noofe and' Hyke being the proper drefs
of the eaftern nations, they were faid i»
be naked, though fhey retained their tu-
nick or frock. Their girdles were doub
led, the edges fewed together, and ufed
for a purfe, hence Zoone in fcripture is
rendered purfe. The women linge their
hair and their eyelids vvith the powder
of lead ore, as Jefebel did: The whole
kitchen furniture of thefe Arabs is 2 or
3 wooden bowls, a pot and kettle.
[Tpngraphic Dia.]
Kacbao, A town of Africa, in the king
dom of Kumbo, ' on the river San Do
mingo, about 50 miles from the mouth.
[ It is furrounded with a rampart and pal-
lifades, and defended with artillery and
a Portuguefe garrifon. Here is a parilli
chuich, and a convent of Capuchins.
Kachtan, or Cacbtan, A fmall diftria of
Arabia, fituated among mountains, about
6 days' journey NNE from Saade, gov
erned by a flieik.
Kacketi, a territory between Dalgcftan,
Irvan, and CorducI, in Georgia, Afia,
fubjea to Perlia ; of which the capital
is Zeo'an,K.w'er, an ifland at the !-,' V.' extremity
of the Pcrfi.iii Gulf, formed betvveen the
ftreams of the Euphrates and the Tigris.
X.:d.ff, a city of A.-abia, vvhere Mofes
and Aaron, by their fin, provoked (jod
tl forbid their entrance into Canr.r.n. It
is 8 leagues S Hebron. [D, B.]
kadick, one of the Aleutian ifles. It
is vvell peopled, has little wood, plenty
of fulphur, and abounds with fiixc-: and
bevers : annually wild g -efe and duckS
refort hire, lat. 5,1 30 N.
[Ucneyowflsi.] ' ^'^¦'Jl'-^-"'

K A I

K A L

Kaffungea, A town of Germany, near
CaffcL Kaen, A town of Africa, and capital
of a kingdom, on the banks of the river
Gambia. ICahhlan, A town of Arabia Felix, in
the province of Yemen : 56 miles £
Loheia. Kajaagsi, A -kingdaiR in Africa, bound
ed on the S £ and S by Bambouk, on the
¦W by Bondou and Foota Torra, on the
N by the Senegal. Itis a land.of hlUs and
vales, which, with the Windings of the
Senegal, renders,- the region piaurefque
and beautiful. The climate is more
healthy than on the fea fliore. The in
habitants are called Serawoolies. Their
complexion is jet black, their govern
ment monar-chical. Tliey are a commer
cial people, indefatigable In their purfuit
of wealth, yet, tolerably fair and juft in
their dealings. Confiderable profits they
acquire from felling cotton cloth, and fait
in diftant countries. When the merchant
returns fram a trading expedition, his
friends affemble, and he difplay^- his
wealth in a few prefents ; but if he has
been unfuccefsful, their vifit Is fliort ;,they
view him as a man of no underftanding,
to perform-a long journey, and as they
exprefs It, " bring back nothing, buf fhe
hair on his head." , [Park]
Kaingerffoi, A fmall 'ifland ill fhe North
Pacific Ocean, near the E coaft of Kamt
fchatka, belonging to Ruflia, ten. 61 4
E, laf. 53 40 N._
Kairvan, a city of Africa, in Tunis,
capital of a government of the fame
name. It is the fecpnd city in the
kingdom- for trade and population ; Is
celebrated for the moft magnificent and
facred mofque In Barbary ; and is 20
iniles W Sufa, ten. 10 25 £, lat. 35 40 N.
Kaifarieh, or Kaifarijah, a town of Afi-
asic Turkey, in the province of Carama
nia, and capital of a fangiaca, fituated at
tlie foot of a mountain, always covered
with fnow, about a league and a half, or
o leagues- in circumference, and furround
ed with walls, and defended by a caftle.
It Is populous, divided into 18O quarters,
in each of which is a mofque, or chapel.
The Greeks have a metrapoUtaii and i
other church, and the Armenians have
3. The principal trade is In Morocco
leather. It vvas known to the ancients,
under the name of Mazaca, and after
wards that of Cefarea of Cappadocia . 25O
miles E S £ Conftantinople.
Kaiferlautern, a town of France, 20
»iiles N E Deux Ponts.- A bloody bat

tle was fought here In 1795 between the!'
Germans and French.
Kalaar, a town of Perfia, in Chilan,.
with a confiderable manufaaure of filk;
lon. 58 45 E, lat. 36 23 N.
Kalimburg, A tovVii of Denmark, iri fhe
ifle of Zealand, the capital of a coiifider-
.able baiUwic, lon. 11 11 E, lat. 55 47 N.
Kalir, a town of Suabia, ifl the duchy
of Wirtemberg,"witli a caftle, lon. 9 45,
E, lat. 48 38 N.
Kaliffh, or Kalitz, a city of Poland, and
capital of a palatinate of the fame name,
in what "is called, Great Poland, or Weft
ern Pruffia, on the river, Profna, fur
rounded wifh moraffes, walls, and tow
ers. This town vvas taken by the
Swedes in 1655. The Jefuits had' a
magnificent College in this town. The
palatinate of Kalifch-is alfo called the
Palatinate.- of Gnefen, from, the city of
that name : 57 miles N £ Breflau, and-
154 S Danfzick, lon. 19. 7 E.
Kalka-pira, a river of Chinefe Tartary, ,
which iffuesfroma mounfai"n, called Suel-
ki or Siolki, about 130 miles W from Tcit-
cicar, and emptiea-itfelf into lake Coulon.
It gives name to the nation of Tartars'
who poflefs an extenfive country to the
£ and W of this river.
Kalka-Targar.,.A country of Chinefe
Tartary, which, contains one ftandard of
Mongul Tartars, lafj 41 50 N.
Kalkas, A tribe of the Mogul Tartars, ,
in Chinefe Tartary. They Inhabit fhe
cpuntry N pf f he Mpgul Tartars, prpper-
ly fo called, whieh ftretches as far as fhe
' kingdom of the Elcuthes ; and is near
300 leagues in extent from E to W. They
live In tents, on the banks of their nu-'
merous rivers. They adore - a lama of
the fecond. order, who Is held In fuch-
veneration, that bonzes from China, HIii—
dppftan, Pegu, &c. cprae tp. pay fhe dc»
vptipns at his refidence in Iben Pira,
Kalmues, a natipii pf Tartars Inhabit
ing that part pf the Ruffian gpvernment
pf Caucafus, whicli lies between fhe VpI-
ga and fhe Yalck, toward the Cafpian,
Sea. In all this immenfe traa there is-
not one houfe fo be feen, and the inhab
itants all live in tents, and remove from
place to, place In queft of pafturage for.
their numerpus cattle, cpnfifting pf hprfes,
camels, cpws, and flieep. They neither-
fpw npr reap, npr make hay for their
cattle, fo that they live without -bread,
or any fort of vegetable; and, in vviii--
ter, fheir caftle fare Uke the wild beafts.
They are divided into a numberof hordes,
or clans, each under iheir own particu lar

K A M

K A M

'lar khan, and all acknowledging the au-
¦thority of one principal khan, who is
- called the king of kings, who derives his
pedigree from the great Tamerlane. All
¦ of them, however, have fubmitted to the
government of Ruffia, or to live under its
proteaion. They are pagans.
Kalnick, A fown of Poland, in the pal
atinate of Braclaw-: 24 miles E N £
Braclaw. Kalo, a town of Upper Hungary : on
-a Lake : 22 miles S "iTockay.
Kaluga, A city of Ruffia, and capital of
a government, called Kalutffoe, or Govern
ment of Kaluga, fitiiated,on the-Occa : 390
; miles S E Peterlburg, and 5-40-E Warfaw,
lat. 54 28 N.
Kamakura,. an I-fland of Japan, near the
S coaft of Niphon, fcarcely more than a
¦league in circumference ; fhe coafts are
fo fliarp that a crane Is made ufe pf fp
raife the freight - frpm ;the boats. It is
iufed as a fiali; prifon.
Kamalia,'A fmall tovvn of -Manding,
Africa, fituated at the-botlpm pf fpme
>rocky hills. -The Inhabitants eollea gold
'in great quantities, A Mahometan prieft
. and fchpolmalter refide here. [Park.]
Kambamba, a province of Africa, in
•the kingdom of Angola, with a town of
.the fame name, on- the river Coanza.
Kameh, A river of Afia, which runs In-
.to the Indus, near Attock.
Kameran, A fmall ifland in the Red Sea,'
rnear the coaft of Arabia, ten. 4225'E,
lat 15 6 N.
Kaminiec, a town of Poland, and capi-
ital of the palatinate of Podolia, with a
• caftle, built on a rock ; one of the beft
fortifications in Poland, A little below
.it runs the river Smetticz,, which falls in
fo the Dniefter. A Poplfli and an Ar-
'menlan bifliop, and a Caftellan, refide in
»this city ; and a court of juftice and pro
vincial diet arc alfo held here. Here is
alfo a college, whicli formerly belonged
¦to the Jefuits. If furrendered fo the
"iRuffian arms in 1793, The whple prpv-
*iiice Is fometimes called Kaminiec : 100
.miles -W Bracla-w, lat, 48 58 N, tep, 26
30 E, -
Kamfchatka, a peninfula pf -Ruffia, in
the gpvernment pf Irkuffk, -bounded on
.the N by the"province of Ochoffk, on the
¦E and S by the Northern Pacific Ocean,
-and on the W by the Sea of Ochoffk and
-the Penzinikoe Gulf : about 600 miles
in length, ancl from 30 to 200 in breadth,
-Its fouthern extremity is Cape Lopatka,
a word fignifying the blade bone of a
-man, and is fo called from its fuppofed

refemblance to it. The fliape ofthe
whole peninfula is not unUke that of a
flioe, widening from the toe, (which we
may fuppofe to be Cape Lopatka) to
ward fhe middle, and narrowing again
toward the heel, a neck of land connea-
ing It wifh the continent, A chain of
high mountains ftretches fhe whole length
of the country, from N to S, dividing it
nearly into 2 equal parts, from whence a
great number of rivers take fheir rife,
and empty themfelves on e.ach fide, into
fhe Pacific'Ocean and the Sea of Ochotflc,
The foil i^generallybarren, and feems as
if it could ¦ be ijturned - f o no advantage
either in, the way of pafturage, or other
mode -of eultivatioii. The face of the
country in general is thinly covered with
ftiinfed trees, having a 'bottom of mofs,
mixed with low weak heath. The whole
bears a ftriking refemblance to New
foundland. In many parts of the penin
fula, particularly on the banks of the
Kamfchatka, good grafs grows in plenty,
which they cut twice in fhe fummer. It
is natural lo fuppofe, that the feverify of
the climate muft be in .due proportion
fo file general fterlllty of the foil, of
which it is, probably the caufe. On the
15th of June, the thermometer is at a-
bout 58 and the- barometer at 30. The
vvipds -blow at this feafon almoft invaria
bly from rhe eaftward, the S E is more
prevalent than any other. -On. the 24tli
• of Auguft, the foliage. of the trees, and
all other -forts of vegetation, feem to be
in fhe utnioft -ftate of perfeaion. For'
.the remainder of this month and through
September, the weather isvery change'a-
.ble, buf^iof fevere. But at the beginning
of oapber, the tops of the lilUs are again
covered with new fallen fnow. In com
puting the feafons, the fpring ought cer
tainly not fo be taken inlo the account.
From the middle of June fo the middle
of September, may be properly faid to
conftitute the fummer. Oaobcr may be
confidered as ap autumnal month ; from
thence, till fhe middle of June, it is per
fea winter. On this peninfula are more
fhan 20 volcanoes. Iron ore, copper,
and cryftal are found here. The country
is faid to contain numerous fprings of
hot wafer. Ofthe trees, the pincipal
are the birch, the poplar, the alder (wlcli
the bark of which they ftain their leath
er) many fpecies of the willow, but all
fmall, and 2 forts of dwarfifli pines or
cedars One of thefe grows upon the
coaft, creeping along the ground, and fel
dom exceeds 2 feet in height, of whicli good

K A M

% AU

-gbod beer is -ma^e. The birch is by far
the moft common tree ; and of fhis are
3 forts. Two of them fit -for timber, and
differing only in the texture and colour
of the bark ; the third of a dwarfifli kind.
Of the flirub kipd, is juniper, the moun-
tain-afli, wild rofe-trees, and rafherry-
buflios, the country produces great abun
dance ; together with a variety of ber
ries ; bluebcrrleji, of 2 forts, round aud
oval, partridgeberrics, cranberries, crow-
berries, and blackberries, Thefe the na
tives gather al proper feafons, and pre
fcrve by boiling them ipto a thick jam,
without fugar. They make no inconfid-
cralile part of their winter provifions,
and are ufed as fauce 'o their dried and
f.ilt fifli ; of whicli kind of food they
are unqueftionably excellent correaives.
They likewife eat them by themfelves in
puddings, and various other ways, and
make decoaions of them for their ordi
nary liquor. Here are in great cjuantl-
ties, wild celerv, angelica, chervil, garUc,
and onions. Upon fome few patches of
ground, in the vallies, are exceUent tur
nips, and turnip radilhes. There are 2
plants, which, from the great pfe made
of them, merit a particular mention.
"Phe firft, called by the natives the faran-
ne. The plant grows wild, and in coii-
iiderajile abundance : the women are
employed in collealng' the roots,' which
are of the bulbous kind, at the beginning
of Auguft, whichare afterwards dried in
the fun, and then laid up for ufe. It is
ufed in cookery i'p various ways. When
roafled on embers, it fupplies the place
of bread, better than any tiling the coun
try affords. After being baked In an
oven, and pounded, Il becomes an excel
lent fubftitute for flour and meal of eve
ry fort, and in this form is mixed in all
their foups, and molt of their other diflies.
It ls_ eflreemed extremely nourilliing ; has
a pleafant bitter tafte, and may be eaten
every day without cloying, "Fhefe roots
are ufed inftead of potatoes ; but lately
have been ufed for diftlljation. The Uq
uor is of the ftrength of brandy ; and is
called by the natives raka. The nettle,
as the country produces neither hcipp
nor flax, fupplies the materials of whicli
are made their fiiliing nets ; and without
vvhich they could not poifihly fublift.
I'or this'purpofe, they cut it down in Au
guft ; and after hanging it up in bundles
in the fliade, under Uioir belagaus, the
remainder of the Aiminer, treat it like
li,-.mp. They then fpiu it into threud
vvith their ringcr.s, and twift it wjund a

fpindle, after which fhey twine feveraj
,threads togethei^, according to the differ
ent purpofes for which it may be de-
figried. Though there is little do,mbt but
that many parts of this peninfula ivoul4'
admit of fuch caltivatiou as might con-^
tribute confiderably to the comfort of
the inhabitants, yet its reairichcs muft
always coiifill iu the number of wild an
imals it produces ;'aiid riolabourcari ev
er be luiiied to fo good account as what
is employed upon fheir fprrerics. The
animals, therefore, whicli -fupply thefe,
come next to be confidered ; and 'thefe
are the dog, wliich, living, ferves for a
draught horfi.-, dead,' his fkin fs a gar-i
ment; the 'common fox ; the float, or
ermine ; the fab'e ; the araic fox ; the
varying hare ; the mountain rat, or ear-
Icfs imarmot ; the"''.afcl; the glutton, or
wolverrnc ; the argali, or wil-d flieep ;.
rein deer ; bt'a-rs ; wolves ; they have
few cattle. "Fhe coafl and bays of this
country are frequented by , almoft every
kind of riGrthclnfea ftjwl ; and amougfl:
the reft are thefea eagles, but hot, as at
Oonalaflca, in great numbers. The rivers
inland are ftored with nupicrous flocks
of wild 'ducks of various fpecies ; in the
woods are eagles of a prodigious fize ;
this country likewife alTords woodcocks,
fnlpes, a-nd 2 I'oi-fs of groufe, or moor
game. Swans ^re filfo faid to be in gre»t
plenty. Fifli may be confidered as the
ftaple article of food with which Provi
dence hath fupplied the inhabitants of"
this pcninfula ; wivo, In general, mufl;
never expea t.i draw any confiderable
part of fheir fuftenance either from grain
or cattle. The prefent inhahltants of
Kamfchatka are of 3 forts. The natives;
or Kamtchadales : the Ruffians and Cof
facks ; 'and a mixture of thefe '2 'oy mar
riage. The true Kanifchadales are a
people of great antiquity, ahd have. for
m.any ages Inhabited this peninfula ; they
aj-e ori^iiiiiUy ucf'cendi-tl from fhe Mun-
galians, Volodimir Atlafl'off, a Coffack,
ftands for the firft acknowledged dil'cov-
erer of Kanilchatka, ' This perfon was
fent, in the ye;'r r6y7, from the fort Ya
kutlk, to the Anadirfk ; in the tniallty of
Commifl"ary,-vvith inftruaions to call iw
the aflifl'aace of the ICoriacs, v^-itli a vieiv
lo the difcovery of countries beyond
theit's, and to the fubjiaing thtni to a
tribute. In 1699, he penetrated, wilh a-.
bout 60 Ruffian foldiers, and the fame'
number of Coffacks, into fhe heart of the
pcnliil'iila, gained the Tigil, and from
tlunce, levying a tribute ip furs in his'
pro;]rtl's.

K A M

E AN

progrefs, croffed over to the river Kamt-
chatlca, on which he built the higher
Kanitchatka oftrog, called Verchnei,
where he left a garrifon of i6 Cofl'acks,
aud -returned to Vakutfic in i yoo, vyith an
immenfe quantity of rare apd valuable
tributary furs, "Fhe Ruffian government
e{it.diliJTitd o,ver this couritry is mild and
eqiiitubie, c'lufidered as a. ipilitaxy one.
In, a vi;ry high degree, Tbe 'ualives arp
permit tt-d to choofe I'lcir own m:ij;lf-
tratcs from ainong themfelves. In the
iivay, and with the fame po'wers, they had
ever been ufed. By an edia of the late
emprefs, no crime whatfoever can be
punlfliid with death. But we were iri-
formed, that in cafes of murder (of which
.there ¦are very few) the puiilfhnieiit of
the knout is admiuiilered with fuch fe-
verity, that flie oll,.iidcr, for the moft
part, dies under it. The only tribute ex-
»aed (vvhich can be co-nfiJered as little
mors tha:i an ackuowlcd,5r,ient of tiie
R-«i(liaa doraiiiion over them) confifts, in
fome diftria«, of a fox's fkia, io others ,
Qf a fable's, and, in the Kurlle Ifles ot a I
Hea otter's ; but as this is much the moll
-valuable, one Ikin ferves to pay the trib
ute of feveral perfons. The toioPs col-
¦tea the tribute in their refpeai^>e dif
trias. Befidee flic mildnefs of their gov-
trnment, the Ruflians have a claim tb
•every praife for the pains fhey have be
ftowed, and which have been attended
with great fuecefs, in converting them to
Chriftianity, there remaining, at prefent,
very few idolaters among ihcm. The
reUgion taught is that of the Greek
church. Schools are likewife eftabliflied
in many of the oftrogs, where the chil
dren of both the natives and Cofl'ack-s
are gratuitoufly Inflruaed in the Ruffian
language, ' Originally, thcfc people be
lieved in one God, who refided on the
binks of their rivers ; but having gone
to eftablifli himfelf elfewhere, had left the
country to thtta, his children, "i'hey
praail'e polygamy, 'Fhe whole popula
tion about i6,0oo fouls. The com
nierce of this' country, as far as concerns
the exports, is entirely confined to furs,
and carried on principally by a compa
ny of merchants, Ipftituted by the em
prefs, "The articles of importation are
principally European, but not confined
to RulU:in manufaaures ; many are Eng
lifli and Dutch ; feveral likewife come
from Siberia, Bukharia, the Calmucs, and
China, They confift of coarfe ivooUen
and linen cloths, yarn ftockings, bon
nets, and gloves; thin rcrlian filks, cot

tons, and pieces of nankeen, filk and cot
ton handkerchiefs, brafs coppers aji4
pans, iron flovcs, files, .gtms, powder and
fliot ; hardware, fuch as hatchets, bUls,
knives, fciffors, needles, looklng-gUffes,-
flour, fugar, tanned hides, boots. Sec.
There are 6 veffels (of 40 to 50tDns bur
den) employed by the emprefs between
Ochotfic and Bolehcrelflc ; 5 of which,
are appropriated to the tranfporting of
ftores and provificns from Ochotflc to
Bolcherctlk ; exc-ept that once in 2 or
3 years fome of tiiera go round to Avvat-
fka, and the Kamtchatka iivcr ; the 6tii
Is only ufed as a packet boat, and always
kept in readlnefs, and properly equlpptd
for conveying difpalches ; ten. of the
fouthern extremity 156 45 E, lat. 52 to
61 N. [icing, Stellcr, Beney'owfki ]
Kamtchatka, a river of Rulfia, In the
peninfula of K-amtchatka, which runs in
to the N Pacific Ocean, 20 miles 3 Lower
IC-imtcUatflcoi.' Kamtchatffoi ( Nizriei, pr Lo'wer^ a town
-of Ruffia, iu the peninfula of Kamtchat
ka, where there are barracks and an hof
pital : 184 miles NNE iVerphnei Kamt-
chalflcol, lon, 162 E, lat, 56 40 N. '
Kanaga, an ifland between Kamfchatka
and America, 200 miles in circuriifercncc.
It contains a volcano on a lofty moun-v
tain, at the bottom of which are hot
fprings In which the, natives boil their
viauals. There Is not a rivulet pn the
ille, [Mavor.]
' Karnak, a miferable village of Egypt, on
the ruins of the ancient 'I'hebes, Obc-
lifks, coloffal ftatues, avenues formed by
fphinxes, porticoes of prodigious eleva
tion, one of which is 172 feet in height,
200 feet broad ; Immenfe coUonades,
pillars, 20, or 30 feet in circumference ;
magnificent edifices of brilliant colours,
aflonifli the traveUcr, and abforb his
ppwers In ecftacy. [Sonini.]
Kandegbere, A tcra-ii of Hindooflan, in
the Carnatic. In the year 1640, a de-
fcendant of that prince who reigned here,
peimitlcd the Englifli to form a ftttlc-
iiieiit at Madras : 50 miles S W Nellorc,
and 70 N W Madras, lou. 79 2.1 E, lat.
13 46 N.
' Kaneni,a city of Africa, in the empire
of Bornou, capital of a fertile province
of the fame name. The inhabitants who
are compofed of muffulmen and pagans,
breed multitudes of cattle, and raife in
numerable horfes for the fervice of the
king. It is 150 miles N W Bornou.
,- Kaiiioiv, A town of Poland, palatinate
of Kiov, on the Dnieper ; remarkable for

'K A R

K A S

¦for ari Interview, in the year 1787, bc-
. tween fhe emprefs of Rulua and the late
'king of Poland, on board a veffel which
the emprefs had chofen to cpnvey her
felf and train tP Cherfpn : 56 miles E
Bialacerkiew. Kanifea, a ftrong tovvn . of Lower Hun
gary, on the Drave : 100 miles S by ;E
Vienna, Kan-teheou, A cIty of China, .of fhe firft
rank, In fhe province of 'Kiang-fi, This
is a city of great refort ; it is fituated on
the river from which It has its name, al
though It receives another in fhis place, -
whicli fhey call Tchangho. Near the
wall of Kantcheou, and where -fhefe 2
rivers unite, fhere is a bridge of boats,
¦which are faftened to pne anpther with
irpn chains. One pf thefe boats belong-
¦ing tp the bridge, is fo contrived that
they can open a- paffage to let the barks
through. The jurlfdiaion of this city
¦extends to 12 tpwns of the 3d order ; It<3
foil produces a great many of fhe trees
from whicli varnifli diftills, and this var
nifli is reckoned the beft in China : 840
-¦miles S Peking : 250 N by E Gantop,
lal. 25 52 N.
Kaa, one of the Friendly Iflands, in the ¦
S Pacific Ocean, lon. 184 58 E, lat. ,^9
.42 S. ^
Kao-tcheou, -1 city of China, of the firft
rank, in the province of Quang-fong, on
a river, about 36 miles from the fea.
The tide flows and ebbs, as far as this
town, fo that the Chinefe barks go up to
it ; the country is very fruitful. "This
city has within its diftria, I city of the
2d order, and 5- of the 3d. This diftria
is bordered on one fide by the fea, and on
the other by mountains ; fhere are a
great number of peacocks, and feveral
forts of birds of prey. "There Is alfo a
kind of ftone like marble, which natu
rally reprefents the fall of wafers from
the mountains, and landfcapes ; t-hey cut
-it in leaves, and make taibles, and other
curious houfehold goods of It. There is
a kind of crayfifli, like the common fort ;
but when they are out of fhe water they
petrify, without lofing t'heir-natural form.
The Chinefe phyficians ufe them for a
Tcmedy againft fevers : 1130 -miles S S
"W Peking, laf, 21 40 N,
Kapofvar, or Kapu^war, A town and
caftle of Hungary : 12 miles S W Al
tenburg.. Karek, or Garak, a finall Ifland in the
Perfian Gulf, where the Dutch have
made a fettlement : " celebrated for Its
;peafl fifliery. All fliips bound up Buf- I

farah river muft call here for pilots, 'Iat,
28 45 N.
Kargapal, A town of Ruffia, on the N
of the Lake Latcha, lat. 61 30JSI.
Karga, a province of Africa, in the
kingdom of Loango, which contains
fome mines of excellent cppper.
Karikal, pr Garikal, A fpwn pf Hin
dooftan, on the coaft of Tanjore, on
a branch of the Cauvery : ceded by fhe
king of Tanjore to fhe French. It con
tains 5 mofques, 14 pagodas, and about
5000 ip-habilanfs. It was fortified-by the
French, and taken by the jEnglifli, in the
year 1760. In the year 1779, it was re
taken : 12 -miles N Negapatam, and 6-6
Tranquebar. > Karki, an Ifland In the Mediterranean-:
'6,miles W, Rhodes, laf, 36 25 N.
'Karleby Gamla, A feaporf town of Swe
den, in E Bothnia, with a good harbour.
The principal trade is in hemp, fait, and
¦fliip-bufldlHg : 60 miles S 'W Cajana.
Karlovitz, a town of Sclavonia, on,thc
Danube, the fee of a Greek archbifliop.
Remarkable for a peace concluded here,
in the year 1699, between the emperor
;and the Turks : 37 miles N W Belgrade.
Karm, an Ifland In the N Sea, about
12 miles long, and 2 wide, near the coaft
of Norway, lon. 5 32 E, laf. 59 17 N.
Karffai'More, or Karfioi Sea, a pant
of fhe FrozeniOeean, between the conti
nent pf Ruffia and Nova Zembla.
Karfioi Zaliv,. or The Gulf of Karfioi, a
4arge-bayof the Frozen Ocean, which lies
to fhe S of Kartkol Sea, lon. 64 to 71 E,
lat. 68 to 70 N.
Kafamanfa, A river of Africa, which
runs Into the Atlantic, 40 miles S from
fhe mouth of the Gambia.
Kafan, fee Kazan.
Kafchgar, a city of Afia, which at one
¦time gave name to little Bukliaria, of
which it was the capital. Since the Tar
tars have been in poffeffion of the country,
Kafchgar has loft much of its ancient
fplendor, yet at prefent carries on a
cpnfiderablc cpmmerce with the neigh
bouring countries : 530 miles N E Cach
emire, lat. 39 35 N.
Kafr Kiaffera, a town of Egypt, built
-on the ruins of the ancient Nicopolis, on
the coaft of the Mediterranean ; 5 miles
N E Alexandria.
Kaffon, or Kaffou, A kingdom of Afri
ca, in Negrolarid, on the banks of the
river Senegal, about 450 miles from the
Atlantic Ocean. In culture, -and popu
lation it furpaffes any other nation in
that part of the continent. Four thou fand

KAY

It E H

fand fighting men may be affembled by
the found of the war drum. [Park.]
Kataba, A town of Yemen, in a fertile
country, near a river which runs Into
the fea at Aden, governed by a dola, and
defended by a citadel . 75 miles N Aden,
lon. 44 39 E, lat. 13 54 N.
Katimbevole, a town of the Ifland of
Ceylon : 36 miles S Candia.
Katoene, A town of the ifland of Cey-
Ibn : 64 miles S Candia.
Katfhan, A city in Perfia of the firft
rank. It is a fortified place, well buflt,
furrounded vvith a fertile country, and
has an extenfive commerce. Near the
city the SophI has a fummer palace with
icxjo doors and windows, lat. 33 51 N.
[Hanway.]
Kau, A fown of Africa, in the kingdom
©f Loango, where the next heir to the
crown generally lefides.
Kauadi, an ifland of Egypt, in lake
Barclofs : 13 miles N E Foua.
Kauffheuren, an Imperial fown of Swa
bia, on the Wertach. In the town court
and great council, are 2 Roman Catholic
members, the reft are all Lutherans : 62
miles ENE Conftance, lat. 47 57 N.
Kauffungcn, A town of Heffe Caffel,
the capital of a bailiwick : 5 miles S E
Caffel. Kaukeban, A fow-n-pf Yemen, gpverned
by a Sheik; fituated pn the fop of a
mountain, almoft inacceffible : 18 miles
W Sana.
Kaurzim, a fown of Bohemia, and cap
ital of a circle of the fame name, on a
iiiver which runs into the Elbe : much
timber Is fent hence to Prague and other
places: 24 milesESE Prague, lat. 4955 N.
Kayn, A race of mountaineers found in
the kingdom- pf Ava. Tbe faces pf the
females are fattpwed all pver in lines, de-
ftribing fegraents pf circles,, which gives
them a hidepus appearance. They be
lieve In trani'migralipn, have no idea of
fm, expea no future rewards or punifli
ments, and never pray to Gon. They
burn their dead, eollea and keep the
aflies, 5 days, if a woman, 7 If a man.
They Inhabit lofty niountains, and are
infuperably aveife to-aiiy intercoufe with
the pepple of the plains. [Symes.]
Kayar, a kingdom of Africa, near the
fea coafl, between the rivers Gambia and
Senegal, Kayftrbei-g, or Kaiferberg, A town of
France, department of the Upper Rhine ;
1 league and three quarters N W Colmar.
Katftrhciin, a'princely abbey of Swabia.
sear 'i^onauwert, lat. 50 21 N,

Kayferfweri, A fown pf the LpWeP'
Rhine and eleaorate of Cologn, on the
E fide of the Rhine. It was once fortifi
ed, buf is novv without walls : 6 mUes
NNW Duffeldorp, lat. 51 20 N.
Kazan, or Kaffan, A city of Ruffia, and
capital of ^ government to which it
gives name, on the Volga. The caftle
and fortifications are of ftone, the pri
vate buildings of wood. There Is a.
flrong garrifon of 3 regiments, well fup
plied vvith artillery, and a good hofpital..
It is death for a "Tartar to enter. The
country round is fertile. Kazan Is alfa
an archbifliop's fee. At one end of the
town Is a cloth inanufaaure, and the
cloth is ufed fo clothe fhe foldiers. In.
fhe convent of Silandpwp, which flands
on the river Kazanka, is a fchool where
the children of Tartars- are taught the
Ruffian ,and I>atin languages, the princi
ples of the Chriftian religon, and the
elements of philofophy, to qualify them
for the converfion of the nations to
vvhich they belong. In 1749, and 1752,
this city vvas totally dcflroycd by fire.
The Ruffians firft made themfelves maf
ters of this important place in 1552 :
400 miles E Mofcow, and 660 S E Pe
terlburg, lon. 49 8 E, laf. 55 45 N.
[olearius.]
Kazanfoe, or Government of Kazan, A
government of Ruffia, bounded on the
N and N E by Viatflcoe, on the E by
Uphimfkoe, on the S by Simbirfkoe, and
on the W by NIzne-Gorodfkoc. About
200 miles in length, and from 100 to 120
broad. Kazan is the capital
Keenduem, A noble river of Ava, i^
branch of the Irrawaddy. Il is a mile
wide at the mouth. It divides the coun
try of Caffay from Ava, [Symes,]
Keff, or Urbs, A town of Africa, in the
kingdom of Tunis, defended by a citadei,
and efteemed the 3d town of the country
In riches aud ftrength : 70 miles S W
Tunis, Kefreen, or Kefteen, A large viUage of
Paleftine, on the road from Aleppo to.
Jerufalem, It Is remarkable for the
number of pigeons kept here, the dove
cotes being more numerous than other
buildings. It ftands on the W fide of
the plain of Kefteen, vvhich is of great
compafs, very fertile, and highly culti
vated. Entering the plain 24 flourlfliing
villages delight the eye at one view : 5
leagues from Aleppo. [Maundrell.]
Kehl, a ftrong fortrefs of Swabia, feaf
on the Rliine, over vvhich is a bridge to
Stralburg, and lo that city, when an im~
periai

K E M

KEN

penal one, it belonged. It ivas ftrongly ,
fortified by the French, who took pofl'ef"- I
fion of it in 1684. Being ceded to the
em-pire, at the peace bf Ryfwii;k, in iCj-^
the emperor configned It to the houfe of
Baden. Some of the ancient fortifications
arein rQins,but It isflill an important pais,
between France and Germany. It was
taken by the French in June 1796; re
taken by the Auftrians ori Sep't 18 fol
lowing ; but the bridge not being de
ftroyed, the French regained pofl'effion
of it the fame day, ten. 2 53 E, lat. 48
34 N.
Keifer's River, a river of Africa, al the
Gape of Good Hope, vvhich defcends
from Table Mountain.
Kelheim, a town in Lower Ba'fraria; on
an iflarid, formed at the conflux of the
Altmuhl and the Danube : 16 miles S E
Dietfurth, and 46 N N E Munich, lat.
48 50 N.
' Kella, A town of Abyffinia, the firft as
you travel W from the Red Sea, whofe
buildings have conical roofs, lo flielter
the Inliabitants from rain; lat. 14 24
34 N. [Bruce.]
Kelleram.pt, a bailiwick of Swiilje'rland',
in the canton of Zurich, of which Brem
garten Is the principal place.
Kellever, A large and populous fown of
Turkey in Europe, once a very ftrong
place, npw almpft furrounded by a wall.
The mofques and minarets are handfome ;
the lower part of tlie town is waflied by
thefea. "The harbour is excellent. Itis
30 miles 'Vif Conftantinople. [Jackfon.]
Kelts, a tovvn of Ireland, county of
IViieatli : 32 miles N W Dublin.
Kelmebek, a town of Afiatic Turkey,
in the province of Natolia : 28 miles E
Pergamo. Kelfo, a fown of Scotland, county of
Roxburg, on fhe Tweed, at its conflux
vvith the Tivlof, vvith a bridge acrofs'tlie
'fweed. It contains 376 houfes, and a-
bout '3550 fouls. There are fome manu
faaures of flannels, linen, ftockings, and
flioes : 42 miles SSE Edinburgh.
Kelvin, A riverof Ireland, in the coun
ty of Londonderry, whicli runs into the
Roe, about-4^ miles from Newtown Li
ma vaddy.
Kelyn,' A x'lver of Wales, which runs
into the Dee, in the county of Merione.h
Kem, a rl-ver of Ruffia, vvhich runs into
the White Sea, at Kemi.
Kemaoon, a country of Afia, feudatory
of Thibet, feparated from Hindooftan by
lofty mountains, fituated to the N of Ou
de andRohUcund.

Kemar, a town of Afiatic Turkey, i(t
the province of Natolia : 8 milts S Si-
nob. Kematen, a town of Germany, in the
county of Tyrol : 6 miles W Infpruck.
Kemherg, a town (if Germany, in the
duchy of Stiria 7 piiles N E Pruck
Kcviberg, A town df Germany, in the
circle of Upper Saxony, and ekaorate
of Saxony : 6 inilcs S Wittenberg, and 15
E S E Deffau. .
Kemi, A town bf Ruflia, iri the gov-'
ernmcpt pf Olonctz, at fhe mouth of the
river Kcrii, on the W of the V^^\lte Sea :
192 miles N Petrovadlk, lat. 64 ;; N.
Kemmaten, a town of Germany, in the
archduchy of Auftria : 11 miles S W
Lintz, Sind 24 W Sleyf.
Kempach, A tbvvri of Gcrriiany, In the
'county of Tyrol ; 6 miles N W Schwas.
Kempen, a town of Germany, in the cir-
de of fhe Lower Rhine, and eleaorate
of Cologn, It contains a college and 3
convents, with fome linen manufaaures;
17 miles N W Duffeldorp.
Kempten', A town of the Lower Rhine :
I mile E Bingen.
Kempten, an Imperial '*•. '. ' Swabia,
on the river Ilcr. Both the '- -ghers
and magiftracy here profefs Lutheran-
ifm, and in the town is a handfome par^
ifli ehurch, arid a grammar fchool. It
has no villages, but Is poffeffed of lands,
monies, tithes, and other incomes : '36
miles S Augfburg, and 44 S E Ulm, lat.
48 46 N.
Kempten, a princely abbey in Swabia,
founded, or repaired and enriched by
Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne, in the
8th century. To this abbey belong fome
tpwns and villages.
Kemffoi, a town of Tobolfk, lat, 57
25 N, _
Ken, a river of Scotland, which joins
the Dee in Kenmoor Loch,
Ken, A river of England, which runs
into the Irifli Sea, about 6 miles W N W
fro.Ti Lancafter.
Kena, A town of Egypt, anciently call
ed Canapolit. Here Is a manufaaure of
black earthenware. "Fhe caravans afl'em
ble here in their journey to Koffir . 4
miles N E Dendera, lat, 26 2 N,
Kendall, a town of England, county of
Weftmoreland, in a valley furrounded
with hills, pn the river Ken ; celebrated
for Its manufaaures, the principal of
which are cottons, coarfe woollen, knit
worfted ftockings, fifli hooks, &c. near it
are the remains of a caflle ; 22 miles N
Lancafter. Kinilivorth,

KEN

K E R

Kenilworth, a town of England, county
of Warwick. Near It was the caftle, in
vvhich king Edward II was fome time a
prifoner : 5 miles N Warwick.
Kenmare River, A river or arm of the
Atlantic Sea, on fhe coaft of Ireland,
which extends about 20 miles In length,
and about 3 in breadth, at the S W fide
of the county of Kerry. It affords a fafe
and capacious harbour, but little fre
quented. The mouth is fituated lon. 9
57 W, lat. 51 40 N.
Kenne, a confiderablevIUageon the Nile,
the rendezvous -of the caravans, which
ttade to Coffeir with the coftly produce
Of India and Arabia. It wis anciently,
CocnopoUs, but no longer difplays it;
former affluence. Not a trace remairis
of a canal which extended from thi^
place fo the Red Sea. The riches art
vaniflied, a wretched manufaaure o,
earthenware remains. [Sonini.] -
Kennet, a river of England, whicli pafl'
es by Marlborough, Hungerford, ancl
Newbury, from whence it is made navi
gable to fhe "Fhames, which It joins a
little below Reading.
Kcnoch, a fort of Flariders, built at the
union of the rivers Ifere and Yperlee,
in the village of Reuiiiuglie, about the
year 1662, by Philip IV, king of Spain,
but was afterwards much enlarged by the
famous Vauban : 10 miles S E Nieuport.
Kennoufs, A miferable tribe, iiihabitiiii.
the Nile, from Syene to the fecond catar
aa. They have hair ; their colour i.-
dark brown, they afe a fraall, agile, hall
ftarved people, without fpirit or courage.
[Bruce.]
Kenpou, a river of Afia, vvhich rifes 'i\.
Thibet, and runs into the Sanpoo, in the
kirigdom of Ava.
Kenfngton, A village of England, in
whicli is a rpyal palace, purchafed by
Wflliam III, of fhe earl of Nottingham,
and greatly improved by the queens Ma
ry, Anne, and Caroline. It bears no ex
ternal marks of magnificence, though
fome of the apartments are grand, and
furniflied with a fevv good paintings by
capital mafters. Genteel families refide
here by permiffion of the king. The
gardens are upwards of 3 miles in circum
ference : 2 miles W London.
Kent, a county of Emdand, bounded N
by the Thames, E arid S E by the Eiij;lini
Cluinnel, W by Surry. It is divided into
63 hundreds, which contain 2 cities, 39
market towns, about 200,000 inhabitants,
and 893,600 acres of cultivated land. Its
chief produaions are horfes, cattle, flieep,
Vol. II. T t

hogs, venifon, poultry, game, rabbits, ahd
fifh ; wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, and
tares ; canary, clover, trefoil, cinquefoil,
and moft other garden feeds ; afparagus,
potatoes, turnips, and aU kinds of culi
nary plants ; hops, timber, underwood,
iron, ftone, chalk, copperas, fait, &c. &c.
&e Its manufaaures are but trifling.
It fends 1 8 members to parUament
Kentzingen, a town of Swabia, in the
Brifgau, about a mile from fhe E fide of
the Rhine : 13 miles N W Friburg.
Keogang, the moft wefterly of the
branches or mouths of the Ava, inPegu,
whichrunsintofhefca, near CapeNegrais.
Keppel's Bay, in the S Pacific Ocean,
on the N E coaft of New HoUand, lon.
150 35 E, lat. 23 28 S.
Keppel's or Traitor's Ifland, in the S Pa
cific Ocean, lori. 172 33 to 175 13 W,
lat. 15 S3 S,
Keppel's Iflands, a group riear the N E
coaft of New Holland, before Keppel's
Bay. Kepi, a village on the Nile, inhabited
by Egyptians and Arabs. It was Copfos.
'fhe river here bending to the W, it was
the neareft town to the Red Sea ; there
fore, the trade to India and. Arabia paffed
through this place. In the early ages of
Chriftianity, this city was a famous refort
of perfecuted chriftians Hence the Ma
hometans, in derifion, called them Copts.
[Pococke.]
Kerkolang, an ifland in the Indian O-
ceaii, between 80 and 100 miles In cir
cumference. The face of fhe country
feems to be fteep hlUs arid extenfive val
lies, and every part to be covered with
trees and verdure, with fome pleafanii
cultivated giounds. The houfes ftand
pn pofts, and appear to be well built, and
neatly thatched. The inhabitants are
Malays, and are a' mild and apparently
quiet people. Their clothing. In gene
ral, is made of a coarfe kind of f.ilico,
though fome wear filk, and molt of them
have a kind of turban round their head ;
and a few have been feen with a Chiricfe
pointed hat, lon. i;6 31 E, lat. 4 28 N.
Kerguelen's Land, an Ifland in the South
ern Ocean, viiited by captain Cook, in
1779. From its fterility, it might prop
erly have been called the Ifland of Defo-^
lation ; but captain Cook vvas unwilling
to rob M. Kerguclen of fhe honor of its
bearing his name. 'Fhe appearance of
verdure upon it, when at a fmall diflance
from the fliore, which vvas occafioned
by one fmaU plant, refembling f.ixiirage,
which greiy upon the hiUs in large fpread-

E E S

K E U

ing tuffs, on a kind of rotten turf, which,
If dried, might ferve for fuel, and was
the only thing feen here that could be
appUed to that purpofe, ten. 69 37 E,
lat. 49 3 S.
lierkuk, A town of Afia, in Curdiftan,
the capital of a government, and refi
dence of a pacha. It Is furrounded with
walls, and defended wifh a caftle: 95
miles E Moful, and 120 S E Betlis.
Kerman, A province of Perfia, bounded
on the S by fhe Perfian Gulf. The
northern part is barren, and nearly def
ert, lyithout rivers or brooks, and the air
unhealthy ; towards the S the air is
more pure, and the land fertile. The
Guebres are nuinerous, who are chiefly
employed In manufaaures of ftuffs and
filk. Here are fome mines of copper,
lead, and iron. Here alfo are flieep,
which, afler grazing from January to
May, eaft their fleeces, and become as
naked as fucking pigs ; and the inhabit
ants drive a great trade in their wool,
Kerman, capital of fhe above province,
is 1 20- miles NNW 'Gombroon, Ion, 55
15 E, lat. 29 20 N.
Kerpen, a tovvn of Weftphalia . 10
miles E S E JuUers, lat. 50 5 N.
Kerri, A town In the Arabian Irac, at
the conflux of the Tigris and Euphrates :
50 miles N W Baffora.
Kerry, a county of Ireland, province
of Munfter, bounded N by fhe river
Shannon, S and W by Cork and the fex
It contains 84 pariflies, about 19,400
houfes, and 107,000 inhabitants. Kerry
is fuU of mountains, almoft inacceffible,
fo that a large part of if Is hardly fit
for habitation or culture, confequently,
but Uttle corn is produced : grazing is
more attended to, and butter in confider
able quantities is expPrted, as vvell as
beef, hides, and tallow. Tralee is the
county town.
, Kertfch, A fortrefs, fituate on the E coaft
bf the Crimea, near the N entrance of
the ftraits of Caffa. This fortrefs, and
that of Yenikale, are of the greateft im-
pprtance, as they cpmmand the paffage
vvhich fprnis fhe communication between
the fea of Afoph and the Black Sea,
Kerry Point, On the coaft of the coun
ty of iDown, In fhe Irifli Sea, lon, 5 25
W, laf, 54 22 N.
Kervignac, A town of France depart
ment of the Morbihan : 2 leagues N E
L'Orient. Kerviker, A fown of Natolia : 28 miles
S W Aphlora-Kara-hiffar.
Kef him, a feaport town pf Arabia, and

refiderice pf a fpverelgn prince, in the"
province of Hadramaut, with a port pn'
the Arabian Sea.
Kefil-agag, A town pf Perfia, near the
W coaft of the Cafpian Sea : 50 leagues
N E Tauris.
Kefiebeh, A town of NatoUa : 20 mile*
N E Eflcifliehr.
Kefioan, a chain of mountains, on the
coaft of Syria, which makes a part of
Mount Libamis.
Keffel, A town of the duchy of Guel
derland, on the W fide of the Meufe ; 7
miles N Ruremond.
Keffelfdorf, A town pf Upper Saxony,
where the troops of the eleaor of Sax
ony were defeated by the king of Pruffia,
In the year 1745 ; 7 miles W Drefden.
Kef even, one of the J divifions of Lin
colnfllire, containing the W pa,rt of thS
county, from fhe middle to the S exlrem--
ity. iSTf/^DB, a village in Kent, 14 miles SlE
London. On Holwood Hill, in this par
iffi, is Holwood Houfe, and in ils grounds
are fhe remains of a large fortification
(probably a Roman one) of an oblong
form ; the area of which is partly eiiclof- ,
ed by rampires and double ditches,, of a
great height and depth. It is 2 miles iri
circumference, enclofing near 100 acres-
of ground. A path defcends from the
camp lo the fpringhead of fhe river Ra-
veiifbourn. Of fhis fpring an excellent
cold, bath was formed, furrounded by
pales and frees ; but it has been long.
negteaed. This river falls into the
Thames, at Deptford.
Kefwick, a town of England, countyof
Cumberland, on the Derwent water J
with confiderable manufaaures of wool
len ftuffs, flannels, duffels, &c. Near if
Is found that fubftance known by the
name of black lead, fuppofed f o be pecu
liar fo this fpot. The environs are pic-
f urefque,' and the iflands in the lake, are
annually vifited by great numbers of
ftrangers : 30 miles N Kendal, and 287
NNW London.
KetchiSien, A country of Chinefe Tar
tary, divided Into 2 ftandards, lat. 43 N.
Ketoi, one of the fmall Kurule Iflarids,
in the N Pacific Ocean, lat. 48 45 N.
Kettering, a tpwn of England, county of
Northampton, containing about 650
houfes. Here are confiderable manufac
tures of tammies, ferges, laftings, &c, 18
miles NNE Northampton, and 75 N
London, Keula, a town of Upper Saxony : 11
miles N Mulhaufea. Ksw,

K I A

K I A

Sell', A village in Surry, 7 miles W by
iS London. It Is feated on the "I'hames,
-over which is a ftone bridge of 7 arches
to Brentford, Here Is Kew iHoufe, a
royal palace, celebrated for its fine gar
dens, and his majefty's exotic garden.
The laft has been brought to great per
feaion by the inrroduaion of many new
plants from Africa and New S Wales.
Kew gardens are open to the public, ev
ery Monday, from midfummer to the end
lOf autumn.
Kexholm,A town of -Ruffia, government
of VIborg. The tovvn is built on 2 ifl
ands, at the mouth of a river, on the fide
iif lake Ladoga. The houfes are of wood,
but the town is well fortified, and defend
ed with a citadel ; a falmon fifliery is in
its neighbourhood : 68 miles N Peterf-
burg, lat. 61 N.
Keynffam, a;town'of England, county pf
Spmerfet, near the Avpn, on the road be
tween Bath and Briftol : 5 miles E Brif
tol, and 115 W London.
Keyf refill, a .town of Swifferland, in the
county of 'Baden, on fhe Rhine : 9 miles
NNE Baden, lat. 47 37 N.
Kbao, fee Aleutian.
Khaulan, A diftria of Arabia Felix, in
the province of Yemen : 15 miles S E
from Sana.
Kia-king, A city of China, of fhe firft
.rank, in the province of Tchekiang. The
country round is vvatered with lakes
and canals, cut by fhe Induftry of the
-Chinefe : the city is large, populous, and
icarrles on a good trade ; its fuburbs are
.iof great extent, and there are feveral
bridges over the canals and ditches :
there is not a houfe where fhey do not
breed filk-worms. Canals are cut through
,all parts of the city, whole ftreets are lin
ed vvith free-ftone, a,n,d in all the flreets
there are handfome piazzas, under which
one may walk free from rain ; there are
many triumphal arches both within and
without the city, and 15 marble towers
on the fide of the canal that lies lo the
W of the city, by vvhich all the barks
-pafs: 59omIlcsSS E Pekin(-;.-lat. 30 50 N.
Kiangari,A town ef Afiatic Turkey, in
Natolia, defended by acaftle on a rock:
256 miles E S E Conftantinople, laf. 39
54 N.
Kiang-nan, A province of China, bound
ed E by the fea. Here the ancient em
perors always kept their court, tiU they
-were obliged, for reafons of ftate, to re
move nearer Tartary, and choofe Peking
fur the place of their refidence. It is of
yaft extent, and contains 14 cities of the

firft order, and 93 of the fecond and third
order. Thefe cities are very populous,
aud of the greateft note In the empire,
efpecially for commerce; It I« the rendez
vous of all the great barks, for the coun
try is full of lakes, rivers, and canals, eith
er natural or the effea of labour, which
communicate with the great river Yang-
ife-kiang, that croffes the province ; here
are few mountains, but towards the S.
The filks, the japanned goods, the ink,
the paper, and in general every thing
that comes, as well from Nan-king as
from the other cities of the province,
whicli carry pn a furprifing commerce, is
much more efteemed, and bears a greater
price, than what is brought from the
other provinces : there are many falt-
works' along the fea coaft, and the fait
they produce is diftributed almoft through
the empire : here is alfo found a great
quantify of marble In fliort, this prov
ince Is fo plentiful and rich, that it pays
the emperor, annually, about 32,000,000
crowns, without reckoning the dues of^
imports -and exports, for the receipt
whereof feveral officers are eftabliflied.
Nan-kin^ is ,fhe capital.
Kiang-fe, a town ill "I'hibet, near a river
which runs into fhe Sanpoo. It is repre
fented as a firie city and fortrefs, with a
convent fo extenfiv^e as to have the ap
pearance of another city : 25 leagues S
W Lafl'a, lon. 90 4 E, lat. 29 58 N.
Kiang-fi, a province of China, bounded
N by Kiang-nan, E by Fokien, W by
Hou-Quang. Towards the province of
Quang-fong and iFokien, -the country is
mountainous ; but intermixed vvith fer
tile vallies and well cultivated. Kiang-fi
is watered with brooks, lakes, and rivers,
which abound witli great variety of fifli,
efpecially with falmon, trout, and fturge-
ori. Tlie mountains with whicli the
province is furrounded, are either cover
ed with wood, or famous for their min
erals, fimples, and medicinal plants. The
foil produces all the neceffaries of life in
great plenty, and is very rich in mines
of gold, filver, lead, iron, and tin. They
make here very fine ftufts : and their
wine, vvhich Is made of rice, is reckoned
delicious by the Chinefe. It is, above
all, famous for the fine Cliinaware, \\hich
is made al Kiang-te-fching, and for the
rice it produces, which is much efteemed
in the empire ; at Kiang-fi, they io^d ma
ny of the imperial barks with it. The
river Kan-klang divides the vvh(,le pn \--
ince into tvvo parts, whicli confaii,^ 13
cities of the firft order,S'nd 78 of the fec
ond

K I E

K I E

end and third orders. Nan-tchang is th«
capital. Kiauten, a fown of Pruffian Lithuania,
in a mountainous country, with an iron
foundery, and a large manufaaure of
paper. Kidderminfer, a corporate tPwn In
Wprcefterfliire, with a market on "Fhurf-
day. It is feated under a hill, on the
river Stour, and is the principal manu-
faaurtug place in the county. Its for
mer trade of fluffs Is much declined, on
accpunt pf the general ufe of cotton
goods ; buf its carpet manufaaure has
greatly Increafed. It is the firft market in
England for pile or plufli carpets, which,
i^ beauty of colour and patterns, exceed
any other. Thefe are frequently called
"Wilton, for having been firft inade at
that town. The worfted ffiag trade has
alfo been introduced here, and employs
many looms. It contains 1150 houfes
and nearly 6000 inhabitants. If ia 14
miles S E Bridgenorth, and 125 N W
London, lon, 2 18 W, lat. 52 28 N.
Kidron, a brook of Paleftine, paffing the
E fide of Jerufalem, in the valley of Je-
hofaphat, between the town and mount
Olivet. It has no conftant fupply from
any, fpring, but entirely depends on the
rain, hence it Is generally dry in the fum
mer and fpring. If is more commonly
about 9 feet broad, but variable accord
ing to fhe rains ; fometimes fuddenly rif
ing, apd running with great .impetuofity.
It has a ftone bridge of one arch. This
ftream was of vaft fervice fo the city in
its populous ftate, receiving the common
fewers, and emptying them ipto the Dead
Sea. ' [Maundrel, Mariti.]
Kidwelly, A town of Wales, county of
Caermarthen : near it is a colliery, from
whence the coals are brought by a canal
to the quay : 9 miles S Caermarthen, and
224 W Lpndon.
Kiel, A towll of Germany, in the duchy
of Holftein, fituated at the bottom of a
bay or gulf in the Baltic, -which forms a
convenient harbour ; it belongs with the
territory to the empire of Ruffia. Here
are 800 houfes, 3 churches and an uni
verfity, founded in the year 1665, and
a college eftabliflied in the year 1768.
The profperity of fhis place Is not a Uttle
prom.oted by the annual refort to it,
which confifls of the meetings of the no
biUty, and perfons of wealth in Holftein
and Slefwick, for the transferring, placing
out, and redemanding of their monies.
This pecuniary Intercourfe l^fts 8 days,
and at the fame time alfo Is held a con

fiderable fair, which Is rung In on the
I2th day, and on die eve of the purifica
tion terminated, by a 2d ringing of the
fame bell. It was anciently one of the
hanfe towns, and the ftaple' likewife fpr
all goods exported or imported from
Denmark- It is already one of the moft
commercial places in Holftein ; arid its
trade will be further augmented, when
the inland navigation acrofs the penin
fula is finlfhed. This navigation is fa
unite the Northern Sea vvith the Baltic ;
^rid is 10 be formed acrofs Holftein, by
the canal of Kiel, and the river Eyder,
which paffes by Rendffiurg, and falls in(p >
the German Ocean at Tonningen, This
canal was begun in 1777, and was almoft
finiflied in 1798, Kiel is 37 miles N W-
Lubcc, and 46 N by E Hamburg, ten.
'10 o E, laf, 54 20 N. See Holfein.
Kiel, a\a\.^ of Norway, in the provirice
of Chriftlanfand : 16 miles N Chriftian-
fand. '
Kiema, a promontory of Swifferland,
on the W fliore ofthe lake of Zug. It is
reiparkable that fhe ground belongs to
the canton of Lucern, the timber to that
of Zug, and the leaves to that of Sch.i
weitz. Kien, a fPwn pn the E coafl of the ifl-j
and of Ceram, one of the Molucca lfl-»
ands. Kien-ning, or Kien-nghivg, A city of Chi
na, of the firft rank, in the province of
Fo-kien, Eight towns pf the 3d prder are
under its jurifdlaion. It is a place of
plentiful trade, becaufe all copinipditie?
that are carried up apd down the river
' pafs thrpugh it : 780 miles S Peking, lat.
27 5 N. ¦
I Kicn-tchaiig, A city of China, of the firft
i rank, in tlie province of Ki-mg-fi, This
, city is fltuated on the borders of Fo-kien,
ill a fertile eountry. The conimpn rice
j is made ufe of lo make wine, and a redr
I ifli fort made ufe of by the richer peo,ple;
! for food : 630 mfles S Pelting, lat. 27 35
' N. Kien-tchang, A elty of China, of the firft
rank, in the province of fo-kien : 730
miles S Peking, lat. 27 35 N.
Kieou-kiang, A city of China, of the firft
rank, in the province of Kiang-fi, op the
lake of Po-yang. It is the rendezvous of
all the barks vvhich go and come from the
other cities of this province, and the
provinces pf Kigng-nan, apd Hpp-quang.
Although if Is a 100 leagues diftant froip
the fea, , they take in the river which
waflies its walls, falmon, dolphins, and,
fturgeon : It ebbs and flows every new and

K I L

K I L

arid fu'l moon, and its waters glide fo
flowly from the cty fp the fea, that its
current Is fcarcely perceptible : 615 miles
S Peking, Ipn. 151 52 E, lat. 29 53 N.
Kiev, pr Kiov, or Kiow, a town of Ruf
fia, and capital of a government to wh\ch
it gives name, on the Dnieper. In
1037, the great duke Jaroflaw, declared
it the capital of Ruffia, and it continued
tp be the refidence pf the great dukes till
the I2tli century. If confifls properly of
three fmall towns, namely, the caftle of
Petflierfkyi with its fuburbs, fhe old city
of Kiev, and the town of Podol, that lies
below the latter ; which are partly en
clofed with a common fortification, and
in other parts have a conimunicafion by
a large entrenchment, carried on as the
inequality of the niountains would per
mit. The caftic of Petfherflcy ftands op
an eminence, facing the S ; and bcfidts
barracks for the garrifon, magazines, of
ficers' houfes, and fome churches, in
cludes that rich and ftately monaftery,
which was founded in the nth ccptury,
and called Petflierfky, becaufe the monks
formerly lived in a Petflier^, i. e. a cavern,
op the mountain where the convent now
ftands. In its fubterraneous vaults, vyhich
refemble a labyrinth, and confift of cells,
chapels, &c. are found great numbers of
qndecayed bodies, fuppofcc] to be fhe re
mains of faints apd martyrs. The old
city of Kiew ftands on an eminence, fac
ing the N, and Is fortified according to
the niountainous nature of the country,
with horn-works, &c. Here ftands the
yathedral. Podol lips below Old Klew
in the plain, on the banks of the Dnieper,
and, excepting the univerfity, churches,
and convents, confitts entirely of fliops,
ancl Iradefpien's houfes. If is the fee of
q Greek archbifliop : 420 mUes E Cra
cow, and 565 S Peterffiurg, lon. 32 E,l^t.
50 32 N.
^ievffoe,A governpienf of Ruffia, bouncl-
ed S W apd N W by Poland : fituated,
for the moft part, on the left fide of the
Dnieper. This government is part of
Little Ruffia, and Inli.iblled by Coflacks,
who. In tlie year 1562, entered into an
alliance with Poland, and in 1674 became
a part of Ruffia. fhe country is one
continued pliin, exceedingly fertile, and
producing abundance of grain and paf
ture, honey, flax, tobacco, ^c.
Kildare, A county of Irelanc), '"ii (jlie
province of Leinfter, bounded N by
Meath, E hy Dublin and Wicklow. The
number of hpufes in this county is a-
bout 11,200, and Inhabitants 56,000, the

foil Is generally fertile, and the air tem
perate. It is well watered. The afliizo«
for the county are held alternately at
Athy, and Naas.
KiUare, a capital of the above county,
is chiefly fupported by frequent horfe
races on what is called the Curragh, a
fine plain, containing upwards of 3000
acres, Iflsaborough town, the fee of a
bifliop : 18 miles S 'VV DuWIn, lon, 6 57
W, lat, 53 9N.
Kilft, 3 feaport of Africa, on the coaft
of Nubig, in the Red Sea, with a harbour,
7 ipiles In circumference, fafe fron\
winds, lon, 36 40 E, lat, 21 45 N.
Kilgaring, or Kilgaran, a town of Wales,
county of Pembroke, on the S fide of the
TIvy, Near it are the ruins of a f nftle ;
3 miles S E Cardigan.
Kilbapi, a town of England, county of
York : 28 miles N Hull.
Kilia, a town of European Turkey, ip
the province of Befl'"arabia, at the mouth
of the Danube, near the Black Sea : 20
piiles ENE Ifmail.
Kilkenny, a couiity of Ireland, bounded
N by Queen's county, £ by Carlow and
Wexford, It cpntains 127 pariflies, a-
bout 17,570 houfes, and upwards of
95,000 inhabitants : the furface is gen-!
erally level, and the foil fertile in corn,
equal to moft other parts of Ireland.
Kilkenny, capital of the above county,
on the river iNore, over which are two
handfome bridges : the borough of Sf,
Caplce or Irifli Town, Is joined to it, and
both together, form one large town. Ix
is the fee of a bifliop. The cathedral is
fmall; the houfes are decorated with a
beautiful black and while marble, dug
from quarries near the town : confidera^
ble manufaaures of bl.mkels and coarfo
wollen cloths are carried on here. The
pumber of inhabitants is about 16,000:
65 miles N E Cork, and 56 SSW Dub
lin, lon. 7 15 W, lat. 52 38 N,
Killbarchaii, A town of Scotland, 4 miles
W Paifley,
Killbeggan, A borough town of Ireland,
county of W Meath : 42 miles W Dub
lin, Killalla, A town of Ireland, county of
Mayo, the fee of a bifliop, on a fine bay
of the Atlantic, to whicli it gives uamr^
This bay is near 6 miles from E to W,
and 5 frpm N to S : 26 miles W Sligo,
ten, 9 3 W, lat. 54 12 N.
Killalae, a town cf Ireland, county of
Clare, the fee of a b'fliOPi fituated ou the
Shannon, over which is a bridge: 11
miles NNE Limerick. Killarney,

K I L

K I M

Killarney, a tovvn of Ireland, count)^bf
Kerry : 36 miles W Cork, and 50 S 'W
Limerick, lon. 9 27 W, lat. 52 2 N.
Killarney, a beautiful lake of Ireland,
In the county of Kerry, otherwife called
Lough Lean, frort its being furrounded
by high mountains. Ou the fide of one
of t'ne mountains, is O'Sullivan's Cafcade,
which falls into fhe lake with a roar fhat
ftrikes the timid with awe. The view of
this flieet of wafer is uncommonly fine,
appearing as if It jvcre defcending from
an arch of wood, whicli overhangs If a-
bove 70 feet In height from the point of
view. The promontory of Murcrufs,
which divides the upper from the lower
lake, is a perfea land of enchantment ;
and a road is carried through the centre
of this promontory, -n-hich unfolds all
the Interior beauties of the place. On
this Lake is a celebrated rock, called the
Eagle's Neft, which produces wonderful
echoes : the report of a fingle cannon is
aiifwered by a fucceffion of peals refem
bling the loudeft thunder, which feems to
travel fhe furrounding feenery, and die
away among fhe diftant mountains. In
t'he Upper Lake is a cafcade of 150 feet,
fupplled by a circular lake near thefummif
of the mountain, called fhe DeviTs Punch
Bowl ; which, on account of Its immenfe
depth, and the continual overflow of wa
ter, is -confidered as one of the greateft
curiofities in Killarney. One of the beft
profpeas whicli this admired lake af
fords, is from a rifing ground pear the
ruined cathedral of Aghadoe.
Killevan, A town pf Ireland, 8 miles S
W Mpnaghan, ten. 7 26 W, lat. 54 10 N.
Killicrankie, A noted pafs In Perthfliire,
near the junaion of the Tumel vvith the
Garry. It Is the grand entrance into the
Highlands in thofe parts, and is formed
by the lofty mountains Impending over
the Garry, vvhich ruflies through In a
deep, darkfome, and rocky channel, overr
hung with trees. In the laft century, fhis
vvas a pafs of much difficulty and danger ;
a path hanging over a tremendous prec
ipice, threatened deftruaion to the leaft
falfe ftep of the traveller. At prefent, a
fine road gives an eafy accefs to the re
mote Highlands ; and fhe two fides are
joined by a fine arch. Near the N end
of this pafs, in Its open and unimproved
iitate, king William's army, under general
Mackey, vvas defeated. In 1689, by the
Highlanders, commanded by vlfcounf
Dundee, who was killed In the moment
©f viaory.
Killileaglj, a borough of Ireland, coun

ty pf Dpwn, on an arm of Strangfori} ,
Lough, where fliips may be flieltered'
from all winds. It Is now a thriving
place, vvith a linen and thread manufac
ture. The celebrated fir Hans Sloane
was born In this town : 80 miles N by
E Dublin. ¦
Killough, or Port St. Ann, a feaport bf
Ireland, in the county of Dovvn, fituate
on the N of St. Jphn's Point, in the Irifli
Sea. A rock ftands in the middle of the
entrance of its harbour, covered at half
flood ; to the E or W of which is a fe
cure paffage, the inlet lying S by E, and'
N by W. Here is a manufaaure pf fall :
76 miles N by E Dublin.
Killybegs, a borough of Ireland, In the
county of Donegal, with a fpacious har^
hour on the N fide of Donegal Bay.; 12
miles N W BaUyfliannon, lon. 8 6 'W,
lat, 54 40 N.
Kilmahiham, A town of Ireland, halfa
mile from Dublin. It was fometimes the
feat of government, before the Caftle at
Dublin was appropriated to that purpofe."
Killinefs Point, a cape of Scotland, op
the coaft of the county of Wigon, in
Luce Bay : 2 miles and a half N fron^
fhe Mull of Galloway.
Killmallock, A tovvn of Ireland, county
of Limerick, about 2 centuries ago, one
of the beft built inland towns in the
kingdom ; the walls of many large hou
fes, of ftone, and exceUent workmanfliip,
remain to this day, while the ruins of
the churches and monafteries, walls and
gates, denote its former fplendor. It is
now reduced fo the fituation of a mifer
able village : 16 miles S Limerick.
Killmore, A village of Ireland : 3 milet
S W Cavan.
Killfyth, A town of Scotland, in the
county of Sterling : 9 miles SSW Ster
ling. Killy Leagb, A town of Ireland, on fhe
W coaft of Strangford Lough, wilh a
fafe harbour for veffels : 15 miles. SSE'
Belfaft, lon. 5 32 W, lat. 54 23 N.
Kilmarnock, a fown of Scotland, coun-^
ty of Ayr, and one of the moft confider
able manufaauring towns in the county,
on a fmall river to v,'hich It gives name,
containing ^670 inhabitants : 9 mUeS
NNE Ayr.-
Kimbolton, A fown of England, courity
of H'lnfingdon, Here is a caftle, the
fe^t ..^.' the duke of Manchefter : 63
miles N London.
Kimi, A town of Sweden, capital of 3
province of the fame name, in E Bo'th-
nia, at the mouth of the Kimi, which here

K I N

KIN

here falls inlo the gulf of Bothnia : lo
miles S £ Tornta,
Kin, a town of Perfia, province of Se-
gcftan, at the foot of a chain of moun
tains, near the Lake Zare. The air is
pure, and the foil of the environs fer
tile, efpecially in fruit : no leagues £ If
pahan, Kinburu, the only port the Ruffians
poffefs on the Black Sea. It ftands at
the mouth of the Dnieper, oppofite lo
the Turkiffi fortrefs Otchakov. The
Turks have attacked the fortrefs here by
fea and land in vain : i6 miles S E Otch
akov, ten. 67 22 E, lat. 46 18 N, [Coxe.]
Kincardine, A town of Scotland, county
of Perth : 9 miles W Dunfermline, and
20 S Perth,
Kincardine Oniel, A town of Aberdeen :
20 miles W Aberdeen,
Kincardineffire, or Mearns, A county of
Scotland, bounded, on the E by (he Ger
man Ocean, It is a level country, -and
tl^e foil fruitful in corn and pafture. On
its coaft are feveral convenient harliours,
and it is watered by feveral rivers.
Kincha, a river of Afia, whicli rifes in
the country of Thibet, paffes through the
Chinefe province of Se-tchuen, and en
ters the prpvince of Hou-quang, where it
changes Ils name to Tang-tfe, after which
it croffes the province of Kiang-nan, and
runs into the fea, lat, 31 55 N,
Kindelbrucken, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Thurlngia, on the Wipper : 24 miles
ENE Muhlhaufen, lat. 51 9 N.
Kineton, a town of England, county pf
Warwick. King John is faid IP have
kept his court ii a caftle here : 88 miles
W N W London.
King George's Iflands, two iflands In the
Southern Ocean, dlfcovered by Byron
1765. The fliores zibound wilh coral,
pearl, and oyfter fliells. Doves are fii
tame that they followed the Englifli into
the Indian huts. Parots, and other beau
tiful birds are numerous. Troublefonic
flics abound, but there are no venomous
reptiles. The huts of the natives are
meanly conflruaed, the men are naked,
the women wear a cloth from the waifl
to the knees. 'The carved head of a rud
der, which once belonged to a Dutch
boat, a piece of brafs, and fonie irun
tools were found here. The water is
good, the ground is alnioft covered with
fcurvy grafs. There are fome cocoanut-:.
The natives have but little idea of fep
arate properly, were friencUy and ready
to aflift the Englifli. ' The larger ifland is

abcut'9 leagues in circumference, lon. 14'?
15 W, lat. 14 41 S. [Byron.]
King George ibe third's Sound, on the 3
W coaft of New Holland, dlfcovered
and named by Capt George Vancouver,
Sept. 1 79 1, has its entrance, in lat. 35 5
S, ten. 118 17 E. It furniflies a very
commodious harbour, with an abudance
of fine flavoured oyfters. "Fhe appear
ance of the country^round this Sound, re
fembles that of Africa, at the Cape of
Good Hope, but of a better foil, than
that in the Immediate vlelnity of Cape
town. The component part of this
country (even of the hills,) appeared to
be pf coral, in the exaa fprm in which
it lies on the bottom of the Ocean, ftrong
ly indicating fhat the fea once covered
it. The country is we& watered with
fprings, brooks and large ftreams. No
inhabitants were feen ; their wretched
habitations, however, vvere found. In the
form of half a circular beehive, 3 feet
high, and i,\ in diameter, flightly con
ftruaed of twigs, covered vvith bark.
Two deferted villages of fuch huts were
difcoyered. The climate and, foil ap
peared favourable to the produaion
of the neceffaries and conveniences of
life. Every where were dlfcovered, the
effeas of fires, which, at fonie former
period, had overrun this -country. [Vancouver.]
Ki-ngan, A city of China, of the firft
rank, provlnceof Kiang-fi, on the river,
Kan ; the ftream is full of rocks, and is
dangerous to navigate without a pilot ;
thofe barks which have none, provide
them in this city, to guide them through
thefe dangerous places, for there are 18
currents, which recjuire much ftrength
and dexterity, either going up or coming
down : they call it Che-pa-tan. Although
the countrv is uneven, the vallies and
fields are nevcrthelefs agreeable and fer
tile. They fay that the mountains aft'ord
•mines of gold and filver : 795 miles S
Pekin J, lat. 27 7 N.
' Kingiorn, a town of Scotland, county
of Fife : 10 miles E Dunfermline.
Kii:-:'-ii-!.i'i, A city of Afia. and the
capital of the kingdom of Corea, ten.
128 E, lat. 37 38 N.
Kiigroad, A part of the river Severn,
helowi Briftol, fo called, whence the out
ward-bound fl,ips, belonging to that
port, take their departure.
King's V.nunty, Ireland, in the province
of Leinfter, bounded N by W Meath.
It contaius 52 pariflies,/ about 13,536
houfes, and 74,500 inhabitants, Fxcepi; the

K r N

K 1 N

ihe-mounfalris of Slicbh-blPom, the flir-
face is generally level, and the foil rich
and well cultivated; fome parts, however,
are yet rude and uncultivated.
King's Ifland, In the Eaftern Indian Sea,
hear the W coaft of Siam, about 51
Jniles In circumference, ten. 98 E, lat. 12
18 N.
King's Ifland, in Beering's Straits, ten.
1 68 W, lat 65 2 N.
Kingsbridge, A town pf England, cprinty
bf Devon, on a creek of the Englifli
Channel : 14 miles S W Dartmouth.
Kingsclere, A town of England, county
of Hants : 7 mUes SSE Newbuty.
Kingston upaii Thames, A town of Surry,
England, once the refidence of the Sax
on kings, feveral of whom were crown
ed here. A natiorial council was held
here in 838; at which king Egbert was
prefent. The lent affizes for the county
are held here. It once returned mem
bers to the Britifli parliament, buf was
disflanchlfed by the defire of the inhabit
ants. The wooden bridge, over the
Thames, is the moft ancient on that
river, except Lpndpn Bridge ; and the
corporation have a revenue for its fup
port ; n miles SW Lpndon, lat. -51
27 N.
King-tcheou, a city of China, of the firft
rank, in the province Hou-quang, on
the Yang-lfe river. The diftria of this
city cpntains 13 towns ; it makes a good
appearance, v/hile the lakes round it con
tribute to render the land fruitful and
pleafant : if has a great trade, is vvell
built, and populous. It is divided by a
fingle wall into 2 parts, one belongs fo
the Chinefe, fhe other to the Tartars, of
whom the garrifon confifts : 620 miles
SSW Peking, lat. 30 28 N.
King-te-tching, a fown of China, in the
province of Kiang-fi. This town, where
the beft makers of elrinaware live. Is as
populous as the greateft cities of China.
They compute in the town more than
1,000,000 of fouls. They confume here
every day mpre than 10,000 loads of rice,
and above looo hogs, without mention
ing other animals on which they feed.
The lodgings pf the great merchants
take up a vaft fpace, and contain a pro
digious riumber of workmen. King-te-
l^ching is a league and a half long, ftand
ing ori the fide ot a fine river, the ftreets
are very long, and cut and crpfs one an
ther at certain diftances ; all the ground
Is ufed, fo that the houfes are too much
confined, and the ftreets too narrow,
ttrattgers are not permitted to lodge at

King-te-tching, they muft either pafi the
the night in their barks, or lodge with
fheir accjualiitancc, who pafs their word
for their condua : 655 miles S Peking,
lat. 29 25 N.
King-tohg, a city of China, of fhe firft
rank, iri the province of Yun-nan, on the
Pa-pien river. This city Is furrounded
withvery high mourilaiiis, in which they
fay there are filver mines ; the country
abounds vvith rice, and the vaUIes' are
well vvatered with rivers and brooks :
1240 milts S W Peking, lal, 24 30 N,
King-yuen, a city of China, of the flrll
rank, in the province of Quang-fi, This
city Is built on the banks of a large river,
furrounded with craggy mountains, and
not far diftant from thofe of the province
of Koei-tcheou, which are almoft inaccef
fible, and inhabited by none but a peo
ple almoft favage. The vallies which are
between thefe mountains, are full of vil
lages and forts ; gold is found in the riversi
1037 miles SSW Peking, laf, 25 26 N.
Kin-baa, A city of China, of the firft
rank, in fhe province of Tche-kiang.
This city is placed in fhe heart of a
prrivlnce, and ori the banks of a firie river.
It was formerly pf great extent, and fa-
mpus for the beauty Of its buildings, but
the people, who are of a warlike difpofi
tion, having long refifted all the power
of the Tartars who invaded China, were
at length fubdued, and one part of the
city burnt. If Is now rebuilt. 'I'here is
a large bridge, on fhe W fide. Rice grows
here in great plenty, and the wine made
of it is much efteeiiied. The inhabitants
carry on a trade in large dried plumbs
and hams, which are much efteemed, and
fent into all the provinces of the empire.
There are almoft every where feen liftle^
ffirubs, with a while flower, not unlike
jeffamin, which produce fallow, that
makes very white candles, vvhich will not
ftick to the hands, nor yield any bad
fmell when extinguiflied : 682 miles S 3
£ Peking, Iat. 29 16 N.
Kin-men-lo, an ifland in fhe Eaftern In
dian Sea,' near the coaftof China, aboUt
8 leagues in circumference, of a triangu
lar form, lon. 120 E, lat. 24 30 N.
Kitirofs, A tovvn of Scotland, on the
Leven. The principal trade is in fhe
linen manufaaure and cutlery : 18 miles
NNW Edinburgh.
Kinrofsffire, A county of Scotland, a-
bout 30 miles in circumference. Kinrofs
is the capital,
Kinfale, a town of Ireland, county of
Cork, at the mouth of the river Bandon vvhich

K I R

K I R

which forms the fine harbour of Kinfale,
and is navigable for large floops near 12
miles above the fown ; a bar prevents
large men of war coming Into the bafon.
In this port there is a dock furniflied
Vvith ftores for the ufe pf fhe navy. The
entrance of the harbour is defended by
Charlesfart, in which there is always a
good garrifon. The town, which Con
tains at leaft 10,000 inhabitants, is built
On the fide of Compafs hill, and clofe to
the water's edge : 12 miles S Cork, lon.
8 30 W, lat. 51 43 N.
Kin-tam, an ifland in the Eaftern Sea,
near the CPaft of China, about 8 leagues
in circumference, lat, 30 8 N,
Kin-tcbing, the capital of the ifland of
Lieou-kieou, in the Cliiria Sea, and of
all fhe iflands under that appelhition.
The king's palace, reckoned lo be 4
leagues in circumference, Is built on a
neighbouring mountain. Kin-tching Is
feated in CheoiiU, the S part of the ifl
and, lon. 127 30 E, lat. 26 2 N.
Kiii-yang, A city of China, of the firft
rank. In the prpvince pf Chin-fl. This
city has always been, looked upon as a
barrier -igainft the incurfions of the Tar
tars, and is -•._ .trpngly fprtlfied in the
Chinefe mani^er-; the cpuntry about is
very fruitful ; there Is a kind of herb
called Kiii-f,c. or golden filk which is faid
lo ppni'efs fome medicinal virtue, and a
kind of bean, whieh is faid to be an ad
mirable fpeclfic againft any fort of poif
on , 450 miles S W Peking, lat. 36 6 N.
Kiogc, a feaporf of Denmark, on a bay,
at the moufh of a river, formeriy a place
of confiderable trade, with manufaaures
of valuable tapeftry ; lO miles S S W Co-
penh:igen, lon, 12 14 E, lat, 55 30 N,
Kiopiiiir, a town of Sweden, in the
province of Weftmanlaiid :, 10 miles W
Sfroemfliolm, Kiov, fee Kiev,
Kircbberg, A town ofthe Upper Rhine:
41 miles W Mentz, laf, 49 59 N,
Kirchlienr, a town and caflle of Germa
ny, in Lower Bavaria : 14 miles N W
DIngelfingen, and 12 N Landfliut,
Kircbberg, A town of Gerniiny, in the
circle of Franconia, and priucipallly
of Hohenlohe, on the JaXt : 20 miles E
Ohrengen, and 28 W Anfpach.
Kircbberg, A toivn of Wcftpli.ilia, capi
tal of a bailiwick : 5 miles S E Dietz,
Kirchhayn, a town of the Upper Rhine,
containing above 400 houfes : 5 miles £
Marburii-, Kirchheiin, a town of Swabia, duchy
of Wurtemberg, on the Lautcr, fur-
Vol. II. U u

rounded with waUs : 16 miles S E Stut-
gard. Kirchheim, or Kircbhaim, A town of
Swabia : i8 miles S W Augfburg.
Kirenffoi, a fpwn of RulEa', in the gov
ernment of Irkutflc, on the borders of
China, built in the year 1655, in a fer
tile fpil, but at prefent in a ftate pf de
cay : 112 miles S W Doroninflc.
Kirin, A country of Chln'efe Tartary,
bounded E by the fea, and S by Corea.
This country, vvhich Is rendered extreme
ly cold by the number of forefts with
which II Is covered, is fcarcely inhabit
ed ; it contains only 2 or 3 ill built
towns, furrounded by plain, mud walls.
"The' valuable plant ginfeng grows here ;
and the emperor fends hither thofe crim
inals who are condemned to banlfliment
by the laws. The capital is Kirin-oulab,
on the river Songarie, called alfo Kirin,
which is the refidence of a. Tartar gen
eral, who is viceroy : 500 niiles N £ Pe
king, lat. 43 48 N.
Kirkby Lonfdale, A town' of Weflmore-
land, England, In a valley, on the Lune ;
12 mUes S E Kendal.
Kirkby Morefde, A town of York, Eng
land : i8 miles N York.
Kirkby Steven, a .town of " Weftmore
land, England, on the' W fi^le of the
Eden : 24 miles NNE Kendal.
Kirkcaldy, a feaport town of Scotland,
county of Fife, on the N coafl: of the
Frith of Forth, with a dock-yard for
building fmall veffels : 10 miks N Edin
burgh. Kirkcudbright, A feaport of Scotland,
and capital of a county on the river Dee,
near Its niouth : 21 miles S W Dumfries,
lal. 54 54 N.
Kirkcndbrightfiire, A county of Scotland,
bounded on the S by Solway Frith, and
the Irifli Sea. The northern parts are
mouritalnous, and uncultivated. On the
fides of the rivers is fome fertile land,
and a great number of cattle and fliccp
are fed in fhe county.
Kirkham, A town of Lancafter, Eng
land : 9 miles W N W Prefton. "
Kirlintillock, A tovvn of Scotland, with
manufaaures of linen and cotton 7
miles ENE from Glafgow.
Kirkwall, A feaport of Scotland, 0:1
the N coaft of Pamona, the principal of
the Orkney iflands. It is waflied by the
fea, whicli forms what Is called The Road
of Kirkwall. It is iic.ir ,1 mile in length ;
has only one ftreet, Avhich is narrow and
ill paved. "Fhe number of houfes is
about 300. It was formerly the refi
dence

K J S

K I 1*

dense of the Bllhop of Orkney. The
principal articles of exportation are beef,
pork, butter, taUpvv, hides, calf-flcins,
rabbit-flciris, falt-fifli, pil, feathers, linen
yarn, and coarfe linen clpth, Icelp, and,
'in years pf fruitfulPefs, cprn in cprifider
able quantity. The chief cpmmodities
imported are wood, flax, coal, fugar,
fpirits, wines, friuflf aud tobacco, flour
and bifcuit, foap, leather, hardware,
broadcloth, printed Unens, and printed
cottons. The manufaaure of linen
yarn was introduced here In the year
1747, and about the year 1730, theman-
iifiaure of kelp. For 1 3 years preced
ing the year 17,91, the value of a ton of
kelp, was nearefl to 61. and the quantity
each year tP the fum of 17,000 fterling.
Thus, iri the fpace of 50 years, the pro
prietors of thefe iflands, where the fea
fons are very deceitful, and the crops
can by no means be depended upon for
fuhfifting the inhabitants, have received
iri addiliori to their eftates, the enor
mous fum of 370,000!. fterUng, lat. 58
51 N.
Kirlak, Ati ifland, of a triangular form,
about 240 miles in circumference, in the
Frozen Sea, lon. 123 to 128 £, lat. 71 30
to, 74 15 iif.
Kirffebr, a town of Natolia, and capi
tal of a diftria. It vvas formerly a con
fiderable city, and calted Diocafarea. Salt
is Iriade In the neighbourhood : 84 miles
N E Cogui, lat. 39 ip N.
Kifdomo, A town of the ifland of Can
dia : 20 miles W N W Canea.
Kiffme, an ifland in the Perfian Gulf,
about 16 leages in circumference, with a
good pearl fifliery On its banks : 12 miles
S Gombroon. Kiffan, A brook or river of Paleftine,
rifing in the vale of Jezreel, thence run
ning to the S of mount Tabor, it paffes
through the plain of Efdrelon and dif
charges itfelf into the harbour of Acre
on the Mediterranean. [Topographic Dia.]
Kijhtac, an Ifland in the N Paqific
Ocean, about 100 miles In length, and
from 30 fo 50 in breadth, ten. 152 30 to
154 50 W, laf. 57 to 58 40 N.
Kiffiewar, a country of Afia, lying fo
the S E of Cachemire, on the banks of
the river Chunaub.
Kifmich, or Kifmiff, A fertile ifland In
the Gulf of Perfia, fituated to the W of
Ormus, 50 miles long, 5 broad.
Kifiavcram, a town of Hindooftan, in
the Carnatic ; 27 mfles W N W T-rifch-
iriopoly.

Kiffwgen, a town of Francpnla, in tfi,e
environs of which are fome medicipj^l
and .fait fpripgs : 24, niiles N Wurzburg,
and 9 PJ'.W Schweinfurt, lat. ,50 5 N.
Kifi, one of the 7 Caucafian nations,
that inhabit the countries between the
Black Sea and the Cafpian. This nation
extends from the higheft ridge of Cauca
fus, along lihe Sundflia rivulets. They
are bounded on the W by Llflle Cabardi^,
to the E by the Tartars and Lefguls, and
to fhe S by the Lefguls and Georgian^.
They confift of 16 different diftrias qf
tribes, vvhich are generally at variance
with each other, and with their neigh
bours. Many of their villages have a
ftone tower, which ferves in tlipe of war,
as a retreat fp their wpmeii and children,
and a magazine fpr their efie&s. Thefe
pepple are all armed, and have the cuf
tpm of wearing fhlelds, "Fheir religion

Is very fimple, but has fonie traces of,
Chriftianity. They belie.ve In one God,
whom tbey call Dafle, but have no faini,s
or religious perfons. They celebrate
Smiday, not by any religious ceremony,
but by rellipg froni labour. They, have
a faft in fpring, and another in fuinmer ;
but obferve no ceremorues either at births
or deaths, I'hey aUpw of polygamy, and
eat pork.
Kifnab, A river of Hindooftan, which
rifes in the mountain of Vifiapour, about
20 miles frppi Satfara, and croifing al
moft the whole of Hindooftan from W
to E, falls into the Bay of Bengal, by
feveral mouths, between Mafulipatam
and NIzampatam, In the circar pf Gpn-
foor. Kifnagheri, A town and fortrefs of Hin
dooftan, in the Myfore country, 'Fhis
town was attacked by the Britifli troops,
under the command of colonel Maxwell,
in the latter end of Oaober, 1789. The
lower fort, including the pettah, or fub
urb, was gained without much diflSculty ;
but the garrifon In the upper fort de
fended it with a degree of heroifm bor
dering on defpair. Immenfe rocks and
fliowers of ftones were hurled down Into
the road ; the fcaling ladders were brok
en to pieces, and after 2 hours' vigorous
affault, colonel Maxwell at length found
it neceffary to dcfift from the attempt :
54 miles S £ Bangalore, and 66 W S W
Arcot, Kitzingeii, a town of Franconia on the
Maine. It is large and handfome. The
Inhabitants are Lutherans : 10 miles E
S E Wurzburg, and 34 N N W Anfpach,
lat, 49 40 N. Kiu,

li L u

K O E

Klu, A city of China, pf the firft rank.
In the prpvince of "I'che-klaug. The fit-
nation of this city Is agreeable ; it is
built near a fine river, arid between 2
others that are fmaUer, that run into if ;
687 miles SSE Peking.
Kiun, A city and feaport of China, of
the firft rank, in fhe province of Quang
tong, and capital of the Ifland of Hai
nan, fituated on a promontory, on the
N coaft. Ships often anchor under Its
walls. It is governed by iriandariiis, and
the jurlfdiaion extends over 3 towns of
the fecond clafs and 10 of the third, lat.
20 N.
Kiutjja, cr Cutnja, or Kutajah, a town
pf Afiatic Turkey, and capital of a fan-
glacate, and refidepce of the beglerberg
pf Natolia, fituated ,at the foot of a
mountain, near the river Ptrfak, It con
tains feveral niofques, and 3 Armenian
churches. The foil is fertile, and the air
healthy. Near it are fome -warm baths,
much efteemed ip feveral diforders : 136
miles SSE ConftaritiPople, lat, 39 14 N.
Kizliar, a town pf Ruffia, In fhe gov
ernment of Caucafus, on the Malva,
built in the year 1735, as a frontier town
between Ruflia and Perfia, near the Caf
pian Sea, inhabited by Coffacs, who pro
fefs Chriftianity accordlrig to the rites of
the Greek church. The envirpns are ex-
ccedirigliy fertile In corn and fruit, with
plenty of game : 28 miles from the Cafr
plan Sea, and 160 § ,S 'VV' Aftrachan, lat.
44 50 K. / '
Klaitau, A fown of Bbheiriia, furrounded
with walls. There ai^e fome filver mnies
in the neighbourhood : 21 miles S-PIlfen,
and 61 S S W Prague.
Kleeberg, a town of the Upper Rhine :
4 miles 'W N W But.zbach.
Kleinern, a village of Germany, county
pf Waldeck, with a mineral' fpring : 4
miles S Waldeck.
Klettenberg, a towri pf Upper Saxpny :
5 miles N "W Nordliaufen.
Klettgau, a laiidgraviate of Swabia,
known likevvife by the name of Tbe County
of Sulz, fituated near che Rhipe as it
leaves the Lake of Conftance,
Klin, a fipall ifland iri the N Pacific
Ocean, near the E coaft of Kamtchatka,
Klingenthal, a tpwn pf Upper Saxpny,
inhabited chiefly by miners and wpod-
meii, driven out of Bohemia on account
pf their religion ; 12 miles E Oclfnitz.
Klundert, a ftrong fortrefs of the Unit
ed Provinces, in Holland, the arm
of the fea, called Holland. It was
taken by the French, in fter a

gallant refiftance ; but they were obligeS
to evacuate it foon after : 9 miles S E
Williamftadt. Knapdale, a mountaiPo\is diftria in
Argylefliire, adjoining to Argyle Proper,
and conneaed on the S by a narrovv
neck of land, tp the penipfula of Can
tyre. Knarejboraugb, a borough in the N rid
ing of Yorkfliire. If Is feated on, a rug
ged rpck, where there was a caftle, and
almoft encompaffed by the river Kid.
Here is a famous fpring, called the iDrop-
ping Well, which faUs In drops frpm the
tpp of a rock, and the w^ter is of a very
ftrong petrifyirig quaUty : 18 jniles W by
N York. ¦
Knighton, A compiercial town in Rad-
nprfliire, pn the Tend : 14 miles 'W
Hereforid. Kt^ightflbridge, a village in Middlefex,
the firft fropi Londpn pn the great weftr
em road. Here i; an Infirmary for tlie
fick and wounded, called St. George's
Hofpifal ; and a cpnfiderable pianufac-
ture of painted floor-cloths.
Knittlingen, A town pf Germany, duchy
of Wurtemberg ; the birthplace of Fauft,
pne pf the firft printers : 22 miles S
Heidelberg. Knacklayi, a ipountaip pf Ireland, in
the county of Antrlpi ; 2 niiles S Bally-
caftle. In 1788 a ftreairi of lava burft
from this piountaln ; rufliing down its
fide for 39 hours, it whelmed in fire the
village of iBallyrpen, only one man and
his yi-ife with 2 children efcaping.
Knocktopher, a town of Kilkenny, Ire
land : 15 piiles ff 'Vaterford, and 10 S
Kilkepny. Knuckle Point, A cape on the N E coaft
pf New Zealand, ip (ihe S Pacific Oceanj
ion, 186 50 W, laf. 34 51 S.
^mitsford, A town pf England, cpunty
of Chefter. Here Is a filk piill, and man
ufaaure of fliag velvets : 15 miles SSW
Manchefter. Knuifveil, a bailiwick of Swifferland,
in the canton of Lucern.
Kofbendarf A tovvn pf Franconia, infu
lated in Swabia, at the union of the Co-:
cher and the Neckar : 6 miles N Heil
bronn. Kodiack, an ifland in the N Pacific
Ocean, ten. 160 30 W, lat. 55 N.
Koei, or Koe^-yaug, a city of China, of
the firft rank, in the province of Koei-
tcheou. This is pne of the fmalleft cit
ies of China, the circuit of it being not
above a league ; the houfes are partly of
earth and partly brick. It is a place of
no

K O H

K O M

no trade, and has a great many fprts a-
bput It : 940 miles SSW Peking, lal,
26 30 N.
Koei-tcheou, a prpvince pf China, bound
ed E by Hou-quang. It is full of lofty
mountains, and partly inhabited by peo
ple that would never fubniif fo the em
peror, and who live independent of the
ilaws ofthe empire. The emperors have
tried feveral times to people this prov
ince, and have fent thither Chinefe colo
nies, and governors, with their families ;
there are abundance of forts and places
of war, where they keep ftrong garrlfons.
The taxes of this province are not fuffi
cient to defray fhe expenfe of their fub
fiftence, and the emperor is obUged to
fend new fupplies every year. Iii the
mountains there are mipes of gold, filver,
and mercury ; aPd It is from part of
this province that they get copper, with
which they make all fhe fraaU brafs
money whicli Is in the empire. Betvveen
the mountains there are very agreeable
and fruitful valUes, efpeciaUy near fhe
rivers. Provifions are cheap, but not fo
plentiful as in other places. They make
fluffs of a certain herb, which refembles
hemp, and is very proper for fummer
clothes. Cows and ftags are in great
plenty here, as alfo the beft horfes of
China'; and multitudes pf wild hens,
which are efteemed excellent, Kpei-yang
is the capital.
Koei-tcheou, a city of China, of the firft
rank, Iptheproviiice of Se-tchuen, feated
on the banks of the great river Kincha,
and is the key to the province, where
there is a cuftom houfe Icepf to receive
the duties of the merchandifes which are
brought there. If is very rich, through
its great commerce. There are 10 towns
within its jurlfdiaion. Although the
country is mountainous, yet the induftrv
of the hulbandinen has made it very
fruitful. Great quantities of niufk are
colleaed in the neighbourhood, and here
are feveral fprings, from which they pro
cure fait. Orange and lemon trees are
very common, In the northern part the
mountains are very rugged and fleep,
and inhabited by a very barbarous peo
ple, vvhen compared with the comnion
Chinefe : 637 miles S S "W" Peking, lat.
31 10 N.
Kalbra, a. town of Upper Saxony : 6
miles N Franckenhaufcn,
Kofel,a town of Tyrol, on the borders
of the Vicentin : 21 miles E Trent,
Kohlierg, A tPwn of Ba'iraria : 7 mfles
S W Weiden,

Kokonor, pr Kakhanar,A CPUritry of Afia,
fituated to the W of China, and N E of
Thibet, Inhabited by Tartars, defcended
from thcEluths, and gpverned by princes
defcended from a king pf China, They
principally inhabit about a lake, fupppfedj
lo be the largeft in Tartary, abput 20
leagues in length, and 10 In breadth, anc^
fituated from the i6th fp the 17 degrees
often. Wfrom Peking ; lat. 36 40 to 37
loN,'
Kola, A feaport town of Ruffia, In the
government of Archangel, fituated near
the N Sea, on the river Kolo. At il^
mouth js a confiderable fifliery for whales,
feadogs, and other fifli, vvhich the inhab
itants cure for fale : 540 iniles N Pelerf-
burg, lat. 68 50 N.
Kolah, A town of Natolia : 36 miles 1^'
EAlah-Sehr. Kalar, A kingdom of Africa, near the
cpafl pf the Atlantic, N of Barra, with ai
capital of the fame name.
Kolima, A river of Rpffia, yvhich ruri^
into the Frozen Sea, lon. 153 30 E, lat.
71 25 N.
Kolyvan, A goveriimenf of the Ruffian
empire, comprehending a part of Wefterri^
Siberia, and formerly Included In the gov
ernment pf Tobolflc. Its capital, of the
fame name, is feated on the Oby, near the
mouth of the Berda, and was known, be
fore the inftltution of this government,
under the name of Berdlkoi Oftrog. This.
country has Very produalve filver inines,
which have been called the Potofi of Ruf-'
fia. They lie betvveen the Oby and the
Irtyfli, near fhe mountains which form
the frontiers of Siberia, and feparate that
country from Chinefe Tai;tary.
Kalziim, a town of Egypt, near the E
coaft of the Red Sea^ formerly a feaport,
but the fea has long fipce left the coaft :'
16 miles S Suez.
Kom, A large and populous city of Per
fia, near mount Elwend. Extenfive ruins
fliew that once it was much larger. It
ftands pn a river, which by the fudden
melting of fnow, has fo rifen as to fweep,
away iooo houfes at a time. Their gar
dens produce a great variety of e.^cellent
fruit, fhey have cucumbers 2 feet long,
and thick as a man's arm, which they,
pickle in vinegar. Here is a celebrated
mofque, an afylum for debtors, who are,
proteaed and fupported. The country
round is fertile in rice and fruit : It is 50
leagues N Ifpahan, ten. 86 46 E, lat, 34
20 N. [Hanway,]
Kombregudu, A kingdom of Africa, fitu
ated

K O N

K O N

ated on the banks of the river Falemi,
about lop, 10 W, lat, 13 lo N.
Komcha, a towll of Perfia, in the prov
ince of Irac, celebrated for its gardens
and dove houfes : It vvas once more con
fiderable than it now Is, as the ruins tef-
tify. The inhabitants are pf bad charac
ter: 13 leagues S Ifpahan,
Kamenting, a town pf the ifland pf Bor
neo : 45 miles N Negara,
Kamenting, a town of the ifland of Bor-
pep : 15 miles SSW Negara,
Kamol, or Camol, a feaport town of Af
rica, in the country of Nubia, with a
fmall but fafe harbour, in the Red Sea,
lon- 35 15 E, lat, 22 45 N.
Kondi, A dlflria of Africa, In fhe coun
try of Congo.
Konfodah, One of the moft unhealthy
ports on the Red Sea, Provifions are
clear, goat's flefli is the principal meat ;
the water very bad. If confifts of about
200 miferable houfes ; rain fometimes
falls here; milk, butter, and fiffi are plen-
fy, lal. 19 7 N, [Bruce,]
Kanga, a town of Africa, in the king
dom iLoango,
Konghell, pr Kangffale, a town of Swe
den, in the province of W Gothland, on
the Gotha, formerly the capital of Nor
way, and refidence of kings, buf now gone
to decay ; 10 miles N Gotheburg,
Kangjhacka, a feaport town of Sweden,
in the province of Halland : 13 miles S
Gotheburg, lon, 12 5 iE, lal, 57 30 N,
Kangfwinger, A town of Norway, in the
province of Chriftiania : 42 miles N E
Pliriftianla, lon, 12 8 E, lat, 60 12 N,
Kang-tchang,'a City of China of the firft
rank, in the prpvince of Chep-fi, near the
river Kin, 'This city is very populous,
and drives a great trade : it is built on
the banks of the river Hoel, and fur
rounded with very high mountains. In
the neighbourhood is found abundance of
mufk : 650 miles W S W Peking, laf, 34
56 N,
Konigingratz, A town of Bohemia, and
capital of a circle lo which it gives name,
fituated on the Elbe : 120 miles N Vien
na, and 58 E Prague, lat, 50 5 N.
Koningfierg, the caplt; ' ' Piuffia, with
a univerfity, and a m;- ut palace,' in
which is a hall 274 ong, and 59
broad, without pillars to I'apporf it, and
a handfome Ubrary. The town houfe, the
exchange, and the cathedral, are fine
ftruaures, I'he tower of the caftle is
very high, and has 284 fteps to the lop,
whence fhere is an extenfive profpea.
Here are 18 churches, of which 14 be

long fo the Lutherans, 3 to the Calvinlfts,
and I to the papifts, 'The fown is 5 miles
in circumference, and, including the gar-
Jifon of 7000 men, contains 60,000 inhab
itants. It ftands on the Pregel, which
here falls into the Frifche Haf, an inlet
pf the Baltic, No fliips drawing mpre
than 7 feet water can pafs the bar, and
come up CO the town ; fo that the large
vefl'els anchor at Pillau, a fmall town ou
fhe Baltic, which Is the port of Koning-
ffierg ; and the merchandife is fent in
fmaller veifels to this place. The trade
of Koningffierg is very confiderable. iu
is 62 miles N E Elbing, 125 N Warfaw,
ten. 20 55 E, lat. 54 42 N. ' [Coxe,]
Konigsberg, a to'vvii of the Upper Rhine,
and principality of Upper Hefl'e : 5 miles
N Wetzlar, and 38 N N E Mentz, lat.
50 31 N.
Konigsberg, A town of Upper Saxony,
Brandenburg ; 45 miles N E Berlin, Lit,
52 58 |sr.
Konigsberg, a town of Upper Saxony,
principality of Cobu'rg, on the fide of a
mountain, op which is an ancient caftle :
20 miles SSW Coburg, lat. 50 N.
Konigsberg, a fovvp of Bohemia 6
miles S W Falkenau.
Koiiigsbronn, A tpwn of Swabia, Wurt
emburg : 20 miles NNE Ulm.
Kanigsegg, a principality of Swabia, of
which there are 2 branches. They have
only one vote given alternately. "I'he lord
fliip of Konigfcgg confifts only of an an
cient caftic, and a few hamlets. The caftle
I? fituated 8 miles N W iRavenfpurg.
Konigsfeld, A town and citadel of the
Lower Rhine, and archbifliopric of Co
logn : 26 niiles SSE Cologp.
JConigsfelden, A bailiwick pf Swifferland,
in the cantpn of Berne, between fhe
fown of Bruck a d the river Reus, Here
was fprmerly a rich monaftery, founded
fo commemorate fhe death of the emie-
rpr Albert, whp was affaffinated, in the
year 1308, by his nephew, John, duke
of Swabia. This convent became very
rich, by grants from the houfe of Auf
tria aud other noblUly.
Kongshoffcn, A town of the Loiver Rhine,
eleaorate of Mentz, on the Tauber : 68
miles S E Mentz.
Kanigslutte,-, a tov\n of Lower Saxony,
Wolfenbuttel : 12 miles N E Wolfciffiut-
tel, and lo £ S E Brunfwick.
Konigstein, a town of" the Upper Rhine,
and capital of a county of the fame
name, vvith a caflle, built, on a rock.
Part of -the county is in pofTeflion of the
cleaor of Mcnti;, the other part be-
lo.'?;;5

K O R

K O R

fbngS IP the houfe of Stolberg . ii mites
J5 "w Francfort on the Maine, laf. 50
7 N.
Konigstein, a towri of Upper SaxPny,
on the left fide of the Elbe, with manu;-
faaUres of woollen and linen. This
town was built as a fortrefs by the eteapr
Auguftus, and is fituated on a mountain.
Clirlftian I, the fop pf Auguftus, and his
fuccefl'pr in the ejeaprafe; completed the
fortifications, and rendered it, as vvjis
fuppofed, impregnable. It is acceffible
pnly in one place, antl fupplied with wa
fer from a fpring of great '^epth in f|ie
piountain : 16 iriiles S E Drefden.
Konigfwinter, a town of the Lo^'er
phine, and archbifliopric of Cologn, on
theE fide pf the Rhine, near 7 mountains,
on wliich were fortperly 7 caftles: 3 miles
S E Bonn, and 16 S S W Cologn,
Konifmaker, a town of Francfe, depart
ment of fhe Mofelle, pn the Mbfelle : i
league and a half N N E Thionville.
Konitz, A town of lifpper Saxopy ; 7
iniles iN Leutenhurg.
Konoi, A towri of l^aloUa' : 20 miles N
E Degrilzlu. Koolikorro, a confiderable town, and
great market for fait, near the river Ni
ger. The people are mofl grofsly involv
ed in pagan fuperftitipn. [Pari!;.]
iCoama, A pleafant, romantic village
near the Niger. It is fmro'anded by- a
high wall, and Is the fole property of a
Mandingo merchant. The fields yield
Mm corn, his cattle roam ip the vallies,
rocky hips fecure him from^ invafion.
This fable African, with an heart of hof
pitality, bids the vveary traveller a cor
dial welcome : he fpreads the plenteous
table before tlje white ftranger, vvho
would, if he dared, drag hiiu to foreign
climes in chaips of flavery. [Parfc.]
Koorkarany, A town of Africa, fortified
with a higlj wall. The iphabitants are
Mahometans and have a mofque. [Park.]
Kooffinjee, or Puffing, A town pf Afia,
in the kingdom of Candahar': Somites
SE Candahar, Ipn. 66 55 E, lat. 32 14 N.
Kopiel, A fortrefs of Ru(|ia, in the gov
ernment of Caucafus, at the mouth of the
Cuban : 128 mileS S W Azoph.
Kopors, A town of Ruffia, in the Gulf
of Finland : 32 miles W Peterfburg,
Koriacs, a nation of Afia, tributary tp
the Ruffians. There are twp forts of
Koriacs. Thofe who are properly called
liy that name have a fixed refidence : the
Pthers are wanderers, and are known by
the appellation of Reindeer Koriacs,
I'heir flocks arc numerous, and they

maintain theni by" conduffing theni to
thofe cantons that abound -ivith mofs.
When thefe paftures are exhaufted, they
feek for others. In this manner they
wander about, encamping under tents of
fkin, apd fupporting tiieriifelvcs vvith the
produce of their deer, which are as fer*-
vlccable for draught to the Koriacs, as
ihe dogs are to thcKainlchadales. Their
country takes in a vaft extent, terniinati,
ed to the S by Kamtchatka, and the
Gulf of Pengina, to the E by the coun
try of thp Olulcrijins, to the N by that
of fhe Telioukcliis, and to the Wby' the
Tongoufes, the Lamouts, and the Ya-
kouis. The number pf fixed Koriacs
fcarcely exceeds 900 ; and though it Is
not eafy fo calculate that of the wander
ing Koriacs, it is imagined that they do
not much furpafs this amount. They are
reprefented as of fuch a perfidious and
favage difpofition, that it would not be
eafy for theni to live in peace, pr forri
any durable ties with their neighbours.
Hence their continual infurreaions a-
galnft the Ruffian^, their atrocious rob
beries, their daily incurfions on the peo
ple vvho furround them ; hence the rer
fpeiSiive apimofities and the revenge that
inceffantly fpring up. This ftate of war
foments in every intiividual a ferocious
fpirit. The praaice of attacking, an'iJ
of defendlpg thePifelves, creates iri them
an inflexible cDUrJige, that delights In peri
pefual combats, apd glories In a conleiript
pf Ufe. Sugerftltion lends Its aid to enno-
tile in theii' eyes this thirft of blood, by
iinpofing a^ law that obliges them to con
quer or tp d'c. Nellhev'the bravery, nor
thenumber of their advfcrfarie.5, can inti
midate them : it is then they fWear io de
fray the fun. Thc)^ difcharge this terrible
oath by cutting the throats of theii'.
wives and children, burriing all their pof
feffions, arid rufliing riiadly into the iiiidll
of their enemies. Their regular occupa
tion is hunting and fifliing ; but every
feafon will nbt permit theni to follow it.
During thefe Intervals, fliut up' In their
deep' habltafloris, they fleep, fmoke, aud
get drurik. Thoughtlefs of the future,
wilhout regret for the paft, they come not
put pf their habltatipns till the mpft ur
gent neceflSty compels them. Their filtli-
inefs is difguffcing, for the^-e Is neither
dppr, nprvenlhplefpr the fmoke. They
live, like the iKamptchadales, upon dri
ed fifli, and the flefli and fat ofthe yyhale
and feawolf. The whale is commonly
eaten raw, and the feawolf dried and
eookecl In the fame manner as their fiffi,
except

K O R
ejtccpt the fluews, the niarrow,tlic brain,
and now apd then a flice of the flefli,
whicli they devour raw vvith extreme
ayidity. Reindeer Is their favourite difli.
Vegetables alfo form a part of thelrfood :
they gather ia autumn various forts of
berries, of a pan of which fhey make
a refrefliing beverage, and the reft is
bruifed to powder, and kneaded with the
oil of, {he .whale. Or I'caWolf. "Fheir paf
fion for flrong liquors, increafed hy the
difficulty of procuring brandy, h^s ltd
fhein to inveut a drink equally potent,
which they extraa fraiii arcdpiufliroom,
known iu Ru,iG,a as a ftrong poifon, by
the name of moukhamorr, "I'he Koriacs
jiave the fame charaaeriftic outlines as
^he Kamlchadalcfs. Aipong the women,
particuljjrly, there are very few who ha,ve
pot funk eyes, flat nofes, apd prominent
cheeks. The jpeu are alnioft ,entircly
beardlefs, and have, fliqrt hair. The wo-
mt;n carry their childreu in a kind of neft
pr ba,flcet arched ,over, in which the In
fant is placed in a fitting poftpre,and .fliel
tered from the weather. Among their
ftrange cuftopis, is.fhe probation fo which
a young man fubjeas himfelf when he is
defirous of marrying. As foon as he has
fixed his choice, he wjiits upon fhe rela
tions of Ips miftrcls, and ofl'ers fp drudge
for them. The woman is ipimediately
enveloped In a rniilt,ipllcity of garments,
wliich conceal her to fpch a degree, that
the face itfelf is ,fcftrcely vifible. She is
not left alone for a ,fingle inftapt ; ficr
mother, and a n,um,ber of old matrons,
accompany , her wherever flic goes. The
aim of the lover. Is to touch her naked
.body, the only way b)' -vvhich he cari,ob-
tainher. Iu the mean time, he cxeciites,
with zeal aiid fubmiffion, all the funalons
th.it the relations iirippfe upon him ; be
ing, ill faa, the flave ,of the family.
In his lelfure momeeiifs, at liberty to fee
?ind approach his railtref's, he epdcavopr-'i
to merit her affeaion by fpme fly at
tempt to obtain a touch ; bpt, from the
number and thickpefs of her garnierifs,
and the refiftance of her relations, it is
frccjuently not .till affer the expiratioii of
2 or 3 years. Elate with his viaory, he
flies to infoi-m the relations. "Fhewit-
.rieffes are fummoned, and the young lady
interrngaled. Her confeffion is neceffary,
as well a.i fb.iije prppf that flie was taken
by furprife, aiid made fruitlefs efforts to
defend herfelf. Tbe conqueror being
now freed from his labours, he makes
his court without reflraint to his future
wife, who is not perhaps foiry to find

K 0 &
herfelf delivered from her curiiberfoini
attire. This, fecpnd ftageof courtfliip i»
ftldom very long; the damj'cl, in the
prefence of the family, foongives, her con
tent, and nothing more is requifite to en
title him to all the claims of a ihufliand.
A plurality of wives is not allowed among
the Koriacs ; although there have been
inftances of its heing ptaaifed withop-t
fcrpple. Their funeral rites have a ftrik
ing fi.-nilarlty to the ancient inftltutiops
of paganifm, ftill obferved by various un
civilized people of ihe new heiiiifplieie.
'Wihcn a .Koriac dies, his relations and
neighbours affemble to pay him their laft
refpeas. "Fliey erea a funeral pile, upon
which they place a poriiop ofthe wealth
of the deccaft-d, and a ftpck of provif
ions, confifting of (eindeer,, fifli, brandy,
in fliort, whafever they conceive he will
want for his great journey, and to keep
hipi frpip flarving in the;Other world. If
it be a wandRrlrig Koriac, his ^eer con-
dufts him to the pile ; if a refident Koi
riac, lie is dra-fyn by his dogs,,or carried
by his relations. "Fhe body Is exhibited,
clothed in his beft ,attire, and lying in a
kind of cpffiii. "I'here it receives the
adieu ofthe attendants, vvho, wil;h torches
in their hands, confidqr it as an lioiior
fpeedily to reduce their relation or friend
to aflies 'I'hey feel only the regret of
a fliort abfence, and not of an eternal
feparatioii. They wear i^mourning; and
the funeral pomp fernripates in a fcene
of intemperance, vs-herc the fumes of their
liquor and tobacco gradually eft'ace the
remembrance of death. They acknow
ledge a fupreme Being, the Creator of
all thing's. He inhabits the fun, wholis
burning orb they confider as the ihrons
or palace of the Lord of Nature. 'Fhey
neither fear nor worfliip him : goodnefs,
fhey fay, is -his eirence ; all the good
thai exifts in the world proceeds from
ilim ; and It Is Impoffible he fliould do
an injury. "Fhe principal of evil they
confider as a malignant fpirit, vvho di
vides with the good being the empire of
nature. As the one Is intent on the hap
pinefs of mankind, the other endeavours
to render thepi un-happy, Difeafes, and
calamities of every kind, are his vn'ork. It
is to pacify his wrath, that they facrifice
their perfonal intereft, and have recourfe
to devotion. They offer to him variou*
animals, the firft fruits of their hunting
and fifliing, and whatever they pofl'efs
that is moft valuable ; but there is no
temple fet apart for his votaries, vvho
conceive that they rendered him propi tious

K O iJ
itrtus by pioufly getting drunk in their
habitations ; for drunkennefs is become
with fhefe people a religious praaice,
and the bafis of all their folemnlties,
Korkan, or Jorjan, A diftria fituated
on the E fide of the Cafpian Sea'; the
c-ountry is flat, and fubjea fo inunda
tions : the heat is intolerable, and the
air unwholefome. The foil is fertile in
dates, vvine, cotton, filk, and corn. The
town of Korkanis in ruins.
Karndyck, a fmall Ifland of Holland, in
the Meufe, with a fown of the fame
name : about 7 miles W N W from Wil-
lemfladt. Koriy, A tovvn of Africa, in the king
dom of Sennaar, on the borders of the
Nile, where the caravans quit the river,
and turn fo fhe defert, In order to efcape
the pirates of fhe Nile,
Kofcam, A rural palace of Gondar, 3
miles diftant. It Is 3 ftorles high, and
ftands on the fide of the mountain Debra
Izai. A garrifon is kept here. Here is
the richeft- church In Abyffinia ; It has
gold croffes, and filver drums for procef-
fions ; the altar is covered with plates of
gold, [Bruce,]
Kofel, il town of Tyrol, on the Brenta,
and near the borders of thfe Vicentin :
31 miles E 'Frent,
Koff A town of Yemen : 18 miles W
NW Chamir.:,
Koflrom, A toUn of Ruffia, and capital
of a government, fituated on the Volga,
and furrounded with a rampart : 168
miles N E Mofcow, and 380 E S £ Pe-
teiiburg, Iat. 57 30 N.
Kofromffoe, a government of Ruffia, fpr
merly included in that of Mofcow, bound
ed on the N by the government of Vo-
logdafkoe, on the £ by Vlatfkoe ; about
210 miles from E to W, and 150 from
N to S. Koftrom is the capital.
Koto, a diftria of Africa, on the Slave
Coaft, extending about 6 leagues along
the Atlantic ; the land is flat, and the
foil fandy and barren. Slaves form the
only traffid vvhich fhe Europeans carry
on with the natives. The principal
town is called Koto or Verhu.
Kcirou, a town of Africa, on the Ivory
Coaft. Kotta, a town of Hindooftan, and cap
ital of a diftria of fhe fame name. In
the country of Malwa, on fhe Jeful :
100 miles S E Agimere, and 215 S Del
hi, lori, 76 20 E, laf, 25 15 N.
Kauang-fn, or Koang-fn, A city of Chi
na, of tlie firft rank, in the prpvince pf
Kiaijg-fi, Although fhis city is fituated

K R A
In the midft of mountains, which, for the
moft part, are very high and of a great
extent, the country Is not lefs fertile or
Inhabited ; a great many of thefe moun
tains are cultivated, and ale not inferior,
in their produce, to the moft fertUe
plains. Some of the mountains are cov
ered with forefts, and others produce a
fine cryftal. They make here -frery good
paper, and the beft candles in the em
pire : 710 miles S Peking, lat. 28 27 N.
Koueit, or Graen, A feaport town of A-
rabia, on the Gulf of Perfia, governed by
a flieik. The inhabitants are chiefly em
ployed in fifliing for pearls s 76 miles S
Bafra. Kaue-ti, of Kouei-ie, A city of China, of
the firft rank, in fhe province of Ho-nan.
This city is fituated In a vaft plain, be
tween 2 fine rivers ; its diftria contains
7 towns, Thefe cities are rich and well
peopled ; the country is flat and well cul
tivated. The air Is very pure, and the
foil fruitful in all forts of grain and fruits,
efpecially oranges and pomegranates,
'Fhe inhabitants are remarkably mild,
and treat ftrangers with uncommon hof
pitality : 312 miles S Peking, lat, 34
30 N.
Kaukou, or Koiigou, A tovvn of Africa, in
the kingdom of Gaoga, the refiderice of a
powerful king In the I2th century,
Kous, or Cafs, A town of Egypt, on the
£ coaft of the Nile : once a place of great
wealth and confequence, being the ftaple
of commerce between the Nile and the
Red Sea. The houfes are biulf of bricks,
hardened by fhe fun : 18 miles S Dende
ra, and 45 N N £ Afna.
Kowar, A town of Africa, in the king.
dom of Burfali, on the river Gambia,
with a Confiderable traffic in flaves.
Kowno, A town of Lithuania, In the
palatinate of Troki, at the conflux ofthe
rivers Wilna and Niemen, containing 1 1
churches : a part of the inhabitants are
¦Germans : 40 miles N W Troki.
Kazdan, A town of Afia, in the king
dom of Candahar, ten. 67 35 E, lat. 30
42 N.
Kraanenberg, a town of fhe duchy of
Cleves, feated on the declivity or a hill,
between NImeguen and Cleves, Its
name, which fignifies Crane-hill, is de
rived from the number pf cranes that Uf
ed IP affemble rpund the caftle, when the
adjacent plain was a mprafs. It is cele
brated fpr an image pf the Virgin, pre
tended to be miraculous,
Krainburg, a town of Bavaria, on the
Inn, 35 mjles E Munich. Krainbnrgi^

K R U

KUB

Krainburg, A t-own of Geritiany, in the
duchy of Carntela, on the Save : i8 miles
N W Laubach,
Kraina-witz, a town of tipper Silefia,
between Ratibor, and Troppaw, ten. 17
4.9 E, lat. 50 7 N. ^
Krainfaw, 3 town of toland, iri the
province of Red Rullia, and palatinate of
Chelm ; no miles S £ Warfaw, lon. 23
o E, lat. 51 15 N.
Krala^widwur, a town of Bohemia, on
the Elbe : 87 miles S £ Drefden,
Krafnohrod, a tovvn of Poland, in the
palatinate of Belcz, iii the midft of a for
eft, where John Sobielki, afterward king
of Polarid, defeated the "FarlarS : 28 miles
W Belcz; ,,
Krafnoiarfk, A town of Ruffia, in the
goverflmerit of KoUvaii, on the Enifei,
built in the year 1618 : furrounded with
¦pallifades, fmall towers, and fome batter
ies. The chief trade, (if fhe inhabitants
is in cattle, horfes, and furs. It contains
about 350 houfes : 340 miles ENE Ko
livan, lon. 97 20 E, laf. 56 N.
Krautheim, a town cif the Lower Rhine,
feind eleaorate of MeritZ, On the Jaxt :
8 miles E N E Meckniuhl.
Krekitb, A corporate tovvn in Carnar
vonfliire. It is feated on the Irifli Sea,
near Traeth-Amawer Bay, where a caftle
formerly ftood, now in ruins. It is 13
mile's S by E'Carnarvo.n; ten. 4 18 W, laf.
52 57 N. ¦
Krempen, a ftrong town of Denmark, in
Holftein, with a caftle. It is 5 miles N
Gluckftadt, and 30 N 'W Hamburg, lon.
9 15 E, lat. 53 58 N.
Kiems, A town of Auftria, on the Da-
hube, 3; miles W Vienna, lon. 15 40 E,
lat. 48 18 N,
Kreuzenach, A toWn of Germany, In the
tircle of the 'Lower Rhine, with a caftle,
on an eminence. It was once an imperi
al city, and is feated on the Rhine : 20
nriles ,S'W Mentz.
Krumlitw, A ipwn pf Germany, in Mo
ravia : 50 miles S W Olmutz, ten. 16 49
-E, lat. 48 46 N.
KrieloJA branch of the Senegal. Rif
ing E of Kaiigee, it defcends with a rap
id, noify current, till if arrives at the hill
of Jappa; thence it winds gently through
the lovely plains of Kooni^akary, after
which, receiving a branch from the N it
is loft in fhe Senegal near the falls of
Felow, [Park.]
KrutfwUza, A fown of Poland, in the
palatinate of Brzefk, memorable for be
ing the birthplace of Piaft, who, from
the ftation of a private citizen, was elea-
m- Vol. II. Ww

ed king of Pplarid In fhe year 84a : 28
miles W Brzefk.
Krylow, A ftreng town of Poland,
In the palatinate of Kiov, on the Dni
eper : 46 miles SSE Czerkafy, lat. 48
50 N.
Kuara, A iriountalnous, unhealthy prov
ince of Abyffinia. On the E part next
fo Senaar Is a fetclement of black Pagans,
who live by hunting and plundering the
Arabs, lat. 12 N. [Bruce.]
Kubber-ko-meah, an edifice of freeftone,
ereaed iri a mountainous diftria, near
the fea coaft of Algiers ; about 100 feet
ill height, arid 90 diameter at the bafe :
7 miles E Tefefl'ad.
Kubbet Cbejar, A town of Yemen : ' 44
miles N Chaniiir.
Knbeffa, A ftrorig tovyn of Afia, in the
country of fhe Lefguls, fituate on a hill,
betweeri high mountains. Its inhabitants
call themfelves Franki, (Franks, a name
cpmmpii In the E 10 all Europeans) and
relate, that their anceftors were brought
hither by fbrae accident, the particulars
pf whicli are fprgotten. "Fhe common
conjeaure is, that they were eaft away
upon the cda-ft ; but others fay, tl;at the
Greeks and the Genoefe carried on, dur
ing feveral centuries, a Confiderable trade;
not only on the (Black Sea, but on tlie
Cafpian, and vvere -acquainted with tlie
mines- contained In fhefe mountains,
from which they drew, by their trade
with the inhabiuints, great quantities of
filver, copper, and other metals. In or
der to work thefe upon the fpot, they
fent hither a number of workmen, fp ef
tablifli manufaaures. "Fhe fubfequent
invafipii of the Arabs, Turks, and Mo
guls, during Vvhich the mines vvere filled
up, and the manufaaures abandoned;
prevented the ftrangers from efleairig
their return ; fo that they continued
here, and formed a republic. What ren
ders this account the more probable is,
that fhey are ftill excellent ariifl<, and
make very good firearms, fabres, coals of
mail, and fc'veral articles in gold and fil
ver, for exportation. They have, like-
wife, for their own defence fmall copper
cannon, of 3 pounds cailibre, call by
themfelves. "I'hey coin "I'urkifli and
Perfian filver money, and even rubles,
which readily pafs current, becaufe they
are ofthe full weight and value. In their
vaUIes, ihcy have pallure and arable land;
as vvell as gardens ; buf they purchafe
the greater part of their corn, IruftinT
chiefly for fupport to the fale of their
manufaaures, vvhich x:re much aJmind in

Kur

K u Y

in Turkey, Perfia, and the Crimea. They
are generaUy in good circumftances, and
are a quiet inoffenfive people, but high
fpirlted and independent. Their town
is confidered aaa neutral fpot, where the
neighbouring princes can depofifCtheir
treafure with fafety. ' They elea yearly
12 magiftrates, to whons! they pay un
limited obedience : and, as all the inhab
itants are on a footing of the moft per
fea equality, each individual is fure fo
have, in- his turn-, a fliare in the govern
ment. : In- 1725, their magiftrates ac
knowledged the fovereignty of Ruffia,
bat. without paying any tribute, lon. 67
S9 E, lat. 42 30 N. . [Brooks.],
KuffabiA town on the W fide of the
Euphrates, S Bagdad, on the confines of
Arabia Deferta, once a populous and
celebrated city, now a heap of ruins.
Kufjifix, a ftrong town- of Gerniany, in
the Tirol, vvith a caftle, on a rock. It is
feated on the Inn : 46 miles S by E
Munich, ten. 12 5 E, laf. 47 26 N.
Kuiatzkaia, a town of Ruffia, In the
government of Irkutik, on the Dzonmu-
ren, built in tbe year 1728, for the pur
pofe of carrying on a tralfie between the
Ruffians arid Chinefe, accordiiig to fhe
treaty made in the year 1 7 27. It confifts
of 2 parts ; I inhabited by, the people of
'each country: 44 miles N Irku'tik, lon.
106 20 £, Iat. 52 5a N. ,
Kalali, an ifland of Ruflia, in the Caf
pian Sea, lon. 41 20 E, lat. 44 40 N.
Kumbo, a 'kingdom of Africa, on the
borders of the river Gambia, riear Ils
lAouth, Kumi, a greap of 8 iflands in the Iii-
diari Ocean. The people are friendly,
wear eotton, fail in canoes made of a fin
gle free. - 'Fhe weflern of thefe Ifles is in
lou. 120 56 E, lat. 24 33 N. [iPeyroufe.]
Kimerfdorf, a tpwn, of Upper Saxony,
Brandenbrirg ; where thekingof Pruffia
was defeated by the Ruffians, in the year'
it 759 ¦ '^i miles ENE Francfort on the
Oder. Kur, A river of Afia, which rifes in Ar
menia, pafl'es through Georgia, the prov
ipce of Schirvan, &c. and runs intp the
Cafpian Sea : 70 miles SSW Baku.
¦Kurgan, ei. river pf Afia, which rifes
in Cliprafan, and runs intp the Cafpian
Sea, to the W of Aflarabat.
Kiirgos, A large ifland in the Nile, on
-which are feveral viUages.
Kurile If ands, a chain of iflands 22 In
nuniber, in the N Pacific Ocean, extend
ing from the fouthern extremity of
Jiamtchatjia to Japan, dlfcovered by the '"

Ruffians in the year 1713, and valtrabfe
principally for the furs, particularly Qf
the fea otter, which are found therf. "I'he
bodies of the inhabitants are hairy. They
are hofpltafcle, humane, and docile. But
4 of the iflands are inhabited, containirig"
i'400. inhabitants, who are arinually vifit
ed by a minifter of the Greek church
from Kamtchatka. Thefe iflands extend
from lat 42 to 51 N. [Peyroufe,]
JCurifotida, a town of Afiatic Turkey,
in the province of Caramania : 60 milc-s
N NiE -Tocat,
Kiirff,a town of Ruffia, and capital of
a government to vyhich it gives name, on
the Sem : 240 miles- S Mofcow, lon, 37
30 E, laf, 51 40 N. ,,
Kurffoi, a governpienf gf Ruffia, bound
ed on the ,N by the govcriimetfit of Orel,
on the £ by the government of Voronez,
on the S by Voronez and Charkov, and
on the W by Tchernigoy ; abput 112
miles from N to S, and generally 100 E
to W,
Kufma, A fown of Vemen, inhabited by
free Arabs : 50 miles E Hodeida.
Kuffnacht, a town of Swifl'erland, in the
canton of Schwitz, near which is a chap
el, ereaed on the fppt vyhere William
Tell flew the Auftrian goyernpr : 10 miles
W Schwitz; and 6 N E Lucerne.
Ku-tfng, a ipwn of China, pf the firft
rank,, in tlie prpvince pf "yun-nan,,. Al
though this city'is furrounded with moun
tains, the foil about them Is fruitful. The
inhabitants are very InduftriBus, and cul
tivate every Inch of ground : 1097 miles
SSW Peking, lat. 25 34 N.
Kutejar, a town of Africa, In the king
doin of Yani, where tfee Englifli had a
faaory, on the fide of the Gambia, de
ftroyed by a flood, in the year 1725.
Kuttenberg, or Kutna-Hpra, a tswn of
Bohemia, in Czaflau, celebrated for its fil
ver niines, which were formerly very a-
bundant, dlfcovered in the year;l237,by
a m-onk :, 4 miles N W Czaflau.,
Kuttore, A name given to the traa, of
cpuntry between the N E part of Cabul,
and the N W of Cachemire. The Ma
hpmetans call if Caferifan, pr the Land of
Infidels. The~name pf Kuttore is prpba
bly taken frpm a fprtrefs fp called 1 joo
miles N £ Cabul, lon. 70 17 E, laf, 3$
27 N,
Kuykder, or Fart Kuynder, a feapprt tPwn
arid fprtrefs pf Friefland, fituated Pn the
W fide pf the river pf the fame name, at
Its entrance intp the Zuyder Zee : 2J
miles S Lewarden, ten, 6 30 E, lat.
ja 50 N. ,
Kuznetietf^ \

LAA

LAD

Kuanetzi, a town of Ruffia, in thegov-
eriimenf of Kolivan, at the conflux of the
Kondoma and the Tom, built in the year
i6i8^ on a place whicli was a general re
fort of Tartars, and peopled with colo
nies from Tomfk, and fome other towns
It cont.iins about 500 liouCss -; the inhab
itants are chiefly employed in the manu
faaure of iron ; 188 miles E S E Kolivan,
and 320 SSW Enifeiflc, lal. 53 40 N,
Kyam, or Blue River, the moft confider
able river In China, which rifes in Thi
bet, about laf. 34 50 N ; and after a
courfe of 1200 miles through China, falls
into fhe fea E Nankin in lat. 32 N, di
viding this empire into N and S diviiioiis ;
and fo deep that the Chinefe fay, " 'Fhe
fea has no bounds, the Kyaip no Ibottom."
If is abput halfa league wide at its mputh,
rapid in Its courfe, and its pafl'age danger-
pus. It is full pf produalve iflands, and
fubjea to defolating inundatlpns,
- • ' ¦ {Topog, Dia,]
Kyburg, a bailiwick of Swifferland, in
the canton pf Zurich, fprmerly a .county,
Kynetan, a town of England, county of
Hereford : 20 miles W N W Hereford,
Kynio, a lake bf Ruffia, in Qlonetz,
about 48 miles in length, and from 12 fo
16 In breadth, lon. 30 E, lat, 65 40 N,
Kytfbiebl, or Kytzbubl, A town of Ty
rol : 13 miles £ S E giuffftein, and 45 N
E Infpruck.

JL/A4S,AtQwn of Auftria, 08 the river
Taya : 26 miles N Vienna, lat. 48 39 N-
Laaland, or Laland, an ifland of Den
mark, fituated at the entrance into the
Baltic from the Greater Bell, about 30
miles in length, and 12 in Its mean
breadth, aud reckoned the moft fertile
fpot in the Danifli dominions. This
illand produces plenty of all forts of
grain, particularly very fine wheat, and
excellent peafe. It is alfo famous for a
kind of red frnit, called manna, which
refembles fweet alinonds In tafte, and
grows on a long flender ftem. The coun
try lies low, aud the air is very unhealthy.
Of all the inhabitants of this ifland the
clergy arc the beft provided for, accord
ing to their rank. The nobUity are nu
merous, and many of them have fine
feats, and confiderable eftates. This ifl
and, like Falfter, has a particular gover
nor, but in fpiritual affairs both are under
the jurlfdiaion of the bifliop of Funen.

Nalkow is the capital, ten. 11 a to 11 48
E, lat. 54 43 to 55 4 N.
Laas, or Lofcb, AAown of Carniola : 23
miles ENE Triefte, lat. 45 57 N.
Labdeffeba, a formidable rtribe in the
dqfert of Sahara. They are a taU, ftout,
handfome and vigorous pfcople; Their
hair is briftled ; fheir nails, which they
ufe in battle, are long as claws. Large
hanging ears, and long beards, give them
a ferocious appearance. [Dlfcoveries in Africa.]
Laccadive Ifiands, a group of fmall ifl
ands in the Indian Sea ; the neareft about
1 20 miles from the coaft of Malabar, lon.
71 15 to 73 30 E, lat. 10 to 12 40 N.
Lachen, A town of Schweilz, on the S
fide of the -lake of Zurich. Near il are
fome mineral fprings, and in the environs
are found cryftals and petrifaaions : 8
miles W Utznach.
Lachfa, a province of Arabia, bounded
on the N by-sthe territories of the wan
dering Arabs, in the neighbourhood of
Baffora, on the £ by the Perfian Gulf, k
is alfo denominated Hadsjar, and fome
times Bahniu. It affords no great vari
ety of produaions. Ils afl'es and camels
are efteemed to be of an excellent breed,
and ofthe latter, fome thoufands are an
nually fold Into Syria. In the interior
parts of this province, the Inhabitants
live much Upon dates : upon the coafts,
pearl fifliing is followed with advantage ;
and there Is a confiderable trade In for
eign commodities. This country was
once a province pf the Otfpnian empire.
The Arabs have teng fince, hpwever,
fliaken pff the Ottoman yoke. The
province of Lachfa belongs in fovereign
ty at prefent to the flieik of the Arabian
tribe pf Beni Khaled, one of the moft
powerful in Arabia. They are fo far
fpread through the Defert, as often to
harafs the caravans paffing between Bag
dad and Kaleb. The greater part of
Lachfa is Inhabited by Bedouins, and
other petty tribes ; but fhefe all ac
knowledge the dominions pf the flieik of
Beni Khaled. ,
Ladenturg, a tpvm of Weftphalia, on
fhe Neckar : 9 miles SSE Ofnabruck.
Ladenburg, A town of the Lower Rhine :
6 miles E Manheim.
Ladikieb, a towll of Afiatic Turkey, in
the province of Caramania, anciently
Laodicea : 60 miles W Cogni.
Ladoga (Nov,) A town of Ruffia, on the
S coaft of the lake Ladoga : 56 miles E
Peterffiurg, lat. 60 2 N.
Ladozffoi, or Ladoga, A lake of Ruflia, 100

L AO

L A H

ioo miles in length, and froin 50 to 60
iri breadth, fltuated between fhe,|bvern-
riients of Vibprg, Pete^urg, and Arch
angel, the S W extreniity lies about 30
ipiles E from Peterfburg. It is full of
dangerous quickfands. A canal, 67 miles
in length, cut by Peter the Great, con-
fleas this lake with Neva river, by -which
it has a communication with the gulf of
Finland. ' ¦ " , ¦
Ladrones, iee Mariana Ifiand.
Laer, a city of Perfia, capital of a prov
ince of the fame name. It ftands Iri a
fandy couritry, rendered barren by the
heat of the climate. The caftle is of
ftone, built on the fummit pf a rock.
The avenues to the city, being arched
with palm, citron and orange trees, have
a l^eaufiful appearance, lat. 29 40 N-
[Chardin, Le BruyP.]
Lagens, A Ipwn pf the ifland pf Flpres,
I pf the Azores, containing near 1400
iphabltapfs. -'
Laghi, A town of Arabia, province of
Hadramaut, on the coaft of the Red Sea :
30 le'agues E S E Adeii.
Lagi, or Lahadfi, A town of Arabia, fit
uated in a fertile plain : 5 leagues from
Aden. Lagnf, a to-wn pf France, d'epsrtmerit of
the Seine ahd Marne. It contains 3 par
ifli churches : 5 leagpes iE N £ Paris.'
Lago Negra, A town pf Naples, at the
foot of fhe Appennines, near a lake of
the fame name : 12 miles N £ Pollcaftrp.
Lagoa, a fpwn pf the ifland pf May,
pne pf the Cape 'Verd Iflands. ,."
Lagoon Ifland, ill the S Pacific Ocean,
of an oval form, with a lagoon In the
middle, which occupies much the larger
part ofif ; the border of land -which cir-
cumfcribes the lagoon, is in many places,
very low and narrovv, particularly on the
S fide, vvhere it confifts principally of a
beach or reef of rocks : it has the faime
appearance alfp in 3 places on the 'N
fide ; fo that, the firm land being disjoin
ed, the whole looks like many Iflands cov
ered vyith wood. "Within a piile no bot
tom is found, with 130 fathom of line, nor
does there appear f o be any anchorage
about it. The whole is covered with
trees of dlfterent verdure, airiong which
are cocoanuts and palm trees, "ten. 1.-59 28
W, lat. 18 47 S. ' ' [Cook.]
LD.ms, A feaport of Portugal, in the
province pf Algarves, fituated in a bay bf
the Atlantic, to whicli il gives riame, not
regularly fortified, but defended by fev
eral forts. The harbour is deep; but full
6f rocks. It is the refidence of the vice

roy pf Algarves, an(i cnntains a par^fl^
churches, 4 cpnvents, and about 4600 in^
habitants : 32 leagues S Lifbon, ten. 8 33
W, lat. 37 3 N.
Lagos, A river of Africa, In the king
dom of Benin, with a confiderable bar at
its niciuthj'in the Atlantic, which joined
fo the roughpefs of thefea, prevents its
navigation. Lagofla, an ifland in the Adriatic, 17^
niile? lorig and 4 -yylde, lat. 43 5 N.
Laguiia, or St. Cbrifiabal de 'la Laguna, a
town of the Ifland of Tenerlffe, and cap
ital of tbe ifland : fituated pri a fmall em^
ipence ; and every day refreflied wiil^
a breeze pf ycin^i. It Is well fupplied with
water, and CPntains 2 parifli churches,
feveral cpriverits, and an hpfpital : the
ftreets are large and haridfpine : it takes
its name from a lake, a little to the F. of
the tovvn, lon. 16 28 W, lat. 2IS 28 N,
Lagunes of Vtnics, "the marflies or lake^
in Italy, on which Venice is feated. They
communicate vvith the fea, and are the fe
curity of the city. 'iTliere are about 60
Iflapds in thefe Lagunes, which together^
make a bifliop's fee. Eurapo is the moft;;
confiderable, next to thofe on which' Ve-^
nice ftands. . -i
Lahn, a river pf Germany, which rifej
in the >J E part of the principality of
Slegen, and runs iritp the Rhine, near
Lphnftein; Labalm, or Lahom, a feaport of Sweden,
province pf tlalland, at tjie mouth of the
Laga, near the fea, with a gpod falmop
fifliery':' this to-wn was fortified by the"
Danes, and ceded to Sweden by the peace
p.f Bromfebro": 12 "mfles S S B Halmftadi,
ion. i'2 5-8 E'j'lat. 56 29 N. ,
Lahore, or Punjab, a founfry in the N
W part of Hindooftan, hounded N by
Cachemire, E by the niountains of "I'hi
bet, and W by the Indus ; near 300 miles
in length from E to y/, and about lOO'
miles from N f o S. It is one of the richeft
of the empire, abounding in rice, corn,
and fruit' of eyery kind, Il is watered by
the Indus, arid ' Behat, Betweeri ,' thefe
fivers are fome fait fprlrigs, -K-here they
manufaaure exceUent faff. This country
IS often called Punjab, which fignifies Five
'Waters, or Five Rivers. It Is now In the
pofl'cfliori of the iSelks.
' Lahore, a city and capital of the above
country, fituated on the' Rauvee. It is
aricient, and of great extent, forming,
with Its fauxbourgs, a circumference of 7'
miles : furrounded with walls of brick,
and adorned with lieautiful edifices ancl
gardens. It has 12 gates. Lahore wa?'
once'

LAM

LAM

pnce the refidence of the Mogtil kings ;
but at prefent, fince the Seiks have eftab
llfhed' themfelves in the country, and
made it their capital. It has loft much of
its former fplendor, arid many of the in
habitants, having retired froni the place,
the fauxbourgs are almoft totally ruined.
The Jefuits at pne time enjoyed a free ex
ercife of their religion : here arc manur
faaures of cotton, carpets, &c : 420 miles
E Candahar, and 280 N W Delhi, lon, 72
48 E, tat. 31 I N.
Lahr, or Lohr, a town of the Upper
Jlhine, capital of a lordfliip, on the river
Schutter : i8'piiles S S E Straftiurg, lat.
48 21 N..:- ' ,'
Laiha, a town of Naples : 19 miles W
N 'W Caffano.
Laiffe, A toyvrn pf the duchy pf Savoy :
3 miles E Chambery,
¦ Lai-icbeou, or T.ai-tcbsau, A city of Chi
na, of fhe firft rank, in the province of
pharitong, built on a promontory, bound
ed on one fide by the Yellow Sea, where
It has a gpod harbour, and on the other
by mountains : 255 miles S E Peking
lat. 37 9 N-
Lalang, an ifland near the N coaft of
the Ifland of Suiriatra, In the ftraits of
Malacca, ten. 99 20 E, kt, i 45 N,
Lamalmon, a lofty mountain of Ahy-
flinla. Though at a diftance the fummit
appears pointed ; yet there is on its top
a fpacious plain of good pafturage. Ma
ry ftreams flow ffom it in diff'erent di
reaions : it feems to be the fount ol
Abyffmlan rivers, [Bruce,]
Lambale, A town pf France, department
of the N Coaft. If is the chief tovvn of
the late duchy of Penthie-vre, and gave
the title of princefs to the unfortunate
lady, who was maffacred at Paris, ift Sep
tember 1792, for her Inviolable aftach-
ment to her unhappy miftrefs, the queen
of Frauce, Lambai|e has a gciod trade in
iDalfle, linen, arid parchment, and is 37
miles N W iRennes, ion.' 2 21 W, lat. 48
i7N.
Latniefc, a town of France, department
of the Mouths of the Rhone : 9 r^les N
Aix. Lambefe, A town of Africa, In Algiers,
where there are magnificent ruins of an
amphitheatre, a femple of Efeulaplus, &c,
45 miles H Conftantina.
Lambeth, A village In Surry, on the
Thames, oppofite V.'eftminfttr. Here the
archbifliops of Canterbury have an an
cient palace By the vaft increafe of
buildings, Lambetli is now joined to the
metropolis, in a direaipn to each of the

3 bridges; Here is a jnapufaaure of
artificial ftone, w-hicli anfwers every pur^
pole of ftone carving, and extends, pot
only to ftatues from the fineft models,
buf to every kind of archifeaural orna,-
mcnts. Here likewife are extenfive works
for vinegar and hopie fiiade >vine, a patent
fliol manufaaure, and numerous timbey
yards, fupplied with almoft incredible
ftores of foreign fimlicr.
Lamego, A city pf Portugal, province of
Beira', the fee of a bifliop, on a plalp, neajr
the. Duero, furrounded with mountain,!:.
It contains 2 cathedral churches, an hof
pital, 4 convents, and about 4500 inhab
itants. In this town the ftate affembled
to confirm the eleaion of Alphonfo Hen-^
riques, firft king of Portugal ; and enaar
ed the furidamelital laws, noyr forgotten.
The cpuntry about It prpduces excel
lent wipe : 12 league? E Portp, lat. 41
7 N. '¦¦¦'.¦.
Lametaunab, A town of Africa, in the
cpuntry pf Sahara, $ of the cpuntry of
Tripoli, about 7 days' journey of the car
avan. Lamlaff, or Holy Ifiand, an Ifland fituat-
-.-d btfore the Bay of Lamlafli, Scotland,
"bout -i milts long, and half a mile v;'ide ;
ihe whole is a vaft mountain, in great
part covered with hcaih ; diey raife a lit
tle cprn, and a few potatoes,,
Lamlaff, a village ri ,'-cotl;:nd, on the E
coaft of th'j ifland of Arran, on a bay to
which it gives name, which forms a fafe
harbour with depth pf water for fhe larg
eft fliips, laf. 55 '32 N. [Pennant.]
Lamo, an Ifland and kingdom of Africa,
on fhe coaft of Zanguelvai. The inhab
itants are pagans ; the king and his fu
bordinate ofilcers are Mahometans. This
ifland Is fubjea lo tlie Portuguefe, ten.
40 24 £, laf. 2 S.
Lampacan, A fmall ifland in the cifl-jm
Indian Sea, a Uttie to the S of the 'iiand
of Jurikefilon,
Lampedifa, an ifland in the Mediterra
nean, not iiibahited, but pleafant and fer
tile. Oil it Is a building, divit'.tl into a
church and a mofque," which the Catio-
lics vifit as well as the Mahometans. I-;,.ar
the church is a magazine, vvell provided,
vvhere vefl'els may find neceflarie.;, for
which they depoCt the value, if money,
in a rlicft, if goods, in the church. On
certain clays, fome Sicilian nionk^ come to
eollea the depofits,<ind briii,a; other ftores.
The profits arc applied tp the hofpitabat
Trapani. I'he illand is about 4 league*
in circumference, with a good p- rt, vvell
fupplied with frefli water, and an excel lent

LAN

LAN

fent fifliery on the coaft : 21 leagues W
Malta, lon. 13 30 £, lat. 35 40 N.
Lampon, a fown and bay on the S coaft
ofthe ifland of Surpatra, in the Straits of
Sunda. Lampfaki, or Lapfak, a fown of Natplia,,
celebrated for its' wine : 40 ipUes W
Artakl. Lan, A towri of China, of the fecond
rank, in the province pf Chen-fi, on the
river Hoang. The chief trade is in hides,
brought from Tartary, woollen ftufts, and
coarfe ftuffs made of cow's hair : 655
miles W S W Peking, lat. 36 6 N.
Lanagla, A towri of the ifland of Forts-
Tenfura, on the £ coaft.
¦Lancabui, or Ladao, ^u Ifland in the
Eaftern Indian Sea, a little to the N of the
Jown of Acheen, ia the ifland of Suma
tra. Lancaffire, a county of England, bound
ed £ by Yorkfliire, W by the Irifli Sea.
A'ridge of mountains feparates It from
Yorkfliire, and continuing its courfe
through fome other counties, has been
called The backbone of England : this moun
tain fereens fhe county from the eafterly
winds and fhe attendant evils, and is
thought to caufe a greater quintity of
rain than in fhe more interior parts of
the kingdom ; but does not feem to make
the cUmate the lei"s wholeforiie. Coal lies
in immenfe bed towards the fouthern and
middle part ; many rivers, Interfea the
country, which with fhe fprings, have had
no fmall effea upon the agriculture of
this diftria. ,The northern 4nd N E dif
trias produce limeftone in abundance ;
marie is found towards the S. This coun
ty alfo produces ftone of various denom
inations. Great quantities are exported.
Lancafter Is divided into 6 hundreds,
which contain 62 pariflies, and 26 market
towns. The number of hpufes is eftimat
ed at-40,000, and the inhabltauts 240,000.
Lancafler, capital of the above county,
is fituated on fhe river Loyne, or Lune,
>7hich forms a harbour for veiffels of mpd-
erafe fize : the town carries ori a confid
erable foreign trade, and many fliips are
conftruaed in the docks. Agricola is
faid to have formed a ftation here, which
was afterwards improved into a caftle :
and furrounded by a ditch as early as the
time of Adrian, who placed a garrlfpn
there. This caftle is now made ufe of
as a county prifon. The merchants trade
phiefly to -America, the W Indies, and
the Baltic. The principal exports are
hardware, woUen goods, cabinet work,
candles, &c. Sail doth is fhe chief man

ufaaure pf the town, "irhe number of
houfes is abouLJi6o, whidi are fuppofeti
to contain 1600, famUIes : 66 miles S
Carlifle, and 235 NNW London', ten. 2
46 W,..lat. 53 59 N.
Lancerotta, one of the Canary iflands,
about 10 leagues in length, and 8 iri
breadth. It is parted by a ridge of moun
tains,' which afford nothing but pafture
for cattle, though the vallieS are frnilful,
but fandy, and thin In the foil. It a-
bounds in grain, fruits, horned cattle,
hares, camels, aud afl'es. One great branch
of the trade pf Lancerptta cpnfifts in dri
ed gpats' |efli, which the inhabitants feU
in great quantifies IP the n^hbouring
iflands, under the name of tuflineta, la
the year 1730,' a volcano broke out is
this 'ifland, ' Lancerotta, the principal
town contains about 100 hpufes. It has
ieyeral havens and rpads ; but there is
one at the N E en,d, where fliips niay
come in frpm the nprthward, and Ue
land-locked from all winds in 10, 15,
and ao fafhomsi The E ppint of the
iflarid is in lon. 13 26 W, lat. 29 14 N.
Lanciano, A town of Naples, province
of Abruzzo Citra, of which it is the cap
ital ; it Is the fee of an archbifliop, 85
miles ENE Rome, and 84 N Naples.
Landa, A kingdom of the illand of Bor;
neo. ' ¦ '
Landau, A tovvu of France department
of the- Upper Rhine, on the river Queich,
which runs Into the Rhine, containing 4
churches, and about 4060 inhabitants^
As it is almoft comman4ed, on every Tide,
by eminences which furround if, M. Vaii-
ban exerted allhis flcill in rendering it
ftrongl In the year 1793, it was attack
ed by the Auftrians and Pruffians, with
out fuccefs :'^9 miles S Neuftadt, 270 E
Paris, laf. 49 13 N.
Landau, a town of the Upper Rhine :
12 mfles N Waldeck, lat. 51 12 N.
Landua, A town of Bavaria, on the Ifer :
8 miles E Dingelfingen, lat. 48 32 N.
Landeck, a fmall tovvn of Silefia 3 Ger-
man miles from Glatz, celebrated for its
mineri'' waters.
Landeck, a fown of Pruffian Pomerelk :
64 miles S W Dantzlck.
Landen, A town of Brabant on the river
Be'cke, vyhere bloody battles were fought,
29th of July, 1693, arid i8th March,
1793 ; the former between the army of
the allies, under the command of Williairi
III, king of England, and fhe eleaor of
Bavaria ; and fhe French, under the duke
of Luxemburg, with an army of 80,006
men, while the aUies had but about halt
, ' that

LAN

LAN

th^t number. The French ultimately
gained the viaory, which coft them
15,000 killed, aud between 9 and 10,000
wounded. In the battle of 1793, between
the French and Auftrians, the former
were compelled to evacuate the Auftrian
Netherlands : 1 6 miles S E Louvain and
17 W S W Liege, lat. 52 41 N.
Landerneau, A town of France, depart
ment of the Finiftere ; 20 miles N E
Breft, lon. 4 20 W, laf. 48 27 N.
Landeron, a town of NeufcStatel, at the
S W extremity of,, the lake of Bienne.
The inhabitants are Roman CathoUcs :
7 miles N E Neufchatel.
Landes, a department pf France, bound
ed N \>y the department of the Girpndc,
S by the Lpwer Pyrennees j W by . the
fea. It Is a part pf vyhat was heretofore
called Landes .- It is, in general, a fandy,
unfruitful country, except tpwards the S
E, vyhere Is fome good land, and feveral
towns. Mout de Marfan i^. the capital,
Landeffut, a town of Silefia, on the So
ber, In 1639, it vyas pillaged and de-
mPllflied with fo much barbarity, that
only two perfons reriiained there. It
now enjoys a flourlfliing linen trade : 18
miles W S W Schweidnitz, and 18 S S W
Jauer. Landrecy, a town of Ifrance, depart
ment of the N. It was befieged In vain
by prince Eugene ip 1712. It was ta
ken by the allies, in April 1794 ; but re
taken in July following. It is feated on
the Sambre : 18 miles S W Maubeuge,
and 100 N by E Paris, lon. 3 47 E, lat.
50 7 ^•
Landfferg, A tovvn of Upper Saxony,
Brandenburg, on che M^rta. It cpntains
3 churches, a rpyal magazine, aud fever
al manufaaures pf fluff and cteth, with
a confiderable trade in wool ; 20 , jnile?
E Cuftrin, and 64 E Berlin, lat. 52 42 N.
Lan f croon, A feaport pf Sweden, pn
the W cpaft pf the prpvince pf Skone,
on an ifland near the Sound. It is a fta
ple town, with a gppd harbour. New
fortifications are ereaing here, the ob
jea of which is fo command the vvhole
' coaft of Skonen, along the Sound. The
old fortifications are furniflied with a
garrifon of 2 or 300 men, and 74 pifKcs
of cannon. The harbour lies between
the cpulinent and a fmall ifland, and is
20 feet "leep ; a new citadel Is to be
ereaed : 21 mfles N W Lund, and 12 S
Helfingborg, lon. 1252 E, lat. 55 50 N.
J,andfron, A fortrefs pf Poland : 24
allies S Cracow.
Land's End, the weftern extremity of

Erigland, cpunty of Cornwall : 10 iniJe*
S W Penzance, lon. 5 40 W, lat. 50 7 N.-
Land's End, a cape of Englarid, on the
N £ coaft of the ifland of Sheernefs : 4
miles N W from Sheln-efs. '
Landffut, A town pf Lower Bavaria, on
fhe river Ifer, the capital of a govern
ment to which It gives name. It is an
open, well built tpwn, and coritalns two
eleaoral palaces and a college, with a
church in it, the fteeple of which is reck
oned the higheft in Germany ; a parifli
church and 6 convents : 36 miles S E
Ingolftadt, and 32 N E Munich, ten. la
10 E, laf. 48 25 N.
Landflrafs, or Landfirafi, a town pf 'Ger
many, duchy of Caraiola, en an Ifland
in the river Gurck : 57 miles E Triefte.
Lanel, A town of Africa, and capital
of the kingdom of .Galam, on the S fide
of the Senegah
Lanemezan, A town of France, depart-
njent of the HIger Pyrennees i- 5 leagues
S E Tarbe.
Lanepax, A town of France, depart
ment of the Gers : 3-1 leagues SSW
Condom. Lanerk, a towri of Scotland, which
gives name to the county, on the N E
fide of the Clyde ; near it are fome cele
brated falls, iu that river, vvhich, efpe
cially In riany feafons, form a tremen
dous appearance. Here the brave 'Wal
lace firft meditated to revenge the wrongs
of his country, and flew the governor,
vvho was a man of rank. In the neigh
bourhood are fome of the greateft cotton
manufaaures of Scotland : 19 miles SE
Glafgow, lon. 3 49 W, lat, ;^ 43 N.
Lansrkffire, A county of Scotland,
bounded E by Peeblefliire, S by Dumfries-
fliire. The river Clyde, defcending from
the fouthern pari of this county, divides
it into two equal parts, the one caUcd
the Shire of Lanerk, and fhe other tbe
Barony af Glafgow ; fhe one hilly, heathy,
and fif for pafture, and the other level,
and proper for earn. The Frith of
Clyde is joined to the Frith of Forth by -
a canal, for the benefit pf navigatipii and-
trade. It abounds with coal and lime
ftone ; has fome le.id mines, and abun
dance of lapis. lazuli, The chief towns
are Glafgow, Hamilton, and Lanerk.
, Lanefforougb, A town of Ireland, county
of Longfoi-d, on the Shanon. It is a
borough : 7 miles S W Longfprd.
Langanica, pr Sunri, anciently Olympia,,
a tpwn of European Turkey, in fhe Mo
rea, fituated on a fmall river called Car-
ian, the ancient Aljbeui. This was once
a city

LAN

L A i^

S,c1ty of great note, near which, ou the
Olympian plain, were celebrated the
gairies fo called, which vVere firft inftitut
ed by Pelops, in honor of Jupiter, and
afterwards revived by Atreus arid Hercu
les. They vvere held every 5th year,
with great folentnity, amidft a vafl nurii
ber of fpeaators, and lafted for 5 days.
From thefe fpeaacleS, the coraputatipri
of time In Greece, by Olympiads, took
its rife. In this city, alfo, was a very
fine femple of Jupiter O'lyiripus, with a
celebrated Image of that -god, 50 eUs
high, which was reckoned one of the 7
wonders pf the wprld. Near it was alfp
a famous .grove, dedicated to the fame
god. If is dwindled, at prefent, into an
inconfiderable place : 32 miles SSE
Chlavenza, arid 60 S W Corinth.
Langeland, an Ifland of Denmark, in
the S part of fhe great Belt, between
ikie Iflands of Laaland and Funen ; about
30 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 in
breadth. This ifland is fertile.' In the
I3fh century, it beloilgedto one of the
princes of the blood royal, and w^as call
ed a pripclpallty. If is now only a coun
ty, but one of the beft in the kingdom,
and under the fame governor as Funen.
Rudkiobing is the only fpvvii, ten. 10 40
to II E, Iat. 54 45 to 55 13 N.
Laugen Salza, a town of "Upper Saxo
ny, and capital of Thurlngia, on the Sal-
¦ZA. The environs of fhe fown are pleaf
ant, and the manufaaures are flourifli-
ing. Here are about 9°° houfes, 2
churches, a college, and a caftle : 14
niUes W Erfurt, and 8 N Gotha, lat. 50
54 N.
Langenau, a town of Pruflia, province
of Oberland. The church Is celebrated
for beautiful paintings . 8 miles N
Birchofswerder. Langenthal, a town of Swifferland,
county of Berne, well fituated for com
merce with France and Germany ; for
the cpiivenience of which here are held
3 fairs, at which are annually fold frpm
10,000 -to 11,000 pieces of linen, 8opo
of which are whitened ; thefe linens ate
exported to 'Spain, Portugal, America,
&C. Great quantities of cheefe likewife
are fold here, befides cattle, horfes, grain,
and many other articles, both of agri-
cuttUre and manufaaure. Near it are
fome medicinal fprings : 18 miles N E
Berne, and 10 E, Soleure.
Langbes (Les,) A fmall county of Pied
mont, between Alba and Ceva, compre
hending 58 fmall Imperial fiefs, ceded to
the king of 'Sardinia by the emperor, in

the year 1735, but ftiU to'be held as
fiefs of Germany. The moft confidera
ble are Gorfegrio and Caretto.
Lan^iane, A town of Afia, in the king
dom of Laos, of which if is, by fome,
called the capital. It has a magnificent
royal palace, feated ori a fmall river :
140 miles S £ Ava, Jon. loi 15 E, laf.
t% 30 N.
Langae, a fmall iflarid Pear the coaft of
Norway, celebrafd for its marble quar
ried : 16 m'fles S Chriftiania.
Langport, A tOwri of England, county
of Somerfet, on the JPafret, whicli is
riavigable for large barges' : 12 miles £
Tauritori, *
Langres, An aricieilt city of France, de
partment of the Upper Marne, on a
mountain. It is reckoned the higheft
town In France ; the profpea from the
towers of the principal chiirch, is iiiex-
preffibly fine. Cutlery forms the prin
cipal trade of the place : 35 miles N -fi
Dijori, and 34 S E Paris, laf. 47
51 N.
Languedoe, A late province of France,
divided into Upper and Lower, on tlie
Mediterranean. The land is iii general,
very fertile in grain, fruits, and wine,
and watered by the Rh6ue, the Garoiine,-
the Tarn, the AlUer, and the Gardorii
There were, in this province, 3 arch
bifliops, and 20 biflioprlcs. Touloufe
was the capital of Upper, arid Montpel-
l-er fhe capital of Lower Languedoe. It
is now divided into 7 departments, the
Ardefche, Lozere, Gard, Herault, Tarn,
Upper Garonne, and Aude.
Lanjan, or Lanjang, A city of Afia, and
capital of the kingdom of Laos, or at
leaft the fouthern divifion, to which it
gives name, and Is the ufual refidence of
the king ; on the W fide of the river
Mecon, and, on the land fide, defend
ed by ditches and high waUs. The
king's palace is faid fo be of vaft extent,
and appears like a city, from its fize,
and the number of people who inhabit
it. The houfes of the grandees, and
perfons of condition, are very high and
elegant, well contrived and ornamented ;
butlthofe of the inferior people are mere
huts. The priefts alone liavre the privi
lege of bmlding their houfes and con
vents with brick or ftone, ten. 102 44
E, lat. 18 30 N.
Lannoy, a town of France, deparlmcnt
of the N. A party of the French were
defeated af this place, by the Duke of
York, in the vear 1794 : % leagues E N
E LUle. Lan-tfan,

LAO

LAO

La'n-tfan, a river of Afia, which rifes
In the N part of the Chinefe province of
Yun-nan, on the borders of Thibet,
croffes the province from N to S, where
It changes its name to Kou-long, enters
the kingdom of Laos, vvhere it takes the
name of Mecon, and afterwards runs
into the Eaftern Indian Sea.
Lanza, A town Of Piedmont, on the
Stura : 1 1 miles N W "I'urin.
Laodicea, now called Efki Hiffar, once
a famous city of Afia Minor. Here are
ftill to be feen the remains of its former
grandeur. It is now only a heap of ru
ins, utterly forfakeii of men, a den for
wolves, jackalls, dragons, vipers, and
other noxious beafts. For fheir lukewarm
fpirit in religion God threatened " To
fpue them out of his mouth," to deftroy
them. The thrcatning has long been ex
ecuted. [Newton.]
Laon, a tPwii pf France, capital pf the
department of the Aifne. It is pn a
mpuritain, and cortaiiis about 8000 in
habitants : 77 miles NE Paris, laf. 49
34 N.
Laos, a country of Afia, bounded on
the N by the Chinefe province of Yun
nan, on the E by Tong-king, pn the S
by Camboja, and on the W by Siam and
Ava. It is furrounded on all fides by
mountains, covered with forefts. The
country Is generally flat, and has fcarce
ly any hills or mountains, but thofe
which encompafs it on all fides, and whicli
ferve as barriers againft the potent king
doms with which it Is euclofed. From
thefe mountains defcend many rivulets,
vvhich form one large river, the Mecon,
that croffes the whole region, from N to
S. The climate of this country is more
temperate than that of Tong-king, and
more healthful. The foil is generally
very good, being rendered fruitful by a
number of canals cut from the great riv
er Mecon, whicli feryes both to water
the lands on each fide, and carry off the
ftreams, made either by the torrents de
fcending from the hills, or the great rains
which fall at ftated limes. The princi
pal drugs found here are benjamin and
lak. As the forefls arc ^ f great extent,
and the plains enamelled with a variety
of floivcra, they yield abundance of
honey, wax, and cotton. Here are alfp
fever.-fl mines pf iron, lead, and tin.
Gold and filver likewife arc found ; but
the inhabitants eollea thofe metals out oi
the river. The inhabitants are well-
fliiiped and robuft, and of an olive col
our. They arc good natured, aff.ib!e, '
Vol.. ir. Xx

courteous, and obUging. They are of
great integrity ; never breaking their
promlfe or their truft. This chaiaaer
they are zealous to acquire ; and the
rather, as they are fubjea to covet what
belongs to others. When they fee any
thing which pleafes their fancy, fhey fel
dom ceafe importuning the owner till
they obtain it, in whole or in part. In
cafe of a refufal, fhey never offer to
take it by force. It is very populous,
and the inhabitants live to a very great
age. The Laos are not of a warlike dif
pofition, nor expert in the ufe of fire
arms. If enemies majie an inroad upon
them, the way to get rid of them, is by
poifoning their rivers. It was thus that
the king of Tong-king was obliged lo re
treat, afler having loft a great number
of his army, wilh which, about the year
1650, he propofed to annex this liion-
archy to his own. The Lanjans are very
flothful, and averfe fo bufinefs. 'Fhey
apply themfelves fo nothing but agricul
ture and fifliing. They neglea all arts
and fciences. They are much addiaed
lo women ; but their belief in witch
craft and magic is ftill more pernicious,
efpecially as it prevails among people of
rank. 'Fhey have a notion, that if the
head of an elephant be rubbed with wine,
enriched with a drop or two of human
gall, fhe bcaft will become more robult,
and his owner more courageous. In this
ridiculous conceit, fhe governors fome
times, though but rarely, employ dcf'pe-
rafe fellows, vvho for 25 or 30 crow, s,
will go into the forefts to hunt men ;
and the firft they meet with, they open
his belly and ftomach, while alive, an.d
taking out the gall-bladder, cut off his
head, lo convince the more favage pur-
chafer he has not deceived him. In cafe
fhe affaflin does not perform his engage
ment in the limited time, he Is obliged
to kill himfelf, his wife, or child, that
his employer may take out the gall of
the unhappy viaim. The Laos would
'uc ail almoft faulilefs people, and frei;
from reproach, could this horrid and
cruel praaice be once rooted out of th".:
country. The food of the Laos confifts
of rice, fifli, divers kinds of legumes,
and fhe flefli oi liufl'alocs. They feldom
eat veal or pOii.ltry. The Laos wear
gowns clofe lo their bodies. They ^0
with their feet bate, and the head com
monly uncovered. Their hair is clipped
round, and fliort, excepting one lock on
the temples, which is left lo grow and
run thrnigU holes raid-- in the ears for
tLiC

LA O

LAP

that purpofe. The Laos approve of
having only one wife ; and fay that a
man ought not to marry any more : but
they make their female flaves fubjea to
their pleafure, maintaining great num
bers of them, according to- their quality,
as vyell for the fake of indulging fheir
paffipns as for grandeur. Their mar
riages are performed in this manner .
they choofe out the oldeft married couple
they can find, who have lived in perfea
agreement together, and promife before
them to follow their example fill death.
But they often feparate and marry oth
ers. When any of their relations die,
they make a feaft, vvhich lafts a month ;
and celebrate the funeral with great mag
nificence. The corpfe is put in a coffin,
daubed over with a kind of bitumen.
They employ great part of their time in
repeating certain hymns, adapted to fhe
occafion ; by means pf which the fpul,
as they fay, is taught the way to heaven,
to the end it might not ftay in thofe un
known reglpns. After this ceremony fhe
relations think no more of the defuna,
nor ever name him : becaufe, according
to the doarine of fhe franfmlgratlon,
whicli is received In this country, fhey
believe the foul is gone to the place def-
tined for it, and confequently belongs no
longer to them. The language of the
Laos or Lanjans, as well as their char
aaer, are much the fame with thofe of
the Slamefe ; who, they fay, have had
the art of writing, and their facred lan
guage, from them l but they cannot
prpnpunce the letters L and iR. They
write pn fhe leaves of trees, like the Pe-
guers and Malabars ; but matters relat
ing to civil affairs are Infcribed on a
fort of coarfe paper, with earthen pins.
The religion of the Lanjans, and proba
bly of all tlie Laos, is nearly the fame
with that vvhich prevails in all the coun
tries coniprif-.-i "n the Farther Peninfula
of the Indies. They lived a long time
in form :>x a republic, and obferved the
laws of nature, rather than thofe of the
Chlncfi.', their nci-'-hhours, which they,
in part, followed, L-K:.'"ore they had kings,
and were fubjea lo their, empire. The
worfliip of images was formerly un
known lo them, , The open fky v^as
their femple ; and they adored one be
ing, whom fhey efteemed above all things
under the name of commander. Pref-
ently after the difclples of Shaka arrived
In this kingdom, the Lanjans faw them
felves furrounded with temples confecrat-
•<J to idols, and prietU named l^lapoy,

defUried to their fervice. The king of
Laos is an abfolute Independent prlncd',,
and acknowledges no fuperior, either in
temporal or fpiritual affairs. The prop- ,
erty of lands lies wholly in him, who-
difpofes at pleafure of tlie eft'cas bolong-
ing to- his fubjeas ; nor can any family
in the kingdom iiiherit or poffefs any
thing left them, by will.
Laphao, a town on the N coaft of the
iflarid of Timor, in fhe Eaftern Indian
Sea, ialiabited by Portug-uefe or defcend-
ants of Portuguefe, fituated at the bot
tom of a bay, and containing a church,
and about 60 houfes . fhe inhabitants-
are of a copper colour, with black hair ;
fome trade is carried on with Batavia ;
fome Chinefe junks and vefl'els from Goa
vifit this port, which is only fafe front
March fo Auguft ; at all other times^
frequent hurricanes render the harbour
unfafe. Lapitha, an extenfive village of Cyprus,
the garden c^f fhe ifland. [Mariti.]
Lapland,, a. country,, fituated in the
northern part of Europe, belonging fo
Sweden, liounded on the N by fhe fea,
on the E by the Ruffian government of
Archangel, fonnerly a part of Lapland,
on the S by Sweden and Bothnia, and
on the W by Norway ; according to the
moft moderate compulation 450- miles in
length, and 300 in breadth. This couur
try is very thinly peopled in proportion
toils extent, which muft be Imputed fo
fhe iiiany inconveniences arifing from
the climate, fpil, &c. This country, at
firft fight, makes but an uncouth and
difagreeable appearance, being full of,
rocks and mountains, fens and moraffes,
barren heaths, and fandy deferts. Be
fides fhefe inconveniences, the long and
fevere winters, the cold dark and tedious
winter nights, together with the vaft
depth of fnow that covers this defolate
region, feem fufiicient to deter every liv
ing creature from fixing his abode here.
The heat of fummer generates fuch
fwarms of gnats and flies, as darken the
Iky, and obfcure fhe light of the fun.
But notwithftanding aU thefe difadvan-
fages, nature has beftowed on this dreary
region feveral conveniences, which recon
cile the inhabitanls to their native coun
try. Corn will grow in Lapland ; and -
there are more dry than fwampy fpots,
amidft its rpcks and fandy plains ; nor is
it '.vithout loofe arid clayey foils. When
the fummer heats are fet in, the earth Is
here fooner purified, and the moifture ex
haled, than in other places ; fothat grafs and

LAP

LAP

¦and vegetables fpring up, and the -land
is tilled, vvhere, a few weeks before, vvin
ter appeared with all Ils horrors. Grafs
will grow in moft parts of the country, if
it be duly cultivated. Lapland abounds
in variety of beafts, birds, and fifties. The
furs and Ikins of bears, wolves, beavers,
otters, martens, elks, wild and tame rein
deers, hyenas, ermines, hares, fquirrels ;
.black -red and white foxes, &c. bring a
great, deal of moneyinlo the country. The
peails fpund iu the Lapland rivers are
remarkably valuable ; and fwans, geefe,
and fea-fowl, unknown in olher countries,
are found here ; efpecially in the fouth
ern parts of Lapland. In the vallies and
along the banks of lakes and rivers, pine,
fir, birch, juniper, willow, afp, elder, and
other trees are obferved to thrive ; and
a moderate plenty of vvliplef6me vegeta-
tles, berries, flpwers, grafs, and Pther
herbs, are produced in this comilry.
'The woods of pine-trees, which grow
here, are more fervlceable ihanorchards ;
that beneficial tree, befides feveral other
ufes fo vvhich it is applied, being an ef-
fential pait of the fpod of the inhabit
ants : for a labouring man, who feeds on
"bread made of the pounded bai-k pf the
pine-tree, preferves himfelf in health
and vigour, witliout feeling .his ftrength
in fhe leaft impaired by It. The moun
tains are of a prodigious height and ex
tent in this country, apd it appears on
trial that they are rich in ores and foffils,
fuch as roek-cryftals, purple amefhifts,
topazes, loadftones, quickfilver, -native
cinnabar, &c The Lapps were origin
ally one peopie with the Finns. The
Laplanders are a furprifing inftance,that
a whole 'people can fubfift contentedly
without pjoughing, fowing, or planting,
without fpirinlng'or weaving, brewing pr
baking ; and ,withpuf hpufes pr farms.
They employ themfelves in feeding of
herds, whicli is the moft innocent, ,and
ancient occupation in the worlcl ; and as
tlieir lot is eaft in a country where win
ter eiigroffcs the greateft part ofthe year,
and confequently renders it impofUble
for them to provide a -fufficient quantity
of hay or fodder for great herds of cat
tle, to laft the whole year, the bountiful
Creator has beftowed on them a fpecies
pf animals, that require Uttle or no trou
ble 10 provide for. This is the rein-deer,
vyhich of all tame animals requires the
lead attendance, and procures the great
eft profit and advantage to ils owners,
Thefe creatures provide for thenifelves,
ffteding ia fummer on leaves, mofs, and

grafs, of which ,they meet with as muck
as fuffices even among the mountains ;
and In winter they live on a fort of mofs,
vvhich grows in every part of Lapland.
They come at this mofs by fcfaping away - '
the fnow with their feet ; thefe animals
eafily find the fpot where it is to be found
by unerring inftina. During a journey
of feveral days vvith a rein-deer, the only
trouble a traveller is at. Is either to turn
them loofe or tie them to a tree, where
the quantity of food they eat at a time
does not exceed a handful. They have
no occafion to houfe the rein-deer, as
they alvvays lie out in the open air wilh
out any Iiiconveniency ; and when there
is no danger from -beafts .of prey, they
turn them loofe inlo the woods ; but
when they are under any apprehenfion
of danger from that quarter, the rein
deer are watched by the Lapland herdf
men. In winter fhe Laplander makes
ufe of tlie rein-deer in travelling, ,Its flefli
either frefli or dried, is his chief food ;
and his clothing, from head to foot, con
fifls of this animal's fkin. He alio ex
changes fome of his rein-deer for fummer
clothes and a lent, vvhich ferves inftead
of a houfe. The rein-deer alfo fupplies
his owner with a bed ; arid both vvinter
and fummer, with good ipjlk and excel
lent cheefe. Of the iiileftines and ten
dons, he makes thread and cordage ; and
fhe bones and horns the fuperftitious
Laplander offeis to his idols. In a word,
the rein-deer is every tiling to,a Lapland
er, fo that by the lofs of thefe ufeful an
imals he is entirely ruined. In fummer
fhey buy thi^ir fait from the Norwegians ;
and in the winter time they purchafe it
of the burghers. T-obacco Is not verv
rare among them.; but Is fold at a high
price. None of the women have any
hand in dreffing the viauals ; that being
fhe oflSce of the mafter of the houfe, af
fifted by his fervants. They never omit
faying grace before and after meat, nor
to fliake one another by the hand before
fhey rife from the table. Their drink 1$
chiefly water. Marriages among the
Laplanders depend wholly on the pleaf
ure of the parents, who pay no manner
of regard to the difpofition of their chil
dren. They feem to difapprove of mar
riages among relations, and even intimate
friends ; and polygamy has never obtain
ed among them either in ancient or mod
ern times. The Laplanders are general
ly of a brovvn and fwarthy complexion,
which feems the neceffary confequence
of thei? fordid way pf living, aud beiii" iZ

LAP

LAR

fo mu'ch in the fmoke and expofing them
felves in all weathers. They aVe of a
raiddUng ftature. The change of drefs is
unkriown among them. Though the in
habitants of all the Swedifli Lapmarks
profefs the Chriftian reUgion ; yet in
many parts fuch grofs ignorance and er
rors prevail, as have but very little tinc
ture of Chriftianity ; the only fign of it
confifting in their being baptized, and
caUing themfelves by the name of Chrift-
i&fis. What reriders them extremely te
nacious of their Pagan rites and cuftoms,
is the high idea fhey entertain of fheir
anceftors, ^ looking upon v,-hafever they
did as reafonabic, juft, and commendable.
As to their mythology, fhey term the Su
preme God and Sovereign of all things,
arid of good fpirits, Jubriel ; and fhe
prince or chief of fhe evil fpirits they
call Perkmel, But as they attribute to
an evil fpirit, an equality of power with
God, It is no wonder fhat, like other Pa
gans, they fhould endeavour lo obtain
the favour of this evil being, and render
him propitious, that he may not hurt or
annoy them, Thor or Ajike fhey look
upon as a kind of God that is both a good
and an evil being at fhe fame time. Be
fides thefe and fome olher deities, they
likewife have a great many demi-gods.
As for images, they make them both of
wood and ftone ; but fhey pay the great
eft reverence fo the latter fprt. They
generally bring the horns and bones of
their rein-deer to the altar of offerings.
When the Laplanders come within fighc
of the place where the idol ftands, fhey
uncover themfelves, make bows, and
creep on their hands and feet to the
ftones, where they make their offerings.
It is nol uncommon among ihem, fome
times to mingle feveral Chriftian rifes,
with their magical fuperftitious praaices.
'Fhe Lapps, In general, acknowledge the
king of Sweden for their rightful fove
reign ; though fome of them pay tribute
to Denmark and Ruffia, as at certain
times of the year, they pitch their tents,
&c. within the dominions of thofe 'crowns.
However, they conform to fhe Swedifli
laws, attend the celebration of divine fer
vice in Swedifli churches, and apply to
the Swedifli ccmrts of judicature all over
I.,apland. Lapland is divided into 7
provinces or Lapmarks, whicli derive
their name from the places of note in
Nordland, in whofe neighbourhood they
lie, viz. Jamtland, Afcle, Umea, Pitca,
Lulea, Tornea, and Kitnii. There are

neither towns, nor any fixed or meafured
miles in any pf fhe Lapmarks,
Lar, or Laar, a fown oi Perfia, and cap
ital of the province of Larlftan, fituated
between mountains in a fandy foil : the
houfes are low, aud each accompanied
with a garden ; it contains fome bazars,
""cveral niofques, a caftle on a rocIc,and a
palace, where the governor refides. The
Jews refide in a quarter by themfelves^
and carry on a manulaaure of filk ; and-
tlic Dutch have a faaory here : in the
environs are plantations of oranges, tam
arinds, and dates ; and not far irom the
city, at the foot of a inountain, is foBnd
the fubftance called Mummy : 53 leagues
SSE Schiras and 40 W Ormus, lon. 52
45 E, lat. 27 20 N,
Laracha, a ftrong town in the kingdom
of Fez, feated at the mouth of a river of
fhe fame name,.with a good harbour. It
was once in the poficffion of the Span
iards, but the Moors look it from theni,
lon, 5 59 W, lat 35 40 N, , ^
Laredo, a feaport of Spain, province of
Bifcay, with a good harbour, in a gulf to
which it gives name : 20 miles E Santaii-
der, ten, 3 53 W, lat 43 27 N.
Larei, a fmall ifland in fhe Perfiaa
Gulf : the foil is bad, and the water
brackifli. The Dutch attempted to fet
tle a faaory here, but were prevented by
the Perfians : 4 leagues SSE Ga-mbron,'
Larino, a town pf Naples, and provinc?
of Capitanata, the fee pf a bifliop, on the
confines pf MpUfe : 2? miles iN E Mo
life, Lariffa, A tovvn, capital of ThelTaly, on
iliC Peneus, near the celebrated mountain
Olympus, inhabited by C liriftians, lurks,
and Jews, the former lia\'c an archbifhop-
and feveral churches. The Turks have
feveral mofques. "Fhe fituation is pieaf.
ant, on a riling ground. The Turks call
it Cenifahar, pr Jing-ifhahir : 308 milcs
W S W Conftantinople, and 220 S W
Adrianople, l,on. 22 47 E, lat. 39 45 N.
Larifian, a province of Perfia, at one
time an indeprndeiit kingdniii, under the
defcendents of Kofrocs, king of Perfia ;
bounded S by Uie Perfian Gulf, W by
Farfiftan. The air is unwholefome, and
varies often frcm extreme heat to fudden
cold ; gcoci water is fcarce. That in gcii-
eial found in the couiifry is faid to breed
worms in the legs and thighs of tlioic
who drink it. The principal trade of the
inhabitants is in camels. Lar is the cap
ital. Larnic, a feaport pn theS cpaft of the
Illand

LAS

L A U

lltand of Cyprus ; the fee of a Greek
bifliop, and the refidence of feveral Eu
ropean confuls. 1'heTurkshave amofqiie,
and the Greeks 3 churches. In Larnic,
or rather in the whole ifland of Cyprus,
there are people belonging to fix Euro
pean nations; French, Englifli, Tufcans,
Neapolitans, Venetians, and Ragufans,
each have their refpeaive conful, except
fhe Tufcans ; fhefe are under the pio-
teaion of the Englifli conful, who is hon-
ttred even with the title of vice conful of
Tufcany. There are here alfo Imperlal-
ifts, Danes, Swifs, Dutch and Genoefe ;
but as all thefe haye long-ceafed to carry
ou commerce by themfelves, they entruft
their commifHons to correfpondents,
whom they have amongft the olher na
tions eftabliflied in this ifland : the hou- I
fes are one ftory high ; fome for their I
richnefs and grandeur may be confidered ,
palaces. Churches, mofques, and olher [
public buildings are of ftone. The town
is pleafant, the country round not very
fertile : 10 leagues S "W Famagofta, [Mariti,]
, Larrybundar, a feaporf of Hindoofta"ii
Proper, at the mouth of a branch of the
Indus called fhe Larrybundar, with a har
bour cap,ible of receiving fliips of 200
tons burden. It is 5 or 6 leagues from
the fea ; it confifts of 100 mud houfes,
with a large ftone fori, and 4 or 5 cannon,
Larvigen,or Le<ur'ivigen,A feaport of Nor
way, in the diocefe cf Chriftiania, and
capital of a county lo which It gives
name, fituated at the conflux of 2 rivers
near the fea. It is a place of cpnfidera
ble tradi;, and its iron wprks are reckoned
fome of the moft valuable in Norway ;
55 miles SSW Chriftiania, lon, 10 15 E,
laf. 59 3 N.
Lafnebourgh, A fpwn pf Savoy, in the
county -of iMaurienne, on the Arc,af the
foot of Mount Cenis, the paffage of which
is the principal fupport of the inhabit
ants. The fun is hidden from the inhab
itants of this town by the mountain dur
ing 2 months of the year : so miles N
N W Sufa.
Lajfla, A city of Afia, and capital of
Grea't Thibet, in D'Anville's chart of Thi
bet, called Tanker ; major Rennel fays,
much confufion arifes from the applica
tion of fo many ditrc-rcnt names to this
capital of Thibet. It Is npt large, but
the houfes arc pf ftone, fpacious and lof
ty. .So'cn miles on the F. fide of the city,
is the mountain pf Puiala, on the fummit
ol whicli is the palace of the grand Lama,
the high prieft and fovereign of "Fhibet ;

220 miles N E Patna, lon. 91 30 E, lat.
30 35 N.
Lafires, A feaporf town and cape of
Spain, on the N coaft of Afturia : 30
miles N E Oviedo, lat. 43 33 N.
Latakia, A feaport of Afia in Syria, built
by Seleucus Nicanor, who called II 'L,ioJi-
cea, the name of his mother ; fituated at
the bafe, and on the fouthern fide of a
fmall peninfula, which projeas half a
league into the fea. Anciently If was a
place of great magnificence, afterwards it
was reduced, and near the eiTd of the laft
century revived again. Its port, like alt
the others on this coaft. Is a fPrt of bafon,
environed by a mole, the entrance of
which is very narrow. It might contain
25 or 30 veffels, but the Turks have fuf
fered it fo to be choaked up, as fcarcely
to admit 4, Ships of above 400 fons can
not ride fhere, and hardly a year paffes
that one is not ftianded in the entrance;
notwithftanding this, Latakia carries on a
very great commerce, confifting chiefly
of tobacco, of which upwards of 20 car
goes are annually fent to Damietta ; rice
is received in return, vvhich is bartered in
Upper Syria for oils and cottpiis : 50
miles S Aniipch,and 80 S W Aleppo, ten.
34 30 E, lat, 35 ,0 N, [Shaw, Maun
drell,] Lavagna, a feaport pf Genoa, af the
mouth of a river of the fame name: 14
miles W N W Brugneto
Laval, A city of France, and capital of
the department of the Mnycnrc, on the
river iMayenne, containing 18 or 20,000
fouls. Here are feveral m -.i.ul'aaures pf
linen in the lovi-n and environs, which
form a very confiderable commerce :
lon, o 14 E, lat 48 4 N,
Laval, A town pf France, department
pf the Lpzerre ; 3 leagues N W Lan-
gogne, Lavamund, a town pf Carinthia, on the
Drave, the fee of a bifliop, 24 miles E
Clagcnfurt, and 40 W Marburg, lat. 46
46 N.
Lavaur, a town of France, department
of the Tarn, 6 leagues N E "I'ouloufie,
lon. I 52 E, lat. 43 42 N.
Laubach, a fown of the Upper Rhine;
40 mfles N E Mentz, lat. 50 22 N,
L.xuban, or Ltiban, A tn\-yn of Lufatia,
on the river Quiel's, furrounded by a Wall
and fonic baftions. The Inhabitants car
ry on a confiderable trade i.i cloth aud
linen : 6i milcs E Drefelen, and y* N N
F. Prague.
Lauder, a town of Scotland, county Of
Berwick, on the Leader. In the reign of
James

L A U

L A U

James III, the Scotch nobility, enraged at
she condua of the riilnlfters, i of whom,
from a niafon, had been created earl of
Mar, being fummoned -by fhe king fo
meet at Lauder, to confult on the/means
of repelling an invafion, before they pro
ceeded Ip bufinefs, feized the earl pf Mar,
and his affociales, and hung them over
a bridge in fhe fight of. the king and bis
army : 24 miles W Berwick, and 19 S E
Edinburgh. Lauenberg, a town of Lower Saxony,
on the right coaft of the Elbe. Here is a
toll on the Elbe : 30 miles S E Hamburg,
and 48 S S W Lubeek.
Lavenbam, or Lanham, A town of Eng
land, county of Suffolk. The principal
trade is making wpUen yarn : 63 miles
NNE London.
Lavenfem, or Laiqenfein, a town of
Franconia, and principality of Culmbach.
Near it is a copper mine : 14 miles N W
LIchtenherg. ,
Lauffen, A town of Bavaria : 11 miles
NNW Salzburg, and 26 N E Kuffftein,
lat. 47 54 N. ^
Lauffen, A village and caftle of Swiffer
land, which gives name to a bailiwick,
cantoii of Zurich, near the Rhine, where
is a celebrated cataraa : z\ miles below
Schaffhaufen, Lauffen, a town of Germany, in the cir
cle of Swabia, and duchy of Wurtem
berg, on the Neckar, formerly Imperial :
16 miles N Stutgard, and 4 S Heilbron,
laf. 49 I N,
Lauffenburg, one of fhe four foreft
towns of Auftrian Swabia, the head place
of an ancient county, and a fortified
town, fituated on both fides of the river
Rhine, over which is a bridge. At this
place is a fall In the river Rhine : 26
miles W Schaffhaufen, and 18 E Bale, laf.
47 36 N. , ^
Laugbi (Le,) A fief of Piedmont, vvhich
takes its name from a mountain.
Laviana, A town of Naples : 27 miles
E Salerno.
Lavigen, A town of Nprway : 24 miles
N Drpntheim.
Lauingen, a tPwn pf Bavaria, on the
Danube : 22 miles N £ Ulm, lat. 48 34
N. Lavington, A town pf Wilts, England,
16 miles NNW Salifbury.
Launcefion, or Dunheved, a town of Corn
wafl, England, where the winter affizes
are held. Anciently furrounded with
walls. It fends 2 niembers to pariiament ;
41 miles W Exeter.
Laiinoy, a town of France, department

of Ardennes : 3 leagues and a half S S "W
Mezieres. Lavonia, a town of Naples ; 8 milet
W S W Rofano.
Lavora, A province of Naples, bounded
W by the Mediterranean arid the Cam
pagna di Roma ; about 140 milcs ip
length, and 33 where broadeft. It is pop
ulous and fertile, yielding abundance of
corn, wine, oi|, and other produaions of
Italy. Anciently, it was called Campania,
and, in the middle ages. The Cafellany of
Capua. The population in 1789 was
computed af 1,210,989 fouls ; thefe with
400,000 in Naples, give 878 inliabitants
to every Neapolitan fcjuare mile. The
foil is remarkably fertile, and well cullir
vated. The produce is corn, hemp, flax,
and clover. The laft is fown about chrift
mas, is twice cut, and ploughed up hy
the laft of May. Vines, mulberry, and
other fruit trees are common. Naples is
the capital. [,Scott,]
Laupen, a town of Swifferland, canton
; of Bern, fhe principal place of a baili
wick. It was once imperial. If Is fitu
ated at the conflux of the Sanneu and
Senfe : 5 miles S W Bern.
Laur, a river of Franconia, which runs
inlo the Saal, 3 miles, N Munilerftadf, iu
fhe bifliopric of Wurzburg.
Laurence Kirk, a town of Scolland,'In
the county of Kincardine. Manufac
tures of lawn, cambric, &c, have been
lately eftabliflied : 7 miles Bervie,
Laufanfie, a tOivn of Swfifl'erland, can;
ton of Beriie about half a league from
fhe Lake of Gerieva, It is the largeft
town in the country of Vaud, and is pret- ,
ty well buflt, on a very uneven traa of
land, formed by 3 fmall hills, and contains
7000 Inhabitants. It was once a repub-|
lie, but Is now fubjea tP Berne, whofe
Bailiff governs, being appointed by the
Senate, once in 3 years. In one ftreet
the inhabitants have the liberty of ac
quitting or copdemnlpg one of their own
body in affairs of life and death. Each
man has a vote. Houfes fell better here
fhan in any part of the town Ils laws
were reduced to a regular code in 1368,
under the title of placitum generals, or fhe
general wlfl. Pierre "Viret Introduced a
reformation In the year 1536, which ex
tended through the .vvhole country of
Vaud. If became celebrated for the
council held herein 1448, In which Felix
V refigned the pontificate, in order to
give peace te the church. An academy
was eftabllfhed here in 1537, and a col-'
lege in fhe year 1540. "Fihe air is very
pure

LAY

L E B

pure arid healthy ; there is plenty of ex
cellent water. In a word, every necefla
ry of life is here found in the greateft
abundance, 41 mUes S WBerne, lon, 6 50
h, lat, 46 33 N. [Moor, Addifon, Bo
wen.] Laut, an Ifland in the Eaftern Indian
Sea, In the Straits of ^lacaffar, near the
S £ coaft of the ifland of Borneo, ton.
116 15 Ii, lat. 2 45 S.
Laijtir, A river of France, which runs
irito the Rhine, at Lauterbnurg, defended
with lines, whicli were forced by the
Auftrians in Oaober, 1793,
Lauterberg, A towii of Lower Saxony,
in the Hartz foreft, near which are mines
and^forges of copper and- iron : 14 miles
S Goflar. Lautcrbrunn, a valley in the canton erf
Berne, of about 5 leagues in circumfer
ence, celebrated for its piaurefque and
romantic feenery ; a beautiful cataraa,
magnificent glaciers, rocks of calcarious
ftone and granite, and mines of iron and
lead : il takes ils name from a village : 6
miles S luterlacken,
Lauterburg, a town of France, depart
ment of the Lower Rhine, on the Lau
tcr, taken by the Auftrians in Oaober,
1793 ; 4 leagues and an half S Landau,
and 9 and a half N N E Stralburg, lat, 49 N,
Lautern, a town of the Lower Rhine.
Here are a caftle, and three churches for
Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvln
ifts, each one. Il gives name to a duchy.
This tpwn was taken by the trpops of
the French Repiibllc, in December, 1793.
In jVIay, 1794, the republican trpops were
furprifed In their entrenchments near this
tovvn, and defeated wilh confiderahle lofs,
by the Auftrians, under marefchal Mol-
lendorf, 24 miles N W Landau, anil 1 7
ENE Deux Ponts, lat. 49 25 N.
Lawa, A town of the ifland of Borneo,
on a river pf the fiime name, ten. no 24
E, lat. o 40 N.
Lawer Kirk, a town of Scotland, coun
ty of Perth, 15 miles S E George "Fpwn.
Lawers, A rivcr pf the United Nether
lands, which feparates Grpuingen from
Weft Friefland, and runs into the fea, 10
miles £ from Doekum.
Laxey Bay, about the center of the E
coaft of the Ifle of Man, in the Irifli fea ;
a fafe flielter from wefterly winds, in
from 7 lo 10 fathoms water : the cape
al the fouthern extremity is called Laxey
Point. Laybacb, a town of Carniola, on a nav
igable river, of the fame name ; 28 milcs
N E Triefte.

Lazaretto, A fmall ifland in the Medi*-
terranean, near the N coaft of the ifland
of Candy, ufed hy fhe Venetians for the
purpofe of a lazaretto, but npw defertedL
it is not far frpm Canea.
Lea, A river pf England, whicli falls in
to the Thames, a little betew London.
Leachlade, or Lechlade, A town of Glou
cefter, England, ou fhe Thames : a canal
from the Severn joins the Thames, near
tbis town : 29 miles E S E Gloucefter,
and 77 W London.
Leadhilts, A village in Lanerkfliire, fitu
ate among the mountains of Clydefdale^
and faid lo be the higheft human habita
tion in Great Britain. Here refide many
hundreds of miners, with their families.
Theft- miners, though, in a great meafure,
excluded from fociety by their fituation,
pay great attention to the cultivation of
the mind, and have provided a circulat
ing library for the inftruaion and amufe
ment of tlie little community betenging
to the viUage.
Leao-tong (Gulf of) or Yelloiv Sea, il
large gulf of the Chinefe Sea, between lbs
peninfula of Corea and China ; about 400
miles from N to S, and from 100 to 250
E to W, lat. 34 45, to 41 N.
Leao-tong, or Chen-yang, one of the three
departments of E Chinefe Tartary, o?
country of the Mantchew Tartars, Vvho
hence entered and conquered China, k
is bpunded on the S by the great wall of
China and the gulf of Lea-long; and en
clofed on tbe E, N and W by a palifade,
conftruaed of ftakes'7 feet high, without
either bank of earth or ditch. Chen-yang
is the capital.
Leaiherhead, A town in Surry, England.
Here is a bridge of many arches over the
river Mole, 18 miles S S W of London.
Leatherf^water, called alfo Wythburn, or
Tljirlmere water, A fiue lake of Cumber
land, which lies S by E of Kefu-ick. It
begins at the fopf pf Mpunt Hclwellyn,
which it flcins fpr the fpace pf 4 miles,
receiving numerous torrents that defcend
from the mountains. The fingular bsauT
ty of this lake is its being almoft inter
feaed in the middle by two peninfulas,
that are joined by a bridge. Its outlet
joins the rapid river Gieeta, at New
Bridge, and thus has a communication
with the lake of Derwentwater.
Leawava, a fcaport on the E coaft of
the ifland of Ceylon, which yields a great
deal of fall, ten. 83 15 E, lat, 6 40 N.
Lebeda, an ancient feaport of the king
dom of Tripoli, with a good harbour, and
an old caftle. It is fealed on the Medi
terranean,

LEE

LEE

terranean, 85 miles E of Tripoli, ten, 14
50 E, lat, 32 50 N.
Lebrixa, Or Lebrija, a fown of .Spain,
iri Andalufia, fituated formerly on a
branch of the Gaudalquiver, which being
now choked up, the town is 2 leagues
from the river. It has a caftle, which
marks fome appearance of antiquity
to the place. In the environs are pro
duced olives, from which is obtained
fome of the beft oil In Spain : 20 miles S
Seville. Lebus, A town of Upper Saxony, Bran
denburg, on the Oder, being 1200 paces
in length, though formerly much larger,
and containing about 14,000 inhabitants,
with three churches. This town has been
frequently facked. It lies low, among
hills, fo thai it cannot be feen at one
view, and makes but a mean appearance,
5 miles N Frankfort on the Oder, and 7
SSW Cuftrin,
Lecafello, a town of Genoa : 23 miles
N E Genoa.
Lecce, A town of Naples, province of
Otranto, the fee of a bifliop. The wool
produced In the environs of this place
was formerly much celebrated ; the coun
try yields abundance of almonds and ol
ives. If contains befides the cathedral,
three parifli churches, and feveral con
vents. It is the refidence of the govern
or, 192 miles E Naples, lat. 40 38 N.
Lecci, A town of Corfica, 5 miles N
Porto Vecchio. ,
Leceo, A town of Milan, on the lake
Homo, 14 miles E jf E Como.
Lech, A river which rifes In the Tyrol
efe, on the frontiers of the Grifons, and
runs Into the Danube, 5 miles below Do
nawert. LeHoure, A town of France, department
of the Gers, on a mountain, acceffible on
ly^ on one fide, near the Gers. It is de
fended by art as well as nature. Before
the revolution, it was the feat of a gov
ernor, and fee of a bifhop. The number
of. Inhabitants is about 4000 . 5 leagues
and a.half N Auch, lat. 43 56 N.
Ledbury, A fown of Hereford, England,
on a canal, navigable from Gloucefler to
Hereford ; i6 miles N W Gloucefter, and
123 W London.
Ledda, a village of Paleftine.
Leeds, A town of England, county of
York, on the river Aire, and on the great
canal, which is navigable from Liverpool.
Leedg has been a long time famous for
the woollen manufaaure, and is one of
the largeft and moft flourifliinj; towns in
the country. It contaius a Prefliyferian

meeting-houfe, called the New Chapel,
which Is the ftatelleft, if not the oldeft,
of that denomination In the N of Eng
land ; and In the town and its fuburbs
feveral other churches, and an infirmary.
If is noted for fome medicinal fprings.
Its increafe of building, in the year 1786,
was near 400 houfes. The manufaflure
and trade of Leeds are principally in
cloth, the market for whicli Is nol, per
haps, to be equalled In the world. At
about 6 o'clock In the fummer, and
about 7 in the winter, che market bell
rings ; upon which, in a few minutes,
without hurry, noife, or the leaft difor
der, the whole market is filled, all the
benches covered with cloth, as- clofe to
one another as the pieces can lie long
ways, each proprietor ftanding behind his
own piece. As foon as the beU has ceafr
ed ringing, the faaors apd buyers of all
forts enter the hall, and walk up and
down between the rows, as their occa
fions direa. When they have pitched
upon their cloth, they lean over fo the
clothier, and by a vvhifper, in tbe feweft
words imaginable, the price Is ftated ;
one aflcs, the other bids, and they agree
or difagrce In a moment. In a Uttle more
than an hour all the bufinefs is done, ib
or 2o,oool, worth of cloth, and fomeliraes
more, are bought and fold with a whif-
per only ; the laws of the market here
being more ftriaiy obferved than at any
place in England. On account of the
trade, the rivers Aire and Calder were
made navigable, at the expenfe of feve
ral private merchants, without caUing Ib
the afliiftance of the nobility and gentry.
By this means a coriimunl cation was
opened from Leeds arid Wakefield to
York and Hull. Other trade has become
very confiderable fince the opening of
the above navigation, which is the car
riage of coals from Wakefield and Leeds ;
near both which places they have inex.,
hauftible ftores. 'iThefe are carried quite
down into the Oufe, and then either go
up fhat river to York, or down to the
Humber, where the Trent and Oufe meet
together, and which In a few miles falls
info the fea, 24 miles S W York, and 191
W London.
Leegettan, a fmall ifland in the Eaftern
Indian Sea, near the E coaft of the illand
of Borneo, lon. n8 20 E, lat. 3 30 N.
Leek, a town of Stafford, iEngland, in
the iicighbc.irhood pf coal mines : 36
miles 3 Manchefter.
Leerdam, a town of Hplland, nn the
river Linghe ; which gave title pf count to

LEG

LEI

to the noble houfe of Egmont, and after
wards to that of Nall'au : ii miles S
Utrecht, and 26 S Amfterdam, lat. 51
55 N.
Leers, or Liers, A town of Weftphalia,
4 miles N Liege.
Leeuwe, A town of Brabant, on the riv
er Geetc, in the midft of a morafs ; it
Was formerly a place to which the fove
relgns of the country fent thofe they ban
iflied, 20 miles W N W Liege, and 25 1.
Brufl'els. Lcfli, a town of NatoUa. In the neigh
bourhood is a convent, In which a Greek
bifliop refides, 16 milcs S E Ifnik.
Leghi, A town of Yemen . 56 miles £ N
E Aden.
Leghoi^it, A city and feaporf of Tufca
ny, handf ime, buf not large, and built in
the modern tafte, fo regular that both
gates are feen from fhe market place. In
terfeaed with many canals, il is called
Neiv Venice. The canals cut in feveral
parts about the town have rendered the
marflies fit for culture, and, in fome meaf
ure, diffipal'cd the noxious effluvia, though
' the air cannot ftill be deemed perfeaiy
healthy. Frefli water is fo fcarce that it mull
be brought from Pifa. The city, befides
its good fortifications, has two fmall fol¦t^
towards the fea, and a citadel on the lan^l
fide. "The number of iis inhabitants is
computed at 50,000, among whom are
upwards of 15,000 Jews, vvho live in a
particular cjuarter of the city, have a
handfome fynagogue, and fchools ; and,
though fubjea to very heavy impofts,
are in a thriving condition, the greateft
part of the commerce of this city going
through their hands. "Fhe generality ot
the Greeks and Armenians fettled liere
aclciiowledge the pope's fupremacy, and
each have their pecuUar church The;
free Turks and the Turkifli flaves have a
mofque, but the Proteftants are not per
mitted the public exercife of their reUg
ion, the Englifli excepted, vvho, by being
of all foreign nations, the beft cultomers
to Leghorn, areallovvedtoh,ave a chaplain,
Other Proteftants make ufe pf chaplains
of fliips. Proftitules live In a particular
quarter, conlifliiiig of feveral ftreets. The
trade of Leghorn is very confiderable,
being greatly promoted by the freedom
of its port. The harbour is divided in
to fhe PUtWcird and inward ; the lalter
fcrves only for the 4 or 5 gailies, kept by
the duke ; which are fometimes fent to
fea a,B;ainft the Corfairs, under the com
mand of a knight of St. Stephen. The
outward harbour is formed by a mole, or
Vol. II, Y y

dam, 60P common paces in lenglh, well
paved, and with a partition wall In the
middle, by which, at any time, fhe {hip
ping are flieltered from the wind on one
fide. 'Fhis mole ferves alfo for a prom-
onade. The harbour Is too fliallow for
large Ihips, which, on this account, lie out
of the mole, moored to pillars and large
iron rings ; but, by this means, are in
fome refpeas fafer than in the harbour
itfelf _ The road, fpr a mile or two fea-
ward, is very good, fhough with no fecu
rity againfl winds, or corfairs. The Ught-
houfe, where, every night, 30 burnipg
lamps are contained in one lantern, ftands
on a fingle rock, in the fea ; and not far
from it, on the main land, is the lazaret
to, where quarantine Is performed by
perfons and goods coming from places
fufpeaed of Infeaion. Leghorn is a
bifliop's fee, with an Inquifition, buf has
power only over Roman Catholics, and
in no olher cafes than thofe of relig
ion : In June 27, 1796, this city was tak
en by the French : 47 miles W S W
Florence, and 140 N N W Rome, lon. xo
17 E, lat. 43 32 N.
Lehfien, A town of -Upper Saxony, cel-
cbrrited for quarries of flate : 1 7 miles N
E Coburg. Leicefier, an ancient town of England,
capital of the county to which It gives
name, on the Spar. It Is large, vvell built,
and populous, containing 5 churches, a
Roman Catholic chapel, and other places
of vvorfliip. The market, abounds with
every fpecies of good living, and is, for
in inland town, remarkably well fuppli
ed with fifli. A parUament was heUl at
Leicefter In the reign of Henry V, when
the firft law was made for burning here
tics, 'fhis town derives great advantages
from Its manufaaures, particularly of
ftockings. A navigable canal Is lately
made from Leicefter to Loughborough.
Leicefter fends tvvo members fo parlia
ment : 27 miles NNE Coventry, and
98 N N W London.
iw(y{f/;/4i"r£-,a county of England,bound-
ed S by Northamptonfliire. It Is divid
ed inlo fix hundreds, which contain i»
niarket towns, and 200 pariflies. It Is a
county of agriculture rather than nianu-
r.iclure ; though in the article of ftock
ings the latter is confiderable. The breed
of large black draught horfes and horn
ed cattle, as well as of flieep, has beeu
long celebrated. The more beautiful the
form the hardier the animal is of every
kind. Nothing can fliow the high efti
mation their breed af flieep is held in,
clearer,

L E I

LEI

clearer, than the high prices they have
fetched lately af different fales. In the
year 1793, 130 ewes, the property of one
perfon, were fold, at an average, for 25
guineas each ; and at another fale, pne
bull and 4 cpws were fold fpr 331I.5S. 6d.
Four members are returned to parlia
ment. Leigblin, A decayed boropgh town of
Ireland, county pf Cartew, the fee of a
bifliop, 9 miles N E Kilkenny. .
Leightan, defert, a fown of Bedford, Eng
land, oa the Ouzel, 41 mites N W Lon
don. Leiningen, or Linange, A county of the
Upper Rhine, almoft furrounded by the
palatinate, and bordering on the bifli
oprlcs of Worms and Spire. The foil is
fertile In corn, frult^ and, wine : in the
foreft is plenty of game, with inines of
copper and iron, and quarries of Ihme.
Leiningen, A town In the above county,
II miles S W Worms, and 30 S Mcritz,
lat. 49 30 N.
Leinfier,the eaftern province pf Ireland,
which CPUtaibs 12 cpunfics,and includes
992 pariflies, pne archbifliopric, and 3
biflioprlcs. It is, in general, vvell culti
vated, apd enjoys a good air and foil, and
is the moft populous, containing the cap
ital and the feat of the government.
Leipfick, a ftrong city in the eleaorate
of Saxony, with a caftle, and a famous
univerfity. ^It carries on a great trade,
and has 3 great fairs every year, which
are celebrated throughout all Germany,
and laft a fortnight each. The inhabit
ants are about 40,000. 'Fhey have 6 Lu
theran churches, one for the Calvlnifts,
one for fhe Catholics. There are 6 hand
fome colleges betenging to the unlvrerfity,
befide the private colleges ; and the ex
change Is a fine ftruaure. Various forts
of manufaaures are carried on in this
town, gold, filver, filk, wool, and Unen
yarn, being worked here, in all manner
of ftuffs, velvets, flockings, clqths, and
Jinen. Here are houfes for dying filk,
riaking tapeftry and linen, and printing
GpftPii. In Leipfick are computed about
10 boolifelleps, 50 French and Italian mer
cantile and trading peopie, 150 wholefalc
dealers, above 250 retailers, and many
dealers in cloth. The circle contains 33
towns, and upwards of 1000 villages. It
is feated in a plain, between the rivers
Saale and Mulde, near fhe confluence of
the Ply-ije, the Elfter, aud the Barde, 40
miles N \¥" Drefden, lon. 12 25 E, iat, 51
19 N. [Hanway.]
Liith, a feaport in Edipburgfhife, on

fhe frith of Forth, 2 miles iN>if Edifs
burgli, of which it is the port. It is large
and populous, having 12,600 inhabitants,
and being fituate 611 both fides'of the
harbour. Is divided Into N and S Lcith.
The harbour is fecured by a noble ftone
pier, at the niouth of a little rivcr, called
the 'W'ater of Leith ; and is accommodat
ed with ail elegant draw bridge aud a
good quay. The commerce of Leith is
very confiderable ; arid the veil'tls em
ployed iji the I,ondoii trade, are, iu gen
eral, of a large fize ; but the largt ft fhips-
are thofe employed in the Greenland''
whale fifhery. "ifo Germany, Holland,
and the Baltic, are exported' lead, glafs'
ware, linen, woollen ftuffi's, and a variety
of other goods ; as alfo to the other coun
tries of Europe, the "W Indies, and Amer
ica, Ships of great fize are built at this
port ; and liere are feveral extenfive rope
walks, "rliere are alfo flouriiliing manu
faaures of bottle glafs, window glafs, and
cryftal ; a great carpet manufaaure, -a
foap work, and fome iron forges', "Fhere
are 3 churches in Leith, and an ancieut
hofpital for difabkd- feariien, lon, 3 7 W,'
lat, 56 0 N.
Liiimeriiz, t town of Eoheriiiaj on trie
Elbe, weU built and populous ; the fee 0?
' a bifliop. The circle to which it belongs,
pf the fame name, is fp fertile and line a'
cpunfry, as to have been called the Bo
hemian paradife ; e^iclufive of which, il is'
fupplied, by means of the river Elbe, with-
the produas of the reft of "the provinces
of the kingdom, and of other countries.
The wines called Padffalfy, is particular
ly famous,, and the warm mineral waters
of Toplltz are very whplefome. We al
fo find here tin and precious ftones. In-
. fhis circle are reckoned 89 feigniories,,
eftates, and feats : 28 miles NNW
Prague, and 34 S S E Drefden, lat, 50
25 N,
Leitrim, a county of Ireland, province
Connaught, liounded on the north by the
bay of Donegal. Tie northern parts are
mountainous but furnifli food for a great
number of young cattle; the fouthern
parts arc level, and the foil .fertile. The
linen manufaaure increafes pcpulalion,.
and the lands are in general well culti-*
vated. Some confiderable iron works
have lately been cflabUflied at Arigna.
This county abounds with lakes and
fmall rivers. Cirrick is the county towm
Leixfip, a town of Ireland,t:ountyof Kil
dare, on the Liffey. It has a noble caftle,
with large gardens, on one fide of which w
a fine waterfall, called tlie Salmon leap.
Near-

L E 1)1

LEO

¦JJcar It are the ruins office church and
caftle of Confy, ? miles W Dublin.
Leiit Pattan, a city of Hindooftan, con-
taiiiliig about 24,000 houfes. [iihore. K. R.]
Lemberg, or Leopold, a fown of Poland,
^capital of Galicia^ and united tp Auftria.
It is a large and opulent city, fortified in
the Politli manner, that is, only with tim
ber ; and lies low, on tlie banks of the
liver Peltew, which faoH after joins the
Bug, being furrounded with hills and
mountains which command the town. If
is the fee of a Popifli archbifhop, and like-
.wife of a Rufliiau and Arir.enian bifliop.
It carries on a confiderable trade, and has
a caftles, one within, apd another with
out its walls. The latter ftands on a
high hill, arid the Carmelite nionaftery,
which is fortified, may ferve for a citadel
to this caftle. )Ag.re is a magnificent cath
edral, feveral other churches, and a gym-
pafiuni, or feminary, an arfenal, a public
granary, and two Jewifli fchools: 72 miles
SSE Chelni, 156 E Cracow, and 300 S
S E IConigfberg, lon. 24 25 E, laf. 50 4 N.
Lemgo, A town of Weftphalia, Ori a
fmall river, near the Werra, divided into
.Old and New Town, each of whicli is
governed by Its refpeaive magiftrates :
47 milcs SSW Mindeo, lat. 52 6 N.
Lemlem, A country of Africa, in the in
ternal part of Negroland : 500 miles E S
E from Tombut,
Lemme (The,) a feaporf of Friefland,
fltuated -near the Zuyder Zee : 20 miles
S Lewarden, lat. 52 52 N.
Lemnitx, A town, pear Newftadt.
Lemnos, a celebrated ifland of the Ar
chipelago, now callecl Stalimene, fituate
riear fhe ftrait of GaUipoU. It Is above
^12 miles in circumfereuce according to
Pliny, who fays Ihat it is often fliadowed
tiy Mount Atlios, though at the diftance
of 87 miles. The poets made if facred
to Vulcan, whp vvas hence called Lemnius
Pater. Lemnos was alfo celebrated for
its labyrinth, of which, not a trace re-
maips ; and what hiftorians relate ef it
ferves only to excite, but not to gratify
curiofity. The modern Greeks entertain
the fame opinion of that earlh of Lemnos,
which is faid to have cured Plilteaeles,
and which Galen went tp examine. It is
never dug up buf on one particular day
of the year, and then with all the pomp
of ceremony. "iThis earth, called Terra
.'JiglUata, formed into fmall loaves, and
fealed with the grand fignior's feal, is then
difperfed over all Europe. The greateft
yiilues Ai< attributed to if ; and yet a

chymift can difcover nothing but a mere
clayey earth, Incapable of producing the
effeas that have been attributed to it.
Lemnos is fubjea to the "Furks ; but the
inhabitants arc almoft all Greeks,and very
induftriom. Its capital Is of the fame
name, and the fee of a Greek ardibifliop,
lon. 25 28 E, laf. 40 3 N.
Lemplfi, a defert country of Africa, in
habited by a fierce and barbarous people,
who rob tho caravans that pafs from Con-
flanlina and other towns towards Nubia,
ten. 9 E, lat. 26 .-lo.N.
Lena, a river of Riifl"ia, which rifes" lat.
50 20 N, in the government of Irkutflc,
and runs into the Frozen Ocean, lat.
73 N.
Ler.c,zicz, a to-vn of Poland, and capital
of a palatinate, now united to Pruffia, It
is furrounded with a wall and a moat,
.'ind is defended by a cafiie, vvhich ftands
on a rock. A provincial diet, a court oi'
judicature, and provincial fynods of the
clergy, are held in this town : 60 miles
W S W Warfaw, lon. 19 36 E,l-af 52 2 N.
Lenham, a town of Kent, England : 9
milcs E Maidftone, and 48 E London.
¦ Leni'ep, A town of Weftphalia.- The
magiftrates and principal part of the in
habitants are Lutherans : 20 miles ESS
Dufl'eldorf, laf. 51 11 N.
Lens, A town of France, department of
the Straits of Calais : it was formerly for
tified, but is now open : two leagues and
a half N W iDouay, apd 24 and a quarlcj-
N Pari)!.
Lentini, sn ancient for/n of Sicily, iri fhe
valley of~Nolo, on a river of the fame
name, about 5 miles from the fea ; very
confiderable, before 1693, when il vvas
almoft deftroyed by an earthquake : 13
miles SSW Catania, lat. 37 18 N.
L ¦iiizburg, an extenfive bailiwick of
Swifferland, in the canton of Berne, for
merly a rich and powerful country.
Lenzburg, A town of Swifferland, ip fhe
canton of Berne, and one of the four mu-
nicipil towns of the Argau : it has a con
fiderable trade, with manufaaures of flow
ered linens and cottons, tobacco, &c. 16
miles W Zurich, and 35 N £ Berne.
Leol.fihiiz.A town of Silefia, and capital
of a circle, in the principality of Jagern
dorf : 27 miles W N W Ratlflbon.
Leach I, A fown of Scotland, county of
Aberdeen : 6 milcs NNW Kincardine
Oniel. I.eeiniiif.r, A town of Hereford, Eng
land. It fends 2 members to Parliament.
The principal trade is corn, wool, gloves,
Icatlie"-, hats, &c. 26 milcs W Worcefter. Leon,

L E R

LES

Zstn, a province of Spain, bounded N
by Afturia, W by Portugal and Galicia :
it is ufually called the kingdom of Leon,
and was united to CaftUe, in fhe begin
ning of the nth century. The foil is in
general fertile, produces all the neceffa- '
ries of life ; and the wine Is tolerably good.
Lean, a city of Spain, and capital of the
above province, at the conflux of tvvo
rivers, whofe .united ftream runs Into the
Efla, 10 miles to the S of fhe town : fhe
fee of a bifliop. This city is very ancient,
and was formerly much more rich and
populous fhan at prefent. It now con
tains 8 parifli churches, 13 convents, "4
hofpitals, and about 12,000 inhabitants.
The cathedral is handfome, and abounds
in relics. In it are feen the tombs of 37
Icings, and one emperor. Leon was the
firft place of Imnprtance which was taken
from the Moor* 150 miles N W Ma
drid, lat. 42 36 N.
Leon, an Ifland on the coaft of Spain, in
the Atlantic, feparated from the conti
nent by a very narrow ftrait. The form is
irregular, fhe length about 10 miles, the
city of Cadiz is built af its N W extrem
ity, laf. 36 27 N.
Leopoldfiadt, A tovvn of Hungary, on the
river Waag, It is fortified : 56 miles £
Vienna. Lepanto, A feaport of Eurppean Tur
key, prpvince pf Livadia. It is fituated
in The Gulf of Corinth, npw The Gulf of
Lepanto. It is fprtlfied, and defended
with a caflle, built pn an eminence. Be
ing ceded by the emperpr tP the Vene
tians, it was fortified by them, and, In
the year 1475, flood a fiege of 4 months
againft the Turks, who loft 30,000 men ;
364 miles W S W Conftantinople, lon.
«2 oE, laf. 38 37 N.
Lepers, Ife of, one of the New Hebri
des, in the S Pacific Ocean. It prpduces
a kind pf figs, ten. 16S o E, lat. 15 23 S.
¦ [Bougainville.]
Leria, or Leiria, A fOwn of Portugal,
in Eft-ramadura, vvith a caftle, and a bifli
op's fee. It was formerly the lefidcnce
"of the kings of Pprtugal ; and is 30 miles
S Coimbra, and 60 N Lifbon, lou. 8 46
W, lat. 39 37 N.
Lerici, a feaport of Italy, on the E
coaft of the gulf of Specia, in the fei'rito-
' ry of Genoa, lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 N.
Leridei, a town of Catalonia, on the Se-
gre ; the fee of a bifliop. In this town
are a court of Inquifition, an univerfity
6 pariflies, 11 convents, and a'n hofpital :
62 miles E Saragoffa, and 68 W Barcelo
na, ten. G 45 E, laf. 41 29 N.

> Zirlns, a name given to 4 fmall Iflarids
in the Mediterranean, near the coaft of
France, about 2 leagues S Antibes,
Lerwick, A feaport of Scotland, and
chief place of fhe ifland of Shetland, on
the £ coaft ; and the general rendez
vous of the fifliing veflels from Britain,
Holland, Denmark, &c. The principal
fifliery carried on by the inhabitants of
Shelland, is that of ling and tulk. They
are generally caught in the months of
June and July, on long lines, fet at the
diftance of 10, and fometimes 12 leagues
frbm all land, by 6 oared boats, from 2
to 3 tons burden. The yearly, export of
this article to foreign markets, particu
larly thofe of Spaiii and Italy, is, at an
average, 800 tons from all the iflands,
ten. I 30 W, lat. 60 13 N.
Leffos, fee Metelin.
Lefcar, A tpwn pf France, department
pf the Lower Pyrennees. It contains a-
bout 6000 inhabitants : i league N W-
Pau, Lefina, an ifland In fhe Adriatic, 48
Iriiles long, and 8 wide, anciently called
Pharos ; it vvas once a republic, after
wards fubjea to Larenta, whence it came
under the dominion of particular lords,
who ceded it to Venice, in the year
1424, Great quantities of different kinds
of marble are found on the ifland. The
high parts are in general rocky and bar
ren ; others are fertile, and feed a great
number of flieep. The principal pro
duaions are wine, oil, figs, almonds, faf
fron, honey, aloes, oranges, wool, cheefe,
and fall. Salt fifli is fhe principal arti
cle of commerce : Lefina is fhe capital.
If is fhe fee of a bifliop, and refidence of
a Venetian governor. It is furrounded /
with walls, and has a large and fecure
harbour, but little frequented : 20 miles .
S Spalatro, lat. 43 33 iN.
Lefina, Atown of Naples, province of
Capitanata ; fhe fee of a bifliop. Iri thes,-
year 1627, It was almoft totaUy deftoyed
hy an earthquake : 86 miles NNE Na
ples. Lefniow, a towri of Poland, palatinate
of Volhynia : 18 miles S Lucko.
Lefparre, A town of France, depart
ment of the Gironde : II miles N'N W
Bourdeaux. Leffnss, A town of Hainault, pn the
Dender, celebrated fpr its linen manufac
ture : 13 miles S E Oudenarde, and 23
W S W Bruffel,';.
Lcffoc, an iflan.i pf Denmark, in the
Scaggerac : 9 miles long, and from I to
4 wide, Ipp, 10 48 E, lat, 57 17 N,
Lefiivilhill,

LEU

LEU

Lefwitbiel,' A town of England, county
of CornwaU, on the Fowey, which v/as
foi-merly navigable, fo far for veffels of
confiderable .burden, but the river is
now choked up, and the trade of the
town, whicli was once flourlfliing, is now
in a ftate of decay. Near if aye the
ruins pf a caftle, formerly the refidence
of the earls pf Cprnwall. It is a corpor
ation, and fends 2 members tp parlia
ment : 31 miles ENE "Truro, lon. 4 49
W, lat. 50 27 N.
Leifbkom, or Odifch, a town of Afiatic
Turkey, and capital of Mingrelia : the
refidence of the Dadian or chief, and fee
pf a Greek archbifliop.
Lettere, a tPwn pf Naples, the fee pf a
bifliop : 12 miles W N W Salerno.
Levant, properly fignifies the quarter
where the fun rifes, but is generally ap
plied to the coafts of Afia, along the
Mediterranean, and efpecially Afiatic
Turkey, from- Alexandria, in Egypt, to
the Black Sea, including the Iflands of
Cyprus, Rhodes, and the Archipelago,
"I'he Levant Sea means /the E part of
the Mediterranean,
Levant, or Titan, one of the Hieres Ifl
ands, in the Mediterraiiean, near the coaft
of F'rance, lon, 7 28 E, lal, 43 4 N.
Levantine Valley, a v^alley of Swiffer
land, Ori the confines of Italy, lying be
tween Mount St. Gothard, and the lake
Maggiore. If is divided into 2 parts by
the rivcr Tefino ; and is 8 leagues long,
but the breadth inconfiderable. The
lower part is populous, rich In pafturage,
arid produces much hemp and flax. The
houfes are entirely of wood, and have
externally the appearance of Swifs cotta
ges, but a neglea of cleanliiiefs proves
the vicinity and greater 'fimilarity to the
Italians, It is a bailiwick, fubjea to the
canton of Uri ; and Offbgna, the refi
dence of the bailifl", confifts only of a few
koufes, Levanto, a town of GenoaJ on the coaft
of the Mediterranean : 6 miles S Brug-
nelto. Levanzo, A fmall ifland in the Mediter
ranean, near the W coaft of Sicily, about
3 leagues W Trapani, lat, 38 4 N,
Leubus, A towu of Silefia, on the Oder,
near which is a celebrated ciftertian ab
bey, 8 milcs SSE Steinau.
Leucadia, or St. Maura, an ifland in fhe
Mediterranean, 48 miles in circumfer
ence, lat. 39 4 N.
Leucate, a town of France, department
»rf the Aude. Its fortifications have been
jdemoliflied. It is fituated on fhe N

fide of a large lake, 17 miles S Nar..
bonne. Leucate, A lake of France, In fhe depart
ment of Aude, which difcharges itfelf Inlo
the Mediterranean, by 2 ftreams,
Leuehtciiberg, a town of Bavaria, and
capital of a landgraviate, fP which it gives
name : 36 miles E Nuremberg, and 39 N
kalifbpn, lat. 49 32 N.
Leven, a river of Scotland, vvhich runs
into the bay of Largo, near the town of
Leveii. Leven, A ¦ town of Scotland, county of
Fife, on fhe N coaft of the Frith of Forth,
in Largo bay, 13 iniles NNE Leith.
Leven, Loch, A beautiful lake in Kiii-
rofsfliire, 12 miles in circumference, pfa
circular fonp. It has feveral fmall ifl
ands, bn one of vvhich is a ruinous caftle.
Here the unfortunate Mary, queen of
Scots, was confined by the confederate
lords, after the murder of her hufband
lord Darnley, and her marriage with '
Bothwell ; but flie efcaped in 1568, by
the affiftance of the brother of the gov
ernor of theeaftle. Another ifland nam
ed Sl, Serfs Ifle, is faid to have been a
refidence of the Piaifli priefts : it vvas
afterwards the feal of a priory, of which
fome remains are tp be feen,' This lake
produces trout of a peculiar excellence ;
of whicli great c]uantities, at certain fea-.
foils, are fent to the Edingburgh markets.
In autumn, a fingular fpecies", called the
gully trout, is here falted aud dried for
winter provifion,
Levens, or Leva, a town of Fliingarv,
near the Gran, 84 miles E Vienna.
Leugne, a village of France, in the de
partment of Upper Saone and late prov
ince of Franche Comte, lying to the E of
Vefoul. Here is a cavcrn,35 paces deep,
and 60 wide, whicli ferves as a barometer
to all the cpuntry people. A fog, at the
entrance of this glacier, is an infallible
fign of rain the next day.
Leiik, a tovvn of Swifferland, in the
Vallis, near the Rhone ; the principal
place of a dixaiii : behind it is a lofty
mountain, and on the fides are 2 brooks,
vvhich run In deep beds. It contains tvvo
churches, and a large palace of the bifli
ops of Sion. Two leagues to the N are
fome celebrated baths, faid to be benefi
cial in the rheumatifm, difeafes' of the
flcin, &c. Some of thefe .ir.-e fo hot as to
boil an egg. In 1719, a VKi> body of fnow
fell with fuch impetuofity from a neigh-
bouringglacier, asfo ovcrwhrlin thcgreat-
eft part of the houfes and the baths, and
to deftroy a number of fhe ir.haLitants; 20

LEW

LEY

2D njlles E Sion, lon. 7 39 E, lat. 46
112 N, ¦ '
Leutenberg, or Leuchtenberg, a towu of
Upper Saxony, on the Sorbltz. Near it
are mines of filver and copper : 8 miles
S E Saalfeld, Iat. 50 25 N, . i
Leutkirch, an imperial town of Swabia,
near the Efchach, on a heath to which it
gives name. In it is a Lutheran and a
lioman Citholic churdi, together with a
nunnery of Francifcans, but the greateft
part of the inagiftracy are Lutherans, 12
SnUes N Ifriy, and 28's Ulm, lat. 47 55 N.
Leutmf hi, A town pf Bohemia, 76 iniles
E Prague. Leuze, A tPwn of Flainaull, near the
Dender, 14 piiles N W Mons.
Lc-wardeii, a city of fhe Upited Dutch
States, and capital of Friefland, fituated
ill the cjuarter called Oafiergoo. It is large,
rich, ancl populous, and fortified' with
good ramparts, defended by a large
ditch, full of water, feveral baflions and
other works ; all the ftreets are ftraiglit,
large, and handfome, and divided fay
many canals whil:h interfea each other,
and comniunic'Afe with all parts of the
^province and the fea, by n^eans of which
theinliabitaiitscarry on confiderable trade
vvith Holland, Bremen, Embden, Hanj-
burg, Sec. The town hoiife is a handfome
building, ereaed in the ye.-ir 1715. The
fovereign council of the provlace of
Friefland refides at this city, being trans
ferred from Franeker, in the year 1504 ;
it confifts of 12 counfcllors and a prcfi-
deat, who are fovereign judges pf all
caufes, without appeal ': 28 miles W
Groningen, lon. 5 32 E, lat. 53 12 N.
Lewes, a tovv'n of England, county of
Suffex, on the Qufe, which runs Intq the
fea, 6 miles below at Newhaven. It
formerly contained la parifli churches,
whicli are now reduced tp 6. Here was
formerly a celebrated monaftery. If Is a
handfome town, and one of the largeft
and moft populous in the cbunty : and
a borpugh by^refcriptitm. It fends 2
members to parliament : 45 miles E
Chichefter, and 51 S Lpudpu,
Le-ivis, an ifland or rather peninfula,
among the weftern iflands of Scotland,
conneaed. with Harris, 40 miles in
length, and about 13 in breadth. Its
coaft is indented with bays or lochs,
"The country is in general wild, bleak,
barren of wood, and little fitted for cul
tivation ; fhe hills are covered with heath,
which affords flielter for various forts of
;;amc, "Fhe lakes and ftreams abound
¦.,'ith falmon, large red trout, and other

fiflie?, "The only town, is Stornaway,
on the E fide of fhe N divifion of the
ifland. To the W of Lewis and Harris,
the cpaft is annually vifited by myriads
pf herrings. So immenfe are the flioalj
pf dogfilli, that purfue the herrings, that
their dorfal fins are fpmetimes feen, like
a thick bufli pf ledges abpve. water, as
far as the eye can reacli. From the liver
of the dogfifli, a coniiderable quantity
of oil is c:;traaecl. In the feafon, thefe
fhores are the retort of many -fiihiiig vef
fels from difE-Tcnt parts. Many of the
inhabitants here, as well as in the north
ern iflts, live chiefly by fifliing, and a
pitiful kind of agriculture. The Gaelic
prevails aipong the lowe;' kind of people ;
but in the fchools the Engliih language is
principally tan,5ht ; 20 miles W of the
Ifle of Skyc, lat. 58 to 58 ,:;2 N,
Leyden, A city of HoUaiid, It is the
fecond for magnitude in fhe repubhc,
and equal to fhe firft in beauty. It is i
miles from the fea, 19 from Amfterdam.
It is well fortified with a wide ditcli,
adorned vvith rnv-d of frees. The build
ings are beautiful, fhe ftreets are,, fpa
cious and clean, moft of them have ca
nals in the middle, with roWs of trees
(in each fide. It is built on the bed of
fhe Rhine, which divides if into 50 ifl
ands, 31 of which may be faUcd round
in -boats. It has 145 flone bridges, witli
iron rails, 180 ftreets, and 42 towers on
the walls. It has been fuppofed that it
contained 40,000 Inhabitants : Its cloth
manufaaorles, the beft, in the republic,
employ 1600 workmen. In 1574 the
place was for more than 5 months be
fieged by the Spaniards, To ftarve thein.
into fubmiffion, fhey furrounded the city
with 72sforts. Thi; inhabitants fuffered
terribly with hunger, fatigue, and pefti
lence. Six, qr as others fay,^ 10,000 per
iflied. When required to furrender, they
replied, they coUld not want means of
fulififtence, as teng as their left arms re
mained ; thefe they were determined to
feed pn, refcrvlng their right to defend
their liberty In their deplorable fitua-
1 fion, recourfe was bad to a defperate
: remedy, the main bank of the M-ies and
Iffel was cut. "The country round was
foon turned to a fea ; 1500 Spaniards
periflied ; relief was^ obtained October
j 3d, -The anniverfary is obferved as a day '
of folernn thankfglving to God, "I'he
congregatipus affemble, the minifters in
their fermpiisgive a hlftpry of the fiege.
I Was il this pipus cuftpm, which led the
fathers of New England to adopt anni
verfary

LEY

1 B

verfary thapkfgivings ? 'To this time the
church of Plymouth obferve the day of
tlieir landing, in a religious manner. As
towps and colonics branched from them,
the ubjta hecanie more general, the
bleffings of the year. Yet the laudable
cuftiim of anniverfary thankfgivings con
tinues throu^^h New ilingland. The prin
cipal univerfity of Holhvnd ib iri Lyden,
having generally about 2000 ftudents.
It was founded the year after the fiege,
bv the ftates, fo rewa.rd the inliabitants
for their valour and fulieringb. But
what m'ore interefts a man of New Eng
land', is a prefbyteriiin church ; becaufe
it is fhe identical bHikling where our
fath'.-rt, wor!hi[>cd f.iuo during their
abode In this city. The church ib old
and irtelegant, but here the founders of
Nevv England fought dlreaion through
<he trackiefs ocean, were confirmed in
the bolct defign of raifing the ftandard of
the crufj in fhefe difmal forefts, where
demons were the deities, and human vic
tims the facrlficcs. The common coun
cil of the city, is compofed of 40 perfons,
who muft be natives of the province, and
at leaft 28 years of age, and Proteftants,
Four burgomafters are elcacd by fhis
council. They alfo name 16 perfons,
from whom 8 are chofen on the 25th of
July yearly, as ccUevius for the ftates of
the province, 'Ihree others likewife, are
Eominatccl by tlitm to the ftates of the
province, which clea one to be grand
bally of Leyd-en, who adraiiiiiters juftice,
in civil and criminal matters jointly with
the echeviiis. In this city was born the
famous John of Leyden, othervvil'c Bu-
eold, a taylor, and chief of the Ana
baptifts, Boats are goin^'^ from Leyden
to Amfterdam, Harlem, Utrecht, Delft,
the Hague, &c, and returning daily.
Leyden has 8 gates ; one part of the
ramparts is of earth covered with turf,
but the other part is faced with brick,
and has feveral baftions. The land about
Leyden is exceedingly rich, aud much
cultivated by gardener?, who fend the
produce even to Amfterdam : from the
rich meadows and paftures, they make
excellent butter and cheefe, equal to any
part of the province : 14 miles W Rot
terdam, tea. 4 23 E, l::t. 52 9 N.
[iBowen, Travels in Holland.]
Leyden, A fmall iflaud, in the I'iaftcrn Iii-
di.'in Ocean, near fhe coaft of Java, in
fight of Batavia.
Lryriii, A city of Portugal, province of
Eftramadura, the fee of a bifhop, where
ii a glafs houfe. The nunibej? ot" irihab

itants is about 3500, On an cmirienre^'
near the fown, is an ancient caftic, built
by the Moors : 1 9 leagues NNE Lilbon ,'
lat. 39 39 N.
Leytr, one of the PhiUippine iflands,
about 80 leagues in circumference ; the
foil of the E part is fertUe, and is laid tc
) i-. Id 200 for one. The mountains abound
in det.-r, cows, wild hogs, and fowls ; cu-
CPas grow without culture. "fhe air is
pure and temperate. The inhabitants
are of a mild and peaceable temper, and
hpfpitable to ftrangers. 'I'hey rccki)u
about 9000, who pay tribute In wax, rice,
or cloth, lon. 123 20 E, lat. 11 13 N.
LeziKo, a mountain, piirt of the Appe-
nines, between Genoa arid Picdnicuii.
Liar^Dfake, A lake of Thibet, about 10
leagues in circumference, lat. 34 34 Iv.
Libanus, A celebrated mountain of Afia,
nn the confines of Paleftine and Syria
Libanus, about 100 leagues in circumfer
ence. It has Mefopotamia E, Armenia
N, Paleftine S, arid the M- dilerranean
W. The ruins of the ancient city of Si-
don, is near this mountain. Il is compof
ed of 4 eiicterures of mountairi, whicli rife
one upon the other. The firft iavcry fruit
ful in grain and fruits ; the fecond is very
barren, abounding in nothing but thorns.
rocks, and flints ; tliethiid, though higher
than thi.5, enjoys a perpetual fpring, the
trees being alvvays green there, and the
prchards filled with fruit : In a vvprd, if.
is foagrecable.and fertile, that fome have
called it a Tuff.il I'.iraJf. The fourth
ib fo high, that it is almoft alvvays covered
with fuovv, fo :iB to be uninhabitable by
realign of the great cold. Its cedars have
been remarkable from the days of Solo
mon. Buf 16 aged ones remain. Oae
of them is thirty fix feet fix inches in
circumference, and the fpread of Irs
branches proportionably e;;:enfive The
Miffionaries in the Lev ant fay the trimk
is 36 feet in circumference.
Libau, a fcaporf of the duchv ©f Cour
land, on the Baltic. It was built by tl«;
Lettoiiians. As the harbour had not a
fnflicient depth of water for fliips of bur
den they were unloaded in the road ; I".::
duke Erneft John, In 1737, caufed it to
be cleared, and the future accumulacio-^
of mud and land, to be prevented by a
vvater work, which has rendered it very
commodious for light veffels. Above 15.1
Ihips ni'ually arrive in this port In a
year, to loud with hemp, linlc-d, liu".
This town was often taken by the Swede --,
but Cually ctded to Courland, by the
peicc

L I D

LIE

peace of 1660,: 66 miles W fiiittau, lon.
21 37 E, lat, 55 aS N,
Libna, once a ftrong city pf Paleftine,
on the frontiers of Edom. For a time If
belonged to the priefts, and was after
wards a city of refuge. In a neighbour
ing plain 185,000 of Sennacherib's army
were deftroyed in one night, probably by
a fiery wind, which now often blows iii
the nelghbpuring deferts, or, as the He
brews expreffed it, by au angel of the
Lord. [T. D.]
Libourne, A town of France, department
of the Gironde, containing about 5000
inhabitants : 20 miles E Bourdeaux, lon.
o 12 W, lat. 4455 N. >
Licb, A fown of the Upper Rhine, on
Wetter : 12 miles E S E Wetzlar, and 36
N E Mentz, lat. 50 21 N.
Lichlenau, A town of Heffe Caffel : 13
mfles S E Caffel, lat. 51 i N.
Lichtenau, A tpwn of Franconia, Nu
remberg, with a fortrefs on fhcRezel: 22
miles S W Nuremberg, and 6 E Anfpach,
lat. 49 II N.
Licbtenberg, a fown and caftle of the
Upper Rhine, 25 miles N Deux Ponts.
Lichtenberg, a town of Franconia, on
the Selnitze. In the neighbourhood are
quarries of marble, and mines of Copper
and iron : 22 miles N Bayreuth, and 26
E Coberg, lat, 50 16 N. .
Lichtenberg, a caftle, on a rock, in
France, near the Voges Mountains, con
fidered as impregnable, 12 miles NNW
Hagueriau. Lichtenfels, A town of Francpnla, Pil fhe
Maine : 20 . miles NNE Bamberg, lat.
50 16 N.
Licbtenfleig, a fowri of Swifferland, and
capital of the cpunty of Tockenburg, on
the Thur, the refidence of a bailiff. It
has places of worfliip, for Catholics and
Proteftants: 27 miles E Zurich, and 21
S Conftance. Licbtenfiein, A principality of Swabia,
near the lake of Conftance, on fhe -Rhine,
betwixt the lordfhlps of Pludenz and
Feldkirch. Lick, A town of Pruffia; with an an
cient caftle, 80 milcs S E Konlgfberg.
Licala, a lake in the kingdom of Naples,
fprmerly fampus for excellent fifli ; but,
in 1538, an earthquake happened, which
changed one part of it into a mountain
of ^flies, and the other into a morafs.
If was anciently known by the name of
the Lucrinp Lake. [Brooks,]
Lida, a town and caftle of Lithuania,
palatinate of Wilna, where a provincial
diet is held : i68 miles E S E Couigfljerg,

arid 48 S Wilna, lon. 25 35 E, lat. 53
52 N,
Lidford, A viUage in Devonfliire, Eng
land, pn fhe river Lid, 7 miles N pf Ta-.
viftock. If was once a borough, with a
caftle ; and its parifli may now compare
for lands and liberties wi(th Einy in the
kingdom, the whole foreft of Dartmoor
being in the verge of It. A bridge is
thrown over a part of the river that is
pent between 2 high rocks ; and near it
Is a fine cataraa.
Lidkioping, A town of Sweden, .in W
Gothland, on the S fide of the Wenner
Lake, at the moufh of fhe Lida : 42 miles
E NE Uddevalla.
Lido di Malamocco, A fmall iflarid in the
Adriatic, defended by a fort : 2 miles
from Venice.
Lido di Palefirina, a long ifland iri the
"Adriatic, vvith a fort to defend the city of
Venice. Lie, a fown of Yemen : 20 iniles S.
Abu Arifch.
Liehenzell, or Zell, a town of Swabia,
duchy of Wurtemberg, on the Nagold.'
Near it are 2 warm baths , 1 7 miles W
Stutgard, aud 36 E N E Strafliurg, lat.
4846N..
Liebfiadt, a town pf PrUlEa, wilh a caf
tle : 48 miles SSW Kpnigflierg.
Liechfial, A tPwn of Swifferland, 7 miles
S E Bate.
Liege, a biflipprie and eleaprale of
Weftphalia, bounded N by Brabant and
Guelderland, E by the duchies pf LIm
burg and Juliers, S by Luxemburg and
the Ardennes, W by Brabant and the
cpunty pf Namur. It Is fruitful in corn
and fruits, and cpntains mines pf Iron,
lead, and coal, befide quarries of marble.
Tlie bifliop Is eleaed by the chapter,
compofed of 60 canons ; he Is one of the
moft confiderable ecclefiaftical princes of
Germany, and has an annual revenue of
300,000 ducats.
Liege,xb.e capital of the above bifliop
ric, Is a large, poputeus, and rich city,
fituated on the Meufe, in a valley, fur
rounded by hills, with agreeable-,and fer
tfle meadows between, watered by the
rivers Loofe, Ourte, and Amble, which
empty themfelves into the Meufe as it
enters this city. If is called the hell of
women, the purgatory of men, and the
Paradife of priefts. Liege is divided
into 3 parts, the city, the illand, and the
outer Meufe; it has 10 grand fauxbourgs, ,
apd 2 fmaller, 16 gates, 17 bridges, and
154 ftreets; there are 2 very fine quays, '
planted with rows of trees. Befides the
cathedral,

L, I E

L I G

cathedral, it has within the city and faux
bourgs 7 collegiate,and 30 parifli church
es, and 46 religious houfes, ^d Is faid to
contain 100,000 inhabitants. The bifliop
is eleaed by the canons, arid is an abfo
lute prince, One of the moft cpnfiderable
ecclefiaftical princes in Germany, having
in his dipcefe 52 baronies, 18 cities, or
waUed towns, and 400 villages, with a
revenue of 306,000 ducats a year, and is
able to keep an army of 8000 foldiers,
without opprcffing his fubjeas. In 1789,
the inhabitants having complained of fhe
oppreffion whicli they experienced under
the gpvernme/it of their bifliop; at laft
infifted upon a charter of privileges. As
the bifliop and chapter did not comply
wifh fheir demands, they had recourfe
to arms ; and the bifliop, apprehenfive
for his fafely, left the city, and appealed
to the imperial chamber of Wetzlar.
That chamber iffued deci-ees in his fa
vour : the king of Pruffia, in 1 790, teem
ed to aa as a mediator fpr the citizens :
the fenfences, however, iffued by the im
perial chamber againft the infurgents,
were followed by requifitorlal letters, ad
dreffed to the government of the Auf
trian Netherlands, defiring that his im
perial majefty's troops would aflift thofe
of the eleaoral princes, in enforcing their
decrees : in confequence of which, the
Auftrians entered Liege in 1791, reftored
', the old magiftracy fhat had been expell
ed, to their funaions, and reinftated the
bifliop and chapter. Dumourier, at the
head of his French troops, made himfelf
mafter of Liege, Nov.22, 1792 ; in March
followipg, tlieywere driven out of Liege
and Brabant. In 1794, the French troops
again entered Liege, after a fliort refift
ance : 15 miles S W Maeftricht, lon. 5
40 £, lat. 50 40 N.
Liegnitz, or Lignitz, a town of Silefia,
and capital of a principality of the fame
name, one , of the beft towns in Sile
fia, on the ICalzbach. The ftates of the
provinces affemble here in a very ftately
ftone edifice. The' Lutherans have two
' churches. The Papift.b are in poffeffion
of the collegiate church of Sf. John ; be
fides which, they have a college of fuita
ble magnificence, with other religious
Popifli foundations. Here is alfo a miii-
lary academy, for th; inftruaion of
young gentlemen, of both religions. Lig
nitz carries on a confiderahle trade in
cloth and madder, and is one pf the moft
-ancient towris in all Silefia: 32 mil.-3 W
Breflaw. Lieou-kieou, iflands in the Eafteru In-
Voi. II. Z z

dian Sea, between Corea, Formofa, and
Japan, in number 36. The principal and
largeft is caUed Lieou-kiepu ; the reft
have each a particular name. The large
ifland extends frpm N tp S abput 130
miles, and 36 to 40 from E fo W. The
S E part of fhe ifland, where the court
refides. Is called Cheiuli, ahd it is there
that Kinf-ching, the capital city, is fitu
ated. The king's palace, which is reck
oned to be 4 leagues In circumference, is
built on a neighbouring mountain. It has
4 gates, which correfpond to the 4 cardi
nal points ; and that vvhich fronts the W -
forms the grand entry. If we believe
thefe iflanders, theorigin of their empire is
loft in the remoteft antiquity. It Is, how
ever, certain, that the exiftence ofthecouH-
try, called LIeou-kieou,yva5 not known
in China before the year 605 of fhe
Chriftian sera.- Their edifices, temples,
and the palace of fheir kings, are built
after the Japanefe manner ; but the
houfes of the Chinefe, the hotel of their
ambaffador, fhe Imperial coUege, and the
femple of the goddefs Tien-fey, are built
after the Chinefe. The natives of Lieou-
kieou, are, in general, mild, affable, and
temperate, fhey are aaive, and laborious,
enemies lo flavery, and deleft falfehood
and diflionefty. Excepting the grandees,
bonzes, and Chinefe eftabliflied at Lieou-
kieou, few of the inhabitants of thefe Ifl
ands can either read or write. The cap
ital Is in ten. 127 30 E, lat. 26 2 N.
Liere, A town of Brabaet, on the Nethe.
Here fhe French attacked a poft of the
duke of York, on fhe 28tli of November,
1793, buf were repulfed with lofs: 10
miles S E Antwerp.
Lieffe, a town of Frarice, department pf
Aifne, once celebrated for the refort of
pilgrims, fo vifit an image of the Virgin
Mary, which was here : 5 miles ENE
Leon. Lifford, a fown of Ireland, county of
Donegal, on the Foyle. It Is a borough :
II miles SSW Donegal.
Ligue, a town of Hainault, on the Den
der ; 13 milcs N W Mons.
Legnieres Chatclain, a towll of France, de
partment of Somme;-6 leagues S W Amiens.
Lignan, a river of France, vvhich runs
into the Loire, near Feurs,
Ligny, le Chateau, a town of France, de
partment of the Ypnne, 2 leagues S St.
Florentin. Ligon, A feaport tpwn in the peninfula
- pf Malacca, capital pf a fmall terrltpry
j pf the fame name, with a magazine be-
I longing to the Dutch E India Qpmpanv. It

L f L

L I M

It is feated on the E cbaft, loh. ido ^ E,
lat, 7 40 N,
Ligor, A town of Afia, and capital of a
kingdpm, npw fubjea to Siam,
Liguria : this name, in 1796, wasgiven,
by the Frehch tP the ancient republic of
Genoa, and 34 Imperial fiefs, whith were
conftituted adiftina government, by the
name of the Ligurian Republic. It vvas di
vided Into 15 (iftrias, and in 1797, con-
fained 650,000 fouls.
Li-kiang-fou, a city of China, of the firft
rank, in the prpvince pf Yun-nan, near
the fpurce pf the river Yang Cong-kiang.
tt has no other city wlfliin Its diftria,
but Is furrounded by mountains, which
feparate it from the land of fhe Lamas.
If Is npt doubted but that there are mines
of gold within its mountains. 'Fhe whole
country is well watered, and the larid
fruitful : there are found here amber and
pirie-apples : I150 mfles S 'W' Peking,
laf. 26 52 N.
Lille, or Lifie, a city of FraPce, and
principal place" of a diftria, department
of the N, before the revolution, fhe cap
ital of French Flanders, fituated in a rich
and marfliy foil, furrounded with walls,
and ftrongly fortified by IVIonfieur Vau
ban. The river DeUle croffes it. They
reckon 170 ftreets, many of whieh are
handfome, 30 publie places, Sooo houfes,
and 56,000 inhabitants. Before the rev
olution, it contained 18 convents, a peni
tentiary houfe for women of bad life, 6
hofpitals, 3 c611eges, &c. It was i;livlded
info 7 pariflies, and h^d 7 gates, fome of
whieh are adrnired for their architeaure.
Here are manufaaures of eloth, camlets,
ratteens, ftuffs of filk and woollen, cot
ton, linen of all qualities and defigns, lace,
ribbons, carpets, hats, ftockings, paper,
Ibap, &c. This town owes' ils origin lo
a caftle, named Le Buc, vvhich was the re
fidence of the ancient forefters, or counts
of Flanders, and was firft built in the
vear 640. The citadel of Lille Is confi
dered as pne of the beft works of Vauban,
and, except Turin, the ftrongeft in Eu
rope. In the year 1792, Lille vvas fum
moned by the Auftrians, under fhe com
mand of the duke of Saxe Tefchen, and
on the refufal of the eitizerts to furreilder
it, was bombarded, but without fuccefs.
The fiege began on the 29tli of Scpfenr-
ber, and was raifed oil the 8th pf Oap-
ber,during which time il is fuppofed that
[upwards of 30,000 red hot balls, and
6000 bombs were thrown into the city,
exclufive of the battering train. The
d'jiriage do'ne to the town was ocmfidera-'

ble, with the lofs of about 500 lives, chief-.'
ly women and childreh : 14 miles W
Tournay, and 130 N Paris, ten. 3 9 E, lat.
50 38 N.
Lillo, A fprtrefs. pf Brabant, on the E
fide of the Scheldt, built by fhe Dutch
in the year 1584, to prevePt ven"cls of
too large a fize going up to Antwerp,
It has feveral houfts in the fort, and
different cabatets ; and the ftates al
ways keep a frigate in the Scheldt, to
eollea fhe duficsf payable by the'veffels
which pafs. If was taken by the French,
in the year 1794 : 9miles'N W Antwerp.'
i/,-««,a river of Galicia, in Spain vnhich
runs into the Atlantic, half a league be
low Viana. ' '
Limale, A tOwri of Brabant, on the Dyle :
15 miles S E Brufl'el's,
Limberg, a fown of Germany, In the
duchy of Stiria : 12 milcs S Voitfberg. '
Limbufg, (Duchy of) a printipality t<f
Germany, in what was formerly the cir
cle of Burgundy, now a p/b vince of the
Netherlands, bounded on the Nby the
duchy of Juliers, and ou the E by the
eleaorate ofCotegri and duchy rif Ju-
; Hers, and on- the S and W hy the bifliop
ric of Liege : about ro leagules in length,-
and 8 in breadth; If is alfo' called the ,
country on the other fide the Meufe, but, '
' af prefent this name is peculiarly appro
priated fo thalf part whicli the St'sttes
General pofl'efs in this' country. It yields
good arable ground, and abounds, in par
ticular, in A fine breed of caftle. In fhe
neighbourhood of LhribUrg are found
iron, fead, and calamy.
LimSaurg, or Lim'purg, a town Of Ger
many, In fhe eleaorate pf Trevesi The'
Auftrians defeated the French on the ,
heights, neiir this place, September 16,'
1796. It is feited on the Lahn, 10 miles
E Naffau, and 20 N Mentz, lion'i 7 ji E,
lat. 50 24 N.
Limburg, a fertile prpvihceof the Neth
erlands, fubjea partly to the Auftrians,
and partly to the Dutch It Is Bounded
N by the duchy pf Juliers, E by that
duchy arid the territpry pf Aix la Chap
elle, and S and W by the bifhopric of
Liege, from which If is feparated by tht
Maefe. It is 42 miles long and 30 broad;
and contai ns fdriie of fhe beft iron mines
in the Netherlands;
Limburg, the capital of Auftrian Lim
burg. If was taken by the French i»
1675, and by the allies in 1702, but after- ^
ward ceded to the Auftrians, the fortifi- '
cations having been firft demoliflied. ,
Here isa manufaaure of vVooUen cloths, ,:
• , and I

L I M

L,I N

and it is fampus for excellent pheefc. It
is feated on a JBOuntain, near the river
Verfe ; 15 miles; S E Liege, lon, 6 5 E,
lat. 50 38 N,
. Limburg, or Habeii Limberg, a town and
citadel of 'Weftphalia, vyhich gives name
to a county, a fief of the county of ;
Mark ; 4 miles NNW Altena. I
Lime, a decayed village of Kent, Eng
land, formerly a place of confequence' :
3 miles W Hitlje.
Limerick, a copnly pf Ireland, province
of Munfter, bpunded N by Clare, frorcf.
whicli it Is feparated by the Shannon
and Tipperary ; containing 125 pariflies,
and about 170,000 inhabitants. The foil
is fertile, and efpecially rich in pafture,
the beft cattle flaughtcred at Cork being
fent from this county.
Limerick, capital of the abpve county is
fltuated pn the Shannon. It is a cpunly
.of itfelf. The ancient part pf the tPwn
ifi built in a large Ifland, which lies clofe
to the eaftern fliore ; and while it con
tinued a fortified place, y/as efteemed the
iljongeft in Irelantl. It has beem dif
mantled about 30 years, and has increafed
.prodigioufly within fhat period, by the
addition of handfome ftreets and quays ;
its commerce has kept pace with its fize,
and quantities of beef and other provi-
.ijions are exported from Llnierick : the
number of houfes in this city, which is 3
" jniles in circumference, Is eftimated at
4,900, its inhabitants 40,000 : 45 miles
N Cork, and 92 W S "W Dublin, lon. 5
.32 W, lat. 52 39 N.
Limmat, a river of Swifferland, which
rifes in the Alps, under the name ,of
Lint, or Linth, paffes Glarus, and near fhe
Lake of WaUenftadt, joins fhe Mat, when
it changes its papie to Limmat, paffes
through the Lake of Zurich, and joins
the Aar, 3 miles N Baden,
Limoges, a foyvn of France, department
pf the Upper Vienne, of confiderable
trade, arid cpntains about 13,000 inhab
itants. Its horfes are much efteemed :
no miles N E Bourdeaux, lon, i 20 E,
hit, 45 50 N, _
Limania, an ifland in the Mediterra
nean : 6 miles W Rhodes, lat. 36 27 N.
Limofin, a late province of France,
bounded on the N by Marche,-pn the E
by Auvergne, on the S by Querci, and on
the W by Perigord and Angoumois. Il
has forefts of cheftnut frees, and contains
piinCs of lead, copper, tin, and iron ; its
- principal trade is in cattle and horfes. It is
pow the department of Upper Vienne.
Limoux, a commercial fown of France,

department qf the Aude. Its environ*
produce excellent white wine, called the
Perry of Limoux : 50 miles S E Toii»
Ipufe, Ion. 2 16 E, laf. 43 3 N
Lincoln, A city, the capital of Lincoln
fllire. It is feated on the fide of a fteep
hill, on the WItliam, which here divider
imp .3 ftreams.' It had formerly 50
churches, now reduced to 13, befide the
cathedral ; and is a bifliop's fee, the larg
eft diocefe in F-ngland, The cathedral
is admired for Its interior architeaure,
vvhich Is in the richeft and lightcft Golhr
ic ftyle ; and its great bell, caUed Topi
of Lincoln, requires 12 men to ringit.
Lincoln is a county of itfelf, governed by
a mayo^, and fepds 2 members to parlia
ment. The chief trade Is In coal brought
by the "Trent and FoIEdikc ; and oats
and wool, which are fent by fhe Witham.
Here is a fmall manufaaure of camlets :
32 miles N E Notlingliain, and 133 N
London, ten. o 25 W, lat, 53 15 N, ,
Lincaliiffire, acounly of England, bound
ed N by the Humber, which divides it
from Yorkfliire ; E by the German O-
cean, I'he number of acres Is cftlmaud
at 1,893,109, of whicli there may b#
473,000 ^cre^ of enclofed marfti and fen
land, 200,000 commons, waftes, and r.n-
embanked fait marflies, 268,000 common
fields, 25j0,oo,vvoodland, 927,1 20 enclofed
upland, Lincolnfllire is divided into 3
parts ; namely, Holland on tlie S E, Kef-
teven on the S W, apd Lindfey on the
N, It cnntains 30 hundreds, i city, 31
piarkct towns, and 630 pariflies ; and
fends 12 members to parliament. Its
principal rivers are the Humber, Trent,
Witham, and, Welland, The air is vari
ous, according to ils 3 grand divifions.
The foil, in many places, is very rich,
the inland part producing corn In great
plenty, and the fens cole-feed, and very
rich paftures ; whence their breed of
cattle is larger than that of any other
county in Erigland, except Somerfetfliire ;
their horfes are alfo exceUent, and very
! large ; their hunting hounds and hares
are noted for tl»eir fwlftnefs ; and their
flieep are not only of the largeft breed,
but are clothed vvith a long thick vvool,
pecuUarly fitted for the worfted and
coarfe woollen manufaaures.
Lindau, a free imperial town of Suabia,
cpmprehending 14 villages. Here is a
celebrated abbey of canon effcs, whofe ab
befs is a princefs of the empire, and a
Roman catholic, though the inhabitants
of the tovvn are proteftants. The French
took poffeffion of this town in July, 1796 It

L I N

t I N

It is a trading place, feated on an ifland of
the lake of Conftance, and.Is ftyled the
Venict of Swabia : 1 2 miles S £ Buchdrn ,
and 75 S by W Augfburg, lon. 9 50 E.
lat. 47 38 N.
Liiulfy, the largeft of the 3 principal
divifions of Lincolnfllire, including all
the county that lies N of Lincoln. Il I,s
the molt elevated part of thi; county ;
great flocks of flieep are bred through
out this traa. , '
Linde, or Lindefferg, A tPwn pf Svveden,
prpvince of, "weftnianland, fituated be
tween 2 lakes. Neat It is a medicinal
fpring : 34 mfles W N W Efrpemthplm.
Lindenfels, a town of the Lower Rhine .
14 miles NNE Manheim,
Lindefnefs, or The Naze, a cape on the
S coaft of Norway, on the N Sea, which
joins to the malp land by a very riarrow
ifthmus. The irihabitants formerly at
tempted, in vain, to cut a canal through
this ifthmus, and tp build a fown there,'
The cape projeas info the fea about a
mile, and is a high, barren, rocky pro-
mopfory.with 12 peafants' houfes. This
,cape is commonly caUed Tbe Naze, lon,
¦J 12 E, lat, 58 I N.
Lindisfarn, A monaftery, ruined by the
Danes, in the 8tli century : 9 miles S E
iBcr.w]ck. See Holy Ifiand.'
Linda, A town in fhe ifland of Rhodes,
anciently called Lindus, and celebrated
for a femple dedicated to Minerva : 14
miles SSW Rhodes.
Lindow,. A town pf Germany, in the
circle pf Upper Saxpny, in Hipder Pp-
merapia : 3 miles W Balm.
Lingeii, a tPwn pf Weftphalia, and cap
ital of a county of fhe fame name, near
the Embs, formerly fortified, but now,
barely furrourided with a ditch. "Fhis
town is "the feat of the regency of the
united counties of LIngen arid Tecklen-
burg, and likevyife, of the deputations of
the war and domain chamber of Mlnden.
Jn it is a Calvlnift, a Lutheran, and Ro
man Catholic church : 27 miles £ S E
•Cbvorden, lat, 52 35 N,
Liiigen, or Linegen, An Ifland in the Eaft
ern Indian Sea, near the S coaft of Ma
lacca, ten, 105 12 E, lat, o 10 S.
Ling-taa, A city of China, of the firft
rank, in the province of Chen-fi, on the
Tie-tfan river, which falls into fhe Yel
low River. Great,quanlitl"es of gold are
found in the fand of iht neighbouring
rivers and brooks. The country is very
mountainous, abounding with wild bulls,
and an animal refembling the tiger,
whofe flcins are very valuable. "I'he val

lies are covered with corn, and thofe tbat
are near the rivers wifh cattle ; the whole
territory is very fruitful : 672 milcs W
'¦ W Peking, lat. 35 22 N.
Lin-kiang, A clty-^of China, of the firfl
rank, in the province of Kiang-fi, on the
iivcr Yu-ho. The fpil Is good, and the
climate healthy, yet the city is thinly in^
Iiabited ; one ofthe villages under its ju-'
rifdiaion Is the general mart fpr all the-
drugs fpld In the empire : 737 miles S
Peking, lat.- 27 58 N. ' ,
Linkiaping, a tPwn pf Sweden, prpvlrice
pf E Gothland, on the Stceng, nearlake
Roxen, the fee of a bifliop. It contains
3 churches and -a public feminary ; and
is defended by a caftle : 96 miles S W
Stockholm, lon. 15 28 E, laf. 58- 24 N.
Linlithgow, A tPwn of .Scotland, and
capital of the county to vvhich if gives'
name, once the refidence of the kings of -
Scotland, and birthplace of Mary, queen
of Scots, The royal palace is now in
ruins. The wafer of a lake near the
town is remarkable for bleaching ; 24
iriiles ENE Glalgow, arid 14 W Edin
burgh. Linlithgowffire, or Wefi Lothian, a coun
ty of Scotlarid, bounded E and S E by
Edinburghfliire. In general, it is pleaf
ant, abounding with corn and paftures,
and produces coals, limeftone, iron, and
fait, with plenty of fifli frpm the rivers
and Frith, In this cPunty Adrian's pr Se-
verus's wall begap, which extended acrofs '
this part pf Sco'tland.
Linafa, a fpiall Ifland, not far from the
coaft of Tunis, In the Mediterranean,,
near the ifland of Lampedofa.
Linfelles, A town of Flan,;3ers. A bloody
battle was fought here, on the. 1 8th of
May, 1794, betweeri the army of fhe A1-.
lies,' but chiefly the Englifh, under tbe
command of the duke of York, in which
great numbers were ki'llcd, and the French
remained mafters pf the field, withi50P
prifoners : 5 miles N Lille.
Lin-tcin, A town of China, of the fecond
rank, in the province of Chan-long, fop.
the grand canal, much frequented by
veffels, and may properly "he called a
magazine of all kinds of merchandife.
Among the edifices is an oaagon lower,
8 ftorles high, the walls of which are cov
ered putfide vvith porcelain ; near ^hich
are fome temples of beautiful architec
ture: 187 miles S Peking, lat. 36 56 N. ,
Linth, fee Limmat,
¦ Linton, A town of England, county of
Cambridge ; 1 1 miles S E Cambridge.
Linton, A town of Scotland, couriuy of
Peebles,

L I P

L I 3

- Peebles; at the conflux of the Lynnc
^nd the Tweed: 13 mfles SSW Edin
burgh. Lintz, a town and citadel of the Low.er
Rhine, and eleaorate of Cologn, on the
E fide of the Rhine : 23 miles S S E Co
logn, lat. 50 37 N.
Lintz, A town of "Auftria, on the Da
nube, well built and populous, with fome
fine fuburbs fo It. The old town here
ppnfifts almpft whplly pf one fingle ftreet,
and alfo comprifes in it the fovereign's
citadel, which is fituated on an eminerice,
from whence is a fine open profpea.
The town carrier on a confiderable trade :
30 miles S E Paffau, and 92 W Vienna,
laf. 48 15 N:
Lion Mountain, in Africa, near the Cape
of Good Hope, fo called frpm Ils fuppof
ed refemblance to fhat animal.
Lions, (Gulf of) a bay of fhe Mediter
ranean, faid to be fo named from the fre
quent tempefts vvith whicli if is difturb-
ed, and not the Gulf of iLyons, frpm the
city ; il extends from Spain to Italy,
Lipari, a clufter of iflands in fhe Med
iterranean, which take their name from
their principal, about 8 leagues from the
N coaft to the ifland of Sicily, "I'hefe
, iflands were caUed, by the ancients, Ma-
'^lia. Vulcanic, and Infila Liparteorum, and
^ feigned to be the refidepce of .ffiolus and
Vulcan, Lipari, the largeft, is populous
and vvell cultivated, producing great
quantifies of corp and fruit, efpecially
figs and raifins ; it likewife prpduces al
um, fulphur, nitre, and cinnabar. It is
about 15" miles In circumference ; the air
is healthy, and the Inhabltanls Induftri
ous, and good feamen. On the £ coaft,
is fituated a town pf the fame name, the
fee pf a biflipp. Immediately under the
Pope. In this Ifland were formerly pits,
>vhicli eniilted fire and fmoke. The oth
er iflands are Stroipboli, Panaria, Vulca-
no, Salini, Alisudl, and FelicudI, with one
or two fmaller.
' Lipari, an ancient tPwn, capital of the
ifland of Lipari, with a bifliop's fee. It
vvas ruined in 1544, by Barbaroffa, vvho
carried the inhabitanls into flavery, and
demoliflied the place ; but It was rebuilt
by the emperor Charles V. The princi
pal trade of the inhabltanls is in the ejt-
portation of the produas of the ifland ;
but the chiff neceffaries of life are im
ported from Sicily. This town has a gar
rifon, and ftands on the S fide of the ifl
and, lon, 15 30 E, lat, 38 35 N.
Liparano, a town cf Naples, 3 miles S
Tarento. ',

Lippa, or Lip, a towri of .Hungary,
with a caftle on the river Maros : 2»
milcs N Tcmefvar.
L'/>pe, A county of WeftphaUa, W of
the bifliopric of Paderborn, divided into
feveral branches. 'Fhe country is moun
tainous, but contains fome good arable
land. The principal rivers are the Em-:
mer and the Werra. The principal towns
are Detmold and Lemgow.
Lippe, A river of Weftphalia,* which
runs Into the Rhine, near Wefel.
Lippe, pr Lippfladt, a town of Weft
phalia, on the River Lippe : 14 miles W
Paderborn, lat. 51 39 N.
Liquor, an ifland in the weftern ocean,
fo named by the companions of Beneyow
flci, who landed here in 1771, in a moft
perifhing condition, without waler or
provifions. They found excellent wafer,
fowls, fifli, and hogo; alfo, cocoa, orange,
and banana trees. Il is a pleafant ifland.
Beneyowlki fet up a crofs here, with an
infcriptlon, lat. 32 47 N, [Beneyowflci.]
Lis (La,) a river of France, vvhich
rifes near Liiburg, in fhe department of
the Straits of Calais, paffes by Aire, St.
Venant, Armentieres, Comines, &c. and
runs into the Scheldt, at Ghent.
Liffon, A city of Portugal, and capital
of the kingdom, on the Tagus, It Is
built In the form of an amphitheatre, on
7 large hills, not broad, but 2 leagues in
lenglh. Some of the ftreets are more
than a league in length. Since the year
1 7 16, the city has been divided into E
and W ; the former under the archbifli
op, and the latter under the patriarch ;
and all public aas and letters of ex
change, announce on which part they
have been tranfaaed. The patriarch is
the chief of all the pariflies of the city.
Here fhe patriarch officiates with more
pomp than the Pope himfelf. That
which chiefly enriches Lifbon, and is the
occafion of its grandeur, is its harbour,
which is large, deep, fafe, and commodi
ous. It has many betiutiful edifices, and
fhey "reckon more than 20,000 houfes, 40
parifli churches, and-50 convents of both
fexes. The cathedral, fituated on an em
inence, is ancient and gloomy, but the
riches of the Portuguefe have rendered
it magnificent. The royal palace fronts
the Tagus ; it is a large and magnificent
building, and contains a library, collea
ed, at a vaft expenfe, by John V. The
number of inhabitants Is fuppofed to be
about 270,000, of which the negroes and
mulaitoes, are fuppofed to make about"!!
filth part. In the year 1147, it was
taken

L I S

L I T

^aten from the Moors, by Don Alphonfo,
affifted by a fleet of French, Eriglifli, and
Gernians, who were faiUrig to the Holv
Land on a croifade. LlfliOri is a place of
great trade, and many foreign merchapts,
'both Catholic and Proteftants, refide here,
Englifli, French, ttutch, &c. being the
grand magazine of all goods brought from
Brazil aud olher colonics belonging to
the Portuguefe. The harbour wfll coh-
itairi 'iooo veffels, but the entrapce re
quires the afiiftaiice of 3 pilot, op account
of the bar, i which Is fometimes danger
ous. The city is yyalled' round with 77
towers, and 36 gates. It has fp iricreaf-
cd by degrees, particu-larly tpwards the
W, that the pld walls now divide the two
diocefes. In the year 1755, this city was
almoft deftroyed by an earthquake, but
iSnce that time rebuilt, in 9 piuch better
ftyle. The new houfes are larger, and
liav^e glafs windows, of which the old are
deftitute ; the ftreets are wider, and lead
to new fquares. They have no hand
fome public walks, the people being too
indolent for fuch an amufement. The
climate of Lifbon is fuppofed to be equal
to any in Sp^in or Portugal, ten, 9 5 W,
Iat. 38 43 N^
Lijhirn, a town of Ireland, county pf
Antrim, has a large manufaaure of lime :
7 miles SSW Belfaft.
Lifabiania, one pf the fmaUcft of the
Lipari Iflands.
Lifciano, A tovyn pf Naples, S ipUes S E
Tarento. Lifieux, a town pf Frapce, department
of the Calvados.. Before fhe revolution,
the fee of a bifhop. It has a gqod trade
in Unen r 12 miles from the fea, 40 miles
S W Rouen, lat. 49 8 N.
L'lfieard, A town of England, county of
Cornwall ; the" number of inhabitants is
about IOOO. If fends 2 members to par
liament : 31 milcs E Truro, 221 W S W
London. Lifie, iee Lille.
Lifmore, one of the weftern iflands of
Scotland, near the coaft of the county of
Argyle, about 9 miles long, one and a
half broad, and contains 900 fpuls ; is
fertile in oats. The land is in general
low, and the ftrata limeftone : 25 miles
N W Inverary, lat, 56.29 N,
Lifmore, A town of Ireland, county of
Waterford, the fee of a bifliop. The
cathedral is fpacious and handfome ; If is
iituated on fhe S fide of the Blackwater,
and was formerly a confiderable city, but
is now a fmall place : 26 miles N E Cprk.
Lifonza, a river pf Germany, which

rifes iri Carniola, paffes by Goritz, and
runs Irito the Gulf of Triefte.
Lifs, A town pf Hplland r 8 mile.s. N
Leyden. Liffa, A fpwn pf Silefia, iri Breflaw, on
the Weiftrltz : 7 miles W N W Breflaw.
Liffa, pr Lecbno, a town of Poland, in
Pofnania, formerly -only a village, but
when great numbers of Profpftanls from
Silefia, Boht-nila, Moraviijlf -eifl Auftria,
removed to this place, ijnd obtained the
free exercife pf their religion, it was raif
ed to a town. The inhabitants carry on
a good trade. Here is a-Lutheran church,
a feminaj-y, and a Cajviiiift churcji. ,ln
1707, it w.is laid wafte bythe Ruffians |
but afterwards rebuilt witlf great ipi-
provemcpts : 44 miles S S W Pofen.
' Liffabatta, a tO',vn on the N coaftof the
ifland of Ceram, inhabited by a mixture
of diffisrent people, futSciently.troublc-
fpme tp the Dutch.
Litada, a towri pf the ifland, of Negro-;
ponte, in the Grecian Archipelago': 4^
miles N W Negroponte.
Litchfield, a city pf England,, county of
Staffoiid, on a fmall river 'which runs in-;
to the Trent, about 3 miles from the town.
It Is a county of itfelf, with power of hold
ing affiles, arid determining cafes of life
and death. It is a bifli.opric, under fhe
archbifliopric of Canterbury. Here are
3 churcKes, befides , the cathedral, and
formerly there was ^ caftle, now deftroy
ed. The S fide of the river is called the
City, the other the Clofe. It' fends 2 mem;
bers to parliament : 18 miles N 'W Cov
entry, and 119 N 'W London.
Lithuania, A large country of Europe,
anciently gpverned by ils grand'dukes,
but, in 1569, united to Poland, under one
elcaive king. It is bounded on the S by
Volhinia ; on the W by Little Poland,
Polachia, Pruffia, and Samogitia ; on the
a by Livonia and Ruflia, which laft
bounds it on the E. It is 300 miles long
and 250 broad. Its principal rivers are,
the Dnieper, Dwina, Nieman, Pripecz,
and Bog. If is a flat country, and the
,foil is not only fertile in corn, but it pro
duces honey, wood, pitch, and vaft quan-*
titles of wool : here are alfo excellent
little horfes, vvhich are never fliod, their
hoofs being very hard. There are vifl
fprefts, in which are bears, wolves, elk},
wild oxen, lynxes, beavers, wild cats, &c.
and eagles and vultures are very com
mon, in the forefts, large pieces of yel
low amber are dug up. The country
fwarms vvith Jews, vvho, though numer
ous in every other part of Poland, i(:em

L I V

t I V

to have fixed their headquarters in this
duchy ; and this, perhaps, is the only
country in Europe, vvhere Jews cultivate
the ground. The peafants are in a ftate
of the moft abjea vaffalage. In 1771,
the emprefs Catharine, compeUed the
Poles to cede to her all tliit part of Li
thuania, bordering upon Ruffia, arid in
cluding, at leaft, one third ofthe couritry.
This flie ereaed into the 2 governments
Pf Polotlk and Mohilef. In IT) 3, in
conjunaion vvith the king of Prufliia, flie
effeaed another partition of Poland, iri
confequence of which flie extended her
doraiiiloa over almoft the whole of LI-
thu.iuia'. Lii'adia, a province of Turkey, in Eu
rope, bouiSded on the N by Janna, on the ,
F. by the Archipelago, on the S by the '¦
Morea, and on the W by theMcditerra- I
nean. Here are fhe celebrated laoun- '
tains of Parnaffus, Helicon, and Cytha;- :
ron. It includes aricient Greece, properly
fo callecl, and its capital is Setines, the
once celebrated Athens.
Livadia, an ancient town of Turkey in
iEurope, in a province of the fame name.
It carries on a trade in wool, corn, and
rice, and is 58 mUes N W Athens, lon.
23 46 iE, lal, 3840 N,
Livadofia, A town of Livadia, feated on
the gulf of Lepanto, iu the Ifthmus of Co
rinth, to the N of the city of that name,
with a bifliop's fee.
Li-venen, a narrow valley of Swifferland,
at the foot of Mount Sf. Gothard ; about
-20 miles in length, Wiitercd by feveral
fmall rivers and lakes ; ceded by the duke
of Milan, to the canton of Uri, in the
year 1441, The inhiibitants are in niim-
oer,' about 12,000 ; they fpeak a corrupt
IlaUan, are fober, robuft, and ingenious,
but indolent, Faido is the principal place.
i;i/c«2a, a river pf Italy, in the terri
tpry of Venice, which runs on the con
fines of Trevifano' and Friuli, and falls
Into the gulf of Venice, between the
mouth of the Piava and the towri of
C'aorlo. ,
Liverdun, a town of .France, depart
ment of Meurthe, and late province of
Lorrain, on a mountain, near the river
Mofelle : 8 miles N E Toul, lon, 6 5 E,
lat, 48 45 N-
Liverpool, or Leverpool, a feaporf town
of England, in the county of Lancafter,
fituated on the E fide of the Merfey, not
far from its niouth, in the Irifh Sea, and
one of the moft commercial and flouriili
ing ports of the kingdom, being fecpnd
to Loudon. The In-habilaats trade 10 all

parts of the world, except Turkey aria
the E Indies, "I'he harbour ib artificial,'
but capable pf receiving veffels of any
burden up fp the tovvn ; there are feverll
public docks for the reception of fliips,
where icoomay lie in the greateft fafety.
all bound by quays a mile and a half iu
length, with room for 20,obot<ms of fliip
plng. The entrance of the rivtr is dan
gerous, though every means Is ufed to
make it more fecure. In the middle of
the iCth century, Liverpool was a fmall
place, wifh only one church, which was
a chaptl of eafe to Walton. In the year
1699, an aa paffed to make the town a
diliina parifli, and erea a neVv church,
fiufe which time it h.TS been gradually
advancing in population and trade. It
was, however, before that time, a corpo
rate town, and fefrt members fo parlia
ment. In the year 1565, there vvere only
138 houfeliolders and cottagers. At this
time,the number of houfes is 4bout 10,000,
and the inhabitants 60,000. The trade of
Liverpool is general ; but the principal
branch is the African and W Indian trade.
Formerly 88 fliips were employed in ihii
inhuman traffic, which yearly carried to
the W India and other markets, upwards
of 27,000 flaves ! I The American, Baltic,
arid Portugal commerce, is alio very great,
as well as to Ireland ; feveral flii'ps arc:
fent annually to Greenland, and many
vefl'els are employed in the country trade,
for corn, cheefe, coals, &c. fo that n'ar
3000 veffels ate cleared out from this^
port in one year. Here ire feveral man
ufaaures for china ware aud pottery,
fome fall works, glafshoufes, and upwards
of 50 breweries, from fome of which,
large quantities of malt licjuor are fenc
abroad. Liverpool communicates, by the
Merfey, vvith Warrington, and wilh a ca
nal, called the Sankey Canal, running to
fome coal pits and other works, a littlp
way up the country ; by the IrwcU and
the Duke of Brid,gewaier"s Canal, with
Manchefter ; by the Weaver, vvith the
Chefliire fall works ; and hy the Duke of
Bridgewater's Can.-il, vvith the Staft'oid-
fliire Grand Trunk, and all its communi
cations. The Merfey, upon which this
fpwn is fituated, abpunds with falmon,
cod, flounders, turbot, plaife, and fmclts ;
and, at full fea, it is above 2 miles over.
'{"he Merfey, is properly an arm of the
fea, and fubjea 10 the variations cf the
tide. Liverpool coutains 10 churches,
befides places of worfliip for the rcU^ious
of olher perfii^fions ; an exchange, a cuf
tom hovife, a public Icfirmarv, a prifon, builr

L L A

LOA

built on the plan of the humane Mr.
Howard, an obfervatory, a theatre, &c.
SO miles N Chefter, and 203 N W Lon
don, lon. 2 58 W, lat. 53 23 N. ,
[Aiken, Walker.]
Livonia, A province of the Ruffian em
pire, which, wifh that, of Eftlionia, has
been reciprocally claimed and pofl'effed
by Ruffia, Sweden, and Poland, and, fpr
more than 2 centuries, has been a fcene
of the moft bloody wars. It was finally
¦wrefted from' fhe Swedes by Peter the
Great, and confirmed to the Ruffians
bythe peace of Nyftadt, in 1721. If
now forms fhe government of Riga, or
Livonia, of whicli Riga is the capital. It
is bounded on the N by the government
of Efthonla, on the E by that of Pfkof,
on the S by that of Polotfk and part of
Poland, and on the W by fhe gulf of Li-
vorila. It is 250 mites from N to S, and
150 from E fo W. The land- is fo fertile
in corn, th*t it is called the Granary of
tlie North ; and it would prpduce a great
deal mpre, if it were npt fo full of lakes
and forefts. In fhe forefts are wolves,
bears, elks, reindeer, ftags, and hares. The
domeftic animals are numerous ; but the
flieep bear very bad wool. The houfes
of the inhabitants are built vvith wood.
The principal articles of export are flax,
hemp, honey, wax, leather, fkins, and
potafli. The czar, Peter, perceiving the
inhabitants did not like the change of
foverelgns, compelled them to (ibandon
their cpuntry, and drpve many of them
as far as the Cafpian Sea : but being per-
fuaded to recall them, moft of them per
iflied before the edia vvas publiflied ; fo
that he was obUged to" repeople their
country with other nations.
Lizard, themoft fouthern promontory
of England, at the entrance of the Eng
lifli Channel, whence fliips ufually take
their departure, vvhen bound to the wefl-
ward, lon. 5 10 W, lat. 49 57 N.
Llanartb, A towu in Cardiganfliire,
Wales, 17 miles E by N Cardigan, and
212 W by N London.
Llanpeder, A town in Cardiganfliire, on
the Tyvy, over whicli Is a bridge : 24
miles £ Cardigan.
Llandaff, A city of Wales, county of
Glamorgan, on the river Tave. If is the
fee of a biflipp. The cathedral is a
handfpme building. The river fprms a
gpod harbour, about 4 miles from the
mouth of the Severn : 2 miles N Car
diff, and 166 JV London.
Llandilevawr, A fown of Wales, cpunty
of CaenParthea. Here is a confiderable

manufaaure pf flannel : 29 miles W S W
Brecpn, and 194 W Lpndpn,
Llanelly, A tPwn of Wales, county of
Caermarthen. It trades in coal, and
ftands on a creek of fhe Briftol Channel :
13 mfles S by E Carmarthen,
Llantriffent, a towll of Wales, county
of Glamorgah. If is joined with Cardiff
and other towns fo fend one member to
parliament , 39 miles W S W Mon
mouth, ¦
Llamivrtyd Wells, a medicinal fpring of
Wales, county of Brecknock : 12 miles
W Bealth.
Llaugbarn, a tpwn pf Wales, county of
Caermarthen, on the W fide of the Towy,
at its mouth : 7 miles S W Carniarlhen,
Loanda, an Ifland ill the Atlantic, near
the coaft of Angola, about 6 leagues in
length, and half a league wide, divided
from the-confincnf by a narrow channel,
which forms a good harbour. The fpil
is not good for grain ; buf oranges, figs,
citrons, &c, abpund. It cpntains 7 or 8
vMllages. On the coaft are found fliell
fifli, called zinibi, ufed for money by
the natives, like cowries in the Indies,
Loanda, a feaporf of Africa, In fhe
kingdom of Angola, capital of the prov
ince of Loanda, In poffeffion of fhe Por
tuguefe, the fee of a bifliop, containing
feveral churches, cotivenfs, and about :
5000 Inhabitants, of which iooo arc"
whites, fhe rgft are blacks or mulattpes.
The country abounds in cattle and
flieep ; Indian corn, millet, manioc, and
fruits, ten, 13 15 E, lal, 8 45 S,
Loango, A country pf Africa, fituated
pn fhe W cpaft, tpwards the Atlantic,
bpunded N by Benin, £ by Anzikp, S
by Cpngo, The cUmate is very hpt.
But it is healthy and pleafant, and its
fpil fertile and capable pf imprpvement ;
but the natives, like all the reft along ,
thefe coafts, are naturally lazy, and
averfe 10 the fatigues of agriculture ;
whence it frequenlly happens, that a
bad feafon is followed by a famine. The
cotton i\nd pimento trees grow wild, as
well as the paradife grain. The enzanda,
illcandi, and metamba, afford them
plenty of materials for clothing and oth
er ufes, as building and covering their
houfes, arf3 making their fliips and'
fmaller vefl'els. Sugarcanes, caffia, and
tobacco grow here. They have but few
cattle except goats. The oxen brought
hither have died ; hogs are plenty, aud
poultry is fo cheap, fhat 6 penny w-orfh of
beads will purchafe 30 of them, Pheafants,
partridges, and other wild fowls are in
greater

Loa

LOA

greater abundance. Among wild beafts,
they have the zebra, and multitudes ui
elephants, whofe teeth they exchange
with the Europearis for iron, 'fhe na
tives, who arc called bramas, are tall,
ftout, well fliaped, ind well behaved,
though fprmei'ly wild and inhuman can
nibals. They ufe eircumcifipn ; are in
duftrious, friendly, and generous to one
another : very fond of their palm wine,
yet dofplfing that of fhe grape. They
are libidinous to a high degree, and very
jealous of their wives. They carry on
a variety of trades and handicrafts, in
the various capacities of Weavers, fmiths,
carpenters, bed makers, ppfter^, canoe
inakers, fifliermen ; 'Pthers are traders,
and merchants. Their drefs is mpft cpm
monly of .their own manufaaure, chiefly
Pf cloth, made of palm leaves. "I'he !
young palm flioots are firft carefully
cropped and dried, then foaked and fofl-
cned in palm wine, and well rubbed with
the hand; THcfc, being fpun and woven,
are made into fuifs for the better forti
which hang round the body, frpm the
girdle down to fhe feet. All their va
rious garments are tied ahoUt the ipiddle
with a rich girdle, going feveral tinies
abPut the body, and fome of them curl
oufly wrought, of' the fame ni,iterials
with their richeft clothes. "Fhey alloyv
polygamy : a great man has generally
Io, 12, or more wives, and the pooi'clL
feldom lefs than 2 ot 3. The confent of
the parents, and paying dovvn the price
agreed on for the wife, i,b all the formal
ity and courtfliip that is ufed In their
marriages. They acknowledge -a God,
under the- name of Sairibian Pongo, but
neither pay any adoration fo him, nor
appear to have any idea of l\is nature or
attributes, and, confequently, neither
love, nor fear, nor pray to^him. AU
their worfliip and invocations are direa-
ed to, fheir demons, both douieftic an J
rural, to whom they afcribe the fole
ppwer pf bleffingor of 'curfing them, of
direaing the winds, rains, ftorins, of fine
weather, fruitful or unft'uitful, healthy
or fiekly feafons^ The Loangoefe enter
tain varipus notions concerning the na
ture of the human foul, bur all of them
very e)(travagaiit, and bordering on the
metcmpfychofis. Though their mon
archs only ftyle tliemfelves mani, or
lords of Loango, their fubjeas not pnly
give, them the title pf mokiiros, but im
agine them to be .endowed with a kind
of fupernatural and unlimited power.
He can, according to them, not only cn-
VoL. II. A a *

rich and Imppverifh his fubjeas by pne
fingle wprd, raife deftruaive wars in the
previnces, and fend myriads pf people
to their graves ; but, what Is ftill more-
cxtraordlnary, he can bring down or
withhold rains and ftorms at his pleaf
ure. The priefts of this country, all
take the title of mokiflb. The com
merce confift chiefly In flaves. They
fell great quantities of ivory tin, lead,
iron, and copper, vvhich they fetch as
far as from the mines of Sundi, adjoin
ing Abyffinia, The fmiths and arclfts
repair to thefe mines in September, and
fet their flaves to work in them. They
pielt the ore m the fpot ; but as they
have not the- art of purifying it from
other metals, which wUr intermix with
if, even within the bowels of the earlh,
their copper Is neither pure nor valua
ble. "I'he Europeans have fent fome good
.irlifts to teach them how to refine it, but
¦he natives are either fo indocile or indo
lent, that they have not reaped any great
'idvantage from their inftruaions. Lo
ango was formerly part of the kingdpm
(if Congo, but ilie mani, or governors of
its feveral provinces, revolted frpiii it,
and ereaed themfelves into independent
principaUties, fill one of them grew rich
and powerful enough 10 fubdue all the
reft, and not only lo affume the royal title '
and dignity, but fo ftrip his old mafter of
feveral other of his provinces, and lo
make himfelf fp abfolute in his new king
dom, as to be in fome meafure worfliiped
as a god by his fubjeas. They give him,
the name, or title, of Sambo Pongo,
which is that of the deify, and addrefs
him either for rain or fruitful feafons,
with greater folemnity than olher nations
ufe towards their gods. The kingdom Is
divided Into four princip.^l provinces,
viz, Lovaiigirl, Lovango-murigo, Kilon-
go, and Piri, Kiloiigo is a maritime
province, and the largeft and moft pop
ulous of the four. It is fituated hctween
the rivers of Quila on the S, and Combi
on the N. Its plains are fpacious and
fertile, and flieltered at a diftance by
ridges of high mountains. Its inhabit
ants trade in elephants' teeth, are peace
able, have plenty of cattle and fowl,
both wild and tame, arid delight much ia
hunting,' The game they lake, andmiiic,
conftitute their chief food. There are
abundance of towns and villages in ail
the provinces, concerning mo.ft of vvhic.'i
we know little elfe but their names.
Loango, A fown of Africa, and capital
of the country fo named, fitujtjd on j.
river,

LOG

LOO

river, which forms a, bay at its mouth,
about 2 leagues from the coaft of the
Atlantic. It is called- by the natives Bo-
rai, and is very airy and fpacious, as the
houfes are not contiguous to each other.
The ftreets are wide, and kept very clean,
and the fides lined with- paliri trees, ba
nanas; and" bkcavas, which af&rd a
grateful flielter to the houfes. In the
centre of the city, facing the royal pal
ace, is a great fquare, and the palace it
felf, which forms aiiother fquare, a riiile
and a half in cpmpafs. Is furrounded
with a palifado of ftately palm trees, Il
confifts of a vaft riumber of houfes, among
vvhich arethofe of theking'swomeri,wliicli
are large enough to lodge 7 or 8 of -them
together, and are about 16 In riumber,
in the market place is a famous teriiple
and idol, called Makiffo a Loango, which
was held in great veneration both by the
itiiigs' and people. The houfes are one
ftory high, and fenced round with a
hedge of palm twigs, canes, or bulruflies.
The b&y of Loango, though reckoned
pretty good, is incommpded by a bank
on the N fide of its inotllh or entrance,
which runs about half a league along the
coaft;and has not above 2 fathoms and a
half of water. The many large rivers
that come down from fhe continent, oc-
.edfion fuch ft'ron,g and rapid current's to
wards the N during ahnpft' the whple
year, that it is very difficult fo weather
them, and gain a fputhern cpurfe. The
only mpnths in which they may be ftem-
med with fafety and eafe, are January,
Eebrua'rjt, March; and April ; all the reft
pf the year the currents are fo ftrong,
that eveii coafters' muft keep at leaft 10
or 12 leagues off the land,- lon. i-i 45 £,
I'at. 4 40 s.
Loha^iu, a town of -W Pruffia, with a
caftle where tlie bifliop of Culm refides.
It is 25 milies .E of Culm, ten, 19 o E, laf,
53 25 N.
Loboa, a- townof Spain, in Eftramadu
ra, on the Guadiana, 22 milee E Bada-
jpz, lon. 6 2^ W, laf. 38 32 N.
Lacarno, A town of Svvifferland, capital
of a diftria of the fame name, livhich is
one of the 4 tranfalpine bailiwicks.- 'It
contains 1500 Inhabitants. The bailiwick,
contains 30,000. Part of fhe town is
,tuilt pn pizzas, in the form of a crefcent,
with 2 wings ; and, in the front, Is a row
of trees, and the public walk. The old
part of the tPwn is dirty, and the ftreets
are narrow. It cpntains 3 convents, and
a fmall Francifcan monaftery, perched on
a rocli overhangipg tlie valley, ar.d com

manding a view of the lake of Locarnp,
and its magnlficenl boundaries. Tir^
canopy, iri the church of the Capuchins,
defervcs to be minlioncd for its beautiful
execution ; it is of ftraw work, and al
moft rivals velvet or gold fringe. Locar
no was once fituate on the lake, and had
a port capable of receiving large barks :
at prefent it ftands at the diftance of a
quarter of a mile, which is owing fo the
accumulation of fand brought dovvn by
fhe torrent Maggia : It is 46 miles N Na-^
vara, and 55 N hy '*' Slilan, ten. 8 31 E,
lat, 46 10 N. [Perinant,]
Locarno (Lake af). Ice Maggitfre.
Locbaber, a- black, Barreri; mountainous,-
and rugged diftria, iri the S W part o£
Invernefsfliire, Lochem, A town cf the duchy of Guel
derland, on the Bsrkel : 10 miles E Zut-'
, phen. Locher Slafs, a morafs of Scotland, in-
the county of Dumfries ; 10 miles long,
and 3 broad. From the vaft oak trees
that are Aug up, if is evident that this
morafs has been at foriie diftant period a
great foreft: Canoes and anchors h.ive
been frequently found here ; and, as the
prefent morafs is 6ut tittle elevated, that
': it has oriee been covered wifh the fea.
Laches, a town of France, department
of the Indre and Loire, This town, with:
the reft of Touralue, forriierlyi belong-
, ed to the kings of Engltuid, Here Is a
, caftle, (banding on a rock, formerly a ve-'
i ry important forfificat'ion. In this caftle
i are, or were, fou-i* ranges of fubterrane
ous paffagcs, running over each other, in-
the uppernibft of whlc4 Levvis Sforxa,
duke of Milan, was kept prifoner for 10
years, and vyhere alfo he died. In a large
tower In it, are two cages, or moveable
; rooms, with very ftrong o^aken grates cov
ered with iron, in one of wliiich cardinal
Balve, bifliop of Algiers, was tonfinedhy
Lewis %\\ ; 7 leagues S SE Tours, and
'12 N W Cl'iateailroux, fon. o 51 E, laf*
47 7 ilSf,
Lochmaben, a town of Scotland, county
of Dumfries ori the Annan, Tliere is i
cpnfiderable linen manufaaure in the
fpwn and neighbpurhppd' ; the number
of Inhabitants about 700 : 7 miles N E
Dumfries Lochtuj a feaport of Sweden, in E Both
nia, feated on the gulf of Bothnia, 90
milcs S of Tornea, lon, 24 16 E, lat. 64
20 N,
Locbfieti, a town of Pruffia, in Samland ;
near it are the remains of a caftle, ia
which is to be fecu a dreadful dungeon, ¦whicli

LOE

LO r

tyhic'h formerly ferved as a prifon ¦¦. 4
-nules N Pillau.
Loele (Le,) a town 1 of Swifferland,
¦which gives name to a jurlfdiaion, in fhe
-county of Neufchatel. 'Fhe parifli is ex
tenfive, and contains a great number of
watchmakers, cullers, &c, 8 miles N W
i'^cufchatel. Loddon, A towoi of England, cpunty of
Norfolk : 42 milcs N Ipfwich,
Loddon, A river of England, which runs
into the Thames, about 5 miles below
iReadlng, Lodefan, a diftria of Milan, bounded S
¦by the Placeutin and Pavefe. It is fmall,
ibut poputeus and fertile, and particularly
.celebrated for Its cheefe, of vvhich the iri
habitants are faid tp export annually, to
<he amount of 7o,ooca, fterUng, It is
well watered by the rivcr Adda, and vari
ous other flreaVps. Lpdi is the capital,
Lodeve, A town of France, department
of fhe He;-ault, containing abopt 4aoo in
habitants : 8 leagues -W MsnfpelUer, laf,
43 44 N,
Lodi, A city of Milan, and capital of a
diftria, called the Lodefan, fituated on the
Adda. The prefent town vvas built by
the emperor Frederic IBarbaroffa," 3 miles
-from its fornjer fituation, on the Adda,
an the beginning of the twelfth century.
It Contains, befides the cathedral, 2 coUe-
,giate, and 17 parifh churches, and 26
convents. If is a place of Uttle trade or
-manufaaures, excepting the article of
cheefe, and a beautiful kind pf earthern
ware, refembling China. It is furrpund
ed with walls, and well built. I'he num
ber pf inhabitanls is fupppfed tp be be
tween II and 1 2,00a The fanious battle
of LodI, vvas fought here May 11, 1796,
between the French, commanded by Bon
aparte, and the Auftrians, In which the
fprmer vvere viaprlous : 18 miles S £
Milan, and 76 E N E Turiu.lpn, 9 26 E,
lat, 45 18 N.
Lodomiria, fee Galicia.
Loevcfteia, A fprtrefs, belpnging tP Hol
land, pf Bommelweert, at the conflux of
Ulie Meufe and the Wahal. Hugo Gro
tius Was confined here, in 1619, on a fen-
tence of perpetual ipiprifonrpeiit, for -hav
ing been 100 much conneaed with Jolm
-plden Barnevelt, who had been behead
ed the preceding year, and fer favouring
Armiriianifm, which had been couftenjnr
ed by the fynod of Dort ; liut hev(?as de
livered by a ftratagem of his wife, -who
had obtained permiffipri to convey fome
.books to her hufband, and contrived to
¦Jj,ring him away in a rtifprned cheft. Grp;

tins efcaped to Brabant, and thence to
France, vvhere Louis XIII appointed him
ambaffador to the queen of Sweden, In
which office he continued 11 years : this
great man died at Roftock, a town of
Mecklenburg, in the year 1645, in the
62d year of his age ; Kis body was con
veyed tp Delft, and there interred : ope
league E Gorcum.
Lofoeren, a clufter of fmall iflands ia
the N Sea : near the epjft of Norway,
laf. 68 N.,
Lofsta, A town of Sweden, in Upland,
with a hanmier-mlU, 8 forges, and a fmelt
ing furnace : thefe wprks were burned
and deftipyed by the Ruflians, in the year
1719, bin have fince been rebuilt: 36
miles N Upfal.
Lograno, a tewn of Old Caftile, on the
Ebro. 'If -contains a court pf inquifition,
5 pariflies, 8 convents, and about 5000
inhabitants. I'he environs produce fruit,
legumes, flax, hemp, excellent wine, oil,
and filk : 52 miles E Burgos, lon. 220 W,
lart, 42 23 'N.
Loheia, a town of Arabia, in Yemen,
on ehe coaft of the Red Sea, founded
near the tomb of an Arabian faint, about
3 centuries paft. The territory near it
is dry and barren. The harbour is very
fliallow when the tide is at ebb, ladep
boats cannot approach near It. Notwith
ftanding this difadvanfage, a confiderabje
trade in coffee is carried on from Loheia ;
the coffee is brought from the neighbour
ing hills, and expofed in one large heap
for fale. Loheia, although without walls
Is not entirely defencelefs : 12 towers,
guarded by foldiers, ftand at equal dif
tance round It. Only one of thefe tow
ers, and that newly built by Emir Farhan,
is fufch as to admit of being defended by
cannon. Several of the houfes in Lo
heia are built of 'ftone ; but the greateft
part are huts conftruaed in that fafliion
which is common among the Arabs. The
walls are of mud -mixed with durig ; and
the roof is thatched with a fort of grafs.
'I'he wafer Is bad, and brought from a
diftance. Within two leagues of the city
is a ftn&ll hill, whicli affords cpnfiderable
quantities of mineral fall. The women
appear as foUcitous to pleafe, as iu the
niofl poliflied cities of Europe : though
retired In their manner of living, ihey
perfume thcml"clves with incenfe, and are
attentive fo their drefs, ten. 42 54 E. laC.
15 42 N, [Bruce, Niebuhr,]
Loir and Cher, a department of France,
Including the late province of Blafois,
Jt takes its name from the rivers Loir and
Chtr ;

L 0 M

LON

Cher ; the firft of which faUs into the
Sarte, above Angers ; and fhe laft emp
ties itfelf into the Loire, 5 miles above
the confluence of the latter with the In
dre. Blois is the capital,
Loire, the principal river of France,
which rifes in the mountains of the Ce
vennes, in' Languedoe. Il begins to be
navigable at Roanne ; and watering Ne
vers, Orleans, Blois, Tours, Saumur, and
Nantes, falls Into the bay of Bifcay, be
low PalmbucBuf
Loier; Lower, a depslj^fmenf of France,
containing patf of the late province of
Bretagne. It has ils name from the river
Loire, which forms Ils S boundary, and
¦then faUs into the bay of Bifcay. Nan
tes is the capital.
Loire, Upper, A department of France,
late province of Velay. It takes its name
from the river Loire, which rifes near its
S boundary, Puy Is the capital, ,
Loiret, A department pf France, late the
prpvince of , Orleanois, It has the pame
from a fmall river that falls into fhe
Loire, Orleans is the capital.
Lombardy, A part of Italy, which com
prehends almoft all the aricient Cifalpine
GauL If lies towards the N, and is di
vided info the Upper and lower. Upper
Lombardy, the weftern part, cpmpre-
hicnds iPiedmont, with ils dependencies,
and the duchies pf Montferrat and Mi
lan. Lower Lombardy, fhe eaftern part,
cnntains Parma, Modena, Mantua, Ferra
ra, the Bojognefe, the territories o,f the
Church, the, iPaduan, Vicentino, Vero
nefe, Brefeiano, Cremafco, and Bergamo.
In the prefcut war, nearly the whole of
thefe provinces were overrun -by the
French republicans, who not only levied
exorbitant contributions on the inhabit
ants, but alfo demandecl many of their,
fineft pictures -and ftatues, which they
tranfported to Paris.
Lombez, a" town of France, department
of Gers and late province of Gafeony, oa
the Save; 27 miles S W Touloufe, lon.
1 o E, laf. 43 29 N.
Lomond, Ben, A mountain, in fhe N of
Stirlingfliire, about 3200 feet above the
level of the lake, at ils bottom. It ftrt tch-
es along the E fide of Loch Lompnd fev
eral miles ; and its brpad bafe extends fo
far into the cpuntry, that the afcent of
this mountain, though fteep. Is cpmputcd
tP be 6 miles.- Ptarmigans, and other
heath fowls, frequent ils upper regipns :
its lower are the haunts of the roebuck ;
and herds of cattle feed in fhe irriguous
vaUies at its bafe. From this lofty m.oun-

tain are feen Loch Lomond, the Clydei
the Forth, Edinburgh, the eaftern coaft,
as far as the Cheviot Fells, the ifles of
Bute and Arran, the rock of Ailfa, Ire
land, the mountain of Plynlimmon in
Wales, the Skiddaw in Cupiberland, ancl
fhe hills far beyond it,
Lomond Lnch, a beautiful lake in Dum-
bartpnfliIre,28iriUes long,and Its breadth,
from 3 quarters of a mile, increafing iq
7 miles. It contains 33 iflands ; feveral
of whicli are inhabited, and adornedwith
antique ruins, concealed among ancient
yews ; and others rife into high rocky
cliffs, the habitation of the ol'prey,, pf
fea eagle. The duke of Montrofe has a
feat on the S E corner of it, ivhere. ter-
min;(te fhe Grampian mountains ; and
oil fhe W fide, where it is broadeft, is a
feat of the faniily of Lufs, fltreenfd by
mountains and ancient woods, , In 1755,
when Lifbon was deftroyed by an earthi
quake, this lake vvas exceedingly -dgllatcd.
Lan, or Lune, a river of England,
which faUs inlo the Irifli Sea, below Lan
cafler. Its banks are beautiful and ro-
man^tic. London, the mefroplis of Great . Britain,
one ofthe largeft and moft opulent citie^
'in the -ivorld, mentioned by Tacitus as a
confiderable commercial place jn the
reign of Nero. In its moft extenfive vicyy,
as the metropolis, it confifts of the City,
properly fo called, the city pf Weftmin
fter, and the borough of Sputhwark, be
fide the fuburbs in Middlefex and Surry,
within vvhat are called fhe Bills of Mor
tality. London a.nd Weftminfter are in
Middlefex, pn the N fide of the river
Thames ; and Rcuthwark is on the oppo
fite bank, in Surry. 'Fhe extent of the
vvhole, frPiii Limehoufe, and Deptford 10.
Milbank and Vauxhall,is above 7 miles ;
but the greateft breadth does npt exceed
3, 'The city is cflvided into 26 wards,
each governed by an alderman ; and
from the aldermen, the lord mayor is an
nually chofen. There are likewife 2,56
common councilmcn, a recorder, a com
mon ferjeant, 2 flieriffs (who are alfo
flieriffs of Middlefex) a chamberlain, a
townclerk, a city remembrancer, a water
bailiff, and many inferior officers, Weft
minfter, oncea mile from London, but,
now united to il, is govi;rned by a high
fteward, vvho is generally a nobleman,
ch.ofeii by the dean and chapter ; and he
has an under fteward who officiates for
him. Next to him is the hij,h baUiff.
chofen alfo by the dean and chapter,
whofe power refembles that of a flieriff, Tbe

J. O N

LON

The fuburbs are under the jurlfdiaion of
the magiftrates. Among' the churches in
the metropolis, the cathedral of St, Paul,
is the moft confplcuous, and inferior lo
pone in Europe, except St. Peter's at
Rome, This noble fabric isnowdetlint-d
to be the receptacle of the monuments of
fuch illuftrious men, as may do hpnor to
their country by fheir talents and their
virtues. 'Two are already ereaed ; the
firft, for that great philanlhroplft Mr.
John Howard, and the fecond, for Dr.
Samuel Johiifon. Weftminfter Abbey,
the collegiate church of St, Peter, is a no
ble fpeciraen of Gothic architeaure.
Here moft of the EngUfli foverelgns have
been crowned, and many of thein infer
red. It cnntains alfo a great number of
monuments of kings, flalefmen, heroes,
poets, and perfops diftinguiflied by geni-
iis, learning, aad feience. The chapel of
Henry VII, adjoining, Leland caUs The
Wonder of the World, St. Steven's, in
Walbrook, is a church of exquifite Inte
rior beauty, the raafterpiece of fir Chrif-
tppher Wren. Bow Church, in Chca'p-
fide ; St. Bride's, in Fleet-ftrcet ; St. Dun-
ftan's in the Eaft ; and Sf. Martin's in the
Fields, are among the pther churches moft
diftinguiflied for fine architeaure. The
parifli churches, In the Bills of Mortality,
amount to 146 ; namely, 97 within the
walls, 16 without the walls, 23 put par
iflies in Middlefex and Surry, and 10 in
the city and liberties pf Weftminfter. Be
fide thefe churches, is pne belpnging to
the Temple, a celebrated feat pf law.
There are likewife a great number pf
chapels forthe eftabliflied church, foreign
prnteftant churches, Roman catlioJic
chapels, meetings for diffenters of all per
fuafions, and 3 fynagogues for the Jews.
The royal town refidence is a houfe W of
pt. James' park, called the Qeen's palace.
Among the public buildings, are Weft
minfter Hall, containing fhe fupreme
courts of juftice, and adjoining fo which
are the houfes of lords and commons ;
the Guildhall of the city; the Scffions
Hoi'ife in the Old Baily ; the Toiver of
London, an ancient fortrefs, once a royal
palace, now containing fome public offi
ces, a magazine and arfenal, the regalii of
the kingclom, the mint, apd a menagerie ;
the Horfe Guards, the Treafury, arid the
Admiralty, at Whitehall ; the noble rpl-
feaion of public offices whicli form that
piagnificent ftruaure, called Somerfet
Place ; the Royal Exchange, in Cornhill ;
the Bank of England, in Thread needle-
ftreet ; the Cuftomhoufe, in 'I'hames

Street ; the Excife Office in Broad*
ftreet ; fhe Eaft India Houfe, in Leaden*
hall-ftreet ; the South Sea Houfe, iij
Throgmortoii-ftreet ; the Manfion Houfe
for the lord mayor ; the Monument, ip
commemoration of fhe great fire in 1666 ;
the ancient bridge, called London-bridge,
and fhe two magnificent modern bridges
pf Black-friars and Weftminfter. The
Britilh Mufeum in Great RuiTel-ftreet,
Blopmlbury ; and the Leverian Mufeum,
In Great Surry-ftreet, are, perhaps, the
npbleft of fheir kind ip Europe. The
Inns of court for the ftudy of the law ;
the coUeges, learned focieties, and public
feminaries ; fhe halls of the different
trading companies ; the -noble hofpitals,
and other charitable inftitutions ; the
prifons ; the pubUc places of diverfion.
Such, on a curi'ory view of it, is the me
tropolis of Great Britain, to the extent
and opulence of which many caufes have
contributed. From the opennefs of the
country round, efpeciaUy on the London
fide, and a gravelly foil, it is kept tolera
bly dry in all feafons, and aflords no lodg
ment for ftagnant air or vvater. Its clean-
linefs, as well as its fupply pf water, are
greatly aided by its fituation on the bank^
of the Thames ; and the New Rivcr,
v\-ith many good fprings within the city
itfelf, further contributes fo the abun
dance of that neceffary element. All thefe
are advantages, -vvith refpecl to health. In
whicli ihis metropoUs is exceeded by lew.
With regard to the circumftance of navi-
'• g,ilion, if is fo placed on fhe Thames, as
1 to pofl'efs every advantage that can be
I derived from a feaport, v,-ithoul Ils daii-
' gers ; and, af the fame time, by means of
I its noble river, enjoys a very extenfive
; communication with the internal parts of
the country, vvhich fupply it vvith all forts
I of necefi'arles, and, in return, receive
from it fuch commodities as they require.
London Is the feat of many confiderable
manufaaures ; fome almoft peculiar, 10
itfelf, others in which it participates with
the manufaauring towns ingeneral. The
moft iniportanl of Its pecuUar manufac
tures Is the filk weaving, eftabliflied in
Spitalfields by refugees from France. A
variety of wprks in gold, filver, and jew
ellery ; the engraving of prints ; the
making of optical and nKithtinatical in
ftruments, ai e likewife principally i-r fole
ly executed here, aud fome of them in
greater per,'caior, than in any other coun
try. Tlie porter-brewery, .1 buhneft pi
very great extent, is alfp chiefly carried
on in Lpndon, To its port are li.ktwife nicrce.

L .O N

I, O ®

eonfiocd fome branches of foreign cotn-
Eierce, as the vaft Eaft India trade, and
thofe tp "Turkey arid« ^udfpn's Bay.
^hus Lpndpn has rifep to its prefent
rank pf the firft- city in Eprripe, with re-
fpe& fo opulence ; and nearly, if nol
entirely fo, as to nupiber pf inhabitants,
Paris, and Conftantinople, may difpute
the lalter with jt. Its population, Uke
that of all other towns, has been greatly
overrated, and is not exaaiy determined ;
-but if is probable, .that the refidents in
London, Weftiplnfter, an|d Southwark,
and all the out pai'^iejs, fajU fliojt of '
700,000. London Is a biflipp's fee, and
fends 4 members to parliament. Among
the events by ,vvrliJCh this great capital
has been dlftipguiflied : we fliall only
mention, the great ,plague,,in i665,whicli
cut off 90,000 .people, and tihe dreadful
conflagration, in 1666, by which 13,000
houfes were desftroyed. London is 165
miles N W Paris, 180 W by S Amfter
dam, and 264 S E Duibli.P, l.on. Jp 5 iW; i
Greenwich, lat. 5 jt 31 N,
Londan^rryi A county .of Ireland, prov
ince of Ulfter ; bounded N by the ocean.
It contains 31 parilhes. It is a fruitful
champaign cpuntry ; and the greater
part pf it was given by Ja'mes I, tp an in
corporated company of London mer
chants. The linep manufaaure flour
iflies through every part of it.
Londonderry, in the province vOf Ulfter,
and capital ef -the county of the fame
name, is a neat ap^ beautiful city, built
chiefly of freeftone, on a gentle eminence,
of an oval form, encompaffed, 2 thirds of
the diftance, vvith Lake Foyle, which is a
quarter of a mile wide, Thrpugh this
Lake It cpmraunicates with the fea pn
the very N pf Ireland. If contains a
laige church, a fpacious jnarket-place,
and a beautiful ftone quay, which admits
vefl'els of cpnfiderable burden. Except
ing Cork it is as conveniently fituated for
commerce as any place in Ireland. It
has been a bifliop's fee nearly 600 years.
It is famous for having refifted the cpj-
Jeaed ftrength of the Irifli, in the year
1649, when, the whole kingdom was in
their hands, this city and Dubll-n only
excepted, and both befieged ; as well as
for the noble defence it made at the Rev
olution for 105 days, under the fevereft
famine, againfl a numerous army. It is
moft advantageoufly fituated for com-
ipanding fhe trade of the adjacent coun
tries. This inland trade has greatly in
creafed fince the eftablithment of the lin-
ncn manufaapry, thrppghput the cpun

ty which is now the-moft flourlfliing and
populous in Ireland. This city alfo epr
joys a profitable fifliery, and is well fitu
ated for carrying an eXtcnfive trade with
the New England States, and the Britifli
Colonies. Il contains io,coo inhabitants.
A bridge, 1008 feet in length, was ercar
ed pver the rivcf Foyle in 1791, The
groupd plot of the city, originally called
Deny, is the property of the corpftrations
of Landon. Hence its prefent name. It
is governed by a mayor and other magifj
trates : 115 milc^ NNW Dublin, lon. 7
5 W, lat. 55 N. [Eurpp. JVIag.]
Longford, a county of Ireland, province
of Leinfter, bounded E and S by W Me-r
atli, W by the Shannon, which parts it
frpm Rofcommon. If is a rich and pleaf:
ant country, and contains 24 pariflies,
10,000 houfes, and 50,000 inhabitants.
Longford, a llorosjgh pf Iceland, capital
of the above county; 70 miles W N W
ibubtin, lon. 7 40 W, lat. 53 48 N.
Longinieo, a town of the Morea, an
ciently called .Olympia, famom for being
the place where tJie Olympic games were
celebrated, and for the temple of Jupiter
Olympius, about a mile diftant. It fs novir
a fmall place, Ceated on the Alpheus, lO
miles from its mouth, and 50 S Lepanto,
ten, 22 o E, la-t, 37 40 N.
Lang-nan, A city of Chiiia,^of the firfl;
rank, in the province pf Se-tchuen, oh
the river Mou-qua. This city is confid-^
ered as one of the moft important of the
province, having feveral forts under lit
jurlfdiaion, which were formerly ofgreat
ufe tp preyent the invafions of the Tar
tars r-^7JO»iile8 S WPcking,lat. 3222N.
Laiigtown, a town In Cumberland, Eng
land,* on the borders of Scotland : 12
miJes N CarUfle, and 307 N N "VV Lon;
don. Langwy, a town of France, depart
ment of Mofelle, and late duchy pf Lor
rain, wifh a caftle. It is divided Into the
Old and New Town, the latter of which
is fortified. It vvas taken by the king of
Pruffia In 1792, but retaken two months
after. It is feated on an eminence : 15
miles S W Luxemburg, and 167 N E Pa
ri?, lop. 5 58 E, lat, 49 30 N,
Lanf-le-Saulnier, a town of France, de
partment pf Jura, It derives Its name
from the fall fprings with which it
abounds, and is feated on the Solvan : 30^
miles SSW Dole, lon. 5 3oE,lat. 46 37 N.
Loo, A tpyvn of Dutch Guelderland^
where the prince of Orange had a fine
palace : 8 miles W Deventer, ten. 5 44
£, lat. 52 20 N. Loee,

IjCTR

X O 5.

Looe, Eafi and Weft, two mean boroughs
in CornwaU, feparated by a creek, over
which is a narrow ftone bridge. They
fend together as many members to parli-
ainent as Loridon. They are i6 miles
W Plymouth.
Loonghee, a pleafant city of Ava, on the
Irrawaddy. In the dounfi-y round are.
raifed great quantities of cetton. [Symes,]
Loofedaynen, or Laufdun, A village of
Holland, i^- league SSW from the Hague,
An infcriptlon in- tlie bnrl;-.l place here
informs that Margaret the wife of Her
man, earl of Henneberg, filter to William,
king of the Romans, being about 40 years
of age, and meeting vvitli a poor woman
vvho had twins in her arms, tpld her that
flie muft have been diflioneft 10 her huf
band, not beUevIng that 2 children could
be conceived af once ; at which the poor
woman, being highly concerned, wiflied
that this lady might bring forth as many
children at a birth as there were days in
the year; whieh was fulfilled in 1276,
vivhen at one birlfi flie was brought to
bed of 3(15 children, of both fexes, who
were baptifed by Guido, a fuflragan of
IJticcht, in- tvvo brafs bafons, the fons
having the name of John, aud fhe daugh
ters that of Elizabeth given fheaii, and
foon affer died; all in one day, as did al
fo the mother,, and were buried in this
church of the village of Laufdun, This
irifcription is to be feen io latin, over the
2 batons in which they fay thefe chil
dren were baptifed, and beneath it the
ibllowliig diftich ;
En tibi manfirofum nimis et mcmorab'ds
faStum,
^ualc ncc a mitndi eonditione datuiii.
This hiftory is found in Erafmus, Vives,
Guichardin, Camerarius, Gui Domlnicjue,
Pierre d'Oudergeft, author of the Annals
©f Flariders, and many other authors ;
and what is extraordinary, as a thing
'well aftefted. [Ray-1
Loots, A town of Germany, capital of a
eounty of the fame name, in the bifliop
ric of Liege: 16 mfles W Maeftricht,
lon, 5 10 E, lat, 50 52 N,
Lopatka, Cape, the S extremity of the
peninfula of Kamtchatka. See Kuriles.
[Beneyowlki.]
Lara, A town of Spain, in Andalufia,
fwi the river Guadalquiver : 28 miles N
E Seville, lon 5 4 W, lat. 37 46 N.
Lara, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
county of Hohenftein : 3,0 miles N Saxe
Ootlia, ten. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 N.
Lire, a town of Spain, in Granada ; 15

miles N Malaga, lon. 4 35 "tt^, tot. 36''
50 N. _ .
Lorbus, A fown of Tunis, with a caftle,'
and fine remains of antiquity. It is leaf
ed in a plain, fertile in corn : 150 miles'
S W Tunis, lon. 9 O E, lat. 35 35 N.
Lorca, an aricient tpwn pf Spain, in
Murcia, feated on an eminence, near the
river Guadalautin : 30 miles "V\' Cartha
gena, ten. J, 37 W, laf. 37 44 N,
Lorca, A town of Suabia, duchy of
Wirtemburg, It had formerly a very
rich abbey, whofe revenues now belong
to the univerfity of 'I'ubingeri. It is feat J'
ed oa the Rc-mriis : 20 miles N W Eflin-
gen. Lord Hotve's Group, an extenfive grou5>
of iflands In fhe S Pacific Ocean, dlfcov
ered, in 1791 ; fome are of confiderable
extent, 'Fhey appeared thickly covered
vvith wood, among which the cpcoa nuC
was very diflingaifliable. Nine of the
natives came near the fliip, in a canoe,
which was about 40 feet teng, badly
made, and had an outrigger. They were
A ftout, clean, well made people, of a dark
copper colour ; their hair tied in a knot
on the back of the head ; and they ap
peared as if clean fliaved. They had an
ornamciif,confiftiBgofa numberof fringes,
like an artificial beard, which vvas faften
ed clofe under the nofe; and to this beard
hung a row of teeth, which gave them
the appearance of having a mouth lower
than their natural one. They had holes
run through the fides of the npfe intp the
paffage, intp which, as vvell as through
the feptum, were thruft pieces of reed or
bone, 'Fho arms and thighs were lalow-
ed, and fome were painted v/ith red and
white ftreaks. They wore a wrapper
round their middle, lon, from 159 14 to
^59 31 E, lal, 5 30 S,^ [Hunter,]
Lard Hoive's Ifiand, in the S Pacific O-
ccan, dlfcovered, in 1788, by King, in his
voyage from Port Jackfon, fo Norfolk
Ifland, Many excellent turtle have been
caught here on a fandy beach ; and it
abounds vvith a variety pf birds, whicli
were fo unaccuftomed to be difturbed,
that the feamen went near enough to
knock down as many as they wanted
with a ftick. Af its S end are 2 higli
mountains, aearly perpciidisular from tba
fea ; the fbufkernmoft named JVfouni;
Gower. About 14 miles to the S is a
remarkable rock, named Ball's Pyramid,
which had much the appearance of a
fteeple at a diftance. The Ifland is 3^
mUes long, and very narrow, lon. 159 o
E, lat. 3136 s. [King.] Lureii^y

LOR

LOU

Laredo, a town of Italy, in Polefiuo di
ikpvlgo, feated on the .'Vdige : 20 miles
iE Rovigo, lon. 12 50 E, lat. 45 5 N.
Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the
marquifate of Ancona, with a bifliop's
fee. It contains the Cai'a Santa, or Houfe
of Nazareth, in which it Is- pretended
Jefus Chrift was brought up ; and that
it was carried by angels into Dalmatia,
aad theace to the place where it now
ftands. The Inner part of this houfe or
chapel is very old ; -but it is furrounded
by a marble wall, and within is a church,
built of freeftone. The famous lady of
LorelW, who holds the infant Jefus in
her arms, ftands upon the principal altar :
this ftatue is of cedar wood, 3 feet high,
but her face caa hardly be feen, on ac
count of the numerous lamps around her.
She is clothed with cloth of gold, fet oft"
with jewels. This image, Bonaparte, vvhen
coniqueror here, fent to Paris. The lit-;
tie Jefus is cdvered wilh a fliirt. He
holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned
vvlfh rich jewels. There are prodigious
numbers frequently go in pilgrimage to
Loretto; 100,000 have been here in one
day, and every pilgrim, after having per
formed his devotion, makes the Virgin a
prefent proportionable to his ability ;
whence it m.iy be concluded, that this
chapel Is immenfely rich. Chrlftina,
queen of Sweden, made fhe Virgin a pref-
caf of a crown of gold, worth 100,000
crowns ; and Ifabella, Infanta of Spain,
fent her a garment which coft 40,000 du
cats. Lewis XIII of France, and hisciueen,
fent her 2 crowns of gold, enriched with
diamonds, and an angel of maffy filver,
holding in his hand the figure of the dau
phin, of folid gold. Much pf this treaf
ure has been carried to France by her
viaorious armies The town itfelf, ex
clufive of the chapel, is neither confider
able nor agreeable ; nor does it contain
above 300 inhabitants, who are almoft all
flioe riiakers, tailors, or fellers of chaplels.
It is feated on a mountain : 3 miles from
the gulf of Venice, 12 S E Ancona, and
112 NE Rome, lon. 13 38 E,. Iat. 43
37 N. [Moor, iBovven, Adam.]
Lorgues, a populous Iowa of France,
department of Var, aad late province of
Provence, on the Argens : 360 miles S by
E Paris, lon. 6 27 E, Iat. 43 30 N.
Lorn, A diftria in the N part of Ar
gylefliire, between Loch Etive and Loch
.^we. Lorrain, a late province of France,
bounded N by Luxemburg and Treves,
£ by Alface oad Ceus-Ponts, It abounds

in all forts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, antl
rape-feed. There are fihe meadows and
large fprefts, vvith mines pf iron, filver,
and cppper, and fait pits. The principal
rivers are the Maefe or Meufe, the Mofel
le, the SeUle, the Meurthe, and the Sare.
This province now forms the 3 depart-
mcnlsof Meurthe, Mofelle,and the Vofges.
Lorrich,A fmall town of Germany, on
the'E fide of the Rhine': % miles N W
Bingen, Lorris, A town Of France, department
of Loiret, It was the refidence of Philip
the Long, in I3i7,arid of other kings of
France. It is 15 miks W by S Montar
gis. Lot, A river of France, which enters
the Garonne, below Agen. It begins lo
be navigable al Cahors.
Lot, A department of France, Including
the late province of Querci. It fakes Its
name from the river Lpt. Cahors is the
capital ' Lotaiid Garonne, a department of France.
Agen is fhe capital.
Lothian, Mid, fee Edinburghffire.
Loudun, A town of France, department
of Vienne. It Is remarkable for fhe trag
ical end pf its reapr, Urbain Grandier,
who, in 1634, was burnt alive for hav
ing caufed certain Urfulin nuns to be
poffefl'ed with devils ! It is feated on 3
mountain : 30 miles N W Poitiers, and
155 S W Paris, lon. o 1 7 E, Jat, 47 2 N.
Loughborough, a town In Leicefterfliire,
England, near the foreft of Charwood,
among fertile meadows, 011 the river
Soar : 1 8 miles N Leicefter,
1 Lauifa, A town of Swedifli Fihland,
with a fortrefs, on a bay of the gulf of
Finland. The houfes are .all of wood,
2 ftorles high and painted red, [Coxe,]
Loui-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the
province of Qu'ang-tong. Its territory is
feparated, by a narrow ftrait only, from
the Ifle pf Hai-nan : 315 miles S W Can
tpn. I
Louie atown of Portugal, in the prov
ince of Algarve, on a river of the fame
name, near the fea : furrounded with
antique walls, and cpntaining a caftle,
hofpital, 3 cpnvents, and about 4400 in
habitants : 3 leagues N Faro, and 5 W
Tavira, lat. 37 8 N.
Lou-ngan-fau, a city of China, in the
province of Chanfi, near the' fource of
the Tfo-tfang-ho; containing 8 cities of
the third clafs in Its jurlfdiaion : 375
miles S W Peking,
Lourde, a town of France, department
of the Upper Pyrenees, with an anci'ent caftle,

L O W

L U B

caflle, feated pn a rock, on fhe Gave de
,Pau : 10 miles N W Bagneres, ten, o 5
W, lat. 43 8 N,
Louth, A courity of Irclarid, province of
Leinfter, bounded N by Armagh, and
Cariingford Bay, E by the Irilh Sea. It
is a friutful country, contains 61 paiifties,
11,500 houfes, and 57,750 fouls. Drog
heda is the capital.
Louth, a town of Irelapd, in the above
county : 19 miles N by W Drogheda
Louth, A corporate town of Lincoln
fllire, England. Here is a noble Gothic
church, with a lofty fpire, and a free
fchool. It has a new navigation, by
means of its lirook, the Lud, to the Ger
man Ocean, at Tetney Creek ; 28 miles
N E Lincoln, and 148 N London.
Louvain, A city of Auftrian Brabant,
with an old caftle, and a celebrated uai-
verfity. Its walls are nearly 7 miles in
circumference, but within them are ma
ny gardens and vineyards, . The public
buildiu-r-i are magnificent, and the univer
fity confifts of a great number of colleges.
Large quantities of doth were formerly
made here, but this trade is greatly de
cayed, and It is now chiefly -remarkable
for good beer, with which it fcrves the
neighbouring to^vns, It was taken by
the French, in 1746, I792,and 1794, It
is feated on the Dyle : 1-4 milcs E by N
r>ruffel5, and 40 N E Mons, loa, 4 31 E,
lat. 50 53 N.
Lauvefeiu,AfOTtTeiB of the United Prov
inces, iu Holland, on the W end pf an Ifl
and, called Bommel Waert. In this caf
tle, the patriotic chiefs were imprifoned
hy prince Maurice ; whence that party
has ever fince been called the Louveftein
party. If is 16 miles £ Dort, lon. 5 13
E, lat. 5040 A
Lauviers, A fortified town of Trance,
department of Eure, Normandy, It has
a cpnfidcrable manufaaure of fine cloths,
feated on the Eure, in a fertile plain :
10 miles Nof Evreux, and 55 N W Pat 15.
Lauva, a populous foi^n of Slain, with
a royal palace, 50 miles N the city Siam,
lon. 100 50 E, lat. 15 8 N.
Linvdore, a fine cataraa in Cumber
land, on the E fide of the la.'ce of Der
went water, ia the vale of Kefwick, It
is formed by the rufliing of the waters of
Watarilath throui'.h an avvful chafm made
in a vaft rock ; but if fails entirely in a
dry feafon.
Lowefiffs, a fown in Suffolk, England,
If is built on a cliff, th; mofl eafterly
point of Great Britain ; partalces with
Yarmouth In the mackerel and herring
Vol. II. Bob

fiflieries ; pf which 70,000 barrels have
been fold in a year. It is much frecjuent-
ed for fea bathing ; and has a manufac
ture of ooarfe china. It is 10 miles S
Yarmouth, and J17 N E London, ten, I
55 E, lat, 52 35 N.
Loivicz, a populous towp of Polafid, in
the palatinate of Rava, with a ftrong for
trefs, on the Bzuta : 30 miles N RaVa,
lon. 19 29 E, lat. 52 24 N.
Low-Layton, A village in EffeX, vvhich,
with that of Laytonftone, forms i parifli,
on fhe fkirts of Epping Foreft : 6 mUes
N E London.
Loxa, a confiderable town of Spain^jin
Granada,, feated in a fertile country, on
the river Xenll, with a royal faltwork,
and copper forge : 18 miles W Granada,
lon. 3 52 W, lat, 37 15 N,
Loytz, A tovvn of Pomerania, on the
Pcne : 10 miles above Cutzkow,
Lozere, A department of France, in
cluding the late province of Gevaudan.
It is a mouatalnous barren country, and
receives its name from one of its princi
pal mountains. Meade is the capital.
Lilian, A town of the Ruffian govern
ment of Livonia : 70 miles E, Riga.
Lublin, or Lauban, one of the Phiiippiae
Iflands, in the Eaftern Indian Sea, about
4 leagues in circumference, fubjea to the
Spaniards. Lubhen, A town of Lower Lufatia, cap
ital of a diftria pf the fame name, it
has feveral churches, with a uolile hofpi
tal, and a houfe where the diets affemble.
It io feated on the Spree, 60 iniles S E
Berlin, lon. 14 25 E, lat, 52 oN.
Lubec, A free imperial city and feaport
of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Hol
ftcin, k was the h4ad of the famous
hanfeatic league, formed here in ii6/i,
and the moft commercial cit-/ and pow
erful repubUc of the N. Her fleet I'ct
the northern powers at defiance, and
rode miftrefs of the r.,:ltic. But it novv
retains nol a fliadow of its former power,
and has loft great part of its trade. The
houfes arc liuilt in a very ancient ftyle ;
the doors being fo large as to admit car
riages into the hall, vvhich frequently
ferves for a coach houfe ; and the v.-aiia
of many houfes bear the date of che i_uh
century. The tc^nhcufe is a fuperb
ftruilure, arid has feveral tov,'c.-s- Kire
is alfo a fiue exchange, built in ;6-i;.
The inliabitants are all Lutherans, and
the chief preacherhas the title of oupor-
iatendant. There are 5 large churches,
I of which Is fhe cathedral, whofe body
is Q^ an extraordinary length. Here era is

LUC

LUC

15 hofpitals, I is for lunatics. The rno-
naftery of St. Catharine is novv a hand
fome college. Lubec is feated at fhe
confluence of fome rivers, the largeft of
which is the Trave : 14 miles S W the
Baltic, and 30 N E Hamburg, ten. 16 44
E,laf. 52 53 N.
Lubec, an ifland pf the Indian Ocean,
lon, 112 22 E, lat, 5 50 S.
Luben, A town of Silefia, capital pf a
circle pf the fame name : 22 miles N W
iBreflavv, lori. 16 28 E, lat, 51 20 N,
Lublin, A city of Poland, capital of a
palatinate of the fame name, with a cita
del, a biffiop's fee, and a Jcvifli fypa-
gogue ; on the Weiprz : 75 miles S E
Warfaw, ten. 22 45 E,lat. 51 14 N.
Lubow, a tPwn of Poland, ia the pala
tinate cif Cracow : 50 miles S E Cracow,
ion. 20 36 E, lat. 49 36 N.
Luc, a fpwn pf France, department pf
Var : ,25 miles N E Tpulpn.
Luc, A tovyn pf France, department pf
Ifere; on fhe ibrpme : 32 miles S Grenoble.
Liccar-de-Barameda,St. a feaport pf Spain,
in Andalufia, with a biflipp's fee._ It has
a fine harbpur, well defended ; and is
feated at the mouth ofthe Guadalquiver :
44 miles S by W SeviUe, and 270 Mad
rid, lon. 5 54 W, laf. 36 58 N.
Lucar-de-Guadiana, St. A ftrong town of
Spain, in Andalufia, with a fmall har
bour on the rivcr Guadiana : 39 miles
N E Faro, lon. 8 16 W, laf. 37 18 N.
Lucar-la-Mayor, St. A town of Spain, In
Andalufia, on the Guadiana : 10 miles
N W Seville.
Lucira, A republic of Italy, lying on the
Tufcaii Sea, It is 20 miles In length, and
10 in breadth. The foil does not prp
duce much corn ; buf there is plenty of
wine, oil, filk, wool, and cheflnuts. Their
oil, in particular, is in high efteem ; and
the common people ufually eat cheflnuts
inftead pf bread. It is under the protec
tion of the emperor, aad the govern
ment is ariftocratic. The head of fhis
republic has the name of gonfalonier, who
has the executive power, together with a
councU of 9 members, vvho are changed
every 2 months ; but the legiflative au
thority is lodged la a fenate of 200 of the
principal perfons, who ballot for the
choice of all officers. The nuniber of
fouls in the city and its ijo villages, is
computed at upwards, of 120,000, of
whom between 20,000 and 30,000 are
able fo bear arms. The induftry of the
people in improving every fpot of their
ground, is equally furprifing and com-
sacridiblc.

Lucca, A fortified city of Italy, capit»t
of the above republic. It is 3 miles in
circumference, and an archbifliop's fee.
Here are copfiderable manufaaures of
filk, and gold and filver ftuffs. All trav
ellers are obliged to leave their arms at
the city gate, and none are fuffered td'
wear a fword in the town. Lucca is de
lightfully fituated in a fruitful plain, near
the river Serchio, and has about 40,000
inhabitants : 10 miles ,N E Pifa, 37 \V
Florence, and 155 N by W Rome, lon. lo
35E,lat. 4350N.
Lucera, an ancient populous fown of
Naples, In Capitanata, with a bifhop's,
fee : 65 mUes N E Naples, lon. 15 34 E,
laf. 41 28 N.
Lucern, one of the cantons of Swiffer
land, and the moft confiderable except
Zuric and Bern, It is 30 mfles in length
and 20 in breadth ; bounded E by the
cantons of Uunderwalden, Schweilz, and
Zug, and oa aU the other fides, by Bern,
The iahabitants are Roman Catholics ;
and they can- fend i6,ooo men into the
field. The government of this republic
was entirely ariftocraticaL The fove
reign power refided in the council of one
hundred, comprifing the fenate, or little
council. The chiefs of the repubUc ivcre
2 maglfll-.ifes, called advoycrs, who were
chofen from the fenate by the fovereign;
and annually confirmed. Such was the
government of this canton before the
late revolution, [Coxe,]
Lucern, the eapitalpf the above canton^
is divided into 2 by a branch of the
Reufs, which falls iiilp the lake, on which
the town is feated. It fcarcely contains
3000 inhabitants, has no manufaaures of
confeciueiicey and little commerce. The
pope had a nuncio refident here. In the
cathedral is an organ- of a fine tone, and
of an extraordinary fize : the center plpn
is 40 feet in length, near 3 in brcadth,and
weighs IIOO pounds. The bridges which
flcirf the fown, round the edge of the
lake, are the fafliionable walk of the
place, and remarkable for their lengtli
Being covered at the top, and open at
the fides, they afford a conftant view of
fhe dellglifful and romantic country.
They,are decorated vvith coarfe paintings,
reprefenting the hiftories of the Old Tef
tament, the battles of the Swifs, and the
dance of death. Lucern is 30 miles S W
Zuric, and 25 E Bern, lon. 8 6 E, lat, 47
5 N. [Coxe.]
Lucerna, A town of Italy, in Piedmont;
15 mUes S W Turin. Luchen,

LUC

LUD

Lucben, a townof Spain, in Valencia :
30 miles S the city of that name.
Lucia, Sl. orie ofthe Cape de Verd Ifl
ands, 400 mfles W the continent of Afri
ca, It furnifl.ics wood, water, hogs,
goafs, and abundance of Guinea fovyls,
The harbour is ftored with fifli. The
ifland is mountainous and barren Nor
16 the air healthy, ten, 24 32 W, lat, 16
AS N. [Rogers.]
Lucignano, a townof Tnicany : 12 miles
S Sienna. Lucknow,.Aa ancient and extenfive city
of Hindooftan Proper, capital of Oude.
It is meanly built ; the houfes are chiefly
mud walls, covered vvith thatch ; many
are entirely of mats and bamboos, thatch
ed with leaves of the cocoaput, palm tree,
and fometimes v^ritli ftraw ; veiy few are
built vvith brick: the ftreets are crooked,
narrow, and worfe than moft in India. In
the dry feafon, the duft and heat are in
tolerable ! in the rainy feafon, the mire
is fo deep, as fo be fcarcely paffable ;
aad there Is a great number of elephants,
belonging to the nabob and the great
men of his court, which are continually
paffing the ftreets, either to the palace,
or to fhe river, fo the great daager and
annoyance of the foot paffenger, as well
as the Inferior clafs of fliopkeepers. "I'he
palace of the nabob is feated on a high
bank near the Goomty, and commands
an extenfive view both pf that river and
the cpuntry pn the eaftern fide : 650 milcs
N W Calcutta, lon, 81 25 E, lat, 26 35 N,
Lucko, a town pf Poland, capital of
Volhinia, wilh a citadel, on the Ster :
75 miles N E Lemburg, and 1 75 S E "War
faw, ten, 25 30 E, lal, 51 13 N,
Luca, A tP'vvn of Naples, on the W
bank of fhe lake Celanp;
Luqan, A town of France, department of
Vandee. It is feated in an unwholefome
' morafs, on a canal, which commuicates
with fhe fea : 17 miles N Rochelle, and
50 S Nantes, ten, i 5 W, lat, 46 27 N.
Lucania, or Manilla, fhe chieff of the
PhUippInelflarids, In the NPacific Ocean :
400 miles in length and 100 in breadth.
The Inhabitants are 1,000,000 in nuniber.
It is not fo hot as might be expeaed, be
caufe it is well watered by large lakes and
rivers, and the periodical rains, which In
undate all the plains. There are feveral
volcanos in the mountalas, w.hich occa
fion earthquakes ; and a variety of hot
balhs. The produce of this ifland is wax,
cotton, wild cinnamon, fulphur, cocoa-
nuts, rice, gold, horfes, buffaloes, and
g--ime. .Pliilip II, of Spain, formed a

fcheme of planting a colony in the Phi
lippine Iflands, which had been neglea-
ed fipce the difcovery of them by Magel
lan, In 1521, Manilla, in this ifland, was
the ftation chofen for the capital of the
new eftabUfliment. Hence an aaive
commercial intercourfe began with the
Chinefe, a confiderable number of whom
fclllijd in the Philippine Iflands, under
the Spanifli proteaion, Thefe fupplied
the colony fo amply with all the valuable
produaions and manufaaures of Afia, as
enabled it to open a trade with America,
by a direa courfe of navigation, the
longeft from land to land on our globe.
This trade commenced with Callao, on
the coaft of Peru ; but if was afterifvard
removed fo Acapulco, pn the coaft of
Nevv Spain. From this port annually
fail I or 2 fliips, which are permitted to
carry out filver fothe amount of 500,000
crowns, in return for vvhich ihey bring
back from Manilla fpices, drugs, China
and Japan wares, caUcoes, chintz, muf-
Uns, filks, &c. "The inhabitants are a
mixture of feveral nations, befide Span
iards ; and ihcy all produce a mixed
breed, diftina ftom any of the reft. The
blacks have long hair, aad good features ;
and there is one tribe, who prick their
fkins, a^id draw figures on them, as fhey
do in moft other countries where they
go naked. See Manilla. [Peyroufe,]
Ludemar, A moorifli kingdom of Afri
ca. The greater part of the inhabitants
arc pegroes from the fouthern ftates, who
prefer a precarious prcteaioii under^lhe
Moors, to }5clng expofed lo their hoftile
excurfions in their own country. The
Moors are a fubtle, treacherous, cru
el, and barbarous people, vvho feizc every
opportunity of cheating, plundering, and
oppreffing the unfnfpicious negroes.
Thefe conftantly meet Indignity and
contempt. The unguarded traveller
may expea the Moors to Ul treat, and
plunder him. They B'ury their dead in
the evening ; on fhe grave fhey plant a
pa'rlicular flirub, which no ftranger is
allowed fo touch. [Park.]
Ludeijburg, a town of Lower Saxony,
feated 011 the Elbe : 5 miles above the
tovvn of Laweaburg.
Ludgerffjll, A borough in Wiltfliire,
England : 15 miles N 'SaUihury, and 71
N by Vi' London,
Lndin-.",z borough I;i Shropfllire, Eng
land, Here a court is held for themarches
of Wales ; and if is encompafl'ed by a
wall, having 7 gates. It has likewife a
caftic, where all bufinefs was fornrerly
tranfaacj

LUN

LUN-

tf anfaifted fo¥ the principality of Wales :
and a ftately church, formerly collegiate.
I^ ferids 2 members f o parliament ; feated
on the Tame : 29 miles S Shrewfljury.
Lugano, A town''of Swifferland, capital
of a bailiwick of the fame name, which
is the principal of the four tranfalpine
bailiwicks. It is built round 2 gentle
~ curve of the lake of Lugano, and backed
by an amphitheatre of hills. It is the
emporium of the greateft part of the
merchandife, which pafl'es from Italy over
the St, Gothard, or the Bernardin. It
contains 8000 Inhabitants ; and - on an
eminence above fhe fown, is the principal
church, vvhich has a deUghtful profpea
from its terrace. Moft of the houfes are
built of tufstone ; and the refidence of
the governor is a low building, on the
walls pf which are the arms of fhe 12
cantons to vvhich this bailiwick is fub
jea ; for the canton of Appenzel has ao
jurifdiaioa overit : 17 miles N WComo,
lon", 8 48 E, lat. 45 54 N. [Pennant,]
Lugano, a lake of Swifferland, Pn fhe
ItaUan fide of fhe AJps. It is 25 miles iu
length, and from 2 to 4 in breadth ; Its
form Irregular, and bending into contin-
¦ual bays. It Ues about 190 feet higher
than the la(ces Como and Locarno.
Lugo, an ancient waUed city of Spain,
once the capital in GaU cia, with a bifli
op's fee. There are fprings in this city
boiling hot. It is feated pii the Minhp :
32 miles S £ Mondonnedn, and 60 SW
Oviedo, lon. 8 52 W, laf. 42 46 N.
Lula, a feaport of Swedifli Lapland, at
the mouth of fhe Lula, on the W fide the
gulf of Bothnia, 4.2 miles S W Tornea,
lon. 22 10 E, lat. 65 29 N.
Lunan (Bay,) in the German Sea. on
the E coaft of Scotland, and county of
Angus ; celebrated as a place of fafety a-
g,iinft all but eafterly winds : 4 nules S
Montrofe, L,in:arfy, a town of Scotland, county of
Perth, wliere is one Of fhe moft extenfive
bleaching grounds in Scotland : 5 miles
N Perth,
Lund, the moft ancient town of Swe
den, capital of Schon-rn, with an arch-
biflippric, aad a uaiverfity. It contains
fcarcely more than 800 houfes, carries on,
but Uttle trade, apd is principally fup
ported, by its univerfity, vvhich has 300
ftudents, 21 profeffors, and a library of
20,000 vols, founded by Charles XI. and
from hirn called Academia Caroliu:, Goth-
orum. Here liken ife is a royal Phyfio-
jraphical Society, incorporated by the
};ingtn 1778. The cathedral is an an

cient irregular building. It is 40 miles
S E Landfcrona, and 225 S W "Stock
holm, lon. 13 26 E, lat, 55 33 N, [Coxe,]
Lunden, A tPwn pf Lpwcr Saxpnyi in
Holftein, near the Eyder : 36 mfles N N
W Gluckftadt, ten, 9 20 iE, lat. 54 26 N.
Lundy, an Ifland In the mouth of tho
Briftol Channel, near fhe middle, between
Devonfliire and Pembrokefliire, lon. 4 13
W, lat, 51 25 N,
Lunel, a town of FrancS, department of
Gaid, and late province of Languedoe,
near the river Ridourle, It, produces ex
cellent jinufcadine vvine : 16 miles E
MontpeUier, lat 43 38 N.
Lunenburg, a duchy of Lower Saxony,
fubjea fo the eleaor of Hanover. In,.
eluding ZeU, it is bounded N by the
Elbe, which feparates it frcm Holftein
and Lawenburg, E by the marquifate of
Brandenburg. It is loo miles in lenglh
and 70 in breadth : watered by the rivers
Allcr, Elbe, and Ilmenau, Pan of it Is
full of heaths apd forefts, which abound
with wild boars ; but near the rivers if
is pretty fertile,
Lunenburg, a fortified town, and capital.
of the duchy pf the fame name. The
chief public edifices are 3 parifli church
es, the ducal palace, 3 lipfpitals, the town-
hpufe, the fall magazine, the anatomical
theatre, the academy,' and the convents
ual church pf St, Michael, iu which are
interred the ancient dukes ; it alio con-.
tains a fampus table, 8 feet teng aud 4
wide, plated Pver vvith chafed gold, andi
the rim embelUflied with precious ftones,
of an Immenfe value, which was taken
from the .Saracens by the Emperor Otho ;
but. In 1698, a gang of robbers ftrlpped
it of 200 rubies and emeralds, a large
diamond, and moft of tlie gold. The fait
fprings near this place furnifli employ-.
ment for 54 fait houfes, containing 216
pans which are daily boiled ; 120,000
tons have been rnade here ip a year. The
fovereign derives a. large revenue frorp
thefe works, Lunenberg is featedon the
Upicnau : 31 miles S E Hamburg, and 60
N Brunfwick, lon: 10 31 E, lat. 53 16 N,
Lunera, A mountain, of Italy, between
Naples and Puzzoli, If contains much
fulphur and alum ; .-ind the fprings that
rife from it are excellent for curing
wounds. Luiieville,Aconii&erAh\e town of France,
department of Meurthe and late duchy
of Lorrain, wilh a caftle, where the dukes
formerly kept their court, as did after
ward king Su,niflaus. It is now coiiverti.
ed intobarricki. The church of the lata
lege lar

L UT

LUX

regular canons is very handfome ; and
here Staniflaus fnundcd a military fchool,
a large library, and a fine hofpital. It Is
feated In a plaia, on the rivers Vezouze
and Meurthe. A treaty of peace be
tween the^'mperor of Germany and the
French Republic vvas figned here, Feb, 9,
1801 : 12 miles S E Nanci, and 62 "W
Stralburg, lon, 6 35 E, laf, 48 36 N,
Liipaiina, an ifland in the Adriatic, near
the republic of Ragufa, with a gppd and
fafe harbour : fhe foil is ftony, but by the
induftry of the inhabitants Is rendered
fertile. The coafts abound with filli,
I.upo Glava, a town of Auftrian Iftiia,
feated. near the mountains of Vena , 15
piilc-s W St. Vcit,
Lure, a town of France, department of
Upper Sanne : 30 miles N E Befan9on,
Luri, an aricient to-wn of Corfica, be-
tw-ecn Cape Corfe and the tpwns of Baf
tia and Sl, I'iorcnzo,
Lufatia, a marquifate pf Germany,
bounded N by Brandenburg, E by Silefia,
S by Bohemia, and W by Mifi.ia, It is
diyided iuto the Upjier apd Lower, and is
fubjea 10 the cteapr pf Saxpny, and the
king of Pruffia,
Lujignan, a tPwn pf France, in the de
partment of Vienna, op the, Vonne , 15
miles SSW Poitiers, ten, o 10 E, lat, 46
25 N. ^
Lufo, a river of Italy, which croffes
part of Romagna, and falls into the gulf
of Venice : 10 miles W Rimini,
Luten'burg, a town of Germany, ¦ In the
duchy of Stiria, on the Muehr ; 34 miles
S F. Gratz, lon, 16 10 E, lat. 46 46 N.
Luikeiiburg, a Iowa of Holfteia, near
the Baltic : 55 miles N E Hamburg.
Luton, A Iowa in Bedfordfliire, Eng
land, feated among the hills, celebrated
for its manufaaures pf ftraw : 18 miles
S Bedford. Lutfchinen, a river pf Swifferland ;
which, in a rainy feafpn, fprms a tprrent,
whicli ruflies impetuoufly through the
fi'i;at malTes of rpck that obftrua ils
courfe, aad, with inconceivable violence,
forces from their beds the moft enormous
fragments. The road is over this roar
ing torrent, by a kind of bridge, which
is fixed againft the fides of rpcks, that are
almoft in a leaning pofitlon. A huge
vertical ftone, raifed in the middle of the
rivtr, fupports fome thick planks, fo bad
ly joined, as lo be nciilur fteady nor
folid ; and thefe form the wretched
bridge, over whicli the inhabitants daily
pals, with a firm ftep and undaunted eye ;
a pafilige, which the tr;;vcll';r, unaccuf- |

tomed to fuch ftrange communi cation*;
would tremble to attempf. Hence the
Lutfchinen runs tUl it falls intp the lake
of Brientz.
Lutter, A fov.'n pf Lpwer Saxp y, in
Brunfwick : 8 miles N W Goflar, and 13
S E Hildeflieim,
Lutterworth, a town in Leicefterfliire,
England, It is fcaii d pn fhe river Swift,
in a fertile foU, and has a large handfome
church, with a fine lofty fteeple. Heie
Wickliff, the firft ref'orpier, -i-, :i5 reaor,
who died in 1385 ; hut ivas dug up and
burnt for a heretic 40 years alter. Lut
terworth is 14 imlts S Leicefter, and 88
NNW London.
Lutzen, A town of Upper Saxony, in
Mfnia, on the Elfter : 12 mUcs N W
Leipfick. Lutzenfein, a town of Frarice, dep;^.rt-
ment of Lower P.hine. It has a fcrorg
caftle, en a mountain, 30 miles N W
Stralburg. Luxcmburg,A duchy of Auftrian Nctlic-
lands ; bounded E by Treves, S by Lor
rain, W by Champagne and Liege, N by
Liege and Limburg. Il lies in the fori il
of Ardennes ; and, in fome places, is cov
ered with mountains and woods, but in
general, is fertile in corn and wine ; and
it has a great number of iron mines. The
principal rivers are the MofeUc, the Sour,
the Ourte, and the Semoy. It bcl(),ij;'J
partly to the houfe of Auftri'a,and parily
lo the French, but now belongs wholly
10 the latter.
Luxemburg, a city of the Auftrian Neth
erlands, capital of the above duchy. It
furrendered by capitulation to the French
June 1795, 'Flie furrender o', this place
gave the I'rciich the poffeffion of the
whole country on the left bank of the
Rhine, except Mentz, This city is divid
ed by the Alfitz into the upper and lower
towns ; the former, alpioft ciuile fur
rounded by rocks, but the lower fealed
in a plain : 25 milcs S W Treves, and 100
W McTil:;, lon. 6 17 E, lat. 49 37 N,
Luxeuil, a town of France, department
of Upper Saone, remarkable for its min
eral waters. From the numberof urn-:,
medals and Infciiplions, found here, if is
fuppofed to have beeu a confidcrjible
place in time of the Ropians, It was de
ftroyed by Attila, in 450, Near the town
wasalalc CLkhraled abbey, founded bySt.
Columban, an iiifliniao. Ic is feated at
the foot of the Vofges : 15 miles W Vef
oul, lon. 6 24 E, lat, 47 50 N.
Luxor, A \ illage on the Nil.-, the :;r.ci:nt
Dioi'i-^olib. This a.id Carnac made the
Jov'is

-L Y O

M A B

Jovij Civltas Magpa of Ptolemy. In
thefe two places are the moft magnificent
ruins in all Egypt. Here ftopd ancient
Thebes. [Bruce, Sonini.]
Luzzara, A flrong tovvn of Jtaly, qn the
confines of the duchy of Mantua, near
the confluence of the Croftolo with the
Po : IO miles S Mantua.
Ijuzzi, A town of Naples, la Cal-ibria
Citeriore, near the river Crate ; 3 mite
S Bifignano. Lycham, a town in Norfolk, England ,
24 miles W by N Norwich.
Lydd, A town in Kent, England. It Is
a member of the cinque port of Romney,
and fealed in Romney Marfli : 26 niiles
£ Canterbury, and 71 S E London.
Lyrffe, A town of France, department
of the N : 15 miles E of Landrecy.
Lyme Recis, A borough and feapprt in
Dorfetfliire, England, It is fealed pn the
declivity pf a craggy hill, on fhe river
Lyme, af the head of a little inlet ; and
its harbour is formed by a noble pier,
called the Cobb, It has a Newfoundland
and coafting trade, and is noted fpr fea
bathing : 28 miles E by S Exeter, and
143 W by S London.
Lymington, a borough and feaport in
Hants, iEngland, about a mile from fhe
ichannel called the Needles, that runs be
tween the mainland and the ifle of Wight ;
the harbour will admit veffels of confid
erable burden, Ic fends two meipbers f 0
parlianient, and is governed by a mayor :
12 miles SSW Southampton, and 90 S
W London,
Lyndhurf, A village In Hants, England,
a feat, which belongs to the duke pf
Gloucefter, as lord warden of the New
Foreft : 7 miles iN Lymington.
Lynn Regis, or Kings .Lynn, a borough
and feaport in Norfolk, England. By the
Oufe, ivnd its afl'ociated rivers, it fupplies
moft of the midland counties with coal,
timber, and wiiie ; and, in return, expoi-ts
malt and corn In great quantities ; it alfo
partakes in the Greenland fifliery. Lynn
is governed by a mayor, and fends tvvo
members fo parUament. ' Il has two
churches, a large chapel, and a good
market place, with an elegant crofs : 42
miles W N W Norwich, and 106 N byE
London. Lyonois, A late province of France,
which, with that of For^ez, forms the de
partment of Rhone and Loire.
Lyons, fhe fecond city of France for
beauty, commerce, and opulence. It is
the eapital of the department of Rhone
and Loire, and is feated at the confluence

of the Rhone and Saone, It was found,
ed, about the year 42 B. C, by the Ro
mans, who made it the centre of fhe com7
merce of fhe Gauls, About the year
145, it was totally deftoyed by ^re, but
ivas rebuilt by the munificence of Nero.
Many antiquiiles are ftlU obferved, that
evince ils Roman origia, I^yons is the
ee of an arehbifliop, and before ils re
cent calamities, contained 200,000 inhab-
"tants, ujiwards of ,^o,ooo-pf whom were
employed in various manufaaures, par
ticularly of rich ftuffs, of the moll ex
quifite vvorkmanfliip, in filk, gold, filver,
&c. The quays w-ere adorned with mag^
nificerit ftruaures. The tfotel-de-ville
vied vvith that of Amfterdam ; and the
theatre vvas not furpaffecl by any in
France. The ether principal publie
buildings were the Hotel Dieu, the "f-Iof-^
pital of Charity, the I'ixchaage, the Cuf;
tomhoufe, the Palace of Juftice, the Ar
fenal, a public library, and ^wo colleges.
The bridge vvhich unites the city with the
fuburb de la GuiiotIcre,'is 1560 feel long ;
and there are 3 other principal fuburbs ,0
gates and feveral fine churches. Such was
Lyonsbefpre the fatal year 1 793, when, iri
June, it revolted againft the National
Convention. Being obliged to furrender,
in oa. the convention decreed, that the'
walls and public buildings pf Lyonsffiould
be deftrpyed, and fhe name pf the city
changed fp that pf Ville Affranchie. The
chiefs pf fhe Infurgents had fled, buf 'fev
eral pf them were afterwards taken ; and
of 3528 perfons, that vvere tried before
the revolutionary tribunal, 1682 were
either fliot or beheaded. In 1794, how
ever, on the deftruaion of the faaion of
the Jacobins, the convention decreed
that the city fliould refume its ancient
name, and that meafures fliould be taken
to reftore its manufaaures and com
merce ; and, in 1795, the friends of thofe
who were fo wantonly put to death in
1793, avenged their fate by a general maf-
facre of, fhe judges of the revolutionary
tribunal, and of all the Jacobins who
were then confined in the prifons of Ly
ons. This city is 15 miles N Vieapa, and
220 S E Paris, lon. 4 55 E, laf. 45 46 N. '
[Moor,]

M

Ma

ABRA, A town of the kingdom of
Algiers, feated on the gulf of Bona, W
of the town of Bona. Mub,

lyi r\ K.

MAC

Mab, or Moab, a town of Paleftine,
formerly the capital of the Moabifes,
about 15 miles E from the Dead Sea.
Macao, a town of China, built In the
European ftyle, in the province of Can
ton, in an ifiand, af the entrance of uHc
bay of Canton. If is defended by 3 forts.
"I'he Portuguefe have been ia pofl'effion
of the harbour fince 1640. They pay a
tribute of 100,000 ducats, for tbe liberty
of choofing tlieir own m-igiftratcs, exer-
cifiiig their religion, and living according
to their own 1-iws ; and here, according
ly, is a Portuguefe governor, as well as a
Chinefe mandarin, to take care of the
town and the neighbouriug country. It
is furrounded by, a country of barren
rocks, fo that the Chinefe can reduce
them at any time. The town coiififls of
about 5000 Portuguefe, and 15000 Chi
nefe, ten. 113 46 E, lat, 2-2 12 N.
[M'Cartney, Bowen, Peyroufe,]
Macarfa, a J'capoft of Dalmatia, on
the gulf ot" Venice : 25 miles S E Spala-
tm, ten. 18 7 E, lat. 43 49 N.
s^acaffar, a kingdom of Celebes, whence
that Ifiand is called Macafl'ar. See Cel
ebes. Macaffar, A large tovvn ofthe Ifland of
Celebes, capital of a kingdoiii of the
fame name. "Fhe houfes are all of wood,
fupported by thick pofts, and the rofifs
covered vvitli very large leaves ; they
have ladders 10 afcend into them, whicli
they draw up as fooii as they have en
tered. It is feated near the niouth of a
large river,' which runs through the king
dom, from N to S, lon. 117 28 E, lat. 5
o S. LI,i:de,f,'U, a corporate fown in Chefli
ire, England, feated 011 the edge of a for
eft of-the fame name, near the river Bo-
lin, and governed by a mayor. It has
manufaaures of mohair, twift, hatbands,
buttons, and thread ; aud mills for the
winding of filk : 36 miles E Chefter, and
171 N W London,
Macclesfiield, Shoals or bank. In the Eaft
ern Indian Sea : the depth of waters,
founded by captain Cook, 50 fathoms,
over a bottpin pf white faud and fliells,
lon. 114 20 E, lat. 15 51 N.
Ahi.edania, A province of Turkey In
Europe ; bounded N by Servia, and Bul
garia, E by Romania and the Archipela
go, S by Livadia, and W by that country
and Albania. The air is crear, ' fliarp,
and wholefome. The foil is, for the moft
part, fertile ; and fhe maritime coafts, in
p uticular, abound ia corn, wine, oil, and
every thing that can be dcfired for ufe

and pleafure. Ia the inland parK are
feveral uninhabited waftes. It had mines
formerly, of almoft all kinds of metal,
particularly of gold. Salonichi is the
capital. Macerata, a populous town of Italy, in
the marquifate of Ancona, vvith a bifh
op's fee, aad a univerfity. It is featt-J
near the mountain Chientoi and has
10,000 inhabitants : 12 miles S W Lo^
retto, lon. 13 27 E, lat. 43 20 N.
Machecou, A towll of France, depart
ment of Lower Loire : 20 miles S "V'.'
Nantes, Mached, a fo'B'n ill the province of Cho-i
rafan, Perfia, famous for the pilgrimage,
eftabliflied here by Shas Abas, TJiis
great prince, finding that the pilgrims to
iMecca carried much treafure from his
kingdom, to remedy the evil, in his vvay,
not to offend the fuperftitlon of the peo
ple, ereaed a magiiiflccnf mofque at this
place, whicli he decorated at a great ex
penfe, and even covered the dome with
gold. He fupported a large number of
officiating priefts, and furrounded ti-c
city with walls, on which he ereaed 300
towers: 45 miles N Kichabor, 102 E of
the Cafpian fea, lon, 58 20 E, lat. ¦; 7 N.
[f, D.]
Machian, one of the Mplucca ifland-,
20 miles In circumference, and the moft
populous and fertile of them aU. It
produces the beft cloves, and fa<;o ; the
Dutch have here 3 inacceffible forts. Ion.
126 55 E, lat. o 2 S.
Muliicaco, A promontory of Spain, iri
the bay of Bifcay, lon. 3 o W, Iat. 4 ¦
37 N.
Machynlelh, A town ill Montgpmcrv-
fliire, England, pn the Donay, over whicli
is a ftone bridge leading iato Merioneth
flilre : 37 miles W Montgomery, and lyS
N W London.
Mucleran,a province of Perfia, bounded
E by Hindooftan Proper, S by the Ara
bian Sea. It is tributary to the king of
Candahar ; and the capital of the fame
name : 100 miles N W Tatta, lon. 66 o
E, lat. 26 o N.
Macaco, a kingdom of A.'rica, lo the E
of Congo, .aad S nf the equator. The
Portuguefe carry on a trade -^-ith fhe in
habitants for flaves, elephant's teeth, and
co[ipcr. Ai.:,e-. an ancient town of Fr.-'.nce, de
partment tvi' Saone and L-jire, rcmarkabfe
for its good vv^ine ; feated on the cUclivi-
tyof a hill, near the Saone : 35 milcs N
. Lyons. IvXjcrts, a river of Africa, wliic-li.ruri acrofs

MAD

-MAD

actofs the kingdom of Tripoli, and falls
into the -Mediterranean, a little tb the
iB Lebeda. t.'Luri, an ancient town of Samos, in
the Archipelago
Macro, or Macraniffe, an ifland of the
Archipelago, near the coaft of Livadia :
20 miles E Athens.
Macromp, or Macroam, a town of Ire
land of county Cork : the birthplace of
Admiral Sir William Penn, father of the
original ,proprietorof Pennfylvania. Here
is a chalybeate fpring : 16 miles W Cork.
Macuna, One of the Navigator's Iflands,
in the S Pacific Ocean. . Here M de la
Peyroufe, commandei' of the French fliips,
the Bouffole and Aftrolabe, on a voyage
of difcovery, met with his firft fatal acci
dent ; M de Laugle, the captain of the
Aftrolabe, with 8 officers and 5 falters,
being maffacred by the natives. Eafe,
plenty, and voluptuoufncfs reign here.
Hundreds of hogs, fowls, and the richeft
fruit arc found, with a few glafs beads,
groves of oraage, banana, cocoa, arid
b»ead trees, ffiade-lhe ground, lon. 169 o
W, lat. 14 19 S. [Peyroufe.]
Maczua, A fmall ifland on the Red Sea,
near the coaft of Abex.
Madagafcar, a large Ifland in the Indian
Sea, feparated from the continent of Af
rica by a channel, about 90 leagues acrofs
in its narroweft part, called The Channel
ef Mocambique, or Mofambique. This ifland
isabout 800 miles inlength, aad from 120
to 200 in breadth. It is divided Iato 28
provinces, and watered by a great num
ber of confiderable rivers, which form
at their mouths many bays and gulfs, In
which are found good roads and har-
bpurs. The inliabitants believe in a Su
preme Being, whpm they call Zanhare,
I, e. Creator pf all things. They have no
temples, no idols, no priefts ; buf make
facrifices of flieep and oxen. They be
lieve the foul immortal, but fuppofe the
wicked and good rewarded in this life.
They are a friendly, intelligent, excellent
people, pofl'effing a quick fenfe of honor
and gratitude, far lefs mindful of injuries
done themfelves, than of thofe offered
their family. Their hofpitality Is wor
thy of notice and imitation. The travel
ler, though a ftranger, enters the cottage,
fits down with the family, and partakes
of their rcpaft. This cuftom is general.
All the ariizans of Europe are nol found
here ; but they have manufaaures of
iron, and fteel. They are ingenious gold-
fmilhs, pollers, joiners, carpenters, rope-
makes, and weavers. Their Unens are

woven by women ; th'ey , are very tine,
and beautifully coloured. They liavfi
dancers and coniediaas to amufc tbem ;
and phyficians tP vifit them when lick.
Thefe amiable people are torn from thtir
country, their families, their parents, their
children, their lovers, and fold in thou
fands, in the French colonies, and more
cruelly tre-ited than beafts of, burden.
Under the bhaziag fua of Bourbon, or
the ifle of Fraaee, the wretch tplls, almofj
naked, with an Irpn collar faftened round
fhe neck, from whicli rife plates of iron
forming a maflc, and head piece ; before
the moufh is a round plate of iron, in
which are fmall holes to emit the breath j
there is a place for fhe nofe,; a flat piece
of Iron paffes through the mouth, as a
bit, ill the horfes moufh. The fkin is
foon worn from fhe mouth, nofe, face,
and chin. This with the heat of the
Iron in a hot day, renders the torment
intolerable. Their punlffiments are In-
fupp.irlable, they gladly meet death: they
often hang or poifon themfelves, or r^
into the open ocean in a little boat. The
climate of Madagafcar is healthy ; the
heat is not exeeffive, being in fome parts
tempered by land breezes, from fun fet
ting, fill 10 or II o'clock In the morning.
They live in towns and villages. The
towns are furrounded by a ditch and palli
fadoes, guarded by 10 or 20 foldiers. The
houfes of private people confift of a con
venient cotcage, furrounded by fmaller
ones for their wives and flaves. They
are of wood, cpvered wilh leaves or
ftraw. The hpufes pf the vyealtliy are
fpacipus and divided intp feveral apart
ments, 'The princes have buildings of
tafte and beauty. The oaths, which thefe
iflanders are nof known to violate, are
taken in a folemn irapreffive manner.
The moftfacred is the oathof Blood. The
left breaft of the perfon engaging is open
ed with a rafor, from which the other
fucks a drop of blood, wifliing anathemas
on him 'who fliall vIolafe,and bleffings on
him, who fliall keep fhe oath. A barba
rous cuftom,has prevailed hercpf deftroy
ing thofe infants, who have any natural
defca.or are born on thofe day?, they call
unlucky. The country produces oxen,
Iheep, goats, and cotton in abundance.
Ebony, gum guttae, cucumbers, peas,
beans, rice,.aiid citrons, pre plenty. Car-
daman plants, banana, and orange trees,
flourifli. Rock cryftals, copper, filver,
gold, are found here. "I'he population of
the ifland by fome is eftimated at 2,5 00,000
males, by others at 4,000,000 fouls. Thdr
' language

MAD

MAD

language Is nearly the fame. Their ori
gin is wrapt in the obfcurity of Pther
times., Three races are evident ; that pf
Qafe Ibrahim, pr Abraham ; thefe prac-
life circumcifion, and fhe names pf Ifaac;
Reuben, and Jacob, are familiar with
them. "iThe fecpnd race is that of Qafera-
mini, who 'have, if is fuppofed, be n here
6 centuries. The third race is of fhe Ara
bian cxtraaion, and more modern. This
ifland was dlfcovered by the Portuguefe
ill 1506. The French took pofl'effion of
it in 1641, buf were driven out in 1652,
A confiderable fettlement was made here
again under the French government from
1772 to 1776, bythe Baron Beneyowflci,
He ereaed buildings, raifed fortifications,
dug canals, opened roads, exerted himfelf
to civiUze the people. He fell here, wor
thy a butter fate, lon, 41 14, to 48 14 E,
Iat, 7 30 to 25 30 S,
[St, Pierre, -Beaulieu, Beneyowlki,]
Madeira, an ifland of the Atlantic
Ocean, 120 milcs in circumference, and
240 N by E Teaeriff. In 1419, the Por
tuguefe, under the patronage of rrince
Henry, dlfcovered this iflaud, uninhabil-
ed, and covered with w-ood, which, on
that account, they called Madeira. Prince
Henry, the next year, fettled a colony
here and not only furniflied it with the
feeds and plants, and domeftic animals,
common in Europe, but he procured
flips of the vine from Cyprus, the rich
wines of which, were then ia great re
queft, aad plants of the fugar cane from
Sicily, into vvhich it had been lately intro
duced. Thefe throve fo profperoufly,
that the fugar and wine of Madeira foon
became articles of fome coiifctiuence in
the commerce of Portugal ; but its vvine,
in particular, is in the higheft eftimation,
efpecially fuch as has been a voyage lo
the E or W ladles, for it matures beft io
the hoffeftclimate. 'I'he fcorcliing' heal
of fummer, and the icy chill of vvinter,
are here equally unknown ; for fpring
and autumn reign here continually, and
produce flowers and fruits throughout
the year. The cedar tree is found here
in great abundance, and extremely beau
tiful : moft of the ceilings and furniture
at Madeira, are made of that wood, which
yields a very fragrant fmell. The drag
on tree is a native of this ifland. Flow
ers nurfed in the Englifli greenlioufes
grow wild here In fhe fields ; the hedges
arc moftly formed of the myrtle, rofe,
jal'minci and hoaeyfucklc ; while the
iarklpur, fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c. fpriag
up fpoptaneoufly in the meadows. There
Vol.. II. C c c

are very fevv reptiles to be feen In th*
ifland ; the li2iard is the mpft common.
Canary birds and goldfinches are found
in the mountains ; of the former, num-
bijrs are fent every year to England.
"This ifland-is well watered and populous.
The iBrltiffi took poffeffion of this fine
Ifland, July 30, 1801, by confent of the
Portuguefe, It was garrlfoned jointly, by
the troops of both nations. No change
was to take- place in the government of
the ifland, unlefs the French attempted
to fake it ; In which cafe, the Engliffi, by
agreement, were to take the government
into their own hands. Funchal is the
capital. Madia, or Maggia, a town, river, val
ley, and baiUwick of Swifl'erland, in Up
per VaUais. The valley is long and nar
row, between high mountains, watered
cliroughouf Its whole length by the riv
er ; and it is the fourth tranfalpine baili
wick. The bailiwick contains 24,000
inhabitants. The fown is 10 miles NW
Locarno. Madras, or Fart Si. George, fhe princi
pal fettlement of the Englifli E India
Company, on the £ fide of the peninfu
la of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Coro
mandel. It is a fortrefs ofgreat ftrength,
inclucUng within it a regular well built
city. Il is on the margin of the bay pf
Bengal, from which It has a rich and
beautiful appearance ; the houfes being
covered vvith a ftucco caUed chunam,
which is nearly as compaa as-the fineft
marble, and bears as high a pojifli. They
confift of long colonnades, vvith open
porticos, and flat roofs ; and the city
contains many handfome and fpacious
flreeL3. But the inner apartments of the
houfes are not highly decprated, prefenc-
Ing to the eye only whi'te wa'Js ; which,
however, from the marble like appear
ance of the ftucco, give a freffinel's grate
ful in fo hof a country. Ceilings are
very uncommon in the rooms : it being
Impoffible to find any v,hichvviil rcJift
the ravages of the white ant. Thefe
animals are chiefly formidable from the
immenfity of their numbers, vvhich are
fuch as 10 deftroy in one night's time, a
ceiling of any dimenfions, and if is the
wppd work which ferves for the bafis of
the ceilings, fuch as the laths, beams, £cc.
that thefe infeas attack. The approach
10 Madras, from the lea offers to the
eye an appearance fimilar 10 v-,-h:it vve
may conceive of a Grecian city in the
age of Alexander. The clear, blue, cloud-
lei's Iky, the poliflied vvhite buildings, the
blight

MAD
¦bright fandy beach, and the dark green
feaiijprefent a combination totally new to
the eye of an Englifliman, juft arrived
from London, who, accuftomed fo the
fight of rolling maffes of clouds floating
in a damp atmofphere, cannot buf con- ,
template the difference with delight : and
the eye being thus gratified, the mind
foon affumes a gay and tranquil habit,
analogous to the pleafing objeas with
which it is furrounded. Soirietime be
fore the fliip arrives at her anchoring
grpund, flie is hailed by the boats cf fhe
country filled with people of bufinefs,
who come In crowds on board. This is
the moment in vvhich an European feels
the great , diftinaion between Afia and
his own country. The ruftliog of fine
linen, and fhe general hum of unufual
converfation, prefents to his mind, for a
moment, fhe idea of an affembly of fe
males. When he affiBnds upon the deck,
he is ftruck vrith long muflia dreffes, and
black faces, adoraed with large gold ear
rings and while turbans; The firft faluta-
tlou he receives from thefe ftrangers is, by
bending their bodies very low, touching
the deck with the back of the hand, and
the forehead 3 times. The natives firft
feen In India by the European voyager
are Hindoos, fhe original inhabitants of
the peninfula. In this part of India fhey
are delicately framed'^, their hands, in
particular, are more like thofe of tender
females ; aad do not appear to be what
is confidered a prpper prpporfion to the
reft of the perfon, which Is ufually above
the middle fize. Correfpondeat fo this
delicacy of appearance, are their man
ners ; mild, tranquil, and feduloufly at
tentive ; in this laft refpea, thay are In
deed remarkable, as they never inter
rupt any perfon who is fpea'icing, but
wait patiently till he has concluded ; and
then anfwer with the moft perfea refpedl
and comppfure. From the flilp a ftran
ger Is conveyed on fliore In a boat of
the country, called a Maffoolah boat ; a
work of curious conflruaion, and vvell
calculated to elude the furious fliocks of
the furf, that breaks here vvith great vio
lence ; they are formed withput a keel,
flat bpttomed, with the fides raifed high,
are fewed together with the fibres of the
cocoanut tree, and caulked with the
fame materials , they are remarkably
light, and are managed with great dex
terity by the natives ; they are ufual
ly attended by two kattamarans (rafts)
paddled by oae maa each, the iateation
of which is, that, fliould the boat be

MAD
ovetfet by the violence of the furf, the peW
fons in it may be preferved. The boat is
driven, as the falters fay, high and dry;
jnd the paffengeis are landed on a fine
fandy beach ; aud immediately enter the
fort of Madras. The appearance of the
natives is exceedingly varied ; , fome are
wholly naked, and others fo clotlied, that
nothing but the face and neck is to be
difcoverd ; befide , this, the European is
ftruck with many other objeas, fuch as
women carried on men's ffiotilders, on
palankeens, and men riding on horfebacli
clothed in Unen dreffes like women ;
which, with the very different face of
the country from all he had ever feen,
or conceived of, excite the ftrongeft emo
tions of furprife ! There is a fecond city,
called the JBlack Town, feparated from
Madras bythe breadth of a proper ef
planade only ; and, although near 4 miles
in circuit, fortified in fuch a manner as
to prevent a -furprife from the enemy's
horfe ; an evil, to whicli every tovvn ii
the Carnatic Is fubjea, from the drynefs
and evennefs o the couAtry. Here are 3
churches iforflieEngHffi,! for the Catho
lics. Madras was fettled by the Englifli
abput fhe year 1640. It Was taken by lh«
French in 1746, rcftpred 1748. The prel-
ent fort, which was ereaed fince the de-
ftruaioriof Fort St. David, in I758, is,
perhaps, one of the beft fortreffes in the
ppffeffiori of the Britifli nation. Mad
ras, in common wifh all the European
fettlements on this coaft, has no port for
fliipping ; the coaft forming nearly a
ftraight line ; and it Is Incommoded al
fo with a high and dangerous furf.^ Its
population is 80,000, of which 500 .ire
Europeans : 100 miles N by E Pondi
cherry, 758 S £ Bombay, and 10 30 S
W Calcutta, lon. 80 25 E, laf. 13 5 N.
[Grofe, Hodges,]
Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New
.Caftile. It was formerly an inconfider
able place, belonging fo the archbifliop
of Toledo ; but the purity of the air en
gaged the court fo remove hither, and it
is novv a confiderable city. I'he houfes
are all built with brick, and the ftreets
are long, broad, clean and ftraight ; and
adorned at proper diftances, wiihjiand-
fome fountains. There are above 100
towers or fleeples, in different places,
which contribute greatly fp the embel-
liflimeaf pf fhe cily. It is feated' in a
large plain, furrounded by high moun
tains, but has noranipartor ditch. The
royal palace is built on an eminence, at
the extremity ofthe city; and as it is
but

MAE

MAE

^ttt two ftories high, it does not m^k?
any extraordinary appearance. A fire
happened In 1734, which almoft reduced
it to aflies. "The fineft fquare in Mad
rid is t.he Placa Mayor.'or Market Place,
which is furrourided vvith 3"bo houfes,
5 ftories high, all of an equal height ;
every, ftory being adorned vvith a hand-
, fome balcony, and the fronts fupported
liy. columns, which form very fine ar
cades. Here they had formerly their fa-
pious bpU fights. Cai'a del 'Campo is a
irpyal houfe of pleafure, a little above
half a mile from Madrid, with very fine
gardens, picafant w::lks, and a great ma
ny uncommon animals. Buen Retiro Is
another royal palace near the city, and
IS a proper pl.ice of retirement in the
heat of fummer, there being a great num
ber of lifliponds, grottoes, tents, groves,
and hermitages. Madrid is feated ou
the river Manzanares which, though
fmall, is adorned with two magaificcnt
bridges. The city of Madrid contains
f5 gates, 18 pariflies, 35 convents of
monks, and 31 of nuns, 39 colleges, hof
pitals and lioufej pf charily ; pne for all
nalifns, in which are from 500 to IOOO pa
tients, 7398 dweUing houfes, and about
160,000 inhabitants : 265 miles N ELif-
hpn, 590 S by W Londonj and 625 S 5
W Paris, ten. 3 20 W, lat. 40 25 N.
[Bowen,]
I,T.idrogai», A town qf Africa, capital of
Moi.omofapa, with a fpacious royal pal
ace. The upper'part of the houfes is in
the fliape of a tell, ten. 31 40 E, lat. i8
oS,
Madura, an ifland in the Eaftern In
dian Sea, fituated N of the £ end of the
ifland of Java, about 25 leagues in length,
and from 3 fo 5 in breadth. If h divid
ed into 3 provinces, 2 of which are under ,
the Dutch, the other governed by a na
tive king. It is exceedingly fertile, efpe
cially In rice, for which article It is one
of fhe granaries of India. The capital
of the ifland is called by the fame name,
and is on the S cpaft, ten. ii2 49 E, laf.
75S.
Madura, a tpwn of the Carnatic, capi
tal of a prpvince pf the fame name, on
the coaft pf Coromandel, ijo miles N by
E Cape Comorin, and 300 S S 'W Ma
dras, lon. 78 12 E, lat, 9 55 N.
Mdeler, a lake of Swedpn, between
the prpvlnces pf Weftmania and Sud-
ermanla. It cpntains teveral fine ifl
ands is ufually frozen during a few
ivceks in winter, and ppens an eafy com-
municatlon, by fledges, between the in-

terter parts of Sweden and the city of
Stpckholm, f .
Maelfirom, A very extraordinary and
dangerous whirpool, on the coaft of Nor
way, in 68 N lat. near the Ifland of Mof-
koe, whence it is alfo named Moffoifirom.
The mountain of Helfrrgcn, in LofodCn,
lies a league from the ifland of Molkpe,
and between thefe twp, runs this large
and dreadful ftream, the depth of which
is from 36 to 40 fathoms. When it is
flood, the ftream runs up the country
between Lofoden and Mofkoe with a
boillerous rapidity ; buf the roar of its
impetuous ebb to the fea is fcarce
equalled by the loudeft and moft dread
ful catar.ias ; and the vortices or pits
are of fuch an extent and depth, that if
a fliip comes within its allraaion, If i»
inevitably abforbed and carried down to
fhe bottom, and there beat to pieces
againft the rocks : and when the water
relaxes, the fra^ents are thrown up
again. Bat thefe intervals of tranquillity
are only at fhe turn pf the ebb and
flood, and calm weather ; and lafl buf a
quarter of an hour, its violence gradu
ally returning. When the ftream is
moft boifterousj and its fury heightened
by a ftorm, it is dangerous to come with
ia a Norway mile of it ; boats and fliips
haviag been carried away, by not guard
ing againft If before they were witliin Its
reach. llUkewifc happens frequenlly, that
whales come too near the ftream, and arc
overpowered by its violence : and then
if Is impofl'iblc to (lefcribe fhe noife they
m^ke in their fruitlefs ftruggles to dlfcn-
gage themfelves. Large flocks of fir and
pine trees, after being abforbed by the
current, rife again, and appear as if
briftles grew on them. This plainly fliows
the bottom to confift of craggy rocks,
among which they are whirled.
Meafe, pr Meufe, a river, vvhich rifes
in France, near the village of Meufe, in
the departriient of Upper Marne, and
enters the Gernian Ocean, below the
Briel, Helvoetfluys, and Goree.
M„.jliiidfi'ys, A tovvn of the United
Provinces, Ib HoUand : 5 miles S W
Delft, lon. 4 18 E, lat. 51 57 N.
Maeftricht, «n ancient and ftrong town
of the Netlierlancls, about 4 miles in cir-
cumfertnc'. It is governed jointly by
the Dutcj' and the bifhop of Liege ; but
has a IJiteh garrifon. The inhabitants
are noted for making '¦xcellent fire-arms.
Both papifts and protc^.ints are allowed
the free exercife of thei,- rclir-ion, and
the magiftrates are compofed of both. U

MAG

M A H

It IS op the Maefe, oppofite "Wyck, with
which it communicates by a bridge.
There are 2 Ifles one above and the other
below the bridge, which are ftrongly en
trenched and defended with redoubts and
other works. Maeftricht is juftly looked
-upon as one of the ftrongeft places ia
Europe, Near it are large ftone quarries,
in, which are fubterraneous pafTages of
great extent, where the farmers fre
quently ftore hay, corn, and other arti
cles," In 1794, it was taken by tlie
French : 15 miles N Liege, and 5I5 E
Bruffeis, ten, 5 41 E, lat, 50 52 N,
Maefyck, A toWn In the bifliopric of
Liege, on the river Maefe : 8 miles S W
Ruremonde. Magadoxo, the capital of a kingdom of
the fame name, in Africa, pn the cpafl
of Ajan ; feated near the mouth of ;:
river of fhe fame name. If is defeadeii
by a citadel, and has a good harbour
The city of Magadoxo is a place of grcit
commerce, and vaft refort from thr
iciagdoms of Aden, aad other parts ;
wheacc their merchants bring cotton,
filk, and other cloths, fpices, and vari
ety of drugs, which they exchange wilh
the Inhabitanls for gold, ivory, wax, and
other commodities. The inhabitanls are
Mahometans, ten, 44 o E, lat. 2 30 N.
Magdeburg, A duchy of Lower Saxony,
bounded N by fhe old marche of Bran
denburg, W by iRrunfwick. The parts
¦'vhich are nof marfliy and overgrown
vvith wood, are very 'fertile. It belongs
to the king of Pruffia.
Magdeburg, A large, ftrong, and an
cient city of Germany, capital of a
duchy of the fame name. iHere are 8
Lutheran, and 2 Calviniftic churches. It
has a handfome palace, a fine Jrfenal,
aad a magaificent cathedral, which con
tains the iuperb maufoleum of Otho the
Great. Here are manufaaures of cotton
and linen goods, ftockings, gloves, and
tobacco ; but the priacipal are thofe pf
wopllen and filk. It is happily fituated
for trade, haviag aa eafy communication
with Hamburg by the Elbe; and is the
ftrongeft place belonging fo his Pruffian
majelly, where his principal magazines
and founderles are eftabliflied. It was
taken by ftorm in 1631, by the imperial
jTcncral Tilly, vvho burnt the ': Mvn, and
maffacred the infiibit-ants, of whom
oaly 800 efcap.ed^ out of 40,000 ; and
OTiiiy young wQ|',ien plunged into the
Elbe, fo efcape- violation : 40 miles W
Braadenburg, and 125 S E Hamburg,
ten. 11 45E,Ut,52liN, [Hanway, Moor.]

Maggia, fee Madia,
Maggiore, or Locarno, a lake, partly In
Milan, and partly In the Grifons : 35
miles in length and 6 ia breadth,
Magliano, A fmall but populous town,
of Italy, in the territory of the pope,
and diftria of Sabiaa, pn a mpuntain,
near the river Tiber : 30 miles S W Spo-
letto, and 30 N Rome. \
Magnavacca, a town of Italy, in" the
Ferrarefe, with a fort, at the mouth of
-he lake of Comachio, in the gulf of
Venice : 18 miles N Ravenna, I
Magnefia, fee Manachia.
Magny, A town of France, department
of Seine and Oife : 32 miles N W Paris.
Magra, a river of Italy which rifes in
the Appennines, in the valley of Migra,
waffies Pont-Rembli and Sarzana, below'
which it falls into the Mediterranean.
Magra, a valley in the duchy of Tuf-
^¦any, 27 miles in tength and 15 in
breadth. Maguelane, a lake of France, depart
ment of Herault, near a toiiyn of the
fame name, which is feated on the coaft,
of the Mediterranean, Into which the;
lake eaters by a canal, flic beginning of, '
the famous canal of Languedoe. "
Mahadia, fee Elmclea.
Mahaleu, A fown of Egypt, capital ofi
Garbia. If carries on a confiderable
trade In linen, cottons, and fal-ammoni-
ac ; and the Inhabitants have ovens 10
hatch chickens, lon, 30 31 E, lat, 31
30 N, - ,,.
Mabanuddy, or Mabanada, a river of
Hindooftan, vyhich rifes in the N' W
part of Berap, and falls by feveral
mouths inlo the bay of Bengal, at Cat
tack. Thefe mouths form an affemblage
of low woody iflands ; and al the mouth
of the principal channel, near Falfe
Point, is a fortified ifland, named Ca-
juag or Codjuag.
Mahee, ap extenfive country of Africa,
W o£ Dahomy. It is divided into a
number of Independent ftates, governed
by their, own laws. When menaced with
danger, they unite and form a federal
republic." ' .[Dlfcoveries in Africa.]
Mahrattas, two large and; powerful
ftates of India, which derive their name
from Marhiitj an ancient province of the
Deccan, They are called the Poonah,
or Weftern Mahrattas ; and Berar, or
Eaftern. CoUeaively, they occupy alt
the S part of Hindooftan Pi-pper, with
a large proportion of the De'ccan Mal
wa, Oriffa, Candeilh, and Vilnpour ;
the principal parts of Berar, Guzerat, and

MAI
and Agimere ; aad a fmall part of Dow
latabad, Agra, aud Alahabad, are com
prifed within their empire, vvhich ex
tends from fea to fea, acrofs fhe wideft
part of the peninfula ; and from fhe con
fines of Agra northward to the river
Kiftna fouthvvard ; forming a traa of
:f000 miUs long and 700 broad. The
weftern 'ftate, the capital of vfhich is
Poonah, is divided among ' a number of
chiefs, or princes, wliofe obedience 10
the paifliwah, or head, like that of the
German princes to the emperor, is merely
nominal at any time ; and, in fome cafes,
aa oppofition of latereft begets wars, nol
only between the members of the em
pirc themfelyes, .but alfo between the
members and the head. Nagpour is the
capital of the Eaftern Mahrattas. Both 1
thefe ftates, with the nizam of the Dec-
can, were in alliance with the Englifli
E India Company, in the late war againft
Tippoo Sultan, regent of Myfore, from
whofe territories, oa the termlaation of
the war they gained fome confiderable
acquifilioas. Their armies are principally
compofed of Ught horfe.
Maidenhead, A corporate tovva In Berk
fliire, England, Il has a good trade In
loalt, meal, and timber; and is. govern
ed by a mayoi. It is oa the Thames,
over which is a bridge ; 12 miles E by N
Reading, and 26 W by N London,
Maidfime. a borough and the county
town of Kent, on the Medway, by
which it enjoys a briflc trade in exporting
the commodities of the county, partic
ularly ils hops, of which there are nu
merous plantations around it. Here are
likewife paper mills, and a manufaaure
of linen thread. It has a bridge over the
Medway, is governed by a mayor, and
fends 2 members to parliament : 20 miles
W Canterbury, and 35 E S E London.
Maillcziiis, a town of France, depart
ment of Vendee, on an ifland formed by
the Seure and Autlzc : 22 miles N £
Rochelle, and 210 S W Paris,
Ma'na, A country of Turkey in Eu
rope, in fhe Morea, between'2 chains of
mountains which advance into the fea.
The inhabitants could never be fubdued
by the Turks, on account of their val
our and their mountains, /'Their greateft
traffic confifts in flaves, which they take
indifferently from the Turks and the
Chriftians", They have a harbour and a
town of the fame name, and their lan
guage is bad Greek,
Maine, a river of Germany, which
falls into the Rhine, at Mentz.

MA J
Meine, or Mayenne, a department ot
France, which includes the late province
of the fame, name. It lakes its name
from the river Maine,' which, foon af
ter its junaion with the Sarta, falls into
the-Loire, Laval is the capital.
M.iiiie and Loire, A department of France,
which includes the late province of An
jou. It has its name from 2 rivers. An
gers is the capital.
Mainland, theprincipalcf the Shetland
Ifles, 60 miles long, from N to S,lnif ils
breadth feldom exceeds 6. The face of
fhe couutry exhibits a profpea of black
craggy mountains, and marfliy plains,
interfperfed wilh fome verdant fpots,
which appear fmooth and fertile. Neith
er tree nor flirub Is to be feen, except
the juniper and the heath. The moun
tains abound with various kinds of game.
Lofty cliffs, impeadiag over the oceaa,
arc the hauals of eagles, falcoas, and ra
vens. The hills are covered with ffieep
of a fmall breed, the vvool of whicli is
commonly very foft and fine. Their
hoifc-s are of a diminutive: fize, but re
markably ftrong and handfonie, and are
weU known by the name of Shelties,
from the name of the country. The riv
ulets and lakes abound wilh falmon,
trout, &c. A mine of copper, and one of
iron, near the S extremity of the ifland,
are faid lo be extremely produalve.
There is an inexhauftible ftore of peat,
but no coal. Lerwick Is the capital.
Mainland, or Pomona, the principal of
the Orkney Iflands, 24 miles long and 9
broad. The general appearance of the
country is riot very dift'ercnt from the
Mainland pf Shelland. The fpil, howev
er, Is more fertile, and In fome parts bet
ter cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital,
Maiutenan, a town of France, depart
ment of Eure and Loire, with a caftle
between 2 mountains, on the river Eure :
5 miles N by E Chartres, lon. i 36 E,
lat. 48 31 N.
Mainungen, A town of Franconia, capi
tal of a fmall diftria belonging to the
hpufe pf Saxe-Gotha : 8 mUesN Henne
berg, ten. 10 39 E, lat. 50 46 N.
Majorca, an ifland fubjea to the king
of Spain, In the Mediterranean, be
tween Ivica and Minorca. It is 60
niUcs in length, and 45 in breadth ; is a
mounlainous country, but produces good
corn, olive trees, and delicate wine. It
has no rivers, though there are a great
many fine fountains and wells. The in-
habltants are robuft, lively, and very good
falters. I^.Idjcrca,

M A L

M A L

3ijtr-!T, a ftrong city, capital of the
shove illand, with a bifliop's fee. The
public fquares, the cathedral, and the
.¦oyal palace, are magnificent. It con
tains 6oD3 houfes, built after' the aatique
tninncr, and io,ooo inhabitants'; a uni
verfity, iriore ancient than c.-lcbrated,
and 22 churches, befide the cathrdral-
The harbour is extremely good- It vvas
takea by the Englifli iu 1706, and rc.ik-
cfn in 1 7 15. Itis feated on the S W fide
ofthe ifl,-ind, lon, 2 15E, lat. 39 30 N.
Maitff.t, aflat country of Abffiyaia,aear
the head of the Nile. , The foil is fruit
ful, the climate unhealthy. So great Is
¦their terror of the fmall-pox, that when
it is known to be in any ho'afe, the neigh
bours furrpurid it, fet it oh fire, and with
their lances pufli back into the flames ev
ery perfon, vvho attempts fo efcape.
' [Brrice.]
M.'i-eant, St. an ancient towa of
Fraace, departmeat of toe Two Sevres.
It is one of' the new biflioprlcs created
fince the revolution of 1789. It carries
on a trade in corn, ftockipgs, and woollen
ftuffs ; and is feated on the Sevre : 26
miles SW Poitiers, lon. o 7 W, lat. 46
a4N.
Makran, iee Maekeran.
D^alabar, the W coaft of the peninfula
of Hindooftan, lying between 9 and 14
N lat. It is divided among feveral pet
ty princes and ftates ; vvhich are men
tioned ia fheir proper places. The cuf
toms and maauers of the iahabitants in
thefe ftates, are very different, as well' as
the produaions. It may be obferved,
in general, that the inhabitants are all of
a dark olive complexion, with long black
hair, aad tolerable features. In fome
places, they are diftinguiflied Into tribes,
all of which are brought up to the fame
employments as their parents. Thefe are
the Gentoos. See Hindooflan,
Malacca, alpeninfuU in Afia, contain
ing a kingdom of the fame name ; bound
ed N by Siam, E by the Ocean, and S W
by the -ftraits of Malacca, which feparate
it from Sumatra. It is 600 miles in
I'ingth and 200 in breadth. It produces
few commodities for trade, except tia
and elephants' teeth ; but there are a
great maay excellent fruits and roots.
The pine apples are the beft in the world;
and the cocoanuts have fliells 'that will
hold an Englifli quart. There is but lit
tle corn, and ffieep and bullocks are
fcarce; but hogs and'poultry are pretty
pie: tiful. The religion of the natives has
a mixture of MahotnctarilCm ; and they

are addiaed fo juggling. The iolani
inhabitants are a favage, barbarous peo
ple, who take delight in doing mifehlef
lo their neighbours. _ ?
Malieca, a feaport, and capital of the
above kingdom. The Dutch have a fac
tory here, which they took from the
Portuguefe In 1640 and if was t:iken
from thsni. by the F-nglitli, In Auguft,
1795. Malacca is feated on the ftraits
of Ils.own name . 480 miles S E Acheen,*
lon. 1 01 50 E, lal. 2 30 N.
ikfa/ai-(!ft.7,anun\vallccl town not far from
the Senegal The huts are iriade of fplit
cane, twifted into a fort of wicker work,
and plaftered over with mud. They
make good foap by boiling ground nuts,
in water, and then adding a lie of wood
alhes. Excellent iron is niariufaaured
here, - [Park,] '
Malaga, an ancient and' ftrong tovvn of
Spain, ill Granada, with 2 caftles, a biffi
op's fee, arid a good harbour. It^ com
nierce is principally in fruits and wine.
Of 842 veffels whicli arrived at this port
iri 1782, from alm.oft every' commercial
nation, fcarcejy 100 vvere Spaniffi. It is
feated on the Mediterranean, at fhe faot
of a craggy mountain : 15 miles S Cor
dova and 235 df Madrid, lon. 4 10 W,
Iat. 36 35 N, ,
Malamocco, A fmall iflarid arid town In ,
the Lagunes of Venice, 5 miles S of that
city, Malathia, an ancient town of Turkey
in Afia, capital of Leffer Armenia, feated
on the Arzu, with an archbifliop's fee,
ten. 43 25 E, laf. 39 8 N.
Malchin, A town of Lower Saxony, ia
the duchy of Mecklenburg, featedon the
river Peene, where It falls into the lake
Camrow :' 10 miles N Wahren. The"
ftates affemble li^re once in 2 years, lon,
13 12 E, lat. 53 o-N. '
lilalden, a borough In Effex, England,
It has 2 parifli churches, and a freefchool;
It is faid to have been the feat of the old
Britifli kings, and was the firft Romari
colony in Britain, It was burnt by the
Britilh queen Boadicea, but rebuflf by
the Rom.ms, It Is feated on an eminence,
near the confluence pf fhe Chelmer wifh
fhe Blackwater. Veffels of a moderate*
burden come Up to the^ridge over the
Chelmer, but large fliips are obliged.to
unload at a diftance below, in Blackwa
ter, Bay, Maiden fends 2 members to
parliament, and carries oa a coafiderable
trade, chiefly In cora, coal, iron, wine,
brandy, and rum. It is ro miles £ Chelms
ford, aud 37 N E London. Maiden,

M A L

M A L

Maiden, a viUagc in Surry, 2 milea S E
Kingflon. Here arc fonic gunpowder
luills. Maldives, A ch\(\.er of fmaU Iflands S W
ef Ceylon ia the E Indies. The north
ernmoft called Head of the Ifles, or Kelly,
is In Icn. 73 4 E, h^t. 7 5 N ; Maldlvia,
in vvhich the king refides, is in ten. 75 35
E, lat.4 15 N. They are iooo in num
ber according lo fome, 1200 according
10 others. Moft of ihem are low, fandy,
and barren, having only a few cocoanuts.
'Fhe ialiabitauts are partly Mahometans
and partly pagans ; and their chief trade
is in courics, a fmall fliell fifli, whofe
fliells ferve Inftead of rr.oney. The fociety
la London for propagating the Gofpel,
riiaintain a few miliionai-ies on ihio coaft.
fhefe iflands lie near each othti , being
feparated by channels about 200 p.ict3
over, .and by fome nof mure than 30,
They are about 200 leagues in length,
and 35 in breadth. Days and nights aic
equal, the clays hot, the nights coul with
heavy dews. The inhabitants are hand-
iome, of an olive coipplexioii. Both fex
es bathe every clay, and new-botn Infants
arc plunged feveral times in cold water.
The common people are aaked Irom the
girdle upwards. The priefts anni-ally
make the circuit of their ifland, and thofe
are punifh'.-d, who cannot fay their creed
and prayers iu Arabic, and conftrue them
into their .-ernacular tongue, 'ihofe vvho
, ricgk-a to repair to the place for public
worfliip t' otFcr up their i'upplicalions
are treated as excommunicates. No ju-i-
foa will convtrf^; or cat wilh them. Aa-
other la\t' is that the Iiifolveuf debtor
aiiel his fimily, befeume the fervants of
the creditor till the debt is p::icl- i\ law
of this kind wa.s enriacd by the firft fel-
tlers of itkw England. 'Ihey have
fchopls for writing, reading, arithmetic,
and mathematics, 'fhe poor tbey view-
as the fervants of God, ancl fcorii 10 of
fer them what they do not eaf them
felves. 'Fheir mofques arid the royal
palaces are of flone. An hundred fliip
loads of cocoa are exported in a year ;
their waters abound 111 fifli ; no v\-here
iri the Indies is a fortune cafirrmade, lat,
a S to - N, [Seally, Bowen, l.'c L.ival,]
Malifroit, A town of France, depart
ment of Morbihan, on 'the Ouft : 37
miles E Port rOrienl, lon, 2 23 W, lat,
47 15 N,
Mallicollo, one of the larijcft of the
New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, ly
ing in 1 6 15 S lat, and 167 45 E ten. It
extends 20 leagues from N to S, Its in

land mountains are very high, and' clasl
vvith forefts. Its vegetable prpduaio.is
are luxuriant, and in great variety ; co
coanuts, bread fruit, bananas, fugar
cants, yiuns, eddoes, turmeric, and orang
es. Uegs ai-,d common poultry are their
domeftic animals. The inhabitants ap
pear to be of a race totally diftina from
thofe of the Friendly and Society Iflands.
Their loi m, language, and manners, are
widely ciifferciit. '1 hty Item tu corref
pond in many particulars vvith the na
tives of New Guinea, particularly iu their
black colour and woolly hair. They go
almoft raked, arc of a licnder make,
have lively, but very irregular iii-lv fea
tures, and tic a lopc faft roriid ihcir bel
ly, "Ihey ufe hows and arrows as their
piincipal weapons, ¦end the arrows arc
faid to be fometimes poifoned. 'I'heir
keeping thtir bodies entirely free from
punaurcs is one particular 'that remark
ably diftinguiflies them from the other
tribes o! ihe Pacific Ocean. [Cook]
I,Iulii:e^, lice .{¦.iedlin.
MaV.Q, Cape, or St. Aigi le, a cape of thi-
Morc.-i at the S entrance cf the gulf
of Napoli : 15 miles E of Malvafia.
Iil.,:L.-.:cui,a Uttle, beautiful city of F-
gypt, i-aif a league frcm. the W b, nl; of
the Nile. The concirj' round io fertile,
large quantities of wheat ai.d other grain,
are exported llitnce to Arhbia. [tiouini.]
1,1,1:1:111:, U/'efi,a town in Kent, F.rigli'ne! ;
6 miles V/ Maidftone, and 30 L Ijv S
London. I.ii.lli.-w, a town of Ireland, coujity of
Cork, on the Blackwater: 17 miles N
Cork. Malmedy, a tovvn of the Netherlands,
in the bifliopric of Liepe, vvith an abbirv,
and ,i.zo houfes. It was taken by the
French in 1794. It is feated on the Rcchl:
9 miles S Limburg, and 40 N Luxem
burg, lon. 6 2 E, lat, 50 18 N.
Malmifira, an anciciit tow 11 of Natolia,
with an archbifliop's fee, at the mouth cf
a river of the fame ii.ui-,e, vvh'ch divides
it ii:to the Old and New Town. It is 30
miles S £ "I'traffo, lon. 36 15 E, lat. ^6
50 N.
Malmoe, A feaport of Svveden, in the
province of Schonen, feated en the Sound,
with a large harbour and a ftrong cita
del. Il is 15 milcs S E Copenhagen, Ion.
13 7 E, lal. 53 38 N.
,M.iliijlury, an ancient horoiijh in
Wiltfliire, England, on a hill, almoft fur
rounded by the Avon, over which it has
6 bridges. In the church, i\hicli vva^ for.-
merly aa abbey church, is tht- fepulchral
nicniinirnt

M A L

M A L

monument of king Arthur, who was bu
ried under the high- altar. Malmffiury
has a confiderable trade iii fhe woollen
manufaaure, aad feads 2 members fo
parliament T- 26 miles E by N Briftol, and
95 W London.
Malo, St. a feaport of France, depart
ment of Morbihan, and lately an epifco
pal fee pf the prpvince pf Bretagne. It
has a large harliour, difficult of accefs, on
account of the rocks that furround it ;
and is a trading place, of great import
ance, defended by a ftrong caftle. It was
bombarded by the Englifli In 1693, buf
without fuccefs. -.^In 1758, they landed in
Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour by
land, and burnt above 100 fliips. St.
Malo is feated on an ifland, united fo the
main laud by a caufeway : 1 7 niiles N W
Dol, and 205 W Paris, lon, 157 W, lat,
48 39 N, [WraxaU,]
Malaria, A fmall ifland of Italy, on the
coaft of Tufcany . 10 miles W Leghorn,
lon, 10 4 E, lat. 43 34 N.
Malpartido, a town of Spain, In Eftra
madura, 14 miles S Placentia, ten. 5 30
W, lat. 39 36 N.
Malpas, a town In Chefliire. If Is feat
ed on a high eminence, near the river
Dee: 15 miles SE Chefter, and 166 NW
London, lon. 2 45 W, lat. 53 2 N.
Malplaquet, A village of Auftrian Hai
nault : 7 miles S by E Mons, If is fa
mous for a viaory galnedover the French,
by the duke of Marlborough, in 1709,
and fometimes called the Battle of Bla
regnies, from an adjacent village,
Malta, an iflaud of the Mediter|ranean,
between Africa and Sicily, 20 miles long
and 1 2 broad. It was formerly reckoned
a part of Africa, buf now belongs to Eu
rope. It was aacieatly little elfe fhan ^
barren rock ; but fuch cjuantilies of foil
have been brought from Sicily that it is
now become a fertile illand. Here are
cultivated large quaatilles of lemoa trees,
cotton trees, and vines, which produce
excellent wine. The heat is fo exeeffive,
that the wafer breeds great numbers of
gnats, which are the plague of the coun
try. The number of the inhabitants is
faid f o be 90,000, 'Fhe common people
fpeak Arabic, buf the belter fort Italian.
"iThe emperor, Charles V, gave this Ifland
to the grand mafter of the order of St,
John of Jerufalem. If is extremely well
fortified ; the ditches, of a vaft fize, are
all cut out of the folid rock, and extend
many miles. It was attacked In 1566 by
the Turks, vvho were obliged to abandon
the enterprife, with the lofs of 30,000

men. The knights of Malta formerly
confifted of 8 nations ; but lately of 7,
fhe Engliffi having forfaken them. They
were obliged to fupprefs all pirates, and
were at perpetual war with the Turk,B
aad other Mahometans, They vvere all
under a vow of celibacy and chaftlty ;
and yet they made no fcruple of taking
Grecian women for miftreffes, Malta
vvas taken by the French, In the fummer
of 179S; but vvas foon after Captured
from them by the Britifli ; but by treaty,
is to be reftored to the knights of Malta.
Malta is 60 miles S Sicily. Valetta is
the capital. [Mariti, Sonini, Niebuhr.]
Malta, Melita, or Citta Vecchia, an au-
cient and ftrongly fortified city of the
ifland of Malta, on a hill in the centre of
the ifland, and was formerly twice as
large as at prefent. Itis the refidepce
ofthe bifliop and the cathedral is a very
fine ftruaure. Near this cily arc the eat-^
acombs, which are faid fo extend 15 miles
under ground ; and a fmall church, ded
icated to .St. Paul, adjoining to 'which is
a ftatue of the faint, with a viper in his
hand, faid to be placed on the fpot where
he fliook the viper off, without having
been hurt ; and clofe to it is fhe grotto
in which he was imprifoned. [Brydone, Adam.]
Malton, A borough in the N, 'tiding of'
Yprkfliire, England, on the Derwent,
over vvhich is a flone bridge, and is com-
ppfed of 2 towns, the New and the Old,
containing 3 churches. It fends 2 mem
bers to parliarpent : 20 miles N E York,
and 216 N by W London.
Malvafia, A fmall ifland of Turkey in
Europe, on the £ coaft of the Morea, re
markable for its excellent wines. The
rich wine, called Malmfey, is brought
hence. The capital is Napoli-di-Mal-
vafia. Malvern, Great and Little, two villages
in Worcefterfliire, 8 miles W by S Wor
cefter. Betvveen thefe places are 2 not
ed chalybeate fprings, recommended as
excellent in Icrofulous and cutaiienus
cpmplaints ; i of them is called the Ho
ly well. Henry VII, his queen, and 2
fons, were fo delighted with Little Mal
vern, that they adorned the church with
a great number of painted glafs windows,
part of which remain, fhough In a mu
tilated ftate.
Malvern Hills, lofty mountains in the
S W of Worcefterfliire, rifing one above
another for about 7 miles, and dividing
this part of the county from Hereford
fliire. The higheft point is 13 13 feet
above

M H N

MAN

above the furface pf the Severn, and they
appear tb be cif linieftorie and quartz.
On the funimit Of one of fhefe hills, on
the Herefordfliire fide,, is the Camp of
Owen Glendowi- ; a chief, vvho, at
the head of a remnaPt of unconquer
ed Welflim'ea, ia fhe coiririiericement of
the I5tli C'crilUry, carried fire ahd fword
into the richefl touaties pf Eagland. i
Malwa, a prdviace bf Hiridooftan i
Proper, bounded W by Guzerat, N by [
Agiirier'e. If is one of the moft extenfive,
lejevated, arid highly diverfified traas in
Hindooftan, iad is divided among the
chiefs of fhe Poonah Mahrattas, Ou-
g'ein and Indole are the principal
towns, Mamars, an ahcitent fown of France,
<3epartment of Sarte, on the Dive : I4
miles W Bellefme.
Man, ari ifland In the Irifli Si;a, 30 miles
ih lenglh and 8 in breadth. It coritalns
iy pariflies ; and fhe c'hief tovyns are
fi.uthea, Douglas, arid Peel. The air is
iiealfhy, ancl the foil produces rhore
corn than is fufiicient to maintain the in
habitants, vvho are a mixture of F.nglifli,
Scots, arid Irifli They have a bifhop,
called the bifliop of Sodor and Man ; but
he has no feat iri the firitifi'i parlialncnt.
The commodities of this ifland are wool,
hides, and talloiV, The Duke of Athol
vvas formerly lord of this ifland, the foye-
i-eigifty of which he fold, ih 1765, to the
crown, rcfervlng, however, the manoral
rights, &c : 1,2 miles S Scotland, 30 N
Anglefey, in Wales, 35 W Cumberland,
tind 40 E Ireland,
Manachia, A IqiVa of Natolia Proper,
anciently trailed Magnefia, with a bifli
op's fet, and a Caftle it was formerly the
"capital df the Dltonian Empire, and is
fealed af the foot of a mountain, oa the
river Sarabal: 22 iniles N Smyrna, lon: 27
i5E,lat,33 45N,
Manar, an Ifland of the E Indies, on
the E coaft of the iflaud of Ceylon. The
Portuguefe. toPk poffeffion of il in 1560 ;
the Dutch in 1658 ; and the Englifli ia
1795, ion. So 45 iE, lat. 9 o N.
TA.uieh.i. a territory of Spain, in New
Caftile, betweeri the river Guadiana and
Andalufia. It is i-i mountainous country ;
and it was here that Cerv'anlcs made his
hero, ibori Qui:tote, perform his chief ex
ploits ; vvith which the cheerful inhab
itants of all claffes appear perfeaiy aC-
quainteJ. Manche, or Channel, A department of
France, including part of the late province
of Normandy. It is almoft furrounded
Vol. II, D d a

by the EngUfli Channel. Coutances is
the capits!. ,
Manchefier, 3 large and populous fovyrt
of Lancaffiire, England, feated between
the rivers Irk and IrweU,and is a place of
great antiquity. It has been long noted
lor various brahches of the linen, filk,
and cotton manufaaures, and is now
principally confplcuous as the center of
the cotton trade. The labouls of a vt;y
ppputeus neighbourhood arc colleaed at
Manchefter, whence they are fent to
London, Liverpool, Hull, &c Thefe
confift of a great variety of cotton and
mixed goods, fitted for all forts of mar
kets, both at home and Miroad, fprtading
over a great part of Europe, America,
and the coaft of Guinea, The m.inufac-
tures of tapes and pther friiaU wares, pf
filk gppds, and pf hats, are alfo carried
on al Manchefter ; from which various
fources of wealth it has attained greater
opulehce than almoft any of the trading
towns in England, Manchefter contains
about 600 ftreets, and 14 churches, be
fides other places of worfliip ; fhe num
ber of iahabitants is eftimated at 70,000.
In the year 1781, a Literary and Philo-
fopliical Society vvas inftituted here, by
fome men of confiderable eminence in
the republic of letters Its chief orna-
aienls are the college, the exchange, the
collegiate church, ifnother large cluirch,
and a fpacious n-,::rkct place. By the Ir
well, over vvhich is an ancient and lofty
ftone bridge, it has a communication
with the iMcrfey, and all the late various
extenfions of inland n.^vieation : 67 miles
W S W V,-,-k, and 182 iN' N W London,
lon, 2 80 W, lat. 52 30 N,
Manderfcheit, A town in the eleaorate
(if Treves, capit.i! 'if a ccunty of the
fame name : 24 miles N "Freves, lon, 6
50 E, bt. 50 10 N.
Manding; A republic of Africa, bor
dering upon the Niger. Every town h,.;
a governor or riiaafa. The chief power
of the ftate in the lafl refort is in a con-
grefs of thefe nianfas. [Park.]
I,L,i:-:iirg-ys, A pco-jilc, who conftitute
the bulk of thei inliabitants in the inte
rior of Africa. Their language is gene
rally fpoken and always undcrffiiod.
The government of this people near
the Gambia is monarchical ; but the
monarch is limited in his authority.
He neither makes peace, nor war, buf ac
cording to the coiinfel of the principal
men. la every confiderable town there
is a ijiagiftratc, whol'e ofSiC ii hereditary, called

MAN

MAN

caUed the Alkaid. His bufinefs Is to pre
ferve order, levy duties upon travellers,
and prefide at the adminiftratlon of juf
tice. The foil Is fo remarkably fertile, as
to produce almoft fpontaneoufly all the
neceffaries of life ; with a little cultiva
tion a rich abundance. They are an
obliging, mild, and focial people. They
pray to Gon to pardon their fins; and
grant them' his favour. Many of them
gain arlivellhood by keeping fchool : fuch
is their reputation for iaiegrity, that ia
time of war fhey pafs from one nation lo
another, inftruaing the people and chil
dren. The men are commonly above the
middle fize, well ffiaped, ftrong, and ca
pable of labour. "iThe fmith's, potter's,
fadler's, and weaver's trades are prac-
tlfed. The women are good natured,
fprlghtly and agreeable ; bbth drefs in
•cotton cloth of their own manufaaure.
ThePortuguefe,wli&fettled herein 1420,
are now almoft as black as the negroes ;
buf retain fomewhat of their own dlatea,
and fome chriftian ceremonies, being an
nually vifited by a prieft of St. Jago.
"iFheir houfes are paly incpmmpdious
hpvels. A circular wall, 4 feet high, with
a cpnical roof of bamboo cane,, thatched
with grafs, forriis the hut of the flave, and
the palace pf the king. Their bed Is a
mat or bullobk's hide, fpread upon up
right ftakes, 2 feet high. A water jar,
fome earthern pots, wooden bowls, cala-
bafliea, and one or two ftools,, compofe
their furniture. Polygamy being praaif
ed, each wife has a hut to herfelf. After
'marriage fo pure are their morals, fhey
require the fame tokens of former chaf
tlty, as did the law qf Mofes. In the
principal towns is a mofque. Three
fourths of the people are flaves.
[Par'K, Le Brue, Jobfon, Adanfon,]
Manfalout, A large, well built to.wn of
Kgypt, a mile W of the N'le, It was an
ciently called Lycopolls, a place of great
trade, ruined by the Romans, re-eftab-
liflied by the Arabs, It is now the refi
dence of the calliif, who governs fhe
province. If is a bifliop's fee, but has
only about 200 chriftians in the place.
Their church is af Narach, where they
fay Chrift and the holy family refided till
the death of Herod, The mofques give
beauty to the city ; the neighbouring
lands are fertile, and abound vyith fruit,
Oppofite fo the fowa, oa the river, is a
convent ; fhe pnly mode of entrance is
to be drawn up by a pully.
[Bruce, Sonini, Pococke, Norden,]
Mandrie, A fmall dcfcrt ifland, in (he

Afchlpelago, between Samos and LaSi
gos. It gives name lo the fea riear it.
Manfredonia, a tovi-n of Naples, in Cap-
itariata, wilh a caftle, a good harbour, and
an 'archbifliop's fee. It is feated on a gulf
of the .fame name : 50 miles N Cireaza,
aad 100 NE Naples, lori. 16 I2 E, lat.
41 35 N,
Mangalore, A feaport of Canara, on the
coaftof Malabar, wifh an excellent road
for fliips during the rainy feafon. It is
inhabited-' by Gentobs and Mahpmetans.
The former, on their feftival days, carry
their Idols in triumph, - placed in a wag
gon, adorned on all lides with flovvers ;
and on the wheels are feveral fliarp crook
ed Iron hooks, upon vvhich the mad dev
otees throw theiiiTelves and- are cruflied
lo pieces. k is a place of great trade,
and the Portuguefe have a faaory
here for rice, a large church frequented
by black converts-. The adjoining fields'
bear two crops of corn in a year ; and
the higher grounds produce pepper, be-
felnufs, fandal wood. Iron, and fteeh It
is fealed on a rifing ground : 100 miles:
N by W TeUicherry, lon. 75 24 E, lat.
13 8 N.
Mangea, an ifland in the S Pacific'
Ocean, about 5 leagues In circurofcr-
, ence. In. the inferior parts it rifes into-
fmall hills, and captain Cook reprefents"
it as a fine ifland ; but the hoftile appear
ance of Its inhabitants obliged him to-
'leave it foon, ten. 158 16 W, lat. 21 27 S.
Mangufflak, A fowri Of Tnrcomaiiia, o*
ilie E coaft of fhe Cafpian Sea. Its cora--
merce Is confiderable ; the-neighbouring
Tartars briagiag hither the produaions
of their owa country, and- even of Bok
haria, fuch as cotton, yarn, ftuffs, furs,
fkins, and rhubarb : 3,7 miles S W Aftra
ean, ten, 48 29 E, lat, 44 45 N.
Manhartzberg, the notliern part of Low
er Auftria, feparated from the fouthern
by the Danube, and bounded W by Up
per Auftria, N by Bohemia and Mpravia,
and E by Hungary.
Manheim, a beautiful city of Germany,
in the palatinate of the Rhine. The
ftreets are all ftraight, iuterfeaing eacji
other af right angles ; it has 3 noble gates,
adorned wifh baffo-relievos, very beauti
fully executed . The inhabi tants are com
puted at 24,000, including the, garrifon,
of 5000. The fortifications are good:
and fhe town is almoft furrounded by th,e
Neckar and th"e Rhine. The palace of
the eleaor palatine is a magnlfieent flruc-
ture ; and the cabinet of natural curiof
ities, and the cgUeaiori of piaures, are
much

MAN

MA N

««uch celebrated. , Manheim furrendered
to'the' French in September, 1795, but
was retaken by the Auftrians in Novein-
ber foUowing : 6 miles N E Spire, and 10
W Hddleberg,lon. 8 31 IE, lal, 49 26 N,
[Moor.]
Maniana, A kingdom of Africa; E of
Baedo. The iaha,bitants are faid to be
cruel, and ferocious, banqueting on hu
man flefli. [Park.]
Manica, an Inland kingdom of Africa,
bounded N by Mononialapa, E by Sofala
and Sabia, S aad W by uaknown re
gions. It is faid fo abound with mines
of gold, and to have a great number of
elephant's ; but it io little knovvn lo the
Europeans. Manilla, fee Luconla. ,
ikanilla, A large and populous city,
capital of Luconla and the other PhlUp
pine Iflands. Moft of the public ftruc-
turcs are built of wood, on account of
the frequent earfhquakesjby oneof which,
in 1617, a mountain vvas levelled ; in
1625, A third part of the city was over
thrown by another, when 3000 perfons
periflied in the ruins ; and, the next year,
there was another lefs violent. This city
is feated near the lake Bahia, on the iE
fide of a bay, which is a circular bafin, 10
leagues in diameter, and great part of It
landlocked". The part peculiar fo the
cily, is called Cavite : it lies 5 miles fo
the S, and is the ufual ftation of the fliips
craplpyed in the Acapulcp trade ; fpr an
accpuut pf which fee Lucania. 'Fhis city
abpunds with convents ; but the morals
of the people are, notwithftauding, more
licentious than in almoft any olher part
bf India. There Is, indeed, an iriquifi-
tiori here ; but corruption pf morals is
not expofed to its cenfure. On account
of the pure and mild temperature of the
air, this city is deemed the moft healthy,
of all the Eurppean fettlements in the E.
The Inhabitants are 38,000, of whom only
10 or 1200 are Spaniards, the reft are
jnulattoes, Chinefe, and Indians, loa, 120
53 E, lat, 14 36 N, [Peyroufe,]
Mauningtree, A town in Effex, England,
on the river Stour, which is here called
A'i-aiuiinglree-water, It is 11 miles W
Jfarwich, and 60 £ N E London, lon, 1
12 E.lat, 52 o N,
Manafqiie, A populous town of France,
department of the Lower Alps, with a
caffle, on the Durance : 10 miles S Fpi-
calquier, and 350 S by E Paris, tea. 5 5^^
K, lal. 43 51 N.
M.inrrfi, aa ancient tovva of Catalonia,
at the confluence of Cardonero and Lob-

brcgat : 15 miles S E Cardona, and 20 N
W Barcelona.
Mans, an ancient town of France, cap
ital of the department of Maine. It was
formerly very populous ; but the inhab
itants now Scarcely amount to 14,000.
If has excellent poultry, wax, and fluffs.
It is feated on a high liiU, on the Sarte,
near its confluence with the Huifne, 10
miles S Alen9on,and 75 Wby N Orleans,
ten. o 14 E, lat. 41 58 N.
Manfaroar, A lake of Thibet, from
which the fouthernmoft head of the Gan
ges is fuppofed to ifl'ne. Il Is 115 miles
in circumference, and lies In about 79 E
lon, and 34 Nlat.
Mansfield, A town of Upper Saxony,
capital of a county of the fame name :
35 miles S W Magdeburg.
Mansfeld, a town in Notllnghamfliire.
It has a great trade in corn and malt ^
and participates In the flocking manufac
ture. It is feated oa the edge of the for
eft of Shirwood : 12 miles N Nottingham,
and 14b N by W London.
Maiifilla, a town of Spain, in Leon : 15
miles S W the cily Leon.
Manfora, or Manfoura, A town of Egypt,
on the E fide cf the Nile, built as a bul
wark againft the Chriftians The Chrift
ians of Syria, fettled at Manfoura, are
the chief traders, and fhe principal arti
cles are the fine rice growing round the
lake, and tal-ammonlac. Here are vaft
chicken ovens. A canal is made from
the Nile lo lake Manzale : 24 milc! S S
W Damietta, and 60 N Cairo, lat. 31 N.
Mantaca, ice Mataca.
Mantchew Tartars, abrauch of the Mo
gul Tartars, whpfe anceftors conquere.d
China in the 13th century, but were ex
pelled bythe Chinefe "in 1368. They
inhabit the 3 departments of E' Chinefe
Tartary, called Lepa-tpng, Kirin, and
Tcitcicar. They retain the cuftpms they
brpught from China.
Mantes, a confiderable town pf France,
depiirtment pf Seine aiiel Oife. The wines
frpm the vineyard pf the late Celeftiiis,
Put of the town are famous. Mantes is
fealed in the Seine, and over it is a bridge,
the great arch of which, although clip-
tic, is 120 feet wide. It is 31 milcs N "W
Paris. Mantua, or Mantuan, A duchy of Italy,
lying along the river Po, which divides
it into ; parts. It Is bounded 0.1 the N
by the Veronefe, on the S by the duch
ies of Reggio, Modena, and Mirandola ;
on the E by the Ferrarefe ; and on the
W by the Crtmoncfc. It is 50 miles long

MAR

MAR

long and 27 broad, and fruitful in corn,
paftures, flax, fruits, and excellent wiiie.
Charles IV, duke of Mantua, and prince
of the empire, having taken part with fhe
French, in the difpute relating fo the fuc
ceffion of Spain, vyas ,put under the ban
Of fhe enipire, and died in 1708, Hav
ing no heirs, fhe emperpr kept the Man
tuan, and the duke pf Savoy had Mpnt-
ferrat, which vyere'cpnfirnied to them, by
fubfequent treaties. After the death of
the emperor in 1740, his eldeft daughter,
the queen of Hungary, kept poffeffion of
the Mantuan ; and the governor Of tile
Milanefe had the adminiflration of af
fairs. The Mantuan coinprehends the
duchies pf Mantua and Sabioiieta ; the
principalilies of CaftlgUone, Solforliia,
and Eofplo ; likewife the countyof No-
vellara. The principal rivers of this
couafty are the po, the Oglio, and fhe
Miochip. Maiitua, the capital of a duchy pf the
fame name, in Italy, with aii'archbiflipp's
fee, arid'auriiverfity, feated pn an ifland
in the middle pf a lake, "iThe (Jreefs are
broad and ftrait, and it has 8 gates, 21
pariflies, 40 convents ancl nunneries, a
quarter fpr the Jews to live in, and a-
bpve i6,0Q0 inhabitants. It is ve'ry ftrong
by fituation as Well as liy art, and there
is no approaching it but by 2 caufeways,
vvhich crofs the lake ; for which reafon,
it is one of the moft confideral,ile for
treffes in Europe, If was greatly noted
for its filks, and filk manufaaures, wliich
are now much decayed. The air in the
furiimer'is Very unwholefome ;, and the
lake Is formed by the iaundalioiis of the
Miacliio, Virgil was born at a village
near this cily. Mantua' was alrnoft coiT-
tinually in a ftate of fiege, by the French,
the latter half of the year' 1796, arid in
Feb- I797> fell into their haiicls ; \>nt 3
moaths after, they were compelled to
yield the place 10 the Auflriaa and Ruf-
fiaia armies : It is 35 miles N E Paraia,
32 S W Verona, and 220 N by "W Rome,
lon. 10 50 £., lat. 45 10 N.
' Mfirano, a toivn of Italy, In "Venetian
Friuli, with a ftrong citadel. If is feated
ill a marjh, ivhicji readers it difficult of
acccfs, .and at the bottom of the guff of
Veriice : 27 hiiles S by- E Udina, lon. 13
S E, lat, 45 5aN. ' ' '
Marant, or Aiiiaraiii, a town of Perfia,
in the province of Adirbeitzan, contain
ing 2560 houfes, each with a garden, fit
uated near a river, and watered' 'by ca
nals. "The jruit is repleoncd the bell In
i?vl£dia. Cochineal Is found In the neigli-

-. '^!
here Noah was buried : 50 miles N
Tauris, lon, 4? £, Iat, 38 50 N,
[Chardin, Bowen.]
Marafch, A populous foivri of Natolia,
encompafl'ed i^y the mountains of "FauiJ
Ills and Anti-taurus, and th'e river Eu
phrates, lon. 38 25 E, lat. 38 15 N.
Marathon, a' village of Livadia, former
ly a city, 10 n.ilcs from Athens. ' Il i's
famous tor the viaory obtained by MiU
tlades ' with 10,000 Athenians,- over
500,000 Perfians ,vyho loft abo've 100,006
men. ' ---:.-
Marbach, a town of Suabia, on the
Neckar: iJ^miles'N Sfulgardj lon. 9 25
E, lat. 48 59 N. ' ¦ '
Marbella, a feapprt of Spain, In Anda-.
lufia, at the mouth ofthe Rio Vefde : 28
miles S "W Malaga, lon. 5 ''55 'W, lat. 3$
29 N, '"  - ¦' '" ¦ "
Marburg, fee Marpurg.
Marca, A friiafl Ifland in the gulf of Vct
nice, 5 miles froiri Ragufa, ori which it"
depends. It liad forme;- ly a bifliop's fee';
buf the town Is now in ruins.'
Marcellin, St. a town of iFrance, de
partment of Ifere and late province of
Dauphiny, on the Ifere, at the foot of 3
hill, in a country tpat produces excellent
wine : 5 mjles from Sl. Antoine, and 253'
S by E iP.lris, ten, 5 32 E, lati 45 14 N.
Marche, A late province of France,
bounded N by Berry, E by Auvergne.
k is pretty fertUe in corn anil wine; ani
now fprnis the department of Creufe.
Marche, a town of France, department
of the Vofges': 20 iniles S Neiifchateau;
and 40 S by W Toul, loni 5 50 E, lat.'
48 6 N. " '¦ " '" '
Manehc, Or Marche-en-Famine, a tovvn of
Luxemburg, on fhe Marfetle : 45 railts
N N yi" Luxemburg, ' '
Marchena, ari ancient tPwn pf Spain,
in Andalufia, with a fuburb as'large as'
the town ; feated in the middle of a'
p'ain,particularly'fertile in olives, though
dry for want oi" water : 18 miles W S-e-
viUc, lon.'5 '44 ¦^,, Iat. 37 34, N,
Mda-chiennes, a town of the Auftrian
Netherlands, county 'of Namur, feated on
both fides- of the Sambre: 4 miles W'
Charleroy, and 22 S W Namur, lon. "4
22 E, lat. 50 20 N.
Marcbieni'ies' A village of France, de
partmerit of the iN, and late'prov'inccof
French Flanders, feated in a mbrafs, on
the rivcr Scarpe, between Douay and £ti
Amand. Marchpurg,A town of Vrermany, In tlie
duchy of Stiria, 'with a ftrong caftle, on
' the

MAR

MAR

the Drayc : i8 mfles W Pettaw, and 25
SSW Gratz, ten.' 15 19 E, lat. 46 44 N.
Marcigliano, a town of Naples : 7 iniles
f. Naples. Mank, A territory of WeftphaUa,
bounded N by the bifliopric of Munfter,
contains upwards of 20 towris. It is fer
tile, and belongs lo tlie king of Pruffia.
Ham is the capital,
Aiarco, St. a town of Naples, in Cala
bria Citeriore, >vitli a bifliop's fee, on the
Senito : 22 miles N Cofenza, lon, 16 20
E, lat, 39 41 N.
Mardike, a village of France, in fhe de
partment of the N; and late French Flan
kers, feate'd on a celebrated canal, to
vvhich it gives name : 4 miles W by S
Dunkirk. ' This carial extends from near
Dunkirk to the fea, and In foriie partsis 44
feet broad, b'eingcPnlrivedforlarge veffels.
Mardin, a town of Turkey iri Afia,
built on the top of a loffy mountain. It
!5 large and populous ; moft of the in
habitants are Armenians, hPfpltable, ahd
induftrious. The city Is furrounded with
^ wall of hewn ftone. '' [Jackfon.]
Marennes, A fiwn of France, depiirt
ment of Lower Charente, remarkable for
the green firined oyfters found near fhe
coaft, and its fait. It is near the Atlan
tic : 32 miles N W Saintes, and 270 S W
Paris, lon. o 49 W, lal. 46 15 N.
Maretimo, an ifland of Italy, on the W
coaft of Sicily. ' It is 10 miles in circum
ference, has a caftle, with a few farm
houfes, and produces much honey, lon.
i2i 35E,lal, J85N. ^ 
Margate^ a feapOrt In Ifent, England,
in the ifle of "ifhanet. It has much in-
cre.ifed of late years, by the great refort
to it for fea bathing. Great quantities
of corn are exported hence, arid veffels
are frequently paffing fo and from fhe
coaft of Flanders. 'Tliei-e arc alfo regu
lar paffage boats, to and from London,
fome of which are elegantly fitted up. It
is 14 miles NDeal, and 72 E by S Lon
don, lon. i 28'fi, lat. 51 24 N.
Margeniheiui, atown of Fraiiconia, fub
jea to the grand mafter pf the Teutpriie
order ; it is on the Tauber : 16 miles S
W Wurtzburg, lon. 8 5P E, lat. 49 30 N.
Marian Ifles, or Ladroni, lie in fhe N
Pacific Ocean, about iSoo miles E Can
ton in China, and occupying a fpace of
150 leagues in extent. They arc faid to
be 16 in number, exclufive of Iflcfs and
roc'n:s, ahd produce the breadfruit tree,
which was firft dlfcovered here, and oth
er fruits natural to the foil and climate.
filjrid, St. an iflaud of the Indian O-

ccan : 5 miles E Madagafcar. It Is 2?
miles in length and 5 in breadth ; weil
watered, and furroundedby rocks. The
air is extremely moift, for it tains almoff
every dny. ilt is inhabited by about 6op
negroes, but feldoni vifited by fliips pafl"-
ing that way.
Maria, St. the moft fouthern of the
Azores, or Weftern Iflandsi It produces
plenty of wheat, aud has about 5000 Iri
habitants. M,.,'<ii,St. A confiderable tpwn of Spain,
in Andalufia, vvith a fmall caftle, oa ibe
Gu'ddelcta, at the mouth of which is a
lower, and a battery : i8 miles N Cadiz,
lon.'6 6 W, lat. 36 39 N.
Mari.'-iiux-Mines, a town of France,
department of the 'Vofges, divided by fhe
river Leber." it Is famous for its filver
mines : 25 miles N W New Brifach, loni
7 24 E, lat, 48 16 N,
Marieiibitrg, A tovvn of Upper Saxony,
in Mifnia, remarkable for its rich filver
mines. It isfeated amongthemountHins,
on the confines of Bohemia : 28 miles
SSW Drefden. '
Marienburg, an ancient and ftrong town
of Weftern Piuffia, capital of palatinate
of the fame name, with a caftle, feated on
a branch of the Viftula : 30 miles S W
Elbing, and 30 S E Dantzic, lon. 19 15
E, lat, 54 9 ^- ' \
' Maritnburg, A fown'pf France, depart-
m-cnt of the N, formerly a ftrong place,
but difmantled by the French, after it
was ceded to them by the treaty of the
Pyrennees • 10 miles -S 'W Charlemont,
ten. 4 28 E, lat. 50 2 N-
Marienfiadt, A town pf Sweden, in W
Gothland, on the lake "Wenner : 35 milcs
S E Cariftadt, and 162 S W Stockholm,
ten, (4 25 E, lat, 58 28 N.'
Marienwerder, a tpvvh of Weftern
Pruffia, with a caftle, feated on the Vif
tula : 20 miles S- S "W Marienburg, lon-.
10 5 E, lat. 53 49 N.
Marignano, a town of Milan, on the
Lambro : 10 miles S E Milan.
' Marino, St. A ftrorig town of Italy,
capital of a fmall republic, containing
6000 inhabitants^ furrounded by the
duchyof Urbino, under the proteaion of
the pope, with 3 caftles. They have
maintained fheir independence, fhey fay,
ever fince A. D. 600. The republic was
founded by a monk- They are virtuous
and happy. "They give their 4 ambaffa
dors IS per day. It is fcated oil a moun
tain, 10 milcs S W Rimini, and 14 N W
Urbino, ten. 12 33 E, lat, 43 54 N,
[>Uldifon, Bowen,] Marino,

MAR

MAR

Marino, St. a fown pf Italy, Jn Cam
pagna di Roma, wilh a caftle : lo miles
'E Rome, lon, I2 46 E, lal, 41 54 N,
Marljfai, A towii of Arabia, a few
piiles N Mecca, [Bruce]
Market Jeio, fee M^razian.
Marlborough, a borough in Wilts, Eng
land, It contains 2 .churches, and about
500 houfes, is governed by a mayor, and
fends 2 members to parliament. It is
ftated on fhe Kennel, 43 miles E Briftol,
sad 74 W London, lon, i 26 W, lal, 51
»8 N.
Mitrlborough, fori, an Englifli factory,
on the W coaft of the ifland of Sumatra :
3 miles E Bencoolen, and 300 N W Ba
tavia, Ion. 102 9 E, laf. 3 49 N.
Marlaw, a borough in IJuckinghim-
fliire, England. It fends 2 members 10
parliament, and has a manufaaure of
bonelace. It is feated on the 'il'hames,
over vvhich is a bridge inlo Berkfliire : 17
miles S Ailffiury, and 31 W London, lon.
o 45 W. lat. 51 35 N.
Marli, a village of France, between
VerfaiUes and St. Germain, near a foreft
of the fame name. Here was a royal
palace, noted for its fiue gardens and
waterworks, there being a curious ma
chine on fhe Seine, whicli not only fup
plied them with water, but alfo thofe of
VerfaiUes : 10 milcs N "W Paris.
Marmande, a town of France, depart
ment of Lot and Garonne, and late
province of Guienne. If carries on a
great trade in corri, wine, and brandy.
It is feated on the Garonne : 40 ijiiles S
E Bourdeaux, and 320 S by W Paris, lon.
o 15 E, lat. 44 20 N.
Marmora, a fea betweeii Europe and
Afia, which communicates with the Ar-
chipelagp, by the ftrait of Gallipoli on
the S W, and vvith the Black Sea, by the
flrait of Conftantinople on the N E. It
is 120 miles iii length and 50 in breadth,
and vvas anciently called the Propontis.
Marmora, Or White Sea,'A gulf betvveen
the Straits of Conftantinople and the
Straits of GallipoU, fo called. It is about
30 leagues in length from E to \V, and 13
¦brpad frpm N to S, it takes the name of
Marmora from the ifland fo called,
Marmora, the name of four iflands in
the fea of the fame name. The largeft is
about 30 miles in circuraference, and they
all produce corn, whnej,and fruits. One
ef them is » viUagc of Arabs. [Thevenot.]
Marmara, A celebrated cafcade of Italy,
in the duchy ot Spoletto : 3 miles from jl
Terni. 1 1

Marne, A department of France, inclu(};.
ing part of the late province of Cham
pagne. If takes its name from a river
which rifes near La gres, and runs N W
into the Seine, a little above Paris. Rhe
ims is the archiepifcopal fee, but Chaloni
is the capitah
Marne, Upper, A department pf France,
incluclinjj pari of fhe late province of
Champagne. Chaumont is the capital.
Miir'nhull, a vil!,i-;;e in Dorfetfliire, ling-
land, on the Stour, 5 mfles S W of Shaflf-
bury. Mama, A town on the coaft of Genoa,
in a valley of the fame name : ^ miles N
'•fh Oneglia, aad 48 W S W Genoa.
Marqgna, a fov.-a of Romaaia, with »
Greek iirchbilliop's fee, near the Mediter-
ranean : 70 milts S W Adrianople, lon,
25 41 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Marot'er, a town of France, depart
ment of Lowor Rhine and late province
(it Alface, wilh a Benediaine Abbey : i8
miles N W Straffiurg, lon. 7 33 E, lal. 4S
38 N.
Marpurg, A ftrong tovyn of Germany,
iu the landgravate of Heffe Caffel, ivilli a
univerfity, a caftle, a palace, a handfome
fquare, and a magnificent tovinhoufe, ft
is feale,d pn the Lahn : 15 miles S Wal
deck, and 47 S "W Caffel, lori. 9 0 E, lat.
50 25 N.
Marfal, A town of France, departmeri?
of Meurthe. It is remarkable for its fait
works, pn the Selle, in a marfli of diffi
cult accefs ; which, with the fortifications,
render it an important place '¦ 17 milej
N E Nanci, lon. 6 41 E, lat, 48 49 N,
Marflia, a populous and ftrong lowii
of Sicily, in fhe valley of Mazara. It is
built on the ruins of the ancient Lilyba;-
um : 52 miles S '^ Palermo, ten. 12 29
E, lat. 38 4 N,
Marffquiver, pr Marfalquiver, A ftrong
arid ancient tpwii of Tremefen, InAlglers",
with one pf the beft harbpurs in Africa.
It was taken by the Spaniards In 1732 ;
and is feated on a rock, near a bay of the
Mediterranean : 3 mites frpm Oran, Ion,
o 10 W, lat. 3,6 I N.^
Marfeilles, a fti^ong city of France, de
partment of the Mouths of the Rhone
and late province of Provence. It was
lately an epifcopal fee ; and the Iahabit
ants are computed to be 90,000. It was
fo celebrated in the time of the Romans,
fhat Cicerp ftyled It fhe Athens of the
Gauls, and Pliny called It the Miftrefs of
Education. If is feated on the Mediter
ranean, at fhe .upper end of a gulf, cover
ed and-defeuded by many fmall iflands ;
and

MAR

Ma a

and it is partly on thedecUvity of a hill,
and partly ina plain. Ills divided into
the Old "lown, or the City, and the New
"i"own. The firfl appears like aa amphi
theatre to the velicls wh.cli enter the
pprt ; but the houics arc iiican, and the
ftreets dirty, narrpw, and fteep. In this
part Is the principal church, built by ihe
Goths, pn the ruins of the Itnrple ( f Dia
na. The New Town is a perfea contraft
to the City, with which it has a commu
nication by oae of the fiaeft ftreets im
aginable ; and its otherftreels, the fquares,
and the public buildings are beautiful.
With refpea to commerce, Marfeilles has
been called Europe in miniature, on ac
count of the variety of drcfi'es and lan-
guag-s which are here fcCn and heard.
The port is a bafin of an oval form, 3480
feet long, by 960 in its Wideft part, with
18 or 20 feet depth of water ; and I? de
fended by a citadel and a fort In 1649,
the plague ra-ged with great violence, and
wifh ftill greater in I720, vyhcn if carried
off 60,000 of the inhabitanls. The mem-
' ory of this great calamity is preferved by
tvvo piaures, painted by Serre, In the
baft of the fowuhoufe. In 1793, Mar-
fciUes revolted againft the French Na
tional Convention, but was very foon re-
dnct-d. It is 13 miles N W Toulon, and
261 S by E Paris, lon, 5 27 E, lat. 43 i8
N. [Tyller, V/raxall.]
Marfiiideran, a province of Perfia ;
hounded on the N bv the Cafpi'an Sea, on
the W by Ghilaa, on the ,S by Irac Age-
mi, and on the E by Aftrabad Ferabad
is the capital,
Marfffl.l, a tovvn in Gloucefterfliire,
England, feated on the Cotefwold Flills ,
II miles E Briftol, aud 102 W Londoa.
Marfco Nuova, a lown of Naples, in
Prlncipato Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee.
It is feated at the foot of the Appenaiacs,
near the river Agri • 73 milcs i' E I-ii-
ples, Ion. 15 49 E, lal. 40 28 N.
Marfirand, a rocky Iflaadof Sweden, ia
the Categate, lying N W of the mouth of
the Gotha. It is 2 miles in circumfer
ence ; and, on account of its ftrength, is
called the Gibralter of Sweden. 'Fhe town,
whicli lies on the E fide, contains about
r68 houfes, and 1200 inhabitants. The
h:irboiir is fecure and commodious, but of
diHic'.-lf entrance, and dangerous without
a pilot from the place. Since the peace
of 1783, its trade has declined ; and the
inhabitants fubfift chiefly by the herring
fiffiery, by the number of fliips whicli in
bad weather lake refuge in the harbpur,
iBU by il contraband trade. It i» 23 miles

N W Gotheborg, ten. 11 30 E, f-.t, 57 fj,
N. [Coxe.] ^
Maria, A town in Italy^, in the patri
mony of Et. Peter, and duchy of Caftro.-
It is feated on a lake of the fame name,
called alfo Bolfcaa : 35 niile-s N Rome.
Mariaban, a province ia the S E part
of Pegu, <m the bay of iBengal. The foi!
is fertile in rice, fruits, and wines of a'l
kinds. It is fubjea to the kiug of Eur-
m.ah.who, in 1754, fubdutJ ihc kingdom
of Pegu, and rendered it a dependent
province. Mariaban, the capital of a province «f
the fiime name, in Pc,i;u, It was a rich
trading place befejrc fliips \\ ere funk at
live entrance of the harbour to choke it
up, Il is fealed on the hay of Bengal : 80
miles S of the city of Pegu, lon. 96 56 E,
lat. 15 30 N.
Martel, a tpwri of France, in the de
partment of Lot, and lale province of
Querci, fealed near the Dordogne, 18
miles E Sarlat, Ion. i 44 E, lat. 44 51 N.
Marthalen, A confiderable town of
Swifferland, near the Rhine : 6 miles S
Scaft'haufcn, Martigues, a feaport pf France, depart
ment of fhe Mouths of the Rhone, near
a lake, 12 miles teng and 5 broad, whence
they gel very fine iifli and excellent fall :
20 milcs N "W" Marfeilles.
Martin, Cape, a promontory of Val-.n~
cia, in Spain, which fep.iratcs the gulf of
Valencia from tliat of Alicant, lon. cj 36
E, Iat. 38 54 N.
Martin, St. a town of France, in the
ifle of Rhe, with a harbour and ftrong
citadel : 15 miles W r.(>ciic!le, ion. , 17
W, hit. 46 IO K.
Mai 1,11, ini,, a tow-n of Naples in Cal-d-
bria Citcrioi-e, with a biffiop's fee : 8
miles from the ua, and 15 S Cofenza,
lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 6 N.
Martorel, a town of .Spain, at the con
fluence of the Nova and Lohragal : i>!
miles N W Barcelrna, ten. i 56 E, lat.
41 36 N.
Marios, a to-wn of Spain, In Andalu
fia, with a fortrefs on a roek ; 8 mUes S
Anduxar. Marvcjols, a commercial townof France,
department of Lozere, in a valley, on
the river Colange : 10 miles N N W'
Mcnde, and 300 S Paris, Ion. 2 23 lii,
laf. 44 36 N.
MarviHe, a town of Frauf-e, cieparr-
ment of Meufe, on the Ollicin : 3 mi!?=!
N Jemeiz.
Marybaronei.; a boroujii of '\le.i'\C. CipitC't

MAS

MAS

tn^iital of Queeri's County : 17 miles S
Phili.pftovvn. Mary, St. or Ifle of Abraham, ari" ifland
ii Madagafcar. If is high land ; the
people are black, the men tall, hand
fome, with curled hair, which they turn
up from their foreheads. They are fo
cial and brave,; their principal food rice
and fifli. There are a or 3 inconvenient
watering places' on fhe N pan of the
ifland. The whole is furrounded vvith
rocks, over which boats may pafs al
high water. On thefe rocks is feeri the
inoft beautiful coral in fhe world. On
the E fide of the Ifland is ainbergreafe.
It is 18 leagues long, from N fo S, not 3
from E to "W, There, are 10 or 12 vil
lages on the ifland, lat, 178,
[Lancafter; Bowen,]
Maryport, A feaport town of England,
county of Cumberland, at the mnuth of
a river, on the coaft of the , Irifli Sea.
The harbour will contain about 150 vef
fels. It has about 400 houfes, and 2625
inhabitants. There are 87 vefl'els, from
50 to 300 tons burthen, moftly employed
in the coal or coafting trade ; and a few
to the Baltic, Its chief dependence is
on the coal trade : 9 miles N W Cocker
mouth, Marza Sirocco, a fortified gulf on the
S fide of fhe ifle of Malta,
Marzilla, A handfome town of Spain,
ia fhe province of Navarre, near the
river Arragon : 30 miles S Pampeluna.
Mafiate, One of the Philippine Iflands,
almoft in fhe centri; of the reft . 75
miles in circumference ; the natives are
tributary to the Spaniards, lon. 12225
E, lat. II 36 N.
Maff rough, A flourlfliing vUlage in
Yorkfliire, on the Don, adjoining the
bridge of Rotherham. Here are confid
erable Iron works, furnaces for melting
the iron out of the ore, forges for making
' it maleable and converting it inlo fteel, and
mills for flatting iron plates, which are
alfo tinned here. All forts of hammered
and eaft iron goods are made here, from
the moft trifing article to a large cannon,
of which great quantities are exported.
Mafcate, a town on the coaft of Ara
bia Felix, with a caftle on a rock. It is
feated at the bottom of a fmall bay, and
is very ftrong both by nature and art,
though the buildings are mean. It was
fortified, in 1650, by the Portuguefe ;
but afterwards taken by the Arabs, who
put all the garrifon to the fword, except
18, who turned Mahometans. The ca
thedral, built by the Portuguefe, is now

the king's, palace. There are lieithef
trees, flirubs, npr gTafs fp be fceri on the
feacoaft near it, and only a few date'
trees in a valley at the back of, the fown;
though ihey have all fhirigs" iri plenty.
The weather is fo hot from Slay»to Scp-
leinber, that no people afe to be feen in'
the ftreets from io in the morning till
4 ia the afternoon. The bazars or mar
ket places are covered vvith the leaves'
of dale trees, laid oa beams ',vhlcli reach'
from the houfetops on one fide to thofe
oa the other. The religiori o*fhe irihab
itants Is Mahoirietanifm, and yet, contra
ry to the cuftom of the Turks, fhey fuf
fer any one to go irito their m'ofqucS.
The produas pf the country are horfes,
dates, fine brimftorie, coffee, and ruinofs,
a root that dies red : 940 miles E Mecca,
lori. 57 26 E, lat. 24 o N,
Mtts-d'Afil, A town of Ftaric'e, depart
ment of Arriege : 8 miles S W Pamiers;
Mafina, A kingdom of Africa, on the
northern bank df the Niger, inhabited by
Foulahs. [Park.]
Maffelyiie's Ifles, A group of fmaU but
beautiful iflands, in the S Pacific Ocean,
lying off fhe S E Point of MaUcoUo, one
of the New Hebrides:
Mafovia, or Mafuren, A provlnceof PoJ
land, I of the mofl ancient, and i of the"
laft that remained annexed f o fhe crowri,^
This country has, from the beginning of
the Poliffi monarchy, been confidered as
a part of that kingdorii* No other re
ligion but Popery is tolerated in this
province ; thofe of other profeffions be
ing treated with the greiafeft feverify :
for If a Lutheran or Calvlnift mjniftef
be found in Mafovria, his punlfliment
was death. Staravolfeius cpra-puled the
number pf npble families in this cpuntry
fp be, ill his time, no lefS thain 45,000,
Mafovia cpnfifts of 2 palatinates, which
are Czerflc, or Mafovia Proper, And Po
lotfk. Warfaw is the chief city,
Maffa, an ancient and populous town
of Tufcany, capita! pf a fmall principal
ity of the fame name, whofe fovereignty
is independent of the grand duke. If
has a ftrong caftle, and is famous for its
quarries of fine marble. It is feated nn
a plaia : 3 miles f^oni the fea, and 55
W by N Florence, tea, 10 O E, lat. 44
oN.
Maffa, A town of Naples, with a biffi
op's fee, near the fea : 20 miles S Naples.
Maffa, a town of Italy, in fhe Siennefe,
with a bifhop's fee, on a mountain, near
the fea : 25 miles S W Sienna, ten. 10
48 Ejlat. 42 40 N. Maffafre,

MAT

MAU

Maffafra, A ftrong town of N,aple6, with
a bifliop's fee , at the foot of the Appen
nines : i6 miles NNW Tarento,
Mafferatui, i town of Piedmont, capital
of a fmall principaUty of the fame name,
held by its prince as the fief of the
church. It is on a mountain : 40 miles
N E Turin, lon, 8 14 E,lat, 45 38 N,
Mafuab, a town of Abyffinia, fituate
on an ifland on the coaft of fhe Red .Sea.
The houfes, in general, are built of poles
and bent grafs, as ia the tovvas in Ara
bia ; aad a few are of ftoae, fome of
them' 2 ftories high. The iflaad is three
ftiurths of a mile long and half as wide :
one third is covered with houfes, one
third wilh cifterns, one third ia burying
ground. The water iS bad ; the place is
Unwholefome. It is a general cuftom
here for people to burn incenfe and
myrrh to perfume their houfes when
"they rife ijj the moraiag. When they
go abroad at night, or early In the day,
they have a rag fumigated, which fhey
crowd into their nofes. At funerals the
women, frien.ls, and vifitors, dance to
vocal mufic, aided by a drum, lon. 33 41
30 E, lat. 15 35 5 N. [Bruce,]
, Mafttlipiitam, a populous and commer
cial feaport of Hindooftan, near the
mouth of the Kiftn,' , on the coaft of Coro
mandel : 200 miles N Matlras, ten, 81
12 E,lat, 16 8 N, *
Matagord.i, A fortrefs of Spain, at the
entrance ofthe harbour of Cadiz,
Matalona, a town pf Naples : 8 miles
N W Capua, and 19 W by S Beaeveato.
¦ Mataman, A Country of Africa, bounded
N by Benguela, V. by parts unknown, S
by the country of the Hottentots, and W
by the Atlantic. There is no town in il,
and the inhabitants live in miferable huts,
it being a defert country, little vifited
by the Europeans.
Matan, or M.iHan, One of the Philip
pine Iflands. Here Magellan was killed
in 1525 ; and the inhabilants li.ive fince
thrown oft' the yoke of Spain.
M.it.ipan, Cape, the moft fouihern pro
montory of the Morea, Iictivecn the gull
of Coron and that of Colochina. The
Country round is iahabited by the Ivldi-
nots, who dwell in the iiio.inlalns with
out law, and live 'oy robbery, lon. 22 40
E, lat. 36 25 N. [Thevenot,]
M.itjr,iiii, a large town, formerly the
capital of aa empire of that name, in thr
ifland of J-.va. It is ftrong by fituation.
and fcateil in a fertile and populous coua--
try, furrounded by mouataias, lon. HI
55 K, lit. 7 15 S.
Vol. II. E ce

Matare, A town pf Egypt, celebrated
ampng devRtees pn accpunt of a fyca-
more tree, which is faid to have flielter
ed the Hely family In their flight : 5
miles from Cairp.
Mataro, A tpwn pf Spain, in Catalonia,
remarkable for its glafs wprks. It is pn
fhe Mediterranean : 15 miles N E Bar-
cclpna. Matcowitz, A ftrpng tpwn pf Upper
Hungary, in the county of Scepus oa.a
mountain : 185 miles N E Preffiurgh.
Matelica, an ancient town pf Italy, ia
Ancpna : 15 mfles S Jefi.
Matera, a cpnfiderable town of Naples,
In Terra d'OtrantP, vvith a bifliop's fee,
on the CaHapro : 35 miles N W Tarento.
Matlock, A village in Derbyffiire, Eng
land, on the Derwent : 4 miles N Wirkf-
worth. It is an extenfive ftraggling place,
biiilt in a romantic ftyle, on the fteep fide
of a^mounlain, the houfes rifing regular
ly one above another A Uttle to the S
is Matlock Bath, famous for 2 warm baths,
called fhe Old and New Bath, which are
much frequented in the bathing feafon.
There are good accommodations for the
company vvho refort to the baths ; and
the poorer inhabilants are fupported
by the fale of petrifaaions, cryftals, &c.
The cliffs of the rocks produce a great
number of trees, whofe foliage adds great
ly lo the beauty of the place.
Matniai, fee Jcfo.
Mattheo, St. a town of Spain, In Arra
gon : 10 milcs from the Mediterranean,
and 55 N Valencia, lon. o' 36 W, lat. 40
12 N.
Matthew, St. an ifland of Africa, 420
miles S by W Cape Palmas, on the coaft
of Guinea. It was planted by the Por
tuguefe, but Is now deferted, lon. 6 10 W,
lat. I 24 S.
Matthew, St. a fmall ifland In the In
dian Ocean, lon. 123 51 E, lat. 5 J3 S.
Matumay, a fieaport in the ifland cf Je
fo, capital of a Province of fhe fame
name, tributary 10 Japan, lon. 13855 E,
iat. 42 o N.
Maubei'ge, s fortified town of France,
department of the N, witli a late a'ubey
of noble caiioneffes. In September, i;^^: ,
the Auftrians formed the blocl-i.ide pf this
place, but were driven from chelr jAii?-
tion, in the following mpnth. It is oa
llie Sambre: 12 miles S Mons, and. 40 S
\V Bruirc's, . . ¦
Mii.tiihih, A city of Hindooftan Proper,
In Bengal, on a river l.h;.t communicates
with fhe Ganges, It crcfe out of ili-^ ru
ins of Gour, which are 'x-^i its neighbour hood ;

MAU

May

hood ; arid is a place of trade, particu
larly in filk: 190 miles N Calcutta, IpQ.
8828 E, laf, 25 10 N.
Mnuleon, A fown of France, department
of the Lower Pyrennees, with 400oInhab-
itants. It Is on the frontiers of Spain :
ao miles S W Pau, aad 40 S E Dax, ten, o
31 W, lat, 43 10 N.
Mauleon, a town of France, department
of Vendee, near the river Oinf : 52 miles
N E Rochelle, and 52 N W Poitiers.
Maura, St. an ifland of fhe Mediter
ranean, near the coaft of Albania : 15
miles N E the iflaad of Cephalouia, lon.
40 46 E, lat. 39- 2 N.
Maure, St. a town of France, depart
ment of Indre and Loire: 17 miles S
Tours, and 148 S W Paris, ten. o 42 E,
lat. 47 9 N.
Mauriac, A trading fpwn pf France, de
partment pf fhe Cantal and late province
of Auvergne, famous for exceUent horfes.
It Is near the Dordpgne : 27 miles S £
Tulles, lon. 2 16 E, lat.45 15 N,
Maurice, St. a fdlvvn of Swifferland, in
the VaUais.'ou the Rhone, between two
high mountains : 16 miles N W Martlg-
ny. It guards the entrance Info fhe Low
er Vallais. It has a fpring of mineral
waters. [Coxe.]
-- Maurienne, a diftria of Savoy, 50 miles
in length, extending to Mount Cenis,
which feparates il from Piedmont. St.
John is the capital.
Mauritius, or Ife af France, all ifland
in the Indian Ocean : 400 miles E Mada
gafcar. If was dlfcovered by the Portu
guefe; but the firft who fettled here vyere
the Dutch, in 1598. They called it Mau
ritius, in honor of prince Maurice, their
ftadlholder ; but on their acquifilion of
the Cape of Good Hope, they deferted
it ; and it continued unfettled till the
French landed here, in 1720, and gave it
the name of one of the fineft provinces
in Fraace. It is 150 miles ia circumfer
ence. The climate is healthy ; buf the
foil not very fertile. There are many
mountains, fome of vvhich are fo high,
that their lops are covered with fnow :
they produce the beft ebony in fhe wprld.
The vaUies are well watered with rivers,
aad are made very produalve of cultiva
tion, of which indigo is fhe principal ob
jea. The tpwn and harbour are called
Port Louis, and are ftrongly fortified ;
but, in the hurricane months, the har
bour cannot affordi flielter for more than
8 veffels. Here are large ftore houfes,
and every thing necefi'ary for the equip
ment of fleets. The nusiber ef inhab

itants on the ifland, exclufive of the mill-
tary. Is 8000 whites, and 12,000 blacks*
Thefe black flaves cultivate the foil, do
all fhe drudgery, and are treated in the
moft cruel manner. In defperatlon, they
often hang or drown themfelves. More
frequently, fhey fly to the woods, where
they are hunted and fliot, like beafts, by
parties of pleafure, formed for the pur
pofe ! ! lon, 57 28 E, lat, 20 9 S,
[St. Pierre,] ,
Maws, St. A borough in* Cornwall,
which fends two members fo parliariieni,
but has no church, chapel, nor market :
3 miles E Falmouth.
Maximin, St. A town of France, depart
ment of Var. Before fhe revolution,
here .was a convent for Dominicans, whb
pretended to preferve In it the body of
Mary Magdalen, which brought them
great riches by the refort of fuperftitious
vifitors. It is on the Argens : 20 miles N
Toulon. May, a fmaU ifland of Scotland, at the
mouth of the frith of Forth : 7 miles S E
Crail. The furrounding rocks render it
almoft Inacceffible. Il has a llghthoufe,
of great benefit to Teffels entering the
frith. Mayamba, a town of Africa, and capi
tal of a province of the fame nanie, iri
fhe kingdom of Loango, near fhe Atlan
tic Ocean. The territPry extends con
fiderably eaftwards within land, and has
a fait lake, above 5 leagues in compafs,
which empties itfelf into fhe fea, by fome
rivulets about half a league northward of
Cape Negro. The town of Mayamba ex
tends a confiderable length alongthe coaft,
but lies fo tew that the inhabitants are
frequently pbliged to reinpve their hab
itations at high water, fp fPme of the
neighbouring high lands.' The territory
of Mayamba is dry and fandy, and pro
duces little or no grain, buf affords plenty
of bananas or palm, trees, of tbe latter
of which they make great quarilities of
excellent wine ; and roots of maxondo,
vvhich they ufe inftead pf bread. The
lakes and rivers abpund vvith fifli, which
is their chief food, lat. 3 20 S.
Mayen's Ifland, S W Spitffiurgen. The
fea which waflies its coaft was formerly
frequented by abundance of whales. A
very high mountain, caUed Bear Moun
tain, extends quite acrofs the ifland, and
may be feen 30 miles at fea. Here are
feveral good bays, and the land is habita
ble, abounding with fifli and deer ; but
the vafl quantities of ice, floating on all
fides, efpecially tovvards the E, render it
abfolutely

M E A

M E C

abfplutely iriacceeffible in fpring, lat. 71
J3 N.
Mayence, fee Mentz.
Mayenne, fee Maine.
Mayo, A county of Ireland, province of
Connpught, bpunded E by RpfcPmmpn,
W and N by the Atlantic. It is fertile,
and abpunds in cattle, deer, hawks, and
honey. It contains 75 pariflies. The
principal town of the fame name, is
much decayed, lon. 9 39 W, lat. 53
40 N.
Mayo, or the Ifie of May, one of the
Cape de Verd Iflands, in the Atlantic
Ocean : 300 miles from Cape de Verd in
Africa. It is 17 miles in circumference.
The fpil in general is very barren, and
water fcarce ; but there are plenty pf
beeves, gpats, and affes ; as alfp fome
corn, yams, potatoes, plantains, figs, and
watermelons. The chief commodity is
fait, with which many Englifli fliips are
freighted In fhe fummer time, Pinofa is
the principal town, and has two churches.
The inhabltanls are negroes, whp fpeak
the Pprluguefe language, and many pf
-them go naked, lon, 23 o W, laf, 15 10 N,
Mazagan, 3 ftrong town of the king
dom of Morocco, near the Atlantic : 8
miles W Azamor, and 120 N Morocco,
If is now an inconfiderable place, fur
rounded by a mud wall. The neighbour
hood Is adorned with orchards, gardens,
and country feats, A chain of hills guards
them from noxious winds, and In fhe hot-
eft feafons fends them refrefliing rivulets,
lon, 8 15 W, lat, 33 12 N. [Shaw.]
Mazara, a good feaport of Sicily, cap
ital of a fertile valley of the fame name,
\Vith a bifliop's fee : 25 miles S W Tra
pani, lon. 12 30 E,lat. 37 53 N.
Meaca, A city of the ifland of Niphon,
in Japan, of which it vvas formerly the
capital. Three rivers unite their ftreams
in the center of fhe city, whence fhe place
is divided into Upper and Lpwer Towns.
This twofold city appears, by the ftately
high walls of it, fo have been about 20
miles in lAigth, and 9 or 10 in breadth,
when in its full fplendor ; befides its
large fuburte, and the Imperial palace,
which is a city by itfelf", and divided from
the reft. The ftreets are generally nar
row, buf long aad ftraight, aad fo full of
inhabitants, that, a pubHc account being
taken of them, according 10 their feveral
feas, the whole amount was found lo be
near 500,000, exclufive of the feveral
thoufands, that compofe the dairo's court,
and a much greater number of bonzas
and nuqs, who, on another Uft ta'nea of

the city, were found to amount to about
54,000, and the reft of the inhabitants to
477>557 ; in aU, 529,726,^ exclufive ftill,
of the dairo's court, and of a great mul
titude of ftrangers, vvho flock lo it from
all parts of the empire. Its temples are
numerous, and fome of them magnificent
beyond conception. Meaco, though much
decayed, in confequence of what It fuf
fered in the civil wars, from piUagc, maC-
facre, and conflagration, Is ftill the grand
ftorehoufe of all the manufaaures of
Japan, and of all foreign and home mer
chandife, and the principal feat of their
comnierce Here they refine their met
als, and coin their money, print bopks,
and carry pn all forts of manufaaures ;
they weave and die the fiaeft and richeft
fil ks and ftuffs, make and fell the moft beau
tiful japan work, porcelain, mufical in
ftruments, paintings, carvings, all forts of
gold, filver, and copper wprk. In the
greateft perfeaion, but^ore particularly,
fteel of the fineft temper, and curious
workmanfliip ; all forts of gowns and oth
er dreffes, ready made for both fexes, and
an infinite variety of toys and trinkets :
in a word, there is hardly any kind of
commpdlfy but Is fP be fpld at Meaco,
npr any fprt of Ingcnipus wprknianfliip
which they will npt imitate, ten. 134 25
E, lat, 35 30 N.
Meadia, A town of Temefvi-ar, on the
N fide of fhe Danube : 15 miles E lid-
grade, lon. 12 o E, lat. 45 o N.
Meao, a fmall ifland, one of the Mo
luccas, in the Indian Ocean, with a good
harbour, lon. 127 5 E, lat i 12 N.
Mearns, fee Kincardinefljire.
Meath, A county of Ireland, province
of Leinfter, bounded N by Cavan aad
Louth, E by the Irifli Sea aad Dublin.
If contains 147 pariflies, 22,468 houfes,
and 112,400 fouls. Trim ia the capital.
Meaih,Wefi, A eonnty of Ireland, prov
ince of Leinfter ; bounded N E and E
by Eaft Meath. It is one eif the moft
populous and fertile counties in Ireland,
contains 62 pariflies. MuUenger is the
county fown.
Meaux, an ancient town of France, de
partment of Seine and Marne, with a
bifliop's fee. Il is large and populous ;
aad the fine mar'icct place is a, peninfula
cpntiguous to fhe town, "vvhich vvas for
merly well fortified, and, in 1421, ftood
a fiege of 3 memlhs againft the Englifli.
It is on the Marne : 25 miles N E Paris.
Mican, A large river, which rifes in
Thibet, and running S E through Laos
and Cambodia, falls by two mouths into the

/

M E C
the Eaftern -Ocean, forming an ifland Ive-
low the city of Cambodia, which here
gives name to the eaftern branch,
Mecca, an 'ancient and famous town of
Arabia Deferta, feated in a barren valley,
furrounded by many little hills, confifting
of a blackifli rock. The buildings are
very mean, -and its fupport.is the annu
al refort of pilgrims al a certain feafon of
the year ; for, at other tiiries, the fliops
are fcarcely open. On the top of one o'
the hills is a cave,- vvhere they pretend
Mahomet ufually retired to perfprm
his devpfions ; and . hither, they affirm,
the greateftpart ofthe Kpran was brpught
him by the angel Gabriel. The tPwii has
plenty pf water, and yet Utile garden-
fluff; but fhere are feveral fpfts pf good
fruit, as grapes, melons, watermelons,
and cucumbers. Numbers of flieep arc
brought hither to be fold lo the pilgrims.
The temple of Mecca has 42 doors, and
its form refembles the Royal Exchange
in London, but it is near lo times as
large. It is open In fhe middle, ancl the
ground covered with gravel, except In 2
or 3 places, fhat lead to the Beat AUah,or'
Kaba, through certain doors f and thefe
are paved with fliort ftones. There are
clolfters all around, and in the fides are
cells for thofe that live a monaftic life.
The Kaba, ia the aiiddle of the temple,
is a fquare ftruaure, each fide about 20
paces long, and 24 feet high ; covered all
over, from top to bottom, vvith a thick
fort of filk, and the middle embroidered
vvith large letters of gold : fhe door is
covered vvith filver plates, and has a cur
tain befpre il, thick with gold e'mbroidery.
This Kaba is the priacipal object of the
pilgrim's devotion, and is opea but two
days ia the fpace of 6 vveeks, one clay for
the men and one for the women. "With
in there are only two wooden piUars, in
the middle, to fupport fhe roof, with a
bar of iron faftened thereto, on vvhich
hang 3 or 4 filver lamps ; the walls are
marble, and cpvercd with filk, unlefs
when the pilgrims enter. About 12 paces
frpm the Kaba, is the fepulchre of Abra
ham, as they pretend ; and they affirm,
that he erceiied fhis facred edifice. Whea
the pilgrims have performed their dcvo-
tionshere,they*epair lor.hill, which, how
ever, is not large enough 10 contain them
all at once, for fhere are no lefs than
70,000 pilgrims every year. When cer
tain ceremonies are pver, they receive the
title pf hadgles, or faists ; and the next
mornlnj they move, to a place about two
miles from i-.'UczA, where they fay Abra-

M E C
ham went to offer up his fpn Ifaac. Here
fhey pilch their tpats, and then throw 7
fmall ftones agairift a little fquare ftpne
building. This, they affirm, is perform
ed in defiance of the devil Every onq
vvho is able, then purchafes a flieep, eat
ing fome of if thenifelves, and giving the,
reft to poor people who attend upon that
pccafipn. In the Kaba, is particularly
pne fingular relic, which is regarded with
extreme veneratipn. This is the famous
black ftpne, faid lo have been brought by
the angel Gabriel, in order to the con-,
ftruaipn pf that edifice. The ftone, ac.\
cording to the account of the clergy, was
af firft of a bright vvhite colour; fo as
even lo dazzle the eyes at the diftance of
4 day's journey ; but it wept fo' long,
and fo abundantly, for the fins of man^
kind, that it became at length opaque, '
and at laft abfolutely black. This ftone,
of fo compaffionatc a charaaer, every
Muffulm-in muft kifs,oraf leaft touch, ev-^
ery time he goes round the fCaba, Mecca
is 34 miles N E Jidda, the feaport of
Mecca, and 220 S by E Medina, loa, 4a,
55 E, lat,- 21 45 N, [Pitts,]
Mecklenburg, 3 couatry of Lower Saxn
ony ; bounded N by the Bailie, E by
Ponierania, W by Holftein and Lunen,!^.
burg. It abounds in corn, paftures, and
game. Schwerin, and New SlrcUlz, are
the chief towps.
Mechlin, a cily of the Auftrian Neth,;
erlands, capital of a diftria of the famq
pame, with an archbiffiop's fee. It con
fifts of feveral imall iflands made by ar
tificial canals, over which are a great ma-,
ny bridges ; and its cathedral is a fuperb
ftruaure, with a very high fteeple. On
the 7th of Auguft, 1546, a terrible acci
dent happened al this place ; the lights
riing fet fire to the magazine, containing <.
200 quintals of gun powder, vvhich, blew ,,,
up aud deftroyed 300 houfes, kUled 200
perfons, and maimed 600 others. The
report was fo great, that it was diflinaiy
heard al Brufl'els and Antwerp, the in-
hiiLiitants of whicli cilies, confidered it
as an earthquake. Here is a great foun-
deryfor ordnance of all kinds ; and it is
-famous for fine lace, and a fort of beer,
which is fent into the neighbouring prov
inces,. The lerritoryof this town is a
lordfliip, which comprehends two fniall
diftrias containing 9 towns, of little con
fequence, and i'ornc villaycs. It fubmit
ted to the duke of Marlborough, ia 1 706,
aud was- taken by the French in 1746,
but reftored in 1748, In 1792, the Frencli
again took it, evacuated it the next vear, and

MED

MED

and re-entered it in 1794. It is feated
on the Deader : jo miles N £ Bruffeis, and
15 S £ Antwerp, ten. 434 E, lat, 51 2 if-.',
Meckley, a province of Afia, bounded
N by Affam, E by China, W by Bengal,
and S by Roffiaauand Burmah, 350 miles
Jong, 170 broad ; fubjea to Ava, lon, 93
80, to 98 40 E, laf. 22 30, to 27 20 N.
Mecran, a province of Perfia, bound
ed E by Hindooftan, S by the Indian Sea,
It is the Gedrofia of fhe ancients, A
chain of mourilains croffes il, and divides
it into two almoft equal parts. The fouth
ern part is dry, and little more than a
defert, for 60 leagues together : the north-
em part is nol fo much fo, but ftill ani
pials are rare, and the foil far from fer
tile. Water is fcarce, and but few rivers
are found. Deep and moving fands oft
en ftop travellers In their journey, and
fometimes overwhelm them, KIdge is
the capital.
Medelin, a tow'U of Spain, in Eftrama
dura, in a fertile country, on the Guadia
na : 22 miles £ Merida, .ten. 5 38 W,
lat. 38 41 N.
Medelpadia, a maritime province of
Sweden, in Norland, and on the gulf of
Bothnia, It is full of mountains and
forefts, SundfwaUis the capital and fea
port. Medembliek, a townof the United Prov
inces, in N Holland, on the Zuider-Zee,
with a good harbour. It is 9 miles N
Bfoorn, and 22 N E Amfterdam, loq. 5 0
E, lat, 52 47 N,
Media, once a kingdom of Afia, which
held the empire of the worlcl, Now It
comp'bfes only a part of one Perfian prov
ince, called Afurpaican. [Chardin.]
Medina, the Capital of Wopli. Il con-
taias 8oo,oriooo houfes; isforlifiedin the
Africiia maancr, by a high wall of clay,
and a fence of pointed ftakes, and prick
ly buflies. It is the refidence pf the king.
[Park.]
Medina, A fmaU village pn the Faleme,
a branch of the Senegal : .a Mandingo
merchant is the fole proprietor. He has
adopted fome European cuftoms ; his
-yiauals is fcrvcd up in pewter diflies ;
his houfes are built In the Englifli fafliion.
¦• [Park,]
Medina, A f,imous to,wn of Arabia De
ferta, celebrated as the burial place of
Ma>iomct. It is a fmall, poor place, yet
is walled round, and has a large "mofque,
but nothing like the temple at Mecca.
In one corner is a place, 14 paces fquare,
with great vyindows, aad brafs gates ;'and
in the middle, the tomb of Mahomet,

enclofed with curtains, and lighted by a
;reaf many laipps. The tomb is not exi
pofed 10 any, excqpl the eunuchs, ap
pointed to lake care of it, and lo light
the lanips ; but the ftory pf ils being
fufpended ia the air by a loadftone, is
known to be a fiaion. Medina is called
the gisy of the Prophet, becaufe here he
was proteaed by the inhabitants vvheq
he fled from Mecca ; and here he was
firft invcfted vvith regal pow-er. The time
of his death vvas in 637 ; but the Ma
hometan epoch begins In 622, from the
time nf his flight. It is fcated oa a plain,
abounding in palm trees : 200 miles S
W Mecca, ten..^9 33E, laf. 24 20 N.
Medina-Celi, A town of Spain, in Old
Caftile, capital of a duchy of the fame
name ; near the Xalong :- 10 miles N E
Siguenza, and 75 S W Saragoffa, lon. 2
24 W, lat. 41 12 N.
Medina-Je-las-Torres, A town of Spain,
in Eftramadura, vvilh'an old caftle, fcat
ed at the foot pf a mountain, near Ba
dajoz. Medina-del-Cdmpa, aa ancient ancl com
mercial town of Sp.ain, in Leon. It ea-
joys great privileges, aad is in a country
abounding wilh corn and vvine : 37 miles
S E Zamora, and 75 N W Madrid, lon.
4 24 W, lal, 41 20 N,
Medina-del-Rio-Secco, an ancient town
of Spain, in Leon, on a plain, where
there are fine paftures : 35 miles N W
Valadplid, loa. 4 32 E, lal. 42 6 N.
Mediiui-Sidonia, an aacient town of
Spain, in Andalufia, with a caftle: 36 miles
NNW Gibralter, and 20 N E Cadiz,
lon. 5 36 E, lat. 36 40 N,
Medinet Tabu, A vi'lage of Egypt, near
the W coaft of the Nile, vvhere are found
the remains of 4 temples, fliowing the
place where once ftood the magnificent
city of 'I'hebes : 28 mUes N Afna, and
330 S Cairo, , [Bruce,]
Mediterranean, a fea between Afia, Af
rica, and Europe, communicating with
the Atlantic Ocean, by the ftraits of Gib
ralter ; and with the Black Sea by the
ftrait of Gallipoli, the fea of Marmora,
and the ftrait of Conftantinople, Il is of
•very great extent, but has no' lide, and a
conftant current fels in from the Atlan
tic, through the ftraits of Gibralter, It
contains many iflands, feveral of them
large, as Majorca, Corfica, Sardinia, Si
cily, Candia, and Cyprus, The eaftern
part of it, bordering on Afia, is fome
times called the I,ev,iiit Sea . about 2000
miles teng, and from 80 to 500 broad :
ten, 6 W, to 72 E, lat, 31 lo 44 N, Mednil.il

M E H
^'edni^i, a town of Poland, in the
province of Samogitia, with a biffiop's
fee : on fhe Warwilz : 40 miles E Me-
ipel, lon. 22 4,9 E, lat. 55 ^42 N.
Medua, A. tovyn of tl)e kingdom of Al
giers, ip a country abounding in corn,
fruits, and flocks of flieep : 175 miles S
W Algiers, lon. o 13 E, lat, 34 45 N,
Medway, A river, whieh rifes at Maid
ftone, Is navigable lo Rochefter ; below,
lyhich, at Chatham, it is a ftation for the
joyalnavy. Dividing info 2 branches, the
weftern enters the Thames, between the
ifles of Grain and Shepey.and is deferided by
the fort at Sheernefij, The eaftern branch,
called the Eaft Swale, paffes by Queen-
borough aad Milton, and falls into the
German (j)cean, below Feverfliam,
Medwi, A town of Sweden, province of
iE Gothland, called the Swedifli Spa, on
account of its waters, which are vitriolic
and fulphureous. The lodging houfes
form one ftreet of uniform wooden build
ings, painted red. The walks and rides
are delightful, particularly on the banks
of fhe 'Welter. It is 3 miles from Wad-
flena. [Coxe.]
Medzibofi, A town of Poland in Volhi
nia, on the river Bog : 20 miles S Con-
ftantinpw, Meegheaung-yay, A city pf Ava, pf great
trade. Quantities pfrice are raifed in
the vicinity. [Symes.]
Meeaday,A atyoi A^a. It is a neat
town, built principally on 2 ftreets. The
eountry round has rich paftures and plan
tations of tobacco. There are many
temples apd convents in the groves of
mango, which furround the cily. [Symes,]
Megara, A town of Livadia, formerly
-very large, buf now inconfiderable. It
has fome fine remains of antiquity : 20
miles W Athens, lon. 23 30 E, lat. 38
6N.
Megen, a fovvn of Dutch Brabant, on
the Maefe : 15 miles S W NImeguen,
lon. 5 26 E, lat 51 49 N.
Megefvar, A town- of Tranfylvania cap
ital of a county of the fame name, re
markable for its good wiries. It is on
the river Kofel, lon. 25 20 E, l-at. 46
50 N
Megiers, -a town of Tranfylvania : 28
miles N Hermanftadt, lon. 24 41 E, lat.
46 53 N.
Mehrnn, the principal of the chanHels
intp which the river Indus divides itfelf,
near Tatta, in Hindppftan Prpper.
Mehum, an ifland in the Straits of Ba-
belmandel. In 1800 the Britifli took

MEL

\.

poffeffion of this ifiand, and made confid
erable progrefs In fortifying it, but were
obliged to abandon it for want of frefli
water. [Capt. Dana.]
Mehun-fur-Yevre, an ancient town of
France, department of Cher. Here are
ruins of a caftle, bullf by Charles VII, as
a place of retirement ; and here he ftafV-
ed himfelf, In fhe dread of being poifon
ed by his fon, afterward Lewis Xl. It
is on a fertile plain, on the river Yevre ;
10 milcs N W Bourges, and 105 S Paris,
loa. 2 17 E, lat. 47 10 N.
Mehunfur-Loire, A town of France, de
partment of Loiret, on the Loire : 10
miles S W Orleans, lon. i 48 E, lat. 47
50 N
Mellierie, a viUage of Savoy, In Cha-
blais. It is feated on the S fide of fhe
lake of Geneva, in the recefs of a fmall
bay, and at the foot of impending moun
tains, vvhich, in fome parts, are gently
floping, and clothed to fhe edge of the
water with dark forefts, aadia others aie
naked and perpendicular. Thefe dark
and gloomy rocks lie S W Clarens, which
place and Mellierie are both interelUng
fcenes in the Eloifa of Rouffeau.
Meniau, an ifland in fhe bay of the
Bodmer See, or middle lake of Conftance,
I mile in circumference. It belongs to
fhe knights of the Teutonic order, and
produces excellent wine, which forms
the chief revenue of the commander ; 5
miles N Coiiftan(:e.
Meiffen, or Mifnia, A margravate of
Germany, in the eleaorate of Saxony ;
bounded on the N by the duchy of Sax
ony, on the E by Lufatia, on the S by
Bohemia, and on the W by Thuringia,
It is 100 miles In length and 80 in
breadth ; and Is a very fine country, pro-
duping corn, wine, metals, and all things
that contribute to the pleafure of life.
The inhabitanls fpeak the pureft, language
in Germany, , The capital is Drefden.
Meiffen, A confiderabte fown of Saxony
Proper, vvith a caftle, and a famous
manufaaure of porcelain, in vVhich 700
workmen are employed. It is on the
Elbe^: 10 miles NNW Drefden, and 37
E S E Leipfick, lon. 13 33 E, lat, 51
15 N. ; [Hanway,] '
Melazzo, an ancient town of Natplia,
with a bifliop's fee, ind fome curious
monuments of antiquity. It Is on a bay
of the Archipelago ; 60 milcs S Smj^lna,
lon. 27 25E, lat. 37 28 N. ,
Meld, A fmall, well fortified fown of
Germany, in the circle pf Lower Auftria,
vyith a celebrated Benediaine abbey, aniil
a library,

MEL

MEL

a library, containing Taluable manu
fcrlpts. It is on a hill : 47 miles W Vi
enna, lon, 15 20 E, lat, 48 1 1 N.
Melcomb-Regis, A borough In Dorfet
fliire, England, on an arm of the fea, and
joined to Weymouth by a bridge, which
has a drawbridge ia fhe middle, fo ad
mit the paflage of fliips into the weftern
part of the harbour. The 2 towns being
incorporated together, are governed by
a mayor ; and each fends 2 members to
parliament. Melcomb is 8 mfles S Dor-
cefter, and 129 W S W London.
Meldela, a town of Italy, in Romagna,
belonging to its own prince : 8 miles S
W Ravenna.
Melderi, a town of Auftrian Brabant :
10 miles S E Louvain.
Meldingen, a little town of Switzerland.
It Is a republic of itfelf, under the pro
teaion of the 8 ancient cantons. It con
tains about IOOO tbuls, who are Roman
Catholics. Their government is of the
fame form as the larger cantons. The ¦
Avoyer, or Doge, has a revenue pf about
30I. per annum. The feveral councils
meet every Thurfday on ftate affairs,
Meldorp, A confiderable towu pf Lpw
er Saxpny, in the duchy of Holftein : 45
miles W Hamburg, ten. 9 6 E, laf. 54
10 N.
Mefi, a confiderable town of Naples,
in Bafilicata, with an ancient caftle, on a
rock ; and a bifhop's fee : 72 miles N E
Naples, lon. 15 52 E, lat. 41 2 N.
Melida, an ifland of Dalmatia, in fhe
gulf of Venice, and, republic of Ragufa ;
45 milcs in length, and abounds in or
anges, citrons, wine, aad fifli. It has a
Benediaine a'obcy, 6 villages, and fev
eral hai hours,
Melilla, an ancient fown of the king
dom of Fez ; taken, in 1496, by the
Spaniards ; but reftored again to the
Moors. It is near the Mediterranean :
75 miles W by N Tremefen, ten. 257
W, lat, 34 48 N.
Melinda, a kingdom of Africa, on the
coaft pf Zanguebar. Its cpmmerce cpp-
fifts ill gold. Haves, elephants' teeth, of
trich feathers, .wax, aloes, fena, and other
drugs-; alio plenty of rice, fugar, cocoa-
nuts, and other tropical fruits.
Melinda, A lown on the coaft of Zan
guebar, capital of a kingdom of fhe fame
nime, at the mputli of fhe Quilmanci.
Here the Portuguefe have 1 7 churches,
9 convents, and warehoufes vvell provid
ed with European goods. It is furround
ed by fine gardens, and has a good liar-
kour, defended by a fort ; but the en

trance is dangerous, on account of tiie
great number of flioals, and rocks under
water. The inhabitants are Chriftians
and negroes, which laft have their owri
tlhg and religion ; and the number of
both is faid to amount to 200,600. The
city is fuppofed by the learued to be (he
Mondel mentioned by Avicenoa, as the
place whence fhey had fheir aloe's, ten.
39 38 E, lat. 2 15 S.
Melita, fee Malta.
Melitello, a town bf Sicily : 8 miles W
Leontlnl. Melita, A town of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore, vvitli a biffiop's fee : 40 miles
N Reggio.
Melle, A town of Weftphalia, in the
bifliopric of Ofnaburg : 10 miles E Of-
naburg. Melle, A fown of France, department
of the Tvvo Sevres and late provrincexif
Poitou : 13 miles S Sl. Maixent.
Metier, fee Maeler.
Mellingen, A fown of Swifferland, In
the bailiwick of Badea, which, fince 1712,
depends on tho cantons of Zuric and
Bern. It is In a fertile country, on the
river Reufs : 5 miles S by V.'' Baden.
Melnick, A town of Bohemia, at the con
fluence ofthe Elbe and Muldaw ; 18 milcs
N Prague.
Meloni, A town of Egypt, a mile W from
the river. The ffiops are well bulk ; the
place is a mile in circumference. It is at
the head of 9 villages, vvhich compofe a
little principality belonging to RTcccS.
The fub-g(^vernor conduas the caravan
lo Mecca, which place it fuppUes annu
ally with 390,000 facks of corn, fent by
the way of Cairo, Suez, and the Feed Sea.
[Pococke.]
Mehue, A town pf Upper Egypt, pn t!ie
Nile, with a remark.ible mpfque, lon. 3 1
55 E, laf. 27 30 N.
Melrofe, a town of Scptland, countv nf
Roxburg, on the Tweed. If has long
been famed for linens, named Melrofe
land liiieas, for wliich commlffioas have
beea received from London and t'orei;;ri
countries. In the year 1787, there were
whitened 715 pieces of liuen ; in 17^18,
855 ; ia 1789, 917 ; ia 1790, 1202 ; i.i
1791, 1232. This parifli contains 2440
inhabitants. The monaftery of Old Mel
rofe was founded about the end ofthe 6fh
century, Tlis place was a famous nur
fery for learned and religious men ; and
continued till the one at the prefent Mel
rofe was founded by kin.- David, whicli
was very large and fpacious, as appears
from the ruins of if vet remaining ; pne of

MEN

MEN

ofthe moft magnificent in the kingdom.
tt was founded by king David, in 1136 ;
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and en
dowed with large revenues aiici maay im
munities, as appears by the charters
graated to the abbot aad coaveat, by th^,
kings of^ Scotland : 26 miles S W Ber
wick, and 25 S S W Edinburgh.
Melrichfadt, a town of Franconia, blffi
opric of Wurtzburg, oa the Strat : 20
miles N Schweinfurt. ^
Melton Mowbray, a tovva iri Leicefter
fliire, England, confiderable for cattle,
hogs, and flieep The fine cheefe called
Stilton, is chiefly made in its neighbour
hood. It is oa the Eye, over which are
two ftoae bridges : 15 miles S by E Not
tingham, and 106 N by W Londoa.
Melun, an ancient lown of France, de
partment of Seine and Marne, on the
Seine : 25 miles S E Paris.
Membrillo, A town of Spaia, ia Eftra- '
madura : 14 miles S Alcaatara.
Memel, A ftroag towa of Eaftern Pru-
fia, with a caftle, fhe fineft harbour in
the Baltic, and an exteafive commerce.
It is oa the N extremity of the Curifche
Haf, aa inlet of fhe Baltic, 70 miles in
length, which is here joined to the fea by
a narrow ftrait. On the N E fide of the 1
entrance Into the harbour is a lighthoufe, j
ereaed ia 1796 ; 76 miles NNE Ko-
niagfficrg, and 140 N E Dantzic, Ion, 21
40 E, lat, 55 46 N.
Memmingcn, a ftrong town of Suabia,
near which, in Auguft 1795, the French
defeated the emigrants under the prince
of Conde, It is in a fertile plain : 24
miles S E Ulm, and 35 S W Augffiurg,
ten, 10 16 E, lat, 48 3 N,
Menan, A large river of the kingdom of
Siam, which runs through it from N to
S, paffes by the cily of Siam, and falls in
to fhe gulf of Siam, below Bancock.
There are feveral fingular fiflies ia it, be
fide crocodiles,' which are common in
thefe parts.
Menancaba, A fown in the ifland of Su
matra. It is the capital of a fmall king
dom of llie fame name, and, feated on the
S coaft, oppofite the ifle of Nafl'au : 250
mile,- from the Stall of Sunda.
Mende, an ancient fpwn pf Fraace, cap
ital pf the department of Lozere. The
fountains, and one of the fteeples of the
cathedral, are remarkable. It is very
populous ; has manufaaures of ferges
and other woollen ftuffs ; and Is on the
Lot : 35 miles S W Puy, aud 210 S by E
Paris. Mendip-Hills, a lofty traa, in the N

E df Somerfietfliire, abounding in coal,
calamine, and lead; the-latter faid to hii
of a harder quality than that of pihef
countries. Copper, manganefe, bole, and
red ochre, are alfp found -in thefe hills.
On their funimits are lafge fWampy flats,
dangerous to crofs.
Mendlcffam, A towri iri Suffolk : 18
miles E Bury St Edmunds, aad 82 N E
Londoa, ten. i 12 E, lat. 52 24 N.
Menhah, A proviace ofthe kiagdom of
Fezzan, with a tpwn pf the fame name,
60 miles S Mourzook. Although much
ofthe land in this province is a coatiau-
cd level of hard and barren foil, the
quantity nfffoaa, a fpecies of foffil alkaU,
fhat floats on the furface, or fettles oh
the banks of its numerous fihoking lakes,
has given if a higher importance than
that of the mpft fertile diftrias. , "
Mendrifio, A tpwa pf Swifferland, and
capital pf an Italiari bailiwick, whicli lies
between the lakes of Como and Lugano,
containing 19 pariflies, and about 16,000
inhabitants. The town contains feveral
convents, and is the refidence of the
Bailiff : 7 miles W Como, lat. 25 45 N.
Menehould, St. an ancient and confider
able town of Fraace, department of
Marne, in a morafs, on fhe river Aifne,
betyveen two rocks, with a caftle. Ils
other fortifications have been demoUfli-
ed. Il was here, on September 20; 1792,
that the French gave the firft check tp
the progrefs of the viaorious Prufiians,
which, in the end, compelled them to a
difgraceful retreat. St. Menehould is 20
miles N E Chalons, and no £ Paris, lon.
4 59 E, lat. 49 2 N.
. Menie, fee Munia.
Menin, a town of Auftrian Flanders,
on the Lis. If Is deemed the key of the
country ; and in every war, from the
middle of the 17th century, the poffeffion
of It has been deemed of the utmoft con
fequence. It has, therefore, been often
taken and retaken ; fhe laft lime by the
French; ia April, 1794, when the garri
fon (ia order to fave the unhappy emi-
graats) bravely forced their way through
the enemy : 8 miles S £ of Ypres, and
10 N Lifle, loa. 3 9 E, lat. 50 48 N, '
Menffeech, a poor, ill built town on the
Nile, about a mile ia compafs : to the S
of this are the ruins of an ancient city :
thefe are furrounded by a foffee ; the
ruins pfa quay are alfo vifible ; il vvas
Ptplenials, Menflieeeh is now a place of
confiderable trade. The fown h.-is a
large mofque, and a large church yard,
the neighbouring places bringing their dead

MEN
dead herfc; 'becaufe it is fo Ifigh as riot
to be inundated by the Nile. Here and
through the province of Akmlm, the
Chriftians- have great" privileges.
[Pococke, Norden]
Mefurado, Cape, a lief ached mcmntaim
on the W fliore of Africa : i6 leagues
from Cape Monte. It is fteep and ele
vated next to the fea, has a gentle decliv
ity towards the land ; on the furamit is a
level plain. The country adjacent is ex-
tnemely produalve ; redwood, indigo,
cotton, and cane, flourlffi without cult!'-
vation. The natives are largfe; and well
made, bold, martial, and jealous of their
liberty. They are diftingUiffi«d for their
good appearance, good fenfe, and good
living. Though the women cultivate
their fields, they tenderly educate their
children, and difplay great addrefs in ac
quiring- and fecuring the affeaions of
their huiliands,^ The purity of the air,
the goodnefs of the water, the fertility
of their lands, and what is ftUl more,
their abhorrence of fhe flave trade, ren
ders the people happy, and the coun
try pppulous ; deplorably ignorant of
Gon and Christ, they pray the devil to
avert fhe evils of Ufe.
[Dlfcoveries in Africa.]
Menton, a cityof Italy, principaUty ,of
Monaco, with a caftle. if has a confid
erable trade in fruit arid oil ; and is
feated near the fea : 5 miles ENE Mo
naco, and 8 W S W VeritlmigUa, ten, 7
35 E, lat, 43 46 N.
Mentz, an archbiffiopric and eleao
rate of Germany, in' the circle of the'
Lower Rhine, lying upon that river. It
is, •bounded ' N by 'Weteravia and Heffe, E
by Franconia, S by the palatinate of the*
Rjiine, W by the eleaorate of Treves ;
50 miles in lenglh, and ao iii breadth ;
and Is very fertile. The eteaor is alfo
fpivereigii of Eichsfeld, Eisfeld, and the
city arid territory 'of Erfort, in Thu
ringia. , Meitz, or Mayenee; a confiderable city
of Germany, capit<il of the Electorate of
Mentz, with 'a univerfity, and an arch
bifliop's fee. The archbifliop is an elec
tor of the empire, archchancellor of
the empire, keeper of the archives, arid
direaor of the general and particular
afftmblics. This city is built in an irreg
ular manner, aad pleiiiifnlly provided
vvith churches, la. the cathedral, which
is a gloomy fabric, is what they call a
tixafiiryi'-which contains a number of
cliimfy jewels, fonia relies, ijnd a rich
¦wardrobe of facerdwsl veftments, Menta-
¦Vol., II, Fff

m;e q
is one of the towns which claim the in«i
vention of printing; The French took
this place by furprife in Oaober, 1792 ;
jbut it furrendered to the Pruffians in
(July, 1793. It' was re-attacked by the
jFrench, in 1795, butthdy were defeated
before it, both in April and Oaober, by
the.Auftrians, who alfvj reUeved if from
a blockade of two months, In September,
1796. Many of the churches, pubfic
Jmildings, and private houfes were de
ftroyed, or greatly injured, during the
fiege,-as well as fome fine viUages, vine
yards, and country houfes. Mentz is •
feated on the Rhine, juft belovv its con
fluence with the Maine ; and oppofite to :
it, on fhe £ fide, is the ftrong town of
Cafl'el, conneaed with it by a bridge of-
boats, Itis 15 miles W Frankfort, and
75 £ Treves, lon. 8 10 E, lat. 49 56 N.
[McJor.]
Menzaleh, or Menzala, a large lake of
Egypt, running parallel vviih the Medi
terranean, from which if is divided by a'
narrow flip of larid, 60 miles in length,
and from 2 fo 12 In breadth, overflow
ed and filled by the waters of the Nile.
It was anciently called Tunis, from the
towri of that name : its waters are foft .
in the time of inundation, and become
brackifli as the river retreats within its ¦
chaanel. Tliere are iflands in the lake,
built over like towns, as Nabli, Touna,
Samnaa, antl Haffari-Elma, which can
only be approached by by boats. A vifit
no thefe ifles, which no modern traveller
has examined, and where manufcrlpts and
antiquities might be found, feems an ob
jea of importance. About 1200 boats,
each annuaUy paying 36 fliillings to the
receiver of the pacha, continuaUy fifli on
the lake.
¦ Menzeleb, A town of Egypt, fituated
near the lake to which it gives name ;
1 20' miles SSE Damietta, and 73 N N E
i Cairo, lat. 31 3 N.
Mephen, a town of WeftphaUa, on the"
'Embs : 15 miles N LIngen, and 50 N W
Munfter. Mequinenza, an ancient town of Arra
gon, with a caftle, at the" confluence of
the Ebro and Segra, in a fertile country :
39 miles NW Tortofa, and 180 N E"
Madrid. Mequinez, A city of the kingdom of -
Fez, and now the capital of the whole-
'empire of Morocco, in a delightful plain,
¦having a ferene and clc^r air, the reC-
Idence of the emperor. In ihe-middle of-
ithe city, the Jews have a place to them
felves, the gates of- -which -"are locked every

M E K

ME R

every night ; and there is an alcald'to pro-
tea them againft the common people,
who, otherwife, would plunder them,' It
is death for them to curfe, or Uft up a
hand againft tbe raeaneft Moor ;. and
they are obliged to wear black clothes
and caps, andto -pull off their flioes when
ever they pafs by a mofque. Clofe by
Mequinez; on- the N W fide, is a large
negro- town, whicli takes up as much
ground as the city, but the houfes are
not fo" high, nor fo well built. The in
habitants are all blacks, or of a dark
tawny colour ; and thence the emperor
recruits the foldiers for his court. The
palace ftands on the S fide, and- is guard
ed by feveral hundreds of black eunuchs,
who are cleanly dreffed, and their knives
and cimiters are covered with; wrought
filver. The houfes of Mequinez, are ve
ry good; buf its ftreets exceedingly nar
rpw, and hardly any. of the wliidows to
be feen ; for tbe light comes- in- af the
hack of the houfes, where there is a
fquare court, in fhe middte of vvhich is a
fountain, if the houfe belong to a perfon
of any rank. They are flat at the top ;
fo that, in many places, they can walk a
great way upon them. The women live
ia the upper apartments, and often- vifit
each other from the tops- of the houfes.
When they go abroad, they have iheir
heads covered -with their outvVard- gar
ment, which comes down- clofe to their
eyes ; and underneath they tie a piece of
white cloth, to hide the lower part of
their face. They are entirely covered,
except their legs, which are generally
naked; but within doors they appear in
their hair, and liave only a fingle fillet
over their foreheads. Their cuftoms and
manners are much the fame as-thofi: of
(ilther Mahometans, Mequinez Is 66
laUes W FijIR ten, 6 6 W, kt 33 16 N.
[Wlndusi]
Mer, a town of France, in the depart
ment of Loir and Cher : 1-0 miles N E
Blois., Meran, a- trading town of Geriwany,
in the Tyrol, capital of Erfchlaiid,onflie
Adige :- 1-2 miles N W Bolzano.
Mire,, a town in Wiltfliire, England :
48 miles- W Saliftury:
Merdin,. a town- of 'J'urkey, in Diar-
tjeck,, wilh-a caftle and aa acolibifliop's
fee. The country about it produces a
great deal of cotton. It is the refidence
of 200 Saphis, and 50Q Janiffaries : 45
jniles 3, E Diartiekar, ten. 39 59-E, lat. 36
50 N.
Mtrscz, a .towa, of -Lithuania, at the

confluence of the Berezino.aad Merecz- ;:
30 miles N Grodno, ten: 24 to E; lat. 50-
o N, . . '.
Mereega, a town of Africa in the king
dom of Algiers, celebrated for. its warm.
'baths, fituated in a ro unfaineus coun
try. Merida, a ftrong fown of Spain, in'
Eftramadura, built hy the RoniaUs, before
the birth of Chrift. Mere are fine re
mains of aniic^uity, particularly a tri
umphal aich, It is on an extenfive and
fertile plain, : 45 miles S by £ Alcantara,
lon. 6 4 W, lat.- 3 8: 4-2 N.
Meriantilxfiire, A county of N Wales,
bounded N-by Carnarvonfliire and Den
bighfliire, W by the Iriffi Sea. The face
pf tbis county is varied throughout with
a romantic mixture of all the peculiar
feenery belonging fo a wild and moun
lainous region. It has a greatmountain,,
the Cader Idris, one of the higheft in
Wales, and' contains, 6 hundreds, 4 mar-
kef townSiv3,7 pariflies, and fends one
member t?parliament. Harlech is the
capit'-ik Meritz, Meritch, or Merrich; an import
ant fortrefs- and cily of the Deccan of -
Hindooftan ; taken by Hyder AUy in,
1778 ; fituated near the N bank of the
river Kiftna : 70-nules S W Vifiapour.
Merk, a river of Auflirian Brabant,
which running N by Breda, turns W, and
falls- into one of the mouths of the river
Maefe, oppofite the iflandof Overftackee,,
in Holland.
Mero, a ftrong town ef the kingdom of
Pegu : 149 miles S W Pegu, ten, 98 36
E, lat. 16 o N.
Merou, A feovyI^of Perfiia, in Korafan,
feated in a fertile country, which produc
es fall :: 112 miles S W Bekhaia, lon. 64,
25 E, lat, 37 40 N.
Mers, fee Btrwiikffirr.
Merfburg, a- town of Sasony, in- Mifnia,
with a bifhop's fee; (Mithe Sala : 10 miles
S Halle, and 56 N W Drefden,
Merfoy, A river of England, which runs
through the counties of Lancafter, York,
and Chefter, and empties- itfelf into the
Irifli Sea, at LiverpooU, By the late in
land navigation, it has communication-
with the rivers Dee, Ribble, Oufe, Trent,
Darwenl, Savera, and Humber. This-
river not only affords falmon, but is vif
ited by annual flioals of fmelts, here call
ed fparUngs, of a remarkable fize and
flavpur, .
Merfey, an jfliind in the German Sea,
i pn the cpaft of Effex, at the mouth of
i- the rivcr Coin. It had ence 8 pariflies^

M E "B

M'ET'

'jierw reduced to two ; called E and W ,
Merfey, Merfpurg, A town of Suabia, on rhe N
:fide of the lake of Conftance : ii miles
•from the town of that name.
Mertola, a ftrong fown of Portugal, in
Alentejo, near fhe Guadiana, with 2400
'inhabitants : >6o miles S Evora, and too S
E LIffion.
Merton, a v'illage'in Surry,- trathe Wan-
die : 7 miles S W London, It had a cel
ebrated abbey, of which nothing remains,
T)ut the E window of a chapel ; and' the
-walls that furround the premifes, which
are built of flint, are nearly entire, and
include ab0irt^6o acres, -Upon the fife of
this abbey are two calico manufaaures,
and a copper mill-; and about iooo per
fons arc now employed on a fpot once
•the abode of monaftic indolence,
Merve, the N branch of -the river Ma-
-^fe, in HoHand;on whiehthedify of Rot
terdam is feated.
Merville, A town -of France, depart-
tnent of rhe N, on the Lis ; 10 -miles S E
-Caffel, and 24 S W Menin.
Mefched, a confiderable town of Perfia,
in Korafan, famous ' for -the magnificent
fepulchre Of ImanRIfa, of the family pf
Ali, to which the Perfians pay great de-
vpti' n. It is fortified with feveral tow
ers, and feated pn a mountain, in which
are fpund fine Turcois ftones : 100 mile;
, E Aftrabad, lon. 57 45 E, lat. 37 o N,
Mefen, a feaport of Ruffia, in'the gov
ernment of Archangel, caprtal of a dif
tria -of the fame name. Itis feated on
the river Mefen, on the E coaft of the
White Sea': i60'iriilcs N Archangel, ten.
44 25 E, lat. 6j 50 N.
Meffa, A town of Morocco, on the river'
Sus, not far from the Atlantic, atthefoot
of the Atlas, It "is large, and divided in
to 3 parts, and furrounded with walls.
Near it is a mofque, in which are the
bones of a whale, which the inhabitants
confider as^the bones of the whale which
fwallowed Jonah : 165 miles S 'W Mo
rocco, lat. -29 58 'N.
Meffina, an ancient city of Sicily, in
the Val-di-Demona, with a citadel, -feve
ral forts, a fpacious harbour, and an arch
bifliop's fee. It is 5 miles in circumfer
ence, and has 4 large fuburiis. The.
public buildings and monafteries are nu
merous and magriificent, and it contains'
fio.ooo inhabitants. The harbour, whofe
-quay is above a mile in length. Is one of
the fafeft in the Mediterranean, and in
.-the form of a half moon, 5 miles in cir-
.cumfcrence, and vcryideep. 'The viceroy

of Sicily refides here 6 months in the
year : and it is a place of great trade in
filk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine,
efpecially, fince it ha» been declared a
free port. This place, in 17-83, fuffered
much 'by an earthquake, which fliook
great part of Calabria and Sicily to their
foundations, overturned many rich and
populous towns, and buried thoufands in
their r4iins, Itis on the fea fide ; no
miles -E Palermo, and 180 S £ Naples,
-ten, 15 50 E, lat. 38 10 N.
Meflre, atownof Venice : l6'mile5 NE '
Padua. Mifuritta, a feaport of the kingdom of
''Fripoli, from whence a caravan proceeds
to Fezzan, and other interior parts to
ward the S of Africa : 100 miles E S E
TripoU, lon. -15 5 E,^lat 3-1 3 N.
Metelin, or Mytilene, an -ifland of the
Archipelago, anciently caUed LeIbos, to
the N of Scio, and almoft af fhe entrance
of -f he-Gulf of Gueftro, the foil is very
good, -and the mountains are very cool,
¦feeing covered with wood in many places.
It produces good wheat, excellent oil, and
the beft figs in the Archipelago ; nor have
their wines loft any thing of their ancient
reputation. It is governed hy apacha,
fubjea to the Turks, and Gaftro is the
capital. Metb,^or Mefa,AiTasn ifland near the
coaft of Africa, ac the entrance of Babel
Mandel, wilh a town, lat. 11 22 N.
Methven, a town of Scotland, countyof
'Perth, near -w'hich -is an ancient caftle,
containing 1786 inhabilants. The prin
cipal manufaaure, is that of broad and
narrow linens ; -with two paper, and
fome other mills : -6 miles W N W iPerth.
Meth%vold, A town of England, county
of Norfolk ; 16 miles S Lynn.
Metimin, A town of Ruffia, near the Pa
cific Ocean, ten. 188 ^E, lat. 6455 N.
Metnitz, A river K)f USermany, in the
duchy of Caiinthia, wliich n-ans inlo the
Gurck: 4 miles £ Straffiurg.
Metro, a riverof Italy, which runs in
to the gulf of Venice, near -Eano.
Mettan, A cityof China, -of vaft popu
lation, ftanding on a river, -vvhich empti<wi
into the Yellow Sea. The country round
is extremely fertile, 'but lies fo low, as
frequently to 'be -overflowed by the fea..
No precaution can prevent this evil. The
houfes are built of mud, covered vvith
bamboo, without floors or pavements.
The palaces of the Mandarines are buHt
of vvood and ftone, 3 ftories high, and at a
diftance from the town. Thefe are adora-
vd v^ith. gilding, paintings, and piazzas Tlw

M -E. W

M E Z

-The river is hi;oad, but unequal in its
depth, acrofs its entrance is a bar of jfand.
[M'Cartney.] '
Metz, an ancient and ftrong tovyn of
France, department of Mofelle, with a
^bifliop's fee, whofe biffiop, had the title
cf a Pririce of the empire. "iThe cathe
dral is pne of ;the fineft in Europe. The
Jews, about 3000, live in a part of fhe
town by thenifelves, where they have a
fynagogue, "The fweetmeats made here
are in high efteem. Metz was formerly
thecapitafof the kingdom of Auftrafia :
Its fortifications are excellent, and it hjis
pne of the ftrongeft citadels in EprPpe.
The inliahilaiifs are cpmputed af 40,000,
befide a numerous garrifon, .who have
noble liaCTacks. . It is feated at the cpn-
fluence of the Mofelle and Seille : 25 ,
miles N W Nanci, 37 S Luxemburg, and i
190 N £ Paris, lon. 6 16 £,lat. 49 > N. i
Meulan, ail ;ancient town of France,
departnient of Seine and Oife. It is built ]
in the form of an amphithealre, on the -
river Seine, oyer which are •li bridges ; 20 i
miles N W Paris.
Meurs, A town of German)', duchy pf
Cleves, on the Rliine : 15 -miles N "VV
Duffeldorp. Meurthe, a department pf France, fo
called frpm a river fhat rifes in fhe de
partnient pf the Vpfgesi aa^ watering
Luneville and Nanci, falls intp the Mp-
felle. Nanci Is the eplfcppal fee pf this
department. Meufe, a department pf France, includ
ing the late duchy pf Bar. It takes ils
name frpm the river Meufe, pr Maefe.
Bar-le-Duc is the capital. See Maefe.
Mewari, A confiderable fowp of Japan,
in the ifland of Niphon, with a royal pal
ace, Itis on a hill, al: the foot of which
are vaft fields of wheat and rice, with
fine orchards, full of excellent plums,
Mewat, A hilly and vypody traa of
•Hindooftan Proper, lying pn the S W of
Delhi, confining the low country, along
the W bank pf the Juriina[tp a cPmpar-
ativcly narrow flip, and extending weft
ward 130 miles. From N to S it is 90
miles. Although fituate in the heart of
Hindooftan, within 25 mfles of its former
capital (Delhi) its inhabitants, the Me-
watli, have been ever charaaerized as
the moft favage aad brutal ; and their
chief employment has been robbery and
plunder. In 1265, 100,000 of thefe
wretches were put to the fwprd ; but
they are ftill fp fampus as thieves aad
rubbers, that parties pf them are takea
into pay by the chjefj pf ypper liiii-

dpoftan, in order to diftrefs ,the'Cqunttifi
that are the feat of warfare. Mewft
contains fome ftrong fortreffes on inac
ceffible hills, and was ahnoft entirely
fubjea to the late IVfadajee jSindia, ,a
Maliratta chief. ,
Me^at-AU, a town of Perfia, in Irac-
Arabia, nof fo cpnfi|d,erahle ^s formerly,
buf famous for the fuperb and rich
mofque of Ali, to which thf Perfians go
in pilgrimage from all parts. - It is iqo
miles S W Bagdad, lon. 44 5 7 £, lat. 32
o N. .' ,¦ :", '
Mexat-Ocem., a confiderable tpwn of
Perfia, which takes Its name fromamofque
dedicated to Ocem, the fon of Ali. , Itis
In a fertile country, pn the riyer,Euphra-
tes : 70 miles N Mexat- All, lon. 4? 57 ^,
latj 33 o N.
Meyahoun, an ancient city of Ava, on
the Irrawaddy, memorable, in the wars of
the Birmans and Peguers. It ftretches 2
miles along the margin of t^e rivcr, -In
the city are numerous gilded temples and
fpa,cio,us cpnveiits. A variety of ,fpre;}^-
ing trees give the place a venerable grap-
deur, [Symes,]
Meysnfeldt, -A towiiln the country pf
the Grifons, pn the Rhi-ne, in a pleafant
country, fertile in excellent wine : J5
miles iN E Coire, lon, 9 36 E, lat, 47 ^ N.
Meyringen, A large and neat village in
the diftria of Berne, -It ftands in a rn-
m^alic vale on the Aar, furrounded by
meadows of luxuriant verdure. "iThe in
habitarits are a fine race of people, ne--
markably ftrong, and wellnjadpi; the
women are fall, and handfome. -.They
are govefned by magiftrates pf their ovyn
choofing, an^ only take oat-h? of ,fi.delity
to Berne. [Coxe]
Mezanderan, or Mazfiniieran,A ,firpv,ince
of Perfia, bounded N by, the Cafpian
Sea. The fputhern part is mountaipous,
and nearly defert. It contains^ hpwever,
fome charming vallies, and the aiiv Isj
healthy. This part is called Tuberifaji.
Towards the N it is very fertile, and
called The Garden af Perfia, ^nA.iroxnt\e
month of Septeniber fo April, the whole
country appears like a vaft parterre of
flowers. The inhabitants eollea i6,oso
pounds of filk, of inferior quality, a grt^t
deal of cptton, which they dye,'aiid manp-
faaure, fugar, exceUept fruit, efpecially
raifins, of fome of which they niakevvipe,
but dry the chief for fale, a great deal pf
rice, corn, and fait. ' Ampng the ani
mals are tigers, deer, flieep, goats, &c.
This province is well fituated for trade
pn the Cafpian Sea, but the towns Oriifce eoafts

M ID

-MIL

co^s are aiqch infefted by pirates. Fer
rabadfs the capital.
Mezanderan, a town in thcjabove prov-
inpe : Ho miles W S W Ferabad- .
Mezdaga, a town of Fez, at the fopf of
^/louut Atlas.
Mezieres, A town of France, depart
ment of Ardennes, wifh a citadel, on the
¦ jVIiufB : 12 miles N W Sedan, and i'x7
N E Paris, lon. 4 48 E, lat. 49 ,46 N,
Mezin, A town 6f Frapce, department
of Lot aad Garonpe, in a cpuntry that
abpunds in wheat ; with vines, froqi
which is principally made brandy ; and
with the cork tree, whicli is fold 'both in
its ri,ifural ftate, and in cprks ; 9 mfles
N W Condom.
Mi^, or Mijtthj.a lafge town ofjapan,
on the S coaft of the ille of Niphon, with
a fortified palace, lop. 135 40E, lat. 35
5,0 N.
Miana, A fown of Perfia, in the prov
ince of Adirbeitzan. This is the place
where the celebrated traveller M. "Xhev-
paiot, fo often quoted in this work, died,
on his return from Ifpahan : 19 leagues
S E Tauris.
Michael, Si. the moft fertile and popu
lous of the Azores or Weftern Iflands, Its
4 principal harbours are Ppnla Delgada
and ViUa Franca : the former is the cap
ital qf the ifland, ten. 25 42 W, lat. 37
47 N.
Michael, St. a bprough In Cornwall : 8
tnUes S W St. Columb, ten. 4 52 W, lat,
50 43 N.
Michael, St. A town qf France, depart^
jneqt of Meufe, remarkable for its hofpi
tal, and the rich library of a late Bene
diaine abbey. It is oa the Meufe : 20
miles N £ Bar-le-duc, and 165 E Paris.
Michelonio, a country of Pruffia, part
of the circle of Culm, and feparated from
the other part by the river iDribents, It
takes its name f(om the caftlSof MIchclow.
Middleburg, A large and ftrong commer
cial city of the yiiited Provinces, capital
of the ifland of Walcheren, and of all
Zealaadi The fquares aad public build
ings are riiagnificenf. The inhabilants
are computed at 26,000. The harbour
is large and commodious, and has a com
munieation with thefea by acanal, which
will Ijcar the largeft, veffels : 20 miles
N E Bruges-,, 30 N W, Ghent, and 72 S
W Amfterdam, Jon. 3 39 E, laf, 51 32 N,
Middleburg, a fown of Dutch Flanders ;
5 miles S E Sluys,
Middleham, a town in the N riding of
Yorkfliire, England, on the Uce : lo milcs
^ RiehniQnt).

Mil/dkfex, a county of Englandj-hoiiid-
ed N by Hertfprdfliire, E by £fl"ex. It
is one of the leaft counties in England,
but by far the richeft. It contains 126
pariflies, befide Londpn, and 4 market
towns, and fends 8 members to parlia
ment. The air is healthy; but thefoil,
,111 neneral, being gravelly, if is not nat
urally fertile ; though, by means of the
vicinity to the metropolis, many parts of
it are converted into rich beds of ma
nure, clolhed wilh almpft perpetual ver
dure. There are ftiU, hpwever, very ex
tenfive traas of uncultivated heath. iBe-
fide the "I'hames, the Lea, and the Cote,
vvhich are its boundaries to the S, the S
E, and the W,, Middlefex is watered by
feveral linall ftreams ; one of vvhich call-
,ed the New River, Is artificially brought
from Amwell, in Herts, for the purpofe
of fupplying London with water. Mid
dlefex contains 179,200 acres ; about
8500 cows are kept by the Lpndon cow-
keepers for the fupply of the city, which
are fuppofed to ^ive 8 quarts a day, on
an average.
Middletcn's jifland, an ifle in the fouth-
ehi ocean, difcpvered by Shortland.
It appeared abput 6 leagues in length,
the land very high, with a remarkable
peak, ten, 159 5 jE, lat, ,28 10 S.
.Middlewich, a tpwn in Chefliire, Eng
land, on the Croke, and noted for its
fait pits, and making fine fait : 24 miles
E Chefter, and 167 N WLondon.
Midburfi, a borough in Suffex, Eng
land, on the Arun : 11 miles N by £
Chichefter, and 50 "\V by S London.
Miecbau, or Miozava, a town of Po
land, on the Viftula : 10 milcs S by E
Thorn, ten. 18 46 E, lat. 52 58 N.
JMilan, A city of Ital)', capital of a
duchy of the fanie name. It was the an
cient capifal of Lombardy, and although
it is thought rather to exceed Naples in
fize, it does nof contain above half tho
nuniber of inhabitants. It is feated in a
delightful! plain, between the rivers Adda
and 'Fefin ; is 10 miles in circumference,
and called by the Italians, Milan the
Great. If contains many fine palaces,
but that of the governor is the moft mag
nificent ; It has 200 churches, and many
convents, hofpitals, and fchools. The
cathedral is in the center of the city, and
next to Sl. Peter's at Rome, is the moft
confiderable in Italy. The number of
ftatues, within and without, is prodig
ious ; they are all of marble, and many
i of them finely wrought. This vaft fab
ric, which the Milanefe call the 8lh vi*n- dcr

MIL -

Mil.

¦Ser o'f the world; Is entirely built of folid
<white marble, and fuppoitcd by 50 col-
^mas. From the rpof hangs a cafe of
cryftal,' enclofing a -nail, which, 'they fay,
is CHie of thofe by which our Saviour
¦was fixed to tbe crofs. The. Treafury
fielonging to this church is reckoned the
xicbeft in ltaly,iiext-to tbat of Loretto.
The college of St, Anibrc^e has afibrary,
which, befide a prodigious number of
TnanUfcrlpts, contains 45,000 printed
^oks ; and its fuperb gallery is adorn-
-td wilh rich piintings Milan has con-
ficlera;l»fc commerce in grain (efpecially
-rice J- cattle, and cheefe ; and has manu-
f aiSitres of filk and -velvet ftqffs,, 'ftock-
-ings, handkcrc-tiiefs, ribands, gpld and fil-
•vcE lace and embroideries, woollen and
Slnen cfloths, .glafs, and earthen ware in
amitation of China- It has 'been feveral
tiines taken, in t"lTe wars -that have defo-
fated Italy-; the laift time by the French,
, ao June, 1796, It is the fee of an arch
bifliop : 70 miles N Genoa, 72 N E Tu-
s'm, and 145 N W Elorence, ten, 9 16 E,
Sat. 45 28 N- {Addifon,]
Milan, or Milanefe, a ,-dachy -of Italy,
1150 miles teng, and 78 broad ; bounded
'JJ by Swifferland and the country of the
-iOrifons, E -by the-republlc of "Venice and
4he dochies of Parma and Manfua, S by
*hc dachy of Parma and -fhe territory of
¦Genoai, W by Piedmont and Montferrat.
'J'ke foil is every where fertile in corn,
-wine, fniils, , Tice, •aBdollTes. The riv-
-CTf. Are: --the Secchia, Tefiii, Adda, and
Ogtio ; atrd it 'has feveral l^e^, the ;prin-
cipal of which are 'thofe of Maggiore,
"Como,- and Lugamj. This country hav-
-3ng formeriy been poffeffed by tbe French,
laext by the Spairiards, and afterward
liy the Germans, the troops o-f thofe na-
itions have produced a ftyle of manners,
and ftamped a chara'aer, in the inhabit-
.anf s of this duchy, different from what
prevails in any other part of Italy ; and
nice obfcrvers imagine they perceive in
:lhe manners of the Milanefe, the polite-
nefe, formality, -and -honefly imputed fo
-ithofe 3 cations, blended with the natural
xngcBuity of the ftaUans, This duchy,
iliefore the late war, was fubjea to the
lio-afe of Auftria, and governed by a
<i!erman nobleman, refident at Milan,
sunder the charaaer of minifter from
Vienna. Milazzo, a -ftrong feaport of Sicily, in
*he Val-dl-Demoiia. Il is divided into
*he upper and lower town ; the upper is
X'ery ftrong, and the lower has a fine
igua-re, -wilh a fuperb fountain. Itis-oii

a roek, on the W -fide of a bay ef -die
fame name : 13 miles W Meflina, lon,
15 34 E, lat, 38 12 N.
Milborn-port, a borough in Somerfet-
fliire, England, -fends 2 members to parlia
ment ; 2 miles E by N of Sherbon, and
115 W by S -London.
Mildenhall, a pofml«ii5 town in Suffolk,
England, pn the Larke, a branch ot the
Oufe-: ¦I3«niles N by E Newanarket, and
69'N N E London,
Mileio, an ancient town of Naples, witji
a 'bifliop's fee ; 5 miles from Nicotera.
Milfori haven, a deep inlet ofthe Iriffi
fea, on the coaft of Pembrokeffiire. It
branches off into fo many creeSts; fecured
from-all winds, that it is efteemed the fafeft
and moft capacious harbour in Great
Britain ; but its remote fituatron greatty
impairs its utility. At the, entrance, on
the W point, called St. Anns, is an old
• lighthoofe and a blockhoufe ; in the year
1757, io,oool. were voted by pariiament
to fortify It againft the attack of an ene
my. A packet -boat fails from hence ev
ery day, eiceept Tuefilay, for Waterford,
in Ireland.
Mfliane, a -town of Algiers, with a caf«
tie ; In a eountry fertile in pranges, cit
rons, and other fruits, the hdl in all
Bartoa-ry, ten. 2 35 E, lat. 35 15 N. '
Milhaml,A town of France, department
of Aveiron, on the "Farn : 50 miles 'N W
Monfpellier, and 142 S f-aris.
iKT/'/oj-anciently Meioi, ara ifland of the
Grecian Archipelago ; 50 miles in circum
ference, with one of the beft and largeft
harbours in the Mediterranean. In the
fpring the fields are enamelled with ane-
monies of all forts. In this ifland are
curious -fubterraneang;aHeries, formed ¦qf
ancient "flone quarries. The walls on
each fide, Which are 6 feet high, are cov
ered with alum, formed by the fponta-
neous epefttions of nature. - It is the
fine and genuine capillary or plume al
um. This beautiful fubftance, which is
here found in a ftate of cryftallization,
rifes in -threads or fibres like thofe of a
feather, -whence it derives its name.
Here are two -bllliops : -oneof the Greek
and the -other ofthe Latin church. -A
century ago, this ifland was extremely
fertile in corn, vvine and frnit-s, and con
tained upwards of 20,00.0 iirhabirants. M.
Tournefort, who vifited it in 1700, gijes
a delightful defcription of this -ifland.
The earth, conftantly heated by fubtir-
rancous fires, produces, almoft without
inlermiffion, wheat, -barley, cotton, ex
quifite wines, and delicious melons. AU
the '

MXlf

M I M

th'e ^oduaions of the ifland are of in
comparable excellence. Its Partridges,
qviails, kids and lambs, are in high efti
mation, yet extMPiely ch-eap. Could M,
Tournefort jflp> to Milo, be would uo
longer finMHIfc beauteous ifle he has de
fcribed, HEwould ftill fee the feather
ed alum, wifhfrlvcr threads; fufpended
from' the roofs of caverns, fragments of
pure fulphur filling- the crcvioes, of the
rocks, numerous mineral fprings, hot
baths, and the fame fires, which, in his
time, heated the bofom ofthe earoh, and
rendered it fo- fertile. He would now
find on a furface of i8 leagues in cir
cumference, only about 700 irihabitants.
He Would figh is behold the fineft parts
of the country wilhout cultivation, and
fertile vaUIes changed inlo morafles.
Milo has afl'umed a very different ap
pearance within the ccnirfe of the laft
5a years. The plague, everywhere prop
agated ' by she Turks, has cut off the
greateft part of its inhabitants ; and the
deteftable government of the Porte, aad
theoppreffions of theeaptaln pacha,have
completed its deftruaioiv ten. 25 6F.,
lat. 36 38 N.
- Miltcnberg, A f^Dwn of Franconia, in fhe
eleaorate ef Mentz, on the Maine, lun,
9 19 E, lat. 49 46 N,
Milthorp, A village in Weftmoreland, on
a river : 5 miles S Kendal. As the nav
igation pf the Ken is obftruaed by a cat
araa near ils mpulh, Millhprp is tlie
only port in the county ; aud hence the
fine Weftmoreland liates are exported to
Liverpool, Londtin, Hull, &c.
Milton, A town in Kerit, on the E
branch of the Mcdivay, arid noted for
exceUent o-yfters : 14 miles N E Maiden-
lione, and .(2 E London.
Milton, a town In ICent, England, i mile
E of Gravefend, incorporated with it.
MiltonAbbey, A tovvn in Dorfetfliire, En
gland, famous for a ruinous abbey, built
by king Athclftan, aud: for a magnificent
Gothic church: 14 miles N E Dorchefter,
and 112 W by S r.,ondon,
Miiich, A greit found or channel, on the
W coaft of ScpiUmd.
Mindanoa. tlie kirgefV of the Philippine
Iflands, next lo Lucania. It «» r8o-mUes,
teng and 120 broad, amd is governed by
a Sultan, who is zbrulute. It is a moun-
tairiiius cpunlry, full of hills and vallies ;
and the mould is generally deep, black,
and fruitful. *The fides pf the hills and
Tallies are ftony, and yet there ar^ tall
trees, of kinds not Icpown in Europe ;
iiuns of tlie mountains yield very good

gold, andthe vallies are ¦well watered wi:fe
rivulets. The Libby trees produce the
fago, which the poor people cat inftead
of bread, 3 or 4 months in the year.
It pi^oduces aU forfa of fruit proper to-
the clim-dte, hclide plenty of rice.' Here
are horfes, beeves,, bul&loes,. hogs, ;gaats^
deer, monkies, guanas, bats of a fir^e iizc,
lizards and fnakes ; alfo, dueka, h«ns, pig
eons, parrots, parroquets, and turtle
doves, befide many finall birds. "i'hc
air Is- temperate ;..ai«l the winds ace eaft
erly one part «f the yeair, and wefterly
the other-? while the former 'blow, it is-
fair weather ; but while -the latter, it ii
' rainy, ftormy, and tcmpeftuous. TJie-
¦ inhabitants are of a mean, low ftature^
, with fmall limbs and Uttle heads. T'hejs
faces ace ov-al, vvitli flat foreheads, black,
fmall eyes, fliort, low nofo-, and pretty-
large mouths. Their hair is black anA
^ ftraight, and their com^exion tawwy, but
.-nore inclined to yellow than that of
olher Indians. The chief tractes arc gold-
ifmiths-, blackfmitJis .and carpenters, and
¦ they can build pretty good veffels for the
fea. 'The fultan has a queen, befide 110
other women, and all the vaeu liave fev
eral wives,; for their rcligiou is Mahom
etanifm. Their houfes.sie buILt en pofts,
from 14 to oo fee:t high, and they have
ladders to go ap out of die ftreets : tliey-
have but one floor, vvhich is divided into-
feveral rooms, ancl the roofs are covered
with palmcto leaves^ The capital is a>
large city ofthe tame name,fcated on the
E fidcthe ifland, ten. 125 o W, lat. 6 o N.
Mindfllisim, a town in Swabia^ T,viili a,
caftle. It is the capit-al of » fniall terrijo
ry betyreen the rivers liler and LecJj,.
fubjea to the houfe of Bavaria : 30 miles-
S E Ulm, ten. 10 4J E, lal. 48 3 N.
Mindstt, a town of Weftplialla, capital
of a territory of tlie fame name, fubject
lo the king of Pruffia, arid is feated oa,
fhe Wefer : 27milesEbySof Ofaaibiirg,
apd 37 W l-lauover, tea. 5 5 E, lat.
51 22 N,.
Mindora, one of the Philippine Iflands,
50 miles in circumfertnce, feparated frran
Luconla by a narrow channel, it is full
of mountains, which abound in paltii
trees-aad all forts of fruit. The inliabit
ants are pagans, and p.iy tribute to the
Spaniards. Minehtai,.2. borough In Somerfetfliire,
England. It has agood harbour on the Brif
tol channel, for fliips of large burden ;
and carries on -a confiderable trade in.
wool, coal, and herrings. It 15 vlHtcdasi
a bathing place in fummer.' It has 503
hcufesj

M T N-

M I'S

oufes, and 2ooa inhabltantSi It fends-
two members fo parliament : 31 miles N
Exeter, ten. 3 34 W, lat. 51 12 N.
Mingrelia, a province of Afia, which
inaikespart of Georgia, bounded Why the
Black Sea ; E by Imeritia, S by a part of
Georgia, N by Circalfia. It is' governed
by a prince, who is tributary to the fov-
•reign of Imeritia, The face of the
country, its produas, and the cuftoms
and -manners of the inhabitants, arc fimi
lar to thofe of Georgia, They excufe
themfelves for having many wives, be
caufe their children will fell for money.
Adultery and inceft are hardly ¦viewed as
crimes. They call themfelves chriftians,
hut have no more religious luiowledge or
morals than pagans.
Mina, A river of Spain, which divides
GaUcIa from Portugal, and falls into the
Atlantic Ocean at Caminha.
Miniato, St. an epifcopal town of Tuf-
aany, on the Amo . 20 miles S W Flor
ence, lon. 10 45 E, lat. 43 40 N.
itffi»/«i, a pleafant city of Egypt, on the
Nile. It is pppulous; and has cpnfidera
ble cpmme^-ce. Seme of the lipufes are
of ftone ; here is a manufaaory of earthen
veffels. PlUars of granite, and other ru
ins, ffiow that this Is the fite of a more
ancient city. [Bruce, Sonini.]
Minorca, an ifland in the Mediterra
nean : 5 o miles NE Majorca. Itis 30
miles in length' and iz in breadth ; and
J3 a mountainous country, with fome
fruitful vallies, where there are fome ex
ceUent mules. Cittadella Is the capital;
but the town of Mahon claims greater
confequence, on account of its excellent
harbour, called Port Mahon, which is de
fended by fort St. Philip, one of fhe
ftrongeft fortreffes in Europe; and on the
fate of vvhich the whple ifland depends.
"She houfes on the ifland are computed
at 3089, and the Inliabitants at 27,000.
Minorca was taken by the Spaniards, in
i78a,,and'Coiifirmed to them by the peace
in 1783. The Britifli took poffeffion of
this ifland Iri 1798, but it is to be reftored
by the treaty of 1801. Port Mahori lies
in ten. 3 48 E, lat. 39 50 N.
Minori, A town of Naples, vvith a Bifli
op's fee, on fhe gulf of Salerno : 7 miles
S W Salerno,
Minfiiigen, a tpwn pf Suabia, in the
duchy pf Wirtemburg, with a caftle, ten.
9 35 E, lat. 483s N.
Mlnffi, a town of Lithuania, capital pf
a palafinafe-with fhe fame name, with
two citadels. The country is pretty fer-'

tile, anAhas- forefts cpntakiing vaft mna-*
hers of bees, whofe honey makes part of
Its riches : 65 miles N of Sluczk, and 100
S E Wilna, ten. 26 48 E, lat. 54 n N.
Miolansi, A fortrefs of France, depart
ment of the lower Alps, on a craggy rock
in the valley of Barcelonetta"-: 6 miles
N E Montmelian, lon. 6 20 E, lat. 45
35 N.
Miafs,. A lake of Norway, province of
Hedemarke : 80 miles in circumference.
Miranda-de-Daiiero, a fortified tovvn of
Portugal, capital of the provirice of Tra-
los-Montes, with a Bifliop's fee. Itis-
on a rock, near the. confluence cf the-
Douero and FreIha :"'37 miles N W Sala
manca, and 208 N by E LIffion, Ion,
6 o W, lat. 41 40 N.
Miranda-de-Ebro, A town of Spain,: ia>
Old Caftile, wifh a ftrong caftle. It is in
a country that produces excellent wine,
on the rivcr Ebro : 34 miles S 'of Bilbca^
iand 160 N Madrid, ten. 3 lOi W, lat. 4a
49 N.
j Mirande, a tovvn of France, department
'of Gers, feated on an eminence, near the
river Baife, Wool, down, and the fea
thers of geefe, are its principal articles!
of commerce : 15 miles S' W AUch, and
340 S W Paris, ten. o 26 £, laf. 43 30 N.
Mirandola, A town of Italy, capital ot
A duchyof the fame name, wilh a ftrong
citadel and a fort. It is fubjea to the-
houfeof Auftria: 20 miles iN E Mode
na, ten, II 19 E, lat. 44 52 N.
Mirebeau, a town of Frarice, depart
ment of Vienne, famous for the beautjf
and ftrength of the Affes which its en
virons produce : 16 miles N Poitiers, and
1 75 S W Paris.
Mlrecourt, A: town of France, depart
ment of the Vofges, famous for its violins'
and fine lace:' 27 mfles S Nanci, lon. 6
4 E, lal-.,48 15 N.
Miremont, a town of France, depart
ment of Dordogne ; near ic Is a remarka
ble cavern, called Clufeau : 15 milesE'
Be^geracv.^ Mirejioix, a town of France, depart
ment of the Upper Pyrennees ; 15 miles N
Foix. Mifeno, A cape of Italy, W the bay of
Naples, between Puzzoli and Cumaa On
il are the ruins of the ancient Mifenuni,
Miferden, A village ill Gloucefterfliire,
England : 6 milesNW Cirencefler. Here is
apark7miles In circiimfcrence,ina vaHey
of whicli is a mount of clrciflar form, now
overgrown with trees. - This was the filer
of an ancient caftle, built in the reign of

M 0 C

M 0 F

King John ; and part of the moat which
encompafed the building, is ftill to be
feen. Mifitra, A Celebrated town Of Greece,
capital of the Morea, with a Greek arch
bifliop's fee, and a caftle. It is divided
into four parts, the caftle, the town, and
two large fuburbs. The church is one of
the fineft in fhe world, and the Turks
have turned it into a mofqae, nearwhich
is 3 magnificent hofpital. There is here
a great number of chriftians, and fo ma
riy Jews, tliat^hey have three fynagogues.
It has 1 2,op6 inhabitants, and is feated
on the V.auUpotamo : lOo miles S W A-
thens,Joh. 22 30 £, lat. 37 6 N.
¦Mifnia, fee Meiffen.
Mitcham, a village in Surry : 8 miles
S W London. It is feated on the Wan-
dlc, on which are fome fnuff miUs, and
a calico printing manufaaures.
Mitomba, a kingdom of Africa, in the
country uf Sierra Leona, fituated on
the banks of the river Sierra Leona,
which is alfo called Mitomba.
Mittaii, A ftrong town, the capital of
Courland, remarkable for its large ducal
palace. It is feated on the Bolderau :
47 miles E Goldingen, and 270 NNE
"Warfaw, lon. 23 50 £, lat, 56 40 N.
Mocha, or Moka, a confiderable town
of Arabia Felix, furrounded by walls.
It carries on a great trade, efpecially in
coffee, though embarraffcd by Arab
exaaions. Their cciffce is fhe moft ex
cellent in fhe world. The town is poorly
fortified, the people and government are
of the worft charaaer. 'I'he inhabitants
are computed at 10,000, without includ
ing the poor Armenians, Or the Jews,
who inhabit the fuburbs. The women,
except a fmall number- of the common
fort, never appear In the ftreets in the
day time, but vifit each other in the
evening. When they meet any men in
the way, they ftand clofe up againft the
Wall to let them pafs. Their drefs is
much like that of other women of the
E, and over all they wear a large veil of
piiuted calico, fo thin that they can fee
through it without being feen. They
have alfo little buflcins of Morocco
leather. Several nations formerly traded
to this port, which now frequent it no
mora, 'Flic Portuguefe, who were, 2
centuries ago, very ' powerful on the
Arabic Gulf, have loug fiuce ceafed to
fend fliips thither. The Dutch rarely
appear here ; and the French never in
time of war, although they ftill continue
to rent w.irehoufca. The Englifli at
Vol. II, Cgg

prefent engroft, almoft exclufively, the
tradeof MoCha. The Americans havfe
found their way to this plate. • The
firft importatten of coffee from this
country direa to the United St«tes, was
in 1801, in a ffiip belonging to Col, Der
by of Salem. Mocha is feated in a fandy
country, near the ftraits of Babebnandcl .
240 miles SSW Sanaa, and 560 SSE
Mecca, lon. 44 25 £, lat. 14 o N.
[Irwin, Grofe, Niebuhr, Sonini.]
Modbury, a town in Devonfliire, Eng
land, between 2 hills : 36 miles S S 'w
Exeter, and 14 E Plymouth.
Modena, an ancient city of Italy, cap
ital of the Modenefe, with a biffiop^
fee. The cathedral, feveral of the
churches, and fome of the monafteries
are handfome ftruftures ; and the ducal
palace is richly furniflied, and contains
fine paintings. The citadel is Very reg
ular, but has been often taken, particu
larly by the king of Sardinia In 1742.
The inhabilants are faid to be 40,000 ;
and they make here the beft maflcs fof
mafquerades iri all Italy. On the ap
proach of the Frcrich army to this city,
the Duke retired from his dominions,
with a large fum of money, to Venice.
An armiftice, was, however, concluded,
and the Duke agreed to pay to France,
7,500,000 livres in cafli, 2,500,000 in
provifions and military ftores, with fome
olher facrlficcs. It lately formed a part of
the Cifpadaue repubUc, It is feated be
tween the rivers Sccchia and Panaro :
22 miles W by N BOlogna, 34 S by £
Mantua, aud 60 N N W Florence, lun.
II o E, lat, 44 34 N.
Modenefe, a duchy of Italy, bounded
W by that of Parma, N by the duchies
of Mantua and Mirandola, £ by the
Bolognefe and Ferrarefe, S by Tufcany
aad Lucca ; 50 miles in lenglh and 40 in
breadth ; and the foil is very fertile in
corn, wine, oil, and fruits of diflTerebt
kinds. It alio feeds a great number of
ca,ttle. Modica, A town of Sicily ; 55 miles
S W Syracufe, lat. 36 48 N.
Modon, a ftrong towii pf the MpresL
with a fafe harbour, and a biffiop's fee!
It is on a promontory, projeaiug into
the fea of Sa^i-criza : 15 miles E Coroa,
lon. 21 jj li, lat. 36 56 N.
'.lodzir, a town of Lithuania, capital
of a diftria of the fame name ; oa the
river Prypec, in a fertile country : 8x
miles S E Sluczk, ten. 29 10 E, Iat, 5a
5 N.
Moffat, a townof JPum'fricsfli^re, Ecot- Und.'

Mo I?

M O L,

land. It has a manufaaure of coarfe
woollen ftuffs ; and its mineral fprings
af traa much gegteel company : 20 miles
N.by EDumfrles.
Mogador, au ifland, city, and caftle of
Africa, ia fhe kingdom of Morocco,
near Gape Ozem. There are mines of
glrld and iiiver in one of the mountains,
'Fhe city whieh was began in i7<io, is
nqw, completely finiflied : It contains a
great number of houfes, handfomely and -
-("plidly built. The ftfeets are-all ftraight
lirics, arid there is no town. in the empire
in which we fee fuch a regularity of plan.
It is furrounded wifh walls, and batter
ies are ereaed, not only on the fea fide,
but toward the laud, to defend it from
any incurfion of the fouthern Moors.
This town ftands on marfliy ground, and
fo, low, that, at fpring tides, it is almoft
furrounded by the fea. The country
about if is a melancholy defert of accu
mulated fand. lihe port of Mogador is
formed by a channel, between the main
lend and, an iflaad, more than a mile in
length. It is fufficicntly large for fliips
of a middling fize, bub in general it has
hot fufficient depth, vvhich difadvanfage
is Increafed every day by the accumula
tion of the fand ;. 3P leagues S W Mo
rocco, ten, 9 55 W, lat. 3 1 30 N.
Mogilm, A town of Ruffia, and capital
of a go-vernnieof, on the River Dnieper.
It is a handfome commercial town, where
the Ruffians carry oa a confiderble trade.
By the divifion of Poland, in the year
1773, It was ceded to Ruffia, vvitli its
territory, and ereaed into an archbifli
opric of the Roman church, with an af
fiftant bifliop : 340 miles ENE War-
.faw, and 364 S Peterffiuig, lon. 31 2 E,
lilt. 53 52 N. '
Moguls., fee Tartary.. ¦
Mohatz, A tovvn of Lower Hungary,
oa the, Danube : 17, milcs N W Efl'ex,
ten. 19-56 E, lati 45 i46 N.*
Mohilla, fee Comora Ifiands..
Mohilef, A government of fhe Ruffran
Eiiipire, par-t of Lithuania, difiuembercd
froni Portland',' in 1772.
'' Mohilef, a populous town in die above
guverririicnt. It has a confiderable trade,
and is feated on the Dnieper : 35 miles S
Crlza, teng. 31 2 E, lat. 54 '^5,JSf.
Mohrungen,-i. town of Prulfia, pr&vince
of .Oberland, qa a! lake of tlie fame name,
which' almoft furrounds if. Aa this lit
tle town lies In the road lo Poland, it is
much frequented by ftraitgers': 56 miles
b S W_KO|ijigfber^,,and 56 S^E Dantzlck.
V "il^!P'> ''^ ''I'^'^'i^if' ^vi'u of Fraaccj'de-

partment of Lot. It has a great tradi;
in corn and flour : 13 miles iN W Montr
auban, lon. 1 17 E, lat„ 44 6 N,
Mela, an ancient town of Naple^i^on.
the gulf of Venice, with 6000 inhabr
itants ; 14 miles E Bari. Cicero is faid to,
have been affaffinated here.
Mold, Ato-wn in FUntffilre, England,,
vvhere the affiles are held. It is 5 milcs-
S Flintl, Moldavia, a province of Turkey iri Eu
rope : 276 miles long, and 210 broad'^,
bounded N by Poland, froni which itis
alfo divided iN £ by fhe Dniefter, E by
New Ruffia; S £ by befl'arabia, S by Bul
garia, from which if is parted by the Da
nube :,-"S W by Walachia, W by 'Tranfyl
vania and Hungary. The foil is rich, and
if abounds- in good paftures, which feed,
a great number of horfes, oxen and flieep.
It alfp produces corn, pulfe, honey, wax,,
fruits, with plenty of game" and fowls u
The fovereign, who is ftyled hofgodar, is.
tributary to the grand feignior. Thelii-
habitants are chriftians of the'Greclt
church, and Jaffy is the principal town.
TkTii/i;, a mountain of Savoy, whicli from,
its height and finefioping peak, Is an ob
jea of great beauty," when feen from the
lake of Geneva. At Ils foot is the town
of Bonneville :. 20 miles S Geneva.
Mole, A river in Surry, which runs-tOk
Darking, and paffing, beneath Box Hill,
is believed to difappear in its vicinity,,
and to rife again nearLeatherhead,hence
it is fuppofed to derive Its name: but the
faa is,,that a ttiaa of foft ground, 2 iriiles
in length,, called the Swallows, in very
dry feafons, abforbs the wafte wafer ia
caverns in the fides of die banks ; but
not fp as to prevent a cpnftant ftream
from running In an open channel above
ground. The Mole, proceeding from,
Leaiherhead fo Cobham,. enters the
'Fhames at E-Moulfey.
Malen, A ftrong to'wn of loyrer Saxony,.
belonging 10 the cily of Lubec : 12 miles.
E Lawenburg, ten. 1050 £, lal. 53 38 N.
Molfetta, a town of Naples,with a bifli-,
op's fee, bn the gulph of 'Veni'ce, loniUes.
N W Baii. This town GOUtains 1 2,000
inhabitants. I'hey build their own vef
fels,. and arc expert'feamen. The ftreets
are narrow and dirty ; 400,0.00 gaUons'
of ofl,, befides figs,, almonds, &'c ai'e aii-
ually exported to Venice, Triefte, and
Ecrrara. A mile from t!he town Is the,
celebrated. Pull di Molffa, br mineral
failtpetrc cavern.
_ ATo/ma, a ftrpng town of Spain, in New
CaftiIe,on ihtGallo, ina territorjjabouiid-' ing.

MO M

MON

ing in paftures.; 35 mUes SE Siguenza,
"and'88EN"E Madrid, 
Molife, A territory of Naples, lying .in
the form of a triangle, between Terra-di-
Lavora, Abruzzo, Ciferloi-e, Caplfariafa,
and Prlncipato Ulteriore. It is a moun
tainous country ,"buf fertile in corn, wine,
¦faffron and filk.
Motif, a town cf Naples, capital of a
'>territory of'-thdfanle name, but not pbp-
iilous : 50 miles N Naples, ten. 14 43 E,
V 'iJa't, 4-1 36 N, ¦
Molffein.„ a town' of France, dcp.irtmenf
lOf Lower Rhine, on fhe Brufch : 10 riiUcs
"W by S Straffiurg,- and 228 E Paris,
Moluccas, or Spice Ifiands, a clufter of
Iflands in fhe Indian Ocean, "lying -E Ce
lebes. The principal are Ternate, Am-
boyna, Tydore, "iMachlan, Motyr, and
Bachian, They produce neither corn, rice
ii^r cattte, except gpats ; but they have
'orangeSylemons, andpther -fruits, and are
mpft remarkable fpr fpices, efpecially nut-
'.megs and-.cteyes. They havelargefnakes
which are npt venomous ;hut very dan
gerous land Crocodiles. The natives are
idolifcrs ; but there aremany Mahome
tans, They were dlfcovered In I5ii,by
'the Portuguefe, who formed fome fettle
ments ; but the Dutch drove them away,
'See Banda,
Molwitz, a town of Silefia,'remarkable
¦for a battle gained by the iPruflians pver
the Auftrians, -in 1741 : 40 miles S -Bre
flaw, ten, ,17 ii4 'E,'lat, 5c 23 N.
Mambaca, Or ^ombaJo,A'^\ngii.o!a -pf Af
rica, near "l!he -coaft of the Indian Sea,
'fitu-ited to the'S of MeUnda; -the extent
"towards the S and W is not -well knpwn.
'Fhe fpil is exceedingly fruitful, and pro
duces rice, millet and other grain, variety
of fruit trees and other vegalables and
¦efculents ; here are alfo breil vaft quanti
ties of caftle, and variety of poultry ; and
the country abounds with excGllent
fprings of frefli waler. The climate is
temperate, the air healthy. The capital
was on a peninfula ; but hath beeri fince
turned into an ifland, by culling a canal
through the ifthmus, in fuch a manner,
thai one part of it covers the city, fo
that it is nol feen till vve cater fhe port,
'I'he houfes are built of ftone, cemented
with mortal, and embelUflied with curi
ous paintings, and other oraameats ; the
ftreets ftraight, though narrow ; aad the
houfes conligiious and terraced on the
•»ops. The city is defended by a ftrong
citadel, into which the Portuguefe after
wards retired, when they could hold the
town no longer ; they were afterwards

driven out of this laft retreat, in the yeSlT
1631, by an Arabian ffieik, w'hp made it
the place pf his refidence, vvhere fhe in
habitants pf Mombafo, as weU as other
trading merchants, applied to him for ,
the liberty of commerce. Before the
town, is formed by the fea, a commodi
ous bay, which opens in the form of a
cockle-fli^U, into which the trading vef"-
fels have fufficient depth of water, and
room to fail and tack about, the chan
nel being wide enough for the largeft of
them to-enler -with all their fails difplay
ed. This port -carries ori a great com
merce with the-ifland« and kingdoms ad
jacent. Here isgreaf -variety of Inhabit
ants, fome blae'k, fome -white, olive, and
fwarthy ;'bul -moft of themdrels after the
Arabian manner, the richer fort very
fumptuoufly The people are faid tp be
mpre affable ancl civil to ,'ftrarigers than
any on this coaft, though confifting of fo
many tiations, complexions arid religions,
.as Mahometans, Idolaters and Chriftians.
The -Portuguefe -made a number of con
verts upon their fettling in this kingdom.
The far greater ' pan afterwards cither
returned to their old Paganifm, or turn
ed Mahometans, lon. ,39 30 E Ferro, lat.
3 45 S.
Mona, an ifland of Denmark, in the
Baltic, to the S W of I'he ifle of Zceland,
from which it is feparated -by a narrow
channel, lon. 12 .^o E, lat. 5$ 20 N.
Monaco, a fmaJl ;but -handfome town of
Italy, capital of a territory of the fame
name, with a caftle, a citadel, and a good
harliour. Ir is naturally very ftrong, be
ing fealed on a craggy rock that projeas
irito thefea. It has ils own prince, un
der the proteaion of France, and is %
miles W S W Vinlimiglia, and 12 £ NE
Nice, te"n. 7 36 E, lal. 43 48 N.
-[Addifpn.J
Monaghan,A countyof Ireland, prov
ince of Ulfter, bounded Nby Tyrone, F.
by Armagh : it contains 19 parlffies,
and about 21,523 houfes, and 118,000
fouls. The foil is, 'in general, deep and
fertile, In feme places damp and wet ;
fome places are hilly, 'but hardly can be
called mountainous, except Sliebh-Baught
on the borders of Tyrone. The Unea
manufaaure flouriflies, efpecially ia the
N and W parts of fhe county.
Monafier, aa ancient town of Africa, in
the kingdom of Tunis, near the fea : 70
miles S E "Funis, lat. 25 5° N.
Mancallier, A town of Piedmont, oa live
Po : 5 miles S E Turia.
Mancaliio, A Ikoug fown of Italy, 111
Montlierrat,

MON

MON

Montferrait, on a mountain : 12 nules S W
Cafal, Ion. f 19 E, lat. 45 10 N._
Moncaon, a town of Portugal, in Entre-
Douero-e-Minho, with a flrong caftle : 8
<niles S £ Tuy, and 3i6 N Sraga, loo. 8 28
W.lat. 41 8 N.
. Moftohaboti. a town of Afia, in the king
dom of Ava : 52 miles N Ava, and 284
ENE Aracan, lon. 97 40 E; lat. 22 34 N
Moncom, or Monzan, a ftrong town of
Spain, in Arragon, feated af the conflu
ence nf the Spfa and Cinca : 6 miles S
Halhaftro, and 50 N E.Saragfliffa?
Monconiaur, atpwn of France : 39miles
SW St. Malo.
Mondego, a river of Portugal, vvhich
falls into ,tlie Atlantic, near a cape of the
fame name.
Mondidier, a. town of France, on a
mountain : 24 wiles S E Amiens, and 57
N Paris.
Mondan/ieda, 3 fpvvn of Spain, iu Gali
cia, with a biffiop's fee. It is in a fertile
comitry : 60 miles N E ConnpofteUa, lat,
43 30 N, " ,
Monda-vj, the largeft and, irioft populous
tovvn of Piedmont, with a citadel, a uni-
Terfily, a bjfliop's fee, and 10,000 In-
liabitanta. It was taken by the French
in April 1796, It is on a inountain, near
the liver Elero : 8 miles N W Ceva, and
35 & E Turin, tea. ii 6 E, lat. 44 33 N.
Monfarte, a to,^yn of Portugal, InBeira :
30 miles N by E'Porlallegra, ten. 7 2i W,
Lit, 39 32 N. ¦
Moiiforte, & town of Portugal, in Alen
tejo : 20 miles S Portalegra, lon. 731 "W",
lat, 37 48 N.
Mangearts, one of the mo(t confidera
ble tribes of the Sahara defert.. They
inhabit the rtorfhcrn part bordering on
the Moafelmines, and extend from Cape
Bojador to Cape Blanco. In the ftiep-
lierd ftate of fociety, their lands barren,
they are not fo, warlike, as their neigh
bours. The fluffing mountains of fand
forbid cultivation, and drive them frtim
place to place. When the ftorm begins,
the Arab loads his camels, and flies with
all he has, or is buried alive. The coun
try abounds in wild beafts, antelopes,
apes, hoars, leopards, &c. They have
but few cattle. Creatures patient - of
thirft, they poffefs, as flieep, goafs, and
camels. Milk is a principal artich; of
their food. Rain water is preferved iii
large holes, and ufed when putrid, 'fhe
urine pf camels is carefully preferved to
wafli the vefl'els in vvhich they eat, or to
mix with mUk fpr drink. Too indolent
to labour, their flaves and children tend

their cattle -j their artizans are hired
from Biledulgerid. Thefe are only gpld-
fmiths and blackfmiths. Thence alfp
they purchafe the'ir clothing, for vvhich
they pay in cattle. The rights ofihofpi-
faUty are here obferved in their higheft
ftyle. The perfon of a l^ranger,. having
entered the tent, is inviolable, though his
hands were red with the blood of the
mafter. The firft perfon, who fees him,
direas to the tent where he may find r^-
frefliment ;-;it is that of the chief. He
is met fevpral rods from the door, rc.i
ceives a draught of milk, and a cheer
ful welconie. His camels are unloaded ;
his arms and effeas are ran^d round
him. A kind entertainment is fet before
him, though it fliould occafion the family
fo faffi "I'hough lihe women are treated
but little better than flaves, ofte% receiy,.
Ing blows inftead of carefl'es, they are
faithful to their huffiands, believing that
in the next world the unchafte will be
flaves tp honeft wive?. In the govern-,
ment of their children they never em-,
ploy force ; tlwugh they have fchools,
fhey feldom learn to read. They com
ply with every wifli of the deai^ the
dumb, and the mad. Theft is 'autfiori?-
ed by law ; if the thief be taken in ihe
ffiB he is puniflied. fh,^ punifliment of
death is infliaed only on the nJpHattrft.
cious oifenders. The fpiis thare equally
the father's eftate. They are Mahome
tans, and defeft the Jews ;, they offet up,
prayers. 3 times a day. "The fcarcity (if
watet eow,els 'f hem to. rub their faces,
with fand-at their appointed ablutions :
in the fuipmer the torreqjs of rain drive,
them to the ridges of Atlas. Their goVr-,
ernm.ent feems to. be pf the patriarchal
kind ; old age is venerated, the heads ot
families rule. This pepple and the Monr
ftlmines, reft every^, 7th day fronj, their
ufual labours. [Difoaveries in Africa.}
Moiighir^ a town of Flindopflaa Etopi-
er, with a fort. It is. generally made a
ftation for part of the EngUfli troops, and
is fealed on the Ganges : no miles Eby
S Patna, and 275 N W Calcutta, lon. 83
30 E, lat, 25 15 N.
Mo^'.Hiin, A town -pf Germany, in Bava-i
ria : 8 milcs N Donawert, loa. n 12 E,
lat, 48 58 N,
Monickedam, a feapprt of the United
Provinces, in N HoUatid, It is af the
entrance of the Monick into the Zui^ler
Zee : 8 miles N E Amfterdam, ten. jjl 56.
E, lat, 52 ^9 N. ,'¦.
Monmautb, the coun ty town of MoiVi
mouthfltire, England... It is feated. at the
'confluence

MON

MO N

tonl!uencA of the "Wye and Mynnow:
It is a handfopie tp.wn, carries on a good
trade with Briftol by the Wye : n miles
W Cloufefter, and 128 W by N London,
lan. 4 46 W, lat, it 49 N,
j^onnftuthffiie, a eg^nty of England,
bonnded N by iilerefordlliire, W and S
\V by Bf^eclfnock and Glamorgan, It
lies in the diocefe of l^^n^aff ; vontains
(Sr hundreds, 7 market towns, and 127
^riffics ; anj ieaiSK 3 ^embers to par
liament. The ^ir i» temperate and
healthy, and tb,e ftul fri^itful, though
inountainoHS and vyoody. The eaftern
part, a^d the iacgeft, is a traa fertile in
corn and pafture, and vveli wooded ; and
it abounds with limeftone. The vyeftern
portion 19 mountainous, and, In great
|)ai:t,unfav9urabl$forculti'iration; whence
}t is devoted to the feeding of ffieep and
goats. The bigbe?' ranks generally meak.
ifjingUffi, hut the eommQ,n pepple ufe the
WeTfli languagic, Tbe inha^itapts man-
llfaaure fiapnel^.
Monasmugi, or Nim.dama, a kingdijm of
Africa, faid to be nf vaft extent, the ii?-
ternal parts reaching to AhyiSriia north
ward ; £ it is bounded by the kingdoms
flf Mongalte, Mozambique, on the coaft
pf the Indian Sea, S by ^/tonomotapa, W
by Congo and Angola. 'Fhis foverelgm
is a powerful and rieh prince, and has:
fubdued moft of ^he neighbouring petty
ki ngd oms. He is faid ta have many ri ch
gold, filver, and copper mines in his do--
minious, by means pf whicli he carries
on a commerce with Abyffinia and Pt|v:r
, countries, as vyefl as with fpme of the
jEaftcrn cpafters, vvith whom he \\ forced
te exchange that precious metal fpr In
dian and European commodities for want
cf having fome port of his own on either
the eaftern or weftern fea. Elephants
beingherc alfo very numerous, vaft quan
tities nf ivory are exported into thofe
kiifgdom^. It is divided into 5 provinces,
¦viz. The lyjaracates, 'the MofTagueres,
the Bengas, the Mafty, and Maravi ; tbe
laft of which M, d'An'rille placej on the
foutheramoU vetje gf the lake gf tbat
Jiamc. Monotttdapa, a Ijnngfjom on the E coaft
of Africa, bounded N by Monomugi, £
by Mozambique, S by Sofala and Manica,
and W by unknown regions. "The '^ir is
temperate, and the fgil fertile in rice and
fogar canes. Here are many oftriches
anij elephants, wlilv feveral m>nes of gold
and filver. The houfes are built of wood,
anil covered with plafter, but they have
very few conras, a^ 'iittiicli ^oaoitiou|i»

is the chief. The inhabitants are nei
grocs, who have as many wives as they
can get. Their reUgion is paganifm;
but they believe In one Go^ that created
the world. The army of tbe king con.,
fifts only of fpot : they have rip horfes
in the country. The Portuguefe had a
fettlement here in 1560, but they were
all murdered, pr forced away. It lies
Between 23 an^ 33 iE lon, and 14 aid
19 Slat.
Monopol!^ an epifcopal town of Naples^
Ori the gulf of Veniee ; 28 miles S E
Bari, ten. 17 37 E, iat. 41 20 N.
Mans,^ a la^ge and ftrnng city pf Au
ftrian Hainault, lylth cunfi^eralile manur
faaures pf woollen ftuff,and a good trade,
and 6000 iirihabltants.. It has been fev
eral times taken aud re-taken ; the laft
time by the French, in 1794. It ftands
partly ou a hill, and partly on a plain, ac
the confluence pf thelHaifne and "i'rpuille,
by which t^ country aboyt it may be
overflowed at pleafure : 17 miles N E
"Tournay, 37 "W Namur, and 143 N Paris,
lon. 4 3 E, lat. 50 27 fl. ,
Manfelmines, a people inhabiting that
I part dt Biledulgerid, which ,borders mi
Mo^pcco. Their territory extends fiom
30 leagues beyond Cape Non, to 20 front
Sf. Croix. They are comppfcd of an
cient, and fugitive Moors, 'Fheir coun
try is very fertile, and requires but little
cultiyatiori. t"h£ir plains are watered
by in^iumerable ftreams ; ttieir gardens
abound with grapes, froni vvhich the Jews
make brandy ; their fields ar-_" fliaded by
' fig, ^ajte,palm,and almond trees. Being be
tween the paftoral, and agricultural ftafc,
they both cultivate the grpund, and tend
their flpcks. Their houfes are built of
ftone and earth. They arc Ipw, and cov
ered with floping terraces, I'hofe whp
refide in towns are generally weavers,
ffipemakers, pptters, and gpklfmiths. Iri
the country they are hofpitable. 1'owns
of every country have little of this fpirit.
The Morifelmincs are extremely greedy
of prpperty, and economical in preferv
ing it, Tibey often bury their money,
and die lyifhput ^ifcovering the place tcj
their cbildreB(. Their government is re-i
publican, their cleaions annual. Being
Mahonictans they allpw polygamy, yet
women are treated w-ith a degree of ' re
fpea. They are admitted into fpcicty,
are a( liberty to walk al large, tp vifit
their friends, and exeufcd from many
drudgeries of the field. A woman is not
<iten here harnefl'td to the plpugh, and
drawine witb an afs or mule as in Mp-
rocco.

.¦rafcoo.. They, like other Mahometans,'!
,eiefeftchriftians and Jews, but from a cp'n-
.-'cern for fheir property, are kind to them
•when they are their flaves. Zealous for
¦their liberty, they are daring warriors.
{Dlfcoveries in Africa.] '
Monfierberg, a towa oT Silefia: 20 miles,
iN E GUtz, and 27 S Breflavy. i
Monficr, fee Muitier. ' |
Montabour, a fortified^.tO'Wa of Treves, i
Siefwen! Coblentz arid iLimbourg, ten. 7 j
50 E, iat. 50 30 N. _^ -, i
l\Iotttagmac,a toVin qf 'HatoWa, pn thei
•fta of Mariiiora. It '.carries on a great'
:tradein fruits, apd i,s on a bay of the
fame name.:, 70 miles S.S E Coriftaatinp-
jile, tea 2.9 ,10 E,lat. 40 p ?f. , .
Montalhan,a town ia Arragon, vvith a
(flrong citadel, on the Rio-Martin, 44
xaUes a Saragoffa, lon, o 30 W, lat. 41 ^
N. Mor,:alciiia,A populous towa of Tufca-
-Siy, in the Sienei"e, with a bifliop's iee.
it is oa a mauafairi : 17 miles S S S Slea-
;ji3, lon. 1 1. 30 E, lal. 43 7 N.
Mantalta, an epifcopal town, in the
^marquifate of Aacoaai 45 miles SAaco-
na.lon, 13 30E, lat, 4254N,
Montargis, a coafiderable town of
Trance, department of Loiret. Ils muf-,
itard and cutlery are excellent ; and frdm
ahe river Loiag is a navigable canal hence
Xa the Seine. , It is near a fine foreft : 62
miles S by E Paris.
Motttaubar., a commercial town of
France, department of Lot. The. inhab-
-itsnts amount to 40,000," and have nian-
aifaaures of -filk ftockings and ftuffs,.
i'erges, flialoons, &.C. It is feated on an
-eminence, Pri ,ibe river Tarn.; 20 miles
iN 'ifouloufc.
Montbafon, a townof Trance, depart-;
CTCiu of Indre and Loire, at jhe foot of a'
foill, on which is an ,ancicnt caftle : 1351
aniles S W Paris, Iat- 47 ' N-
Montbelliard, A ftrong town of France,
.capital of a principality of the German
^empire, of the fame name, between the
.department pf Doubs arid that of Upper.
Rhine. Itis fcated at the foot ef a rock,
,on which is a citadel : 33 mfles W Bafle, "
lon,6 5oE, lat, 4 31 N.
Mont Blanc, one of the higheft moun
tains of the Alps, in Savoy, fo called
from ils uncommonly white appearance.
It is 15,662 feel above the levisliof the
fea, which is 414 feet higher than the
Peak of Tenerlff. The fummit was deem-
,eT inacceffible lifl 1786, when Dr. Pac-
card afcended it. The .French have giv
en the name of thlsmountain tqfhe coii-

M -O N
quered duchy of Savoy, as an 84th 3fr.
partmenfof France.
Montbrifon, A fown of France, dew
partment of "RJione and Loire ; .40 miiej
"W Vienna, and 250 S by E Paris.
Mantdaiiphin, a town qf Erancp, de
partnient of tbe Upper Alfis, oh a crag
gy mounlajii, Slnioft furrourid^eS' by tie
Durance ':i8 miles NE Embrun, lon, 6 4J;
E, lat, 44 40 N. , '
¦Mouh:le-maifaii, a fOVCii of Fiance, ' di-
partment o'f Landes, capital of th'e de
partmerit : ^o miles N £ Dax, lon. b'3n
W, lat. 4'3 55 N. , " '
Moniecape, the .paradife of Guinea, re
freflied by Ipriags ,and brooks, enriched
by vf'lde extending fields and meadows,
feparated, only by groves, perpcluaify
green. ;Here the orange and lemon, the
almond" and palm free fpontaneoufly fife,
loaded 'With fruit, lo regale the peaeefid
InhaTiitants. ftere'lhis harmlefs people
would pais theii' lives in eafe, plenty, and
happinefs, were it not for the inbumad
dealers in human flefli. The flave ffiips
arrive, and the poor natives are torn
fromthefe flladowy arbours, thefe en-
eharited fields, and dragged in chains,
to toil and drudge for men, many of
whom 'clamor for liberty and equality,
lon. '9 55 W, ht. 6 22 N.
[iDesMarchias, Philips, Atkins, Bot
raanj .Smithi] ,
Monte-Cajfna, A mountain in Terra di
,Lavora,',on the top of which is a Bene
diaine abbey : ten. 13 4*4 E, lit. 41 39 N.
,Manteccbia a town of Italy, dlichy'of
R^gglS. The French defeated the Auftri
ans near this prtace, Auguft 3, 1796': S
miles N W Reggio '
Moufe-Falfo,' a town' of Italy, in th'e
duchyof .Spalatto, -on a Iriountain; il
miles W SpalatpB,
Monte-Falcone, A town iri Venetian Fti-
uli, -ivith a caiftle : 12 miles N W "I'ricfte.
Moiite-Fidfonc, A pOpUteus town of Ita
ly, with -a bifliop's fee" f on a mountain,
near the lake Bplfena : ' 12 miles S "V^
Orvietlo, -aril} 45 N W-Rpme,lon. 12 4E,
laf, 42 26 Ni ;
Montelimar, A commercial town Of
France, department of Drome, wilh aft
ancient citadel. Its inhabitants, in the
i6lh century, were the firft to embrace
the reformed religion. If is in a fertile
plain : 25 miles S Valence, and 325 S by
E Paris. ' -
Monte-Marano, a populous toyvn of
Naples : 18 miles S Benevento, lon. 15 "0
E, lat, 40 48 N.
Monte-Mor-a-Vtlho, a fown of Portu-

MON

M OK

gal', in Beira, with a caftle, and 1900
inhabitants ; 10 mUes S W Coimbra,
arid 83 N Liffion, ten. 8 9. W.lat. 40
5N.
Monti-Pelafo, an epifcopal town of Na
ples, on a mountain : 14 miles E Cirenza,
tea. 16 28 E, lat. 40 46 N.
Monie-Pu.'ftano, A towll of Tufcany,
with a bifliop's fee, It'ison a mountain,
fa a country noted for excellent wine :
25 miles S E Sienna, aad 50 S by E Flor
ence; ten. II 49. E, lat, 43 lo N,
Montefa, A ftrong town- of Spain, in
Valencia : "5 miles N W iJPatlva, lon, o 10
W, lat, 39 o N.
Monte-Sanlio, anciently Monnt-AthoB,
a, mountain of Turkey in Europe; on the
g'iilf of Cont-cfi'a.' - It is called Monte-
SanAo, or the Holy Mount, becaufe there
ard'oii It, 2z irtonafterics, in which arc
4000 inoaks, who. never fnf?'er a woman
to come near theni. If is 17 milts S Sa
lonichi, ton, 24 39 E, Iat, 40 27 N.
^ Monte-Verde, a town of Naples, with a
bifliop's fee : 60 miles E Naples.
Mont-Ferr,ind, fee Clermont.
Montferrat, & dUchy of Italy ; liound
ed E by Milan and Genoa, N and W by
Piedmont,, S by Genoa-, from which It is
feparated by the Appennines. It Is very
fertile, and weU cultivated, abounding in
corn, wine, oil, and filk ; and is fubjea
tp the king of Sardinia, Cafal is fhe
capitah Montfsirt, A town of France, depart
ment of Seine and Oife : i6 miles W
¦VerfaiUes; ,
Moiitfort, a tOFri of France, depart
ment of Ifle and, Vilaine : 1^ miles W
Rennes, lon. r 58 W, lat. 48 8 N.
Monifort, a ftrong town of the United
Provinces, in Utrecht, with an ancient
Caltic, pn the "Sfl'el : 7 miles S by E
Utrecht, ten, 5 o E, lar. 52 4 N.
' Monffort, a town of-' Suabia, capital pf
a country pf tlie liitiie narae,- fubjea lo
the Houfe of Auftria-: 16 allies -S Lin
dau, and the lake of Couftance, ten. 9 51
E, lat. 47 22 N.
Montfori-ie-Lsmos, an ancient town of
Spain, iri Galicia, vvith a magnificent caf
tle, ill a fertile country: 25 miles NE
, iOrenfe, and 55 S E Coinpoftella, loa. 7 9
W, lat. 42 28 N.
Moiitgatz, a town- of Lower Hungary,
with a fortrefs compofed of 3 caftles, on
a craggy rock. It is encompaffed by a
great morafs ; and art and nature have
tendered It almoft impregnable.
• Montgotnery, the county- town of Mont-
jpmeryfhire, ' Walesf on -the afcent of a

hill : 26 miles S W HereTord, and rdit
N W London.
. Montgomery fiire, A county of N Wales?
bounded N by Mericmethfliirc, E by-
; Shropffiire. tt contains- five market
; towns, and 47 pariflies.; aiid fends twc-..
members to parliament. Though trarrea
; and mountainous in many parts, it has a.
greater mixture of fertile vale and-plaln,.
than feveral of the Welffi counties. lis,
riches proceed from its ffieep and wool»
the billy traas being almoft aitirely fficc^t
walks ;- and tiie flocks, like ihofc of Spain,
arc driven from diftant parts to feed oi^,
them in I'uminer. I'his county alfo af..
fords mineral treafures, particularly lead .;.
:{ and It abounds. Iri ftate and lime ; but
there is no coal. Ils principal rivers are
the Severn, Vyrnew, and Tannat, vvliicU
arc remarkable for falmon.
Montivilliers, a town pf France, de
partment of LowcE fieinc ; 9^ . miles M
W Paris.
Monthuis, A t«wn of France, depart
ment of the EaflK-rn, Pyrennees., It is
the capital of the French pact 'of Cer-
dkgna, and has a regular fortrefs, on a
rock, at- the foot of the Pyrennees : 40-
miles. W S "W Perpignan, aud - 430 S
Paris. Montluet, a town of France, depart-^
merit of Ala : 1 2 milcs N £ Lyons.
Montluzon, A towa of France, depart-,
ment/ of AUier, on the Cher : 25 milea
S W Moulins, and 150 S Paris.
Montmedi, a ftrpng, tovva of Fr.aiicc3.
depaKment of Meufe, on die rivcr Cher„
which divides it iato the upp«r and lowest
town. ;- 27 miles S W Luxemburg, a?idi
170 N E Paris, loa. 5 23 E, lat. 49 32 N.
Montmelain, a towll of Savpy, with -jt
caftle :, 8 miles S E Chamberry, ipn. d i^
E, lat. 45 30 N.
Montmorensi, a- town of France, remark
able for fhe tunibs of fhe ancient dukc*
of Monlmorenci, Ills fcated ou a hill i
10 miles N from Paris,
Monimorillon, a town cf France, de
partment of Vienne, on the Gartempe,
over which is a bridj;e ; 24 miles S ii
Poitiers- MontpeUier, one of the largeft and mofl
beautiful cities of France, depariment of
Herault, and late province of Languedoe i
with a citadel ; a. bifliop's fee ; a univer
fity, ^11 which Is a celebrated, 'fchool of
medicine ; and a late'royal botanic gar
den, the firft eftabliflied in. Europe. The
number of inhabitanls is computed a^
32,000; others fay 78,000. The trad^
confifts- in. filks, bUnl«:ts> CQjtqp goods,
printed,

MON

M 0 R

prmted calicoes, gauzes, hides, cordials,
perfumed waters, hair powder, and ver-
digrife. The air is extremely healthy,
s^nd many invaUds refort hither, from all
parts, to recover their health. Montpel-
iier is feated on 3 hiU, 5 miles from the
Mediterranean, near the Lez, a friiaU
navigable river, and on the rivulet Mer-
danfon, which is conveyed into different
parts of the city by fubterraneous ca
nals. It is 27 miles S W Nifmes, 180 S
liy W Paris, ten. 3 58 E, lat. 43 37 N.
[Wraxall,]
Montpenfier, A town of France, depart
ment of Pye de Dome, bn a hill : 20 miles
N E Clermd'nt, and 210 S E Paris.
Montreal, atownof Spain, in Arragon,
¦with a caftte, on the Xiloca : 25 miles
NNW Turriiel, lon. i a W, lat. 40
J3 N. < ,
Montreal, A town Of Sicily, in the val
ley of Mazara, with an archbiffiop's fee :
5 miles W Palermo.
Montreal, A fortrefs of Germany, in
Treves, on the Mofelle : 22 miles N E
Treves, ten. 7 6 E, lat. 49 59 N.
Mantreuit, A tlrorig fown of France, de
partment of the Straits of Calais, with a
caftle, and 5000 inhabitants, on a bill,
near the river Canche : 10 miles N W
Hefdin, and 117 N Paris.
Monireuil-Bellay, a town of France, de
partment of Maine and Loire, on the
Touet : 12 miles SSW Saumer, and 155
S W Paris.
Mentricbard, A town of France, depart
ment of Loir and Cher, with a caftle :
jamiles SE Amboife, and 112 S W Paris.,
Jl^o.-i«r^,a borough andfeaportinAugus-
fhire, Scotland, near the eftuary of the S
Efk. Over this river a bridge was erea
ed in 1795. At high wafer, the town is
almoft furrounded by the fea ; and the
.harbpur is a fine femlcircular bafin. With
a ftpne pier. A great number pf trading
-Veffels belong to tbis port. The bui'ld-
ings are neat ; and the moft remarkable
are the townhoufe, the church, and an
elegant epifcopal chapel. It had, in 1790,
6194 inhabitants. A great quantity of
malt is made here ; and there are confid
erable manufaaures of fail cloth, linen,
and thread. The falmon fiffieries "on the
N and S Elk, form a valuable branch of
commerce-. 48 miles NE Edinburgh, lon,
« 32 W, lat, 56 40 N.
Mont St. Micbtl, a ftrong town of
France, department of the channel, built
on a'rock in the fea, which is afcended
at low water. Its late benediaine abbey
ferved at once for a «alUe of defence,.

ibd a fl^te prifon, and was alfo much
frequented by pilgrims. The prior til
the abbey was governor of the town,
and the keys were brought to him every
evening : xo miles B W Avranches, and
180 W Paris, ten. i 30 W, Iat. 48 37 N.
Montfaujeon, A town of France, depart'
ment of Upper Marne : 15 miles SSW
Langres, and 145 S E Paris.
Montferrat,. a mountain of Spain, ia
Catalonia, on which is a famous monaf
tery and chapel, dedicated to the Virgin,
reforted to by numbers of pilgrims. It it
inhatiited by monks of feveral natltint,
who entertain all that come out of devo
tion, or curiofity, for 3 days, gratis. This
mountain is faid to l»e 10 miles in cir
cumference, and 5 high . 25 miles N "VIT
fiarceloria. Monza, a town of Milan, oa the Lara-
bro : g miles N E Milan.
Moon, Mountains, of Tbe mountains rf
Africa, extending between Abyffinia, and
Monomotapa, tothc Indian Ocean. They
are higher than thofe of Atlas.
Moorfiedabad, a city of Hindooftan
Proper, capital of Bengal before the
eftablifliment of the Englifli power. It is
large but ill built, on the weftern arm of
the Ganges: 120 mfleS N Calcutta, lon.
88 28 E, lat, 3415 -N.
Mootapilley, a town of the peninfula 61
Hindooftan, in the Guntoor Circar, af the
mouth of the Grondegama, ten. 80 10 £,
lat. 15 45 N.
Mora, a town of Spain, in New Caf
tile : 18 miles S £ Toledo, lon. 3 4 W, lat.
39 36 N.
Marat, a commercial town of Swiffer
land, capital of a bailiwick of tbe fame
name, belonging to the cantons of Bern
and Friburg, with a caftle. It is fur
rounded by a weU culti-vated country, and
celebrated for the fiege it fuftained againft
Charles the Bold, dukcof Burgundy : 10
miles W Bern, and 10 N £ Friburg, [Coxe.]
Moral, a lake of Swifferland, 6 miles
teng, and 2 broad, lying paraUel with the
lake of Neuchatel, info which if empties
itfelf by the river Broye. [Coxe,]
Morava, or Mora-w, a .river of Germa
ny, feparates Lower Hungary and Upper
Auftria, and empties into the' Danube,
Moravia, a marquifate annexed to Bo
hemia, by which it is bounded W, by
that kiagdom and Sflefia-N, by Silefia,
and Hungary E, and by Auftria W It is
a mountainous country, yet very fertile
and populous, and watered by a- great
Dumber of rivers and brooks. The num ber

M O R

MO-K

ber of towns, villages, and market towns,
in Moravia, has been eftimated at 2;55o,
and its inhabitants 4,138,000. Thelan-
guage of the inhabitants is a diatea ol
the Sclavonic, and little differing from
the Bohc-mian. The German language,
too, is very commpn in Mpravia. The
ftates pf the country confift of the cler
gy, lords, fcnighfs, and burgeffes. It fakes
its name from the river Moravia, which
runs through it ; and hence the fea of
Chriftians, called Moravia-ns, take their
name, their doarines having been firft
taught here. Almutz was, but Brinn
now is fhe capital.
Marbach, A town of France, depart
ment of Lower Rhine •. 42 miles S E
Straffiurg. Morbegno, A town of the Grifons, in the
Valteline, where the governor and the
regency refide. It is the handfomeft and
moft commercial fown in the Valteline,
oa the Adda : 12 miles S £ Chiavenna,
and -20 N E Lecco. , [Coxe,]
Morbihan, a department of 'France, in
cluding part pf -the late prpvince pf Bre
tagne. Vannes is the capital.
Morea, a country of European Turkey,
forming a peninfula, united to the reft of
"Greece, by a narrow neck of land, called
the Iflhmus of Corinth, io famed for the
Ifthmian games, celebrated there, ia hon
or of Neptune, It was anciently caUed,
Peloponnefus, and, in more remote times,
.Mgialea and Apia. It once confifted of
the following fmall kingdoms : Sicyon,
Argos, and Mycene, Corinth, Achaia
Prpper, Arcadia, aud Lacpnia. Its pref
ent name pf the Morea, is faid to be de
rived from Moms, a mulberry tree, either
¥rom its refembling t'he leaf of thaf tree
in fliape, or from the great number of
mulberry trees it produces. It has not
only feveral rivers, lakes, and mountains,
'but alfo many fertile and delightful plains.
al the treaty of Carlowltz, the Turks ced
ed all fhe Morea fo fhe Venetians, but,
¦in the year 17 15, agaia difpoflijffed them ,
of it. It Is diyided inioi4 diftrias.
Morella, A town Of Spain, in Valencia,
fealed among high niouritains : 80 miles
N Velencia.
Moret, an ancierit towa pf France, de- I
partment of Seine aad Marne, with a '¦
caftle, on the Loire . 35 mfles S E i
Paris. Marges, a commercial tovvn qf Swiffer- '
land, in the canton of Bern, and capital
cf a bailiwick, with a caftle. By Ils canal,
merchandife is tranTported from the lake
of Geneva to other parts. It is feated on
Vol, n. H h h

a heautiful bay of the lake of -Geneva!
5 miles W S W Laufaone.
Morlachia, a mountainous country ia
Hungarian Dalmatia, the inhabitants of
which are called Morlacohi, and are a
friendly people.
Marlaix, or Marlais, a town Of 'Eranoe,
and principal place of a diftria, in the
department of fhe Finifterre, fituated oil
a navigable river, with fhe tide of tdie
Englifli Channel coming up to il ; whicih
renders It a place of trade. 1 he harbour
is defended by a fort, which ftands on an
ifland. It contains 3 churches : 30 miles
N E Breft,
Morocco, an empire of -Africa, compre
hending a confiderable part of the .an
cient iMauritania, lyirig between 218 -and
36 N lat. If is bounded W by she At
lantic ; £ 'by the river Mulvia, which
feparates it from Algiers ; N by tbe
Straits of Gibralter : S by Mount 'Atlas.
Its greateft- length, from N E to S W, is
above 590 miles, and, where wideft, not
more than 260 broad. -The S part of
the empire cpntains the kingdoms of Sus,
Tarudan, Morocco Proper, Tafilet, and
SugelmelTa ; and the iN part, thofe of
Fez, and Mequinez. The air of this
country is pretty temperate, efpecially
near Mount Atlas. The foil is fandy,
and dry in fome places, fertile in -others ;
aad the fruits, as well as the paftures, are
excelleaf , but the couatry is -not^roperly-
cultivated. The inhabitants are -Mahom
etans, of a tawny complexitm, -robuft,
and very flcilful in managi-ng a horfe, and
wielding a lance ; but they are jealous,
deceitful, fuperftitious, and cruel, niere
are two forts of inhabitanls ; the Arabs,
who dwell in moveable villages, compof
ed of about 100 tents, nnd the Berebcries,
vvho are the ancient inhabitants, and live
in cities and tovyns. There are a great
number of Chriftian flaves, aud -fome
merchants, upon the coaft, befide a 'mul
titude of Jews, who carry on almoft -all
the trade ; efpecially by land, wilh the
negroes, to whom they fend large cara
vans, which travel over vaft deferts, -al
moft deftitute of water. They carry
with them woollen goods, filk, 'fall, &c.
and, in return, have flaves, gold, and ele
phant's teeth. They alfo fend hirge car
avans to Mecca every year, -partly Out of
devotion, am! partly for ti-ade, confifling of
feveral tlioufandcamels, horfes, and mules.
Befide woollen goods' their commodities
are Morocco leather, indigo, cochineal,
aad oftrich feathers ; in return for which,
they have filks, muflins, caUcoe*, coffee, aa.

MOS.

M 0 9

and drugs. In the deferts, are- Uons, ti
gers, leopards, and ferpenti of fevtral
kinds. The fruits are dates, figs, almonds,
lemons, oranges, pomegranates, and many
others. There is alfo flax, and hemp,
but little timber. The emperpr Is abfo
lute, his will, Ijeing a law, and he often
©xercifes great cruelties. His naval force
confifts chiefly, of rpvers, whp now and
then take large prizes. He cam bring
loopoo men into the, field, half pf which
are foot, and half, horfe ; but they are
poorly armed, and know Uttle of the art
<»f wan
.ftforofso; a- city of the kingdom of Mo
rocco, feated in a beautiful, valley, form
ed by a chain of mountains, on. ihe N,
and thofe of the Atlas- on the S and E.
The city of Morocco Itfelf, exRofed. to
the devaftfttlons of different conquerors,
has preferved nothing,, but its form.
The eMent-of the vyalls, which ftUl exift
entire, except in fome few places, fup
pofes a city which might contain, 300,000
louls , at prefent this capital Is little bet
ter than a defert. The ruins of houfes,
heaped one upon , another, ferve only to
. harbour thieves, who- lurk-among them to
rob the paflengers. The ciuarters- which
have been rebuilt, are confiderably dif
tant from, each other ; and the houfes
are low, dirty, and extremely- inconven
ient. Mr. Chenier doubts whether it
contains 30,000 inhabitants, even when
the court is-fhere. Not lefs than 3000
Jewifli families.formerly refided here, as
may be eftimated by the ruins of houfes
•ind fynagogues. Of this great number,
there at prefent fcarcely remain 200
families, expofedto tyranny and poverty.
The emperor's palace,, at the extremity
of the city, of Morocco^ fronting Mount
- Atlas, is a very extenfive and folid build
ing. The principal gates are Gothic
arches, of cut flone, embeUiffied with or
naments in tlie Arabian tafte. Within
the walls are various courts-and gardens,
elegantly laid out by European gardeners,
Morocco is 90 miles E Mogador, and
400 S Gibralter, ten. 6 45 W, lat. 31
la N.
Moron, a town in, Andalufia, iri the
nclglfljourhood of which is a mine ,of
precious- ftfaues : 30 miles S E Seville, tea.
5 10 W, lal. 37 10 N
Morpeth, A borough in Norlhumber-
hind, ,Eogland, on the N bank of the
Wcntffieck, and on the oppofite fide is
tlie church, and a caftle in ruins. It fends
2 members to parliament : 15 miles N
lk.wcaftlc, and 287 N by. W London.

Moriagnej a town of France, d6p.-irt*
ment of Orne, famous for 'its ferges and.
tanneries ; it has 5000 inhabilants : i<f^
miles E -Seez,, lon. o 40 E, )at. 48, 33 N.
Mortagne, a town of France, departr
ment of the N, at the confluence of the
Scarpe and Scheld : 8 miles-S.£ Tournay,'
ten. 3 30 E, lat. 50 29, N.
Mortain, a town of France, department,
of the Channel, on the rivUlet Lances^
almoft furrounded by craggy rocks : 20
iniles £. Avranches, ten. 054 W, lat. 48-
37 N.
Mortara, A ftrongjown of. Italy, in the
Milanefe, fubjea to the king of Sardinia..
It is. 15 miles N £ Cafal, and 22 S W Mi
lan, ten. 8 40 E, lat. 45 22 N.
Martlake, A village in Surry, England, on
the river Thames, : 6 miles WLondon.
Great part of this parifli is. enclofed in
Richmond Park; and. his majefty has a,
farm here of 80 acres inffiis^own occupa?
tion, and in excellent culf ivation.
Martlicb, A village in Bamffshlre Scot?
land : 6 miles S W Keith.
Morton, A town in Devonfliire, Eng
land, on a hill, near Dartmoor : 14 miles
S W. Sxeter.
Morton, A town in Gloucefterffiire, Eng.
land, on a,foffway : . 29 milesESE Woti.
cefter; and 83 W N W London,
Morvedta, A town of Spain, in Valen
cia, on the fite of the ancient Sagunlum,
deftroyed by Hannibal. The inhabitants
made a refiftence of 8 months, and, not
receiving fhe fuccours they cxpeScd
from: their allies, fed upon the flefli and
blood.of thicir. children, and afterwards
turned their, rage againft fheriifelVes;
fhey ereaed am immenfe pile of wood,
andf, after fetting fire to it, precipitated.
themfelves, theirwomen, flaves, and treaf
ures, into the flames, with the ruins of
a Roman amphitlieatre. It is on a rivcr
of the, fame name : f 5 miles. N Valencia,
ten. o 10 E, lat. 39 38 N.
Morven, a diftriaof Argylefliire, whofe.
mountains are celebrated, in the fougs of
Offian. Mofa, A town of Arabia Felix : 25
miles N E Mocha.
Mofambique, a fti-aif or channel of the
Indian Ocean, lying between the E coaft
of Africa, and the ifland of Madagafcar,
:.and betvveen 11 aad -25 S lat. It is nar
roweft in the middle, where it is 240
miles over ; and in. this part, on the
coaft of Zanguebar, is a kingdom, ifland,
and town of the fame name.
Mofambique, a kiagdom of Africa, on
the W fide of a oliannel of the fame,
nameb.

¦M^O'S

Mt)-S

nam-, and on the eoaift of Zanguebar,
ionfiftingof 3 iflarids- The principal ifl
and, called Mofambique, is not more
than 3 mile-sin length, and half as much
-in breadth, and is about 2 miles from the
continent. It was feized by the iPorlu-
guefe. In 14917, and'they have kepi -p of-
iefficin'Of >it ever fince.
Mofambique, the oapifalof -an ifland Of
-the fame Jiaroe, on the E.coaft pf Africa,
It is large and well fprtlfied, having a
ftrong citadel to -defend thC'harbour, It
belongs to- the. Portuguefe, who-have gen-
,erally a .good garrifon, here, and trade
with the natives for gold;-elephant!s,leet4i,
¦and flaves. They have built feveral
•churches and monafteries, and h-jve a
large hofpital for fick falters. Their ffiips
-always call here in going to^the E Indies ;
and' che -haiibour is fo commodious, that
whole fleets- may anchor here, and refit
¦ their veffels, as well as to provide ihem-
;felves vrith all neccfl'aries, ion.-40 io,E,
-lat, 15 5 .S.
M"Jiach,'-A town -pf Germany, in tlie
palatinate of the Rhine, wifh acaftle, on
• the Neckar : 26:-milesiF. N E,Heidcfber,g,
ion, 9 21 E, lal, 49 28 N.
jM"3/S«rg-, -a town of •Germany, in Ba-
"varia, at the cooflueace of the Ifer and
Ambert ; 9 miles WLandfchut, don. 11
55 E.lat, -48 30 .H.
Mofcoiv, formerly => duchy, hut now
•one of the 41 gpvernmeiits of Ruffia ;
-"hounded N by the government of Tver,
E by thai of Great Volodimif. Its cap-
•ilal is of ihefame name.
Mofcow, A large city of Ruffia, capital
of the government pf Mpfcow, and for-
•merly of the whole empire. If may be
confidered as a town -built upon the Afi
atic model, but gradually becoming more
.and more European ; exhibiting, in Its
prefent ftate, a motley mixture of dif-
-cordanf architeaure. It is diftributed
-into the foUowing divifions, i, Kremlin,
whicli is in the central and hlgliefl part
of the city, furrounded by high walls of
.ftone and brick, 2 miles in circumference.
This divifida 'is not deformed by wooden
houfes, il contains the ancient palace -of
¦the czars, now -only remarkable for being
-the birthplace of Peter the Great ; alfo
.feveral churches, 2 conventfi, the patri
archal palace, and the arfenul, now in
ruins, 2. "The JChitaigorod, which 'k
.much larger than the .Kremlin : if 'Con
tains the univerfity, the printing houfe,
and many other public buildiiigs,\vith all
the tradcfmen's fliops. The houfes are
moftly ftuccoed ,or whitewaflicd ; and it

has the only ftreet in MofcOw, iri whlclv
the houfes ftand clofe to each other. 3.
The Bielgorod, Or White Tovvn, which
runs- round the 2 preceding divifions : it
takes its name from a while wall, by
whiehit was formerly furrounded. 4.Sem-
lainpgorod, which envirpns all the pther
3 quarters ; and is fo called from a- circu
lar rampart pf earth by -which it iscncpm-.
.paffed. 'i-'he laft 2 divifipns-eshibif agro-
tefque gioup of -churches, convents, pala
ces, brick and wooden hpufes, ^nd mean
hovels. 5, I'he Sloboda, or fubirfbs, which
form a vaft exterior-clrcte round all the
pa/ts already defcribed, and are tevefted
by a low rampart and ditch, "Thefe fub
urbs cpnfain, befidfes buildings of ,alt
kinds, cornfields, much open .pafture, and -
fome fmaU lakes, which give -rife to the
Neglina. S'he Moflcva, from'which the
city takes its -name, flows-throu.gh it iu a
winding channel ; -but, ^excepting in
fpring, is only navigable for rails. It
receives the iSfaufa, -in the Semlain-
og'orod, and.'flie iNeglina at, the weft
ern extremity 'of the KremUn ; but the
beds -of 'both fhefe-lafl mentioned rivulets
are nearly 'dry in fummer. Mofcow ei-
hibits-anaftoniffiing-degree-of extent and
variety, irregulaiiit-y, -and eoatralt. 'Fhe
ftreets, in general, ar-; ver-y long and
broad. Some of them ate ,paved ; oth
ers, particularly in the fuburlis, are form
ed with trunks of trees, ornre boarded
with planks like the floor of a room.
Wretched hovels are 'tblended with large
palaces ; cotta.geBiof ope ftory ftand next
CO the moft'ft.1tely manfions ; many brick
ftruaures are covered with wooden tops :
forae-of the wooden houfes arc painted.;
others -have iron doors and roofs. Nu
merous churches appear in every quar
ter, built in a peculiar ftyle of architeo
fure ; fome vvitli domes of copper, oth-
-era 'Of tin, gilt -or painted green-; and ma
ny are »roofed'vvith -wood. In a word,
fame parts of ihis vaft city have t'he ap
pearance of a fequefl«:red riefeff; other
qBar-tcrs of a populous toWii ¦; fome, tff
a.eoulerapllble viila<;eT ;Othcr5,of a great
capitnl. JVIofcow is the largeft city in
Europe:; it-s eircumference, within the
.rampart, 'tliat -enC'lofes the fuburbs, beinj;
26 miles ; 'hut its .population corrcfponcU
in no degree, with its extent. It contaius
within the ramparts, 250,000, or 300,oot>
fouls, and is ftill the moft populous city
in the empire, noiwithftandiag the reti-
dence-of the court is at Peterffiurgh. The
places of divine worfliip, including chap
els, amount to xSoc ; ol thefe, 484 are
public

MOS

MOU

fiublie churches; 199 of which are brick;
ftuccoed, or whitew-affied ; and the oth
ers of wood, painted red; Some of their
bells are of a ftupendous fize : fhey hang
ia belfries detached from the church, are
fixed immovcably to the beams, and rung
by a rope tied to the clapper. It has
always been efteemed a meritorious aa
of religion, to prefent a church with
bells ; arid the piety of the doner has
been meafured by their magnitude. Ac
cordingly, Boris Godunuf, who gave a
bell of 288,000 pounds to the cathe
dral pf Mofcow, was fhe moft pious
fovereign of Ruffia, till he was furpaflied
by the emprefs Aan, who prefented a
bell that weighs 432,000 pounds, or 216
tons, an-J is the largeft in fhe known
world. Iri fhe cathedral of Sf. Michael,
the foverelgns of Ruffia were formerly
interred : their bodies are depofited la
raifed fcpulchres, moftly of brick, in the
ffiapfe df a coffin, above the pavement.
Each- tomb has, at Its lower extremity, a
fmall filver plate, upon which is engraved
the name of the deceafed prince, and the
sera of his death. Uppn great feftivals,
all thefe fcpulchres are cpvered wilh rich
paUs of gold or filver brocade, ftudded
vvith pearls and jewels. The cathedral
of fhe affumption of the Virgin Mary is
the moft magnificent in che city, and has
beea loag appropriated to the corrona-
tion of fhe Ruffian fo'vereigns, Mofcow
is the center of the inland commerce of
Ruffia, particularly conneairig the trade
-hetween Europe and Siberia, The nav
igation to fhis city,-Is formed folely by the
iMofkva, which falling Into the Occa,
near Colomna, communicates, by that
river, with fhe Volga. But as the Moflc
va is navigable in fhe fpring only, upon
the melting of the fnows, the principal
merchandife is conveyed upon fledges in
vviater. In 1771, 70,000 died here of fhe
plague. This city Is 555 miles SSE Pe-
terffiuirg, and 1200 N by E Coaftaatiaa-
ple, loa, 37 31 E, lat, 55 45 N,
' [HanWay, Coxe,]
Mofelle, A department of Fraace, in
cluding part of the late proviace of Lor
rain, It takes its name from a river,
which, paffing by Metz, Thionville, and
Treves, falls into the Rhine, at Coblentz.
iMetz is fhe capital,
Moffoe, fee Maelfroom.
Mafiagan, an ancient town of the king
dom of Algiers, with a caftle, and a good
harbour : 50 miles N E Oran, lon, o 30 E,
lat, 36 20 N,
Moflar, a confideraWc town of Turk

iffi Dalmatia, with a Greek archbifliop'i
fee : 20 miles N £ Narenta, lon, 18 37 £,
lat. 43 48 N.
Moful, fee Mouful.
Matala, a town of Naples, with a bifli
op's fee : 15 miles N W Taranto,- lon. i^
14 £,lat. 40 4< N.
Motyr, an iflarid of Afia, one of the
Moluccas, of great value to the Dutch,
on account of its fpices, ten, 128 20 E,
lai, o 10 S. - .
Motril, A feaport of Spain, in Granada,
wilh a good harbour, on the Mediterra
nean : 37 miles S E Granada, lou, 3 i%
W, lat, 36 32 N.
Mauab, A town of Arabia Felix, capital
of Yemen, in a fertile country : 80 miles
S Sanaa, ten, 46 35 E, lat. i6 20 N.
Moudon, an ancient town of Swifl'er
land, capital of a bailiwick of the feme
name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly
of all that part of the country which he-
longed to the duke of Savoy, The bai
liff, appointed by the canton of Bern,
refutes in the caftle of Lueens, built on
the fummit of a mountain : 1 2 miles N
by E Laufanne, lon. 6 58 E, lat. 46 41 N.
[Coxe,]
Moug-den, or Chen-yan, the capital of
the country of the Mantchew 'Farlars,
in £ Chinefe Tartary : 440 miles N E
Pekin, tell., 1 22 45 E, lat. 41 55 N,
Moulins, an eplfcppal town of France,
department pf Ailier, pn fhe Ailier, over
whith is a modern bridge of 1 3 arches ;
takes its name from the gi'cat number of
mills (moulins) fh'dt were formerly in ils
nei^bourhood ; and contairis above
16,000 inhabitants. The houfes of the
late C'hartreux, and of the Vifitation,are
magnificent. Its manufaaure of cutlery
is in great efteem. It is 30 miles S Nc-
vefs, arid 55 N Clermont, lon, 3 25 £,liit.
4634N,
Moulins-Engilheri, a town of France,
department of Nievre, at fhe foot of ihe
mountains of Morvan: 5 miles S W Chat-
eau-Ciiinon. Moultan, a province of Hindoollao
Proper, bounded N .by Lahore, E hy
Delhi and Agimere, S by Guzerat, W by
Perfia, and Candahar. Its produas are
cotton, fugar, opium', galls, fulphur, &c.
It was fubjea lo the Selks ; but its capi
tal, Moultan, has been garrlfoned by the
king of Candahar, fince 1779,
Moultan, one of the moft ancient cities
of Hindooftaa Proper, capital of a prov
ince of the fame name. It is of fmall
extent for a capital, but ftrongly fortifi
ed, and "has a Hindoo temple of grc^at cc-
kl.rity.

MOU

M-U D

Icbrity. Here is a particular fefl of Hin
doos, caUcd Catry ; a tribe of warriors,
fuppefed to be the Catheri or Catbci,
with whom Alexander warred on the
banks pf the MalU. Moultan is pn pne
. of the braoehes pf the Indus : 2lo miles
S W Lahore, and 310 S E Candahar, ten.
70 40 E, lat, 29 52 N,
Maulion, South, a corpprate. town, in
Devonfliire, England. It has manufac
tures of ferges, flialoons, and felts ; is on
the Moul : 12 miles S E Barnftaple, and
177 W by S Londoa.
MouMt Edgecumie, a prodigious high
peak, on the W fide ofthe entrance of
Copk's Strait, in New Zeal-and. Its
height is fuppofed not tp be much infe-
ripr tp that of the peak of Tenerlff,
Mountjhay, on the S eoaft of Cornwall,
between the Land's End and the Lizard.
Point. It is fo named from a tefty pen-
infulated rock, called Mount St, Mi
chael, which rifes within it. Among the
rocks, on this pari of the cuaft, breeds
tlie Cornifli chough. Or red legged crow,
noted for ftealing and carrying away
whatever It finds. In Mountffiay is a
confiderable pilchard fiffiery,
Mountforrel, a tpwn In Leicefterffiire,
England, at the fppt of a high mount or
rock, of a forrel coloured ftone, extieme-
ly hard. Of rough, ftones, hewn out of
this rock, the buildings are ereaed and
the ftreet is paved. It is on the Slour :
20 mUes SSE Derby, ten. i 9 W, lal,
5» 45 N.
Moura, A town of Portugal, in .'Alen
tejo, with an old caftic, at the confluence
of the rivers Ardita and Guadiana, and
4000 inhabitants : 87 miles S E Lilbon,
lon. 5 59 W, lat. 38 o N.
Mourzook, the capital of Fezzan, in Af
rica, on a fmall rivcr, and fupplied with
water from a multirude of fprings and
weUs. 'The medley which it prefents to
the eye, of the vaft ruins of ancient, build
ings, and the hiiinble cottages of earth
and fand that form the dwelllags of its
orei'ent Arab inhabitants, is fingularly
grotefque and ftrange. If is fiirrounded
by a high wall,' with 3 gates, at which is
colleaed A tax-oi all goods (provifions
eifcepted) that are brought for the fup
ply of ils people, A caravan arrives an
nually from Meffurata at this place.;
and hence the Fezzaners difpatch, every
year, a caravan to Caffina, and another
to Bornou : 262 miles S Meffurata, 650
N W Bornou, and 710 N by £ Cafliua,
lon. 15 5 E, lal. 27 20 N.
M-.fiers, A town' of France, depart

ment of the Lower Alps, Jiotcd Tor »
manufaaure of fine porcelain, and for a,
once famous pilgrimage, cafled Ouriady
of Beauvezer, feated between 2 tefty and
craggy mouulains : 5 milcs N E Rlez,
and 47 W N W Nice.
Manful, or Moful, a town of Turkey in
Afia, in Diarbeck, on the 'Tigris, over
which is a bridge of boats. It is liii-
rounded by high walls of hewn ftone,
and defended by a caftle and citadel -,
but the houfes are in feveral places gone
to ruin. 'The roofs are flat, on which
they fleep during fummer. Should „,
perfon be feen looking over his own par
apet upon his neighbour's rpof, they
would not hefitate a moment to ftioot
him. It has a great trade, particularly
in cloth, and all forts of cottons and filks.
At fome diftance from Mouful is a
mofque, in which they pretend tie
prophet Jonah Ues. The inhabilants arc
Mahometans ; but tliere are a great
number of Chriftians, In 1743, it was
befieged by the Perfians, butto no pur
pofe. In 1758, this city and the adjacait
country vvere vUitcd by a dreadful fam
ine, in confi quence of the preceding
hard winter, and of the innumerable te-
cufts by which the fruits of the earth
were deftroyed : 130 mUes SE Diarbe
kar, and 190 N W Bagdad, lon 41 15 Si,
lat, 39 40 N. [Jackfon.]
Mautier, or Monficr, A town of Savoy,
capital of Tai entefia, with an archiepif
copal palace ; on the Ifere : 62 miles W
W Turin, ten. 6 23 E, lat. 45 30 N.
Maitzon, An ancient town of France,
department of the Ardennes, with a late
rich Benediaine abbey ; on the Meuliec
8 mUes S E Sedan, and no N E Paris,
lon. 5 10 E, tat 49 37 N.
Moyenvic, a town of France, depart
ment of Meurthe, remarkable for Its fait
pits : 10 miles SSE Nanci.
Mozoifia'w, a ftrong town of Lithuania,
capital of a palatinate of the fame name ;
on the Sofz : 22 miles S Smoleniko, ten.
32 32 E, laL54 28 N.
Mucidan,. a town of France, department
of Dordogne ; on fhe river Ifle : 18 miks
S W Perigueux,
Mudania, or Montagna, a tovvn of Afiat
ic Turkey, province of NatoUa, on a
gulf, in the S E part of the Sea of Mar-
mpra. The inhiibitants are chiefly
Greeks nr Jews, with fome Turks. 'Fhe
archbIffi,op of Burfa has a palace here.
The cpmmerce is very confiderable in
grain, filk, laltpetre, white wine, variety
of fruits, and the manufaaures of Eunla,
which

HUl.

. "WV^

-w-hlch are brought here fbr exportation ;
15'mnes NNW Burfa, Ion. 30 E, lat.
.40 14N.
Muehr, A river of Germany, -which
.TFoffes Stiria; and paffing by Judenburgh,
Jjuben, Muehr, and Gratz, falls into fhe
'Drave, near Kaiiifca;in 'Hungary.
Muehr, or Mueraw, A confiderable
"townof Stiria, on the river Muehr : 25
-miles N W Gratz, and 40 S W Neuftadt,
-Sat. 47 16 N.
Maggia, OT Mugjiir, -a town of Italy,
in Venetian Iftria, with a c-aftle, on a gulf
-of the fame name : 5 miles S E Trieft.
Muirkirk, A town in Ayrffiire; on the
Ayr, and -noted for a confiderable ir6n
work. Mull, one of the Weftern Iflands of
'Scotland ; 25 miles in length, and, in fome
places, of equal'breadrh. • There are ma
ny gppd natural harbours ; but -there is
only one village, called Tobermorcy. The
Tuin-s of feveral ancient caftles are -feen ,
-on this Ifland.
Mull, fee iCantyre.
Muldaw, a river of Bohemia, v*hic1i
fall's into the Elbe, at Melnick.
jVIuldi-re, A town of Germany, in -Saltz-
-l5Ui-g, on the Inn : 37 miles N W Saltz-
tnirg, and 40 E Mnulch.
Mulhaufen, an Imperial an-! Hanfeatic
•town of Germany, ia -Fhuringia, under
-the proteaion of the eleaor of Saxony,
If is in a fertile cpuhtry, -on the Un-
"Stnitht 1 15 milcs N E Eifenach, and 45
'E hy S Caffel, ten. 10 49 E, laf. 51 13 N.
Mulhaufen, A town -of Alface, which,
though -entirely enclofed within the de
partment of the "Upper Rhine, before
the revolutitm, was not only In alliance
¦<vith the Helvetic confederacy, -but con
fidered as a psrt of it, and entitled fo all
its privileges. The waUs of the town
<nctefe a circumference ofjiot -more than
smiles ; and ils vvholc'territory iscon-
-Cned virithin a precina of 8 -miles. The
town contains 6000 iahabitants, who are
proteftants; and there are 2000 fulijea-s
in its adjacent villages. It -owes its pref-
•ent flourlfliing ftate to its manufaaures,
¦which are chiefly of printed Knens aad
cotloos. Tlie government was arifto-
dernocratical. '-Fhe fupreme power re
fided in the great and little council, con-
fifbng together of 78 perfons, and drawn
fiom file burghers, whofe number a- 1
mounted to 700, diftributed into 6 -tribes. |
Mulhaufen is 15 miles N W Bafil, lon. 7 '.
-34 E, lat. 47 48 N. [Coxe.] !
Mulhiem, a town of Colpgne, near the !
JUiine ; 3 miles frpm -'.Cologne. Here ,

the fevv proteftants in Cologne are oblig.
ed to go to perfoiyi divine fervice
Mulleras, A toiiffi of Germany, in the
middle marche of -Brandenburgh, on a ca
nal CHt-between-fhe Spree and Oder : 4a
mfles S CE Berlin, lon. 14 31 -£, lat. 5-1
14 N.
Mullingar, the county town of Weft
Meaf-hj'inlreland. It lioldsa great wool
mart, fs a place of confiderable trade:;
on the Foyle : 38 miles W DubUn.
-Mulvia, A large river of Africa, whicb
has its fource in Mount Adas, and di-
viding-the empire of Morocco from the
kingdomof Algiers, falls into the Medi
terranean Sea.
Muttda, an ancient town of Spain, ia
Granada : 30 iniles W N W Malaga."
Munderkingen, a town of Suabia, «n tbe
Danube.: 35 miles S W Ulm.
I Muxdu,.A j:\vy of Hindooftan Proper,
province ^of Malwa, of which it was an
ciently tbe capital. If was then a pro
digious city, 22 miles in -circuit, «-nd con^
fained many moniiments of ancient mag^
nifioence ;'but it is fallen much to decay.
It -occupies the top of a large and lofty
mountain: 46 miles SOugciu, and 454
N -E Bombay, ten, 75 47 E, lat, 22 50 N.
Mungatj, .or ^Munkats, a tpwn of Upper
Hungary, with a bifliop's fee, and an im
pregnable caftle, fealed on a high rock :
50 miles N E Tockay, ten. 22 o E, lat. 48
3b N.
Munia, or Menie, an -ancient and con- ,
fiderable town of Egypt, on the Nile.
The veffels.that go daivn the river are ob
liged to 'ftop here arid pay certain duties.
There are feveral mofques, and a great
number of granite pillars : 140 miles S
Cairo, lon. 31 20 E, laf. 27 45 N.
Munich, one oftthe moft poputeus cities
in -Germany, capital of the diKhy of Ba
varia. The hcmfes are high, and tlie
ftreets -fpadous, with canals in many of
them. The palace of the eleaor pala
tine of -the Rhine, as duke-of Bavaria, is
a ftupendous ftruaure, magniiicenlly a-
dorned. The cabinet of curiofities, the
library, the arfenal, and ducal gardens,
merit attention. The cathedral cob-
t-iins 25 chapels and 30, altars ; alfo tl-vs
tomb «if one ofthe emperors, of black
marble, adorned with ftatues of br'mze.
The market .place is very beautiful ; and
here are manufaares of filk, velvet, wool-
-len cloth and tapeftry. This pilace has
often been taken and retaken in the wars
of Germany ; and, in September 1 796, it
was attacked by the French, but the Au
ftrians compelled them to retreat. Jt is
feated

H U R

Iif U Y

feated on, the Ifer ; 15 miles S £ Auffiurg,,
and 62 S by W Ratiffion, lon. 11 36 E,
lat. 43 10 N.
Munfter, a province of Ireland, bound
ed N by Connaught, S alnd W by the At
lantic. There are a great many bays and
harbours, and many rich towns, and the
air is mild and temperate. Some places
arc niouaiaiiious,but the vaUies are fruit-
tiul. The moft general commodities are
corn, cattle, wood, Wool, and fifh. Il con
tains 6 counties,. X archbifliopric, 5 bifli
oprlcs, 740 pariflies, arid i,oii,o'oo In
habitants. The principal town is Cork,
Munfer, A fovereign, bifliopric of "Weft
phaUa, 120 miles in length and 80 in
breadth. The rivet Embs runs acrolii
it from E to W. It is bounded N by
the counties of Bentheim and Stenfprt,
E by the biflioprlcs of Ofnaburgh and
Paderborn, Wby the duchy of Cleves and
county of Zutphen.
Munfer, a large and populous city of
"Weftglialiai capital, of Weftphalia. It
was free and imperial till 1661; but to
keep the inhabilants in awe, a citadel was
built, vvhich ftands diftina from fhe city.
In 1533, a fay ter, called John pf Leyden,
made himfelf mafter of the city, and
drove aWay the bifliop and magiftrates,
but it was retaken in, 1536, after 14
months fiege, and this fanatic was tor
tured to death with redhot pincers. The
famous'treaiy oif WeftphaUa, was con
cluded here in 1648, which ended the re
ligious wars of 30 years continuance. It
js feated un the Aa . 70 miles N by E
Cologne, and 77 S by W Bremen, lon. 7
39 E, lat. 52 oN:
Munfer, a.town of France, department
qf Upper Rhlu«, with a lale rich bene
diaine abbey : 30 miles S W Straffiurg,
lon. 7 5 E, lat, 48 8 N.
Munfier-Meiiifeld, A lown of Treves :
1.2 miles S W Coblentz:
Murann, an ifland and tovvn of Italy : a
mile from- Venice, formerly a very fiour
ifliing place, and has ftill fome places
that bear the marks uf former magnifi
cence, though now in a ftate of decay,
'I'he ifland is l^id to contain 20,000 in
liabitants. The great manufaaures of
teoking-glaffeS) are the only iuducemeats
for ftrangers to vifit this place, which
formerly ferved.all Europe with looking-
glafl'es, ten, 12 5 E, lat. 45 26 N, [Moor,]
Murcia, a province, formerly a king
dom of Spain ; bounded N by NewCaftile,
E By Valencia, W by Andalufia and
Granada, aud S by the Meditciraneas.

The prineipal river is Segura. The foil'
is dry, and it produces Uttle corn or wine :-
but there is plenty of oranges, citrensi,
lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, ricc„,,
p'ulfe, aad fugar. It has- alfo great quau---
titles of filk.
Murcia, A p.ppuloUs city, capital of tin?
above province, with- a' biffiop's fee. It
has a fuperb cathedral,' fhe ftairs of whofe
fteeple are fo contrived,- that tliey may
be afcended either on horfeback -or iu.a-
coacli. There arc fine gardens about the
city, in which are the beft fruits in Spain..
It is on llie Segura : 27 milcs N Cartha
gena, and 212 S E Madrid, lon. o 3j6 W.
lat. 38 2 N..
Muni, a tosvn of France, depaftmenl-
of Upper Garonne ; on tlie Garonne : 10
mfles S Touloufe.
Muro, an epifcopal tovvn of Naples-, ir.-
Balfilicata, at Ihefpolof the Appennines ;
12 miles S E Conza, ten. 15 45 E, lat. 40
46 N.
Murray Frith, A confiderabl'e inlet of
the fea, on the E coft of Scotland, in
Murrayfliirc. Murrayjhire, or F.lginffire, a county of
Scotlarid, bounded E by. Bamffsfliirc, S by
Aberdcenfliire, and Invernefsfliire. It&
foil is ridi, aad produces whe-at, barley,
oats, and flax. Eiigiu is the capital.
Murrhart, a towll of Siiabia, duchv o£
Wirtemburg, with a benediaine -abheyi
on the rivcr Mar : Smiles S Halle
Muffelburg, A feagort in Edinburghfliire,
on the frith or Forth, af the mouth of
the river Eflc : 6 miles E Edinburgh.
Mvfwell -ff;//, a village in Middlefex : f
milcs N London^ It takes ils name from.
a famous wellpn the hill, which belong&i
fo the fraternity of St. John, of'Jerufa.-
lem,, in eicrkenwell ; and as fhis was
deemed a miraculous cure forall fcrofu--
lous and" cutaueou» diforders, they here
built a chapel, with an image of our lady
ofMufwell, to which there wasagroar
refort of" patients. This well (till be
longs to the pariffi of Clerkenwell,
Mufiagam, A feaport of the kingdom c£
Algiers, with a caftle : 140 miles W the
city of Algiers, When chriftianity v,-as
known in this country, this place waa
fhe fee of a biffiop. There is- a citadel iii
this fown, lon, o 3 W, lat, 36 30 N,
Jlfiytt'^ra, a feaporl'of Spain, In Grana
da, with a ftrong caflle, on a mountain r
27 miles N E Almeria, and 62 S W Car
thagena, lon. I 36 W, lat. 37 II N,
Muyden, A town of Holland, on the
Vecht, on the S coaft ofthe Zuider Zee:
7 milcs E Amfterdam, M-ie::s,

N A E-

N A M

i^esns, formerly the capital of a fa
inous kingdom in the Morea, but now
leducedto a fraaU village.
Mycone, or Mycoui, au ifland of the Ar-
cbipfilago: 30 mUes"tn circumference: the
harbour is very open, and deep enough
for the largeft fliips, where they may ride
fecure from the N wiad. The foil is
diy, aad fhe mountains are of a great
height. Water is very fcarce in fummer,
hut in fhe town Is a large well, the oaly
one ia the ifland. Here are plenty of
partridgcs,quails, woodcocks, turtledoves,
rabbits and wheatears ; alfo, excellent
grapes aad figs. Almoft all the inhabit
ants, 3000 in number, are Greeks, who
tave 50 churches in all ; but many are
chapels, and fome monafteries, lon. 25 5 1
iE, lat. 37 28N. ,
Myfore, a 'kingdom In the peninfula of
iHindooftan,, fubjea to Tippo Sultan, vvho
ffiyles himfelf regent of the country. His
domlulons comprehend, generally, the
provinces of Myfore Proper, Bednore,
Coimbettore, Canara, aad Dindigul ; be
fides the conquefts of his father Hyder
Ally (who ufurped fhe throne) to the
northward, which are' Meritz, Soonda,
Chitteldroog, Harponnely, Sanore, Ban-
caponr, Roydroog, Gooty, Condanore,
Chanoul, and Cuddapa. The extent of
his territory, from N to S. Is 550 miles :
its breadth. In the wideft place, (the N.
part of the peninfula) 330 miles, but pro
ceeding to the S If diminiflies fill it ends
in a point. Its Eerea has been compared
to fhat of Great Britain. Myfore, in gen
eral, is dry, rugged, mountainous, and bar
ren. It lies between 10 and 16 N lat..
The capital is Seringapatam.
Myfore, a towri and fortified poft of fhe
peninfula of Hindooftan, the ancient cap
ital of a Ifingdom of the fame name :
S miles S Seringapatam, fhe prefent cap
ital. Myfz, A town of Lithuania : 36 miles
S Norogroduck. N
JN ABURG, A town of Bavaria, on the
river Nab : 10 miles S E Amberg, lon,
12 13 E, lat. 59 23 N.
Nadeegfda, fee Kurile Ifiand.
Naerden, A ftrong towa of HoUaad, at
the head of fhe canals of fhe proviace.
It has experieaced maay' calamities : par
ticularly in 1572, when It was taken by
Fernando de "Toledo, fon of the duke of

Alva, and all the inhabitants, without dif
tinaion of age or fex, were maffacred.
It Is feated on the Zuider Zee : 14 miles
E- Amfterdam, and 15 N Utrecht, lon. ^
_9 E, lat. 5 2 20 N,
Nabal, a town of Africa, in Tunis, near
the fea : fuppofed to have been the an
cient Neapolis, Near it arefotind feverat
remains of antiquity. "The prefent town
is celebrated fpr its ppfteries : 32 inilcs
SSE Tunis.
Nablous, A lown pf Afia, and capital of
the ancient Samaria, fituated near Sichtm,
pn the ruins pf the Neapolis of the
Greeks. The Inhabilants are zealous
Mahometans, fuffer not any Chriftians
among fhem. They are difperfed in vil
lages among the mpuntains, the foil of
which is tolerably fertile, and produces
corn, cotton, olives, and fome filk. Their
diftance from Damafcus, and the difficulty
of invading their country,'enable them to
live in peace and happinefs. They are,
at prefent, fuppofed f o be fhe richeft peo
ple In Syria ; which advantage, they owe
10 their poUtical condua, during the late
troubles In Galilee and Paleftine ; when
the franquiUity in which they lived, in
duced many .perfons to take refuge there :
8 leagues N Jerufalem. ,
Nacfivan, or Naxivan, a town of Per
fian Armenia, fuppofed to have been the
ancient Artaxata, andi one of the largeft
cities of the Eaft. It was ruined by Ab
bas 1, who removed the iahabitants into
the interior parts of Perfia. In the laft
ceatury, il contained 2,000 houfes : it
once contained 40,000 houfes. In if
are fome confiderable bazars, 5 caravan-
faries, public baths and other buildings,
more ufeful than magnlBcenf : 3oleagU(i»
S E Erivaa, and 86 E Erzerum, loa, 45 30
£, lat. 38 40 N. [Chardin.]
Na'efels, A town of Swifferlafid, canton
of Glaris. In 1388, about 350 troops df
Glaris.'affifted by 50 Switz«r.8,wilh(lood
15,000 Auftrians ; and, after a terrible
flaughter, compelled them to retire. In
memory of this glorious iranfaaion, a
chapel was built on the fpot, which w.is
rebuilt in ,1779. The inhabitants are
Roman cathoUcs : 4 mi'cs N Glaris.
Nigaia, a diftria of Tartary, between
the rivers Walga, and Jaika, on the Caf
pian Sea. Aftraean is tbe capital. The
fruits of this country are equal to thofe
of Perfia. Scarcely a family, even in
the capital, but has a vineyarcl. The
Ruffians do not allow the natives to dwell
within the city, or to build another.
They form au enclofure of pallifadoes without

NAM

'.N A N

'without the walls, or Uve in ftraggling
"huts without the fields In the fummer,
they wander from place lo place, as they
fiad pafture; ia the winter, they retire
under the walls of Aftraean, The Tar
tars are of low ftature, r.vlher corpulent,
Wilh'olivt complexions, large faces and
little eyes. The men fliave their heads,
have little beard, and are commonly
wrinkled. Their woirieil iire nol difa-
'greeable, and commonly 'devote their chil
dren to God, or fome faint. Some pro
fefs the Greek religion, but moft arc Ma-
horaelraiis. They live upon their cattle,
iind by fifliing aad hunting, [Oleirlus,]
( Nagera, A town Pf Old Caftile, with a
fort : 3 miles N W Calahora, arid 1 38 N
¦Madrid Nagold, a town of Suabia, in Wirtem
burg, with a ftrorig caftle : 10 riilles W
Tubingeri, Nagpour, A cffy of the Deccan of Hin-
'dooftan. Capital of that -part pf Berar
which is fubjea tP a chief of fhe Eaftern
Mahrattas, It is extenfive and populous,
,buf meanly built ; and, excepting a fmall
citadel, is open- and defencelefs. It is 560
miles W by S Calcutta, lori, 79 46 E, laf,
21 8N. ' ,' ,
Naime, A brirOugli and feapprt, the
.county town of Nairnefliire, Scotland, al
the entrance ofthe fritli of Murray. If
his 24,000 Inhabitarits : 10 milcS E Iri-
,verriefs'and 104 N Edinburgh.
Nairneffire,A County of Scotlarid, bound
ed N by the frith of Murray, aad eaclof-
ed on every other fide by the counties of
Invernefs and Murray. The foil, though
rocky. Is rich, and, in general, well culti
vated. .
Nakfivan, fee Nnefvan. -
- Nantphi§i aa iflaad ia the Greci,ia Ar-
chipelagolabout 5 leagues ia cireunifer-
ence, witnout harbour or town, contain
ing a few viUilges and foirie ruins, amoagft
which are difliiagulflied the remains of a
teiiiple of .Apollo. It is nlountalapus,
and contains fonie exceUent fprings of
frefli water ; pleaty of lioriey and wax is
colleaed, aad partridges are numerous,
lal. 36 27 N.
Nampttvich, a fowrt iri Chefliire, Eag-
1,-iad, It is well built, aad has a large
church, ia llie form of a crofs, with the
fnwer ia the middle. Here are fait
fprings, on the hanks ' of a frefli wAter
ftream, from which are made great qiiaa-
tities of white fall. 'Fhe principal dai
ries of Chefliire are about this towa, and
it has :i confiderable trade in ch:-ele and
Vol. II. lii

fait. , It is on the Weaver : 26 iniles 8 E
chefter, and 162 N W Londoa,
Namur, A county of fhe Auftrian Neth
erlands ; bounded N by Brabant, £ and
S by the bifliopric of Liege, W by Hain
ault, It is pretty fertile ; has feveral for
efts, marble quarries, and mines of iron,
lead, and coal. The rivers Maefe and
Sam'bre divi'-le It Inlo 3 parts,, nearly of
equal extent,
Namur, A city, capital of the county of
Namur, and a bifhop's fee. It has a caf
tle, in the middle of the town, on a crag
gy rock, and feveral forts. In 1792, ic
was taken by the Frerich, who were com
pelled to evacuate It the foUowing year,
but they retook it In 1 794, . Il is between
2 mountains, at the conflueuce of the
Maafe and Sambre : 24 miles W S W
Liege, and 32 S £ Bruffeis, lon, 4 50 E,
lat, 50 29 N.
Nanci, a famous city of France, depart-"
meat of Meurthe, wilh a bifliop's fee.
It coufaias 34,000 inhabitants, and is di
vided, by a canal, Iato fhe old towa aad
new. The firft, though irregularly built,
is rich and populous, and contains th."
palace of the ancient dukes of Lorrain ;
and their tombs are In a rich faloon,
which adjoins the church of the late
Cordeliers. The riew towa, Whofe ftreets
are perfeaiy ftraight, was already oae of
the fineft in Europe, before the magaifi*
ceiif works vvith which Staaiflaus I, titu
lar klag of Poland, aad duke of Lor-
rala, enriched it. The cathedral is a.
fuperb ftruaure, Nanci is 25 miles S by
E Metz, and 212 £ Paris; lon, 6 17 E,
laf. 48 41 N.
¦fNancowry, orie Of the central Nicobar
ifles. It is about 8 miles ia diameter.
The Danes have lorig had a fmall fettle-
merit here, and on feveral neighbouriag
ifles. 'The fetllerijient is ori the northern
point within the harbour, formed by the
iflands Coniarly and Irikut. But this,
and the other, beiri,§- found vei-y unprofit-j
able, the, Danifli government have with
drawn their people. A fcrjeaiit, and 3
or 4 foldiers, a few flaves, aad 2 rully
pieces of ordaance, are all that remain of
the eftablifliment. The natives of thefe,
aad the acighbouriag ifles, live on the
fea'fliore. Their houfes are of, a circu
lar form, covered wilh elliptical domes,
thatched with grafs and leaves, Tlity
are railed On piles, 6 or 8 feet hi,;h,
the floors and fides are plank, tliey are
entered by a ladder. In front uf their
villages advanced in the water, they raife
lofty beacons, adorned with tufts of graft <ind

N A^

NAP

and bark. Their houfes a.re overfpread
with groves of cocoa trees. Previous to
the American revolutionary war, the Mo
ravians had miffionaries on thefe Iflands,
for a number of years, [Colebrppk,A,R,]
Nanfio, iee Nampbio.
Nangafacki, A city of Japan, in the ifl
and of iXimo-Fifen, with a well frequejat-
ed harbour. The inhabifants carry oa a
great trade with the Chiaefe and Dutch.
The latter are never fuffered fo come
into the cltyj unlefs when their fliips ar
rive, and then they deliver up their guns,
helms, and fails, as pledges of their good
behaviour, lon. 128 52 E, lat. 32 32 N.
Nan-king, or Kiang-ning-fou, a city of
China, capital of fhe province of Kiang-
nan. It k the largeft in China, being 1 7
miles in circumference, and 3 diftant from
the river 'Vang-ilfe-klang, from which
canals are cut, fo large, that veffels may
enter the town. This place is greatly
fallen from its ancient fplendpr ; fpr it
had a magnificent palace, which is quite
deftrpyed, as well as many ancient mon
uments : and a third part pf the city It
felf is defplate. The ftreets are narrpw,
but handfome and well paved. The pub
lic btiildlngs are mean, except a few tem
ples, the city gates, and 3 tower of porce
lain, 20P feet high. In this, and Pther
cities, places pf worfliip are as fplendid
aad numerous, as in any city of cliriften-
dom. It is 500 miles SSE Pekin, ten,
119 25 E, lat, 32 46 N,
[Le Compte du Halde,]
Nan-ngan-fou, A beautiful populous city
of China, in the province of Kiaug-fi,
containing. In its diftria, 4 cities of the
third clafs : 200 miles N by E Canton.
Nan-tchang-fou, a city of China, capital
of the province of Kiang-fi. It is the
refidence pf a vicerpy, and comprehends
8 cities in Ils diftria.
Ninies, an ancient and flouriffiing com
mercial lown of France, department of
Lower Loire, with a biffiop's fee, and a
uaiverfity. If was formerly fhe refi--
deace of fhe dukes of Bretague, who
built a ftroag caftle on the fide of the
river, vvhich ftill exifts. Tfie cathedral
coatains the tombs of the aucleat dukes.
The bridges over the Loire, In vvhich Sre
fome iflands, are almoft a league in length.
The fuburbs are fo large, that they ex
ceed the city. The inhabilants are com
puted at 60,000, others fay 80,000.
Sirice the peace m 1783, Nantes has
had a confiderable fliare in the com
merce with the United States. A great
quantity of fait is made in tbe territory

Iof Naates, both af the bay of Bourgncuf,
aad in the fait marflies of Guerari;Je and
Croific. Large veffels can come np high
er than Port Launia, which is 12 miles
frpm Nantes. It yi'as in, this place, fhat
Henry IV promulgated the famous edidt,
in 1598, in favour of the proteftants,
whicli was revoked, in 1685, by Louis
XIV : 58 miles S by E Rennes, and J17
S W Paris, lon. i 45 W, lat, 4^ 13 N.
Nantua, A fown of France, departnient
of Ain, at the e/tremity of a great lake
of the fame name : 1 8 miles S E Bourg.
Napaul,A kingdom of Hindpoftan Prop
er, bounded W by Oude and RohUcund,
N W by Slrlnagur, N Band E by the
ridge of mountains, called Himmaleh, by
which it is feparated from Thibet, Cat
mandu is the capital. The kingdom ex
tends 12 or 13 day's journey, from N to
S, and nearly as far from E fo W, The
king has always 50,000 foldiers -iu his
fervice. [Shore, A, R,]
Naples, ,a kingdom of Italy, bounded
NW by the Ecclefiaftical State, Sand
W by the Mediterrariean, E by the gulf
of Venice, Its extent fromN W to SE,
is 280 miles, aud from N E to S W, from
96 to IOO. It is divided into 12 provin
ces ; viz. Terra di Lavora, (the ancient
Campania Felix) Prlncipato Citeriore and
Ulteriore, Molife, Bafilicata, Calabria,
Citeriore and Ulteriore, Abruzzo Cite
riore and Ulteriore, Capitanata, Terra di
^ari, and Terra d'Qtranto ¦ the lafl J
forming the ancient Apulia, now called
Puglia, on the E fide of the kingdom.
The climate is extremely hot, efpecially
in July, Auguft, and September 5 and is
faid to be one of themoft inconftant and
unfavour.ible to valetudinarians : in fome
feafons if rains every day for 6 or 7
weeks together. But the rooffe difagreea
ble part of the climate is tl^ firocc, or
S E wind, which is very commori'Iri May,
and is more relaxing, and gives the va
pours in a mugh higher degree, than the
worft pf the rainy mpnth of November,
in Great Britain, or the raw, damp, E
winds of New England, In winter' fhere
is feldom any'ice or fnow, except on the
mountains. The country, on accpunt of
its fertility, is termed a terreftrial para- '
dife : it abpunds wilh grain, the fineft
fruits and vegetables, rice, flax, oil, vvine,
faffron, and manna ^ and affords alum,
"vitriol, fulphur, rock-cry ftal, marble, min
erals, and fine woc>l, and filk. Waiftcoats,
caps, ftockings, and gloves, are made of
fhe hair or filaments of a ffiell fifli, which
are warmer than thofe of_ wool, and of a
beautiful

NAP

NAP

beautiful gloffy green. The principal
mountains are the Appennlnes,which trav
erfe this country from S to N ; aad the
celebrated volcano. Mount Vefuvius.
Oae of the greateft inconveniences lo
which this kingdom is expofed is earth
quakes, (fee Calabria) which the eruptions
of Mount Vefuvius, confribule. In fome
meafure, fo prevent, Anplher Ineonven-
iency, but common to aU Italy, are the
fwarms of lizards, wherepf great num
bers of the green kind are every where
to be met wilh, but rather trouWefome
than hurtful, as they creep up and down
the walls, and if a door or window be
left open make their way into the cham
bers, A much greater nulfance are the
fcorpions, but the tarantulas are moft
talked of. Thefe are a fpecies of fpiders,
fo called from the city of Tarento, In
which diftria they are in great number,
and alfo more venomous, than elfewhere ;
buf the poifon of them is a matter of
doubt. Naples, an ancient and large commer
cial city, capital of the above kingdom,
with aa archbifliop's fee, aad a uaiverfi
ty. It is feated at the bottom of the bay
of Naples, and is built la fhe form of a
vaft amphitheatre, floping from the hills
to the fea. Although the ftyle of archi
teaure is inferior to what prevails af
Rome, and it cannot vie with that city in
the number of palaces, or in the magnifi
cence of the churches, the private houfes,
in general, are better built, and the ftreets
arebroaderand better paved. The houfes,
in common, are 5 or 6 ftorles ia height,
and flat al the lop ; on which are placed
numbers of flower vafes, or fruit trees. In
boxes of earth. 'Fhe fortrefs of St- El
mo is built on a mountain of the fame
name, and has the entire command of the
town. Lower down on the fame moun
tain, in a deUghtful fituation, is a convent
of Carfhufians, on which much expenfe
has been laviflied, to render the building
and the gardens equal to the fituation,
Naples is admirably fituated for com
merce, and has all the necefl'aries and tex-
uries of life, in great profufion ; but its
trade is in a languifliin-g coaditioa. The
chief articles manufaaured here, are filk
ftockings, foap, fauff boxesof torloifeiliell,
and of the lava of Mount Vefuvius ; ta
bles, and ornamental furniture, pf marble.
They are thpught fp embrpider here bet
ter thaa in France; and their macaroni, -
. coafeaipns, aad cordialj, are in the high
eft efteem. The inhabilants are comput
ed at 350,000. There is not a city in

the world, perhaps, with the fame num
ber of inhabitants, Iu which fo few con
tribute to the wealth of the community,
by ufeful and produalve labour, as in Na
ples ; for the number of priefts, monks,
fidlers, lawyers, nobility, footmen, and
lazzaroni, or beggars, furpafl'es all reafon
abic proportion ; and the laft alone are
computed at above 30,000, who have no
homes. The nobility are exceffively
fond of fplendor and fliow ; as appears
by the brilUancy of their equippages, the
number of their attendants, the richnefs
of their drefs, and the grandeur of their
titles. The king, it is faid, counts 100
perfons with the title of prince, and ftill
a greater number, with that of duke,
amcng his fubjeas. A few of fhefe have
eftates, from 10 to 13,000!^ a year ; a
confiderSble number have fortunes of
about half that amount ; and the ann'.i-
al revenue of many is under 2,oool. The
inferior orders of noblUty are much poor
er ; many cpunts and marquifes nof
having 400I. a year, paternal eftate ;
many ftill lefs ; and not a few enjoy
the title without any eftate whatever.
Although the churches and convents of
Naples are not to be compared with
thofe af Rome in point of architeaure,
they furpafs them in rich jewels, and in
the quantity of filver and golden cruci
fixes, veffels, and other ornanuiits. The
cathedral Is a noble Gothic edifice, in
which are kept the head aad blood of
St. JaauariUs, the tutelary St. of Naples ;
the latter In 2 glafs or cryftal phials. The
pretended lii]uefaaion of the dry blood,
as foon as brought near the head of the
faint, is well known ; and Mr. Addifon
fays it is one of the moft bungling tricks
he ever faw. Of all the palaces, that of
the king is not only the moft ir,agnificenf,
but in the beft ftyle of archite'ftiire. Tlie
harbour, which is fpacious, Is proteaed
by a mole, 2 caftles, and feveral batteries,
but thefe could not protea the city from
a bombardment. The bay of Naples Is
one pf the fineft ia the world, being al
mpft pf -i circular figure, 30 miles iii
diameter ; fliut out from the Mediterra
nean, hy the ifland of Caprea, and 3 parts
of it fliclered by a noble circuit bf woods
and mountains. In 1656, the plague de
ftroyed 400,000 of the inhabitants. ' Na
ples is no miles S E Rome, 2*7 SSE
Floreace, and 300 S by £ Vt 11 ice, lon.
14 20 E, lal. 40 s5 N.
[Adam, Addifon, Brj'-done, Moor.]
Napoli-di-Mah:lfia, fee Malvi:fla.
Nafali-.li-Romania, a feapprt oi the Mp rea.

NAR

HAS

yea, and an archbifliop's fee, feated at
the bottom of a bay of the fame name. It
has a large harbour, with a narrow mouth,
through which one ffiip only can enter af
a time. It is inhabited fay 60,000 Greeks,
befide people of different nations, and
very ftrong both by nature and art : 56
miles SW Athens, lon. 2,3 4 E; lat. 37 36 N.
Nara, A towa of Japan, ia the iflaad of
Niphon, with a magnificerit caftle ; 25
miles N W Meaco.'
Nabartb, A town in Pembrokefliire,
"Wales, on a hill : 12 miles N E Pembroke,
and 229 Vi-"" by N London, ^
Narbonne, an ancient city of France, de
partment of Aude. Before- the revolu
tion of 1789, it: was an archiepifcopal
fee. In the time of the Romans, it was
the capital of that part of Gaul, called.
Gallia Narhoncnfi^ ; and here the em
peror Marcus AureUus was bora. Some
Roman iafcrlptions, ia different parts of
the city, are ftill vifible; aad the canal,
from the river Aude, through the city, to
the Medlter'raneaa, vvas cut by the Ro
mans, Narbonne is famous foi i{s honey,
and the cathedral is remarkable for ifs
noble choir : j miles from the Mediter
ranean, and 75 E by S Toulqufe, lon, 3 6
E, lat. 43 II N. [V,'"raxall.]
Narda, A populous town qf Naples, in
Otranto, vvith a bifliop's fee ; 20 miles N
\»r Olraatn.
Nar'ea, % province ia fhe S parf of
Abyffinia, to vvhich it is fu'ojea, though
governed by its own princes.
Narenta, A town o,f ipalmatia, with a
bifliop's fe--, oa a gulf of the fame name :
46 miles N E Ragufa, lon. 18 27 E, lat.
43 35 N. ' , -
Narni, An ancient town' of Italy, in
Sabiaa, with a biffiop's fee. Here, arc
ihe ruins qf a marble bridge, built by
Auguflius, one of whpfe arches was, 150
feet high, and 200 bro:\d ; as alio- of an
aquedua tliat brought, water from a
fpring at the diftance of 15 milcs. It con
tains many ¦ noble families, and is on the
Nera : 20 itiiles S W Spoletlo, aad 4-0 N
E Rome.
Narova, A river of the Ruflian empire,
vvhich iffues from the lake Peipus, and
vyatering Narva, falls into the gulf of
Finland,,? miles below that town. It is
noted for 2 cataraas, pompoufly defcrib
ed by travellers, but theyarg far inferi
or to that of the Rhine, at Lauff"en,
Narfingapatan, a to,wn of the peninfula
of Hindoijflan, in the territory of Bifna
gur, once the refidence of a king : 400
miles S E ipomhay.

~ Narva, a flrong town of the Ruffian
empire, ia Ingria, or ' the government of
Peterffiurg. The hpufes are built of
brick, ftuccped wlilte ; and if has more
the appearance pf a German .(han of a
Ruffian tovvn. In the fuburbs, called
Ivangorod, are the ftupendous remains of
an ancierit fortfefs, vvhich impend over
the fteep bankg of the Narova. In 1700;
Charles iXlI of Sweden, obtained a great
viaoiiy here pver Peter the Great, who 5
years after took fhe tovvn by afl'ault ; and
the Ruffian foldierS were beginning to pil
lage, and to comirijl all {he diforder ufual -
when a tpwiv is taken hy ftorm'; Peter'
traverfe4 the ftreets on hprfeback, with a
drawn fword in his hand, reftraiacd his
troops from, piUage, kifled 2 who refufed
tq defift, placed guards 31 the doors ofthe
principal houfes, and before the churches,
aad repaired, to the Hotel de Ville, where
the- magin.rates, and principal citizens
had taken refuge, and throwing his-
fword upon the table, exclaimed," It is
not ftained with fhe blood, of the natives,
but wilh {hat of my pwn foldiers', whom-
I klfled in order tp' fave your lives.".
The pri,ncipal exports from Narva are
hemp, flax, timber, aad: corn. It is on the
Narova : 8 iniles from its mouth, and 100
W Peterffiurg, loa, 27 52 E, lal, 55 18 N,
Narwa, A town of Hindooftan Proper,
proviace of Agra, near the Sinde, which
falls belovv If Into fhe Jumna : i27 miles
S Agra. ¦" '•
Niifeby, a viUage in Northamptonfliire,
England, famous for- the decifive viaory
¦gained by the army of llie parliament
over that ofCharles I, ia 1645 : li miles
N NprLhampton. - - ,
lifafiow, a town of Denmark, on the W
coaft ofthe iflaadof Laland, of vvhich It
is the capital ; il was anciently well for
tified ; but is aow only encompafTcd with
a wall, Il is a towa of the middling fize,
and handfomely built. The. inhabitants
are -wealthy, and trade in tlie produce of
the country, which is very fertile. The
Jews are aUowe,d the public exercife of
itheir religion, and have a fynagogue. In
this towa are an hofpital, and a gram-
i mar fchool, both well endowed. Here is
alfo a pretty good harbour, ten. 11 11
E, lat. 545,3 N. , .
Naffau, A county of the Upper Rhine ;
bounded N by Wenphalia, S by fhe ter
ritory of Mentz, very fertile, and has
mines of Iron, copper, and lead.
Naffau, A town of Germany, capital ot
a coun(y of the fame name,ioa the river
Lahn :, 12 miles S iE Coblqntz. Natali

NAV

N EA

. Natal, 3. country on tbe,E cioifft of Af
rica, N E the Cape of Good Hope, inhab
ited by the Bofliman Hottcnlots,
Natangen, a province of Pruffia, bound
ed N aad E by the Pregel, S by Ernie-
jand, and W by the Frifclie Haff, This
country is populous and well cultivated,
and confifts of arable and meadow land ;
agriculture aijd grazing luin to good ac
count. It is alfo vyell wooded, and yields
all forts of game, and plenty of fifli,
3randeoburg is the capital,
Natalia, A cpuntry, the aacieaf Afia
Miaor, It is the moft weftern part of
Turkey in Afia, e-tiending from the Eu
phrates as far as fhe Archipelago, ihq ftrait
of GallipoU, the fea of Marmora, and
the ftrait of Conftantinople. Il Is bound
ed N by the Black Sea, S by the IVIedi-
terranean. The air is temperate and
wholefome, and the foil gcae.rally fertile.
U Is crofl'cd by a chaia of riioiinrains, for
merly called Taurus, from E to W, and
watered by a great number of rivers,
Navariiio, A ftrorig and populous town
of fhe Morea, with an excellent large
harbour, defended by 2 forts. It is feat
ed on a hiU, near the fea : 8 miles N E
Modon, aad 17 NW Coroa, ten. 21 40
E, lat. 37 2 N. ;,
iVa-:/;j/-j-i!, late a kingdomof Europe, lying
betweeii Fraace aad Spaia, aad divided
iato the Upper and Lower. The Upper
belongs to Spaia, and is 75 miles in length,
and 60 in breadth. The air is more mild,
temperate, aad vyholefome, than in the
neighbourin,g provinces of Spain ; and,
though a niouiUainoas country, it is pret
ty fertile, abounding in all forts of game,
find in iron mines. It is divided into 5
difli las, whofe capital towns are Pampe
luna,. Eiltlla, "Fudela, Olita, and St, Guef-
ca. Lower Navarre hclpngs to France,
aad is included ia the territory pf iBaf-
ques and department pf the Lower Py
rennees, Il is feparated from' Spanifli
Navarre by the Pyrennees, and is a
riiountaiiioris, barren country, 20 miles
ia length and 12 in breadth. From this
country, the-laleking of France took his
other title of king ofNavafre, ¦¦ "
Navarreins, A towp of Franqe, depart-
nicat of the Lower Pyrcnnee.-:, on the
Gave d'Oleron : 26 mUes S £ Ba
yonne,, '
Navigator's Iflands, A clufter bf illaods
in the S Pacific Oceaa. The inhabitants
are a ftrong and handfome racj ; fcarce
ly a niia to be feen among them lefs than
6 feet high, aad well proportioned. The
women are delicately beautiful ; fheir

canoes, hbufes, &c. well conftruaed ; an^
they are much more advarfced in iuterr,
nal policy, than any of the iflands In this
ocean, ten, 169 o W, laf, 14 19 S, See
Macuna. [Peyroufe.]
Naumburg, a town of Upper Saxony,
capital of, the d^chy uf Saxe Naumhurg,
on the Sala : 37 miles N E Erfort, and
60 W Drefden.
Naxkow, fee Nafaw.
^axos,o,r Naxia, A Cpnfiderable Ifland
of the Archipelago, 88 miles in circum-f
fercnpe. It abounds wilh orange, olive,
lemon, cedar, citron, ppmegranate, fig,
and mulberry trees, and, ihpugh it has no
harbpur, carries pn a confiderable trade
in barley, wine, pil, figs, cptlon, filk, flax,
cheefe, fait, qxen, flieep, and mules. Ir is
Inhabited bolli by Greeks and Latins, has
4 arcliieplfcppal fees, and a great many
villages; but the vvhole ifland docs not
contain above. 8000 Inhabitants. The
highetl mpuntain is Zia, 'yvlilch fignifies
the mountain of Jupiter. 7'hc Inhabit
anls, like mofl of.,thefe iflands,, have the
choice of their pwn niagiflrates,bul fome
times a cadi takes a circuit amoag them,
an^ to him appeals lie. It contains be
tween 40 and 50 viUages, and but oae
town, which flands on the S fide of the
iflan^, and is clefeu^ed by a caflle, A-
bout amuflcet fliot frpm it, pn;a rock,
neaj- the fea, fl;ands a beautiful marble
pprla^, amidft a heap pf fragraents of
marble and granite, -fuppofed to have
beea a temple of Bacchus, lon. 25 59 E;
lat. 378 N.'' [Theveaot.]
ffuzareth, A city of Galilee, famous
among chriftians, frqm being the refi-
i dcnce of their divine Saviour, for 30
years, ia fubjeaion to his reputed father.
"Fhe monks of St. Francis have a cpnvent
here. It is now oaly ^ fmall village.
Here fhey profefs to fliow the houfe in
which Jofeph lived; fhe fynagogue in
which Chrift preached fo pffenfively in
confirming the doarine of divine fove-
reigaty; A mile diftant is the mountain
or prceiiiice, whence fhey attempted ta
call him down ia the moment of their re-
fciilnieal, lon. 35 23 E, lat. 30 30 N.
[Mariti, Maundrell.]
Naze, the moft fouthern promontory
of Norway. See Lindefnefs.
Neagh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, in the
oountiesof Armagh, Down, Antrim, Lon
donderry and Tyrone. It is the largeft
in !¦ urope, thofe of Ladoga and Onega
in Ruffia, and that of Geneva in SwiiTer-
land, excepted ; being 20 niiles long, and
' 15 broid- It is remarkable for a lical_ In

NED

N E G

fofviiinic, and alfo for petrifying wood,
'Which is not only found in the water, but
>R the adjacent, fofl, at ., confiderable
depthi Neardi, a lavage tribe on the Barbatry
coaft,near Tunis, probably the remnant
of a Vandal army, once defeated here.
Their eomplexion is almoftas fair as the
Englifli ; their eyes blue and hair red.
Betvveen their eyes they make a crofs
with antimony. They fay that their an-
eeftorswere chriftians ; they are conftant
ly at war with the Mpprs, and bid defi
ance to the Bey pf Tunis, [Bruce.}
Neath, a cprpqrate town in Glamorgan
fliire, S Wales, fituate on the river Neath,
over which Is a tJridge, where fmall vef
fels come to load coal. ,,In the neigh
bourhood are iron forges,TmeltIng works
for copper, and coal niines : and on the
eOutt fide of fhe river are the ruins of a
fine monaftery. It is governed by a
portreeve, who is fworn in by the depu
ty conftable of the caftle of Neath, and
fcated near tbe Briftol Channel. This
t0"wn exports annually from 60,000 to
70,000 chaldrons pf cpal : 32 miles N W
Landaff, and 200 W by N London, ten.
3 45 W. Iat. 51 43 N.
Neath, A river of Wales, which runs
into the Briftol Channel, below the town
of Neath.
Nebia, a ruined city on the N fid* of
tlic ifland of Corfica, with a bifliop's fee.
Neckar, A river which rifes in the
Black Foreft, croffes the duchy of Wir
temburg, and the palatinate ofthe Rlflne,
and falls into the Rhiae, at Manheinu
Neckars-Gemund, a town of Germany,
on tbe Neckar, lon. 9 55 E, lat, 49 26 N.
Neckars-Ulm, a town of Francpnla, Pn
the Neckar : if belongs fp the grand-
mafter of the Teutonic order, ten, 9 5 E,
Jat. 49 22 N.
Needham, A town in Suffolk, England,
on the Orwell : 10 miles N W Ipfwich,
and 73 N E London.
Needles, two rocks at the W end of the
Hte of Wight, fo called from their fliarp
extremities. Nedroma, or Ned Roma, A town of Al
giers, near a fmall river, at the foot of a
hill, in a charming country, furrounded
with magnificent ruins : 50 iniles W S W
Oran. Nedsjed, a province of Arabia, of vaft
extent, comprehending all the interior
parts of Arabia ; bounded N by the def
ert of Syria, £ by Lachfa, S by Hadra
maut and Yemen, "W by Hedsjaz,
"ihe foil is various; among the bUls- fer

tile; and bearing abundance of fniiti,
efpecially dates ; but being bounded t>y
arid traifts of country, its rivers are fliort,
and after paffing through the vallies,
have their waters abforbed in the fandy>
plains, before they can reach the ocean.
Upon fhis account, theinhabltants are in
many places obliged to dig deep wells; and
cultivation is there difficult, or almoft
impoffible. The Bedouins inhabit a great
part of this province. The remainder ig,
mpuntainpus, full of eitles and villages,
and parcelled out^among fo many petty
fnvereigns, that almoft every little town
has ifs own flieik. The inhabitarits of
this vaft country refemble the other A-
rabs iri their moral qualities ; fhey are at
once robbers and hofpitable. As thofe
petty foverelgns are fo numerous in
Nedsjed, It is Impoffible for any traveller
to pafs fafely through this country ; the
firfl- flieik whofe territory he enters,
will be fure to rob him, if it were only to
prevent a neighbour, with whom he is at
war, from profiting by this aapf rapacity,
if he himfelf fliould abftaiu from it. The
caravan, indeed, travels fafe befifreen 0-
man and Mecca, becaufe it confifts of
beggars, frpm vvhpm nplhing is tp be
gained. But the flieiks pf Nedsjed levy
a contribution upon the caravan from
Bagdad on ils way to Mecca, In the fame
manner as the flieiks of Hedsjaz levy
contribution upon thofe from Syria and
Egypt, The people appear lo be of a
very warlike charaaer, and are' almoft
conftantly in arms. It is faid, that none
of their young men are fuffered to mar
ry tlU after they have performed fome
gallant aaion.
Neer^winde, or Neer^winden, a village of
Brabant, near which a battle was fought
on the i8lh pf March, 1793, between the
French, under general iDumourier, and
the Auftrians, under the prince of Sale
Coburg, in which the Auftrians loft near
1500 men, and fhe French 4000, witl*30
pieces of cannon : 16 miles £ Louvain.
Nefta, A town of the kingdom of Tu
nis: 250 milcs S by W Tunis, lon, 9 25
E, lat, 33 o N.
Negade, A town in Upper Egypt. Here
is a convent of Francifcan friars. It is a
fmall neat place, covered vvith palm trees,
principally inhabited by Copts, who have
a bifliop.' The Catholics have a prieft.
It Is In lat. 25 33. 30 N,
g' [Bruce, Sonini.]
Negamba, A feaport on the W coaft of
the ille of Ceylon, it has a fort built by the
Portuguefe, which was taken in i6>}0, by
the

N E H

N E R

the Dutch, who evacuated it to the Eng
liffi, in February, 1796, loo, 83 45 £,lat.
7 30N- Negapatam, A city of the peninfula of
Hindooftan, on the coaft of Coromandel.
If was firft a colony of the Portuguefe,
but was taken by the Dutch. Tbe lat
ter were difpoffeffed pf it by the Engliffi,
in 1782 ; but by the peace of 1783, it
was agreed to be reftored to the Dutch,
whenever they ffiould give an equivalent
for it : 183 miles S Madras, lon. 79 56 E,
Iat. 10 46 N. I
Negroes, a fi:aport on the £ fide of tbe
bay of 'Bengal : 240 miles W S W Pegu,
lon. 94 4 £, lat. 15 50 N.
Negro, Cape, a promontory of Africa,
on the W coaft of Angola, being fhe moft
foutherly country to which the Euro
peans ufually refort to purchafe flaves,
ten. 10 40 £, lat. 15 54 N,
Negro' s-Ifiand, one of fhe Phiiippiae
Iflands, between Panay and Zebu,
Negxfiland, or Nigritia, a country of Af
rica, through whiciithe river Niger is fup
pofed to run. It has the great defert of
Zahara on the N, and ftretches far to the
S, but the inland parts are very Uttle
knnwn. The Eurppeans have many fet
tlements on the coaft, where they barter
European goods for flaves, gold duft, and
elephant's teeth
Negropont, an ifland of Turkey, in Eu
rppe, the largeft in the Archipelagp. It
was anciently called Eubcea, and is near
the N coaft of Livadia, feparated from it
by the ftrait of Negropont, over which
is a bridge. It is 90 miles iu length, and
%5 ia breadth, though in fome places
much narrower. It abounds in corn, wine,
and fruits. Formerly here were many
cities, now only Negropont and Caftel
Rofs, of any note.
Negropont, a ftrong city, capital of the
aliove ifland, and a Greek archbifliop's
fee. It has a good harbour, which is
cpinnipnly the ftatipn pf the Turkifli
fliips. The walls pf the city, in whicli
the Turks and Jews refide, are twp miles
and a half In circumference ; but the
fuburbs, where the chriftians live, are
much larger. It is pn a ftrait pf the fame
name : 30 milcs N £ Athens, and 260 S
W Cpriftarifiripple, long. 24 8 E, lat. 38
30 N.
Nehavand, an ancient town of Perfia,
in Irac AgemI. famous for a battle fought
near it, between tbe calif Omar and Yez
Degetd, King of Perfia, in 1638, vvhen he
loft that kingdom. If is 170 milcs N W
Ifpahan, lou. 47 10 £, lat. 34 zo N.

Neidsniurg, a town of -Proffia, with a
caftle on a mountain : 75 milef EiCulm.
Neilfion, a viUage in Scotland, S Paif
ley, noted for a cotton manufaaure.
Neira, an Ifland in the Eaftern ludiam
Sea : and the principal of the Banda
Iflands : It fuppUes annually about %ooo
pounds pf nutmegs, and 2000 of -mace.
Here are two towns, one caUed the fame
as the ifland, the other Labetacka.
Neiffe, A town of silefia, furrounded
by thick walls and deep ditches. The
inhabitants carry on a confiderable trade
In lincris and wine It is on a river of
the fame name : 2 7 iniles N E Glatz, and
35 S £ Breflaw, ten. 17 35 E, lat, 50 31
N. Netlenburg, A town of Suabia, capital .of
a landgravate of the fame name : 30
miles N Conftance, and 20 N E Schaff
haufen, lon. 9 8 E, lat, 47 59 N, *
Nemaa, A village ofthe Morea, famous
forfhcNcmsan ^ames anciently celebrat
ed here,
Nemours, a town of France, depart
ment of Seine and Marne ; with an old
caftle, between two hifls, on the fpot
where ftood the town of Grex, in the
time of Cxfar. It is 10 miles S Fontain-
bleau, and 15 S E Paris,
Neacafiro,A fort in Romania, where the
Turks always keep a good garrifon '.
feated in the middle of the ftrait of Coas-
ftantlnople: 12 mile« from Conftantina-
ple,lon. 29 4E,lat. 41 10 N,
Neots, St. a town in Huntingdonffiire,
well built, has a handfome church, with
a fine fteeple, and a confiderable trade in
coal. It is on the Oufe, over which is
a ftone bridge : 20 miles W S W Cam
bridge, aud 56 N N W London.
Nepean Ifiand, in the S Pacific Oceaa,
oppofite Port Hunter, oa tlie S coaft of
Norfolk Ifland, It confifts entirely of one
mafs of fand, "tield together by the fur
rounding cliffs, which are a border of
hard rocks. The furface is covered
wilh a kind of coarfe grafs, and upward*
of 200 fine pines are growing on it,
Nepi, an ancient town pf Italy, In the
patrlmpny pf St, Peter, wilh ^ bifliop's
fee : 20 miles N Rome.
Nerac, A town of France, departmeat
of Lot aad Garonne, divided by the river
Baife into great aad Utile Nerac. In the
feudal times, this was the refidence aad
capital' of the lords of Albret. Their ft-i-
pendous caftle is now In ruins 5 but be
fore the abolition of royalty, no true
Frenchman could vifit it v/ithout fenti
ments of veneration ; for here their once
* favourite

fj E 1*
favourit^ Henry IV, fperit part of his
youth. Nerac is 20 hiiles S W Agen, and
380 S by W 'Paris, low. o 13 E, lal. 44 2"
-N. ; ,' , ^ '-_ _ ,
Nerbudda, a river of India, which Iffues
from a lake, ori the fouthern confines of
the proviacd'Of Allahabad, runs W, aad
forms the bouadary betweea Hindooftan
Proper and the Deccan, and falls into fhe
Gulf of Cambay, below Baroach : 31
iniles N Surat,
Nericia, a province Of Sweden Proper ;
bounded N by Weftmania, E by Suder-
mania, S by E Gothland. In mpft parts
of it fhe foil is fertile, and prodiiee&corn
rind pafturage.. This, country yields iron,
and fulphur mines, quarries of load-ftorie,
alum, limeftone, &c. Confequently, it
has iron founderles, with fulphur aSid
leadworks. Here arelar'ge.w,oods,-fev-
crarhigh mountains, 'Confiderable rivers,
and 23 lakes, vvhich abound ia fifli. Ne
ricia Is fampus for feycra! flourilliiag
manufaaures of all kinds ,Pf hard vvare ;
and it has always beeri remarkable for
forging arms, &c. ' The chief . occupa
tions of the Inhabitants are agriculture,
working in the mines^nd forges, liuat-
iag, aad fifliing. Oretiro is» fhe principal
towa. Nero,ab iflaad iri. the E Indies, the fec
pnd of the Banda, Iflands, where the
Dutch have ' a fort cal-led''fort Naffau.
Hereare large ferpents, but not venom.:
ous, and the mountains are covered with
trees, in whichare birds of a very fingu
lar kind, ten. 129 45 E, lat. 4 40 N.
Nertchinff, que of the four provinces of
the Ruffi|n government of'-Irkutzki. Its
capital,- of the fame name, is feated on
the Nertcna, which falls into the Schilka.
Nefie, a town of France, department of
Somme, 6n the Ligaoii, 8 miles N E
Royes, and 66 N by E Paris.
Nefs, A rivcr pfSoollarfd, which is the
iputlet pf Loch Nefs, arid falls 'into fhe
ftith-pf Murray, below-Inveraefs. \
Netherlands (The,) or The Seventeen Prov
inces. Tliis country is bounded N by
the Germao Sta, E by Eaft Friefland, the
biffippric of (Munfter, county of Benth
eim, duchy of Cleves, archbi flippric pf
Cologn , arid duchy of Juliers ; S by the
bifliopric of L^'5^' and Trance; and,W
by the German Sea, aad part of Fraace,
II extends from lon, 2 30^10 7 20 E, and
from 49i 25 fpi '5330 N, The Dutch have
part of Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders,
'I'he French have Artois and the Cam
brefis ; vvith partof IfUxemberg;-PlscntltTB;-
and Hainault. Ou the other band, part

•N E- U
11
of Guelderland', one of the tJnitea I*rov^
inces, belongs to Auftria, and another part
to Prullia, 'Fhe lale emperor, Jofeph Yi
having projeaed Many innovations, anS
enforcing tliem with violence, -a u'niyerfaj
fpirit of revolt broke out j an army /f
40,000 men, role, as if by m.-igic;.lo li'ip-
porf the reriiihclatioh-of all alljgfance,
which feveral of the proVijittre openly
made ; a congrefs vvas--ftjfiiled from- thi
diff'erent ftates, In whobl tlie fupreme
government was vefted ; and by the end
of 1790, the Aifftrians were expelledj
The new government, howeverf, was not
of terig.'durafiori,' fdr Leopold II, (the
fuccefl'or of Jofeph, who died in the early
part of 1790) was enabled, partly by
force, partly by cdricilialOry meafures, aud
partly by the mediation of Great Britain,
Pruffia, and Holland, 10 rocov^ the eiir
tire poffeffibn of his authority ;• the me*
diatihg courts having guarantied the
reftorallon bf the ancient Bclgic coaffitui,
tion. In 1792, the French oveia^n.the
Auftrian 'Netherlands ; they were'drlveri
out-Bf fhe country in 1793 ; but f heyrei
turned In 1794, and fubdued every part
of it. The principal rlvdrs are iheScheldf,
Rhine, Maefe, Mofelle, Sambre, and Lis';
and there are mariy fine navigable canals.
The air Is temperate ; buf themouthsjoF,
the 'rivers and harbours are frozen iri
winter. The foil is extremElj|jfcrfiIe ;
and there are fine manufaaure*of lace;
lawns, cambrics, tapeftry, &c. -bruffeis;
capital of Brabant, Is tlie, capital qf all
the Auflyian Net'nerlands, See ¦Unitil
Provinces of the Netherlauds'.
Wetttina, atown of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma, in a fertile foil,af the mouth of
the river Loracina ,: 24 miles S Rome,
Hdfia, a, river $1 Ruffia," which ifliies
from the lake Ladoga, and falls info the
, gulf of Finland, Ifelo^Peterffiurg.
Neuburg, A town of Sn4bfa, in the Erifi-
gaw, fubjea to the houfe pf Auftria, iexti-
ed near the Rhine: 12 • nlUes N Biifle,
and 12 S Brifach, ,\ ,, ,
Neuburg, a towri of Lpwer Auftria,.
with a famous mpnaftery, on the Dan
ube : 5 miles .'from Vienna, ten, 16 20 E;
lat, 48 13 N,' -^ ' -, '¦ -¦ ,
Neuburg, atown of Wirt,rmbur,j^, with
A caftle, on the Enlz : 25 niiles W Stut
gard, ' ^
. ..Niuburg,- a town of Bavaria, capital of
a duchy of the fame name, fubjea to the"
eleaor palatine i 28 miles NEAu^&«g^
and 40 S W Ratiffion, , . ¦ "
"• NeuctiTitel, A "tSTWtory of Swiffefland',
which, with that Of Vallengia forms oni
principality^ '

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.->/'
N E U

N E U

l^nncipality, between the lake of Neu
chatel and the borders of France ; ex-
lending 36 miles from N to S, and 18 in
its greateft breadth. The conftitution is
a kind of limited monarchy. The ia
habitants arc chiefly proteftants. The air
is healthy and temperate ; and it is wa
tered by feveral lakes and rivers. The
foil is not equally fertile, but there are
'Vineyards that produce white and red
wine, which laft is excellent. Tbe paf-
turcS Pn fhe mountains feed a great num
ber 6f all fOrts of cattle, and there is
plenty of deer in the forefts.
Niuch'atel, A IPwn pf Swifferland, capi
tal of the above principality. It con
tains not irtiore than 3000 fouls, and is
fituated partly 'On the plain betweea the
lake of NeUehatel aad the Jura, and
partly on the declivitj? of that mountain.
The chief article of deportation is wine,
produced from the neighbouring vine
yards, and much efteemed ; and it has
manufaaures of printed linens and cot
tons. Many public vvdrks have been
lately executed, among vvhich are the
new town houfe, aad a fupcrbe caufeway,
leading towards the valley of St. Imier.
Neuchatel haS a great and little council ;
the firft is compofed of 40 perfons ; the
fecond confifts of 24 members, compre
hending the mayor, who is prefident. It
is 25 miles N E Laufanne, and 25 W
Bern, lon. 7 o E, lat. 47 5 N [Coxe.]
Neuchatel, or Yverdun, A lake which
ftretches about *o miles in length from
the town of Yverdun, fp that Pf Neu
chatel, in Swifferland,
Nevern, a village In Pembrpkefliire,
Wales, near a river of the fame name,
One mile N £ Newport.
Nevers, A confiderable town of France,
department of Nievre, built in the form
of aa amphitheatre, coataining feveral
fine buildings ; particularly an ancient
ducal palace. It is fealed on the Loire,
over which is a handfome bridge : 15
miles N W Moulins, and, 145 S E Paris,
ten. 3 14 E, lat. 46 59 N.
Neufchatel, A fown of France, depart
ment of Lower Seine, noted fot excellent
cheefe : 20 miles S E Dieppe,' and 75 N
W Pari,..
Neuf bateau, A town of Auflriaa Lux
emburg : 27 miles W N W Luxemburg.
Neiifchateau, A coinmerci:'.l lown of
France, department of the Vofges. Ils
foil is fertile in Cora aad good wine, on
the river Mouzon : 25 miles S W Nanci,
and 150 E by S Paris, ten. 5 47 E, lat,
48 24 N.
Vol, II. K k k

Neuhaus, a ftrong town of Bohemia, fal
the circle of Bechin, witb a caftle, ten. Ijl
30 E, lat. 49 8 N.
Neuhaufel, a ftrpng tnwn of Upper Hun'
gary, In a marffiy plain ; 15 miles N Vt
Comora, and 40 S E Preffiurg, ten. 18 le
E, lat. 48 I N.
Nevin, OT Newin, a town in Carnar'
vonfliire, Wales, feated on the Iriffi Sea ;
20 miles S by W Carnarvon, and 249 'W"
N W London.
Neumark, a town of Tranfylvania, on
the river Merlfch : 56 miles N Claufen-
burg, ten. 23 55 £, lat. 47 19 N.
Neumark, a f oWn of Bavaria : 30 milet
NNW Ratiffion.
Neumark, a town of silefia, in fhe prin
cipaUty o, Breflaw : 15 miles W by N
Breflaw, ten, 16 42 E, lal. 51 5 N.
Neufadi, A ipwn of Lower Saxony,
duchy of Holftein, on the Baltic : 2i
miles NNE Lubec.
Neufadi, a tpwn of Lower Saxony,
duchyof Mecklenburg: 15 miles S Sch
werin, lon. II 50 E, lat. 53 24 N.
Neufadi, a town of Lovvcr Saxony, with
a caftle : 15 hiiles N W Hanover.
Neufadi, a town of Lower Auftria,
with a bifliop's fee, a caftle, and an arfe
nal : 30 miles S Vienna,
Neufiadt, A town of Franconia : la
miles N E Schweinfurt, lon. 10 25 E, lat.
50 24 N,
Neufadi, 4 town of Wirtemburg : 12,
miles NNE Hailbron,
Neufiadt, A town of Germany : 9 mUe»
N by W Landau, ten, 8 7 E, lat, 49
20 N,
Neuwied, ot New Wied, A town of
WeftphaUa, county of Wied Runkcl, oa
the Rhiae, A traveUer, who vifited thl»
towa in 1 794, fays, that it is one of the
moft commercial places on the Rhine ;
the principal ftreets, which face the wa
ter, were neat and cheerful. There vvere
alfo about 20 fmall Veffels lying before it,
and the quay feeined to be wide enough
to ferve as a fpacious terrace to the
houfes. The prince's palace, an exten
five ftone building, with a lofty orangery
along the ffiore, is af the end of fhis ftreet,
vvhich, as well as fhe greateft part of
the town, was built or improved under
the auf'pices of his father ; a wife prince,
diftinguiflied by having negotiated, in
1735; a peace between the empire and
France, when the contiriualion of the War
feemed 10 be inevitable. The fame be-
nevolonee led him to a voluntary, fur
render of many pppreffive privilege*
over his fubjeas, as well as to tbe moil
careful

3^ E -W

NEW

Cjsreful proteaion of ccimmerce and m-an-
u,faaures. Accordingly, the town of
liJeuwled has been continually increafing
in prcjfperity and flze for the lafl 50
yea'rs, and the Inhabitants of the whole
principality are faid to he as much more
qualified in their charaiStcrs as they are
liappler.in their conditions fhan thofe of
the neighbouring ftates : 4 miles belovv Co-
b|ientz,^ Tlie, numberof luh'abltanfs is
between 6 arid 7,000 :' the Calvinift Is
the eftabUflied religijon, but all others
a.re tolerated; and the Mpravians, in par
ticular, have here a very refpeaable fet-
Uemeift, ^euwicd is 10 miles NNW
Cobientl;, lon, 7 25 E, lat, ,50 32 N.
, -,I{e.wark Upon Trent,. A borough In Not-
tinglianiflilre, Englaad, pa the Trent, over
vvhich is a bridge, and pnce had ahandfoiiie
caftle. now in- ruins. Here, in the midft of
troubles, died the Inglorious king John ;
and here the unfortunate Chartes I, after
his, defeat af Nafeby, put himfelf into the
ha,ncls of fhe Scotch . array, who after
wards gave him up to his worft enemies,
Nevjrark has a good trade, is governed by
a mayor, and fends 2 members to parlia
ment • 17 miles NE Nottingham, and 124
N by "W London.
Newb.irgb, a corporate towa in the
ifle Qf , Anglefey, on the Brant : 15 miles
S W Beurmaris, and ,25 7 N W London,
lon. 4 27 W, iat, 53 10 N.
_ jNe-wiurn, A village in Northumberland,
iEngland, on the W I'lde Nev/caftle, iahab-
ifed chiefly by colliers.
Neft{bury, A corporate fown in iBerk-
fliire, England, governed by a mayor, has
a m^ufaaure of druggets, ,and Its poor
are chiefly eaiployed, ia fpiaaiag : 26
piiles S Oxford, and 56 W London.
_ Newcaflle, A town in Carmarthcn-lhire,
"Wales. It had a fine caftle, now ia ru
ins ; and is on the Tyvy : 17 miles N W
Carmarthen, and 219 "W" N WLondon.
Newcafile under Line, A borough ill Staf
fordfliire, England. It had 4 churches,
ilOw reduced to one ; and the caftle
whence it had its name, is quite demol
iffied. It has a manufaaure of hats, is
governed by a mayor, and fends 2 mem
bers to parliament : 15 Miles N Stafford,
and 1 49 N N v^'' Londoa.
^Meiycafile iijoi Tyiie, a large borough
a,n3 feaport jn Northuaiberland, betweea
the iPlas Wall and Tyne. The river is
to deep, th^t ffiips under 400 tons bur
den may come up to the lowa^ though
the large (5oHiers,are ftatioaed below, at
5'hicl4s. - The town is divided iato two
parts, jplutii ,,by a ftone bridge, wliich

originally coafifted of 12 arches-; biitliy
the embankment of the rlv^r to form tire
quays on the N fide, they were reduced
to nine. In 177 1, a dreadful flood carri
ed away 4 of fhefe arches, with fome
houfes that ftood upon fhem ; aad thi*
part of the bridge wa,s rebuilt in 1779.
Through this place went part of that
wall which extended from fea to f'ca, and
was built by the Romans to defend the
Britons againft the incurfions pf the Pias.
The tovva is defended, by a ftrong wall,
in which arc 7 g^les, and as many
turrets, with fcveral caf'emenls, boml^
proof ; but. the caftle is old and ruinousi
Here is a noble exchange ; and the walj
of the town, running parallel wilh the
river, leaves a fpacious piece pf ground
between the water and the wall, which,
being fa.ced with freeftone, forms the
Ipngeft and largeft quay ia iEngland, ex
cept that at Great 'k'arraouth. Here are
4 pariffi churchcs,a manfion houfe for the
mayor,: a hall for the furgeops ; a- large
hofpital, built by the contribution of the
keel men, for the niaiatenance of the
pppr pf their fraternity ; and feveral
charitable fpundatipns, fituated in centre
of the great collieries, which have for cen
turies fupplied London and moft, of the
fouthern parts of the kingdom, with coali.
This trade has been the fource of great
opulence fo Newcaflle ; it alfe poffelTes-
manufaaures of fteel, iron, glafs, and
woollen clotli ; and exports large quanti"-'
ties of lead, fait, falmi^n, butter, faltew,
aad grladSoaes. Ships are fent hence to
the Greealand fifliery. The ftreets in tbe
old part of the town are narrow, and the
buildings crowded together ; but fome of
the nevveft parts are handfome and com-
modlou.s. '"file fuburbs are chiefly liihah-
ited by keel men ;, a rough and ftuf-dy
race, employed in carrying the coal dqivn
the river in keels, or lighters, to the large
ffiips., Newcaflle vvas made a borough
by William I, and the firft charter for
digging coal,, was granted by Henry 111, in
1239. From 1785, to 1591,448,000 chal
drons of coal were fent from-this port :
34 miles S Alnwick, 94 N York, and 271
N by W London, tea. i 27 W, lat. 55-
3 N.
- .Netodigate^A village in Surry, England r
5 miles S E Darking. Here is a medici
nal fpring pf the fame nature, as that of
Eipl'oni, Neiveiit, A tov\-a in Gloucefterfliire, Eng
land, near a branch of the Severn : 8
miles N Vv' Gloucefler, and 114 W N W
London. Ntwfie^cr-

NEW

NEW

Newfuller-S'ti, A lake of Hungary : 17
-milcs teng and '6 broad, and 20 S by W
Preffiurg, New Forefi, A foreft in Hampffiirc, Eng
land, in that part Of the county which
is bounded on the E by Soiithampton
Water, and on the S bythe Englifli Chan
nel. It is 20 miles ia length, and 15 in
breadth ; and has -,idvaniages of fituation,
vvith refpea fo conveyance by water car
riage, and vicinity to the dockvards, fu
perior 10 every olher foreft ; having, ia
it,i! neighljourhood, feveral places for'fliip-
ping timUer. It was afforcftedby WlUiam
the coHqueror, vvho expelled the Inhab
itants for that purpofe, arid was then 10
iniles longer lliaa at preferf. The fon,
WiUiam Rufus, vvas killed in this foreft,
by aa arrpw fliOt by Walter Tyrrel,
>vhich had accidentally glanced againft a
tree. This fppt is poiutcd out by a tri
angular ftqne.
Newhaven, a town of Suffex, England,
af the mriuth of, the Oufe, with a quay
on tbe E fide : 7 miles S by E Lewes, ^¦
and 56 S London.
Newmarket, A town in Cambridgefliire
jind Suffolk, England, celebrated for
liorfe races : 14 miles E Cambridge, and
60 N by E London.
Newnham, A corporate town in Glou
cefterfliire, England, on the Severn : S
miles S W Gloucefter, and 112 W N W
London.
' Newport, A borough in fhe Ifle of
Wight, goveined by a mayor, and fend.', ^
a members to parliament. It is oa the
river Cowes, vvhich is navigable for fmall
velTels : 17 miles S by E Southampton,
and 91 S W London, lon. i 15 W, lat. 50
40 N.
^''sso/or^ a borough ia Corawall, which
fends 2 members to parliament : 3 miles
N Launcefton, and 214 W by S London.
Newport, a town ia Shropfllire, Eng
land, 'with a handfome freefchool: 17
milcs E Shi-cwffiury, and ii;o N W Lon
don, Newport, A tovvn, in Monmouthfliire,
on the Ufk, over which is a bridge : 19
miles SS W" Monmouth, and' 152 Wby
N London,
Newport, A corporate lown In Pem
brokefliire, governed by n mayor, and
feated at the foot of a hiih hill, at the
bottom of a bay of tbe fami- nime : 18
jniles N E St, David's and 235 W N W
London. Airirf-nit-Pcg-!'!, A town in Bucking-
hainihirc, Enjl-.nd, vvith a miaufaaure
^f 'bdiiclacc, on the Oufe: 14 milcs £

N E Buckingham, and 51 N N W Lon-
doa. '
New River, a fine artificial ftream,
brought from 2 fprings, af ChadwcU and
Amwell, near Ware, in Hertforilfliire, for
the fupply of London With water, ft
was finifficd 1613, by Sir Hug^ Middle-
ton, a citlaen of London, who expended
'his whole fortune In the' undertaking.
This river, with all its windings, is near
ly 39 miles 111 length, and is untfer the
management of a corporatiori, called the
New River Company. See Iflington. ' '
Newry, A borough of Ireland, county
pf Down, on the fide of a fteep hill, at
the footpf which is New'rywater, having
over il tvvo ftoae bridges -; and there is
a third over a riavigable canal, by which
il has a coramunicatioa with Lough'Neagh
and-- Carlingford Bay, Veffels of 200
tons can come up to the town. Here is
a Uaca manufaaure, and a confiderable
trade in ffiipping. It is the l4rgeft tQWn
in fhe cpupty : 49 miles' N DubUn, hit.
54 15 N
Newffam, a village in Durham, on the
Tees, 5 mjlcs from 'Darlington. This be
ing the ufual ford over the river from the
S, the bifliop of Durham Is met here, at
his firft coming to fhe fee, when the lord
of Stock.burn, juft below it, being af the
head of the country gentlemen, advances
into the middle of the rivcr, with his
trunchc-on, and prefents it to llie bifliop,
who returns il, and is then conduaed
along amid the acclamations of the pop--
ulace. Here was formerly a nunnery.
Newfol, A town of Upper Hungary,
with 3 large caftle, in which is a church,
covered with copper. Near it are fhe
greateft copper mines In all Hungary.- It
is oa the Gran : to miles N Chremnitr,
and 50 N E Leopolftadt, ten. 19 29 E,
lat. 49 9 N.
Newton, a borough In Lancafliire, Eng
land, which fends two members to par,^
Iiament : 5 miles N Vv'"urringtpn, and 190
N W Londoa.
Newton, a borough in the I'fle of Wight,
which fends two members to parliament :
H miles S Southampton, aad 93 S W
London, Newton, a town of Moatgomeryfliirc,
oil the Severa : 7 miles S W Moatgome-
ry, and luy W N V/ Londoa,
New' r-Buffel, a tovva in Devonffiire,
on the Tciga : i <; miles S by W Exeter.
and 1 88 W S WLondon,
2\.-.vt,mfiew.irt, A towll in '','ri^rtonn^i'-e,
Scotl,uid,on the Cree, wliich is navigable
for fmall veffels to within 2 milcs Of the
town.

N I C

N I C

tovvn. Thefe is a handfome bridge over
tbis river, whofe mouth, in WIgton Bay,
affoids a valuable falmon fifliery. Sev
eral manufaaures have been commenced
wilh fuccefs in this, town, which is indebt
ed for its rife and name to the family of
Stewart, earl of Galloway : 26 miles E by
N Port Patrick.
N'wtown, A village in Renfrewfliire, to
the S of Paifley. It is noted for feveral
large print fields.
Newtown Lima-oady, a borough of Ire
land, county of Londonderry, near the
P coaft of Lough Foyle : i J miles ENE
Londonderry. Nsyland, A town in Suffolk, with a man
ufaaure of fays and baize ; on the Stour,
over wl^ich is a bridge : 16 miles S W
Ipfvvich, and 57 N E London.
Nsytracht, a town of Upper Hungary,
^lapltal of a county pf the fame name,
%yith a biflipp's fee, pn the Ncy tra : 40
iniles N E Preffiurg.
Ngon-king-fou, A rich cpmmercial city
of China, capital pf the "W^art pf the
province of ICiang-nan. It has 6 cities
of the third clafs ' under ils jurlfdiaion ;
is governed by a viceroy ; and defended
by a fort, qh tbe river Yang-tie-kiang :
175 iniles S W Nanking, ten. 116 45 E,
Iat. 30 35 N. '_ *
Ngan-ta-fou,aT\ch and poputeus diftria
of China, proylufe of Houquang, con
taining twp cities of the' fecond and five
of the third clafs : 425 miles W by S
Uanking. Nibano, A (ovvn of Parma : 57 mfles W
Parma, ten, 10 o iE, lal, 45 5 N,
iV/Mj-ia, an ifland of the Archipelago,
betweeii Samos and Tina ; ancieritly call
ed Icaria : 50 miles in circumference,
and flill of rocks ; the caverns of which,
the inhabitants, 'whp are very pppr,make
their abode. They are pf the Greek re
ligion abput 3000 in number, and apply
themfelves to fwimmirig 'and diving for
fponges, and for gppds teft by flupwreck,
lon. ii6 3P E, lat. 37 49 N. [Thevenot,]
, Nicafro, A town pf Naples : 1 7 miles
S Cofenza
Nice, A county of Italy, bounded W
\>y the river Var and thi: Maritime Alps,
which divide it from France ; N fiy.Picd-
mont, E by the territories of Genoa, S by
the Mediterraaean. It "was aacieatly an
appendage of Provence, ip France, but
has, for many years, belonged to the king
ef Sardinia In 1792 it -ivas conquered
by the French : 60 "miles long aad 30
broad, and contains abo,u( 125,000 in
habitants.

Nice, an ancient and confiderable city of
Italy, capital of the above county, with ^
citadel and a biffiop's fee. It is of a trian
gular fprm, and cpnfined in its fituation,
haviiig a high rock on the ip, tlie river
P^glion on the W, and the Mediterrane
an on the S : from which laft If is feparat
ed by a beautiful aiicj extenfive terrace,
ufed as a pubUc vvalk- The harbour is
on the £ fide of the rock, and caUed
Limpia, from a fmall river that falls into
it. The exports are filk, fweet pil, wine,
cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, -and all
forts of dried fruits. There are ind(vidT
uals- who gather yearly 300,000 oranges,
and 150,000 lemons. It has 36,opo In
habitants". It had formerly large fuliurbs,
but only ruins now remain. Befides the
cathedral, there are three parochial, and
feveral other churches and monafteries,!.
In fhe year 1792, the French geueraj
Anfelm croffed the Var, ahd, on fhe 29lh
of September, being fupported by admi-^
ral Truguet, with 9 fail of the line, look
poffeffion of Nice, which was evacuated
by the Piedmontefe garrifon, on the ap
pearance of the ^rench, and the inhabit
ants appeared difpofec(," in every refpedj
cordially to unite with the French rei-
publid ; for, In fhe month pf September,
1793, -when an Englifli vefel arrived at
Nice '^ith a flag of truce, and a procla
mation tq the inhabitants, exhorting them
fo accept" the royal cohliifufion of 1789,
the magiflrales of , Nice ' replied : "that
French republicans would never become
flaves, and that no farther anfwer would
be made to royaUfts, eijcepi: from the
mouths of cannon:" 4 miles E of the
mouth of the Var, and 83 S by W Turin,
lon. 7 23 E,lat 43 42 N.
Nice, a cily of Afia, fee Ifiiic.
Nichahurg, a city of Perfia, the largeij
and riehcft In ^Corafan, famous for a mine
of turcois-ftones in its neighbourhood :
37 mile| ,S i^lefclied, Ipn. 57 48 E,lal. 3<f
30 N. 
Nicholas, St. A town pf France, de
partment pf iMeurthe, vyith a handfome
church, dedicated to 'St. Nicholas, tq
which pilgrims fprmerly reforted. Ills
on the Meurthe : 5 mUes S' E Nanci, and
265' E Paris
Nchalas,St. a feaporf of Ruffia, in the
government pf Archangel, at the mouth
pf the Dvyina, oa the "White Sea : 6 miles
S Archangel.
Niclilefliurg, A lown of Moravia, with
a caftle : '%1 milcs N Viearia.
Nicobar Ifiands, feveral Iflaad'; at the en-.
trance of the gulf of Bcngi;l, They are
alraolt

N I C

- N I E

;ilmpft entirely npcultivated ; but the
eocoa-nut, the mellpri pr lerum (a kind,
pf bread fruit) and pther tropical frUits
grow fppntanepufly fp the greateft pcr-
fcaipn. DpgS and hpgs are the principal
animals. The Inhabitants are few, and
their iadplence extreme : Buf they are
hofpitable and hpneft, remark-able fpr
their punauallty and veracity. Theft,
robberyand murder are unknovyn, "I'hey
affeaionately obferve an annual feftival
in remembrance of their deceafed friends.
They are aftonifliing fwimmers, overtak
ing fliips undei faih They are tall,
and well proportioned, with black eyes,
bUicklankhair, and dark copper cplpurcd
flcins. 'I'hey live in little huts, having ao
towns, and go quite naked, except a
cloth about fhe waift. They have neither
temples nor idols ; nor does, there feem
to be any great fuperiprily ,among them,
Thefe iflands extead Nprthward, from
the N poiat of Sumatra. The largeft of
fhem, which gives aame to tlie reft, has
a fiue harbour pn theN fide, in 12 pr 14
fathoms vvater ; Is 40 mUes in length,
and 15 ia breadth. Ifs S extremity is in
Jon, 94 23 E, lat 8 o N.
[Colebrook, Kpnipfe;-, Dampier,]
Nicholas, St. one of the largeft pf the
Cape de Verd Iflands, between Sl. Lucia
^nd St, Jago, It is 75 miles in length ;
arid the land is ftony, mountainous and
barren, ten, 14 10 W, lat! 16 32 N.
Nicola, St. the moft coafiderable of the
jfles of Tremetl, In the gulf of Venice,
Jt has a harbour, defended by a fortrefs,
in which is an abbey and a cliurcl], tea,
15 37 E, lat. 42 10 N.
Nicamedia,a town of NatoUa, qpwfaUed
Ifchmlch, or Sclimit, It was formerly
much larger, as appears by the fine ru-
jns ; but is ftill a place of cqnfeiiuerce,
II carries ou a trade in filki cotton, glafs,
and earthen ware ; and contains 30,QOo
inhabitants, who confift of Greeks,Arnie-
nians, and Turks, It is famou^ for the
death of Hannibal and Conftantine. It is
the fee of a fJreek archbifliop, and is 50
miles S W Conftantinople, ten, 29 30 iE,
lat, 40 30 N. [Thevenot,]
Nicopoli, A fown pf Bulgaria, famous
for the firft battle fougljt between the
Turks and the Chriftians, in 1396, when
the' emperor Sigifniund loft the day, and
had 20,000 men killed. It Is on the Da
nube: 130 miles N W Andrianople, tea.
25 33 E, lal. 44 26 N.
Nicopoli, or Glaniff, an ancient town of
Armenia, built by Pompey the Great, in
memory pf ^ vjcjlory' gained over Mi

thridates. It is Pri the Cerauna : i6j
miles S W Erzerum, lon. 37 55 E, lat,
38 15 N.
Nieofia, A ftrong town, capital of the
ifland of Cyprus, feated between the
mountain Qlympus and a chain of other
mountains. It was formerly well fortified
by the Venetians, but now the works are
in ruins. It is 3 miles in circumfer
ence ; and there are plantations of olives,
almonds, lemnns, prangcs,riiulberries, and
cyprefs trees, Interfperfed ampng the
lipufes, which give the town a delightful
appearance. The church of St, Sophia is
an old Gothic ftruaure, which the Turks
have turped into a mofque : 100 miles W
Tripoli, ¦and 160 S W Aleppo, lon. 34 45
E, lal. 34 54 N.
Nicotera, a feaport in Naples, in Cala
bria Ulteriore, with a bifliop's fee : 25
miles N iE Reggio, and 185 S E Naples,
tea. 16 30 E, lat, 38 34 N.
Nidaiv, or NidoiO, a handfome fpwn of
Swifl'erland, capital of a bailiwick of the
fame name, in the canton of Bern, wilh
a caftle, pq the lake pf Bienne : 15 inilcs
N W Bern, and 60 S W Zuric.
Niebla, an ancient fpwn of Spain, in
Andalufia, on the Rio Tinto : 40 miles
W Seville.
Niederbifher, A viUage of Germany : 3
miles from Neuwied. Many valuable an-
liquitles, and the traces of a Roman city
vvere dlfcovered here in 1791.
Niemecz, A ftrong town of Moldavia,
between Soczowjiy and Brafl'aw: 25 miles
from eacl^, laf, 46 58 N.
Niemen, a large riyer of Poland, which
rifes in Lifhu-ania, and falls Inlo the arm
of the fea, calleji the Curifch-haff, by
feveral mouth;,
Nicnburg, a town of Lpwer Saxpny,
with a ftrong caftle. It carries pn a cpn
fiderable trade in corn and vvool ; is on
the Wefer : 30 miles N W Hanover, and
37 S E Bremen, ten. 9 26 E, lat. 52 45 N.
Nien Clafer, a town of Lower Saxony :
3 milts E Wifmar.
Nien'i/uis,A town of Germany, on the
Lippe : 20 miles E Lipftadt, ten, 8.55 E,
lat, 5150 N,
Nieper, fee Dnieper.
Niefadt, a lown of lower Saxony, duchy
of Mecklenburg : 15 miles S Schwerin,
lat, 53 59 N,
Niifadt, il town In fhe middle marche
of Bradenburg : 25 miles N £ Berlin.
Niefier,fee Dniefer.
Nieupoit, a feaport of Auftrian Flan
ders, pn the German Ocean ; itis near the
fea fliore, on a hranchof the rivci Yperlee, which ,

NI t

N I M

which, joining v^ith the river Cplme,
ft»rm«a canal, which runs into the fea.
The harbpur is dry at low water. The
princip:»l defence of the place cpnfifts ia
fts'fl-.tices, by which they can lay all the
cpriritry under water. It 'has dflen been
taken and retaken in various wars ; the
laft time by the French, in 1794. The
inhabitarits areprincipally filliermen, and
make nets and cordage for fale : 9 iniles
S W Oftend, and ,i6 N E Dunkirk, lon.
a 45 E, lat. 51 7 N.
Niger, or Jotiha, a majeflic river of
Africa, as wide as the Thairies at Weft-
miafter. Its cou.-fe is to the eaftward,
or rifing fun. Like the Nile, and fome
BCber large rivers, it annually overflows
its banks, fertilizing the adjacent laads.
¦Trom the lateft dlfcoveries there remaias
little doubt that this river fermiaafes in
lakes, in the eaflern quarter of Africa,
and that thefe lakes are fituated in Wan
gara and Ghana, See Dark 'Lake.
[Park, Rennel,]
Nigritia, fee Negroland.
Nikapiiig, a town of Detlmark, capital
of the ifland of Falfter, pr Hnlfter, in the
Baltic, with 4 ftrpng fort, aad 1200 ia-
habifitnfs : 55 miles SWCopenhagea, lon,
12 7 E, laf, 54 50 N.
Niiaping, a towa of Sweden, in Suder-
maaia : '60 miles S W Stockholm, lon. 16
40 E, lat. 58 40 N,
Nile, a grca;t river of Africa, which
rifes at the foot of the high mouatain in
Abyffinia, -called the mountains of fhe
moon, near the village of Gecfli, It runs
firft through the great lake Dembia, and
then makes a long circuit toward its
fource, which It leaves 25 miles tO the
E, forming a fort of pcninfula : after
this It runii through the remaining part
of Abyffinia into Nubia, and then into
¦Egypt,tiU if ari'IvCs at Cairo ; a litfle.be-
low Vvhich It divides itfelf into two' great
•branches, which, wifh the Mediterrane
an fea, form the iflarid caUed Delta, Th-.-
aacieats reckoned 11 mouths of the Nile,
•of -which 7 were confiderable ; but at
¦ prefent there are only 2 fhat are naviga
ble at all times ; and thofe are al Rofet
ta and Damietl-i. In fome places of this
river there are rocks, whence the water
falls feveral feet, and thefe are called, the
entaraSs of the Nile. It overflows regu
larly every year. During the inuada-
tion, the Uttle towns, ftanding upon em
inences, look like fo many iflands, and
they go from one to fhe other by boats
In Cairo there is a canal called Khul s,
which is opened when the water is 'htgh

enough ; thence it is conveyed into re
fervoirs and cifterns, and is afterwards
diftributed into the fields arid gardens,
as occafion requires. To the overflows
lag of this river, Egypt is indebted for its
fertility : the Nile's iacreafe, occafioned
by the torrents of raia which fall yearly
on the mountains ia Abyffinia, is not
much perceived till the fummer folftlcB ;
when the waters become troubled, of a
reddifli tiiiaure, and are thought un
wholefome. They muft be -purified be^
fore drank, which is done by mixing hit
ter almonds, pounded to duft, ia a jarr
full of wafer, aad kepi turning with the
arm, for fome minutes ; it is then left to
fettle, and in 5 or 6 hours the helero-
gcaeous particles fubfide, and the water
becomes limpid and excellent, TheNile
continues increafing till near the end rf
Auguft, and often even in September,
The Nilomcter, at Elphantina, formerly
denoted to what degree the inundation
would rife. The experience of ages had
afforded marks known tb thofe whofe
truft It was fo watch. The governors of
fhe provinces were inftanlly informed,
and the neceffary labours for the goodctf
agriculture, were regulated accordingly.
When the- Arabs conquered Egypt, fhe
Nilpmefer was at the fmall town of Ha-
Ipva-n, facing Memphis. Amrou deflroy-
ed'that ftately capital. Some ages afte.",
the Mekias or iNilome'ter, was built at
one extreniity ofthe ifland of Raouda,
and the column to meafure fhe water
Was ereaed In the centre of a low cham
ber, the walls of which are exceedingly
folid, and the bpttpm pu a level vvith the
bed of the Nile. The mekias has never
fince beea changed, and pfficers are now
apppirited to examine the progrefs of the
iriundaftens, which is daily proclaimed
ia the ftreets of Cairo, by fhe public cri
ers, to whom fhe pepple interefted.in the
everit, giVe fpme flight reward, and it be
comes the riews of the day. As Egypt
pays rio tribute to the grand feignior, if
the waters do not rife to 16 cubits, fhe
Egyptians often difguife the truth, and do
not proclaim fhey have rifen to that
height till they have furpaffed it. The
d.iy of this proclamation is a day of rc-
jolcing, and a folema feaft among the
Egyptians. See Geff:
Nimeguen, a large and commercial city,
capital of Dutc'li Guelderland, vvith a
.citadeh an ancient palace, and feveral
forts. It^is noted for the peace conclud-
ej here, itt' 1695 ; and has been often
takeil fiiicc, 'the iaft time by the French ia

N I N

N'l S

10.1794,,, It has 5,0,000 inhatMfants, and
is the grand emporium of the- produce cf
the country oa each fiJc tbe Rhine, Il
ia feated on the Wahal : 5Q mUes S E
Amfterdam, and 70 N E Antwerp, lon.
5 45 E, lat, 51 55 N.
Ning-kaue-fou, A city of China, in the
province of Kisng-nan, noted for its
manufaaures of paper, m;ide of a fpe
cies of lecd ; and containing, in its dif
tria, 6 cities of the third clafs,
Niiig-fo-fau, called by the EuiopeaHs
Liampo, an excellent feaport of China, in
the province of Tche-kiang The filks
manufaaured here are much efteemed in
foreign countries, efpecially in Japan,
vvhere- they ate exchanged by the Chi
nefe for copper, gold, and filver. It has
4 cities under its- juril'diajon, befide a
great numberof fortrefl'es, and is On the
E coaft, oppofite Japan-; 850. miles S E '
Pekin, lon. 120 18 E, lat. 29 57 N.
Nineveh, once, the capital 'of the Af-
fyrian empire. It was 60 miles in cir
cumference. In grandeur. fkirpsffed all
other cities of the world. Yet Nahum
foretoldthal " The Lord woj,ld make an
utter end thereof; he wiUma'ke an utter
end, afilia;ioB ffiall not rife up a fecond
time," In unifon with this, ZephHiilah
fays, " The Lord will make Nineveh a
defolation ; dry like a wildernefs ; def
olation ' fliall be iri her, threfliolds,"
"What probability vvas there, that fuch a
city, whofe walls were 200 feet in height,
fo wide that 3 chariots might , pafs a-
breaft, ftrengthened by- 1500 towers, 200
feet high, fliould be fo utterly deftroy
ed i' Yet all has -laually taken place ;
fp fatal is the- divine ihrealning ; fo true
every fyllable of prophecy, Luclan, a
native of that neighbourhood. In the fec
ond century after Chrift, fays, " Nineveh
was utterly periflied ; no footlteps re
maining," Benjamin, a Jew, who was
there in the twelfth cenfury, fays, " 1-Ji-
peveli is laid wafte ; yet many ftreets
and caftles are fo be feen." Another
vvho was there in 1300, afl'erts ihat " Ni
neveh is totally laid wafte ; but by the
rullia it appears fo have been the great
eft cily in the world." 'Fheveaot, ia the
feventeenth century,- tells us, " Some of
its ruins of great extent are to be ft en
even to this day." Taveraier fays,
that " Nineveh is now oaly a heap of
rubbifli." ' Her ruins are ruined.' God
has made " an utter end of her glo-
>"y"  [Newton.] ;
Niaeve, a town Of Auftrian Flanders,

on the stvw Deader, wi(th ari abbey : I J
miles W Bruffeis.
Nio, an ifland of thcArchipelago, S of
Naxia, ancicully called los. It is 35
milcs in eirdumference, and fcrllte io
cprii, but has very liltle vvpod-, or oil.
1"hc regular manners, and the tiehavlciir
of the iahabilaats to each other, revives
au Idea of the limplicity of the prLmitivf
ages ; and their kind treatment of ftrao-
gcrs, appears to be the genuine remains
of ancient hofpitality, ten. 25 35 E, lal.
36 43N.
Niorl, A town of France, departmeat
pf the Two Sevres. Here are manufac
tured druggets, ferges, aud other coarfe
woollen gpods ; and its dry fweetmeats
are much efteemed : 2S miles N £ Ro
chelle. Nioundoh, A town ofgreat commerce, in
the kingdom of Ava, on the Irrawaddy.
Cotton, japaned ware, oil exiraacd from
fefanum, are the principal articles cf ex
portation. . , [Symts.]
Niphon, or Hiphon, the ¦•pr'me\^'d\ ifland
of Japan. Its form is very irregular, not
unlike that of a javv-bpne, with a vail
numberof wjndjnE;s,l'o that it is not caiy
to afccrlain its true circumference ; it is
computed to be about 1500 milcs at
leaft. It was divided, in the times of the
dairos, into 53 or 55 kingdoms, all trib
utary lo them ; but fince the cubes de
prived thefe monarchs of their fecular
power, thofe divifions have not only un
dergone very great changes, but have
been fince in a ftate of continual -fluaua-
tion. Each of thefe has ils eapital, be
fides a numher of other coi,iidcra'oje
towns. The 5 principal cities ia thi?
ifland arc Meaco, Jeddo, Ofacca, Guruc-
ga, and Saccai. "11, c S point of this ifl
and is ia lon. 135 52 E, lat. 37 18- N.
[Peyroufd.l
Nfiiei-Novogorod. atown of Ruffia, in
a government of the fame name, with a
citadel, and an archiepiTcopal fee. It i|
on a mountain, at the confluence cf the
Volga and Occa : 2S0 miles _£ hy x;
Mofcpw, lon. 46 30 I'i, lat. 56 34 1.'.
Nifiben, or Neffin a very ancient and
celebrated town of Diarbeck, now pnly
Ihc-fliadow of what it was, and feated in
avaftpl.iin: 70 milcs S W DiarLcliir,
lon. 38 26 E, lar. 36 10 N.
Nifita, a fmall illand on the coaft of
N.iples, very fertile, abounding in ra'o-
bits. It has a harbour, called I'crto
Pavone. , . : :
Nfmes, a flourlfliing city of France,
department of Gard, with a biii-.op'i feo.
Here

N I X

N d R

IKere are feveral monuments of aritiqiiity,
of which the amphitheatre, built by the
Romans, is the priricipal. The Maifoii
Quarree, or the fquare houfe, is a piece
of architeaure of the Coriathian order,
aad one of the fineft in the world. The
temple of Diana is, in part, gone to ruin.
Nifmes was taken by the Englifli in 1417.
The inhabitants were all Calviaifts ; but
Lewis XIV demoliflied their church, in
1685, and built a caftle to keep them in
awe. Tbe population of Nlfities is com
puted at near 50,000, It is In a plain,
abounding in wine and oil : 12 miles i^
W Aries, and 75 N E Narbonne, lon. 4
a6 E, lat, 43 51 N,
Nifne-^ Ofirogg, a tovvn of Kamtchat
ka, compofed of 300 houfes, inhabited
by Coffacks, exiles, and a few natives.
The tovvn has twp churches where di
vine fervice is perfprmed, by a proto-
pope, and 6 other priefts. About 3000
Kamlcbadales aire fubjea fo this town,
who live by fifliing and hunting. [Bcntyowflcl,]
Niffa, or Neffava, A fdwn of Turkey ift
Europe, iri Servia, on tbe Morava : 20
miles E Precop, and 120 S £ Belgrade,
lon. 22 32 iE, lat. 43 32 N.
Nith, A river iri Duirifrlesfliire, which
a little belovv Dumfries, joins fhe Cairne,
and their united ftreams form a fine ettu-
ary In Solway Fritli.
Nitria, a famous defert of Egytit, 37
miles in length, on fhe coaft of the Med
iterranean Sea. It had formerly a great
number of moaafterles, vvhich are now
reduced fo 4 ; and it takes its name from
a fait lake, out of whieh is taken the na-
trum of the antients.
Nivelle, A town of Auftrian, Brabant,
remarkable for ifs abbey of noble canon-
effes, whofe abbefs is ftyled princefs of Ni
velle Here alfo, is John of Nivelle, fo
much admired by the common pe'ople :
vvhich Is (he figure of a man in iron,
ftanding on. the top of a tower near a
clock, who ftrikes the hours with a ham
mer. The place enjoys great privileges,
and has a manufaaure of cambrics: 15
miles S E Brufl'eis, lon. 4 36 E, lat. 50
35 N.
Nivernois, a late provirice of France,
between Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and
Berry. Tl is preltyfertile, coniaias miaes
of iron, and is watered by a great num
ber pf rivers, pf which the Lpir'e, Ailier,
and Yonne, are fhe principal. It now
forms the department of Nievre.
Nixaboer, Or Nifchapaur, or Iran, A town
sf Perfia, proviace uf Chorafan, near

which is a npted mine of turqtibifrf;
The tPwa is celebrated fpr the maaufaci
ture pf fwprd blades, efteeriiedthe beft iri
Perfia ; aad ia the neighbourhood Is col
leaed manna, remarkable for Ifs purity !
115 leagues NNE Ifpahan, lat. 3J
40 N.
Niata-della Paglia, A towu bf Italy, iri
Montferrat : 15 miles S W Alexandria :
Naanagur,A town Of-HindoOftan Proper,
capital of a diftria, pn the S cPaft of thef
giilf~pf Cutch, inhabited by a piratical
tribe, called Sarigariaris : 300 miles N W
Bombay. Nocera, ari ancient tovvri Of Italy, iil
Spoleffp, with a biflipp's fee, at tbe foot
of the Appennines : 1-8 miles N E Spo;-
letfo ; It Is faid to cpritairi 30,000 inhabit^
ants fcattered in 40 little villages among
the hflls : 15 mUes S Naples',
Ndeera-di-Pagani,A town of Naples ilj
miles S Naples.-
Nogeht-sur-Scine., a fpwn of France, de
partment of Aube; onthe Seine : 25miles
N W TroyeS,
Nairmotier, ari Ifland bf Ffaniie, neat
the mouth of the Loire ; 17 miles in
length aad 8 In breadth, full of bogs, and
yet having good paftures. The Engliffi
made an unfuccefsful attack oait iri 1795.
The principal fown is of the faiiie name,
lon. 2 10 W, lat. 47 o N.
.Nala, an ancient fown of Naples, with
a bifliop's fee : 10 miles N E Naples.
Bells vvere firft eaft here, and here Au^
guftus died.
Noli, A town bf Gerioa, wifh a biffiop's
fee, and a good harbour : 5 miles N E
Final, and 30 S W Genoa;
Nomeny, a town of Frarite, department
of Meurthe : 15 miles N Nanci.
Non, Gape, A promontory of Africa, op-^
pofifc fhe Canary Iflands. The Porlu-^
guefe, ia their firft attempts to explore
the W coaft of Africa, Icrig confidered
fhis promontory as an iriipaffable boua-s
dary. This its aame imports ; but they
doubled It in 1412, lon. 10 30 W, lat. 28
30 N. .
j Naiia, A ftrpng fpwn pf HungariSn Dal-
' mafia, near the fea : 7 miles N by W
Zara, ten. 16 10 E, lat. 44 35 N,
Nobrden, a cprifiderable fcaport town of
Weftphalia; 12 or 15 miles N Embden.
It is the oldeft town in E Friefland, oiitn,
large, commercial, with a good harbour.
Norcia, fee Norcera.
Nord, fee North.
Nordburg, a town of Denmark, at th'*
N extreniity of the ifle of Alfen, with
a caftle : 9 miles NNW Sunderburg, J^ordgaiu

NOR

N 0 fe

Nordgaiii, fee Bavaria, Upper Palati
nate af - . I
Nordliaufen, an imperial town of Lower
Saxony, under the proteaion of the
eteaor of Saxpny, 'Fhe inhabitants; are
Krpteflanls. It is 25 miles S W Halber-
adt, ten. 11 3 E,laf. 5I 45 N. -,
Nordkioping, A fown of Sweden, in £
Gothard. It covers a large fpace of
ground, being 10 miles in circumference ;
but tbe houfes are fcattered, and the, in
habitants do nol- exceed 10,000. The
river Motala paffes through the town,
forms a feries of cataraas, and Is divid
ed into 4 principal ftreams, ,whieh encir
cle feveral rocky Iflands, covered with
buildings : at the extremity of l-he town
it is riavigable fbr fmall veflels. ., Here are
manufaaures of cloth ; fome fugar, houf
es, and a brafs foundery. Corn is export
ed hence in great quantities ; aiid A-fai-
iii,on fiffiery gives employment and riches
to many 'Of the inhabitants : 90 miles -S
W Stockhblm, fon. 15 50 E, lat, 58 28 N,
Nordland, a province df Northern Nor
way, inciiided in the government of Dron-
theim. It has 9 towers.
, Nordlingen, a commercial and free im
perial towa of Suabia, pn the Aigrc : 38
miles N W Augffiurg, lat. 48 52 N.
Nordftrand, an iflaad of Slefwick, which
was eatirely overflowed ia 1634, lon. 9
15 E, Iat. 5440N. ; , , _
Nore, a noted place in the river Thames,
al the point of a land, which runs off from
the ifland of Grain to the eaftward from
it, on vvhich was formeily a buoy, arid a
light is novv fixed qh a ffoatlhg vefl'el, lon,
0 44 E Greenwich,
•Norfolk, A county ot England, bound
ed N and E -by the German bceah,"Vy by
Canibiidgefliiie and Lincolnfllire, Sand
S E by Suffolk, . -It contaius 31 hundi-cds,
ope city, 3i market towns, 660 pariflies,
,ind 220,000 inhabilants : and fends 12
members 16 -parliament. ,The produifts
vary acciirdirig to the foil and fituation.
The lighter arable lands produce barley
la great plenty ; wheat is cultivated in
ftronger foils ; and turnips are more gen
erally grown here,' than in jaay other
part of the kin-jdom. Much buckwheat
)5 alfo growii ia the light foils, and ufed
for feeding fwlni- and poultry, 'Fhe fon-
riy parts yield great quantities pf butter,
which is fent to Londori,, iinder fhe riame
bf Cambridge butter. The fhecp are a
hardy fmall breed, riiucli valued for their
muitoa. Turkies are reared here Of a
largtrfize tliaa elfewhere; rabbits are
txtremelvauiiiciuu-i 011 tht fand v heaths ;
Vc<i,. U, LU

and there Is abundance of game, efpecialS
ly of pheafants. The air is fliarp and
piercing, the feafons are more backward
than in olher counties under the fame
latitude ; but It is very wholefeme, par
ticularly in the inland parts. The man-^
ufaaurCs pf Nprfolk, are worfted, wool
len, and filks. Norwich is the capital,
. Norfolk Ifiand, an ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, about 7 leagues in circumference^
firft dlfcovered by Captain Copk, in 1 774,
who obferved many trees an-B plants, com'
mon at New Zealand, and, in particiilar,
the fiax plant, is rnore luxuriant here, than
in any part of that cpuntry ; but tbe
chief produce- is a fort of fpruce pine,
vvhich grows - in great abundance, and to
a large fize, riiapy of the treas being as
thick, breaft high,, as twd men cuuld
fathom, very ftraight and tall. Fpr abpuc
200 yards froiri the, ffiore, the ground is
covered fo thick vvilh flirubs and plants,
as hardly tp be penetrated fartherinland.
The woods are perfeaiy clear and free
from underwOotJ, and the foil here is rich
and deep. "The fame kind of pigeons,
parrots, and parroquets, as' in New Zea
land, rails, and fome fmall birds. 'Fhe
fea fowl, arc white boobies, gulls, tern,
&c. vvhich breed uridiflurbed on the
^fliores, and in the clifts of the rocks. On
the Ifle is frefli vvater ; arid cabbage palm,
woodforreh fowthiftle, and famphlre, a-
boundlng in fome places- on the ffiores.
cabbage trees. Or palms, are nol thicker
than a man's leg, aad frOrii 10 to 20 feet
high, , "i'hey are of the fame genus with
tlie cpcoaaut tree ; like It, ihey have
large ipinaated leaves, and are the fame as
the fecond fori- found in the northerji
parts pf New South Wales, 1'he cab
bage is, properly fpeaking, .the bud of
the tree ; -each tree producing but oae-
cabbag^, which is af the crown, whercf
the leaves fpriag out, .md is enclofed in
the ftem. The cutting off the cabbage
effeauaily deftroys the tree ; fo tb^t no
more than one caa be had fiom the fame
ftem. fhe cocOaaut tree, an,d fome oth
ers of ,the palm kiad, prpdfice cabbage
as vyell af thefe. -This vegetable is liijC
only wholefome, but exceedingly palat-^
able. The coaft docs nbt want fifli. It
Is high -ivatcr at the fiill and change;
about one o'clock; and the tide rifes and
falls. Upon a perpen-.liculair, iiboui 4 o,r 5
feet. The ifland is Very KiUy. The
higheft peak, named Moiial Pitt, is 1200
feet high. "l"lie cliffs round the coaft
are 240 feet high aad perpendicular. In
February 1788, i6 perfons from the Nevf
UaUand

TSf O R

fj O R

i^lland colony, took poffeffion of this
Wand. The prpjea of formlrig a fettle
ment here fucceeded fo w^ll.ithaf in Oc
tober following another party joined the
new fettlers; arid from the laft accounts,
the fettlement confifted of 44 men and
16 women, whov were fuppUed with 18
months .provifion. In that period, it was
eicpeaed they would be able to cultivate
the foil in fuch a mariner as to enable
them to form a granary for New Hol
land. The fettlemerit is-formed pn Sid
ney iBay, on the S fide of the ifland, In
lon. u68 1-2 £, laf. 29 4 S,
[Cook; PhlUps,]
Narhnd, one of the 5 general divifions
of Sweden, comprehending the provinces
of Geftrikeland. Helfiiiigland, Medelpa-
•aia,.Hi£mtland, HerjedaHa, @jrgermania,_^
and W Bothnia.
., Normandy, a late province of France,
bounded W by fhe Atlantic, N by the
Englifli , Channel, £ by Blcard-y, and the
Hie of -France, S-b'y Perche, Maine, and
Bretagne. It is one of the moft fertile In
France, and abounds In all things except
wine, but that defea is fupplied by cider
and perry, .'It-contains, iron, copper, and
a great number of rivers and harbours.
This province now forms the depart
ments of Calvados, Eure, tbe Channel,
Orne, and Lower Seine.
Nartelga, a feaport of Sweden : 30 miles
N E Stockholm.
North, ar Nord, a. department of France,
including the late French provinces of
Hainault, Flanders, and the Cambrefis,
Nortb Cape, the moftnorthern promon
tory of Europe, on the coaft.of Norway,
lon, 25 57 E, lat: 71-20 N.
North Go'afii fiee Cotes du Nord.
Northallerton, a borough in the N rid
ing of Yorkffiire, England, a vyell built
trading place : 30 miles NNW York,
and 223 N by W London, ten. i 20 W,
lat. 54 23 N. .
Northampton, the cminty fown of North-
amptenfliire, Englaad, pa'the Nen, whieh
is navigable to Lynn, and its principal
manufaaure is that of boots and ffioes,
of which many, arc made for exportation,
The horfe fairs of this place are greatly
reforted lo. It is a handfome town, has
a-fpacious market place, and had 7 church
es, whichare now- reduced to 4 , 30 miles
S E Coventry, and 66 N W London, lou,
I II W, lat, 52 II N,
, Notthamptonfiir.e, a, county of Englarid,
hourided S hy Bucks and Oxfordffiire, E
by the counties of Cambridge, Hunting
don, and Bedford.. It lies in tbe diocefe

of Peterborough,; contains 20 hnndredsj
one city, 1-3 market towns, 330 parifhes,
550,000 acres, 24,808 houfes, and 167,600
inhabllaaits ; and fends 9 members to par
liament. It is faid to contain lefs wafte
ground, and more feats of the nobility:-
aad geatry, than any pther county. Its
greateft defea is a fcarcity of fuel, which
is but fcantil.y (fupplied by its woods ; anii-
thoiigJlcoal is brou-gUt, by the river Nen,
it is af a very dear rate. Ils prodndis
are, In.general, the fame wilh thofe of
olher farming couatles ; but itis pecu
liarly celebrated for grazing land. Hom
ed cattle, and other animals, are of aa
extraordinary fize ; and many horfes bf
the large black breed are reared. Wond
for- the dyers is cultivated Iierie ; but the
county is not diftinguiflied. -for manufac
tures. - ;.
Northcurry, a town of Somerfetfhire,
England, on the Tone: 20 miles S W
Wells, and 134 W by S London.
Nerthfieet, a village in Kent', En^and,-
on the Thames ; one mile W Gravcftnd,
The church is very large. Vaft quanti
fies of lime are made, and great num
bers of extrarieou-s foffils have- been dug
up here.
Noribeini, a commercial town of Lowet-
Saxony, duchy of Brunfv^Ick : 45 mites S
Hanover. Northtecb, a corporate town in Glou
cefterffiire, England, having feveral almf-
houfes, and a free grammar fchool : 25
miles ,E Gloucefter, and 80, Wby NLon»
don. Noribumherland'i 3 county of England,
fituated N of the Humber. It forms the
N extremity of Eagland, and Is bounded
E by the German Oceaa, N liy Scotlandj
from vvhich it. is feparated by the Tweedi
It lies In the diocefe of Durham ; con
tains 12 market towns, 460 parlffies, and
100,000 inhabitants ; and fends 8 mem
bers to parliament. The air isiextremely
healthful ; and, from the fituation of the
county between 2 feas, in the narroweft
part of Gre'it Britain, it Is-not cold. The
foil Is various ;: the E part fruitful in moft
forts of corn, vvith riclmieadows on the
banks of the rivers ; but the W part is
moftfy heathy and mountainous.. The
S E part abounds with coal ; aad the 3
W angle has rich lead mines. Alnwick
is, the county town ; but the largeft is
Newcaftle. Norfhwick, a town in Chefliire, England,
oh the Dane, noted for its fall works.
Vaft pits of folid rock fall have been dug
here to a great depth, from which im
menfe

V OR

NOT

'.inerife quantities arc raifed; and much
of'it, in iia-crude ftate, goes to Liverpool
by the river Weaver,. to be exported: 20
miles N E Chefter, and 173 N W Lon
don. Norton, or Capping Norton, a. corporate
town in Oxfofdffiire, England : 12 miles
S W Banbury, and 74 N W London.
Noritiay, a kingdom of Europe, the
moft wfflerly part of the ancient Scandi
navia., Il is bounded on theN and W
by the Nqrther5<0ccan,-on the Eby Svyed
ifli Lapland and Sweden, and oa the S
¦by the Categate ; extending from the
Naze, in lat 57 30, to die Norlh Cape, in
lat. 71 20. Its breadth, which is very
-unequal,,Is from 30 to 28,0 miles. It is
divided intothe 4 governments of Agger
huys, or Chriftiania, Chriftlanfand, Ber
gen, and Di-ontheim. Tbe number of
inhabitants is reckoned to be 750,0.00.
They maintain an army of 24,000 foot,
and 6000 cavaliy. 'Their troops are
much efteemed for their bravery, and;
like the Swifs mountJijneers, are exceed
ingly attached to their cpuntry. Norway
has a particular code, called the Norway
Law, compiled by Gricffelfe)d, at the com
mand of Chriftian V, the great legiflalor
ef his coutiiry. By this law, pc'afants
are free, a few pnly excepted on fome
noble eftates near Fredericftadt ; and the
-benefits of this code are vifible in the
great difference, in the appearance be
tween the free peafants in Norway, and
the eriflaved vaffals of Derimark, though
'both live under .the fame government.
The country ctees not produce fufficient
corn for Ils own confumption ; but it is
rich in pafture, and produces much cat
tle. The fiflieries, particularly furnifh,
,ori the W coaft, employment, and wealth
for the natives, and fupply the fineft tai
lors for the Danifli fleet. The principal
filh, which, dried and falted, form a con
fiderable article of eipcn^tafion, are cod,
ling, and vVhiting : their livers alfp
yield train pil ; and the fmalleft are
given as winter fockler tp the cat
tle. The extenfive fnreSs pf oak and
pine, produce -timber, fpars, beams, aad
plaaks, befides charcoal, titrpentine,'faark, ,
fuel, and even mariure ; aad ,the birch
(the bark of which is ufed as a coveriag
for roofs of houfes)'aot only fupplies fuel,
but alfo a kind of wine. The gene-ral
exports arc tallow, butler, fall, dried fiffi.
timber, planks, horfes, horned cattle, fil
ver, alum, Pruffian blue, copper, and Iron.
It abounds in lakes aad rivers- ; the for
mer fo large, that they appear like iiilcls

of the fea, Norway was formerly goTf
erned by its nwn hereditary foverelgns ;
but now Norway is united to Denmarli.
The capital is Chriftiania, [Zimmerman.]
NorwichfAn ancient and populous city,
the capital of Norfolk, Eagland, fui>r
rounded by a filnt wall, much decayed,
and feated on the Yare, which runs
through it, and is navigable lo Yar
mouth, without locks. Although of con.,
fiderable extent, the population is not
great, as it contains a -number of gardens
aad orchards within its walls. It is a
CDuiit-y of itfelf, governed by » mayor,
and fends two members to parliament.
There are, befide the cathedral, 36 pariffi
churches, 'fome of which were formerly
covered with thatch ; 2 Churches for tbe
Flemings, fome diffenfingmeetiag houfes,
andaRoman-cathoUc chapel Itlias a ftately
caftle on a hill, which is the fliire houfe
and the county, gaol ; the affizes for the
city being held at the GuildhaU. Here
is alfp a city and cpunty hofpital, a free
fchool, a theatre royal, aa elegant affem
bly room, and 4 lofty market houfe- of-
freeftone. The ancient dukes of Norfolk
had a palace here,wliichisftillin exiftence,
as a work houfe, Norwich long took the
lead, -ill poinl-of confequence, among the
inland towns ; for-this If was, indebted to
ils great manufaaures of crapes, -liomba-
:iines, aad ftuffs of various kiadi, which
are ftill confiderable, though fomewhat
-declined, on account of the rlvalfliip of
fhe cotton branches : 43 miles N Ipf
wich, and 109 N £ London, 'tea, i 20 E,
lat. 5240N, [Aikia,]
Noteburgh, A towa of Ruffia, in the gov
ernment of Peterffiurgh, oa an ifland in
the lake Ladoga, at the place vvh*re the
river Neva proceeds from this lake. It
has a good citadel, and was capital of In
gria, before Peterffiurg was built : 25
miles E Peterffiurg.
Nota, An ancient 'town of Sicily, capital
of Val-di-Noto. -It was ruined by an
earthquake ia 1693, but aaother town
was built at foaie diftance from it, called
Nolo Nuovo : 22 miles S W Syracufe,
lac. 15 J9 E, lal. 36 50 iN .
-Nottingham, the -county towa of Not-
tiaghamfliire, fituated on a rocky emia-
eace, -crowned by Its caftle, a magnificent
modern flruaure, belonging lo the duke
of Newcaflle, and built on the fite of an
ancient fortrefs, celebrated In Englifli
hiftory. It is a populous and haadfome
t'.iwa, difliaguiflied by ils fpacious market
place, and noted for lis exceUent ale. It
-ia

NOV

NOV

is one of the priricipal feats of the ftock-
Jrig mariufaaure, particularly of the finer
Jands, as thofe of filk and cotton ; and
has alfo a manufaaure of coarfe earthern
^are. It has 3 pariffi churches, and fev
tral meelirigs'for the diffenters.' It is re
markable for its vaults, or cellars, cut intb
the rock ; and in the neighbourhtSod are
many coalpits, which aSbrd pltnty of
fuel; at Uttle expenfe. At this towii
Charles I fet up his ftandard, at the
commencemerit'of fhe civil- war, which
termihated'in his deftruaion. It is' gov
erned' by a imaypr, fends 2 members "to
parliament : 16 milesE Derby, and 123 N
by W L'bndon. ; -. ¦ ¦ - - -
¦ Nottingbamffire, a county of England,
liounded N by Yorkfliire and Liric6ln-
ihire, W by Derbyfliire. It lies in the
diocefe of York; contains' eight hun
dreds, nine market towns, 168 pariflies,
and 150,306 ' inhabitanls, and fends 8
members to parliariieni.' It enjoys fucli
a temperature of foil and climate, as to
render it oneof fhe'moftfertile and pleaf
ant counties in England. The principal
rivers are the Treric arid- Idle.'' - The chief
produas of this county are coal, of
¦which there Is great- plenty; a kind of
itone fomewhat like Alabafter, but not
loliard, which, 'when burnt, makes A plaf
ter exceedingly hai'd,"and wifh this the
inhabitants generally lay the floors pf
their upper rooms, Inftead of boarding
them ; ifs other 'commodities are mall,
¦wool, liquorice and wood. Themanufac-
tures chiefly cprififlr pf framewprk, knit
ting, glafs and earthenware.
Novalle, a fmall tpwn of Italy : 10 miles
iN E Padua, ^nd 1 2 S 'W'Trevifo. "
Novara, an ancient and ftrong fown of
Milan, capital of the Novrarcfe, with a
biffiop's fee ; on^n eminence : 12 miles
iN E Verceil, 25 W by S Milan. ¦• •
Nova Zembla, fee Zembla No-da.
Novellara, A tovvn of Italy, capital of a
fmall diftria ofthe fame name, vvith a
caftle, vvhere the fovereign refides : 1 7
miles E by N Parma, ahd 20 S by W
Mantua. - - - - • ^ -
Novi, A town of Genoa : 22 miles N W
Genoa. Novi Bazar, a confiderable towa of
Turkey,in Europe, in Scrviai In 1788
the Auftrians were repulfed af this place,
but they took It at a fetond' affault. -The
town is near the Orefco: 72 'miles W
Niffa, and 103 S Belgrade, tea. ii i E,
Ut.- 43 35 N.
' Novigrad, A ftrongtown of Upper Hun-
giry, capital of a county of f hefame name,

with a caftle, on a mountain, near tin
Danube ; 25 miles N 'Biid'aJ^Ion.' 18 jb
E, lat. 47; 56 N.
' iVoW^W,' a flrong town of Turkifli
Dalmatia, with acaftle, on a lake of th(!
fame' namej'riear the gulf dfVeriice: 17
mites E Nona, arid 25 N '\V Zara, lon, 16
35 E, lat. 44 36 N. ¦¦ ¦•
'Na-iigrad, A ftrorig place of Turkey, in
Europe, in Servia, "near the ' Dariiibe : 3jf
miles 'N Niffa, ¦loii.'22 32'E,-*lat. 44' 6 N.
¦¦ Nou-tian,A riverof Afia, the fame as
Ava, wliich fee.' " 1 '-,,---- ,
Novogoriid, once a powerful 'indepen
dent republic, i-educed by Ivan Vaffili-
'Vitch ll, in 'i570,'and united to the Ru-^
fiari empire, - of which ' it now -forms a"
gbverhnierit.- ¦ ,
- Novogorod; one of themoft ancient citiei
of Ruffia, capital of a govcrninent bf thi
fame name, 'and formerly called Great
NoVogoro'd, tP diftinguifli it frorii other
Ruffian tp'wris of the'tame appellation;
If is furrounded by a high brick wall,
built in 1490'. If was, for a long time^-
governed by its o'wii duk'es ; ancfwas, in
faa, A republic; under the jurifdiaion of
a nominal fbverelg'n. Its territory ex
tended to fhe N as far as the frontiers
of Livopia arid Finland ; comprifinggreat
part of the proviace bf Archaagel,- and
a large diftria beyond the JJ yf limits
of Siberia. It was fhe great mart of trade
between Ruffia and the Hanfeatic cilies,
and madethe mo(l rapid advances In op-'
nience and population.'^ Its-- power wasi
fo grea-t, arid its fituation fo impregnabte
as to give rife to a provtrb, Who can re
fift the gods and Great Novogorod ? But;
iri the I5tli century, this independent'
republic was obliged fo fubmit to Ivan
Vaffilivitch f, grand duke of Ruffia, It
continued, nevcrthelefs, the largeft and
moft commercial city in Ruffiai, and con
tained at 'leaft 400,000 fouls.' It was firft
defolated, in a manlier, 'by ^he criiellies'
pf Ivan- Vaffilivitch II,' that monarch-
having, in isjo, difcovereda fecret cor-
rbfpondence between fpriie'of the princi
pal irihibltaats aiid Sigifmuud Auguftus,
king of Poland, relative to a fui-risiider
of the city inlohis 'hands, infliaed the
moft' exemplary and inhuman vengeance
upoh them,' He repaired' in perfon to
Novogorod; and appointcd'a court of in-'
quiry, juflly deiioniiriale'd the fribuaal of
blood, Coatemporary hiftorians relate,
tha't iisproceedihgscontinued during the
fpace "of 5 weeks ; and that 011 e'ach day
of this fatal period, more than 500 in-
habilaats fell viaims to the vengeance cf

NUB

NUN

of incenfed defpotifm. According to
fomeauthors, 25,000, according to others
mote tban " 30,006 perfons, periffied iri
this dreadful carnage. Buf the ipleridor
bf this town was nol totally eclipfed un
til Peter' the great built peterffiurgh, to
vvhich he transferred all the commerce of
the Baltic that had before centered here,
Il now contains fcarcely 7006 fouls ;buf a
vaft number of churches and convents
ftand nit'lancholy monuments pf its for
mer magnilvceace. 'The town' ftretches
on both fides of the Volkoff, a river of
i:onfiderable depth arid rapidity, which
fepardfCs it into two divifions ; namely,
the Trading Part aad the quarter of St.
.'iophiai'in the' latter is a cathedral of
the fame name, ia vvhich feveral princes
bf the ducal family of Ruflia are interred.
Novogorod is fituate near the lake Ilmen:
i25 miles SSE Peterffiurg, lon. 3 2 45
E.lat. "58 20 N,
Novogorod Se-Oerffoi, A town of the Ruf
fian "Einpiri;, In the government Of IC,iof
on the Dcfna : 140 miles NNE Kiof.
Novdgorodeek, a town of Lilhuania, cap
ital of a palatinate of the fame aame,
feated ia a -vaft plairi : 70 mUcs S Wilna,
ten. 26 8 E, lat. 53 35 N.
Noyai aa aacieat town of Spain, in
GaUcia, bn the Tamara ; 15 miles W
Compoftella. " Noyers, a fpwn pf iFrance, department
of Yorine, on the Serin, in a valley fur
rounded by mountains : 17 miles S E
Auxerre. ' Noyan, an ancient town pf France, de
partment pf Oife, It gave birth to the
famous Calvin ;' and was lately an epifco
pal fee. ' It is near the Oife : 22 miles
N W Soiffons, and 60 N by E Paris.
' Nozeroy, a tovvri of France, department
of Jura, with a caftle, ph a mPUntain :'20
niiles S E Salines, and 30 S Befancon.
Nubia, oi^ Sennar, A kingdom of Africa,
bounded N By Egypt, E by the Red Sea,
S by Abyflinia, W by Bornou ' 'Fhe Nile
runs through it; on the banks of which,
and ofthe olher rivers, It is ffuitfut, but
ia other places barreri, fandy; and defti
tute of water. The inhabitants make
their bread and drink of a fmall round
feed called doca, br feff.'which is very ill
tafted. Their houfts ' have mud walls,
are very low, and afe ccp vered vvith reeds'.
The drefs of the better fort is a veft wilh
out flceves, and they have no coverings for
their heads, legs, and feet. The common
people wrap a piece pf linen chith about
them, and the children ,i;o quite naked.
They are a ftupid debauched people, pro

feffing to be Mahometans. The produc
tions ofthe country are gold, elephant's
teeth, civet, and fandal wood ; and a-great
many flaves -are fent into Egypt. The
principal towns known to the Europeans
are Dangola and Sennar, ' Here the p'd-
lars of fand, raifed bythe vvind, endanger,
and often deftroy the traveller 'or "cara
van. Here frequently blows the iimoom,
abfolutely infupportable by man.
' '.' ¦ ¦ . [Bruce.]
Niiitz, A town of France, depariment
of Cote d'Or, famous for its excellent
wines. It is af the foot of a mountain :
15 milcs S W Dijon, and 1^0 S E Paris.
Numanci.i, ancicatly a coafiderable
fown of ,Spain,'ih Old Caftile, celebrated
for the' long fiege if maintained againft
the Romans, who finally fubdued and de
ftroyed it, ill the year 133, B. C. The ru
ins of it are ftill to be feen, neiir the head
of the ' river Douero, 4 miles above the
lowri of Soria.'
Kumidia, an ancient kingdom of Afri
ca, lying on the S coaft ofthe Medilerra-1
nean, over againft the ifland of Sardinia,
extehdiag from i 15 W, to 9 E ten. and
from 34 5c to 37 N lat, about 500 miles
loag, aad ffom 40 to 100 wide. The fea-i,
coaftof this country is mountainous and
rocky; the interior is beautifully di ver-
fified With hills and plaias, fill you arrive
at fhe Sahara, or thedefert which bounds
this country on the S, Ils fruitful parts
produce delicate pomegranates; apples,
aad other fruits, [T, D,] '
Nun, or Vied de Nun, A province of
Africa, to the S of Sus, from vvhich it is
feparated by faady deferts. The emperor
of Moroccb claims the fovereignty of this
country, but his authority is feeble. This
extenfive j^pvince " affords not *a fingle
harbour, oy anchoring place along a coaft
of 60 leagiics, that Is, quite fo Cape Bo-
.jadof. It is inhabited by different tribes
of Arabs, vShofe camps arefcatlered over
fuch parts of the interior country as arc
capable of cultivatioa : Next the fea it
is fandy,' lipcd with rocks under water,
over' which, the waves break violeatly.
Ships are Oftea driven on this coaft, by
rapid currents, formed between the con
tinent and'the Canary iflands; and Fii-
ropean veffels are frcqueiitlyfliipwrecked.
When fuch a misfortune happens, the
fate of the unhappy mariners is mofl de
plorable ; they are immediately feized
and ftrlpped by the -'Oralis, and expofed
to hunger, thirft, the caprices of their
mafters, and every kind of mifery, 'Fo
the fliame of humanity, tbey are bought and

NUN

N Y L

,atia fold, and frequently exchanged for
camels, or other beafts, In the markets of
the deferts. The Emperor of Morpcco
¦ufes all his influence to procure thefe un-
,'fortunate fuffierers, butit is with difficulty
,he can obtain them. The feainen of a
ffiip from Nantz, in the Guinea trade,
which was fliipwrecked on -this coafl
about the end of the year 1 7 75, were two
years oefore they returned to Fraace,
-'The proviace pf Vied de Nun, has a
confiderable trade. After pafling the
.deferts, whicli feparate it from Morocco,
many traas of land capable of,cu'livatiqn
are found, and which produce gums and
excellent wax. As thefe , people are fo
Jfar removed from the reacli of tyranny,
-as 10 live in a kind of iadependence, lux
uries are more indulged ampng them ;
and they make ufe cf many European
.commodities, efpecially linen. Several
-of ihefe Arab tribes are more affable
and honeft than the other Moors, They
"trade to Mogador, and.if is provable fhey
have a more immediate ,communication
¦with the faaories of Senegal.
Nundydroog, A town and fprtrefs pf
-Hindooftaa, in the Myfore country, and
capital of a confiderable diftria,_ built on
¦the fummit of a mountain, 1700 feet in
height, the greater part inacceffible ; be
fieged and taken "by fhe Britifli, in the
year 1792. From the 22d of September
to the iSthof ©aober,tlie brave garrifon '
refifted witb heroic firmnefi. On that
day the breaches being rendered prac-
.ticable, terd Cqrnwallis, vvl^h a view fo
intiipidate fhe garrlfpn, encamped with
in 4 miles of the ,^ort, and it vvas deter-
"mined to make -the affault at midnight, in
.hopes of taking the garrifon by furprife.
The vigilance -ofthe enemy, however,
foon .dlfcovered the affailants, but fheir
*fire was not fufficienlly we2 direaed
to prevent the Britifli foldiery from
mountinglhe breach. The eareiage which
.muft have enfued was preveaied, partly
bv a number of the garrifon efcapmg by
ladders over a low part of t\t wall, buf
chiefly by the laudable exertibns of cap
tain Robertfon, vvho comnaaded the
-ftorming party, and who, with a humani
ty which, refleas the utmoft honor on
his charaaer, from the moment he en
tered the fort, direaed his whole atten
tion to preferyiag order, and preventing
the effufion of blood,
Nuneaton, a town in Warwicfliire,
liagland. It has a manufaaure of Wool-
ilea cloth, was formerly noted for its nun
nery, and is feated on the river Anker: 8

miles N by E Coventry, and 99 N N 'W
London. Auneham, a viUage, 5 mfles E by S Ox
ford ; remarkable for its fpinning feaft,
an annual feftival, inftituted by lord and
lady HarcPurt, for the encouragement
pf virtue and induftry,
Nuremburg, A free imperial city -of -Ger
many, capital of the circle of Franconia,
with a univerfily. It is 6 miles in cir
cumference, furrounded by high walls,
flanked with 365 towers ; and the river
-Pegnila, over which arc 12 ftone bridges,
runs through the middle, and divides it
into 2 parts. ".Fhe ijpvernmeat -is ariftor
cratical ; and the townfmen are divided
into 8 quarters, each of which has a cap
tain. The burgeffes are very induftri
ous, and the beft workmen in arts : their
maps and prints are in high efteem, Ai
vvell as their mufical and mathematlcai
inftruments ; nor are they lefs curiou«
in clock work, and in the feveral manu
faaures of iron, fteel. Ivory, wood, and
alabafter. The beft toys are made here,
which are commonly knovvn in England
by the name qf Dutch "toys. Here I3 a
famous academy for ,paintlng, an ana^
tomical theatre, and a public Ubrary.
The ancient and fuperb caftle or palace,
which the inhabitants bought ofthe bur-
graves, is ftill ftanding at the extremity
of the city ; and the arfenal is one of the
beft in Germany. The houfes are built
of freeftone, and are 4 or 5 ftories high,
Thpugh their religipn is the Lutheran,
the church of tbe Flply Ghoft has a va
riety of relics, and pther rarities, which
are placed in a cheft, and fufpended by
a rope in the dome, and are never taken
down bi^ at the coronation pf an emper
or, or when ariy perfon ,of high diftinc-
tion wiflies to fee them. No Jews are
fufferedto lodge a fingle nightlicrc ; nor
can they enter the city at all wifhouf pay
ing a certain-tax. Nusembuiig;,in procefs-
of time, has obtained a confiderable terri
tory, 100 miles In circumference, in which
are 2 large forefts : 55 mites N W Rat
iffion, 62 N Augffiurg, and 250 W by N
Vienna, ten. 11 12 E, lat, 49 27 N.
Nuys, a town of Cologne ; taken by
the French in 1794; and feated on the
Erfff : 5 miles S W Duffeldorp, and zo
N W Cologne.
Nyborg, a town of Denmark, in the Ifle
of Funen, pn a cpmmodious bay : 10
mites E Odenfee.
Nyland, A province of Sweden, in Fin
land, lying pn the gulf of Finland, W
Carelia. Nynn%

O S E

0 C Z

Nyon, a commercial town of Swiffer
land, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a
bailiwick pf fhe fame name, with a caftic.
Here are a great many Roman infcrip
tions. It is near the lake of Geneva : lO
miles NNE fhat city.
Nyans, A town of France, department
of Drome, af thefootof a chain of moun
tains, on the river Aigues, with a lofty
bridge of one arch, the work of the Ro
mans. Here is a mineral fpring, and fome
manufaaures of foap, arid woollen fluffs :
8 mifes N W Buis:
Nyflot, A ftrpng Ipwn of Livonia, with
3- caftle, on the Narova, among large
marffies : 20 miles S W Narva, and 66
N Wlburg, lon. 29 10 E, lat, 61 56 N.
Nyfiadt, a town of Sweden, in Finland,
rioted for a peace concluded here. In
1 721, between the emperor of Ruflia and
the king of Sweden, It is on a bay of
tlie gulf of Bothnia : 55 miles N W Abo,
Ion. 21 I £, lat: 61 10 N,
o
\J ACCO, A town of Africa, in fhe king
dom of Benguela : it is the capital of a
province of the fame name.
Oakham, or Okeham, the county town of
Rutlandfliire, England, feated in the cen
ter of a fertile valley, callod.ihe Vale of
Cafmofe : 28 miles S by E Nottingham,
^ad. 98 N by "W London.
Oakhampton, or Okebampton, a borough
in Devonfliire, Fingland, which fends 2
members to parUament, and Is governed
by a mayor. It is on the river Qck : 24
«viile8 W Exeter, and 195 W by S Lon
don, Oban, a feaport in Argylefliire, Scot-
Jand, S of Loch Etive. Here is an excel
lent fiffiing ftation, and a cuftom houfe.
Ob4,ich,-'a town in the duchy of Stiria,
af the confluence of the Achza and
Traun : 35 miles W Grata, Ipu. 14 43 £,
lal, -47 3 N.
Oberkirch, a town and caftle of France,
department of Lower Rhine : 3 miles
from Stralburg, to whofe late arehbiffiop
it belonged, Oberland, a fertile, well cultivated prov
ince of PriuTia, formerly called Hockerland,
and fo populous as fo be able to bring
10,000 cffeaivc men inlo the field.
Oleindorf, a tovvn of Suabia, in the
Black Forefi, fubjea to fhe houfe of Auf
tria. If IS divided into the Upper and
Lower Tovva, on the Neckar : 14 miles
JsJ P-otbw.cJl, lofl. S 4-5 E, lat, 48 22 N.

dhernperg, A town of Bavaria, with «'
caftle, oa tlie Inn : 15 miles S Paffau, to'
whofe bllhop it belongs.
Oberfein, a town in tlie palatinate of
tbe Rhine, capital of n courity of the
fame name, on tbe Nahe : 30 miles E by
S Treves. Obsrwefel, a town in fhe cleaprate of
Treves, formerly imperial. It was taken
by tlie French in 1794, and is «n the
Rhino : 40 miles ENE Treves:
Obfllab, a ftrong, populous tovyn of
Perfia, in Irac-Agemi, on a branch ofthe
Tigris, near Buffarah, one of fhe mofl:
charming towns in Perfia, ten. 45 15 E,
•lat. 30 15 N.
Obfiaya, a bay ofthe Frozen Ocean, in
Afia, ten. 72 25 E, lat. 70 o N.
Oby, or Ob, A river of Ruffia, formed"
by tlie union pf the Bija aad Katuaija,
aear Bijfk, paffes N by Kolivan, Narim-,
Surgut, &c. and enters the Obfkaia Lake,
60 miles beyond Obdorfkpi. Its namo
fignifies Great, Ani,'in Ruffia, It is often
called the Great River. The Kalmucks
and Tartars generally give II the name
of Umar. It is a large, fnipoth, fluggifli
ftream, betweea 2 and 300 fathoms ia
breadth ; but in many places much
broader, efpecially In great floods. It
abounds in fifli, and is navigable almoft
to ils fuurce. Its mouth is in lat. 6&
55 N.
Ocano, A town in New Caftile, on a
plain: 18 miles E Toledo,
Occa, A river of Ruffia, vvhich falls into
the Volga, near Niffinei Novogorod.
Oehfeneurt, A town of Franconia, on the
Maine : 10 miles S E Wurtzburg.
Ocker, A river of Lower Saxony, which
nans by Goflar, Wolfenbuttle, and Brunf
wick, into the AUer, £ Zell.
Ochotff, or Ochaczk, a fown of Siberia,
cm the bank of the Ochota, the mouth
of which is defended by a fortrefs. It
contains 322 indifferent wooden houfes,
inhabited by exiles. The port has no-
more than 19 feet of w.iter ; Its eatraacc
is N, a quarter W. Between this aud
Tobolfki, there are 160 armed exiles.
Here is neither vegetable food, nor paf
ture, perpetual fnows cover the gi-ouaj.
Cedars, majeftic, defv the froft.
[Beneyowflci.]
Oczakow, or O.-zakoff, A town and for
trefs, lately of Turkey in Europe, but
now Included in the "Ruflian government
of Calharluenflaf. It has been frequent- '
ly an objea of conleft between theTurks
and the Ruffians, many thoufands of
lirham, 0.-. both fides, have faUen in fhe
di&rent

O E T
flifFerent Ceges it has undergone. It Vks
taken by ftorm by the. Ruffians, in 1788,
and was confirmed lo Ruffia, by the fub
fequent peace. It is ac the mouth ofthe
Daieper, ppppfite Kinburn . 50 miles W
pherlbn, and 19O N by iB- Qpnftantinp-
ple, tea. 30 50 E, lat. 4,6, JO N. , . ,,
¦ Odenfee, aia ancient town of Denmark,
tapital of the jfle of Funen, wifh a biffi
op's foe, and 5200 inhabitants. It is on
¦A fmall river : 2 miles from tbe bay of
Stegeftrand, and 75 W Copeiffiageri, lon.
xo 17 E, lat, 55 30 N. ,., ' ,
Oder, A river of German-y, which has
its fource near a town of the fame name,
ill Silefia, It runs N liy Ratibor, Oppe-
lea, Breflaw; Glogaw, and Croffen, in Si
lefia ; Francfort, Lebus,. Cuftrin, and
Frinwailt, In .Brandenburg, ; and .Gartz,
Stetin, Caihmin, Wollin,: Ufedom,, and
Wolgafi, in Poriieraaia. 'Betew Stella it
forms a large lake, afterward falliag into
the Baltic Sea by 3 mouths ; betvveen
•which lie the iflands of Ufedom and
WoUin. It is navigable beyond Rati
bor. , , - - - : . '
: Oder, a town in the S W extremity of
Silefia : 16 miles S W Troppaw, ten. 17
30 E, lat. 54 46 N. .
Oderburg, A town of Silefia, near the
confluence of the Oder and Elfa : 10
miles S Ratibor, ten. 18 10 E, lat. 50
aN. ,, .,-,¦,,-- :
Odtrnheim, a town of Germany, on tbe
Sellz : 20 miles S Mentz.
Odiham, A corporote town in , Hamp-
fbire, England : 24 , miles N E Winchef-^
ter,, arid 42'Wby S London. ,. ., .
Oeland, an ifland of SWeden, in the Bai
lie S'ea, feparated from fhe coaft pf Goth
land, by- a ftrait 10 miles in breadth. It
is 84 miles teng, 9 broad, and very fer
tile. It has . 7000 inhabilants. Bork-
holm isthe chief town, ten. 17 5 E,lat.
56 44N.
Oelfeldt, a town Of. Lower Saxony, on
the Allcr : 25 miles E Brunfwick.
Oefel, an ifland of fhe Baltic, on the
coaft of Livonia, at the entrance pf the
2ulf of Riga : 74 miles long and 56 broad,
snd defended by two forts. It formerly
belonged tb Denmark, now tO Ruffia.
Arenffiurgh is the capital.
Oeiing, A town of Upper Bavaria, ¦Cvlth
ari old chapel, to vvhich there is a refort
«>f pilgrims. It Is divided intp the Upper
and Lpwer Tpwri, and fealed on the Inn,
8 miles NW Burkhaufen, ten. 12 44 E,
iat. 48 14 N,
Oeting, or Oetingen, A tovvn of Suabia,
capital of a county of the fume name;

OLD
on the river Wirnllz : 12 milcs N.tIV/
Donawert, and 35 W N W Ingolftadt,
Offanto, a river of the kingdom of Na
ples, whicb rifes in tbe Appennines ;
pafl'es by Conza and Monte Verde ; fep
arates Capitanata, from Bafilicata and
Terra-di-Bari,; and falls into the gulf of
Venice, near Batlcfta. It is the ancient
Aufidus, ¦
Offen, a town on the Danube, oppofite
Pcfl, It is remarkable for its red wines.
The country for 6 miles below the city is
covered with vineyards. " [Jackl'on,] .
Offeniacb, a town of Franconia ; takeii
by the French in July 1796, and feated
on the Maine, 5 miles E Francfort.
Offenburg, an imperial town of Suabia,
under theprofeaipn pf fhe hpufe of Auf
tria : 12 miles S E Straffiurg, and 28 S
Baden. Off.da, A town of Ancona : 26 miles S
Loretto, lat. 42 53 N.
Oblau, a town of Silefia, In the princf-
pality of Brieg, on thd river Ohla, in the
midft of marffies, furrounded with wall^'
and ramparts. The caftle is large, and
contain^ a church for the ufe pf the Ra
man Catholics, another for Proteftants j
alfo a Polifli church and a copper flat-
riag mill. Ia 1741, It was taken bythe
Pruffians. Great quantities of tobacco
are produced in the neighbourhood ; S
miles N W Brieg, and 14 S E Breflaw.
Oira, an. ancient town of Naples, id
Terra d'Ctranlo, with a bifliop's fee, and
an old caftle ; at tbe foot of tbe Appen
nines : 20 miles N E Tarento. -
, Oifans, a toWri of -Frarice, departmerit
6f Ifere : 28 miles S E Grenoble.
. Orfe,A department of-France, including
part of the late province of the Ifle of
France.' It takes its name from a liver,
vvhich has its fource in the Ardennes, and
falls into the Seine, near Pori'toife. Beau-^
vals is the capital.
Okeham, fee Oalbam'.
Okingham, or Wokingham, A town iii
Berkfliire, England : 8 miles S E Read
ing, and 32 W London.
Okotik, fee Ochatfl.
Oldeiiburg, A town of Weftphalia, capi-^
tal of a county of the fame name. '1 he
church of St. Lambert contains the tombs
of the laft counts of Oldenburg, which
are very euripus. It is noted for its hor
fes ; ::nd Is feated on the Hunta : 24
miles W Bremin, and 45 S E Embden;
Ion. 8 S E, lat. 53 7 N.
Oldenburg, a town in the duchy ef HoU
ftein, near the Baltic : 30 miles N Lubec.
Qldendcrf, a t(,iwn of Lower Eaxony, ori
the

O L O

O M A

the Wcnaw and Efca, lon. lO 35 E, Iat.
S3 t6 N,
Oldendorf, a lown of Weftphalia, on the
"Wefer : 28 miles S W I-Ianover.
Oldenzeel, a tOwn in Overyird : 30 niiles
E Deventer. Oldefia, a town of Holftein, on tbe
Trave : 17 miles W Lubec, and 25 N £
Hamburg. Oleron, an Ifle of France : 5 miles from
the coafts of Auais and Saintonge : 12
miles long and 5 broad ; if is populous,
having 12,000 iahahitaats ; fertile, »ad
defended by a caftle. Iri fhe reign of
Richard I, this ifland was part of the
poffeffions of the crown of England ; and
here that monarch compiled the code of
maritime laws, called the Lawsof Oleton,
which are received by all nations in Eu
rope, as the ground of all their .marine
tonftitutions, loa. i 20 'W, lat. 46 3 N.
Oleron, a. towa df France, department
(of Lower Pyrenees, oa the Gave : 10
miles S W Pau, lat. 43 7 N.
Oleffa, A towa in Red Ruffia; 38 miles
ENE Lemburg, lon. 25 10 E, lat. 50
33 N.
Olika, i. towa in 'Volhinia, with a cita
del : 20 mUes E Lucko, lon. 26 8 IJ, lat.
51 15 N.
Olita, A town of Navarre, where their
kings formerly refided. It is in a fertile
country : 20 miles N Tudela, ten. i 46
W, lat. 42 22 N.
Oliva, A celebrated Monaftery of 'Wef
tern Pruffia : 3 miles W Dantzic.
Oliveiiza, A flrong town of 'l^orfugal, in
Alentejo, near fhe Guadiana 1 13 miles S
Elvaa, and 40 E Evora.
Olivet, A mountairi 5 furlongs E Jeru
falem. It has 3 fummlts, the middle one
is that from whence our Saviour afccrid-
ed. The northern fummit is 3 furlongs
from this, it is the higheft and commonly
called Gallllee. [Dia. ofthe Bible,] ,'
Olmedo, A town of Spain, In Old Caftile,
on the Adaja : 30 miles S Valladolid,
Olmutz, A commercial fown of Mora
via, with a bifliop's fee, and a famous uni
verfity. It contains 26 churches, 5 chap
els, and feveral hofpitals; it is oa the Mo
rava : 80 iniles N liy E 'Vieana, and 97 S
Breflaw, tea. 17 35 E, lal. 49 26 N.
Olney, A towa ia Bucks, Eagland, with 3
confiderable manufaaui;e of bonelace. It
is fealed on the Oufe : 12 miles S E North
ampton, and 56 N N W London.
.Oloiie, an iflaad, towa, caftle, and har
bour of France, iu fhe departmeat pf
Vendee : 30 miles N W Rochelle, and
a.l!^ S W Paris, lon. i 43 "W, lat, i}6 30 N.
Vol, II. iMmm

Oloneiz, a government of Ruffia, inclod*-
ed formerly in the government of Novo-*
rod. In this diftria are fome confidera«
ble irpn wprks,
Olonetz, A town of Ruffia, in a govern
ment of the fame name, famous for its
mines of iron, and its mineral water. It Is
on fhe river Olonza, vvhich falls into the
lake l^adoga, lon. 34 20 E, laf. 61 26 N.
Oife, or Oelf, a ftrong and confiderable
town of Silefia, with a caftle, where the
duke generally refides : 17 miles N E
Breflaw. Olfnitz, A town of Upper Saxony, on
the Elfter : 60 miles S W Drefden.
Oltcn, A town of Swiflerland, capital of
a bailiwick, in the canton of Soleure, It
is between Arberg and Araw, lon, 7 45
E, lat, 47 16 N.
Olympus, a mountain of i^afoUa, one of
the higheft and moft confiderable In all
Afia. The ancients fuppofed its top reach
ed the heavens ; and, from that circum
ftance, placed the refidence of the gods
there, and made It the court of Jupiter.
At the bottom of fhis mountain are feve
ral Greek monafteries. Part of the moun
tain is ever wrapt in fnow. A village in
fhe vicinity is freed from all faxes, on
condition of Iranfporling certain quanti
ties of ice to the governor's palace. [Mariti.]
bman, A town of Arabia Felix, and cap
ital of a proviace of tbe fame name : 60
miles N W Mafcat, ten. 57 20 E, lat, 24 N.
Oman, a province of Arabia, bounded
N by the Perfian Gulf, £ by the Ocean,
and W i>y extenfive deferts. It is poffef
fed by a riumber of petty foverelgns, the
moft confiderable of whom is the imam
of Oman or Malkat. The whole wcftera
fide of Oman is a fandy plaia, a day's
journey in lenglh. The imam'« territo
ries are mountainous to the very brink of
. the fliore. The rivers all continue to fiovir
throughout the year, except tbat near
vvhich Sohar ftands, which, traverfing an
arid plain, lofes itfelf among the fands,
and reaches the fea only in the rainy fea
fon. The country affords plenty of cheefe,
barley, lentiles, with feveral different forts
of grapes. Of dates fuch an abundance
is here produced, as to yield an annual
exportation of feveral fliips' lading ; and
there is a variety of other fruits and pulfe.
Here are alfo lead and copper mines.
Fillies are fo plentiful on the coaft^ and
fo eafily caught, as to be ufed not only
for feeding cows, affes, and other domel-
tic animals, but even as manure to the
fields. The inhabitaats are of different fe(ft»

©¦N ET

©PA

ftSs in religion, and mutually regard one
another as heretics. The fubjeas of the
imam follow oae MuQiihnan doaor ;
thofe of the flieiks another. ' The terri-
ttiry poffeffed by the imam qf Oman is
pretty extenfive, and- contains a good -ma
ny towns, moft of which are but Uttle
Kbown, The principal are Oman and
Mafcat.
' ' Ombrone, a river of Italy, which rifes
in the Siennefe, and falls into the Medi
terranean. '
Qmhrone, a town of Italy, in the Sien
nefe, between 'the river Ombrone aad the
lake Cafligliano : 3 miles S Groffetto,
'Omegna, A town of the dutchy - of Mi
lan, in the Novarefc, with a caftle ; five
miles N of O'rta. -
Omer, St, a fortified, large, and pop
ulous town of France, in the departmerit
of the Straits of Calais, About a league
frpm fhe town, is a great morafs, In
vvhich are fome floating iflands, that may
be direaed at pleafure, nearly like a
bpat. They prpduce good- pafture ; and-
the frees fhat grovir upoa them are kept-
low, tnat the wind may not have too
much power over them, Il Is on the Aa,
on the fidepf a hUl : 8 miles N W Aire, and:
135 N Paris, ten. 2 20 E, lat. 54 45 N,
Ommen, a town ia Overyffel; on the
Vepht: lymUcsNE Deventer, lat,, 5232 N.
' Ommenburg, A ftroag fown in fhe eteao-
ratte of Mentz-; on the Otherii : 9 miles S
E Marpurg, aad- 45 ,N E Francfort.
Ommirabih, a river of Africa, which ri
fes in Mount Atlas, feparates the king
dom of Morocco from that of Fez, and
eiitering the Atlantic, forms -a capacious
llay on. the E fide of Azamor.
Onano, a town of Italy, ia the patrimo
ny of St. Peter, bet weep Acquapcndcnte
arid Petlgliano : 5 miles from each.
One, A cape of Barbary, in Africa, near
the month bf fhe river Mulvia.
Onega, A river and lake of Ruffia, in the
government of Olonetz; The lake is 100
miles long and 40 broad, and has a com-
in-anlcation wilh lake Ladoga, and Con
fequently v/Ifh Peterffiurg, 'Fhe river
gives its name to a eountry, full of woods,
and falls inlo the White Sea.
Oneglia, A principality of Italy, fur-
rbunded by the territory of Genoa, but
fubjea 10 the king pf Sardinia. It a-
bounds in olive trees, fruits, and wine,
and contains 53 towns and viUages, and
l'4,ooo fouls. ,
Oneglia, A feaport in a princip'alitv of
the fame name. Sardinia,, as well as the
province; abpunds in olive trees, fruits.

and' wine. It has been often taken, ^¦
ing an open pjace ; the lafl: time by the
French, in 1794. If is on a fmall river ;-
i 30 miles S iE Cogai, aad 50 W by S
Genoa, ten. 7 51 E, lat. 43 58 N.
Ongar, Or Chipping Oiigar, A lown of
Englaad, in Effex : 1 2 miles W Chelflvw
ford, aad 2i E NE London. ,
Ongale, a town of Hindooftan, in the
Carnatic Pn a riyer, nol far frofti ils en
trance into the bay of Bengal, Ion. 80 5
E, lat. 15 30 N.
Onore, A feaport of Canara, on the coaft'
of Malabar, lon, 74 45 E, lat. 14 20 N.
Ouatb, A town of Hungary : 50 miles N-'
E Buda. 0«ri</2, a fmall ifland, at the mouth of
-ithe harbour of Batavia,. where theDutcli'
build and careen fheir fliips. /
Oodocanullab, A town of Hindooftan?
Proper, in Bengal, on the W bank of the
Ganges, at the foot of a chaia of hills.
The filualioa is efteemed unhealthy. .In
was the feat of the governmeat of Ben
gal, under fuhan. Sujali, till he fell in the
confeft for empire with his brother Au
rungzebe. The numberlefs ruins here,
and in fhe neighbourlipod, afford a proof
of ifs magnificence ; and fhere -ftill re
mains a part of the palace, which has-
been nearly deftroyed by fire. Here is
an elegant bridge over the Ganges,' built-
by Sultan Sujah, fa'mous for the viaory.
gained pver Meer Cpffitn, in 1764, by
major Adams : 82 miles N by W Moor-
fiiedabad, lon. 87 5$ E, lat. 24 58 N,
Chnalafiia, tOne of the iflands- of the
Northern A'rchipelago, vifited by Caplairi->
Cook in his laft voyage. See Unalajhia.
Ooroop and Ooffeffeer. See Kuriles.
Onjibarch, A town and fort of Dutch;
Flanders, in the Ifle of Cidfand- : 4 miles
N E Sluys.
Gofienby a town of Sweden-, in tbe ifle of
Oeland : 27 miles S Borkholm,
Opara Ifiand. This-ifland difcpvered by
Vancpuver, December 1794, Is fituated-'
in the Pacific Ocean, lat, 27 3^ S, lon.-
144 2 W, and is about 18 miles in cir
cumference. The fliores are for the
moft part fmooth, and covered with ver'
dure to the wafer's edge, A range of
high craggy mountains extends acrofs this-
ifland, bearing the refemblance of vaft
fortifications, and at a diftance exhibit a
very romantic appearance. The number
of iahabitants is about 1500 ; they are ,
of middling ftature, well made ; their
countenance is open and cheerful, and
indicates a difpofition given to hofpitali
ty. A faffiion grevails .among them of
cutting

"O R A

•O R B

'entthig their hah- ffiort. Tht-Ir only
clotliirig is a large green leaf of a plant
tied about the waift. [Vancouver.]
Oporto, or Porto, a flourlfliing feaport
of Portugal, in the province of Entre-
Doucro-e-MInho, with a biffiop's fee. It
is by natuic almoft impregnable ; and is
noted for its ftrong wines, of which large
quantities are exported, and vvhc-i.ice all red
wines ftrim Spain or Portugal are called
Port wSiev,. It i« feated on the decUvity
-of a mountain; near the river Douero,
which forms an excellent harbour, cap- -
ble of containing a large fleet : that I'roiu
Brazil fomeliraes rides here. 'Fhe town
plot is uneven, but handfomS : next lo
Liffion, it is the richeft, moft populous,
and moft cemmerclal town in the king
dom ; and, without any exception, is ac-
tcounted the cleaneft, and Is well paved.
Its commerce increafed afler the earth
quake at JLiffion : before that time, the
population was eftimated at 20,ooo ; it is
now faid to be near 40,000. Here are
feveral churches, feveral hofpitals, and
twelve convents. The principal trade is
in port wine, of which upwards -of 80,000
pipes are exported annuaUy. Here are
fcveral academies, and an arfenal for the
fitting out fliips of war, which are built
'in the docks, belonging to the town ; and
the quay extends from one end of the ci-
't-y to the other : 19 leagues N Coimbra;
and 50 N Lifljonjlon. 8 21 W, lat. 41 11 N.
Opaun, an ifiand in the Pacific 'Ocean.
The inhabitants of this and fhe neigh-
¦bouring ifles are large and ftrong, enjoy
luxurious eafe, are ferocious in their
manners, and go naked ; their women
are immodeft and wanton, lon 17 1,
to 27 7 E, lat, 14 7 S, [Peyroufe,]
Oppelen, a ftrong fpwn of Silefia, capi
tal pf a dutchy pf the fame name, with a
caftle. The chief tribunal pf juftice, and
the firft confiftory pf Silefia, were fettled
here in 1742. It\ Is on the Oder, in a
•pleafant plain : 35 miles S E Breflaw, and
40 N Troppaw, lon, 1 7 50 E, lat. 50 4 1 N.
Oppcnbeim, a town In fhe palatinate of
tbe Rhine, capital of a bailiwick of the
lUmename; on the decUvity of a hill,
near the Rhine .: 8 mfles S Meatz, and
12 N Worms.
Oppida, an epifcopal town of Naples, in
Calabria Ulteriore, at the foot of the Ap
pennines : 25 milcs N E Regio.
Orach, A town of Turkey ia Europe, ia
J3pfnia, ncar'lhe river Drino : 60 miles S
W Belgrade.
Oran, a ftrong and important fcaport
in the i-ingdom of ..llgicis, and province

of Ti'emtifen, with feveral forts; ind afa
exceUent harbour. If is partly on the
fide of a hill, and partly Iri a plain, almpft
oppofite Carihagena, in Spain, In 1790,
il wis deftroyed by an earthquake, noth
ing but the exterior walls being left
ftanding ; and 2000 perfons periffied.
The bey of Mafcarft took advantage of
thediftrefi'ed ftate of the garrifon, to at
tack if with a confiderable force, but was
compelled to retire, after three obffinate
attacks. It vvas given up to the Alge^-
ines in 1792. While fiie Spaniards vver«
in poffeffion of the place, -they built fev
eral churches. The city enjoys.excellertt
water by a rivulet rifing from'-a fpriag a-
hout a foot diameter. It is 125 miles W
by S Algiers, ton. o 8 -W,-lat. 36 2 N.
[Fofs.]
Orange, An ancient -city of Trance, dcv
partment of Drome. It was an import
ant place in the time ofthe Romans. A
triumphal arch, 200 paces from the
fown, was fonnerly -within ifs limits; and
here are alfo the remains of a fine am^
phitheatre, fome aqneduas, &c. which
efcaped flie fury of the -Goths and Sara
cens. The fortifications were demoliflied
hy Levvis XIV, in 1682. Orange is the
capital of a principality of the fame
name. This -city was an epifcopal fee
before the late revolution. It is In a
fine plain, on fhe river Aigues : 12 miles
N Avignon, and 50 N E Montpelicn,
ten 4 49 E, lilt. 44 9 N.
Oratavia, the capital of Tenerlff ifland:
150 miles W th^ coaft of Africa It is
on the W fide of the ifland, and' the chief
place of trade ; the liaibeur is unfafe in
a N W wind, and It cpntains nne church
aad feveral convents, lon. 16 20 W,lat,
28 23 N.
Orbalfan, a town of Piedmont, between
Turin and Pignerol.
Orbe, an aacieat town 'of 'Swiflerland,
ia the Pays-de "^'aild, capital pf the Baili
wick pf Echallens, the' fovcreigaly pf
which is divided betvveen the cantons of
Bern; and Friburg.- Its romaiitte fituation,
and^he boldnefs of its fingle archedbridge
projcain.G^ over the Orbe, are the admi
ration of all travellers. In this town is
aa infirmary, forthe reception of patients.
vvho have cUftorted limbs •; 24 milcs W
Friburg, and 40 Vs' by S Bern. [Coxe.]
Orbitello, A firor^ -feapfirf of Tufcany,'
in the Siennefe, dciciidedby fcveral Ions;
and feated- near the Albegna :-58miles S
by W Sienne, and 85 S Florence.
Orhre, A rivet ot France, which falls Into

ORE

ORI

into the gulf of Lyons : 5 miles below
tbat town.
Orcades, or Orkneys, A clufter of iflands
to tbe N of Scotland, from which fhey
are feparated by Pentland Frith. They
are 26 in number, of wbich one greatly
exceeds the other in extent. This, like
the principal one of Shetland, is dignified
•with the appellation of Mainland ; it is
alfo frequently called Pomona. The
currents and tides which flow between
thefe Iflands are extremely rapid and
dangerous; and, near the'fmall ifle of
Swinnaare two whirlpools that have been
known to fnatch in boats and light vef
fels, whicb were inftantly fwallowed up.
Springs of pure water are found in all
the mountainous parts of fhefe iflands ;
and there are numerous lakes and rivu
lets abounding In fiffi. The heath, oa
-thefe mountains, flielfers groufe, plovers,
fnipes, &c. buf here are neither paFtrid-
ges, hares nor foxes.' There are numbers
of flieep and fmall black caftle. The
produas of the vallies and plains are
big and oats, but np pther fort of grain.
In general the air is moift, and tbey are
Aften vifited by dreadful ftorms of wind,
rain and thunder. For about" 3 weeks
ill midfummer, they enjoy the fight of
the fun, almoft without intermiffion; but,
for the fame fpace In winter, that lumi
nary hardly rifes above the horizon, and
is commonly obfcured by clouds anfl mifts.
In this gloomy feafon, the abfence of day
is fupplied partly by moonlight, and
partly by the radiance of the Aurora Bo-
realis. The chief expprts are Unen and
woollen yarn, ftockings, buffer, dried fifli,
herrings, oil, featiiers, and fkins of vari
ous kinds, and kelp. The Englifli lan
guage prevails in all thefe iflands, althpugh
there are many words in the Norfe, or
Norwegian, ftill in ufe. The churches
are numerous, but the office of a minif
ter is truly laborious, the parochial duty
being often extended to feveral diftant
iflands. Orcbies, an aacieat town of France, in
the department of fhe North : 14 miles
E £ Lifle, ten. 3 25 E, lat. 50 28 N,
Ordunna, a feaport of Spain, ia Bifcay,
feated in a valley, fuirouoded by high
mountains : 20 miles S W Bilboa.
Orebro, a towa of Sweden Proper, capi
tal of the province of Nericia, near the
W extremity of the lake Hielmar, In
the middle of the town, on a fmall ifland
formed by two branches of the Swart,
ftarids the caftle, formerly a royal refi-
dence. Here are manufaaures of fire

arms, cloth and tapeftry ; and it has a
confiderable trade wilh Stockholm, acrofj
the lakes Hielmar andMaelar, by means
of the canal of Arboga ; fending iron,
vItrIol,andred paint. In particular, to that
capital; the province is fertile, abounding
in corn and pafturage: 95 miles SW Slock,!
holm, lon, 1512 E, lal, 59 12 N. [Coxe,]
Orsgrund, a feaport of Sweden, on the
coaft of Upland, in the gulf of Bothnia :
60 miles N Stockholm, laf, 60 20 N.
Or^l, a government of Ruffia, oncea
province of the government of Bielgorod.
Its capital, of , fhe fame, is feated on the
Occa and Orel : 207 miles SSW Mof
cow, lon. 35 20 E, lat. 53 o N.
Orenbiirgh,one of the two provinces of
the governmeat of Ufa, in Ruffia. Us
capital, pf the fame name, is feated on the-
Ural, formerly called the Yaik: 480 miles
NE Aftraean, Ion. 55 o E, laf. 51 46 N.
Orenfe, an ancient town of Spain, in
Galicia, vvith a bifliop's fee, ¦ famous for
its hof baths. It Is at the foot of a
mountain, on the river Minho, cVer
which is a bridge of one arch: 47 miles
SE CompofteUa, lon. 7 36 W, lat' 42 19 N.
Orfa, A cpnfiderable town of Afia, in
Diarbeck, It formerly belonged lo Per
fia, but is now in the 'I'urkifli Dominions,
and, has a good frafle, particularly in car
pets of feveral forts, fpme pf which are
made here. It has a ftately caftle on a
hfll, and is feated on tbe Euphrates : 83
miles N E Aleppo, and 100 S W Diarbe
kar, lon, 38 20 E, lat. 36 50 N. I
Orford, A feaport and borpugh in Suf-
fplk; England, It has but oae church,
whofe fteeple is a feamark ; and near it
are the ruins of a caftle, a priory, and St,
George's chapel. It is goverried by a
mayor,' fends 2 memlperS 10 parUament,
and IS fealed on the German Ocean, bcv
tween 2 channels : 18 miles Eby N Ipf
wich, and 88 N E Lpndon;
Organford, A village near Poole, In Dor
fetffiire,' England, remarkablefor the pro
digious quantity of peaayrpyal, here
called organ, produced in the neighbour
hood. Orgelet, A town of France : 30 mile s N
by E Bourg, tea, 5 39 E, lat, 46 36 N,
Oria, A decayed towa of Naples, with a
citadel, and a bifliop's fee : 40 miles N
W Otraulo,
Orient, a regular and handfome feaport
of France; in the department of Morbi
han, built in 1720, hy the French E India
Company, who made it the exclufive mait
of their ccmmerce. The harbour, which
is defended by a cjtadel, opppfite Port
Loui^

O R L

ORN

iLouis af the boftPm pf the fame bay, can
contain but a fmall number nf men pf
war. It has 15,000 inhabilants : 5 miles
S W Hennebon, lon. 3 20 W, lat, 47 46 N,
Origuela, A tow n of Spairi, in Valencia,
with a biffiop's fee, a univerfity, and a
citadel, built on a rock. It is on the Se
gura : 33 miles N Carthagena,
Orio, A town of Spain : 8 miles S W
St, Sebaftian, lat, 43 23 N,
Oriffa, a province of Hindpoftan, bound
ed N by Bahar, and Bengal, W by Berar,
S by Golconda, E by the bay of Bengal.
The d'ftvia of Midniapour, in thisprov-
in.-e, is fubjea to the Englifli E India
Company ; the reft belongs tp the Berar
Mahrattas, It is a level, mpift, fertile
country, Orifagni, an ancient town of Sardinia,
wilh a good harbour and an archbifli
op's fee. It is large, and well fortified,
but thinly inhabited, oa account of the
unhealthy air, / It is on the vV coaft, oa
a bay of the fameiname : 42 miles N W
Cagliari, lon, 8 51 E,lal, 40 2 N.
Orkney Ifiands, fee Orcades,
Orlamund, A town of Upper Saxony,
ia "rhuringia, belongiag to the duke of
Saxe Gotha, It Is on the Sala, p'ppofite
the mouth of the Orla : 50 miles S W
Leipfick, loa, 11 24 E, lat. 50 53 N,
Orleanois, a late province of France,
BOW forming the department of Loiret,
It is divided by the river Loire, info fhe
Upper aad Lower, aad is a very plenti
ful couatry.
Orleans, aa ancient city of France, cap
ital of the department of Loiret, It is
oa the Loire, in the form of an oval, and
is fuppofe.d lo contain 40,000 fouls. Un
der the fons of Clovis, il was the capital
of a kingdom. It ftood a memorable
fiege in 1428, againfl the EngUfli, wbich
was raifed by the celebrated/ Joan of Arc,
called the Maid of Orleans, The ftreets
of Orleans are fpacipus and pleafant,
and that pf the fauxbpurg of Paris is pf
a prodigious length. Its commerce con-
fills in wine, brandy, cprn, grocery, and
particularly fugar, which is brought raw
from Nanies and Rochelle. Sheep fkins,
ancl ftockings, both knit and wovcri, fgrm
alfo a confiderable article of trade. The
f.iuxbourg or fuburb of OUyel, on fhe left
fide of the Loire, has a communlcatioa
wilh the city by a bridge of 9 archc-sthe
center oae 100 feet wide. Near the city is
a foreft, coptaiaing 94,000 acres, planted
with oak, and other valuable trees, Or
leans is 60 miles SSW Paris, loa, i 59
E, lat. 47 54 N.

Orleans, Canal of, commertces at tbe
river Loire, 5 miles above Orleans, croffes
the foreft of Orleans, joins the Lning,
near Montargis, and paffing by Nemours,
falls Into the Seine, It was finiflied in
1682, .md has 30 locks in its courfe,
which is above 50 miles.
Ormond, the northern divifion of the
county of Tipperary, in Ireland,
Ormus, ap illand of -'^fia, at the en
trance of the gulf of Perfia, about 10
niUes in circumference. It Is, ftriaiy
fpeajclng, no better tjian a rock of fait,
the very dull of the country, within land,
being white and .pure, as well as very
pungent to the tafte. Springs there are
none, and the fmall lakes of frefli vvater
are no more thaa cavities filled with rain,
which, however, falb but feldom in that
climate.' In this ifland is a good city,
and a ftrong fortrefe, in whic'n the kings
of Ormus formerly refided, who had like-
wife, fome dominions, though not of any
large excent, upon the cootinent of Per
lia. It was from its commodious fitua
tion that it became the greateft mart in
the eaft, to vvhich ffiipping repaired from
all parts of the Indies, frpm the coaft of
Africa, Egypt, and Arabia, befides a reg
ular trade carried on by caravaas acrofs
the country. This made the foverelgns
of Ormus rich and refpeaed,-if not great
and potent ; and af proper feafons of the
year, there was a prodigious refort of
merchants from all countries, befides fac
tors that refided conftantly there, par
ticularly the Venetians, who drove -a
great trade in jeweh. It was taken in
1507, by the Portuguefe, who fortified it ;
and it was afterward frequented by a
number of rich merchants. In 1622, the
Perfians, by fhe affiftance of the Engliih,
conquered tliis place, and demoliffied the
houfes, which were 4000 in number, con
taining 40,000 inhabitants. Some time
afler, the Perfians rebuilt tbe fort ; and
fhough they could never bring it to be a
place of trade as before, it is ftill the key
of the gulf of Perfia, on account of the
commodioufaefs of the harbour. If is
almoft deferted ; fpr it produces npthing
but fait, wbich fometimes is 2 inches deep
uppn the furface of the earlh, ten. 56 25
E, lat. 27 20 N.
Ornans, A towll of France, department
of Doubs. In its vicinity is a weU, which,
during the time of great rains, overflows
in fuch a manner as to inundate the ad
jacent country ; and the fiffies that it dii-
gorges are called umbres. Ornans is feafy
ed on the Louve : S miles S it Befancon. C/vjt,

O 5f.

0 S T

tOraft a department of France, that
takes its name from a river, which falls
inte tbe Englifli Ghanntl : 8 miles betew
-Caen. The capital is Alencon. .
Oronfa, a fmall fertile Ifland of Scot
land, one of the .Hebrides : 7 miles W
¦Jura. Qropcfa, a town in New CaftUe: 22 miles
E Placentia, 50 W Toledo,
Qrfava, A town of Temefwar,_pn the N
ifide of the Danube, almoft oppofite Bel
grade, fubjea to the Turks.
Orfoy, A town bf "WeCphalia, duchy of
Cleves.; 20 miles S E Cleves.
Oria, a town of Italy, wifh a bifliop's
fee, on the Tiber : 10 miles E Viterbo,
and 30 N Rome.
Ortegal, a cape and caftte on the N
-«paft of Galicia, in Spain : 30 miles N N
E Ferrol, lon 7 39 W, laf. 43 46 N.
Qrtenberg, A town of Auftria, on the S
•bank of the Drave, oppofite ils conflu
ence with the Lifer, lat. 46 5,2 N.
Orthez, a town of France, department
cf the Lower pyrennees, on the declivi
ty ef a hill, on the river Gave de Pau :
27 miles .S W l^au.
Orton, A town in Weftmorland : 12
•miles S W Appleby.
Ortza, A town of Llthuariia, with a
caftle at the confluence of the Orefa, and
Dnieper : 5o,miles W Smolenflco, lori. 31
5 E, lat. 54 45 N.
Orvieto, a town -of Italy, capital of a
territory ofthe fame name, in the patri-
snoay of St, Peter, vvith a bifliop's fee,
and a magnificent palace. In this -place
is a deep well, into which mules defcend,
"by one pair of ftairs, to fetch up water,
aad afcend by another. It is on a craggy
rpck, near the confluence of the rivers
Paglia and Chiuna : 20 miles N W Vi
terbo, and 50 Nby AV Rome,_lal. 42 42 N.
Orwell, a river of England, which runs
S E by Ipfwich, and uniting with the
Stour, forms the fine harbour of Har
wich. Ofaea, a large town of the ifland of
Niphon, In Japan, with a magnificent caf
tle. It has a harbour, a.ad is one of the
moft commercial places of Japan, The
hours of the night are proclaimed, by the
found of different inftrumeats of mufic,
lon, 133 45 E, laf, 35 20 N,
Ofero, or Oforo, an ifland in the gulf of
"Venice, belonging fo the Venetians, hav
ing that of Chero to the N, to which it
js joined by a bridge. The capital is of
the fame name, with a bifliop's fee, lon.
15 30 E, l-at. 45 o N.
Ofey, aa illand in Blackwaicr Bay, near

Maiden, in Effex, England, It is covfred
with vyiUl fowl, at certain feafons ; and
here the coal fliips for Maiden unload
their cargoes. 1
Ofimo, an ancient town of Ancona,
with a rich bifliop's fee, and a magaifi.
cent epifcopal palace : to miles S An
cona, and no N E'-Rome.
Ofma, an ancient decayed town in Old
Caftile, with a bifliop's fee, and a univer
fity, on the LJouero : So.miles N by E
Madrid, ten, 2 12 W, lat, 41 30 N.
Ofnaburg, a bifliopric of Weftphalia, 40
miles teng, and 30 broad. It Is remark
able that this b'liliopr-ie is poffeffed by
the papifts and proteftants alternately,
according to the treaty of WeftphaUa,
The proteftant- biffiop is always chofen
by the houfe of Brunfwick, Lunentiurg,
aad the catholic by the papifts. The
prefent bifliop is Frederic duke of York,
fecond fon of the kiug of Great Britain.
The infpeaion, and adminiflration of ec
clefiaftical affairs, however, belong to the
eteaor of Cologne, as metropolitan.
Ofnaburg, a cily, capital of tlie above
bifliopric, with a univerfity, and a caftle.
It is remarkable for a treaty -of pcace«
concluded betweeii Germany and; Swe
den, in 1648, in favor'of the profeftaiA
religion. The pr.oteflants have a of tbe
churches. The beer of this place is
highly efteemed in Germany ; 35, mileg
N E Munfter, and 75 W Hanover.
0^**«, tbe countryof the Off, or, Offeti,
one of the 7 Caucafian nations, between
the Black Sea and the -Cafpian ; bound
ed S and W by Imeritia. It contains i^
diftrias, of which one is fubjea to Im-.
eritia, and the others to Georgia. Thefe
diftrias are of very unequal fize ; fomci
containing only 5, and others 5,0 villages)
each of vvhich comprifes frpm 20 to 100
families. Their language has fome analo
gy wilh that df the Perfian. Their hif
tory is entirely unknown. The Circaf-i
fians and Tartars call them Kuffia,
Offory, the weftern divifion of Queen's
County, In Ireland.
Offuna, an ancient and confiderable
town of Spain, In Andalufia, with a uni
verfity : 40 miles E Seville.
Of agio, A fjswn of Genoa ; 15 miles N
W Genoa.
Ofialric, a town of Spain, in Catalonia:
28 miles N E Barcelona.
Ofiend, la fprtified feaport of Auftrian,
Flanders, famous for the long fiege it fuf
tained agateft the Spaniards, from July 5,
1601, 10 September 22, 1604, vvhen it
I furrendered by au boupurable capitula-».

osw

OVA

tion, having coft the lives of 8c,ooo
Spaniards, and 50,000 of the befieged.
On the death of Charl'cs II, of Spain,
the French feized Oftend ; but, in 1706,
after the battle of RariUlies, it was re
taken by the alllci. It was again taken
by the French, In- 1745, but reftored ia
1748: In the war of 1756, the French
garrlfoned this town for the emprefs
queen Maria Therefa. In the laft war,
as a neutral port, it became a great mart
for tr:ide ; and it was greatly augment
ed both in population and buildings. In
1792, the French once more took Of
fend, which they evacuated in 1793, and
repoffeffed' in 1794. Oftend i.4 feated
among a number of canals, and is almoft
furrounded by 2 of the largeft of them,
irito which fliips of great burden may
enter with the tide : 10 miles W Bruges,
22 N E Dunkirk, and 60 N W Enjffels,
ten. 3 I E, lat. 51 14 N;
Oferhaltz, a town of Lower Saxony,
aad dudiy of Bremen. The principal
ttadi: of the inhabitants is digging peat
or turf, of which they fell to the amount
of 18,000 rix dollars yearly, fo the ia
habilaats of Bremea : 7 miles E Bremen.
Ofierode, A town of Lower Saxony, on
the Sa>ih It contains about 800 houfes,
and a magazine for corn, which is deliv
ered out to fhe miners' of the Harz for
eft, always at a fixed price. Here is a
manufaaure of woollen ftuffs: 16 miles
S W Goflar, and 18 E S E Einbeck.
Oferrode, a town of Pruffia, in the
priivince of Oberland, defended by a
caftle : 65 miles S E Dantzlck, and 70 S
S W Konigffierg,
Ofli.i, a once celebrated but decayed
ifeaport of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
at the mouth of the Tiber, with a bifli
op's fee : the harbour is choked up : 12
miles S W Rome.
Ofiiglia, a town of Mantua, on the Po ;
15 miles E Mantua,
Oflragotbia, fhe eaftern part of Goth
land, in Sweden,
Ofluni, A town of Naples, in Terra
d'Otranto, with a bifliop's fee ; on a
mouatain aear the gulf of Vcaice : 16
miles N W Brindici, aad 24 N E Taren
to. Ofivald, St: A village in Northumber
land, on the Pias' w,ill, N Hexham.
Ofiveicz.'i/, a town of Poland, in the
palatinate of Cracovla. It has a great
ttade in fall, and is on the Viflula : 15
milcs S W Cracow.
Ofrvfry, A Corporate towa in Shrop
fllire, England. If has fome trade from

"Wales in flannels. It has 220o inhabit"
ants: 18 -miles N W Shrewffiury, aniS
174 from Lpndon,
Ofytb, St. A village in Effex : 9 miles S
E Colchefter. OiUy.A towri in the AV riding of York
fliire, England, 00 the Wharf, und-.-r a
hl;jli craggy ciiff; 25 miles W York, aiid
20.1 N N W London,
V:rs!ifi, or Terr-^ d'Ofi'anh, A provinctf-
of Naples, bounded 14 :i;i-:l £ bv Terra-
di-Bari and till- uulf of Venice, S and W
by a great bay, bciwccn that and B;-ifiii-
cafa. If is a mountainous countiy, ?.--
bounding In oHvcs, figs, and wine. Here
is a kiad of fpidcr, called a tarantula,
whofe bile is venomous ; and the cou-q-
try is often vifited' by locufts-,
Otranto, A city of Naples, capital of
Terra d'OtrantOj with a commodious
harbour, an archbifliop's fee, and a cita
del, where the archbifliop refides. It
J has fuffered greatly by the Algerine pi
rates, Itis feated on the gulf of Venice :
37 miles S £ Brindici, .and 60 S E Ta
rento, lat. 40 20 N,
Otricoli, A town of Italy, duchy of Spo-
,|letto, on a hill : 2 miles from the Tiber,
and 32 N Rome.
Ottery, a town in Devonfliire, England :
10 nules E Exeter, and 162 W by S Lon
don, Ottona, or Orioiia, an epifcopal town of
Naples, in- Abruzzo Citeriore, on t'he
gulf of Venice : 10 miles N Lanciauo,
and 43 E Aquileia, lat. 42 28 N,
Ouadelim, one of fhe moft formidable
tribes in the interior of Sahara, fcmelimc^
carrying their ravages to the gates of
Morocco. They frequently Intermingle
wilh olher tribes, roaming from one fta--
tion to aaother, as they fiad vvater and-
pafturage, having no fixed bouirjaries.
They are Arabs, tall, ftout, arrogaat ant?
fierce. They lodge by families, ia ten'.s ;
their furniture confifts- of 2 large facks of
leather, 3 or 4 goat fkins, for holding
water and milk, two large ftories for
grinding barley, oae fmall or.e to cfrive
the pins of their tentr aa oiler matting
for their bed, a carpel for a covering, a;
fmall kettle, fome wooden diflies and fad
dles. Their vices are of the worft kind^
No man trufts his neighbour, no agrec-
"ineat is vvriltca ; the poignard is the
pledge of 'honpfty ; it fettles all difficul
ties. Yet tht laws of hofpitality are re*
vered. The Arab who would ffied your
blood in the field, is kind aad generous."
ia his teat. The women never eat witiv
their huffiands, nor affume their names- 'iEheir-

O T C

O U N

'Their ears, arms and legs are adorned
with rings of filver and gold. A beauty
muft hive long teeth , ffippling from her
mouth, body thick, Uuibs lorig. At the
birth of a fori, the mother teftifieS her
joy by blacking her face 40 davs ; at the
birth of a daughter, half her face 20 days.
Tlje educatioii of their childrea coa-
liflls prlacipally iri teaching fhem the ufe
Of the polgriard, flcill in emboweUing
their erieiiiies wifhtlieirnails, and a plauf-
ible air In- concealing a lie. 'Fhey are
as ignorant as they are barbarous, fup
pofing that no other people but they en
joy flocks rir herds," or fields, or fhe lunil-
iiaries of heaved. [Briffoii.]
Oudei A proviace of Hindooftan Pro
per, fubjea to a nabob, whofe dominions
He on both fides bf tbe Ganges, occupy
ing (with the exception Of the diftria of
Rampour) all the flat country between
that river and the northern mountains,
as vvell as the principal part pf that fer
tile: traa, lying between the Ganges and
Jumaa; kaowa by fhe name of Dooab,
to wlthiri 40 miles of the city of Delhi.
Oude aad ifs depeadencies are eftimated
at 360 miles ia leagth frqm £ to W, and
in breadth from 150 to 180. The nabob
is in alliance wifh the Britiffi ; and a
brigade of the Bengal army is conftantly
ftationed on his wefterri frpritler ; which
anfwers the purpofe of covering Oude as
well as Beagal, and of keeping the wef
tern ftates in awe ; and, in coiifideratioa
of this, the nabob pays an anaual fubfi
dy ¦ of 420,000!. iHis capital is Luck
now. ^
Oude, Ati ancient city of Hindooftan
Proper, in the province of, Oude, fhe re
mains of which are on the Gogra, nearly
adjoining Fryzabad. Il is faid to have
been the firft imperial city of Hindoof
tan, and 10 have been the capital of a
great kingdom, 1200 years before the
Chriftian era ; and it is frequently men
tioned in the Mahaberet, a famous Hin
doo work ill Sanfcrit, under fhe name of
Adjudiah. But whafever may have been
its former magnificence, no traces of il
are left. It is confidered as a place pf
fanaity ; and the Hindoos frequently
come hither, in pilgrimage, from all
parts of India,_
Otchakov, A town of Ruffia, in the gov
ernment of Ekaterinoflav, at fhe moutli
of the Dnieper, on the black fea. This
town was of cpnfiderable Importance f o
the Turks, and afforded a harbour for
their galUes, againft corfairs ; aud enabled
them occafionally to aa againft the Ruf

fians; for which reafon it was always
furtiiflied wifh a numerous garrifon, and
was ftrongly fortified. It was founded
by a colony of Milefians, who gave it the
name of Olbis. In the year 1737 it was
taken bythe Ruffians, who held the place
till the following y<:ar, when they evacu
ated It, after having demoliflied the
works, Iri the year 1789, , if was again
taken by the i^uffiaris, under the com
mand of prince Potemkin : 6060 Turks
were killed, and -3000 taken prifoners.
"Fhe lofs of the Ruffians amounted lo
4600 men. Since that time jt has been
kept by the Ruffians, and united lo that
empire : 200 miles iE Jaffi, and 376 N
'N £ Conftantinople, .ten. 34 E, lat, 46
44N,,
Oudenard, A firong tpvvn of Auftrian
Flanders, la the middle of which is a fort.
Here is a manufaaure of very fiae liiien,
aad of curious tapeftry. It is on both
fides fhe Scheldt : 12 miles S Ghent, 15
N E Tournay, aad 27 W Bruffeis.
Oudeiiburg, a town of Auftrian Flanders:
8 miles S E Oftend, and 10 W Barges.
Oudipaur, fee Cheitore
Overfiackee, an ifland of the Umfed
Provinces ill Holland, betvveen the
mouths of fhe Maefe. Mellfand is the
principal town,
Overyfche, a town of Auftrian Brabai)t,
on the Yfche : 6 miles N E Bruffeis, and
9 S W Louvain.
Ovei^ffel, one of the United Provinces,,
bounded E by 'Munfter, N by Friefland
and Groningen, W by the "Yffel, and S
by the county of Zutphen and bifliopric
of Munfter. It Is divided into three dif
trias, called Drente,Twcrite, and Salland.
There are manymoraffes in this province^
'and buf few Inhabitaafs, ia comparifon
with the reft. Its greateft riches confift
in turf, which is dug up here, and fent
fo the neiglibouring provinces, particu
larly Holland.
Ougein, a town of Hindooftan Proper,
in fhe province of Malwa, capital of one
of the Weftern Mahratta chiefs. It is a
place of great antiquity : 45 2 milcs S W
Poonah, lon. 75 56 E, lat. 23 26 N.
Oviedo, a town of Spain, capita! of Aftu
ria d'Oviedo, with a biffiop's fee, and a
uaiverfity, and 7000 iahabitants. It is
at the confluence of the Ove and Deva,
which form the Affa : 50 miles N W
Leon, and 208 of Madrid, laf, 43 25 N.
Oulz, a fown of Piedmont : 12 miles
W Sufa.
Oundle, A town iu Northamptonfliire,
England, on the Nen, over which arc two
brigades ;

O X F

0 X F

bridges : 26 miles N E Northampton, and
IS3 N by W London.
Oiirem, a town of Portugal, in Efttama-
dufa, vvith a caftle, on a mountain, be
tween the rivers Leira aad Tomar, ten.
7 40 W, lal. 39 S4 N.
Qurique, a Iowa of Portugal, in Alehte-
jo, rema.'kable for a viaory obtained by
Alphonfo, king of Portugal, oyer five
Mooriffi kirigs, in 1139, The heads of
thefe five kings are the arms of Portugal.
It is 3,2 miles S E Liffion,
Qufe, a river ia Yorkfliire, It rUns.
through "Sfork, where it is navigable for
confiderable veflels ; and afterward re
ceiving the Wharf, Derweat, Aire, and
Doa, it falls Inlo the Humber,
Oufe, A river of Suffex, Englaad, which
enters the Engliffi channel, and forms the
harbour of Newhaveri,
Oufe, Great, A river vvhich rifes in
Northamptonfliite, Erigland, and pro
ceeds to Sl, Neots, Huntingdon, St, Ives,
Fily, and Lynn, bclovv vvhich It enters the
Lincolnffiire Wafll,
0.,fe, Liltle, A litaach of the Great Oufe,
Owerra, or Oveiro, a tovvu aad territo
ry of Guinea, ia the kiagdom of Benin,
The air is UnvVholefome, and fhe foil
dry and lean ; but there are feveral kinds
of fruits, fuch as banarias and cOcoa nuts,
loa. 6 oE, lat, 6 o N,
Oxford, the capitalof Oxfordfliire, Eng
land, It is a bifliop's fee, and a univer
fity, and, befide the cathedral, has 13
parifli churclU-s, It lb al the coafluence
of the Thames aud Chcrvvel, and with
the fuburbs, is 3 miles in circuiriference,
Theuaiyerfily isfaid to haVebeen fouad-
ed by the great Alfred, but is geaeridly
fuppofed to liaVe been a feminary of
Icaraing before his time, allhougli it
Owed its revival arid Confequence 10 his
liberal patronage,, receiving front him
grarits of many privileges and large rev
enues. About the middle of the 12lh
Century, public k-aurcs onthe civil vVar
vvere reacl here, not more than 10 years
after a co,py of Juftinian's Iriftitutes had
been found in ItSly. Here arc 20 colle
ges and 5 halls, feveral of which fland
ia the ftreets, and give the city an air of
ihagaiflceric'e. 'I'he colleges afeprovided
wi^h fufficient revenues for the maiutc-
iiaace of a mafter, fellows, and fludent,':
In the halls fhe , ftudents live, cither
wholly, or in part, at their own expenfe.
The colleges are, Univerlity, BaUol, Mer
ton, Eicter, Oriel, 'ijneen's, Nevv, Lincoln,
All Souls, Ma,(;delen, Briizcn Nofe, Cor
pus Chrifti, thrift's Church, Trinity,
Vol. II. Una

St. John Baptift's, Jefus, Wadham, Pem
broke, Worcefter, and Hertford, Of
thefe the moft ancient Is Univerfity Col
lege, founded before the year 872; and
to Chrift Church College, begun by
Cardinal Woolfey, and finlfhed by Hen
ry VIH, belongs the Cathedral, The
' halls are, Alban, Edmund, Sf, ' Mary's,
New lari, aad Sl, MaryMagdalen ; among
the libraries in the uaiverfity, the moft
diftinguiflied Is fhe Bodleiaa, founded by
Sir 'I homas Bodley ; thofe of All Souls
College, Chrift Chutch, Queen's, New,
St, John's, Exeter, and Corpus Chrifti.
Among other public buildings are the
Theatre, fhe Aflimoleaa MufcUm, the
Clareadoil Printing houfe, and the Rad-
cliffe infirmary. A ftupendous aftronomi-
cal obfervatory has lately beea ereaed at
the N W corner of the city, at tbe ex
penfe Of near 30,0001. begun In fhe year
1771, by the fruftecs of Dr. Radcliffe's
eftate. The phyfic garden was founded
by Henry Danvers, Earl of Dauby, in
the year 1632, and endowed with an an
nual revenue. Dr. Sherard built the
prefent library, furniflied fhe gardens
with moft of its curious plants, and ac
the expenfe of 3000I. endpwcd the pro-
fefforffiip. ' Magdalen Bridge, befide the
beauty of its architeaure, has this fingu-
larlty, that more ihart half of il is on
dry ground, and the remainder covers
two fmall ftripes of the Cherwcll ; this
bridge is 526 feet long. At Oxford, king
John, compelled by his barpns, fummon
ed a parliament IP meet in 1258 ; the
proceedings of which were fo diforderlv*,
that itwasknovva afterward by the name
ofthe mad parliament. Charles I, affem
bled a parUament here, in 1625, In con-
I'equeace of the plague then raging in
London } and in 1644, he fummoned fuch
ofthe members of both houfes as were
devoted to his interefts : thefe were fece-
ders from flic pariiament then fitting at
¦ 'W'eftmiaftei'. 'Fhis city was diftiaguilhcd
for its allachmeat to that unfortunate
king, who litre held his court during iha
whole civil war. OScford is governed by
a mayor, dependent on the chancellor
and vice-chancellor rff the univerfity; and
fends 4 members lo parUament, 2Ior the
Univerlity and tvyo for the cilv. If is 25
miles S W Buckingham, and 58 W by N
Londoa, loa. i 10 W, lat. 51 45 N.
Oxfordffire, A courity of Englaad,bouad-
cdE by Buckinghamffiire, W by Gloucef
terfliire, Ils eiitreme lenglh is 48 mlle.s,it»
greateft breadth 26. It contains 14 Itun-
dreds, i cily^l jmarket town3,and 280 par
iflies,

I'A C

P*A 0'

iiffies, and fends 9 members to parliament.
The airis mild and healthy, thefoU,though
various, fertile in corn aad grafs. • 'fhe
S part of the couatry, efpecially on the
borders of Bucklnghamfliire, is hiUy and
woody, having a eonfinnafioriof theChll-
terri hills running through It, The N W
part Is alfo elevated and ftony. The
middle is, in "general, a rich country,
watered- by numerous ftreams, running
from N to S, and ferrainating in the
'Thames. The produfla of Cfafordfliire
are chiefly thofe. common to fhe midland
farming counties. Its hills yield oChre,
pipe clay, and-ofher earths, ufeful for va
rious purpofes. Corn and malt are con
veyed from it, by fhe Thames, to the
metropolis. Good chaefe is made, in the
grazing parts. The greateft want in this
county is that of fuel : for the woods,
with which it once abounded, 'oeing
greatly diniiaiffied, it is neceffary fo fup
ply the deficiency with coal, brought by
a long and troublefome navigation from
London. The junaion pf the Thames
with the Trent and Merfey, by the ca
nal from Braunftcm 10 Hampton Gay, and
fey another canal from Braunfton to
Brentford, will greatly, remedy this in
convenience. Ozwiexen, a town of Little Poland, on
the Weitchfel. The houfes are built of
woqd, and fhe fown Is cpvered on one
fide by a great morafs, and ou the other
defended by a caftle, whofe walls are of
wpod : 34 miles W Cracow, ten. 15 10 E,
lat. 50 10 N.

Jr ABBAT, one of fhe Weftern Ifles of
Scotland . 9 miles in circumference, W
Edinburgh, lat. 57 55 N.
Pacem, a town in the N part of Suma
tra, ten, ,97 15 E, lat, 5 o N.
Pachfu, A fmall iiland ia the Mediter
ranean, near the coaft of Albania, S Cor
fu. It is fubjea to Venice,
Pacific Ocean, otherwife called the South
Sea, lying between Afia and America,
and upwards of 10,000 miles in breadth.
When Magellan entered this ocean
through fhe dangerous ftrait that bears
bis name, he failed 3 months and 20 days
in a uniform dlreaion to the N W
without dlfcovering land, "In the diftrefs
he fuffered la this voyage, before he dlf
covered ,tlic Ladrone Iflands, he bad
the confolatlon ot enjoying fuch unin-'

terriipted fair weather, with favouraWe
winds, that he gave this ocean the name
of Pacific. The Spaniards having pafl'ed
the ifthmus of Darien; from N fo S, at
the firft difcovery of this ocean, named
It the South Sea; but vvith refpea _to
Araerlca,it is more properly the Weftern
Ocean-. On one fide the equator, it is
called the N Pacific Ocean ; and oa the
I other, the S Pacific Oceaa.
Piicy, an ancient town of France, de
partmeat of Eure, on the Eure : 8 miles
S by E Vernon.
Padang, A feaport on the W cOa-ft of
Sumatra, in the poffeffion of the Dutch,
lon. 99 46 E.lat. o, 50 S.
Paddington, A village in Middlefex, W
by N London. Though contiguous to
the metropolis, if contains many beauti
ful ruralfpots ; and its new church, creA-
ed ill I790,is In a very pleafing ftyle.
Paderborn, a bifliopric of Weftphalia,
; 32 miles long, and 20 broad In , the
middle of it are high mountains, and iron
mines, but fhe reft ofthe country is fer
tile In corn and paftures. It is moft re
markable for its bacon and venifon.
Paderborn, ah ancient and populous
town of WeftphaUa, capital of a biflipp
rie. It takes its name from the rivulet
Pader, which rifes under the high" altar of
the cathedral. It has a celebrated uni
verfity : 37 miles SWiMInden, aiid 45
ES E- Munfter, lan. 8 55 E, lat, 51 46 N.
Padron, a town of Gallcii : 12 miles S
Compoftella, lat, 42 40 N,
P'adfow, A feaport ia CornwaU, at the
mouth of the Camel, on fhe Briftol Chan
nel, and has fome trade to Ireland : 30
I miles W Launccfton, and 243 W by Si
London. Padua, an ancJent and celebrated city of
Italy, capital of fhe Paduano, with a uni
verfity and a- biffiop's fee. It is 7 miles
in circumference, and much lefs confid
erable than formerly ; great part of the
circuit within the vv'alla is unbuilt, and-
the towa in general fo tliinly Iahabited,
that grafs Is feen in wany places, be
tweea the ftones with which the ftreets
are paved. The houfes, are built on pi
azzas, which, when the town vvas in a
flouriffiing ftate, may have had a magaifi
cent appearaace ; but they npw rather
give if a more gloomy air. The Fraacif-
can church is dedicated to St. Aafonio,
the great patron of the city, whofe body
is enclofed in a farcophagus, under an al
tar in the middle of fhe chapel, and is
faid fp emit a very agreeable and refrefli.-
ing flavour. Pious catholics believe thi-s

PAI

PAL

to be the natural efiluvia of the faint's
body ; while heretics affert, that the per
fume proceeds from certain balfams rub
bed on the marble every morning, before
the votaries come to pay their devotions.
The walls of this church are covered wifh
votive off"erIngs of cars, eyes, arms, legs,
nofes, and arlnipft every part of the hu
man body, in token of cures performed
by this faint ; for whatever part has been
the feat nf the difeafe, a reprefentation of
it Is bung up in filver or gold, according
to the gratitude or wealth of the patient.
The church of St. Juftina, built from a
defign by Palladio (oae of the moft ele
gant he ever ,gave) is remarkable for its
rich Mofaic pavement. The hall of the
town houfe is one of fhe largeft in Eu
rope, and contains the cenotaph of Livy,
the hiftorian, vvho was a native of Padua.
"^I'he univerfity, once fo celebrated, is now
-on the de4ine. H<rre is a cloth manu
faaure ; and it is faid that tbe Inhabitanls
of Venice wear no other cteth than what
is made here. The city, however, fwarms.
wifh beggars, who afk charityin fhe name
of St. Antonio. Padua was taken by the
Venetians, in 1706. It is on the Brenta
and Bachlglitme, in a fiae plain : 20 miles
SE Vicenza, and 225 N Rome, lon, 12
1 E, lat. 45 22 N. [Moor,]
Paduano, A province of Italy, in the ter
ritory of Venice, 40 miles long and 35
broad ; bounded £ by fhe Dogado, S by
the Polefino di -Rovigo, W by the Vero
nefe, N by the Vicenfisio. Its foi! is vvell
,watered, and is one of the moft fertile in
Italy. Padua is the capital,
Paefenhoffen, A fawn of France, depart
ment of Lower Rhine, on the decliv
ity of a mountain, near the river Mol-
ter : 8 miles W Haguenau, lat. 48 48 N.
Pago, an ifland in the gulf of Venice,
feparated from Venetian Dalmatia by a
narrow ftrait. The air is cold, and the
foil barren ; but it is well peopled, and
contains fait works.
Pahaiig, fee Pan.
. Paimboeuf a feapprt of France, dcp.irt-
mcnt of Lower Loire, at the mouth of
the Loire. Hence all the fliips belong- :
ing to Nantes, take their departure, and ;
here they anchor on their arrival : 20
miles W Nantes, Ion. i 53 W, lat. 47 i
15 N, _ _ '
Painfiuick, a town in Gloucefterfliire,
England, It has a manufaaure of white
cloths for the army, and for the India and
Turkey trade ; aad heace is brought a
ftoae, remarkable for its beauty and neat-
jiefs, for tbe pavement of flours, P.iinf-

wjck is fituated fo high, as every way to
command extenfive views, over a vale' of
vaft richnefs and variety, of fhe windings
of fhe Severn, Malvern I-lills, and parts
of tbe counties of Salop, Hereford, and
Mpnmouth : 7 milcs S E Gloucefter, and
lOi W by N Loiidon.
Paifiey, a large manufaauring town In
Renfrewfliire, Scotland. Ifs flreets have
names defcripiive of the varibus employ
ments of the inhabltanls ; fuch as Silk
Street, Cotton Street, Lawn Street, &c.
The principal manufaaures are in fil'ic,
thread, gauze, and white fewlng thread ;
and if has extenfive cotton works. The
value of the articles manufaaured here
in 1784, was reckoned af £579,185 16 6,
arid 26,484 perfous were employed in the
fcveral 'branches of manufaaure. The
magaificent abbey, for which Pailley was
once noted, is iio\v partly i,n ruins ; but
there is a chapel entire, which Is ufed as
the family burial place of the marquis of
Abercorn, and is famous for a furprlfin;;
echo. Paifley Is fuppofed to contain
24,000 inhabitants : 6 miles W Glafgow,
Ion. 4 20 W, lat, 55 52 N, [Crutwell,]
Palacios, a town of Spain, in Andalufia :
12 miles S Seville.
Palais, a tpwn of France, capital of the
ifland Af Belleifle, off the coaft of Bre
tagne. It is a ftrong citadel, Iat, 47 18 N.
Palais, Si. a town and diftria of France,
departmerit of the Lower Pyrennees,
which, with ihe town and dlftna of St.
Jolin-Pied-de-Port,f-ormsnearly thewhole
of fhe late proviace of Lower Navarre, :t.
mouataiaous country, which produces
fcarcely any thing hut miUet, oats, aad
fruits, of vvhich they make cider. It is oil
the Bidoufe: 15 miles S E Bayoanc, fee
Navarre. Palamboang, a town of Java, capital of a
kingdom : af the E end of the iflaad, on
the ftraits of Bally, lon. 114 o E, lal. 7
10 S.
Palamcotta, or Tinevelly, a town of Hin
dooftaa, ia the Caraatic : 410 miles S W
Madras, tea. 77 54 E, lat. 8 43 N.
Falamos, a ftroag feaport of Catalonia,
on the Mediterranean : 47 miles N E
Barcelona. Palanka, a town of Upper Hungary, oa
the Ibola : 37 miles N Buda
Palaos Ifiands, fee Philippines, Ihw.
Palatinate of ihe Rhine, or Loiver Palati
nate, an eleaorate of Germany, in the
circle of the Lower Rhine, adjoining
France, the eleaorate of Mentz, the blffi
opric pf Worms, the duchy of Wirtem
burg, &c. Its greateft extent is about 80
miles.

PAL

PAL

miles, and the principal rivers are the
Rhine and tbe Neckar. , It is a very fer
tUe country, fhough rather mountainous,
abounding with fine vineyards,fields,for-
efts, meadows, gardens, rivers, and lakes.
Heidelberg is the principal town, but
Manheim is tbe eleaoral refidence.
Palatinate, Upper, A part of Bavaria,
bounded on the W and N W by Franco
nia, on the E and N £ by Bohemia, and
en the S by the duchy of Neuburg, and
Lower Bavaria, In 1714 it was ceded,
by the peace of Baden, fo fhe eleaor of
Bavaria, Amberg is the capital,
Palawan, fee Parago.
Palazzuolo, A town of Sicily, in the Val-
di-Noto : 80 miles S Meffina,'
Palazzuolo, 'a town of Italy, on the Og
lio : 30 miles N E Milan.
Palencia, a town of Spain, in Leon,
with an archbifliop's fee i 40 miles S W
Burgos, and no N by W Madrid.
Palermo, an ancient city of SicUy, In
the Val-di-Mazara, near the extremity of
a kind -of natural amphitheatre, formed
by high and rocky mountains. The coun
try between the city and the mountains,
js, perhaps, one of fhe richeft plains
in the world , the whole appearing
a magnificent , garden, filled with fruit
trees of every fpecies, and watered by
clear fountains and rivulets. The inhab
itants of Palermo, areeftimjfed at 150,000.
Two great ftreets Interfea each other in
the center of the city, where they form
a handfome" fquare, called the.Ottangolp,
adprned with elegant uniform buildirigs.
From the center of this iguare Is feen the
whole of thefe noble flreets, and fhe 4
elegant gales which terminate them, each
af the diftance of half a mile. The Porta
Felice opens to the Marino, a delightful
walk tbat has 011 one fide the wall pf the
cily, and pn the pther the fea ; and in the
center is an elegant kind of temple, which,
in fummer is niade ufe of as an orcheftra.
The concert does not begia till midaight ;
at whieh time the walk is crowded with
carriages and people on foot : the belter
to favour pleafure and intrigue, there is
an order that no pcrion ffiall prefume to
carry a light ; and the compaay geaeral-
]y coatiaue aa hour or two together ia
utter darknefs, except when the intrud
ing moon comes to diflurb them. The
churches of Palermo are upward of 300,
and many of them very rich and magnifi
cent. The monuments of their Nornian
kings, feveral of whom are buried here,
are of fhe fineft porphyry, fome of ihem
near 700 years old. The city is crowded

wilh ftfitues of foverelgns and tiftelar
faints, placed in fmall courts and fqriares,
upon pedellals of coloffal pioporlioa and
taftplefs form. I In ^the ftreets the women
hide their heads in black veils. This cily
has fuffered greatly, at different periods,
by earthquakes oi* inuiidaiioris. The
harbour is dangeroufly open to the fwell
and fea from f he N-E ; and, even al tbe an
choring place, fliips lie ia peril whenever
a wefterly wind blows, as it ruflies wilh
great impetuofity through the valley of
Colli between the mountains. About a
mile frpiru Palennp, is a celebrated con
vent pf capuchins, in which, is a vaulf
made ufe pf as a receptacle fpr the dead.
It cpnfifts pf 4 wide paffages, each about
40 feet in length, vvith arches along the
fides, in whicli the bodies are fet upright,
clothed in coarfe garments, with their
heads, arms, and feel bare. They are
prepared for this fituation by broiling
fhem 6 or 7 months upon a gridiron, over
a flow fire, tiU all the fat and moifture jre
confumed. In fome of the higher niches
tliey are laid out at full length, and al the
top are children^of 6 or 7 years of age.
On flic flopr are handfome trunks, con
taining the bodies jrf perfons of diftinc-
tion, the keys of which- afe kept byijthe
relations. Palermo is feated on the N
fide of the ifland, at the bottom of a gulf
of the fame name : iio miles V.'^ Meffi
na, and 162 S by W Naples, ten. 13 23
E, lat. 38 15 N. [Sonini.]
Falefiine, a country of Turkey in Alia.
It- is divided frpm ^ Syria pnuthe N, by
Mpunt Libanus, or Lebanon ; from A-
rabia Deferta nn the E, by the moun
tains of Seir ; apd it has the deferts of
Ai-abia Petrea on the S, and the Medi
terranean on the W. It is in a central
part of the old world, and perhaps the
moft fertile and pleafant fpot pn the
earth. The firft inhabitants of this coun
try vvere, principally, the defccndants pf
Canaan, a fon of Noah,: .hence the couri
try was called Canaan. On the feacoaft
fettled the Philiftines, or, Pakftincs;
whence, in fucceeding ages, ^Uie whole
country has been called Paleftint. .Thefe
iahabitants, moft of them, were deftroy
ed or difperfed by fhe IfracUtes, under
the command of Joffiua. If has been
caUed the Holy Laa.d, having been the
fcene ofthe birth, -mi-uiftry, and death of
Jksvs CHRisr, and ill the fcripuircs. It
is ftyled the Promifed Land. Four hun
dred and fcventy fix years after the fet
tlement of the H'ratlitcs iu Cjaaan, the
klogJom was divided ; Ji'rdah and Bcii-
iiimiri

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PAL

PAL

Jamin ftymcd the kingdom of Judah, and
from this circumftance the country was
failed Jud.'«a ; the other 10 tribes con
ftituted the kinjgdom of Ifraeh This
people, 254 years after their Indepen
dence, were led away captive by the Af-
fyrians, and their cpuplry Icltled by
ftrarigerfi, who were called Samaritans.
The Babylonians, 130 years after, carri
ed away Judah, and left their land uiiin-
bablfcd, till their return. About the
year A. iD. 70, the countrv was taken by
the Romans, Jerufalem razed fropi its
foundations, more than a miUion of the
inhabifants deftroyed, the reft difperfed
over the world. [See Jerufilem.^i Jeru
falem, was again taken by the Perfians
in 614, by the Saracens ia 636, la 1099
il was taken from the infidels by an ar
my under Godfrey, The chriftians kept
pofl'eQten tiU 1187, when Saladiii con
quered il. The "Furks expelled the Sar
acens ia 1217, aad retain the country al
jhis time, Paleftipe is now inhabited
by lazy Turks, plundering Arabs, and
wretched Chriftians, This little couu
try, which, according t.o Bowen and Col-
lyer, coat:iins about i5,ooo fqijare miles,
being 200 milcs long and 80 broad ; but
acco,rdiag to Crutt vvell, contains lefs than
9860 fquare miles ; in fhe days of JeyviUi
profj-jerityifuppprtedmorc than S,ooo,ooo
inhabitants. But this glory of all lands,
as foretold in prophecy, has, in a great
degree, long been defolate and wafte :
and, as Dr, Adam fupppfes, nqw h.is not
niore than 400,000 inhabit:ipt§. The
words of their legiflalor are literally ful
filled, " "Fhou fliak plant a vineya(d,
and flialt, not gather the grapes; llioii
fliall be oppreffed and cruflied," Inftead
pf being convinced by this, infidels have
Uiade it an argument to confirm iheir'iii-
fidelity, Deifts Uavc dpubled whether
this cPuntry ever was fp fruitful, as. He
vvho made it, declares is was : " A land
of wheat and barley, of i/lnes and figs, of
milk and honey," Yet afl this, learned
and judicious travellers coafirm, Mr,
Maundrell afl'erts : " That there is no
place upon the earth more fruitful even
at prefent than fhe plain couatry and
valUes, either for the produaion of corn,
or pafturage of cattle," The hills alfo
bear corn, melons, gourds, cucumbers,
and olher vegetables, which, for feveral
months in the year, are the chief food of
thefe couutrics. The moft rocky parts
might bear Vines, and olive trees ; and
even the fall plains of the iDe:Kl Sea
j/ioducc h^ncy, Dr, Shaw afl'erts that,

were the iHoly J,and as well cult'.vafel a-k
in former times, it would be more fruit-.
ful than the very beft part of Syria or
Pha-nicia; for the foil is generally much
riclier, and, all things confidered, yields
niucli better crops, It is impoffible for
pulfe, vvheat, or any oilier grain to ex
ceed what is generally fold at Jeiufalem,
Therefore the barrennefs, of vvfiich fome
authors complain, does not proceed from
the natural uafruilfulnefs of the country,
but from the want of inhabitanls, the
averfion to labour vvhich prevails among
the few -yvho poffefs it, and the perpetual
difcords and depredations among the
petty princes who fliare this fine fpun-
try; fo that -whoever fovvs is uncertain,
who fliall gather' the harveft. He fays,
" I travelled In Syria, ia December and
January ; the whole country looked ver
dant aud cheerful." Mr. Wood, another
obferving traveller, tells us, " The val--
ley of Bochatjin whicli Baaelbec is fitu
ated, might be .rendered one of the rich
eft and moft-beautifMl fpots in Syria, for
it is more fertile than the celebrated vale
of Damafcus, whole •cluftcrs of ji-ipes,
according to Lucas, wcli^^hed 30 or 43
pounds, and better wal-crcd than the rich
plains of Efdraelon and Raiii:i." The
region round Joppa, Lufignan calls, "This
fertile country." The baron De Tott,
fpeaking of the country between Joppa
and Rania, fays, " Six leagues in breadth
it is extremely iertife'' ^I hcvenot fay*,,
he was " ftricken with the corn land, the
meadovvs, and fair cattle ia the aeighr
bourhood of Oaza." A rative of the
country fays," In both the Gahlces there
are fat and fruitful pafture:, and lliey
are planted with allf'oits of trees, fo as
to eatice tveri ihpfe who are 110 gi*eat
lovers of hufbandry, 'Fhe country of
Saipfiria is wonderfully fruitful. Judea,
like Samaria, Is mountainous and rich,
fit foj: hufbar,dry." But we need not
longer iiiquire of travellers. The fol
lowing faas demonftrate its fertility,
" "ifhe plain of Acra, for want of culture.
Is pverrun with wpcds, as high as the
hprfes' backs ; a tree pn Lebanon i-. 11
yards 6 Inches In circumference, 37 yards
In the fpread pf its bpiigh";, which divide-;
al the height of 5 yards, into 5 branches,
each equal to a large tree." That maq
has not be^'un his pbferv.nlioas oa dift'cr^
eqt foils, who imagines that fuch weeds,
or fuch trees, rife from any, but the rich
eft laads. In Maine, in New Hampfliire,
and Verniont, their moft lofty frees arc
found only ia their richeft vales, and
plains.

-P A L

PAL

jiTain,?. Accordingly, Bowen and others
fay that " without manuring, and plougliT
jug only with a wooden coulter, one
horle, or a yoke of oxen, Paleftine pro
duces a great variety of the richeft flow
ers, plants, herbs, and fruits." " Such
vvas the excellence of ils grain, fhat the
bread of Jerufalem was preferred to all
olher." " The abundance of ils produce -
not oaly fupplied ils owa millioas, buf
furniflied neighbouring kingdoms vvith
great quantities pf pil aud ptlicr cpmmpd-
jties." « Pulfe of all forts, fiuits of all
kinds, which might be called perpetual,
new buds appearing before the old fruit
was ripe, citrons, apples of paradife, vines,
which yielded grapes three times in a
year, dates, melons, fugar canes, cotton,
balfam,and other drugs," load fheir fields.
Jullari, the enemy to Jews and chriftians,
-•* acknowledges the richnefs and fecundi
ty of Judea." So mild and pleafant is
the climate, that it may fupport many
more inhabitants fhan a cold (jountry of
the -fame extent. " Thpugh it feldom
raias, abundant dews fecure a luxurla.at
crpp, and the cold is never fevere, while the
heatsof fummer are-conflantly moderated
by cooling breezes," Ruffel fays, " they
are fo free from froft flint tbey can plough
all winter," and " that the moft delicate
at Aleppo need no fire fill November"
De Herbelof fays, " that February puts
an end fp the ufe of fires for warming
themfelves." Dr. Chandler and bis com
pany in their travels here In Oaober,
flepf in the open air ; fhe fliepherds tend
ing their flocks did the fame. We learn
from Shaw arid Chardin that their caftle
have no thclter ; neither does the farmer '
mow In fummer to preferve bis flocks aad
herds in the wmter, if is cuftomary to
fleep all nig;ht on the roofs of their houfes.
The hiftory of the crufades proves the
mildnefs of the climate. Iri thofe wars,
fieges, marches, and battles, proceeded in
every month of the year, without "regard
to the heat of fummcf, or cold of winter.
The multitude of fifli, which inhabit "the
vyaters of Paleftine, is another clrcqin-
llance favourable IP the population of this
country. Doubdan fays " that the Me
diterranean, betweeii SIdon and Joppa
abounds in fifli." Theveaot informs us
that, " large fith are caught in the Ti
gris," Irwin relates that, " ia the Red
Sea are fifli in abuadance," " The pleaf
ant wafers of their lake, or the fea of TI-
ber'ius, abpunds with a variety pf fifli pf
exquifite tafte and fliape." Speaking of
jliii lake, Le Eruyn fays, " On what fide

focvcr 1 eaft my eye along the fliore I fa^
a fifli fwim." Jofephus fays, " It had in
It a great variety of fifli, which, for tafte
and fliape, were not to be found any
where elfe." 1'hus fcripture and authen
tic hlftpry cpincide, and the pbjeaions of
infidels vanifli. If it iipw be inquired
why the people are fp ppor, while the
land and waters are fo rich, we conceive
a fatisfaaory anfwer is not difficult. No
man has fpirit fo fow and toil when it is
quite uncertain whether he be allowed to
reap the harveft. "Dr. Adam fays, that
" the inhabitanls have no property, real,
pr perfonal. When a father dies the ef
tate goes to the Sultan. He arrogates a
right to all the lands." A traveller afferts
he had " often feen the bulbandman fow
ing, accompanied by an armed friend, to
prevent his being rpbbed of the feed,"
Another fays he had feen the Arabs ap-
peafed by handfuls of wheat given them
in harveft. The arm pf gpvernment is
ftrpng enough, " to opprefs and crufli"
fhe wretched fubjea ; but has nof power
fo protea him from rapine and violence.
Therefpre it is, as different writers inform
us, " fhat large traas pf the cpuntry are
entirely uncultivated." " 'Fhe tyranny
pf tbe Turkifli goverament has reduced
maay parts to a mere wafte wildernefs."
One inftance of oppreffion may give an
idea of the reft. In the fea of Galilee,
where formerly many people obtained
fuppprt, where many fliips were conftant
ly Ipaded witb a variety of excellent fifli,
now nof a fingle boat leaves tbe fliore,
not a folilary bopk is eaft Into tbe water,
fo heavily is the fifliery taxed by the
Turkifli government. Thefe things be
ing faas, is any man of f efleaion furprif
ed that we now look in vain for the an-
eient population and fpleridor of this
country ? Does not all appear .natural and
fatisfaiftory to the eye not made dim by
iafidclity t Under fo many embarrafif-
menls wouhl it be ftrange fliould famine
aad total defolation follow f fliould tbe
defpot , who oppreffes, and the robber,
ftained with blood, be left to ftarve to
gether 1 Inftead of tbis, fo excellent are
the foil and' climate, tbat the inhabitants
are generoufly fupported ; wheat, barley,
pulfe of all kinds, fruits, wine, and oh,
are produced in fuch quantities, fhat they
are diftributed In the neighbouring prov
inces of Syria. Among Its produaions
are alfo filk, tobacco, drugs, and aromatic
herbs. Wheat, barley, pulfe, and other
valuable commodities are tranfported to
the cultivated fliores of Europe. A per- tea

PAL

PAL

fon vvho was there the laft year, writes
that, " The moft rem-arkable thing in the
country Is the cheapnefs of provifions,
wine being two pence per buttle, fi^s
three half pence per poUad ; cheefe, very
plenty- That it may, v/ith propriety,
ftill be ftyled the Land of Promife, a larid
flowing wifh milk and honey, every thing
is iri great abundance; the eountry wants
for nothing," And when the JevVs fli;ill
return to thi* delightful land of fprings
and brppks, pf hills, plains, and luxuriaal
vales ; whea this aaifre peopie fliall once
riiore inhabit the eacbanting fpot where
the Prince of peace accompliflied the
work of rMeiiiplion ; v»hen a jnft and en
ergetic goverament, and the mild fpirit of
Chriftianity, fliall be reftored, probably
more than 8,000,000 fouls will again En
joy this happy clime, rebuild her cities
and palaces, tlirpng ber temples, and fwell
har Jongs of praife.
Falejlri'iia, anciently Praencfte, a town
of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, with a
biflipp's fee. It is the capital of a prin
cipality of tbe fame name, aad was fa--
Rious for the Temple of Fortune, the ru
ms of which may yet be feen : 25 miles
E RoinCjlon, 13 5 E, lat, 41 5a N.
[Adams.]
Palefrinii,one of the largeft of the iflands
called the Lagunes, near Venice, vvhere
the moft cpnfidcrable of the noUiiity have
country houfes. The principal harbour
has the fame name.
Palicata, A feaport of ' Hiadooftan, oa
the coaft of CorpmarideU The Dutch
have a faaory here : 25 miles N Mad
ras, lon. 81 33 E, lat 13 30 N.
Polimbum, the capital of a kiagdOm of
the fame name, in the iflaad of Sumatra,
on the E coaft : 120 mUes N E Bencoolen,
and fubjea to tbe Dutch, Ion, 103 31 E,
lat, 3 o S.
Pallifer's Ifiands, a group Pf iflands in
the S Pacific Ocean, ten, 146 30 W, lat,
15 30 s,
. Palma, a town pf Portugal, In Alente
jo : 20 miles E Sl. Ubcs, ten, 8 40 W, lal,
38 37 N,
Palma, one of the Canary Iflands, ly
ing N Ferro, ten, 17 50 W, lat. 28 37 N,
Palii.i, or P.iliiia Nuova, A ftrpng tpwn
in Venetian Friuli, It Is a very Impprt-
ant place for the defence of the Vene
tians againft the Auftrians aad Turks ;
and is feated on the gulf of Venice : 10
miles S E Udina, and 55 N E Venice,
Palmas, one of the Philippine Iflands :
16 leagues S E Mindanao, lat, 5 33 N,
Palmas, Cape, A promontory pf .-Vfrica,

on the Ivor" Coaft of Guinea, Ion. 5 34
W, lat. 4 "26 N.
P.iLiul.i, :i town of Portugal, ia F.ftra-
madura, with a caftle on a rock : 19 allies
S E l.ilbon,
Pulmerfioii's If and, in the S Pacific O-
cean, dlfcovered by Captain Cook, in
1774. ft confifts (if about ten iflets, con
neaed by a reef of coral rpcks, and lying
in a circular dlreaion. I'his place ad
mits of no aachnrage, nor are there any
Iahabilaats on it, though it abounds with
cocoa-nuts, fcurvy grafs, aud the wharra-
tree. It docs not exceed a mile in cir
cumference, and is not elevated more
than three feet above the level of the fea.
Il confifts eiitli'tly of a coral fand, with a
fniaill mixture pf blackifli mold', which ap
peared to be prodiitced from rotten veg
etables, Wilh refpea lo the animal cre
ation, the moft- fingular that Captain
Cook obferved, were fome large eels,
beautifully fpottcd, wliich, when foUow
ed, would raife themfelves out of the
water, and endeavour, with open mouth,
to bite fheir purfuers, "I'here was alfo a
brown fpotted rock fi-fli, about the fize of
a haddock, fo tame, fhat, inftead of fwiro-
niinj away, if would ic-main fixed, anci
gaze at them, lon, 162 57 W, lat, 18 o S,
Palmyr.t, formerly a magnificent city ol
Afia, ia the deferts of /Vrabia, of vvhich
Zenobia was queen, vviio loag refifte-i
the Romans, urider Aurelian, but vvas at
length takea captive, and led in triumph
through the ftreets of Rome. The ftu-
peadous ruins of this city ^vere vifited by
meffieurs Wood and Dawkins, in 1751 ;
arid Mr. Wood pubUflied a fplen4id ac
count of them, iUuftratcd by plates, in
1753. This place is likewife called Tad-
mor in the Defert. 'the prefent inhatiil-
ants confifting of 30 or 40 fairiiUes, have
ereflted - their mud cottages within the
fpacious court of a magraficcnt temple of
the fiin : ioo miles S E Aleppo, lori. 3%.
50 E, laf. 33 20 N.
.P.j/«,/«(/, a, diftria of the peninfula of
Hiridooft.in, belonging to the Carnatic,
but fituate d toward the river Kiftna, W
of the Guntoor Circar.
Palos, A t'lwn of Aadalufia, with a
pretty gbod h-jrbour ; remarkable for
being the place v.-hcnce Chrlftopher Co
lumbus failed on his firft adventurous
voyage i'ri I4';j. It is at the mouth of
the Rio Tinto : 46 miles S W SeviUe,
loa. 6 39 W, lat. 37 14 N'.
Palos, C.ipe,ja promontory of Spain, ii»
Murcia, S of a town of the fame name : ao
nlil5f"E'C.'.r;haijena, Paloia,

Pan

P A O^

Pjlata, A town of Lower Hungary : 40
iifiles S W Buda.
Palte, A famous lake of Thibet, S pf
Laffa, about 3 days journey, and 12 miles
i) of the river Sanpoo or Burrampoctter.
It is 150 mUes in circumference ; and in
the middle of it is p'ne large ifland. On
the W fliOre Of this ifland, pr congeries
of iflands, is a monaftery, and the feat of
the Lamifla Turcepamp, or the Great
Regenerate, in whom the Thlbeiians
tliink that a cUvIne fpirit is regenerated,
as it is In the Great Lama. "The word
Lama fignifies a prieft, or minifter of relig
ion, and Laniiffa is the feminine of Lama.
Pamiers, a decayed town of France, de
partment of Arriege, Near it is a mine
ral fpring, faid to cure the gout and ob-
ftruaions : 8 miles N Foix, and 30 S
Touloufe. Pamoita, fee Mainland.
Pampelonne, a tovvn of France, depart
ment of 'Fara : 15 miles N by E Alby.
Pampeluna, a towa of Spain, capital of
"tipper Navarre, with a ftrong.cltadel, and
a rich bifhopric. Its fquares are hand
fpme, and adoraed wilh fliops full of rich
merchaadlfe. It is on the Arga : 42 miles
S Bayonne, and 167 N E Madrid, ten. i
55 W, iat. 42 47 N.
Pan, or Pabang, a tovVri of Afia, on the
E coaft of the peninfula of Malacca ; cap
ital of a kingdom of the fame aame, re
markable for the gi'eat number of ele
phants, and for the plenty of pepper it
produces. Pan is 140 miles N E Malac
ca, tea. 103 20 E, lal. 3 55 N.
Panaru^an, or Panirocaii, a town of the
iflaad of Java, on the north coaft, aad
capital of a kingdom fo called, hear the
eaftern part of the ifland. The principal
commerce is Iii flaves aad loag pepper ;
a confiderable nuniber of Portuguefe are
riiixed wilh the iahabitants, lal. 7 30 S.
Panari, Oae of the Lipari Iflands, in
tbe Mediterranean, between Lipari and
Strombolo. tt is barren, and 5 miles in
circumference. Panay, one of the Philippine Iflands,
bctiveea thofe of Paragoa aad Negro. It
is 250 miles in circumference, and the
moft populous and fertile of them all. It
Is watered by a great nuniber of rivers
aad brooks, aad produces a great quanti
ty of rice. Iloila is the capital.
Panoras, Sf. a village In Middlefex,
England, a little to the N W of Loadoa,
It has a church dedicated to St, Paacras;'
and the churchyard is remarkable for be
ing the priacipal place of laterment for
tlie Roman cathoUcs. At a public.houfc

near the church Is a medicinal fprinjt
Here is the Vetefinary College, eftabliflied
ia 1791, for the improvemeat of farrieiy,
aad the treatincat pf cattle in general ;
the npble ftablcs, and anatpmical thea
tre, are finiflied ; but the prefent col
lege is oaly a tempdraly building,
Paiidur, a meari Rafcian village of Hun
gary, near Baja, remarkable for the aiSiiy.
Ity of the Heyducks againft robbers iii-
f'efting the roads, and from which the
Rafcian foot ia the laft war took their
name, Tliefe Pandours were firft kiiowri
ia .Germany ,In 1741, when Baron Trenck
marched a body of fhefe regulars, df about
IOOO aiea, into Silefia againft the Pruf
fians : 26 miles S Colocza,
Panga, a, town of Africa, in the king
dom of Congo, capital of the province of
Bamba, loa. 14 25 £, lat. 6 30 S.
Panj,ib, A couatry of Hiiidodftan Prop
er, beiiig that Watered by the five eaftern
braaches pf the ladus. It vvas the fcene
of Alexander's laft campaigri, and the ler-
aiinatiou of his conquefts. It forms «
fciuare of 250 miles, and Includes the
whole of Lahore, and a great part of
Moultan Proper, To fhe tewer pat't of
Moultan It is flat aad marfliy, arid iflu'n-
dalcd by the periodical rairis which fall
between May aad Oaober,
Pannanach Wells, a viUage ill Aberdeen
fliire, III Scotland, the valley of, Clei-
iniuick ; noted for Its mineral waters,
Fanniput, A tovVn of Hiadooftaa Prop
er, ill an extenfive plain between the
cities of Delhi and Sirhind. This plain
is celebrated for an obftinale baltl'e
fought, In 1761, between ain army of
200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdallah," king
of Candadar, at the head of i50,obo
Mahometans, when the former were to
tally defeated : 72 miles NW Delhi, lon.
76 45 E, lat. i9 15 N,
Pantalaria, A fertile ifland in the Medn
terranean, B.etween Sicily and the coaft
of Tunis. Il IS I7 miles in circumfer
ence ; has 3000 inhabilants, abounds iri
cotton, fruits, and vvine ; and is fubjea
to the king of Naples, ten. I2 31 E, lat.
¦36 55 N. [Sonini.] ^
Pa-oam, one of the New Hebrides, in
the S Pacific Ocean, to the S of Malicol-
lo, lon. 168 28 W, lat. 16 30 S.
Pao-ting-fau, a city of China, the molt
confiderable in the province of Pe-tcllell,
next to that of Pekin Its diftria con
tains 3 cities of file fecond, aad 1 7 of the
third clafs : 60 iniles S by W Pekia.
Papa^A ftrong towa of Lpwer Hung.!-
ry, on a mountain, near the' river Mar-
chart;fj

iehaltz ! 45 iniles ¦\V" Buda, ten. t8 JO %•
kt. 47 i6 N. .
Papels, A people, \ybo pou"efs the iflahd
bf BiffSo, and lands on the adjacent con
tinent of Africa. Tliey are of the Por
tuguefe, who have long been fettled a-
mong them. They are flcilful rowers,
and generally af war with their neigh-
bpurs. [Difcpveries in Africa.]
Papbos,iee Baffa.
Papoui, St. A fpwn of trance, depart
ment of Aude, oh the Lembe : 35 riiiles
is E Touloufe.
Pappenheim, a town of Ftanconia, capi
tal Of a county of the fame name, with a
caftle, where tbe count refides. It iS near
the Altmal : if miles iN W Neuburg, and
32 S Nuremburg.
Parago, or Palaivan, a large iflaad in
the Indian Ocean, between fhe Philip
pines and iSorneo, wbich has a king, trib-
htary to Borneo. The Spaniards have a
fort here.
Paramoufic, one bf the Kurile iflands,
lyingSof thalof Shpomfka. See Kuriles.
Parchim, a lown pf Lpwer Saxony, in
MeckK-aburg, feated on a fmall river.
Which falls into fhe Elbe : 20 miles S E
Schwerin, ten, I2 O E, lat. 53 34 N.
Parenzo, a Itrong town of Venefiirt If
tria, with a bifliop's feo, and a good har
bour, on the gulf of Venice : 65 miles E
Venice. i
Paris, the capital of France, oile"^ tif
the largeft, fineft, arid moft poputeus, cit
ies of Europe, "fhe riyer Seine, which
croffes it, fprms 2 fmall Iflarids ; antl it
is 6 leagiics hi circumfei-eriCe, including
the fuburb,s. The inhabifants ai-e com
puted to be upwards of 900,000, In 1 797,
the niimber of births was 23,558, of
deaths 20,291. The fituation is In an
eitfenfive ^lain, on the river Seine, and,
including the fuburbs, occupies a fpace
of 9000 toifes in circumference ; the
number of ftreets is eftimated at 875.
There are faid to be 105 alleys or ftreets
which have no thoroughfaic, upwards
Of 23,000 houfes of from 4 to 7 ftories,
wilhout including the public buildings,
ttllgious houfes, fliops, or vvare houfes :
the houfes are, iri general, handfome, and
the fronts, for tbe moft part, uniform.
Before the revolution, il was fhe fee of
an archbifliop, arid cc^nt.-iined 51 parifli
cijurchcs, 20 not parochial, 17 collegiate
churches, among vVhicli were 13 chap
ters, 40 chapels, 3 abbies, 22 priories, and
50 CdnVeiits for men, ece'lefiartlcal and
fecular ; 7 abbies, 6 priories, and 53 con-s
vents for woinen ; 12 feminaries, 16 hof-
VoL. II, O o o

i» A k
{lilalis ; to bf them appropriated tb ttiili
dren and women, and 6 for defertea
children ; an univerfity, 6 academies of
fclerice : 3 acadeiuiics for the laftruaioa
of young gentlemeh, 7 public libraries ;
I24 companies of artifa'ns and tradefmeii \
4 royal palaces : upwards bf 560 pal
aces, or houfes inhabited by nobility, an4
private gentlemen of fortune ; 16 prin
cipal fquares, and Upwards of 60 inferi
or ; 56 public markets, 60 fountain's, ii
bridges over the Seine, 26 quays, 16 gates,
&c. That part ofthe city which is caU
ed the Ville, is fituated lo fhe N, the city
is fituated in the centre, aad the univer
fity to fhe S. The city is furrounded by
tbe Seine, aad is compofed of 3 iflands,
called the Ifiand of the Louviers, the Notre
Dame, and ofthe Palace, vvhich laft is the
ancient city Of Paris. Tbe church of
Notre Dairie, which gives name to the
ifland, is a Gothic- building, but grand
and majeftic in Its appearanccj and was
the metrbpoUtari. The Ifiand of Notre
Dame iS joined to the Illand ofthe Pal
ace by a wooden bridge. The Ifland of
the Palace takes its name from a build
ing which vVas formerly the refidence of
the kings, and afterwards was refigned
to the parUament. This ifland commii-
nlcates with the reft df the town by 11
bridges, the principal of which, called
Poaf-neuf, crpffes the 2 branches pf the
Seine, arid is 168 toifes in length. In the
centre was an equeftrlan ftatue of Henry
I'V, in bronze, of a colofl'"al fize, oa a ped*^
cttal of white marble, with a defcriptioa
of fome of the principal aaians of bis
life. At the end of the bridge which
ronduas to the Louvre, is a beautiful
building, (railed the Samaritan, vvhich
coutairis an engine for Conveying th«
water of the Seine to llie feveral cjuar-
ters of the "Ville j The Ifland Of Louvler*
is fmall, and priricipally filled with ftore-
houfes for wood, arid yards for timber^
la the large gallery, whicb is 2*7 toifes
loug, and joins this palace fS that of the
Thuilleries, are to be feen upwards of
180 models of fortreffes in France and
other countries, all petformec) with the
utmoft accufacy, and fo natural as fo
reprefent the leveral cities ihetein de
fcribed, with fheir ftreets, houfes, fquares,
and churches, and likewife aU theii'
works, moats, bridges, and rivers, togeth-"
er vvith the -Very country adjacent, fuch
as confifting of plains, mountains, corn
lands, meadows, gardens, and woods.
Some of thefe models may even be take*
to piecei. In this palace was alfo the
Jtiuj'j

PAR

PAR

king's^ priming houfe, a,nd it 'cpntaine4
likewife,' the moft valuable, colkaion qf
paintings : in it too were feveral acad
emies, viz, I. I'he Acade'mie Fraajoife;
the objea of vvhich was tbe Impiove-
srient pf the Frencli lan^agp, 2, "Fhe
*Acadcniie Ripyale des Infcriptlpns and
,des Bel-its Lettres; Inftituted for fhe ad-
"vancsnreiit of gplite literature, 3, The
Academic Royali: des Sciences: 4. Tht
Academic Royale de Peiriture and dc
Sculpture, 5, 'Fhe Academic Royale
d'Archileaure, The quarter of fhe
Palais Royal, iiow Palais d'Egallle. Il con
tains piaures to the value of 4,000,000 of.
livres purchafed By the regent duke of.
Orleans; who- placed theni -ia the chief
apartments, moft of which too are hung
with red daniafk. The fouadatlon of,
this colletSlion. of paiatiags was Uegua by
the caBiiiets ef Chrlftina, queen of Swe-
dea, which, after pafling through fcveral
"hands, but always remaining, entire and
complete, were bought by the regent for
400,coo.llvies. Here are alfo great-num
bers of pieces by the mpft celebrated an
cient mafters, viz. Raphael, Rubens, Ti
tian, Vandyke, &c. lathis palace is the
Acadeniie de MuiTque. - The Palais des
Thuilleries ^uca^ Talais National.]^ It
confifts of 5 pavilions and 4 corps de lo-
gis, ftanding all In a direa line, abcve
168 toifes ia length, and making a very
^ grand appearance In. the pavilfon ad-
. joining to the rlvfer, Is a fpacious and
iiiagni£<:eat theatre. Ils gardea Is "alio
¦i/ery beautiful, and' in fair weather re
fbrted to by aftonifliing crowds of jieople.
Behind the garden, along the Seine, is
-the Cour de la R'ciae, coafifting of 3
walks, near vfrlilch, oa the right hand,
[are the Elyfiaii fields, which are planted
with- siows. of trees. In the riding houfe
of the'rhullleries, Is the Academic de la
Gucriniere, vvhere young gcntlcmea are
taught all the academical excrcifes. The
palace of Orleans, or Luxembourg, Is a
magnificent ftruaure. In its famous
,g,iUetyare 20 exquifite paintings, by Ru-
'. bell's, of- which, one place,, fymliolically
* repreferiting the Ufe of Mary dc LvTcuicis,
is 9 feci -ia breadth,and 10 in length, yet
'this celebrated paiater completely fi'aiih-
" ed them all-in 2 years. This palace has
. lately beea ufed as -a ftate prifon. La
^ Place de Louis le Grand, ur des-Cba-
" quotes, is pf an paaagular form, and fur-
'roundcd 'with, houfts, built ia an uiii-
'/orm manner, on each fide, moft of which
¦ riiake a fine appearance. Ia the ceatre
' ftood' au, equcftriaii Itatue of brafs, - of
¦ \

Lpuis le.Graud, which was very juftly jci-
counted a mafter piece in its kind, being
all of one eaft, though ao feet 2 inches
in height. No place is faid fo afl'"ord itji
parallel, not even in Florence or Rome.
The fcjuare called La Place de Louis
Quinze, is.reiriarkable for the exccUlioa
of the laft king (Louis iXVI) his queen,
and his fifter, the princefs EUzabclli, (he
duke of Orleans, and many others. The
rpyal library, In tlie rue Vivien, in the
year 1741, conlained'above 94,000 prim
ed books, arid 30,000 manufcrigis, with a
cabinet of medals, and a colleaion of
copper plates, the large foUo volumes of
whicli atpne form a confiderable fibrary;
fhefe, accordingly, are under their pecu
Uar 1-fbraria'ri, and among tbem is an in-'
credible, number of the mpft valuable
pieces; The quarfer'St Denis, is a part
of the 'city, and contains the Hofpital de
la Sante Trinite, iafUtuted for 100 hoys,
arid 36 girls, who are alftp be orphans
aad nativ'cs pf Paris, but muft'Be healthy
aad learn, trades. The quarter of the
Greve is part of the city, aad lies on the
Selae. It coatairis the opta place called
La Grcve, where all" public rejoiciiij^
are celebrated, and malcfaaors exe
cuted :. aad the HStelde Ville, the tri
bunal of which confifls of tlie prevot des
marchands- 4 echevlns, an attorney and
cdnaleUor, a fubftitute, aad a clerk of the
court. Oyer its gate is an equeftrlain-
ftatuc of iMenry IV : and In the court,
under an, arcade, one of brafs of Louis
XIV, ill an exe£t pafture ; in the. court
j alfo is a kind of public chronicle, being
I an account, ia Latin arid French, of the
moft remarkable aaions of Henry IV, in
fcribed ia letters of gold, cut on, tables-
of black marble. The arfenal Is in the
quarter of St, Paul", and cbrifffts of mariy
1 fpacious buildings, with a foundry, ani
a houfe fop making faltpetre : .but- con
taining np j;rer.t number of arms. The
Baftile was Built as a fortrefs by Cibarles-
V, 10 defc.id the ci'cy from" tbe- EngUfli.
it was an old caftie, wilfi 8 t-owers, and:
a redoubt,.but loo fmall to protea the
,city,aad too low lo command it, fo tbat
it ferved only for a ftata priSjn. This-
palace was deftroyed' by tbe peoiple. In
the Bcp-innliig of the revolution. The
uaiverfi-ty was founded by Charles the'
Fat, aad confifted pf 4 faculties-: viz.
divinity, the civil and canpn law, phyfic,
and the fciences, Ifs head is the rec
tor, who Is alwajjs chofen frpm" the fac
ulty of the fciences. The eleaion is
renewed every three months, yet-maiiy bava

IP A R

T A R

^avc licen knpwn to enjoy that hon
or for feveral years. In the fuburbs
of St. Viaor, is fhe hofpital general.
The buildings belonging to this hpfpital
are of large extent. In it is a moft noble
foundation for the female fex, near 7000
¦of whom arc here provided for, and Uve
under the infpeaion of 60 fifters, fubor-
dinaf e to vvhom are 80 ,p;orverneffes, and
a confiderable numher of maid fervants.
Into this place are received, i. The
foundlings, who take up one ward. 2.
Girls and young women, who feiv and
knit. 3. A great number of bad women,
-who are compelled here to .fpia wool. 4.
Some hundreds of idiots of that fex, who
live bere in little houfes huill in fafliion
,of a ftreet. 5. Many olher pppr women,
fpme of whom are "It ept here grat'is, and
others pay a firia'U fum for their fup
port. 6, Delinquents who are confined,
'but nof put 10 work. To this Incompar-
a'ble foundation alfo belongs the caftle of
Biceftre, which is feated on an eminence,
.at a friiall diftance from the houfes i-fore-
OTientloiied, being well defended on all
fides by a wall, of very confiderable
circuit, and contains within it many
'large buildings and feveral open places.
In this caftle are nearly 4000 perfons
of the olher fex: viz. 1. Poor men
¦who are entertained here without coft,
a. Some who pay for their reception in
to the houfe. 3. Perfons -rflfordered in
their fenfes, whole ward looks like a vil-
'lage, beibg huill with regular ftreets. 4.
Men and women affliaed wilh fhe vene
real diftempcr, fo the number of 25 nf
each fex at a time. Common prifoners
are kept herein a particular houfe, vvall
ed ia, aad every one ia a cell by himfelf.
The HqfpitM de la Pietic, ia the rue St.
Viaor, vvhere poor children are brought
!up, Conftitutes alfo a part of the Hofpdlai '
geaeral, aad is the place where the gov
ernors ufually hold their meetings. Thefe
?hree foundations, together with the Ho
tel Dieu, have one common fund, amount
ing to two miUions of livres per annum.
On the quarter of St. Benolt is the co'i-
Itge'of phyiiclaas, coataiivinj; 5 profef
fors., The little chatclet is a kind of aa
tique fortrefs, and at prcreat ferves fora
prifon. The abbey of Sl. Genevieve, v.-as
fouaded bv king Clovis, whofe marble
momiment is ftill to be fcea in the church,
la the library are about 60,000 printed
books, and among them a fc\v which are
old and fcarce. Here is alio a pretty
valuable cabinet of antiquities and natu
ral curiofities la lh:s quarter is likewife

the royal obfervatorv, which ftands; In
the higheft part of the city. The Sor*
bonne is fituated in tbe quarter of St.
Andre, takes its name from Robert de
Sorboiine, its founder, vvho ereaed it in
1252 : hut it was Cardinal Richlien
who fettled Its form of government, and
built its prefent handfome houfe and fine
church, tht larter pf which is a mafter
piece of architeaure. In it may be feen
the admirable marble monument of this
cardinal, on -ivhich the celebrated Glrar-
don worked 20 years, 'f"lie College of
the Four Nations, or Mazaria, io called
from tbe cardinal of that name, ils foun
der, ftands on the Seine, and is under the
dlreaion ofthe Sorbonne. The teaure?
r-::ad here are all gratis, aad the library
has been public ever fince the year 1688.
"Fhe Hotel Royal des lavalides, was erea
ed by Louis iXIV, for the relief of difa
bled oflicers and foldiers. This found,i-
lioa derives its a:ra from 167O, arid the
following year the ground was laid put
for this fpacious and ftately ftruaure, and
in 8 y^ars the whole was finiflied. It lies
on fhe borders »f tbe country", not far
from the Seine, and forms a regular
quadrangle of 17 acres : Paris is 76 milcs
3 iWen, 265 S E London, 645 N AV
Vienna, and 630 N E Madrid, lon. 2 20
E, lat. 48 56 N.
Parma, A dutchy of Italy, bounded N
by the river Po, N E by the Mantuan, E
by fhe 'Moil,:nefe, S by Tufcany, and W
by Placentia. The air is very whole
fome ; and the foil is fertile in com,
vvine, oil, aad hemp ; and the paftur'-s
feed a great number of cattle. There
are fome inconfiderable miaes of copper
and filver, and plenty of trulHcs. 'I'he
celebrated Parmefan cheefe is no Ihiigcr
made in this cnuutry, hut at Lodi in the
Milanefe, at 'I'rino, Bologna, and fome
olher places.
Parma, an anc'ifHt and populous city
of Italy, cjipital of a duchy of the-fame
mnie, with a citadel, a billinp's fee, and
a univerfity. Il has a magnificent cathe
dral, and the theatre is one of the mnft
beautiful in Italy, and will contain up
wards of 12,000 fpeaators. The cupola
of the catbedral, and fhe church of .St.
John, arc p-.iiated hy the famous Corre-^-
gio, who wa-; a aative of this place. Par- ¦
ma is 40 miles N W Modena, and 60 S E
Milan, Ion. 10 30 E, lat. /14 50 N.
r.irn.iffii, now ci^AcA Paruiff:, a mnnn-
liin of l.ivadia. It -has 2 heads, one of
whicli vvas fainous for being confecrated
tb Apollo and the Mufes, and the other to

PAR,

PA a

to Bacchus. It is the higheft in Greece,
and from the top is a profpeil as far as
Corinth. Here alfo is a fine fountain,
oppofed to be the ancient Caftalia.
Paras, an ifland of the A;rchipelago,
one of the Cyclades, W Naxja. It is lo
miles long and 8 broad, and, the foil is
¦well cultivated, 'iCbe trade ' confifts In
wheat, barley, wipe, pulfe, and calicoes,
It once produced a great deal of oil, buf
the Venetia.n arniy burnt all the olive
trees.. There are about 1500 families
ou fhe ifland, 'Fhe harbpur of St, Maria
will fecurely contain a large fleet, This
ifland vvas anciently dedicated 10 Bac
chus, on account of its excellent wines ;
and has been fo famous for its marble,
that the beft carvers would •cnak.t ufe of
no other. Thofe excellent ftatuaries,
Phidias, and -Praxiteles, were natives of
this ifland ; and the famous AruadeUaii
marbles, at Oxfprcl, vyere brought from
this place, [TheveiiPt,]
Paras, a fPwn pf Tlie Archipelago, cap
ital of theifle of Paros. If was anciently
t.he largeft and moft pov.crful fovv:ri of the
Cyclades ; but is greatly decayed. TTbe
walls of the caftle are built of ancient
pieces of marble, and moft of the col
umns are placeil longwife : fpme of them
t)lat ftand upright, fupport cornices of
amazing fize. The niitive^ build their
houfes of marble, which they find ready
cut to their hands ; but they take no
carcfo place the pieces ia a regularman-
ner : their fields, Ukewife, are enctefed
with friezes, altars, aqd, bafTq-relievos,
The inhabitants are fo Ignprat now, that,
inftead of great fculptors,' arid fltilful ar-
chiteas, tbey have aothiag but carvers of
mprtars and fallfellars, Parps is a bifli
op's fee, a,ad fltuated on the W cqaft of
the iflaad, lon. 25 44 i^, lal, 37 8 N,
Parramatta, A town qr fettlement of
Englifli cpnvias, in New S Wales, at the
head qf the harbour of Porf Jackfon :
JI miles. W Sydney Cove, Iq I79i,aear
loop acres of land were cither iq cultiva
tion, or cleared for that purpofe ; .arid the
foil, in m°fl places, was found tp be re
markably good, Ipn. 151 39 ip, lat. 33
50 S.
Parthfuay, a town pf France depart
ment pffwa Sevres, with abbut 3,500
inhahitapts. It carries pn a cpnfiderable
trade in cattle and cprn, arid is Pri the
Thpuc : 17 mile? S 'Phpu^r^, Ipq. q 19
W, lat, 46 44 N.
Partenkirk, A town of Bavaria, 40 miles
S W Munich.
farys, a niQuntain in the ifle of An

glefey, 'famous for a copper mine, fuppof.
ed 10 be the largeft in the World,' It i|
not wrought In the common inanner o(
fubterraneous jijines, but, like a ftone
quarry, open to day ; ,and tbe quaiftlty of
ore raifed is prodigious, Th^ pureft par{
is exported raw to the fmelting works at
Swanl'ey and other, placejs : the m.ofl im
pure is firft calcined and deprived of muft
of Ils fulphur on the fpot,' Quantities 0^
nearly pure: cppper are obtained from the
vyaters lodged beneath the bed of pre, by
the inlery.cntlon of iron. A lead ore,
rich ill filver, is alfo found in this moun-
tain. Pas, a town qf France, department of
the ftraits of Calais:' J2 miles S W Arras.
Pas de Calais, qr Strqits of Calais, a dc-.
partment of France, containing the lata
provinces of Artpis and Boulonnp.is.,- Ar
ras is the capital
Paffa, A tovyq of Africa, in the king-i
dom of Fonia, where the king l?eeps '3;
garrifon of 100 men : the town is fur^'
rouriJed with 6 rows of palUfadps, and
contairis about 100 inhabilants,
Pafman, an illand in the Adriatic, near
the cpaft of Dalmatia : J5 mile^ in length,
and a ia breadth.
Pafage, a feapprt pf Spain in Bifcay,
with a gqod harbour, bet.weqti Fontarabia
and St Sebaflian : 60 miles E Bilboa,
f affar 0, a cape op the cqafti of Janna,
in Greece, between tbe gulfs of Arrwrfl
and Zeiton.
Paffarvan, a town of the ifland of Java,
iri the E Indies, ten, 114 15 E, lat, 708.
Paffau, an ancient city of Bavaria, cap
ital of a tjifliopric of the fame name,
with a fort, 'Fife houfes are vyell.built,
and the cathedral is thoughf. to be the
fineft in ,ill. Germany. ,Il is divided inta
4 parts, the town of Paffau, Inftadt, Utzt
(ladt, and the quarter in which is tb?
bifliop's palace. The firft 3 are fortified,
the lafl is only a fuburb, It Is at,tbe
confluenfe pf the Inn aad fltz : 62 miles
E hy S Ratlfbori, :ind 135 W "Vie-pna, lon,
"13 37E,Iatj4g 28N,
Paffero, Cn/;?, anciently caUcd Pacbinus,
the moft foiitherly ppint of Sicily. If I*
a barren ifland, about a mile round, fepa^
rated from the reft of Sicily, by a flrait,
half a mil4 broad. It has a fprt tp pro-
tea the cpuntry from the incurfions nf
the iBajbary corfairs, whp are pften very
' troublefome on the coaft, Qfl" this cape,
Sir George Ping, in 1 735, defeated a Span-
Ifh fcjuadroq, lon, 15 22 E, lat. 36
35 N,
Paffi^niana, a town of Italy, in the Eccle-
fiallicit

? AT
fiaftical State, on tlje Jake Perugia :- 17
miles N W Perugia.
Pafrafia, OT Patrane, a town, in New,
Caflile, belvyeen the I'ajo and 1,'ajuna :
32 miles i? Madrid.
Patane, A lown of Afia, on the JJI p,
coaft, of the peninfula, of Malacca,, cap
ital of a kingdom of the fame name,
vfilh a well defended harbour, fubjeiit to
Siam, The inhabilants, 7 or 8000 In
i)umber, are partly Mahometans, and
partly Gentoos ; and have fome trade
wifh the Chiriefe : 300 miles N by W
Malacca, lon. lOO 40 E, lat. 6 30 N.
Patay, A town of France, departmerit
of Loiret, arid lale province of Orleanois;
remarkable for the defeat of the Englifli
iq 1419; by Joan of Arq ; 15 miles N W
Orleans. Pateli, fee Pu(alil.
Patmos, an 'ifland of tl)e Archipelago,
i).Ow called,patino,qn the coaft of I^atolia,
between the ifles of fiamos aad Njcaria.
It is 20 niiles in circumference, aad
contains 3000 inbabitaptp. It beiag one
of the moft barren, heaps of rocks ia the
Archipelago, it might liave continued for-
((ver unnoticed, bin fpf the bqok qfRev-
(Jafiori which Sl, -John compofed here.
A few valUes only are capable of fome
cultivatibn- It abounds, however, "with
partridges, rabhitSi quails, turtles, pigeops,
and fnipes- In the T\nAl\. of the ifland
tifes a inountairii terminated by the con-
v;ent of St, JtVbn, vvhich, with its irregular
tpwers, and maffy appearance, one iliight
vyell imagine tp be a citadel. I'he inhab
itants of this convent are in reality the
foverelgns of the country ; but their do
mains would be Irifufljcient for, their
ma!rifeiiance,wcre,it not for the ppffeflion
of fome lands in the neighbouring ifles,
and the certain tribute tney derive from
tlie fuperftition of tbe Greeks. Thefe
Monks, called Caloyers, are fpread over
rU Greece, Scarce any of them caq read,
and yet they all underftarid hoiy far the
empire of fuperftition can extend over
I.Hnorant minds. They keep their credu
lous countrymen in the moft abfolute
fubjeaion. I'hey are even accomplices
in their crimes, the profits of which they
fliare, and fpmetimes cngrofs. Not one
of the piratical veffels is without a caloy-
er, in prder to give tbem abfolution in
ihe very infant of cpmmitting tbe mpft
'dreadful tirimes. The hermitage, pf the
^ppcalypfe is on the declivity of a moun
tain, between the convent and fhe port
of Scala. If leads to the church of tb(
AjJOCalypff, vvjjlch is fupported againfl

PAT
I a grotto in the rocks, arid, if ivc may "be-
lieve the inhabitants, vyas the affylum of
Sl, John, during his cxUeat Patmps, Here
they fay, he wrote the Book of Revelation^
'Fhe women of Patmos are naturally
pretty, and would tc agreeable to ftran
gers, were it not for their excefliye i)fe of
paint, vyith whicli they perfeaiy disfigures
themfelves, A merchant of Merfeilles
bavihgmarriedonc of them, for her beau
ty, tbey imagined that not a ftranger
could land in their ifland but vvith fimilair
views- Now, a ftranger no fooger ap
pears in a ftreet, than every dpor is clofe
ly fliut ag^irifl,bim: lori,. 2,6 24 E, lal. 37
24 N, [Thevenot.]
Patna, A Xarge cityof Hindooftan Pro
per, capital of Bahar, on tlie S bapk of
the Ganges, and fortified in tbe Indiaij
manner, with a wall iind citadel. In.tlip.
citadel were confined the prifoners taken
in 1764, by Meer Coffim, nabob of Ben
gal, by whofe order they vvere maflacred,
"Fhe buildings are high, hut the flreets are
narrow. It is a place of confiderable
trade : 400 mile? N W Calcufu, ten. 85 q
£,lat. 2535N.
¦^dfrantl., fte Pafirana.
I Raffas, An ancient ani flourlfliing fea.
; port town in the Morea, with a Greek
Arcbbiflip^'s fee. The Jews, who are one
, third of tliefnhabitanfs,have4 fynagogues,
and there arc feveral handfome mofques
I an<}, Greek churches, Hereare 80 fami
lies pf Chriftians, 150 of "Furks, and.So of
I Jews. The Jews carry on a great trade
"1 filk, leather, honey, wax and cheefe
There arc cyprefs trees of a prodigious,
height, aqd excellent pomegranates, cit-.
rons, apd orm^ges,^ Subjea to tbe Turla.
Ic is on tlie dpcllvity of a liill, near the
fea : 20 miles S W Lepantp, ten, ai 45
E, lat. 3817 N.
Patrica, a fown of Italy in Campagna
di Roma : 8 miles E Oflia. About a
mile from tills place is ahill called Mon-
te-di-Livanp, vvhich fpme have thought,
tp be tbe ancient jHivinium.
P.itrinfony of St. Peter, a province of
Italy, in the Ecclefiaftical ftate : 35 miles
long and 30 broad; bounded Nby Ovieto,
Eby Umbra and .Sabioa, Sby Campa^-
na-dl-Roma, S W by the fea. Viterbo is
tbe capital.
Patrington, A town in the E riding of.
Yorkfliire, England. Here the. Roman,
roail from the Piiils' wall ended. It is at
the mouth of the Humber : 50 miles S,
E York, and 191 NLondPri.
Pattci,or Pail, an ifland in the Indian
;Sca, ne?r the, coaft of. •Afrjp.i, abpul 10
mile%

T AT.

f EG

saiTIe.-: in circumference, chiefly inhabit^
^y Arabians, with whpm the Englifli,
fprluguefe and Indlaas trade far i\tiry
and flaves ; It is fituated near fhe cpaft, af
,lhe mputb pfa riv-er pf the lame name,
ten. 41 30 E, lat. i 56 S.
Patti, a town of Sicily, in tbe Valdl-
Demona, with a bifliop's fee, on the gulf
tif Patti : 28 miles W Meffini.
Pau, A town pf France, department of
tbe Lower Pyrennees, with a caftle, where
Henry IV was born; it has 1200 in
habitants ; is on an eminence, at tlie-foot
«f whicli runs fhe Gave : 97 miles S
Bourdeaux, ten. o 4 W, ilat. 43 15 N.
;[Wraxall.]
Pavia, a fortified town of Milan, whh
Sl celebrated univerfity, and a bifliop's .fee.
- It is feated on the 'Fefinp, pver which
is a bridge ;'and in the -centre Of the town
is a caftle where the ancient ,dukes of
Milan refided. Here is an a-nive.rfity of
7 Colleges : 15 miles S Milan, ten. 9 15 E,
- lat. 45 13 N. [Addifon.]
Paul, Si. A fown pf France, department
of tlie Straits pf Calais : 16 raUes W N W
Arras, Paula, A town of Naples, near the fea,
i'n a fertile and well cultivated cpunfry :
12 mUeS W Cpfenza.
Pavaafan, A feapprt of Africa, In the
ifle of St Thomas, with a fort, a bifliop's
fee, and a good harbour. It belongs fp
Pprtugal, aud lies under tbe equatpr, lon.
is 30 W.
' Paufilippo, a mountain of Italy: 5 miles
from Puzzoli, celebrated for a grotto,
whicb is a -fubt erranetms paffage, through
the mountain, near half a mile in length,
about ao feet in breadth, and 30 to 40 in
height. People of faflilcm generally drive
through this paffage, with torches ; but
the country people find their way with
out much diflSculty, by the light which
«iters at the extremities, and at two holes
pierced through the mountain, near the
middle nf the grotto. On this mountairi
alfo Is the celebrated tomb of Virgil, over
grown witb ivy, and fliaded with aa an
cient bay tree, flirubs and 'buflies. [Adam.]
Pautzie, a fown pf Weftern'Prulfia, In
PpmerelUa: 25 miles NW Dantzlck.
. Paxu, an ifland in tbe Mediterranean,
abput 12 miles in circumference, with a
gppd harbour, but uninhabited, on ac
count of tbe corfairs : 8 miles S E from
the ifland of Corfu. *
Pazzy, A fown of Turkey, in Europe,
jn Romania, near Gallipoli, wifh a bifli
op's fee, lon. 4659 E, laf, 40 33 N.

Peat; A iriounfainous country in ihtM
W partof Derbyfliire, which aSounds ia
lead, millftpnes, and whetftoneS, 'It it
much vifited on account of its extraordi-
rtarvr caverns, perforafioris,,iind Pther cu-
rlpfifies. Tbe " Wonders of the Peak"
have been celebrated in proTeand verfe.
Pearl Iflands, Are in lat, 47 32 N, lan.
24 18 from Eolflia, They .ire well
peopled. The inhabitanls aie formed
Into focieties. They are armed wilh
iron inftruments, as well as bows.
[Beneyowflci.]
Pecquencaur, A tPWri pf France, depart
ment pf the North, on tlie Scarpe : t
miles E Douay.
Pedena, an ancient town of Italy, in Ve-
neflari Iftria, wifh a bifhop's fee : 25
miles S £ Capo d'Iftra.
Pcdir, A town of Sumatra, in tbe E In
dies : 40 miles £ Achen.
Pedro, Point, the moft northern point of
the ifland of Ceylo'n, oppofite Ppint Caly-_
mere, pn the continent of India, lon. 80
27E, lat. 9 5 a N.
Peebles, An ancient borough, capital of
Peeblefliire, Scotland, on the 'Tweed, over
which is a bridge. It has manufaaures
of carpets and ferges ; 22 miles S Edin-
burg, ten, 3 7 W, lat, 55 36 N,
Peebleffire, m Tweeddale, A county of
Scotland: a8 miles long and 18 broad;
bounded N by Edingburgfliire, E by Sel-
klrkfliire, S by Dumfriesfllire, W by La
nerkfliire. In this country there is not
much arable land. Ifs hUls, among which
are thofe of Tweedfrnuir, abmind with
falubrious fprings, and feed numbers of
flieep and cattle, Tbe principal rivers
are tbe Tweed and Lynne. -
Peer, a fown In the bifliopric of Liege:
24 miles NNW Maeftrkiit,
PeefSfi-ee Peaths.
Pegnafiel, a town in Old Caftile, remark
able for itspalace, caftle, and fortifications,
and its cheefes are faid to be the beft Iri
Spain, It is on the Douero :" ao miles
S E Valladolid. ' ¦
Pegna-Macor, a town of Portugal, in .
Beira, with a caftle: 40 mUes N W Al
caatara. Pegnaranda, a lown ia Old Caftile, 30
jniles .S W Olmedo.
^ Pegu, a kingdom of Afia, lying S E Ben
gal ; bounded N by Burman, W and S
by fhe Ocean, E by Laos and Siam. Its
produas arc timber for building, ele
phant's teeth, beeswax, lac, faltpetre,
iron, lead, tin, pretoleum, very firie ru
bies, fmall diamonds, and plenty of
lead, of which they make their nipney. It

PE O

? f&

"it isvery fruitful in corn, roots, pulfe
and fruifii. The government is arbitra
ry, for the kin^s will is a law : and yet
he docs not often abufe bis power. The
Inhabilaais are but thinly clad, and the
beft among tbem wear neither flioes nor
ftockings. The women arc fliUcb fairer
than tbe men, fniiall, but vvell proportion
ed. The bankrupts and his family be
come fhe flaves of fhe creditor, vvho often
fells the females to be imployed as pub
lic proftitules. Tbe low people often
fell their daughters and wives. If the wife
proves falfe, the hufband may feU her
for a flave ; and If he goaftr.ay,fhcwIU give
him a dofc of poifoa. There are a vaft
number of temples in ibis country, but
Aipftly pf wpod, vvhich are varaiflicd aad
guilt. The priefts have ground ajtewed
tbem, wbich. tbey cultivate for their fub
fiftence ;. and they are faid to be ftria
Obfcrvers of morality. They are called
'ifalapolns, and inculcate charity as fhe
higheft virtue '; affirming that religion to
be tbe beft which leaches men fo do the
moft good. Tbey have idols in their tem
ples, iu a fitting pofture, like tailors, and
with very large ears. They bave'various
ibrls of mufic, but the pipe aud tabor are
efteemed fhe belt, In the flat part of the
Country, which is liable to be overflowed,,
the houfes are buill> upon ftakes, and In
timeof inundations, file inliabitants com
municate with eacli other by^bpals. Pe
gu was an Indepeiidentkingdnm,tllli75i
wheu it v.as reduced by the king pf Bur-
liiali, to the ftate of a dependent province,
'Fhe ordeal trial Is cpmmon here, by put
ting the head under wafer, or the hand
iiito hot oil, or melted lead. If the ac-
cufcr fail,; he muft fuffer what is due fo
the guilty. "This makes al! careful not to
llander. [Symes, Hamilton,]
Pegu, a town in a kingdom of tbe fame
riame, in Afia, once its capital, and the
riioft extenfive, fplendid, and populous in
Alia, But in- the year 1596, the king of
Siarii befieged the king of Pegu, in bis
capital, for 3 months; but, for thisflme,
be was relieved by the afliftance of a
body of Turks, in conjuaaioa with fome
Portuguefe; however, moftof thofe whom
war fpari d, famine deftrpyed ; for, out
of 150,000 riien, numbered in the city
before tbe fiege, oaly 30,000 were left,
with 3,000 cannon, 1,000 pf fhem .biafs,
for ils defence. The kings of Aracan,
and Tangu, takingigdvantagE of this dif
treffed cpndifipn pf Pegu, marched tohe-
fiege It again ; and the king, being at
kngih obliged to fubmitj ^^'^ V^.t p.f pto-

vifions,fo,me time in the year 159*, yid<t>
ed himfelf, and the city, into tbe bands
of the king of Tarigu,.wbpfe wife, though
fifter to the unfortunate priuce, caulcd'
him and his faniily to be put to death.
From that time, Pegu ceafed to be the
royal feat, and fell to decay ; fo tbat, al
though 6 or 7 leagues in compafs, not one
twentieth part of it is now Inhabired, and
tliat oaly by the lovvcr clafs of pepple j
however. It is ftill the feat pf the vicerpy,
who governs for the king, refiding novv
at Ava, ten. 96 42 E Greenwich, lat. i&
5 N,
Peine, A town of Lower Saxony : 1 7
miles W Brunfwick,
Beipus, A large lake of Ruffia, in Livp-
aia, Tbe river Narova, iffues from this
lake, by which it has a commuaication at
Narva, with the gulf of Finland.
Peifore, or Piffour, a confiderable cily
pf Hindooftan Prpper, province of Cabul,
fubjea to the king of Candahar : 50
miles N W Attock, ten. 69 54, E, lat. 32
44 N,
Pelin, the capital of the Empire of
China, feated in a fertile plain in the
province ef Pc-tcbeli, 50 miles from, the
great Wall, It forms an exaa fquare,
aud is divided into a cities, the firft in
habited by Chinefe, tbe fecond by Tarta'rs.
"Fhefe two cities, exclufive of the fub-
uibs, are computed to be 6 leagues in
circumference. The height and thick
nefs of the walls of the Tartar city, .
excite admiration : 12 horfemen might
eafily ride abreaft on them ; and there
are fpacipus tpwers, a bpwflipf diftant
frpm each pther. The gates of this city
are high and weU arched,, fupporting
buildings of nine ftories high ; fhe lowelt
of which is for fhe foldlers when they
come olT guard : they are 9 In number,
and before each is- an ppen fpace, wbich
ferves fcr a parade. The ftrctts are per
feaiy ftraight, mpft pf them 3 miles in
length, and 120 feet wide, wilh fliops on-
both fides ; but the houfes are poorly
built, and have only a grpund i'.opr. It
is furprifing to fee what numbers of peo
ple there are in tbe ftreets, and not one
woman among tbem. There is always a.
great cpnfufipn, pccafioaed by tbe vaft
number pf horfes, camels, mules, affes,
waggons, carts, and chairs, withcut reck
oning the feveral mobs which gather
about fhe jugglers, baUad fingers, &c.
Perfons of diftinaion have always a
horfeman, who goes before them to clear
the vvay. All the great ftreets are guard
ed by foldiers, who patrole night and day
with

Ptt

!^^ t

'%ith fwords by their fides, and whips in
their hands, to chaftlfe thofe -^-ho make
fcay difturbance, or to take them into cuf-
tody. The Uttle ftreets have'latfice> gates
at lliiiir entraii<;e into the greil ftreets,
•which are {hut up at riigbt, and guarded
by foldiers, who fuffer no affemblies In
the ftreets at. that time. The emperor's
palace and garden, 'a fiirrounded by a
brick wall, two iniles in leagth, with ,pa-
vjllions ill each corner, encompaffed by
jgaUcries fupported by columns : the ar-
tklleaureof the ftupendpus pile pf build
ings of which' the palacf confifts, is ea-
Vrely different from that of the Europe
ans : and they are cdvered, with tiles of
a fliinirig beautiful yellow. "The temples,
and the towers of this city, are fo nume
rous, that it is difRcUlt to count them.
The country about it, is fandy, and hot
¦irery fruitful ; yet ptovifions of all kinds
are Blcet:dingly plentiful, they being, as
•ivcll.is the merchandife, brought from
other parts, by canals, cirt from the riv
ers, and always crowded witb veffels of
different fizes. An earthquake, which
happened here in 173!, buried above
100,000 perfons In the ruias of thehouies.
The inhabitahls of Pekin are eftimated
at a,ooo,oOo. A Ruflian clufrch is ef
tabliflied here with a feminary, in which
the ftudents are permitted to refide, for
the pUrpoffe of learning the Chinefe lan
guage. Since this eftablifliment, many
iritereftiag pubHcafions have appeared at
J*eterflmrg, relative fp the laws, hiftory,
ahd geography Of China, ttinflated from
the, originals publiflied at Pekin. This
city is 506 miles N by W Nanking, lon.
ito 14 E.lat. 39 54 iN.
[Le Compte Du Halde.]
Pelfgrino, Mount, a promontory on the
N tCii.fi. of the Iftrfrid of Sicily, nearly 2
miles W Palermo. The profpea from
this mount, Ij beautiful arid extenfive :
inoft of fhe Lipaii Iflarids are difcctvcred
m a-clear day, arid alfo a large portion
bf Mount Etna, although at the diftance
of alnioft the Whole length of Sicily. On
this mount is a cavern, in which is the
image of St. RofoUa, who is faid to have
died here ; and round the cave of tliisfaint
(wbo is the patronefs of , Palermo) a
church is built. Where pridffis attend to
¦watch the precious relics, and receive the
offerings of the pilgrims.
Psle-w Ifiands, A clufter pf iflands in the
N Pacific Ocean, lying betweeri 130 arid
136 E ten. and 5 and 9 N lat. Captain
"iVilfon, of tbe Atltelope E India packet,
•mho was yfrecked iiie'f^ in 178;, fuuoi

ttie iiative!. fimple in their manners, {(efi-
cate in their fentiments, friendly in theii-
difpofition, and, in fiae, a people ibit d5
honor to the human race. I'hc afton-
ifliment which thoft, vvho firft dlfcovered
the Englifli, manifeftcd On feeing their
colour, plaiifly fliowed, tbat tbey had
never before feen a white man. The
clothes of the- ftrangers alfo puzzled theiri
exceedingly ', for it feemed tobe a mat
ter of doubt vvith them, whether theft
aad their bodies did not form one fub
ftance. "when the captain's brother vvas
deputed to wait iipoii the king, who re
fided ori an ifland at fame diftance from
that on Which fhey had faved their lives,
be accidentally pulled off his bat, at
vvhich the gazing fpeiftators were all
flruck vyith aftoaifliment, as if thty
thought it had foi med a pirt of his head.
Tbey had no idea of tbe nature of pow-
dei-;andflipt, and were exceedingly amass
ed on feeing ils effeas. Their princip:(l
arms confift of bamboo darts, from 5 to 8
feet long, poihted with the wood of ihl:
belelnut tree ; but there are fliort ones
for diflant marks, which are thrown by
means of a ftick, a feet long. The chiefs
wear a bone round oae of their wiifts, in
the form of a bracelet, which being a
mark of ,|reat boaor, conferred by thfe
king on officers of ftate, commanders, or
pctfons, who, by valour, or Otherwife,
have greatly, diftinguiflied themfelves, i»
never to he parted with, but with UK.
Tbey are not alt of the fame degree, i3
appeared from a difference In the bone
they wore. Captain Wilfon was ihveflp'
ed with the higheft order of the bone.
"Vvith refpea lo property in thefe iilAndi,
a man's hdafe, or canoe, is confidered as
his own, as is alfo the, land allotted to
him, as long as he occupies and cultlvati-s
it ; buf, Whenever he removes with his
fainily; ta anpther place, tbe ground re
verts to the king, Vvho gives it to whom
he pleafes. The country is well covered
with timber ttees, the trunks of which
furnifli the natives vvith canoes, fome
large enough to carry 30 men. There
are buf few other trees of much ufe to
the natives. "Vams and cocoanuts, being
their chief articles of fabfiftcnce, are at
tended to with the utnioft care. Froiri
fhe fcaritj^ produce of tlie country, ng
luxury cari reigii amorig the inhabitants
in their die^ and tbe milk of the cocoa-
nut Is their Commori'Iri nk. Oa particu-'
lar occafions, they add to their ordinary
fare, certain fweefmeafs, and a fWeef btv-
erige, obtsined b/ the nd of a fyrup, ct-
UaSlcA

P E L

PEN

iraaed either from the palm tree or the
fugar cane. The houfes are raifed about
3 feet, from the ground, the fuundation
beam's being laid ori large ftones, whence
fpring the upright fupports of their fides,
which arc crofled by other limbers groov
ed together, and faftened by wooden pins,
the intermediate fpace, being cloftly fill
ed up with bamboos, and palm tree
leaves, platted together. The tops of
the houfes are thatched with bamboos
and palm leaves ; and the infide is with
out any divifion, forming one great room.
As to domeftic implements, tbey have Ut
tle bafkefs, very nicely wpven frpm flips
of the plantain tree, and vvooden^baflcets
with covers, neatly carved, and inlaid
with fliells. No oae ever ftirs abroad
witliout a bafkel, whicli ufuaUy contains
fome betlenut, a comb, knife, and'a little
twine. Tbe beft knives are made of a
piece of the large mother of pdarl oyfter, |
ground narrow, and the outward fide a
little poliflied. The combs are made of
tbe orange tree, of which tbcffe are a few
of the Seville kind ; the handle and teeth
are faftened in the folid wood. 'Fhe fifli
ing books are of lortoil'e fhell; and twine,
cord, and fifliing nets, are vvell manufac
tured from the huflcs of the cocoanut.
Of the plantain leaf, are formed mats,
which ferve the people as beds. Tbey
alfo ufe a plantain leaf at meals, Inftead
oF a plate ; and the fliell of a cocoanut,
fupplies the place of a cup. There are
vefl'els of a kind of earthen ware, of a
reddifli brown colour, in which they boil
their filli, yams, &c. A bundle of cocoa-
nut huflcs, ferves fhem for a broom ; and
thick bamboos, wilh bores 5 or 6 inches
iu diamatcr, are their buckets pr cifterns.
'I'he fliell pf the Iprlolfe 1» here remark
ably beautiful ; and the natives have dlf
covered the art of mouldiag It into little
trays or diflies, aad fpooiis. Some pf
the great ladies have alfo bracelets of the
fame manufaaure, and earrings, inlaid
with fliells. "rhe natives, ia general, arc
ft.iul, and well made, rather above the
middling ftature, aad of a deep copper
colour, "I'heir hair is lorig, aad geacrally
formed into oae large loofe curl round
their heads, "I'he men are entirely aak-
td ; hut the women wear twp little aproas,
one before, llie other bchiad. Both fexes
are t-ilfoed, aad have thcit- teeth made
bhick by art. They are very expert at
fwlnimiug ; and the men are Inch ad
mirable divers, that tbey will leadily
filch up any thing from the bottom df
the fea, .Such aa pninlpn, had tbe king
Vol.. II, * P p p

of the ifland entertained of the EngUfli,
that, pn their departure, be fuffered his
fecpnd fpn, Lee Bpp, fo accompany them
to England, vvhere this hopeful youth,
about 20 years of age, unhappily died of
the fmall pox, in 1784. Tbe E India com
pany ereaed a monument over his grave,
in Rotberbiihe churchyard, Thefe ifl
ands are encircled on the ,W fide by a
reef of, coral. [Wilfon,]
Peliffa, a lown of Lower Hungary, cap
ital of a county of the fame name, near
the Panube : 15 milts N Buda.
Pella, a town pf Turkey in Eurppe, in
Janna : 50 miles W SalpnichI, ten, 2i 53
E, lat. 40 41 N. '
Pelofo, ¦a town pf Naples, in Bafilicata :
25 miles W Bari.
¦ Pemba, A lowii of Congo, capital of a
provlnceof the fame name, lon. 18 25 E,
lat. 7 30 S.
Pembridge, a lown in Herefordfliire,
England : 12 miles N W Hereford, and
145 W N W London. '
Pembroke', the capital of Pembrokefliire,
England, on a creek pf Milford Haven.
It is furrpunded by a wall wilh 3 gates, has
a caftle on a rock, and 2 churches. It is
governed by a maj'or, fends one member
to parUament : 10 miles S E Haverford-
weft, and 237 W by N London.
Pembrokeffire, a county of S Wales, al
moft furrounded by the fea. It contains
5 m.arkel towns, and 145 pariflies, and
fends 3 members to parliament, A great
part of the county is plain, and tolera
bly' fertile, confifting of rich meadow and
arable land. "I'he N £ part alone is mpun
tainpus ; vvhich, however, yields good
pafture fpr flieep and cattle.
Pena Garcia, a ipwa pf Pprtugal, ia
Beira, with a caflle, ten. 6 6 W, lat. 39
40 N.
Penalva, A towa of Portu'?;al, pa a hill,
with a caftle : 8 miles S Cpimhra.
Penaiitier, a town of France, depart
ment of Aude ;- 4 miles N Carcaffonne.
Pem'e-mis, a caftle in Cornwall, England,
on a hill of the fame name, on Falmouth
Bay : S E Falmouth.
Peieinunder, a fortrefs in Prufllan Pom
erania, In ihe Ifle of Ufedom, at the
mouths of the Pene and Oder, ia the
Baltic Sea, lon. 14 10 E, lat. 54 16 N.
P.-nichi, A ftrong town ia Eftramadura,
with agood harbour and a citadel : 34
miles N Lilbon. It has 2S00 iahabitants
P.ni.k, a town of Uppei ,Sa-xony, l;c-
iongiag to the tlcaorof S.ixony, oa the
Mulle : 8 miles I' Altenburg, lon. 12 .J4
E, lit, 50 59 N. PenfoL-

PEN

PER

Pcmfola, a tovvn of Spairi, in Valencia,
on a high point of land,dn'the Mediter
ranean : 60 miles N Valencia.
Peiikridge, a towll ill Staffordfliire, Eng
land. It was formerly a large place, but
now greatly reduced, and principally
noted for lis hoifc fares : 6 miles S Staf
ford, and 129 N W London.
¦ Penmaenmawr, once a tremendous prec
ipice in Carnarvonfliire, overhanging
the fej, but now fafely croffed by a good
road : 4 m.iles S W Aberconway.
Pennafidr, A town of Spain, on the Afta ;
14 milp S W Oviedo,
Pennafior, A town of Spain, in Andalu
fia, lon, 4 12 W, lat, 37 44 N.
Pennar, a river in fhe peninfula of Hin
dooftan, vhich paffes by Gooty, Gandi-
• otla, Cuddapah, and Vellorc, and enters
the bay of Bengal, af Gangapatnam.
Pennon, A fort of Africa, on a fmall ifl
and before the harbour of Algiers.
Pennon de Veltz, a very important fea
port of Barbary, on a rock iu the Medi
terranean near the tovvn of Velez , 75
miles E Ceuta, lon, 4 o W, lat. 35 25 N,
Penrife, a feaport in Glamorganfliire,
Wales, on tbe Briftol channel : 20 miles
S E Carmarthen, and 219 WLondon,
Penrith, a town ill CumbeHand, Eng
land. It has a manufaaure of check and
cotton : 18 mfles S CarUfle, and 280 N N
W London.
Penryn, A borough III Cornwall, Eng
larid, on a creek of Falmouth Haven, has
a great trade in tbe pilchard and New
foundland fiflieries, is governed by a
mayor, and fends two members to par
liament : 3 miles N W Falmouth,
Penfance, or Penzance, a feaport in Corn
wall, England. It carries on a confide
rable traSc in fliipping, and is one ofthe
tin coinage towns, and a corporation,
governed by a Mayor : 12 miles E of
tbe land's end, and a8i W by S London,
Pensfard,a town ill Somerfetfliire, Eng
land, npted for its hats arid bread 5 7
miles W Bath, and 117 W by S London.
,?£»zi2, a governmeat of Ruflia, former
ly a province of Kafan. Its capital of
the fame name, is on the Sura, where it
receives tbe rividet Penza : aao miles
S W Kafan.
Pentland Frith, a ftrait which divides
the Orkney iflands from Caithnefsfliire,
in Scptland: 20 miles teng and lobrpad,
and very daagcrpus tp ihpfe whp are not
well acquainted wilh its tides and cur
rents ; efpecially in pafling tbe Pentland
Ntcrrles, a clufter of locks at tbe E en
trance of the frith.

Pentlats Hilli,A ridge of mountains, irt
Edinburgfliire, extending about xo milti
from S W to N E.
Pequigny, a town of France, depart
ment of Somme ; remark-ible for the in
terview between Louis KI, of France",
and Edward IV, of England, in 1475 > o"
a bridge built for that purpofe. It is on
the river Somme : 15 miles S £ Abbe
ville, Pera, A fuburb of Conftantinople, where
tbe foreign ambaffadprs ufually refide.
It is inhabited by chriftians of feveral de
nominations ; and wine- is fold there as
publicly as in any other part of Europe,
which is not allowed in the city,
[Thevenot,]
Peray, St. A village^of France, depart
ment of Ardeche, noted for its wines: 21
miles N W' Privas.
Percafiaw, A town of Ruffia, in the
government of Kiof : 44 miles S -E Kiof,
Perche, a late prpvince pf France, in
Orleanois, bounded N by Normandy. It
takes its name from a :foreft, and is pretty
fertile. It now forms, wifh part of Nor
mandy, the department of Orne.
Perekop, iee Precop.
Pereczas, A fown of Upper Hungary,
capital of a county of tbe fame name :
50 miles £ by N Tockay.
Perga, a town of Turkey, in Albania,
oppofite fhe iflaiid of Corfu, lon. ao 19 E,
lat, 39 40 N. "^
Pergainus, now called Pergamo, an an
cient city of NatoUa, 46 miles N of Smyr
na. If is inhabited by 3000 Turks, Here
are more ruins than ftanding houfes. One
folltary church remains; the cathedral of St,
Jphii is buried in Its pwa ruins, their an
gel removed Jfs pillars adorning the graves
of its deftroyers, the Turks. The church
of Santa Sophia is turned into a mofque.
Abput a dozen chriftian.famiUes toil in
difmal fervitude to gain their daily bread",
I'his is nof ftrange, fince God had faid
He would " fight againft them," becaufe
they were " the throne of fafan, facrific
ed fo idols, and committed fornication''
The.iriprcfent ftate proves the threatening
was divline, lori. 27 27 E, lat. 39 5 N.
[Newton,]
Perigord, a late province of France. It
abounds in iron mines, and the air is pure
and healthy. It now forms the depart
ment of Dordogne.
Perigueux, an ancient town of France,
capital of the department of Dordogne,
vyith a bifliop's fee, the ruin,s of a temple
of Venice, and an amphitheatre. It is
on tbe river Iflc 50 milcs S WLimoges: Perm,

PER

PER

Perm, A government of Ruflia, former- ,
ly a province of Kafan, It is divided
iuto two provinces ; viz, Perm, the capi
tal of which is of tbe fame name, fcated
on tbe river Kama, where it receives the
Zcgochckha ; and Catbarinenburgh, the
capital of which is of the fame name,
feated near the fource of the river Ifl'el,
, Perne, a tovva i)f France, depa tment
of the Mouths of the Rhone. It is the
birthplace of tbe celebrated orator Fle-
cbler, bifliop Oi Nifmes, and a Uttle to
tbe W of Apt,
Psrneau, A lown of Ruffia, in Livonia,
witb a caftle. It is near tbe mouth uf a
river of the fame aame : 35 miles N Riga.
Femes, A ftrong town of France, de
partment of the Straits of Calais, on the
Clarence : 17 milcs N W Arras.
Peronne, a ftrong town of Franee, de
partment of Sunime. It is called the
Virgin, becaufe it has never been taken,
though offen befieged. The caftle is re
markable for tbe imprifonment of Charles
the fimple, who bere miferably died ; and
in this caftle tlie duke of Burgundy de
tained Lewis XI, 3 days, till he confcated
to fign a difadvantageous treaty. It is oa
the Somme, aud has 17,000 inhabitants :
27 miles S W Cambray, and 80 E by N
Paris, Peraufa, a town of Piedmont, the chief
place in a valley pf the fame name. It
is on the Clufen : 16 mUes S W "Furin.
Perpignan, a tpwn of France, capital of
the department of tbe Eaftern Pyrennees,
with a good citadel, a univerfity, and a
bifliop's fee. It is on tbe Tet, over whicb
is a bridge : 100 miles S E Bourdeaux,
lon. 3 o £, lat. 4a 41 N,
Perfepolis, anciently the capital of the
Perfian empire. It was taken by Alex
ander tbe Great, whn laid it in ruins, be
ing irritated, according to Diodorus, at
the fight of 800 Greeks, whom the Per-
-fians bad cruelly mutilated. Others fay,
that being intoxicated, he vvas iiiftigated
by the courtezan Thiis, to fet it oa fire.
Its magnificent ruins are 50 miles N £
Schiras, and 200 S £ Ifpahan, lon. 56 20
£, lat. 30 10 N.
Perfiorc, a town in Worcefterfliire,
England, ou the Avon ; 9 miles E S E
"Worcefter.
* Perfia, A large kingdom of Afia, con.
fiftlagpf feveral prpvlnces, which, at dif
ferent times, have bad their particular
kings. It is bounded N by Georgia, the
Cafpian Sea, and Uibec "I'artary, W by
Turkey and Arabia,.S by the gulfs of Per
fia and Ormus, and the Arabian Sea, £

by Hindooftan proper. It is 1220 miles
from E to W, ^id 900 from N to S, The
chief risers are tbc'l'igris and Amuc, In ,
the N and E parts it is mpuntainpus and
cold ; in tbe middle and S E parts fandy
and defert : in the S and W, level and
extremely fertile, though for feveral
months very hot. The foil produces all
forts of pulie and corn, except oats and
rye. In feveral places, naptha, a fort of
bitumen, rifes out of the ground ; and
there are mines of gold, filver, iron, tur
cois ftones, and fait ; but the firft two of
thefe arc not worked, on account of the
fcarcity of wood. Among the produas
of Perfia, tbat are peculiarly excellent,
are dales, piftacbionuts, and poppies, that
produce the fineft opium. Tbey have
extenfive plantations, of mulberry Ir.-es
for filk worms ; and large flocks of fliccp
and goats, "Fheir camels, horfes, mules,
affes, oxen, and buA'aloes, arc the beft of
fheir kind, and are indifferently ufed for
carrying paffengers or burdens, the hprfes
excepted, which are pnly ufed fpr tbe
faddle. The principal manufaaures are
filks, as fatins, tabbies, taffetas, aad filk
mixed with cotton, or with camel's or
goal's hair ; brocades, gold lifl'ucs, .ind
gold velvret, carpets, caUcoes, camlets, iScc.
Their dying is preferred to any thing of
the kind In Europe. During almoft the
whole of tbis century, Perfia has been
defolated by competitors for tbe fove
reignty. The Perfians are generaUy M.I-
hometans, of the fea of Ali, Ifpahan ia
fhe capital.
Perfia, Gulf af, fpreads between Perfia
and Arabia FeUx, "Fhe entrance near
Ormus is not above 30 miles over ; hut
within it is 180 in breadth, and the lengtli
from Ormus to the mouth of the JEu-
phrates, is 420 miles,
Perth, the capital of Perthfliire, Scot
land, on the Tay, over which is an clc-
;^aat bridge of aiae arches. It has two
churches, one of whicli beloaged for
merly to a fine abbey, Perth has been
'the refidence of the- foverelgns of Scot
land, aud the feat of the parliament, and
of the fupreme courts of juftice. The tide
epiiies up.to tbis place, and tbe river is
navigable for fmall vefl"els. Here is a
great llaea aad cotton manufaaure : 30
inilcs N F.dinburg,
Peril fire, a county of Scotland, bpund
ed N by the flilres of lavcraefs aad Ab
erdeen, E by Angusfliire and the frith of
Tay, aad W by Argylefliire. 'Fhe aorlh-
era diftria, called Athol, is mountainous,
and contaius fume lakes, Pcrt.iu.

PE'T,

PET

ffipartmept ' JO niiles

Pertuis, a town of FrM
of tbe Mouths of the R]
N Aix, and 27 Marfeilles,
Perugia, an aricierit and populous city
III Italy, capital of Perugino, with a
flrong cllatel, a univerfily, and a bifliop's
fee, 'I"he churches, and many other build-
intjs, public and private, are very haad
fome. If Is ca a hill : 75 miles N Rome.
Perugino, a pirovince of Italy, in the
Ecclefiallical State, bounded W by Tuf
cany, N by the county of Citta Caftel-
laaa. Tbe air Is pure, and fhe fpil fertile
i.n cpra aad good wiae. The capital
Perugia. Pefaro, A town of Italy, duchy of Ur-
liiao, wifh a bifliop's fee. If is a large
place, arid the ftreets^ are paved with
brie'KS. The caftle Is vvell fortified, fhe
harbour excelleaf, aad the cathedral mag-
iilficeal. The environ? are remarkable
fi.r producing gpod figs, pf whicli large
quantities are fent fp Veriice, It is On
aa emiaeacc, at the mouth pf the Fpglia,
oa the gulf of 'Veaice : 1 7 miles ENE
Urbiao, and 130 Rome,
Pefara, a ftrong fown of Naples, in
Abruzzo Citeriore. If is feated at the
liinuth of a river of the fame name, on
the gulf of Venice : 100 miles N E
Naples. Pefchiera, A town of Italy, in the Vero
nefe, with a caftle and a ftrong fort. It
vvas fa'iceh by fhe French in July, 1796.
It is oa the Miacio : 1 6 miles W Verona.
Pefenas, an aacieat towa pf Fraace,
department of Heraulf, It is delightfully
fcated oa the river Pein ; 12 miles N E
Beziers. Pf, A town of Upper Hungary, capi
tal of a county of the fame aame, pa the
Daaube, oppofite Buda : 85 miles S E
Prefliurg, A great part of the city has
been bailt eatirely new, fiace fhe year
1791, It is at prefent the capital of Hun
gary, ten, 18 25 E, lat, 47 24 E.
' . [Jackfon,]
Petaw, aa aacieat towa ia the duchy
of Stiria, oa fhe Drave : 109 miles S
A'icaua. Pe-tcheli, TJieli, pr Li-pa-fou, the prin
cipal province of China, bounded N by
the great Wall and part of Tartary, E by
the Yellow Sea, W by the mountains of
Chan-fi. It contains 9 cities of the firft
cl.ifs, vvhich have feveral others undfi
their jurlfdiaion. The temperature of
the air ia this province does not feem to
agree with its latitude ; for, although
Pc-tchcU extends no further than the for
ty fc-corid degree N, ycl all its rivers are

fo riiucli frozen, during 4 mbnths in the
year, that waggons witb fhe beavieft
loads may fafely pafs tbem, Th? foil is
landy, and produces very little rice ; hut
it abounds with all other kinds of grain,
aad with fhe greater part of the fruit
trees found in Europe, Pekin is the
, capital. Filter and Paul, St. or Petropaiulofoi, a
fcaporf of Kaaifchatka, ia the Ruflian
gpvernment pf Irkutzk, Tbe town con
fifts pf fome miferable teg houfes and a
fevv conical huts. Captain Clerke, who
fucceeded captain Cook, and died at fea,
was interred hcrej lon, 158 43E, lat.53oN.
Peterborough, a city In Northamiiton-
fliire, Englaad, with a bifliop's fee. It is
on tbe Neu, over which is a bridge into
Huntlngdonfliire, It has but one church,
befide the cathedral, which was formerly
a monaflery ; but, the market place is
fpacious, and the ftreets regular. It has
a trade in corn, coal, and timber, is gov-
eraed by a mayor, and fends two mem
bers to parliament. It Is 42 miles N E
Northampton, and 81 N London.
Peterhead, a town in Aberdeenfliire,
Scotland, near the mouth of'tlie Ugle,
Il has an excellent bar'bour, defended by
a new pier ; a confiderable trade irt the
fifliery, and to the Baltic ; and a manu
faaure or fewing thread. A mineral
fpring, pfa powerful diuretic quality, aad
the fea bathing bring a great refort of
ccmpany, for whpfe accommpdafipn there
is a ball rppm, and many elegant hpufes.
It is a Utile W Buchannefs; tbe moft eaft
ern promontory of Scotland, and 34
miles N E Aberdeen. '
Peteiffurg, or St. Peleiffurg, the me
tropolis of the empire of Ruflia, in a
griverament of the fame name. It is on
the Neva, near the gulf of Finland, and is
built partly On fome iflands in tbe moulli
pf the river, and partly uppn tbe conti
nent, Al the beginning of the laft cen
tury, the grpuncl pn 'which Peterfburg
npw ftands vvas only a vaft morafs, occu
pied by a few fifliermen's huts, Peter the
Great firft began this cily by'thc ereaion
of a citadel with 6 baftions, in 1703 : he
built alfo a fmall hut for hinifelf, which
was oae ftory high, with 3 rooiys, and is
novv preferved by having a brick build-'
ing ci'ecjtcd over It ; aad fome wooden
hovels. In 1710, count Golovltin built
the firft houfe of brick ; aad the next
year, the emperor. With bis own haud»,
laid the foundation of a lioufe ofthe
fame materials. From ihefe fmall bemn-
nifigs rofe the imptriiil city of Peterfburg )
and,

PET

PET

and, in lefs than 9 years after the wopd-
ea lipvcls were ereaed, the feal pf em
pire was transferred to it from Mofcvv.
'liie ftreets, in general, are broad aad
fpacious-; and 3 of the principal ones,
which meet in a point al the Admiralty,
are at, leaft two miles iu length : moftof
them are paved, but a few ftill remain
floored witb planks, la feveral parts,
woodea houfes, fcarcely fuperior to com
mon cottages, are blended with tbe pub
lic briildings ; and the brick houfes are
ornamented with a' white ftucccft' The
manfions of the nobiUty are vaft piles of
building furiiifhed in the fame elegant
ftyle as at London. The Neva is, in ma
ny places; as broad as the Thames at Lon
don, and its banks arc lined on each fide
with a continued range of handfome
buildings. On the N fide are the for
trefs, the academy of fciences, and the
academy of arts Oa tbe S fide are the
imperial pal-ace, the Admiralty, the maa-
fioas of many Ruffian nobles, and the
Englifli line, fo called, becaufe (a few
houfes excepted) the vyhole row is occu
pied by Englifli merchants. In the front
of thefe buildings, on the S fide, is the
quay, which extends 3 milcs, except where
it is interrupted by the Admiralty ; and
the Neva, during the whole of that fpace,
has been embanked, at the expenfe tif the
lale emprefs, by a wall, parapet,- and
pavement of hewn granite, I'ctcrlburg,
although if is more, compaa than the
other Ruffian cities, and hasthe huufes
ia maay ftreets cpatiguous tP each pther,
yet ftill bears a refemblance to the towns
of this country, aad is built in a very
ftraggling niaaaer. It has been lately
enclofed within a rampart, the circum
ference of which is 14 miles, Tbe cily,
from its low fituation, is fubjea to inun
dations, and in the year 1777, the waters
of the Neva overflowed, and in feveral
ftreets rofe 4 feet and a half in depth,
and deftroved fcveral buildings. An acad
emy Is eftabUflied at Peterfliurg, for the
inftruaion of aoo ftudeats, defigned to
be mafters of the provincial fchools. The
Imperial Academy of Sciences, owes its

tbe t.reat Tbe
|)ts is eftimated ut
value of the cx-
i'in the year 1 777,
2I, fterling, and the
''the fame year, were
tftiinStSjKat 423,94a, 'Ibe ppppfite di-
vifioaj.of Peterfburg, pn each fide pf the
Kcya,iare conneaed by a bridge on pon-
tooHs, which, on account pf the large

inftltution to
number of
about 126,7
|)orls in
amountesli^fcgood^n

maffes of ice^Mven down the ftrc.vm
from the lakj|pldga, is ufually removed
when ihey firft make their appearance ;
aad, for a few days, ualil the .river
is frozen hard eaough to bear carriagi-,
there is no communication between tin
oppofite parts of the Iowa. Among th-c
nobleft ornaments of Peterfburg is an
equeftriaa ftatue of Peter the Great, ia
broaze, of a colloffal fize ; the pedeftal
of which is a huge rock, brought to the
fpot at a great expenfe ; wcighiag 1500
lons, drawn 4 miles by land, and towed
4 by water. By tbis contrivance the
great legiflalor and civilizer of his coun
try appears ia tbe attitude of afceadinga
precipice, the fummit of which he has
nearly attained. It vvas creaed by Catli-
arliie II, ia 178a. Within the walls of
the fortrefs is the cathedral of Sl. Peter
and St. Paul, ia whicb are depofited the
remains of Peter tbe Great, and of "the
fucceffive foverelgns, except Peter II, bu
ried at Mofcow. Peterfburg is 425 mfles
N W Mofcow, 400 E by N Stockholm,
750 N E Copenhagen, and iooo NNE
Vienna, lon. 30 19 E, lat. 59 56 N.
[Coxe, Man-ivay.]
Peiersfield,. A borough in Hamplliirc,
Eagland, governed by a mayor, fends i
members to parliament, aad is on the
Loddon :' 18 miles N £ Portfmouth, and
53 S W London.
Peterffagen, a town of Gennany, in the
principality of Minden, on tbe Wcfcr : 3
miles from Minden, and 37 W Han
over, ' ,
Peterwaradin,A town of Sclavonia, one
of the ftrongeft frontier places the lioufc
of Auftria has againft the Turks, it is
on the Danube, between tbe Save and
D.-ave: 35 miles N W Belgrade, ten. 20
30 E, laf. 45 26 N.
Pethcrton, A town in Somerfetfliire, Eng
land : 18 miles S by W Wells,
Petigliano, a town of Tufcany, in the
Siennefe : 8 miles W Caftro, and 45 S E
Sienna. Petaune.A city of Eaftem Chinefe Tar
tary, in the department of Kirin. It has
few iahabitants except Tartar foldiers,
and Chinefe coademaed 10 exile. Il i^
oa the Songari : 112 riiiies N by E Kiran,
and 500 N E Pekin, lon. 124^ E, lal.
45 3 N, - ¦''
Petrikow, a town of Great Poland, iu
Siradia : 80 milcs S W Warfaw.
Petrina,A ftrong towll of Auftrian Cro
atia, onthe Pelriaa: 27 miles E CarlJ
ftadt, Pettaw, a town of Stiria. Il belongs to
the

P H I

V H I

»ltt bifliop. of Saltzburg, and is on the
i0i:ave : a8 miles S by S G^alz,
Peltapolty, A feaport of Hindooftan, on
the coaft of Coromandel, where the
Putch have a faaory : lat, 15 49 N-
Pettycur,a harbour inFifefhIre,Scotland,
X mile fr.om Kinghorn, In the frith of
Fortli. Itis the landing place of paffengers
ftum Lettb, on the oppofite fliore. A
bafin has lately been confti'uaed here.
Petwottb, a town in Suffex, England,
near the Arun : 49 miles S, W London.
Pfafenbaffen, a town of Upper Bavaria,
-with a benediaine monaftery at a finall
dUftancc ; on the 11m : 19 miles N W
Satiflion. ¦ Pfeffen, a village of the Grifons, near
varhich are warm baths, renowned for
their efficacy in curing the Gout, rheu
matifm and cutaneous diforders. [Coxe.]
Pfortfieim, A town of Suabia, with a
ealMe : 15 miles S £ Durlach.
Pfreimb, a town of Upper Bavaria,
¦oath a caftle : 10 miles N £ Amberg.
Pfiiltendorf, an imperial fown of Suabia:
37 miles S W Ulm.
Pbanagoria,A ftnall and beautiful ifland
of Afia, on the £ fide of tbe ftrait of
Caffa. Pharos, a finall" ifland in fhe Mediter-
Kinean Sea, oppofite Alexandrla.in Egypt,
the fpace between which, and the con-
ftnent; forms an extenfive harbour. It
has a communicaflon- with the continent
hy A ftone caufeway and bridge. It for
merly bad an exceedingly high tower up
on it, called the Pharos, and on the top
of it were lights for tbe direaion of
Ihips, Ion. 31 II E, lat 30 24 N,
Pharfa, anciently Pharfalia, a town- of
Turkey, in Europe, in Janna, famous for
the decifive viaory gained by Julius Cje-
fir over Ppnjpey, in 48 B. C, Hence
I.ucan's poem pn the civil wars between
thefe twp great rivals was called Phar-
falia. This town is an archiepifcppal fee,
on the Enipeus, and is 10 miles S Lariffa,
PIxafis, A river of Afia, wbich crpffes
iMIiitgrelia, and fallsinto the Black Sea.
Pheafants Iff, fee Faifans.
Philadelphia, an ancient city of Natolia,
feated'atthefoot oftbemoutitainTinolus,
in an extenfive plain. The Greeks re
tain its ancient name, but tbe Turks caU
it Allabljah. It contains 11,000 inhabit
ants, among whom are 2000 chriftians,
wbo have 4 churches, and a Greek arch
bifliop. Here .are more chriftians' than
in anv of the churches of Afia, Smyrna
excepted. Their prefent ftate proves tbe

divinity of revelation, " Becaufe thou
baft kept tbe word of my patience, I alfo
will keep thee from the hour of tempta
tion," It is 40 miles E S E Smyrna, lon,
%n 15 E, lat, 38 a8 N.
Philae, an ifland in the Nile, lying jp
or 30 feet high, 80 rods teng, 40 broad.
Falling temples, and other ruins, fliow
the remains of an ancient city. Not far
above this are the firft falls of the Nile.
Tbe river is croffed by rocks of Granite
In thrge places. The firft makes a fall
of three- feet, the fecond 10, the third a
little more. [Pocpcke.]
Philip Ifiands, t-BFO- i-fla»ds la tbe S Pa
cific Ocean, difcovered by capt. Hunter,
in 1 79 1, and named after Arthur Phillip,
Efq. governor of New S Wales. They
are 5 miles afunder, but almoft joined
, together by a loag fandy fptf, above wa
ter,^ w hich reaches, for about two thirds
of the diftance from the eafteramoft, or
largeft ifland, to the moft wefterly, which
is the fmalleft. Tbey are covered with
flirubs, have few tajl trees on fhem, , and
tbe laud is tew, ton, of the, eaftern illand
i 140 '3 -E, lat 8 d,S.
Phitippi, an ancient town of Macedo
nia, enlarged by Philip, father of Alexan
der tbe Great, who gave it his own name.
If was near this place, eomnionly called
the Plains of Phili ppi, where Caflius and
Brutus, two of the affaffinators of Casfar,
! , were defe ated by Auguftus and Mark
Antony, in 42 B, C. Here Paul and Si
las preached the gofpel fuccefsfuUy ; here
tbey were bound and thrown iato prifon.
It is an archbifliop's fee, but greatly de
cayed. An amphitheatre, and feveral
other monuments of ancient grandeur
remain, tt is 67 miles £ Salonichi, lon,
24 a5 E, lat. 40 Q N. [Adam]
Philippina, iee Srnnar.
Philippine, a ftrong town of Dutch
Flanders. Jt was taken by the French in
1794. It is on an arm of the Scheldt : la
miles S £ Flufliing, 15 N Ghent.
Philippine Ifiands, iflands In the Indian
Ocean, dlfcovered by Magellan, in 1521.
'Fhey are faid to be 1 200 in number. The
principal are, Luconla, Mindanao, Samar,
Mafhate, Mindoro, Luban, Panay, Leytc,
Bohol, Zebu, Negro's, St. John's, Xolo,
and Abyo. Tliey are chiefly fubjea to
the Spaniards. The air is very hot and'
moift, and the foil fertile in rice and ma
ny other ufeful vegetables and. fruits.
The trees are always green, and there
are ripe fruits all the year. There are a
great many wild beafts and birds, un
known in Europe, Tbe inhabitants afe
nut

P I c

PIL

not all of one nation. Tbey are 3,000,000
in number, lon. 113 13 to 120 50 E, lat.
6 30 to 18 15 N. [Peyroufe,]
Philippines, New, otherwife cMe^Palaes,
and Carolinas, iflands in the N Pacific
Ocean, E uf tbe mofl: fouthern of the
I^hiUppwie fflands. "Fhere -are -upwards
of 80 in all, between the eq-sa'-ror and
rbe Ladrones ; hut they are very little
knownfo the Europeans.
Pbilippali,A town of Romania, with an
archbifliop's fee. It is chiefly inhabited
by Greeks: 82 mfles N W Adrianople,
ten- 24 50 E, laf. 4a 15 N.
Philips, Fort, St. a ftrong citadel of Mi
norca, which defends tbe harbour of Port
MahoQ. Philips-Norton, A town in Somerfetfliire,
England : 7 miles S Bath.
Philligfliurg,a lown of the Upper Rhine,
very ftrong, and one of the bulwarks of
the Empire : betenging to the bifliop of
Spire : 7 miles S Spire, on tbe Rhine,
and 40 N E Strafburg.
Philipfiadt, a t»wa -of Sweden, in Wer-
melatid, in a hilly and rocky country,
abounding in iron mines, between twp
lakes. /It has 60 hpufes, a church, and
hpfpital : ao milcs N E Carlftadt, and 140
N W Stpckholm. [Coxe]
jPbilipflown, a borough of Ireland, capi
tal of King's county : 40 miles W Dublin.
PhillpviUe, A ftrong town of France, de
partment of the Nortb, on an eminence,
25 miles S £ Mons, aud 125 N by £
Paris. Pianeza, A town and caftle of Piedmont,
on the TDora : 8 miles from Turin.
Pianoza, an ifland of Italy, oft' the coaft
of "Fulicany . 6 miles S tliat of Elba. It
is level and low.
Piava, a river which rifes in the moun
tains of Tirol, and falls into the gulf of
Venice, by two mouths : N Venice.
Picardy, a late province of France,
bounded N by Hainault, and tbe ftraits
of Dover, S by the ifle of France, W by
Normandy and the Englifli channel, now
the department of Somme.
Pieigbitans, a town of Milan, with a
caftle, taken by the French in 1796. It
is on thcSeirq : 10 mfles N W Cremona,
and 36 S E MUan, lat. 45 16 N.
Pickering, a town in tbe N riding of
Yorkfliire, England. It has an old caftic,
in the ruins of whicb tb^y keep their
courts for the bearing of all caufes under
40 fliillings, in the diftria called the
Honor or Liberty of Pickering : 26 miles
N £ York-
Pico, the largeft and moft poputeus of

tbe Azores or Weftern iflands. It pr»-
duces a great deal of Wine, whicb is car
ried to I-'ayal, and exported tbeiwe am:*
fold as Fayal Wine, ten. 28 21 W, lal. 3,8
29 N. ' [Cook.]
Piffs Wall, England, a famous ba-rriei
againft the Pias, of which fome fmall re
mains arc left. It began al the enlranuc
of Solw'ay Frith, in Cumberland, ai»il
running by CarUfle, was continued from
W to E acrofs the ifland to Newcaftle,
and ended al Tinmouth,
Piedmont, A principality of Italy, 175
miles long and 40 broad, bounded N 1^
Vallais, E by Milan and Montferrat; S
by Nice and Genoa, W by France and
Savoy. It was formerly a part of Lom
bardy, a-fterwards wasfubjedt to the king
of Sardinia, and ia 1800 was conquered
Jjy France. It lies at the foot of tlic
Alps, and contains many high mountains,
among which are rich and fruitful vaU-
lies, as populous as any part of Italy, In
the mountains are mines of feveral kinds.
and the forefts afford a great deal of game.
This country has a great trade in raw
filk, and It produces alfo corn, rice, v\ ine,
fVuits, hemp, flax and cattle. Turin "a
tbe capital. <
Pienza, a populous town of Tufcany.
in the Siennefe, wilh a bifliop's fee : 2j
mites S E Sienna, 56 S Florence.
Pierre le Mautier, St. a town of France,
department of Nievre, furrounded by
mpuntains, near.a lake, which renders the
air unwholefome . 15 milcs N W Mou
lins, and 150 S Paris.
Pigeon Ifiand, A fmall ifland : 8 miles
from the coaft of Malabar, ten. 74 6 E,
lat. 14 I N.
Pietra, St. an ifland in the Mediterra
nean, near Sardinia, taken by the French
in 1793, buf retaken foon after.
Pigr.sral, a town of Piedmont, at the
entrance of the valley of Perufa, on the
Chiufon : 15 miles S W Turin.
Pigney, a town of France, department
of Aube : la miles N £ Troyes.
Pillau, a feaporf of Pruflia, on a tongue
of land in tbe Baltic : 20 miles W bv S
Koninglberg, of which If is fhe port. It
has a good harbour, and is confidered as
the bulwark and key of the kingdpm.
The ftreets are broad, and run In a flrait
Une ; and the houfes are built jiid fui--
niflied in the Dutch tafte. \'c'l'els of
great burden are cleared, and take in
their lading here ; for the Frifch Haff
has nol afuilicient depth of vvater 10 carry
them up to Koninglberg. The fort is
nearly a regular pentagon. Tbe baf
tions

PAT

PAT

lions m.ike a grand appearance ; and all
the buildings belonging tb the foitifica-
tious are ftrong, handfome, and regular.
It has alfo a magazine for n-.ilifary flores.
Below the gate of the caftle is a ftoae
equeftrlan ftatue of Frederick William
the Great ; and- oyer the gate a watch
tower is ereaed, where a centinel ftands
upon duty day and night. There is alio
a church in tbe fort, which ferves both
for the Lutherans and Calviaifts. Over
the gate, on one fide of the entrance to
wards' the outworks, ft<inds tbe image of
Mars, ill a bold attitude, looking towards
Sweden. 'Fhe fort ia vvell planted with
cannon. I'he peninfula or tongue of
laud along vvhich the road from Pillau
to Fifcbhaufcn lies, is called the Paradife of
Pruffia, from its extreme pleafantnefs and
fertility. Near the fort is a fiae plain,
vvhere the Frifcb Haff forms a fine feml
circular bay, vvhich is frequented by
great numbers of fwans, fea mews, wild
ducks, and other water fowl. On fhe
other fide of fhis bay lies Alt-Pillau, or
Old Pillau, inhabited by fifliermen, lon.
ao 20 E, lat. 54 38 N.
Pilling Hall, and Mofs, England, be
tween Garftaag in Lancafliire, and the
fea. It Is remarkable, that In 1745, a
part of Pilling Mofs rofe to a furprifing
height, and foon after funk as much be
low its former level. If moved" flowly
tovvards the S, and in half an hour cov
ered ao acres of land. A man paffing
over it when it began to move, perceiv
ing that the groaad was in motion un
der him, turned fpeedily and efcaped be
ing fwallowed up, A family vvas driven
from their dwelling, which was furround
ed and tumbled down. The improved
land adjoining tbat part of tbe Mofs
which moved, was a concave circular
traa of neaily 100 acres. It was nearly
filled up with mofs aad water to the
depth of 15 feel.
Pitnitz, A town in Saxony, on tbe Elbe :
7 miles S E Drefden, The eteaor has a
palace bere, in which he refides during
the fummer. In the year 1791, the firft
coalition againft the French revplutioii
vvas formed In tbis place, by a fecret
convention. The articles of this coali
tion, have not yet been made public.
The treaty forgers, however, have at
tempted to palm upon the world, a pre
tended '^reaty of Pilnitz, fuch as beft fuit-
ed their purpofes.
Pilfeu, A ftrong town of Bohemia, cap
ital of a circle of the fame name ; near
tbe confluence of the Mifa and "VVatto : I

47 milcs W by S Prague, lon. 13 55 t,
lat. 49 46 N.
Pilfia, Pilfno, or Pilzoiv, a town of Lit
tle Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir,
on the Wilfake : 50 milesE Cracow.
Pilten, a tovvn of Courland, capital of
a- fertile territory of the fame name ; on
the river Windaw, between Goldingen
and Wiadaiv, loa. aa lo E, lat. 57 15 N.
Pines, Ifie of , an Ifland in the S Pacific
Ocean, off the S end of New Cal(:dimia :
i't is 14 miles wide, high aad remarkable
in the middle, being a pointed hill, floping
toward the extrcmelies, whicli are vei-y
low. The low land has many tall pine
trees upon it. It was dlfcovered by cap
tain Cook, in 1774, lou. 167 38 E, lat, Jj
38 S,
Ping-leang-fou, A city of CbiiM, one of
fhe moft confitterable in the W part of
the province of Chen-fi, It contains 3
cilies of the fecond, and 7 of the third
clafs ill its diftria, and is on the riyer
Kin-bo: 480 miles S W Pekin. ' ..
Pin-hiang-fau, A city Of China, in the
province of Cban-fi, Its diftria contains
6 cities of the fecond, and 28 of t'he third
clafs ; 240 miles S "^ Pekin,
Pinnel, a ftrong fown of Portugal, in
Tra-los-Montes, capital of a territory of
the fame name ; it is af the confluence
of the Coha, and Pinnel : 25 miles N
Guarda, Pinnenhurg, a fort and fown of Lower
Saxony, iDucby of Holftein, capital
of a county of the fame name, on the
Owe ; 15 miles N W Hamburg,
Pinfo, a towa of Lithuauia, oa a river
of the fame name It vvas formerly a
confiderable place, but has beea almoft
ruiacd by the Coffacks, ten. 26 ¦ ao E,
lat. 52 18 N,
Piomhino, a-feaport of Tufcany, capital
of a principality of the fame name. It is
feated on a bay : 40 miles S Leghorn,
and 60 S W Florence, lon. 10 a3 E, lat.
42 57 N.
Piombina, a principality of Tufcany, ly
ing on the Mediterranean, The Illand
of Elba depends upon it, and has ifs own
prince, under the proteaion of the '""S
of the two Sicilies.
Piperm, A town of Italy, in Campagna
di Roma : 50 miles S E Rome,
Piplcy, a town of Hindooftaa Proper,
ia Beagal, whidi formerly had Eaglifli
aad Dutch F.aaories. It is oa a rivcr : 15
milts W Balafore, lon. 86 31 E, lat, 21 20N,
Pique Monlvallier, the higheft mpuntain
pf the Pyrennees, in the form of a Pike,
ten, o li W, lat. 43 51 N. Pi rune,

P L A

P.O L

Pirano, A feaport of Venetian Iftria, on
a peninfula : lo miles S Capo d'Iftria.
Piritz, a town of Pomerania, in the
territory pf Stetin, near the lake Maldu:
20 milcs S E Stetin,
Pfa, an ancient aud large city pf Tuf
cany, capital of ihe.Pilano, witb a uni
verfily, an Archbifhop's fee, and 3 forts.
The river Arno ruiis through Pifa, and
over it are 3 bridges, one of whicb is con
ftruaed of marble. Grafs now grows in
the principal ftreets of this city. The
Cathedral is a magnificent ftruaure, aad
on tbe right fide of the choir is a leaning
tower, much celebrated. In the great
fquare, before St, Stephen's Church, is
a white marble ftatue of duke Cofinolhe
Great. The Grand Duke's palace, and tbe
magnificent exchange, are wprth nptice.
Pifa is ina fertile plaia, at a fmaU diftance
from the Mediterranean : 10 iniles N
Leghorn, and 42 W Florence.
Pifania, A fmall village in tbe kingdom
of "Yany, eftabliflied by Britifli fubjeas;
as a faaory for trade, inhabited by them
and their black fervants ; on the Gam
bia: i6milesaboye Jonkakonda. [Park.]
Pifano, A territory of Tufcany, on tbe
Mediterranean : 47 milcs long and 25
broad, aad oae ofthe beft countries in all
Tufcany. Pifello, the moft Northern cape of Na
tolia, whicb piojeas inlo the Black Sea,
oppofite the Crimea.
Piffour, fee Peifiori,
PIfiaia, A confiderable fown of Tufcany,
with a bifliop's fee. There are feveral
fiae churches and magnificent palaces,
liut the town is in a ftate of decay : 20
miles N W Florence
Piteaitly Wells , fome remarkable faline
fpring-i, near Perth, in -"Scotland, deemed
beneficial in fcorbutic cafes.
Pithea,A feaport of Svveden, in WBoth-
nia, on a fmall iflaud, al the mouth of the
Pilhca, in the gulf of llotlinia. It is join
ed to the contiiieat by a woodea bridge :
,80 miles S W Toraea, loa, J2 40 E,lat,
65 II N,,,
Pitienween, a feaport ia Fifefliire, Scol-
laad,,itlhe entrance of tbe frith of Forth:
23 miles N Fi Kdinburgh.
Pizza, A town of Naples, In Calabria
Ulteriore, on the gulf of St. Eufemia : 4
miles from Monle-Leone.
Placentia, a duchy of Italy, fonnerly
the Weftern iiart of the duchy of Parma,
bounded E by tbat duchy, N and W by
the Mllaaefe, S by the territory of Ge
noa. It is very fertile aad populous, and
contalas mines of iron, aad fait fprii!i;.s,
Vol. II. Q_ q q

from which is made a very white fait.
The principal rivers are tbe Trebia and
Nurra. It was divided between the
queen of Hungary and the king of Sar
dinia, by the treaty of Worms, in 1743.
Placentia, a town of Italy, capi-»
fal of a Duchy of tbe fame name, with
a bifliop's fee, a citadel, aad a celebrat
ed univerfily. Its churches, fquares,
ftreets and fountains, are beautiful ; it
contains 30,000 inhabitanls. Il was ced
ed to the king of Sardinia in 1 1743 ; and
the French took poffeffion of It in May,
1796. It is feated in a well cultivated
country, on the river Po : 32 mUes N W
Parma, and 83 E Turin,
Placentia, a town of Spain, In Eftrama
dura, with a bifliop's fee- and a caftle. It
is fcated on the Xera, in a delightful
plain, and furrounded 'by mountains :
80 miles S W Madrid.
Placentia, a town of Spain, In Guipuf
coa, on tbe Deva : 25 miles S E Bilboa,
Planiez, a fmall ifland of tbe Mediter
ranean, in the road of Marfeilles,
Piano, a fmall Ifland in the Mediterra
nean, in th,^ bay of Alicant.
Plaffey, Plains of, in Bengal, about 30
miles from Moorfliedabad, and 70 from
Calcutta This fpot is memorable for
a great viaory gained by Colonel Clive,
in 1757, over the Nabob. Surajah Dowlah,
which laid^he foundation of the prefent
extenfive Britifli Empire in Hindooftan.
Plawen, -A town of Lower 5axoiiy, in
the Duchy of Mecklenburg, fcated on a
fmall river which falls inlo the Elbe, near
a Jake of the fame name : 1 7 miles S
Griflrow, lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 '40 N.
Pltiwen, A towa of Upper Saxoay, in
Voigtiand, feated on the Elfter : 67 miles
S W Drefden, lon. 12 17 E, lat. 50 32 N.
Pleafant Ifland, In the Soulbern Ocea.i,
dlfcovered ia 1799. It is a populous, de
lightful illand : 4 mUes lpng, lal. o 20 S,
loa. 167 18 E. [Fearn.]
Pleiiurg, A town of Germany, ia Ca-
riatbia, feated oa the Fciftez, at the foot
of a mouataia : 25 miks E by S Clagen-
furc. Flefgofiee Pffof _
Flefhey, a village in Effex, England : 7
milcs N by W 'Chelmsford.
Pleffe,- a town of Silefia, wilh a caftle,
oa the Viftula : 36 mUes E Troppaw,
lon. 18 36 E, lat. 50 o N.
PoLckfno, a town of Poland, capital cf
a palatinate of the fame name, wilh a
caltle, and a bifliop's fee. It is on a hill
ne:u the Viftula : 25 miJes S £ Uladiflaw,
and 65 W Warfaw,

PLY

PO I

pioen, A town of Holftein, capital of a
principality of tbe fame name. It is on
thc-N fide of a lake : 2a miles N W Lu
bec, '
Ploermel, a town of Franfce, department
•f Morbihan : 27 miles N E Vannes,
Pludcntz, A town in the Tirol, capital
of a county of tbe fame name ; in a pleaf
ant plain, on the river 111 : 65 miles W
Infpruc. Pluviers, a town of France, department
of Eure and Loire: ao mfles »N Or
leans. Plymouth, a feaporf in IJevonfllire,
England, between the mouths of thePlym
and Tamar, and, next to Portfmoulb, is 1
the moft confiderable harbour InEngland ;
for men of war. There are, properly |
fpeaking, 3 harbours, called Catvvater, i
,Suttoii Pool, and Haraouze, Tbe firft is I
in the mouth of the Plym, and affords a
fafe and commodious harbour foi- mer
chant fliips„ but is feldom entered by
fliips of vyar. The fecond is frequerited
by merchant fliips only, is almoft fur
rounded by tbe houfes of jibe town, and
and has lately been further fecured by an
extenfive pier. The third is near the
mouth of the Tamar, and is. the harbour
for the reception of tbe Britifli navy,
being fitted with moorings for about 100
fail, and having good anchorage for a
much greater number. Adjoining to it
are docks, arfenals, and all other conve
niences for the building and fitting out of
fliips of vvai.- Thefe harbours are de
fended by a fort on Sl, Nicholas' Iflaud,
and by a citadel nearly oppofite to tbat
ifland, upon a hill which overlooks the
town, Plymouth cpntains 2 parifli church
es, fends 2 members to parliament, and
is governed by a mayor. It is well fup
plied witli frefli wafer, fhft brought here
from a place 7 miles off, by the famous
Sir Francis Drake, who was a nafiv^e of
tbis town. It carries on a confiderable
foreign aad domeftic trade : 43 miles S
W" Exeter, and 216 W by S London,
lon. 4 10 W, lat, 50 22 N.
Plymaidh Dock, a poputeus tovvn, con
tiguous to the royal docks in the harbour
ofHamouze,at Plymouth, in Devonfliire,
It has a chapel in- the dockyard, and a
church about a quarter of a aide from
the tovva,
Plympion, a borough m- Devoafliire,
England, fends 2 members to parliament:
7 miles E Plymoulh.
Plynlimmon Hill, A lofty mountain of
Wales, partly in Montgomcrylhire, and
partly ia Cardig'infhire, The Severn,

the Wye, and pther rivers, , have " tlitif
fpurce in tbis mpuntain.
Po, a celebrated river of Italy, which
has its fource at Mount Vifb, in Piedmont.
It runs through Montferrat, the Mili-
nefe, and the Maptuan ; thence on the
borders ofthe Parmefan, and a part of the
Modenefe ; and having entered the Fer
rarefe, it divides at Fichcrulolo, and falls
into the gulf of Venice by 4 principal
mouths. In its courfe it receives fcveral
rivers, and often overflows Its banks, as
moft of tbofc rivers defcend from the
Alps, and are increafed by tbe melting of
the fnow.
Pa, A river of China, in fhe province of
Kiang-fi, Pociliitgton, a fown in the E riding of
Yorkfliire, England, on a ftream that
falb Into the Derwent : 14 miles E York,
Podenfiein, A town of Franconia, In the
bifliopric of Bamberg, among forefts, near
the fource of the Putlacli : 30 miles S £
Bamberg. Podolia, A proviace in the S E part of
Poland, wrefted from that country by the
late emprefs of Ruffia, in 1793, The
Dniefter, feparates if from Moldavia ou
the S W ; aad the Bog croffes it from W
to E. It is divided into the Upper and
Lower, Kaminiccke isthe capital of the
former, and Bracklaw of tbe latter,"
Poggibonzi, A tovvn af Tufcany, famous
for its excellent tobacco. It is near the
Elfa : 16 miles S Florence.
Poggia, A town of Tufcany, near Flor
ence, famous for a handfome palace of
the great duke.
Poirino, or PoverinOy a town of Pied-
moat : 15 m.iles S E Turin.
' Poiffy, aa aacieat tov/n of Francd^ii
the Ifle of France, near tbe foreft o|»t,
Germaiue : 15 miles N W Paris. |l
Poitiers, an extcnfi-ve town of France,
capital of fhe department of Vicnntf, .Its
population is not in proportion fo its ex-
teiit ; for it includes a number of gar
dens ancl fields-: the inhabitants are efli
mated at 21,000, It has feveral Roman
antiquities, particularly a-n aiiaphitbeatre,
partlyuemolillicd ; and a Iriunipbal arch,
whicli fcrves as a gate to the great ftreet.
The environs abPund witb vipers, in fuch
numbers, that they are expprted 10 Ve
nice 10 make treacle, 'fhis lown is on a
bill, on the 'river Clain : 52 miles SW
Tours, 120 N by £ Bourdeaux,
Poitou, A late province of France,
bounded Nby Eretagae, Aaj0u,and part
of Touraia ; W by the bay of Bilcay-
It is fertile in porn and vvine, and feed*
1 a gftat

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POL

POL

a great number of cattle, -fSSlKS^arly
Jriules, It now forms the 3 departments
of Vendee,,yienne, apd tbe Two Sevres,
, Pala, an -ancient andJlrong feaport of
Italy, in tbe S part of Iftria, with a cita
del, and a bifliop's fee. Here arc the\
¦ruins of a Roman amphitheatre, ai^d a
triumphal arch. Itis at the bottom'of a
bay, aud has a fpacious harboaiv: ,80
miles S F. Venice, lat. 45 13 N: '
Polachia,A palatinate of Poland, bound
ed N by I'rullia aad Lithuania, W by
Mafovia. Bielfk is ihe capital.
Poland, A large country of Europe,
founded W by the Baltic, Brandenburg,
and Silefia ; S by Huagary, and Moldar
via ; N by Prullia, Courland, Livoaia,
and Ruffia ; E by Ruffia, aad the fcrri-,
tories wrefted by that power from the
Turks. It is divided iatp (Sreal Pqland,
Little Ppland,and Lithuania ; each again
fubdivided intp palatinates, pr prpvlnces.
'llie gpvernment was moaarcbical and
i»riftocrafical ; all the aas of ftate being
i^ the name of the king aadirepublic ¦
of Poland. The king was fhe ojily elec
tive Jbvereigri ia Europe^; bein^ chofca,'
^y a"gt;neral diet fummoned by tlie arch-|
l^ifhop pf Gnef"aa, as chief of' the.rcpublicj
•^uriiig the inttrregiiujh, - This circum
ftance proved the fourice of great calam
ities : for, on the den^ife of everyfove-
reigu, the country vvas generally involved,
lb a war, betweea cofitending faaloasi
refpcaive-ly fupported by foreiga pow
ers. In 1772, a partition of this coun
try, projeaed by the king of Pruffia, was
efifeaed by fhat moaarch, in coajunaior.
vvith the emprefs of Ruflia, and the em
peror of Germany, By this . partition,
one third of tbe couatry w.is wrefted
fxim the republic, the diet beiag- coiii-
elled by a fpreiga force, to make aad 10
ratify this Importaat ¦, ceffioo. Far the
tirt ceded to the emperor, fee G.ilicia.
he part allotted to Ruffia, comprifes
tolifli Livonia, that' part of tbe pallati-
iiate of Polotfk which lies to the E of
tlieDwina; the palalinate.iof ViteprK,and
MIciflaw ; and two finall porlioii.s tn the
bl E and'S E of the palatinate of Miaflc.
I^'his traa of land QPolifli Livonia tx-
c'epttd) is fituated ill White Rulha, and
jjicludes at Icift oae third of Lithiiaiiia.
Hve' P,'/nif, and yUbHef. "I'be king of
Pruffia took ptilTcftloa of" all the wclteni
tjarls of l'onicraiii:i, bounded S by the
river Netze or Nottee, with the vvhole of
polifli or Weftern Pr,uffia, the cities, of,
Pariltsic jmd Thorn, cxceptfd. Of tbefc
couacrics,.tbe RiiClau part is the largeft,

"the Auftrian the moft populp(iB, and the
Pruffian the mpft con^ercial. The pop
ulation of the vv^iolefamoimts fo near
5,ooo,ooo''of fouls ; fhe firft containing
i,6bo,ooo, the fecond 2,500,00c, and the
third 860,000. The 3 partitioning pow
ers, moreover, forcibly tffeaed a great
change In the conftitution, vBy this all
foreign candidates for tbe tbVjjae of Po
land were excluded; none co'iild be chofen
i king of Poland, and great duke of Li-
' tliuania, in future but a native Pole ; the
1 fon, or grandfon of a king, could not be
i eleaed immediately upon the death of
I bis father, or grandfather, nor be eligible
, till after an interval of two reigns ; aad
a permanent council was eftabliflied, in
which the executive power was 'vefted. By
this change, all foreign" princes, who
might be likely to give weight 10 Poland,
j by their hereditary dpmiaioas, were reii-
I dered lacapable of fiUIng the tlirpne ; cv-
, cry prpfpea pf an hereditary fovereignty
jiwas E^mo-Vcd; thi extirbitbrif privileges of
I the equeftrlan prder were confirmed iri
thcirutmoftlailfude ; andtheprerpgatlves,
of the crpvvn,I)ofore tqo, greatly reduced
were'ftiU further dimiaifliecU In 1791,
however, the, king an'd ihe n,ition, ia con-
Ciiyeaije, almoft- una^lialq^lly, and vvilli-
6ut anV, loreidii intei-vention, eftabliflied
-aaother fonftiiut'oa. f!y this' the evils cf
¦iri elcaivie monarchy were avoided, the
throne heing declared hereditary ia the
houfe of Saxony. ( "fhe rights aad privi-
le,(Tcsof allqrdcTsin the republic (the kin,g,
the nobles, the citizens, and the peafants)
were alike equitably confulted. In a
word, it was nof, on the oae hand, the
haughty defpot diaating a conftitu
tion 10 bis people ; nor, on the other, a
proud ariftofracy, or a mad dlniocracy,
tbat wrp ft-.-d from thtir fovei'eign bis juft
prerog;itives ; but it vv:is the univerfal
wifli i*f the iialloa, tbe fentiment that in
fpired vvhich, vvas univerfal happiacfs.
A few of the noliiUty, however, difcon-
tcnled at the gcnerpus facrifice pf fome
of their privileges, repaired to tbe court
of Ruflia ; and their reprefentations con
curring vvith the__aml)itious views of the
emprefs, .flie fent an army into Poland,
under pretext of beiag guarantee of fhe
coji<Hliitinn-()f 1772. Her interference
vvas loo powerful to be refifted ; and ihi-i
nevv conrtitulioii was overtlirowa. But
the priacipal objea for which the Ruf
fian army entered 'Poland, vvas not vet
attained Tbe emprefs had planned, in
conjunaion.. vvitb| the .king of Pruflia, a
fecoosi^ paUiti9^ of jhis couatry, which took

fot

POM

took i^ace in 1793. By this, the emprefs
obtained nfearly the remaining part of
Lithuania, with tbe palatinates of Podo
lia, Kiof, and Bratzlaw ; and the king of
Prufliia obtained tbe provinces of Pofen,
Gnefen, Kalifli, Siradii, Wielun, Lent f-
cliitz, Cujavia, Doorzyri, Rawa, part of
Plotflc, &e, with the city and nionaftery,
of C^entftokpw (the LprettP pf Ppland)
and its rich, treafures, and the cities, df
DSntzic and 'Fhorn. Such multiplied
oppreifidns, at laft rbufed the fpirit of
tbe nation. General Kofciufko appear
ed, in 1794; at the head of a Polifli aimy,
to affert the independency of his coun
ti'y, and to recover fhe provinces wreft
ed from it. He was fuccefsful, at firft,
sgainft fhe king of Pruffia ; but was dci-
-feated, and taken prifoner in tbe fequel,
by the Ruflians, who foon after took the
•capital, Warfaw- The king formally re-
-flgnedhis crown aj Grodno, in 1795, was
a kind of ftateprifoner,tUl his death ; and
all Ppland has fince been in poffeffion of
a foreign force. By the conftitutioa of
1772, the Roman Catholic religion was
eftabliflied ; but although fhe.diflidents
continued excluded from tbe diet, fhe
fenate and the permanent council, they
enjoy the free exercife of their religioa ;
were permitted to have churches without
iiiells, aad fchools and feminaries pf their
own. The air of Poland is generaUy
eold ; but the foil is fo fertile in corn,
in many places, fhat it fupplies Sweden
.and Holland vyith i^rge quantities, and
it has extenfive paftures. Here is much
leather, fur, hemp, flax, faltpetre, honey,
and wax ; and there are mines of fait, of
a great depth, out of which is dug rock
fait. The principal rivers are the Dnie
per, Viftula, Bug, Niemen, Dniefter, and
Bog. Warfaw is tbe capitaU
Poleron, fee Paoloroan.
- Polefia, the" palatinate of Brzcfcia, in
Lithuania, is fo called.
Polefwo-di-Roviga, A province in fhe re
pubUc of Venice, bounded N by tbe Pa-
.iluan, S by tbe Ferrarefe, E by tbe Doga- .
do, W by the Veronefe, , It is fertile ia
ciirn and paftures, Rovigo is tbe capital.
Pol, St. A fpwn pf Fraace, departmeat
of the Straits pf Calais, aoted for its mia-
eral wafers, aad is 16 m'ies N W Arras.
Policane/ro, an ifland ill the archipelago,
oae of the Cyclades, 20 miles ia circum- ,
ference. Here arc a few villages, a caftle,
and a harbour ; but if confifts, in gen
eral, of barren rocks and mountains. It
lies between Mite and Paros, ten. 25 31
i", lat, 36 3a N.

Polieafro, A decayed town pf Naples,
with a bifliop's fee, on a gulf of tbe fame
name : 68 miles S E Naples.
Palignana, A populous town of Naples,
in Terra d! Bari, on a craggy roek, near
the fea : 16 miles £ Bari.
Poligni, a town of France, department
of Jura : 3 a miles S W Befanjbn.
Palina, an ancient town Of Albania,
with a Greek archbifliop's fee, formerly
a confiderable place, buf now' almoft in
ruins : 12 niiles S Durazzo, lat. 41 42 N.
Polito, or Polizzi, A town of Sicily, at
the foot Of tbe mountain MadOnia : 30
miles S E Palermo.
Pollackffaws, a confiderable manufac
turing fown in Renfrewfliire, Scotland:
5 miles E Paifley,
Polatff, A government of the Ruffian
empire, fprmed of' part of a palatinate
of Lithuania, difmembtred from Poland
bythe treaty of pattlrfon, in 1772. Il^
prpd'uas are chiefly! grain, bemp, flax,
and pafture ; and the fprefts furnifb
abundance pf mafts, planks, oak fprfliip-
dullciing, pitch, tar, &c, which are chiefly
fent down the Dwina to Riga-.
Palotff, A. ftrpng tpwn of Ruffia, capital
of a government of the fame name, on
the Dwina, at the mouth of the fmall
river Polota : 50 miles S W Vitepflc, lon,
27 5:0 E, lal. 55 43 N.
P/ilten, St- a town of Lower Auftria : 8
miles from Vienne.
Pomegue, an ifland in the Mediterra
nean, near Marfeilles,
pomerania, a duchyof Upper 'Saxony;
bounded N.by the Baltic, E by Weftern
Pruflia and Polaad, It is watered by the
Oder, Tbe air is cold, but the foil is fer,
file, abouading in paftures, -and corn, gf
which a great deal Is exported. It is''a
flat country, containing many lakes,
woods, and forefts, arid has feveral good
harbours, particularly Stetin and Stral
fund, If Is divided iato Hither and Fur
ther Pomerania, The latter and part ot
Hither Pomerania, belong to fhe king of
Pruffia ; the remainder to the king of
Sweden, Stetin is fhe capital of the
Pruffian part, and Slrailfund of the Swedifli.
Pomerellia, a diftria pf Polifli or Wef
tern Pruffia, forcibly feized by the king
of Pruffia. Daatzic is the capital.
Pomefania, a large county of V.^eftern
Pruffia, whicb extcafls from £ fo W~ froni
the Paft'erge as far as tbe Viftula, betweea
E and W Pruflia. It is full qf lakes an4
moraffes. Pomona, tbe principal of tbe Orkney
Iflands. See Mainland. Pondefturia,

PON

PON

Pandefiuria, A tpvvn pf Italy, in Mont
ferrat, oil the S fide pf the Pp : 33 milcs
E Turin. Pondicherit), a town of Hindppftan, on
the coaft of Coromandel- It was firft fet
tled by tbe French, in 1^674. Previoufly.
to tbe war of 1756, It vvas, perh.ips, the
Jiaeft city iri India, having 120,000 in
habitants- It extended alorig the feacoaft
above a'mile, ^ndwas three quarters of a
mile in breadth- If vvas well built, and,
befide many public buildings, had a cita
del, then the beft of its kind In India.
Tbis city was taken by The Englifli in
1761, and immediately razed, in retalia
tion of M, Daily's condua toward Fort St.
David, in 1758. It was reftored in 1763 ;
taken by the EngUfli in 1778, reftored ia
1783; and again taken by tbe Englifh in
1793, and reiflore,d"i8oa. It is 100 miles
' S Madras, lon .80 o E, lat. u 56 N.
Pondico, A imaW uninhabited iflaad of
tbe Archipelago, in the gulf of Zeiton,
near the coaft of Ne^ropoal.
Panferradtt, A town of Spain, in Leon :
40 miles S W Leon,
Pong-hou, iflands In the Chinefe Sea,
They lie E of the cpaft of Fo-k'en, and
form an archipelago between tbe part of
Emouy and the ifland of Formofa. Tbey
are only fand banks or rocks : there' Is
but one folltary tree, and not a flirub is
10 be feen upon tbem. 'Fhe harbour in
the principal ifland is good, and flielter
ed from every wind. A Chinefe garri
fon is kept here, witb oae of the maada-
rias called literati, whofe chief employ
ment Is to watch tbe trading veffels to
and from Clilaa aad Formofa, lon, lai
;15 E, lat. 23 30 N. .
Pufs, A fown o£ France, department of
Lower Charente ; fampus in thb time pf
the Huguenots. If has a mineral fpring;
on a bill, aear tbe river Scvlgne : 10
miles S Saintes,
Pons, St. a town of France, depart
ment of Herault. It is in a valley, fur
rounded by mountains, in which are fine
marble quarries : 24 miles N Narbonne,
Pontafella, fee Pantefa.
Pont-a-Mouffon, A confiderable town of
France, department of Meurthe, with a
univerfity. There were lately feveral
religious houfes, arid the prenipnftrantes
had a magnificent church here It is pn
the Mofelle, which divides it into two
parts : 2 miles N W Nanci.
Pont-Arller, ap ancient town of France,
df-partmcnt of Jura, on the Doubs, near
Mc'Unl Jura. It is a commodious paf-
fcge IqtQ Swifferland, and is defended '

by a ftrong caftle, lon. 6 26 E, lat- 46
55 N.
Pont Aud,Lmer, A town of France, de
partment of Eure, on tbe Rille : 13 mfles
E Honfieur, and 85 N W Paris.
Pont-de-Ce, A tovvn of France, depart
ment of iMaine arul Loire, oa the Loire ;
3 miles from Angers, aad 178 S W Pari?.
Pani-de-l' Arche, a town of France, de
partment of Eure, witb a caflle, on the
Seine, o'^er wbich is a bridge : 5 miles iJ
Louviers, and 6a N W Paris.
Pont-de-vaux, a town of Fraace, de
partment of Ain, 011 the Refl'ouffe : S
miles S Macon.
Pont-de-Vrfie, A towa of Fraace depart
meat of Ain. It has a manufaaure of
stuffs called Auguftiaes, apd alfo of tapef
try for the coveriag of arm. chairs, and
fofas : 12 miles W Bourg.
Pont-ile-Lima, a town pf Portugal, in
Entre-Douero-e-Minbo,wilh a palace, Pn
the Lima, over which is a magnificent
bridge : 13 mfles N W Braga, and 190
N Lifbon.
Pont-du-Gard, fee Gard. '
Pantefa, or Pontafella, A town of Ger
many, in Carinthia, on tbe Fella, over
which is a bridge that leads, lo the beft
paffage over the Alps : ao miles N W
Friuli, lon. 13 oE, laf. 46 25 N.
^PontefraS, a borough in the W riding
of Yorkfliire, Englaad. It is fituated in"
a very rich foil, and noted for its large
plantations ofUquorice. Its caftle, aow
in ruias, has beea tbe fcene of various
tragical events in tbe Englifli hiftory ;
particularly, tbe murder of the unfortu
nate Rich.ard II. It is governed by a may
or, fends 2 niembers to parliament : aa
miles S W York, and 1 75 N N W London,
Ponle-Stura, A tpwn ill Montferrat, --t
fhe cbnfluencc of tbe Stuia and Po : 3
miles S W Cafal,
Ponte- Vedra, a town of Spain, in Ga
licia, oil the Leris, aac^ famous for its
fifhery of pilchards : lo milcs E Porto
Nova. Poiit-Cibaut, A town of Franpe, depart
ment of Puy cle Dome. Near this place
is the village of Rore, witb a filver mine,
and a vinous fountain of mineral water :
10 miles W N W Clermont.
Pantiv-4, A tovva of Fraace, department
of Morbihan, on the river Blavet. It
vvas thefirft town, afler the revolution
of 1789, that fet tbe example of nacioaal
confedtfritions. Per.!-!' Eve -ue, A lovva of France, depart
ment of Calvados : 10 milcs N W Li
fieux, Tc:-e:je,

POO

POP

Fmtoifs, a town of France, department
-of Seine and Oife, It is on an eminence,
-on tbe Oife aad Vienne, witb a bridge
over tbe former, whence if takes ils
name. In 1435, the Englifh took it by a
fingular ftratagem , tbe ground being
covered with faovv, the affiilants drefl'"ed
themfelves ia white, with ladders paint
ed white, and fealed tl'ie walls bef'ore the
centiaels perceived their approach. The
parUament of P-iris vvas transferred to
this place in 1652, 1720, and 1753 : 43
miles S E Rouen, and 27 N W Paris.
Pont-Orfon, a town of France, depart
ment of the Channels ao miles iE St
Mate. Font-Rer^ioH, a tpwq of Tufcany, witb a
flrong caftle, at the foot of tbe Appen
nines : 40 miles E Genoa, and 66 N W
Florence. Font St. Efirit, A town of France, de
partmeat of Gard. It is on tbe Rhone,
over which is one of the fiaeft bridges ia
Kurppe, cpnfiftiagof 19 great and 4 fmall
arches. To facilitate tbe paffage of tbe
water in time of floods, apertares are
made through each pier, 6 feet above tbe
tommon level of the river ; and to ftem
the extreme rapidity of the Rhone, tbe
lu'Idge is not built in a right Une, but in
the form of acurve. This pafl'age is de
fended' bv a citadel, wilbiii which is the
chiircli of tbe Holy Spirit, projeaing ia
to the river. As the bridge is fo flight,
the goods are coav-eyed over in fledges,
by vvay of precaution; 17 miles S Vi-
viers, and 55 N E Montpetller.
Pont St. Maixenee, a tovvn of France,
dlepartmcnt of Seine and Oife, ou tbe
Oife : 5 miles N Senlis.
Pont fur-Seine, A lovva of France, de
partment of Aube, wilh a caftle, on the
Seine : 17 miles N W Troyes, and 55 S
E Paris.
Pont-fur-Yonne, A town of France, de
partment of Yonne, on tbe Yonne : 8
iniles N W Seas.
Pontyfool, A town ia Moamoutlifliirc,
England. It is between '2 hills, on the
river Avon, whicb turns fevcr.-il mills for
the working of iron plates that are ufed
i-i a manufaaure of japanned ware, novv
or, the decline : 15 miles S W Mon
mouth, and 146 W by N Londoa,
Panl-y-Pri:ld, fee Taafe.
Ponzrt, or Pontia, A fmall ifland in the
iTiIedlterranean to whicb many illuftrious
iRomaas vvere formerly baniflied, loa, 13
10 E, lal, 40 53 N.
Poole, a borough and feaport in Dor
fetfliire, E-ng'and, on a nlafula -pro

jeaing into a capacious bay, br-incKng
iato maay creeks, and forming feveral
Iflands. The harbour admits veffels of
moderate fize only ; but for them if is
very fecure. Poole rofe into fome con
fequence fevera! centuries ago, when the
ancient fown of Wareham fell into de
cay ; and its t rade and population are
rapidly iacreafia^. There are belono'ini'
to this porf 233 I'aU pf fliipping, burthen
21,301 foas, a,id employing about 1500
men ; about 14O fliips are employed in
the foreign trade, and tbe remainder in
coafting and fifliing: The principal
branch of bufinefs here Is tbe Newfound
land fifliery. It has alfo a large importa
tion of deals from Nprway, a general cpm
merce with America and various parts of
Eurppe, and a fine cpalbng trade, par
ticularly in cpi-B and coa|. Near the
mouth of the harbour Is an oyfter bank,
from which vaft tjuantifies are carried,
f o be fattened ia the creeks ot Efl"ex and
tbe Thames, Poole is a county of itfelf,
governed by a mayor, and fends 2 mem
bers to parliament : 40 miles W S W
Winchefter, and 105 W l^ S London,
lon. 2 o W, lat, 50 42 N, -
Pooliiroon, or Folemn, one of the Banda
Iflands, from which the Dutch expelled
the Englifli, nol for any advantage it af
forded, il being a barren fpot, but to fe
cure file monoply of tbe fpice trade, by
preventing the Engliih from having any
fettlement in thefe parts : 100 milcs S £
Amboyna, ten, 130 o E, lat. 4 ao S.
Poolowoy, ane of the Banda Iflands, on
which the Dutch have a regular penta
gon, called Fort Revenge. Here nutmegs
aad the moft delicious fruits were once
abundant. Poonah, a town of the Deccan of Hln
dopftan, in Vifiappur ; capital of the Wef
tern Mahratta empire ; it is riot large,
aad is defencelefs : 100 miles S E Bom
bay. Pooraander, A fortrefs of the Deccah.of
Hindpoftan, in Vifiapour, on a mouatain :
18 miles iE S E Poonah It is tbe place
of refuge for that capital in cafe of an
invafion ; arid here the archives- of gov
ernment are kept. *
Pope, Dominions of the, or the F.edeftafi'-
cal State, in Italy ; bounded N by the
lerrilaries of Venice, E by the gulf of
Venice, ,S 'A by tbe kiagdohi of Naples, S
by the Mediterranean, W by Tufcany
aad Modeaa. It extends from S to N,
240 miles, and from S W to N E, in fome
parts 120; but in others fcarce 20 miles.
It is divided into the following provinces, the

FOP

PO R.

the Campagna di Rpma, tbe Patrimony
of St Peter, Sppleto, Ancoaa, Urbiao,
Romagna, tbe Bolognefe, aad the Ferra
refe. The papal government appears to
be ill calculated to promote the happi
nefs of the inhabilants ; for all thefe prov-
iaces (the Bolognefe excepted) are badly
cultivated and thialy i-nhabitcd. "I'rade
and maaufaaures are but liltle encour
aged ; aad were It not for dates, figs, al
monds, oll-ves, aad other . fruits, whicb
grow fpoatancoufly, tbe indolence of tbe
inhabitants is fuch, tbat they would be
ftarved, 'fhis indolence is not wpader-
ul, fiace they kaow, that the more they
acquire, l;he more will lie demanded of
them. The numerous holidays arc great
i mpedimeals to the exertioiis of iiidufti-y ;
and the amnber of young fturdy beggars,
-who ftroll about as pilgrims, laftcad of
uicreaiiag the conimoo ftock by their ia-
duftry, lie as a dead weight on their fel
low fubjeas. Various other caufes might
be me'nlioned ; as the multitude of hof
pitals and cpnvents ; the inconceivable
wealth which lies ufelefs in thefe convents
and in the churches ; the inquifition, and
the rigour of the papal government.
Hence if is, that in no part of Europe
are to be found people more wretched
Khan the pope's temporal fubjeas. Tbe
pope, according to the ancient canon
law, is the f'uptcme, univerfal, and inde
pendent head of the church, and inveftcd
wilh fovereignty over all Cbriftia>n fove-
reigas, coininunities, and individuals. His
arrogant preteafions are well known.
Happily, the Reformation, begun by Lu
ther, difpcUcd tbe detufion in many parts
of Europe ; and the progrefs of learning,
and the fpirit of free inquiry, has enlight
ened many even of the Roinaa catholic
couatries, where tbe papal political fyf-
tem is treated with contempt, I'he pope
has tbe title of Holy Father and iHoli-
n.-fs ; and be Is eleaed, at every vacancy,
from among the cardinals, each of whom
is ftyled His Eminence. 'Fheir number
vvas fixed by Sixlus V, al 70, in allufioii
to tbe nuniber of the difclples wbo were
fent out by Chrift to leach the world ;
aii alluficii, without any fiagular propri
ety, as no two clafl'es of people could be
more unlike. But this number has fcl-
dcm been complete. Every nation of tbe
Roman calbolic religion has a cat dinal
for its proteaor. Befide the Ecclefiafti
cal Slate, the pope was poffefl'ed of the
duchy of Beaeverito, in the kingdom of
Naples ; and, before the late revolution
in France, he had the territories cf Avig

non and Venaiflbn In that country. The
annual revenue of tbe pope was comput
ed to be 8,700,000 fcudi, or upward oif
2,oocf,pool, fterling. His military fprce
was iacpnfiderable : bis body guard was
40 Swifs, 75 cuiraflicrs, and 75 liglit
bnrfe. His naval force confifted of m
few gallics, ftationed at Civita Vecchia.
Such vvas ihe ftate of this countrv, and-oS"
the pope, before the French revolution-
"Ibis event has materially aft'eacd fbr ,
power, territories and revenues of his-
HoUnefs, In 1797, and 1798, the'French
army, under Gen, Bonaparte, entered
Italy, took the papal provinces of Bolog
nefe, Farrarefe and Romagna, and annex
ed tlicm to- the newly formed Cifalpine
republic. The aged pope v.-as taken pri
foner, and died, and the vvhole ccr.ntry
fubjugaled loFraHce,ar,d vvas divided irtto-
departmcnts, &c- In 1799, the Auftro-
KufUari army, under m.arflial Suwarrow,
reconquered this country, and reftored
tbe ancient gevcrnment and order ; and,
ia 1800, a new pope was eleaed ; but
from fome lat,-: meafures adopti?d to rc-
eftablifli the Catholic religioa ia France,
it appears that his power is fubordi-natc
to that of the Firft Conful of France.
Rpme is the capital,
Poperingiie/i, a town of Auftrian Flan
ders, on a rivcr of the fame name : <>
miles W Ypres,
Popo, a kingdom on the Shvc Coaft of
Guinea, The inhabitants have fcarcclv
any houfes to dwell In, befide the king"*
village, which is Iu an ifland in tbe midft
of a river. Their chief trade is in flaves,
Poppa, a clufter of iflands in tbe Pacific
Ocean, They aie well peopled, aad fur-
aifh cocoanuts, fall, dried lifli, and ^oats,
lon, iz6 E, lat, i 17 S, [Forrtft,]
Porca, a town of Hindpoftan, in Tra
vancore, takea from the Dutch bv tbe
Englifli ia 1795 : i,;o mUes S Cdicut,
loa, 74 35 E, lat, 8 II N.
Porcbcfer,a village ill Hampfliire, Enj-
land, at the upper end of the harbour of
Ppitfmputh, between Farehamand Port-
fea Ifland. Il bvs an ancient caftle, whicli
has ferved, of lale yeai-j, for tbe recep
tion of prifoners of war.
Porentru, a town of SvvifTcrland, capital
of the dominions of the bifliop of Eafle
(by tbe proieftants called prince of !"'>-
renlru) and the principal place of his
refidence- It is neai Mount Jura; 22
miles S Bafle-
Porloek, a town in Sorrcr.''ct;bire, Eng
land, on tbe Briftol Channel : 14 mfles M
by "W Dnlvcrtcn, acd 167 V/ London- Pas%

T O ^

POR

Fort-Aetbway, Anglefea, the moft gen
eral ferry into the ifland, where Is annu
ally a paffage of from I2 to 15,000 cattle,
befide •multitudes of flieep and hogs.
On tbe ifland are, it is computed, 30,000
citfle. In 1770, upwards of 90,000 bufli
els of corn were exported from this fer
ry. [Walker.]
Poi-t Jackfon, alarge bayon the cpaft of
New S Wales, 3 leagues and a half N
of Cape Banks. Tbe capes that form its
entrance are high, rugged, and perpen-
'diciilar cUffs. On proceeding within, ia
1788, governor Phillip dlfcovered a lafge
branch extending to the S, and found
himfelf perfeaiy landlocked, vvith agood
depth of water ; and finding alfo, tbat
the couatry was greatly fuperior to tbat
round Botany Bay, he determiacd to fix
tbe colooy of coavias here, which had
been originaUy intended for Botany Bay.
'I'he name of Port Jackfon had been gi,ven
to it by captain Cook, as he obferved if
in faiUiig along the coaft, lon. 151 28 E,
lat. 33 50 S,
¦ Port "Louis, a ftrong town of France,
department of Morbihan, witb a citadel,
and a good harbour. It is a ftation for
part of tbe French navy, and tbe E India
Company's fhlps ; and is feated at tbe
mouth of the Blanef : 27 miles W Van
nes, lon. 3 18 W, lat, 47 40 N,
Port Louis, A town and harbour of the
Ifle ot France, in fhe Indian Ocean, ftrong
ly fortified, ten. 57 28 E, lat. 20 9 S-
Port Mahon, an excellent harbour in
the Ifland of Minorca, defended by one
of fhe ftrUHgeft citadels in Europe, Near
it is tbe liltle trading town of Mahon,
lon, 3 48 £, laf, 39 50 N, fee Phillip's
Fart, St.
Port Patrick, a feaporf in Wigtonfliire,
Scotland, confined by the fea on one fide,
and on the other by overhanging rocks
and hills. It is noted for its ferry to
Donaghadee in Ireland, from which it is
only 20 miles diftant : and 3 packet boat
fails from hence for fhat place, every
day. The harbour is good ; and has one
of tbe fineft quays in Great Britaia, with
a reflcaing lighthoufe- It has iooo ia
habitants : 107 miles S W Edinburgh,
and 487 N W Lpndon.
Port St. Mary, a feaport of Spain, in
Andalufia : 10 miles N iE Cadiz.
Port Sandwich, a harbour In the Ifland
of Mallicolo, in the S Pacific Ocean, lon.
167 53E, lat. 1625 s:
Port Vendre, a feaport of France, de
partment ol the Eaftern Pyrenees, taken
bythe Spaniards in 1793, but retaken

tbe next year-: 25 miles S by E Perpig-
aaa. Portalegre, a ftrong town of Portugal,
in Alentejo, with a bifliop's fee ; feated
at the fool of a high mountain, in a pleaf
ant country : 30 miles N W Elvas, and
90 N E Lifbon.
Portendici, a fown of Africa, ia tbe
country of Zangaba, inhabited by Moors,
whofe chief trade is fifliing, and gather
ing gum in the neighbouring woods : it
is fituated op a bay, on the' eoaft of the
Atlantic. '
Portici, A tillage, 4 miles E S £ of the
cily of Naples, on ijie fea fidi:, near
mount VefuVjus- Here is a palace of
the king of Naples, enriched with a vaft
number of fine ftatues, and other remains
of antiquity, taken out of the ruins of
Herculaneum. , "
Portland, a peninfula in Dorfetfliire,
furrounded by inacceflible rocks, except
af tbe landing place, where there is Port
land Caftle. It Ues on the S W fide of
Weymouth Bay ; and is chiefly noted
for its ftone, which is ufed in London
for building the fineft ftruaures. Ils S
extremity, called Portland Point, is in-
lon, 2 29 W, lat, 50 29 N, See Dorfetfiire.
Portland Ifiands, a clufter of iflands in-
the S Pacific Ocean. They are low, andi
covered wifh wood ; and the center one
is in lon, 149 8 E, laf, a 38 S,
Porta Farina, A feaporj; of the kingdoin
of Tunis, W of tbe ruins of Carthage,
and 30 miles N Tunis, lon. 10 16 E, lat.
37 la N..
Porto Ferraja, A town of Italy, in the
ifle of Elba, witli a good citadel. It Is on
a long high; fteep point of land, W of the
bay of tbe fame name, vvhich has 2 forts.
In July, I796,.the EngUfli threw a ftrong
garrifon into it, when the French had en
tered Leghoca : 40 miles N W Orbitello,
aad 60 S by E Leghorn, lon. 10 25 E.lat.
42 38 N.
Porto Galleta, a feaporf of Spain, in fhe
bay of Bifcay, on a fmall river : 8 miles
N Bilboa.
Porto Gruaro, a town in Venetian Fri
uli, with a bifliop's fee, on the Lema :
15 miles W Marano.
Porto Longone, A town of Italy, on tbe
E end of the Ifle of Elba, with a gooii
harbour, and a fortrefs upon a rock; al
moft inacceffible. It belongs to the
priuce of Ploinbino : 8 miles S W Piom
hino. Porto Novx, A feaport of Spain, in Ga
licia, near the mouth of tbe Leris : 54
milea W Oriiifc, lat, 4a 19 N. ^
PoitiL.

POR

POR

, Portt Pedro, A feaport in the ifland of
Majorca,, lon, a 41 E, lat. 39 37 N.
Porto Praya, A town and bay of Sf.
Jago, one of the Cape de Verd Iflands,
lon. 23 a9 "W, lat. 14 53 N.
Porto Santo, ari ifland of fhe Atlantic,
the leaft of the Madeiras, 15 miles in cir
cumference. It produces little corn ; buf
there are oxen and wild hogs, and a vaft
number of rabbits. There are trees which
produce the gum, called dragon's blood ;
and there is likewife a little hioney and
wax. It has no harbour, buf good an
chorage in the road, loa. 16 25 "W", lat. 3 a
58 N.
Porta Vecchia, A feaport of Corfica, on
k. bay on the E coaft of the ifland : 40
mites N Sardinia.
Porta Venerea, A feaport Ori the coaft of
Genoa, al the entrance of the gulf of
Spezzia, It has a good harbour, and is
on tbe fide of a hill, at the top of which
is a fort : 45 miles S E Genoa,
Portree, A town rin the Ifle of Skye,
oae of the Weftern Iflands of Scotland,
The iahalillanls trade chiefly in black
cattle, fmall horfes, and kelp.
Partfea, ail ifland between Chichefter
Bay, aad fhe harbour of Portfmouth, io
iTlampfhii'e, England. It is a low traa of
coafiderable exteat, feparated from tbe
mala larid by a e'reck, over which is a
bridge. At the S W extreniity of if is the
town of Portfmouth.
Porifmouib, a feaport and borough in
Hampfliire, England. It is the ihoft con
fiderable haven for men of war, and the
moft ftrongly fortified place In England.
Its capacious harbour is made by a bay
tunning up betweea the iflaad of Portfea,
oa which the tovvn ftands, on the oppo
fite peninfula, having a narrow entrance,
commanded by the town and forts. Ma
ny of fhe largeft fliips arc alvvays laid
up here ; and, in time of war, it is tbe
principal rendezvous pf fhe grand chan
nel fleet. The docks, arfenals, ftore-
houfes, barracks, &e. are all of capital
magaiiude, aad kept ia the moft perfea
order. The town" Is eatirely fupported
by the refort of the army and navy ; and
oppiilite lo if is the noted road of Spit-
head, where the men of war anchor vvhen
prepared for aaual fervice. On the 3d
of July, 1760, a dreadful fire broke out
at 12 o'clock in tbe morning, in the dock
yard, and raged wilh great fury. It
rained very hard all that night, and it is
thought the ftores caught fire by the lighl-
nia;;. Ia tbe vvare houfes that were con
fumed were depofited 1050 tons hemp,
Vol.. II. R r r

500 tons of cprdage, and abnut 700 fail*,
befides many hundred batt-els of tar arid
oil. But a ftill more dregful conflagra
tion happened in this dockyard on tbe
27tb day of July, 1770 : it was firft dif-
covered by the centinels on duty, about
5 o'clock In tbe morning, when the drums
beat to arms ; and, In a few minutes af
ter, the dockyard was all in a flame. The
houfe where the pitch and lar were lodg
ed was foon confumed, and in a few min
utes, it broke out in 4 different parts, and
burnt with fuch violence, tbat if threat
ened the whole place. Tbe inhabitants
were filled wilh the greateft confterna-
tipn ; but, by tbe wind {hifting,.and tbe
afliiftance pf tbe marines, ils progrefs wa»
ftppped before 7 in the evening. The
rppehpufe was again deftrpyed, Decem
ber 7, 1776, wheu tbe damage vvas efti
mated at 6o,oool, For tbis aa, an in
cendiary, called John the Paiater, was
fouad guilty, aad executed. At the lat
ter end of Auguft, 1782, a man of war
of 100 guns, called the Royal George,
was unfortunately funk In this harbour.
Pprffmputb is gpverned by a mayor, and
fends two members to parUament. It
has one church, and two chapels ; one in
the garrifon, and one in a part of the
town, called the Common, for the ufe of
the dock- It is 20 miles SSE Winchef
ter, and 72 S W London, lon. i i W, lat.
50 49 N, [England delineated.]
Portfoy, A feaport in Banffshire, Scot
land : 6 miles E Cullen. It has manu
faaures of fnuff and fewing thread.
Portugal, tbe moft weflera country of
Europe, 310 miles in lenglh, and 150 in
breadth : bounded W and S by the At
lantic, and £ and N by Spaia. It is di
vided into 6 provinces, Eftramadura, Bei
ra, Entre-Minho-e-Douero, Tra-los-Mon
tes, Alentejo, and Algarva. Though Spain
aad Portugal are In the fame climate, the
air of tbe latter is more temperate tban
tbat of tbe former, oa account of the
neigbhourbood of the fea. Corn is not
plentiful, becaufe tbe inhabitants do not
attend much to hufbandry ; and they im
port Indian corn from Africa, which is
ufed by ihe peafants inftead of wheat.
Portugal has many barren mountains,
and ycl there are plenty of olives, vines,
oranges, lemons, nuts, almonds, figs, and
raifins ; and it is famous for excellent
wines. Much fait Is made alfo from the
feawater, efpecially in tbe bsy of St. T'bes,
whence much is exported. The foreign
trade cpnfifts either of the exportation of
the produce of the country or ia the
merchandife-

P 0 s

P R A

ftierehandife vyKich is received frbm its
foreign fettlemients ; fuch as fugar, tobac
co, rum, cotton, indigo, hides, Brafil, and
other woods for dying, and many excel
lent drugs. Befides thefe, it has gold,
filver, diamonds, and other precious
Hones from America. The horfes of
Pprtugal were formeriy in great efteem,
but now mules are preferred ; and the
horned eattlc are fmall and lean. To
ward the frontiers of Spain, there are
inounfains in which was formerly got
gold and filver ; and the river Tajo, the
Tagus of the ancients, was celebrated by
their poets for Itr~golden fands. There
are riiines of iron, firi, lead, quarries of
marble, and 'fome precious ftones, Tbe
principal rivers arc tlie Tajo, Douero,
Guadiana, Minho, and Mondego, .All
abound in fifh. The whole kingdom
contains 19. civdads or cities, 527 viUas,
or fmaller towns, 3344 pariflies, and i
S,ooo,ooo fouls. The Portuguefe are
indolent and fond of luxury. The gov
ernment Is monarchical, buf the rpyal
authprify is limited. The eftabliflied
rcUgipn is the Roman catholic, and there
are 3 archbifliops, and 16 bifliops, be
fide a patriarch ; alfo 3 fevere inquifi-
tions, Tbe authority of the pope Is fo
great, that the king cannot confer any
benefice without his, confent. • Lifbon is
the capitah
Pofega, A ftrpng town of Sclavonia, cap
ital of a county of fhe fame name, In a
fertile cbuntry, on tbe river Oriana : lao
miles W by.JM Belgrade, ten. 18 59 E,
laf, 45 36 N.
Pofnania, or I^fen, a commercial town
of Great Poland, in a palatinate of the
fame name; with a gPPd caftle, and a
bifliop's fee. The cathedral is- magnifi
cent. By a late partition pf Poland, it be
came fubjea to the king of Prufua ; in a
pleafant plain, on, the. rivet Waria : a;
miles W Gnefna, a,ndi27 W Warfaw.
Potenza, A town of Naples, in Bafili
cata, witb a bifliop's fee. It was almofl
ruined by an earthquake in 1694. It Is
near tbe fource of the bay Bafieato : 8
miles S E Naples.
Patfdam, a city of Upper Saxony, ia the
middle marche of Brandenburg, with a
palace belonging to the king of Pruffia.
It is in an ifland,, 10 mlle& in circumfer
euce, formed b-y the rivers S^ree and
Havel, and Is the moft elegant and fingu
lar city in Europe. The various public
buildings difplay at once great magnifi
cence and tafte. King Frederick Wll-
iam began to make fome coftly additions

to the towrn ; fpr which purpofe, he cant
ed feveral mpraltes fp be filled up and-
built uppn, and 3 canal pf 50 paces 'wide,
and 2000 In length, to be carried on out
of the Havel, through the centre of the
town, to a branch again of the fame rlv-
er. This canal is planted on both fides
with trees, and environed with well built
houfes, 'Fhe tpwn itfelf is divided inte
Old and New. In 1795, fhe beautiful
church pf St, Nicholas, m- fhe palace
fquare, was deftroyed by fire, together
with the furrounding houfes : 12 miles
W Berlin, lon. 13 46 E, lat. 52 52 N,
Potion, a fown in Bedfordfliire, Eng
land : 12 miles E Bedford, and 48 N by
W London.
Pougues, a viUage pf France, department
of NIvre, npled fpr its ferruginpus min
eral wafers : 5 miles N W Nevers.
Poulton, A town in Lancafhire, England.,
near the mouth of, tbe Wyre : 18 miles
S W Lancafter, and 231 NNW London.
Pourfeluc, A town of tJie kingdom of
'. Slam : a8o miles N Siam, ten. 100 40 E,
lat. 1858 N.
Paurzain, a town of Franee, depart
ment of Puy de Dome, on the Sioule :
36 mfles N. by£ Clarmont, and 190 S
Paris. Payang-bou, A lake of China, in the
proviace of Kiang-fi, formed by the con
fluence of 4 confiderable rivers. It is
a50 miles long.
Prabat, a toivn of the kingdom of Siam:
100 miles N Siam, lat. 15 40 N.
Prddes, a fmall handfome town of
France, department of fhe Eaftem Py
rennees, on the river Tet, in a fine plain,
in the middle of mountains-: 22 miles S-
E Montlouis, lat. 42 26 N.
Pragilas, A town of Piedmont : 7 miles-
W Turin, lat. 45 5 N.
Prague, a targe and famous city,,capi--
tal of Bohemia, and an archiepifcopal fee.
It comprehends three towns, the Old, the
New, and tbe Little Town, and is 15
mites in circumference. Tbe inhabitants-
are, 70,000 chriftians, 12,000 Jews. It
is built upon 7 mountains, andhas'above
100 churches, aad as many palaces. "I'hc
Muldaw runs through the city, feparating
tbe Old Town from the New, and over
it is a bridge of 18 arches, with a ftrong-
lower at each end. Tbe Old Town is
very populous ; the houfes are high , and
tbe ftreets narrow. In this part is the
Old Palace, where fhe indent king's re
fided ; but the fineft ornament is tbe uni-,
verfity, frequented by a great number of
ftudents; "iChe Jefuits, had a magnificent college

PRE

PRE

-College here ; and here the Jews had 9
fynagogues. The new town contains fine
ftruaures, handfome gardens, and large
ftreets. In the church of St, Peter and
St. Paul, is a large column, broken In 3
pieces, whicb tbey pretend the devil
brought from St Mary's, at Rome. The
Little Town was built on the fpot where
there was a foreft ; and there is a poplar
tree y.ef ftanding, which they affirm has
grown there iooo years. The priacipal
buildings are the Royal Caftle, tbe Rad-
fliin, and the Straw-houfe. The firft con-
'tains a ball, 100 paces loag aad 40 broad,
without any pillar to fupport the roof.
The palace called Radfhin, is the place
where prince Drahomire was fwaltewed
up alive in 921, In tbe Slraw-hpufe they
flipw the place vvhere the Swedes en
tered fhe city ia 1648: 75 miles SE
Drefden, 158 S E Berlin, and 235 N W
Vienna, ten. 14 45 E, lat. 50-4 N.
Praia, A town bf Tufcany, on the Bi-
fentlno : la miles N W Florence.
Praya, fee Porto Prayo.
Praya, A feaport town of the ifland of
Terceia, on a plain, near the gulf, de
fended by walls and baftions ; it con
tains a church, 4 convents, 3 hofpitals,
aad about 300oiiiba'bitanls,
Praya, A town ofthe illand of Gratiofa,
one of tbe Azores.
Prdya, A town bf Africa, oa fhe flave
coafl, ia the kiagdom of Ardra, on the
¦fea coafl:, at tbe bol?tom of a bay,
Precop, or Perecnp, A tovvn and fortrefs
,of Ruffia, in tbe government of Cathari-
nenflaf, and province of "raurid.!, on the
ifthmus that joins the Crimea 10 the con
tinent, teri. '35 40E, lal, 4640 N.
Precopia,.A fown of Turkey, in Europe,
in Servia, on the river Morave : 20 miles
W Niffa,
Pregalia, a valley in the mountains of
Swifferlancb If contains about 1800 in
habitants. Tbey are divided Into tvvo
democratic governments. Every male,
at tbe age of 18 has a right to vole In
the general aflembly, in which the fove
reignty refides. They manufaaure their
own coarfe cloths, every family having
a loom. Their fiaer clothes, worn on
tbe fabbath, and al feftivals, are procured
from Germany. Their priacipal food
is fait meat, rye bread, milk, cheefe, pp-
Icata and cheftnots, Thefe are bpiled,
,and ferved up with crumbs pf bread, r>r
grpund and made Inlo pafte, aad ate with
lailk. [Coxe.]
Pregel, A river v\-!ilcb Ifliues from a lake
in Poland, and crofling E Prullia, ifaUs

intp the Eaftern extremity of the Frifche
Haf (an inlet of the Baltic) below Ko-
ningfberg. Prcmeflaw, A populous tpwn pf Auftrian
Poland, with a ftrpng caftle, and a Greek
and Latin bifliop's fee, on the river Sana :
27 miles W Lemburg,lat. 49 o N.
Prcnfia, A townof Germany, capital of
Brandenburg, ft contains 6 churches, and
is feated on thelake and river Ucker . 50
miles N Berlin.
Prefiurg, the capital of Lower Hunga
ry, with a flrong caftle on a hill. In this
cily the ftates of 'Hungary hold their af
femblies, and in fhe cathedral the fove
reign is crowned. In tbe caftle, vvhich is
a noble Gothic ftruaure, are depofited
tbe regalia of Hungary, confifting of tbe
crown and fceptre of Stephen, their firft
king. The Lutherans have a church
here. Prelburg is on tbe Danube: 3%
miles S £ Vienna, lon. 17 11 E, lat. 48
14 N. [Moor.]
Prefcot, A town In Lancafliire, England.
Here is a confiderable manufaaure of
failcloth, and another of gold hands for
watches : 8 miles E Liverpool.
Prefenzano, atown of Naples, in Ter
ra di Lavora, U appears by an infcrip
tlon, that it is the ancieai: Rufae, aad ifs
territory has the name of Cofti Rufra-
lia : 28 miles N Naples,
¥r,-fidii. State of, A territory of Tufcariy,
in the Sieaacfe, It lacludes 6 fortreffes,
oa the coaft of Tufcany, and which Spain
referved, when it ceded Sienna to the
grand duke. They were defigned to fa
cilitate tbe communication between the
Milanefe and tbe kingdom of Naples. In
1735, they vvere ceded to'the king of tbe
two Sicilies, Their names are, Orbitello,
Telemone, Porto Hercole, Porto San-
Stephano, Monte PhiUppo, and Porto
Longone. Prcfavia, A town of Uf fie Poland, on
the Viftula : 20 miles E Cracow.
Preff-ign, the county town of Radnor
fliire, Wales, remarkable for barley and
aialt : 30 miles W N W Worcefter.
Pref on, a borough in Lancafliire, Eng
land ; it is governed by a mayor, and
fends 2 members to parliament. Here is
a court of Chancery, and other offices of
juftice for the county palatine of Lancaf
ter : 21 miles S Lancafter, and 214 N W
London, Pref on Pans, a village in Haddington
fliire, noted for ils fait works : 4 miles W
Haddington, . Prevefi, A feaport of Turkey, in Eu
rope, in .\ttunia, on the gulf of Larta, vrith

PRI

P R U

with a bifhop's fee. It ftands on the ru
ins of the antient Nicopolis, built by the
emperor Auguftus, in m^'uni'y P* i'i'
viaory over Antony. It belongs to the
Venetians. It Is on a mountain : 70 miles
N W Lepanto, lon, ai 5 E, lat. 39 14 N.
Preuilly, A town of France, department
of Indre and Loire. Near it are mines pf
irpn; and fp the SW is ta Haye, a fmall
tPwn on fhe Creufe, famous as the birth
place of Defcaites. Preuflly is on the
Claife : 18 mUes S''Loche5.
Priainan, a feaport of the E Indies, in
Sumatra.where the Dutch haye a faaory,
lon. 98 o E, lat. 1 o B.
Prince's Ifiand, a fmall ifland on tbe W
coaft of Africa, ten. 6' 40 E, lat i 49 N.
Prince's Ifiand, A fmall iflarid of Afia,
at the S W extremity of the ftraits of Sun
da, a few leagues from the coaft of Java.
St Isvery woody, and not' much cleared.
The Inhabitants are Javanefe, whofe ra
jah Is fubjea to the Sultan of Bantam ;
and their cuftoms are very fimilar to
thofe ofthe natives about Batavia, "Iheit
figure, colour, manners, and language, are
^milar to the iflanders of the South Sea,
Turtles and large fovyls may be bad here,
'rhe beft anchoring place is in loa. 105
i7E,lal.o36 S. ¦ ' [Cook, lUng,]
Prince's Ifland, an Ifland '4 hours fail
from Conftantinople, Itis 12 miles lpng,
contains many ftately houfes, beautiful
gardens, pure air, and confiderable comi
luerce. [Tb'eveiiot,]
Prince William Henry's Ifiand, all ifland
in the Eaftern Ocean, lying W N W of
Tench's Ifland, It is pretty high, and 70
inilcs in circuit. It is vvell wooded, has
a luxuriant and piaurefque appearance,
and is fuppofed to be fertile arid well peo
pled. The natives are quite naked, aad
feem to be the fame fort of people as
thofe oil Teach's Iflaud, and fheir cajioes
of the fame ironftruaion. It was difcpv
ered by lieutenants Ball and King, in
1790, A high mountain rifing in the cen
tre of it, was called Mount Plifl''Pi i^n,
14930 E, lat, 1 3a S.
Prince William Henry's Ifiand, an ifland
of the S Pacific Ocean," difcoyered by capt,
Wallis, in 1 767, ten, 141 6 'W, lat. 17 o S,
Prlncipato, aprovince qf Napleii, divided
into Priiicipalo Ulteriore, ancl Prlncipa
to Ciferiorei The latter is bounded N
Ijy Prlncipato Ulteripre and Terra-di-
Lavora, W and S bythe Mediterraaean,
E by Bafilicata, "1 be foil is ferlije in wine,
corn, oil aad fafffoa, 'and it has a' great
iile.-il of filk, and feveral mineral fprings,
Palcrr.o is the capital, Piincipato Ulte

riore is bounded N by the Molife and
Terra-di-Lavora, W by the Mediterra
nean, E by Capitanata. The Appenninj
ihouiitains lerider the air cold, and ^^
foil is not v«ry fertile, cither in corn or
wine ; but It produces cbeftiiuts, and ha$
excellent paftures. Benevento Is the cap
itah Prira, A town of Germany, op the Elbe,
in -which Frederick II of Prulfia, at the
cpiiimencemenf pf the 7 year's war, fliut
up the whple Saxpn army, until they were
coniipelled by famine to' furrender them
felves as bis prifoners.'
Prifdcnia, A tovvn of Turkey, In Europe,
III Bofnia, with a bifliop's fee, aiid a mag-
niflceiit church- Il is oh the Drin : 32
miles N E AlbanapoUs, and 195 N Bel-
grade- Prifiina,Atown of Turkey, in Europe,
in Servia, oa the Rufca : 58riiilcs N\^
Niffa, and 150 SE Belgrade.
Privas, A town of Fraace, department
of Ardeche on a liill, near tbe confluence
of three fmall rivers: 16 mifes N'Viviera.
praoita, an Ifland about a leagues Iij
circumference, ip the gulf of Naples, near
tbat qf Ifchia : 8 milcs in circumference,
and very fertile and poputeus, haying
4000 inhabitants. 'l"be capital, af the
fame name, is a fmall fprtlfied place, on a
high craggy rpck, by the feafide, lorn 14
8 E, lat. 4b 43 N.
Pram, A town of the kingdom of Bur
mah, on the Mchaii : 200 miles' N Vi
Pegu, ten. 94 o E, lat 17 50 N,
Provence, a late province of France,
bpunded N by Daupbiay, S by \he Mtd-
iterraaeaa, E by the Alps and the river
Var. 'l"he air aear the' Alps and Daui,
phiny is cold, on tbe feacoft hot, and ip
the middle temperate. It prpduces v*ine,
oil, figp, almonds, prune.s, and pomegran
ates, alorig the .fea coaft from Touten tq
Nice, Tjiere are orange'and citron trees
ip the ppen fields ; and many medicinal
plants, riiiiiefal wafers, arid mines pf fev
eral kinds. iPrPvence now forms the de
partments of Var, tbe Lower Alps, and
the Mouths of the Rhone. ' '
Prnvins, A town of France, department
of Seine and Marne, famous for its min-^
ejral -y/au-rs and 'excelleaf conferves of
rofes : 30 miles S E Meaux, aad 47 S E
Paris. Pruck, A lown of Auftria, on the I.,eita :
22 niiles S W Prefliurgj and aa S 1-. 'v'ienna.
Pruck, a town of Stiria, Ori tbe Mcuhr ":
66 miles 3 W Vienna.
Pruffia, a country of Europe, bounded
S by Poland, W by Braiideab'arg arid I'o'-

PUE

P U L

merania N by fhe Baltic, and E by Lithu
ania, Samogitia, and Ppland. It is 500
iniles ill length, and ^00 in breadth,
where narroweft. It produces -a great
deal of flax, bemp, snd cora ; aad yellow
amber is found alpng the feacoaft. Tbe
diomeftic animals are numerpus ;'arid, be
fides the common game, there are elks,
wild a-ffcs, and uri, in tbe forefts. The
iirl are of a moaf):rous fize, and have fome
refemblance to beeves : their hides are
extremely thick and ftrong, aad are fold
to foreigners at a great price. There
are two large lakes, befide the rivers Vif
tula and Pregeb 'I'he inbahit.vnts are
induftrious, robuft, aad good folcUers :
there are a great aumber of mechanics,
but thei*^ principal bufinefs Is bufbaad-
ry, and feeding of cattle. In 1 755 there
were in pruflia, 63,5,998 perfons capable
of bearing arms. In 1772, Frederic III
compeUed tbe Poles to cede to bim tbe
vvhole of Weftern Pruffia, the cities of
l)antzic and "I'horn excepted ; and, in
»793, the jcing of Prulfia, by ariofher
forced ceflion, obtained poffeffion of thofe
cities, ¦with fome other provinces (fee Po
land) f^ whicb he has given tbe name of
'poufbern fruflia, Koninglberg is tbe
capital of all Pruffia.
Pruth, a river of Poland, which croffes
part of the palatinate of Lemburg, and all
Moldavia, and falls into the Daaube,
Pffof, or Ple/iof a governmeat of Ruf
fia, oace a republic, fubdued by Ivan
VafiSlIvitch, and formerly comprifed in
the government of Novogorod,
Pfeiif, A lake of Ruflia, in a government
ofthe fame hame.
Pfiof a town of Ruffia, capital of a
government qf tbe iamp name, with an
archbifliop's iee, and a ftrong caftle : 80
miles S iNarva, and 150 S by W Pe-
tcrfliurg, ton. 27 5a E, laf. 57 58 N.
Puddar, a river of Hindooftan Proper,
wbich divides the provinces of Cutch and
iiJuzerat, and falls jnto the gulph of
Cutch. Puebla, A fown of Spain, in Eftramadu
ra, near tbe Guadtan;^ : 15 miles W Me-
ridad, ten. 6 a3 W, lit. 3 8 42 N,
Puente-del-Arcobifpa, a towu of Spain, ia
Eftraaiadura, on the Tajo, over wbich is
a handfome bridge : ,40 niUes S W Tole
do, ' ' . .
Puente-de-la-Reyne, a fown of Spain, in
Navarre, on tbe Agra : ib miles S W
Pampeluna. Puerto Bella, Puerto Rico, ^c. For all
jiames, which, ia the Spanifli language,
Ipgnify a port, fee Parto.

Puglia, the modern naipe of the an?
cleat Apulia, coalaiaing the 3 provinces
.of Capitanata, Bari, and Otranto, on the
E fide of the kingdom of Naples,
Pulaon, an ifland in the Indian Ocean,
W of the PhlUppiaes, Itis very fertile,
and fubjea to its own kiag, who is tribu-f
tary to that of Boraeo, lou. 129 laE, lat.
9 30 N.
Puk-Ciinion, an iflarid in the Indian
Ocean, 00 the coaftof Cochin China, lon.
109 3.5E, lat. 15 10 N.
Pulo-Condare, tile name of feveral iflands •
in the Indian Ocean, tiie priacipal of
which is tbe only one inhabited. It U
13 miles in length, apd 9 in breadth, but
in fome places not above a mile over-
Tbe foilof fhefe iflands is blackifli, and
pretty deep, but tbe bills are fomewhat
ftony. The frees afe aot very thic^, but
large, tall, aad fit for any ufe. The prin
cipal fruits are mangoes, cocoa, a fort of
grapes, and baftard aufmcgs, Tbe ani
mals are bogs, buffaloes, poultry, lizards,
and guanas, and there are birds of various
kinds, not known in other parts. The
inhabitants are fmall of ftature, of a dark
complexion, with fmall black eyes, thin
lips, vvhite teeth, little mouths, and black
ftrait hair. Their chief employmeat is
to get tar out of large trees, Tbe means
of fubfiftcace are difficult, the ifland but
thialy peopled. If is fubjea to the king
of Cochin China. Tbey are idolaters;
and have images of elephants in their.
temples, lou, 107 20 E, lat" 8 40 N.
[M'Cartney,]
Pulo-Dindiiig, an iflaad ia the Indian
Oceaa, on the W coaft of tbe peniafuli
of Malacca. Il belongs to the Dutch.
Pulo Lilda, or Pulo Lnnchackay, au iflaiid,
pf the E Indies, hear the cpaft pf Malac
ca, It is 15 or ao leagues In circumfer
ence, and is in fome parts rapuntainous.
Ia a great plain betweea two mouataias
the pepper is produced. The fpil is very
prpper for all kiads of drugs. Here is
exceUent pafturage, and the beft of wafer
in fprings and rivers. The S fide is fre
quently' interfeaed by arms of tbe fea,
leaving fmall" iflands and rocks, covered
witb frees. On the N there is a large
ifland a league diftant. On tbe E is a bav
covered with an ifland, making an ex
ceUent harbour. Ships of 200 tons are
here fafe from every wind. There is good'
anchorage all round the ifle. From the
begianing of July to the end of Oaober,
the winds arc wefterly, rain falls, and it
is unhealthy. Pepper Is produced iu
grc^at cjuanfitles, preferable to any in fhe
iudie^

PUT

P Y R

ladies. The natives are .Mahometans,
•ten, 99 E, lat, 6, 15 N, [Beauleau.]
Pulo-Timon, an ifland in the Indian
Ocean, on tbe E coaft of tbe peninfula of
iMalaccai It is often touched at for tak-
Siig in wood, water, and other refrefli-
n^nts, and there is gre.T,f pteafy of green
turtles, lon, 104 25 E, laf. 3 o N.
Fulo-Way, aO' ifland in the Indian
Oicean, near .the N point of that of Suma
tra. It is tbe largeft of the iflandsrftot '
fbrm- tbe entrance of the charaierof
Achem, and is peopled- by men, baniflied
feom Acliem, lon, 95,39 E, lat. 5 50 N.
Pultaufi; A town of Great Poland, in
Mafovria r ao miles N E Warraw,.-lon. 21
47 E, lat. 50 30 N,
Pultawa, A fortified town of tke Uk
raine, famous fora battle in 1 709 between
'S'eter the Great and Charles XII of Swe-
•dlea, wherein the latter was totally de
feated: IOO iniles S W Belgorod, lon. 34
35 E, lat. 49 26 N.
Punta-del-Guda, the capital of St. Mi
chael, one of the Azores, with a ftrong
eaftle, and a harbour, lom 25 42 W, lat.
in 47 N.
Purbeck, Ifle of, a rough and heathy
traa in Dorfetfliire, S of Poole Bay. If is
Snfulated by the fea and rivers, and is fa
mpus fpr its- ftone quarries. See Dorfetfiire.
Purfieet, A village pf England, in the
coiMity of Effex, on the nprth -fide of the
Thames, remarkable for extenfive Ume
•works ; here is a large magazine of gun
|)pwder ; 19 miles E -London;
Purmerent, A tpwn pf North Holland,
governed by a cpuncil, bailey, and burgp-
mafters. This town has a voice in the
affembly of the fiates : 10 miles N Am-
fierdam. Purmerent Ifiand, A fmall ifland near the
coaft of Java, on which is an hofpital for
the ufe ofthe difeafed poor of Batavia.
Putala, A mountain of Great Thibet, 7
mfles E Laffa. On its fummit is the
palace ofthe grand Lama, the high prieft
and fovereign, of Thibet.
Putney, A village in Surry, England, on
the Thames, 5 miles W S WLondon. On
IPutney Common Is an obelifk; ereaed In
1786, by fhe city 01* Lpndon, in com
memoration of Mr. Hartley's invention
©f fireplafes, for fecuring buildings, from
fire ; and near it is tbe houfe in vvhich
that gentleman made his experiments, one
in particular, in I776f vvhen his majefty,
and fome of the royal family, were ia a
room over the grouad floor, perfeaiy
fafe, while the room under them was
furiaufly burning, -

Puy, a populous town of France, de
partmeat of Upper Loire on tbe moun
tain Anis, near the river Loire. The
principal church is famous for a prodig
ious quantity of relies ; and Our Lady
of Puy is celebrated in tbe annals of fu
perftition. The late canons of Puy have
had kings and dauphliw of France at their
head Puy has manufaaures of lace and
filk ftuffs : 45 miles N E Mende.
Puycerda, a ftrong town of Spairi, in
Catalonia, and capital of Cerdagna. It is
between the Carol, and Segra, in a pleaf
ant plain, at the foot ofthe Pyrennees:
53 miles W Perpignan, aud 67 N W Bar
celona. Puy-de-DoiKe, a department of -France;
containing part of the late province of
Auvergne, and almoft all Limagne, one
of tbe moft fertile plains in France, The
borders of thra circular plairi are moun
tains, once fo many volcanoes, but now
covered with habitations, herds, and
flocks. Clermont is the capital of tliis
department. Puy-en-AnjoH, A town of France, de
partment of Maine and Loire : 10 miles
S W Saumur, and 160 £ Paris.
Puylaurens, A fown of France, depart
ment of Tarn .: 8 mUes S W Caftres, and
23 E Touloufe.
Puzzoli, A celebrated, but now incon
fiderable town of Italy, on the bay of
Naples, Here is a temple of Jupiter Se-
rapis, an Interefting monument of antiq
uity, being quite different from the-Ro-
. man and Gf eek temples, and b«ilt in the
manner pf the ACatics ; prpbably by the
Egyptian and Afiatic merchants fettled
at Puzzoli, which was the great empori
um pf.4taly, till the Rpmans built Oftia
and Antium. The ruins pf Cicerp's vil
la, near-this place, are pf fuch-exfeiit, as
to give a high idea of tbe wealth of this
great orator : 10 miles W Naples, [Moor,]
Pulhely, a feaport in Carnarvonfliire,
Wales, near Cardigan Bay : 6 miles S
Newin, and 143 NWLondon.
Pyramids of Egypt, ftruaures formerly
confider«d one of the Seven Wonders of
the Wor|d. They are built upon a rock,
al the fobt of the high mountains which
accompany fhe Nile in its courfe, and fep
arate iEgypt from Lybia ; and there are
many of thefe edifices at a greater dif
tance in the defert. Various have beea
the conjcaures how and vvhen tbey were
built ; but tbis is certain, that they are
extremely ancient, and tbat fhere is no
account, in any author of credit, when qr
for

P Y R
for what reafon they were fonnded : moft
imagine they were defigned for tombs,
though there is no entrance into 2 of
them. The principal pyramids are E S E
of Gize, a viflage on tbe W -fliore of the
Nile. Ttrere are 4 of tbem that deferve
the attention of tbe curious ; for though
there are 7 or 8 others in the neighbour
hood, tbey are nothing ia comparifon of
the former: the tvvo largeft pyramids are
500 feet in perpendicular height. The
plain on which fhey ftand is a continual
rock, almoft covered with amoving fand,
in which are great numbers of fhells and
petrified oyfters. The moft northern of
thefe great pyramids is tbe orily one tbat
is open ; and it is 3 hours' journey from
-Old Cairo. The external part is chiefly
built of great fquare ftones, of an equal
fize, buf liave all the fi.gure of a prifm,
that they may adhere to each other tbe
clofcr ; for tbey have neither cement
nor cramps of any metal. Tbe entrance
into it is on the N fide ; and the open
ing leads to 5 different pafl'ages, which,
thoagh runaiag upward, downward, aad
horizontally, tend all toward the S, aad
terminate in a chambers, fhe one under
neath, and tbe other in the center of the
pyramid. In tbe upper chamber is a
tomb, or farcophagus, which fliows by
its dimenfions;that men were of the fame
¦fize tben, as now : it is of granite, and
if ftruck upon witb a key, it founds like
a beU. The afcent f o tbe top of the pyra
mid, on fhe outfide, is by fteps, whicb
are tbe height of each ftone, the lower-
moft being 4 feet high and 3 broad. The
bafe at the N fide Of It is 693 feet, and as
the pyramid is exaaiy fquare, the whole
area ofthe bafe contains 48o',a49 fquare
feet, or II acres and foaiewbaf mpre.
The top does not end in a point, buf in a
little fliit or fquare, where fome imagine
the Egyptian priefts made fheir aftronom-
jcal obfervatlons,
Pyrenean Mountains, or Pyrenees, moun
tains which divide Frarice from Spain,
and are the moft celebrated in Europe,
except the Alps. They reach from the
Medilerraaeaa to tbe Atlantic, aad are
aboat 212 miles in lenglh. They have
different names, according fo their differ
ent fituations ; and tbe paffages over
them are nof fo dilScult as thofe of the
Aljis, Pyrenees, Eafsrn, A department of
France, conlainiag tbe late proviace pf
RonfiUon, Although great part of the
country is mpuufaiupus, it is fertile ;
producing corn, excellent wines, oliyes.

C^U A
oranges, and leather of a fuperior quality;
Perpignan is the capital.
Pyrenees, La; "r,A departmentof France,
containing the late provinces of Balqucs
and Beam. Pau is the capital. See Na
varre. Pyrenees,Upper, a departmentof France,.
containing tbe hite psovince of Bigorre.
Here are excellent horfes and partridges-
The vallies are very fertile ; furnifliing.
rye, millet, Spanifli corn, and flax. The
mpuntains have mines of lead, Irpn, and
copper, and quarrie, of flalc, marble, and
jafper. Tarbes is ^le capital.
Pyrn-.ant, a town of Weftphalia, in ,a
county of the fame name, fubjea to the
prince of Waldeck, with a caftle, the refi
dence of the governor. Near it are min
eral waters, well known to all Europe,,,
and often frequented by perfons of the
higheft rank : 40 mUes S W Flanover.
Pyrna, a tovvn of tbe eleaorate of Sax
ony, in Mifnia, It has a caftle, pn a
mpunfain caUcd Spnnenftein, which ha»
been fpnietiraes ufed as a ftate prifon.
Near if is a fine quarry of ftone, which is
tranfported f o different places by tbe riv
er Elbe, Pyrna is pn tbe Elbe : lomiles
S E Drefden,
Pyfeck, a town of Bohemia, near t!ic
Muldaw : 50 mfles S Prague, lat, 49
i6 N.

^UADIN, a town of Upper Egypt,
remarkable for a great number of valu
able and ancient nionuments. It is -on
the Nile, between Elne and Da-nder,
^iiakenbirrg, a town of WeftphaUa, bifli
opric of Ofnaburg,on the Hafe : aa milcD
W Ofnaburg, 38 S W Bremen,
^jtnnamora, A tovvn of Africa, in "Upper
Gurnea, on the banks of the Scherbro,
faid to contain 5000 ftimilles, ten. lO 13
W, laf, 7 45 N.
^lang-fing-fau, A city of China, m the
S part of Pe-tcbeli, between the prov
inces of Cliang-tong, and Ho-nan, It*
diftria contains 9» cities of tbe third
clafs. ^ang-fi, A province of China, lioundcfi
N by Koei-tcheou and Hou-quang, W
by Yunnan and the kingdom of Tonquin^
S hy the gulf of Tonquin and the prov
ince of Quang-fong, and E by the fame
and Flou-quang, The fouthern part is a
flat country, and well cultivated ; but tlic
northern is full of mountains covered 11-ith

CLUE
with trees. It is watered by feveral
large rivers, and produces fo much rice,
as to fupply the inhab'., -.nts of Quang
tong for 6 months in the year. Its nu
merous mountalas abound with mines of
gold, filver, copper, and fin. In this
province grows a fingular tree, which,
inftead of pith, contains a foft pulp, that
yields a kind of flour ; and the bread
made of it is faid to be exceejdingly good.
iBeflde paroquets, hedge-hogs, and the rhi
noceros, a prodigious number of wild
animals, curious birds, and uncommon
infeas are found here. Quel-lirig-fou Is
the capital.
^ang-l'ong, A pi^ovince of China,
bounded W by Quaag-fi and Tdnquiii,
N by Hou-quang and Kiang-fi N E by
Fokien, S by the Chinefe Sea. If is di
verfified by vallies ,and mpuntains, and
yields two crops of corn in a year. It
abounds in gold, jewels, filk, pearls, ^in,
quickfilver, brafs, iron, fteel, faltpetre,
fugar, ebony, and feveral fprtspf pdorifc-
rous wppd ; befides fruits of all kinds.
Here is a tree, whofe wood Is remark-
.ably hard and heavy, and thence caUed
iron wood. Tbe mountains are Covered
with a fort of ofiers which creep along
the ground, and are fo tough tbat baf-
Jtets, hurdles, mats, and ropes are made
of them. The inhabitants of this prov
iace breed a prodigious iiumbei of ducks,
whofe eggs they batch in ovens ; but if
does not appear tbat tbey have received
this cuftom from Egypt. They load a
great number of barks with them, and
*arry them in flocks to feed on the fea-
fliore. Thefe fmall fleets generaUy go in
company, and the ducks mix together on
the fliore ; but when night approaches
they are colleaed together by only
beating on a bafin ; they immediately
form themfelves into different flocks,
and each returns to the veffel It beldngs
to. Canton is the capital; but the vice
roy refides at Chao-king.
^artcn, A towa of Swifferland, near
the Uke WaUenftadt : 5 miles E Glarus,
^eda, A kiagdom in the peninfula of
Malacca, tribulary to Siam. The prin
cipal town, of the fame name, has 7000
inhabitants, is fubjea to the Dutch. It
has a gpod harbour, and is 300 miles N
the city of Malacca, lon. 100 5 £, lat.
75N.
^edlingburg, A town of Upper SaXiony,
in Anhalt, wilh a famous proteftant ab
bey, whofe abbefs is a princefs of fhe em
pire. The inhabitants of the towri fub
fift by brewing, hulibandry, and feeding '

Q^UE
of cattle : 10 miles S £ Halberftadt, ion.
II 34 E, lat, 5a I N.
^eenborough, A borough in Kent, Eujj-
land, in the ifle of Shepey. The thief
employment of the inhabitants is oyfter
dredging ; oyfters being here in great
pleaty, and of a fine flavour : 15 miles
N W Canterbury, and 45 E London,
^ueen Charlottes Sound, a found. at the
N extremity of the S ifland of New Zea
land, near Cook's Strait, Tbe country
is not fp fteep as al Duflcy Bay, and the
bills near the feafide are in general of an
inferior height, buf covered with forefts
equally intricate and impenetrable. The
dogs here are of tbe loiig-baired fort,
with pricked ears, and much refemble
the commpn fliepberd's cur, but they are
very ftupid, ten, 174 13 E, lat, 41 5 S.
Queen's County, A fliire ef Ireland, provJ
ince pf Leinfter ; bounded N by Kingla
County, E by Kildare, S by Kilkenny.
It was formerly full of woods and bogs;
but is now much improved. If contains
50 pariflies 15,048 houfes, and 8a,ooo in
habitants. Maryborough is the capital.
^lyen's Ferry A borough in Linlilhgnw-
flilre, Scotlarid, feated on the frith of
Forth, where it is nof more than two
miles wide. It is a much frequerited
ferry, 9 mfles W Edinburgh.
^i-ling-Fou, a city of China, capital
of the province of Quang-fi. It has its
name from a flower called quei, 'which
grows on a tree refembling a laurel, and
emits fuch a fweet and agreeable odour,
that the whole eountry is perfumed by
it. Its diftria coataias two cities of the
fecond, and' 7 of the third clafs :,bn a riv
er fhat empties'itfelf into fhe Ta-ho, but
with fuch rapidity as not to be navigable :
180 miles N by W Canton, ten. 109 55
£, lat. 25 30 N. '
^entin, St. a ftrong town of France,
department of Aifne. Here is a confid
erable manufaaure of lawns and cam
brics. If is on an eminence, on the river
Somme : ai miles S Cambray, and 83 N
by E Paris.
I^erci, A late prpvince of France,
bounded N by Limofin, £ by Rouergue
and Auvergne, S by Languedoe, W by
Perigord. It was divided imp the Up
per and Lpwer, and is fertile in cprn,
vvine, and fruits. It now forms tbe de
partment pf Lpt.
^erfurt, a tpwn pf Upper Saxpny,
capital pf a principality of tbe fame
name, fubjea to the prince of Saxe-
Weiffenfels : 12 miles S E Mansfcldt,
long. 12 ao E, lat. 51 27 N. ^jserguenesy.

^srguenecy, an ifland of the Mediter
ranean, on the coaft of Tripoli. If has a
fort, arid feveral villages.
^efioy, A town of France, in the de
partment of tbe North, with an old caf
tle. In 1793, if was taken by the Auf
trians, and retaken the next year. It is
011 an extenfive plain : 9 miles S £ Val-
eacierines, aad 122 N E Paris,
Quiberon A peninfula of France, in the
department of Morbihan, and lale prov
ince of BrcLigae, fo fhe N of Belleifle,
It has a village of tbe fame name, aad a
fort, on the bay of Quiberoa, la July,
^195-1 if was taken by fome French regi
ments in the pay of Great Britain ; but
owing to tbe defertion aad treachery of
fome of the foldiers, the republicans re
took It by furprife foon afterward,
^illeboeiif, A tovvn pf France, depart
ment of Lower Seiae, on the Seine : aa
miles W Rouen,
^ilmanei,A feaport town on tbe coaft
of Zanguebar, ia tbe kingdom of Melin
da ; at the mouth of a river of the fame
name, belonging to tbe Portuguefe, ten,
39 40 E, lat, 3 30 S,
^ilaa, A country and kingdom of Afri
ca, near the E coaft, and the mouth of tbe
Coavo ; about 60 leagues from N to S.
'Fills country was firft dlfcovered by the
Portuguefe, in 1498, The klag and bis
fubjeas are Mahometans ; partly black
aad partly taway. They fpeak the Ara
bic and feveral other laaguages, which
they leara from the aatlons vvitli vvhom
they trade. Their drefs is that of the
Arabian Turks : tbe women, efpecially,
affea finery, with variety of oraameats
about their aecks, arms, wiifts, and an
kles ; particularly bracelets made of ivo
ry, curloufly wrought, which, upoa the
death of a parent, hufband, or near rela
tion, fhey break in pieces, in token of for
row, wliilft the men exprefs ibeir's by fliav-
ing their hair, and abftaining from food,
Tbe capital of the kingdom is on an ifl
and near tbe mouth of the Coavo, and is
faid 10 be large, rich, and vveU built.
The houfes arc of ftone aad mortar,
haadfonie, and afler the Spanifli manner,
Tbey are feveral ftories high, and have
each a pleafant garden behind, vvell wa
tered and cultivated, bere being plenty
of fprings of frefli vvater. The houfes
are finely furniflied withia, and terraces
011 the lop, with a kind of hard clay,aiid
the ftreets fo n,ir,-ow, that one may eafily
ftep from one fide tp the other. On pae
fide of the towa is the citadel, where re
fides the Mahometan priace. It is adorc-
VoL. II. S 3 s

QJJ I
ed.wlth ftately tpwers, and furrpundeii
with a ditch, and pther fcfrlificattens. It
has twp gates, pne tpwards the pprt,
whence pae may fee tbe fliips failing in
and Put, and the pther tepking tpwards
tbe fea. Tbe cpuntry abnut Quitea,
thpugh low, is yet very pleafant, and fer
tile in rice and miUet, fruits, and good
pafture ; fo tbat they breed abundance
of cattle, befides poultry of aU forts, both
wild and tame. They have fiih likevvif"e
in great plenty, and very good. Tbe
climate is alfo afiirmed by moft trav
ellers to be very temperate and healthy ;
Sanut being the only author we know of
who has ventured fp affert the contrary
in all thefe refpeas, lon. 39 9 £, lat. i
50 S.
^ilon, or Caylou, a Dutch faaory, on
the coaft of Malabar, In Travancore : 14
miles NNW Anjengo. It was takea bf
the Eaglilb la 1795, ten, 76 3a E, lat, 9
2N.
^imper, A town of Franfce, department
of Finifterre ; al the confluence of the
Oder and Benaudet : 30 miles S E Breft,
and 33a W by S Paris,
^jiimperlay, a town of France, depart
ment of Finifterre, oil the Ifoffe, 7 milcs
from the fea and 20 E by S Quimper.
^ingey,A town of France, departmeat
of Doubs, Ori tbe Louve : I2 miles S W
Befancon, ^inteu, A tpwn of Fraace, department
of the North Coaft, with a caftle ' It i*
iu a valley, aear the river Goy, and a
large foreft of tbe fame aame : 8 miles
S S W St, BtieuXi and aoo W Pijris.
^irieu, a fown of France, department
of Rhone and Loire, on au emiaence,
near the river Rhone : la mil.es S Ly
ons. ^
^lirimbn, the name of feveral iflands
on the coaft of Zanguebar. They are all
fertile in fruits and paftures.
^ifima, A maritime proviace of Afri
ca, ia the kingdom of Angola, lyiag'aloag
tbe riyer Coanza. It is a mriuntaiaou.s
country, aad very little cultivated, but
tbe Portuguefe get abuadaace of fait
there, ^iteoa, a towa of Morocco, province
of Drafs, with a caftle, ten. 5 o W.lat, 28
.6 N, S^ifiella, A town of Mantua, on the
Seccia, 3 miles from its confluence with
the Po, It is fampus for au aaioa be
tween the French aud Auftrhms in 17,.;^,
when marflial Brcglio vvas furprifed in
his bed : 15 miles S E Manlua,
^isiiia, A chain of mauntains in the
kJngdOtti

<5L_U 0

kingdom of Fej : lOO miles in length, ex
tending from the defert of Gret to the
river Nocor,
^oga, A kingdom onthe coaft of Gui
nea, whicli reaches from Sierra Leone to
the Grain Coaft. In the cantons and vili^
Jages the fenlors prefide, but fhe fupreme
power refides in a chief, who Is jealous of
his authority. Here pomp is difplayed,
ambaffadors are introduced with great
formality ; mufic enlivens the proccf-
iipns. "The Quog*ns acknowledge a fu
preme Being, vvhom they call Kaano. To
ilim f hey attribiue Omnipotence, Omnif
clence, and omiprefeace ; from him pro
ceeds all good. He Is to be fucceeded by
another, who will reward tbe good, and
punifli the wicked. 'I'hey venerate the
fpirits of the dead whom tbey call Janaanin,
or Protestors. To thefe tbey offer facrl
ficcs ; to their graves they fly, and cry
for help in time pf Irpublc, aj well as
to Gpd. Neither women nor children
can enter the groves where they are fup
pofed to refide. Provifions are carried
to fheir graves three times in a year.
Tbey celebrate new moons by orgies, aad
reft from labour. This and the adjacent
kingdoms are remarkable for tvvo aflbci-
afions, which, in Myfticifm, refemble our
mafonic fraternities. One is appropriate
to men ; the other to women. Their
meetings ate not fo frequent as ours :
fometimes lliey do nol nic^^t for feveral
years. Of the men tbe king is tbe vifi
ble head. It is termed the Society ofthe
Belli. They meet In awo_odofpalm trees,
vvhere, under verdant arches, r^iifed by
tbe haad pf the Graad Mafter himfelf,
the mylteiies of tbe Lpdge are revealed.
Here all the youni^ men, aaked as nature
formed them, refort to learn, as they fup
pofe, vvhat is uffil. The brotbcrhood
enjoy all the pubUc offices of truft aad ¦
profit ia the kingdom. Mufic is not ne-
glcaed. They are taught ip fing the
Bellidong, or praifes of Belli. The lodge
of negro women- is- ftyled The confederacy
cf the Hen. For their meeting, a number
of huts •ire prepared' in, a. remote wood,
vvhere all the marriagea'ule girls are cOii-
duftcd in the dark and fl;ill aight. After
the feftival of iaitiation, they are bathed,
their hair cut pff, clrcumcifed, aad taught
the fupcrftitioas cf the country. Here
they continue naked four moaths ; after
which they retiira home in the night.
Naked tbey enter the town in folemn
proceffion, and are met by the other fe
males in the fapie ftyle. It would he
dcalbfor a man to be caUght gratifying

RAD
his curiofity. The lodge take cognizance
of crimes, and punifli, by conduaing their
convias to tbe wood of Belli,whtTe they
are never beard of again. They are fup
pofed to poffefs fhe power of devils, to
inflia any calamity they pleafe, Tbey
are, therefore, never called tp an accoui*
fpr their owncondua, [DifcDverics in Africa,]

R
JsLaAB, a, fown of Lower Hungar)%
capital of Javerin, with a caftle, ,-ind a
bifliop's fee. It is a ftrong frontier bul
wark againft fhe Turks, aad has two-
bridges, oae over a double ditch, and^
aaother that leads toward Alba Regalis.
It is af the confluence of the R^ab and
Rabaitz, not far from the Danube : 55
miles S £ Vienna, lon, 17 25 E, lat, 47.'
48 N,
Rabaffins, A town of France, depart
meat of Tarn: 18 miles W by S Alby.
Rabat, a feaport of Africa, in- Trcmc
fen, with a caftle. If has fiae mofques
aad handfome palaces, and is at the
mouth of the Burigrig, betweea Fez and'
Tangier, Ion. 5 28 W, lat, 34 40 N,
Rabba, or R'ahaba, a fown of Arabia, in
the Defert of Syria, near the Euphrates,
ia the road of the caravans, which pafs
from Syria to the Arabian Irac : 140
miles S W Moful, loa. 41 10 E, kt. 34 N,
Rachore, or Adoni Rachore, a city of the
peninfula pf HIadooft^aa, capital of a dif
tria of tbe fame, fubjea to the uizam of
the Dccsam It is on the S bank of the
Kftna, 315 miles N by E Seringapatam,
lon, 78 15 E, lat, 16 30 N,
Rackerfiiirg, a ftrong tovvn of Germany,,
In Stiria, vvith a caftle on a mountain. It
Is on an illaadj fsrmecbby the Muehr : 22
allies S E Gratz, and 100 S Vicnna-
AjJ/a, a fmall uninbabiledifland of the
Archipelago, near that of Nio.
R.ieoni, A populous tovva of Piedmont,
ia a pleafant plain, oa the rivers Graaa
and Macra. It belongs to the prince of
Carignaao, who has a caftle 'here. If is 6
miles fromCarlgiiano, loa. 7 46 E, lat. 44-
39 N.
Itadicofani, a. tovvn oi Tufcany, on a-
mouataiii defended by a citadel on an-
adjacent hiH:.56 miles S E Sienna, ten, 1 1
40 E, lat, 4a 42 N.
Radinandorf, a town of Germany, in
Carniola : 16 miles W Crainburg,
Radnor, New, a borough in Radnor fliire..

¦R A K

RAH

.-fl^irc-, Wales, in a pleafant valley at tie
foot of a hill, where a caftle formerly
ftood, Il fends one member to parUa
ment : 24 milcs N W Hereford.
Rjdiiorffire, a county of S Wales,
bounded F. by Sbr^ipfbire and Hereford-
flilrr, N W by Cardiganfliire S and S W
by Bi'erknockfliire, N by Montgomery-
fliire, ll contains 52 pariflies, 4 market
towns, and fend-, tv. 0 members 10 parlia
nient. The E aad S parts are tolerably
level, and pr-oduaive of corn. The oth
er parts arc rude and mouataiaous ; de
voted chiefly to the rearlagof cattle and
Ibcei), Prefteign is tbe county town.
Radom, A tsvvii of iittle Pobmd, in the
.palatinate of ,"^rindomir, capital of a
couuiy of the lame name : 30 miles N
Sandomir, and 50 S "S^'arfavv.
Ragivolo, a town of Italy, in the Man-
.tuaq, between Mantua and Reggio,, 42
miles from each.
Ragnfi, aa aacieat towa of Sicily, in
-the Val-di-Koto : 12 miles N Modica,
.ion. 14 59 E, lat- 37 o N,
Ragufa, a city of Dalmatia, capital of
the Ragufen, and an archbifhop's fee It
'is 2 milcs Iri circumference, and ftrong
by fituation, having an inacceffible moiin-
-tain on the land fide, and a ftroag fort oa
the gulf of Venice, It is a republic, and ,
has a doge like that of Venice, but he
,coBliiiuts a month only In his oflice. It
carries on a confiderable trade with the
Turks: 60 miles N W Scutari, lon, j8
"10 E, lat, 42 50 N,
Ragufen, or Ragiifian Dalmatia, a teriilo-
ry of Dalmatia, lying along the coaft of
,the gulf of Venice, about 55 miles in
length, and 20 in breadth, Il is a re-
,pubUc, under the proteaion of the
Turks and Venetians, to each of whom
,jt pays an annual tribute. Ragufa is the
,capital, Rabad, A river of Abyflinia.
Rajapour, A town of Hindooftan,, on the
.coaft of Malabar, on a river of the fame
name : 50, miles N Goa, lon. 73 50 E, lat.
17 19 N.
Rd'iemal, a tovvn of Hindpoftan Proper,
in liicng,il ; formerly a place of great
trade, now ia a ruinous ftate. It isoa
the W bank of the Ganges: 190 miles
N by W Calcutta.
Rain, A town of Upper Bavaria, on the
Acha : 5 miles F. Donawert.
Rain, a town of Germany, ia Stiria,
capital of a couaty of the fame n;inie,
-with a c,-:ftle; oa the Save: 68 mUes S
,GrMtz, lon. 15 3a E, Iat, 46 20 N,
Rakka, a towu of Tui4cc) ia .-\fia, In

Diarbeck, on the Euphrates. It has a
c:lHc, going to decay, and is aa indift"er-
enl, place, but old Rakka, whofe rUins
arc near it, vvas a magnificent city : 100
milcs S W Diarbekar, lon, 38 55 E, lat.
36 I N,
R.,!..,nlJ', a lown of Bohemia, capital
of a circle of tbe fame name. It is on a
river, wbich f.dls Into the Miza : 30 miles
W Prague, ten, 14 5 F., hit. 52 4 N.
.R.iki.Tv, a town of Poland, palatinate
of fJandoniirz, formerly a populous towu ;
the Soclnians, or as tbey axe called ia
Polaad, Arians, bad a college aad print
ing houfe here ; but, 111 1643, tbey vvei-e
expelled frpm this place. The Rakoviaii
calechifm takes its name from this tovvn :
40 miles W Saadoniirz.
Rama, all aucieat lown of Paleftine,
now called Raniula by the Turks. Tbe
ftreets arc narrow, aad the houfes con-
teaiplible ; but there are many fine ru
ms of Chriftian churches and other bulld-
iags, vvhich fliow what ic has beea lor-
merly : 20 miles W by N Jerufalem,
Ramanancor, an illand of Afia, nc.ir
Cape Cormoiin : 23 .miles in circr.m-
fereiice ; very fandy, and has only a few
villages and a Umple, loa, 79 45 iti, lat, 9
25 N,
Ramberl-h-Jt-iig, St. a tovvn of Fr.nr.r-c,
departaicat of Aui : 18 miles N W Bel-
-ley, Ravibervilhers, A town of France, de
partmeat of the Vofges , 30 miles S E
Naaci, Ram'oouillet, A tovva of Fraace, depart
ment of Seine and -Oife, Here was a
-palace, ia vvhich Fraacis I died, .la 15.17,
and the lale Lewis XVI .made il a miig-
nificcut royal refidence ; but it vvas dc-
,moliflied in 1793, hy order of the Na
tional Convention : 27 miles S W Paris.
Ramehead, ,a promontory of Cornwall,
S W of Plymouth, at the entrance of Fly-
-moulb ,'Souad. Oa its fummit is a chapel
(a feamark) belonging lo the ' vUlage
-of Ranie,loa- 4 ao W, lal. 50 18 >".
Ramera, a tovvn of France, department
of Aube ,on llic Aube : 18 miles N E
Troyes. F,,niill:.-s, a town of Auftrian Brabant,
T-cmarkablc for the great vicfory obtain
ed by the duke of Marlborough, over the
French, on Whilfundav i;c-6 : 10 mil-.s
N Namur, aiid 24 S E iOr.iG'el-i.
Rf.::iii:ram, an ifland ia the ludi:'-n Sea,
belvvceu the ifland 01 Cc) ion and the c-.j :'L
of Madura ; about 30 miles in circum
ference. The fill is i",indy, but prviduces
fome beautiful trees. On it are a. lew
vUIa'''es»

RAN

RAS

villages, and a celebrated pagoda, lon. 79
32 E, lat. 9 18 N.
Ramley, A village of Paleftirie, inhabited
principally by chriftians. [Bonsparte,]
Ramiiietens, A feaport of the ifle of Wal
cheren, iri the province of Zealand : 4
iniles S Middleburg.
Rammelfferg, a lofty, fteep, arid exten
five mountain of Germany, ia that part
of tbe Hartz Foreft which lies within the
principality of Grubenhagen. On this
mountain are 12 filver miaes ; aad al
the foot of ij; is feated the city of Gof
lar. Rampano, a tovvn of Turkey in Europe,
in tbe Morea, lon. ao 17 E, lat. 36 54 N,
Ramfay, A feaport of the Ifle of Man,
in a large bay, on the north eaft' coaft. In
whicli the greateft fleet may ride af an
chpr vvith fafety from all winds but the
north eaft. This town ftanding upon a
"beach pf loofe fand, is in danger of being
waflicd away by fhe fea : 10 mites N
Douglas. Ramfey, A towll In WIllQiire, Eng
land, noted for its fine beer : 46 miles iE
iBriftol, and 69 N London,
Ramffury, A town ill Huntingcterifliire,
England : i a miles N E Huntingdon, and
69 N London,
Ramfey, An ifland on the cpaft of Pem
brokefliire, England, two miles teng and
pne and an half broad. Near if is a group
of dangerous rocks, frequented, in the
breeding feafon, by vaft multitudes of
feafowl, and known by tlie name of the
Bifliop and bis Clerks. This ifland is 4
mUes W St. Pavid's, and 17 N W IVIll-
Jord Haven, ten, 5 ao W, lati 51 55 N.
Ramfgate, A feapprt of IEngland, ic the
county of Kent, between tbe North and
South Forelands. The harbour has
within a few years been much Improved
by virtue of an aa of parliament, where
by it is capable* of receiviag 200 fail of
Ihips;. a pew pifcr has alfp been ereaed,
which is capable of refifting the ftrorigeft
wiads or tbe mpft raglag fea tbat can
happen from the Downs, Ramfgate is a
member of the port of Saridwicb, and has
within thefe few years beeri much re
forted 10 for fea bathing : 6 miles S
Margate, and 73 E .London, lat. 51 21 N,
Randerfou, or Randers, an ancient town
of Denmark in N Jutland : 25 miles E
Wi'purg, ten. 10 35 iE, lat, 56 20 N.
Rangnitz, a town of Prullia: 55 miles E
Koninglberg, R.myon, A commercial cily of Ava, on
Rangooq river, about a milc lpng, aad a
^biT4.of A mile Ti^-'y.. 'Fhe ftreets arc

narrow, but clean and -yvell paved. The
bqufes are raifed pn ppfls frpm the
ground. [Symes.]
Raimocb, Loch, d lake in the N part of
Perthfliire : 11 miles ia length. Oa its
S fide is an ancient foreft of birch and
pine, Rantampour, A fortrefs of Hin;teoftan
Proper, iii the E (Quarter of Agimere ;
very celebrated in the Indian hiftories :
1 20 miles from Agra. ,
Ranizqw, a tovva ia the duchy of Hol
ftein : 24 miles N Lubec.
Raolconda, a fown of tbe Deccan of
Hindooftan, in Gojconda, near whicli is
a rick diamond mine : 270 miles "S W
Hydrabad, Ioh, 76 40 E, lat. 14 30 N.
Raon, L'Etape, a towii of France, de
partment of Meurthe, at the fppt of the
Vofges : 30 miles S £ Nanci.
Rapaloo, a town of Genoa, on a gulf of
the fame name : 20 mites E Genoa,
Jiappfrfcbwyl, a republic of Svyifferland,
on the confines of the canton of Zuric. It
is jinder the proteaion of the cantoris of
Zuric, Bern,, and Glarus, and is govern
ed by a great and little council, confift
ing of 48 members. Its territory is 6
miles long and 3 broad, and contains 3
pariflies. Rapperfchwyl, capital of the above re-i
public, It is ftrong by fituatlori, beiag
on a neck of land whicli advances info
fhe lake of Zuric, over 'vyhich is a wood
en bridge, 1850 feet teng. The inhabit
ants, 5000 in number, are all catholics,
The harbour, an excellent oae, is within
the circuit of the walls, Rapperfchwyl
is 12 rilUes S E Zuric, aad 62 N E Berq,
lon, 8 4a E, lat. 47 lO N,
Rapolffiein, or Ribau-Pierre, A fown of
France," departnient of Upper Rhine : 8
miles N Colmer.
Rapallo, A town pf Naples, in Bafilica
ta, with a bifliop's fee : 70 miles E Na
ples, Rafia, fee Raizia.
Razehorg, a feaport of Svveden, capital
of a canton In Nyland ; it is on tbe gulf
of Finland : 37 miles S E Abo, ten, 2318
E.lat, 6016N.
¦Ritfel Feel, a territory of Abyffinia,
formerly coafifting of 39 viUages, [Bruce.] .
Rafen, or Market Rafn, a fpwn ia Lin^
colafliire, Eagland : 14 miles N E if^in-
coln, 150 N iljondon.
Rufccalmo, a cape on tbe N coaft of
Sicily, near a town of fhe lame name, N
Meffina, Rafadt, A tovvn of Gcfmauy, arcbbifli,; opris

RAT

R A V

Jjpric of Saltftiurg, on the Ens : 48 milcs
E by S Saltftiurg.
Rafadt, A tovvn of Suabia, in the mar
quifate of Baden, with a caftle, la 1714,
a treaty was coacludefl here betweea
the French and Auftrians ; and the for
mer defeated %he latter, near tbis place,
in July 1796, Tvvo of tbe French com-
miflioaers, appointed 10 aegotiale a peace
with Auftria, were ia a myfterious man
ner murdered near ihih town in 1798,
Il Is on fhe Mcrg, near the Rhine : 4-
mites N Baden, and 24 S W PhiUpf-
burg, Ipp, 8 14 E, lat, 48 54 N,
Ratenau, a town of Germauy, in the
middle march of Bran;lenburg : 15 miles
N W Brandenburg.
Ratenburg, A town in the Tirol, wlih a
caftle, on the Inn i 1-5 mil?* S by W
Kufftein Rathlin Ifiand, is about 7 mites-from the
nortli coaft of Irelapd, 6 miles long, and
fi mile wide, having a large bay, called
Church Bay, which affords aa excelleaf
aad fafe harbour, with good aachorage :
13 milcs S from tbe iflaad of Ila, lon. 6 6
"W, lat. 55 20 N-
Rathminei, a remarkable place in Ire
land, 2 miles from Dublin, where the
duke of Qrmond was defeated by the
parliament forces in 1649.
Ratibor, a town of Silefia, capital of a
duchy of tbe fame name, with a caftle,
on fhe Oder, in a country fertile in corn,
and fruits : 15 miles N £ Trpppaw, and
142 E Prague.
Ratiflion, an ancient and ftrpng city pf
Bavaria, pn the Danube, pver which is a
bridge pf 15 arches. Il is free and Impe
rial, and ah eplfcppal fee, whofe bifliPp
is a prince of the empire. It is full of
gentry, apd there are very handfpme
ftruaures, particularly fix monafteries.
Tbe tovyn hpufc is magriificept, ari4 in
its hall, the general diets pf the empire
meet. The iphabitants, in general, are
prpteftants, as all fhe magiftrates muft be
It is 55 miles S E Neuremburg, 6a N by
P Munich, aud 19; W by N Vienna, ten.
J2 5 E, lat. 48 58 N.
Riitolfzel, a ftrpng tPwn of Suabia, on
that part of tbe lake of Conftance, called
Bodea See. It belongs to the houfe of
Auftria ; \% miles VV of the cily of Con
ftance, Raizrburg, a fortified fpvyn pf Lower
Saxony, with a bifliop's fee, and a caftle.
It is on an ifland, in the midft of |a lake,
30 miles In circumference. Tbe lown
belongs partly lo the duchy of Mecklen-
Vlirg, Strelilz, and partly to that of Saxe-

Lawenburg. The buildings are of brie"?:,
ancl almoft every houfe is fliacted with .i
tree. From thelake pf Ratzeburg, iffues
the river Waknitz, which joins the "Trave,
near Lubec, and thus facilitates the com-.
municatlon by wafer between Lubec and
thefe parts. Ratzeburg Is noted for its
excellent beer: 12 piiles SE J^ubec, lon.
10 49 E, lat. 5343 N,
Ratzia, OT Rafcia, the eaftern divifion
of Sclavonia, fubjea to the houfe of Auf
tria. Its inhabitarits are callfd Rafcians,
Rava, A tovvn of Great Poland, capil-.1l
of a palatinate of the fame name, with
a fortified caftle, where ftate prifoners are
kept. Tbe town is built of wood, ancj
feaced ia a morafs, covered with water,
from the river Rava, by which It is furr
rounded ; 55 S W Warfaw.
Rnvello, A feaport of Naples^ in Prinr
cipalo Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee It
has magnificent palaces, and fiae houfes :
10 milcs W Salerno, and 25 S E Naples.
Ravenglafs, a feapprt ia Cumberland,
Englaad, oa aa ialet of the Irifli Sea, be
tween the Mile and Efk, which, with tbe
Irt, fall into this Inlet, and form a goo4
harbour : 24 miles S Cockermouth, and
284 NNW London, lon. 3 30 W, lat.
54 20 N.
Ravenna, an ancient city of Italy, capi
tal of Romagna, and an archbifliop's, ice,
wilh feveral colleges, a great number of
religious houfes, and a ruinous citadel.
It had a very fiourifliing trade, but has
greatly fuflered fiace the fea has witb-
dravva two miles from it. It has about
15,000 inbiibltaats, and is chiefly not
ed for tbe excellent wine produced in ils
neigbbpurbood. Tbcodoric, king of the
Goths, refided here, and afterward the
exarchs of the Greek emperors. lathe
6tli century, when there were 3 popes at
the fame time, pne lived at Ravenna.
The maafgleum pf Thepdpric, is ftill to
be feen, and is remarkable fpr being cov
ered by a fingle ftone, 28 feet in diameter,
and 15 thick. Ravenna is near the river
Maatone : 37 m'les S E Ferrara, aad i6a
N Roaie, tea, la 5 E, lat, 44 a5 N.
Rovenfietg, a county of Weftphalia, S
of the biflioprlcs of Minden aad Ofna
burg, fubjea to the king pf Pruffia.
Hereford is the capital.
Raveiifferg, A free imperial town, of
' Snabia. "i'he public ftruaures are hand
fome, and the inhabitants are proteftants
and papifts : 15 miles N by 'W Lindau,
lon. 9 40 E, lat, 47 59 N.
Raverfein, a towll of Dutch Brabant,
capital of a couaty of the fame name, with an

H E D

REG

[Sti ancient and ftrong caftic. , It belongs
;-to the eleaor palatinate,. but has a, Dutch
.garrifon. It is on tbe Meafe : lo mfles
S W Ninieguen.
Rauvee, a river pf Hiadooftaa Proper,
.oneof the five Efbranchc-s-pf the Indps,
jintowhich river it falls, about 20 miles W
Moultan, after having received the unit
ed waters of ChelUm, and Chunaub. The
Rauvee is tte Kydraotes ijf Alexander.
Riiyleigh, A towa in EfVci, England : 13
.mUes S E Chelmsford, and ,^4 E Londoa.
Re, aa Ifland-oii tbe coaft of France,
pezT Rochelle. It is 3 miks from the
,niaine, 6 leagues-jn length. It has ao,ooo
.iBbabilanis, and is better cultivated than
any province pf France. [Wraxall.]
Reading, A borough in Berkfliire, Eng
land, oa ijie Kennel, near its confluence
..with the Thames, arid is the capil.ilpf the
.county, with 3 churches, govcraed by a
.mayor, aad fends 2 members to parlia-
jneiit. Ils chief trade is ia niall, aad In
tthe conveyance of 'comnipdilies, tP and
from London, by means pf the Thames :
a6 miles SSE Oxford, 39 W Lpridoii.
Realmont, a lown -of France, depart-
¦ment of Upper Garonne : 31 -miles ,N E
"I'ouloufe. Rebel, a towri of -Lower Saxony, duchy
.cf Mcc'iclenburg,, on the lakeMurlfz: 30
,miles S E Guftrow.
Rel'inick, a poputeus town of Turkey in
Europe, in iWalaehia, with a bifliop's fee,
ipn the Alula : 45 miles S W Targovvifco.
Reccan, fee Aracan.
Reckanati, atownof Italy, in tbe mar-
.quifate of Ancona, with a 'bifliop's fee.
Itis a fradiag place, aad has a great fare
-ia September, which continues 15 days
It is pn a mountain : 14 miles S Ancona,
and IIO N E Rome,
Rechlinghaufen, A town in the archbifli-
.opric of Cologne, capital of a county of
the fame name, with a ftrong citadel,, and
a chapter of noble ladles. If is on the
Lippe-: 20 miles W Ham, loa. 8 36 E,
lat. £1 27 N.
Recul-jer, a village, ia I-Lcnt, England,
,tbe Regulbiuni of the Romans. It Is by
tbefeafide, near the mculhof the Thames;
.and Is noted for its church, which has
.two fpires that ferve for a , fe:miark, and
.are called by mariners, the 'i'vvo Sifters :
I a iniles W IVJargate.
Redburn, a village In Herts, England,
whicli once belonged to the monaftery, of
St. Alban's, aad was greatly famed for
the pretended relics of Amphjbalus, who
converted St.. Alban to Chriftianity : 5
miles N W Albans.

Redhead, A promontory in AugusCliiri;,
on tbe German Ocean, S pf Muntrufc
Till the year 179.^, this cape was ilie
ppial beyond which coal was not per
mitted t" pafs without paying a heavy
duly, which vvas taken off by.a commuta
tion dut-y on fpirits,
Redon, a town pf France, .department
pf Ifle and Viiaine. It fcrves as a mart
fpr the commerce cif Rennes, and is on
the Vilaine , ao miles E Vanne.s, and 125
E by S Paris, lon. 2 10 W, laf. 37 48 N,
Redonda, a town of Portugal, ia 'Beira,
with a caftle. It has a manufac^re of
cloth : 1 7 miles S -W Coimt^ra, lon. 8 34'
W, lat. 40 4 N.
Redondella, a commercial tovvn qf Spain,
in Galicia, with a caftle, J"bere is a -fifli
ery for anchovies oh thecoaft, Il is, at the
bottom of a bay of tbe Atlantic : 8 .mfles
S Ponte Vedra, Ipn. 8 15 W, .'lat. 142
18 N.
Red Ruffia, fee Riiff.a.
Redruth; a tovvn of England, county qf
Cornwall, fituated among extenfive lin
works : 8 mile.s -W Truro, and 262 W S
W London.
Red Sea, a .fea celebrated in fcripture.
It extendi 13.00 miles from N to S, divid-
ic;; Africa from. Arabia, and is 200 broad,
in the wideft part. It is feparated froi^
the Mediterrariean Sea on the N, by the
ifthmus of Suez, apd communicates, by
the ftraits of Bjbelniandel, oa the S vvlib
tbe Arabiaa Sea, and fhe Indian .Ocean.
From fhe fountains of Mofes, which are
7 or 8 ho urs' journey, foutherly, froin
Suez, may be fcea the aperture of the
nipuntalri on the weftern fide of the fea,
through vvhich Ifrael paffed into the wa
ter. The aperture is W S W from the
fountains. Tbe breadth of the fea, fhere,
is about 4 or 5 hours' journey." [Clogher,]
Sees, a flrcmg towri pf Germany, in the
duchy pf Cleves, pn tbe Rhine : 10 milej
S E Cleves, and 10 N W Wefel,
Regenfferg, a tovvn pf Swifl'erland, cau-
fon of Zuric, capital of a bailiwick of the
fame name, with a ftrong caftic. It is oa
a rock, called.tlie L.-igcr.berg :• 10 milts N
V,' Zurich.
Reggio, an ancient and populous fown
pf Naples, in Calabria .Ulteriore, with
an arcbliiihop's fee, aad a woollen man
ufaaure It Is on the ftrait of Meffina':
12 miles S E Meffina, and 190 S by iE
Naples. '
Reggia, A duchy of Italy, included In
that of Modena. It produces a great
deal of filk, and .belongs to'the duke of
Modc:ii,

R E I

REM

Modena, except tbe marquifate of St.
Martin, which is fubjea to a prince pf
that name.
Reggio, ari ancient city pf Italy, In a
duchy pf the fame name, witb a citadel,
aad a bifliop's fee. In tbe cathedral arc
paintings by the greateft mafters ; :^nd In
the fquare is the ftature of Brennus, chief
of theGaulsi The inhabitants are about
22,000, who ciirry on a great trade in filk.
It is i'.>a fertile countrv : 15 milesNW
Modena, arnd 80 .S E r.iilan.
Rcgina, a- tovvn- of Naples, in Calabria
Citeriore : 14 irlies N Cofeaza.
Re'r. ,11110, a- towa, ia the Patrimony of
St. Pete.-, riear flie Tiber : tj miles N
Rome; Reiehenau, Sill iflnnd of Suabia, ia the
Zeller Zee, or lower lake of Coaftaace,
It is 3 milcs loag and' one broad ; con
tairis about 16,000 inhabitants, cathoUcs ;
3 pariflies, and ,i rich abbey, of which
tbe bifliop of Conftance is abbot. This
ifland is 3 miles W Conftance, "and be
longs to tbe biflipp pf fhat plac?. [Cpxe.]
Richenau, A town of Swifferland, in the
couatry of tbe Griffoas. It is in a rich
and fertile valley, at the conflux of the
two brancbes'that form the Rhine. Here
are tvvo curious bridges. One of thefe Is
thrown acrofs tbe lower branch of the
Rhine, and is 105 feet long. The other,
built acrofs the Rhine, below the""point of
unioa, is a wooden one, of a fingle arch,
covered Uke that of Schaffhaufen, and
conftruaed upon aearly the fame plan :
the fpan of the arch is 220 fcot in lenglh.
Reiehenau is 7 miles S W Coite.
Reicheiibuch', A riverof Swiflerland, which
has its fource at the foot pf Mouat Wet-
terhorn, and rolls its numerous cataraas
down the fteep fides of Mount Slieldec,
till if unites vvith the Aar near Meyrin
gen. Il conveys into the Aar, tbe gold
duft that is found In the bed of that
river. Reichenliach, a town of Upper Saxony, in
the Vos;fhad, containing near 700 houfes,
vvitli two cburclies, and a Latin fchool, in
whicb are five feach'jrs : to miles S W
Zwickau, and 58 W S W Drrfden,
Reicheuh.uh, A town of Silefia, captial
«if a circle of tbe fame name, noted for
the peace concluded here, in 1790, be
tween the emperor, Leopold II, and the
Turks, Reichenberg, A c iftle in tbe circle of the
Upper Rhine, on a mountain, near tbe
Rhine betenging fo the prince of Heffe
Rheinfcld, ten, 7 57 E, lat. 50 4 N.

R^ichenball, a town in Upper BaVari^r,-
00 the Sala, with a ricli, fait fpring in It,
the wafer of which is partly boiled here,-
and partly, by means of a large wheel, 36
feet in diamaer, throvv'n up to the high
er parts of a lofty houfe, and from
theiace cDnveyed bv means of leaden
pipes fo the diftance of 12 miles, over
ni,-,uj!t.iins, towards Traunftein, and
there boiled, the latter of ihefe places
abouading more in wood, and having al--
fo greater converiicncies for c;rportalioi,.
On the mounlains over vvhich ihefe
pipes run, arc liitle houfes, and wi-tcr
works at proper diftances, i.n order to
throw the water higher. For the con
veyance of i fri.ili fpring, ufed ia turii.-
ing the v\ heels and other enj^laes, and
hir carrying off- any fupcrftuous fait
water, a moft aftomnilog and durable
aquedua of fqiia.-ed flints, tvvo mUcs in
lengrh, and five feet broad, with an arcl -
ed roof, vvas, at a vaA expenfe, made
fome centuries ago, and in mariy placfs
overlaid with the hardcft refin, vvhich,
after running fo a depth of tnclve fall •
om under the town, and from tlien^. e
under tbe gard( ns :-ind fields, at laft
emits tbe wafer ia a ftrong firrcul. This
aquedua is in general between three and
four feet ia depth, aad ruas fo fvvifily,.
that, in a boat with torches, one may fail
from one end to tlie other in about a
quarter of an hour. In order to proceed
on this fubterraneous voyage, it is necef
fary lo defcend to a confiderable dcftli
dovvn certain fteps made in a fovver, to
the fait fpring,. whofe fuperfluoas watei.-i
run abput fifty paces farther, till they
empty themfelves into tbis little ftr.;?.ni
¦pf frefli water. 111 the aqueduct are five
apertures ia fhe form pf towers, and
ihroiigh fome of thefe a perfon may
fpeak ffom the ramparts of the fpvvn
vv'ilb thofe who fail upon tbe ciinal : 9-
miles S W Salzburg, and 64 S W Mu
nich, lat 47 40 N,
Reieheifein, A town of Silefia, famous
for the filver mines ia ils neighbpurhopd :
12 miles W Grotfkavv.
Reichffcf-u, a town of France, depart
ment of Lower Rhine, with a ciftle, in
tbe neighbourhood of Haguenau.
Remirem^'if, A town of France, depart--
ment of the Vofges, on the Mo.felle, at
the foot of JNIouiit Vofges : 42 milcs 3
by E Nanci,
Remy,St. A town of France, department
of the Mouths of tbe -Rhone. A trium
phal arch, and a maufoleum, in fhe neigh
bourhood, difplay the tafte of the Au-
guftaa

RET

REY

guftan age : the firft is not entire ; but
the fecond is in the beft ftate of preferva
tlon,. 10 miles N E Aries.
Rsndjburg, A town of Lower Saxony, in
Holftein, with a caftle, on an iflaad form
ed by tbe river Eyder-: la miles SE
Slefwick. Renfrew, the county fown of Renfrew
fliire : IO miles £ by S Port Glafgow, 45
W Edinburgh.
Renfrewfaire. A county Of Scotland,
bounded "W and N by the frith of Clyde,
E by Lanerkfliire, S W by Ayrfhire,
Tbis county was the paternal inherit
ance of the ^tuarts before they afcended
the throne, and it ftill gives the title of
baron fo the prince of Wales,
Rennes, an ancient city of France, de
partment of Ifle and "Vilaine. The in
habitants are computed at 35,000. It's
ftreets are broad and ftraight. A fire in
1720, lafted 7 days, and confumed 850
houfes.- Ill the great fquare, is the Pal-
.ice of Juftice, and the Hotel de Ville.
Renaes is an archbifliopric, and the cap
ital of fhe department. It is on the Vil
aine, which divides It info a parts: 58
miles N by W Nantes. [Wraxall.]
Renti, A town of France, department of
the Straits of Calais, on the river Aa : 12
milcs S "W Aire, and 50 N W Arras.
Reale, A tovva of Fraace, department of
Gironde, on fhe Garonne : 20 miles S £
Bourcleaux. Repaille, A fown of Savpy, in Chablais,
on. a river which falls Into the lake of Ge
neva. Here is a Carthufian moaaftery,
remarkable for its extenfive profpeas : 3
miles from TIiphpu, and aO N £ Geneva.
Repebam, A tPwn in Norfolk, England.
It has 2 churches in one church yard, and
is in a valley : 15 miles N W Norwich.
Requena , a fown of Spain, in New Caf
tile, with a caftle : 40 miles W Valencia,
and 130 E by S Madrid.
Reffd, a fown of Pruflia, capital of
Ghilan, on tbe S W coaft of fhe Cafpian
Sea, It Is fo planted vvith trees, fhat the
houfes are not vifible till you enter the
ftreets. It has iooo houfes : no mfles N
Cafbin, ten. 52 i6 E, lat, 37 18 N.
[Bpwen.]
Retford, Eafi, A bprpugh iri Notliagham-
fhire, England. It feads a members fp
parliameat, aad Is pa tbe Idle : 30 miles
N Npttingham, and 144 N by W Lpndon.
Setbel, an ancient town of iFrance, de
partment of the -Ardeaaes, on a moua
tain, near tbe river Aifne : ao miles NE
Rheims, and 108 N E Paris."
Retiiao, A feaport of Candia, witha bifh

op's fee, and a citadel, where the bafhaw
refides. It is fubjea to the "Furks. The
filk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum, and
oil, are preferred f o all others. Il Is on
the N eoaft ofthe Ifland: 45 miles from
Candia, loai a4 45 E, lat. 35 aa N,
Revel, A tovvn -of France, department
of Upper Garonne : 9 mUcs N St. Papoui,
lat, 43 26 N,
Revel, A government of Ruffia, fee Eft-
hania. Revel, a ftroag. feaport of Ruffia, capi
tal of the government of Efthonia, with a
bifliop's fee. It is furrounded by high
walls and deep ditches, and defended by
A caftle and good baftions. The houfes
are about 600 and the people 8000,
There are quartered here 5000 foldiers,
and 8000 feamen. Here are 4 Luthe
ran churches for the citizens, one for the
peafants, and two Greek churches, ' The
town is well built, and has very fine gar
dens. There is a college, with 4 profeffors.
It is become a place ofgreat trade; fince
the Rufiiians obtained poffeffion of it ; and
there are two great fairs in May and
September, frequented by EngUfli. and
Dutch merchants. It is on the gulf
of Finland, partly in a plealiant plain,
and partly on a mouataia ; 85 miles S E
Abo, and 133 W by S Peterfburg, lon.
23 57 E, laf, 59 20 N, [Hanway]
Revero, A ftroag towa of Italy, in the
Mantuan, on the Po, oppofite Oftiglia 1
10 miles N E Mirandola : and 20 S E
Mantua. Reufs, A river of Swifferland, which
rifes in the lake of LpcendrP, and joining
tbe Aar, falls into the Rhine below Zur-
zach. Reutlingen, A free imperial town of Sua
bia, In the duchy of Wirtemburg : adorn
ed with' handfome public buildings, and
has a vvell frequented college It is on
fhe Echetz, near tbe Neckar , 10 miles
E Tubingen, and 37 S Stutgard, lon. 9
10 E, lat. 48 31 N,
Reux, A fprtlfied fPWn of fhe Nether
lands, In Auftrian Hainault ; 8 milea N E
Moas, ' Rey, a fpwn pf Perfia, province of
Irac Agemi, in ruins ; ' under the Macedo
nian kings called Europus, afterwards Ar.
facia. Being deftroyed by the Arabians,
it was afterwards rebuilt by Billah-Man.!
fpr, caliph pf Babylon, aad at onetime
.contained 100,000 houfes, a great num
ber of mofques, colleges, -and other mag
aificent buUdiags. It was ruiacd by the
iacurfioas of the Tartars : 43 leagues E
Am»dan. Reyna,

RHE

R H I

Reyng, an ancient town of Spain, in
Andalufia, in a plain, witb a caftle, built
upon an eminence : 3 miles from Lerna,
and in a territory abounding itt wine and
cattle. Rezan, a government of Ruflia, for
merly a province of the government of
Mofcow. It is fertile in corn, and popu
lous ; and had anciently its own prin
ces. Rezan, A city of Ruffia, capital of a
government ofthe fame name, witb an
archbifliop's fee. It vvas formerly con
fiderable for its cxicrit and riches, but
was almoft ruined bythe Tartars, in 1568.
It is at the coaflueace ofthe Trubefli and
Occa : IOO miles S E Mofcow.
Rhe, ail ifland oh tbe W coaft of France,
department of lower Charente, It is 4
leagues loag aad 2 broad, and very popu
lous . Its produas are bitter wiae, abua
dance of fall, exccUtnt brandy, and the
liquor called anifefeed. It is defended by
4 forts, and is 8 miles W Rochelle. -St.
Martin is the capital,
Rheims, an ancient city of France, de
partment of Marne, and late province of
Chanipagae, with an archbifliop's fee,
TJie inhabitants are computed 10 be
30,000, "I'hc principal church is a very
beautiful Gothic ftruaure. That pf Sf,
Nicaife is remarkable for ils fine ar
chiteaure. Behind the high altar of the
church of St, Rcmy, the corpfe of that
archbifliop is preferved ia, a magaificent
flirine. In this church vvas lately I;a
Sainte Ampoule, which is a fmallvial, fill
ed with a reddifli and congealed liquor,
which the French of former ages thought
fo have beea brought from heaven ; and
this holy liquor was ufed ia the corro-
nacion of the kings of France, wbo have
been fucceffively crowned at Rheims ;
probably, becaufe Clovis, the founder of
the French monarchy, when converted
from paganifm, was baptifed ia the cath
edral here, in the year 496, Tbe re
mains of an Amphitheatre, a caftle, aud
a triumphal arch, are amoag the aacient
moauments of tbe Romans, . Rheims is
teng and narrow, and the houfes arelow.
Here are manufaaures of flannel, cover
lets, aad other wollen ftuffs ; and the gin
gerbread is famous. Rheims is fcated In
a plain, furrouadcd by bills that produce
excelleaf vvine, oa the river Vefle :
62 miles N Troyes, aad 75 N E Paris,
lon. 4 8 E, lat. 49 15 N.
Rheinau, a tovva of S\vifl"erlarid, la
Thurgau, vvith an abbey, on aa ifland
Vol, tl, T t t

formed by the Rhine, between Schaff
haufen and Eglifau.
Rheinberg, a town in the eleaorate of
Cologne, on fhe Rhine 1 40 miles N W
Cologne. Rheinec, a town in the archbifliopric of
Cologne, onthe Rhine: 34 miles SSE
Cologne. Rheinec, a town of Svyifferland, capital
of the Rheinlhal, with a caftle, on tbe
Rhine, near the lake of Conftance, lat.
47 41 N. '
Rheinfeld, a caftle of the Lower Rhine.
It'is one of the moft importaat places on
tbe Rhine, in regard to ftrength and fit
uation. It is built on a craggy rock, af
the foot of whicb is the towri of St, Goar,
and was taken by the French in 1794: 15
miles S Coblentz,
Rheinf elden, A ftiorig towri of Suabia,
the beft of the 4 fpreft tPwns, betenging
IP the houfe of Auftria, It has been oft
en taken and retaken, and I3 feated on
the Rhine, over vvhich Is a bridge of fev
eral arches : 8 miles £ Bafle, ten. 7 46
E, lal. 47 36 N,
Reingau, a diftriaof Germany, on the E
fide of the Rhine, extending from Nieder
Wallajif to Lorrich, The vine is here
chiefly cultivated, Elfeld is the capital.
Rheinland, a part of S Holland, on both
fides ofthe Rhine. Leydea isthe capital.
Rhein-Sabern, A town of Germany, in
the Bifliopric of fpire, with a caftle : 15
miles S Spire.
Reinthal, A fertile valley of Swifferland,
lying along the Rhine, which divides it
from a territory of Auftria, till if reaches
tbe lake of Conftance. It beloags fo tbe
eight aacieat caatuns, and tp that of Ap
penzel, The proteftant inhabitants are
the moft numerous,
Rheiinvald, a large valley In the coun
try of the Grifons; fp caUed from the
Hinder Rhine, whicli takes its rife on
Mount Vpgelfburg, at the diftance pf la
iniles, and runs through the valley. Splu-
gen is the capital,
Rhenen, a city in the. United Provinces,
in Utrecht, on the Leek : 20 miles S E
Utrecht, It was taken by the French iq
1795, lon, 5 22 E, lat, 5159 N.
Rhine, a great riverof Euiope, vvhich
rifes in the Alps, in the country of the
Grifons, in Swifferland, It is formed of
tvvo principal ftreams, the Upper or Hin
der Rhine, to the E, and tbe Lower
Rhine, (formed by 2 fmall ftreams, called
the Middle and the further Rhine) to the
W. The Upper and Lower Rhine unit- ictg

R H I'

R" IT O'

ing at Reiehenau, form a fine river, ever
vvhich Is a euripus bridge pf pae arch, the
chord pf vvhich is 220 feet loag. Paiflag
by Coire at the diftance of a mile, the
Rhine firft becomes -navigable for rafts.
It is foon afler the boundary between
rile Rheinlhal aad a territory of Auftria,
and paffes through the lake of 'Coiiftaace,
the largeft In Swifferland. Leaving this
lake, it fo-riQs a celebrated cataraa below
Schaffliaufen {fee Laiiffeii) and - becomes
the bouadary between Svviflierland and
Al.''ace, Ml the S and W, and Sual;iaon.the
N aifd E. Lciving Alface and Sua"ijia,
the river gives name to the tvvo German
circles of tlic upper and Lower Rhine,
waters many confiderable cities • and-
towns, aad -receives fome large rivers in
'its courfe fothe United Provinces. Below
Ehimerick; in tbe duchy of Cleves, it di
vides info - two ftreams. Tbat which
b'ends to the W; aad runs by Nimeguea,
is called the Wahal; but loofes that name
on ils Junaion. with the Maefe, at Brom-
meb Belovv Warcuni, it divides into 4
p.rincipal branches, forining tbe ifles of
Yffelmonde, Voorn, and Overfiackee ; the
moft Northern braacli is called the Mer
we, and pafling by Rotterdam and Schie
dam, is joined by tbe branch from the
Slide of Yfl"elmoiide, and' enters fhe Ger
man Oeean belovv ihie Briel: the other
two branches make their exit at Helvoet--
fliiys and Goree.' 'i'he other ftream
vvhich had branched off to the N W be
tew Emmerick, retains its name; but
another foon branches off to. the N, lakes
the name -af Yfl'el, and eaters the Zuider
Zee, below Campen. . 'Fhe old rlvcr'pro-
cceds WbyRhencnto 'Wyck-b-y-Duerftede,
whea it again divides iato two ftreams ;
that to the left is called the Lec'ic, and
enters the Merwe, above. Rotterdam.
The branch to the right, whicli retains
Its name, but i.s now an inconfiderable
ftream, palles on t(iUtrechl,Woerdea, and
Leyden, and is literally choked up-, by
mountains of fand, near the viitage of
GatwycK. Rhine Lo-icr.-,'i circle of th'e empire if
Germany, which extends from the circle
of Suabia, S,to that of WeftphaU, N. It
cPntaias theck-aoratesofMeiilz, Treves,
and Colpgne, aad the palatinate of the
Rhine. ' Rhine Lower',-% ie\>ZTtmtnt pf France,
containing the late province of Lovvcr
Alface, Strafburg is the capital,
Rhine Upper, a departmeat of France,
containing the late, province, of Upper
MiAce. Colmar ia the capital.

Rhine Upper, A circle of the empire rf-
Germaay, which includes the territories'
Of Hefl"e--Caflel, Hefl'e-Darmftadt, Heffe-
Rheinfeld, Heffe-Homburg ; the counties
of Naffau, Solma, Hanau, Spanbeim, Wi
ed, Weftcrburg and Waldeck, -vvith the
abliies-of Fulde aad I-Iirfcbfeld, fhe im
perial -fowas of Fraackfort, Fridberg, and
Wetzlar ; the bifhoprics, of Spire and;
Wor-ms, aad the duchy of Deux Pbnls,
Rhine, Palatinate of the, an ekaoralc of
Germany, in the circle of the Lower-
Rhine, bounded N by the Archbifliop
rics of Mentz and 'I'reyes, E- by Fran
conia and Suabia, andW andS liy France.
"Fire principal rivers are the iR-hineand'
Neckar, It has fuft'ered more by the wars
wilh France, than all tbe provinces of
Germany put together ; for, in the lafti-
i century, Louis XIV ordered tbe whole
' country lo belaid wafte by fire andfword,
' Heidelberg is tbe principal- town, bur
Maiibeim is the* eleaorate refidence,
' 'Fhis ekaorate is alfo called the Lower-
Palatinate, fo diftinguifli it from the Up--
per Palatinate of Bavaria,
Rhoda, a-v'iViage on the bank ofthe Nile,.
on, tbe fite of the ancient city Antinous,
inhabited by bad Moors, Chriftians and'.
Turks. Here magnificent ruins of pa-
' riaiirmarbl'c, furprife the travaller, [Bruce.]
3,'i-i.les, an ifland of fife Mediterranean,-.
on tbe S fnde of Natolia, 40 miles long'
and 15 broad. The air is good, and the
foil is dry aud fandy ; but the numerous
fprings which water it, rcndcrit extreme- _
ly fertile.. Corn thrives there admirably.
Its yellow and. heavy grain affords a flour
as wliite as fnow, whicli makes excellent
b'read. If half of the country capable of
raifing it were culttvafed, the Rhodi-
ans vvnuid have far more than fufficient
for ihcir confutiiption, aad might export:
to. foreign countries. 'The number ot
families in the whole ifland, isi eftimated
at 4700 ']"urks, 2500 Greeks, and 100
Jews, in all 7300, or about 36,500 in
habitants, Rhodes, a city and capital of theifland''
of RhodcSj.builtbyHippodamus, a fanious -
archilea,of Miletus, 3 leagues in circum
ference ; the beauty of ils harbours, fays
,Strabo, of its ftreets and walls, and the
magnificsttcc of its. monuments, render •
It i'o niiicli fuperior tP aU- other cilies, as
to admit of no comparifon. The cele
brated colofl'us of Rhodes, dedicated 10'
the fun, was tbe worlc of Chares, of Lin
dus, a pupil of Lyfippus, and vvas 70 cu
bits liigb J it was ibrowii dovvn by an
earthquake,

Rfi-O

-.:R I C

¦earthquake, , 56 years after it was firft
creaed. It is faid to have coft 300 tal-
tnts, a fum vvhich the Rhodians gained
by the fale ofthe warlike eagiaes left by
'Demetrius, when he raifed the fiege, ^o-
awlah, the general of the CallphOlhman,
when he took Rhodes, deftroyed tbe ftat
ue, and fold the brokcTi pieces t-oa jew
- of Edeffa, mar 900 years after its fall ;
other arts floiirilhed in this renowned
city Thiir fchools attained- fo high a-de-
grcH of celebrity, that they were'reforted
to by fume of the gieateft men- of Rome ;
among whom were Marcus 'Brutus, Cic
ero, Qalo, Caliius, Cxfar, and Pompey.
Alexander, vvho regarded this city as the
-flrft in fhe univcrfe, chofe here to de-
..pofn: bis laft wUl. Ijbe modern lown,
buUt oa the ruijis of the ancient city, oc
cupies only a quarter of its extent, and
ipoffeffesno remarkable antiquities. Not
even the fmalleft remains of the theatre,
temples, nnd portico, arc to be -difeov-
cred, Sttitues, .coloffufes, paiatiags, all
have beea deftroyed or carried off. To
-wide aad Ikilf'uily difpofed ftreets ; to
Jhofe regularly .raoged edifices, where
cachfroat prefcated tbe fame order of
architeaure, have fucceeded narrow .and
winding lanes, and houfes without talte,
regularity or decoration. The ^Knights
of Rhodes have left variniis traces of
their refideace in tbe Ifiaai^. Their ar-
'morlal eafigas, and fome bufts of -the
•grand mafters, fculptured ia relief, oa
4narble, decorated the fronts o-f feveral
-buildings. 'Fhe walls and towers they
•ereaed ftill fubfift, and bear tbe glorious
•marks of their obftinate defence. The
church of St. John has been converted
into a mofque. The vaft liofpiial, in
'which Chriftian charily received the
faithful from all p^rts of the world, and :
-furniflied tliena witb fuccours, af this day i
ferves as a granary for tbe 'Turks, Rhodes
has only two harbours. The fmalleft .
•faces the E, and is called Darca. Rocks, :
at a fmall diftance from each pther, in
•the front, block tbe eiUraoce, and only
-leave room for one vefl'"cl to pafs. Moles, ¦
.raifc-d oa cadi fide, defend it from the
-<vind, Tbe Turks, who, fiuce the con-:
-queft of the ifland, have not removed
trom It a fingle grain of fand, fuffer it
.gradually 10 choak up. "-There is~ only
vv.iter eaough fur mercbairt fliips, and
even they, are obll^:^d to unload a part
•of their cargo, before they caa cater ll.
The other harbour is lai';.,'c ; it bears tbe
•namo of Rhodes ; :ind in thi-, frigates of
.Jl- guus may anchor. VflVels arc here

defended from the wefterly wimh, which,
ill thefe latitudes, prcvail-9 months iu the
year, lon. 28 25 E, lat, 36 25 N.
,, Rhodes, a town of Africa, Iri Tunis, on
an eminence, -between tbe lake of Tunis
and the fea, at a-diftarice"from fome hills,
where Hanao was«ie£eatedby:Regul'US,lon,
28 25 E, lat. 36 24 N. [A-danis,-"i'hevenot.]
Rhone, a large river of Europe, which
rifes in Swifl'erland ; iffuing from the gla
cier <sf Furca, between two rockymoun-
taiiis.,- Crofling -the Vallais, it runs
through the lake and cityof Geneva, aad
i'epara ling Ftanise-from Savpy ,pafl'esioLy-
ons, Vicnae, Tournon.'V'aleace, Viviers,
Poaf St. Efprit, AvignoB,-iBeaucaire, Tar
afcon, and Aries, and falls iuto-th|e Med
iterranean, by feveral mouth',.
Rhone, Mouths af ihe, A departmentof
France, containing part of the late prov
ince of Provence. Aix is the capital, . •
Rhone and Loire, A department of Fraace,
including tbe'-late provinces of Fprcz and
Lypaois, The- capital is Lyons:
Rhyaiderga-itiy, a town in Radaorfliire;
S W.ilcs, Its name fi;;ni(les tbe Fall of
Wye, tbat river beiag here preci'pltatedl
in Sl cataraa : 20 miles W N \V N"vv
Radaor, and ,177-of ¦jLondiHi.
'Rhyn4y,-i.lK Rilntii,^'.
Rib.is, a town, 8 miles from Madrid.
Ribemont, a town of Fran.ce, deiiurtnicnt
of Alfiic : 10 miles W by S St. Qucatia.
Riberia Grande, A towa of St. Jago, the
' principal of tbe Cape de Verd lflaiid,-»,
vvith a good harbour, a bifliop's fee, and
4 or 500 houfes. It is betweea tvvo high
morintaiits, ten. 23 24 'VV, lat, 15 o N,
Ribnitz, a town of Lower Saxouy.
duchy of Mecklenburg, vvith a nunnery
for noble woaien. It is on a bay 01 the
Baltic: 12 iniles N Roftock,
Richelieu, a towa -of Fr.-iiv:^, vleparF"
ment of Indre and i,oirc, with a fine pal
ace arid ah extenfive. park, !t,w-is built by
cardinal Riohelie".!, in 1637, The ftreets
arc ftr,ii^dit, and it contains ,1 bandfom.;
fquare. It i.i on 'the Aaiablc and Vide-:
27 milcs N Poifiers, and 152 S A\' P;irls.
Riehfiaiid, A boi-oiigb in tlic N riding of
Yorkfliire, England, it has a caftic, oa aa
inacccllible mount, and tvvo churches ;
fends two meml'-crs fo parliament, is Gov
erned bv a inavtir, :ind has a manuf.i,iuir^
of woollen ftockin^'s, cafi.-^, c.c. 40 miles
N W York, and 230 NNW London.
Ricbmou.l, :i village in b'urry, EoglanJ,
vvith a brjdije of five arches over tbe
Thames : 9 miles W S W Londoa, diftin
guiflied by its beautiful myal gardens,
which, ia ruraaicr, are opea every fun-
d-iy -;

R I N

R I S

day ; and in thefe is a noble obfervatory.
Here is an extenfive royal park, called
Richmond, or tbe New Park ; furround
ed by a brick wall,
Richmondfire, A diftria in the N riding
of Yorkfhire, England, formerly a county
of itfelf. It abounds in romantic fitua
tions, and is 'noted for the neatnefs and
induftry of its inhabitants, wbo manufac-
trire kittit ftockings, and other coarfe
goods. Many lead mines are wrought in
this diftria, of which Richmond is tbe
chief town,
Rickman-lfwarth, A town in Herfford-
fhire, England : i8 miles WN WLondon,
Rieti, an ancient tovvn of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoleto, wifh a bifliop's fee, on
tbe river Velino, near tbe lake Rieti : 27
miles S by E Spoleto, and 37 N E Rome,
Rieux, a town pf France, department of
Upper Garonne : 25 miles S "W Touloufe,
83 W Narbonne.
Riez, a fmall, but populous town of
France, department of the Lower Alps,
It is in a plain, abounding with good wine,
and stcelleiit fruits :' 35 miles N E Aix,
and 50 N E Toulon,
Riga, A government of Ruffia. See
Livonia. Riga, a ftrong and populous tovvn of Ruf
fia, capital of the government of Livonia,
Next to Peterlburg, it is the moft com
mercial place in the Ruflian empire : 500
fliips have been loaded here in a year.
The trade is chiefly carried on by foreign
merchants, who are refident here, and
thofe betenging to. an Englifli faaory,
enjoy the greateft fliare of it. The prin
cipal exports, are corn, hemp, flax, iron,
timber, mafts, leather, and tallow. With
in the fortifications are 9000 inhabitants,
and in the -fuburbs 15,000, befide a garri
fon of IOOO men. Here is a floating
wooden bridge, over tbe Dwina, 2600 feet
long and 40 broad ; in winter, when the
ice lets in. If Is removed ; and in fpriag,
it is replaced : 5 qiilesfrom the mouth of
the Dvvlaa, and 250 S E Stockholm, lon,
a4 25 E, lat, ^6 53 N, [Coxe, Hanway,]
Rimini, an ancient and populous tovvn
of Italy, in Romagna, with a bifliop's fee,
an old caftle, a ftrong tower, aud many
rehiains of antiquity. It is ia a fertile
plaia, oa the gulf of Venice : 20 miles
S E Ravenna, and 145 N hy E Rome.
Rtmegen,'a tovvn of Wellphaba, duchy
of Juliers, on the Rhine, remarkable for
feveral Roman antiquities.
Rincoping, a town of Denmark, In N
Jutland, oa the W coaft : 50 mile. N by
W Ripen.

Ringsted, an ancient town of Denmark,
in tbe ifle of Zealand, vvhere the kiags of
Denmark formerly refided, and were bu
ried : 30 miles S W Copenhagen.
Ringwood, A town of Hampfliire, Eng
land, which has a confiderable manufac
ture of worfted knit hofe. It is on the
Avon : 30 miles S W Winchefter, and 91
W by S London,
Rintlen, a town of Weftphalia, with a
univerfity. If is fubjea to the landgrave
of Heffe Caffel, on the Wefer : 15 milet
S Minden, and 35 S W Hanover,
Rio-de-Miranda, a river of Spaia, which
rifes in tbe mpuntains pf Aufturias, and
feparating that province from GaHcia,
enters the bay of Bifcay, at Rivadeo.
Rio-Grande, a river of Africa, which
runs from E to W through Negroland,
and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, in 11
degrees N latitude.
Riom, An ancient towa of France, de
partmeat of Puy de Dome, oa a hill, in a
ple-ifant country : 8 miles N E Clarmont,
and 115 S' Paris.
Rions, A town of France, department of
Gironde, on the Garonne : 18 miles S E
Bourdeaux. '
Ripa Traiifant, A poputeus and ftrong
tovvn of Italy, in fhe Marquifate of An
coaa, with a'-bifliop's fee : 5 miles W of
tbe gulf of Venice, 8 S Fermo.
Ripen, A feaport of Denmark, ia N
Jutlaad, capital of a diocefe of the fame
aame, With a bifliop's fee, a caftle, two
colleges, aad a public library. The tombs
of feveral kings of Denniark are in the
cathedral, which is a very handfome' fti-uc-
ture. The harbour is at a fmall diftance,
at tbe moutli of the river Nipfaa, in a
country which fupplies the beft beeves in
Denmark : $5 miles N W Slefwick, and
60 S by W Wiburg.
Ripley, A town in the W riding of York
fhire, England, on the Nyd : 123 miles W
N W York, and 221 N by W London.
Rippon, an ancient borough in the W
riding of Yorkfliire, England. It was
once famous for ils re'ligious houfes, and
has aow a collegiate church, adorned
with 3 lofty fpires. Itis noted for its
manufaaure of bard warfs, particularly
fpurs, and the market place is one of the
fineft fquares of the kind ia Eagland.
It is governed by a mayor, feads tv, o
members to parliament : 28 miles N W
York, and 4i!i N N W Load;>n.
Riquier, an ancient town of France, de
partnient of Somme, on Ihe Cardon :' 5
miles N E Abbeville, aad 95 N Paris.
Rffiri:igi, A tovvn in Butkinghamfliire, Eaglaud :

ROB

ROC

England ; 20 miles S Aylelbury, and 37
W N W London.
Ritberg, a townof Germany, in the cir
cle of Weftphalia, capital of a county of
the fame name, with a caftle. It is on
the Embs , 12 miles N W Paderborn,
Riva, a ftrong town of Germany, ia
the bifliopric of Treat : 17 mUcs S W
Trent, Rivadavia, 1 town of Spain, In Gali
cia, at llie confluence of tbe Minho aad
Avi-i, in a territory that produces the
beft wine in Spain : 15 miles W S W Or
enfe, lat, 42 13 N,
Rivadeo, a feaport of Spain, ia Galicia,
on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio-de-
Miraiido : 45 miles NNE Lugo, ten^ 6
47 W, lat. 43 38 N.
Rivallo, A town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, on a mpuntain : 20 miles frpm
Naples. Rivefaltes, a town of France, depart
ment of the Eaftern Pyrennees, and late
province of Roufillon, famous for fine
wine : 8 miles N Perpignan.
Rivali, a town of iPIcdmont, with a
magnificent caftle : 9 miles W Turin.
Rivalo, A towa of Italy, ia the Vero
nefe, on the lake Garda : 20 miles N W
Verona. Roa, A ftrpng town pf Spain, in Old
Caftile, with a citadel. It is on the Dou
ero, in a cpunlry fertile ia corn and wirie :
10 miles S W Aranda, and 70 N Mad
rid. Roanne, a populous and commercial
town of France, depariment of Rhone
and Loire, It is oa the Loire, where il
begias to be navigable for barks. Hence
the merchandife of Lyons, Merfeilles,
and the^ Levant, is conveyed down the
Loire, and by the canal of Briare, into
the Seine, and theace tp Paris : 50 miles
N E Clermpnt, and 210 S E Paris, lon, 4
12 E, lat. 46 13 N.
Robben Ifland, fometimes called Penguiii
Ifland, a barren, fandy ifland, near the
Cape of Good Hope, Ion, 18 22 E, lat. 33
50 S,
Rabil, a tovvn of Lower Saxony, duchy
of Mecklenburg, on the rivcr Mu-
retz. Robin-Hood's Bay, pn tbe cpaft pf tbe
N riding of Yorkfliire, Eagland, S £ of
Whitby, about one mile broad. Here is
a village pf fifliermen, who fupply the
city of York, aad all the adjaccat coua
try, with herrings, and all forts of fith, in
their feafon ; ttiey have well-boats, in
which are kept laige quantities of crabs
and lobfters, ten. o iS W, lat. 54 25 N.

Pocea-d'Anfo, A ftrongtown of Ita1y,on
tbe lake Idro : 25 miles S E Trent.
Rocca-d' Aniione, and Rocca-d'Ahhazze ,twv
forts of Italy, in Moniferral, each of
whicb is feated on a mountain, in 'the
road from .".fti to Alexandria.
Rochdale, a town in Laacafliire, England.
It is in a vale, on the rivcr Roch, at the
foot of fhe Yorkfliire HiUs ; and h.-a
fiourifliing manufaaures of bays, ferges,
and other woollen goods, whieJi extend
10 miles N of the (own. Part are fent
to London, but vaft quantities are ex
ported lo Portugal : 5; miles W S "W"
York, and 195 N N WLondon.
InEngland delineated.]
Roche,! town of .Swifferland, fubjea to
the canton of Bern, which has here a.
direaor of the fall works, Roche »
memorable for the refidence of the cele
brated Haller, who fiUed tbat office from
1758 to 1766.
jRaehe, OT Rocbe-sn- Ardennes, an ancient
town ofthe Netherlands, in the duchy of
Luxemburg, with a ftrong caftle, on a
rock, aear the riv«r Ourte : 22 miles S
Liege, and 32 N W Luxemburg.
Roche Bernard, A town of France, de
partment pf Morbihan, on the river \'i-
laine : 23 miles E Vannes.
Roche Cbaurt, a town of France, de
partment of Upper Vienae, with a caftle
oa the lop of a niounlaia, on the declivi
ty of vvhich the town is fcated, near a
fmall river that falls into tlie Vienne:
60 miles S by £ Poitiers, and 189 S br
W Paris.
Roche Miicheran,A townof the Nether
lands, duchy of Luxemburg, with a ftrong
caftle : 15 miles N £ Luxemburg.
Roche Pofiy, a town of France, depart
ment of Indre and Loire, remarkablefor
ils mineml waters : 25 miles S Lochcs.
Roche-fur-Yan, a town of France, de
partment of Vendee, near the Yon : 20
miles N W Lugpn, and 202 S W Paris.
Rochefort, a fcaport of France, depart
ment of Lower Charente, wilh a com
modious harbour, one of the moft f:-:-
mous in France. It vvas built by Levvis
XIV, In 1,664, 15 mfles fioai the niouth
of the Charente, the entrance of which
is defended by feveral forts; The ftreett
are broad and ftrait ; the houfes low,
but regular ; and it is fuppofed to con
tain 10,000 inhabitants. It has a mag
nificent hofpital, vaft barracks, the fineft
ball of arms in France, a noble arfena',
a rope yard, a foundery for c-innon, ana
all the other magazines neceffary for the
conftruaiuii and equipment of fliips cf

R "O C

R 0 L

^.~T : I? miles SSE Rochelle,' aad 127
S W Paris, ten, o 54 W, lat, 46 3 N,
[M'"raxall,]
Rochefort, a town pf the -Netherlands,
tluchy of Luxemburg, with a caftic, laid
to have been built by the Romans. It is
--furrounded by rock-s : and is '15. miles S
•iEDinaut, ami 50 N V,'" Luxemhurg,
Eochfoi,c::ull, a tiivvii of France, dcpnrt-
meiit of Charente, wilh a caftic : 12 milca
iN £ Angoul'iiuie, aji;! 208 S hy W Par-
Roehelle,-A fortified tnvn of France, de
partirient of Lower Charente, with a
..commocUous and fafe harbour. It was
I'ltely a bifhop's fee, and contains 16000
inhabitants, -iOOO being proreftaats. It
•has 5 gates ; and the houle.^ are fupport-
•ed by pi:-»zzas, under which perfoas may
-walk in all weathers. Lewis XIII took
this place from tbe.proteltir.rs in 1628,
after a fiege of 13 mouths, during whicb
-The inhabilaats fuffered .ill the horrors
-of famine, only 4000, out of 15,000 fur-
viving tbe fiege. il'o prevent the Eng
lifli throwing ui fuccours by fea, cardi
nal ftichelieu conftruaed a -prodigious
-mote, '4482 -feet in extent. , The inhabit
anls carry on a confiderable trade ; ef-
•fifcially in wines, brandy, ffjar, fait,
•iiaper, linen, and_ ferges. Rochelle is
-feated on thp bay of Bifcay, has 15,000
inhabitants : 67 miles N by E Nanies,
.and 220 S W Paris, teri. ,j. 4 W, lat. 46 9
iN. - .[Wraxall-]
Rochefer, a city in Kent, -England, on
•the Medivay,over vvhich is a ftone bridge.
3t i's govcraed by a mayor, aad fends two
-•¦members to parliament. It is an aacieaf
place, and was formerly much larger
¦than at prefent. Its caftle, now in ruins,
once rendered it of great importance ;
and here alfo are fome remains of a pri-
-ory. Piocheftsr is a bifhop's fee, aad
-iias, befide fhe cathedral, three parifh
churches. It coafifts chiefly of one priii-
<ipal ftreet, wbich is wide, aad paved.
The iahabitants are chiefly tradefmen
and innkeepers ; no fort of manufaaure
.being carried on bere. It has two free
fchools, one called the King's, and the
other ibe City School Here is alfo an
iilmfboufe for 6 poor travellers, who are
fuppUed with a fupper, a bed, and a
breakfaft, with fourpence to carry them
•forward on their journey ; but they arc
to ftay no longer than one night ; and
,an infcriptlon over the door intimates,
that rogues and proaors are excepted.
"Ihe corporation has jurlfdiaion over |
the great oyfter fifhery in the feveral I;

' creeks - of the Medway. Rochefter is
parted from Stroud on the W by its
bridge, aud it isconliguous to Chatham
on the E : 27 miles N W Canterbury,
and 30 S, E Loadoa. ,
Rochford, a, town ir. F,fl'"ex, iEjigland':;
40 miles-E by N Londoa.,
liccl<ilz,.An ancient tovva -of Saxony,
ia tho territory of Leipfie, with a caflle,
copper' iiil<ics, aati a, handfome bridge
over the Muld.ivv.
Rockingham, a town in Northampton
fliire, Englaad : .12 mUes S -Oakham, and
84 N by W London. --
¦Riitiinghau/en, A town of Germany: 26
miles W Worms.
Rockifaw, a town ot Bohemia, ia the
circle of Pilfen : iI miles E Pilfeu.
Rocroy, a tpvva of Fraace, department
of Ardeiines,-in a plain, furrquiided by
forefts : 26 miles N Rethel.
Rodoflo, A populous feaport of Turkey
in Europe, in Romania, with .a Greek
bifhop's fee. ' It is on che fide of a hill,
on the fea of Marmora : 62 miles S W
Conft-Hntiaqple, ten, 27.37 E,l.-it, 41 i N,
Rodcz, an ancient tqwn of France, de-.
partment of Aveiron. Here are four
great annual f^irs, where mules are fold
for Spain ; and fome manufaaures of
grey cloths and ferges. It is a bifliop's
fee; aad the 'fteeple of the catbsdral is
remarkable for its height, and much ad
mired for Its architeaure. It is in the
midflof mounlains, on a hill, at the foot
of .which .flows tbe rapid Aveiroa : 30
miles W, by S Meride, lori. 2 39 E, lat, .
44 21 N.
Roer, ariver of Weftphalia, which rifes
in the duchy of Juliers, pafles by tbe
towa of tbat name, and falls into the ¦
-Maefe, above Ruremonde. There is
another, river of this name which falls
Into tbe Rhine, betew .Duifburg.
Roeux, A tovvn of the Netherlands, ia
Auftrian Hainault : -8 miles N E Mons.
.Rohaczow, a town of Lifbuania, capi
tal of adlftrie'c ofthe fame name ; at the
coaflueace pf the Dnieper and Ordrwa :
37 miles N W Rzezica, aad 158 N
Kiof, tea. JO 40 E,-laf. 53 2 N,
Rohan, A town of France, department
of Morbihan, cm the Aouft : 20 miles N
-Vannes. RohilcHnd,.OT Pohilla, A territory -of Hin
dooftaa Proper, whofe iahabilaats arc
called Rohillas. If lies E Delhi, and is
fubjea to the nabob of Oude, by whom
it w.-is conquered in 1774. Bereilly is
the capital.
jRfldtii, A town of flie Netherlands, duchy

ROM

ROM

rflichy of Limburg; capital of a territdry
' of the fame name, with a caftic : "7 milcs
N 'Aiif-la-ChapeUe,
Ram, or Roem, an ifland' of Denmark,
on the E coaft of S Jutland : '5 miles- in
length, aad half as mui::h in l>readth,
and coataii.h a few villages.
¦ ¦Romitgiiu,-i ((lovince of- Italy, in-the
Ecclcfiafticirt M te, bounded N by the
Ferrarefe, & by Tufcany aad Urbino, F
by the gulf of Vtaice, W by the Bolog
nefe and TilfCairv, It- is fertile ia corn,
vrine, oil, fniits ai.d paftures. It has 'al-
ib mines, mineral waters, aadil:flt Wbrks,
wbich make its priacipia!, revenue, Ra-
V«iina is the c:)pli;il, "I'Ms- country forms
a part of tbe new Cifpadana republic,
and was fiu'rendered by the pope, Feb
r9, 1797.-
Rom.dn, Motier, a tpwn of Swiflerland,
in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a baili
wick, with a, caftle ; at tbe footof a high
njounlaia . ill a aarrow valley, through
which flows the river Diaz,
Romania, a province of Furkey in Eu
rope, 200 miles long and 150 b'road ;
bounded N try Bul;.;:iria,E bythe Black
Sea, S by the Archipelago and the fea
of Marmora, W by Macedonia and Bul
garia, It was formerly caljed 'I'brace,
and is the largeft of all the Turkifli prov
inces in Europe. It is fruitf-.il in coni
a;nd paftures ; and there are mines of fil
ver, lead, and alum. It is. divided iato
three governments, namely: Kirkel, pf
vrliicb- Bhilipoli is the capital; Galipoli,
wfiofe capit.il is of tire fame name ; and
Byzantium, of which Coaftantiaople is
the capital.
Riiiiana, a fti^Png and populous tPwa of
Italy, ia Bergamofco. It carries pa -a
great trade ia cora, and is ftated on a
river that' runs between the Oglio and
Scrib. Ramans, an ancie'al town- of France,
department of Drome, in a fiae pfaia, on
the rivcr Ifere : 22 miles S W Grenoble,
and 30 S Vienne, ' '
Rome, A city of Italy, arid, at one time
capifc-d pf the world ; foaadcd by Ro
mulus, ia fhe year 7^8 befpre Chrift ; fit
uated pn 7 hills, on the fide of Ihe 'Fiber ;
ro miles In circumfereac'e. The names
of the hill's were Palatlnus, Capitolinus,
Aveatinus, Janiciilus, CoeUus, Efquiliaus,
arid Quirinalls. At this time it is the
refidence of the pope, aad the capital of
bis dominions, fituated in the province
called Campagna. It contains 81 parilhes.
200,000 ¦inhabitants, including llrarigers,
,i8i7 priefts, 3847 monks, 1910 nuns,

1665 ffudcn-IS; and 1470 paupers: TSaf
ftreets are laige .-ind handfpirie, but iioO
kept in gppd repair. Itis divided int«'
14 quarters or vv;i.'xls called riones, Itb
which are found a great number of beaiii—
fihil fquares, fuperb palaces, and mag
nificent churches. The ftreet called Cor-
foHs tbe '.noft frequented. Here the no
bility difplay thtir equipages during the
carnival, and take ih'e air iu the evcaio-g's*.
in fair vieather.' 'l"be fliops on each fide
arc 3 or- 4 feet higher t Ivan the ftreet j-
aad there is -a path foD tbe conveniency:
of foot pafl'cagcrs, on a level witb the
fliO|is. 'l"lie palaces, of wbkb ':hcre are
feveral in ibis ftreetj range in a line witli-
the houfes, liaving no courts before them,
"I'he ,Stradii l-'clice, and the Strada di-
Porta Pia, are alfo very long and noble
flreets. 'I'here are ao l.-imps lighted ia
the ftreets at night-; and all Rome would
be ia utter darkaefs, were it not for the
candles which ibe ilevoiion of individua!sr>
fometimes place before the ftatues of the
Virgin ; tlufc appear glimmering, at vaft-
intervals, like ftars in a' cloudy night, -
The footmen carry d^rk lanterns bebind-
ihe carriages of people of the fii;ft dif
tinaion, Tbis darknefs, it, miiy be fiip-
; pofed, is apt unfavourable to aflignatlons-
amoiig the ihferiirr people : and when a
carriage, with a lantern behind if, acci-
dently cpmes near a- couple who do notr
wifh to be known, one of them calls out
volti Id Uiuteriia, turn the lantern ; and i*-
immediateiy obeyed, Rome exhibits :»
ftraage miiture of magnificent and inter
efting, and of common and beggarly, ob--
jeas ; the fornier confift of palaces,
churches, fountains, and the remains o;'
antiquity; the lalter eomprclK-rid all tlie-
reft of tht citv, "l"be cbureli of Sl, Peter,
in the opinion of many, furpaffes, in fize
aad magnificeace, the fin-eft- monuments
pf ancieai architeaure. Its leagth is-
730 feet,; -the breadth 520; and ibe-
heigjit, from ilic pavement, to tbe top of
the crofs, which crowns the cupola, 450.
A complete defcription nf ibis 'churcb,-
and of its ftatues, h.ifl'o-reliev-os, columns,
and various other oraiimenls, would filf
volumes, 'I'be Pantheon is the moft
perfea of the Roman temples which
now remaifi, and iu fpife of the deprc-:
dations It has fuftained from Goflis, Van
dals, and Popes, is ftill a beautiful monu
ment pf R*man tafte. The pavilion of
the great altar, whicb fl'inds under tbe
cupola of Sf: Peter, and tbe 4 wreathed
pillars pf Co-riatbiaa brafs which fup
port it,-were fcirmcd out of t.be fpoils of.
tli;

ROM

ROF

&£ Pantheon, whlcIi, after all, aud with
the weight of 1800 years upon its lisa,d,
ha& IHlI a probability of outliving its
proud capacteus rival. From the circu
lar foini of this temple, it has oblaiued
the name of the Rot undol Its height Is
150 feet, and its breadth nearly the fame.
There are no windows ; the central
apenlng in the dome admitting a fuffi
ciency of light. The rain which falls
through this aperture, immecUately drills
through holes, whieh perforate a large
piece of porphyry, that foims the center
e£ the pavement. Being converted into
a: Chrifban temple, the Paatbeon, origia-
ally ereaed fo fhe honor of all the gods,
is novv dedicated to the Virgin, and fo aU
the martyrs and faints. As the Panthe
on is the moft entire, the Amphitheatre
of Vefpafian is the moft ftupendous, mon
ument of antiquity In Rpme. About one
ha,lf of the external circuit ftill remains,;
&om which a pretty exaa idea may be
formed of the original ftruaure. By a
computation of Mr. Byres, it could con
tain 85,000 fpeaators. The Campidog-
b'.Q is an elegant ftruaure, raifed on part
of the ruins of the aacient Capilpb Buf
the antiquities of Rome are too numerous
to be minutely defcribed. We fliall,
therefore, pafs over tbe ancient Forum,
now a cozu market ; the beautiful column
of Trajan, I2Q feet high, nn the top of
which is the ftatue of St, Peter, infteaid of
that of Trajan, &c. The church of Sf,
John Lateran, the Romans fay, is the
moft ancient of all the churches of Rome,
and the mpther pf all the churches in
Chrlftendom, To this church, every
new pope conftantly goes firlf, in a mag
nificent proceffion, fo fake poffeffion of
the holy fee. The pope has 3 fuperb
palaces, pf vvhich the principal is the
Vatican, near St. Peter's church, contain
ing, it is faid, upwards of 4400 apart
ments, many of tbem painted by the
moft eminent mafters. The Ubrary of
this palace Is the largeft and moft com
plete in the world ; rich, efpecially, iu
manufcrlpts, of which there are upwards
of 40,000, in all languages, and of all ages.
In Rome, tbe cbnnoiffeur will meet with
innumerable paintings by tbe greateft
mafters, arid wilh the fineft works of
fculpture, &c. The caftle of St. Angelo
ferves more to keep the cily in awe, than
to 'repel any foreign attack. • Rome ia
feated on fhe Tiber : 410 miles SSW
Vienna, 600 S £ Paris, 730 £ by N Mad
rid, and 760 W Conftantinople, lon. 12
55 E, lat- 41 54 N, [Adam, Moor, &c.]

RamsBa, the general name ^ven by the
Turks to their European duiiiinions,
Romhildsn, a fown of Franconia, with a
caftle : 8 miks S E Henneberg.
Romney, New, A town in Kent, England.
It is one of the cinque ports, and once *
contained 5 churches and a priory ; but
fince the fea has retired, it Is reduced to
a fmall place ; 7 1 miles S £ London.
Romney Marff, a vaft traa of rich, wet
land, which occupies the moft fouthern
part of Kent, between Dungenefs and
Rye haven. All animals are fallciied
here to an extraordinary fize, and many
bullocks are fent hence. to the Loridon
market ; but it Is deemed a very un
healthy traa.
Ramont, a ftrong town of Swifferland,
Iri tbe canton of Friburg, on a mountain :
10 miles from Friburg, and 12 from
Bern. Romorentin, a tnwn of France, depart
ment of Loir, and Cher, with a caftle.
On one of its gates is infcribed Roma Mi
nor, but there Is nothing to juftify this
appellation. On the contrary, vvere it
nol for its manufaaures of ferges and
cloths, which are very good, this place
would be fcarcely known : 45 miles E
Tours, and 100 S by W Paris.
Ronciglione, A town of Italy, in fhe pat- .
rimony of Sf. Peter, capital of a fmall
diftria of the fame name ; on tbe Tercia,
12 miles "S Viterbo, and 24 N N W
Rome. Ronda, a Ibrong town of Spain, in Gra
nada,' with a caftle : 20 miles N W Gib
ralter. Roohuhe, A large populous town on the
Danube. The neighbourhood Is covered
with vineyards. [Jackfon.]
Roquebrune, A town of Italy, with a caf
tle, near the fea : 3 miles from Monaco,
Roqusmaure, a town of France; depart
ment of Gard on a craggy rock, near the
Rhone : 22 mUes N E Nifmes.
Rafana, A town of Lilhuania, near the
Zolva : 20 miles S W Novogrodcc.
Rof bad, a populous commercial fown
of Swifferland, in a baiUwick of fhe ab
bey pf St, Gallen, with a caftle on a
mountain, on the lake of Conftance.
Rofcbild, a town of Denmark, in the ifle
of Zealand; with a bifliop's fee, and a
univerfity. The church is tha moft an
cient ia Denmark, it is at ^lie bottom
of a fmall bay : 15 miles W Copenha
gen. Rofcommon, a county pf Ireland, in Con-
nauTht, hounded E by Longford N by
Sligo and Leitrim, S by Galway, AV by
Galway

& (3 S

ROT*

iSalway and Mayo. It is a level fruit
ful country, and by the help of good
hufbandry yields excellent corn. It con
tains 59 pariflies ; and fends 8 members
to parliament,
Rofcommon, a borough of Ireland, In a
county of the faine name : 8o miles W
DubUn, !
Rofe Cafle, in Cumberland, England, a
¦feat of the bifliop of CarUfle, near Ingle-
¦iiooi Fpreft.
Rofes, A feapprt of Spain, iri Catatenia,
with a citadel, pn the bay of Rdfes, ia
the Mediterranean • 15 mUes N E Gi-
ronna. It was taken by the French, Jan
uary 5, 1795, ten, 3 I E, lat. 42 16 N.
Rofetta, A ppputeus tpwn pf Egypt, on
ithe W branch of the Nile, I'lie third
townof Egypt for commerce. The Egyp
tians call it Rafehid, ahd confider it one
of fhe pleafanteft places in tbe country.
It has a^gireat manufaaure of ftriped and
other coarib linens ; but its chief bufi
nefs is the fcarriage of goods hence to Ca
iro ; for aU Eurppean merchandife is
brought hither from Alexandria, by fea,
and carried herice by boats to Cairo.
The ' Europeans have their vrlce con
fuls and faaors here. The town is near
a miles in length, and ccinfifts of 2 or 3
long ftreets. The hills abbut the town
appear as tbbugb tbey had bnce been
the barriers ofthe fea. The fine countrv
of Delta oppbfite, and two beautiful
iflands below the town, afford a delight
ful profpea. To the north are pleafant
gardens adorned witb citron, orange,
and palm trees. About 2 miles N on
the "W of tbe river is the caftle, built of
brick, and cafed with ftone ; it Is a fquare
building with round towers, Ic is 25
miles N E Alexandria, and 160 N N 'W
Cairo, lon. 30 45 E, lat, 31 30 N.
[Pococke, Sonini.]
Rafhaa'n, a cciuntry of Afia, lying W of
the kingdom of Burmah, to which il is
fubjea Rofienne, A town of Samogitia : 70 miles
S MIttau, and 188 N ElWarfavv,
Rafiers.^nux-Salines, a town of France,
department of Meurthe, famous for Its
falt-works : 9 miles S E NanCi, and 170
E Pal-is.Rofoy, a town of France, department of
Seine and Marne, with a magnificeat
caftle : 15 miks S Meaux.
Rofs, A feaport of Irelaad, county of
Cork, It is uaited fo Cork as an epif-
Copal'fee, and Is on a b.iy of the Atlan
tic : 20 miles S W Kinfale.
Rofs,a town in Hertford Ibire, England;
¦ Vol. II. U u u

12 miles S E Hereford, and 115 "W by 1^
London. Rafs-ffire, A county of Scotland, bound
ed N by Sutherlandflilre and the frith of
Dprnoch, S by Ivernefsfliire. The N W
part Is mountainous and dreary ; the E
is Variegated with woods, lakes, and riv
ers. The hiUs feed black cattle, fheep,
and goats. In fhe woods are flags, roes,
and the beautiful bird, called the Cock
pf the Wppd ; it is of a bright azure
colour, and almoft as large as a common
turlcey. On fhe tops of the high rocky
mountains is found the ptarmigan, a "
fimple bird, npt quite the fize pf a part
ridge. It is pften Indebted for its fafety
10 its grey colour, which refembles the
ftones among wbich it lodges. In winter
its colour changes to a pure white, like
the fnow in which if pften buries itfelf.
Roffano, a ftreng and pppulous town of
Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, wifh an
archbifliop's fee, on an eminence, fur
rounded by rocks : 3 miles from the
gulf of Venice, and 136 S £ Naples.
Roflock, a fortified town of Lower Sax
ony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with
a univerfity, a good harbour, a ftrong
citadel, arid an arfenal. Here are feveral
handfome churches, and it was formerly
one of the Hanfeatic towns. It is divid
ed into three parts, the Old, the New,
and the Middle Town. It is ftill imperi
al, under tbe proteaion of the duke of
Mecklenburg, and is feated on a lake :
3 miles from the Baltic, 12 N Guftrow,
and 60 E Liibec,lon. 12 15 E, lat. 54 8 N.
Rof of, A lai-ge lown of Ruffia, vvith an,
archiepifcopal fee :' 95 miles N £ Mof
cow, lat. 57 5 N,
Rata, A tovvn aad caftle of Spaia, at the
eatraace of the bay of Cadiz : 7 miles
N Cadiz.
Rita, an ifland of Afia, one of the.prin-'
cipal of the Ladrones,
Ratenburg, a free imperial town of Fran
conia : 15 miles N W Anfpach,
Ratenburg, a town of Suabia, belpnging
to tbe houfe of Auftria, remarkable for
ils mineral waters. It is on the Neckar : 7
milesWTubingen,lon, 8 55 E,lat.4828N.
Ratenburg, A tovvn pf Heffe Caffel, with
a caftle : 25 miles'S Caffel,
Rolhbury, A tPwn in Nprfhumberland,
England : 9 miks S W Alnwick.
Rotherham, a town in the W riding of
Yorkfkire, Eagland, it is famous for con
fiderable iroa-wprks in its neigbbour-
bopd : 31 miles N Nottingham, and 160
N by W London,
Roi'nfiy, A borough of Scotland, capital

K au

R O U

of tbe ifle of Bute. On its E fide if has
aa excellent harbour and pier. iHere is
an ancient caltle,- once a royal palace,
-xvliich gives the ''''^ °f duke to the
prince of Wales;' asit long did, befpre the
union, to the heir-apparent of tbe crowp.
of Scotland,: 70 miles W Edinburgh, ten.
5 17 W, lat, 55 50 N. '
Roth-well, A town in Nprthamptonflilrs^
England : 15- milcs N N E Nprthamptpu,.
and 79 N N W' Londcm.
Rotterdai^ A city of the liTriitecl Prov
inces, in Hplland, with one of tfie fineft-
harbours in- the Netherlands, Il isthe
moft confiderable plaee in HwBand ; for
fize, beauty of its Imlldiags, aad trade,
next to Amfterdaim There are fo maay
deep canal?, that fliips may- ual'oad at the
vcery duprs pf the warelipufes. The
townhpufe, the back, aad the arfenals
are magnificent. Tlie Englifli have bere
an Eplfcppal' and a Prefbyjerian charch,'
It is more frequented by fhe Britifli
merchants than Amfterdam, becaufe the
haibour is- fooner freed from ice, and
a fingle tide, in two or three hours,
will carry a- veffel into- the opea fea?
Some ot the houfes' are built ia tbe old
Spanifli ftyle with the gable ends embat
tled ill front ; but there Is a great iium-
bier of modern brick houfes, whicb are
Jbfty and - fpacious; parliculatly oa that
magnificent quay called tbe Bomb Tees^
0n this quay is a handfome Jewifli fyn
agogue. Erafmus was born in this-clty,
and his ftatue, in bronze, ftarids ia an
open place, at tbe head of one of the
canals; aad in a narrow ftreet, leading
from the ftatue to- tbe great chureh, is
ftill fliown- the houfe in. which, he was-
born, with an Iiifcription, in front,. to his-
honor, Rotterdam received the French
troops, Jan. 23, 1795- It is feated on the
Merwe (fhe moft northern 'branch of
the Maefe :) 13 miles S £ Hague, and
30 S SW Amfterdam, ten. 4 2.8-E, lat. 51.
56 N; [Haiwvay.]
Rdt-weil, a fi-ee imp'rialcity of Suabia,
in alllarice vvith the Swifs cantons fince
the. year 15 13. A mile and -a half from
this place is-a famous abbey, where thev
receive iioae Isat noble women, ft is on
the Neckar, near itS' fource : 27 miks
SSW Tubingen.
Rouen, A city of France, department of
Lower Seine. It is tbe capital of tbe de
partment, and feated on the N fide of the
Seine, . Tbe ftteef s are narrow^ crooked,
dirty, and confift of wooden houfes ; not-
«ith&ui(ling ¦which, icis one of the motl

opulent apd imporfaijt places in Fmicb^
It is two leagues and a half in circuit, ao^-j
(its fix fuburbs included) is cum puled fo-i
contain 7 3, oo'o inhabitants,' Among lAe
public buildings; the mpft diftingiiiflieij'
are, the Great Hall of the Palace, in
which the late parliament of Rpuen met ;
the old caftle ;'and fhe principal church,
ornamented vvitli three towers, iu one of
which is the great bell, vyhich bears the*
name of cardinal George d'Amboife, a
minifter, whofe memory is much refpeft.
ed in Fra-nee It weighs 40,000 Ibs.ani
is pne fpot thick ; ifs circumference is jj
feet, and its height arid breadth 10 feel if
the cUpger alone weighs 710 lbs, .Ncas.
tbis church, vvhich is not the only re- '
markable one, is the public library. The'
fteeple of the late Benediaines of Sfe
Ovven is an elegant Gothicftruaure, The'
Unen® of Rquen, particularly what are '
called the Sieimoife, are muah efteemed,-!
There are alfo manufaaures of cloth,!
and. a manufaaure of oil of vitriol, the]
only one in Fraace, Tbe fuburb of St, j
Sever, on the other fide of the Seiiiejjj
communicates with- tbe city by a bridge
of boats, whieh rifes and falls with the
tide, and is made to open, fo as tn ad--
mit the paffage of ihips. It is paved, and '
is 270 pace^ loiig- Rouen Is tbe birth
place of the two- Corneillcs, arid of Fon-
feaelle : 50 milcs S W Amiens, and 70-
N W Paris, ten, i 10 E, lat. 49 27 N, j
[WraxaU.] j
Rovere, or Roverdo, a town of Auftria,
and in the Tirol, on the Adige,. at the
foot of a mpuntain, defended by twojarge
towers and a flrong caftle. The Auftri
ans. vvere defeated near this place, in Sep
tember 1796, by the Frerich; who toofc'
ppfleflion of the town ; but they were
obliged tp aban<lpn it in November fpU
lowing : 8 miles S Trent, lat, 46 0 N
Rouergue, a late province pf France, in
the government of Guienne, bounded W
by Querci, S by Languedoe, It is not-
very fertile, but.'feeds a number of cattle,
aad has mines of copper, iron, alum, vit
riol, and fulphur. It now forms the de
partment of Aveiron, J
Rovigno, A populous town of Venetian'
Iftria, with twogood harbours, and-quar--
ries of fine ftone. It is in a territory
vvhich produces excellent vvine, on a pen
infula, on tbe weftern coaft : 8 miles, S-
Parenzo, tea. 14 2 E, lal, 45 16 N,
Rovigo, A town of Italy, capital ot the
Polefino di Rovigo, on the Adige ; 21-
mlles S Padua, ard 37 S W Venice.
Mauffetari, a towu of FrancO) depart ment

R V1F

"TL US

iBient nfthe North : lo miles N E Ypres,
and 20 S E Oftend.
RouffiUon, A late province of France,
i-boundad E by the Mediterranean, N by
Lower Languedoe, S by. Catalonia, from
,Which it is feparated by tbe Pyreimee?.
See Pyrenees .Rafiern
Roxburgjhire, A couflty of Scotland,
i"ometimes called TeviotJ-ale ; bound(!d
N by Berwlckflilre, E and S by .Nor-th-
i^imberland and Ciimberland. From N
•to S it extends 30 miles, and nearly the
fame from E to W. Tlie principal riv
ers are the Tweed, 1«viot, and Liddd,
Tbe face ofthe country exhibits a rough,
-irregular appearance of moraffes, hills,
and mountains, interfperfed wilh narrow
^rallies, well watered, and fertile in corn.
The hilts feed great numbers of flieep
and caftle.
Roxent, Capt, Or Rack of Lifftn, a re
markable .mountain aqd promontory in
iPortugal, at the N entrance of tbe Ta
jo ; 22 miles W Lilbon.
Rayon, once a large town of France,
.department of Lower Charente, famous
for a fiege maintained by the Hogeiiots
againft Lewis XIII, in 1622. It is now
almpft in ruias.pn the Garonne : 30-miles
S Rpchelk.
Royes, a ftroBg;tpwn of France, depart
ment of Somme. Some mineral waters
were difcoyered here a few years ago :
-12 miles N W Noyon, and 60 N by E
Paris. Royfton, A town 'm .Herts, England : 3 7
miles N Lcmdon.
Rubiera, a fmall but -ftrong town of It-
.aly, one of -the keys of tlie Modenefe :
8 miles N W Modena.
Riidelfiadi, a town of -Upper Saxony, ia
Thuringia, a caftle near the Salla.
Rudejheim, A town in fhe ekaorate of
Mentz : 3 miles from Bingen, celebratecl
for its wine.
H-jdolftperd, A ftrong town of Germa-
7iy,in Carniola, vvith an abbey ; on tbe
Gurk; in' a country fertile ia good wine :
45 miles S E LaUbHcb, l.-it, 46 8 N.
Rtffae, A town of France, departmerit
of Upper Rhine : 7 miles S Colmar, and
9 N W Bafle -
Ruffec, a townof France, ia tbe depiirt
ment of Charente, and late province of
Angoumois, fcated on fhe Aadie : 24
miles N Apgoukme.
Rufifco, a town of Africa, in tbe king
dom of Kayor, fituated oa the fea coaft.
The name is a corruption of Rio-frefca,
givea by the Portuguefe. It contains
^bout 300 houfes, and - the inhabitants

carry ori a confidcrablrtralle vvifh Et?.
rppeans in flaves, fkiss, gUm; ivory, 6t-
trich feathers. Indigo, cotton, iScc.
Rugby, a tpvvn jn Warwickfliire, Eng
land, has a famous freeJishool : ii miles
S ,E Covwitry, and ^5 N N W London,
Muglry, A town in StaffordfliirCj Eng-
ilaad, on tbe Trent : :io miles SJL Staf
ford, and 126 JJ W Xoridon.
Rugtii, an ifland of tbe Ba'ltlc, -on tke
coaft of Swedifli -Pomerania, oppofite
Stralfund, 23 mites teng and 15 broad,
has 27 pariflie:;. If is ftrong both by
art arid nature, and abounds in corn and
cattle. T.he chief tom;n-tt Bergeri, ten.
,J4 4oE,:lat, 5423 N,
Rngenwald, a tovvn inTruRian "iPomera-
nia, vvifh a eaftk : 8 miks from the Bal-
,tic, arid 3-5,N-£ Colberg,'loE, 16 27 E.lat.
,S4 35 N-
Rumford, a'town In 'Effex, Englaad : 12
.miles ENE London,
Rumilly, a tpvvn of SaVtiy, on an .etevaty
ed jilain : 5 miles from Aririecy.
Rumiity,ite Romney.
Rumfy, a c-orpnrate -town In Hamp-
fliirt, Erigland, It is governed by a mayor,
'has a manufaaure of flialoons, and feve
ral paper and' corn mills : 8 milcs N N
W Soiuhamjitor., and 74 W by S LoUf
don. Runiiymead,, a celebrated .mca.!, near
Egham in Surry, where king John vvas
compelled to fign Magna Charta and
¦Charta de Forefta, See Wrayflury. On
this mead arc aniiu.-il horfe races.
Rupel, a river of tlie Auftrian Nctber-
•lands, formed by -the junaion of the
Senne and Demef,l)ctew Mechlin. Af-
-ier -receiving fhe Canal from Bruffeis, it
joins tbe Scheld, af Rupelmonde.
Rupehnonde, a town of Auftrian Flan
ders, on the Scheld, oppofite tbe mouth
of tbe Rupel : 8 miles S W Antwerp,
and 22 N E Ghent.
Rupin, or Rapin, a town in the marqui
fate of Brandenburg, c,-ipital of a duchy
of the fame name, with an aacient cr.ftle.
It Is a place of confideraible trade, has a
manufaelure of chirli, and, is noted for
brewers : 35 mUes N W Beriin.
Ruremonde, a ftrong town of Aufl'riai'i
Guelderland, with a b''ifliop"'s fee. It has
been taken and retaken feveral times ;
particularly 179,3, by the French, vvlp
were obliged to evacuate it fooa after,
but took if again tbe aext year. It is
near the confluence of tbe Maefe and
Roer: 12 miles S Veiilo, aad 70 N E
Mechlin. Ruffia, alaric empire,partly ia Afia.arid part-ly

R U S
partly in Europe ; bounded N by the
Frozen Ocean ; S by Great Tartary, the
Cafpian Sea, and Perfia ; E by t^e Csa of
.Japan ; W by gweden, Poland, and fhe
.Black Sea. 'Fhere were- 3 icountries that
had the name of Ruffia ;- Red Ruflia, W bite
Ruflia, which comprehends Lithuania ;
and Black Ruflja, and hence his imperial
majefty fakes the title of emperor of all
the Ruifias. This empire, exclufive of
the late acquifitions frOm the Turks and
from Poland (iee Poland)' forms a fquare,
whofe fides are about 2000 miles each.
The feas of Ruflia are, the Baltic, the
White Sea, the Frozen .Ocean, fhe 31ack
Sea, and the Cafpian Sea. There are
alfo five large rivers ; tbe Dnieper, Volga,
Eon, Dwina, and Oby. A country of
fuch vaft extent muft Ue in different cU-
mafes, the, fpil and prpduaipns muft be
.as different. The moft fertlld part is near
the frmitiers of Poland ; the inhabitants
here are able fo fupply their neighbours
witb corn : fhe N partis not only colder,
but very marlhy, and pverrun with for
efts, inhabited chiefly by wild beafts. Be
fide domeftic animals, there are wild
beeves, reindeer, martens, white and
black foxes; vyeafels, ermines^ and fables,
whofe flcins make the belt fqrs in the
world. Thofe that hunt thefe creatures
for their Ikins, ufe no fire arms, for fear
of fpoiling them. ' They had very few
vines, before Peter the Great Caufed
fhem fo.be planted in difFerenf places.
In Ruffia, are large- quantifies of cotton
and filk (witb which fhey make all forts
of ftuffs) flcins, furs,' Ruflia leather, talc,
tallow, hemp, Rullia cteth, honeyj vyax,
,and almpft all the merchandife pf -China,
India, Perfia, Turkey, apd fome European
couatries. Tbis vaft empire was 'diyided
by the late emprefs, irito 41 Govern-
.meafs ; vl.z, Peterlburg, Olonetz, Wi
burg, Revel, Riga, iPIkof, iNfovogorod,
Tver, Smokaflco, Polotik, Mqhflef, Orel,
Kaluga, Mofcow, Tula, Rezaa, Volodi-
inif . Yaroflaf, Vptegda, Archangel, Kof-
trbma, Nlflinel-Npvogorod, Kafan, Sim-
birlk, Penza,' Tambof, Voronetz, Kurfk,
Novogorod-Sevfcrtkoi, TchernigOf, Kiof,
KharkofjOalbarlnenflaf, Caucafus, Sara-
tof, Ufa, Viafka, Perm, "iTobOlflc, Koly
van, and Irkutzk ; all whicb fee. The
inhabitants in geaeral, are robufl, well
fliaped, and of pretty good complexion.
They are great eaters, and very fond of
brandy. They ufe bathlag, but fmoke
no tobacco, left the fmoke ffiould difliouor
the images of the faints, whicb they have
in great veneration ; however, they take

' R U S
a great deal of fnuft", made of the tobaco^
brought from the Ukraine Formerly np
Ruffians were feen In other countries, and
they feldom or never fent ambaffadors td
foreign courts ; but now the gentlemen
are more polite, and ftudy the intcrefls
of diflerent nations. Their armies are
always very numerous. They bad no
men of war, nor merchant ' fliips, befort
the reign of Peter tbe Great ; but, in the
late reign, powerful Ruffian fquadrons ap«
peared, riot orily in the Baltic, but in the
Black Sea, and in the Mediterranean;
They have images in their churches ; anil
the priefts give a pafl'port to ibofe that
are dying, addreffed to St, Nicholas, wlitj
is defire4 to entreat St, Peter fp ppen the
gates pf " heaven; as they have certifie'd
tbat the bearer" is a gPod chriftian. The
church is governed by a patriarch, under
whom are the' archbithops and bifliops.
Every pritft is called apapa, or pope, an4
of thefe there were 4000 in Mofcpw only;
Fprmerly he was thpught a learned man
whp cpuld read and write ; but Peter the
Great .undertpck to introduce the arts
and fciences ; and, in 1724, the firft uni
verfily was founded in Ruflia ; and there
is alfo an academy of fciences at Peterf
burg, fupplied with fpme pf the beft prq-
feffors in Europe; A perfpn'may travel
cheap, arid with great expedition ia Rufr
fia, both in fummer aad winter, efpecially
in tbe fledges during the' latter feafon.
The draught horfes are extremely fwiff,
aad the roads yery good, particularly in
the winter time, between the principal
cities of fhis country.' ' It is nothing ex
traordinary to go with poft horfes from
Peterfburg 10 Mofcow, vvhich is about
440 miles, in 72 hpurj ; and a CPmmodi-'
ous fledge, drawn by a pair of poft horfes;
for this distance may be hired for 14 or
15 rubles, Nol one thjrd of the Ruflian
empire is fufficienlly peopled, or properly
cultivated. The iiumlier of inhabitants
yvho pay the pole ta'x and furnifli re
cruits, is computed at near 13,000,000,
and of fhe whole to- near 27,000,000.
'Fhe better clafs of females wear velvet
boots. "iThe drefs of the higher ranks is
afler the' French and Engliih fafliion ;
aud ^U muft have a - covering of fur fix
mpnths pf the year. Thus equipped, the
prince and the peafant .arc burled in their
chaifes and fledges, thrpugh the dreary
Scythian winter. - Th* fpverelgn pf Ruf"
fia, Is abfplute. He was formerly called
grand duke, which is no-iv the title of the
heir apparent ; he afterward affumed the
title of czar, a corruption from Ccfar,
emperor :.

RYE

SAB

emperor J from fome fancied relation fo
the Roman emperors ; on account of
which they alfo bear the eagle as a fym-
bol of their empire. Tbe firft who bore
the title of czar, was Bafil, fon of Bafil-
ides, vvho freed his couatry fromits fub
jeaion to the Tartars, about the year 1470.
Perhaps no country ever exhibited, in
fo fhort a time, the wonders that may be
effeaed by the genius and exertions of
one man. Peter the Great at hia accef
fion to the throne, found his fubjeas of
all ranks Involved in the grofleft igno
rance and barbarjfm ; his numerous ar
mies, ferocious aad undifciplined ; and he
had neither merchant fliips nor men of
¦^ar ; which, added to tbe remotenefs of
her fituation, rendered the influence of
Ruffia in the politics of Europe of little
confiderafion. Peter civilized his barba-
J-ous fubjeas; difciplined bis armies, built
cities and fortreffes, 4nd created a navy.
Thefe natiorial improvements have been
continued fince his time, and Ruffia noW
holds a rank among tbe nations of Eu
rope, of which human forefight, at fhe
coramencement of the laft century, could
have formed no cpiiception. Peterlburg
is the capital of the whole empire.
Ruthin, A town in Denbighfliire, N
Wales, in a vale, on the river Clwyd, It
i's 15 miles S W Holy WeU.
' Rutland/hire, the fmalleft county of Eng
land, bounded W arid N W by Leicefter
fliire, N and N E by Lincoliifliire,iS and
p E by Northamptonfliire. If lies in fhe
diocefe of Peterborough, contains 48 par
iflies 3260 houfes, 20,000 inhabilants, two
m-irket towns, fends two members 10 par
Uament. The air is very good, and the
foil rich. Oakham is the county tovvn.
Rutigliano, A town of Naples, in Terra
di Bar!.: 5 miles S E Bari.
Ruttunpour, A city of the peninfula of
Hindooflan, in Oriffa, and the capital of
one of fhe Weftern Mahratta chiefs, lon,
82 36 E,lat. 22 16 N.
Ruvo, a populous town pf Naplej, with
A bifliop's fee : 16 miles W Bari.
Ryacotta a tovvn of Hindooftan, in fhe
Myfore country, "ifhls'town was -taken
by the' Britifli in the month of July,
1791, It was ftrong, and well furniflied
with guns, ammunition and pro'vifion for
its defence, "¦ '
Rye, a borough ini Suffex, England. It
is an appendage to the cinque ports, gov
erned by a mayor and jurats, and fends
two members 10 parliament. Its port is
fo choked up with fand, tbat it can ad
mit fmall veffels only. It exports cern,

malt, hops, and other produaions of the
county ; and its fifliermen fead confid
erable fupplies to the London markets :
28 miles SSE Maidftone, 63 S £ Lon
don. Ryegate, a borough in Surry, England :
21 miles S W London.
Ryfwick, a village in Holland, between
Hague aad Delft,- where the priace of
Orange has a palace. It is remarkable
for a treaty concluded here in 1697, be
tween England, Germany, HoUand, France,
and Spafn.
Rzeczica, A tovvii of Lithuania, capital
of a territory of the fame name, at the
confluence of the Wycdfzwck and Dnie
per : -125 miles N Kiof, lou. 31 5 E, lat.
5032N.

Ki'A, a town of Egypt, 3 leagues from
the Nile, fuppofed fo be the ancient
Sals, the afylum and tomb of Ofiris.
Saadah, A ftrong and populous town
of ArabiaFellx, where fhe Turkey leather
is made : 140 miles W N W Sanaa, lon.
4455 E, laf. 17 50 N. _
Saafa, a town pf Syria, in the country
beyond tbe river Jordan, fuppofed fo be
tbe place vvhere Nimrod was buried : 40
miles N W Sarchad.
Saba, A town of Perfia, in Irac-Agemi,
on the road from Sullania to Kom, lon.
52 15 E, lal. 34 56 N.-
Sabanga, A lake in Turkey in Afia, of a
triangular form, about 6 miles long.
Sabia, A kingdom on tbe £ coaft of Af
rica, bounded N by Sofala, £ by tbe Mo
fambique, S by unknown regions, W by
Mani"ca.' -It has mines of gold, and many
elephants. Sabia, A cape of Tripoli, af the bottom
of tbe gulf of Sidra.
Sabina, A province of Italy, In the Ec
clefiaftical State ; bounded N by Umbria,
E by Naples, S by Campagna di Roma,
W by the patrimony of St, Peter, abouad
ing in oil and wine. Magliano is the
capital. Sabioncello, a peninfula of Dalmalia, in
the republic of Ragufa. It lies S of the
gulf of Narenta, andN of a channel which
feparates the iflands of Curzola and Me
lida.- -
Sabionetta, a ftrong town of Italy, in
the Milanefe; capital of a duchy of fhe
fame name, with a caftle. It belongs to
the

S A'tJ

S Ai

i-e&e hftufeof Auftria : «o miles E Creihqtia.
i&Ht 10 30 £, laif, 45 o N,
Sable, Aa ancient and populous tPwn
-t^ France, department pf Sarte, with a
,c3,ftle. In, the neighbourhood are fome
.quarries- of -black marble: 45 miles N E
Angers, and 135 S W Paris.
. Sables iTOrlofine, a cpmrnerGial town pf
bailee, department pf Vendee, with a
port capaibte of cocfaining veffels of 150
.tons. If -is on the bay ef pifcay, 31 miles
W Lucon, lar. 46 30 N.
Sablefia/t, a province of Perfia, boiirided
iN by Candaliar, E by Hindooftan, W by
Segeftan. It is a mountainons -eountry,
Sttte known to Europeans.
.Saboe,. A prpvince on the Gold Coaft.
Here is a Dutch fert It has 4 batteries
.and 18 pieces, of cannon, near wbich Ues
xhe populon.s village of^orree. The ia
habitants are filhermen, 4 or 500 of
¦whom go out in their canoes every roora-
,iiig. Every fifth fifli is a toll to the Dutch
•faaor. ' [Moor.]
Saeca, fee Xacca.
Sasala, a diftria aad vfllage of Aliyfli-
,aia ; the vfllage is 6 miksdiftant from the
•bead' of the Nile. [Bruce.]
Saccai, A ftrong city and feaport, oae of
ithiemoft famous in Japan; with feveral
..•caftles, temples, and palaces. It is on the
•lea, and has a mountain on one fidc>
.-which ferves as a -rampart : 300 miles S
VI Jedo, ten. 134 5 E, lat. 35 o N.
Saffoon River, a river -of China, over
¦which- is a-brldge of one arch, 400 cubits
in length, and 500 aboye the vvater ! !
Sofia, A trading town of Morocco, with
a caftle, -. The Portuguefe were long in
IjoffelEon of rt, but they forCook it iri
1641, It Is furrounded by feveral emi
nences vv-hich command fhe town. Ion. 8
58 W, lat. 32 28 N,
Sagax, ai town of Silefia, capital of a
principality of the fame name. It has
-double walls, a caftle, and priory of the
Auguftine order,: ,62 miles iN W Breflaw,
lon, 15 22 E,lat. 51 43 N.
Saghflitn-oula, a river of E Chinefe
Tartary, w%iicli enters the fea of ^^mt-
,chatk», oppofite the ifland of SsghaUcn-
,«ula-hata. Saghaliea-aula-baia,'An ifland In the fea
of Ochotflt, in about 145 E ten. and
from 50 to 54- Nlat, It belongs to the
S.ullians. See Saghalin.
Sagbaliett-aula-bolun, a- city of E Chinefe
"Tartary .^In the department of Tcitcicar,
on tbe S fide ofthe Saghalien-oula, It
as rich and populous, and very important
^m account of ifs fituation, as it fecures to

,the Mintchew Tartars fhe poffeflion -df
extenfive deferts covered with woods, i|i
which agreat number of Tables are found,
ten- ,127 25 E, lat, 50 o N,
Saghalin, an ifland in the fea of Ocho
tflc, in, lat. 52, Its length from N to S (is
69;leagnes ; breadth frpm E to .W.20. It
has feveral rivers, aad excellent harbours,.
Here are beautiful fables aad foxes.
The Northern part is mountainous, and
dreary. "The fouthern is pleafant.
[Beneyoviyfki.]
Sagrez, A ftrongtown of JPcft-fugal, i;i
Algarva, with a harbpur and a fort : 4
miles "iW" -Cape 9t-. Vineem, and x 25 S
Lifbon. Sahagitn,A t-own of Spain, in leon, with
a rich abbey. If is in a fertile plain, oti
the riyer Sea ; 17 miles from Placentia,
ten. 5 25 W,lat, 42 33 N.
Sahara, a defert pr ocean of fand, N
of -Ludariiar, -in Africa, equal in extent to
half of Europe. Its W divifion, between
Fezzan and the At-lantic, is about i6oo
miles in lenglh, and 800 in breadth. Thi>
whole region is almoft deftitute of inhab
itants, except in certain fpots where veg.
etation appears. On t^efe, a few mifer
able Aritbs, who wander from one weU
to another, find a -fcaaty pafturage for
their flocks. The- E part -has more nu
merous fpots, or iflands of great ferfitr
ity and population. '';rhe few wUd ani,-
mals which inhabit f-hefe for-tem fegione,
are the antelope and oftrich, and pn the
fkirts pf the defert, where wafer Is more
pkatiful, are found- lions, panthers, ele
phants, and wild boars. The camel i;
the onlyjSomeftic animal that dwells here.
Many of-the iflanders in this ocean o.f
fand, never faw any .part of tbe gloh^
but tbe fands wbich furround theni, nor
do they conceive there are any- other
people on tbe earth, ^be moderns have
loft the knowledge of fome pf thefe
ifland8,wbich were known to the ancients.
Poffibly there njiay be otheis wliich have
never yet .been difcoveted
[-Park,di£coy:erieE in Africa.}
Sai, a large townof Africa, near the
Siger. It is completely furrounded by
a deep ditches, at sSbout 200 yards from
the waUs On the top of the trenches
are a number of fquare towers. The
whole has the appearance of a regular
fprtificatipn. ' [Park.]
Said, A tpvvji of Upper Egypt, Pn the
Nile : 150 mile« 3 Cairo, loh. 31 ao E,
lat. .27 34 N.
Saintes, an ancient and large, but not
populous town of France, department q*
Lower

S' A L-

A L

ILower Charente. There are feveral
monuments of antiquity, qf whicli the
moft famous are the amphithealre, the
aqueduas, aad the triumphal arch on the
bridge over the Chareate. The caftle.
Built on a roc'k, is deemed impregnable,
and the cathedral has one of the largeft
Iteeplesia France. It is on an eminence,
37mUcs SE Rochelle, and 262 SSW
Paris. [Wraxall.]
Seiintongs, a- late province of France,
Hpuaded E by Agoumpis and Perigord,
N by Poitou and Aunis. The river Cha
reate runs through the middle of
it, and renders if one of the fineft and
moft fertile provinces in France, abound
ing in all forts of corn and fruits ; and
tlie beft fait in Europe is made here.
It now forms, with the late province .of
Aunis, the department, of Lower Cha
rente, Sal, one of the Cape de Verd iflands,
42 miles in circumference, lying to the
Eof St, Nicholas. It has its name from
tjic great quantity of f-U made bere from
the fea water, which overflows part of
it from time to time. The land Is low,
there are 5 hiUs, tbe fea abounds with
fifli. Il is 300 miks W ofthe coaft of Af
rica, ten, 22 5-6 W, lat, 16 3,8, N,
[Roberts,]
Sala, or Salberg, a town, of Sweden, in
"^Jl^eflmania, near which is a very large an
cient filver mine. It is on a river : 30
miles W Upfal, 50 N W Stockholm.
Salamanca, an ancient and populous
city of Spain, in Leon, with a bifliop's fee,
and a, famousi. univerfity, confifting of
24 colleges. The ftruaure called the
Schools, where the fciences are taught,
is very large and curious. There were
formerly 7000 ftudents, when the Spanifli
monarchy was in a flourlfliing condition;
and there i^re now upwarij of 4000, who
are all clothed like priefts, having their
heads fliaved, and wear caps. Here are
maguiiicent churches, a large public
fquare, fine fountains, and every thing
that can contribute to the beauty and
commpdioufnefs pf the city. The cath
edral is pne of the handfpmeft-in Spain ;
and there are feveral fine convents, with
churches belonging to tbem, adorned
wilh images, and fome wifh curious pic
tures. It is partly on a plain, and'partly
on hills, and is furrounded by a wall.
It has 7000 houfes. The rivcr Tormes,
which waflies ils walls, has a bridge over
it, of 25 arches, 300 paces long, built by
tbe Rpmans. Without tbe walls is .a fine
Roman caufeway : 37 miles SE Miranda,

and ?8 N W Madrid, ten- 5 16 "W, tafc
41 8 N,
Salanakem, a town of Sclavonia, on tbe
Danube : 20 miles N W Belgrade.
&atbsrg,iee Sala..
- Saleiio, a lown of -Africa, in the k'mg.r
dom of Tunis, on tbe E eoaft, near the
Mediterranean ; near il are the refaaius-
of a large caftte, built probably to defend'
a neighbouring bay : i6 miles SSE
Lempta, ten, 11 3 E,lat, 35 13 N,
Salenche, atowa of Savoy, op the Arve;
12 miles S Clufe,
Salerno, A feaport of Naples, capilA
of Prlncipato Citeriore, with aa arcbbifh—
.op's fee, a caftle, and a univerfily, princi
pally for medicine. The fi;liQol of Saler-
ao was ftir-merly ia great repute, on ac
count of the Arabiaas or Saracens, vvhc>
ireforled to it In great numbers, under the-
laft princes of the Longobardi, It was-
from them that the inhabitants of Saler
no learnt philofophy, and efpecially
.phyfic, for whicb the Arabians, af that
time, were mudi cckbrafcd : 27 miles S
-E Naples, lon. 14 53 E,lat, 40 35 N,
Salers, a town of France,.departraent of
fhe Cantal, amonglhe mountains : 9 miles
N AuriUac.Salies, A fawn- of France, department of
the Lower Pyrennees, remarkablefor lis
fpringsof fait wafer, from vvhich tbe white
fall is made : 7 iniles W Qrllier,
, Salignac, A town of France, department
gf Upper Viemie: 10 miles S -by W ii-
mpges. S'alignas, a town of Spain, InBifcay, on
the Dcva,.at the fpsf of a mountaiu; 28
miles-S S E Bilbpa.
Sfilines, A town pf Cyprus; once a plac-
of commerce aod fplendor, now follta
ry; Here is acitadel and a mofqnc; tbe
Greeljs and Latins have churches here-
[Mariti.]
Salini, One of fhe Lipari Iflands, in the
Mediterranean, It confifts of 3 higli
mountains joined together at the bafiv
and lies N W of the ifland of Lipari.
Salins, a confiderable town of France^.
di:partment of Jura, with a ftrong fort-
It is remarkable for its fall works, the-
largeft of wbich is in fhe middle of the
tpwn, and is like a little fprtlfied place.
It is in a fertile valley : 20 miles S Be- '
faneqn, and 200 S £ Paris.
Saliffury, or New Sarum, A city in Wilt
fliire, England, of which it is tbe capl~
tal, with a biflipp's fee. It is furrpunded
by tbe Avon and its confributary riveis,
and is rendered particularly clean by a.
fmap ftream flc^winf tliicu^h cvcrj[ fitcer.

S A L

SAL'

It has a fine cathedral, crowned by a
fpire, the loftieft In the kingdom, The
town hall is a handfome ' building, and
ftands iri a fpacious mariket place, Salif
bury is governed by a mayor, fends 2
members to parliament, and has a man
ufaaure of flannels and linfeys, and an
other of hardware and cutlery. Here is
alfo a hofpital for tbe reception cif minif-
t:rs, poor widows ; and 3 charity fchopls :
»i miles N E Soalhamplpn.and 83 W by
S Lpndpn. [England iDelineated, Bowen.]
Saliffury Plain, In -Wiltfliire, England,
extends 25 mUes £ fo Wini^befter, and
- i5 W to Shafffbury, and, in fome places,
is froni 35 td 40 niiles ia breadth. There
are fo maay crofs roads on it, and fo few
houfes to take direaions frbm, fhat
Thomas, earl bf Pembroke, planted a
tree at each mikftone from Salifbury to
Shafllbury, for the traveller's guide. 'That
part of it above tbe cily is a chalky down ;
the other parts are noted for feediae nu
inerous flocks of flieep; fome of which
ioatala from 3000 to 5000 each. lathis
plain, befide tbe famous Stonchenge, are
traces of many Rorrian and Britifli an
tiquities. Sallee, a feaport of Africa, iri the king
dom of Fez, witb a harbour and feveral
forts. Its harbour is one of the beft in
the ci^ntry, and yet, on account of a
bar that' lies acrofs it, fliips of the fmall
eft draught are forced to unload, and take
out their guns, before they can get into
it. 'Fhere are docks fo build fliips, buf
they are feldoni ufed, fbr want of fkill
and materials. It is divided into the Old
aad New Towa, by the river Guero ;
aad has lorig been famous for Its pirates,
jvhich make prizes of all Cbriftiaii ftilps
that come in their way, except there is
a treaty to tbe contrary : 100 miles W
Fez, and 150 S Gibralter, ten. 6 3^ W,
lat. 34 o N,
Salm, a town of France, department of
Meurthe, wifh a caftle : 20 miles W Straf
burg, and 55 S E Nanci.
Sala, a town of Italy, in the Brefciano ;
taken by the Frerfch in Auguft, 1796 :
17 miles NE Brefcia, lat, 45 38 N,
Salabrena, A feaport of Spain, in Gran
ada, with a caftle. It carries on a, great
trade in fugar and fifli, and is feated on
a rpck, near fhe mputh of a river of the
fame name : 36 miles S Granada,
Salon, a town of France, department of
the Mouths of the Rhone, on the ganal
of Craponne : 20 miles N W Aix,
Salona, A feaport of Venetian Dalmatia,
on a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was

formerly a confiderable place, and Its rti-
ins Ihow that it vvas 10 miles in circum
ference : 1 8 miles N Spalatro, lat. 44
10 N.
Salone, A town of Livadia, witb a bifli
op's fee. The inhabitants are Chriftians
and Mahometans, ]e-Ws are not fuffered
to live here. It is on a mountain, ori
the top of which is a citadel : 20 miks
N E Lepanto, lat. 38 50 N.
Salonichi, the ancient Theffalonica, a
feaport of Turkey in Europe, capital of
Macedonia, with an archbifliop's fee. It
Is 10 miles i.n circumference, and a place:
ofgreat trade, carried on- principally by
tbe Greek Chriftians and the Jews, the
former of which have 30 churches, and
the latter as many fyhagogues ; fhe
Turks alfo have ai fcW mofques. It is fur
rounded by waUs, and defended on the
land fide by a ditadel, and near tbe bar- ,
hour by 3 forts. It is at the bottom of
a gulf of fhe fame name, partly on the
top, and partly on the fide of a hill, near
the river Vardar '. 50 iniles N iLariffa,
and 240 W Conftantinople, Ion. 23 8 E,
lat. 40 41 N.
Safes, A ftrong; caftle of France, depart
ment Of tbe Eaftern Pyrennees on a lake
ofthe fame name, among mountains : id
miles N Perpignan. ,
Salfette, an iflarid of fhe Deccan of
Hindooftan, lying off the coaft of Con
can, N of Bombay, froin whicb il is fep
arated by a channel half a mile over,"
fordable at low water. It is about 15
miles fquare; pteafanfly fituated, and fer
tile in rice, fruits, and fugar caaes. It
has fubterraaeous temples, cut out of the:
folid rock, ia the niaaaer of thofe of
Ekphaata, In 1773, the Englifli con
quered it from tbe Mahrattas ; arid it
has proved a valuable acquifitioh to Bom
bay, which formerly depended on foreigtt
fupplies for its fuftbfience. [Grofe,]
Salfanna, a tovVn of Spain, in Catalonia :
44 miles N"'W Barcelona, lat, 41 56 N,
Saltaff, a borpugh In Cprnwall, trades'
in malt, is- governed by a mayor, and
fends two members to parliament : 6
mUes N W Plymouth,
Saltcoats, A feapprt town pf Scotland;
on fhe Frith of Clyde. It is one of the
priacipal watering places in the country;
and accommodation is found fpr 300 to
500 ftrangers, whp refprt bere In the
fummer for the benefit of fea bathing.
Coals are dug near the town to the av
erage amount of 23,000 fons ; and fhe
quantity of fait made yearly is 2(262 bolls*.
Befides

SAM

SAM

Befides the coal trade and the manufac
ture of fait, fome merchant's fliips have
been built, here, not only for the port,
but for other towns ; here is likewife a
rope yard, and a manufaaure of fail
cloth; fhe Inhabitants are2325 : 22 mfles
S W 'Glafgow, and IO N N W Ayr.
Salt Hill, A village in Berks, noted for
its fihe fituation and elegant inns; on
the road to Bath : 22 miles W London.
Salt Sea. See Afphaltites Lake,
Saltza, A town in the duchy of Magde
burg ; if has fait pits : 12 mileS SSE
Magdeburg. Saltzbtlrg, an archbifliopric in the cir
cle of Bavaria. It is a mountainous
cpuntry, buf pretty fertile, arid contains
mines Of copper, filver, aad iroa,
Saltzburg, An aacient and populous city
iof Germany, capital of an archbifliopric
erf the fame haine: It is yvell built; and
defended by a caftle ori a mountain. The
archbifliop, who is a fovereign prince,
has twd noble palaces ; one for fummer,
and the other for vvinter ; the latter con
tains .163 apartments, all richly furnifli
ed, without reckoriing the h.ills and gal
leries. The univerfity depends on tbe
Benediaine monks.. The cathedral is
yery fine, and contains 5 Organs. Near
Salilburg are prodnaive fait vyorks. It is
on both fides the river Saltz : 45 miles S
by W Paffavy, and 155 W by S Vienna.
Salvadari St. the capitiil of the kiagdom
bf Congo, with a Urge palace, where the
king and a Portuguefe bifliop refide. It
is on a craggy mountain : 240 miks E
by S Loattgb, ton. 15 39 E, lat 4 50 S;
Salvages, fmaU uninhabited iflands, be
tween fhe Canary Iflands and Madeira ;
7,7 leagues N Poiat Nago ia Teaeriff,
ten. 15 54 W, lat 30 o N.
Sxlvaterra, a town pf Pprtugal, in Efa
trairiadura, with a roy.tl palace, feated on
the Tajo, laf. 38 59 N,
Salv.ilierra, a ftroag town of Portugal,
iu Beira : 12 mUes N E Alcaatara..
Salvatierra, A tovva of Spaia, in Galieia,
On the Miaho ; 56mil(S S Corapoftcllai
Salvatierra, a tnwn of Spain, in Bifcay,
at tbe foot of Mount St, Adrian : 30
miles E by S Vittoria,
Saluzzo, A tovvn of Piedmont, capital
of a marquifate of the fame n'ame, with
a bifliop's fee, and a cafftle. The cathe
dral is magaificent and rich. It is on an
eminence, at tbe foot of the Alps, near
the iPo : 22 miles S by W Turin,
Samandratbi. See Samothrncia. ,
Samarand, a populous, fpvvn on the qaf-
tern part of the Iflanii of Java,
Vot, It. W w vy

Samareand, an ancient and populous
city of Afia, in the country of tbe Uf-
beck Tartars, with a caftle and a univer
fity. It was the feat of Tamerlane the
Great. It carries On a trade in exceUent
fruits, and is near the Sogdc, which ruas
iato the Amo : 138 miles E by N Bok
hara, lon, 69 q E, lat, 39 50 N,
Samar, Philippina, or Tandaga, one of
the Phflippine Iflands, S E of that of Lu
conla, from -whiehit is feparated by a
ftrait. It is 320 miks ih circumference,
aad IS full of craggy mountains, but in
the vallies the foil is extremely fertile,
eafily cultivated, and rewards the induf
try of the labourer witb af leaft forty
fold, Befides other grain, the Indians fow
a cpnfiderable quantity pf rice, but which
is wholly intended for the ufe of the
parochial clergy, fhe fettlement of Ma
nilla, and the governor of the province.
'Fhe common food of the natives confift
chiefly in a fpecies of potatoes, yams, and
a root named gaby,
¦Samatban, a town of France, depart
ment of Eure, with a ftrong caftle on a
mpuntain. It is rn a vaUey, Pn fhe Save :
5 miles N Lpmbez.
Sambre, a river pf fhe Netherlands,
which rifes in Picardy, and pafUng by
Landrecy, Maubeuge, Thun, and Char-
Icrpy, falls inlo the Maefe, at Namur,
Samen, a province of Abyffinia : 80
miles in length, and 30 in breadth. It is
in great part poffeffed by Jews. Here
Gideon and Judith, kiag and queen of
that nation, and as ihey fay, of fhe houfe
of Judith, ftill maintain their ancient
fovereignty, and religion from very ear
ly times, [Bruce,]
Samogitia, a province of Poland, bound
ed N by Courland, E by l,ithuanla, Wby
tbe Baltic, and S by V/ Pruffia, Itis full
of forefts and high mountalas, vvhich feed
a great auaiber of cattle, and produce
abundance of boaey. Here are alfo hor
fes, ia high efteem. The iahabitants, are
clowaifli, but boaeft ; and they will not
allow a young woman to go out in the
night wilhout a candle in her hand, and
two bells al her girdle. Rpfienne is the
priricipal town,
Samos, an ifland pf the Archipelagp, on
the cpaft pf Natolia, B pf the ilk of Ni-
caria. It is 32 miles lpng and 22 broad,
and extremely fertile. It abounds vvith
-partridges, w'ocd cocks, faipes, thruflies,
.wood pigeoas, turtle doves, wheaters,
and excellent poultry. The inhabfants
are clothed in tbe "Turkifb manner, ex
cept a red cuif, and their hair hanging
• down

SAN

. S AN

down- their backs, with ptates of filver, or
block tin, faftened lo the ends. Tbey
have abundance of melohs, lentils, kid
ney beans, mufcadine grapes, and white
figs, four times as big as the common
fort, but not- fo wefl failed; Their filk is
very fine, and the honey and wax ad
mirable. They have iron mines, and
moft of tbe foil is of a rufty colour ; they
have alfo emery ftone; and all the moun
tains are of white marble. The inhabif
ants, about 12,000, are chiefly Greeksf
and have a bifliop who refides at Corea,
ten. 27 13 iE, lat. 37 46 N.
Samolhracia, now called Samdndracbi, a
fmafl iflapd of the Archipelago, between
Sfalimcnl and the coaft of Romania, N
ofthe ifle of Imbro : 17 miles in circum
ference, and pretty vvell cultivated, lon.
0.5 17 E, lat. 4034 N.
Samoyedes, once a riumerous and pow
erful nation of Tartary, Tbey are novv
Itangely difperfed' ; fome of them are
Jound in fraall detached bodies among
the mountains to.the W of Lake Baikal ;
others are fuppofed to be within the
Chinefe frontiers ; others are fcattered
among the deferts,, which extend along
the Frozen Oeean ; and fome nearly as
far to the W as Archangel. They have
no longer fhe ufe of horfes, becaufe the
climate of their prefent couufry^renders
their fubfiftence impeflSbk ; but fhey
ftill preferve the manners pf a paftpral
pepple, arid retain the ufe of moveable
habitations, with which they wander
from place to place. They neither have,
nor appear ever to have had, any kind
of regular government. Their Iradlfipn-
al. fongs mention only certain herpes,
Tvrho, in better times, led their anceftors
to battle. The fongs form their princi
pal amufements-; but the exploits they
celebrate are never lilsely to be renew;-
cd. Their nerves are fo irritable, that
a fudden aad uaexpeacd aoife' will fre-
qiienlly throw them into cpnvulfions
'i'hey have a large head, a flat face, high
cheek hones, fijiaU eyes, a wide mouth, a
yellow complexion, (trait black hair, and
little or BO beai-d.
Sampaka, A large town in Ludamar.
Samfa, ot Samfoi,-an ifland of Denmark,
on the E coafl of N Jutland : 8 miles
long and 3 broad, and very fertile, ten,
10 33 E, iat. 56 2 N.
Samfo!i,St. atownof France, department
of Eure : 5 miles from Pontaudemer.
Sanaa, A large and populous town, cap
ital of Arabia Felix, and in Yemen Prop
er. Qn mount Nikkum, near the town, IJ

are the rains' of a caftle vvhich the Atahs
fuppofe was built by Shem, fhe fon oS
Noah, It is feated among tbe mounlains,
and fine orchards : 240 miles NNE Mo
cha, and 450 S E Mecca, lon. 46 35 £,
lat, 17 28 N. [Niebuhr.]
Sancerrii, a town of France, departmenls
of Cher, The wines produced in ils en
virons are fcarcely inferior to- thofe of
Burgundy. It is on a mountain near the
Loire : 22 miks N W Nevers, and no
N Paris.
Sanciait, an iflandof China, On the coaft;
of Quan tong : 40 miles in circumfer
ence, and famous for being the burying
place of St. Francis Xavier, whofe fom&
is to be feen on a fmall hiU.
Sancoins, a town of France, departmeut:
of Cher ©a. the Argent. 15 miles S W
Nevers. Sandd, an ifland of Scotland, one of the
Orknics, lying N E of that called Main
land, aad- has 1772 inhabltanls:
Sandecz, A ftrong town of little Ppland,
in the palatinate pf Cracow. There arc
mines of gold and copper in its- territo
ry. 32 miks-S E Cracow.
Sando, an ifland of Japan, on the N
cpaft'pf Niphon, with a tovvn of the fame
name.. It is 87 miks in circumference,
lon. 139.30 E, lat 38 3.51^.
Sandomir, a flrong town of Little Po
land, capital of a palatinate of the fame
name, with a caftle, on a hilli onthe Vif
tula : 75 miles £ Cracow, and II2 S
Warfaw. Sundown Cafle, A caftle of ICent, N of
Deal ; built for, fhe fecurity of the coaft.
Sandugal, A town pf Portugal, iri Beira :
12 miles SSE Guarda.
SanduMet, A town of Auftrian Erabam,
on the Scheld ; 12 miks N W Antwerp.
- Sandwich, A lown In Kent, England It
is one of the cinque ports, governed by
a mayor and jurats, and fends two mem
bers to parliament. It has 3 churches,
and about 1500 houfes, moft of them old
aad of wood, otlwl^vviih briokand flints.
It Is walkd ; but the wafts are much de
cayed, though four of the gates arc ftUl
ftanding. "Fhis was once a lown of cpn
fiderable trade, but it is much decayed,
on accpunt pf the river Stpur, pn which
it Is feated, being fp choked up with
fand, as to admit Only fmall vefl'els : 13
miks E Canterbury, and 67 £ by S Lon
don. Sandwich Bay, A bay of tbe ifland of
St, Georgia, in the Southern Ocean, lon.
36 12 W, lat, 54 42 S.
Sandwich Ifiand, a fine large- ifland In,
the

SAN

S A N

the Pacific Ocean, dlfcovered by captain
Carteret in 1767. It is feparated f'l-om
New Ireland by St, George's Strait, and
from Nevv. Hanover by Byron's Strait,
Ion, 149 17 £, lat, 2 53 S.
Sandwich Land, a barren and defolate
eountry In tbe Spulhcrn Ocean, near the
ifland pf S Georgia. The mountains are
of a vaft height, their funimits cpnflanlly
wrapped in cipuds, aad their bafes cpver
cd vvith fnow to the water's edge., ll is
,^publful whether the diflcrenl projeaing
ppiiits fprm pae.cpniieaed laad, or feve
ral diftiaa iflands. Southern '.Fhule, tbe
.moft fouthern extremity of if that vvas
feen, Ues -in 27 45 W ten. and 59 34 S lat.
This is the greateft S lat. ever yet explor-
,ed, oa which accouat this part .received
ifs appellation,
Sanguefa, a towa ef Spain, in Navarre,
on fhe jA-rragon : ¦3,0 miles S E Pampe
luna Sanpoo^ fee Burrampooter. ,
Sanare-Bancabour, a town of Hindoo
ftan, in the kingdom of Myfore: 117
miks E by N Goa, ten, 75 44 E, lat. 15
Sanquhar, a borough in tbe dlftna of
Nithfdak, in Dumfriesfllire, Scotland. It
is. remarkable for Ils coal trade, and a
mariufaaure of worfted mi'tensand ftock
ings. It is on the Nith : 24 miles
N Dumfries, and has 2600 inhabit
anls. Sanfanding, A very large town of Bam
barra, in Africa, containing from 8 to
,10,000 inhabitants. Il is a place much
reforted to by tbe Moors, yi^bo bring fall
from Beeroo, apd beads, and coral from
fhe Mediterranean, to exchange for gold
duft, and cotton cloth.
Santa Cruz, a feaport on the £ fide pf
Tenerlff, oa a fine bay of the fame name,
defended by many fmall batteries and a
ftroag fort, 'Fhe town is irregularly
built ; the principal ftreet is broad, and
has more fhe appearance of a fquare than '
a ftreet : at the upper end, is the gov-
ernor's houfe, and at the lower a fquare
TOonument, commemorating tli,e appear
ance of Nueftra -Senora (Our Lady) to
the Guanches, the original inhabitants of
the ifland. The outflcirts of the town
have more the appearance of a place de
ferted, than a place of trade ; for maay
of the bqufes arc either left half built,
or have fallea to.ijeeayi ten, 16 16 W, lat._
2827N, S.iuta Cruz, a feaport on the coaft of
Morocco, witb a fort, Tbe Moors took
it from the Portuguefe, in 1536. It is fit

the extremity of Mount Atlas, on Gape
Aguer,tea. 10 7 W, lat, 30 38 N,
Santa Maria; the moft foutherly of the
Azores Ifiaads ia the Atlantic, about 30
miles Jn circumference. It has a ftrong
natural rampart of high -mountains and
fteep rocks, vvith which it is quite W-
rpunded, in a manner fo conneaed, ctefe,
and regular, as requires not tlie affiftance
of art, nor of caftks, garrifons, fences,
or fpitificatlpns. The interior parts are
fertile, poputeus, andwell cultivated, fup
plying all tihe CQriveniences-of life in great
abundance. What xnerits altehtion, as
it conftitutes a great part of fhe com-
' merce of tbe ifland, is aa ingenious por
celain manufaaure, in yvhich China ware
is well imitated, and the cohimpdity
brpught tp a eprifider,ib!e -degree Of per
feaion, Santa Maria la Prajnha Is the
chief tpvvn, befides whicli there are fcve
ral villages, , 'fhe number of Inhabitants
is about 5000, ten, 25 9 W, lat. 36 57 N,
Sanlare.i, a tovvn of Pprtugal, in Eftra
madura, on a mountain, near the rivcr
Tajo, in a country fertile in.whcaf, wine,
aad oil : 5^ miks N F. Lilbon.
Santen, a town of Weftphalia, duchy
of Cleves. It has a h.mdfome catholic
church, vvlierein is aa image of the
Virgin, which, ihey pretend, performs a
great many miracles. It Is oa the Rhine :
15 miles S E -Cleves. -
SanHllana, a feaport of Spaia, capital
of Afturias ,de Saiil-llaaa, on the bay of
Bifcay : i|0 -miles E Oviedo, and 200 N
W Madrid, '
Santorini, an ifland pf the Archipelago,
N of Candia, S of Nip, It is 8 miles iu
lenglh and nearly as much in breadth ;
aad near il are 3 or 4 other fmall iflands,
each of whicb bears evident marks of a
volcanic origia. It produces plenty of
barky, cotton, and wine, in which, and
the cotton manufaaures, its trade confifts.
Fruit is fcarce, except figs, aad it has nei
ther oil lior wood, 'Fhe inhabitants are
all Greeks, -about 10,000 ia number, and
-though fubjea to, the 'Furks, they choofe
their own ni.iglftraleS, Pyrgos is the cap
ital. The Latins, aad Greeks, each have
a bifliop here. The Greeks have a church,
Moft ot" the Latins dwell in caves', cut out
of therock. 'Fhe inhabitants live meanly,
their want of wood is fo great, tbat they
buy il by tbe pound frpm Nio, aad coafe-
queatly bake but twice ia a year. They
haveaeilber filh nor flefli,tul live on peafe,
beans, eg,gs, and bifcuit. At a diftance
tbe dark fliores make a difmal appearance,
ten, 26 I E, lat, 36 10 N. [Pococke,] Saone,

S A R

S A R

Saone, Upper, a department of France,
including part of the late proviiice of thcv
Ifle of France. The capital is Vefoub
Saone and Loire, A department of France,
including part of tbe late province of
Burgundy. Macon I^ the capital.
Saorgio, A towri of I'iedmbrit, in the
county of Nice, on the fummit of a rock,
on one fide nearly encl.ofed by the Roia,
a river mentioned by Lucian and Pliny ;
and on the other by the' fiendola, thus
forming a peninfula. It contains abput
4000 inhabitants. On the ppppfite fide pf
the Roia is a fliarp rbok, nearly inacceffi
ble, and infulated on all fides : on the
fummit of which is' an ancierit fdrtrefs,
called Male-Mart, and defended by 3
towers, near the town is, a fort, fuppof
ed to be impregnable, called St: George,\n
which is placed a garrifon. This town
vvas taken by the troops of the French
Republic, in the month of May,' 1794,
If cpntains fwp parpchial and three pther
churches : 17 miks N E Nice, and 5 and
a half S Tenda.
Sapieiiza, A fmall Ifland and cape, near
the S cpaft of the Mor'ea. The pirates
bf Barbary conceal themfelves behind it,
to furprife veflels which 'come from the
gulf of Venice, or the cpaft pf' Sicily, ten,
ai.35 E, lat 36 50 N, ¦
Saracens, "A people Celebrated fpme cen
turies ago, who came froin the deferts of
Arabia ; Sarra in their language fignify
ing a defeif. 'Ehcy were the firft difcl
ples of Mahpmef , and, Within 40 Vcars
after his death, conquered a great part
of Afia, Africa, and Europe, , Tbey kept
ppffeffipn of Spain, fill' 1511, when they
vvere eiipclled. They maintained a war
ia the Holy Laad; a long time,' againft
the Weftern Chriftians, and at length
drove fhem out of it. There' are now
no people kaovvn by this name, for the
defccndants of thofe who cpnqueredSpaln
are caUed Moors,
Saragoffa, a city of Spain, ia Arragon,
with aa archbifliop's fee, a uaivrerfily,
.and a court of Inquifitloa, It is adoraed
witb many riiagnificeat buildings, and
there are 17 large churchcs,and 14 hand
fome monafteries, aad others lefs cbafid-
crable. 'Fhe Ebro divides the city, and
on its baiiks is a handfome quay, which
ferves fbr a public walk, 'The Holy
ftreet is the largeft, and fo broad, it may
be taken for a fquare ; and here ihcy had
their ball fights. The cathedral is a fpa
cious Gothic building ; "but the fiaeft
church is fhat pf Neuftra Scnora del Pi- -
Jar, and a place pf the greateft devptipn

in Spain. They tell us, that fhe Virgiq,
yet living, appeared tp St, James, whij
vvas preaching the gpfpel, and left hini
ber image, vvith a' handfpme piUar pf
jafper : it is flipwn in this church, which
they pretend is the firft in tbe world
built fo her honor. This image ftand*
on a marble pillar, with a little Jefiis in
her arms, illuminated by 50 lamps. The
prnanieiits bf this image are the richeft
that cari be imagined, for fcarce any
thing is to be feen but gpld and' jewels 5
and a vaft number pf pepple cpme in pil
grimage hither. The tpvvn houfe is 3
fumptuous' ftruilure, in the- hall are the,
piaures of all t'ne kings of Artagori, and
ia file corner of It St. George on horfe
back, vvith a dragon pf white marble ua..
der him. Saragoffa Is feated ia a large
plain, where the Ebro receives two other
rivers, arid pver it are two bridges, one
of ftone and the other of wood, which
laft has been thought the moft beautiful
in Europe. It Is 137 miles W Barcelona,
aad 150 N £ Madrifi, ten. o z8 W, lat,
41 53 N. • - - ¦
Saratof, a government of Ruffia, for
merly a prpvince pf Aftraean. ' It is in
habited pnly by Mufcpvlte foldiers. This
garrifon is defigned to bfidle the Calmuc
"Tartars, vvho fometimes make war againfl;
the czac. It is divided Into 12 diftrias',
that of the fame name is the principal "'
Saratof a fown ' of Ruflia, capital of
the government pf that riame, pri the fide
of a niouatiin,neSr the river Volga: -226
miles S Kafan, and 300 N WAftracan,
lon, 49 25 £,' Iat, 524 N,
Sarbaurg,' A to-^n of France, depart
mentof Slleurthe, at the fpot of a'moUn-i-
lain: 15 mfles E Marfal, and 50 SE'Mefz. ,
Sirbaiirg, ' a fown in tbe eleaorate of
Treves, on tbe Sare : 8 miks S Treves, '
^arbrliek,'a town of Frante,department
of Mofelle, qn the Sare ; 1 4 miles £ S E
Sarlouis, and 40 £ by N Metz.
Sardam, A feaport of N Holland, where
there are vaft magazines of timber for
building -fliipb, and a'aval ftores', witha
great number of fliipwrigbts ; and here
is fcenthehut in yi'hicb Peter the Great
refided, wbik'he jvorkcd as a fliipwright
in this towri; It is 011 the Wye : 7 miles
N W Amfterdam, lon. 4 45 E, lat, 52 28 N,
Sardinia, an Iflstrid of the 'Mcditerrar
nean :' 142 miJes from iN lo S, and 80
from E to W. Tbe foil is fertile in corn,
wine, oranges, citrons, aad olives. On
tbe coaft 16 a fifliery- for anchovies and
coral, of vvhich l.irge quantifies are ferit
to Genoa aiid Leghorn. Beeves and fliccp
' ' -' ' ¦ ' ' are'

S A R

S A R

jre numerous, as well as horfes, which
are good for labour and the road. 'Fhey
are fed in the little iflands alioUt it, wbich
' abound in game ; and in that of Afnaria
are a great number of turtles. The ajt
is very unhealthy, from the njarfliy' land,
Here-are miaes of filver, lead, fcilphnr,
and alum ; and they niAi^e much filf.
.This iflaud has undergone various revolu
tions : ill 1768 ic was taken by the Eng
lifli for the emperor Charles "VI ; and ip
1720 ceded to the duke of Savpy, ^3 an
equivalent for that qf Sicily. It'iVas then
eiVaed into a kingclqin : but his Hardia-
iaa majefty keeps his, court at Turia,'
the capital pf bis Picdmualefe terrltpry.
He has a viCerpy at Cagll4ri, the capital
of this ifland, -'
Sardo, a tovva of Turkey, in Afia, jn
Natolia; It was formerly called Sardis,
and vvas fhe capital of Lydia, under the
famous king Croefus. It vvas ' after
ward one qf the 7 churches of Afia, cele
brated In the book qf Revelalipn, but
' was de-ftfoyed by an earthquake in the
reign of' Tiberius II now contains 'only
a few wretched hujs. However, jiere Is
a largi; caravaiffar'y, where fhere are
handfome lodgings for travellers, jr lying
ia the great road from Smyrqa tq A'ep-
po, aod the Turks have a mofque, former
ly a chriftian church. The inhabilaats
arc aow almoft all fliepherds, vvho feec}
j fheir flocks in the aeighbouriag plain?,
il'here are alfo a few chriftians, who' em
ploy themfelves in gardeaiag, but tbey
have rieither church nor prielf. "So fatal
are the tbreatnings of God againft fin,
-Long fiace, he faid to this people, !' | will
come oil thee as a thief," to ruin and de
ftroy., " and fhou flialf not know 'what
hour I will come." Sudden was their
deftruaion. It is 70 miks E Smyrna,
lun, 28 30 iE, !at. 38 44 N-
5<7rt, a river of France, which ruqs N
itito Germany, and falls iato the Mo
felle, a little above 'i'reves,
SarganSfA fowa of Swifferland, capital
of a county of the fame name, in the can
ton of ZUric, with a caftle on a rock, tt
/lands on the fbp of a hill ; and near it
are mineral fprings.
Sargel, a large', and aacient feaport of
Africa, in Tremefep, with a caflle, on
the fea coaft ; 25 niiks SSW Algiers,
lon, 2 15 E, lat, 36'3o N,
Sargucmine, a (own of France, depart
ment of Mofelle, oa the Sare : 9 miles S
ty E Sarbruck, lat, 49 8 K[,
Sari, A village of Perfia, in which are 4
temples of the Gcbero, or worfliippers of

fire. Tbey are rotnndas of ftone, 30 feef
in diameter, 120 feet high It ftands on
a' caufeway built about 2 centuries fince,
extending from the Cafpian beyond Atr
trabad, 300 miles long ; in fome places
tfie pavernent is 20 yarcjs broad, with a
ditch oq each fide, - [Hanway.]
Sark, 'a little ifland betenging to Grcaf
Britaia, lying between Gurnfcy and Jer
fey, oh tlie coafj of Noraiaridy, arid hii?
30oirihabitaaf3. ' ' .
' Sarlat, -a' towri of Fraace, departaicat
of Dordpgne ' It is a pppr pliTce;furrpund-
ed by mouatairis, having 4;5C0 inhabit
ants : 87 milcs £ by N Bourdesiui.' ' '
' Sarlauis,'A ftrong tovVii of France, de
partment of iViofelk," on 'the Ifthr.ms qf
a pen jafulil, formed by the river Sare : ip
miks £ fhionville.'sn.d 32 N h Mentz.
Sdrno, a fiver Of the kipgdom of Na
ples, vvhi<!h" riles riear Samo, and falls in
to thebay of Naples.
Santo, A town of Naples, in Prlncipato
Citeriore, with abiflipp's fee ; pn the Sar~
no: 12 miles N E Salerno, and 20 S £
Napic;. ^ai OS, a (trong eatjle in Upper Hua-
gai-y, in a county of the fame name : 5
niiks NNW Eperle^.
• S.arpheii,Ani;ier^t\y Sarepta,. a c'lfy pf
Paleftine, on the coaft between - iFyrc
and Sidon, It is interefting to fome oa
ac'coqrit of its be'iiig the refidence of Eli
jah, i|i a time of fa'mine : to others for
the excellence of its wines. Great ruin*
on the fhore, flipw vybat the city once wa^.
To avoid the pirates the inhabitants havp
remftved to the fummit of a hill, further
from the water, 'It is now onlv a neat
pkafarjf village, ftanding chiefly on one
handfome ftreet. It wasformerlv the fee
of "4 bifliop, aad bacl a noble church,
dedicated' to the Prophet Elijah, on the
fpot vvbdre if was fuppofed he had dwelt.
"iThis has been' (leftroyed, and a mofque
bw't on tpe place, ' [Bowen.]
Surreal, A towii of Spain, In Catalonia,
oa the Fi:aacoli, in the aeighbourhood of
which are quarries of alabafter, fo traat
, parent that windows arc glaized with it,
ion. 2 o E, lat. 41 30 N.
Sarp, or Sarpeii, a town of Norway, in
tbe proviace of Chi'iftianfaad ; aear thi»
place is a great cafcade, or vya,terfail,
wliic'n king HaralcJ Gillc, ill 1134, firft
ufed for the cxecutloa of crimiaals, by
ihrpwing a yaflal pf king Magnus, down
this dieadfui cataraa. There is aa emi
nence called Konigffigel, clofe by the
cafcade, which is fo called, becaufe three
kings, who were father, foi) and grand- fua,

SAS

S A V

-^n, once ftood upon it to vievy this fur-
,prifing cataraa ; it drives 17 mills, and
the -noife of it Is plainly heard at the
diftance of 20 miks from fhe place : 10
miles W S W Frederichftadl.
Sarfana, A tPwn of Italy, in Rpmagna,
with a biflipp's fee : 20 miles S W ^i-
jmini, and 138 N W Rome. ,
Sari, A town of Natolia, anciently call
ed Sardis, the capital of Lydia, and the
refidence of the kings; it .was deftroyed
by an earthquake, and afterwards rebuilt
by Tiberius. It is at prefent inhabited
by fome Turics and a few Greeks : 30
-Diiles ENE Smj'rna.
Sarte, a departmeat of France. It
-takes its name from a river which -jpias
'the Maine and the Lair, fcbpve Angers.
The capital is Mans
Sarum, Old, an ancient borough in
Wilts, which, though now reduced to a
fingle farm houfe, fends two members tp
'parUament. It pace covered the funi-
.mlf of a fteep hill, an-d was ftrongly forfl-
iied ; but nothing is to be feen except
the ruins and traces of fhe walls. If is
a little to the N of Salifbury, ten, i 42 -W,
lat. 51 7 N. ' [-Bo.wen,]
Sarverden,' A town of France, .depart
ment of Mofelle on the Sare : 18 miles
S Sarbruck, Sarwar, a town of Lower HuBgary;cap-
ital of a county of the fame name; on the
Kaab : 5omiles W byNBuda,lat.47 3oN,
¦ Sarzana, A flrong town of Genoa, wilh
a bifliop's feie. .It was given to theGen-
"oefe by the great duke of "Fufcany, in lieu
of Leghorn, It is at the mouth of the
Magra : 50 miles S E Genoa.
* Saferam, atown of Hindpoftan Proper,
in Bengal, at fhe foot of a mountain, near
a great lake, in the middle of whicb is an
ifland with the magnificeat maufoleum
nf tbe emperor Sbe(-e £hab, which had a
Sne bridge leading fo it ; but both are
greatly decayed : 40 miks from Benares,
•Ion, 86 44 E, lat. 26 10 N.
Suffari, A city of Sardinia, capital of
tbe territory of Lugari, with a caftle and
an archbifhop's fee. Near it are gold and
filver mines. Iticonlains 30,000 inhab
itants, and is fanious for a fountain called
Xloffel, which is faid to be more magnifi
cent than the beft at Rome. It is feated
in a plain ; 6 miles N Algher, lon, g 39
E, lat, 40 46 N.
Saffebes, a ftrprig town of Trarifylvania,^
capifal pf a cPunly pf the fame name ;
'feated at tbe confluence of tvvo rivers,
which fall intothe Maroch,lon, 26 40 E,
lit, 46 26 N.

Saffignam, a group of iflands between
Kamtchatka, and America, They are j
in number. Behring's iflaiid, Copper ill.
and, Otma, Saniyra, pr Shcmya, ,and Ao-
atka, fee Aleutian Iflands. - - -
Sas-van-Ghent, a ftrong town of Dutck
Flanders, If has fine fluices,.and is feas
ed on a canal, which communicates with
Gherit, about 8 mfles N from it. It was
built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as ;i
\ bulwark f o jthat tovvu, but vyas taken, ia
1644, by the Dutch, from ;whqm tlie
Freiich took it in 1794, lat. 51 11 N.
Saffuolo, -a town of Italy, in the Mode
nefe, with a flrong caftle : 10 miles S W
Modena. Satalia, a flrong feaport of Natplia, 0^
the coaft of Caramania. It is divided iii-
to three towns, and has a fuperb mofijul;, j
which was formerly a cbureh. "T^j
country around is very fertile ; and thei
citrons and oranges are excellent: I5d!
miks W by S Cogni, and .265 S by E
Cpnftaatiaopk, lon. 3a 21 E, lat. J7 i 8,
Satgang, OT Satagong, a viHage of Hin
dooftan Proper, in iBengal. In the i6th
century if vvas a large city, in vvhich the
European traders in Bengal had iheij
faaories. Il is on a creek of the Hopgly
-River : 4 mites N W .Hoogly.
Sava, A city of -Perfia, on a fandy plain,
furrpunded by a wall, 2 miles in circum
ference. Perfian hiftnry relates that the,
whole region was once a fait lake, Tht
tradition of the cpuntry is, that tbe
prophet Samuel is buried W of the city.
Over his grave there is a fine maufoleum,
in tbe middle of a magnificent mofque.
Nine leagues to the E of Sava, are feen
the ruins of Rey. Perfian geographers
fny that in the 9th century, it was divid
ed irito 96 quarters, each of which had
46 ftreeis, 460 hpufesi arid 10 mofques;
that the city contained 4600 colleges,
16600 baths, 15000 minarets belonging
to niofques, 12000 mills, 1700 -canals,
aud 13,000 caravanfarles. It wa% called
"the fpOufe of the world, and the market
of the univerfc, lat. 35 3^ N. [Chardin,]
Savage Ifland, an iflarid in the South
Pacific Ocean, about 11 leagues in cir;
cumference, dlfcovered by captain Cpok,
iu 1 774, The name was givren on account
of the behaviour of the . iahabitaiitsi
which was rude and inbo^itable. Cap
tain Cook fays, the iltand is of a round
form and good height ; and hath" deep
waters clofe to ils flipres. All the fea
cpaft, and as far inland as we cpuld fee,
is wholly covered with trees, flirubs, &e,
among

S A U

S A U

among vyhich were fome cocoanut trees :
but what the interior parts may produce,
is unknown. To judge of the whole gar
ment by the flcirts, it cannot produce-
much : for fo much as- we faw of it, con
fifted wholly of coral rocks, all overrun
with woods and buflies. Not a' bit of foil
was to be feen ;, tbe rocks alone fupply
ing the trees wilh humidity. The in
habitants were, probably, not numerous.
They feemed to be ftout well made men,
were naked, except round the wailb, and
fome of them had their faces, breaft, and
thighs painted black, Ion, 169 37 W, lat,
19 I S,
Save, A river of Germany, which fepa
rates Sclavonia from Croatia, Bofnia, and
Servia, and falls info the Danube, at Bel
grade. Savendroog, A ftrong fortrefs of the king
dom pf Myfore, in Hindooftan. It is on
tbe top of a vaft rock, rifing half a mile
in perpendicular height, from a bafe of
above 8 miks in circumference, and di-
vided at the fummit by a chafm, that
forms it into two hills ; thefe having
each its peciiliar defences, ferve as two
citadels, capable of being maintained', in
dependently of the lower works, which
are alfo wonderfully ftrong, Notwitli-
¦ftanding this, it was taken by the Eng
lifli, in 1791, after a fiege of 7 days : 18
miles W Bangalore,
Samerdun, A town' of France, depart
ment of -Arriege, ou the Airiege : 25 miles
SSE Tmiloufe,
Savsrne, A town of France, department
of Lower Rhone, with a palace, the occa-
fiopal refidence of tbe late archbifliops of
Sfralburgh. It is at the foot of Mont
Vofges, in a fmall country, which pro
duces plenty ej wine : 18 miles N W
Strafburgh, and 120 E Paris,
Savigliana, A ftrong town of Piedmont,
capital of a territory of the fame name,
vvifh a rich Benediaine abbey. It is on
the Maira : 5 miles W Fofl'ano, and 26
S Turin. Saulgcn, a town of Suabia, capital of a
county of the fame name, whicli belongs
to the barpn pf Walburg,
Suulieu, A town of France, depart
ment of Cote d'Or : 25 miles W Dijon,
and 142 S E Paris,
Saumur, A confiderable tpwn of France,
department of Maine and Loire, with an
aricient caftic. Here is a famous bridge
over the Loire, confifting of i2eUiptic
arches, each 60 feet in diameter : 22
miks S E Angers, and 160 S W Paris,
[WraxalL]

Saundsr's-Ifle, an ifland near S Georgia*
in the Southern Ocean, lon. a6 38 W,
lat, 53 o S,
Savona, a populous and ftrong town of
Genoa, with a caftles, a bifliop's fee, and
feveral fine churches. The Genoefe,
fearing tbat it would hurt their trade,
ruined tbe harbour, and readercd it un
fit for lar-re veffels. It was taken by the
French- in i ^95. The furrqjinding coun--
try abounds in filks and all forts of
fruits. It is on the Mediterranean : 20
miks S W Genoa, lat. 44 18 N.
Savoniers, A tow-n of France, ia the do--
partment of fadre and- Loire : 5 miles
from Tours. Near it are caverns, fa
nious for their petrifaaions.
Suvrjy, a duchy of Eurppe, betweeiv
France and Italy, 83 miks lo,pg, and 67
broad ; bounded N by tlie lake ef Gene-
v;i, whicli feparates it from Swifferland ;
E by the Alps, which divide it from
Piedmont and Vallais ; W by tire Rhone,,
v-hicli parts It from Breffe, and S by
Daupbiay and Piedmont. Tlic air i*
cold on accouat of high mounlains, which
are almoft always covered witb fnpw, but
the foil is pretty fertile. Tbe mounlairis
whicb are nof covered with fnow in win
ter, abound with paftures tbat feed a vaft
aumber of cattle. There are alfo flag*
fallow deer, roebucks, wild boars, bears,
marmots, white bares, red and grey par
tridges, woodcocks aod plieafaats. The
lakes are full of fifli, aad the principal
rivers are the Ifere, -Ire and Arve. The
French invaded tbis country in 1792,
and the fame year, tlie National Conven
tion decreed, that if fhould be an 84tii
department of France, by the name o£
Mont Blanc. Chamberry is the capital.
Suvu, an iflaad in the Pacific Ocean-
Its length is 20 or 30 milcs, A great
plenty, of various kinds of prdvrifions are
ioUnd on the iiland. The natives are
fliort, vvith black hair and brown com
plexions. Tbe houfes are from 20 to 400
feet in lenglh, fet on pofts 4 or 5 feet!
from the ground. The natives are ro
buft, healthy and long lived. They fur
nifli the Dutch, vvho have a refident here,
vvith fupplies of rice and maize fpr their
fpice iflands. They are of pure moralj-
Rpliberlcs rarely happen, murders never.
All difficulties are immediately fettled:
by the arbitratten of the chief. Adulter-
ry and fernicarion are alnioft wholly un
known, lon. 237 30 W,-lat, lo 25 S.
S'auves, A town of France, department
of Gard, on the "Vidourc : tl miles S W
Alais. Sau-osUrrs^

SAY

S C A

Sativeierre, A tbwn of France, depatt-
mCnt of Lower Pyrennees : 20 mfles W N
W Pau.
S-ouveterre, A town pf Fraiicc, depart
ment pf Aveirpri : 12 miles S £ "Ville-
fraache. Saxenhagen, A fawn pf Weflpbalia,
county of Scbawenburg : 20 miles N W
Hanover. Suxmundham, A town of Suffolk, Eng
land : i9 miles N E Ipfwich.
¦Saxony, Upper, one '\n the nine circles
of the German Empire ; bpunded £ by
Pruffia, Poland arid Silefia ; S by Ba
varia, Bohemia and Francoriia j "W by
the circles of the Upper Rhine and Low
er Saxony; and N by tbe Baltic and Low-
er Saxriny. , The iileSor Of Saxony is the
direaor. It comprehends the 'ekaorate
of Saioriy, br Saxony Proper, the princi
pality of Anhalt, the landgravate of Thu
ringia, the marche of Brandenburg, and
the duchyof Pomerania ; and thefe are
fubdivided into maay diftrias, noticed in
their proper places.
Saxony, Lower, one Of the nine circles
<>f the German empire ; bounded N by
'the Baltic and the dueby of Slefwie ; W
by fhe German Ocean aqd Weftphalia ;
S aad iE by tbe ciieks of the Upper
Rhine and Upper Saxony. The direa-
qrs of tbis circle are tbe dukes of Mag-
deburgh,, Bremea aad Brunfwick-Lunen-
burgh. It comprehends the archbifliop
ric of Magdcburgli, the bifliopric of
Hildeflieim, the archbifliopric of Bre
men, the biflioprlcs of Halberftadt,
Schwerin, Ratfburg, Lutvec and Slefwie ;
the duchies of Brunfyyiek-Lrinenburgh,
Lawenburgh and Mecklenburgb ; the
principality of Vcrden, the counties pf
Reinftein and Blauburg, aad tbe free
cities of Hamburgh, Lubec, Goflar, Mul
haufen and Northaufen.
Saxony, Proper, or the ekaorate of
Saxony, in the circle of Upper Saxoay, is
bpunded N by the marche of Branden
burg; E by Lower Lufatia; Shy Mif
nia, and Wby the piinclpality of Anhalt.
It is 75 miles loug and 62 broad, and is a
very fertile and trading country, abound
ing ill mines. It is cut into tvvo unequal
parts by fhe rivcr Elbe, and divided info
three principal parts, ylz. The duchy of
Saxpny, pf which Wittemberg is the cap
ital ; Lufalia, of wbich Bautzen is the
capital ; and Mifnia, the capital of whicb
(and of tbe whple eteaprate) is Drefden.
Saycack, One of the iflands of Japan, di
vided from Niphon by a narrow channel.

The Dutch faaors are permitted to refide
in the Utile ifland of Difnia, which is on
the W fide of this : lon. IJ2 28 E, lat.
34 o N.
Sayd. See Sidon.
Saypan, or iS*. Jofeph, one of the Mijrla,'
na Iflands, In. fhe Eaftern Indian Sea,
about 20 miles in circumference. On the
W fide of this Ifland lies a f^fe port call
ed Gantanhitda. After Guam, this is the
largeft and was formerly the beft peopled
of all ihcfe iflands. The corinlry is di
verfified with hills and plains, looks very
green and pkafarit at a diftafice,and is no
lei's beautifuf when examined more at
lelfure, as It affords all the neceffaries of
life, in tbe utmoft plenty, and is bleffed
-with a fertile foil and a ferene climate,
lat. 14 30 N.
Schagcn, 6r Scdgerif A proffldnlbry of
N Jutland, in Denmark, at the entrance
of the pafl'age out of tbe ocean into the
Categate,' lon. 10 6 E, I'at. 57 16 N.
iS^a/a, a decayed tovvn of, Naples, ia
Prlncipato Citeriore, witb a bifliop'sfec:
6 miks N Amalfi, lon 14 44 E, lat, 40
34 N:
Scdlanbvd, A f^Sppft tp-wn 6f Afiatic
Turkey, in tbe prpvince pf Natolia. It is
a handfome town, well built 'and paved;
Chriftians are orily ptrmllled to live in
fhe fuburbs, where the Greeks have a
church. The place contains iooo fami
lies of Turks, 660 of Greeks; 10 of Jews,
and 60 of Arminians, The trade is not
confiderable and confifts chiefly in wine^
raifins, corn and leather. It Was the
Neapolis ofthe iMikfians, arid fome mar
ble monuments are yet exifting : 40
miles SSE Smyrna, lat. 37 52 N.
["Tournefort.]
Scalitz, ar Scala, A toWn>of Upper Hun
gary, in tbe county pf Pofpn. There is
a very advantageous paffage by it, from
Moravia to Hungary : 50 miles N Prcfr
burg. Scanderoon. See Alexandrctta.
Scania. See Schonen.
Scaro, OT Scaren,.A town of Sweden, in
W Gothland, feate'd on the lake Wenner :
66 miles N E Gottenburgh, lal. 58 16 N.
Scarborough, A feaport and bprpugh in
tbe N riding pf Yorkfliire, England. It
Is on a fteep rock, pear which are fuch
craggy cliffs that it is almoft inacceffible
pn every fide. On tbe top pf ibis rock,
Is a large green plain, wilh a bilk well
pf frefli water fpringing out pf tbe rock-
It is greatly frequented on accpunt pf its
mineral waters, called the Scarborough Spa

S C H
Epa.and alio for fea bathing ; oil .w^eh
account it jsmueh improved in thenum
ber and beauty of its, liulldings. Scar-
liorough {fends ,» tJiembers. to parliament,
has a gpod hirbour, pofl"efres a cpnfidera-
tile trade, and is much engaged in tbe
^fliericB : 36 miles N E "Sfork, and 237 N
London; lon. o 15, "W", lat. 54 18 N.
_ Scardona, a fortilied towiji of Turkifli
Dalmatia, on the Cherca, with a bifliop's
tee: 35 nulea Il'W Spalatro, . Ion. - 1 7 1
E, lat. 44 29 N.
Scarlino, A feaport of Tufcany, with a
caftle, on the feaco,'ift : 5 miles S Maffa,
and 10 E N E Piomblno.
Scaro, atown- of thf. ifland of Santo
rini, with a. bifliop's "fee, ten. 1*5,58 E,
lat, 36 10 IN. „ . . .
Scarpanio, an illand of the Archipelago,
32 miles teng and. 8 brOad, S W Rhodes,
ind N E Candia, There are feveral high
mountains ; put it abolinds iri cattle And 1
gairie, an<l has mines of irpri, quarries, of
marble, and feveral good hirbours. "fhe
Turks are mafters of it, but the inhab
itants are Gfeeks, lori. 47 40 iE, lat, 35
.45 N., ,, , :, -..
Sekrpe, a river of France, ¦tvhich waflies
Airras, Douay, and St, Amaude, aod
fails into the Scheld,
$cbaffbaufen, the fmalleft canton of
Swifferland, bounded N and W by Sua
bia, E by the canton Of Z^uric and the
tifliopric of Conftance, and on the S
by the fame and Thurgaw, It is but 5
teagues irt length and 3 in breadth, and ,
contains 30,000 inhabitants. The reve
nues of the ftftte, are not very confider-
»ble.. The , reformation yyaff , inf rpd uccd
here jn 1529. The clergy are paid by
the ftate ; but their income Is barely fuf
ficient for their maintenance ; the beft
living being pnly looh aad the worft 40I.
a year. The profeffors of lllerafure alfp,
whp are taken from fhe clergy, are. paid
by gqvcrnment ; and a fchool is fupport
ed at the pubUc expenfe. Sumptuary
laws ate in force bere, as wcUas'in moft
parts of Swift'erland ; and no daricing is
allowed except upoin particular occafions.
The principal article of trade is wiae,
(he country abounding In vineyards ; and
as the canton affords but Utile corn, it
is procured fVom Suabia in exchange fpr
wine. Schaffhaufen, a tpwn pf Swifferland,
capital of a canton of the fame name.
It is on the Rhine, and pwes its prigin 10
the interruption ofthe navigation of that
river by the cafaraft at Lauffen : huts
being a: firft conftruaed, for the conve-
Voi. li. ' X s X -

S C H
niency of uolaa^inf^ttte Bierchatidife from
the boats, by degrees increafed, to a largf
toivn. It was formerly an iroptfial town,
and was admitted a member df the Hel
vetic confederacy in 1501, snd itt terri
tpry forms the twelfth, canton in rank.
The inhabitants are computed to fac
j6o6o. fhough a frontier town, it hat na
garrifon, and the fprtifications are weak ^
but it has a famous wooden bridge ove^
the Rhine. This river being extremely
rapid here, had already deftroyed feveriu
ftone bridges of the ftrongeft conftrue*
tion, when Ulric Grubcnman, a carpeh*
ter, offcned to throw i wooden biidge,
of a fingle arch, oyet the river, which ie
near 400 feet widel. The ntagHliates,
however, required that it uiouldl confift
of 2 arehes, and that he fhould, for that
purpofe, employ thfe middle pier of the
old bridge. He has done fo ; but l)as
contrived to li^ye it a iiiatter of doubt,
whether the bjridge. is fupported by the
middle pier. The fides and top of it are
covered ; and it is a kind of han|;iiig
bridge : the road, which is almoft level,
not being carried, as ufual, over the top
of the arch, hut (if the expreffion may
be ufed)\l<;t into the iuiddle bf it, and^
there fufpended,- Schatfhaufen is ii
miles N by E Zuric, and 39 E Bafil, lorn
3 41 E, Ut. 47 39 N. [Coxe.]
Schalholt,.A towa of Iceland, witha
bifliop's fee and a college '. Ion. 22 ia W,
laf. 64 40 N.
Schamacbya, A town of Perfia, capital of
Schirvan, It was formerly very large,
but Is now decayed, above 6000 houfes
having been thrown down oy an earth
quake. It has manufaaures pf filks and
cottons, and is feated on the "W" fide of
the Cafpian Sea : 250 miles N E Tauris,
ten, 37 5 £,lat. 4050 N. ,
Scbantz Sterney, a fortrefs in the Ruf-
.^a,n- government of "Wiburgh, on the Ne
va, a Utile £ Peterfburg; lon, 31 15 E,
lat. 60 o N.
Srharding, a fown of loV.'cr Bavaria, on
the Inn : 7 miicj S F. PilTaw.
S.huin'iz, a furtlfiedt'jvvn pf Gcrminy,
iij.tlie Tirol. It is a palTa^e of pie.it im
portance, o\i,, the confines of Bavaria :.
12 miles 'ti hiiiinic'K.
Siharm, or Sfjeim, a feaport of Ara'.iii,
in the l-.cd ica, fpacious ar.d deep, fur
rounded with fliarp roci:3. Iai'i.;jd 'of
anchors, a cable faftened to the land is
made ufe pf. The town is fituated on a
mountain. "This place is lupp'^fcd by
fome to have been tbe ancient iLziaa^-:-
ber i 6,- miles 15 S W jMcJir.a- S.:ha-u.eiibur£j

- g c il

S C H

' Scha-jienlitrg, a- territory of Weftpha
Ua : 22 miles long and lo broad, belong
ing f o the landgrave of Heffe Caffel.
•Scie/rf, a coafiderable river ofthe Neth
erlands, which rifes in Picardy, France,
palling by Cambray, Bouchain, Valenci
ennes, Conde, Tournay, Oudenard, Ghent,
Dendermondiand Antwerp, It divides in
to 2 branches betew Fort^ Lillo. One of
Shcfe, called the Eaftern Scheld, runs by
BergenrOp-zpDin. ; the other,, the Weftern
'Scheld, proceeds to Flufliing, and both
forming feveral iflands, enter die German
TOcean. In 1647; Philip- IV of Spain- ac-
lenOwtedged tbelndcpendence of thcfeven
Uaited Provinces, and ceded to fhem the
fovereignty of the' Scheld; ftipulating,
Moreover, tbat no large fliip, fhould. gP
direaiy to Antwerp, but fliould unlade
its cargo iri Holland. Notwithftanding
this, in 1785, fhe Emperor Jofeph II or
dered a veffel, with the imperial flag, to
proceed down the river ftom-. Antwerp,
and another up the river, to ' that city,
from Oftend- Bbth fhefe re&ifingto be
detained by fhe Dutch, were -fired upon,
and ftruck their colours immediately.
The emperor, ia purfuance of a previous
declaratioa to fbat^ffiba, contidered- this
as a declaration of war, aadproceed-cd fo,
take meafures accordiagly ; but, by the
good'ofees of fhe court of VerfaiUes, he
was prevailed npOato give up the point,
OB the Dutch.fcndinga deputation to Vi-
erina, fo make an apology for the infult to
his flag, and cbnfenting to, pay a large
fum of money as, an- indemnification for
the expenfes be had incurred iu fhe
preparation tor war. In 17^2, when the
French took Antwerp, they nififted upon
opening the navi gatiori of this riyer, on
the plea that all rivers were free, and
that the contfequent right of navigating
it, could' not be ceded by any treaty what
ever. This, wifh their invafion of Hol
land, drew that country and Great Erit-
ain into the general cpalitipn againft
them, at the cpmmencemeat of »793.
Scbelefiadt, A flrpng town of France, de
partment pf Upper Rhine, on the 111 : 20
snlks S W Strafburg.
Schella, A tovvn of Upper Hungary, on
the Waag : 25 miles N E Prefburg.
Schelleiihurg, A fortrefs of Bavaria, : 22
miks W Ingolftadt.
Sehelling, an ifland of the United Prov-
j.ices, in Friefland, at the entrance ofthe
Zuider Zee, lon. 5 10 E,lal, 53 20 N.
Schemnifz, a town of Upper Hungary,
one ofthe feven mouataia towns, vvith -
3, caftles.. ' It i? famous for mine* of filver

and othar metals; as alfo for its Hot
baths. Near it 'Is a high rock of fliining
blue ftone, mixed with giecn, and foriie
fpots Pf yellow : 50 miles N E Pref
burg. It has about ro,oo6 inhabitants,
two-thirds of whoaiare Proteftants.
Sehenck, a fortrefs of Dutch Guelder
land, on the point where the Rhine di
vides into tvvo branches, the Rhine and
Wahal. It is of grfcat importance, as the
centre of communication between Hol
land and Geitmany: 13 miles £ NIme
guen, lon. 5 26 E, lat, 5155* N,
Sehening, a lown, of Sweden, In E Goth
land, in. a fertile country : to miles S E
Waftena, lon, 15 47 E, lat. 58 12 N.
Seller, A town of Suabia, belonging to
thfi baron of Walberg, on tlie Danube's
36 miks SW Ulm, ' " "
Scherding, a town of Bavaria, on the
Inn,: 8 miles S by W Paffaw.
Schevs, A fown of Denmark, In N Jut-
laud; on the gulf pf Virk-Fuad. •
Schiedam, a town of the Uaited Provin
ces in Holland, on a canal, wbich com;
municates vvith the Maefe :. 4, miles E by
S. Rotterdam- Schilia, A ftrong tovvn of Upper Hun
gary, in the county of Neitra, on fhe
river Waag,
Srhintznach, A town of Swiffcrlaild, caii-
•t«n of Bern, remarkable for ifs agreeable
pofitlon on the Aar, and ifs tepid mine
ral waters. Near il, on a loffy eminence,
are the rulna, of the famous caftie of
Hapfbiirg, ¦ScWraj, a famous city ofPerfia, in Far
fiftan, and the capital- of aU Perfia. It is
3 miles in lengtli, but not fo much
in breadth.: and is feated at the end df
3^ fpacious plain, furrounded by high
hiUs, under one pf vvliicb tbe town
ftands. The hcufes are built pf bricks,
•dried in tbe fun ; the ropfs are flat and
terraced.. There are 15 handfome
mofques, tiled with ftones of a bluifti
green colour,, and lined within with
black poliflied marble. There are many
large and beautiful gardens, furround
ed by walls 14 feet hig.h, containing va
rious kinds of fine trees, with fruits al
moft of every- kind- The wines of Schi
ras are not only fhe beft in Perfia, 'but,
fome think, in the whole world. In 1778
the feat of government was transferred
from Ifpahaq to this place : 225 miles
•S Ifpahan, Ion. 54 20 E, lat, 29 40 N,
Scbleufongen, a town of Franconia, in
the province of Henneburg, on the river
Schlcus, Schluffeliurg, a town and fortrefs df
Ruffm ,

C H

S C H

Jtuflia, containing about 300 houfes, and
2800 inhabitants, fituated on the Neva,
Bfar lake Ladoga; the fortrefs is fituated
pri an ifland, in the river. It was tak
ea from the Swedes in the year 1702.
It bat been froqueatly ufed as a ftate
prifon, and feveral great perfons have
beea coafined there, as Maria, fifter,
and Eudocia, firft wife of Peter the
Great ; count Piper, minifter to Charles
XII of Sweden ; iBIrea, Duke of Cour
land, aad Prince Ivan : 36, miks £ Pe
terfburg. ^ Schmiberg, a town 'of Silefia, dachy of
Jaur. Almoft all tbe inhabitants arc
femiihs, whence the place takes its name.
It is at the foot of a mountain, near fhe
fource of the iBauber.
Sehomhet-g, a tov-vn of Germany, in the
ck-aorate Of Treves, on fhe mountain :
15 mikf from Limbourg.
Schoncck, or Schneick, -a -town in the
ekaorate of Treves, witha caftle, onthe
Nyms : 27 mfles N Treves,
Schonen, Scania, or Skonen, a province of
SwedeB,l>Punded W by flic Sound, which
feparates it from Zealand, N by HaUand
and Smoland; £ and S by Blecldngen
and the Baltic. It is a fertiile country,
Luaden is the capital. It has 600,000
in habitants.
Schongaw, A tovva of Bavaria, on the
iech : 30 miles S Apglberg.
Scbaonhoven,A ftrong tovvn ofthe Unil-
-cd Provinces, ia Holland, with a com-
jmodious haven, on the Leek : 14 miles
E Rotterdam.Scharndarf, a town of Suabia, duchy of
Wirtemburg, vvith a ftroag caftle. Here
are fait fprings, from whicb much, fait is
4nade. Tbis place was poflefTed by the
¦jFrench in Auguft 1796: 11 miles E
-Stutgard, Scbouten, iflands in the Pacific Ocean,
aaear the coaft of New Guinea. 'I'hey
,were dlfcovered by WilUam Scbouten, a
Dulchman, in 1616, tea. 135 25 E, lat. o
46 ,S.
Schowen,An iflaad of the Uaited Prov
inces in Zeeland, N E the Ifle of Walche
ren; 15 miksia length, and 6 ia breadth,
Ziriczcc is the capital.
Sehrellerjhiu, a ,villa,!;e of Silefia. It
contains about 350 houfts, and 1600 in
habitants. What is fingular in this
country, thefe inhabitants, like the coun
try towns Id New Enjjland, arc fcattered
over au extent of fcveral miks fquare.
[Adams' Letters,]
Schwalbacb, A village of the Upper -
-.Rhine, and county of Naffau, frcqutmcd -

for its mineral- waters, which are of-*
fimilar nature to thofe of Spa. It is on
the Aa : 9 miks N Mentz,
Schwatiz, a fown in the Tirol, famous
for its mines of different metals. It is on
the IU : 14 miles N-p Infpruc.
Schartwzburg, A tpwn and caftle of Up*.
per Saxony, in Thuringia, capifal of a
county of fhe lame name, betenging fo ,
a Priuce pf- the hpufe pf Saxony, It is
on the Schwartz : 22 mUes S E Erfurt
and 35 N Culknibacb.
Scb-wartzemburg, a town of Fraricoriias
capitalof a priricipalitypf the fame name,
wifh a caftle, ou the Lee : 25 miks N
W Nurembarg.
Schweidnitz, A town of Silefia, large,
handfome, and vvell built. It is fortified,
buf ftands on a large plain. Tbe prolef-
tanti^here are four to one Catholl-c. Vet
all the magiftrates are of the Catholic R.e-
ligion. No Jews are allowed tP tefidc
here, here are 4 cloifters, almoft defti
tute of inhabltauts. Nearly 5000 peo
ple affemble, for divine Worfliip in ths
Lutheran church, every Sablf atb, Itis
on aa emiaence, on the river Welftrite
22 miles S W Breflaw, amd 27 S E Lig
nitz, ten. 16 54E, lat, 50 46 N.
[Adams'" Letters,]
Schweiiifurt, a flrong and imperial
town of Francoaia, with a palace, where
the fenators meet, vvho are 12 in nuni
ber. The inhabitants are proteftants,
and carry oa a large tra-de in wl-nc, wool
len and linen cloth, goofequills, and feath
ers. "Flire tovvn vvas tafccii by the French
in July 1 796, but they were obliged to
abandon it in September fBllowing It is
on the rivcr Maine : 25 miles W Bam
berg, lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 15 N,
Schwe.'tz, a canton of Swifferland,
bounded on the W by the Lake of the
Four CaatoB.s, S by tbe canton of Uri,
f. by that of Glarus, N by thofe of Zu
ric and Zug, Tln"s caatoa, vvith tbat of
Uri and Uaderwalden, threw off the yoke
of Auftria ia 1308; and formed a pei-
petual alliance in 1315, w-bich ,V{as the
graad foundation of the Helvetic confed
eracy. 1"lie name of Scbweilzerlaad,
Svvilzerlaad, or Swifferland, vvhich orig-
laally comprehended onlythefe 3 cantons,
vvas afterward extended to all Helvetia.
It derived that appeUation, .either fron\
the canton of Schweilz, as being themoft
diftinguiflied by the revolution of 1308,
or becaufe the' Auftrians called all the
Inhabitants pf tbefc niountainous pants
bv the general dcaominatioa of Schvycit-
zert, 'l"bc government of Scbweitz and
Uri,

SCI

SCO

Uri, till the late revolution, was entirely
democratical, and nearly the fame. 'Fhey
contain, including their fubjedts, 50,00b
fouls ; and, in cafe of neceflity, cpuld
furnifli above 12,000 jnilitia. The fame
kind of foil, an^ the fame prpduaions,
are common to tbe two cantons. The
whole country being rugged and moun-.
tainous, confifts chiefly of 'pafture, raifes
Jittle corn, and has np wine : but tbis
foil, natuially barren, has been improved
py the natives to a great degree of fertil
ity. Luxury is fcarcely known in thefe
cantons ; and a purity of mpf-als prevails,
jvhich can fcarcfely be imagined by the
"inhabitants qf great and opulent cities.
The Roman (ilatholic feUgipn is here ex
clufively eftabliflied, [dpxe,]
Sehfiieitz, a tPwn pf Swifferland, capital
of the cantnn of that naine, near thd
'W'aldftxtter Sea, pn the flope pf a hill,
and at the bottom pf 2 higli, fliarp, and
rugged rocks, called the'Scihweitzer Ha-
ken. The church is a large, magnificent
building : 10 mfles S £ Lucern, ten. 8 30
£, lat, 46 55 N.
Schweilz, Lake. See Waldftattsr Sea.
Schwerin, a tpwn of Lower Saxony,
capifal of the duphy of Mecfcl enburgh
Schwerin. It is divided intq Schwerin,
the New Town, the iflahd of Schelf, and
the Moor, which are all nearly encircled
by a beautiful lake. The c'athedral is a
fine Gothic pile, with a lofty fpire, 1i"be
ducal palace aud gardens are on an ifland
in the lake, aqd have communication with
the fown by a draw bridge : 35 miles W
by S Guftrow, lat. 53 ^8'N.
Scb-ulinburg, a foyvn of Denmark, pn the
S coaft of the ifland in Funeii : 23 miles
SSE Odenfee. 
Sciati, an ifland pf the Archipelago,
near the coaft of Janna, N Negropont,
and almoft at the entrance of the gulf of
¦Salonichi : 22 miles in length, and 8 in
breadth. ' • .>,| ,
Sciglio, or Scilla. See Scylla.
Scilly, A clufjter of iflands and rock^, al
moft 10 leagues lpng, W of tbe Land's
End in Corn wall, and are eafily difcerned
from it." of thefe only 5 pr 6 are inhab
ited. They are fuppofed formerly to
have produced much tin, but are now
chiefly known asa refort for feafowl, aad
a place of flielter for Ihips in bad vyealli-
«r, fhe inhabitants principally fubfift
by fifliing, burning kelp, and aaing as
pilots. ' "The chief of the iflands is St.
Mary's, which has a good port, is the
beft cultivated, and contains moft of the
wi^abilants. Is this ifland, and in 2 or 3

Others, are various antiquities, particulati-!
ly the remains of a temple of fhe Druids,
and ancient fcpulchres ; b'-'t the greateft
ornament is the lighthoufe, which, with
the gallery, is 51 feet higli, and a very
fine column. The Scilly rpcks have beeq
fatal to numbers of fliips entering the
Englifli Channel. One df the moft dift
aftfous events of this kind happened in
1707, when admiral hr Cloudefley Shovel,
with 3 men of war, perlfliefl \vifh all
their crews, lon. 6 46 W, lal. 49 56 N.
Scilly, A group pf iflands or flipals, in
tbe S Pacific Ocean, difcoyered by cap;
tain Wallis in 1767, and defcribed as ei^
tremely dangerous, ten, 155 30 W, lat. 16.
28 S."
Scio. See Chig.
Sciout, one of tbe beft cities of Egypt, 2
miles from the river. The, governor of
fhe province refides here. It is finely
fituated on an eminence, in the midft of a
fruitful country. A large lake near the
city is fupplied by a canal, Pver which
is a biidge'of 3 pplhic arches.' Gardens
extend 2 miles foutherly from this well
built city. A bifliop refides here" with
about 500 chriftians,' Their churph is a
league diftant ; the hills E are cut info a
great number 6f grottos.
Sciros, an ifland ofthe Archipelago, W
of Metelin, If is 15 miles long and 8 broad ,
and a mountainous country, but has no
mines. The vines make the beauty of
fhe ifland, and the "wine is exceUent ; nor
do the natives want wood." It , contains
only the village and convent of St.
George, both huilt oh a conical rock, 10
miles from the harbour' of Sf, George,
Tbe fuperior of the convent exercifes
defpotic fway over the inhabitants, whofe
fuperftitipn is more exeeffive fhan that of
fhe of her ,Greeks in the Archipelago,
Sclavonia, A country of Europe, belweei^
the rivers Save, Drave, and Danube. It
is divided into 6 couatic^, apd belongs tq
tbe houfe of Auftria, Ir was formerly a
kiagdom, aad is 75 miles la breadth, ani^
300 In length, from the frontiers of Auf
tria to Belgrade. Tbe eaftern part i;
called Ratzia, and the inhabitants Rafr
clans, T,hefe fprm a particular nation,
and are pf the Greek cUiirch, The lan
guage of Sclavonia is the mother of four
others, namely tlipfe pf Hungary, Bphe,^
mia, Poland aad Ruffia',
Scone, a viUage in rerlbfliire, Scptland,
oa tlie £ fide pf tlieTay,'N by W pf Perth.
Here js the aacieat royal palace (now a
feat of the ear} of Mansfield) in which
the IclBtgs of Scptland were crowned, iif
the

SCO

S C Y

the celebrated ftone chair, now in "Wfeft-
minfter abbey : 30 miles N Edinburgh.
Scopelo, an ifland of the Archipelagp, 5
miks E Sciata, and 17 N Negropont, at
the entrance of the gulf of Salonichi, 10
miks long and 5 broad. It is very fertile,
produces plenty of good wiae, and con
tains I2>o,0o inhabitants, va' ho are almoft
all .Greeks,
Scopia, or Ufcapia, a town of Turkey in
Europe, in Bulgaria, with an archbifliop's
fee. It IS on the Vardar, over vvhich is a
bridge of 12 arches : 67 miles W S W
Sofl"a, lat. 42 10 -N.
Scotland, or Nortb Britain, the northern
of the two kingdoms into which the
ifland of Great Britain vvas formerly di
vided. It is bounded W by the Atlantic
.Ocean, N by trie N Sea, E by the Ger
man Ocean,' S Eby England, S by the
Irifh Sea. To Scotland, alfo, appertain
the iflands on its weftern coaft, called the
Hebrides, or Weftern Iflands,' and thofe
to the -N E called the Orkney and Shet
land Iflands. From N fo S it extends 270
miks ; and its g-;-eateft brea^dih is 150,
but in fome places not above 30. Na
ture feems Jo have pointed out 3 grand
divifions in Scotland, The North, the
middle, and the South, I'he N divifion
is chiefly an affemblage of vaft, dreary
mounlains; not, hpwever, without fome
fertile vaUies on the northern and eaftern
fliPres. The Middle divifion is traverfed,
in different direaions, by many great
ranges of mountains ; and fhough culti
vatioa here is alfo found chiefly on the
eaftern fliore, yet of this divifion, as well
as ot the former, the arable land bears a
fmall proportion to the mountainous and
barren traas. The S divifion has a great
ifefemblance to Eagland, and with refpea
both to the general afpea of the coun
try, and to the progrefs pf cultivation,
exhibits every kind of rural variety. The
principal rivers are the Spey, Don, Tay,
'I'weed, 'Clyde, Forth, Northern Dee,
Elk, Annan, Nith, and Southern Dee.
The climate Is various ; but in gen
eral, the air is very healthy. The pro-
duifts of the country are grain, flax,
woods of oak and fir, coal, lead, iron,
freeftone, limeftone, flate, tbe moft beau
tiful' marble, fine rnck cryftals, pearls,
variegated pebbles, &c. If feeds vaft
herds of cattle and flocks of fheep : they
are both fmall, but much valued for the
delicacy of their flefli ; and the fleece of
the latter emulates fhe fineft Spanifli wool.
It is in fhe higli grounds that fhe cattle
art fo dimi'^^"!"'; t**"i in many parts pfj.

the country, the horfes and cows are not
excelled in fize and beauty by thofe of
fhe Englifli breed. Scotland is divided
into 33 counties ; namely, Shetland and
Orkney, Bute, Caithnefs, Sutherland;
Rofs, Cromarty, Nairne, Invernefs, Mur
ray, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Angus,
Perth, Fife, Kinrofs, Clackmannan, Stri-
liag, Dumbarton, Argyle, Renfrew, Ayr,
WIgton, Kirkcudbright, Dumfries, Rox
burgh, Selkirk, Peebles, Lanerk, Lin-
litbgojv, Edinburgh, Haddingtbn, and
Berwick. 'I'hefe fend oae member each
to parliament, except Bijte and Caithnefs,
Cromarty and Nairne, Kinrols and Clack
mannan, which feud members ia conr
junaion : fo that the counties fend 30
members, vvhich with 15 feat by the
boroughs, make the 45 piembers fent by
Scotland. Thp eftabliflied religion is the
prefbyterian. With refpea to the trade
and mariufaaures, they are noticed under
tbe refpeaive cities apd towns, Edii-i-
bu.rgh is the capital.
Scouten, an jfiand on the N coaft of New
Guinea. It is fertile and populous The
inhabitants are fomesvhat advanced in
civilization, rather of an olive than black
complexion, wearing often their hair long,
aad carrying on a confiderable traffic.
They are ftoiiit and enjoy a healthy cU
mate, lat, I o S, [Dampier] -
Scutari, a ftrong and populous Iowa ©f
Turkey in Europe, capital of Upper Al
bania, with a biflipp's fee, on the lake
Zeta, at tbe mouth of the rivcr Bocana :
20 miks N E Antivari, and 47 N W Al-
bapopoUs,teu, 19 25 E; lat, 42 35 N.
[Bowen.]
Scutari, A town of "Furkey in Afia, in
Natolia, with a good harbour, on the E
fide of Conftantiriopk, of which it Is con
fidered as a fuburb, being d'reaiy oppo
fite. It contains a handfome mofque,
fine gardens, and is built on the fide of ,-i
bill, ten. 29 4 E, lat. 41 o N. [Jackfon.]
Scylla, A rock near tbe Faro of Meffina.
on the coaft of Calabria, oppofite the fa
mous Cliarybdio. It is about a mile
from fhe entrance of the Faro, and forms
a fmall promontory, whicb runs a l:ti!~
out lo fea, aad meets tbe whole force of
the wafers as they come out of tbe nar
roweft part of the ftraiis. The bend of
this prompntory is the famous Scylla of
the ancient poets. It docs not come up
to the formidable defcription that Homer
gives of if, nor is tbe paifage fo wondrcuf
aarrow and difficult as he makesic ; but it
is probable tbat its breadth is greatly in
creafed fiuce his time, by the violent im
petuofity,

S E B

S E G

ipctuofity, of the current ; and this-vid-
lence muft always have dimi-niflied in
iproportion as the breadth of the channel
increafed. 'There are many fmall rocks
that fliow their heads ne;ir the bafe of
tbe large ones. Thefe are probably tbe
dogs that are defcribed as hovyling round
the monfter Scylla, There are likewife
many caverns that add greatly t-o the
moife of fhe wafer, and tend fo increafe
the horror of fhe fcene. The rock is
near 200 feet high, asd there is a kind
of caftle or f-ort on its fummit.
Scylla, or Sciglio, a town, of Sicily, pn
the fide of the rock Scylla. In the terri
ble earthquake of 1783 (fee Calabria) a
•wave of the fea, which bad fvvept the
country for three miles, carried off, on
its return, 2743 of the inhabitants, with
the prince at their head ; 10 miles N E
Meffina. ,[Adam.]
Scyra, an ifland ofthe Mediterranean,
36 miles in circumference. The Latins
are the moft numerous, and have feveral
churches. Capuchins are diUgent ia
preacbiag, catechlfing aad hearing con-
leffions ; hence the people in general,
and the'women in particular, appear very j
devout. There are but few trees ; pm-
¦vifipns are plenty. [Pqcocke,]
Seafard, A bprough and feaport in Suf
fex, England, which feads fwio members
to parliament : 8 miles SSE Lewes, and
59 S by E Lnndpn.
Sea of Ga/i&«,,a lake of delightfal wa
ters in Paleftine, If is 6 miles wide from
E to W, and 18 from N to S. It Is be
held by chriftians with veneration, from
being frequented by Chrift and hie apof
tles. It abounds with delicate fifh.
[Mariti, Bowen.]
Seaion, or Part Seatan,.A feaport in Had
dingtonfliire, Scotland. Here is a ruin
ous palace, in wbich Mary queen of
Scots occafionally kept her court, after
her return from France. In the chapel
are feveral curious monuments of marble.
Seaton has a confiderable .trade in fait
and coal, and is on the frith of Forth :
9 miles E Edinburgh,
Sebaftian, St. a populous feaport of
Spain, in Bifcay. It is feated at the foot
of a mountain, on the top of which is a
ftrong citadel; and the harbour is fecur
ed by tvvo moles aad a narrow entrance
for the fhlps. The city covers about 35
acres of ground ; the houfes are high,
the ftreets narrow, and the number of
inhabitants 10,000, It is furrounded by
a double wall, and is fortified toward the
fea. It carries on a great trade, partic-

iflariy in iron, fteel and -wool. St, Se»
baftlan 'was taken -by the , French Ib
1794: 50 miles £ Bilboa, and 50 N W
Pampeluna, ten. i 56 W, laf. .43 24 N. ¦
Sebaftian, Cape St. A cape at thc-N W
extremity of Madagafcar, lofl;,46 25 ,£,
lat. 12 JO S. , ._, ,
Sebenico, a . ftrong feaporf -pf Venetian
Dalmalia, capital of a county of the fame
name, vj'itli a bi-fliop's,,fee, a fori and a
caftte. Tihe Turks have' ogf^en atteinpte^
in.vain-to take It. If Is near the mout^
of thCCherca, in tbe,gulf of Venice : 2j
miks S Eof Zara, ten. i6 46 iE, laf. 4^
17 N. , '
.Sebourg, Aitawn ofEi-ance, dcipartmcnt
of fhe North : 12 miles E -Valencieanes,
Sebu, on this ifland the Spaniards have
a town witb a good hacb6iK,<calkd Jefus,
The- -ifland produces, coiion, onipns, to
bacco, bees wax, S(.c. It is 60 miles loiif,
24 broad. Hire Magellan firft fet up
the Spaniifli ftamdard, and here this firft
circumna-yigalor of the world, was killed
by the natives, after the king ancl his
court bad been baptized. See Cebu. ["1". E,]
Seckaw, A town in Upper Stiria, witjtB
bifhop's fee : 9 mik^ N Judenbm-J|i,
and 90 S W Vienna.
Seckingen, a town pf ^uabia, pne of ^
foreft towns. It belongs to-the houfe pf
Auftria, and is on an ifle formed by ibc
Rhine : 6 miks S E Rlieinfelden, and :57
W Schaffhaufoa.
¦Seckington, a village, in Warwickfliire,
England, near Tamworth. Qg ,tbe ^
fide of its chuich are the ruinsot a fort,
ancl near it an artificial hill, 45 fcet-<hig!i.
Sedan,A ftrong town ef France, depart
ment of the Ardennes. It is one of the
¦moft important keys In the kingdom, and
has a ftrong caftle, an arfenal, a fpHndcfy
of cannoni and a manufaaure oJblajjk
cloths of a fuperior quality. The famous
marflial Turenne was born in the caftte.
-Sedan is feated on the Maefe : 26 -mifes
S E Charlemont, and 135 N E Par-is.
Seeching,. A fown in Norfolk, England,
on a fmaU.navigiibk rivcr: 4 miles S
Lynn, and 93 N E London.
Seez, an- ancient and coafiderable tovvn
of France, departmerit of Orne, with a
bifliop's fee. It is ia a fiae country, near
the fource of tbe Orne: ,12 miles N
Alencon, and 102 "W by S Paris., '
Segalien, a great rivcr of Tartary, which
enters tbe ocean, Iat. 53 N.
Segeberg, A town in the duchy of Hol
ftein, with a caftic, on a high mountain,
confifting of limeftone, large quantities of
which are carried to Hainburg and I,iU-
bec :

S E G

SEI

lac: ««r miles S Kiel, and a8 N Ham-
bU»g.- ..-:..,,;
Segedin, a ftrong town of Lower Hun
gary, with a caftle : 50 miles S £ Co
locza. "": Segefan, A province of Perfia, bounded
N by Korafan aod Balck ; E by Canda
har and Sableftan ; S liy Maekeran ; S
W by Kerman ; W by Covbeftan and
Farfiftan. Segtfwar,a town of Tranfylvania, cap
ital of a county lif tbe fame name, built
in the form pf an amjphitbeatre, on the fide
ef a bill aear the river Kokel : 47 miles
N Hermanftadt.
Segiia, A ftrong feaport, capital of Hun
garian' £)9lmatia, wirh a fort, and a bifli
op's fee. Itis on the gulf Of ¦ Venice :.
100 nviles N W Spoletior
Segni, ari ancient town of Italy, in
Campagna di Rama, with a bifliop's fee.
It is faid- tbat organs were firft invented
here. It is on- a mountain: 12 miks S
E Pateftrino, and 31 E Rome,
Sega, the capital of Bambarra, arid' con
fifts- of forir diftina towns, two on tbe
nartbern banks of the Niger, caUed Sego
Korro, and Sego Roo, and two on the
fcyuthern, called Sego Soo Korro and Sego,
See Korro, They are all furrounded
ivith high mud walls ; the houfes are of
clay, of a fquare form, vvith flat roofs ;
fome are two ftories high, many are white
waflicd, Mofques are feen ^ ia every
quarter, ' Sego contains 30,000 inhabit
ants ; the king of Bambarra conftantly
rcfides at Sego. [Park,]
Segarie, a towri of Spain, In Valencia,
^itli a tiifliop's fee. It is between
t'fllo mocivtains, in a foil fertile In
corn and wine, and where there are
quarries of fine marble : 27 miles N W
"Valencia, and 150 E Madrid.
" Segovia, an ancient arid poputeus city
of Spain, in Old Caftile, witb a bifliop's
fee, ahd a caftk. It is furrounded by a
ftrong waU, flanked vvith towers and
ramparts, and is fiipplicd vvith water by
a Roman aquedua, 3000 paces inlength,
and fuppoi'ted by 177 arches of a pro
digious hcighit, confifting of 2 rows, one
placed 'aCdve ibe-otlier, Heretbebeft cloth
in Spain is- made, from the fine Spanifli
vVool; fo much < ftsemed in other coua
tries. This 4s <>ne part of their trade,
and another is, very fine paper. I'hc
cathedral'ftands on one l;de of the great
fquare, and contains the ftatue of tbe
Virgin in maffy filver. The Alcazar is
feated in the higheft part of the town,
and has id rooms richly adorned vyith

tapeftry, and ornaments of marble 3n<S
porphyry. The royal chapel is magnifi*
cently gilded, and embelUflied wilh very
fine paintings. Tbe raoft, remarkable
ftruaure isthe Miat, feated in a valley,
furrounded by a river on which are mills
employed in coining. Segpvia is pn a
mountain, near the river Arayadda ; 45
milts N W Madrid, ten. 3 44 W, lat. 40
57 N. _
Segovia, Nueva, a town in the ifle of Lu
conla, aad one of the largeft ia the Phil
ippines, with a. bifliop's fee./ It is at tbe
bl end pf tbe ifland, near tbe mouth of
the Cagayan : 240 miles N Manilla, ten.
120 59 E, lal. 18 39 N.
Segra, a river of Spain, wbich rifes in
the Pyrennees, and runs S W thrpugh
Catalonia, pafling by Puy Cerda, t'rgel,
; Balaguer, Lerlda,and Mequinenza, where
it falls imp tbe Ebro.
Segura, A town pf Portugal, in Beira,
with a caftle on a mountain. It is near
fhe rivers Ella and 'Fajo ; 8 milcs S E
Caftel Branco, and 30 N W Alcantara.
Segura, A lown of Spain, in New Caf-
tlk arid territory of La Mancha, ampng
the mountains of Segura :^ 25 miks N E
Baeza; Segura, a river of Spain, which rifes in
the mouataiqs of Segura, in Nevv Caftile,
and crofliing Murcia, and the South part
, of Valencia, falls into the Mediterrane
an, Seiks, A-^owerfu\ nation of Hindooftan
Proper, confifting of feveral fmall inde-
dependent ftates, that have formed a
kind of federal unioa. They poffefs the
whole of Lahore, the principal part x>f
Moultan, and the W part of Delhi. This
traa extends 400 miles from N W to S E,
and is from 150 tp 200 brpad ia general.
Little is knewn concerning the ftate of
their government and poUtics ;- but the
former Is reprefented as being mild. In
their mode of making war, they are un
queftionably favage and cruel. Their
army confifts almoft entirsly of horfe, of
which they are faid to be able fo bring at
leaft 100,000 Inlo the fieU, Tbe Seiks,
like the Hindoos, are perfeaiy tolerant
in matters of faith, and require only a
conformity in certain figns and ceremo
nies ; but, unlike the Hindoos, tbey ad
mit profelytes ; although thofe from
among the Mahometans are the lealt ef
teemed. The Seiks are now become one
of tbe moft powerful ftates In Hindoof
tan. Their capital Is Lahore.
Seine, a river of France, vvhich paffes
by Troyes,' Melun, Paris, ami Rouen, faUi

SEM

SEN

fill's Into th'e Englifh Channel, at Havre
de Grace.
Seine, Lower, A department of Ffance,
including part of the late provlnceof
Normandy. Rouen Is the capital.
Seine and Marne, A&epaTtmetit of 'Sranee,
including part of fhe , late prtfvince of
the Ifie of France. Mcilux is the cap
ifal. Seine and Oife, a departmerit.of France,
including paft Of the lite province of the
Ifle of France. VerfaiUes is the capitah
Seineflieim,-* a town of Franconia, with a
caftle : 33 miles N W Nurembu'rg.
Seir, OP Har, A 'mountain In Arabia
Petrea, which formerly bounded Judea
on the S; arid feparated It from Idumea,
It is now called Safderiy, and is 140 miles
1". Cairo, InEgypt.
Selby, A tow'ri in the W riding of "Vork-
fhirc, England. It is on the Oufe, a place
»if fome trade : t2 miks S York, and 182
N by W London.
Seleffia, anciently Seleucia, a towri of
Turkey in Afia, in Caramania : 10 miles
from tbe fea, 58 W Tetaflb.
Sslsucia Ilber, an ancierit epifcopal town
of Syria, pn the tea coaft : 8 miles N
Antioch Selinfiadi, a tOwn of Germany, in fhe
ekaorate of Mentz, formeriy imperial :
14 miles £ Francfort, and 27 E Mentz!.
Selivrea, a to Wn ' of Turkey in Europe,
in Romania, vvifh an archbifliop's fee. If
'Was a large place, but is now .much de
cayed. It is on the fea of Marmora : 35
toiks W, COriftantiaople.
Selkirk, A borough of Scotland, the
county lown of Selkirkfliire. If has a
manufaaure pf boots and flioes : 30
iniles S Edinburgh.
Selkirkffire, acountyof Scottand,b(Wnd-
ed N by Edinburghfliire. 'Fhe princi
pal rivers are tbe Tweed, Ettrick, "ifar-
rpw, and Gala.
Sclles, a town pf France, department of
Lpir and Cher, with a caftic, pn the Cher,
over which is a bridge : 12 milcs S £
Blois, and 105 SSW Paris. '
Seliz, A town of Franee, department of
Lower Rhine, on the Rhine : 270 miks £
Paris. Seltzer, Lower, A village of Germany,
10 miks from Francfort, on tbe Maine ;
celebrated for a fpring of mineral water,
which is exported, in great quantifies to
other countries.
Semendriab, a town of Turkey in Ser
via, vvith a citadel, on tlie Danube : 20
miks S E Belgrade.
Semigallia, the E part of tbe duchy of '

Courland, feparated by the river Mafzaj
from Courland Proper. MIttau is the
capifal. Seminari, a tovvn of Naples : 22 miles
N E Reggio, laf. 38 20 N.
Semlin, a lown of Sclavonia, W fide of
fhcDaimbc and Save, oppofite Belgrade.
Sempachi a beautiful lake of Swiffer
land, iti the Canton of Lucern, 3 mile*
long and i brOad.
Sempicb, a town 6f Swifferland, in the
canton of Lucern ; celebrated for the
battle which eftabliflied the liberty of the
Svvife, and in ¦which Leopold duke of
Auftria. was defeated and flain. The an.:
iiivef fary of this battle, which happened
July 9, 1386, is commemorated with great
.folemnity, both at Sempach and Lucern.
Sempach is feated on a lake 6f the fame
name : ^ miles N W Lucerri'.
Semur, a fown of France, department
of Cote d'Or, with a caftle. It has a
manufaaure of cloth, and is on the Ar^;
ma^on, over which are two 1 bridges : 37
miks N Autun, and 135 S £ Paris.
Semur-en^Briennois, An ancient fown of
France, department of Saone and Loire;
40 miles N W Lyons, and 175 S Paris.
Seueffe, 3 town of Auftrian Brabant ;
4 iriiles S NiveUe ; famous fpr a battle
gained by fhe French. over the prince of
Orange, in 1674.-
Senegal; A rlvcf of iNegfeland, vvhiclt
overflows Uke the Nile, and much about
fhe fame time of tbe year.- It is 40 days
before It comes to fhe height, Vvhen the
channel is diflicult to find by thofe whQ
go up it In boats. The French once fent
30 men up tbis river, Wbo rowed iooo
miles, undergoin-g great har4fliips> info
much that only 5 returned alive, Il dif
charges itfelf into the Atlantic, in lat, 16
N. Nothing can be more beautiful than
the banks of tbis river. Lofty trees,, vo
cal with fongs of birds, opening grounds,
where the lion and elephant roam, where
flowering flirubs perfume the gales, de
light the traveller's eye, . [ParK,]
Senegal, a kingdpm on the abpve rifer.
wbich was fprmerly confiderable, but is
now reduced into a very narrow com
pafs. It is populous and full of trees,
but tbe foil being fandy-,' fhey never fow
till the rainy feafon comes on, in June ;
and get in their harveft in September.
' The iFrcnch had a fort and faftory, in an
ifland at the mouth of the river, and
vvere entire mafters of the gum trade. It
is called Fort Louis, was taken by the
^Englifli, in 1758, and confirmed to them
by the peace of 1763 j but, in 1783, it
was

SEN

S E R

^vas reftored to Erance, lon. i6 31 W, lat.
it5 53 N.
Senegambia,' a kingdom of Africa, ex
tremely fertile, in the vicinity of Gam
bia. "iThe couutry produces the richeft
honey, pepper, ginger, and a great varie
ty of fruits. It is a woody connfry, fome
bf the trees rifing to a prodigious height.
The calabafli tree is fometimes 65 feet iri
circumfcKcnce, the height only 60. The
palm tree rifes 80 feet, the ceyba 120,
[Wall, Winterbottom,]
Senez, A fown of Fraace, department of
the Lower Alps : 46 miles N £ Aix, arid
49 N W Nice. ^
Senlis, aa aacieat tovvn df France, de
partment ol*Oif"e, The cathedral has one
of the'higbeft fteeples in France. It is on
the fide of a hill, ori the river Npnetle,
almpft furrounded by a large foreft : 20
miles N W Mfcaux, and 27 N E Paris.
Sennar, a loWn of Africa, capital of a
kingdom of the fariie naine. ^^^ Nubia.
It is 5 miles In circumference, and con
tains hear 100,000 inhabitants. The
houfes are all one ftory high. With flat
t-ppfs ; but the fuburbs contain only cot
tages covered wilh reeds. Tbe palace is
furrourided by high walls,of bricks, dried
in the fun, but is only a coiifufed heap
bf buildings. . The heats are -almoft .in-
fripp.prtabk iri ,;he day time, except in
the rainy feafon, which begins In April,
and coritinues 3 months, at which time
the air is urivvbokfome. Tbe c^mmpdi-
tie? are elephants' teeth, ,taniarinds, civet,
tobaccb, and gold duft. There Is a
market near fhe palace, wliej^e flaves are
fold ; file females fit on oiie fide, tbe
males o,n ifiothcT, aad tbe Egypiiaa mer
chants buy great numbers of tbem every
year. The women of (lualliy have flight
garments of filk, and wear rings of vari
ous metals oa their hair, arms,leg4, ears,
and fingers. Women of a tew rank, and
girjs, have clothes wrapped round them
frcyn the waift to the knees. 'Fhe men
.go almoft naked. The merchandife re
quired at §ciiaiir are fpices, paper, brafs, ^
hardw.ire, glafs beads, and a bl.ack drug, '
with vvhich they colour their eyelids and
eyebrows. Ic is feated on an emin'ence,
Ac;ir tbe riVer Nile, lou. 30 o E, lat, 15
4 N, The foil ia tbe vicinity is rieh,
rendering, as they fay, 300 for oae,
'rlicy have ,bad a mode of inoc.nlaliag;
for the fmall pux frpm time immempriar
The Nile ip here, a mile ia width. The
trade'is not great. They liave no manii-
ifaaures. Their principal confumption
is blue cotton cloth, for which they pay
Vol. II, "y y y

in gold. No horfe, mule, afs, flieep, bul
lock, dog, cat or poultry, can five within
• feveral mi les of the city. Np tree flow
ers, excepting the lempn,lpn. 33 30 30 ij,
lat. 13 3936 N. (Bruce.]
Sens, an ancient town pf Fraace, de
partment pf Yonne, wilh a biflipp's fcf.
The metropolitan church is a handfpme
Gothic ftruaure. The dauphin and dau-
phinefs, parents pf Lewis XVI, were in
terred ill tbis church ; and here was
lately their monument, a mafter piece of
Cqjifton's, crowned by two urns united,
expreflive pf the unalterable affeapn pf
this virfupus pair. If was tbe laft requeft
pf the unfortunate mpnarcb, their fon, tp
the National Coayeation, that his re
mains might be inferred with theirs ; a
requeft which they refufed. Sens is fcat
ed in a fertile country, at the confluence
pf the Vanne with the Yonne : 25 miles
N Auxerre, and 60 S E Paris, ten, 3 22
E, lat, 48 12 N.
Seraio, a tpvyn of Turkey, in Europe,
capitalof Bofaia: no miles S W Bel
grade, lon. 18 5 E, lat. 44 24 N.
Serampourj a town of Hiadooftan Prop-J
er, ifl Bengal, pn Hoogly river, a fmall
diftance above Calcutta. It is a Danifli
fettlenient, and carries on a cpnfiderable
fratje. Seravalle, A town of Italy, in the duchy
of Milan : 24 miks N Genoa.
Scrcelli, A feaport of Algiers, W Al
giers, lon, 2 20 E, laf. 36 50 N.
Siirchia,A riy^Tfif Italy, which croffes
tbe valley df Carfagnaaa, ia Lucca, and
falls iato tbe Tufean fea : 5 miks from
the moutb of the Arno
Ssrfo, ot Serfante, an ifland of the Ar
chipelago : '50 miks N W Naxia, It is
8 miles loug and 5 broad, and full of
mountains aad rocks, In which are niines
of iroa and load ftpne. The inhabitants
are Grcc'ics and liave but oae tovva, call
ed St. Nicholo; which is a poor place,
ten. 25 IO E.lat 37 19 N.
Seriii^apaiam, a city of Hindooftaa, cap
ital of Myfore, pa aa ifland of the rivtr
Cauvery. Tbe maufoleuiii of Hyder /,li
is one of the moft magnificent objeas
in the place : it is on the S angle of the
ifland, furrounded by a grove of beautiful
cyprefs trees. The bity is ftrongly for
tified ; notwithftanding which, lord Corr-
wallis, in 17.92, here compelled Tippo
Sultan to fign a treaty, by vvhich he lac,-
rificcd half of his dominions, and a vaft
fum of money, to the E India Company
and their alUcs : -290 miles W by S Mad
ras, lon. 76 46 E, bf, Ii 31 N, Scrooge.

S E T

SE V

Serange, fee Sirong.
Serf a, A ftrong town of Portugal, in
Alentejo, on- a rugged eminence, vvith a
caftle: 3 miles' from the Guadiana, and
83 S E Liflion, lat, 37 47 N.
Serres, A town of Frince, department
of the Upper Alps' : 15 miles S W Gap,
Servia, A province of Turkey in Eu
rope : 190 miles long and 95 broad;
bounded N by the Danube and Save,
which feparate if from Hungary, E by
Bulgaria, W by B&fnia, S by Albania and
Macedonia, It is divided into- 4 fangia--
cafes ; two of which were ceded; in 1718,
to the Auftrians, who reftored- tbem to
theTurks, in 1739, by the treaty of Bel
grade, The names of tbem are Belgrade,
Semendriab, Scnpia, and Cratowo. Bel
grade is the capitah-
Servula, A calH'e-of Auftrian- Iftria, on a
high mountain: 4 miles from Trieft,
Near it is a fampus cavern; In- which the
fparry exudattens have fprmed varipus
figures of blue and white colours,
Seffa, an ancient town of Naples, in
Terra di Lavofa,with a bifliop's fee : 30
miles N Naples,
Sefii-di-Pinente, A< town of Gcnoil': 5
miles W Genoa.
'"efo, A town in' the Milanefe, on the
Tefin, where it iffues from the lake Mag
giore :' 25 miles W N W Milan.
Seflos, a ftrong caftle of Turkey in Eu
rope, in Romania, on the ftrait of Galli
poli. See Dardanelles.
Sefri-di-Levanie, An ancient -town of
Genoa : 30 miles W Genoa.'
Sc-ichuen, a province of China, bounded
N by Chen-fi, £ by Heu-quang, S by
Koei-tcheou, and W- by Thibet, It is
watered by the great river Yang-ffe kl-
ang, and is rich, not only on account of
the great quantity of filk it produces,
buf its mines of iron, tin, and lead, as
weU as its amber, fugar canes, and lapis
lazuli. It likewife abounds in mulk, rhu
barb, &c. TchIng::tou-fou is the capi
tal. Setimo, a town, of Piedmont; on- the Po :
8 iniles N Turim
Setines, tee Athens.-
Setlege, A river of Hindooft'an P'foper,
•the moft eafterly of the 5 eaftern branches
of tbe Indus. About midway between
its fource and fhe Indus, it receives the
Beyah, and joias the Indus a great vvay to
the S pf Moultan,
Settle, A town in the W riding of York
fliire, Englaad, oa the Ribble, over wbich
is A bridge : 28 miles E byN Lancafter.

Seven Iftands, iflands in the Froetti-
OceaUjtem 18 48 E, lat, 80 31 N, Amonj
thefe iflands- captain Phipps, with the
Race horfe and Carcafs, were furrounded
by the ice, from the 31ft of July to the
lolh of Auguft 1773, when a briflc
vvind af NNE effeaed their delivep.
ance. Sevenaaks, A town in Kent, England, It
obtained ifs name from feven large oaks
which were near it when if vvas firftt
built. Here is an hofpital for the main
tenance of aged' people, with a freefchool,
firft-.creaed by fir William Sevenoaks,,
lord Mayor of London, 1418, who is faid--
fo have been a foundling, charitably ed
ucated" by a perfon of fhis town Queen
Elizabeth' having--augmented the reve
nues of the fcbool,iit was called Queen
Elizabeth's School; and the whole was-
rebuilt, of ftpne in 1727 : 6 miks NW
'Tunbh'dge, and 23 S S E London.
Sever, St. a town of France; depart
ment of Landes on the Adour : 20 miles
E Dax; and 65 S by £ Bourdeaux.
Severino, St. A fortified tovyn of Naples-,',
in Calabria CIterirtre, wifh an archbifli
op's fee ; feated on - a craggy rock, on
the river Neeto : 8 miles from fhe fea,
and 45 S'E- Roffano, lon. ty 14 E,lat, 39
15 N. •
Severiiio, Si, A town of Italy, in the
marquifate of Ancona, with a bifliop's ¦
fee. It has fine vineyards, and is be
tween two WUs; on the river Petenza i
6 mfles N W Tolenfinp,- ten. 13 6 E, lab
-43 i6'N.
•Sfwrmo, S*, a fpwn- of Naples; in Prln
cipato Citeriore, on the river Samo.
¦ Severn, a river, which rifes" in Wales,
'and runs acrofs Montgomeryfliire,
Shropfllire, Worcefterfliire, iato Gloucef
terfliire. In its courfe it waters Llanyd*
lofs, Newtoa, Welflipool, Shrewfbury;
Bridgenorth, Bewdley, Worcefter, Upton;
Tewketbury, and Gloucefler ;' and cn-
"tering fhe fea, Ifs mouth is called the
Briftol Channel, This river has a com-
munlGafipn wilh fhe Tham.es by a canal.
See Thames.
Severn, .Vale of , a fpacious and extenfive
vale in Gloutefteriliire, which borders
both fides of fhe river Sev^ern, and whofe
fertile paftures furnifli tbat cheefe for
which the country is fo famous. In this
vale the air is very mild, even in winter.
Sec Eveffam, Vale of.
Severndroog, aa iflarid of Hiadooftan
Proper: 60 miles S Bombay. Here was.
a ftrong fort that belonged to Angria tbe
pirate:

SE V

S H A.

: pirate which was taken by commodore
James, in 1756. See Shooter's Hill.
Severa, A town of Naples, in Capitana
ta, wilh a bifliop's fee, in a plain : 75
, miles N E Naples.
Severus' Wall, commpnly called Gra
ham's Dike, te the W of Scotland. It is
a work of 'the Romans, fuppofed to be
done -by the emperor, whofe name it
bears, to prevent the incurfions of the
Pias and Scots. If began at Abercorn,
on the frith of Forth : 4 miks N E Lin-
. lilbgow, and ran W lo tlie frith of Clyde,
ending at Kirkpafrick, near Dumbar
ton. Seville, an ancient and confiderahtecity
¦ of Spain, capital of Andalufia, and a
bifliop's fee. It is on the Guadalquiver,
^iid takes up more ground than Madrid,
although it has aot fo maay inhabitants..
It is of a round form, and foitified vyith'
Itrong walls, flanked by high towers.
The Moors built ari aquedua, ftill to be
¦feen, 6 mfles Iirteflgtb. 'Fhe cathedral is'
the largeft in Spain : the fteepk is of cu
rious workm^mfhip, an,d extremely high,
confifting of 3 towers, one above anoth
er, with gallerie6,-and balconies, ;'pf fhe
I coaveats, that'of St, Fraacis' is the moft
curious, adoraed with a handfome public
fquare, ia the midft of which is a fine
fountain. 'Fhe uaiverfity confifts ofma-,
,ny colleges ; and the profeffprs enjoy rich'
•peafions. The royal palace, called Al-'
cazar, was partly" built after the aatique,,,
:by the Moors, iind partly ia the modcra
, tafte, by king Pedro ; It is, a mile iri ex-
Jeaf, and flanked' by large'fqi^ftretowers,-.
-:-built with ftones, ta-keri from the ancient.
temple of Hercules.' The exchange is a'
liquare buIlcUag of the Tufcaii order,' each
front IOO feet in leagth, aad'3 ftories,
high. The townhoufe is adorned with
a great number of ftatues, and there is a
ilarge fljuare before It, wifh a fine foun
tain In the middle. There are 120 hof
pitals, richly endowed. The fuburb
-'-ftands on the (itber fide of the river,
over which is a long bridge of boats. In
this fuburb the houfe of fhe Inquifition
is placed ; and there are pubUc walks,
where moft- of the iabablfaats go to take
the air. The fituatioa of Seville, renders
if one of the moft commercial towns in
Spain. All the trade of that kiagdom
with the Nevv World, ceatered origiaally
ia its port. Formerly the galleons and
the flota took their annual departure
hence ; but the port of Cadiz having b-.-cn
found more commodious, they have failed
-from that place fiace 1720. Such vaft

employment .did the American trade
give at one period, fhat in Seville alone
there were no fewer than 16,000; Ipoms
In filk and wpollen work, and 1 3813900
perfons were employed in thefe manu
faaures ; buf, before the end ofthe reigii
of Philip III, tbe looms of Seville were
reduced lo 400. The country Sfbout it
is extremely fertile in corn, vvine, &c.
and there is abundance of oil ; for to
the W of the river Is a grove of olive
trees, 30 miks in length. SeviUe is 45
miks from tbe Atlantic, 112 W Granada,
212 S by WiMadrid, ten.5 22 W, laf. 37
32 N, - ¦ '
Se-vres, T-wo, a department of France,
lac-ludiagparf of fhe late proviace of Poi
tou. It is fo named from tvvio rivers. St.
RJalxeufis the capital.
Se-ioalick, Mount, A chain of mountains
tbat borders on tbe level country, on the
N of the province of Delhi, ia Hiadoof
taa Proper. At . Hurdar, the Ganges
forces its way through this , ridge iato
the. plaias of , Hiadooftan. '
Seyffel, A town of France, department
of Aia. It is divided by the Rhone,
(vyhich here' begins to be navigable) inlo
two parts ; of Avliich the eaftern was
ceded tb the 'king of Sardinia, by the
treaty of Turin, ia 1760. It is 14 miles
N E Betky',ten. 7 45.E,.lat. 46 6" N,
, Sezanne, A town of France, depart
ment of "Marne : 27" miles N W Troyes,
and 65 S £ Paris '
'Shaffffur^, A borough in Dorfetfliire, '
Englaad. ' It is on a bill, where water is
fo fcarce, that the poor gel a living by
fetching it from a great diftance ; buf it
enjoys a ferene wholefome air, and has a
fine profpe'a. It feads two niembers ro
parliament, is govcraed by a mayor, and
had formerly 10 parifli churcbi-s; vvhich
are now reduced to 3 : 25 miles NNE
Dorchefter, and 102 W by S London.
'Sham, fee Damafcus.
Sh^ngalla, A. people 'bordering on Abyf
finia, all fliepherds, and hunters. Tbey
are of gigantic ftature, and remarkable
ftrength. Exceflively fond pf mufic, and
poetry, Arabs, and Abyflialaas receive
their ininftrels from them.
[African Difcpveries.]
Shannon, the largeft river In Ireland,
vvhich iffues from Lough Allen, in the
cbunty of Leitrim, and ruriniag S, dividts
the prpvlnces pf Leinfteraad Caanought;
it tben turns S W, pafl'es. by the cily pf
Limerick, and falls into the Atlantic
Ocean, between the counties of Clare
and Limerick. Sharon,

•SHE

SHE

Sharan, feveral places in Paleftine vvere
fo called. The country^ from Ctefaria to
Joppa, alfo the region between Mount Ta
bor, and the lake pf Tiberias, was called
Sharpn, There vvas alfp a city pf the fame
name, Thpfe diflrias were fertile, re-
jharkable for rpfes, and gppd pafturage.
[rpppg. Dia.]
Shap, a vfllage in Weftmprland, Eng
land, at tbe fpiirce pf fhe Lpder, between
Ortpn and Penrith. It had pnce a fariipus
abbey, built in 1119 ; buflt is npw pf
little 'npte, except for fome great ftones,
like pyramids, placed almoft in a direa
line, for a mile together, at 8, lo, and 12
yards diftanlce, of fuch immenfe weight,
that carriages now Iri ufe could not fup
port them. The abbey ftood about a
mile W from the church, of vyhich little
Remains, except the tower af fhe"W end
of the deftroyed church, and the ruins of
an old bridge.
Shappinffa, one pf the Orkaey Ifiaads,
lying N E Mainland,
Sheernefs, A fort in Kent, England, feat
ed on tbe N point of the ifle of Shepey,
af tbe principal moutb of the Medway :
3 miles N Quecnborougb, The build
ings beloagiag to it, ia which llie officers
lodge, make a liltle aeat town, and there
IS alfo a yard, a dock,and a chapel, lon. o
48E;lat, 5128 N. ¦'
Sheffeld, A large and populous towa ia
the W ridiijg of Yorkfliire, Eagland. It
has been long celebrated for ils various
hard ware manufaaures, which confift
particularly pf cutlery wiire, plated gpods,
and buttons. Here arc alfp lead works
and a filk mill. It is on the Don, whicli
is navigable within 2' or 3 ' miks of tbe
lown, and its neighboiiirhotld abounds
'with coal. It has two large churches, and
a fpacious market place, furniflied wilh
neat fliops for butchers, &c. 54 miks S S
W York, aad 161 N N W London, Ion.
I 29 W, laf. 53 20 N.
Shefford, a town in Bedfordfliire, Eng
land : 8 miles S E Bedford, aqd 41 N by
\V" Lpndori. ¦ ' "
Shefnal, A town ia Shropfllire, Englaad :
g miles N E Bridgenorth, and 136 'N'W
Londoa. Sheilds, South and North, twq feapo;:ts,
one in the coanty pf Durham, aad the
other ia Nprfhumberland, .England'; re-
inarkable fpr beirig the mart where fliips
fake in their Ipadiag pf cpal, antj where
they make large quautilles of fait. They
are feated cia each fide Of the Tyne : lo
fniles E Newcaflle.
i}^.ekb, Ammer, a name given to a col-

,eaion of villages pn the Nile, They
are ceinpofed pf miferable huts, contain..
ing about iooo men, having but few
horfes, but moftly mounted on camels.
[Bruce.]
5,5«,6(rw,novy called Naplofa or Naploofe,
a townof 'Paleftine, It ftands jn a valley
between Mount GerizimandEbal, half way
between the Mediterranean, and Jordan.
It is the feat of a Sangiac and capital of
a territory coritalnlng 100 villages, Il is
fallen from its aneleiit ftate, and confifts '
of'tiyo parallel ftreets under Gerizim. It
is vvell built, arid full of people,
[Bovyen, MaundreU,]
Shepey, an illand of Kent, England, at
the mouth of the Thames, feparate^
from tbe niairi land by a brarich of the
Medway, called the E Swale, ' It yields
plenty of corn, and fecjis nunierous
flocks of flieep. If contains the borough
of (Jueenborpugh, and the fprt pf Sheer^
nefs. Sbepperton, a village in Middlefex, Eng
larid, feated pn fhe 'I'hames : 4 mites S S'
Fi Staines', It is much reforted tp by the
Ipvers pf angling, and near it part pf 1,
Rpman camp is flUl vifible,
Shepton Mallet, a tpWii in Spmmerfct-
fliire, Englaad, aad a cpafiderabk manu
faaure pf fecpnd" clpfbs, ' fhe principaf
material pf vyhich is fine Englifh wool ;
17 mijes S W Bath, 114 'VV London,
Sherborn, a to'wn in Dorfetfliire, Eng-*
land. Here is a famous free fchool, foun^-i
ed byEdyvarcl VI ;' two' large filk mills ;
and a conduit of exceUent vvater, which-
is conftantly running. It is 16 niiles N
by W Dorchelfer, and 118 miles "W byS
Lpntlpn. Sherborn, A tpwri in the W riding of
Yorkfliire, England : 14 miles S W York,
and iSi N by "^ London.
Sherborough, A fort of Guinea, at the
mputh pf Slicrbprougb River. "It be
longs to tbe Englifli, and is 100 miles S %
Sierra Leone, lori no W,lat. 6 o N.
Sherffell, A town in a prbvince of Al
giers. It is a mile in circuit, confifting of
low tiled houfes,. It is buili On tbe ruins
of a great city. The fiae capitals, col-
uiriris, cifterns, and p'avementsnuvv dlfcov
ered, prove its formcV magnificence, 'Fhe
Inhabilaats are now famous for their man
ufaaure of earthen veffels, ftepl,and iron.
Here are the riiins pf an ancient aque
dua; whpfe folid and lofty arches may
compare vvith thofe .of Carthage, Tvvo
aciucduas'liave wilhftood the a^Taulls qf
mouldering time, and now bring water
to the fown,.,tlie wells bcin» brackifli,
liH

S H O

S I A

The city was defended frnm the ravages
qf the fea by a ftrpng wall, 40 feet high,
two miles long. This was probably the
Julia Cajlarca of the Romans. ' [Shaw.]
Sbetland, thi general name of about 40
iflands, lying 100 mfles NNE Cailhricfs-
fliirc, in Scotland, between 59 56 and 61
1 1 N lat. The "names of fhe principal
are Mainland, Yell, Unft, an(lFuIa, or
'I'hnle. See Mainland and Orcades. "iThe
Aurorse Boreaks, or Merry Dancers, as
they are caUed in thefe Iflands, are fhe
conftant attendants of clear evenings, and
prove great reliefs amid fhe gloom of the
joag vvinter nights. They commonly ap
pear af twilight, near the horizon, of a
dan colour,_approaching to yellow, fome
times continuing in that ftate, for feveral
hours, without any apparent motion ; af7
fcr which they break out into ftreams of
ftronger light, fpreading into colunins,
and alfering flowly Info fen thoufand
diflereot fliapes, varyiag their colours
from all fhe tints of yeUovy to the moft
obfcure ruffet. Tbey often cover the
jvhole hemifphere, and then make the
moft brilliant appearance. Their mo-
tionS, at thefe times, are amazingly quick :
and tbey aftonlfli the fpeaator with the
rapid change pf their form. They break
i)uc in places where none vvere feen be
fore, flcimmingbrlfkly alorig the heaveris ;
are fuddenly extinguiflied, aad leave be
hind a uniform dufky traa. This again
is brilliantly iUumlnated in fhe fame man
ner, and as fuddenly left a dull blank. In
certain nights, tbey affuriie the appear
ance of vaft columns ; on oae fide of the
deepeft yeUow, on the other declining
iaway till it becomes undiftiaguiftied from
the Iky. "I'hey have gcaerally a flroag
tremulous motion from cad 10 end, whicb
ionfinues tiU fhe whole vaaiflies. Ac-
tording to the ftate pf the atmofphere,
they differ in colours : they often aflume
the colour of blood, and make a very
dreadful appearance, Shetland, with
Orkney, forirts one qf tbe counties qf
Scotland. Shin, Loch, A lake in the .mountains of
Sutherlandflilre, Scotland, 81 miks in
circuit. From this lake iffues a rapid
flream, whicb flows into the frith of Dor
noch. ,
Shipian, an ancient town in Worcefter
fliire, England, on tbe Stopr : 14 mUcs W
feanbury, and 83 N WLondon.
Shoa, an inland kingdom of Africa, dif
tinguiflied for excellent horfemen.
fihagle, A town of Syri.i, fcated on the

Afi, anciently called Orentes, over whicfj
is a bridge of 13 arches. Here all fravi
ellers are entertaiacd 3 days gratis. It
is pn fhe rpad from Aleppo and Sayd, or
Sydon : 18 m"iks S by E Antioch, and 45
S W Aleppo, ten. 36 40 E, lat. 25 20 N.
hhoomffa, one of the Kurile Iflands, 3
leagues S qf Cape if.opatka, in Kamt
chatka. Its inhabitants are a mixture of
n^atives and Kamlcbadales : fee Kuriles.
Sbaaier's Hill, a village in Kent, Eag
land, pn a bill fo called 1 8 miles E S £
iLondon. Sboreham, A borough In Suffex, Eng
land. If fends 2 menibers fo parliament,
and iscommonly called Nevv Sboreham. It
is on an ai-m of the fea, which makes it a
place of fome fra,de, and many fmall vcf-
J"els are built here : 16 milcs N W New
haven, and 56 S by "W London.
Shre-u-fbury, A borough ill Shropfllire,
England, capital of tliat county. It is oa
a peninfula formed by the Severn, over
vvhich are tvvo bridges, and is furrounded
by a vyall, with 3 gates, flere was for
merly a caftle aud abbey, both novv in
ruias. It contains five churches, is gov
erned by a mayor, and fepds two mem
bers fo parliament. It is tbe chief mart
for a coarfe kind of woollen cloth, called
Welfliwebs, and for all forts of Welfli
commodities, vvhich arc generally bought
111 a rough ftalc at Welfbpool, and fiailb-
ed here. It is alfo f.->mous for its excel
lent brawn . 36 miles W Litchfield, aud
160 N W London.
Shropffire, pr iialop, A county of Eng
land, bpunded N by Chefliire, E by Staf
fordfliire, S E by Worcefterfliire, S by
Herefordfliire; S W by Radnnrfliiic, W
by the counties of Monfcnu ry aadDca-
liigh. It contains 14 Inn, drills 16 mar
ket towns, and 170 pariflies ; and feadi
12 member? fo parliament. The air is
falabrious, tbe foil is generally fruitful,
efpeciaUy in the N aad E parts, whicli
produce plenty of wheat and b^irlcy ; but
the S and W being mountaiaous, are lefs
fertitei yet yield fufficient paftnrc for
flieep and cattle. 'Fhis country abounds
with lead, copper, iron, limeftone, free
ftone, pipe cl.iy,bi turner, and coal. The
princip-al rivers are the cevcrn and the
'I'end. The capital is Shrcvvfiniry.
:i<im, A kingdom of Afia, boutvied N
by China, E by Laos and Cambodia, 3
by the gulf of Siam. W by_ the bay of
Bengal and Pegu. It is 550 miles in
leagth, aad 250 in brca<lth, though in
fome places not above To ; and is divid
ed into the Higher a.':d Lower. It is ,i
flat

fi 1 IP

"SIB

¦^at couritry, and in the rainy feafon is
.-overflo.wcd ; for which reafori moft of the
houfes are built on pillars, and have no
communication for foihe' months buf by
,%oafS. 'I'be gov ernment is defpotic, the
people poor, .'Fhere are minesof gold, fil
ver, tin, arid copper, and plenty of pepper,
-J ice, cptton, aloes,, benjamin, &c. The tame
¦cattle are. beeves, buffaloes, and bogs;
the woods abouiifd .with elephants, rhi-
-nocerofes, leopards, and tygers ; befide
-vvhich there are large frocodiJes, and fer
pents 20 feet long. The inhabilaats, both
men and vyeincli, go almoft naked ; but
the better fort wear rich garments. They
-ai^e well fliaped, have large foreheads,
little nofes, handfome mouths, plunip lips,
-and black fparklirig eyes. "The men are
of an olive colour, with little beards ;
¦-but the women arciof a ftraw. c9mplex-
ioa, aad fome have their -chee}cs a. Utile
red. They are-qflen mothers at 12 years
¦of age. The king fliovvs himfelf but
once a year tp fhe 'cpmmon people. He
^s proprietor of all the lands in the coun
try, and keeps a nuinerous army, among
whicli are iooo elephants. 'Fhough pa
gans, they have fome ideas of integrity
and benevolence : for they think that do
ing good both to m^n and -beafts, is the
jiriiiclpal part of their duty. Their tem
ples aad priefts are.vcry.jifimerous : fhe
latter are diftlaguiftied from th'e'lalfy by
;ia orange coloured garment, and they
keep their beads, beards, and eyebrows,
clofe fliaved. They have fchools for the
education of their children, and there is
:fcarce any ampng tbem but what can read
aad'write. [Hamilton.]
Siam, A city, capital of.the above king
dom, is feated on tbe Menan, near ils
mouth in the gulf of Siam : 400 miles S
E Pegu, lon. loi 20 E, lat. 14 20 N,
Siberia, A country comprehending the
moft northern part of the Ruffian empire
in Afia, It is bounded E by the Eaftern
Ocean, S by Great Tartary-, ''^V by iRiiflia,
N by the Frozen Ocean, It extends
aooo miks from E to W, and 750 from
iN to S, The S part is fertile, producing
nil the neceffaries of iife ; but the N part
is extremely cold, almpft uninhabited.
The principal riches of Siberia confift in
fine fkins and furs, Tbe inhabitants are
of three forts,' Pagans, or the natives of
the couatry ; Mabomctaas ; and Ruffians.
The fornier dwell in fprefts in the winter,
¦iiid in the fummer pa tbe banks pf riv
ers. 'I'heir'. garments are the Adas of
wild beafts, and their riches cOnfift ia
¦"jj-.vs, arrows, a knife, and a kettle. They

make ufe of rein deer and dogs, inftexd
pf horfes lo draw their fledges. They
have feveral idols, which fhey are fome
times difpkafed with, and vvill cither beat
or burn them. They live in wretched
huts, which they remove frbm place to
place, 'Fb.ofe in the fouthern parts are
not much more poUle ; ' but tbey have
horfes with which they go a hunting, and
their houfes, though poor, are notfliifltd
from place to place. Nor are the Ma
hometan Tartars, who dwell in theii:
parts, fo ugly as in. other places. The
Ruffians fettled here, are much the fame
as in tli'eir native country. The priaci
pal rivers are the. Oby, Lena, Irtyfli,
Yeaifei, aad, Okpta Tbe W part of Si
beria Is comprifed -in tbe Ruffian gov-
erameats of "Fobolflc and Kolyvaa ; the
E part in the government of Irkutzk.
Siberia is the place to vvhich criminals,
as well as, perfons. under the -difpleafure
of fhe ^ouit, are commonly baniflied
from Ruflia, "Fhefe unhappy exUes are
difpofed of In the foUowing manner;
fome, who are fent , hither as ftate prifon
ers, are .ftrongly guarded in fortified
houfes, and maintained at the expenfe of
the crowii.; .others enjoy their liberty,
but urider fome reftriaioas : others agairi
are ferit hitber iato flavery, 10 work in the
mines, fprtific,ations, .&c. Several decay,-
ed mert^hants, wh.b are exiled to Siberia,
as debtors fp fhe crovvn, meet witb more
favourable-'opportunlties of getting mon
ey, aai^ gradually ret rievla^ their affairs,
tban If the-y had cpritiriued ia Ruffia j
and they are not debarred from thefe op
portunities when fhey offer. Tp fuch
iaduftripu's perfons, Siberia muft be look
ed uppn rather as a, deCrabk aad advapta-
gcous couatry, than a wretched place of
baniflimeat. A' very confidera¬ble trade
is carried oa la Siberia; which is much
facilitated bythe m.aiiy navigable rivers
tbat water every part of this cpuntry. By
means pf their cpriiaie'fce' with the Chi
nefe, fpreign Eurppean gppils are pften
fold In fhe towns of Siberia, niearly at the
fame rate as af Peterlburg and Mofcow.
There Is not a city in RulSa, frpm which
merchants do not travel tq Siberia' with
foreign goods. Thefe traders difpofe of
their commodities partly among the iri'-
habitants ofthe Siberian tovvas, but moft
ly to the Chinefe merchaats, vvho fre
quent the great yearly fairs ia Siberia,
aad purchafe fome of their commodities
in return. "Tobolfk is the capital.
Sibidoolaa, a tovvn in the republic pf
Marfirig, bordering on the Niger, It is
"in

S T D

&l E

in a fertile vaUcy, furrounded with Mils,
fo rocky as fo be" fcarcely acceffible by
horfes. [Park.]
Sibt, A port of Arabia, on the Red Sea.
The inhabitants are tbe moft brutifli ia
the worlcl. Girls of alt ages go quite
naked Uke the men. Tbe people are
lean ahd ftroag. Their hair, teng and,
black, yet fomewhat bufliy, like the ae-
grpes. Their vVpmea paint their lips,
eyebrows and foreheads. [Bruce,]
Sicbem, a fown of Auftrian , Brabant, S
of which is a celebrated monaftery, cm
the Demer : i8 miles E Mechlin.
Sicily, an Ifland 'of the Mediterranean
Sea, almoft in the form of a iriangk, ter
minating in 3 points pr capes, called
Capo del Faro, Capo Paffero, Capo dl
Bocp. Sicily is feparated from the king
dom pf Naples, by a narrpw ftrait, called
the Faro ; but as Meffina is feated oa il,
it is called fhe Faro di MelCaa. The two
kingdoms of Naples, and. Sicily are under
the fame climate, and the produaions are
much the fame ; brit Slcilyabounds much
morein cora; particularly ia the vaUies pf
Nolo and Mazara, Tbe valley of Demp-
lia has more forefts and fruit frees tban
the f we others, Sicily is 165 miles long
and 112 brpad, and divided intp the val
lies juft menllpaed; called Val di Demon.'i,
Val dl Nolo, and Val di Mazara. In fhis
ifland the ancient praaice of treading out
corn from -the ear, is in ufe ;, and here is
the celebrated volcaao, called Mouat Et
na. The people are mournful, haughty
and jealous, wearing daggers in their,
fliops and.-workhoufes. The wealthy lead
voluptuous lives, while tbe lower clafs are
wretchedly opprefl'ed and- poor, 'Fhe
foil is the moft excellent in the world,
yielding an hundred for one. Without
enclofures, without manure, and almoft
without, culture their crops arc aftonifli-
ingly gicaf. Wheat and other grain
grow in fhe fields fponfaneciufly. "I'heir
religion is Roman Catholic. See Na
ples. [Martia.]
Hidayc, A ftrong fown on the N coaft of
the iflaad of Java, witha harbour, lon.
113 15 E, lat, 6 40 S,
Siddington, A village in Gloucefterfliire,
Eaghmd, on the river Chura, one mile S
E Cireaceftcr, It has a hindfome cb.vpel.
Siderocapfi, A fowri 111 Macedonia,
famous for a gpld mine in its neighbour
hood, ten. 13 44 E, lat. 40 30 N.
A"i'i/oto«/,6, a fifliing town in Devonfliire,
England, once a cpnfiderable feapprt be
fore its harbour was choked up . 1 2 mile»
fi.E Exeter.

Silan, or Said, a feapprt of Paleffiw^''
anciently a place of great ftrength, anii*
extenfiv^e trade. Ifs inhabitants ars.
500';. It is ftill of fpme note, has^"
a good caftle, and a well frequented-
harbour, and is the refidence of a Turk
ifli bafliaw : 45 miles W Damafcus, lonv
36 5 E, lat. 33 53 N. [MaundreU.] '
Sidra, an illand of the Archipelago,,
betvveen the gulf of Napoli, and tbat of
Engia, ten. 24 o £, lat. 37 o N.
i/jfra, a fpaciout^gulf on- the coaft cf
Barbary, between 'Fripoli and Barca,
which takes ils name from a fmall ifland.
at the bottom of tbe galf.
kiegburg, A tovva of V/eftphalia, duchy.
of Berg f 15 miles S E Colpgne.
Siegen, A town of Gel many ia Wefera--
via, vviihia -caftle : 37 mUes £ Cologae,
ten. 8 5 E, lat, 50 53 N.
Sienxu, a celebrated city of Tufcany;,
capifal of tbe Sicaaefe, with an-archbifli-
op's fee, a univerfity, aod a citadel. It is
about- four miles in. circurafeience, and*-
furrounded by a waU, Tbe Gothic me
tropolitan church Is built with black and
vvhite marble, and the pavement Is of
Mofaic, wprk. Sienna is not very popu
lous buti is adorned with a great aumben
of palaces, fouatains, and fuperb churcbe:.
The great area is round, aod the houfes
about it are of flic fame height, fapporteci.
by piazzas, uader which people may walk
inall weathers-. In fhe middle is a bafia,
which fhey caa fill with wafer at any,
time,.aiid reprefent a- fea, fight with fmall
veffels,- The Italian language 19 taught;
here with fuch purity, that iivauy foreign
ers -frequent it on that account. It Is
feated on 3 eminences : 36 miles S Flor
ence, and 105 N by. W Rome, ten. 11 11
E, lat. 43 24 N.
Siejm.^J, aduchy-of Italy, bouaded N by
the Florentino, S by the Mediterranean,
and the duchy- of Caftro, E by the Peru
gino and Orvietaao, and on the W by the
Florentino, and theTufcaa Sea. ThefoiV
is- pretty fertile, efpecially- in mulberry
trees, wliich feed a greet number of filk-
worms, and there are feveral mineral
fprings. Sienna is the capital.
Sierra Leone, a country on the W coaife-
pf Africa, fo n.imed, according 10 fome
authors, by the Portuguefe, on account ot"
Its , mountains on this coaft abounding
vvith. lions. Some extend its limits from,
fhe Grain Coaft oa the S E, to Cape Ver-
ga or Vega oa fhe N W ; fhat is, tietwcen
7 and 10 Nlat. Others, however, con
fine the country between Cape Vergj.
and Cape Tagrin. In the open aad plain.
' parts.

S I E

S I L

parts, on the ban]cs of a river of the
lame name, the heat of the fun, before
any breez.; arifes, is almoft intolerable ;
but as a refrefliing gale cpnftaatly fprings
up abput nopn,|it renders thii eountry
fupportable. The whple traa, ori each
lide the river, is fruitful In rice aad niillef,
which Is fhe chief fufteriaticc of the in
habitants ; and, upoa the wliok, it is
oae of the beft couatries oa the coaft.
Sierra Leone, A river of Africa, in a
country of the fame name. Its iburce is
Uricerlain ; but its moufh, iri ten. 12 30
W, lat. 8 15 N, is 9 mites wide. , la
1791, aa aa of parlianient was obtained,
jocorporating a compaay, called tbe Sier
ra- Leone Company, for fhe purppfe 01
Cultivating W India and other tropical
produaions, on the baaks of this river.
Tlie firft fettlers amounted fp 460 ; 400
vvere blacks, 60 white- womcri' of l-ewd
condua ; tbey vvere afterwards reduced
to 276, "Ihe fecond embarkation in
1792, contifled of 1200 free blacks from
Nova Scotia. Tbe natives appeared to
be extremely friendly, and a few,in 1792,
had come to work for the colony. Qa
tbe fetting in of the rains, about the lat
ter end of May, the fame year, a degree
of ficknefs' and mortality prevailed, occa
fioned chiefly by the infufficiency of the
temporary habitations', which could not
be completed before the rains fet in :
35 white perfons (of vvhom 14 were fol
diers) and many of tbe blacks died of
this ficknefs. The next year, the fetting
in of the rains was not produalve of the
fame fatal effeas. The colonifts were in
good health, were all put info poffeffion
of fmall lots .of land, and a nevv town, on
a regular and extended fcale, was begun
to be built. Befide the Nova Scotia
blacks, a large party of the natives were
at work for the compaay, aad the exper
iments in fugar, cotton, &c. appeared to
be promifing, Ibe native diiefs and
people continued to be extremely friend
ly ; and fhe company's fchools were regu
larly attended by 300 children, among
whom- were fome childrea of the natives.
In Sept, 1794, a Freach fquadron de
ftroyed the. fettlement, and captured fev
eral of the company's fliips; but from
tbis difafter they h^ve itnce recovered ;
and a faaory was eftabliflied in the Rio
Porigos, in 1795, which is likely to be-
conie the means of a lucrative trade,
Miflionaries are fettled, who alfo labour
to fpread tbe gofpel among the neigh
bouring tribes. Schools are eftabliflied,
{Afiican Dlfcoveries,] |

Sierra Leone, or Lion Mountaiiis, mouti*
tains of Africa, whicli divide Nigritia from
Guinea, and extend as far as Abyffinia.
Tbey vvere ftyled by the ancients the
Mountalas of God, on accouiW of ihcif
being fubjetS to thunder and lightning, >
Sierra Morena, mountains of Spais^.
wliich divide Andalufia frorii Eftramfti.,
dura and New Caftile,
Sifino, an ifland of the Mediterranean, 3I
miks in compafs. It has a caftk on a hill
furrounded with a donbk wall, -and con
tains 3000 people. The Greeks haveavi*
car, and the Latins a bifliop. The ifland
does riot produce more fhan a fixth part
pf the pi-pvifipns needed. The men are
cpnfidcred knavlfll, the wpmen honelK-
Tlie chief artifans are fhpemakers,weaver8
and joiners,
Sigelmeffa^ ite Sugelmefa. >
Sigeth, or Zigat, a lown of Lower Hun<*
gary, capital of a county ofthe fame name.
It is feated in -a morafs, has a triple vvall^
with ditches full of water, and is defend
ed by a citadeh It was retaken frpm the
Turks in 1669, affer It had been blocked
up twp years : 50 miles N W Effeek, and
38 W by S Colocza, lon, 18 58 £, lat, 46
17 N.
Sigiuna, 4n ancient town of Swedeni iri
Upland, on the lake Maeler, between
Stockholm and Upfab
Siguenza, a town of Spain, in' New Caf
tile, vvith a univerfity, an archbifliop's fee,
and a caftle, in which is an arfenal. The
univerfity confifts of feveral colleges ; but
the moft confiderable ftruaure is the
cathedral. It- is on a hill, at the foot of
Mount Atrenca : 60 miles N E Madridy
lon, 2 41 W, lat, 41 6 N.
Silefia, a duchy of Germany, 2#4 miles
long and 100 broad ; bounded N by
Brandenburg and Poland, S by Moravist
aad Hungary, E by Poland, W by Lovvcr
Lufatia and Bohemia, The principal
rivers are, the Oder, Viftula, Neiffe, Bo-
ber, Quels, Oppa, and Elfe, A long
chain ot mountains feparates Silefia front. ,
Bohemia ; tbe higheft mountain called
Zotenburg, is in the principality of
Schweidnitz, and Is 104 miles in circum
ference. "Fhere are mines of gold and
filver, but tbey are not worked ; alfo
fome. precious ftones, but too much time
is required to obtain fhem. There arc
alfo mines of lead, copper and iron, and'
quarries of various ftones, befide anti
mony, faltpetre, fulphur, allum, vifjjol,
quickfilver, &c. "Fhe principal manu-'
faaure is line^n cteth ; and there are alfo
fome vvoallen man'ufaaujes, and glafs
houfes.

SIN

S I!N

.faoiifes. In this country are a great num
ber of cattle; large Quds of horfes, and
plenty of game in the woods. It has but
-few lynxes and beats, and fewer wolves,
becaufe a ducat a head Is given for every
bne that is killed. There are many
lakes, full of pike, carp, and other good
£th ; alfo plenty of beea, which produce
much honey and wax. It, affords wheat,
'barley, oats, millet, and turnips, fufficient
for the ufe of the inhabitants ; and in
-fome places faffron is cultivated ; but its
ivine is bad, aad therefore is turned
irioftly into vinegar, Silefia is divided -into
the Upper and Lower, In the Upper,
the inhabitants are generally Roman
tatholies, fpeaking the PoUfh language.
Between this country and the United
States, a confiderable trade is tarried on
by the way of Hamburgh. In tbe Lower,
ihey are aliiioft all proteftants, and fpeak
their mother tonetiC. It is alfo divided
into X7 firiaU duchies, and 7 free ftates,
exclufive of the county of Glatz. Tbe
greateft part of fhis country was ceded to
the king of Pruffla, in 1742, by the treaty
bf Breflavv. , ,
Sikfiria, bi Darefro, A town of Euro
pean Turkey, iu Bulgaria, with a citadel,
And ail archlilthbp's fee. It is near the
tonfluence df the Miffqvo and IJanube :
97 miles N E Nicopoli, ;and 170 N £
Adrianople, ten, 2731 E, laf, 45 o N.
Silleba'ri, a fcaport on the W coaft of
Sumatra, S bf Bencoolen, ten, 101 o F,
lat. '4 o S
.SUls-le-Guillaume, a commercial town
of France, department of Sarte : 20
miles N £ Mans,
Simbirff, a gbverririierit of Ruflia, for
merly a province Of the kingdom of
Kafan The capital, 6f the fame name,
is on the "Volga : 100 miles S by W
Kafan, loa, 48 34 E, lat. 54 22 N.
Simmeren, a town of the Loiver Rhine,
cap'ital of a duchy of the fame name,
¦ivith a caftle ; 26 miles W Mentz.
Simontharna, A ftroiig foWn of Lower
Hungary, in the coanty Of Tolna, -{yitb
a caftle '. 8 miks from Tolna, ten. 18 16
£, lat, 46 40 N.
Sinai, a mountain of Arabian Petrea,
bn the peninfula, formed by the tvvo
4irms of the Red Sea, Here God gave
the law to Mofes: On the top, to which
tve afcend by 14,000 ftone fteps, Is :f
fmall plain, where is a chriftian church
ind ^ Turkifli mofque. I'he church is
divided into two chapels, tbe target for
the Greeks, the other for the Latins. In
this fpot they fay the Jewifli Legiflator
Vo£, II. Z 2 z

.received the two tables of te'ftimony. ^&
the mofque are hung feveral vefieU of
Myrrh, the Turks holding the plaee iri
great veneration, Urider the eaftern
part of the mofque, is a cave, in which
they fay Mofes commonly dwelt when
on the mount. Near tbe chriftian churcK
is a fmaller cave, from which he faw
" the glory of the Lord," From the top
of Sinai the profpea is various, and ro
mantic. To the S W extends the valley
of Raphidim, ¦where the people of Ifrael,
murmuring for water, received a fupply
from the flinty rock ; beyond which
towers the fummit of Mount Catharine
or iNebo, IM-ctre fputherly extend the
wafers Pf tbe Red Sea. But the mpft re
markable thing to be feen in this region
is a foUtary rock, mentipned in Expdus,
17, which proclaims the divinity of rev
elation, with the various mouths whence
the waters gulhed, and the ftreams flow
ed, frnitferi by ihe rod of Mofcs. It is a
rock bf red marble, , about 4 yards
fquare. In all the pperiirig-s pr mouths
are horizontal, and in fome of if hem per
pendicular, cracks, which could never
-have beeri producedby any tool. Like
fhe rent ia tbe rock of Calvary, it pro
duces religioiis furprife in tbe moft phi-
-lofophicaHpeaator. In this region ia the
wildernefs of -Kadefli, is the other rock
mentioned in Numbers, 201'h, from which
-water flowed; aad a ftream followed the
camp, being twice fmiiten by the rod of
Mofes, 38 years after the other miracle.
From the bottom to the trip now appear
various-openings; vvhenct (be waters burft
forth. The Arabs have a tradition, that
ouce a river watered this neighbourhood.
At the f6ot of mpunt Sinai, is the con
vent, 245 feet long, 204 wide, and 45 feet
high. To guard againft tbe Arabs, the
door is walled up, and the people are
drawn up to a window, 30 feet highj
They have a fpacious garden to vvhich
there is a paffage under ground, well
vvatered, richly fUpplied Wifh plants,
trees, and fruit. In the convent is a
church, 80 feet long, and 53 broad, hav-^
ing chapels on each fide, Befides thi&
church, and Its chapels, there are 17 oth
er little churches or chapels. According
to our maps it Is 150 milcs E Cairo,
buf Salmon fays 120, lon. 34 15 E, latj
28 N, [Pococke, Shaw, Journey to Si
nai, Copin,]
Sincapour, an ifland and town af fhe
moft fouthern extremity ofthe penmfula
of Malacca, from vvhich it is parted by
(he ftrait of Sincapour : too mfles S K
the

S I N

S I Ot

the city of Malacca, lon. 104 10 Ei Iat.
I 10 N.
Sinde, fee Indus and Tatta.
Sindy, A province of Hindooftan Prop
er, bounded W by Perfia, N by tlie ter
ritories of the king of Candahar, N E
by thofe of the Seiks, E by a fandy def-
arf , S E by Cut chi It extends along tbe
courfe of tbe Indus, from its mouth, to
the frontiers of Moultan, 300 miks;
and its breadth; in-the wideft part. Is 160,
In foil and climate, and the general ap
pearance of the furface, ic refembles
Egypt J the lower part being compofed of
rich vegetable mould, and extended info
a wide dell; while fhe upper part is a
narrow flip of country, confined on one
fide by a ridge of mountains, and on the
other by a defert ; the Indus, equal at
leafttothe Nitejwinding tlirough themidft
ef this level valley, and- annually over
flowing it. During great part of the S
W monfoon, or at leaft in July, Auguft,
and part of September (the rainy feafon
in moft other parts of India) the atmof
phere .is here generally clouded ; buf no
rain falls, except near the fea. Owing to
this, and the neighbourhood of the fan
dy deferts, on the E and the N W, the
heats are fo violent, and the winds- from
thofe quarters fo pernicicms, that the
houfes are contrived fo as f o- be occa
fionally- ventilated hy appertures on the
top, refembling-the-funnels of fmall chim
nies. When the hot winds prevail, the
windows are clofely fliut, by which the
hotfeft current of air, nea'r the furface, is
excluded, and a cooler-part, becaufe -more
elevated, defcends into the houfe through
the fupnels. By this alfo, vaft clouds of
duft are excluded; the entrance of whicli
would alone be fufliclent to render the
houfes uninhabitable. The roofs are
compofed of thick layers of earth inftead
of terraces. Few countries are more un-
wlioleforae to European eonftitutions,
particularly the lewer parf of the Delta.
The Hindoos, who were the oogtnalin-
habitants of Sindy, are treated' with great
rigour" by their Mahometan governors,
and are not permillcd to erea any pago
das, or places of worfliip; and this feveri
fy drives vaft numbers of them into other
countries. Tlie inland parts "of Sindy
produce faltpetre, fal ammoniac, borax,
bezoar, lapis lazuli, and raw filk. "Fhey
have alfo manufaaures of cotton and
fil'K of various kinds ; and they make
fine cabinets, inlaid witb ivory, and finely
lacquered- They alfo export great quan
tities of butter, clarified and wrapped up

in duppas, made pf the hides of cattfe
The ladies wear hoops of ivory pn boihi
their arms and legs, and when they •die'
they are burnt witb them.- They havt
large black cattle, exceUent mutton, and
fmall hardy horfes. Their wild game
are deer, bares, antelopes, aod foxes,
which tbey hunt wiih-dogs, leopards, and'
a fmall fierce creature called a Ihiahgufli,
The priace of this province is tributaty
to tbe king of Candahar. He refides at
Hydrabad, although Tatta is the cap.
ital. Si-ngan-fou, A- city of China, capital of
fhe province of Chen-fi^ It is oneof
the largeft and moft beautiful in the enu,
pire, next to Pekin. In ifs territories
(which contains,6 cities of the fecond, and
31 of the third clafs) bats- of -a> fingular
fpecies are found ; tbey are as large as
domeftic fowls,fand the Chinefe prefer
their flefli to that of chicken It is 480
mfles S W Pekin, tea. ro8 43- E, lat. 34
i6N; '
Singo, a' town of Turkey, ia Europe,.
in Macedonia, on the gulf of Montx
Santo, lon. 24 o E, lat. 40 13 N,
Singor, A town In- the peninfula of Ma
lacca, at fhe mouth of A- fmall river, in
the bay of Patau, ten. loi 25 £, lat, 6
40- N.
Sinigaglia,a ftrOrig town of Italy, in the
Marquifate of i^ncona, with- a caftle and
two harbours, on the gulf of Venice :
. 17 miks S E -Pefero, andso E S E Ur
bino. Sinope, A decayed, feaport of Turkey, in
Afia, in Natolia, furrounded, by, walls,
with double ramparts ; but the eaftle is
much negkaed, ,The inhabifants are
Turks, wbo wilt not admit any Jews, and
the Greeks are pbliged tp Uve in the fub-.
urbs. It is- the birthplace pf Diogenes,
tbe cynic philofopher, and is on the illfi-
mus of a peninfula, iiitiie Black Sea, lon.
33 55 E, lat, 41 5 N.
Sintzheim, A town pf Germany: W
miks S E Heidelberg. "
Sion, an ancient town of Swifferland;
capital pf the VaUais, and an. epifcopal
fee, whpfe biflipp is 'a prince of tbe Em
pire. It is near tbe Rhone, at the foot
of three inlulated rocks; that rife Immedi
ately from fhe plain. "The highoft;'Call-
ed "Fourbillon, fupports the old. ruinous
aad deferted epifcopal palace. On the
fccpnd> denpminated Valeria, are the re
mains of the pld cathedral, and a fejv bnit-
fes belpnging tn tl\e -canons. On Mayo-
ria, the third rock, ftands the prefent
eplfcppal palace,, an. edifice of ftone, built
r .. ' ' in-

S I R

ST V

ic 1547, the appariments furniflied with
'great plalnnefs and finiplicity, Sionwas
¦formerly the capifal of the Seduni, and
fome Roman infcriptions ftill remain. It
is 50 miles .£ Geneva, lon. 7 1 2 £, lat, 46
6 N. See Vallais. [Coxe.]
Sion, a famous mountain of Judea, on
the S fide of Jerufalem.
Siaut, one of the largeft and moft popu
lous towns in Egypt. It has feveral
mofques, and is the fee of a Coptic bifh
op. Here are tbe jruins-of an aacient
amphitheatre, and fpme fcpulchres pf -tlie
Romans It is furroundsd by -fine gar
dens, and palm trees that bear tbe beft
dates in Egypt. This place is the ren-
-dj-izvpus of thofe whp go in the caravan
to Sennar, in Nubia, It is a mile from
the Nile, and 185 S Cairo, ten- 31 34 £,
lat. 27 2 N. f
¦Sipbarrta, the andient SIphnos, one of
the moft fertile and beft cultivated iflands I
of tbe Archipelago, W of Paros. It is '
36 miks in circumference. 'I'he air is
fo good, that many of ,the inhabitants
live to tlie age pf 120 ; aud the country
abounds with marble and granite, excel
lent grapes, plives, capers, and filk, lon.
25 15 £, lat. 37 9 N,
Siradia, A towll of Great Poland, capi
tal of a palatinate ofthe fame name, with
a caftle. It is in a plain, on fhe river
Watra : 62 miles N £ Breflaw, and 105
N W Cracow.
Sire, A province ef Abyffinia, extend
ing from Axum to Tacazze, beiag about
35 miles in length, and the fame iu
breadth. [Bruce,]
Sire, the capital of a province of the
fame name. Maliguant putrid fevers
are coriftant here. The houfes are of
clay, andathatched. Tbe roofs are in the
formofa cone. The town is famed for
its manufaaures of coarfe cotton cloths,
which pafs for money in the province of
Tigre, ten. 38 S I5 E.lat, 14 4 35 N.
[Bruce,]
Sirhind, aa ancient city of Hindooftan
Proper, in the province of Delhi. Pro
copius takes notice, that in the time of
Juftiniin (the fixth century) filk was
brought from ScrinJa , a conntry in India,
Sirhiad is 195 miles N W Delhi, lon, 75
35 E, lat, 30 15 N. _ '
Sirian, a feaporf town of Afia, in the
kiagdom of Pegu, on the river Apppo, '
and vvhen inppffeiXion ofthe Portuguefe,
11 place of great trade. If had a kuig of
Its own ; it is now frequented by French,
Englifli and Dutch : 72 miles S Pegu,
tea. 80 10 E, lat. 16 54 N.

Sirik, a town of France, department*?
MofeUc, with a caftle, on a neighbouring
hill. It is on the. Mofelle ; 25 miks N
Metz. Sirinagur, a large and rugged country
of Afia, betweea Hindooftan Proper and
Thibet. It is boundedN and N E by the
Thibetian mountains, S E by Napaul, S
by-Rohilla, S W by Delhi, N W by La
hore, The capital, .of the fame name-,
is ij6o miles N Delhi, lon. 77 38 E, Iat. 30
59 N,
Sirmich, A celebrated town of Sclavo- ,
nia, capital of aeounty of the fame name
witha bifliop's fee: 42 iniles S E Effeek,
lon. ao 19 E, lat, 45 13 N,
Sirong, or Serange, A town of Hindooftan
Proper, in the province of Malway : 120
mik« N E Ougein, ten. 78 4 E, lat, 24
4 N,
Siffac, a town of Swifferland, canton of.
BaSI, capital ofthe province of Sifgowi
17 miles E Bafib
Siffeg, A t-ovvn of Auftrian Croatia, witli
amonaftery on the Save : ,28 miles S E
Zagrad, and 42 E Carl ftadt,
Siffapoli, A town of Turkey, In Europe,
in Romania, with an archbifliop's fee. It
is thinly peopled, and feated on a penin
fula, of the Black Sea : 25 miles S Mefem-
brla, and 97«N W Conftantinople, lat, 4a
30 N.
Slfieron, A lown and late epifcopal fee
of France, department of fhe Lower
Alps. If is oa the Durance, at the foot
of a rock,.on the top of whicb is a cita
del, that vvas the prifon of Cafimir V,
king of Poland , 45 miles N £ Aix, and
407 S £ Paris,
Sifion, A village in Gloucefterfliire, Eng
land : 7 milcs E Briftol, on a rivulet.which
rifes bere, and runs into tbe Avon. It
has a manufaaure of brafs and another
of faltpetre; aud tin ore has been found
here. Sitia, K town trathe N W coaft pf fhe
ifle of Candia, near a bay of the fame
name : 5 8 miles from Candia.
Sittard, A fown of Weftphalia, duchy
of Juliers, -near the Maefe : 10 miles S
Ruremonde. Sivas,'a town of Turkey, aear the head
of the Kafalmac, which carers the Black
Sea, It is iu a rich valley, embofpmed with
mountains, excepting a very narrpw
channel where fhe river runs ia and out.
Tbe private buildings are iadiffereat, the
public elegant. [Jackfon,]
Sivrai, A tovvn of France, department
of Vienne, on tbe Charente : 25 miles S
Poitiers, aad 100 SSW Paris. .Siivah

SKY

S L O

Siwah, a town I4 days' journey frota
ll^airo, 6 miles long^ 5 broad, furrounded
by a defert of fand. It is filled with date,
fig, and olive trees'; rice and wheat flbu-
irifh : flieep, o:i;en, camels; and goats feed
Jn their paftures. The people are dark
er than fhe Egyptians, drefs like the Be-
dbwen Arabs, the women wearjng vpils ;
their religion is mahometan. Springs' of
felt and frefli water rife from thefe
grounds. One of the latter is alternate
ly warm and cold, lat- 29 12. N.
[Brpwn.]
Siziin, A fmall ifland of France, on the
coaft of Bretagne, 8 iniles from the main
land. If is almoft on a level with the
water, and produces barley.
Skara, A tovvn qf Sweden, in W Goth
land, with tbe ruins of an ancient pal-
sice, the refidence of the Gothic kings,*
It'is on the hidk, in a morafs : 17 mites
N E Falkoping, ten. 14:^0 E, lat. 5816 N.
Skeen, a town ^of Nprwiy, in the gpv-
efiimerit of Aggerhiiys, reniarkable
fpr ifs mipes pf irpn and copper. Itis
near the Categate : 40 miles "W Freder
icftadt. Skiddaw, A mountain in' Cumberlan'dS
one of the moft remarkable in England,
being above iooo yards perpendicular
height from the furface- of the lake of'
Derwent-water, oh the N fide of wjiichif
flands. Here eagle's audi other birds of
prey rcforfl This mountain is not diflij
cult of accefs, and is almoft' covered with
grafs, whicli gradually grows coarfer in
the afcent. "The whole top is covered'
with a loofe brown flaty-ftpne.
Skipton, A town in the W riding of
¦yorkfliire, EngHnd : 41 miles S by 'E
Richmond! ' Skone, See Schonen.
Skye, an ifland of Scotland; one of the
largeft of the Hebrides- If is 50 miks -
long, and, in fpme places, above 20 broad.
File S E end is feparated from Invernefs
fliire (to vvhich it belongs) by a narrpw
channel, called the Inner Spund ; in the
mpft narrpw part pf which, named the
Kyle, cattle arc' made - tp fwim acrpfs,
This fide pf the ifland fwells gradually
from the fhore, Iri a verdant flope, over
-jyhich are feen the naked hills of Strath ;
and above fhefe rifes the rugged top qf
CuNi'ri or C'uchulUn. On fhe S W are
feen a feries of rude mountains, difcolour-
«d black and red, as by the rage of fire ;
and Pri the E a long exterit of-Alpine hills.
"I'here is, noiwithftandiag, a great pro
portion of level ground, with excellent
pxfturage ; and it -has -numbers of- deer- 1<

and dififcrent kinds of game. If aboim^j
I with limeftone, marble, &c. but the ba-
'faltic columns, refemblingi the Giant's
Caufeway in Ireland, are its greateft cu
riofity. A cave, af the E end of the
ifland, afforded an afylum, in 1746, tq
the dlfappplnted pretender, and his faith
ful guide, for two nights. Many thou
fands of black cattle are annually, ex
ported hence. Some linall horfes are
bred, and a great quantity of kelp is
manufaaured here. Portree is the chief
, place, Slaguen, a town in Pruffian Pomerania,.
on the Wipper : 10 miles £ by S of Ru.
genwald.
! Slaney, a decayed' tbwn of Bohemiit,
!with a caftle : 18 miles N W Prague.
iS&fc, a diftria of the ifland of Skye,
I on the S £ fide of fhe ifland.
Slawia-w, or Aiifierl:tz,A town of Mo
ravia, capital of a circle of the fame
name : 10 miles £ Brinn.
Sleafard, a populous town in- Lincoln^
fliire, England : 1 8- miles S Lincoln.
Slefaick, OT Norlh Jutland, a dnchy of
Denmark, feparated from: Holftein; by
the liver Eyder. It is 100 miles long:
and 60 broad, and a fertile and- populou$:
country, Slefukk, an ancient and confiderable
town of Denmark, capifal of a duChy.- of
the fame name. If is an irregular town
bf great length. The houfes are bricki<
andj like all thS other ¦ to wns inthi^ conn-
try, refemble thofe of Holland. 'Phe in
habitants drcfs'alfq-like the Dutch; tbe
ufual languages are the German and
Paniih; Near to Slefwick is the old du-
Ical palaqe : fee Goitorp.. Slefwick Is near
thebotfomof an arm ofthe Baltic, called
ithe Sky : 60 miks-N W Lubec', and-125
S W Copenhagen; ten. 10 o E,lat, 54-39
-N. ¦ [Coxe;]
; Sltgo, a county of Ireland, province of
[Connaught, liounded £ by Leitrim, S E
by R'ofcommon, S W and W by Mayo;
N by'thc Atlantic. It contains 39 par-.
iflies, ii;509 houfes aud 6p,ooo inb-ab-
itants. Sligo, a borough of Irelan<i,ia the abovre
county, and the only market town in it.
It is bn the bay of Sligo : 26 miles £ of
KiUala, and 100 N "W Dublin, It had, in
1788, 916 houfes, and 8000 inhabitaats.
Slimiridge, a'village in Gloucefterfhire,
England: iirniks S'W Gloucefter. Iri
this parifli, which is 20 miles in compafs,
IOOO acres of land have beeq gained from
the Severri.
Sloiiim, a, town of Lithuania , in the pal-.
jitinate

S M O

S M Y

arinatw of Novogrodeck, with' a caftle; on
tbe Seartia : 40 miles' S W Novogrodeck,
and 60 S £ Grodno.
SloatsM, or Sloten, A populous tovirn of
the- United Provinces, in Friefland, ,on a
lake : 3 niiles froin the Zuider-Zee, and
1-8 N W Steenwick; ten. 5 26 E, laf. 52
55 N. ' ^
Sluczk; A populous town pf Jt/ithuania;
capital of a duchy of the fame name. It
is' on' the river Sluczk . 70 miks S E
Novogrodeck, lon. 27 44 E, h:[. 53 2- N.
Siuiielburg, a town ot Ruflia, ii) the gov
ernment of Peterlburg, on the S fide of
the lake Ladoga : 30 miles E Peterf
burg. Sluyi, a town of Dutch Flanders, oppo
fite the iflarid of Cadfand, with a- good
faarboun It has its name from its fine
fluices, by which the whole country can
be laid under water. It vvas taken by
tbe French in 1794 : 10 miles N Bru
ges, Smalkalden, or Solfmalkalden, a town pf
R-anconia, arid cpunty pf Henneberg, pn
ariver ofthe fame name ; large, ibrivingj
and populous. Near it are fait pits, and
mines of iron and fteel. Tbe meetings
which the proteftant princes held here, in
fhe years 152-9, 153°'. I53i. i533. 1535.
1540 ; the league whicb tbey concluded
here. In 1531; and the tbepipgical arti
cles drawn up by Dr. Luther, vvhich they
Ctiufed IP be confirmed by their teachers,
have rendered this town of great note In
hiftory : 27 miles NNE Schweinfurt,
ahd 12 N'N £ Hlldburghaufen.-
Smardeit, A town in Kent, England ; 56
miles S£ London.
Smoland, A province of Gothland; in
Sweden. It has Immenfe forefts of pine
and fir ; and the approach to the villages-
is' announced by grpves of oak, beech,
and birch, and numerous plots or parte-
fies of arable land' among paftures and
rocks. An acre of land has been fre-
qtienfly obferved to be ISid out with
alternate flips qf rye, barley, flax, and
hemp ; the intervals between and argimd,
fown with grafs. In many parts, the
triies are cut down, and bumf in or-
^tr to manure the folh Calmar is the
capital. Smolenffo, a duchy of Ruffia on the
frontier! of Lithuania. It forms one of
the 41 Ruflian govi:rnments.
Smalerffo, A city of Ruffia, capital of a
government of the fame name. It Is on
the Dnieper, and extends over twp moun
tains and the valley betvveen them. It is
furroundeiJby vyalli 3ofset high and 157

thick ; the lower part of ftbnef, the wf-
per pf brick, and' their circumference
4' miles and 3 quarters. The houfes ari
moftly of wood; and little better than
cottages ; they are only of one ftory, ex
cept a few fcattered here and there,
which are dignified with the'title of pal
aces. The city is divid'ed, through if?
whole length by one ftraight paved'
ftreet : the others are circular; and floor
ed with plknks. Tbe cathedral ftands
on an eminence, vvhere there is a view of
fhe whole city. The alternate rifing and
: finking of the walls from the Inequality
'.. of the^ound ; their gothic architeayre
' and grofefque towers ; the fteeples rifing
above the trees, which coaceal the houfes
from the fight ; the gardens, meadows,
and cornfiislds within the walls ; all to
gether form one of the moft fingular, pic-
; turefque, and varied profpeas. Not*
withftanding jts extent. It Contains only
< about 40opi-iihab!tants, and has no manu
faaures, but carries on, with Dantzic,
Riga, and the Ukraine; a petty trafiic^
in linen, hemp, -honey, wax, leather, furs,
&c. 197 miles N E Novogrodeck, and 230
Kiof, ten. 32 34 P. laf. 54 5° fi- [Coxe.]
Smyrna, now Ifmyr,'a feaport of Tur-.
key in Afia, in Natplia, arid one of the
largeft and richeft cities in fhe, Levant.
For the gopdnefs of the' harbour, it has
been rebuilt fcveral times, after having
been deftroyed by earthquakes. It is the
rendezvous of merthaiits from almoft all
parts of the world, and the magazine of
their mercbandife. Tbe "I'urks have 19
mofques, the Greeks 2 churches, fhe Jewj
8 fyaagogucs, the Armeniaas one church,
and the Latins 3 coaveats. There are 3
bifliops, one Greek, the other Latin, and
fhe third Armenian. Here dwell a great
numbei: of chriftians, of all nations, feat,
and languages. Here the chriftian relig
ion ftill flouriflies more than in any an
cient churches of Afia Minor.' God ful-
filsbispromifemadetofhemin iheRevela-
llon : " Fear none of thofe things which
thou flialt fuffer ; be thou faithful unto
death, and I vvill give thee a crown of
life." The city is reckoned fo contain
15,000 Turks, 10,000 Greeks, and 2000
Jews, befides Armenians, Franks, and oth
er?. The country near Is very fruitful,
producing excellent wine. The ftreets'
are more open, better paved, and the
houfes better built, than in other towns
of fhe contiriCrit. The ftreet of the'
Franks Isthe fiaeft in Smyrna, and lies
ill alorig the' harbour. It is 8'days' jour ney

S O A.

S 0,F

i>ey from Gonftantinople by land, jij
from Aleppo, by tbe caravans, 6 from
Cogni, 7 from Cataya,and 6 from SataUa.
The caravans of ferfia often bring 200
bates of filk in a year, befide dfugs and
-cloths. The Pther commodities .brought
-here,are thread, made of goats hair,cotton
yarn, cotton i n bags, various kinds -of
drugs, arid all forts of carpets. TheEfig-
J,fli and Dutch -faaons have -proteftant
chapels, and taverns are as open -here as
ill Europe. The fortifications coafift of
S fort, a caftle, a mountain, and an old
citadel. It is at the bpttpm of ,a large
bay: 183 miles W by S Cpnftaatinople,,
lon. 27 19 E,,lat. 38 28 N.
[Crurtwell, Newton.]
Siiarkerburg,:A Commercial town of Low
er Saxony, at -the confluence of the
-Ufcht with the Elbe : 35 miles E by S '
Danneberg. Siiaith, A town" in ithe -W riding of
"Yorkfliire, England : 22 miks S "Vork.
Snescl, A populous town of the Uaited
Provinces, in Friefland. It is called
.Snitz by the natives, and is oaa lake qf
the fame name,ia marfhy l^nd ; 8 miks,
S Franeker, lat. 53 2 N- :
Snetffam, a town in Norfolk, England :
J2 miles NNE tyrin.
Sniatin, a tradin,g fown pf Little Po
land, capital of Pokelia, on the Pruth :
8 miles E Cplpni, and 45 ^ £ Halitz.
Snoivdoii, A famsus mountain in Car
narvonfhire, fhe raoft aoted eminence In
-the whole region of the Welfli hills, and
may, with propriety, be ftyled the Brit-
-ifh Alps, It js bpggy on the fop, and
has two lakes that abound with .fifli, par
ticularly the char and the guiniard. "The
Jieigbt of tbis mouatain, is 3,568 feet.
It was held facred by fhe ancient Brit-
.ons, as Parriaffus was by the Greeks.
Pieces of lava have been found 011 this
mountain; and,.pn the fummit, grpups
•of columnar ftpnes, pf vafl; fize, lying •in.
all direaions. From its fummit may be
feen a part of Ireland, pf Scotland, and of
Cumberland, Lancafliire, Chefliire, and
all North Wales.
Soiina, or Suane, an aaplent town of .
Tufcany, in -the Siennefe, with a bifliop's
fee. The badnefs of tbe air has caufed
it to be almoft deferted, and itis now no
more than a village. It is oa a moua
tain, near tbe river Ftera : 30 miles S £
Sienna. Soane, a river of Hindooftan Proper,
which rifes on the S confines of Allaha
bad, iiTuiag from fhe fame lake, vvhich is
the fource of the Nerbudda ; and run

ning in an oppofite direaion to that tivy
er 1500 miles, it falls info the Ganges,
above Patna.
-Socotara, an ifland of Afia, between Ara
bia Felix and Africa, about 50 miles
long and 22 broad. The natives arc
Mahomefaos, with a mixture of pagan
ifm, and they have a king who depend^
on Arabia. The -whole 'Country stiounds
in cattle and fruit, with which, and fome
olher eommodltjes, they trade to Goa,
where they are better ,received than
the native Arabs, who are not permitted
to enter th^it tovvn without paffport^.
The produce of the ifland confifts chiefly
in aloes, frankincenfe,amber greafe, drag
on's blood, rice, dates, and coral, which
are tranfported from Goa over many
parts of the ladies, and -tp all the kingr
doms in Eurppe. Formerly tbey had a
more immediate inlercpurfc with Eu
rope,, by means qf the Eaft India fliip
ping, whicli frequently flopped bere,
when difappointed of their paffage, cith
er by being too early, or too late, for fhe
nipnfoons ; but now the ftated periods
of thofe winds arc fo vyell afcertained,
tli3t ibis port is entirely negledled, lon.
54E,l*t. ,12 15 N, '
Soczo-ma, a town of Turkey, in Europe
in Moldavia, on the Scret : 32 miks S 'Wt"
Jaffy, ten, 26 ao .£, lat. 4,7 j[6 N.
Sodbury, or Chipping Sadbury, A fpwn Iq
Glpucefterfliire, England, npted fpr If;
fine cheefe ; 15 miles ENE Briftol,
Spdqr, A village in IPplmkiU, pne pf the
Weftern Ifles of Scptland, near that of
Mull. It vvas formerly a bifliop's fee,
vvhich comprehended all the iflands, tOr
getber with the Ifle of Man ; for which
reafon the bifhop of Man is ftill called
bifliop of Sodor and Nf.Aa.
Saefi, a large tovvn,<jf Weftpb^Jia, for
merly free and imperial, but now be
longs to the kiag of Pruflia, The
ftreets are watered wilh ftreams that
proceed from a'lake, and the inhabitants
are generally .papifts : 12 miles S W Lip
ftadt, arid 30 S E Munfter. '
Sofala a kingdom on the E coaft of Af
rica, extending S of Zanguebar, from
fhe river Cuama to the river Del Efpi-
rltp SantP ; that is, from 17 to 25 S
lat. It contains mines of gold, and is
tributary to the PorHiguefc. Thefe mines
produce annually, about 5,000,000 of dol
lars, Thefe riches are divided betweeii
the Portuguefe, the Arabians of Ziden
and Mecca, and tbe native traders of
Quiloa, Monbafe, and Melinda, The
Arabians bring ^goodj from the £ hir
-dies

S O I

sot

dl?9 to the amount of 140,000!. fterling
per annum. Tbe merchants of Sofala,
cxdharige goods for gold, from Monopota-
pa, whofe prince is ca-llcd the Golden
Emperor. Mpquet fupppfes Sofala, the
¦Ophir to which Splomon feat his fliips
every 3 years. Bruce feas proved from
a variety of faas, that Ophir muft have
been in this region. 'I'be inhabitants of
this country, boaft that they have book^,
which prove, that in tbe time of Solo
mon, the Ifraelites came to thefe ports
for gold. This opinion is confirmed by,
feveral edifices whith feem to be built
by foreigners, and by feveralinfcriptions
rn unknown charaaers. Tlie Septua-
gint franflafe Ophir, by the word Sophi-
ra. Liquids often are put one for anoth
er, the change from Sophira to Sofila and
Sofala is naturab Weft of Ophir in Mon-
gas is a mountain now called Ophir, re
markable for its gold.
[Lopez, Bruce, Bowen, Walker,]
Sofala, fhe capital of a kingdom of the
fame name, witb a fort built by the Por
tuguefe which. Is of great importance
to their trade to the E Indies, It is feat
ed In a fmall ifland, near the mouth of a
river, lon. 35 40 E, lat. 20 20 S,
Soffa, or Sophia, A town of Turkey, In
Europe, capital pf Bulgaria, with an
archblflipp's fee. It is at the fppt pf the
mounlains of Argentaro, on fhe river
Bogana : 135 miles W N W Adrianople,
and 155 E Scutari; lon. 23 58 E, laf. 42
36 N,
Safroy, A town^ of fhe kingdcmx of Fez,
noted for a very handfome mofque. It Is
on ahill, at tbe foot of a mountain ofthe
fame name; partof Mount Atlas, and be
tween two rivers : 12 miles E Fez,
Sogno, a town of the kingdom of Con
go, in a province of the fame name,
which is a dry fandy country, but yields
a great deal of fait. The inhabitants are
faid fo be Chriftians, converted by the
Pprtuguefa, and tbe capuchins have a
church here. It is feated pn tbe Zaire,
near ifs moutb : 185 miles W S W of St,
Salvador, lon, 13 15 E, lat, 5 50 S,
Saham, a town in Cambridgefliire, Eng
land : 5 miles S E Ely, arid 70 N by E
London. Saba, A vrillage in Staffordfliire, England,
noted for a confiderable manufaaure of
buttons, &c. 2 milcs from Birmingham,
Soignies, A town of Auftrian Hainault,
near a foreft of the fame name, on the
river Senne : 8 miles N £ Mons, and 17
W Bruffeis,
Soiffonnois, A late province of France.

It abounds in corn, wood, and pafturet J
and wilh the late proviace of Verman-
dois, now forms the department of
Aifne. Soiffons, an ancient and confiderable cily
of France, department of Aifne, It was
the capital of a kingdom of the fame
name, under the firft race of the French
monarchs. It contains 12,000 inhabit-
•a-^ts, and- Is a bifliop's fee. The tint
cathedral has one of the moft confidera
ble chapters in the kiqgdom ; apd the
bifliop, when the archbifliop of Rhcii<n»
was abfent, bad a right to crown tbe
king. The caMe, though ancient, is not
that in which the kings of the firft race
refided, Soiffons Is in a fcrtHe valtey, ore
the river Aifne : 30 miks W by >J
Rheims, and 60 N E Paris.
Saka, A diftria of Africa, on the Golvi.
coaft, extending about a league along the
fea coaft, on the bank of the river Voila-
'fbe land is fertile ; the inhabitants are
in general poor, their chief employsncat
is fifliing. Soldania Bay, a bay on the S W coafS
of Africa, a little to the N of the Cape of
Good Hope, ten 18 4 E,-lat. 33 10 S.
Solehay, fee South-wold.
Soleure, a caatoa of -Swifferland, which-
holds the eleventh rank in the Flelvetic-
confederacy, intw which it was adniittei
In 1481. It ftretclies partly through the
plain, and partly along the chains of the
Jura, 36miks in length, and 35iabrcadth,
and contains 50,000 - inhabitanlsi- Tbe
foil, for tbe moft part, is fertile In corn ;
and the diftrias within the Jura aboundl
iri excellent paftures. It is divided into
II bailiwicks, the iiihabitants of whiclt
are Roman catholics, except thofe of tlie
bailiwick of Buckegberg, who profefs the
reformed religion. The government, be
fore the revolution, vvas a complete arii-
tpcracy. [Coxe.]
Soleure, an ancient town of Swiffcrlao J,
capital of a canton of the, fame namci
It coatains 4000 inhabitants, and is on
the Aar, whicli here expands into a nobis
river. Among the moft remarkable ob
jeas, is the new-^cburch of St. Urs, fitiifli-
ed in 1772, vvh-ch coft 80,OOOl. it is a no
ble edifice, of a whitifli grey ftone, drawn
frorii the neighbouriag quarries, whicli
admits a polifli, and is a fpecies pf rude
marble. Soleure is furrounded by regu
lar ftone forfIfication.°, and is 20 miks M
N E Bern, and 2 7 S S W Bafle.
[Moor, Coxe}
Solfatara, a lake of Italy, in Camp.igna
di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly c.-illc<i IlC'J.

SOL

SON

jLacu$ Albplus. In this lake -arc certain
fubftances which have the name of flpaf-
xngiflands. They are nothing but bunches
of bullruflies, fpringing from a foil form
ed by duft and fand blown from the ad-
f' icenf ground, and glued together by fhe
ifumen vVhich fwims pn the furface of
the lake, and the fulphur with which its
¦waters are iiripregnated. Some pf thpfe
Jflands are 15 yards long; and the frill, Is
flrong enpugh tP bear 5 or 6people, vyHo,
by a pole, may move tc( different parts .of
the lake. From this lake ifl'ues a whit-
ifh muddy ftreatn, which emits vapour
pf a futphurepus fmell, till it reaches the
Teverone. The wafer of this lake has
the qualify Of covering every fubftance
that is put into if for a few days, with a
hard white ftoiiy matter ; biit 'this in-
crnftating quality is not fo ftrong in the
lake itfelf as in the rivulet that runs
from if ; and the further tlie wafer has
flowed from the lake, fill it Is quite teft
in fhe Tevcroiie, the ftronger is fhis
quaUty, Fifli are found in the Teve-
rone, both above and below Tivoli, till
it receives this lake ; after vvhicb, during
tbe reft of its courfe Ik) the Tiber, there
are none.- [Adam, Moor,]
Solfaierrdj a inpnnfairi pf Naples, in
Terra di Ltfvora, furrpunded by Other
inpuntains, in the form of an amphithea
tre. It has a crater a:bove a mile in di
ameter, which- fmokes in fhe <day, and
flames in. the night. It brings in a con
fiderable revenue to the king on account
ef the large quantify of fulphur and
alum obtained from if. Near it is a fmall
lake full of black thick water, whicli
feems always to be boiUng.
Solihul, A town in Warwickfliire, Eng
land, near which, to the W, is a triangu
lar Danifli camp, on ao eminence, con
taining about 9 acres : 12 miles W Cov
entry. ¦
Solingen,A town of WeftphaUa, duchy
Of Berg : 15 miks S £ DufleUorp.
Soliamff, a town of Ruffia", in t he gov
ernment of Perm, famous for its fait
pits and good horfes. It is on the Uffol-
ka, which faUs into the Kama : 430
miles N £ Kaffan, ten. 57 26 E, lat. 59
16 N.
Solms, A town of Germany, capifal of
a countyof fhe fame name, in the circle
of the Lower Rhine. It has a ftrong
caftk, belongs fo a branch of fhe houfe
of Naffau : 10 miles S £ Herborn, lon. 8
31 E, lat. 50 35 N.
Salor, Aa ifland in the Indian Ocean, S

of Celebes, governed by its own kjog,
lon. 123 SS E, lat. 9 o S.
Salt-weld, a town In tbe old marph^ .of
Brandenburg: 40 miles N 'W Stenj^aL
Sal-way Frith, ' an arm of the fea, be
tween Cumberland in England iand, f^ir-
cudbriglitfliire iri Scotland,
Solway Mofs, a black morafs, in Cum,-
berl^d, near the river Eflc, on (lit bor
ders Of Scotlarid, whicb, in 1771, being
fwoln by rains, burft through the fliell (rf
turf which cpvered it, arid i'prea(l ao
inky, half fluid deluge PVer 400 acres of
culttvafed laad In the neighbouring val
ley, which it intirely filled up^
Sambrers, an ifiand in the IndianOcean,
30 miles N Nicobar. The inhabitants
are mild, tiriiorous, and very dbliging to
ftrangers. Somerfetffire, a county of Englani^
bounded N W by the Briftol Channel.
If is in fhe diocefes of Briftol, Bath and
Wells ; coritains 42 hundreds,' 3 cities, 31
market towns, and 385 pariflies; and
fends 18 members to parliament; the
county contains nearly 1,000,000 acres,
and 350,000 irihabitants. The prini-
cipal rivers are the Parret, Ivel,
Thone, Brent and Avcm. The Mendip
Hills afford abundance of Coal, lead,
calamine, copper, mangancfe, bole and
red ochre. Chedder is celebrated
for ifs cheefe. Cattle nearly equal in'
fize fo fhe Lincolnfllire, areifed in fine
meadows about the .head of the Parret.
The beft goofe feathers for beds come
from the marlhes. Cider is a common
produa of fhis 'county, and it lias a
confiderabte fliare in the woollen manuf
faaures. Briftol is the capital of thit
county, wifh refpea to fize, population
and commerce; but Bath is the great
mart for health aud pleafure. •
Somerton, a town I a Somerfetfliire, Eng^
land, from vvhich the county took its
name. It is at prefent pretty large, and
the market confiderable for corn, flieep,
and cattte : 13 miles S, Wells, and Iti
W by S London-.
Somme, a departmerit of France, includ
ing the late province of Picardy. It
takes its name from a river which rifeS
in the department of Aifne, and water
ing St. Quentin, Peronne,' Amiens, and
Abbeville, enters fhe -Englifli channel-
Amiens is the capital.'
Sommieres, a town of France, depart
ment of Gard. It has a manufaaure of
thick ferges, which bear its name : 10
miles W Nifmes.
Samino, a ftrong tcvni' of Italy, in the
Cremonefe,

son

sou

Cremonefe, on ihe Oglio v zo irillei N "W
Cremona, lon. 9 44 E, lat. 45 14 N.
Sondrit, a town in the cbWitty of the
Grifons, capital of thfe Valrelinc. It is
built iri a very roiriantic fituation, at the
extremity of a narrow vaUey, and occu
pies both fides of the Malencb, a furioui
torrent, which frequently overflows its
banks. On the 20tb of July, 1620, here
'Was a dreadful maffacre of tbe protef
tants, which began at Tirano, extended
to :iU the towns of the Valteline, and
lafted 3 days : 34 mileS N E Como, ten.
9 40 E, lat. 46 II N. [Coice.]
Sotiergan, or Sunnergaum, A vUlage Of
Hindpoftan Prpper, pnce a large city, the
provincial capital of the eaftern divifion
of Bengal, before Dacca was built, and
famous for a manufaaure of fine cotton
cloths. It is PU a branch of the Burram
pooter : 13 miles S E Dacca,
Sang-kiang-fott, a city of China, iri fhe
province of Kiang-nan ; celebrated for
tbe prodigious quantity of cotton cloth
which if exports to foreign countries,
but has only 4 cilies in its dlflria.
Sooloo, an ifland of the Eaftern Ocean,
S W of Mindanao, almoft midway be
tweeri that ifland and Borneo. If is 30
miles long and 12 broad, and contains
about 60,000 inhabitants. It is govern
ed by a king or fultan, and tlie natives
are Malays, and confequently Mah,-irae-
tans. The populoufne& of this little
fppt is caufed by its advantagepus fitua
tion, vyhich renders it a great mart. The
Englifli £ India Cpmpariiy have a refi
dent here, lon. 121 25 E, lat, 5 58 N,
Sophia. See Soffa.
Sophiania, A town of Perfia, in Ader-
beifzan, ia a valley : 45 miks N W
Tauris, loa, 47 25 £, lat, 38 35 N,
Sapra, Selva, A vaUey of Swifferland, in
the country of the Grifons. It extends
froni Mount Sf. Gothard to Reiehenau,
and is the moft populous valley of the
Grey League.
Sapron, a ftrong town of Lower Hun
gary, capital of a couaty of t.he fame
name : 27 milcs S W Prefburg, and 30
S E Vienna,
Sara, A town of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, with a eaftle and a bifliop's fee :
65 miles N W Naples,
Sora, A ftrong town of Denmark, in
Zealand, with a college for the nobility r
9 milcs W Ringftcd, lon. II 53 E, lat. 55
a6N.
Saratv, A town in Lufatia, near the
Bober : 25 miks S Croffen, and 32 N £
eoriitz,ten. 15 48 E, lat, 51 40 N.
Vol. II. A a a a

Sarin, a town of Spain, in Old Caftiici
buflt on the ruins of the ancient Numan-
tia, near the fource of the Douero : 74
fniles S E Burgos, lon. 2 2 W, lat. 41 48 N.
Sored, A town of Poland, on the river
Dniefter, wifh a ftrong caftle.
Sorrento, A feaport of Naples, in Terra
di Lavora, witb an archbifliop's fee. It
is the birthplace of Torquato Taffo ; and
is on a peninsula, in fhe bay of Naples, at
the foot of a mountain of the fame name:
17 miles S E Naples.
Soffelk, A town of Piedmont, in the
County of Nice. It has a trade in dried
fruits, particularly figs ; and is at the foot
of 3 very high mountains, on the river
Bevera. It has 5 or 6000 inhabitants :
15 miks N E Nice.
Saiuana, A tovvn of Tufcany, in the Si
ennefe : 25 miles V/ Orvietto,
Souhife, A fown of France, department
of Lower Charente; on an eminence, on
the river Charente : 22 mites S Rochelle.
Souhage, a large village of Egypt, 7
leagues from Tachta, a mUe from fhe
river, the refidence of a Kiafchef. [Sonini,]
Souillac, A town of France,deparlment
of Lot, on the Borefe : 32 miles N Ca
hors. Sound, A ftrait between Sweden and
Derimark, through which fliips uiiially
fail from fhe Categate into the Baltic.
Il is about 4 miks broad, and bere the
Danes take toll of all merchant fliips tbat
pafs into the Baltic. See Elfinore.
Sour, or Sur, a feaport of Turkey in
Afia, In Syria, near fhe place where ftood
the famous city of Tyre, of which there
is now notbing remaining tiuf ruins, ten.
35 50 E, lat. 33 18 N. See Tyre.
Sour, or Sur, a river of the Nether
lands, whicli runs, from W to E, through
Luxemburg, and falls into the Mofelle, a
Utile above Treves.
Saiifa, or Sufa, a ftrong fown of the king
dom of Tunis, capital of a province of
the fame name, with a caftle and a good
harbour. It is a place Of fome trade, 011
a high rock, ncaf'the fes : 65 miks S E
Tunis, ten. 11 15 E, lat. 35 52 N.
Sou-icheou, A city of China, of the firft
rank, in the province of Kiang-nan, on a
river whicb cpmmunicates witb the lake
Tai. Tbis is one of the moft beautiful
and agreeable cities of the whple empire.
Eurppeans who have feen it compare it
to Venice, with this dift'erence, that fhe
latter is buik in the fea, and Sou-tcheou
is interfeaed by canals of frefli water.
There is not, perhaps, in the univerfc, a
couatry

SOU"

SPA

country ritore delightfiil, either by' fhe
pieafarifnefs'of ils fituation, or the mild-
nefs„of its' climate ; the air is fo tempe
rate, provifions fo- plentiful and cheap,
thefbil'tb frtillful, and ibemSnners of
fhe people fo gentle, that tbis city is con-
fiaered t?he paradlfe of'Chin.1, Above
' (fay the Chinefe authors) is the Ceteftlal
paradife ; but'the paradife of this world
is Sou-tcheou, To fee the contiaual'mo-
tron of ifs< immenfe nuniber of iahabil
aats, and the confufion caufed every
whereby their commercial intercourfe
wifh ftrangers. One would-be induced to
believe, that the trade of all the provlncesii
; centered' in if: The brocades and' em
broideries made-'here, are in' great requeft
throughout tbe whole empire. Its jurlf
diaion extends over oaly 8 tovvas, one of
¦vehich Is of the fecond clafs, and the reft
of the third : 562 milts S"S E Pekin, lon,
112 20 £, lat, 31 22 N.
Souterraine, A tovvn of France, depart
ment Of Creufe: 24 milcs N Limoges;
South Sea, fise Pacific Ocean.
Sautbam,A tdvvn in Warwickfliire, Eng
land, noted fpr Its cld^r : 13 miles S Cpv-
eiitry, and 83" N W London.
Southampton, a feaport and borough Iri
Hampfliire, Erigland. It was formerly a
port of great commerce, ftill poffeffes a
trade in French and port vVInes, and- has
a particular coilneaion vvith Guernfiy and
Jerfey. If coritains 5 chureheS; is fur
rounded by walls aad feveral' watch-
towers ; and hada ftrong caftk, now in
ruins. It is a county of itfelf, governed
by a mayor, and feads 2 members to par
liament. It is a fafliionable place of re
fort for fea bathing ; and'it was on this
beach tbat the Danifli king Canute gave
that ftriking reproof to his flattering
courtiers, when the difobedient fide wafli
ed his feet. Two miles from this towh is
Woodmills, where is a very curious man
ufaaure of fhip bIpcks, from vvhich all
the king's yards aie fupplied. Sputh-
ampton- is i-i miles S by'W Winchefter,
antl 75 W S W Loridon, lon. i 26 W,
Iat. 50 55 N,
Southend, New, A viUage in Efl'ex, Eng
land, at' the mouth of the Thames : 44
miles E London, Being tbe neareft
place to the metropoUs,. fpr fea bathing,
it'is much^ reforted to, aud has handfome
acaommodations for the company.
Southwark, a borough ia SUrry, Eng
laad, which may be coafldered as part of
tbe metropoUs, being nn tbe oppofite fide 1
'ofthe Thames, and under fhejurifcUaion
?f the corporation of Londsu, who have I

aii olficer here called the bailiff'of SoutH-
iwark. If is called' the Borough, byway;-
of diftinaion, and is a populous place,
participating confiderably in the com-
mercS of London; It fends two mem
bers to parliament. It contains 6 church
es,, a Roman caflionc chapel, m:-iny places-
of vvorfliip for diffenters; and feveral
ebaritable foundations, particularly, St..
'Thomas's Hofpital, Guy's Hofpital, -and-
fhe Magdalen Hofpital ; alfo the King's-
Bench, and Marflialfea prifons, and a
county gaoh Ste London. \
Souih^well, an ancient town in'Notting-''
bamfliire, England: 10 miles N E Nat-
fibgham; and 139 NNW London. -
' Southwold, A corporsrte fown and fea-;
port In- Suffolk; Biiglaiid: It is on a cliff,-'
near a fine bay, witb a harbour to the'
S, and- tbe river BIytbe, and a d-ravv--
bridge on tbe W ; fo that it is aliriofli^
furrounded vvith water, efpecially at ev
ery high tide. Here a inuch- efteemedS
,falf is> made, and if has alfo a trade iiiii
corn; beer, and- herrings. It is common- '
ly caUed Sowls or Sole, and:- fts bay is'
named Solebay. In fhis way was the
great fea fight between the Dutch admi
ral De Ruyter, and James duke of York,
in Which the viaory vvas undecided-
Southwold is 20 miles S Yarmouth, and.;
104 S EiLoiidon, ten. i 54 E, lat: 521-
24 N,.-
Sovigrry, A town of France, department
of Rhone and Loire, on the Qucfne : 50
miles S £ Bourges, and 167 S Paris.
Soutra Hill, the moft elevated hill in-
the mountainous , ridge of Lammermuir,,'
In the N part of Berwlckflilre, In for
mer times it was a noted fea mark.
Spa, A town of Germany, in. the bifli--!
oprie of Liege, famous for its mineral-
waters. The inhabitants are very civil
and obliging to ftrangers. It is in a valley
furrounded by mountains. That called
the Old Spa confifls of miferable cot
tages, and is properly nothing but the-
fuburb to the other. The houfes of the
Nevv Spa are all wppd, dark and fmaU;.,
it isfaid they can make 1200 beds for
ftrangers. The phurch pf the capuchins,.
and the parifli church, are bpth fealed
uppn, eminences. The inn caUed the
Cpurt pf Lpndon, is- very large, the beft
in the" place, and mpft frequented. The
naliies pf the 5 priacipal wells are, Pou-
hon, Gerpaflerd, Savlniere, Watpptz, and
Tuaailel, The iahahitaats are empteyed'
ia maklag toys for ftrangers. Spa was
taken by the French in 1794 : 17 miles-
S E Liege, lom 5 50 E, lat, 50 3P N. Spain,.

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"SPA

:S P E

» S;»a!)7,.a'kItigdoiaof EuropeV bounded
•N by the bay of Bifcay; N E by the
'Pyrennees, whicli feparates it from
France ; E, S E, and S, by the Mediter
ranean ; S W by the Atlantic ; W by
Portugal and fhe Atlantic. It vis 700
miles loag and 500 broad'; and contains'
the .provinces of Old, and Nevv Caftile,
Andalufia, Arragon, Eflramadura, 'Gall,!^
cia, Leon, Cataloaia, Graaada, -'Valencia^
^Bifcay, the Afturius, Murcia, and Upper
Navarre, fom^'bf which have been fepa
rate klngclop^s, Tbe.air is dry and ferene,
cxoep't" diiririff-the equinoiftial rains, but
exceffively hot ih'tliS fdutlilerH'prb<'iacesJ|||,
in June, July, arid AUgUft, ' ' The vaft^
mountains, however, that run tbrpugh
Spainyare beneficial to tlie'Ialiabitaats by
the refrefliing breezes tbat coriic frbni
them in the S parts ; thoUgh therein the
-Nand N E, are In-lhe winter ver-y' Ccjld. .
-The foil is very ^fertile ; buf there are
large f rads of -uncultivated ground The
produce of the country is wheal, barley,
fafi"ron, honey, filk, faltpetre, hemp, bar-
•rlllas, and even ftigarcanes, wilh the rich-
•efli and moft "tieUcipiis fruits that are tp
be fiJund in France, and Italy ; and its ^
(wines are in high efteem, Wplves Si^e
ftie clue'f beafts of prey that Infeft Spain,'
The wild bulls haVe fo much ferocity,
that, bull feats were the moft magnificent
fpeflacle tbe court of Spain eould ex-
-hibit, ,Tbe- dpmeftic animals are horfes-
[¦thpt are remarkably fwift, mules, black
iCfihle, and flieep,. the vvool of w-hicTi is
I fuperior to any it»Europe, Spain -aiboMrids.!
I in minerals and metals : cornelian, agate,
I jacinth, loadftones, lurcdis ftones, q-uick-
filyiir, copper, lead, fulphur, alum, cala
mine, cryftal, marbles of feveral kinds,
!poi-pliyry, fhe fiaeft jafper, arid evea dia-
]m(|>rids,emei-ald-5,and amethfffs, are fouad
here. Anciently If was celebrated for
'gold and filver mines ; buf finec fhe dif
covery of America at leaft, no altention
,iiap been paid to fhem. The principal
; risers are the Douero, Tajo Guadiaria,
1 Guadalquiver, and'E-bro. spaioiformerly
'the moft populous kingdom in Europe,
is novv very liiialy iqfiabided ;-fo which
various caufes have contrIbuted,as tbe
expulfion of the Moors,' the emigrations
itothc colonies, the vaft numbers and c|elib-
lacy of tbe ctergy, and the indolence of
;the natives. The e.ftsblillicd riligion is
ipopery ; aad here tbe,,ing,iiifiti|pa oacc
reigned ia- all its horrors ; but, although
if ftill exifts. it has.bsenjately" rendered,
.by the intcrvenlioa of tbe royal aUthqri-
t,/,'comparatiyeIy luu-mlcfs. "Fhere are 8

archbiflioprics, 44 epifcopal fees, arfd- 24
uaiverfitles. Spain, once the muft free,
is now- one of the moft defpotic monar
chies in Europe. They had qpce their
cprtes, or parliaments, whicli had greit
privileges, jbut thpugh not abfolutely
alxiMllicd, they -haye no part- in.lhe go'v-
ernment. They ,-ire affembled,' indeed,
occafiprialiy (as at- f-he acceffion of the
monarch) but,!i)^ely as aa appendage to
the royal ftate, wiihaut power, "or aay
other upafetjtteace .thaa what refnlts frbm
their individual rank; Mad,rid is the
capital. .^ -i [AHarti, 'Bowen.]
^A.. Spalatro, or .Spalatto, 'a"populou? aij4
ftrong tovvn, capital af Venetian Dalmatia,
with a good harbour, aiid,an archbifliop'-s
fee. Here are tbe ruins of tbe palace bf
Dipclefian, Of which, in -1764, Mr. Rob
ert Adam publifli'ed a fplencbd account
la 1784, ^alatrovvas. nearly .depopulated
by the plague. ,It is" on, 3" peninjulaj in,
the gulf of "Venice : 35 mUes S E Sebe
nico, avid -io2^ •'WRsigufa. '
^paBing, A town in -Liiicolnfliire, Eng
land. It'is feated near the ^louth of the
Welfand, and from its neatnefs, and the
canals jn the ftreets, refemble's a Dutch
tpjvn. ' It- has - a ,goo4^'carp]|ing trade in
'corn and co^l ; arid.much,liismp and fiax
is raifed in.^its nejgbbourhpod.- Near it
is the ggEateft Jiercttiry in England, the
herons building together on high trees
like rooks 114 miles -§ by -W Bpfton, and
106 N^. -London, ^, - '
Spanda-m, a ftrong town rif Germany,
ih ,t|ie ¦jiilddk marche of Brandenburg,
furrounded on all fides by moraffes, and
clofe to it is a fine forii^fs. The arfepd"
is in fubtcrranean vaults, and there is a
prifon for ^ate crimiiiials : 8 miles' NW
Berliu, and 17 N'E Braaderibui':;.
'SflenfoU, a. village -in Bcrkibire, Eng-
land: 5 miles W 'Wantage.. Its church is
ia the form! pf a crofs", aiid in it are fome
very aiicicjit .moauments, one of wbich
is Of a knigbt templar ; and tj^e foat,
which is alio very old, is made of por
phyry. '¦^''' •:-,
Sjmitd,Gape, a promontory pa fhe coaft
pf Bjtbary, at the entrance pf the ftraits
pf Gibralter, ten. 5 56, W,-lat. 35 50 N.
• Sparliv/ntajCape, a prpttipntpry of the'
kirigdom of NapleS,(al the S E extremity
of X'alabria Ultericft-e, lon, 16 40 E, lat.
ar'-foN. 's'
Spcllo, A town of Italy, in Umbria.
Here are the ruins of a theatre, and
other remains of antiquity. It is oa a
bill J, 3 riiika. N'W ioligair-aad- 13 N
SpolettOj ten, i j 24 E, lat, 4* 50 N. Sletia,

S P I

S T

:. ^ftin, pr Spezxia, a town sf Geaea,
.with a good harbour. It is at the foot of
a hill, at the bottom of a gulf of the fame
name : 47 miles S E Gcjjoa, and 65 N "W
Flprence. Spty, 3 river of Scotland, which .di
vides Murrayfliirc from Banfshire, fpr
more than 20 inilesi apd enters the Ger
man Ocean at the village qf Speypioutb ;
.is miles WCuUcB.
Spice Iflanfls, fee Moluccas.
Spieiz, A f.own of SwilTerJanii, in the
canton of Bern, on the W fide of the lake
Thun ; 20 mj)«* S E Bern.
Spigelburg, A town of Weftphalia, capi
tal of a cPuniy of the fame nanie : 22
miles S W Hildeflieim.
, Spigna, A town of Italy, in Montferrat,
with a caftle : 15 liiilep N by W Savone,
and 40 S £ Turin.
Sfilemburgo, a town of Italy, in "Vene
tian FriuU : 37 miles N W Aquileia, and
47 N by,E Venice. ,
Spilfby, A fown in Lincolnfllire, Eng
land : 3P miles E Lipooln.
Spire, A bifliopric ofthe Upper Rhine :
50 mUes in length, and 30'in breadth,
where brpadeft. It is divided into two
parts by tl]f Rhine, and is in a fertile
country. Spirs, a free imperial city of Germany,
capital of a bifliopric of the fame name.
it was taken, in 179a, bythe French,
jyho evacuated it the nejt near, but re-
entei edit in 1794. Itis on the W fide
of the Rhine ; "7 miles N Philiplburg,
ion. 8 32 E, lat. 4919 N.
Spirebacb, a tpwa in the palatinate of
the Rhine, oq a river of t.he faipe name :
8 miles N Landau.
Spiial, a tbwn of Germany, in Carin-r
tbia, with a caftle, near the Drave : 30
Biiks W Clangenffirt, 1.011. 13 37 E, lat,
46 53 N, . . ' '
Spiial, an ancient village in Lincoln
fllire : 1 1 miles N Lincoln". It was part
of the Roman caufeway, leadilig from
London, by Lincplii, to fhe Humber.
Here are two fprings, one caljed Jfilian's
Well, and the other Caftleton ^cU,
Great numbers of Roman coins have
been dug up in this village.
Spithead, A fapious road between Portf.
mouth and the ifle pf Wight, wbej-e t(ie
royal navy frequently rendezvpus.
Spitficrgen, the mpft northern country
of Europe', N of Norway, between Grcer.-
Jand W an.d Nova Zgmbla E. The coaft
is lined wifh craggy mouataias, arid in
the winferit is continual night for four
Uionths. The apimai.s ?rp large white

litars and white fozet. There ar; nn
fettled inhabitants, and it is known only
tP thpfe whp go on the coaft to filhfor
jyhalcs. [Phipps]
Splugen, a town pf SspiflTerland, in the
cpuntry of the Grifons, capitaj of the val-
ley pf Rhcinwald. It is near the fource
^f the Hinder Rhine : 42 piiles S 'VtT
Coire. ' ' [Goxe.]
SpolMo, a duchy of Italy, bpunded N
by Ancona and Ubrinp,- E by Naples, S
by Sabina and tlie pafrim,ony pf St. Pe
ter, arid W by Orvieto and Periguno. It
was formerly a part of Umbria, and is
iipw fubjeiSt tp the pope.
Spoletto, an ancient town of Italy, capif
tal pf a duchy pf jlhc fame pame, with a
biflipp's fee, and a caftle. It fufFereJ
greatly by an earthquake in 1703, an^
now contains ia,ooo inhabitants. Here
are the ruins of an amfihitheatre, a tri
umphal arch, and an aqpedudt. It is io
a country noted for goofi wine, near the
river Teflipp : 40 piiles £ Dryicto, and
60 N by E Rome.
Spres, a river of Gerniany, which rifei
in llie mountains qf Bohemia, and pafling
through Lufatia, into the piarquifate of
Brandenburg, runs by Berlin, and fall}
Iiito the Havpl, oppofite Spandaw.
Sprotta-ui, atown of Silefia, in the duchy
pf Glogaw, with walls flanked by.tovversi
and a ftrong caftle. It is at the conflu,
ence of the Bober and Sprotta : 20 mile^
S W Glogaw. It contains about 200Q
iphabitants, pne fhiid are cathelics. Here
is a converit pf nuns dedicated to St. Ma
ry Ma^dclene, ten: 15 38 E, lat, 51 40 N.
Spurn Hoad, a promontory in York
fliire, England, at the N E entrance of
-the piouth of the Humber, on which is a
Jighthoufp, Ipn. o 15 E, lat. 53 38 N,
Squilaci, a tpiivn of Naples, in CaUbria
Ulteriore, with a bifliop's fee. It is now
A fmaU place, near a gulf of the fame
pame : 30 miles S W Sl, Severino.
St. Dqvid's, A town of S Wales, connt]l
of Pepibrokc, the fee of a bifliop. It was
kt one tipie the fee of an archbifliop, sad
was anciently called Menew pr Menevia,
7'hey reckon abput 12,000 inhabitants,
and 261 houfes within the parifli, and of
thefe 290 iahabitants and 78 fniall houfca
in the toyifn. "The cathedral and epifco
pal palace are quite al the bottom of a
fteep hifl, fp that the tovyer Is fcarcely
vifible in the town, Thefe, and the pre-
benilal houfes, are furrpunded by A ftone
wall, IIOO yards in circUlf, with 4 gates.
It is very near the fea, ori a neck of land
the N fide pf St, Bride's Bay : 48 miles
W paermarthen,

S T

ST

W Caermarthen, and 255 W London, Ut.
5150N. St. Fiorenza, A feaport town of the ifi-
,?nd of Corfica, fituated on a bay, wbich
forms the liarboijr, defended by walls and
a ftrong tower. 4-t a fmall diftance, are
marflies, whicb render the air unvvhole-
-fome : near it i$ a filver mine : 6 miles
W Baftia, lat. 42 35 N.
St. Helena, an ifland in the .Atlantic
Ocean, 20 miles In circunjference, be
longing to the Englifh £ India Company.
it has fome high mountains, particularly
pne called DIana'3 Peak, which is covered
with wood to the very top. There are
lOther hills alfo, which bear evident marks
¦of a volcanic origin ; fpme have huge
(rocks of lava and a kind of half vetrified
flags. Every valley is watered by a rivu-
Jet, and the illand can fupport 3000 head
of Its fmall cattle. The number of in
habitants does not exceed 2000, including
near 500 foldiers and 600 fiaves, who are
fupplied with all fprt^ pf manufaflures by
the company's fliips, in return for refrefli
mcnts, "The town is fmall, ^tuated in a
valley, at the botlpm pf a bay pn the S
^de of the ifland, between two fleep
dreary mountains ; and is well defended
by forts alio batteries. It lies between the
continents of Africa and S America,
about 1200 ralles W of the former, and
i8oo,E pf the latter, te». 5 49 W, lat. 15
[Coxe, Walker.]
Si. Heller, the capital of tbe ifland of
Jerfey, in the-Englilli Channel, fcated in
the bay of St. Aubin, where it has a har-
bouT, and a ftpne pier. The inhabitants
3rc computed to be 2000. At the top of
•he market place is the ftatue of George
II, in bronze, gilt. In the church, where
prayers are read alternately, in Englifh
and French, is a monument fo the mem-
pry of major Pierfon, who fell here in
the moment of viiftpry, ten, 2 jo W, lat,
49 X I N. See Jerfiy.
St. Melisr, alittle ifland, near the fPwn
of the fame name, in the bay pf St. Au-
bip, on the S fide of Jerfey. It took ifs
name from Eleriuj, or Hclier, a holy man,
who lived in this ifland many cepturlcs
ago, and was flalii by the pagan Normans,
His cell, with the itoae bed, is ftill fliown
ainong the rocks ; and, in memory of
him, a noble abbey was founded on this
ifland, Rt. Kilda, an ifland in fhe N Sea, and
the moft wefterly belonging to Great Bri
tain, there being as yet dlfcovered no land
]»etvvccn ic and North America. Its an

cient name was Herta 1 it i» alieut j fliiUy
ia length, the fofl fertile, the little vallia
delightful, and the air falubrious and
pure. There is an ancient for t iutheS
end pf the bay, called Duiifir Valg. The '
arable land hardly exceeds 8p acres ; -mpr*
might be added. Thefe produce pkntl-
fully, either corn, barley, or pptatoes, and
rye ; of which the tackfman fliarcs libe
rally every year- The hills and pafture
grounds are fully ftocked iviih cowst,
flieep, and lambs. About 27 families re
fide /on this ifland conftanfly ; and, per
haps, fhe moft ufeful people on earth tqi
enrich their mafter, by their induftry in
the fields, and their unrivalled alerfneft
among fhe rocks. There are 4 or 5 hUl^
in the Ifland, but Congara is, without ex
aggeration, the higheft, and a real prodi
gy of ils kind; it commands a frata of
fea and land more than 140 miks in ex
tent. Its perpendicular height was
found by Mr. Macaulay to be 900 fath
oms. There is only one landing plaoe
around all the ifland, and even there, ex
cept in a calm, there is no landing ; while
tbe reft of the ifie is furrounded by the
moft tremendous rocks, haaglag perpen
dicularly over tbe boifterous ocean; the
moft awful that ever the eye beheld.
The art of the St, Kildains at catching
fowls, under the cloud pf night, is truly
aftonifliing, and their fuccefs no le&
wonderful, fioth men aad women de
light much in finging ; and their voice*
are abundantly tuneful. Their genius
and natural vein for poetry is no wife in
ferior to tbe other natives of the He
brides, Their fongs are wonderfully de
fcripiive, and difcover great ftrengtli,of
fancy. The fubjeits Of their fongs arc
the acconvpliflimenls pf their fair friend*
among the female fex, and the heroic ac
tions of their Ijowkrs in climbing rocks,
catching fowls, and fifliing, and melan
choly deaths over the rocks. The men
and women drefs in the fame form that
the Hebrideans do, and are poflefled of
an equa.l fliare of pride and ambition of
appearing gay on Sundays and holiday's
with other people. Their language is
Galic, unadulterated, having no comniu
nication with ftrangers to corrupt ic
with other languages. This ifland vvill
cojitinue to be famous from Its beiag the
place of imprifonment of fhe hon, ladv
Grange, who was, by private intrigue, '
carried out of her own houfe, and vio
lently put on board a vcfl'd at Leith,
unknown to any of her friends, aad
kept here till her death : 15 miks W N
"Vi' froai

S^T

ST A

iW from the nerth point of South Uift
.Son. 8 i8 W, lat, 55 48 N,
- -Si. Kinofa, an ifland in tbe Grecian Ar
chipelago, lon. 43 20 E Ferro, lat. 36
53- N.
r St. Kirling, a fown of; Germany, in the
archduchy of Auftria : 4 miles W -Glof-
*er Neuburg.
- St. Krefia, A gulf' or bay of Ruffia, in
the north part of the Anadirlkaia Gulf,
ion. 198 20 to 199 10 £ Ferro, lat. 65 20
to 6,5 40 N.
Si. Labauer,. A town of France, In the
department pf the Landes : .-6 leagues S
Mont de Marfan.
St. Lambert du Littlay, A town of France,
in the department of the Mayne and
ILpIre, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftria of "Vihiers : 3 leagues and a half
NNW "Vihlers, and. 3 and a half S An
gers. St. Lambert du Levees) A town of France,
Ja tbe departmeat of the Mayne and
Loire, and chief place of a canton, in the
diftrliSl pf Saumur, pii the nprth-fide pf
the Lpire : half a league N Saumur.
St. Lambrecht, A fawn pf -Germ.any, in
the duchy pf Stiria : 5 milcs E Muhrau,
St. Lampretebt, A tpwn pf Germany, ia
ihe duchy of .Carinthia.: ,4 mHes N ,La-
-vaniund. filf, Louis, an ifland at the mPUth pf the
river Senegal, pn the W cnaft pf Africa ;
ilat, fandy and barren. It takes its name
fromi a fort fo called, built by the French.
This ifland and fortrefs was -ceded to the
Englifli by the -treaty of "VerfaiUes, in
Z763. InfheAmerican war,if was taken by
the French, and kept by fhem after the
peace of 1783, lon. 15 35 W, lat. 16 N.
- St. Nicola, A fown ia .the archduchy of
Auftria, i^n tbe Danube, Nof far from it
is a whirlpool in the river, the paffage of
whicli is difficult, on account of fhe ma
ny roe"Ks under wafer, vvhich, whea the
fiream is low, appear. This vortex is dan
gerous, as its draught is 'dire6ted -down
wards ; fo that liplh fmall and great fliip
ping, which are too heavily laden, may
fink in it. When the river is high, fhis
whirlpoo lis fafeft, for then thewaler runs
off a great fpace above the rocks,, but the
f-trcaqi is at that time more violent and
rapid, as it boils and runs ftronger, and
its extent is larger. This danger too is at
that time heightened by a counter cur
rent, whieh joins it to the right, from
TE'haf is called the Loch, which is a nar-
rowpaffage, windinground the rocks, and
at low water quite dry ; but if the wa
ter rifes, fmaller veflels may there pafs

•through, and 'thus efcape the vortex ; »
miles ENE Greia,
.5^, Remo, A feaport town of Genoa, fit
uated in a pleafant valley, with a good
harbour, 111 the!MediterraneaH, Its neigh
bourhood .produces Jemoiis, pomegran
ates, and olher fine fruits, particularly
vaft numbers iof olives which yield excel
lent oil. The town, fill 1-753, had eri-
joyed great freedom, under the Genoefe
government ; but that year, ha-wing forni-
ed a defign of withdrawing its depend
ency, was deprived of all its privileges.
In 1745, -it was bombarded by the Eng
lifli fleet : 6 •miles ENE Vintimiglia,
Stablo, A town ia the bifliopric of Liege,
vvith a celebrated -abbey, whofe abbot is
a prince of tbe empire. Here is a man-
ufatSlure ,bf -leather, vyhich is fent f 0 for
eign parts,. If Is feated on the Recht : 9
miles S LImburg, lat, 50 29 N,
Stade, a-tpwn.pf Lpwer Saxoay,inthe
duchy of Bremea, with a fortrefs, a col
lege and 3 churches. It is tbe principal
town of tlie duchy, fu'bjeift to the eledror
of Hanover ; Bremen, the capital, being
a free imperial fown. It is, the feat of
the regency and chief courts .of juftice of
the duchies of Bremen and "Verden ; and
is on the Swingel, -near Its confluence
with" the Elbe : 22 miles W Hamburgh,
and 45 N E Bremen, lon. 9 17 £, lat, 53
36 N. ,
Staffarda, a town of Piedmont, in th^
marquifate of Saluzzo, on the Po, with a
rich.abbcy,laf, 44 34N.
Siaffa, a famous ifland of Scotland, one
of the Hebrides, a littk to the W of
Hull, It is one mile teng, and half a
mile broad, 'Fhe whole S W end is
fupported by -ranges of pillars, moftly
above 50 feet high, and fome above 60
feet thick, ftanding In natural cdoiinades.
Here is alfo .a cavern, called Fin-ma-coul,
or Fingal's Cave, which extends 250 feet
under grjouud. Its entrance is a natural
arch, more than 100 feet high, from wlilcl)
the cavern is lighted, fb tlial ils furthcft
extremity may be feen ; it is fcpported
on each fide by ranges pf columns, and
roofed by tbe fragments pf others that
have been broken ofl"'in forming it. This
ifland is every where fupported by bafal
tic rocks and pillars, fuperior in beauty
and grandeur, to thofe which form the
Giants Caufeway in Ireland, . ,
Stafford, a borough, and the county
town of Staffordfliire, England, It has
two parifli churches, and a fine fquare
market place, in which Is the fliire-hall,
and urider it the market houfe: It is
governed

ST A

ST A

governed' by a mayor, fends two memr
bers to parliament, and has about 5000
inhabitants : 41 miles N W Litchfield,
135 N W Londoa,
Staffordfiire, A coimfy of England,
bounded W by Shropfllire, N W by
Chefliire, N £ and E by Derbyfliire, S E
by Warwickfliire, S by Wprceflerfliire.
It lies in tbe dipcefe of Litchfield and
Coventry ; contains five hundreds, one
city, 17 market towns, and 13b pariflies,
and fends 10 members to parliament. In
the couaty are 780,800 acres cultivated,
and 250,000 inhabitants. It abounds in
cBal andiron.- The middle is levef and
plain ; the N hilly aad barrea, being full '
of heaths and moors, and where they ufe
peat for fuel. There are alfo good flone
cjuarries, plenty of alabafter, and X\-me-
ftpnc. This county is famous for its pot
teries, and for Its ripble canal navigatipn.
See Canals, Engliff.
Siagirii, A town of Turkey in Eu
rope, in Macedonia, on the gulf of Con
teffa. It Is remarkable for being fhe
birthplace of Arlftotle, from whence he
is called' the Stagirite, It is now called
Lyba-Nova :• 16 miles from- Cpntefl'a,
ten. 22 48 E, lat. 41 15 N.
Siagna, a feapprt pf Rag-ufan Dalmatia,
witb a biflipp's fee, pn a- peniafala, in the
gulf of 'Venice : 30 miles N W Ragufa,
Stain, A town of Auftria, on' the Dan
ube, over which is a toll bridge : 65
miles W Vienna.
Staines, A town in Middlefex, Englarid,
on the Thames, over which Is ari elegant
ftpne bridge, of 3 elliptic arches. At
fpme diftarice abpve the bridge, at Cpln
Ditch, is the Londoa -Mark Scone, which
is the aacieat bouadary to the jurifdic-
tten of the city of London oa the 'Fhames,
aad bears the date of 1280 : 17 miks W
by S Londoa,
. Staliridge, a towa In Dorfetfliire, Eng
land, with a manufa<£ture of fl'oekings.
Here is an- anoieaf crofs, 22 feet high, oa
a bafe of 8 feet :--20 miles N by £ Dor
fet, and III W by S London.
Stalimene. See Lemnos.
Stamford, an ancient borough in Lin
colnfllire, England. It is on the river
Welland, which is navigable henCe, and
has a good trade, particularly In raaltand
freeftone, It fends tvvo members to par
liament, and is governed by a mayor.
Here are 6 parifli churches, and it had
formerly a college, whofe ftudents re
moved to Brazen Nofe College, in Ox
ford : 26 mUes N Huptingdonj and 96
N by W London.

St'ampalio, an ifland of the^Archipefap*-
go, 60 miles W Rhodes, and 37 from th*
coaft of Natolia : 15 miles long and 5
broad,- almoft without inhabitants, and'
wants frefli water. '
S-tanchia, a fertile ifland of the Archi
pelago, near the coaft of Natolia, 12 mile,*
N £ Sfampalio, and 50 N W Rhodes.
It is fhe aricient Cos, the birthplace of
Hippocrates and Appclirs ; and is 25
miles long aad 10 broad. The capital, of
fhe fame aame, is af the foot of a moun
tain, at fhe bottom of a bay, and near ai
gppd harbpur.
Standan, a town in Hertfprdfliire, Eng
land : 8 miles N Hertford, and 17 of Lon
don. Sianemore, a dreary diftricft ^in the E
angle of Weftmpreland,
Stanhope, a tpvvn ill the county pf Dur
ham-, England : 20 mlle^ W Durham.
Stanley, a tpwn in Gloucefterfliire,,
England : 12 miks S Gloucefter.
Stanmorc Great, a vUlage in Middlefex^
Englan.d ; 2 miles N W Edgware. Here
is a fine hill, from the top of which the in
habitants had been long accuftomed to
fetch their water ; but, in 1791, a well
was dug, and water found, at the depth
of 150 feet. On this, hUl are 'fome high-
trees, which are a landmark from the
German Ocean.
Stanton, a tow.n in Lincolnfllire, Eng-
gland : 16 miks E Lincoln.
Stantz, A town of Swifferland, capital
of fhe canton of Underwalden. The
town and its environs contain 50o'o fouls-
The cliu'rcJi is a handfome buildiHg. It
is on a plain, near the lake of Lucern %
29 miles S Zuric. [Coxe,]
Staraia Ruffa, A tovvn of Ruflia, in the
government of Npvpgprpd, pn tbe river
l^olifli, not far from the lake Ilmen : 40
miles S by E Novogorod,
Siargard, a town in Prufllan Pomera
nia, with a college, and the ruins of a
caftle. Here is a cathedral, church, and
3 reformed churches. It has manufac
tures of ferges, flialloons tammies, drug
gets, &<r. and Is on the Ibna : 18
miks S E Stetin, and 3.7 N W Landfperg,
lat, 52 32 N, [Hanway.] -
Siargard, a town of Germany, in
Mcc'sleaburg Strelilz : 30 miles S New
Brandenburg. Sta-ttangor, A feaporf ill Norway, prov
iace pf Bergen, capital pf a territory pf
the fame name, with a bifliop's fee. It is
on a peninfula, near the fortrefs of Dof—
wick: 75 miks S Bergen, lon, 5 45 L,laE.
59 6 N, St'^.-.'sr^i,

STE

STI

Sttmerur, an ancient feapbrt of the
Pnited Provinces, in Friefland, formerly
a confiderable town, but now much de
cayed, tbe harbour beirig choked up with
fknd. It is on tbe Zuider Zee : 8 miks
"W Slootcn, and 15 N E Enchuyferi, lori,
5 13 E, lat. 52 54 N,
Slauhbacb, a celebrateil cafaraiSt of
Swifferland, near the viUage of Laufer-
bruneii, in fhe canton of Bern. The
water ruflies down a precipice, 930 feet
high, with fuch impetuofity, as to re-
fplve itfelf into a fine fpray, vvhich viewed
in fome particular fituations, refembles
a, cloud of duft. Hence it derives its
name ; the wprd Staubbacb, in German,
fignifying a fpring pf duft. The roaring
noife it makes is accompanied by a tem
peft, occafioned by a violent agitation of
tlie air, excited by the rapidity of the
fall. The brook -which forms this tor
rent is named the Kupfer-Bachlein, or
Rivulet of Copper.
Sieenbergen, A ftrong town of Dutch
Brahant, in the marquifate of Bergen-pp-
Zoom. It has a cpmmunication with
the Maefe : 7 miks N Bergen-pp-Zpom,
and 17 W Breda.
Steenkirk, A village of Auftrian Hain
ault : 15 miles N Mpps, and 16 W Bruf
feis. Sieenwick,a ftrong town ofthe United
Provinces, in Overyffel, on the river Aa:
ob mfles S E Slooten, and 32 N Deven
ter. Stegeburg, A feaport of Sweden, in E
Gothland, on fhe Baltic : 25 mfles S Ni;"
koping, aud 82 S W Stockholm. <:
Stein, a fmall independent town of
Swifferland, under the profedlion of the
canton of Zuric. It is' on tbe Rhine,
where it iffues from tbe lake of Con
ftance : 15 miles W Couftance, and 25
N £ Zuric,
Steinbeim, A tpwn in the elciSlorate of
Mentz, on a hill, near the river Maine,
with a caftte : 9 miles frogi Francfprt,
lat. 4952 N.
Steke, A tpwn pf Denmark, on the N
coaft of the Ifle of Mona, with a caftle.
It is almoft furrourided by a lake.
Steiay, A fortified town of France, de
partment of Meufe, on the river Meufe ':
44 miles N by W Verdun.
Stendal, A town of Germany in the
marquifate of Brandenburg, on the Ucht :
30 miles N by £ Magdeburg:
Stenfort, A town of Weftphalia, in the
county of Bentheim, with an academy,
oa the Vecht . 1 6 miks N W Munfter.
Stennis, A village iri the ifland of Ork

ney. At this place, between Kirkwall
and Stromriefsjis a ciirlous bridge, or
caufeway, acrofs a narrow neck of land,
between two lakes. At fhe end Of this
caufeway, fome ftoaes pf aftonifliing
magnitude, and 30 feet high, have bee»
ereAed ; and there are many other huge
maffes of ftone in the neighbourhood,
very fimilar to Stoneh'enge, on Salilbury
Plain. Stepney, a viUage E of London, anrf
contiguous to it,
Sternberg, a fpwn of Cerailany, in the
marquifate of Brandenburg, It carries on
a great commerce in cattle : ao miles N
E Frankfort on Oder. »
Sterifmgen, a fpwn In' the Tirol, on the
river Eyfoch : 12 miks N W Brixen.
Stetin, or Sfettin, a feaport of Germa
ny, capital of Pruffian Pomerania, and
of a duchy of the fame name, with a caf
tle. It is a flourlfliing place, and carries
on a confiderable trade. In 1795, a
dreadful fire con-fumed a great number of
houfes. It is on the Oder : 70 miles N
by E Berlin, and 7a N Francfort.
Stevenage, A town in , Hcrtfordfliire,
England , 12 miles NNW Hertford,
and 31 k by W London.
Steveiifwaert, a fortrefs of Dutch Guel
derland, on the Maefe : 20 miles N E
Maeftrecbt. Steyning, A borough in Suflex, England.
It fends two members to parUament : 15
miles W Lewes, and 51 S by W Lon
don Steyre, a town of Upper Auftria, in
the quarter of Traun, It carries on a
great trade in iron, and is feated at fhe
confluence of the Steyre and Ens : 20
niiles S E Lintz.
Stiligiano, a town of Naples, in Bafili
cata, famous for Its baths, and feated'near
the river Salandrella.
Stilton, A town in Hunlingdonfljire,
wbich gives riame to a rich kind of oheefc,
faid, however, riPt to be the product of
its neighbourhopd, but pf Melfpn Mow
bray, in Leicefterfliire : 14 miles S by E
Stamford, Stiria, a ducliy of Germany, in the cir
cle of Auftria, bounded N by the arch
duchy of Auftria, E by Hungary, S by
Carniola, W by Carinthia aad Saltzburg.
Though a mpuntainpus cpuntry, there i»
a great deal pf land fit fpr tUlage, and the
fpil is fertile. It contains mines of very
good Iron, whence the arms made here
are in great efleem. The inhabitants are
very fimple, and zealous worfliippers of
the virgin Mary : the women have all
fwellings

lg T O

S TO

fwellings ort their throats, called broncho-
Celes. Gratz is the capital,
Stirling, the capital of StirUrigfliire,
feated on the frith of Forth, on a hiU,
which terminates ab'ruptly in a fteep
rock. On this rock is an aricient caftle,
often the refidence of fhe kings of Scot
land, aad' in which James VI fpent the
whole of his minority, under the tuition
of Buchanan, The outfide cif the palace
is curloufly encircled with various gro
tefque figures. The church is a magnifi
cent Gothic ftriiclure, arid ferves for two
feparate places of worfliip. Ih the town
and its neighbourhood are fhariufaiSufes
of carpets, fliallooris, and other woolleri
ftuffs : that of tartans, formerly very
flourifliirig, is nonf on the decline, Stir
ling, from its commodious fituation,
commands the pafs between the N and S
part of Scptland : 30 iniles N W Edin
burgh, lon, 4 59 W, lat. 56 6 N.
¦ Stirlingfhire, a county of Scotland,
bounded N and N E by Perthfliire, E by
the frith of Forth, S E by LialithgPw-
fliire, S by Duaibarlpnfliire, W by that
cpunty and Loch Lomond. It produces
corn, cattle, flieep, hprfes, &c.
Stiruin, a town pf Gerniany, On -tlie
Roer : 12 miks N Duffeldorp.
Stocbem, 'a' town in the bifliopric of
Liege, on the Maefe : 12 miles N Maef
tricht. Stockak, A town of Suabia, on a river
of fhe fame name : 12 miles N Cpn-
ftancc.,, Stockbridge, a bprough in Hampfliire,
Eagland, gpverned by a mayor, fends two
members to parliament : 9 miles N W
Winchcflcr. Stockholm, the capital of Svveden, in a
fituation remarkable for its romantic
feenery. It occupic befides tvvo peniri-
fulas, 7 fmall rocky iflands, fcattered in
the Maeler, in fhe ftreams whicji iflue
from tbat lake, and In a bay of the Bal
tic. A variety of contraftcd views are
formed by numberlefs rocks of granite,
rifing boldly from fhe furface of the
water, partly bare, and partly craggy,
and partly dotted wilh houfts, or featli-
ed with wood. The harbour Is an inlet
ofthe Baltic, and the water of fuch depth
that fliips of the largeft burden can ap
proach the quay. At the extremity of
the harbour, feveral ftreeis rife one above
aniilher, in the formpf aa amphlthc.-itre ;
aad the pahice, a magaificent building,
crnwns the fuminit. Except in the fub
urbs, where feveral houfes are pf weod,
painted red, the buildings, in general, arc
Vol., II, ' r> b I- b

of ftone or of brick ftuccpcd white^i
There arc abput 5000 houfes, and 6o,ooii
iahabitants, who pay taxes. A commu
nication Is formed between the feverat
parts Of Stockholm, by means of 12 bridg
es. The royal academy of fciences here
owes its Inftitutioii to Linnaeus, and a
few other learned men, and was incorpo
rated in the year 1741 ; the royal acad
emy of painting and fculpture, coataias
a fiae colkiftion of cafts, from the antique
ftatues af Rome, -fent by Louis XIV to
Charles XI, and prefented by the late
king Adolphus Frederic, fp the academy.
The arfenal contains an immenfe number
of ftandards and trophies„taken from tbe
Imperiafifts, Poles, Ruflians, and Danes.
A national bank was eflabliflied af Stock
holm towards the clofe of the laft cen
tury. In this-city arc manufaiSl^ures of
glafs, china, wopUen, filk, linen, &c. 200
miles N E Copenhagen, and 900 N E
London, lou, 18 9 E, lat, 59 ^^o N.
[Cc*c, Guthrie,]
Stockport, atown in Chefliire, England.
It if one of the moft confiderable places
in the kingdom for the manufaiSture of
cotton and printed goods, and is on the
Merfey ; 6 miles S Manchefter, and 175
NNW London, ten. ,i 18W, lat, 55
35 N.
Stockton, A flourlfliing town in the
county of Durham, England. It has a
large manufaiSture of failcloth, a trade in
lead, corn and butter, and is noted for
its gppd ale. It is pa the Tees, not far
frpmits mputh : 18 miks S S £ Durham,
and 244 N by "W Lpndon,
Stackzow, a fpvvn of Silefia, principal
ity of Tefchen, on the Viftula : 12 mik»
S E Tefchen, Iat, 49 45 N,
Stoke, A village in Norfolk, S E Down-
ham, with a ferry on the Stoke, naviga
ble from the Oufe to this place-
Stoke, a village in Suffolk, England,
near Neylaad. It has a church, on a
hill, whofe tower is 120 feel high, and
is a landmark to fliips ihat pafs the
mouth of the liarbour of Harwich : 13
niUes diftant.
Stoke, or Stoke Pages, A village In Buck>-
inghamfliire, England : 4 miles NNE
Wiridfor. Ils churchyard was the fcene
pf Gray's celebrated Elegy.
Stakecomer, A tPvvn In ,'^pnierfetfliire,
Englaad: 26 miles WWtlU. ,
Stoke Dabernan, a vi.llage ia Surry, Eng
land : 4 miles W by S Epfom. Ncat it
is Jeffop's Well, a fulphureous fpring.
'-^toksfey, a town in the N r-diag of
Iforkfliire, England : 3O miles N York.
S:^:iiig,^

s-T a

S-T R,

Stolberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in
"rhuringia, capital of a county of the
fame ' name, with a caftk, where the
count refides. Itis In a valley betvveen
two mountains: lo miles N Nordhau-
fen, and 58 NWLeipfick. ^
Stolboffen, a town of Suabia, in the mar-
quifife of Baderi, in a morals, riear the
Rbirie : 8 miles S "W Baden, and 12 N
E Stralburg.Stalpsn, A tovvn ih Pr'ufliari Pomerania,
iil a valley on a river of the fame name :
50 mUes N £ Colberg, and. '66 N W
Danfzick, lon. 16 45 E, liit. 54 32 N.
Stone, A fown In Slaflbrdflilre, England,
on the Trent : 7 miles N by W Stafford,
and 140 N W London,
Stonebyres, a remarkabte catarai5t" in
Lanerkfliire. See Clyde.
Slonebam, North' and ' South', ttvo -'villages
ill liant^, England: 3 mites N E South
ampton. In the church pf the fprmer
is all elegant monument, eredled in 1783
tP the memory of adnSrat 16fd Hawke,
Stonehenge, A remarkable heap of ftones,
on Sallfliury plain :- 6 miles N Salllbury,
It has puzzled many diligent' inquirers
to account for fhe laying of thofe enor
mous ftories one upon aapflicr '; for they
are fo heavy, that it isfhough't no method
novv known is fuflfcient . to have raifed
thpfe that Ue acrofs, to that height.
¦Stonebavin^ or Slonehive, a town ' in Kin-
cardlnefliirfe, ScDfland", wilh a good- har
bour fecured- by a ftone pier. Near it
afe the ruins of the famous caftle bf
Dunnotyr ; it ftandS on a' lofty perpen
dicular rock, almofl fiirrounded - by fhe
fea. Not far hence is a prijclpitous eUff",
called Fowl's Ckugh, remarkable for fhe
rclbrt of the birds called kittiwakes, fhe
-young of vvhich are much fought after
ill the liatchirig feafon. In this tovvn is
a mannfacau-re of canvafs, and fome
trade in dried fifli and oil. "Fhis oil is
obtained chiefly from the dogfifli, great
numbers of which are caught 011 this
coaft : 1 4 miles S by W Ab'erdeCa.
Starmaria, a principality in the duchy
of Hoiftcia, bbimded'N by Holfteia Prop
er, E by Wageria and Lawenburg, S aad
W by- Luaeaburg aad Bremea, from
which it is fcparated hy tbe Elbe. Gluck
ftadt is tbe capital.
Stornaway, A flourfftiing town of Scpt
land, in the ifle 4f Lev-n's, It, has a har
bour oa the E fide of fhe ifland.
Stortford, a tovvn in Herffprdflilre,
Englaad. If is pn the Jide pf a hill, pn
the river Stprt, which has been made
navigable hence to the Lea, On the E

fide are the ruins of a caftle, on an :rti.
ficial mount : 12 miks N E Hertford^
and 30 N London.
Stour, A river which rifes on the molV
northerly point of Dorfetfliire, and enteri"
the fea'at Chriflchurch,
Stour, A river vvhich fbrins the entire
boundary between Effex and Suffolk,
England- ; watering Clare, Sudburyj Ney-'
land, and Maaniaglret ;, and being join
ed by the Orwell from Iprwich, forms'
the nobTe harbour of Harwich,
Stourbridge, A toWn In Wflrcefterflilre,,
England. If is on the Stour, over which.
is a brldge^andis noted for its gjafs and'
Iron works : 22 miles N Worcefter, iind'
124 N''W Londori.
Stourbridge, or Sii-^Sich, a field near
Cambridge, famous for an annual fair oa
the 7th pf September, which cp'ntinues a
fpftnlght. There are many tradefmen
gp , thither from London, as well as-
from other parts ; and the commodities.
are Ko'rfes, hops, iron, -Wppd, leather,,
cheefe, &c.'. This fair is under fhe jurit
dli3;i-oii.of the Dili verfity of Cambridge.
Sto'urmiiifier, a town in Dorfetfliire,
England; remarkable for the ruins pfan-
anclenf caftle riear it, wfflcli was the feat
of the' Weft Saxon ^ings. It is on ths
Stour, over which is a ftone bridge : 20
miles NE Dorchefter, iii W by S London. ,--
Stourport, A to'wn in Worcefterfliire,.
England, vifhich, from a plain field, is be
come wrth'In a few years, a" very bufy
and tliriving centfe of inland navigation,''
It is opppfite fhe place where the Staffprd-^
fliire and Worcefterfliire canal enters the
Severn, pver which river it has a Icng,
ftone bridge, finiflied in 1 775 : 4 miles
S Kidderminfter. Stiw, a- town iri Gloucefterfliire, Engt
land, ori- a bleak hiU, deftitute of wood
and wafer : 11 miles S Campden, and
7 7 W by N London,
Sta-wey, a town la Somerfetfliire, Eng-r
land. It has 106 houfes 1 22 miles W
WeUs, Ion, 3 9 "W, lat, 51 10 N. '
Sio-w-Market, Ato-ixn'in Suffolk, Englaridi
between the Gipperig and OrwcM, and has
a navigable canal tp Ipfwich. Ils cher
ries are thought to be the fineft iaEiig-
laad; and it has a large manufadture of
tvoo'den ftuffs : 12 miles N W Ipfwich,
and 75 N N E London.
Stradella, a fl'rong town of Italy, in the
Milanefe, with a caftk, near the Po : 10
miles S E Pavia, and 47 N W Parma,
Straits af Calais. See Pas de Calais.
Straelen, A town in PruiBan Guclderr
land : 5 miles S W Gueldrei. StrelftnJi .

-S T R
f , f
( ( ¦ Stralfund, A ftrong feaport Pf GeOriariy,
in Swedifli Pomerania, In 1678, it fur
rendered fp the ckiftor pf Brandenburg,
after.1800 houfes had been burnt in one
night. It is almoft furrounded by the
¦Baltic and the lake Francen, and has a
'harbour feparated from the , Ifle of Ru-
-gen by a narrow Strait : 15 miles N W
"Gripfwald, and 40 N E ;Guftrow, 'ten,
I I J3 28 E, lal, 54 17 N,
Strangford, a'fe^port of Irijland, county
of 'Dovvn, on fhe narrovv channel that
'ronneifts-Lough Slrangf-oid witli the Irifli
Sea : 7 niiles E Down,
Strangford Lough, a deep ialet pf the
¦fea, in the cpunly pf Dpwn, on tbe ,E
coaft of Ireland. It is 17 niiles teng and
5 broad, and abounds with excellent fifli,
•particularly fmelts ; and offi" the bar,
about Auguft, is a -periodical herring.fifli-
cry. The bar, or entrance iiito it from
tbe Irifli Sea, it 3 miles "below Strangford, -
"It contains 54 iflands, that have names,
and many others. The burning of kelp
¦profitably employs a great number of
"iiands in thefe ifiaads, 'Four of thepi are
caUed Swan Iflands, from the number of
fwans that frequent them. ;
Stranrawer, a borough in Wigtonfliire,
-on Lpch Ryan, Scpt'Iand, wilh a harbour,
-to which belong ibout ,20 veffels of 100
tons, empteyed in the cp.lfting trade and
herring fifliery, and has about 1600
inhabitanbs. If has a nianufatfture -of
-1 inen, and is 8 miks W Glenhice, lon, 5
'15 W, lat. 55 o N. _
Sirajiiirg, aa ancient, ppputeus, and
eommercial city pf France, department
of Lower Rhine, near fhe Rhine ; the
river III runs through if, and forms many
canals. There are 6 bridges of com-
Tnunicafipn befvyeen the different-quarters
of the city, pae pf wppd, 3900 feet teag ;
aoo narrow ftreets, 4000 hpufes, ftrpag
rather than haadfome, and 60,000 inhab
itants ; by others the irihabitants, exclufive
ofthe garrifon, are computed tp be46,ooo.
The principal ftruiftiires are built of a red
ftone, dug from the quarries, upoa fhe
¦Rhine, This fown vv^as formerly impe
rial. The towa is entered by 6 gates,
-Before the rcvolulipn pf 1789,11 was aa
archiepifcopal fee, but Is now a bifliopric.
In thecathedral is a clock, whicli ftip.-ws
the motions of the coaftellalioas, the rev-
' ' (ilutions of tbe ftin and moon, the days
-of the week, tbe hours, aad a -filver
'bell, yi^eigliiug two tons, Aaother re-
-m;ifr.kable circumftance in this cathedral
,h ils pyramidical tower, whicli is 549
feet high, aud is afcended by 635- fteps.

S TU
Here is a'fchool of artillery, and, in'on*
pf the Lutheran churches, tbe maufoleuiii
of marflial Saxe: 55 miles N Bafil, and
255 E Pafis,lon, 7 51 E, lat. 48 35 N.
[Moor,]
Straffurg, a ftrong town pf Weftern
Pruffia, in Culm, witha Caftle: 3P miles
frpm Thprn, ten, 18 2,^,E,'l-at, 53 5 N.
Stratford, a cpafiderabk village in -Ef
fex, EngUad, feparated from Bpvv, in
MlddkfeXj-by the river Lea, over vvhicji
is a bridge, faid to be the moft ancient
ftone bridg;e in England : 4 miles ENE
Londpn. Stratford on Avon, a corporate fown
in Warwickfliire, England, governed by
a mayor, on the Avon, pver which is a
¦ftpne bridge, with 13 great and 6 fmall
arches. 'It is memorable as the birth
place of Shakcfpear, who was buried here
ini6i6: 8 mfles S W Warjvlck, and 94
•N W London.
Siratferd, Fenny,A 'town -in Bucklng
hamfliire, England : 45 miles N W
Lbndoii. Stratford, St. Mary's, 3 coafiderable
village, haVipg a fliare ia the woollen
maaufadure : iz miles SW Ipfwich.
Stratford, Stony, an ancient to.wn in
Buckinghanifliire, England, oa the Oufe :
52 miles N "W London.
Strathavon, a town in Lanerkfliire,
Scotland, S of Hamilton, furrounded by
alittle fertile track, from'wliich it takes
its nanie.
¦Stratbniore,-A vaUcy ia Eincardinefhire,
one of the fined traits in Scotland. It
is flieltered N W by-the Grampian moun
tains. Strattan, .atown in'Cornwa'll, England,
between tvvo rivulets, which here uaite
aad fall into the Briftol channel at a fmall
diftance : 18 miks N WLa-unceftpn, and
221 -W by S London.
Straubing, a town of Bavaria, capital of
a territory of tbe fame name. It is a
large place, .with -brpad 'ftreets, handfome
churches and fine cpnvents. It is on the
Danube : 22 miles S £ Ratiflion, and 65
1^ E Munich-
.Efreatbam, a viUage in Surry, England :
5 miks S Lfeu-don. Here is a mineral
wafer of a cathartic quality.
Strelilz, Old, a town of Lower Saxony,
dwchy of Mecklenburg Strelilz, on a
plain, ahnoft furrounded -by morafles ;
35 miles S W New Eraadealnirg.
S'trtlitz New, A town ill tbe duchy of
Mecklenburg Strelicz, which owes its or
igin to the deftruiStion of the ducal palace
in OU Strelilz. It is regularly planned iu

S!T R

SUA

.in the form of a ftar. The centre is a
Ipacious market place, and thence a
Bumber of ftreets branch out in ftraight
lines. "The chief ftreet leads to the pal
ace, and the next fo a pleafant lake : 50
miles "W Stetin.
Sireng, pr Strengues, a town of Ssyeden,
in Sudermania, with a bifhop's fee.-and a
celebrated gymnafium, or college : 30
miles W Stockholm.
Sirivali, two rocky iflands in the Medi
terranean, anciently called Strophades -,
according to the ancient ppets, the refi
dence pf the Harpies ; af prefent a few
jnpnks are the pnly inhabitants : s6 miles
S Zante, lat, 37 23 N.
Stroma, a fmall ifland on the cpaft pf
Caithnefsfhire, Scptland, once ufed as a
place of interment, by the inhabitants of
feveral of the neighbouring ifland.s. In
the caverns of this ifland, uncorrupted
human bodies, that had been dead fixty
years or more, were formerly to be
found. Stramholo, the moft ndrthern pf the
Lipari Iflands. It is a vplcanp, which
rifes in a cpnical fprni abo-yc tbe furface
of the fea. On the £ fide it has 3 or 4
little craters ranged near each other, not
at the fummit, but on fhe declivity",
nearly af two thirds of its height, which
is 500 fathoms. It is inha'Dltedinotvyilh-
fjjndirig Its fires ; but care is taken to
avoid the proximity pf the crater, which
is yet much tp be feared. Of all the vol-
caaos recerded in hlftpry, Sfrpmbplp
feems to be the only one that burns with
out ceafiag. Etaa and Vefnvius oftea
lie quiet for maay months, and even
years, without the leaft appearance of
fire ; but Strombolo is ever af yvork, and,
for ages paft, has been looked upon as the
great lighlhoufepf the Mediterranean Sea,
The ifland is fertile and prpduces a great
deal of cottori ; fhe inhabitants are few
iri number, and unfoclal in their man
ners, ten. 15 45 £, lat, 38 40 N. [Adani,]
Stromnefs, A toyvn on the W fide of ihe
i,fland of Orkney, with an exceUent har
bour : 9 miks "W Kirkwall,
i'tronberg, a town of Germany, bifliopric
of Munfter, < apilal of a fmaU diflriiit : 20
miles N W Paderborn, 22 S E Munfter,
Strangoli, A town of Naples, In Calabria
Citeriore, on a high rock, furrounded by
others : 3 milcs froip the fea, and 7 N
St. Severino,
Sironfa, oriC of the Orkney Iflands, fitu-
:ited n'e of that called Mainland. It has
S87 inhabilants.

Stroud, a town in Gloucefterijiire, Eng
land. It is Pii a brppk, whpfe waters be
ing peculiarly adapted tP the dying of
fcarlet ; its banks are crowded wijh the
houfes ,pf cipthiers, and a navigable canal
accpnipanies its prpgrefs to the Severn,
This canal has been lately extended 10
join the Thames at Lechlade. See
Thames. Stroud is 1 1 miles S E Glouce
fter, iind 102 "W by N London,
Stroud, A confiderable village in Kent,
England, which joins the N end of Roch- '
efter bridge, beipg parted from the city
by the river Medway : 29 miles S E
London. Stul/ngen, A town of Suabia, with a caf
tle : 35 miles W Conftance,
Stulweiffenburg,A (trOng towu of Lower
Hungary, capital of "Ekekerfdegewar. It
had the title of rpyal, becaufe fprmerly
fhe kings vyere crpvvned and buried here.
It is pii the Raufiza : 20 mjles S W Bu
da, and 162 N by W Belgrade,
Stutgard,a pppulous cityof Suabia,cap-
ital of the duchy of Wirtemburgj It is
in a delightful country, furrounded by
walls and ditches, and has an ancient caf
tle, with a rich cabinet pf curipfilies, a
ducal palace, an prpban hpufe, and a col
lege. , The ftreets are narrovv in fhe cily,
and the houfes generally of wood; but
there are fine houfes and ftraight fbcets
in Pile pf file fuburbs. Stutgard was tak
en by tbe French in June, 1796. It is
pn a plain apipng mpuntains, near the
Neckar : 36 milcs £ Baden, and 52 N £
Strafburg, ten. 9 10 E, lat. 48 50 N.
Suabia, A circle of Germany, bounded
on the N by Franconia and the circle of
the Lower Rhine, on 'the W by that cir
cle and Alface, on the S by Swiflerland,
and on fhe E by Bavaria. It contains
the duchy of 'Wirtemburg, fhe margra
vate pf ^aden, the principalities pf Hoen-;
ZpUern, Oetingen, and Mindelheim, the
biflioprlcs pf Auglburg, Cpnftance, and
C'pire, with feveral . abbies, aad imperial
tpwhs.. The FrcBch republicans pverrun
this cpuntry in the beginning pf 17961
buf -ivere conipelkd to evacuate if before
the end of the year.
Suakem, a fmall ifland in the Red Sea,
near the coafl, of Nubia, with a feaport
of the fame name, anciently called Theon
Soter. The-ifland is fituated in a bay,
the entrance of whicli is narrow, and
vvell fecured from every wind, with 5, 6,
and 7 fathoms vvater, Il beloags to the
Turks, and is governed by a pacha, lon,
39 20 E, lat. 19 20 N,
Suane, fee Soana. Suanei

SUD

s u^:p

Suanes, Suani, or Suaneii, a poor and fim
ple people pf Afia, who inhabit one of
the four divifions pf Imeritia. They fub
fift by laifirig cattte, and by a Uttle agri
culture. Suaquam, a feapprt of Africa, in tbe
country of Abex, on a fmall ifland of the
fame name, pu the W fide of the Red
Sea, If is the refidence pf a Turkifli
gpvernpr under the bafliaw pf Cairp, and
was pnce a very flpurifliing place, buf is
now gone tP decay, ten. 37 55 E, lat, 19
,56 N,
^ubbiaro, A town in Campagna di Roma,
with a caftle : 33 mUes £ Rpme,
Sucyari, A fmall village of Paleftiiie,
betenging fo the Drufes, vvho poffefs a
long range of mouatalps from Caflravan
to Carmel. Here the delcendaats of Fac-
cardine keep up the family fradilioa thai
priaccs can never fleep fafely but in the
^ay time, wheij the adlions of men are
eafily obferved by the guards, and that
in the night it is neceffary to be always
vigilant and watchful, left traitors affault
in darknefs. So fhey now turn day into
flight. , [Mauuflrell,]
Suflbury, A borough in Suffolk, Englaad,
Il contains 3 ancient churches, Is govern
ed by a mayor, and fends two piembers
to parliament. It was one of the firft
feats ofthe Flemings, who were brought
over by Edward III, to teach tbe Englifli
the art of^manufaifturing their own vvool.
Its trade is now divfcrted, in great part,
into other channels : but many kinds of
thin .fluffs are ftill made here, parlicu-
laabr fays, bunting for navy colours, and
bwial crapes. It is on the Stour, (wliich
is navigable licpce to Mannipgtree:) 56
miks-,N £ Lpndpn, ten. o 50 E, lat. 52
,11 N.
Suderfoping, a town of Sweden, in E
Gbthland : 10 miles S Nordkioping, and
90 S W Stockhplm,
Sudermania, or Sunder manland, A prov
irice of Swedea Proper, bouaded N by
Uplaad and Weftermania, Eby tlie pcn
infula of Tarin, S by the Baltic, W by
Nericia. It is the moft ppputeus part of
Sweden, and abounds in cora, aad mines
cf divers metals, Nikoping is the capital,
Sudoree, one of the Faro illand?, ia the
Northern Oceaa ; remarkable for a dan
gerous whirlpool near it, whichis occii-
Concd by a crater, 61 fathom deep ia the
centre, aad between 50 and 55 ,at the
fides. The daager, efpecially in ftorms,
is very great ; fliips are irrefiftably drawn
in, and the waves beat fo high, fhat an
efcape is ahnoft miraculous; yet at the

reflux, in very ftill weather, the i-rihahr
itants venture in bpats, fpr the fake of
filhiug. Sveiiborg, a feaporf town of Denmark,
in the Illand of Funen, with the beft har
bour in the iflaad. Here are manufac
tures of woollen and linen : 22 miks S S
£ Odenfee, lon. 10 37 £, lat, 55 9 N.
Suez, a fcaport of Egypt, fituated an a
ppiat pf laad, iu tb_e form of a peninfula,
onthe weftern coaft of the Red Sea., It
is nof furrounded by walls, but the houfes
are built fp clpfcly tpgcUier, that 'there
are only twp paffages Into the cily, of
vvhich that neareft the fea is open, the
other fliut by a very infufficient gale.
The houfes are very indifferent ftruc-
tures; the Khans being the only folii^
buildings in the city. Hardly any part
now remains of theeaftle vvh"w;hthcTurk»
built upon the iruins of the ancient KpI-
fum. It is very thialy iahabited. A-
aioiig its inhabitaafs are foaie Greeks
aad a few families of Copts. But, about
the time ofthe departure of the fleet, it Is
crowded withftraagers. The grouad ly-
iag about it is afl oae bed of rock, flight
ly covered with faad Scarcely a plant
is lo be feen aay where ia the neigbbpur
bood. Trees, gardeas, meadows, and
fields, are eatirely uaknpwu 31 Suez. Fifli
is the only article of provifion pkatilut
here. AU other neceffaries of life, for
bothnien and the domeftic animals, are
brought from afar ; from Cairo, which is
three days' journey diftant from Suez ;
Mount Sinai, at the diftance: of 6 days'
journey, or Ghaffo, at the diftance of 7.
The only water fit for drinking that is
10 be had here, comes from Uie wells of
Naba, upqii the other fide of the gulf,
aad more tlian 2 leagues diftant from Su
ez, 'Fhe Arabs are the carriers ; and
they fell tbis water at the rate of 9. French
fous a fkin ; but, though reputed the beft,
is ftill very 'bad. Several veffels are an
nually employed iu the navigation be
tween this port aad Jidda ; 4 or 5 arc
freighted by tbe Sultaa, with corn for
Mecca and Medina, which they coavey
fo Jidda and Jambo : 14 others ferve to
carry paffengers belweea Jidda and Sn-
ez. The coinmerce of Cairo with Suez,
is only carried on by means of caravans,
whicli wait the arrival and fet out on
the departure of the veffels, that is, to
wards the end ofApril, or the beginning ot"
May, and in the courfe of the month of
July and Auguft. Tbat which M Volaey
accompar.if'l, in 1783, confifted of about
3000 camels, and 5 or 6poo men. 'The
merchanaife

^ U L

S U-M

TOertfhandife confifted I" wood, fails, and '
irordage, for the fliips at Suez ; in fome
¦anchors, carried by each of tbem, by 4
c'amels; iron bars, carded wool, and
iead : if likewife carried bales of cteth,
and barrels of cpchineal, corn, barley,
arid beans, Turkifli piaftres, Venetian fe-
«guln», and Imperial dollars. ' All thefe
commodities vvere deftined for Jidda,
Mecca and ¦]VIocha,'whci-e they were to ,be
fcarfered.for 'Indian Goods," apd -the cof
fee of Arabia, which forms the principal
article of tbeteturns: 60 m.iks ESE
,<:airo,ten. 32 45 E,,lat. 29 45 N. ""
[Niebuhr, Thevenot, Bowen.]
Suffolk, A county o'f England, bquricled
yt by Cambridgefliire, N by Norfolk, 5
,i>y Effex, E by the Gei^nan Ocean. It is
in the diocefe of Norwich -; crontains
Sc?o,ooo acres, 22 hundreds, 28 market
towns, and 575 pariflies; and fcilds 16
members to parli-amerit. ' The air is clear
and healthy. "'i"he country in general is
'level. Ifs priricipal produce is butter and
eheefe; but as the latter i_3 only fupple-
mentary to the former, it has gained, al
moft proverbially, the charaifter of the
-worft in England- 'The farmers are op
ulent and flcilful ; and have an excellent
Jjireed of draught horfes. Ipfwich is the
principal town '; but tbe aflizes are held
at Bury St. Edmunds.' - ' " '
SugelmeffJ, br Sigelmeffa, A province cf
Barbary, bounded S by the -kingdom of
Tafilet,. N by Mount Atlas. If is about
IOO miles in length ; abounds in corn,
<lafcs, and other fruits, and has mines bf
•iron, lead, and antipony. ' ' The gbvern-
-ment Is a republic, " I'he capifa-I, of the
-fame name, is on the Zig,: J50 miles N
3SI E Tafilet, lon, 5 5 W, laf, 29 46 N,
Suke-ffuc, a large and poputeus town
on the Euphrates, the refiderice 'of a povv'-
erful Arab Prince. The market is a mile
¦teng. [Jackfon,]'
Sukana, a town of Afia, in" the defert
of Syria, near which is a warm f^ilphure-
-«)U3 fpring: 140 miks SSE Aleppo, and
130 N E Damafcus.
Sukene, A town of Africa, in the coun
ty of Tripoli.
Sukerraba, A towa of Arabia, in the
provlnceof Yemen: 4miles S SEOthuma.
Sukkonela, A tovvn of Africa on the Gold
Coaft, lathe diftrlift of Anta ; the trade in
gold is confiderable. The EngKfli, French,
'aad Dutch, have faiftories and forts.
Sully, atown of France, department of
LoiretjOn the Loire: 20mUcs 'S EOrkans.
Sulmona,A tovvn of Naples, in Abruzzo
Citeriore, remarkable for being ,fhe birth

place of Ovid, It is on the Sora ; j6 ,
miles S W Chieti, lat, 42 o N, '
Suliania, a confiderable town of Perfia,
in Irac Agemi. Here is a very magnifi
cent riiof'que, ivhich contains the tomb
of fuhan Chodabeiid. The town con
tains ifliout 3qoo -houfes, and not more
than 6006 inhabitants : 50 miles N W
Cafbin, Ipn. 57. 53 i,iat. j6 16 N.
' ' ' [Chardin.]
Sultzhacb, A town of Ba'^aria, with a
caftk, fubjeft to the duke of -Neuburg-
Sultzhacb. It has about 300 houfes ; 19
miles'N W Amberg, and 32 N Ratifbon.
SultzbiirgyA town of Suabia, with a fine
palace, in a territory, fertile in good
¦wine : 8 milcs S W Friburg.
Sumatra, an ifland of Afia, the mofl
weftern of -the Spfada Iflands. Its genel.
ral dlreiftlon' is nearly N W and S E, The
equator divides it Into ahnoft equal paris^
the one extremity being in 5 33 N, thfe
other in 5 56 S lat, and'Acfheen Head, its
N extremity, is in lon, 95 34 E. Il is fep
arated from Malacca, by tbe ftraits of
that naine,'and from Ji'^a, by the ftraits
of Sunda,, Itis 900 .miles in length, and
from 100^*0150 iri breadth. No acco'unt
has besri given -of rliis ifland, "byany Eng
lifliman, tiU the year 1778, when Mr,
Millar (fori of the celebrated bofanifl^
gave an account of the manners of a par
ticular diftriiSt, .The Battas, a people
who live in file inferior parts, caUed the
Caffia country, differ from all the other
inhabitarits in language, manners, and
ciiftoms. They eat 'the prifoners whom
they fake in "War, and liarig ' up their
fkulls as trophies In their houfes. He
pbferves, hpwever, that hnman flefli is
eaten' <b-y them rn ie'rrarem,'And not as
common food ; though tbey prefer it to
all others, and fpeak with peculiar rap-
turespf tbe-folesof ehefeetj'and palmsof
the hands, Tbey expreflid much fur-
pwfe that the white people did net kill,
much lefs eat, their, prifpners. Froni
this country, the greateft part of the
cafiia that ts fent fo Eurppe is procured.
It abounds alfp w'rib the camphire trees,
which cpaftitufe the common timber in
ufe ; and i« thefe frees the camphire is
found native, iri a concrete form, and al
fo in an ail lefs valiiaWe. A chain of
high mountains runs through its whole
extent ; the ranges, in riiany parts being
double and treble; their 'altitude, fhough
great, is riot fufficient to occafiori their
being covered wifh fnow during any
part of the year. Between thefe ridges
a're extenjive plains, confiderably elevai- ,
c4

3 U li

$ U M

ed above the furface of the maritime
iHids, In thefe, the air is cool ; and,
frpm this advantage, ihey are efteemed
the moft eligible portion of the couatry,
ai-e the beft iahabited, and tbe moft clear
ed from woods, which elfewhere, in gen
eral, cover both hills aad vallies with
conflaiif fhade. Here too are found
many large aad beautiful lakes, that fa
cilitate much the communlcaiion between
the different parts. The Heat of the air
ii-far froni-bcing fo, intenfe as might be
expedted from a country occupying the
middle of the forri i zone ; aud itis more
temperate thaa maay regioas without the
tropics ; the theraiometcr, al the moft
fullry hour, about 2 in tlie afteraoon,
generally fluctuating between 82 aad 85
degrees. , The inhabitants are divided
mio Malays, A-chenefe, Battas, Lam
poons, aud Rejangs, They are rather
below the middle ftature ; their bulk in
propprtlpn ; their limbs, for the moft
part, flight, but well fliaped, and particu
larly fmaU at the wrllls and ankles.
Their hair is ftrong and of a fliining
black. The nien are beirdlefs ; great
pains being taken to render theni fo,
when boys, by rubbing their chins with
a kind of quicklime. Their coiiiglexion
is properly yellow, waiifi'ng.fhe red tinge
that conftitutes a copper or fawny col
our ; thofe of the fuperior clafs, who arc
not expofed tp the rays of fhe fun, and
particuIarTy their women of rank, ap
proaching to a degree of fairnefs, I'he
greater part of flic females arc ugly,
maay of them even to difguff ; yet
among them are fome whofe appearaace
is ftrikingly be.i-utiful. Some of the in
habitants of the hilly parts are obferved
to have (he fwelUd neck, or gpiter ; but
they attempf no remedy for it, as thefe
wens are confiftent with the higheft
health. The riles of marriage among
file Suraatrans, confift finiply ia joining
the hands of the parties, aad proaouac-
ing them man and wife, without much
ceremony, excepting the entertainment
which Is given upon the occafion. But
Utile apparent courtfliip precedes tbeir
marriages, Tbeir manners do not adr
mit of it ; the young people of each fex
being carefuUy kept afunder, and the
girls being feldom trufted from under
the wing of their mothers. Tbe oppor
tunities vvhich the young people have of
feeing and converling vvith each other,
arc at the public feftivals. On thefe oc
cafions, the perfons who are unmarried,
msct together, and dance and fin^ in

company. It may be fuppofed that tb*
young ladies cannot belong without their'
particular admirers. 'Fhe meu, whea.
determined in their regards, generally
employ an old woman as their agent, by
whom tbey make known their fent imciiis
and ffnd prefents to the female of their
choice. The parents then interfere, ani£
the prelimina4'ic3 being fettled, a feaft
takes place. At thefe feftivals, a goat,.
a buffalo, or feveral, according to the
rank of the parties, are killed to enter
tain, not only- the relations and invitciL
guefts, but all the inhabitants of the-
neighbouring cpuntry vvho choofe to re
pair fo fhem. TKe greater tbe concouvfc,
the more is the credi-t of tlie hoft, who
is generally oil thefe occafipas, tbe fath
er pf the girl. The cuftoms oi the Su-
mafraas permit- their having as many
vvlves as tJiey can purchafe, or, afford to-
maiataia ; but it is extremely rare that
an Inftance occurs of their having more
than oae, and that only among a few of
the chiefs' This continence they owe,,
ia fome meafure, to their ppverly. Moth
ers carry, their children, notea the arm,,
but ftraddlihg on the hip, and ufually
fupported by a <:rcth vvhich tits In a knot-
on the oppofite flioulder. The childrcru
are nurfed but little ; are not confined^
by any fvvalbluij^orbaadagcs ; and being
fuffered to roU about the floor, fobis
karn to walk and fliift for llitrnfclvLSj
vvhen cradles are ufed, tbey fwing fuf
pended from the ceilirigs of the rooms..
The Sumatrans are fond pf cock fighting.
A man who has a high opinion of his
cock, will aot fight bim uader a certain-
aumber of dollars ; and a father on his*
death bed has been known to defire his foni
fo take fhe firft opportunity of matching
a cock for a fum equal to his whole prop
erty, under a blind conviction of its be
ing invulnerable. The wild Beafl's of Su
matra are tigers, elephants, .rhinocerofes,
bears, and monkies. The tigers prove t«
•the iaha'liitants, both in their journies,
and even flieir domeftic occupations, moft-
deftrudlive enemies, l"hc number of peo
ple annually flain by ihefc rapacious ty
rants pf the wpods,' is almoft incredible ;
yet, from a fnperftitilious prejudice, it is
with difficulty they are prevailed npnii
by a large reward, which the ladia Com
pany offers, to ufe.mcthods of tlcflroying
them, till they have fuftained fome par
ticular injury in their own family or kin
dred. Alligators Ultcv/ife occafion ihc
lofs of maay iahabilaiifs, frequently de
ftroying the prople as they bathe in thr

SUM

SUN

*iver, according to their regular cuftom,
aad from whicli the perpetual evidence
Of the rifk attending it, cannot deter
them, A fuperftitiolis idea of tbeir faifc-
tiry, alfo, preferves them frpm mplefta-
tion, although, with a hook pf fufEcIenf
ftrength, they may be taken wiihput
much diflaculty. 'Fhe other animals pf
-Sumatra are buffaloes, a fmall kind of
horfes, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, arid
hog-deer. 'Fhis laft is an animal fome
what larger thaa a i abbit, the bead re-
fembliag that of a hog, and its flianks and
feet like thofe of the deer. The bezoar
ftone found on this animal has been valu
ed at 10 tinies Its weight in gold : It Is
of a dark brovvn colour, fmooth ou the
outfide, aad the cdat beiag taken off, it
appears ftill darker, wilh ftririgs running
underaeath the coat : it will fwim on fhe
to'p of the water. If It be infufed in ariy
liquid, it makes It extremely bitter : fhe
virtues ufually attributed to fhis ftone are
ckaafing the ftomach, creatlag aa appe
tite, and fweeteniag fhe blood. Of birds
they have a greater variety than of beafts.
The coo-pvv, or Sumatran pheafaaf, is a
bird pf uacpmmea beauty, - They have
ftorks of prodigious fize, parrots, dung
hill fowls, ducks, the largeft cocks in fhe
world, woodpigeons, doves, and a great
variely'pf fmall birds, dift'erent frpm ours,
and diftinguiflied by the beauty of their
colpurs. Of their reptiles, they have liz
ards, flying lizards, ancl camelipns. The
iflands fwarm with infedls, and their va
rieties are nokfs extraordinary than their
numbers. Rice is the only grain that
grows in the country ; fhey have fugar-
canes, beans peas, radifhcs, yams, pota
toes, pumpkins, and feveral kinds of pot
herbs unknown to Europe ; and here are
' found moft of the fruits to be met with
in other parts of tbe £ ladles in che great
eft perfe(5lioa. Indigo, faltpetre, fulphur,
arfenic, Brafil wood, two fpecies of the
bread fruit free, pepper, benjamin, coffee,
andcotton,are likcwifcthe produceof this
iflaad, as well as caffia, of which it fur
niflies about 2660 pounds, befides more
of the pil than can be fold, Flere alfp
is the cabbage tree and filk cpf ton tree ;
and the fore.'l contain a great variety pf
valuable fpecies pf wood, as ebony, pine,
fandal, eagle, or atees, teek, manchiaeel,
aud iron wood, and alfo the banyan tree.
Bees wax is a commodity of great import
ance here ; and they have likewife edible
bird's nefts. Gold, tin, iron, copper aad
lcad,arcfoundin fhe country; and the for- I
Pier is as plentiful here as in any part of '^

Afia, " The Englifli and Dutch have fac
tories on fhis ifland ; the principal one
of the former being Fort Marlborough,
en the S W coaft. The original natives
of Sumatra are pagans ; but it is to be
obferved, that when the Sumatrans, or arty'
of the natives of the eaftern iflands, learn
fo read the Arabic charaiSer, and fub
mit fo circumcifion, they are faid to be
come Malays ; fhe term Malay being'
uaderftood to mean Muffulman. See At-
heen. [Marfden, Macdonald, Bovvcri',
Millar,] Sumerein, a tPWn pf Lower Hungary",
in an ifland of Scbut, made by tlie rivfer'
Danube : 16 miles S Prefburg, '
Summei-kioum, an irregularly built fqwn
of Ava, on fhe Irrawaddy, All the in
habitants are employed in the manufac
ture of fiiltpefre, and gunpowder ; thence'
the royal magazines are fupplied. In the
vicinity rice is cultivated. [Symes,]
Sunari, A diftriiSt in Argylefliire, S<:ot-
land, iii the peninfula af fhe N W end of
that (/ounty. It Is remarkable for nu
merous veins of lead, which are not very
produdlive. Sunda Ifiands, a name given to feveral
iflarids inthe Eaftern Indian Sea, of which
Sumatra, Borneo, and Java are the chief.
Sunda (Straits of) the ftrait or paffage
of the Eaftern Indian Sea, which lies be^-
tween fhe Iflands of Sumatra and Java,
Sunderbiinds, or The Woods, A fraiSt of
country, confifting of that part of the
Delta of the Ganges, in Bengal, which
borders on the lea,. In extent it is
equal to the printipality of Wales, It is
completely enveloped in woods, infefted
with tigers and compofed of a labyrinth
of rivers and creeks, all of vvhich are fait,
except thpfe that immediately ccmmiini-
cate with the principal arm of the Gan
ges, Here fait in quantifies equil to the
whole confumption of Bengal and its de
pendencies, is made and tranfported with
equal faeiUty ; and here ali"o is found an
inexhauftible ftore of timber for boat
building, Sunderburg, a tPwn of ' Denmark, in the
ifland pf Alfen, with a caftk. It is on a
ftrait, called Suaderburg Sound " 12 miles
E Flenflburg,Sunder,ioo, OT Melundy, a fortified ifland
and feaport of the Deccan of Flindoof-
taa, on the Coacaacoaft, reduced by com
modore James, in 1756, It is about 10
miks N E Viagoria Rocks.
Sunderland, A feaport ia the bifliopric
of Durham, England. If is a flourifliino;
town, and," for the "erportatioa of ciTal,, >9

SUR
{3 next In confequence, on that fide of the
kingdom, of Newcaftle. Its port, at the
mouth to fhe Wear, though improved
from its fprmer ftate, vtrill iipf admit very
large fliips ; but veffels herice can get put
to fea much iriore rieadlly thari frpm the
Tyne. The cpal Is brpught down the
Wear from numerous pits near iti banks.
Hei-e are feveral glafshoufes ; and there
is an exportation of griadftoaes and other
articles 113 miles N E Durliam, and 264
N by W London.
Sundi, A province of Africa, i'n Congo,
Which lies along the river Zaire, Its riv
ers render It extreriiely fertUe, and in the
mountains are mines of feveral metals,
"Oie capifal is of the fariie name, lon 17
55 E, lat, 4 50 S,
Sundfwall, a feaport of Sweden; in the
divifion of Norland, aad proviace of Mcr
delpadia, Il is aear the gulf of Bbfhala :
195 miles N by W Stockholm, loa, 18 5
E, lat, 62 45 N.
Sunneburg, or Sonneberg, 1 flpuriflliflg
tpwn pf Braadeaburg, in the territory of
Sterabiirg, with a caftle : 50 miles E by
N BerUn.
Sunk Ifland, art iflahd, 9 mfles in circuit,
iyithin tke mouth of the Humber, fepa
rated from "Yorkfliire, by a channel, near
two miks broad. If produces all forts of
grain, alfo wood aad black rabbits.
Sunning, A village in Berkfliire, on the
^Thariies, x mile's N E Reading. It was
once aa epifcopal fee, aad had 9 biflippsia
fucceffipn, the laft pf vvliprii, Hermannus,
removed the fee to Salifbury.
Sunning Hill, a village ia Berkfliire, in
Windfor Foreft 1 6 miles SSE Windfor.
It is noted for its medicinal wells, which
are efficacious in paralytic cafes.
Supine, -an aucieat tovvn pf Naples, in
Molife, with a caftle : it is al the foot of
the Appennines : 1 7 miks N by W Bene
vento, Sur, fee Sour.
Surat, a city and fcaport of the Dec-
can in Hiadooftan, Il if 'aid tp have
nearly 1,000,000 inhabitanls, and its
tr,ide is novv very v-rpiifideriihk, la this
cily are many cliffereaf religlOftS ; for
there i^re- Mahometans of fcveral feils,
m.iny forts of Gentoos, and Jews and
Chrillian-, of varioiii deaominaiions. The
Mahometans af Surat are not, by far, fo
llii'it as they are ia Arabia, or in other
Turkifli countries, nor are the diflinc-
tious of tribes •.imong the -Hindoos who
refide here ftrliSly obferved. Thefe Hln-
doiw are a f'cl of indufl'rious, fober peo
ple, aud of moft furprifing boncfty. 'I he
Vol. II, C c c c

SUR
Hindoo women affift their hulbands in
earning their bread ; and, keeping ihem-k
felves fo clean, that the European womtii,
who come to India, are obUged to follow
their example, or run the rifle of lofijig
their hufband's affedioas. When a child
is born, a bramin is to declare, by aftro-
logicaj rules, whether the child is come
into the world in a lucky hour or nbt.
This done, he hangs a thin ftring over
the flioulder of a boy, who wears fhis dif-
tiniSlive niark of his nation all his Ufe-
time. If A baniaa, or common Hindoo,
intends to give his chfld in marriage,
whichis done when the child is about 6
or 8 years pld, a Bramin Is to fix the times
vvhen the father is lo afk for the bride,
and when fhe wedding is to be celebrated.
In the mean while, the children remain
in the houfes of their parents till they
arrive at the age of maturity. Thebramins
order and aaaouace alfp the hply davs.
Every banian is_ pbliged, every mprning
after wafliing and bathing himfelf, to
have a kind of feal impreffcd on his fore
head, by a bramin ; though this is the of
fice of inferior bramins. The country
round Surat is fertile, except toward the
fea, whicli is fandy and barrea. Before
the Englifli E India Company obtained
poffeflion of Bombay, the prefidency of
their affairs on the coaft of Malabar vvas
at Sural ; and fhey bad a factory eftab
liflied there. Even after the prefidency
vvas transferred 10 Bombay, the faiVory
was coatiaucd. The Great Mogul had
then aa officer here, who was ftyled his
admiral, aad received a revenue called
ihetanka.of fhe aaaual value" of 3 lacks
of' rupees, arifing from the rents of adja
cent -laads, and the taxes levied at Surat.
The lyraiiay of this officer toward the
merchaats, induced the E India Company,
in 1759, to fif out aa armament, whicli
difppffefl'ed the adriiiral pf the caftk ;
and, foon after, the poffeffion of" this ca'-
tle Was confirmed to them \yy the court of
Delhi, They obtained, morevtr, the ap
pointment to tbe poft of admiral, and
were conflitutcd receivers of the t:inka,
by which their authority ia thi,i place- be
came fupreme. Surat is fituated on ijie
confines of Guzerat : 20 miles up the
river "I'apty, aud 177 N Bombav, lon. 72
48 E, lat, 21 10 N. . [Niebuhr.]
Sure, a river of Ireland, in Tipperary,
which runs by CIpnmel and C'-rrich to
Waterford, and falls Inlo St. George's
Chinnel. .''uri.gia, a commercial town of Japan,
in the ifland of Niphon capital of':-,
prpvlnc:

S XT' S

SWA

province of the fame name, with a caftle,
where the emperors formerly re(ided,
teri. 139 5 E, lat. 39 30 N.
Surry, A county of England, bounded N
by Middlefex, E by Kent, S by Suffex, W
by Hampflii re and Berks ; it Ues in fhe dio
cefe of "Winchefter; cOHtains 13 hundreds,
II market towns (including Southwark)
and 140 pariflies; and. fends 14 members
to parliament. The air is generally, tem
perate and healthy. It, produces corn,
boxwood, walnuts, hops, and fuller's
earth. "The principal rivers befide the
Thames (which' is the boundary of this
county onthe N) are the Mole, Wey, and
Wandel. The lent affizes are held at
Kingfton, and the fumnlei alKzes at Guil
ford and Croydon alternately.
Surzse, a fown, of Swifl'erland, in tbe
canton of Lucern, near the lake of Sem
pach : 5 mUes S Lucern.
Sus, a river of Morocco, which forms
the S boundary of thatempirc, and enters
.the Atlantic, at Meffa. Like the Nile,
its aimual inundations enrich the country.
Sus, pne pf three grand diviltens pf fhe
empire qf Mprpccp ; bounded W by the
Atlantic, N by Mount Atlas, E by Gefula,
S by the river Sus. Il is a flat country,
abounding In corn^ fugar canes, aud dales.
The- inhabitants, who are chiefly Bere
bers, or ancient natives, .ire diftinguiflied
-by their induftry ; and many of them,
who live in towns, become opulent, and
are much more ppUte than the natives pf
Fez and Mproccp. In the mounlainpus
^art they are eatirely free, and they are
gpverned by their pwn chiefs.
S«/2, a feapprt. of. the kingdpm- pfT-u-
^is. See Soufa..
Sufa, an-, ancient' and ftrong town pf
Piedmpnt, capital pf a marq-uifate of the
fame name, wilh a fort. Here is a rich
convent, called the abbey of Sf. Juft, and
a triumphal . arch fa the honor of Au
guftus Cffifan . It.is on the Doria, ampng
.pleafant nipuritainsj and is called the key
sif Italy, being the princip.al paffage out
of France into Italy. : 30 miles N W Tu
rin, Sufi, or Siifer, . a town of Perfia, In the
province of Chufiftan, fuppofed to be the
ancient Sufa, where the kings ofPerfia
had a magnificent palace for their winter
lefidence,, vvhere they kept their royal
archives and a part of their treafures,
Alexander found immenfe riches here.
At prefent here are feme mariufacftures
of filk, ftuffs and rich cteth: 50 leagues
W Ifpahan, and 33 N Baffora, ten, 51
l$.E, lat, 31 15 N.

'Sufdat, a tovvn of RuflSa, in the govert*
merit of Volodlmer, capital of a duchy
of the fame name, with aa archliifliop's;
fee. It Is built of woodj o;i the Rafma :
90 milles N E Mofcow, lon, 40 25 E, lat..
56 26 N.
Suffex, a countyof Englaad, boundofl'
N by Surry, N E and E by, Kent, S by the
Englifli channel, W by Hampfliire, It
lies in the diocefe of Chichefter, contains"
65 hundreds, one city, 16 market tovviis,
and 14-2. pariflies; an-J fends 28 mem-'
bers to parliament. The foil of the
downs, and thence to the fea, is fcrlllie
in corn and grafs, the lalter fceding-
flieep, whofe wool is remarkably fine, .
T*he middle, abounds with meadows aii4^
rich araMe ground ; and the N fide is
fliaded with cxtenfrvevvoods,that ufed to
fupply fuel for the irpa works, when they
were in a flpurifliing ftatC. "I"liis plentiful
county, therefore, fupplies numerous'.
com-raodifies, the cliief of which are corn,
malt, cattle, wool, wood, iron, chalk, glafs,
fifli and fowl ; and is particularly famous-'
for ils vvheafears, a delicious bird of the
fize of a lark, wliich are taken' in great
numbers, on the S E downs, , Sufl"cx is-
not diftinguifhed for any maiiufaiSlure,
but that of gunpowder at Battel, and of
needles at Chichefter, Chichefter Is the
capital, Suficr, an ancient town of Perfia, See
Sufa. Sufi'eren, a town of Weftphalia, duchy
of Juliers : 2 miles froin fhe river Maefe,
and 12 S Ruremonde.
Sutberlandffire, A county of Scotland,
bounded N bythe' North Sea, E by Caith
nefsfliire and t-he German Ocean, S by
the frith of Dornoch and Rofsfliire, 'Vv
by tbe Miach. Some parts of this coua
ty called forefts, are trackiefs deferts, def
titute of trees ; or bleak mountains,
abounding with wild roes- In thefe parts,
there are few inhabitaats, and no viUa
ges ; but along the frith of Doraoch, the
country is populous and vvell cultivated.-!
Dornoch is the county town,
Suiri, a tovvn in the patrimony of St.,
Peter, with a -bifliop's fee : 22 milcs N W
Rome. Sutton, A village in CambridgeflilrCt
England : 6 miles S W Ely.
Suzanne, St. a town of France, dcpart--
ment of Maine. It has a confiderable
paper manufaifturc : 24 miks W Mans. '
Swaffbam, A town of Norfolk, England :
34 milcs NNE Newmarket, aud 94 N E
London. bwule, a river in Yorkfliire, England,. wliicli-i

SWE

S WE

twhich running S E, by Richmond, falls
'into the Oufe.
Swally, A towri of the Deccan of Hin
¬dooftan, ia Cambaya. It haS a harbour,
where fliips receive and deliver their car
goes for the mercha;ifs of Suiaf, b"ng
12 milcs N W that place, tea. 72 15 £,
'Ut. 21. 18 N.
Swanfeamb, a viUagc in Kent, England :
a miles W by S Gravefead-, - ''
Swuifey, a, feaport and corporate town
in Gjamot-gaafliire, in S Wales, with an
•pld caftle, and two churches. It is at
tlie rtiputh pf the 'Fawy, gpverned by a
porfreve, and has plenty of coal ia its
neighbpurhppd. Of ihefe It fends great
;quaritifies fp Ireland, and the S cpaft pf
England ; and it has a coafiderable trade
tp Briftol. Here are great works for the
•melting of copper and k;id ore, ^lany
fliips have been built here, and it is re
forted to for fea bathing': 24 miks W N
W Cowbridge, and 205 W Londom
S-Uiartfiuys, a townof the United .Prov
inces, ia Overyflel, on the Vecht, 4 miles
from its niouth,
Sweden, A kingSoni of Europe, and
the largcfi except Ruffla ; boupd'ed N
by Danifh Lapland and the ocean, E-
'byRuffia,Sby the Baltic and the gulf
of Finland, and Wby Norway, tbe found,
and the Categate, If extends 800 miles
from N to S, "and 35D ;frpm E tp W, ,,Con-
taining 13,500 German fquare miles The
whole kiagdom is divided iato 5'graiid
diviljons, viz, Swedfen Proper, Gothland,
Norland, Lapland, and Finland ; and each
•of fhefe Is fubdivided Into fcveral prov
inces. The winter bere, is long, dry, and
exceedingly cold ; the fummer fliort and
Ihot. The Swedes e-xperier.ce a rapid
change from the former of fhefe feafons
to the latter ; fpring and autumn being
almoft unknown ; during the teng nights
of winter, the moon, fhe aurora borealis,
and the refleiftlon of the fnoW, produce
a mild aad agreeable light. , In funinier,
the fun remains fo long above the hori
zon, that the night confifts only of a
flight twilight ; vegcfalipa then acquires
its full vigour, and nature feems to regain
thai time which flie h^s loft during the
frofly feafon.' Though Sweden is fituated
Uncler a rigorous climate, it, enjoys a mueh
milder fcmpcratuie thaa thofe couhtiies
of Alia aad America, which have the
fame latitude. Thuader is feldom heard
ia this couatry ; it produces ao veiiom-
01S1 reptiles; and earthquakes never fpread
terror and confternation. .'^ome of its
fcjirricd men pretend, that the traces of

extlriguinied volcauoes are fo be feen in
if, but tbe proofs whicli they bring arc
far frpm being copvincing. The pure
and fliarp -air, which the Si*edes breathe,
renders them vigorous^ and preferves
them from epidemical difeafes. They
often attain to a very great age : Linnsus
reckons that there are in Sweden 1300
fpecies of plants, 200 of which are ufe^
in medicine ; and 1400 fpecies of animals.
Wolves, fo*es, bares, birds of pi-ey*, moor-
fowl, cdcks of ,tlie wood, together with
frefli and falf water fith, are tbund here
in 'great abundance; bears, elks, does,"
roebucks, fables, beavers, and polecats, are
more uncomirion. It has been remarked,
that no beeches grow beyond Eaft Goth
land, and no oaks beyond Upland ; the
birch grows in all the provinces. The
pine andlhefir,however,arelhe principal
foreft frees. With regard to mineral pro-
duiftions, Sweden is very rich, efpecially
in iron and copper, with abundance of
lead, marble, aluln, limeftone, coal, vit
riol, curious petrifadlions, gorpbery,
amethyfts, loadftpae, flates, tStt, quick
filver, fulphur, mpther -qf pearl, &c.
and ia fpme places filver. "File moll
r^emarkabk mountain, is tlje Seveberg-
srygn, which, in W. Gothland, begins
10 rife above the level .qf the fea ; it
extends toward? the N, betweea Nor
way aad Norland, and feparates thefe tvvo
eoualr-I^s by fummlts, cpvered with ctcrr
nal fnow. Acctjrding to .Mr. Bergman,
It ftretches as far as the northern part of
Afia. All the mouhtains qf Sweden are
compofed of gravel, frecflone, calcarcpus
ftoae, flate, dLfferent kinds of petrifaiftlons
and granite : the bafis of the greater part
of tlie mouafaias i-jgraaite. The foil of
the plaias arid vallies which lie between
the hiUs 'anil jnountaihs, is very proper
for cultivation ; and commerce and nav
igation are greatly affifted by numerous
rivers, baj-s, and lakes.- A Swedifli au
thor, who has vvritlen on the mineral
fprings of Sweden,, reckons up 360 ; they
abound in every province of the king
dom. Svveden contains, altogether, 105
cities, or hirge towns. The articles of
export arc boards, gunpowder, leather,
iron, co])per^ fallow, ikiriS, pitch, refin,
and mads ; and it imports fall, brandy,
vvine, linen clofh, ftuffs, tobacco, fugar,
fpice, and paper. The inhabitants are of
a robuft conftitution, and able to fuftain
the hardefl labour. They are much more
poliflied than formerly ; and have feve
ral public fchools and colleges, vvhere tlie
arts and fciences a-re taught. Their
houfes

S W I

S W I

houfes arc generally of wood, with very
little art in their conftrudtion. _ The
Tppfs, in many places, are covered with
turf, on which' their goats often feed.
There is no country in the world where
the women do fo much wp^k ; fpr they
till the grpund, threfli the cprn, and row
the boats on the fea. The form of the
Swedifli governmeat has frequently vari
ed. Before fhe acceilion of Guftavus I, it
was an eleilive aionarchy. By fhe union
of Calmar, in 1397' if was ftipuUfed that
the fame monarch fliould rule over Den
mark, Swedea, and Norway, to be chofen
by the deputies from the ftates -of thpfe
.3 kingd-oms affe|ribled at Calmar. By
this fegulatipa, Svveden became a mere
tributary kingdom fo Denniark, From
this flate of fubjeiSHon to a tyrannical
foreign yoke, il was rcfcued by Guftavus
"Vafa, on whom the Swedes, in 1523,
conferred the fovereigaty, aad made the
crowa hereditary In bis male iffue, He
•was entrufted with great prerogatives ;
jiiid thefe were augniented by Gu-ftavus
Adolphus, t-he right of fucceflion beirig
extended, af the fame time, to the female
lihe. In the minority df hi§ daughter
Chrlftina, fhe regal powers wfre greatly
c-ircumfcribed, and the nobles acquired
fuch an exorbitant authority, as. gave
great umbrage to the three oilier . orders
of , the - clergy, citizens, and pcafapts,
I'his proved a favourable opportunity for
pharles XI tb obtain- from the ftates a
formal ceffion pf abfolute fovereigaty,
which quietly devolved upon his fon
Charles XII Upon the' death of fhe lat
ter, the Swedes coaferred -the crowii up
on Ulrica- Ekaaora, his ,youagqft fi'f^er ;
ftipulating at the fame- time, great limits
To the prerogative. Ulrica religned thfe
crovvn to her confort, Frederic I. From
this period, the Swedifli moOfirch was t'he
moft limited pne ul Europe, till 1772,
when f- uftavus IU effected a rcvqlution,,
by which he regained tlie, moft cffential
royal prerogatives, without, hovvever, be
ing aa aljfolute monarch. He vvas affiif-
tinated in 1792, leaving his fon Ouftiivus
Adolphus a miiipr, vvho attained his ma
jority ill 1796. The efliabliflied , religion
is the liUlheraa, and they have oae areh-
bijlipp, aad 7 bifliops. The capital is
£tcfc'k)iolm. The number of iiihabitaaia
3joq6,ooo, . - ,
Swernich, a town of Tprkey in Europe,
on 'the confines' of Sci-yia and Eofnia,
oil -the Drino, :',7p miles ,S W Efl-
gr:ide. , ' "
' Swiridcn, A town of Wiltfliire, Eng

land, near a rich vale : 28 miles N Salif.
bury, an^ 83 W Lpndon.
Swinna,. one pf the Orkney ifles, NE
of Malnlan-d. Here, arc two whirlpools,
that have been known fo fnatch ip boats
and light 'veflels,i,which are-inftantly fiyal-
lovycd up.
- , Swifferland, or Switzerland. Under this
name modern geographers ladude all the
country occupied not, only by the Swifs,
or Thirteen Cantons of the league; but
by other eftates in alUance willior fubr
jci£l to them ; in vvhich figiife t-he gf-eatx
•eft exten.f ¦ from E 10 W will ' be aboiit
180 miks, and from N fo S 140, | Oil
fhe N it is bounded by Swabia, on the
E by the Tyrolefe and Auftrian Swa
bia, on the S ,by Savoy and Italy, and on
the W by France. Swlfl'erlancl may juflly
be confidered as fome pf the riiioft elevat
ed land* ill Europe, as maay priricipal
river,S take "their rife here, aiid run in
diff'erent dlretSlioas fp the itxlrcmily.
The greater part is compofed ipf moupr
faias, with narrow vallies, between : thefe
mpuntains are cpmpofcd of ftupajdous
rocks, 2 4 pr 6 maflcs, pileol| op each othT
er, and from 4000 to iD,Coo fee| in height.
One peak in, St. Gpthard's, mountain, is
computed by Du Cret 10 be i6,5oq
French feet. , , Befpre the late revolution
Swifferland- was divided Into 13 canton's,
exclufive of their allies ; namely, Lucern,
Uri, Schweilz, Underwalden, Zug, Fri
burg, and Soleure, vvhich are cathoUcs.
The proteftant eaiiloiis are, Zuric, Bern-,
Bafle, aad Schaffhaufea.-, The numbeif
of iahabitanls is reckoned , at I2,ooo,oo0i
Glarus and Appenzel contain both relig
ions, --There !a,re four paffages ove:^ the
Alps into Ifaly from Swifl'erlaad ; the
firft pf which is beypnfl the lajkeof Ge
neva over -Mount Cciinis, ivhli^h leads tP
Savoy ; the fecond begins ip the country
of the ; Grifops, aad croiTcs Aloupf St.
Bcrraird, leading lo the valley of Apufta,
vvhich belongs to Piedmopt ; the third?
begias in the couatry of the Grifons,
croffes Mpuat Sim,pleberg anil leaps, to
theducliy.pf Milan ; the'ioui'th croffes
IVlouat St. Gplhard, apd the haolivvicks of
Italy, aad '.terminates ^n the- Milanefe.
'Fhe principal, lakes are thofe of;Con-
ftanctj Geneva, -.-Lucern, ZhfIcj and
Neuchatel.' • 'l"he moft (:.onfiderable riv
ers , are the Pvhine, Rlione, Aar, Arve,.
Reufs, and Inn. , The chief riches, of
Svvifi'erlaad, confi ft of excellent paftures m
which many cattle are bred and fattened,
and the goats, and chamois, feed oatl-c
mo'uiitairis, and in the wopds. The men

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S Y D

S Y E

are all ftrong and rpbuft, fpr which reafon
ihey arc preferred by feveral nations for
the military fervice ; and even the pope
has his Swifs guards. The women are
tolerably handfome, bavemany good qual
ities, and are in general very induftrious.
The peafants - retain their old manner
of di-ei's, and are content to' live upon
iiiilk, Imlter, and cheefe ; arid there are
fome of the mountaineers who never have
any bread. See Glaciers, and Scbweitz.
A definitive alUapce fubfifted between
France and feVeral pf fhe Svvifs -cantons
for more thaii a century, to the great
iidvantfige Of both. Thefe rcpubUcans
found in that monarchy a -fteady, faith
ful and generous friend. In 1 7 7 7 the al
liance vvas reaevvcd ia fhe city of So
leure, and extended to all the caatoas
)from this period, till the commencement
of that difaftrous revolution,' whicli has
been effeded by' the intrigues pf the
Ffencb, the Swifs were fp much' >yif"er
tha'n any pf the pther European povvei's,
that they preferved a peace uninterrupt
ed, except ' by fome internal ¦ difputes,
principally afifiag frbm religious zeal,
arid vvhich vvere fpeedily terminated.
Their hiftory, therefore; during this pe
riod, is comprifed in few words. It af
fords no room fdr fignalisiing the abili-
ties',pf a writer, by detailing the " fplend
id miferies of' mankind" in battles and
fieges, viiftories and defeats. While oth
er nations defcanted largely on thp blef
fings of peace, liberty and poverty,
amidft the curfes of war, taxes, and op
preffion, fhefe happy ' people quietly
enjoyed all the maaifold advantdgies,
which' found 'policy, ftcadUy purfued,
could confer. The prefent fituation of
Switzerland' is a ftriking contraft to tbe
foregoing. It is " corresftly and eacr-
getically drawa ip the piiSture of Athfas,
left us by a writer of .the , middle ages,
after the invaiiOn. /* if the empty and
bloody fiin of an immolated vi^im. She has
nothing left but rocks and ruins and dem
agogues." Since the revolutioa of 1797,
the old government of Switzerland has
been changed, the I3indepcncknt goveni-
menls have been aboliflied ; the name of
Switzerland changed 10 that of Helve
tia, and divided iato 22 cantons, .ind con-
folidated inlo one Republic.
[Coxe, Mallet du Pan, Scott ]
Sy.!enh.itn, A village in Kent, on the de
clivity of a fiae hill : 8 aiiles S by £ Lon
don. . It is noted for mecliciaal wells.
. Sydney E.iy, on the S fick of Norfolk Ifl-
jn(j„ ia the Pacific Ocean, formed by

Poiat Hunter and Point Rofs, which are
near 2 miles ''afunder. Here is a fetfle-"-
ment of convldfs, from England, lon. 168
12 E, lat. 29 4 S.
Sydney Cave, the town or fettlement of
convIiSs, founded at Port Jackfon, iri
News. Wales, In 1788. The ground
about it was then covered by a thick for
eft ;' but., In 1790, fome good buildings
had been erected, and the grealeft'p.nrt of
the civil and miUtary officers were com
fortably lodged.* The governor's boufis
is built of ftone, and has a very good api
pearaace, being 70 feet ia froal. The
lieuleaant governor's houfe is of brick,
as are alfo thofe belonging -to the judge
and the commiffary: 'Fhe reft of the
houfes are built with logs and plaftercd,
and all the roofs are either covered by
fliingks, or', thatchedi' ' The cove Ues
opc-ii to the N E, and is continued in a
S W direijlion, for near iooo yards,
gradually decreafing from the breadth of
1400 feet, llU'ic terminates ia a point,
whefe it receives- a fmall ftream of frefli
water. -The anchorage extends 2000 feet
up fhe ccfve, and 'has foundings in geaeral
of 4 fathom near the fliore, and 5, 6 or 7
near the- middle of the channel. Itis
perfeiSlIy fecure from -all winds, and for
a confiderable way on both fides, fliips
can lie ctefe to the fliore; nor are there
any rocks or fliallows to render the aav-
igation dangerous, lon. 159 19 30 E, lat.
32 52 S. ¦ > , ' '
, Syene, a fortified city of Egvpt, on
the E fide of the Nile, This town is
celebrated for the firft attempf to afcer-
taiii the meafure of the circuiiifcrence of
the earth, by Eraloftenes, a native of Cv-
rene, who, about the year 276 before
Chrift, vvas Invited from Athens to Alcr-
aadria, by Ptolemy Euergeles : near it,
oa a fmall iflaad ou the Nik, anciently
called Elepbantina, Is a temple of Cauphis
flill ftanding, very little injured ; hcj-e
was Ukewife a Nilomeler, but this is novv
nol to bedifcovercd. In this tpvvn, which
vvas iituated under the trppic, accordim^
to the report of Strabo, a well vvas funk
which marked the fummer folftice, ard
the day was knovvn whea fhe ftile of the
fua dial eaft ao fliade at aoon ; at that
iaftaal the vertical fua darted his ray.s to
the bottom of the well, aad his image
was refieCled oa the vvater. Sycae is at
prefent a miferable place, with a fmall
tort, commanded by an i-ga of the J^nif-:
farles ; the remains of the ancient lown
are oa an eminence to the S. Columns
and plUars of granite fcattered here .i.-id
there

S T K

T A A

.gherc denote Its fitpation. Here is an
afacient'buildiag, perhaps the obfervatory
<»f the aacient Egj'ptians : 3^5 miles S
from Cairo, lon. 33 8 ,E, laf. 24 o N.
Syracufe, an ancient arid, .ftrong city of
Sicily, in the Val-di-,N0to,.,with a bifliop's
fee, and a fine harbour, defended by a .
caftk. It was al!?io(l ruined by an earth
quake In 1693. Near this place, in 1718,
there was a feafight between the Span
iards and Englifli, in >vhi(;h the foriper
were beaten. It is ne*r the fea: 72
iniles S by W Meffina, and jio'S £ Pa-
Wmo, tea. 15 30 E, lat. 37 5 N. ' -
SjrM, or •S;;j^M, a province of Afiatic
Turkey ; this name is given to tbe whole
fpace ciMitained between tvvo lines «lra.wn,
the one from Alexandrctta tp the Eu
phrates, and the other frpiji Gaza, ia.the
•defert pf Arabia ; bpuaded E by this .de
fert, and W by the Mediterranean : the
Arabiaas call it Barr el Sham. This
couatry is, in fome mcafpre, only a ,chain
of mountains, wliich diftributc them
felves in various direilipus fropi one lead
ing branch ; and fuch, in fa(3:, is the ap
pearance it prefents, whether vve ap-
prpach it frppi the fide x>f tlie &a,pr by
the immenfe plains of the defert. Thefe
mountains, as they vary their levels and
fituation, are alfo greatly changed ia their
form and appearance. Betvveen AJexan-
dretta and the Graiites, the firs, larche"s,
-oaks, box-trees, laurels, ye-jvs and myrtles
with which they a:bound, give them an
air of Uvelincfs which delights the trav
eller. On fome decU'yities he even meets
¦with cottages, environed with fig trees
and vineyards ; and the fight of fhefe 're
pays the fa.tigue he has endured on a
road which, by rugged p.iths,']eads him
from the bottom of vaUies to the tops of
hills, and from the tops ol" hills to the
bottoms of vallies, 'Fhe inferior branch
es, which extend to the northward of
Aleppo, on the contrary, prefent nothing
but bare rocks, without verdure orear^h.
To the S of Antioch, and on the fea
coaft, the hill fides are proper fpr fhe
cultivation of tobacco, olives aad viacs •
but, on the fide of the defert, the fum-
iTiits and declivities of this chain are al
pioft one continued feries pf -iv-hitc rpcks.
Towards Lebanpn the mountains are lof
ty, but are covered in many places with
as much earth as fils them for cultiva
tion, by induftry and labour. There,
amid the crags of the rocks, may be feen,
the no very magnificent remaias of the
,|joafted cedars ; but a much greater

number of firs, oaks, hrambtes, mulbem-
.trees, figs and vines. As we leave the coubs
try of the Drufes, the mountains are no
longer fo high, nor fo rugged, but become
fitter for tillage ; they rife again to the
S W of Mount Carmel, are cpvered wiili
wpods, apd afford, very pleafant profi
pei5ls; but, as we advance toward Judea,
they lofe their verdure, their vallies' grow
narrower, they become clry and ftony,
and terminate at the Dead Sea in a pile
of defolate rpcks, full pf precipices an^
caverns, while to the W pf Jprdan and
the lake, another chain of rocks, ftili
higher and more rugged, prefents a ftill
more gloomy prof^peift, a»\d announces
afar off" the entrance -of the defn-rt, and
the end of the habitable lands. Damaf-
ciw is ,the capital.
Syrian, A tovvn of Pegu, near, the bay
of Bengal, on a riv-er of tlie fame name,
whicli is bne of the extreme branches of
the Ava. As foon as a fliip arrives, the
(riumber ofthe people arc fent to the king,
and he is informed that fo many of his
flav^es are come to fliare the glory an4
favour of his reign. It is a place pf great
trade ; the town is waUed with ftone,
ten, 96 40 E, lat. 16 50 N,
[Fitch, Bowen.]
Szucca, A town of Weftern Pruflia, la
the palatinate of Culm, on the Viftula :
12 miles S by W Culm, ten. 18 24 E,lat.
53 14 N.

-t AApE, A lapi-d river in Glamorgan-^
fliire, Wales, which enters the Briftol
Channel at Cardiff. On this river, 'near
CaerphUly, is a ftdne bridge called Pont
y Pryddal, of one arch, 140 feet in the
fpan and 34 high, planned and executed
by the fcjf taught genius of a common
mafon in this county,
V^aaif, A tovvn of Arabia, province of
Hedjas, upon a lofty mountain, in fci
agreeable a country, that the Arabs com
pare its environs to thofe of Damafcus
and Sana, This city fuppUes Jidda and
Mecca with excellent fruits, particularly
raifins, and carries on a confiderable
trade in almonds, which gri^w in great
plenty In ifs territories : (Jo miks S E
Mecca, Tans, A city of Arabia, province of
Yemen, which owes ils foundation to the
tomb of a faint, who, according to tradi tion,

'P'A B

t AG

rion, vCas king'of tbe cpunfry. It ftands
at the foot of a fertile hill, caUed Sabber ;
it is encompaffed with a wall between i6
aod 30 feet thick, and flanked with fev
eral towers. The fortrefs of Kahhre
ftands in the circuit of the wall ; Its walls
are faced witb burnt bricks, but within
confift of bricks whicb, inftead of being
burnt, hiive been only dried In the fun.
This city has only 2 gates, and each of
ihefe is after the Arabic fafliion, fortified
with 3 towers; oaly 2 of them are ia a
condiliop to bear cannons. "I'he garrifon
confifls of 600 men: 48 milts ENE
Mpcha, ten. 44 10 E, lat. 13 35 N,
» [Niebuhr.]
Taata, A large village on the Nile ; in
it are fcveral mofques. The mountain
Jibbel H'eredy is oa the E of the town,
riairicd from a Turkifli faiot, who, as the
inhabitants here beUevc, was' turned into
a fha'ke, has lived feveral hundred years,
and is lo Uve forever. Il has maay curi
ous rianains of anliqiiily : 200 miles S
£aIro, Ion 31 30 £, lat. 26 56 N.[Bruce]
Tabarca, an iflsnd on the coaft of Bar-
Baryj bcloaging to the Genoefe, who fifli
for coral here : 50 miles W Tuais, loa,
9 16 E, lat, 36 50 N.
Table Ifi'and, oric of the New Hebrides,
iri the Pacific Ocean, ten, 167 7 E, laf. 15
38 S.
Table Mountain, a promontory of Af
rica, near the Cape of Gppd Hppe, which
is 1350 feet high. Tbe bay at the foot
of it is called Table Bay. [BeauUeu.J
Tabor, a lown of Bohemia, in the cir
cle of Bechin, on a mountain, wbich the
Huflites, uader their celebrated general
Zifca, fortified aad made their principal
retreat : 25 miles N by E Budweis, and
45 S by E Prague, lon. 14 56-E, lat, 49
23 N,
Tabor, A mountain of Paleftine. If
rifes ill fhe form of a fugar loaf, 3000
feet high, aad from its fummit is a moft
enchantiag profpcvft. Lakes and rivers,
with the Mediterranean Sea pn one baud;
¦the mounlains of Hermon, Gilboa, Sa-
'maria, the lake Tiberias, and the city of
Nain on fhe other ; fmaUer hUU, fertile
vallies, fortreffes, hamlets and heaps of
ruin, prefent a rapid fucceffion of gay
and gloomy objeiSls, "The lake appears
as if enelofed in the crater of a volcano.
Several churches here once invited to
chriftian praife, Tvvo miks and a half
of the fummit were enctefed by a ftrong
wall, and the inhabilants braved the val
our of Roman armies ; -but the moustt of

transfigi'ralion is now covered with woods
[Mariti, Maiandrell, Adam,] •
Tabrifian, A province of Perfia, on the:
S fliore of the Cafpian Sea, W of Aftra
bad, Tacazze, a large riverof Abyffinia, Is
feparates, the provinces of Tigre and Sa-
mem, Il has plenty of fifli, is remarka
ble for crocodiles and hyppopotami. The
thickets on the banks have a multitude
of lions and hyaenas. It rifes about 200
miles E of Gpndar.andfaUs intothe Nile
at Uak, in Nubia, [Bruce.]
Taciumbrect, a tovvn of Africa, or rather
the ruins of a town anclaatly -called Siga,
or Sigeum, and once the metropoli-s of
Mauritania, fituated on the coaftof tlie
Mediterranean, at the moutb of a river -.
44 milcs S W Gran,
Tadcafier, A town in the W riding of
"Vorkfliire, England. It Is -noted -for the
great pknty-of limeftone dug upnear it ?,
and there i»a large ftone bridge over the
river Wharf : 9 miks S W York, and,
188 N by W London.
Tadmor.- See Palmyra..
Tafala, Pr Tafalla, A town of Spain, in
Navarre, witli a caftic. 'It is in a country
producing good wine: 18 miks S Pam
peluna. Tafilet; a kingdom of Barbary, in thc-
empire of Morocco, bounded N by Fea
and Tremefen, E by the Berberies, S by
the defert of Barbary, W by .Suz, Mo
rocco and Fez. Ic is divided iuto tliret
provinces, .Dras, Saro, and Tuet. It is a,-
mountainous fandy country, but produ
ces wheat and barky by ths fides of the
rl-vers. The inhabifants live upon casi-
eli' flefli and dates, and they breed horfe»
to fell to foreigners. The Arabs- live ii»
tents, and rhe Bereberies, the ancient in--
babitants, dwell ia villages. Tafilet, the
capital, is a trading place, with acaftle,
and feated- on a river 275 miks S E Mo
rocco, ten. 5 45 W, lat. 28 2 N.
Tagalak, aa illand between Americifc
and Kamtchatka, about 30 miks in cir
cumference. The land is barren, the.
fliore rocky, and dangerous 10 approach.
[Mavor.]
Tagafia, a town of Algiers, ia the prov
ince of Conftantina, formerly a confider
able place, but now reduced to a village..
It is famous as fhe birthplace of St. A'.i-
guftiiie. Tags, A town of Arabia FeUx, with a
caflle on a mountain : 60 miles E Mecca,
lon, 42 5 E, lat, 21 45 N,
Tagofi, the largeft tovvn iri the province
of Sui, in Morocco, A great many JcTj;t» livti

TAI
live here, who%arry on a considerable
trade. It Is in a fertile plain: 37 allies S
Tarodaut, tea, 8 5 W, lat,, 29 23, N.
. ¦ -Tagumadert, A fowa of the kingdom of
Taffilet, on the river Dras, vvith a ftroag
caftle oa a mouataia, ten, 6 43 W, lat,
a? 10 N.
. . Tabta, A market towri of Egypt, 1 2
leagues from Siout, and 200 S Cairo, It
isthe refidence of a Kiafchef, lat. 26 57
N. • [Sonirii.]
. Taief a tpwn of Arabia, province of
Hedjas, This was a place of coafiderable
ftrength ia the timg of Mahomet, who
laid fiege to if, buf vvas compelled by the
bravery of the inhabitants to raife the
fiege after 20 days : 48 miks £ Mecca,
Tajo, anciently Tagus, a river which
has its fource on the confines of Arrago^,
in Spain, ruas throygh Nevv Caftile, by
Toledo and Talavara, whence it proceeds
to Alcantara, in Eftramadura ; when en
tering Portugal, it waflies Saataren, be
low which it forms fhe harbour of Lif
bon, and then falls iato the Atlantic
Ocean. This river was formerly famous
for ils golden fands.
Tain, A borough and feaport In Rofs
fliire, Scotland, remairkable for a large
fquare tower, adorned wilh 5 fpires, and
for a collegiate church, ftUl pretty entire.
It is on the frith of Dornoch : 12 miles
N Cromarty, and has 2100 inhabitanls.
Tai-ouan, A city and feaport on the W
coaft of the ifl.ind of Fornipfa, of which
it, is fhe capifal. Tbe ftreets are almoft
all In a line, and covered, 7 or 8 months
in the year, fp defend tbem from the heat
of the fun ; they are from 30 to 40 feet
in breadth, and fome of them a league in
tength. They are generally lined with
fliops of filk, china ware, and other com
modities, ill which the Chinefe excel.
The houfes are covered with ftraw, and,
for fhe moft part, with clay aad bambod ;
but that mean appearance is hidden by
the tents . that cover the ftreets, fo that
you canfee npthlngbut the fliops. 'Fhe
city, has neither fortifications nor walls.
The harbour Is flieltejed from evrery
¦wind, but the eatraace iato It becomes
more difficult every day; for fhe faad
which the fea drives thither, fills It up,
tea, 220 30 E, lal, 23 N.
Tui-ping-fou, A city of China, province
of Kiaag-aaa, on the river Kiang. It has
only three cities in its diftriifl, lon. 107
15 E, lat. 32 20 N.
Tuillebourg, A town pf France, depart
ment of tewer Charente, on the Charcpf e :
30 piUcsSE Rochelle,..

T A L-'
; Tai-itbeau, a city of Chipaj pf the firft
rank, iu the province of "Felie-kiang.
This city, whicli has 6 others in its dif.
tri(£t, is on the bank of a river, in a very
mountainous couatry. The aeighboiir-
hood of the fea fupplies it with all things
aeceffary. The niqft remarkable thing
Is, they catch a kind of thoraback, whofe
fkin is proper for feveral ufes, efpecially
lo make fcabbards for cuilaffcs, of which
they carry on a great trade in the coun
try, and tranfport them into Japan, and
throughout the empire 1722 iniles SSE
Pekin, lat.- 28 55 lv(.
Tai-tong-foui -a ftrong city of China,
province of Cliaa-fl,'built^ear the great
wall. Ils jurlfdliSliop coptaias ,4 citjes of
the fecsnd, and 7 pf the third qlafs.
Tai-Tuen-fou, an ancient city pf dhlna,
capital of the prpvince pf Chan-fi. It is'
8 miles in circumference, but is much
decayed fince it was the refidence pf the
princes of the blood of the laft imperial
family of Tai-ming-tchao. Its diftrlil
contains 5 cities of fhe fecond, and 20 of
fhe third clafs : 160 miles S W Pekin.
„ Talamone, a feaport of Tufcany : 15
miks N Orbitello, lat, 42 30 N,
Talavcra, A town of Spain, in New
Caftile, with a fort, on the Tajo, in a
valky-aboundiiigiii corn, fruits, and ci-
celknl wiae : 58 mUes S "W Madrid,
Talaveruela, A town In Eftraaia'dura : 14
miles E Badajoz.
Tali, a city pf China, of fhe firft rank,
in fhe province of "Vuri-nan.- This is ths
principal place .where they mak'C curious
fables, and other ornaraeats ef fiae mar
ble, wliIcli is obtained from a- mouatain
called Tienfung, and is naturally beauti
fied with different colours, hi the forin of
mountains, flovvers, trees, aad rivers.
Tali has uader its jiirlfdiftioa, 4cItiesof
tlie fecoad prder, aad 3 pf the third :
1205 miles SW Peking, ten. loi 6 E,
lat, 25 45 N,
Tallard, a tpwn pf France, departnient
pf the Upper Alps : 47 miles S Greenp-
ble, Tallika, the frpnlier tpwn pf Bpndou,
towards Wpoli, It is iahabited by Foulahs,
of the Mahomelaa religioa, vvho live in
great afilueiice by furaifbing prpvifions
for the caravans, and fhe fale of Ivory. ,
Here refides aa officer of the king of
Boadou, whofe bufinefs It is to give no
tice of tbe caravan's arrival. They are
taxed according to the number of the
loaded affes vvhich arrive af Tallika, [Park ]
Talmont, a feaport of France, depart nient

f An

TAR

Iftent of Lower Charente, on a peninfula
gf the Gironde : 20 miles S E Saintes, and
260 S W Paris.
Taman, fee Phanagoria.
Tamara, a feaport bf Afia, On the N
coaft of the iflaad of Socofora, near fhe
ftrait of Babelmaiidel.ten. 52 25 E, lat. n
30 N,
Tame, a fown in Oicfor-dfUite, England,
wifh 3 famous freefchool, and a fmall
hofpital : 12 miles £ Oxfprd, and 45 W
by N London,
Tamworth, a bdrough in Staffordfliire,
England. It fends tvvo members fo par-
li-amenf : 8 mUes SE Lichfield, arid 114
N W London,
Tjinaro, A river of Piedmont, vyhich
rifes iri the Appennines, and pafl'es by
Alexandria, tp Cherafco, where it faUs in
to the Sturia,
Vanafferim, a loWn of Siam, capifal of
a prpvince of its name : 220 miles S W
Siam, loh, 98 o E, lat. 11 50 N.
Tanbof A government of Rufilia, for
merly a part of the government of Vo
ronetz. Its capital of fhe fame name, is
on the Zna, which falls into fhe Mok-
cha. Tancos, A town of Pprtugal, in Eftra
madura, pn the Zerara, near ils entrance
intp fhe Tajp : 60 miles N E Lilbon, lon.
8 30 W, lat, 39 20 N,
Tancrowah, a town on fhe Gambia, di
vided into two parts, one fpr fhe Portu
guefe, one for the Mandingocs, The for
mer live in large, fquare houfes : the
latter In huts of clay, 10 feet diameter, 8
feet high, covered vvith ftraw or leaves.
Here is a church ; and a prieft frpm St,
Jago, annually vifits them ; and during
his ftay fays mafs every day. The lown
i» pleafantiy fituated on the river, half a
mile in length ; the heavy braaches of
the mangroves betew the town, bending
into the wafer, are loaded with oyfters.
The branches are cut off vvith thi oyf
ters adhering, as onions to their ftraw.
[Park.]
Tuncrowall, a town pf Africa, in Ne
groland, on the river Gambia, where-t-he
Englifli have a fprt ; 30 iriiles E James
Fort, Tanda,ot Tanrab, a fown of Hindoof
tan Proper, ia Bengal; of vvhich foubah
it was fhe capital In tbe laft century.
There is little remaining of it but the
rampart ; aiid the period when it vvas de
ferted is not certaialy kaown. It is on
the Ganges : 120 miles N W Dacca, lon,
8756 E, lat, 2335 N,
Tandaga, fee Samar.
Vol,. II. D d d d

Tangataboo, one of fhe Friendly Iflands,*
in the S Pacific Ocean, the refidence of
the fovereign and fhe chiefs.
Tangermunde, a fpwn with a caftle, on
the- Tariger, where it falls iato the Elbe:
24 miles N W Brandenburg, and 28 N E
Magdeburg, Tangier, a feaport of the kingdom of
Fez. If is 130 miles N Fez, lon. 5 50 W,
lat. 35 49 N. _
Tanjore, a proviace of Hindooftan, on
the coaft pf Coromandel. It is aa ap-
peadage of the Carnatic, but fubject 10
ils own rajah, who pays an annual fubfi
dy of i6o,oool, to the Englifli £ India
Compaay. Tanjore, A city of Hipdopftari, capifal
pf a prpvince of the fame aame, oa the
coaft of CoromaadeU It is oa the Cau
very : 205 miks 6 by W Madras, lon. 79
12 E, lat. 10 46 N.
Tankia, or Tinkia-ling, A town and for
trefs of Thibet, af fhe fool of Mount
Langur : 275 miles W by S Laffa.
Tanna, A fertUe ifland, in the Pacific
Ocean, one of the New Hebrides,- on
whichis a volcano. The inhabitants are
brave and hofpitable ; and their arms are
bows and arrows, flings, fpears, and clubs.
They are clrcumcifed and eat human
flefli, ten. 169 46 E, lat. 19 3'b S.
[Cook]
Tanore, A feaporf of Hiadooftan, on
the coaft of Malabar, loa, 75 50 E, lat.
10 55 N,
Tiiorinina, A feaport of Sicily, ia the
Val di Demona, on a rock : 88 miles S
Meflina, It has 2000 iahabitanls.
Taoui, A fmafl town of Siberia, inhab
ited by 20 exiled famiUes, ^nd a number
of cofl'-icks. The river Taoui, fprnis an
indlft'erenf harbour, lat 60 15 N.
' . [Beaeyovvflci.]
Taploe, A viUage in Bucklnghamfliire,
EnglSad, Oae mile from Maidenhead. It
is on .1 hill, on the banks of the Thames,
ancl diftinguiflied by its majeftic wood
lands and handfome villas.
Tapty, A river ofthe Deccan of Hin
dooftan, vvhich rifes at Mcltoy : 84 miles
N W Nagpour, and falls inlo the gulf of
Cambay, about 20 miles below Surat.
Taranta, or Tarento, a feaport of Na
ples, in Terra d'Otranto, vvith an arch
bifliop's fee. It is on aa Idaiid, defeadeil
by a ftroag caftle ; buf the harbour is
choked up. This town gave name to
the venomous fpider called tarantulas.
Tarentum was anciently fhe capital of -a
celebrated republic, at one lime power
ful enough to offend the Romans, by
pluadering

T A I^

f'A ft

jilundering their fliips, and killing the
copiniander, anil infqltipg the anibaffa-
dors who were fent to copiplain of the
violence : the Tarentines called in Pyr
rhus to their afliftapce ; and afterwards
Ifhe Carthaginians. In-the fecond Car
thaginian- war, the city, was- taken by
EabiUs. The number of inhabitants is
eftimated at i8,ooq. It bad once an ex
cellent harbour, but it-is now fbfhallow
%s. f o admit pply fifhing boats. The fort
for ils defence is of fpnie ftrength. The
bay of Tarento is remarkablefor fprings
of frefl} water at the -bottom, which if Is
faid, niay, in a calm, be taken up from
the furface : 55 miles N W Otranto, and
140 E by- S Naples, lop. 17 29 E, lat. 40
35 N.
Taragalla, A town in the kingdom of
Tafilet, with a caftle, on the Dras : 275
miles S W Tafilet, ten. 6 3 W, lat. 27
40 N.
¦ Taranta, the higheft mountain of Abyf
finia. Its lofty ridges are the boundaries
ef different feafons. The funimit Is eom
nionly wrapt in cteuds. [Bruce,]
Tarafcon, an ancient and populous
town pf France, department pf the-
Mpuths pf the Rhone, with a caftk, on.
the Rhone, opppfite Beaucaire, with
which 'it communicates- by a bridge of
boats. Its cpmmerce cpnfifts in pil,
lirandy, ftarch, and ftuffs that are much
wprn, Pne fort being, of cparfe filk, and
the ether of the fame material and-
wool. It has 7000 inhabitants : 10 miles
N Arks, and 375 S by E Paris, lat.. 43
48 N.
Tarafcon, a town of Franee, department
of Arriege and late province of Foix,
fcated on the river Arriege : 7 mites S
E Foix. Tarazana a ftrpng town of Spain*, in-
Arragpn, with- a bifliop's fee. It is part
ly pn a rock, and-partly in a fertile plain,
on the river Chiles : 136 miles S W Tii-
della, and 127 N- EMadrid» ten. I 26. W,
lot. 41 55 N.
Tarbes, A poputeus town of France,
ca-pital- cf the department of fhe Upper
Pyrennees, with a bifhop's fee, an' ancient
caftle, and a coUege. It is on the Adour :
42 miks- S W Auch, and- H2 S by E
Bourdeaux, ten. o 3 E, lat. 43 14 N.
Tarentefia, A psovince of Savoy, a bar
ren couutry, full of dreadful mountains.
Moutier is tbe capital.
Targa, A tovvn of Fez, on the Medi
terranean, wilh a caftle on a rock. It is
in a plain furrounded by mountains and
thick forefts, wbich is CQpfideied as a-

dcfert ; but there are goqd wells apd fin*
paftures, Ipp. 4 56 W, laf, 35 20 N.
Targorod, a' town in Moldavia : 50-
miks S W Jaffy.
Tariffa, a- ibwn'of Spairi, with a caftTe,
Ori an eniinep'oe : 17 miles W S W Gib
ralter, ten. 5 40 W, lat. 30 o N,
Tarku, A town of Afia, capital of Dag-
heftaii, Ori the W cpaft'of fhe Cafpian-
Sea :- 52 milts S E Terkj, ten, 47 5 £, lal.
4,5 50 N-'
Tarn, a- department of' France, late-
prpvrinte ef Languedoe, Caftres Is the
capital. Taro, A tovvn of Parma , capital of the
territory of V-al-di-Taro : 25 miles ^ W
Parma,- T'arodant, 3- town- of Morocco, in the
province of Sus, near the Atlantic : 120
mllcsS Moroccb, lon, 8 10 W,)at, 30 oN,
, T'arraga, &¦ lown iri Catalonia, on a
hill, near the river Cervera ; 15 raUes E
by S Lerida, and do W Barcelona.
Tarragona, a ftrorig feaport of Spain;,
In: Catalonia, with at- bifliop's fee, and a
uaiverfity. It- was built by the Phoeni
cians, was very powerful ia the time of
the Romans; and has many noble mpnq--
nienls pf antiquity. It is furrpunded by
walls built by the Moors, and is defended^
alfqby regular works. It Is neither fo
large nor fo populous as if was formerly f
for f hough there is room 'for aooo houfes,'
withia the walls, there is not above 500,,
which- are all built with large fquare
ftOpesi It- carries on a great trade, and
is on a Kill, on the Mediterranean : 35
miles N E Tortofa, and 220 E by H
Madrid, ten; i 13 E, lat. 41' 5 N.
TarJUs, A feaport town of Afiatic Tur
key, province (if Caramania, faid to have
been foiuided- by Sardanapalus, It vvas
at one time the capital of all Cificia, and'
in the time of St, Paul,, tbe inhabitant*-
enjoyed! the privileges, of Roman citi-
zensi If is' npw inhabited, by Turks,
GreeKs; *nd' Armenians-, apd is the feev
pfa Jacobite bifliop and. Neftorian arch
bifliop* It is large and furrounded, with
a double wall: St. E4ul called himfelf a
native of. Tarfua : 105 miles W Alexaa-
drella: Tartary; taken iri' its mofl? extenfive
fenfe, contains all that vaft country oE
Afia, which Ues betweea the Frpzen Sea,
tP: the north, and Perfia, Hindooftan, and
China fouth, and includes a great variety
of natipns, tP which is applied fhe gen
eral name pf Tartars, wifh a particular
Pne often applied from fheir local fitua
tion. Mr. Strahleaburg, a, Swedifli offi.'- cer.

T AH

T(A^

err, who refided fome. years in Siberia,
.divides tbem into 6 clafl'es : the firft,
.containing 7 .different nations, all iri the
'dominions of Ruflia. 'Flie fecond in-
, eluding the Budziacks, which dwell on
the coafts pf the Black Sea ; the Crim
Tartars, who inhabit -the province of
Taurida ; the Kuban 'Fartars, on the:
,-l»order5 of the 'Kuban -River ; and the
Tartars of Dagheftan. The-third iiiclud-;
,Tng the Samoiedcs, -on the . coaft of tbe '
Frozen Sea, frpm Archangel to tbe Le-'
.pa. The fourth ineludlpgihe.Calmucks'
and Monguls, who were {ottaex\y but.'
oae people. The fifth clafs including the-
Manlcheux and the Tuagul'es. tChe iiixih
contains the favage nalipus pa'the north-,'
-eaft coaft of Afia, as the Tfcbutki, &c.
with the inhabitants, of Kamtchatka,;
and the KirrUe Iflands. AU the Tartars,
.pretend to.be defcended from Turk, the
eldeft fon of Japheth. The Calmucks'
and Monguls are reprefented as living
quietly on the produce of .their foil,- With-;
out doing iajury to others. The Tartars
,of Afiatic Ruffia, are alfp ap inpffenfive:
people, living chiefly by fhe chafe ahdi
.iifliiag. Tartary may be di-yided into 3.
.part's, viz. Chinefe Tartary, -Independent'
Tartary, and Ruffian Tartary, i.Chjpefe'
Tartary is bpunded N by Siberia, E
'by the Gulf pf Kamtchatka and ,the
Eaftern Sea, S by China, W by the
country of the Kalmuks, vvfho arc eftab-
.liflicd between the Cafpian Sea and
;Kafligar. 'The different tribes which af
.prefent inhabit it, were formerly coni-
jprehepded urider the general name of
.Mongul or Mogul Tartars, a warlike and
formidable natipn,vvhp, onthe. ope hand,
•ciJriquered Hindooftan; under the famous
Jerighi's Khari; and on tbe other, fub-
jdued Chiria, and made all Afia trem-
!,bk, Tbe Mongol natipn is fubdlvid-^
ed intp a multiiude of others, who all
fpeak the fame language, generally called
the Mongul language : Thefe Tartars ;
-have neither -towns, villages, npr,li«ufes ;;
they fprm themfelves only info wandcr-i
'ing hprdes, and live under plain tents,
lyhich they franfpprt from one place to
another, according'as tbe tein;peratui;e of
the different feafons, or the wants of
their flocks require : fhey pirfs the fum-.
,mer on the baaksi of fheir rivers, and
the winter al the boftcmi of fome moun
tain or little hUl, which flielters them
from the fliarp and cutting N vvind.
Each of thefe tribes has ifs rcfpcflive
llmixs, and it would be an aiSl of hoftili-
ty towards tbeir neighbours to go beyond

them ; but they are at full liberty to ce-
camp wherever they choofe witfiia the
circumference affigned them. They are
aaturaUy clownitb, and dirty in their
drefs, as well as in ¦ their tents, where they
live amidft the dung of their flocks,
which when dried, they burn on their
hearths inftead pf wpod ; enemies tP la
bour, they choofe -rather to be fafisfied
with the food which their flocks fupply
them, than lake the trouble of cultivating
the earth : it even appears that they
negkift agriculture from pride. When
the miffionaries aflced the-m wby tliey
did not af leaft cultivate fome gardens,
they replied, that the grafs was for beafls,
anil beafts for man. During the fummer
tbey live only on milk, wbich fhey get
from their flocks, ^tfing without diftinc-
fion that -of the cow, mare, ewe, goat, and
camel. Their ordinary driok ii warm
wafer, -in which, a little coarfe tea has
been infufed : witb this drink they mix
cream, milk, oribuftei, according tp their
circumftances. They have alfo a method
of making a -kind of fpirituous liquor of
four milk, <;fpecially of that of the mare,
which fhey -diftil att-er liaving allowed it
to ferment. '-rai;tars.of better condilipn,
before tbey diftil this four milk, mix it
with fome, of the fiefli ,of their flieep,
which b as been a-lfokftto ferment. This
liqupr is ftrong and nourlfliiug : their
moft voluptuous, orgies confift in getting
drunk with it. 'Ihe Moguls are fret,
open, .and ^fincere They pride them
felves chiefly oa their dexterity in hand
ling the bow and arrow, mounting on
horfeback and hunting wild beafts. Po
lygamy is permitted among them ; but
fhey generally have only one wife. They
burn the bodies of their dead, and tranf
port the aflies tp eminences, where they
inter fhem, and cpvec fhe grave with 3
heap of ftones, over which they plant a
great number pf fmall flandards. They
are unacquainted witjj the ufe -of money,
and trade only by barter. Although the
Moguls might appropriate lo themfelves
the fpoils of a great number pf animals,
the fkins which they ufe f-pr clotbing are
generally tbofc of their flieep, 'Fhey
wear the vvool inmoft, and the Ikin on tbe
outfide. They are very well acquainted
vvith the art of preparing aud whitening
thefe fkins. Some of the better iort
among them fometimes ufe the ikias of
ftags, dogs, or -n-ild goals, of vhich they
make drefl^s for fpring. The religioa of
the Mogul Tartars coiilifts ia the vvorfl.ip
of il). They have the moft fuperftitious yericratiofl

TAT

T A V

veneration for their lamas. All the Mo
guls are governed by kans, or particular
princes, independent one of the other,
but all fubjeiiedfo the authority of the
emperor of China, whom they confider
as the grand kan of the Tartars. The
Chinefe empire has been lately extended
in Tartary, by the celebrated conqueft of
the kingdbm of the Elufhs, made in fhe
year 1759, by fhe arms ofthe emperor
kien-long '
Tartas, A town of France, department
of Landes, The Midoufe ruas through'
it ; and on one fide of this river it rifes
jn the form of an amphitheatre ; the oth
er Is on a plain : 12 miles N E Dax,
Tarudant, a town of Africa, which
gives name f o a diftrlift in the province of
Sus, fituated almoft at fhe extremity of the
empire pf Mprpcco, It was formerly the
capifal of a fmall kingdom, anu is af pref
ent the refidence of a governor, in whom
great confidence is repofed. The prov
ince cpntains feveral tpwns, which, as
well as Tarudant, are built wifh ftone :
no miles SSW Moroecp, and 43 E S E
Santa Cruz.
Taffacoria, a feaport pf the ifle of Rai
ma, pae pf the Canaries. It lies S W pf
St. Cruz, but being expofed to wefterly
-winds, is little frequented, except by
boats, ten. 17 58 W, lat. 28 38 N.
Taffafudon, fhe capital pf Bootan, a feu
datory couatry of Thibet : 260 miles S
by W Laffa, lop. 89 o E, laf, 27 43 N.
Taffing, an iflarid of Denmark, between
Funen, Langeland, and Arroe, It is fep
arated from fhe former by a ftrait, and
contains a fevv towns and villages.
Taffo, an ifland of the Archipelagp,
near Romania, at the eatraace of the gulf
pf Coatefia. It Is 35 miles in circumfer
ence ; aad was formerly famous for mines
of gold, and quarries of beautiful marble.
The capifal, of the fame name, has a gqod
harbour, and feveral caftles. There is a
fmall iflaad of this naaic 011 the W coaft
of Africa, at the mouth of the river Si
erra Leona.
Taffo, A mountain of Italy, befween
Bergamo and Como, frprri which the illuf
trious fapiily of the poet Taffo took their
name, which vvas priginally Tprfegianl.
They were loids of Bergamo, Milan,
aad other tovvas in Loaihardy, but be
ing expelled by the Vifconti, they fettled
on the moft advantagepus pofts of this
mounlaia, T.itta, er Sinde, a, cily pf Hindooftaa
Proper, capital of the proviace of Siady.
It is on a branch of the Sinde or Indus,

called the Ritchel River. In the laft cep.
fury, if was very extenfive arid populous,
poffeffing manufaaures of filk, wool, and
cotton ; and if was celebrated for Ifs cab
inet ware. Little of thefe npw remain,
and the liftiils of the city are very cir-
cumfcribed. On the fliores of the Indus,
above the Delta, confiderable quanlitlcs
of faltpetre are made ; arid within the
hiUy traiSt, vvhich commences within 3
miks on the N W pf Tatta, are mines bf
iroa and fait. The Indus, and its branches,
admit of an uninterrupted navigation
from Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and
Caflimere, for veffels of 200 tons ; and a
very extenfive trade was carried on be
tween thofe places, in the tinie of Au
rungzebe ; hut, at prefent, very littk of
this trade remains, owing 10 a bad gov
ernment Ip Sipdy, apd to a hoftile difpo
fition pf the Seiks, the prefent poffefl'ors
of Mpultan and Lahore : 741 miks N W
Bombay, ten. 67 37 E, lat. 24 50 N,
Tatiah, A town of Africa, on the frop-
tiers pf Mprocco, in the route from Mo-
rpccp and Sus to "Fpmbuiftpu : 170 riiiles
SSE Mprpccp.
Taiterfiall, A fPwn in Lineplnfliire,
England ; 20 miles S E Lincpln.
Tavafius, a fown of Sweden, ia Finland,
capital of the province of 'Favaftelaad,
on a river which falls into the lake
Wapa : 62 miles N £ Abo,
Tavai-poc-namnai, the fonthern ifland
of New Zealand, in the S Pacific Ocean!
The ifland is about 20p leagues in length,
and 50 in breadth ; for the moft part
mouptainous, barren, and thirily peopled.
The tops pf the mpuntain^ are cpvered
with fnow.
Taviifiland, a province of Sweden, in
the middle pf Finland, very fertile, and
cpnfifts pf fine plains, vvatered by a great
number of rivers and lakes, which abound
ip fifli. If is diverfified with arable and
meadoyy lauds ; and is the beft part pf
Fiplapd, apd fcarcely furpaffed in thofe
particulars by any province in Sweden.
It is, likewife, ftored with cattle, fifli, and
all forts of game,
Tauchel, a (owp of Poland : 30'mUes
N W Culm, ten, 18 5 E, lat, 53 38 N.
Taverna, a towa of Naples, in Calabria
Ulteriore : 20 mUe? E Nicaftro, lon,^6 44
£, lat, 39 II N,
, Tavifa, or Tavila, A confiderable town
of Portugal, capital of Algarva, with i
caftie, aad one of the beft li-jirbours in
the kingdom, defended by a fort. It is
in a fertile couatry, at the mouth of the
Gilaon, between Cape Vipcept and the
ftraits

T A V

T C H

Jlraits of Gibralter : lOO miles W by N
Cadiz, lon, 7 46 "W, lat, 37 18 N,
Tauna, a town of Egypt, on tbe Baher
Jofeph, or Canal of Jofeph, which forms
a communication between the Nile and
the Berke.t el Kcrum : 5 miles S W Afli
munein, Tavifiock, A bprough in Devonfliire,
England, on the -Tavy ; feads tvvo mem
bers to parllaaient, has a brook running
through every ftreet, aad a ftoae bridge
of 5 arches over the rivcr : 32 miles W
by S Exeter, aad 206 of Loadoa.
Taunton, A confiderable borough ia
Somerfetfliire, Eagland, on the "I'hoae,
which Is navigable hepce fo fhe Parret,
and has a confiderabte manufaiJlure of
wooUeo goods, fuch as ferges, duroys,
druggets, &c. Large quaatities of pialf
liquor, called Taunton ale, are alfo fent to
Briftol for exportation. It is a populous
place, with fpacious ftreets, and two
churches. Taunton is governed by a
piayor, and fends two members to par
liament. It was the fcene of many bloody
executions, in the reigp of James II, after
the defeat of the duke of Monmouth, at
SedgemoPr, near this fpwn : 31 miles N
E Exeter, and 140 S by W London,
Tttureau, an ifle of France, department
pf Finifterre, af the mouth of the Mor-
laix. On this Ifland is a caftle, which de
fends the port of Morlaix, Ion, 3 51 W,
Jat, 48 40 N.
Taurica, pr Taurida, fee Crimea.
Tauris, a city pf Perfia, capital of Ad-
erbeiflan, and fprpierly the capital pf
Perfia, la the nighbpurhpod are large
quarries of vvhite marble, one kind is
fl-anfparent. It carries on a prodigious
trade In cotton, cloth, filks, gold and fil
ver brocades, fipe turbans, and fliagreen
leather. There are 300 caravanfarles,
and 250 mofques. The river Age paffes
the N fide of the fown, whicli is fait 6
months in a year, from the torrents which
ivafh fands covered with fall. The in
habitants are 550,000. It is a healthy,
pleafant and cheap city as aay ia Perfia.
It is fcated in a delightful plain, fur
rpunded by mountains. In 1783, the
Khap abdicated his gpveramept, aad
ceded the vvhole to Ruffia ; 95 piiles
S E Nakfivan, and 320 NW Ifpahan, lop.
47 50 E, lat. 3S 18 'n. [Chardin,]^
Taurus, 3 great chain of mouataias ia
Afia, which begia in the E pact of
Little Caramania, aad , extead far into
India. In dift'erent places they have dif
ferent names
Ta-vy, A rivcr in Devonfliire, which

rifes in Dartmpor Foreft, and watering
'Faviftock, eaters the harbour of Har
mouze, above Plymouth.
Taw, and Tawy, two rivers pf Eng
land, vvhich empty inlp iheEriflol Chan
nel, the latter at Swanfcy Bay. , ?
Tay, a iine river of Scptland, which
paffes through Loch Tay, afterward wa
ters Dunkeld and Perth, and receiving
the river Earn, betew the latter ipwa,
falls iato the frith of Tay.
Tay, Frith of, an arm of the fea, which
divides Fifefliire from the counties of
Perth aad Angus, 'ifovvard its niouth, it
is very narrow.
Tay, Loch, a lake in Pcffhfliire, Scot
land, through which flows fhe rivcr Tav'.
It is 15 niiks long, aad in many, pans
aboye ope brpad. On the 12th of
September, 1784, this lake was feen to
ebb and flow feveral times in a quarter
of an hour, when all at once the waters
ruflied frpm E IP W in ppppfite cur
rents, fo as to form a ridge, leaving ihq
chanpel clry to the diftance of almpft 100
yards from ifs ufual boundary. When
the opppliiig waves met, they burft vvith
a clafliipg rioifp and much foam . the
waters tben rufhcd out al leaft 5 yaids
beyopd their ordinary Umits. The flux
and reflux cpntiaued gradually decreafing
for two hours. A linillar motion was
obferved feveral days, buf in a lefs de
gree. The banks of this lake are finely
wooded ; apd if has a linall lufud ifland,
on vvhich arc the ruins of a priory,
built by Alexapder I.
Tchang-tcha-fou , a city of China, capi
tal of the S part ofthe province of Hou-
quang, It has one cily of the fecond and
II of the third clafs under its jurlfdiiSlion,
and is pa a large river, which has a corr-
muaicalion witii aa exteafive lake, call
ed Tpng-tiag-hou : 625 piiles S by W
Pekin, '
Tchang-te-fau, one of the' moft northern
cities of Hoaan, in Chlaa : remarkable
for a fifli, like a crocodile, the fat of
which is of fuch a fingular nature, that,
whea oace kindled. It cannot be extin
guiflied, Tcbe-Kiang, A province pf China, one
of the moft confiderable In that em
pire. In extent, riches, and population ;
bouaded N aad W by Kiang-nan, S W bv
Kiang-fi, S by Fo-kica, E by the ocean.
la this prpvince, vvhole plains m:iy be
fecp covered with dwarf mulberry tree-,
purpofcly checked io their growth ; and
prodigious quantities of filk worms are
bred here. Their filk ftull's. In wLL'h .coid

t c tt

TEC

^^ arid filver are internfixed, are the
«noft bea'ufiful in -China. The fallow tree
grows here, and they have excellent
^.irfts, and the fmall gold fifli, with which
ponds are ftocked.
Tcberkin, A town of Abyflinia, with a
snarket on Saturdays. Cotton, cattle,
honey, and cloths are, fold, lat, 13 7 35
¦^. ' " [Bruce.]
Tehernigof, A government of RulTia,
-formerly part of Ukraine. Ifs ¦.capital,
-of the fam.e name, is on the Defne. .
Tehing-tou-fou, a city pf Giiiaa, capital
of Se-teheuen, formerly the ,refidenoe of
gihe emperors, and one of the largeft and
.moft beautiful cities in the empire,; but,
in 1646, it was almoft entirely deftroyed,
¦during the civil Wars that preceded the
iaft invafion of the Tartars Ils diftridl;
<:ontains 6 cities pf Jh« fecpnd, and 25 of -
the third clai«, " '
Tchin-hiang-fou, A ftrong city of China,"
,in the province of Kiaiig-ii^, the key
of the empire on the fea coafi. Its fitua-
ition and trade, and the beauty of its
¦walls, give it a pre-cmipence .over the
-other cities of the province ; but its ju-
rifdiSion is confined tp 3 .cities of the
third clafs-: 25 miles E by N Nan-king,
Tc'aing-Ubeou-fou, a city of China, prov
ince of Kiaag-nan, aear the canal through
¦which all barks muft pafs ip goipg from
'Sou-tcheou, to Kiang. .Uader it are 5 .-
•cities of the third clafs, ia which a kind
of earthen ware is prepared, highly
'valued by the Chiaefe, ',who pretead,
¦that the tea prepared In fhefe veffels ac-
.quiles a fuperior qualify ; and they pre
fer this- plain earthen w^retothe moft
elegant porcelain,
Tcboka, A large Ifland -on the cpaft ef "
Tartary, feparated from the main by a
channel -6 fathoms deep, whicli forms a
coirimurilcation between the fea ofjapan
jind Okhotfk. If was difcovcred by the
.celebrated peyroufe, aad extends fropi
about lat. 46 to 54 N. The ifland has a
rich foil, is covered vvith wood, level on
the fliores, mouptainous tpwards the cen
ter. The fea abounds vvith fifli, the riv
ers and brooks are crovvded-wilh falmpn.
The inhabitants are ingenious and friend
ly ; Utile mpre than five feet high, with
large heads, broad faces, animated and
agreeable countenances. Like the Chi
nefe, fhey falute by kneeling or proftra-
tion. What is their exaijl form of gov
ernment has not been dlfcovered ; their
old men are greatly refpeiSbed. Little is
known of their religipn. Tbe wpmen
are more delicately fprmed than the men.

their hair is teng and flowing ; but thdr
drefs differs but little. In the S part of
the ifland the beards pf the .men reach to
their breaft ; (heir arms, neck, and back
are cpvergd with hair. Spme-pf the ipr
habifa-nts tattoo their ;upper lip, and give
it a blue colour ; wearing filver, rings; and
oraanienfs of glafs. They drefs them
felves in the flcins of animals, .-or cteth,
whieh thejr fpin and weave from hair or
willow bark. Their huts are ftrongly
framed, the fides covered with bark, the
roof -with thatch. They have two meals
in a day,-oae at aooa, the other in the
evening, ^They Uve entirely an tlie fruits
and vegetables, vi-hlch grow fpontane
oufly, and what they take ia fifliing and
hunting. Strawberries, goofeberrics, and
rafberries, theyjiavein pleaty. Dogs are
fheir only .domeftic animal. They havie
pipes, fteel for ftriking fire, and Uttle or
naments of copper, of Japapefe, or Chi
nefe inanufaiflure, Xhey are very intel
ligent, honeft people. [Peyroufe.]
' Tchong-king-Jou, a crty ,of .China, nac ikf
the inp(t coippiercjal in tbe prpvince of
Se-fchuen,,on a mountain rifipg ip the
fprm of an aniphitheatre, at -the conflu
ence ofthe Hin-cha-kiang and Yang-tfc-
king. Under if are 3 cities pf the fecond
and II of the third ciais : 637 miles ,S
W Pekin.
Tcitcicar, ,the jnoft northern qf file
three departnicnfs of Eaftern Chiaefe
Tartary. Ifs capifal, of the fame name,
is a modern city, buUt by the emperor of
China, to fecure his froptiers againft the
incurfions , (if , the. R,uffians.: 450 miles N
,E Pekin.
' Teaiva, tile capita! pf .^tbara. The
inhabitants are poor Arabs ; the inen aite
about 1200, lat. 14 2 4 N. [Bruce,]
Tebeffa, A fown pf Tunis, with repiaiii*
of antiquity, at the foot of a isonntais.
Its environs abpund with almpnds, teij,
85 E, lat, 3451 «^
Telza, A ftrpng tpyin pf Morocco, capf
ital of a province of fhe fame name. It
carrks on a good trade, and Is pa the fide
of ope of the ,mouptaips of Atlas, lon. 4
5$ Wj lat, 32 50 N,
Teceut, A town of Moroccq, province of
Sus, .on the river Sus, ift a eountry
abounding in dates and fugarcanes ; Mo
rocco leather is niade here : 4 miks E
Vleffa,-ten, 8 25 E, lat, 29 10 N,
fecklenburg, A tpwn pf \'l''eftphaUa, cap
ital of a county of the fame name; vvith a
caftle on a hill : 12 miles S W.Ofnaburg,
and 25 N E Munfter,
Tecart, or Ticarte, an ancient and ftfong

T E F

T EL

town of Barbary, capital pf a kingdpm pf
the fame name in Biledulgerid, pn, a
inountain : 420 miles S W Tripoli, lon,
7 55 E, lat. 29 35 N.
- Teculet a feapprt of the kipgdom of
Morocco, with an old caftle, pn fhe fide
of a moimtain, at the mouth of a river of
the fame name, ten, 95 W, lat, 30 45 N,
Teddinglon, a village in Middlefex, Eng
land, on the Thames : 12 miles W S W
London, The church is a perpetual cu
racy, which was enjoyed by the celebrat
ed philofopher, Dr, Stephen H'aks, from
theyear 1710, till his death In 1761.
Tedelez, a ftrong town of Algiers, prov
ince of the fame aame, on the coaft of
the Mediterranean, with a caftle : 50
miles N E Algiers, lat. 47 5 N.
Tednefl, a large town of Morpcco, Prop
er, capitalof the province of Hea, almoft
fiirpounded by a river, lon. 8 35 W, lat.
30 30 N.
Tedfi, A commercial' town pf Moroccp,
- province of Sus, in a plaia abpuading la
corn : 20 miles S £ Tarodaat.
Tees, A rivcr pf Englaad, which falls
iiito the German Oceaa, bclpw Stocktoa.
Teefee, A large unwalkd fpwn, in the
Kngdpni of Kafl'on It has a kind of cit
adel. The people poffefs a plenty of
• corn and caltle, yet they eat rats, moles,
locufts and fnakes.- No woman Is allow
ed tP eaf an egg. [Park,]
iefezata, an ancient and ftrpng tpwn
of Algiers, proviiice of Tremefen: 12
miles from the city of that name. There
are a great many mines of iron in its ter-
Jiitary. Tefflis, the capital of Georgia, one of
«he ieven Caucafian nations, between the
Black Sea and tbe Cafpian. ll is called
by fhe inhabilants Thilis-Cabar, (warm
?own) from the warm baths in its neigh
bourhoods If contains 20,000 inhabit
anls, which are Armenians aud Geor
gians. Here are 13 Greek, 7 Armenian
ehurehes, and one Roman Calbolic,
Though under the Perfian government,
there is nof a mofque in the fowa. The
fortrefs is an affylum for criminals. The
ftreeis feldom exceed 7 feet in breadth ;
and fome are fo parrow as fcarcely to
allow roopi for a maa on horfeback :
they arc confequently very filthy. AU
the hpufes are pf ftbnc, with flat roofs,
which ferve, according to fhe cuftpm pf
the Eaft, as walks for the wpmen. Here
is a fpundery, at vvhich are eaft a few caa-
Bou, mortars, and balls ; aad the gun
powder niade liere is very gPod. The
Armenians- have eftabliflied here all the

manufaiSurcs carried on by their coun*
trymen in Perfia : the moft flourifhing is
that of printed linens. Tefflis is on the
Kur, at the foot of a mountain ; 12,$
miles W Terki, lon. 65 3 E, lat. 41 59 N,
[Chardin.]
Tegaza, a town of Africa, capital of
a terriiory of tbat name, N E of Senegal :
remarkable for mountains of fait, ten. 6
30 W, lat. 21 40 N.
Tegerhy, a town of Africa, kingdom of
Fezzan : 80 miles' S W Mourzook.
Tegla, A chain of mountains in Africay
lat. II or 12 N. [Erucc]
Teglia, a town of the country of the
Grifons, capital of a government of ther
fame name, in tha Valteliae. In 162c,
all the proteftant* of this place, ancl
throughout the Valtcliac, were jnaflacrcd-
It is on the top of a mouatain : 9 mile*
from Tirano, The tovvn contains 3C0
houfes ; in the government are 8000 fouL-^^
tCuie,]
Tehama, a fandy belt, which furrounds-
Arabia, from Suez fo fhe mouth of the
Euphrates, It contains large ftrata oS
faad, which fometimes rife into hills..
lis inclinatioa tpwards the fea ; its cities
npw remote from the fea, which accord
ing to hiftory, once were ports, and other
circumftances, fliow that thefe fands have-
emerged gradually from the fea. They
are ftill enlarging. While remote from
the fliore delightful vales charm the tvc,
this region of fand; commpnly twe days
jpurney in breadth, prefents ene unvary
ing plilure pf barrennefs aud dcfola-
tlop. Teignmouth, A feaport in Devonfliire,
England, reckoned part of the port of
Exeter. It has a confiderable coafKng
trade, efpecially in carrying tobacco pipe
clay to Liverpool, whence are brought
back coal; fait, eartheu ware, &e. r»
miles S Exeter.
Teiffe, A riverof Hungary, which fal!»
iato the Daaube, near "FltuL
Telsmona, a town of Tufcany, with a
fmall harbour and a ftrong fort : 10 mile*
from OrbiteUo, lat. 42 28 N,
Telgein, or Tclga, A trading town of
Sweden, ia Sudermania, on fhe S banlt
of fhe lake Maeler: 12 mfles S W Stock
holm. TeUicherry, A feajiort of Hindooftan, on
the coaft of Malabar, where there is an
Englifli faiftory : 30 miles NNW CaU-
cut. Ion. 75 50 E, lat. 11 48' N.
Teltfi, A tovvu in Moravia, on the fron
tiers of Bohemia, at the fpurce of the
river Teya : 36 miles. W N W Znaim.
¦ TsmtndefuffY

T E N

TEN

Temeiidefuf, A town of Algiers, On the
Mediterranean : lo miles E Algiers.
Temef-ioar, A cpnfiderable tovvri of Up
per Hungary, capital of a terriiory called
the baiinaf pf 'I'emefwar. It formerly
paffed for impregnable ; buf if was taken
by priace Eugeae, in a dry feafon, in the
year 1716. It is in a morafs, 60 miles
N E Belgrade, and 150 S £ Buda, ten. 22
ao E, lat. 45 37 N.
Temiffa, A large town of Africa, king
dom of Fezzan. Heife the caravan o f
pilgrims from Bornouaad Nigritia, which
takes its departure from Mourzook, and
travels by way Of Cairo to Mecca, ufu
ally provides the ftores of Corn and dates,
and dried me.it, requiliie for ils dreary
paffage ; 1 20 miles E N E Mourzook.
Templin, a tovvn of Upper Saxony, be
tween the Bodeafee and Dolgtnfee. Ia
the year 1735, this place was totally coa-
fumed by fire, but has beea rebuilt fp
very greai advantage. It is pne pf fhe
moft beautiful tpwas in the courilry. It
carries oa a very large trade in timber,
which is greatly promoted by means of a
canal, newly made : 15 miles S W Preiiz-
low, and 34 N Berlin.
Temrocl, A feaporf of the Cuban, in
Afia, on the Sea of Afoph ¦ 20 miles E
the ftraits of Cafl'a, lon. 37 20 E, laf. 45
17 N.
Temfena, z province of Africa, in fhe
empire of Mprpccp, pn fhe cpaft of the
Atlantic, S of Sallee. This province is
rich and fertile, aad'abouads ia excellent
provifions of various kinds. Its name
feems intended to fignify its falubrity, and
the purity of the climate. Temfena ap
pears fo be derived from the two Arabic
words Tamam Sana, only a year, as if they
fliould fay, that f o refide here only a year
would be fufficient to infure the' fic'kly
the return of their health, and fuch, ia
faiSt, is the firm beUef of fhe aatives.
Com is very pleatiful ia this 'proviace,
it is of a very excelleaf kirid, and the ears
frequeatly bear 70 grains or more. In
the forefts Is found a kind of cedar, called
hazar, of a refinous fmell ; it is a hard
and lacorrupfibk wood, and the Moors
employ it in building their houfes.
Tenafferim, A town of Lower Siam, on
a river pf the fame name, and capital pf
a province, which vvas fprmerly A king
dom, but now fubjeift to fhe King pf Si-
.-im : 44 miles S E Mergul, ten. 98 50 E,
Iat. II 35 N-'
Tenafferim, an iflaad ia the Eaftern In
dian Sea, near the coaft of Siam, ten. 97
aoE,lat.i2 28 N. '

Tenafcrim, A river of Siam, which fafftl
into fhe gulf of Bengal, in lon. 98 8 W,
lat. 12 12 N.
Tenbury, A town in Wprcefterfliire,'
Eaglaad- ; 15 miles W by N Wprce-
fter. Tenby, A feapprt ia Pembtpkefliire/- ,
Eaglaad': 10 milcs E Pembroke.
Tenda, A town pf Piedmoat, capital of
a county of the fame name, at the foot of
a mouatain, on the Boga : 5 2 miles S
Turin. '
Tene,las,A celebrated ifland in the Ar
chipelago, oa the. cpaft of ,NatoUa : 10'
miles S W the ftraits of- Galipoli. Il is
II miles loag and 10 broad, and its muf
cadine wine is the beft in all the Levant.
On fhe E fide is a large towri, at the foot
of a mouatain, vvith a fiae harbour, com
manded by a caftle- On the 5th of June,'
1794, after fpme fevere flipcks pf an
earthquake, a fmall volcanie ifland was
dlfcovered fo have emerged from fhe fea,
between this fown aad the Afiatic fliprew -
It has abput 300 Turkifh and 200 Greek
families. Tenerlff, Orie Pf the Canary Iflands* arid
the mpft confiderable of them for riches,^
trade and extent. It lies W ofthe Grand
Cariary, is 45 miles long aad 20 broad,-
aad abounds ia vvine, different forts of .
fruit, grain, cattle, and game, - It is cpm
puted that 40,000 pipes of wiae are, an
nually made here. One part of this
ifland is furrounded by inacceffible mouri-*
tains, and one In particular, called the
Pike -jf Tenerlff, is 15,396 feet abpve the
level of thefea, aud maybe feen 120
miles off, in a clar day. This ifland is
fubjea to earthquakes ; and in 1704, one
deftroyed feveral tovvas, aad maay thpu
fand pepple. The labpripus wprks in
this iflaad are chiefly perfprmed by ox-
eh aad mules, horfes being fcarce, and
referved for the ufe of the officers.
Hawks and parrots Are natives of the
Ifland, as alfo fwallows, feaguUs, part
ridges, canarybirds, and blackbirds ; there
are alfo lizards, locufts, and dragonfiies.
'I'he cliina,te is remarkably healthful, and
particularly adapted fo afford reUef in
phthifical complaints, Laguii is fhe
capital. It contains 80 or ioo,OO0'in-
habitants. The lower clafs are wretch
edly indigent, A charitable fociety is
inftituted for the fupport and employ
ment of 240 poor children, lon, 16 18 W,
lat, 28 29 N. [Bligh,]
Tenez, A town of Algiers, province of
Tremefen, capital of a diftrliSl of the fame
naine, vfitli a ftrong fort. It js on tbe
fide

TER

TER

fide of a mountain : 4 miles from the fea
ten. I o E, lat. 39 20 N.
Teng-fong-hien, A city of China, under
the jurifdidtion of Ho-nan-fou, iu the
provipce of Ho-nan. If is fanious on ac
count pf the tPwer, eredted for an pb
fervatpry, by fhe celebrated aftronomer
Tcheon-kong. Tennis, A town of Egypt, fituated on
an ifland, in a lake of the fame name :
28 miks S £ Damietta, lon. 33 40 E, laf.
31 2 N.
Tennis, A lake of Egypt, 55 miles long
and about 7 wide, which reaches frpm
Damietta tP Tineh, feparated pnly by a
narrpw tpngue from the Mediterranean.
Tennis, A village in a province of Al-
fiers. The Moors have a tradition that
haraoh fent here for forcerers to dif
pute miracles with Mofes. They are
ftill great cheats, [Sl^fivv,]
Ten-tcheau-fou, a city of China, in fhe
province of Chang-tong, wilh a good
port, and 8 cities in its jifrlfdlcllpn. It
is on the N fide of a peninfula of fhe
"Yellow Sea : 200 miles S E Pekin.
Tennefadt, A town of Upper Saxpny, in
Thuringia : 5 miles frpm Erfurt.
Tenierden, A corporatef own in Keiit,Fng-
land,goyeraed by a aiayor. 'Fhe fteeple of
(he church is very loffy, and at the time
of fhe Spanifli invafion, ia 1588, vvas
made ufe pf as a beacon : 24 miles S W
Canterbury, aad 56 E byS Loadoa.
Teramo, a tnwn of Naples : 10 miles N
WAtri, lat. 4237 N.
Teraffa,ite Tarfus.
'Teraffan, A fown of Fraace, department
of Dordogne : 20 miks N Sarlat.
Tercera, one of the Azores, very fertile,
and contains about 20,000 inhabifants.
Angra is the capital,
Terga, an ancient town of Morocco :
25 miles from Azamor,
Tergovifto,OT Titiiw, a commercial tovvn,
capital of Walachia, It lias a fine palace
belonging to the w;-iy-wpde, antl is on the
Jalonitz : 30 miles N W Bucliareft, lon,
«5 26 'E, lat, 45 45 N,
Terki, a tovvn of Circaffia, where n
prince refides, dependent oa thcRufflans,
tliis being their frontier tovvn againft
Perfia, It is on a river of the fame name,
in a marfliy place : i mile from the Caf
pian Sea, and 125 milts E of TeflHis, ten,
47 50 E, lal, 43 22 N,
Termini, 3 town On the N Coaft of Sic
ily, ia the Val-di-Dcmona, vvith i ftrong
cifile, famous for ifs mineral waters, and
a fine aqueducT:. It is al tbe mouth of a
river of the fame name, in a territory
Vot. II, E e e e

abounding in corn, oil, and wine : ZO
miles 3 E Palermo, and has 9000 inhab
ifants. Termali, A fown of Naples, in Capita
nata, near the fea : 32 miles S £ Lanci
ano, and 70 N £ Naples.
Ternate, an ifland of fhe Indian Ocean,
the principal of the Moluccas. It Is
mountainous, and has a great number of
woods, which furnifli much game ; yet
produces a great quantity of cloves and
other fruits proper to the cUmate. This
ifland "was firft fettled by the Spaniards,
who vyere driven away by tbe Dutch, to
whom fhe king of the iflaad is, ia fome
degree, fubjcdt. The Europeans have 7,
forts, called Orange and 'Ferloeke, be
tween vvhich is a lake, called Saffe, a
league in circumference, and 60 fathoms
deep, feparated from fhe fea by a narrow
dike, which fhe Spaniards made a fruity
lefs attempt to cut through, to form a
port, Il Ues a little W of Gilolo : 100
miles £ Pelebes, lon, 129 o E, lat, i o N.
Terneiife, a ftrong tpvvn and fort of
Dutch Flanders, on the W branch of the
Scheld, called Hondt : 8 miles N Sas-
van-Ghent, and 25 W N W Antwerp. It
was taken by the French in 1794.
Terni, an ancient city of Italy, in the
duchy of Spoletto, with a bifliop's fee.
The cathedral is a magnificent ftruiSure,
and the place contalas about 9000 ia
habitants; buf if was much more con
fiderable formerly than now The fa
mous cataradl of the river Velino, is -a
mile from this city, which is on an ifland
formed by the river Neva, on which ac
count if was anciently caUed Interamna.
Fcrni is the birthplace of Tacitus the
hiftorian : 15 miks S by W Spoletto,
aad 40 N Rome, lon. 12 40 E, lat. 41
34 N. _
Terna-tia, an ancierit town of Turkey,
in Europe, in Bulgaria, with an archbifli
op's fee. It vvas formerly the feat of ilie
princes of Bulgaria, aad is on a mountain
near the Jencra : 88 miles N W Adria
nople, and 97 N E Sophia, ten, 26 2 £,
lat, 43 I N,
Terracii.a, an ancient decayed townof
ltaly,In Campagna di P.oma, with a bifli
pp's fee. It vvas the capital of the vvar-
like Volfci, and the priricipal church w.-is
originally a temple of Jupiter, It Is
fcated amoag orange and citron groves,
near the fea, on the fice of a mcuntain :
46 miles S ii Rome,
Terrana,a vvell enctefed town of Egypt,
cpnfifting entirely of mud-waUed houfes.
It is the refidence of a cachicf, I.1 tbe
•r , ceighbaurhoad

T E T

TEX

iftsighboarhood appear the' ruins of Tc-
reiiuthls, novy called AboubeUou. They
arc a ferocious, maUgnant people,
.-ll  [Sonini,]
. Terra Nuova,.an ancient fe^iporf on the
N E coaft of Sardinia, at ihe.botfoni of a
g,ulfoE-lbe fame name : 65 miks NNE
Safl'ari. It has abop-f .7000 inhabitaiits,
Terring, a town in Suffex, England : 24
milcs £ Chichefter.'
Terrauen, A lown of France, department
iof the Straits of Calais, pn the Lis : 6
iniles S St, Omer,
Terruel, a confiderabte tovvn of Spain,
in Arragon, vvith a bifliop's fee. It is on
a large fertile plain, at tbe confluence
of the Guadalquiver and Alhanibra : 75
miles S W Saragoffa, and 112 £ Madrid,
Tervere, or Veere, a town of the Unit
ed Province,-,, on the N E coaft- of the
ifle of Walcherin, with agood harbour,
and a fine arfenal : 4 miles N £ Middle
burg, lon. 3 42 E, lat, 51 36 N.
Tefchen, A town of Upper Silefia, fub-
jedl to the hpufe of Auflria, ll is fur
rounded on aU fides by a morafs, and is
near the fource of the 'Viftula. Theinhab
ltants carry on a iradein leather, woollen
fluffs, and Hungary wines ; and make
pretty good fite arms, and excellent beer.
A treaty of peace was concluded bere
in 1779, between the Em-pcror Jofeph II,
and Frederic III, of Pruflia: 27 miles S
E Troppaw, and 65 S W Cracow.,
Tefegdelt, A tovva of Morocco Proper,
furfoupded by a craggy rock, which, rea
ders, it- impregaable. It is at fhe mouth
of the Techubit ; 200 miles W, Mo
rocco. Tejino, A river of Swifferland, whicli
lifcs in Mount St,Gothard, paffes through
iJie country of the Grifons, and the lake
Maggiore; then running through part of
the iVIihncfc, If waflies, Pavia, and a Ill-
tie after fa,Ui ii>to the Po,
Teibury, a town. In Gloucefterfliire,
'iuiglandj which has- a conrwlerablc trade
in cheefe, yarn, and wool ; 25 miles E
N E Briftel; and 99 W London,
Tetuan^AT^- aacient city of tbe kingdom
of i-"c::,;'witli a caftk, "Flie houfes have
pnly, little holes- toward tbe ftreets, fhe
-»--indQ,iV3 are on th-c infide, toward the
courtyard, which is furrounded by gal
leries ; and in the middle is generally a
fountain. The houfts are tvvo ftories high,
fiat at the., top, and the ftreets very nar
row. The women vifit each olher from
ttis , tcrps. of their houfes; they wear
bracelcts-on ihcir arms I'lid legs, and large
Ofir-njigs ; Inve very, fine eyes, and fome

of tl»<pi, bjaiitiful flcins; and their veftis
open before, from the bol'om to fhe wailb
"I'he fliops, are^cry fmall, and. without:
doors ; the mafier fittinig, crpfs-ltggtd on
a counter,, with the gpods ^difpofed in
drawers rpund him, and all the cuftomers
ftand in tbe ftreet. ,, This place has pre
ferved a communication with Gibralter,
whence the fliips come fo viAival, when
the wind is in th.e W, and does not per
mit them to make Tangicrs. The fliore
of Tetuan is only fafe when the wind is
in the W, at which time the fliips ride
fecure ; but when it veers^o the E, they
muft remain there no longer. It is feal
ed on the river Cus ; 3 miks from fhe
Mediterranean, 21 S Ceuta, and 108 N
by W Fez, lon. 5 26, W, lat, 35 27 N.
Teverone, a river -of Italy, a branch of
the Tiber, fhe ancient Ainis, which rif»».
in the Appennines: 50 miks.above Ti
voli, glides through a plain till If comes
near that town, When if Is confined for »
-fliort fpace, between two hills, covered-
vvith groves. "Fhefe were fuppofed to be
the refidence of the Sibyl Albunea, to
vvhom a temple here was dedicated, the
elegant form of vvhich- indicates its hav
ing been liuilt when the arts vvere in the-.
higheft ftate of perfeiftion. The river
moving with augmented rapidity, asit*-.
Chaaael is confined, at laft ruflies violent
ly over a lofty precipice ; the noife of.
its falls refounds through the hills and",
groves of Tivoli ; a liquid cloud arifes
from tbe foaming water, which after
ward divides into numberlefs-. fmall caf
cades. Haviag gained the plaUi, it foon
afterward receives the waters of the lake
Solfatara, and runs quietly on till it loofes
itfelf in the Tiber,
Tevlot,'A river of Scotland, which unites
wilh theTvveed, near Kelfo. ,
Teviotdale. See Roxburghffirf.
Tbiirart, an ancient town of Fez, on a-
mouataia near tbe river Za.
Tei-fera, an ancient tovvn of Barbary,
in Biledulgerid, divided int,o two parts hy
a rivcr. It ft.ands on tbe confines of Tu
nis, in a country abounding ip dates, loa.
10 16 E, lat, 31 28 N,
Tewkefloury, a borough ia Gloucefter
fliire, England. Here are tbe ruins of a
monaftery ; and it was formerly famous
for muftard balls, to y/hicli Shakcfpear
alludes in his fecond part of Henrjy IV.
it has maaufaifturcs of woollen clotlis arid
cotton ftocklngs, and fends two niembers
to parliament : 10 miks N Gloucefter.
Tex.-l, an illand ofthe United Provin
ces, in N Holland,, 11 miles long and 6
' broad,-

THA

T 11 '^

broad, feparated from the cohti^nenf by a
¦narrow channel of the fame name, de
fended by a ftrong fort. This channel is
the beft and moft foutbero eairance from
the ocean into the Zuider Zee, aad
-through it moft of the -fliips pafs tha't are
-briiind 'to Amfterdam. The land is fcr-
,tik in pafture, and the whole wcU fecured
with dikes of prodigious ftrength and
:}ieigbt. Near this 'illand vvas the oek-
'bratcd fea fight,- bciv/oen the fleet of
-Holland, under admiral Martin Hcrpcriz
Tromp, and thalof Eagland, -Under, ad-
¦miral Elake, in the year 1653, in which
Tiomp vvas killed, la the year 1673,
'another bank vvas fought bciwccn -the
fleet of -HoUapd; and the upited fleets of
England and Prance, in whicli the vidlo-
-ry was doubtful, loa. 5 28 E, laf. 53 5 N.
Teya, A river of Germaay 'which en
ters the Moraw, on the confines of Hun
gary, Teyh, a town of Bohemia, beloagiag to
the archbifhop of Prague : 52 miles S W
•of that city,
Tezar, aa ancient tovva of the kiag-
'dom of Fez, capital of the province of
'Cuzi. Here is a mofque, half a-mUe ih
icircumferencc : 45 miles E Fez,
Tezela, an aacieat towa of Algief-s,
•with a caltle : 15 miles from Oran.
Tezfite, a town of Fez, on fh^ point -of
a rock : 8 miles froin -Melilla, loP. i 55
W, lat, 44 40 N,
Thames, the fineft river in Great
-Britain, which takes its rife from a copi
ous fpriag, called Thames Head, tvvo
'miles S 'W Cirenoefter, ia Gloucefter
fliire, About a mile below the fpurce of
the river, it is not more than nine feet
•wide in the fummer, yet, in the winter, be-
, comes fucha torrent, as- to overflow the
•meadows for many miles arpund. The
ftream proceeds to Lechlade ; and being
there joined by the Lech and Coin, at the
diftance of 138 miles from London, it be
comes navigable for veffels of 90 torts.
There are fo many flats, however, that,
in fummer, fhe navigation weftward would
be eatirely flopped, vvere it not for a
number of locks : buf there is no lock
'from Londoa Bridge to Bolter's IjOck,
¦Avhich is '52 mUes above that bridge.
The plan of new cuts has been adopted,
in fome places, to fliorten 'and facilitate
the navigation, A ftill more important
•undertaking was effcfted in 1789; the
juniaioa of this river with the Severn,
A caaal had beea made, from the Severn
'to Wall-bridge, near Stroud, A new ca-
¦pal pow afcend:. by Stroud, through tbe I

"V"akof Chalfoidjto the height of 343
feet, by .28 locks, and thence to tbe en
trance of a tunnel near Sapperlon,a dif
tance of near 8 miles ; vvhich runnel, exi-
tending under SappertonHill and part of
earl Bathurll's grounds, tvvo miks arid
three furlongs, can navigate barges of 70
tons-. The canal, -defcending hence 134
feet, by 14. teck&, joins the Thames at
Lechlade, a-diflance of above 20 mile*.
¦J 'he length, of the vvhole -caaal, from the
Severn to the Thames, is more than 30
raUes, A comraunicafion with the Trent
and Merfey -has -likewik been efrcCtect,
by a -caniri from Oxford to Coventry ;
,and an aift-ot parliament has paffed, lo
extend aaother canail from this, at Utauii-
flon, to the Thames at Ereiilfoid, fo be
called tbe -Grand Junainn Canal,, The
tide flows rip the 'I'hames as high as
Kingfton, which; following the winding
of the river, is 7:0 miles from the octan ;
a greaterdiftaace than the lide is carried
by aay other rivter ia Europe. 'Fhe wa
fer is efteemed extremely wholefome, and
fit for ufe in very long voyages, during
which it will work itlclf perl'eiftly fine.
"rhe lord mayor of Loadoa has -iirildic-
tlon over the "rhamts, fioni Staines 10 the
Sea. Thaiief, aa "Iflaiid -of Kent, England,
comprifing tbe E angle of that county,
and feparated frcm the mainland by a
narrow chaaael of the Stour. It pro
duces much cora, efpecially barh-y, of
both which 20,000 qnatlers are anrtually
fent lo London, and alfo madder. The
S part is a ric'.i trail of marfli laad. ft
coatains the -feaports of Margate and
Ramfgate, arid feveral villages.
Thafa, an ifl-arid of the Archipelago,
on the coafl of Muccdnnia, at the etS-"
trance of the gull" of Conteffa : 1 2 mUes
long and 8 broad, and abounds la all the
neceffaries'of life. 'I'hc fruits and wine
are very^deUcatc ; and there are mines ctf
gold aad filver, btfide quarries of fine
marble. The chief town, of tbe fame
iiiiine, lias a barlnoir frequented by mer
chants, loa. 24 32 E, lat. 40 59 N.
Thaxted, a coi-jiorale towa ia Effex,
England; governed by a m-iyor . 20
miles N W Chelmsford, and 43 N E
London. Thebaid, a country cf Upper Egypt,
reaching frtini Fium 10 the Red Sea. It
is the leaft fertile, and the thiiineft of
pi-nplc of any province in Egypt, beincr
lull of deferts, and celebrated for the i,.-
trcat of a great number of Chriftians, vvho
.-lived here i a a folltary mapper. It -is
" new

THI

T H I

now inhabited by Arabs, who are rob
bers by profeffion.
Thebes, tbe ancientname of a city of
Upper Egypt. It was celebrated for
having IOO gates ; and there are many
magnificent remains of antiquity Three
villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and
Gournou, are feated among its ruins,
which are hence called the antiquities of
Carnack and Luxor.
Thebes, an ancient city of Livadia,
See.Tbive. Theobalds, A village in Hertfordfliire :
Zi miles N London.
Theodofia. See Caffa.
Thermia, an ifland- of the Archipelago,
S of the ifland of Zia, and near the gulf
of Engia: I2 miles long and 5 broad.
The foil is gojid aad well cultivated, aad
it has agreat deal of filk. The priacipal
tovvn, of the fame name, is fhe refidence
of a Greek bifliop. It is remarkable
for hot fprings. The principal town
contaips 300 houfes, and 2000 inhabit
ants. The Greeks have 15 churches and
a bifliop, who refides here 6 months, and
as many at Zia, Here is a caftle ; the
iahabiianrs are goveined >y a -Cadi, and
fpur prpcuratprs, clipfep frpm themfelves.
The Iflaad is level, and fertile, but— has
very fevv trees. 'Fhe men are honeft, tbe
women neatly dreffed, handfome, and
chafte, ten. 59 E, laf. 37 31 N, [Ppcpckc.]
Theffaly. See Janna.
Thctford, A borough in Norfolk, Eng
land, It is governed by a mayor, fends
two niembers to parliament, and has three
churches, and a good freefchool. It for
merly had upward of 40 churches, and
was a bifliop's fee ; but it was deftroyed
• in the time of the Danes : 30 miles S S
E Lynn, Theux, a vUlage near Spa, in the bifli
opric of Liege, where the French obtain
ed a vicStory over the Auftrians, in 1794,
Thibet, or Great Thibet, A country of
Afia, lying between 81 and 102 E lou,
and 25 and 40 N lat, bounded on the N
W and N by the Defert of Kobi, in Tar
tary, on the E by China, on the S by
Affam and Burmah, and on the W and
S W By Hindooftan Prpper and Bootan,
'Fhis country is one of the higheft in
Afia ; it being a part of that elevated
trail which gives rife not only to the
rivers of India aud China, but alfo to
thofe of Siberia and Tartary. Its length
'from E fo W, cannot be lefs than iooo
miles ; its breadth very unequal. We
are informed generaUy, that it is divided

into three parts ; that is. Upper, Middle,
and Lower Thibet. The upper divifion
feems to refpeiS the countries towards
fhe fources of fhe Ganges and Sanpoo
rivers,: the middle, tbat In which Laffa
is fituated, and of whicli it forms the
centre : and fhe Lower Thibet, that
which borders on China : buf fhe fub-
jedt is obfcure, and Ukely to remain fo.
Little Thibet, which i& fituated between
Upper Thibet and Cafligar, is rather a
dependency of the latter, than of Great
Thibet. Confidering the exceeding rough
and fterlle ftate of the country oC Thibet,
and the feverity of its climate ; from its
wonderful elevation, we are aftpniflied to
find its inhabitants in a high ftate of civ-
ilizatlpn : their lipufes tefty, and built of
ftpne ; and the ufeful manufactures in
fpme degree of improvement. AU thefe
advantages they probably owe to flieir
vicinity tp the Chinefe, fp whpm, indeed,
fhe lama Is in fpme refped tributary.
The Thlbetlans are governed by , the
grand lama, who is nof only fubmitted to,
and adored by fhem, but is alfo the great
objcift of adoration for the various tribes
of pagan Tartars, who walk through the
vaft traOi of continent which ftretches
from the river Volga to Corea, He is
nof only fhe fovereign pontiff", the vice
gerent of the deity on earlh, but by the
more remote Tartars is abfolutely re
garded as the deify lilmfclf. They be
lieve him to be immortal, and enskassi
with all knowledge andjKrtue. Every
year fhey come from.-differenf parts to
worfhip, and make'rich Offcriags at his
fliriae. Evea the emperor of China, who
Is of a Tartar race, does not fail 10 ac
knowledge the lama, ia his religious ca
pacity, although, as a temporal fovereign,
the lama himfelf is tributary to that em
peror, "I'he opiaioa of the moft Prtho-
dpx Thlbetlans ' is, that when fhe grand
lama feems tp die, either pf old age pr in
firmity, his fpul, in reaUty, only quits a
crazy habitation, to look for another
younger or better ; aod it Is dlfcovered
again in the body .of fome .child, by cer-
tain tokens kaown only to the lamas or
priefts, in "whicli order he always ap
pears. Tbe lamas, who form the moft
numerous, as well as the moft powerful
body In the ftate, have the prieftbood en
tirely in their hands ; and, they alfo fill
up many mpnaftic prtlers, which are held
in great veaeratipa among them. Befide
the religious influence and authority of
the grand lama, he is pofl'efled of unlim
ited power fbrougliout his dominions. The

THI

THO

The temporal government of Thibet
has not been alvvays poffeffed by the
great lama. At the beginning of the 17th
century, 'Fhibet was ruled by a king ;
and the territories fiibjeiS to the great
lama were npt very large. By the letters
of Father Andrada, who was in Thibet
jn the year 1624, it appears, that the king'
otthis country fliovved vaft favour tp tie
Chriftian religion, which difgufting the i
•great Lama, he, by his machinations,
brought about an iufurrciSion among the
I'artarian princes, who, afler they had
entirely routed fhe prince's army, put
him to death. His refidence is at PatoH,
a vaft palace, on a,niouiitaia, near tbe
banks of the Burrampooter, 7 miles from
Lafl'a. In 1774, the Englifli £ India
Company made a treaty with the lama.
The religion of Thibet, though, in maay
refpedtsjlf differs from that of the Indian
bramins, yet, in other things, they have a
great affinity The Thibetiaus have a great
veneration for the cow, and highly
refpcift alfo the waters of the Ganges,
the fource of whicb they believe tq be
in heaven. The funniaflcs, or Ipdian
pilgrims often vifit Thibet as a holy
place ; and the lama always maintains
a body of near 300 of them in his pay.
This is ope pf the leaft favpured cpunfries
in the world. Lpw rpcky hiUs withput
vegetation, extenfive arid pmias of ftub-
bora afpcift, promife little produce, and
are generally incapable of culture. The
cUmate is cold; il drives the pepple to val
leys, hollows, and flielterlng rocks. The
flpcks pf wild fpwis, beafls pf prey, and
herds, are aftpniftiing. The dead are con
fumed by fire, or devoured by beafts,
the mortal remains of the fovereign La
mas excepted. Thefe are buried, fome
times in a coffin of gold. Under the
portico of the Maufoleum are priefts,
who read and pray, eternally, upon the
fame fpot, and keep alive the facred fire
that burns before the flirine. They occa
fionally relieve each other. See Palte.
[Turner.]
Thiol, or Tiel, a flrong town of Dutch
Guelderland, takea by the Freach ia
1794. It is on the Waal ; 20 miks W
Nimeguen. Thiel, a river of Swifferland. It iffues
from the lake of Neuchatel, difcharges
itfelf into that of Bieaae, aad feparates
the principality of Neuchatel from the
. Canton of Berae. [Coxe.]
Thielt, A town of Auftrian Flanders :
10 miles N Courfray^
¦Thiers, a populHs town

1 M^France, de

partment of Puy de Dome, famous for
Its ftatuary, hardware, and cutlery. It is
on the fide of a bill : 22 miks E Cler-
mpat, and 220 S by E Paris.
Thionville, a ftrpng town pf Franee, de
partment of Mofelle. The Auftrians
bombarded if in 1792, but were obliged
to raife the fiege. It is on the Mpfclk,
over which is a bridge defended by a
horawork : 14 miks N Metz, and 195
N £ Paris, ten. 6 15 E, lat. 49 21 N.
Thirff, A borpugh in the N riding pf
Yprkfliire, England. It fends 2 mem
bers fo parliament ; and was formerly
noted for its ftrong caftic : 20 miles N W
York. Thive, .or Thebes, an ancient and cele
brated city of Livadia, with a bifliop's
fee. It is nothing now to what it was
formerly, and yet is 4 miks in circum
ference, but fo full of ruins, tbat there
are not above 4000 Turks and Chrif
tians in if. It Is famous for a fine fort of
white clay, of which bowls for pipes are
made after the Turkifli fafliion : they
are never burnt, but dry naturally, and
become as hard as ftone. Here are
tvvo mofques, and feveral Greek church
es. The air of the country about The
bes is thick and foggy, whence the an
cient inhabitants ot Eoeotia were account
ed dull and phlegmatic, and were neither
famous for their wit nor valour. Epam-
iiiondas" raifed Thebes to its higheft
pitch of grandeur ; after whofe death it
was not remarkable for its virtues, but
misfortunes, till it funk into its original
obfcurity ; fo that its glory took birth
vvith this great man, and with him ex
pired. It is between 2 rivers : 20 milcs
N W Athens, and 280 S W Conftanti
nople, lon, 23 40 E, laf, 38 17 N.
Tboiffel, A confideiable tovvn Pf France,
department of Ain, with a handfome
college. It is in a fertile country: 10
miles NTrevoux, and 200 S E Paris,
Thama, St. an ifland of Africa, lying
under the equator in 8 E ten. It is almplt
rpund, and abput 50 miles in diameter.
"Fhe foil is fertile, and produces plenty
of fugarcanes. On the fame vine are
bloflpms, and green and ripe grapes, the
year round. It is a very unwholefome
country, pofl'efl'cd by the Portuguefe, and
few live to a great age. It confifts chief
ly of hills. Intermixed wirh vallies, vvhich
are conftantly filled with a thick ftinking
fog; but it agrees very well with the
caltle, wliich aie larger and finer here
tban on the '(Sold Coaft of Guinea,
Thomas, St. A town of Hindooftan, oji
the

THU

TIU

*fie coaft of Cpromaiidel, with ap areh-
tbiflipp's fee ; fubjedl tP the Pprtuguefe :
3 miles S Madras, . .<...'
Thomond, in Irelaad, fee Clare..
Thamn, a town of Savoy, capital of-
.-Chablais, wifh a palace, and feveral coa
veats, on thelake of Geneva, at the mouth ,
of the river Drama : 13 rallies. S W Lan- ¦
fanne, aiid'i6 N E Geneva, . '
Thorn, a city of Weftefii Pr-jffia, for-
imerly a Hanfeatic town. Agreat tumult _
iiappened here in 1714, between theRo-f
.man catholics and proteftants, on account
of the ftudents of the jefuits ; uppn which
the Poles fent judges to try the raagif- ;
-trates for not fuppreffing fhe riot. Who.
•condemned two ofthe priac^ipal ma,gif- :
trates to be beheadeds .and 7 of the citi-
«ens. ¦ The proteftaats have a handfpme \
-college here. The PrufSans forcibly took
jj.offeflioa qf this fovvin, in 1793, and an-
aiexed it to their dominions. ,, Itis on tbe
"Viftula, over which is-a remarkable bridge :
-67 miles S Daatzic, and 105.N W-War-faw,
¦Jon. 18 42 E, lat, 52 d N.
Thorn, A tovvn inthe Wrlidingof York
fliire, England, in a marfliy foil, near the
Don : 167 miles NbyW Londpn.
Thornhury, A corporate town In Glpu-
jcefterflilre, England, governed by a mayor,
feaied near the Severn : 24 miles S -W
Cloucefter, Tiarnbill, a town in Dumfriesfllire,
Scoflaiid, -ti'here fairs are held, chiefly
.for woollen yarn and coarfe woollen
iiufTs. It is on an elevated plain, on the
Nith : 15 miles N by W Dumfries.
Thauars, a confiderable tPwn pf Fraace,
-departmeat ,of Twp Sevres. The caftic
of ifs ancient dukes is on a rock, fur
rounded by walls, I20 feet high, which,
from the whitenefs of the ftoae, might
lie fuppofed not more than 10 years old.
It is on a hill, by the river Tlioue ; 32
iniles, S £ Angers, and 162 S W Paris.
Thrapfion, a town In Nprthamptonfliire,
England,- on the Nen, over which is a
bridge : 75 miles NNW Lpndon, tea, o
36 W, lal, 52 26 N. '
, Thuin, a towa of Auftrian Hainault,
but fubje(?L to the bifliop of Liege. It is
feated on the Sambre : 8 niijes S W
Charleroy, and 15 S E Mons, loB. A 22 E,
lat. 50 21 N.
Thule, fee Fula.
•¦ Thule, Southern, fee Sandwich Land.
Thun, a lake and town of Swifferlaftd,
in- the canton of Bern : fhe lake is five
leagues teng and one broad. Its borders
-are richly variegated, and covered with
numerous villages. The civer Aar paffes

through; it, and at the N W extrenii-ly h
the town of lliun, with a caftle,, where
the avoyer refides. It contains ijc^
fouls, and , has its pwn magiiftrafcs and
cpurtspf 'juftice. The priacipal employ.
ment is carding arid fpipiiing filk : ,10
mjles S £ Bern, ten. 7 1 7 £, Jat. 46 38 N.
, , [Coxe,] .
Thurgau, a bailhvick of Swifferland,
which lies ateag the river 'Fhur, bound
ed Eand.Iv| by thelake, tovvn.aod bifli
opric of Conftance. It is the largeft
bailiwick in Swifferland, as well as the
moft pkafant and fertile ; and is very
populous, having 6 towns and 170 or 180
villages. .The -fovereignty belongs to the
8 ancient cantons. Frauepficld is the
capital. T'huriiigia, a landgravate -of <lermany,
in the circle pf -"Upper > Saxopy ; bound
ed E by Mifnia, S by Franconia, W by
Heffe, N by the duchy, pf Brunfwick,
and the pripcipaUly of Anhalt.- It Is 73
miles in length, aad nearly as much in
breadth ; abouading, in -corn, fruits, and
wood. It belongs to the elcdVors of Sax
ony and Mentz, and feveral petty fove
relgns, and has 60 towns, 674 villages,
and 300 noble eftates, Erfurt is the cap
ital. Thurfo, a borough ip Caithnefsfliire,
Scotland, at the mouth ofthe river Thur
fo, on ths W fide of -Dunuet Bay. It has
a confiderable trade, and a mauufaclure
of woollen and linen cteth, lon. 3 16 W,
laf. 58 36 N.
, .Thyiitira,-A town of Natolia, npw called
Akiflat : 48 miles S £ Perganip, It ftands
on a beautiful plain, 17 milcs in exfent-,
fown With, corn and cotton. If is inhab
ited by about 5000 Turks, vylio have , 8
mofques. Amid fo many inhabitants, fo
maay mofques, fo mighty ruias pf for
mer magililiQepce,iiot a fingle church of
Chrift remains ; not a fingle perfon, un
lefs it be a few flaves, pretends fo the
chriftian name. So fatally, fo literally
is the divine tbrealening executed. "I
will kill her children ; I will give unto
every one according to fheir works,"
Lon. 28 30 E, lat ,38 48 N, [Seally]
Tiang-potao, an ifiand of Afia, in the
kingdom of Korea, about 30 miks in cir
cumference, in the Hoang-liai, lon, 126
90 E, lat, J 7 20 N.
Tiano, an ancient fown of Naples, in
Terra di Lavora, with a famous nunne
ry. Near it is a mineral fpring, faid to-
be excellent for the ftpne : 15 miles N W
Capua. -i.
Tiber, a jwer in II^, which rifes, in
~, .1,.-

T I G

T I L

the Appennines, in the Florentino. It
paffes into the Ecclefiaftical State ; waflies
Borgo, St, Sepulchro, Citta di Caftello,
©rlo, and Rpme ; lo mUes from which
il faUs, inlo fhe Mediterranean Sea, be
tween Oftia and Porto. Tivere is its
modern name.
- Tiberias, A town of Paleftine, a mile in
eompafs. If was anciently a large cily ;
BOW it is a wretched, defolate place.
Noble ruilis half buried in the ' ground ;
fliattered edifices converted into a kind
ef huts ; a fevy fad looking inhabitants,
prefent a melaacholy view. [Mariti,]
Tibefii, A mouataiaous diftrliSr, S E
Fezzan, from which It Is feparated by a
barren defert, 200 miles wide. Its vales
afford corn, its hills pafture. Rain fel
dom falls, the people are, ferocious. [D.A,]
, Ticarte, fee Tecart.
Tickell, a tovyn in the W riding of
"Forkfhire, England, It has a diftipiH:
liberty, called the honor of "Fickell,
which is part of the duch.y of Lancafter :
5 miles S Doncafter, and 155 N by W
London Tiddenbam, A village in Glpucefterfliire,
England: 7miks S Cplfprd. Its parifli Is
bounded pp 3 fides by the Wye and Severn ;
and af the utmoft ppint, where fhe rivers
divide, are ftill tp be feen on the rpcks, at
tew water, the ruins pf a chapel, which
was dedicated to St, Tecia, the firft female,
^llarlyr, who fuffered in the year 47,
Tidefwell, a town in Derbyfliire, Eng-
. land, on fhe S confines of the Peak, It
is remarkable for a well tbat ebbs and,
flows two or three times in an hour afler
great rains ; the, vv.ater gufliing from fev
eral cavities at oace, forthe fpace of 5
minutes : the well is three feet deep aad
broad, and the water rifes and faUs
two feet. It is deemed one of fhe won
ders of the Peak : 22 miks N W Derby,
and 158 N N W London. -
Tidor, an- Ifland in the Indian Ocean,
flric of the Moluccas, £ of Gilolo, S of
1'craale, It is 17 iniles in circumfer
ence aad produces cloves aad flax, I'he
t>utch are mafters of the iflaad, ihougb
it has a kiag of ifs own. The woods and
the rocks that furround it, render it a
place of defence, lon, 126 o E, laf. o
50 N,
Tigre A province of Africa, In the em
pire of Abyi'iinia, .about 200 miles In
length, and 120 ia breadth. What, ia a
fpeiial manner, makes the riches of Ti
gre, is, that it lies neareft the market,
which is Arabia ; and- all the merchau-

drfc deftined to crpfs tbe Red Sea mirf^
pafs thrpugh this prpvince, fp fhat thi
governor has fhe choice of ail commodi-.
ties wherewith to make his market. The-
ftrongeft male, the mpft beautiful female,.
the pureft gold, the largeft teeth of ivory,.
all muft pafs through his hand.
Tigrl, a province of Abyffinia, exceed
ingly mountainous, rocky, and barren,
- It is a good harveft that produces 9 oE.
10 fold. The foil is vvhite clay, mixcdi
with fand. Their cattle roam at pleaf
ure through their mounlains. Leather-
is tanned here in great peife<aiob. [Bruce.]
Tigris, A river of Turkey, in Afia,,.
vvhich has its fource near that of the Eu
phrates, In the mouatain "Fchllder, in
Tuicomaaia, It feparates Diarbeck from.
Erzerum, and Khufiftan. from Irac-Ara
bia, and uniling with fhe Euphrates^
falls into the gulf of Perfia, under the
name of Scbaf-el-Arab, 'Fhis river paf
fes by Diarbekar, Gtlzira, Mouful, Bagr
dad, and Buffarah.
Tilbury, Eafi, a village in Effex, near-
the mouth of the Tharaes,.E of Tilbury
Fort. In this parifli is a field, called.
Cave Field, in which is a horizontal paf
fage to one of the fpacious caverns in the
neighbouring parilli of Ghadvveil. 0£
thofe Camden has given a Iketch In his-
Britannia ;. and he defcribcs tbem as io-
a chalk clifl", built very artificiaUy of
ftone, to the height of 10 fathoms. Dr.-
Derliam meafured 3 of the moft confid
erable of them, and found the depth of.
one of them to be 50 feet, of another 70
feet, and of the third 80 feet. Their ori
gin is too remote for inveftig:ition.
Tilbury, Wefi, a village In Effex, on thi
Thames, N Tilbury Fort. ';rhe marflies-
here, feed a great number of Lincoln
fllire and Leicefterfliire flieep, for the
London market. In fhis parifli is a cele
brated fpring of alterative water, dlf
covered in 171 7.
Tilbury Fort, is on the Thames, oppo
fite Gravefend, a regular fortification,
which may be termed the key to Lon
don. It has a double moat, the inncr-
moft of which is iSo feet broad ; with a.
good counterfcarp, a covered vvay, rave
lins, and tcralls. Its chief ftrength oa,
the land' fide confifts in its being able to
lay the whole- level under wafer. On the
fide next the river is a ftrong curtain,
vvith a noble gate, called the Wafer gate,
ia the middle ; and the ditch Is palifado-
ed. Before|jhis curtaia is a platform In
the place of a counterfcarp, on which, arc
plante*

T I M

T I M

planted lo6 guns, from 24 to 46 pound
ers each, befide fmaller ones planted be
tween them ; and the baftions and cur
tains are alfo planted with guns : 28
miks E by S London.
Tilfit, a town of Pruflia, in the Lithu
anian department ; large, rich, and com
mercial. The river Memel, which runs
along the north fide of the fown, opens
to it a very advantageous trade with
Koningfberg, in corn, linfeed, butter, and
other provifions. Tllfif, properly fo
called, confifts of two long ftreets, pf a
prpportipnafe breadth, which are called
the Germanftreef and fhe Highftreet,
Cpritigupus tP which is the fuburbs, call
ed the Liberty. The number of houfes
in' this city is about 600, and the inhabit
arits amount tP 7000, The ecclefiafti
cal buildings are a Lutheran German
church, a Lithuanian church, and a
Calvinift, or reformed church. Without
the town ftands a Lutlieran chapel, and
about an Englifli mile from it, a Roman
' CathoUc chapel. The flat country about
Tilfit, which is 16 mfles fquare, is one of
the moft fertile fpots In the whole king
dom : the inhabitants breed great num
bers of horned caftle, and furnifli not
only Pruffia, but other provinces, wifh
excellent butter aad cheefe ; and the
fiflieries in this plaee are confiderable,
Bhrley is almoft the only grain fown in
thefe parts, which afford little or np
WPOd. The marfliland is, in fpring, ex
pofed fp inundations by tbe overflowing
" of the rivers, which offen do great dam
ages : 50 miles N E Koningfberg, and 95
SSW MIttau, lon, 22 8 E, lat, 55 8 N,
Tillichery, A fown on the Malabar coafl.
The Englifli £ India Company have a
faiStory here, well fprtlfied, defended with
cannpa. The town is furrounded by a
'ftone wall. A few perfons, profeiSled by
the faiSory, are chriftians, the reft pa
gans. [Hamilton, A, R,]
Timaan, an Ifland in the Eaftern Indian
Sea, inhabited by Malays ; ibips may ob
tain wood and water, the aachorage is
good almoft all round tbe ifland, lon. 104
IS E, lat. 4 58 N,
Timor, an ifland In fhe Indian Ocean,
between Celebes and New Holland, It
is 150 miles long and 37 broad, and
abounds in fandal wood, wax, and honey,
Tbe Dutch have a fort here, ten, of the
S W point 123 59 £, laf, 10 23 S,,
Timarland, an Ifland in fhe Indian
Ocean, between Timor and New Guinea,
ten. of the S point 131 54 E, lat. 8
15 S.

Tina, a town of Turkey in Europe, in
Bofnia, oil the river Tis : 37 miles N W
Spalatro, lon. 17 9 E, lat. 44 28 N,
Tina, anciently Tinas, an ifland of the
Archipelago, One of the Cyclades, W Ni-
caria. It is 17 miks long and 8 broad,
and is fubjed to the Venetians, The
riches of this Iflaad confift in filk, of
vvhich they have 16,000 pounds every
year ; and tbe filk ftockings they make
of it are very good; but nofliing can
equal the gloves which are kaifhere for
the ladles. The fortrefs ftands on a rock ;
aad there is a bifhop's fee of the Latin
church, though the Greeks have 200 pa
pas or priefts. St, Nicolo is fhe priucl
pal town, lon, 25 24 E, laf. 37 30 N.
Tinevelly. See Palamcotta.
Tingballe, a principal river of Mada
gafcar. It is navigable 10 leagues from
the mputh ; then it feparates into tvvo
branches, each bf which is navigable 10
leagues further'. It is bprdered vvith
beautiful plaias, beypnd whicli mountains
rife, waving with fine timber. [Beneyowlki.]
Tinian, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean,
one of fhe Landroaes, 12 miles ia length
aad 6 ia breadth. Tbe foil is every
where dry and healthy ; and, being fome
what fandy, is the lefs difpofed to rank
and over-luxuriant vegetation. The land
rifes ill gentle flopes from the fliore fo
fhe middle of the ifland, intermixed with
vaUIes of an eafy defcent ; apd they are
beautifully diverfified with the mutual
encroachments of the woods and lawris.
The woods confift of tall and well fpread
frees, and the lawns are cpvered with
clean uniform furf, producing fine tre
foil, and variety of flowers. There are
at leaft 10,000 cattle here, all milk white,
except their ears, whicli arc brown or
black. There are alfo vaft numbers of
fowls which are eafily caught, aud the
flefli of both is exceedingly good, befide
plenty of wUd hogs, whofe flefli is deli
cate food. In tbe woods are prodigious
quantifies pf cocoanuts, cabbage trees,
guavocs, limes, fweet and four oranges,
and bread fruit, which the falters prefer
greatly to the fliip's bread. There ai:
alfo vegetables proper for the fcurvy ;
fuch as watermelon, dandelion, creeping
purflain, mint, fcurvygrafs, and forrel,
Hereare fomeruins of a particular kind,
confining of two rows of. fquare pyra
midal pillars, each pillar being about 6
feet from the next, and the diflance be
tween the rows is 12 feet ; on fhe top ot
each there is a femiglobe, with the' flat
furface

T I P

T i R

furface upward, and they are compofed
of fand and ftone cemented together.
The climate is healthful, for the rains
are not cpntinual, but fall in frequent re
frefliing flipwers. There are np ftreams,
but the water of the wells and fprings is
¦extremely good. The priricipal iriCOii-
veuicriee arifes from the nUmber pf muf-
quefoes.and pther kind pf flies ; and there
are likewife infedls called ticks, which
fafien lipbn the limbs and bodies of men,
and bury their heads under their Ikins.
Scorpions, centipedes and black ants
fwarm here. The road is inconvenient,
and. In fome feafons, there is little fecuri
ty for a fliip at anchor, ten, 146 o E, lat:
15 o N, [Anfon, Byron,]
Tinmouth, a feaport in Northumber
land, af the moufh of the Tyne : 9 miles
E Newcaftle, Il has a caftk, on a high
rock, inacceflibk ori the fea fide, arid
ivell mounted with camion. There is a
bar acrofs the mputh of the river, which
is ppt above 7 feet deep at tew waler.
There aredihgerous rocks about it, call
ed the Black Middlhs ; but fhere are
light houfes tb guide the fliips by night.
Here Ihips take in their loading of cpal,
i(of Whicli more than 770,000 chaldrons
are fent tb London only, ip a year,) apd
of gppds brought from Newcaftle, lop, i
16 W, lat. 55 6 N. ,
Tinas, an ifland iri the Grecian Afcbi-
pelago, anciently called Tenos ; of a long
oval fprm, abput 60 miles in circumfer
ence. It is mnuntainous and well culti
vated : the fruits are melons, figs, and
grapes ; of the latter fhe inhabitants
make fome gpod wipe, but the chief
riches of the ifland atife frpm its filk, of
Vhich i6,oool, arc obtained annually, Il
belongs tp the Vepetians, and is govetPed
by a proveditor. It is the fee of a Ro
man Cafhblit bifliop : but fhe greater
part of fhe inhabitants are tbt Greek
churchi 'Fhe two principal places are
Tinos and St. Nichola"; befides which
there are upwards of 50 villages, lon. 26
15E, lat, 37 ,-;.T N,
Tinzeda, a lovva of Barbary, in Bile
dulgerid. It is on a river Of the fame
name, in a country fertile ih dales and
barley, and abpundlrig in iudigo, ten, 6
13 W, lat. 27 30 N.
Tiiizulie,A ftrpng town pf B.irbary, tej
ElledulgeritI, pa the riVer Dras, lon. 5 43
W, Iat, 28 15 N.
Tiperab, or Tiproh, a kingdom of Afia,
in the dominions of the king of Burmah,
lying under the tropic of Cancer, lo fhe
E of Hindooftan Proper. The people
Vol. II. Ffff

believe in a fupreme beirig, Creatoi- of the
univerfc, but fuppofe that a fubordinate"
deity refides in every tree. In Cafe of
murder, che neareft relation atene has
the right of puriifliment, who may take
life for Ufe. Such is the faith and prac
tice bf fhe pagan Oneida Indians, to this
day. In war they are cruel, cutting ofl?
fhe heads of their prifoners, not fparing
women or children. After vvhich, when
eating themfelves, tliey thruft a part Into
the mouths of the heads cut ofT, faying,
" Eat, fatisfy thy appetite ; as thou baft
been flain by my hand, fo may thy kinf
men be 'flain by my kinfmen." Some of
fhem preferve the bones of their deceafed
relations, and confuliing them on im
portant occafions, fay tbey ftiSl according
to their advice. A widovv is obliged to
remain a year nigh the grave of her huf
band : the family bring her food.
[RavvUns, A. R.]
Tipperary, a coualy of Irelaad, prov
irice of Munfter, 60 miles long and 40
broad ; bounded N by King's County, E
by Queen's County and Kilkenny, S by
Waterford, W by Galway, Clare, I,,Imer-
Ick, anVl Cork. The S part is fertile ;
but the N Is rather barren, and termiJ
nates in a row of 12 mountains, the high
eft in Ireland, called P^ickm-dhe-Madi-
na. It contains 24 pariflies, 30,700 liouf*
es( and 169,000 inhabitants, and fends 8
members to parliament. The rlvei'
Shure runs through it from N to S,
Cafliel is the capital.
Tirang, a fown of the country of the
Grifons, capital of the Upper Terzero.
It contains feveral handfome buildings,
but from the narrovvnefs of the ftreets,
and maay ruinous houfes, its general apj
pearaace is defolate. The river Addti
divides it into tvvo parts, which are joia-
ed by. a ftoae bridge of a fingle arch.
'Fhe ftaple commerce of ibis town con
fifts ia the exportatioa of vyiae and filk.
Near the lovva oa the other fide of the
Adda, is the magnificent church of the
Madona, or Virgin Mary, much vifited
by the catholic pilgrims. The maffacre
ofthe proteftants of the Valleline, ift
1620, beg:in in this fown. Il is 17 miks
S W Bormio, tea. 9 46 E, lat.- 46 12 N,
[Coxe.]
Tiree, a fmall but rich iflaad of Scot-*
land, one of the Hebrides, S W of Col-
noted ibr its marble quarry, and a hand-*
fome breed of liltle horfes.
Tirlev-.-jri, a village of Auftrian Brabant
formerly one of the' moft eoafiderabJe
pUiccs^in that duchy, but ruined by the
warf

T I "T'

to e

warii Two battles were fought here be
tween the Auftrians aad Freach, oae in
1792, the other 'tn 179s. It is on the river
Geet, over which are feveral bridges : 12
miles ESE Lpuvain, and 25 K BruffeU,
ten, 4 41 E, lat. 50 48 N,
Tirnau, A ftrong andrconflderaWe town
Of Upper Hungary, county of Neitra. It
is on the Tirna : 5 miles W Leopolftadt,
and 22 N E Prefburg, lon. 17 39 E, lat.
48 24 N. '
Tirol, a county of Germany, in the
oircle of Auftria, and part of the heredit
ary dominions of that houfe. It- is 150
iniles teng and 1 20 broad ; and although
a mountainous cpuntry, it prpduces a
lupply pf cprn and wine for the inhablt
auts, and has rich mines pf gold, filVer,
and copper. It is divided iato 4 parts ;
Tirol, prpperly fo called, the bifliopric
of Trent, the bifliopric of Brixen, and 4-
provinces of Suabia, which are united fp
Tirol It is bounded N by Bavaria, E
by Carinthia aad the archbifliopric of
Saltzburg, S by the territory of Venice,
W by Swifferland. Infpruck Is the capi
tal. Titan, or. Caiaros, an -iflarid of^ France,
the moft eaftern of the Hieies; in the
Mediterranean. Titmaning, a town of Germany, on the
Saltza : 24 miles N W Saltzburg.
Tiicbfield, A village in Hampfhire, Eng
land : 6 miles £ Southampton,
Titlifierg, one pf the higheft mpuntain»
in Swiirerland; at the footof which is the
valley of Engelberg. [Coxe.]
Titul, a ftrong town of Upper Hunga
ry, in the county of Bodrog. It is on fhe
1'eiffe, near its confluence with the Dan
ube : 23 miles E Petenv'aradin, and 20 N
W Belgrade.
Tivere, fee Tiber.
Tiverton, a borough in Devonfliire, Eng
larid. It is on the Ex, over which is a
ftorie bridge, is governed by^a mayor, and
fends two members to parliament. It
has a nobis freefchool (founded by a
clothierof this town) which has an en
dowment alfo fcjr the maintenance of 8
fcholars at Biiliol- CoUege, Oxford, and
gidaey Suffex College, Cambridge This
town has been noted for.ils great woollen
maaufaifurt, particularly. Kerfeys : 14
iniles NNE Exeter, aad 161 W by S
Loadoa. . Tinmen, a tovvn of Siberia^; province
of Tobalfk, on the Tura : 125 milcs W
Tobolflc.f Tivoli, a celebrated town of Italy, ia
IjJam-gagna di Roma, with a bifliop's fee.

It is now 'wretchedly poior : it boaWj
hpwever, of greater antiquity fhan Rome
itfelf, being the ancient Tibur, whicli,
Horace fays, was fpunded by a Grecian
colcaiy: It was the fivpurite country rcfi-'
dence of the ancient Rdmans, as Frefcati
is of the Mbderris: Near the bottom of
the eminence on which TivoU ftands, are
fhe ruins of the vaft- and magnificent villa
built by the emperpr Adrian, Other
lUuftriojls Romans, had alfp their villas
bere ; as Julius Ciefar, Caius Caffius, Au-
guftUs, the poets CatitUus and Proper-
fius, Maicenas, &c, Horace is thcughs
tp have cpTOppfed great pait of his works
in this- favourite retreat. Near 'I'ivoli
are a-celebratcd cafcade, a temple of Vefta
and another of the fybil Albunea, a mag
nificent Villa betenging to the duke of
Modena, -caUed the Vflla Eftenfe, ind the
remarkable lake of Solfatara. Ti-yoli is
feated on fhe Teverone : 12 miles ENE
Rome, and 15 N N E Frefcati, lon, 12 43
B, laf. 4-1- 59 N, [Adam.]
Tobolfi, a government of Ruffia,,in the'
W partof Siberia, divided into the prov*-
iuces of Tobolfk and Tomflc.
Tobolff, the capital of Siberia, confifl>^
ing of 500 houfes, inhabited by. Ruffians
and Tartars. It ftands at the fppt pf a
mpuntam, pn which is , a- fprtrefs cpm-
manding the tbwn, which is the refidence
Of the gcrvernor. Tlie-garrifon ufually
cpnfifts pf a regiments of infantry, 3
fquadrons. of ' caValry, and 2 or 360 eof- '
facks. The Tartars who inhabit the
¦country round are Mahometans. The
Ruffians commonly fend fheir ftate prif-'
oners to tbis place, which is feated at the
ebrifluerice of flie. Tobol arid Irtylh :
800 miks, £ by N Mofcow, and iooo E'
by S Peterfburg.. In 1772 there were
22,000 exiles In this province obliged to*
obtain a wretched fubfiftence by hunting,
'ten. 68 liE, l8t. 58 12 N., [Beneyowflci,]
T-ocat; A large town of Turkey in Afia,
in Natolia, capita! 'of a provirice of the
fame name. "The houfes are handfomely
built of wood, and the ftreets are pretty
well paved, which is an uncommon thing-'
in thefe parts ; but the town makes a
very odd appearance, and Iain" the form
of an amphitheatre. There are two rug
ged perpendicular rdcks of marble, with
ap old caftle upon each ; and fp many-
ftreams, that each houfi has a fpuntaini
Here are 20,000 Turkifli, 4000 Armeni
an, and 400. Greek families. There ars
12 mofques, and a vaft number of chap
els-; the Armenians have 7. churches, and'. the

T O !L
;the Greeks only one. Befide the filif of
this country, they manufaiaure much of
that of Perfia, and make it inlo fewing
filk. Their chief trade is In copper vef
fels, fuch as kettle^ drinking cups, lan
terns, and candlcfticks. They alfo pre-
,pare a great deal of yellow Turkey
feather. "I'ocaf may be confidered as fhe
centre of trade in Natolia ; for caravans
¦eonie hither from feveral parts. Its ter
ritory abounds' In fruit and excellent red
,wine ; 210 miks Wby S Erzerunfi, and
»83 N A^leppo, lop, 31 I J E, Ut. 39 50 N.'
[Jackfon.]
Tockay, A firing town of Upper Hun-
.gary in .(he county of Zimplin, with a
caftk. The town itfolf Is inconfiderable ;
but it Is celebrated for its excelleaf wine.
There Is, but pne vineyard that prpduces
il, fothat it is fcarce even at Vienna. At
fonie diftance from it are large fait works.
It is at the confluence of the Bodrog and
Teiffe : 75 miks N W Great Waradin, .
,and 90 N £ Buda, •Jon. ai 25 E, lat, ,48
joN. Todi, an ancient townof Italy, inthe
,duchy of Spoletto, with a bifhop's fee, '
It is on a hill, near the Tiber ,: 22 nules
^ Perrpgiia, apd 50 N Rome.
Taggenburg, a county of Swifferland,
depending on the abbey of St. Gall, It
is a naiTOiyy country, between high mouii-
,talhs, is fertile in corn and fruit, and is
divided into the Upper and Lower, it
icontains.jo pari;flie3, and upwards of
46,000 inhabitants. "Fhe proteftants are
'in the prppprtionto the catholics. Of 7 to
5 ; but both reUglons ate bound by oath '
^o maiptain reciprocal harmony.
Tolaga Bay, A bay of the ifland pf New
Zealand. Here is a cpve very cpnven-
ient fur taking in wood and water, ten.
178 33 E, ,lat, 38 21 S.
Toledo, an ancient commercial city of
Spain, ia New Caftile, of which It vvas
formerly the capital. It is oa a moun
tain, oa the Tajo, vvhich furrounds It oa
two fides ; and oa the land fide it has aa
ancient -wall built by a Gothic king, and
flanked with 100 towers. There are a
|;reat number of fuperb ftrutftures, befide
17 public fquares, where the markets are
kept. It is an afclibifliop's fee ; and the
cathedral U the richeft and moft confid
erable in Spain : the Sagririro, or prin
cipal chapel, is a real treafury, in vvhich
are 15 large cabinets kt into the wall, full
of prodigious quaatities of .(lolj aad filver
vefliils, and other wprks. Here are .-sH re
ligious houfes, moft of vvhich are vvprthy
» traveller 'a notice, with a great number

TOM
of churches betenging to 27 pariflies, and
fome hofpitals. Without the tpwn arc
the remains of an amphitheatre, and
J other antiquities. It has a royal caftle, a
famous univerfity, and feveral manufac
tures of filk and wool. Two centuries
ago, Tpledo contained more than 200,000
inhabitants, but at prefent if fcarcely has
30,000. When a houfe falls to decay it
is never rebuilt ; and in 20 years more
this city wIU be little elfe than a heap of
ruins. Toledo is built upon rocks, and
commandcd'by cmiaences, whicli feera to
prefent the image of fterility ; yet, in the
midft -of thete precipices, the traveUer
finds, to his furprife, feveral fertile and
charmuig fituatioas, -inipcpetrable to the
burning rays of the fun. Thefe placej
are called Gigarrales. It is 37 miles S
Madrid, tep. 3 20 W,'lat. 39 50 N.
Tolen, a tovvn of the Dutch Nether..
-lands, in Zealand, in an iflaad of tbe fame
name, feparated -by a narrow chaaael
from Dutch Brabapt : 5 miles N W Bcr-
gen-op-Zooro. Tuleiitino, a towa of Italy, io fhe mar-
<juifate of Ancona, with a bifliop's fee.
It is the place where the relics of St,
Nicholas are kept : 8 raikc S E St. Seve
rino, aad 88 N E -Rome.
Taleffurg, a feaport of RwTJa, in the
government of Riga, on the gulf of Fin-
•laad . 60 mites W Narva, 'n. 59 38 N,
'Tolhuys, a-to.vvn of Dutch Guelderland,
on the Rhine : 8 miks E Nimeguen.
Tolmezzo, a .towa of kaly, ia Veuetian
Friuli : 30 riiiks N E Belluno.
Tolna, a town of Lower Hungary, cap
ital of a countyof the fame name, on the
Danube, in a country producljig excelleaf
wiae : 8 miles S V/ Colocza, and 45 3
Buda. Talofa, A town pf Sp.iin, the capital of
Guipufcoa. It is aot large, but is inhab
ited by a great number of artlfts, who
make fword blades in high efteem. It Is
in a valley, between the Ar.iiis and Oria,
over which are 2 haadfome bridges, and
near them feveral natural cafcades. It
was taken by the Freach ia 1794 , 37
miles S W Bayoane, and 47 S E Bilboa.
Toinani, A kingdom of Africa, fituiled
tp the weft pf Kaalor, exleading about 24
leagues along the river Gambiii,
Tomar, a lown of Portugal, ia Eftrama
dura, at the fool of mounlains, vvhere
there is a caftle belongin.q to the knights
of Chrift : 40 milcs S E Coimbra, aad 65
N E Lifbon.
Tombec, a tovvn of Auflriaa Brabaat :
8 miles S X.ouvain, aad 10 E Brufl'els. Tombetalne,

TOM

TON

ftomlelalne, a fmall ifland of France,
with a town of the fame name, on the coaft
,of IJorittapdy, ia a fmall gulf between
Avrapches and St, Malo, "This ifland as
well as that of St, Michael, in vvhich there
is a monaftery, are every day joined> at
tew water, fo the mainland,
TombuHou, A kingdom bf Africa, in
Negroland, which lies S E of the great
defert of Zahara, and W of the empire
pf Cafliaa^. It produces great plenty pf
cpra, cattle, piilk, and butler The king
has 300 horfemen, befide a great number
of foot,' vvho frequently take captives, and
fell them to the merchants for flaves.
The houfes are built like beUs, with walls
of hurdles plaftered with clay, anil cov
ered with reeds. The better fort of
•women have their faces covered, their
religion' being lilahom.etanifm. Both
inen and ijromea are very fond of daac-
ing, aad fpead a great part of the night
in that exercife," ¦
TamtuBou, the capital of a kingdom of
the fame name, with a flalely Piofque
built of ftone, and a royal palace. There
-is a great number of vveavers of cotton
cloth ; and hither the cteth and other
liierchindife are brought by - caravans
from Barbary, Inftead of money, they
make ufe of fliells and finall bits of gold.
In flic proceedings of the African Affo-
clalion, this pl':ice is mentioned as a lux-
iirio"us, opulent,'and flourilbing cily, lub-
je6l to a fevere police, and, as fuCh, at-
traiflag the aierchaals of the mpft dif-
taat ftates pf Africa, In 1540 the priace
met fhe emperor of lyiorocco with 300,000
mea, and drove hirii acroifs fhe defert,
it is feated near the Nigre : 270 miles S
W Mourzook, lon. 133 E, lat. 16 30 N.
Toinff, a town of Siberia, in the prov
ince of Tomfk. If contains ' a.bpVe 2-ooo
lioufes. On the higheft part pf the (Pwn
flands a wooden caftle, defeadccl by 14
pieces of canapii ; and in it are a cathe
dral built pf vvpod, the chancery, and an
arfenal. The inhabitants carry on a
great trade, this tpwn lying on the great
road through all th.e E and N parts of
Siberia, If is on the river Tom : 105
miles ESE Tobolflc, loa. 84 59 E, lat.
55 45 N, ¦
Tonioguy, a fmall ifland in the Indian
Ocean, about 2 niiks round, forpied like a
horfeflioe, A hill rifes, vvhich occupies
three fourths of the iflaad ; oa Its declivi
ties are plautalions of tropical fruits, and
roots, from the weftera fide many low ifl
ands are feen, lou, 127 4 E, lat, o 15 .S.
[Forreft.]

Tanderen, or Tundersn, A town of Dcn.
mark, ia fhe duchy pf Slefwick, capita(
pf a bailiwick pf the faaie name, with a
fort. It is in a fertile eountry; on the
river Widaw, and 011 a bay ofthe Ger
man Ocean : 25 miles S E Ripen, and 30
N W Slefwick, loh, 9 40 E, laf. 54 58 N.
Tangres, a very apclent tpwn in the
bifhopric of Liege, having been ope of
the richeft and mpft flpurifliing cilies In
the Rpman prpvince pf GaUia Bclgica;
It has feverely fuft'ered by the calami
ties of war : 12 miles S W Maeftricht.
Tong-tcbang-fau, A city of China, in the
province of Ghang-topg, containing in
its diftrldt, 3 cities of the fecond, an4
15 of the third clafs : 150 miles S Pe
kin. Tong-tchew, A city of China, 6 niiles in
compafs, almoft fquare, furrpunded by a
ditch apd high wall, with 3 gales, weli
fprtlfied. The lipufes are of wood, one
ftory high. It is a place of great trade,
and'oontaios about'50o,cjoo people. Their.'
fummer is exceffively hot.
Tongrtclnien-fou, A fortified city of Chi
na, province of Se-tchuen. The inhabit
aats- are foldiers, who have follovved the
profeffion of arms from father to fopj
867 niiks S W Ptkip'
Tonguftans, A people whp i-nhabif the E
part of Siberi^, alid are' fubjed to the
Ruffians. They are all pagans, aiid chief
ly fubfift by grazing', aftdhnitting' fables.
"I'hey live In huts, which they remove «t
pkafuie. Thefe huts' are compofed of
wooden poles, covered all over with hair
and r.ubbifli, except a hole left at the top
to let out fhe fpioke. ' Their fire is matte'
in the middle, ' and they all fil round it
upon turfs. ' Both fexes are very ftropg,
and broad faced, ^nd they all -ride op'
horfeback, nol excepting tbe girls. , Both
men and wppien drefs alike in a fort or
frock, vvith bb'bfs of flcins on their lege,;
and fheir common drink is water,
Taiinay Boiittane, A toyvrt of France, de
partment of Lovifer Charente : 17 miles
N Saintes, •¦-,>-,
Tonn'ay Charente, an ancient and confid
erable town qf France, •departnicat of
Lower Charente, with a caftk; ' and a
l'in-:ill port. If is on the Charente : 3
miles from Rochefort, and 253 S W Par
is, Tonneins, A town pf France, depart
ment of Lot and Garonne, If is oa the
Garonne : 2 iniles from its juiidtion wil"h
the Lot, and 7 £ Marmande,
Tonnerre, An anc'ient town of ' France,
department of Yonne, fampus for i-is
goo<H

TON

TON.

^pd wines. It Is pn tbe Arman9nn : 27
talks S Trpyes, and 102 E Paris,
Tonningen, a town of Denmark, duchy
of Slefwick, capital of a terriioiy of the
fame aairie, oa a peninfula formed by the
liver Eyder, where'lhere is a commodi
ous harbour : 25 milcs S V/ Slefwick, and
58 NW Hamburg.
Tonquin, a kingdom of Afia, bounded
N by China, E by Cfiina and 'the bay of
Tonijuia, S by Cochia China, W by La
bs, It is about 1200 miles in length and.
500 in breadth, and is one pf the fineft
arid nlpft cortljierable kingdoms pf the
Eaft, as well pn account of the number
of inhabitants, as its riches and trade.
The natives in general are pf a middling
ftature, and clean liiribed, with a tawny
complexion. Their faces are oval and
flaltifli, and fheir nofes aad lips well
proportloaed. Their hair is black, teag,
lank, and cparfe ; and they let it hang
down their flipulders. They die their
teeth black. They are dexterous, airfive,
and Ingenious in mechanic arts. They
'weave a multitude of fiae filks, and make
curious lacker works, which are export
ed fp other cpunti-ics! There is fuch a
number pf people, that niany want cni-
ploymeat, for 'they feldom go to work
but whea foreign fliips arrive. The
money anfl goods brought hither by the
Englifh apd Dutch put' them in aiflion,
for they have nof money of their own
fufiicient to ' emplciy themfelves ; and
therefore one third at leaft muft be ad
vanced beforehand by ffie merchaats.
They ,are fo addiiaed to gaiiiing, that
when every thing elfe is loft, they will
ftake their wives aad children,' The
garments pf the Tpnquinefe are made
either pf filk or cotton ; but fhe poor
people and foldiers wear only cottbn'of a
dark fawny colour. Their houfes are
(mall and tew, and the walls either of
mud or hurdles daubed over wilh clay.
They have only a ground floor, with two ¦
or three partitibns, and each room has a
fquare hole t'o let ia the light. Triey
have ftools, beaches, aad chairs ; and cm
the fide bf a table in every houfe is a
little altar, wilh two ineeiife -pots. The
country is full of villages, whicli confift
of 30 oi- 40 houfes, furrounded by trees,
and In fome places are banks to keep fhe
Water from overflowing their gardeas,
where they have oraagcs, betels, pump
kins, melons, and falad herbs la the
raiay fea.'bn they pafs from one houfe to
(mother, by wading, and fometimes iu'
|joats. In tbe capital, called Tong-tou,

are about 20,000 houfes, wilh mud walls,
aad covered wilh thatch ; a few built with
brick, and roofed wilh pantiles. In each
yard is a fmall arched building, like an
ovea, about 6 feet high, made of brick,
whicb ferves to fecure then goods, in
cafe of fire. The principal ftreets are
very wide, and paved vvith fmall ftones.
The king of Tonquin has 3 palaces in It,
fuch as ihcy are ; and near them are
ftablcs for his horfes and elephants. The
Tonquinefe ill general are courteous to
ftrangers ; but the great lAen are haugh
ty and ambitious, the foldic-rs infoknt,
and the poor thievifli, Ihey buy all
their wives, pf which the great men have
feveral ; but tbe ppor are ftinted for
want of inoney. In hard times the men
will ftU both their wives and children, to
buy rice to maintain yhtmfelves. When
a man dies, he is buried in his own
ground, and If he was mafter of a family,
they 'make a great feaft. The firft new
moon ihat happens after the middle of
January, is a great feftival ; vvhen they
rejoice fpr 10 days together, and fpcnd
theif time in all manner of fports, 'I'hey
have another great feaft in May or June,
when thci^^ firft harveft is got in. Their
religion is paganifm, and yet they own
a Supreme Being. 'I'heir idols have hu
man fliapes, but in very different forms.
'Fhey have likewife foihe refembling ele
phants and horfes, placed in friiall tew
temples built of timber, Chriftianity
was planted here in the year 1626, by
the Jefuit Ealdinoty, aad met with fuch
fuccefs, that ia 4 years the government
thought fil to banifli him and his col
leagues to Macao, This feverity did nof
defer jhe fociety from fending 3 new mif
fionaries the very next year, vvho made
fuch progrefs amoag thofe idol, iters, that
above 80,000 were converted before the
year 1639, and they had already built
aboye 200 churches at their own charge,
in the feveral provinces of the kingdom.
This aftonifliing fuccefs proved fheir ru
in. After feveral dreadful perfecutions
raifed againft them by tbe government,
an ediiSt vvas af length iffued from the
king and council, in the year 1721, by
which the Chriftian religioa vvas utterly
profcribed ; the milCoaaries and their
tatechlfts Were Imprifoned, and put to
fuadry tortures aad deaths ; others cout
demned to attend the elephants, a flavery
worfe than that of the gailies, their
churches were all dc-moliflied, or turned
to profane ufes ; the profeffion of Chrif
tianity was forbidden i:i:d::r the fevereft
penalties ;

TOP

T © R

penalties ; and all the frpntiers and ave-
jaiies were diligently guarded by the fpl-
diery, to prevent aay more European
preachers from entering the Tonquinefe
dominions, 'The language Is fpoken very
much in tbe thrpat, aad fpme pf the
wprds arc pronpunced thrpugh the teeth ;
it has a great refemblance to the Chinefe.
Tbey have fchools of learning, and their
-charaiSers are the fame, or like thofe of
China ; aad like them they write vvith a
hair pencil. The commodities are gold,
iriufk, filks, calicoes, drugs of niany forts,
woods for dying, lackered wares, earthen
Wares, falf, anifefeed, and worm feed. The
Jackered vvare is not inferior to that of
Japan, which is accounted tbe beft in the
world. With all their merchaadlfe, the
people are ill geaeral veiry poor ; the chief
trade being carries on' by the Chiaefe,
EngUfli, aad Dutch. This kiagdom is an
abfolute monarchy,
Tonflerg, A feapprt of Norway, prov
ince of Aggerhuys ; 30 miles W Freder
lckftadt. Toobouai, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean,
dlfcovered by captain Cotik. It is nof
above 6 miles over ; buf there are hills in
il of a coafiderable elevafica, covered
with herbage, except a few rocky cliffs,
with patches of trees 'Interfperfed fo
their fummlts. It Is plentifully ftocked
with bogs arid fowls, aad produces /fev
eral kinds of fruits and roots, lop. 149 23
W, lat. 23 25 S. ' ; /
Topcliff, A tpwn in the N. riding p;f
Yprkfliire, England, pn the 5wale : 24
miles N Yprk,
Taptitz, A fpwn pf Ephen}ia, fituated in
an extenfive and beautiful valley, between
two craggy ranges pf immenfe mpun
tains, which form the boundaries of
Bohemia on [one fldc, next to Silefia, and
on the pther towards Saxony. On the
moft inacceffible parts of thefe mountains,
there .ftill remain. the ruined walls,, more
or lefs decayed, of ancient feudal caftles,
generally defignated ip Germany, by the
name of robber caftks, an epithet not pnly
juftified by the praiftice" pf the pepple
who formerly inhabited thefe manfions,
but by fhe general ftate of manners and
fociety of the times when they were
built. Moft of thefe places were im
pregnable before the inveafioa of gua-
povvder and cannon ; but againft artil
lery they could make no defence. Since
the eftablifliment of government and the
protei!iion of life and property, the in
habitants have left ihcfe folltary and iii-
foaveiiicr.t abodes, aud dwelt in villages

and towns in the plain country. Hcr$ ar«
warm baths, to which people repair fronj
a diftance fur the benefit of .health : 49
miles froni Drefden. [Adapis' MS. -Letter.] ,
Topfiam, a tovyn in Devoaflpre, Eng
laad, on tbe Ex : 5 -miles S E Exeter,
(of which it is the port) and 170 S W
Loadoa. To r, or EUar, a tovyji of Arabia Pe-
trca-, on the Red Sea, with a good harbour
defended by a caftle. Here is a Greelf
convent, in the gardeti of which are
fountain^ of bitter watec, preteaded ta
be thofe wbich Mofes rendered fweet, by
throwing ia a piece of wood, lon. 33 45
E,lat. 28 a7 N, '
- Torbay, a bay of t-h,e EngUfli Channel^
oa the coaft of' Devonfliire, E of Dart,.i
mouth, foriped by two capes, called
Bury Poin,f and Bob's Nofe ; and Is a ren
dezvous for the EflgUfli navy, a^ a de
fence from wefterly wiads.
TorboL; a town of Italy, ip the Treni.
tiao 1 14 jplks S £ "Trent.
Torcello, A town of Italy, in the terri
tory of Venice, If is thiii of pepple, on
account of the unw-hpjefome aij-, and in ^
fniall Ifland : 7 piiles N Venice.
Tardefillas, A fortified town pf Spain,
in Leon, with a magnificent palace, where
queen Joan, mother of Charles V, ended
her melancholy days. It is in a country
\ fertile In corn apd wine, on the river
Douefo , 24 miles W Valladolid, and 75
SE Leon.
Targaw, a town of Saxpny Prpper, If
has a caftle, the ftaircafe pf which is built
in fuch a manner, that a perfon may ride
In a chaife to the lop ofif, Tbe.inhabitc
ants brew excellent beer, which they fend
to other places by the £lbe,on which the ,
town is feated, Here the king of IPrufli^
obtained a great vliftory over the Auf
trians in 1760: 27 miles NE Leipfie, apd
35 N W Drefden. ' '
Torigny, A lown of France, depart-:
ment of the Channel, with a magnifi
cat caftle, feated Pfi a riyplet : 7 miles S
E St, Lo, lat, 49 o N,
Tormes, a river pf Spain, which rifes
in the niountains of Avila, in Caflilq,
pafl"es by Alva, Tormes, and Salamapca ,
and falls inlo the Eoucro, below Mirande^
de-Dpuerp, Torna, pr 'J'arnaw, a fprtlfied town pf '
Upper Hungary, capital pf a couuiy of
the fame name, with a caftle: 22 mile?
W Caffovia,
Torne, A river of Sweden, which rifes
in the mountains of Norway, forms a
lake

T o ir

TOR

l«ke of the fame name, and running S E
falls into the gulf of Bothnia, al Totnea,
Tornea, a tovvn of Sweden, in WBofli-
nta, capital of a territory of the fiimci
name, vVith a gppd harbour. It is a place
of fpme trade, becaufe all the Laplanders
io thpfe parts cppie and exchange their
Ikins and things, for what they' want.
The hpufes are low, and tbe cpld fo fe-
v/ere, that fometimes people lofe their
fingers and toes. It is at the mouth of
the Torne, at the N extremity of the gulf
of Bothnia : i8o miles N E pf Uma, aad
420 NNE Stockholm. Tornea is the
moft remptc town in the N of Europe,
and the moft ancient in Weft Bothnia.
This place was vifited by Charles XI of
Sweden, in company vvith feveral emi
nent !n»athematiciaiis, June 1694, when-
tlie king, from the top of a tower, favv
t4lefun at midnight. This town is cele
brated for the Pbfervatipns that Mau-
pertius and fpme other of the members
of the academy of fciences at Paris
made in 1736 and 1737, to determine
the figure of the globe. The academy
ef feienees at Stockholm, have lately ap
plied to fhe iriftitute af Paris, for Aftro-
domical inftruments of fufficient correft-
riefe, to determine fhe exai£l latitude and
tengitude pf this place, ten. 24 17 E, lat.
«J 51 N.
Tarnova, A tovvn of Turkey in Europe,
iri Janna, with a bifliop's fee. If is at tbe
foot of Mount Dragonlza : 10 miles N
W Lariffa, lon. 22 36 E, lat. 39 52 N.
Taro, A towp of Spain, in Leon, on a
Kill, on the Douero, In a couatry fertile
in corn aad fruits, and whofe vineyards
yield' excellent red wine : 37 miks N by
E 'Salamanca, aad 100 N W Madrid.
'Tarella-de- Mongris, A feaport of Spain,
in' Cataloaia, aear the mouth of the Ter,
in the Mediterranean, at the foot of the
Pyrennees : 19 miles E by S GiroPna, and
60 N E Barcelona.
• Torre de las Salinas, A towa of Spain, in
Valencia, near the coaft of the Mediter
ranean, which carries on a great trade
in fall with which it is furniflied by a
fmall lake, formed by faline fprings ; aad,
thoagh fhe wafer be apparently weaken
ed by rain, yet is fait made of it, by the
exhalation of the fun. The ufual quantity
thus produced, annually, is about 900,000
fencgas, each 150 lbs. but, when heavy
rains .-ire flicceeded by exeeffive heal, il
comes littk fliort of 1,500,000. This Is
the mpft confiderable fait work in all
Spain : 20 miks 6 E Origuela, and 37 N
N £ Carthagei;a.

Trrr:-de'-Gre:o, a town of Naples, iii
Terra-di-Lavora, at the foot of MounS
Vefuvius, on the bay of Naples ; 5 milt*
S £ of that city. It was deftroyed by an
eruption of Vefuvius in 1631 ; and in
June 1794, was overwhelmed by a tor
rent of lava, from that volcano. The
Inhabitants, however, to the amount of
r8,ooo efcaped with their lives, about 15
excepted ; and the town it now rebuild
ing on fhe lava that covered' fhe former
habitations. Torrejo, a town of Spain, in New Caf
tile : 15 miles S Madrid.
Torres, A feaporf of Spain; ill Graiiad?„
on the Mediterranean . 45 miles S W
Granada. *" \
Torres Novas, A flrong and confiderable
town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, with
a caftk. It is furrounded by walls ; SS-
nilles N E Lifbon.
Torres Vcdras, a town of Portugal, Iri
Eftramadura, witb a caftk, near the
Atlantic, in a country abounding in cora,
fruits, and good wine : 17 miks S Liflion.
TarrigUa, a tovvn of Italy, ia the ler-
ritoiyof Genoa. 10 milea N Genpa.
Tarrington, a corporate town in Dcvpn--
fliire, England, wilh two^ churches, a
inanufaifture of ftuffs, and is gpverned by
a maypr : 11 miks S by W Barnftaple.
Torfil, a fown of Sweden, in Suderma
nia, on the S bank of fhe lake Maeler ;
43 milss from Stockholm, ten. 17 20 F,
lat. 59 20 N.
Tartontt, a fortified town in the duchy
of Milan, capital of the Tortoncfe, with
a bifliop's fee, aud a caftle, on an emi
nence. It is deemed a confiderable fron
tier place ; was taken by the French in
AprU, 1796 : 28 miles SE Cafal, and 27
S W Milan, loa 8 58 E, lat. 45 S N.
Tortofa, a city of Spain, in Catalonia,
with a bifliop's fee, a univerfity, and a cit
adel. It is divided Info the Old and
Nevv Towa, both furrounded by modem
fortifications. The entrance is over*
large bridge of boats, on the river Ebro,
who.<'e head is fortified. It has a great
number of churches and religious houfes,
among whicli the cathedral, the royal
college of Bpminicians, and fhe convent
of the Carmelites, are the moft remarka
ble. It is in a country fertile iu corn
and fruits, and abounding with quarries
aad mines of filver, iron, alabafter, jafper
of divers colours, and ftbncs witb veins
of gold. Here is a great deal of filk an,!
pil, and very fine potter's ware, whicli
refembles porcelain : 55 miles S W Tara-
goua, and 180 E Madrid. Tor^

T O ti

T 0 tr

. Tory, an iflarid iri the Atlantic Ocean,
about 7 miles N from Bloody Farland
Point, on the N coaft of Ireland, about
3 miks long and i broad, lon. 8 7 W, lat,
55 i6 N,
Tofa, a feaporf of Spain, in Catalonia,
at the bottom of a bay, which forms a
good harbour, where veffels are /flieltered
from all winds, except the S W. It is
built partly bn a plain, ancl partly on a
fteep hill, which projeifts into fhe fea.
Oa the top of fhe hill, nearer the fea, is
a ftrong cltadil, vvith other fortifications :
37 miles N £ Barcelona, ten. 2 54 E, lat.
41 42 N. . . , .
Tofcanella, a tOwri of Italy : 35 miles N
Rome. ., Tatnefs, A borough Iii Devonfhirc, Erig
land: It feads 2 members to parliament,
is gov«rned by a mayor, and has a manu
faaure of fergeS ; 27 miles S W Exe
ter. Tatienbam High Crofs, A village in Mid
dlefex : 5 miles N London. It is fo called
from a crofs, which has exifted herefrom
time immemorlab Here are 3 almshouf-
es, and St. Lpy's Well, which is faid to
be always fnll, and never fo run over ;
and a fpring called Bifliop's Well, of
which the common people report many
ftrange cures. 1
Tatteridge, A village In Middlefex '. io
miles NNW London.
Toul, an - ancient and confiderable
town of France, department pf Meurthe,
and late prpvince pf Lprraln. Before
the revolution it Was a bifliop's fee, and
the eathedrall and late, epifcopal palace
are handfome ftruiStures, It was an im?
perial fown of Germany, till taken by
tbe French in 1552 ; on fhe MofeUe, al
moft furrounded by mountains : 10 miles
W Naaci, arid 167 S E Paris,
Taulamba, A fortrefs of Hindooftan Prop
er, In Lahore, on fhe Rauvee : 70 miles
ENE Moultan,
Toulon, aa ancient city and feaport of
France, department of Var, and late
province of Provence, It is fhe capital
of the department, and before the rev
olution in 1789, was an epifcopal fee.
The iahabitants are computed at 80,000,
Toulon experienced fhe dreadful ravages
of the plague in 1418, 1461, 1476, 1587,
1621, 1630, 1647, 1664, aad 1720, Il
is divided irito the Old aad Nevv Quarter.
The firft, which is ill built, has nothing
remarkable in it but tlie Rue aux Arbres
(a kind of mall) and the towahpufe.
The New Quarter cpntains (befides fhe
magnificent works conftruifted by Lewis

XIV) many fine houfes, and a gtand n\u
long fquare, lined with trees, and ferving
as a parade, The harbour is diftinguifli
ed likewife by the names of the Old Port
and fhe New Port. "Fhe Old Port has a
nrfble quay, on which is the towp-houfe.
The New Port has in front an arfenal {.
and here are likewife a ropewalk and a
park of artillery, dpckyards, bafins, anrf
every thing to be expeiSted ia the fecond
porf for men pf war in this country. The
gailies transferred from Marfeilles, fome
years ago, occupy a bafin in fhe Nevv-
Pprt. Many of the galley flaves are ar
tizans, fome merchants, and, which is moft
wonderful, of fcrupulous integrity. Theyi
no lopgcr fleep on board the gailies, but'
have been lately provided with accom-
modatioiis on more, in a vaft building,-
newly ereiSed for that purpofe. Both'
the Old and New Port have an outlefe.
inlo the fpacious outer rbad or harbour,'
which Is furrounded by hills, and formed
by nature almoft circular. Its circuit is
of great extent ; and the erifrance is de
fended, on both fides, by a fort and bat
teries; Toulon is the only mart inthe,
Mediterranean for the re-exportation bf
the prodnifts of the £ Indies, It waS
twice takenby the imperial troops" in fl^sn,
fixteenth century ; ,and in Auguft, ^793,.
it was furrendered ,by the inhabitarits, toi
the Britifli Admiral lord Hood,- on con
dition of enabling them to effeift the re-
eftabliflimerit of monarchy in France. It
was garrlfoned, for fpme time, by thef
Brlfifli trppps, arfd their aflies ;¦ but the
Freneh having laid fiege fp it, they were'
pbliged to evacuate the place in Decem
ber following, after having deftroyed, the
arfenal, &c. Of 31 fliips of the line/
vvhich the Englifli found at Toulon', 13-
vyereleff behind, 9 were burned at Tou.^
lon, and i at Leghqrn, and 4 Lord Hooi
had previoufly fent, away fo the French
ports Breft aad Rochfort, wifh506o'i'i:-''
publlcan feamen, whom be was afraid to'
truft. Near 15,800 of the inhabitants
vvere brought off by fhe Britifli fleet;"
but maay thoufands vvere obliged to be
left to the mercy bf their enraged coun
trymen. The French convention decreed
immediately that che houfes fliould be
razed, and aothiag preferved but fhe
marine eftablifliments. This vyas follovv
ed by the execution of great numbers ol
the inhabitarits. It was alfo decreed tlyit
the name fliould be changed from that
of Toulon to Port de la Monfagae, hut
this decree vvas fliortlyafferwardrcpeakd.
Toulon is feated on a bay of the Mediw
terranean i ,

TOU

TOU

terranean- : 37 miles S E Marfeilles, and
ji7 S S E Paris,lon. 5 56 E.lat. 43 7 N.
Touloufe, an ancient city of France, de
partment of Upper Garonne, with an
archbifliop's fee. It contains 60,000 in
habitants, and is the moft confiderable
city in France, next fo Paris and Lyons,
although Its population bears no propor
tion-to its extent. The walls of the city
as wellas fhchoufes, are built with bricks.
St. Stephen's, the metropolitan church,
would be incomparable, if the nave were
equal to the choir ; aad the archbifhop's
palace is magnificent. The townhoufe,
a modern ftruifture, forms a perfe<£l
fquaie, 324 feet loag, and 66 high : the
principal front occupies an eufire fide of
the grand fquare, called the Place Royale.
In the hall of illpftrious men, is the ftatue
ofthe chevalier Ifaure, and the bufts pf
all the great men tp whpm Tputeufe has"
' given birth, Cpmmunicatiag with the
Atlantic, on pae fide, by the river Gar
onne, and with the Mediterranean, on
the other, by the canal of Languedoe,
Touloufe might have been a very com
mercial city ; but the tafte Of the Inhab
ilants hasbeen principally fpr the fciences
and belles letters. Amongft other curi
ofities preferved here, are 15 large parch-
meiit foUos, deUcately written and illu
minated, beiag aaaals pf the city, cpm-
mencing frpm the year 1288, and annu
ally cpntinued by the eldeft capitpul.
Thefe were drawn up priginally in Lat
in, but,' under Francis I, were altered to
French. The three- firft volumes are
principally filled vv^ith the pprtraits and
names.nf the capitouls, and the following
contaia all the memorable cveats and
tranfacHons throughout the whole king-
dum. The little commerce they have,
confifts in leather, drapery, blaakets,
mignionets, oil, iron, mercery, hardware,
and booais. The bridge over the Gar
onne is at leaft equal to thofe of Tours
and Orleans : it forms the communica
tion betweea the city aad fuburb of St.
Cyprian : 125 miles S £ Bourdeaux, 2(50
S by W Paris, ten. i 21 £, lat. 43
35 N.
Tfiiiraine,' a late proviace of France.
The Loire runs through the middle ; and
it is, in geaeral, fo pleafant aad fertile a
country, that if vvas called the Garden of
France, It aow forms the department of
Indre and Loire,
Taur-de-Rouffllan, A tovvn of France, de
partment of the Eaftern Pyrennees, on a
hill near the river Tet : 2 miles betew
Perpignan. Voi, II. G g g g

Tour-du-fin, A town of France, depart-
ment of Ifere : 24 miles S Vienne.
Taurine, a tpwn in the bifliopric of
Liege: 13 miles N £ Namur.
; Tour-la- Vil/s, a town of France, fepa<
rated from, Cherburg by a river.
Tournan, a town of France : 22 miles B
by S Paris.
Tournay, ac onfiderablecity of Aufttiaa
Flanders capital of the Tournayfis, with
a bifliop's fee, and a ftrpng caftle. It has
feveral fine manufaiftures, and is particu
larly famous fpr good ftocklngs. The
cathedral and the abbey of St. Martin;
are very magnificent. It was taken by
the French, in 1792 ; they were obliged to
abandon it In 1 793, but re-entered it agafln,
on fhe final conqueft of Auftrian Flan
ders, in 1794. If is on the Scheld, which
divides it into two parts, which are unit
ed by a bridge : 14 miks S E Lifle, 30 S
W Ghent, and 135 N by E Paris:
Tournan, a towa of Fraace, depart
meat of Ardeche, with a fiae college, aad
a caftle that commands the yifhok fown.
It is oil the declivity of a mouatain, near
the Rliohe : 40 miles W Grenoble, and
280 S by £ Paris,
Tournus, an ancient fown of France,
department of Saone and Loire, on the
Saone, in a country fertile in corn and
vVine : 15 mUcs S Chalons, and 202 S by
W Paris,
Tours, an ancient and confiderable city
of France, capital of the department of
Indre aad Loire, From an archiepifco
pal fee, It has lately been reduced to a
bifliopric, fuffragan fo that of Bourges.
It Is advantageoufly feated on the Loire,
and near the Cher. Over the former is
oae of fhe fineft bridges ia Europe, con-
fiftlag of 15 elliptic arches, each 75
feet ia diameter : 3 of thtfe were carried
away by the breaking up of the ice ia
1 789. "The principal church is remarka
ble "fpr the delicacy of ils fttutSture, its
curious clock, its inofale pavement, and
its rich library of martufcripfs. Under
the minlftry of cardinal Richelieu, 27,000
perfons vvere here empteyed in the fills
manufacSfery ; but now the whole num
ber pf inhabitaats is only 22,000. Tha
red wines pf Tours are much efteemed.
In oae of the fuburbs, is fhe late abbey
^pf Marmoutier, reputed to be the moftan-
ci'ept in the Weft. Near the City is Plef-
fis-le^ -Tours, a late royal palace, built by
the prpfligate and fuperftitious Levvis XI^'
who'^ied here, in 1483, notwifbftandipg
I he had the precaution to be covered all
' ever wi:'b. reUes : 5» mUes NNE Poi-
tierj,

TRA

T K A

tiers, 54 E Angers, and 127 S W Patis,
ten. o 47' E, lat. 47 24 N. [WraxaU.]
, Toilfera, A fpwn of Barbary, capital of
Bikdulgerid,:>In a country abounding in
dales, aadidependent pn the kingdpm' pf
Tunis, ten. 10 55 E; lat. 32 30 N.
Towcefier, atowmin'Northamptonfliire,
England, was once ftrongly fortified : 60
miles N W LT)nd6n;
J- Towridge, a river'in 'Devonfliire, Eng
land, whioh.'entcrs fhe -Briftol Channel,
at Barnftabk Bay.
: Towy, A river of S Wales; which en-
tersithe Briftol Channel.'
\..Trachenburg, A town- in Silefia : 26 miles
N Breflaw, .. -i..
, Trafalgar, a-promontory of Spain, at
the entranccpf theftraifs-of Gibralter :
3omiles SE Cadiz, tern t-aW, 1st, 36
II N. ,-
^ Trajanapoli, a fpwn pf Turkey, in Rp
mania, with, a Greek archbiflibp?s fee,
t-hpugh- it is fmall, and thin, of people :
37 miles , S W Adrianople, and 1.12 N \f.'
Coaftantiaople, lon. 26 18 E, laf. 41
15 N. . „
. Trajetto,.-A townof Naples, built on the
ruins of the ancient Miniurna, near the
mouth of the GarigUano, in the Medi
terranean : . 25 mjies-- N W Capua. .
Traina, a- town of Sicily, on a, high
mountain : 22.mJles-W Mount, Etna, and
70 SW Meflina. ; ' ••
- Tra-las-Mdntes; A province of Portugal,
beyond tbe mountains, with regard tp
the other provinces of tills kingdom,.
whence its name. it is bounded^, by
GaUcia, E by Leon-. It, is •fertile in vvaric
and oil, and- abounds - in cattle. ' Th e
Douero, divides it' into two parts, and
Miranda is the capital. If. contains two
cities and 57 towns.; and according to
de Lima's iift,-549 pariflies, in. wiliich, in
tlie year 1732, were computed, 1.^5,804
teul5, ¦ -I.,-. - . ' 
, Tralee, a~'borough and feaport of ' Ire
land, couaaty of Kerryy near a bay of the.
fame aame : 7 miles- SSE Ardfert.
r Tranchiu, a. towa of Upper Huagary,
i;iipilal of ai county of the fame name.
The. caftle. ftands fo high, that it may .be
feen at fhe diftauceof near 30 miles,
'I'here are 2 wamibatlis within f. mile of
this 'place, and:a-,great number of mine-'
ral fprings in the adjacent- counti-y : 50
miks N E JireflJutg. 
Traiicon, ariuancient fown of Portugal,
ijt Tra-los-Montes, with a caftle, in a
i'ertile country, ten. 7 o E, laf, 40 44 N,
. Trani, A feaport of Naples, in Terra di
Bari, with a caftle? and an, archbifliop's.

fee; It is fhe ufual refidence of the go-W
ernor of the province ; buf is much dcT,
caycd fince the harbour has beeri choked
up with mud. It is on the gulf of Ve^
nice : 20 miles W' Bari, and 125 N by E
Napksi - ^
Tranquebar,. a town of Hindpoftan, ora
the Goafb-of Ooromandel, with a fort andi
fatft-ory, betenging to the Danes. It has
one catholic and 3 proteftant churcbesj
one mofque, and 5 pagods. Here the
king- of Denmark fupports proteftant
miffionaries. It is at the mouth of the
Cauvery: 165 miks-S Madras, lon, 79;
57 E, lat, 10 44. N. [Hamilton]
Tmnfylvania,. A eonntry fnrmt-rly an
nexed to' Hungary ; bouaded N by Up
per Hupgary- arid Polarid, £ by Molda
via and ¦'Walachia,' S by 'W'alacliia, W by
Upper and Lower Hungary; 162 pines'
teng^and 150 ¦ broadj and .furrounded oiv
afl parts- by, high mountains, whichare
not barren. Ic produces a fupply of conv
and wine;, and thtre are rich mines of
gold, filver,, lead,' copper, quickfilver, and'
alttnii It lia^uiidergone various revolu
tions,- but now belongs to; the houfe of
Auftria, The peafants are really flaves/
4 days of the- 6- they labour for their
mafters, , The province pays the' era-'
peror , 1,500,000 flprins annually. The,
inhabinfanls areof various religions, as
Roman catholics, Lutherans,' Calvlnifts,'
Soclnians, Arminians, Greelcs, and Ma
hometans. The government is conduc
ed by 12 perfpns : viz. 3. Rpman catho
lics, 3 Lutherans, 3 Calvinlfts,- and 3 So-
' cinians. Hermanfladt is fhe ¦capital.- [Jackfon:]
Traan; or Trau, A tOviTi'-of - Venelian-
Dalmatia, fituated on a peninfpla, ftpa-
rated from the continent 'by a canal, di-'
.vided into the New and Old ; tlie latter of
which has a cteubk, the former a fingle
J wall,- and, defended, by 3 towers. Noth
ing can be pkafaater thaa the fituatioa •
of fhis place : the N fide is covered with--
beautiful gardens, and on the ifland of
Bua it has fine fuburbs, having a commu--
riiicalioii with it by- a ftone bridge, and:
; joined to the continent by 3X)f wood.
It isithe refidence of the Venetian prove
ditor; who- bears the flf-k of Count;
and, the fee pf a bifliop; "Fhe har--
bonr has depth pf wafer enough for
thf largeft fliips, which ride bere flielter
ed by two capes. It abounds alfo in fifli,»
partionlarl'y fine fardiiies, ten, 1752 E,
laf, ;44 o N,
•- Trapani, or. Trapana, a feaport on the
W fide of Sicily, in the Val-di-Mazara,. with-

TRA

RE

ivith a fort, and an excellent harbour, in
fhe fprm pf a fickle. It is pn a fmall
peninfula, cpatains 20,000 inhabifants,
and.Is a trading place, famous for Its fait
wprks, and fiflieries pf tunnies and cpral :
ao miles N Mazara, and 45 W Palermo.
Trarbaeh, a town pf the Lower Rhine,
,ori the Mofelle. Its fortrefs, vvhich is on
a rooualaia, and commands the paflage pf
the Mofelle, vvas taken by the French in.
1794 :' 22 miles N £ "Treves, and 28 6
W Coblentz.
Trafart, t\ie country of a very formida
ble tribe of Moors, on, tbe N bank of the
Senegal. They have a king, or chief,
jvho exercifes abfolute, jurifdiiftipn with-
Dutackncwkdgingalkgiance tP any other
fovereign. Ia liaie of peace, the people
employ themfelves ia. fending their cattle,
which are their priacipal fuppprt. Pay
ing link attentipa-to agricuftwe, they
are gcaerally ia fhe extreme of abftinence
pr gluttony. The.y have few materials
for manufaifture, but weave a flrong cteth
for fheir tents, which is fppn from goaf's
hair. Their iron tliey convert Iato fpears,
knives, and pots for boiUng food, Tbey
are rigid' Mahometans, The prieft. at
Bcnowm is a fchool mafter. Every even
ing his pupils afl'emble before his tent,
where, by 'light of a large -fire, they are
jpftruiSbed frpm (be Koran, A boy com-
piittipg to piemory a-fcw prayers, karp-
ing to read apd write certain :portiops of
the koran, is thought fufiicieatly Ipftrud:-
. ed. The women are eatirely negkded,
as a race of inferior beings. The princi
pal difeafes are informitteat fever and
.dyfentery. The fmall pox fometimes
.prevails : inoculatioa is praiftifcd on the
Gambia, While the king fometimes eats
,oul of the fame bowl, arid fleeps on the
fame bed with his camel driver, he is
diftinguiflied by his drefs, and a larger
tent ctivered with a white .cloth. Ff's
government is .fuppprted by a tax oa bis
negrp fubjcifts, pn waieripg places, on
goods paffing thropgh his kingdom, and
the plunder of individuals. [Park-]
Travancore, a prpvince of -the penin-
^iila of Hindooftan, extending along the
coaft of Malabar from Cape Comorin to
10 15 Nlat, aad bouaded N by Myfo-e,
E by the Carnatic, ful-jjciSt tp a rajaP,
who is an ally of the Englifh E India
ppmpaay, aad , ia defeace of whom fhey
engaged, in conjuniftion vvith the Mali-
,rattas and the nizam of the Deccan, in
¦^the laft war againft 'Fippoo Sultan, See
¦^ranganore. ' Tiavuncare, capital of a province of the

fame pame/, in the peninfula pf Hindoof-
tan,ten, 77 8 E, lat. 8 15 N.
Trave, A river in the duchy of Holftein,
which runs from W to E, and faUs info
the Baltic, at Travemunde,
Travemunde, A ftrong lown in fhe duchy
of Holftein, at the mouth of fhe Trave.
It is the porf of Lubec, to which it be
longs : 12 miles N E that city.
-Trauiifiein,?!. town in upper Bavaria, on
the Traun. Near it are fprings of fait
w,afer. ' Tratv. See Traan.
j.Trayguera,A town of Spain, in Valen
cia : 30 miks S "I'ortofa.
Trebia, a river of Italy, which falls into
the -Po, abpve Placentia. Great numbers
pf the Romans, afler their defeat by Han
nibal, were drowped in this river, which
misfortune has rendered it famous,
Trebigno, a town of Turkifli Dalmatia,
with a biflipp's fe* The inhabilants are "
Turks, Greeks, and -papifts. It is Pn fhe
gulf pf Venice : 14 mfles N Ragufa,
Trebiffaci, a fpwn of Naples, on the
T-arento.: 5 miles E Caffapo.
Trebifond, a large aad ftroag feaport of
Turkey ia Afia, ia Natolia, with a Greek
archbifliop's fee, aad a caftle. It is at fhe
fpot of a very fteep hill. The walls are
fquare and high, with battlements,; aad
are built with the ruins of ancient ftruc-
tures, on vvhich-are infcriptions not kgi-
bk. Thetpvvn Is iipl ppputeus ; for there
are more woods and gardens In it than
houfes, and thefe but oae ftory high.
The caftle is oa a flat rock, with ditches
cut ip it. The harbour is at the E ead
of the towa, aad the mole built by the
Genoefe is almoft deftroyed. It flands
on the Black Sea : 104 miles NNW Er
zerum, and 440 E Cpnftaatiappk, lon.
40 25 E, laf; 40 45 N.
Trebitz, A town of Moravia. It has a
pianufaiSlure of cteth : 21 miks S E Ig
law, loa. 16 12 E, 1st. 49 4 N.
Trebnitz, a town of Silefia, with a large
nunnery. Near It Is a hill confifting o.f
a li^Ct clay,- or ftone, vyhich is formed iato
veffels of all kinds ; and on being ex
pofed to the air, they become as hard as
if they -had been b.iked : 12 miles N
Breflaw. Trefurt, A town ill the landgravate of
Heffe, with a caftle. It belongs to fhe
eledlor of Mentz : 22 niUes W Saxe-
Gotha. Tregannon, a corporate town in Cardi
ganfliire, \\'ales, govcraed by .. mayor :
202 iniles W by N Londoa, lon, 3 56 W,
lat, 52 13 N. Treg'jny j

TRE

" T R E

Tregony, A borough in Cornwall, Eng
land. It has no church, and only 150
houfes poorly built, governed by" a may
or, and fends 2 members to parliament :
41 miles, W by S Plymouth.
Treguier, A feaport of France, depart
ment of the North Coaft, and near the
Englifli Channel: 22 miles N W St.
Brieux". Treilburg, a feapprt of Sweden, prov
ince of Schonen, on the Baltic : 30 miles
S £ Copenhagen, ten. 13 26 E, lat. 55
a6 N.
Tremefen, or TIemfen, 9 province of the
kingdpm bf Algiers, 370 miles teng and
125 broad ; bounded N by the Medi
terranean, E by a province called Africa,
S by the defert of Zahara, W by the
kingdpm of Fez. It is dry, barren, and
mountainous, except on the N fide, where
there are plains abounding in corn,
fruits, and paftures. The capital, of the
fame name, is furrounded by ftrong
¦vvalls, and inhabited by poor Arabs,
Moors, and Jews. In the weft part of
the city is a large fquare bafon, of Moor
ifli workmanfliip, 200 yards long, apd
about half as broad. 'I'he inhabitants
have a tradition, that formerly the kirigs
of Tremefen tppk here ffie divcrfipn of
the water, whilft their fubjeijts were
taught fhe art of rowing and navigation.
l^ut the water of the fountain beirig eafi
ly lurried off frpm ifs <ordiriary courfe,
this bafon might have been rather de
figned for a refervoir, in cafe of a fiege ;
or for refrefliing the beaatiful gardens
and plantations, that lie below it, lon. i
49 W, lat, 34 40 N,
Tremiti, three iflands of Italy, in the
gulf of Venice : 15 miles from the coaft
of Naples. They are called Capraria,
St. Nicolo, and St. Domino.
Tremouille, A town of France, depart
ment of Vienne : 23 jniles £ by S Poi
tiers, Tremp, A fown of Spain, in Catalonia :
85 miks N W Barcelona,
•Trent, A large river which falls into the
Humber, below Gaiiifborough. Paral
lel with the courfe of this river runs a
canal, forming a communication betvveen
if and the Merfey, and joining if at Wil
den, Itis navigable through-the whole
of Nottinghamfliire,
Trent, ari ancient and populous forti
fied city of Germany, In the Terentino,
with a bifliop's fee, whofe bllhop is a
prince of the enipire, under the protec
tion of the houfe of Auftria, It was
formerly a free imperial city, and is fa

mous for a council held here, which be.
gan in 1545, aud ended in 1563, At 11,
the ctecks ftrike 12, a cuftom adopted hy
the council to expedite bufinefs,- and con
tinued ever fince. The French took pof-
felfion of fhis city, after the battle of Ro
vere, in 1796, but abandoned il foonaf-
terward. It is at the foot of the Alps,
in 3 fertile valley, pn the Adige : 67
miles N W Venice, and 260 N W
Rome. [Wright, Bowen.]
Trent, A bifliopric in tbe county of Ti
rol, among the Alps which divide Italy
from Germapy. Trent is the capital.
Treptow, a lown in Pruffian Pomera
nia. It has a manufadture of Stockings
and woollen ftuffs : 43 miks N E Stet
in, Trefen, or Trofa, a feaport of Sweden,
in Sudermania, on the Baltic : 35 miles
S W Stockholm., lon. 17 29 E, lat. 59
oN.
Trefianifi Ifles, four fertile iflands on
the "W coaft of Scotland, between •tha
ifland of Col and fhat of MuU.
Trsthimraw, a ftrong town of Poland,
in Volhinia, -pn the Dniefter: 45 milea
below Kiof.
Treves, or Triers, an eledVoratc of Ger
many, in the circle nf the Lpwer Rhine,
bounded N by Cotegne, E by Weteravia,
Why Luxemburg, ilt is full of moun
tains and' forefts. ijlear the Rhine and
Mofelle, the foil is fruitful, abolinding in
corn and wine. Its. inhabitants -have
fuffered greatly in the wars with France.
Treves, or Triers, an ancient and cele
brated city of Germany, in the Lower
Rhine, capital of an archbifliopric of the
lame name, whofe archbifliop is an elec
tor of the empire. It has a univerfity,
feveral remaias of antiquity, and as many
churches as any town in Germany. It
has greatly fuffered in ibe wars, and is
now neither large nor populous. It was
taken by the French iri 1794, It is on
the MofeUe (over vvhich is a handfome
bridge) between two mountains : 20
miles N E Luxemburg, and 55 S by -E
Cologne ten. 6 41 E, lat, 49 45 N.
Trevi, a fown of Italy, in Umbria : 2j
miles S E Perugia, lat. 42 54 N.
Trevigo, a tovvn of Naples ; 23. miles E
Benevento, lon. 15 20 E, lal. 42 6 N.
'Trevina, a ftrong town of Spain, in
Bifcay, with a citadel, on a hill : 10 miks
S W Vittoria.
Trevifano, a marquifate, in the republic
of Venice ; bounded E by Friuli and the
gulf of Venice; W by the "Viccalino.
'i'he foil is fertile, a:;d produces-corn, wine.

T R T

T R I

•wine, and wpod ; and they export cattle,
¦filk, and woollen cloth. 'I'revifo is the
capital. Trevifo, a large and ancient city of Ita
ly, capital of , Trevifano, wilh an arch
bifliop's fee. I^ had formerly a univerfi
ty, which was transferred to Padua. It is
the refidence of maay noble famiUes :
so mUes N W Venice.
Trsvoux, an ancient town of France,
department of Ain. The moft remark-
,able buildings are the ancient mint, the
late parliament houfe, the governor's
' houfe, and the printing office. The latter
is celebrated for the Literary Journals
compofed by the Jefuits of the college pf
¦Lpuis le Grand. Trevpux is pn the fide
of a hill, pn the river Saone : 12 miles N
Lyons, and 188 S by E Paris.
•Treyfa, A Ipwn pf Germany, in the
landgravate pf Heffe. It is on a hill : 17
miks N Marpurg.
Trezza, a tovvn in the Milanefe, on the
Adda, ten, 9 25 E, laf, 45 45 N.
Tribefers, an ancient lown in Swedifli
Pomerania,- with a caflle ; 22 miles S' S
,W Stralfund.
Triefte, A feaporf fown of Germany, In
the circle of Auftria, and duchy of Car
niola, filuatcdintheAdrlafic, at the north
eaft part of what Is called The Gulf of
Triefte. The houfes here ftand on the
afcent of a mountaip, extending them
felves quite fo the fea, and on the top of
the mpuntain is a caftle. The harbpur
confifts of fhe inner and outer. It has
lately been confiderably improved, forti
fied, and declared a free port, whence aU
forts of wares, both by vvater and land,
in and out of the time of fairs may be im
ported here, free from any duties and
taxes ; from .fhis immunity, however,
iron, fteel, copper, quickfilver, falf, gua-
powder, mirrors, and cryftal are except
ed, A wall fortified with a baftion,
feivcs as well for the defence of the har
bour againft- an enemy, as for fcrecrilng it
againft the wind, and alfo for the fecuri
ty of the fliipping. Oa the norlh weft
fide of the tovva, where formerly were
falf pits, a beautiful fuburb has beea
ere(5led, and the bad air.'which formerly
arnfe from thefe falf pits, meliorated :
but not entirely reippved. I'be water of
a frefli fpring has been cpnduiacd by
pipes from the diftance pf twp Italian
miles tp this town. 'Fhefe aud pther
improvements, and 'good regulations,
have increafed the trade of the place,
Triefte is the fee of a bifliop, 'Fhe fov-
ercl^a captala, who governs the town

and its territories, refides in the caftle t
8 miks N Capo d'Iftra, and 80 N E Ve
nice, ten. 14 4 E.lat. 45 56 N.
Trim, the cpunty tovva pf E Meath,
Ireland : 23 mfles N W Dublin.
Trincomale, a towa on the E fide of the
ifland of Ceylon, vvith a harbour, reck
oned the fineft in the R Indies. It w.is
taken from the Dutch, by the Eaglifli, in
January 1782; retaken by the French in
Auguft'following-; reftored to the Dutch
bythe peace of 1783 ; and again taken
by the Englifli in Auguft 1795. !ti=;oiT
a gulf of the fame- name ; 100 milcs N
E Candy, lon. 81 52 E, lat. 8 45 N.
Trino, A fortified tovvn of Italy, in
Montferrat, fubjeiil to the king of Sar
dinia. It is near the Po : 35 miks N E
Turin. Tripoli, one of the piratical ftates ci"
Barbary, bpunded N by the Mediterra
nean, E by the defert of Barca, -S by
Fezzan, W by Biledulgerid and 'I'unii .
It is a fertile cpuntry, except ihe E part,
vvhich is a defert. It is 9-15 miles along
the coaft, the breadth is various. It had
the title pf a kingdpm, but is now a re
public, gpverned by a dey, ekdled by the
fpldlers. 'Fripoli was formerly divided
inlo 8 provinces ;" But is novv diftinguifh
ed into Maritime and Inlahd; theinhab
ltants of the former chiefly fubfift upon
commerce and piracy ; the latter on
plunder and robbery. Each divifion has
fome cities, towns, and villages, moft of
them very poor and thinly inhabited.
"Fhefe people are reduced tp the loweft de
gree pf mifery ancl vvrelchcdncfs, through
the cruel exaiStions pf the government,
or the frequent depredations cf the
Arabs. What has contributed moft to
the ruin of all ibcfe maritime towns, is
their neighbourhood to the ifland <if
Malta, wbcace the knights have a more
conftaat watch over them, fupprefs their
corfairs, aod oblige thcni to fifli and cul
tivate their lands for fubuftence. The
government, religioa, lavvs, and cuftoms,
of this kingdom are the fame wilh thofe
of Algiers and Tunis. 'Fhe revenues
arife chiefly from their corfair-:, whicb fel
dom exceed feven pr eight, and nf thefe
pne fuily can properly be ftyled a fliip,
the reft are fmall gailies, poorly manned
and equipped. There is a duty on im
ports and exports ; the lax on the Jcw.t;,
who are here very numerous ; ca the
natives, vvho, though ever fo poor, muft
yet pay part of the produiS; of ihcir
grouucl, or maiiufaiStures ; and laftlv, oa
the country Mcoi-j aad Arabs, among whom

T -R 1

T RI

»vhom the bey fends his flying camp of
janizaries to levy it ; for thefe laft, as
well as the Moors, are kept fo poor by
,thoi'e heavy taxes, that nothing but force
and fometimes exemplary feverity can
-extort if from them. "Fheir commerce,
-chiefly confifts in flaves, cither fuch as
are taken by their corfairs, or fuch as
they traffic for with their neighbours ;,
¦thegreateft part of both they fend into
Turkey, vvhere they caa difpofe of them
to the beft advantage. The next branch
is that of allies, -which they buy. from the
Arabians, and fell to vthe Europeans, to
make glafs and foap'.: ,the reft of their
traffic Is. nof worth mentioning. ;Onecir-
<:umftaiicein the oondu(3: of this regency
-defervcs -notice : they are mocc fcrupu
lous obfervers-of their treaties with pther
natipns than apy pf their neighbours ;
which puniSluality, whether it proceeds
-from real probity, or a confcioufaefs of
;their own wgaknefs, is neverthelefs of no
fmall advantage to pavigalion aad ,jMm-
inerce. Tripoli, a city and -feaporf , of Africa,
and capital -of the country fo caUed, on
the coaft of the iVJediterraaeaa, It was
formerly divided iatcttwo parts, the Old
ind New ; the former, *vas the native
eountry of the Emperor Severus, and
as fuppoifed to have been buiIt'.byfhe-Ro-
^nans, is novv almoft in ruins ; the-lattcr,
'which ftands at a fmall diftance from it,
though of^no great extent, is populous
and flourifhing It ftands on a fandy
ground, bythe fea fide, furrounded with
-high walls, and ramparts, flanked wifh
pyramidical towers, but not kept in good
repair. It has tvvo gates, one towards the
i), the olher fo the fea, N, where it ex-
. {lands itfelf iu form of a crefcent, near a
fpacipus and cpmmodious haven. -The
point by the E is little elfe than a group
of rugged rocks, on which are to be feen
fome ancient forts, now. gone ^o decay ;
but that to 'the weftward is de'feuded by
a ftrong caftle, furrounded with fortifica
tions, ia modcra ftyle, and furniflied with
.fome large cannon. New Tripoli is fup
pofed fo have been once a place of vaft
•trade, oa account ^of Ifs neighbourhood
to Numidia aad Tuais,- reforted to by
veffels from Malta, Veaice, Sicily, Mar
feilles, and Pther parts ; there being the
moft cpmmpdipus feaport alpug this
whole coaft, except Alexandria ; by which
means it became fo opulent, fhat if, was
filled vvith rich merchants, abounded vvifh
ilne.mofques, hofpitals, and other public

buildings, and excelled Tunis in beauty
and wealth. It .retains now but fevr
traces of its aacieaf fplendor : the
houfes are tew aad mean, and ftreets nar
rovv, dirty, an.d irregular : there are in
it, neverthelefs, fome monuments ftill
-ftanding, which evince its former magnifi
cence ; .particularly a triumphal arch,
one half of which now lies buried in thp
fand. Two caufes have produced this,
decay; firft, the want of fweet water, here
being neither rivers, fprings, nor wells,
apr aay other means of fupplying it with
that ufeful element, but cifterns, and re
fervoirs of rain ..water ; fecondlv, the
great fcarcity of corn, and the other
produds of. the ground, , occafioned by
the. dry fandy foil that furrounds it on
the land fide for feveral mfles. It prpc.
duces, however, palm trees in great
plenty, that yield tlie moft delightful
dates, which conftitute a confiderable
part of their food : befides thefe, they
have the tethus, ,or lotus, a tree whofc
fruit Is reckpned ftill finer than the dates,
and piakes a maft excellent -wine, Thjit
plant ferves them fpr meat aad drink,
fpr whicli reafoa they have been ftyled
by fhe ancients Latophagi. The country
around is adorned with a multiplicity
of haadfome villas, cultivated chiefly by'
Chriftian flaves, like thofe about Algicif
and Tunis, , .It is obfer,yahle, wilh re-
fpeift to thefe unhappy people, that there
Is but a. very -finall niunber of them here;
in comparifpn fp fhe many thpufand^
whp fwarm in thpfe two capitals ; fhey
have buf one bagnio in the whole cityto
lockthem in at night, • They keep a fuf
ficient number fo-ferve them in fhe low
eft ofljces and .cnltivate,fheir vUlajS, and
fell the reft, A late .traveller 'fays, the
date trees, which fpread themfelves like a
foreft .behind fhe town, apd the hUls
beyond them, which bound tbe profpedt
pn the S, are Ipfereftiag abj.eGts ; but the
fpwn itfelf is built in tpo low a fituatiop.
to compofe a part of the general- .fcene :
for it is fcarcely vifible af the diflance of
a mile, The.firft appearance of TripoU
mayidifapppint, by its meaaaefs, the ex-
ped:atipas of the traveller ; bat If he re-
fleiiispn the nature of a defpptic gpverp-
ment, ever Ineompatibk with permanent
profperity, he will not be furprifed whep
he find's, on a nearer view, that' the cily,
though the capital pf an empire, exhib
its thrpugh all its extent fhe marks pf a
ripid decay ; fhat Its fcanty limits, fcarce^
ly 4 miks ia circumference, are too grca '
fv

T R 0

T R 0

for its prefent population ; arid that its
aacient caftte, though once the pride, and
ftill fhe refidence, of the reigniag fVjii-
ly, is npw a mouldering ruin-: ^75 miks
S E Tunis; and 5 70 E S E Algiers, lon. 13
12 E, lat. 32 35 N.
Tripoli, an ancient and copfiderable
tovyp of Syria, on the Mediterranean,
defended by a cit.idel. The inhabitaats
are near 6o,o-:)o, coafiftiag of Turks,
Chriftiaas, aad Jews.. I'here is a haad
fome mofque, and all the houfes have
fountains belongiag to them- Before if
is a faad bank, which -increafes fo much;
that if is expelled to choke up the har
bour, whichis 2 miles W of the town,
and formed by a round piece of land,
united to the mainland by an ifthmu-'i-
On each fide is a bulwark to defend the
eatraace. - This town was ¦ anciently in
Phoenicia, whofe inhabitants were fb fa
mous for navigation in fhe eaiiy ages of
the world. It is the refidence 0! a bafliaw,
who alfo governs the territory about it,
where there is a great number qf mulber
ry trees, and other fruits, which enable
them to carry oa a filk maaufafture ia
the fowa : 90 miles N W Damafcus, and
120 S Sc^anderoon, lan, 36 20 E, lat, 34
50 N, [Bowen,]
Tritchiiiopoly, a fttong town of Flindoo
ftan, in the Carnatic : 208 miles SSW
Madras, ten. 78 46 E, lat. 10 49 N.
Trivento, a tovvn of Naples, wifh a
bifliop's fee : 62 miles E Naples.
Troja, A fortified and populous tovvn
of Naples, af fhe foot of the Appennines :
32 miles N E Benevento.
Traitz, or The Convent of 'the Holy Trin
ity, A convent, of Ruffia, which is fo large
as af a Utile diftance to have the ap
pearance of a fmall town ; am}, like ma
ny convents' in tills country. Is ftrongly
fortified, according to the ancient mode of
defence, beiag furrouadcd vvith high
brick walls, ftrengthened with battlements
and lowers. The parapet is roofed wilh
wood, and the Walls and towers are pro
vided vvith boles for mufkets and cannon :
tbe whole is furrouadcd by a deep ditch.
This place wilhftood fcveraU fieges, and
particularly baffled all the efforts of La-
diflaus, prince of Poland, vvho attacked
it with a large army. Befide the con
vent or habitation for the monks, tbe
walls enclofe aa Imperial palace, and
9 large churches, conftruiitcd by di&"er-
ent foverelgns. The cpnvent is a large
itinge of building encircling a cpurt, and
is far too fpacious for the prefeut inliab-
Uants ; it formerly contaiaed 300 inoiil:s,

together with proportionate number cf
ftudents ; and vvas the richeft ecclefiafti-
cil foundation in Ruffia. The fraterni
ty pofl'effed cpnfiderable eftates, upon-
which vvere at leaft 100,000 peafants'r-
thefe eftates as well as all the other
church lands; being novv annexed to the
crown, the members receive fmall pea
fions. With their revenues their num
ber has-been greatly dimlniflied, and fhey:
fcarcely amount atprefcnt to loomoaks.-
Their habit is black, with a veil of the
fame colour ; they eat no meat, and -the^
difcipline of the order is- very flriiS;
This convent is diftinguiflied ia the aa-
nals of this country, as- the afylum for-'
the RufCaa foverelgns, in cafes of infur-
reclioa or danger ; and is more particu
larly known to foreigners, for the refuge
it afforded lo Peter tbe Great, when he
put an end to the admiaift-ralioa of bis'
fifter Sophia-: 40 miks from Mofcow.
Troki, A town of Lithuania, capital of
a palatinate of the fame name. It is feal
ed among moraffes : 15 miles W Wil
na, and 85 N N'E- Grodno, laf. 54 32'
N. TroH, St: A town- i^n the bifliopric of;
Litgf:, vvith a f.-imous Benedibtuie abbey :
21 miles W N W Liege.
Tropea, A populous town of Naples, in
Calabria -U'lleriore, vvith a bifliop's fee;
It vvas half ruined by an earthquake in
1638, aad is on tbe top of a rock, on the
' £ coaft : . 10 milcs N W Nicotera, and 45
N by E Reggio.
TropesySi. A feaport of France, depart--
ment of Var, with a citadel. It is on the
bay of Grimaiild, in the Mediterranean ::
12 mUcs S W Frejus, and 48 E Mar
feilles. Troppaw, a ftrong and coafiderable-
tpwn pf Germany, in Upper Silefia, cap
ital of a duchy of the fame aame, witli;
aa aacieat caftle ; oa a pkafaat plain :
40 miles N by E Olmutz, aud 72 S by E-
Breflaw,ten, 17 40 E, lat. 50 i N.
Trowbridge,, -A town ia Wiltfliire, Eng
land, remarkable for clolhieis : 23 milea
S W Marlborough, and 98 W London.
Troyes, an ancient and confider.ible
cily of France, department of Aube. It
is furrounded by good waUs, but al
moft all the houfes are of wood, and good.
vvater Is wanting. Among the objetfls oT:
curiofity are St. Stephen's, the prlncipaT
church ; the public library of the latef
Cordeliers ; and the caftle In which the-
ancient counts of Champagae refided.
Ils commerce, once very flourifliiag, now
confifts only in fonic Upcns, dimities, ful -
tiini.

T S I;

T U D

tians, wax chandlery, candles, and wiae.
It is oo the Seine : 30 miles ENE Sens,
and 90 E S £ Paris.
Troy, the fite of a celebrated city of
NatoUa, ancieally calkd Troja or lUum,
and celebrated for a fiege vyhich it fuftain
ed, for 10 years, before it vyas taken by
the Greeks, in 1184 B. C. If was af fhe
foot of Mouat Ida, oa the feacoaft op
pofite the ifle pf Telicdos, but nof a fin
gle ftone remains fo point out its exa£f
Situation, lon. 26 30 E, lat. 39 ,40 N.
Trumjiington, a village in Cambridge
fliire, England': two miles from Cam
bridge, where feveral Roman antiquities
have been found ; and bere are ftill the
ruiris of the mill, commemorated by
Chaucer, in The MUkr's Tale,
Truro, a borough in Cornwall, Eng
land. It has the benefit of the coinage
of tin, and its chief bufinefs is in fliip
ping tin and copper ore, found in abund
ance ia its neghbourhood : 10 miks N
Falmouth, and 257 W by S London.
Truxillo, A coafiderable tovva of Spain,
ill Eftramadura, among mountains, on
the fide of a hill ; at the top of which is
a ftrong citadel. It is the birthplace of
the noted Francis Pizarro : 65 miles S W
Toledo, and 117 S E Madrid.
Tfchetcbina, au ifland of the Wefterri
Oceari, E Kanaga. It is 54 miles In
compafs, is full of rocky mountains, has
fome warm fprings, and a fevv iahabitants, [Mayor,]
Tfhuiffi, A country In the E extremity
of Afia, oppofite the N W coaft of Amer
ica, bounded S by the Anadir. The at
tention of the natives is confined chiefly
to their deer, with which their cbuntry
abounds. They arc a well made, warlike'
raie, formidable neighbours to the Kori
acs, who often experience fheir depreda
tions. The Ruflians have teng endeav--
oured to bring fhem 'under their domin
ion ; aad though they have Ipft a great
number pf men, in tbeir different expe-
ditipns tP accompUfh this purpofe, they
have never yet been able to effeiSt it, loa,
168 41 W, lat, 66,5 tf.
Tfi-nan-fou, a large and populous city
of China, the capital of Chang-tong, It
is much refpedled by fhe Chinefe, on
accpunf of its haying been pnce the refi
dence of a long feries of kings, whofe
tombs; rifing on the neighbouring moun
tains, afford a beautiful profpeift. In
its diftriiH: are 4 cities of the fecond, and
26 of the third clafs. It is S ofthe river
Tli, or Tfirigho : 160 miles S by E Pekin,
tea. 117 25 E, lat, 36 30 N.

Tfi-f>ing-iaheau, a eity of China, province.
of Charigrtong, apd diftriiSl of 'Ven-lcheou
fpu. Frpm its fituatipp pn fhe Grand
Canal, if is little Inferior fo the capital of
the province, eifherin extent, population,
riches, or commerce,
Tfin-icbeou-fiu, a commercial and pop
ulous city of China, in Cbang-t(m^ It
has one city ofthe fccoiid, aad 13 ofthe
third clafs, uader its jurifdidion-: 75
miles £ Tfin-nang-fou.
Tfong-ming, an ifland of China, on fhe
coaft of the province of Kiang-nan, fo
which it lielongs, and from which it is
feparated by ari arm of the fea : 13 miles
broad. It is 50 miks long and 13 wide.
It was formerly a fandy defert, to which
criminals were baniflied : thofe that firft
landed on it began 10 till the ground, tba6
fhey might not perifli wifh hunger ; fome
potP- Chinefe families emigrated thither
afterward ; and, in lefs tban 10 years, the
; ifland was peopled and cultivated. Its
priuclpal revenue arifes from 'fait, which
is made in fuch abundance, that it can
fupply moft of , the neighbouring coun
tries. Ill this ifland is only one city of
the third clafs ; buf villages are fo nume
rous and near each other, that they ap
pear to form one continued city. The
air is healthful and temperate, fhe coun
try delightful, and interfeiScd by ma
ny canals, ten. of its S E end, lai 55 E,
lat. 30 15 N.
Tfuen-tcheau-fou,' A city of China, prov,"
ince of Fo-kien. In its diftricft are 7 cit
ies of the third clafs ; and its fituation, ex
tent, commerce, triumphal arches, tem
ples, and well paved ftreets, fecure it a
diftinguifhed rank aipong the mpft beau^
tiful cities In the empire.
Tuam, A city, or rather village, of Ire
lapd, county of Galway : 20 miles N N
E Galway, Tuban, one of the ftrongeft towns in
Java, with a harbour,, and a king of its
own. It is on fhe N coaft of fhe ifland,
tec, 11151 E, laf. 60S.
Tubingen, a fortified town of Suabia,'
duchy of Wirtemburg, with a univerfity
and a caftle. Here Is a large houfe, call
ed New Bau, where A certain number of-
ftudents in l&vv are lodged and boarded
gratis ; and in fhe tpwnhpufc is a very
curious clock. It is on the Neckar, in a
country abpunding in cprii and wine :
20 miles S Stutgard, and 50 £ by S Straf
burg. Tud,lingian; A fPwn in Bedfordfliire : 38
miles NNW London.
Tudela,- a conflderable town of Spain, in

t U G
is Navarre, wifh a caftle ; in a country
that produces good wine, on fhe river
Ebro, qve'r which is a handfome bridge :
45 miles N W Saragoffa, and 140 N £
Madrid. Tver, A government of Ruffia, in Eu
rope, once an independent principality,
united to the einpire by Ivan Vaffilievitcb,
In 1490, and comprifed iu the govern
ment of Novogorod, frorii vvhich it has
been feparated. The population has ia-
trcafed to a furprifiog degfee ; a circum
ftance evincing theadvantage drifing from
the, nevv code bf law's of Catharine II,
It was the firft proviace newly riibdelkd
according to that code; audit has expe
rienced the beneficial effeils of thefe ex
ceUent regulalinns. The eountry produces
abundantly all kiads of corn aad veg
etables, Ils forefts yield llie moft valu
able timber.
Tver, a commercial city pf Ruffia, coa-
taipipg 10,000 fpuls, capital pf a gbvera-
iriept bf the fame na'rtie, aad fcated at
the ebrifluerice of the Tveria, arid Volga,
alongwhicb is conveycdall the merchan
dife feat by water frorii Siberia, and
the S provinces, toward Pcterfbi-irg. It
is diyided into the Old and New tovva :
the fbraier fitUate pn the ppppfite fide pf
the Vplga, confifts almoft enlirelyof wppd
en cpttages. The latter having been dc-
riroyed by a dre'Sdful copflagrafipn, in
1763, has rifeP wifh luftre from its aflies.
Catharine II, ordered a regular ahd beau
tiful plin of A new towa to be made. At
her owa expenfe, ihe raifed the govera-
br'shpufc, the epifcppal palace, the cpurts
bf juftice, the exchange, the prifb'n, and
fome other public edifices ; and lo every
perfba who engaged lo build a hbufe of
brick, flie offered a loaa of 3D0I. for 12
years, without intereft'. She loaned
6o,oool, ia this way, one third of vvhich
flie afterwards reailtit'd. The ftreets
are broad and Ibng; extending in ftraight
lines from art oiTlagoii in the ceatre ; and
the plan, whea completed, is 10 com
prife tvvo oiitagoas, 'I'he houfes are of
brick, ftuccoed white, aad make a mag
nificent appcsraaCe. Here is ari ecclefi-
afticiil feminary, which admits 600 ftu
dents. Ill 1776, the emprefs founded a
fchool for the iaftruiiliou of 20obai'ghers'
.childrea, and, la 1779, aa academy for
the educatioo of 120 of the youag aobil-
ily of the province. Tver is 99 miles N
N W Mofcow, tell. 36 5 E, lat.56 7 N.
[Coxe.]
Tuggurt, A country of Barbary, S Al
giers, aad W Biledulgerid. The cap-
VoL: IL Ii h h h

TUN
ital, df the fame name, is 31*? miles S
S E Algiers, ten. 5 10 £, lat. 33 oN.
Tula, A government of Ruffia, in Eu
rppe, fprmerly a prpvince of the govern
ment of Mofcpw. Its capital, Refan, 'li
feated pp the Trubefh, and has 44church-
es and cpnvents : ii 8 miles S £ Mpfcow;
ten. 40 45 E, lat, 55 25 N, [Bufchlog.]
Tulles, A cbnfiderable cpmmercial town
of France, department of Correze. The
oalhcdral is famous for Its fteeple, which
is very high and curious. It is at the
coaflueace Of the COrreze aad Sblane;
partly ca a mounlaia, and partly belovv
it, ia a country furrounded by mountains
and precipices: 37 miles S £ Limoges,
and 62 S W Clermont.
Tuln, A town of Auftria, near the wood
bf Vieana, Wilh a bifliop's fee. If is near
the river Tula, la a couatry abouadlag
ill corn arid wine : 15 iniks W Vienna.
Tumel, A rapid river ia Perthfliire;
Scotlaad, which, after exhibitiag many
beautiful cafarafls, forms itfelf into a
lake, called Loch Tumel, and then falls
iato the Garry.
Tumen, a tbWa of Siberia, province of
Tobolfk : 125 miles W Tobolflc.
Tunbridge, A town in Kent, England,
whicb has a famous free fchool, founded
by a native of fhe town, ia the reign of
Elizabeth : 30 miles SSE London.
Tunbridge Wells, A town ill Kent : 5
miles S Tunbridge. It is much reforted
to in June, July, and Auguft, on account
of ils chalybeate wafers. "Fhe tovvn ii
at the boitoni of three hills, caUcd Mount
Sinai, Mount Ephraim, and mount Pleaf
ant, on which are fcattered fome good
houfes, orchards and gardens ; and at
the eountry Is iiaturaUy wild, fhe effeA
of the vvhole is romantic and pldlurefque.
Here arc all the buildings requifite for
the accommodation of fhe nobility and
gentry, with a cliapel of eafe, a market,
and fliops noted for fheir elegant turnery
ware. One mile and a half from the
wells, are fome ftupendous rocks, vvhich
in fome parts are 75 feet high, the mean
height being 40 j and they have the ap
pearance of the hulks of large men of
war, ranged clofe together. The Wella
ate 35 miles SSE London.
Tunis, A kinjidcai of Africa, bounded
N by the Mediterranean, E by that fea
and TripoU, S aad S W by Biledulgerid,.
W by Algiers. It citends 300 miles from.
E fo W and 250 from N to S. This
countrv was lormerly a monarchy; but a
difference arifing betvveen the father anj
fun.

T y N
ilin, one of which was for the proteiftiott
of the chriftians, and the Pther for that
pf the Turks, In 1574, the inhabifarifs
:3iQok off the yoke pf both. From this
time it became a republic under the pro-
jeiStion of the Turks, and pays a certain
tribute fo the bafliaw that refides at Tu
nis. The air in generai is' healthy; but
tbe foil in the E part is but indifferent,
for want of water. Toward the middle,
the mountains apd yalUes abound ia fruits,
but the W part Is the moft fertile, being
watered by rivers. "The environs of Tu
nis are very dry, on which accoupt corn
is generally dear. The inroads of the
Arabs oblige the inhabitants fo fow their
barley and rye in the fuburbs, and f o en
clofe- their gardens with walls. How
ever, fhere are plenty of citrons, lemons,
oranges, dates, grapes, and other fruits.
There are alfo olive trees, rofes, and
odoriferous plants. In the woods and
mountainsare Uons, wird beeves, oftriches,
2nonkies,camekons, roebucks, liares,phea-
fauls, partridges, and other forts of birds
and beafts. The form of government Is
ariftocratic,. that is, by a couacil whofe
prefident Is the dey, not unlike the doge
of Venice. 13ic menibers of the divan,
or council, are chofen by the dey, and he
in his turn, Is ekiSted by the-divan, which
is compofed of foldiers, who have more
than once taken off the dey'-s head. The
inhabitants carry on a great trade in
linen and woollen clofh. In. fhe city of
Tunis alone, aie abpve 3000 clothiers and
weavers. They have alfo a trade inhorfr
es, olives, oil, foap, aad oftrlphes'eggs and
feathers. The eftabliflied religion is Ma-
hiomefanifm ; and the inhabitants confift
©f Moors, Tucks, Arabs, Jews, and Chrift
ian flaves,
Tunis, a large and celebrated city of
Barbary, capital of a kingdom of the
feme name. , It Is on the point of the gulf
of Golctfa, about 10 miles from the lite
of fhe famous city of Carthage, It is In
the form of an oblong fcjuaie, lacludiag
the fuburbs, 4 ipiks ia circumference,
with a lofty waU, 5 gates, and 35 mofques.
The houfes are all built of ftone, though
but one ftpry high ; and it has a good
citadel; on an eminence,, ppihe W fide
of the city. Wlthpuf the walls are twp
fuburbs, which contain rooo houfes.
¦Within the waUsare 10,000 familie5,-and
aliove 3000 tradcfmen's fliops. It is
furrounded by lakes -and marflies, vvhich,
liowever, do not lender it unhealthy,
owing to the number of maftick aad myr
tle trees, rofemary, and,, other gppiniy

T U R
and aroniatic plaafs, with wliich they
heat their oveps anc^ their baths. 'Flie
Tunifians are the moft civilized nation
of Barbary, with little of the infoknt
haughtinefs of the Algerlnes ; affairs of
government are traafailed with difpatch ;,
the Englifli, French, Dutch, and fcveral
,Euro,pean ftates, having confpls here,
who are treated with civiUty,;jpd refpeift.
The divan, or couPcil of ftate, affembles
in aa old palace, aad ths dey is the chief
pf the republic, whp rcfides here. The
city has PO water but what Is kept in
cifterns, except one well, kept for the
bafliaw's ufe. The hirbqur has a very
^narrow entrance, through a. frnail chan
nel, whichis well " fortified. The Ma
hometans here have 9 colleges for ftu
dents, befide a great auipber of fmaller
fchools. Turiis is a place of great trade:
to miles from the fea, 275 N W Tripoli,
-and 380 E Algiers, lon. 10 16 E, lat.'
8642N,' [Shaw,]
Tiirckheim, A town of France, depart-;
ment of Upper Rhine : i mile N W CpU"
mar. Ture'oin, a fpwri pf France^ department
pf the Nprth,diftri(5l: pf Lille. This town
was taken by the duke of York, on the
17th of May, 1794: 2 leagues NNE-
Lifle. Turcomania, now called Armenia.
Turcomans, A people of Afia, who fpeak
the- Turkifli diakft of fhe Tartar lan
guage, aud inhabit the eaftern flope of
Mount Caucafus, the coaft ofthe Cifpian
about Boinak, Derbent, and Utemifli, and
the fouthern promontories between the
fea, andi'the riVer AJ'izan. Someof thepi-
are fubjeift lo the khan of Cuba, others '
to a chief vvh.o- refides at Nukllu ; anda-
third lo the fpverelgn- of Georgia,
Turgow. See Gouda.
Turin, an ancient, populous, and fiour
ifliing city of Italy, capital of Piedriiont,
and refidence of its fovereign fhe king pf
Sardinia, with an archblflipp's fee, and"
a unlveTfity. It is- on a vaft plain, at the
fpot of the Alps, arid at the confluence
of the Doria arid Po. Turin is the fee
of an- archhifl-iop, and, contains no
churches or chapels, feveral hofpitals,
and about 65,000 inhabitants. The ap
proach to if is magnificent, aud the envi
rons beautiful, though thick fogs from
the two rivers are frequent in autumn
and winter. The 4 gates are highly or-
namental ; the ftreeis in the Nevv Tqwn-'
are wide, ftraight, clean, haviag plenty of
water running thrpugh fhem, weU built,
in a good tafte, chiefly of brick ftuccoed,' and'-

T U 'R

T UR

„an5J generally, terminating In fpme agree
able pbjciSt, Np inhabitant can rebuild
,pr repair his hpUfe but on aa uaiform
plan, laid down by governmeat, for the
improvemeat of.the city. The fortifica
tions of 'rnriii are regular, aad kept in
exceUent repair. 'Fhe citadel is a regular
pcnfagpn, cpnfifting pf 5 ftrorig baftiphs,
.and is reputed one of the ftrongeft iu Eu
rope. At fhe cad Pext the new gate is
-the arfenal, which, befides arms for
-120,000 men, confaiiM a cabinet of m!a-
erals, a- good chemical laboratory, a li
brary of books in piineralogy and mctal-
:hirgy, and furnaces for calling cannon :
(here, alfo, are Biatheniatlcal, mechanical,
and other mafters, for the inftruiftion of
engineers, miners, &c. The garrifoa of
Turia is alvvays chaaged at fhe ead of 2
years, aod then there is a general re
view. The naivec'fity was fouaded firft
hi the year 1405, and confifts of fchools,
vvherdn 24 profeffors read leiSlures, from
the 3d of Navember,fo the 24th of Juae ;
.of fhe rpyal library, whereia are about
50,500 volumes of printed books, befides
manufcrlpts : fhis Is open every day,
¦ except hoUdays, both moraiag aacl affer- .
.noon. The rpyal mufepm has a gpod
.cabinet pf medals, aad a cplleiSlloa of an
tiquities, found chiefly in Piedmont or
¦Sardinia, aad elegaatl-y arranged : alfo pf
natural hiftpry, as fliells, and Englifli
-minerals, ppliflicd marbles, and hard
iftopcs, petrlfaffipas, corals, zoophytes,
and fome minerals, coUeiSed by Donali,
-in the Adriatic ; alfo, fome chefts of nat-
¦.ural curiofities, which Doaati, duriag his
.travels ia Egypt aad Arabia, fent froai
Goa, In the miUtary academy, youag
geatlemea, both natives' .-md ftrangers,
.may be Inftructed in the exercifes at a
riioderate expenfe, fhe king defraying a
part of the charge attending this iaftitu-
-tion. The kind's palace is in a fimple
and noble flylc of architeifture. 'Fhe
apartments ate handfomely fitted, up aad
furniflied : the ceilijigs painted by Daal-
ek di Saniaierre and others. They con-
:lain a great colki2:ion of plifturcs. The
-king's theatre, or great opera houfe, is
reckoned one of the fineft In Europe.
The buildings vvhich arc moft efteemed in
point of architeiSture, are, the palace of
the duke of Savoy, called Caftello Reale,
by Filippo Giuvara ; the Carignano pal
ace, by Guarini ; the buildings of the
imiverfity, and the tovva houfe. There
is a literary fjclity at Tuiia, vvho have
publiflied memoirs, under the tale of
MiJislLriea Fhihfupi,i:o M-i:'yiiiii.a. The

chief trade of this city and country is I'ri
thrown filk, which is fent fo England and
Lyons; they manufaiflure, however, fome
of it into excellent ftocking,s, and good
filk for furniture. In the fummer of 1800
Turin was taken by the French : do
miles N E Genoa, 65 S W JMllan, 280 N
W Rome, ten. 7 45 E, lat, ^5 5 N.
Turiiiff, a town of Ruffia, in the go-^
eramenf of Tobolflc, containing a wootf-
en fort, 7 churches and about 35aiioufe4S
i44miks',WTobolflc, lat, 58 N.
Turkey, a large empire, extended. over
part of Europe, Afia, and Africa, Tur
key in Europe, is bounded N by Ruffia,
Poland, and Sclavonia ; E by the Black
Sea, the fea of Marmora, and the Archi
pelago ; S by the Mediterranean, W by
that fea, and the Venetian apd Auftrian
territories. It contains Beffarabia, Mol
davia, Walachia, Bulgaria, Servia, Bofnia,
Romania, Macedonia, Janna, Livadia,
Albania, part of Croatia and Dalmatia,
and fhe Morea. Thefe cpuntrles lie be
tween 17 and 4oE'ten. and 36 and 49
N lat. extending looo aiiks la length, and
900 in breadth. Turkey in Afia Is
bounded N by fhe Black Sea and Cir
caffia ; £ by Perfia ; S by Arabia an.(l,
the Mediterraaeaa, W by. the Archipe
lago, the fea of .Marmora, .and fhe ftraits
of Conftantlappk, It lies betwen 27 aad
46 E tea. aad 28 and 45 N lat. extend
ing IOOO miles in length and 800 in
breadth ; and contains fhe countries of
Irac Arabia, Diarbeck, Curdiftan, Arme
nia, part of Circaffia, Natolia, and .Syria,
with Pakfliae, or tbe Holy Land. In
Africa, fhe Turks have ftiU a precarious
foveriiigaty over Egypt. Of thefe cpuu
fries (which fee refpeilively) the climate,
produiftions, manners, &c, muft be vari
ous. ConSaiitinopk is the capital of
all Turkey, In general, .the Turks are
very moderate ia eating, lovers of reft
and idkaefs, aacl confequently not very
fit to undergo fatigues. Polygamy is al
lowed amoag theai ; but their wivej,
properly fo calkd, are no more than
four ia number. They are charitable
toward ftraagers, :let their religioa be
what it AvIU, aad no people fuffer adver-
Cty ,with greater patience. The grand
figaior is abfolute aiafter of the goods
and lives of his fubjcfts, fo that thev are
little better than Hives, The grand vizir
is the chief aext fhe emperot ; butit is a
dangerous place, for he often dcpofes
them, and takes off their heads at his
pleafure : but though the grand fignior
has fuch prodigious power, he feldom
extends

T u g
extend^ it tq perfons in private life, for
thefe may remain as quiet as in any oth
er part of the wprld. The bafhaws, gov
ernors, and officers of ftate, are, in gen
eral the children of Chriftian parents,
who' are commonly taken in war, or pur
chafed^ In tbe fucceffion to the empire,
no regard is paid fo age or birthright,
the Turks thinking it fufficient, if, in
their eleiStions, they keep to the Ottemap
fmily. Wpmen are excluded frpm the
rpiie. The government is indeed pure
ly monarchicjl ; bpt, ^f the emperpr in-
dblges nptthe humpurs pf the people,
arid efpecially of the mutinous janizaries,
lie is ript only in danger of being depofed,
but alfp pf being put fp death. The eni-
perpr's council pf ftate is ftlkfl galibf
Divan, pr Divan galibe, and meets twice
a week InHhe emperpr's pfilace, namely,
on Sundays arid Fhurfdays. Tbe grand
vizir fits as prefident, having the cadalifr
fcar pf Rpmelia at hi^ right band, and
that of Natolia at his left. ' The mufti al
fp affifts, when exprefsly fummoned. AU
the others, lubbe vizirs, have likewife a
feat here, and next fo them ftand on one
iide the refterdar, or high freafurer, fhe
reifeffendi, fecrefary pf ftate, and pther
commiffioaers of fhe calem, or exchequer,
but the military officers, fuch as the aga
of the janizaries, the aga bf tJie fpahis,
' the aga of the filuds, &c. fif within the
'^ivan. The fptlan hears wh^t paffes
.'from an adjoining chairiber, vyhich looks
into fhe divan. Whep the .fultan cpa-
¦irenes i general cpupcil, tb 'which are
fummpned all the great perfons of the
empire, the clergy, the military, and
others, and even fhe old and experienced
foldiers ; fuch a divan is called Ajak Di-
rvani s the whole affembly ftanding. The
Turks have always very numeous armies
on foot, the chief of which are the jani
zaries, vvho have been bred in the Serag
lio, and have ufed military difcipline from
their infancy. Of fhefe tbey have al-
-vvays 25,000, and there may be about
100,000, who have that name. The
Turks believe in one God, and that his
great prophet Is Mahpmct. [Adam.]
Turnbout, A tPwn pf Bfabanf : 24 piiles
N E Antwerp. , " " '
Turfi, a town pf Naples : 8 piUes frpm
' the gulf pf Tarento, and 50 S 'W Bari!
Tufcany, part of ancient Etruria, a
fovereign ftate of Italy, with the title of a
grand duchy ; liounded N by Romagna,
the Bolognefe, the Modcaefc, and fhe
I'r.rnicfaa ; S by the Mediterraaean ;' E
ty the duchy of "Urbino, tbe Perugino,

TUY
the Orviefano, the patrimony pf St. Pe
ter, and the duchy pf ' Caftro ; W by the
Mediterranean, Lucca, and Genoa : 150
nules long and 100 broad, aad watered
by feveral rivers, o^ wbich the Arao is
the chief, "There are feveral mpuntains,
ip vyhich are mines of iron, alum, and
vitriol ; alfo qiiarrles of marble, alabaf
ter, and porphyry, befide hot baths and
mineral wafers. Many parts of it are
fruitful in corn and vyine, arid produce
plenty of eitrons, oranges, pomegranates,
and other fruits. "The inhabitants are
diftinguifhed by their attachriienf fo com
merce, and. have eftabliflied various
manufadlures, particularly of filks, ftuffs,
earthen vyare, and gilt leather. They'
are riiucli vifited by foreigners, on ac
count pf their pplitenefs, and becaufe the
Tufean language is the pureft in all Italy,
This duchy Is divided iato 3 parts ; viz.
tbe Florijntiao, the Pifano, and fhe Sien
nefe. On the 9fh of February, 1795, ^
treaty of amity was ratified betvveen the
French Republic aijd tbe Grand Duke of
Tufcany, By the 5th article of the treaty
of Luneville, however, the Grand Duke ip
expcijlation of a full indemnity in Ger
many, rcpoiinced, for hiaifelf and fuc
ceffors, the Grand Duchy of Tufcany, and
refigned the fovereignty and property to
the infant duke of Parma ; who vvas, by
his plenipotentiary Count Csefar Ventu
ra, inftalkd in due form, king of Etruria,
by the nariie ef Lewis I, Auguft 4, 1801.
He Is ftyled Kis Etrufcan Majefty. Flo
rence is the capital, ' ' ' . '
Tufculum, fee Frafcali. ^
Tufis, A fown and community in the
country of the Grifons, at the beginning
of fhe valley of Tomliafca : 16 miks S
by "W Coire,
Tuthury, a tow^i in Staffordfliire, Eng
land- It had a large caftle, which ftood'
on an alabaftar hill, hence are extenfive
profpecfts :' 15 miles E Stafford.
' Ifutucorin, a populous town of Hindoof
tan, in the Carnatic, oppofite the ifland
of Ceylon. Here the Dutch have a fac
tory -Stp miles N E Cape Comorin, lon.
76 40 EjjJai. 8 15 N.
Tuxfarl^ A Jown in Nottinghamfliire,
England : 13 miles N |>I W Newark.
Tiiy, A towa of Spain, in Galicia, with
a bifliop's fee, furrounded by ftrong walls
and ramparts, and well furniflied vvith
artillery, beln,g a frontier tovvn tow-ird
Portugal, It is oa the top of a mountain,
near the river Minho, in a fertile and
well cultivated country ; 62 miks S
Compoftella, and 1^4 \V Madrid, '" T-.i:eed,

T Y R
Tweed, A river of Scotland, which
erofl'cs Sclkirkfhireand Roxbergfliire, and
torniiag tbe boundary betvveen Berwlck
flilre and Northumberland, faUs into the
German Ocean, at Berwick.
T.-weeddale, fee Pceblesffire.
T^wickenfiam, a village ip Middlefex, on
jhe "Fhames : 3 miles SSW Brentford.
It is adorned vvith niany handfome -ifillas,
of which tvvo are particularly celebrated ;
¦yi'.!. fhat which was the favourite lefi-
deace of Pope, the gardens of which, a?
planted by him, are ftill kept up, with
great care and veneration ; and Straw
berry Hill, the elegant Gothic retreat of
the lale Horace Walpok, earl of Oxford.
In the church, Pope, and his parents, are
interred, and there is a monument to bis
memory, erei&ed by bifliop Warburton.
Some gunpowder and oil mills are on a
branch of fhe Coin, which here fall into
the Thames.
Twere, an ancient city, on the Twerfa,
a branch of fhcVolga, if is a great refort
0^ merchapts, who trade down the river.
A great part of the year the waler is not
20 inches deep, yet in April and May by
the melting of the fnows, it rjfes 10 or 11
feet, fo that boats of 200 tops pafs.
' [Hanway,]
Tyaung-fii-fennau, pne pf thc/firft cities
of China. On a navigable rivcr, where
feveral ftreams enter, it enjoys an exten
five commerce ; iooo Junks at a time lie
at anchor before the town. [M!Carfney,J
Tycokzin, A fpwn of Polapd, in Ppla-
^hia, vviih a caftk and a mint, on fhe Na-
lew : 22 miles N "W Bielfk, loa, 23 40 E,
Jat, 53 o N-
Tydore, oae of fhe Molucca Ifland; : 3
leagues S Ternate.
Tyen-Sing, A cjty of China, pppplouf,
and extenfive, "The houfes are brick, two
ftories high, covered wilh tiles. "I'he
ftreets are fo aarrow fhat pot more thap
two people can walk abreaft. The thea
tre is a fquare ftrudlure of wood ; eu-
puchs adl the female characSers. Tbe
delicacy of the Chipcfe tvould be ffocked to
fie a female on tho ftagc. [M'Cartney.]
Tyne, A river in Northumberland, Eng-
l.-intf, which eaters the German Ocean, at
I'iamouth. Tyne, a river which enters the German
Ocean , to, the W of Dunbar.
Tyre, oace a famous eity of Thenicia,
and anciently a place of more extenfive
commerce than aay tovvn iri the world.
In the time of U'aiah, '¦ Her merchants

T Z A
were princes." In fhe time of "kxandcr
it vvas encircled by a wall 150 feet high.
This city arrcfted the progrffs of hij
conquering army for feven months. But
for their wickednefs, God threatened by
the voice of prophecy, that this mart of
nations fhould become defolate. " I will
caufe tbe noife of thy fongs lo ceafe ; I
will 'make thee like the top of a rock.
Thou ffalt be a place ta fpread nets upon.
Thou flialt be built no more." 'Fhis
prophecy was evidently delivered by di
vine infpiration ; for it is literaUy, it is
awfully fulfilled. The place is novv buried
in its own ruias. There is nothing here
novv to give fhe leaft idea of that glory
and magnificence, which ancient writers
defcribe. There is, indeed, on the N
fide, one old Turkifli caftk, befide whicli,
nothing is to be feen, but fallen, broken
pillars, ancl tumbliag arches. Not a fingle
habitation for liuaiaa beiags is there on
fhis oacc celebrated fpot. It is totally
abaadoned, excepting by a few fifliermen,
who fometimes vifit it to lifll in the fur-
ro.unding waters, and on its rocks dry
their' nets, ihelferiiig themfelves under
the ruins of ils ancient grandeur, ten. 35
48 £, lat. 33 23 N. [D'Anville, Prideaux,
Bruce, Mariti, MaundreU, Shaw, Bowen,
Salmon.] Tyrol, fee Tirol.
Tyrnaiv,A large fortified town of Up
per Hungary : 30 miles N E Prelburg.
Tyrone, a cpunty of Ireland, province of
Ulfter, bounded N by Londonderry, E by
Armagh and Lough Neagh, W by Done
gal, It is a rough country, but tolerably
fruitful ; contains 30 pariflies, 28,700
inhabitaats. The capital is Dungannon.
Tyfied, a town of N Jutland ; in the
territory of Alburg, with a citadel, on
the gulf of Lipiford : 44 miks N W Wl
burg, and 46 W Alburg.
Tyvy, or Teivy, A river in Cardigar?-
fliire, vvhich enters the bay of Cardigan,
below the tovvn of that name.
Tzaduiilla, a town pf Natplia Proper :
63 miks S E Ifnic, ten. 31 8 E, lat. 3'>
o N.
Tzana, fhe largeft lake In Abyflinia, ir.
breadth 35 miles, ia leagih 49. The
Nile pafles through the S part of It, the
current being all the vvay vifible. There
are in it 11 iflands inhabited. It receives
a nuniber of large rivers, and in the rainy
feafon it fpreads far beyond its common
boundaries. [Bruce.]
Tzariizyn, a town of Rulha, in th*
government of Saratof, oa the Volga :
12c* miles N W Aftraean, lat. 48 o K.
UBJTE,

U D A

•U I s

u

Ub

SATE', A river of France, which runs
iuto the Durance, near Embrun.
Ubcda, A city of Spain, provipce of
Jaen, coalaiaing lo pariflies, 8 convents,
and about 2900 iahabitants : 47 miles N
Grenada. '
Uberlinger, an imperial tpwp of Swabia,
on a rock, ina bay of the'lake of Conftance,
which takes its name from it, and ils
.moats arefprmed of fo many ftone quar-
rie.i. This tovvn is divided into the Lpwer
Town, the Upper 'Fown, and;the Gallen-
berg, in the laft of which are vineyards.
It contains iu if a collegiate church, a
houfe of the order of St. John, animpe-
rial hofpital, three convents and two
-other churches. Near the fown is a
good mineral fpring : 21. miles N W Lin
dau, and 7 N Conftapce.
Ubes, St. or Setitbal, A fortified town of
'Portugal, ia Eftramadura, with a good
•harbour, defended by a fort. It ftands
on fhe ruias of the ancient Setobriga,
To tbe N is a range of mountains in
which are quarries of jafper of feveral
colours, pillar* and images, from vvhich
take a very fine poUfli. It is 22 miles S
E Lifbpa, ten. 8 54 W, lat 38 22 N.
Ubi, or Uby, an ifland in the Eaftern
Indian Ocean, in the Gulf of Siam, near
the coaft of Cambodia ; about 7, leagues
in circumference, with plenty of wood
and good water, tea. 105 56 ,E, lat. 8 26 N.
Ubigau, a town of Upper Saxony : 28
miles S E Witrenbcrg.
Ucker, A river of tipper Saxony, which
lempties itfelf into the Frifche Haft": one
mile N Uckermunde, ia Pomerania.
Uckermunde, A walled fpwn pf Upper Sax
ony, on the rivcr Ucker, near its mouth.
It has good fiflieries, paftures, and woods :
¦j.9 miks NNW Stettin.
Uda, A town of Siberia, on the banks
-of the Uda ; inhabited by 100 families
¦of exiles who have declared themfelves
independent of RufTia, and formed laws
¦of tbeir own. Having opened a trade
wifh Korea, they can live without for
eign aid. Inftead of oxen and cows, they
-employ elks', their furs are excellent, and
¦they rival the trade of Ruffia ia the
iitighbpurhpod. The current on this
eoaft fefs from N to S aU the year, lat. ^5
1,1, N. [Beneyowflci,]
Uda, A river of Ruffia, which runs intp
fhe Sea pf Ocholz, ten. 154 30 £ Ferro.,
f.it. 55 15 N. ' ^
Uddeu, A town of Arabia, province of

Yemen. It produces the beft coffee in
Arabia, Ipn. 43 50 E, lat. 13 58 N.
[Niebuhr]
Uddcvalle, a feaport of Sweden, in Goth
land, with A ftrong fort and convenient
harbour. The inhabitants carry ori a
confiderable trade in iron, planks, anil
herrings ; their number is aboUt 300O i
205 miks .W S W Stockholm, lon. ii 45
E, Iat. 58 21 N. [Coxe,]
Udina, A city of Italy, and capital qf
Friuli. It contains feveral churches, con
vents, and hofpitals, a college fpr the fludy
of law, and a military academy : 35 milcs
N W 'Friefte, and 54 NNE Venice, laf.
46 10 N,
Udinff,f,Niznei,) a fpwp of. Ruffia, gov
ernment of Irkutfk, on fhe river Uda: 260
miks N W Irkijtfk, and 600 E Kolivan,
Vifi, (North,) one of the Weftern I-fl-
ands of Scotland, about 20 milcs long,
and from 8 to i6wide : 15 mjles .W froiii
the ifland of Skye, Along the whole of
the W coaft, and rpund the N end of this
iflaud (being almoft the only parts of it
that are cultivated) tbe country is low,
level and fandy, for the moft part of a
mile and a half from fhe fliore to the
moor. The reft of the country confifts
of a barren, foft deep moor ground, and
mountains of no great height, covered
with heath: the cultivated part of the
couatry Is extremely pleafant and beauti
ful in fummer and autumn, yielding, irt
favourable feafons, the moft luxuriant
crops of barley, and the richeft pafture
of white and red clover ; but tlipugh,
in the wai-m feafpn pf the year, np coun
try in fhe highlands .can exhibit a mpre
delightful prpfpedt, yet, in the winter, and
fpring, fhe fcene is tptally changed ; the
face of che country then is quite n?.ked
and bare, there -being no frees nor high
grounds to flielter it from the inclemen
cy of the weather. That part of the
coaft waflied by tbe Atlantic is inaccef
fible to velTels of any burden ; and even
to fmall boats, but in very good weather,
on accpunt pf fhe rocks, flioals, and
breakers that furround if. "The cpaft pn
fhe ,E fide pf fhe counti-y is bold, except
where if is interfeiSled by Inkts of the
fea, wbich form fale and commodious
harbours. The harbour of Lochmaddk,
is much frequented by fliips trading from
Ireland and the weft of Englaail and
Scptland to tbe Baltic. It cxfeads 5 or 6
milci Into the cpunfry, and nn accpunt
pf the great number pf ifl-ands if con
tains, is fubdivided into feveral harbours,
which ai'e all fafe and commodious. There

U L F,

UM A

There are on fhis ifland, afcpnl' 200a
CPWS, 1600 liprfes, and 5000 flieep. The
number of inhabitants is 2210; and in
the whole ifland there are 6 places of
public worfliip, lat, 52 42 N.
Uf, (South,) one ofthe Weftern Iflands
about 20 miles long, and from 6 fo 8
wide, 20 miles W fromfbe illand of ,Sky ;
feparated from North Uift, to the eaft
ward and northward, by aa arm of tbe
fea. Here are lakes abouading with the
greateft variety of the fineft trouts ; and
fteep and lofty mpuntains, covered with
heath and verdure, for paftarlag black
Cialtle, horfes, fheep, and goats, during
the fummer and autumn months. Bar
ley, oats, rye, and potatoes, vvith fifli,
are the chief produiSiipns for the fuppprt
of the inhabitants ; the prpduce of the
ecuntry dpes apt mpre than ferve the
peppk for 9 months ia the year. Kelp
isthe ftaple commodity, of vvhich iioo
tons are, oa aa average, m-iaufai5fured
iri this iflaad. About 440 or 480 bead
of cows aad young oxea are aaaually ex
ported; the number of flieep is a|)out
7000 ; and' of horfes, fmall, but full of
ipirif and hardy, about 800, There are
a few goats, fome deer and rabbits, vvith
abuadance of game, and birds of the
aquatic kiad, and birds of prey, as eagles,
hawks, and falcons The coafts abound
with fifh, arid numbers pf whales are feen
at, particular feafons of fhe year. The
number of Inhabiuints is 3.450, of vvhich
500 are Proteftants, the reft. Romaa
Catholics, lat. 57 15 N.
Ukde, a tovvn of Arabia, in the prov-.
ince of 'yemea : 8 miks S Abu-Arlfch.
-Ukeley, a riverof Germany, In the cir
cle of Upper Saxony, vvhich runs into
the Rega, aear Plate, in the Nevy Mark
of firandeaburg.
Ukraine, a name given to a vefy fertile
country, on both fides of the river
Dnieper, and fo fertile, that by the Poles
it vvas alvvays called the Land of Milk and
j'toiiey. It forms novv a part of the Ruf
fian gpvernment of Ekaterinoflav, Kiof
is the capital. See Gafacs.
Ulea, or Ulaborg, a fciporf of Swedea,
in E Bothnia, in a peninfula, at the
tnoutli of a river of its name, whicb runs
into the gulf of Bothnii, It is the larg
eft town in all E Bplhnia ; has verv
ftraight and long ftreeis, a good fchpol, ::.
commodious harbour, aad a fine falmon
fifliery. In the year 1714, this town was
demoliflied by the Ruflians. The caftle
near it on a faiall ifland, called Ulaharg,
now Ues in a ruinous condition : 320
miks N Abo, lat, 65 40 N,

Ulfen, •>. feaport town of Sweden, on
the gulf of Bothnia : 25 mUes NNE
Heraofand,. Ulm, an imperial city in the circle of
Swabia, on fhe Danube, This cily ia
well fortified : the magiftracy and prin
cipal part of the iahabitants are Luth-'r-'
aas, aad- have a good trade ia linens,,
fuftians, hardware and vvool, and lias
about 15,000 inhabitaats. la Ulm arc
kept the arclii-ycs of the imperial tovvas
in Swabia aad Francoaia ; and the diet of
Swabi.v is ufually held here. The cathe
dral is one of the largeft, and, vvith re
fpecl fo its Gothic lower. Is efteemed one
of the loftieft in Germany. In it are (13.
copper vefli"eU fuU pf w.itcr, ready for
cxtiaguiftiing fire. Here is a good col
lege. It was taken by the French in
September 1796 ; but they were oblln;cd
to abandon it the fame mpnth : 36 miles
W Augfburg, 63 N Munich, Ion, 10 11
E, lat. 48 22 N.
Ulmen, a lown of the Lower Rhine :
3 2 miles ;¦:' N E 'Freves.
Ulmesfeld, a town of Germany, In the
archduchy of Auftria : 18 miles E Stevr.
Ulotho, a lown of Weftphalia, with ,-i
Lutheran and a Roman Calbolic church,
N ar it is a medicinal fpring : 6 milcs S
Minden. Ulricfiamn, a tovvn pf W Gothland,
The Inhabitants carry oa a confiderab';
trade in caftle, provifions, tobacco, i?cc :
47 miks E Gothenburg,
Ulffr, aprovince of Ireland, contain
ing the aorlbera couatles of Donegal,
Londonderry, Antrim, Tyrone, Ferma-'
aagh, Monagliaa, Armagh, Dovvn, and
Cavan, It has 365 pariflies, 260 towns,
295,000 inhabitants, Londonderry is the
capital. Ultzen, A tovvn of Lower Saxony, on
the Ilmeaau. it contains 3 churches, -;
hofpitals, aad about 330 houfes ; the
priacipal articles of trade are vvool, bran
dy, and meal. It vv.is af one time Han
featic : 2C miles SSE Luneburg, lat. 5^';
2 N, Uiva, one pf the V/cftera Iflaads of
Scotlaad, 7 miles ia circuaiference, near
the W coaft of Mull.
Ulverjlon, a tpvvn pf Englaad, county
of Laacafter. It, has a good trade, an-.:
fits out 70 coaftiag veffels - 16 miles S-*
W Keadal, 267 N N W London, lat. 54
8 N. Umago, a feaporf tovvn of Iftria : 18
milcs SSW Triefte.
Uiiiuld^r, or U.-iai.iy, A tovvn of the
hUnJ of Gua'U, ia the Eaftern Indlant

U N Ei

iJ N it

f.e-i, where vcflTels fpmetimes ftpp tp
i-efit. Umbriati'ca, A town of Naples, and prov
ince of Calabria Citra, the fee of a bifli
op : 57 miles E Cofenza.
Umea, a feaport town of Sweden, in W
Bothnia, at the mouth pf a river pf ifs
name, in the gulf pf Bpthpia, with a gpod
harbour, Iat, 64 4 N,
Unalafika, or Onalaffla, an Iflaiid be
tween the coaft bf America aad Kamt
chatka. The lahabifaats have a degree
of civiirty not common among favages.
They clothe themfelves like other people
in the fame ftate of fociety, with the
flcins of fovyls, &c. wearing the feathers
next to them, fhe fkias beiag neatly
dreffed. "Fhey eat raw fifli, birds, roots,
berries, and even fea weed. All fewing
is performed by the females, who are
flipemakers, tayters; aud bnat builders.
They alfp make mats and balkets pf grafs,
ftrpng and beautiful. But they are a race
of favages, without religion or morals,
without lavvs or governmenl, following
theimpulfe of the moment ! They fre
quently barter their children and wives,
for commodities aeeded. If has feveral
good harbours, 2 buraiag aiountaias, near
one is A hof fpring. The land is rpcky
buf fertile. Fifli aad fowls are plenty;
lon. 18760 W, lat. 53 29 N. [Mavor.]
Unbiak, one bf the Fox Iflands, in the
N Pacific Oecan, about 72 miks ia cir
cumference, lon. 180 E, laf. 53 40 N.
Underwalden, A cantOn of Swifl'erland,
bounded N by Lucera arid Waldftatter
Lake, £ by niouritains which feparate
it frpm Uri, S by Bern, W by Lucern.
"Fhe canfan is fmall, and abounds in fruit
and cattle. The mountains are covered
with rich paftures, and fhe fields in fhe
fertile vallies, in one year, yield fcveral
advantages ; in fpring, when the fnow is
off" the gtouPd, they are full of cattle ;
afterwards the cattte being ¦ driven up
the Alps, the herbage flioots again in
fuch a manner as often'to be moved twice
ill the fummer, and in autiima the cattle
on their return from the Alps, meet again
with plenty of fodder, till the faoW falls.
All the lower parts of the couatry pro
duce an exuberance of very fiae fraits.
The inhabitaats areRomaaCatholics "Fhe
Country confifts of two vales, each form
ing a feparate repubUc ; buf in the gea
eral affairs of fhe 13 cantons they form
only pne. Of all fhe pepple pf Swifl'er
land, thpfe of Underwald are the raoft ~
hpiinured and moft loved by the other
cantons : their courage and love of lib

erty, being joined by a ftri(!i concord,'
and amiable fimplicify of manners, Sar-
nen is the principal place of the Upper
Vale, Stanz of fhe Lower and pf the
whple canton.
Ungha, a fown and caftle of Tunis,
near the E cpaft, furrpunded wilh mo
raffes, withput a harbpur pr a road : 71S
miles S Cairoan,
United Provinces, A name givfen fo the
Seven Proteftant States of the Nether-
land's, which threw off the yoke pf Spain,
and becairie independent. There have
cpaftaatly been two oppofite parties Ip
thefe provinces ; one of whicli calkd the
patriots, or the Louveftein party, is
averfe, antl the other attached to' fhe
power of the ftadtholders". In 1787, a
civil war a<3:ually cpmnienced, and the
ftadthplder (William V, the prefent pri-nce
pf Orange) was deprived pf the pffice of
captain general ; but he was reftored;
in the fame year, by fhe interference of
Great Britain and Pruffia. When the
whole country, however, was rapidly
overrun by the French, in January 1695,'
fhe ftadtholder and his family were com
pelled fo feek an afylum In England ; the
antl-'ftadfholderian party, now trium
phant, proceeded to new model the gov
ernment, and, Ip particular, fo aboUfll
the ftaidf holders te ; and the French;
treating the Dutch as" an independept
flate, concluded with them a treaty of
alUance, ofFeafive and defenfive ; thepar-
ticulars of vMiich, aS well as the altera
tions in the government of fhe countryi'
will be noticed more properly when the
general peace fliall have given, to the dif
ferent ftates of Europe, fome profpedls
of permanence in their refpe6tive' ar-
langemeiits. The Calvinift religion is
eftabliflied in the United Provinces ; but
moft other Chriftian feiSts, and the Jews,
are tolerated. Amfterdam is the capital ;
but the feat of the ftates-general is at
Hague. Unna, A river which rifes on the bor
ders of Croatia, and runs into the Save :
16 miles N W Gradifca.
Unna, A town of Weftphalia, on a fine
plain, environed with walls and ditches.
In it is a Lutheran parifli church, and a
hofpital church, whieh the calvinlfts ufe
for their worfhip, a nUaaery, with a
chapel, aad Lutheran fchool. This town
is poffeffed of a very exteafive aad profit-^
able territory. Formerly it conftituted
one of [he'Hanfe-towns : 23 milcs S Mud.'
fter. Unrefi, aa iflapd ia the E Indian Sea,
nea*

 Pliblnlrtl l-y Th,. ,:,.<.. . I.,,',

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- ¦^i^'ss" '

6f.>,tljitudrF.astl).„„.

tJ P s

TJTR A

>iear tiie coaft of Java : 9 miles W Ba-
bvia. Unfi, the moft northerly of fhe fmaller
Shetland Iflands, about 8 miles long and
4 brpad. Botanifts have dlfcovered foriie
fcurious and rare plants Iri fhis Ifland.
Here are about 200 cows, looo horfes,
700 flieep, and 1700 inhabitants, lon. 2 5
E, laf. 61 7 N.
Unza, A province of Ruflia, forming
the largeft part of the government of
Koftrom, Upba, A fpwn pf Ruffia, and capifal pf
a government, pn fhe Bielaia : 452 miks
W S ,W Tpbplflc, lat, 54 35 N.
Uphimffoi, A gpyernment pf Ruffia, of
a triangular form, bouaded W by the
governments of Caucafus, Saratov, &c.
S bythe Cafj^ian Sea, E by Tobolfk.
Upland, A province of Sv^reden, bound
ed N by fhe gulf of Bothnia, E by the
Baltic It is fertUe iri corn, and tbe lakes
iind rivers abburid in fifli; Some of the
beft iron mines df ^wederi are found in
this province, Stockholm is the capital,
Upminfier, a village in Effex, Eagland :
i5 miles £ by N Loadott, It is famous
for a fpring, vvhich is not affedled by
droughts, and as fhe refidcnte of the cele
brated. Dr. Derham.
' Upflinghdrh, A foyirn bf Erigland, cOuaty
bf Rutland ! 90 miles N Londoa.
Upfal, A town of Sweden, province of
Upland, on the river Fyris, which di
vides it Info tvvo parts ; that on the E
fide of fhe Hver is properly the city, that
bn the W is called Fierding. Upfal vvas
Smciently the chief feat of the foverelgns
bf Sweden, vvhere they held their fu
preme triburial. The greateft facrlficcs
offered iri dll the northern ptovlnces,
were brought hithef ia fhe time of Pa
ganifm, aad the moft eminent Heathen
priefts refided here. Upfal is the fee of
an archbiflipp. All the buildings are pf
wopd, fhe cathedral and a few ftpne
houfes excepted, and the rpofs of fhem
tire nothing but file bark of birch trees,
covered with fUrf. Hereare 3 churches,
among which the cathedral is the princi
pal. The kings of Sweden are generally
crowned here. A fchool was firft infti
tuted at Upfal, in fhe year 1246, which
was raifed to an univerfily, in 1476;
but in 1582, it was removed to Stock
holm. However, fhe univerfity was
- eftabUflied a fecond time at Upfal, in the
year 1592 ; Guftavus I. and Guftavus
Adolphus endowed this univerfity wilh
fome lands ; It has alfo been enriched by
confiderable legncies of feveral private
Vol. (I, I i i i

perfons, befides the royal falaries. It
has a very valuable library, containing
near iooo manufcrlpts, among which the
moft l-emarkable is ths Codex Atgenfeus,
fuppofed to be Uphila's Gothic tranfla-
tlOn of the four evangelifts ; but it feems
rather to be written in the language ofthe
ancient Francs. Tbe aftronomical pb
fervatpry was planned by fhe celebrated
Celfius ; and the phyfic garden was laid
Put chiefly by the fampus Linn^us. The
rpyal academy of fciences was inftituted
in the year 1728. The Swedifli geog
raphers place their firft meridian, from
which they compute the longitude at
Upfal. It has befides the ftudents about
3000 inhabitants : 55 miles N Stockholm,
ten. 17 30 E.lat. 59 51 N.
Upton, A town pf England, cpurity of
Worcefter, on the Severn : 10 miks
S Worcefter, Urac, the moft northerly of the Mari
ana Iflands, in the E Indian Sea, about
3 leagUes in circumference, lat. 20 45
N. Urach, a fown of Swabia, wilh confid-
derable manufadlures of damafk, and
olher Unens : 21 miles SSE Stutgardj
and 24 W Ulm,
Ural, A chain of mounlains of Ruffia,
vvhich, as far as they extend, form the
boundaries between Ruffia and Siberia,
ia which are vaft iron works,
Ural, or Jaik, A river pf Ruffia, whicli
rifes, in Mount Caucafus, and runs in-'
to the Cafpian Sea, near Guriev.
Uralian Coffacs, A Tartar tribe fhat in
habit the Rufliaa province pf Orenburg;
on the S fide pf the Ural, Thefe Cpffacs
are defcended from thofe of the Doa 5
aad are a valiant race. They profefs the
Greek religioa ; buf fhere are diffeafers
from the eftabllfhed religion, whom the
Ruffians calkd Rofkolniki, or Separatifts,
and who ftyle themfelves Staroverffi, of-
Old Believers Thefe confider the fer
vice of the eftabliflied church as profane,
and have their pwn priefts and ceremo-
nie-;. The Uralian Cnfl"acs are all eathu-
fiafts for the ancient ritual, and priie
their beards -almnft equal to their lives.
A Ruffian officer having ordered a num
ber of Coffac recruits fo be 'publicly
fliaved ia fhe town bf Yaitfk, in 1771,
this wanton infult excited an infurrec-
lion, whicli vvas fuppreffed for a time ;
but, in 1773, the impofter, Pugalchcf,
haviag affumed the name pf Peter III.
appeared ainong them, and, taking ad
vantage of this circumftance, roufcd
them once more into op',-n rcbellioa. This

ir R I

'XJ S E"

This being fuppreffed by the defeat and
execution of the ipipoftor, in order to
extiriguifli all rcnfepibrance of this rebel
lion, tbe river "Yaik, was calkd the
Ural ! the Yaik Coffacs were denom
inated UrJilian Coffacs ; and the town of
Taifflc was named Uralfk. Thefe dbf-
facs are very rkh, in copfeqpence of
their fiflieries in the Cafpiap Sea, Their
pripcipal fi'flieries arei for ftiirgeops ani.
beluga, whofe rbe fupplies large quanti
ties of caviare ; and the fifli, chiefly falt
ed and dried, aflFord a confiderable arti
cle of confumption in the Ruffian empire.
Urolfi, A town of Ruffia, Ip the prov
ince of Orenburg. If wasformerly call
ed Yaitflc (fee the preceding article) and
is on the river tiral, ten. 50 lo £, lat. 52
oN,
Uranienhurgh, Once a magnificent caftle
of Dcpmark; in tbe ifland of Huen. It
i»*as built byTycho Brahe, a celebrated
aftronomer, who calfed it Uranienhurgh,
or Caftle of the Heavens, and here made
his obfervafions. It is, now in ruins,, lon.
14 52 E, lal. 55 54 N.
Urbanea, A town of Italy, in the duchy
of Urbittoi, witb a Mfliop's fee : 12 miles
S Urbino: '
Urbino-, a' duchy of Italy, in fhe Ec-
ctefiaftlcal State, bounded N by the gulf
of Venice, 'W by Tufcany and Romag
na. The alris-not'V^ry, Wlrtilefpme, ppr.
is the foil fertite.
Urbino, A town- of Italy, capital of the
duchy of Urbino, with a citadel, an
archblflipp's fee, and a palace, where the
dukes fprriieriy refided. Great quanti
ties of fine earthen ware are made here ;
and it Is famous for being the birthplace
of ihe illuftrious painter Raphael. If was
taken by tbe French in June 1796; It is
on a mountain, between the rivers Me
tro and Foglia : 58 miks E Florence, and
120 NE Rome.
Urgantz, pr Jurganiz, a fpwn of A'fia,
in the country of the Turcomans : 240
miks £ of fhe Cafpian Sea, and 70 S of
the lake Aral. It was formerly a confid
erable place, 4 miles in circumference ;
but is now in ruins, and no public build
ings remain but -a mofque,. ten. 60 25 £,
lat. 40 55 N. _
Urgel, an anciept town of Spain, in
Catalonia, capital of a county of the fame
name, wifh a bifliop's fee. It is on the
river Sagra, in a fertile plain, furrounded
by mountains, planted with vineyards :
60 miles W Perpignan, and 75 N by W
Barcelona. Uri, the moft fouthera canton of Swif

ferland, and the fpurth in rank. It li"'
bounded I^ by fhe canfop of Schweitif-
and the lake of the Fpur Cantons, E by
the country of the Grifons, and the can
ton of Glarus, S by the baiUwicks of It-'
aly, and W by file cantons of Underway
den .and Bern, See Scbweitz. ..,
Uri, Lake of. See Watdfiattier See. .
Urferen, a'vaUey in Switzerland, COP-
taiplng 4 villages, which conftitute a lit-
tie republic. The territory is about g
miles long, apd 2 broad, the inhabitants
are about 1300 fouls. 'Fhe people eledl
their chief, and fome other magiftrates,'
but are not abfolutely independent, be
ing conneifted with Uri and Altdoif The
only wood here is a fmall plantation
of piiie, which is carefully preferved, and'
afcTv wiUows on the banks of the Reufs.
The language is a provincial German,
but moft fpeak the Italian. 'The valley
itfelf is a pjain, furrounded by high moun
tains, covered with paftures to a confid
erable heiglit, many of whofe funimits are
covered with fne^vv. [Coxe.]
Urfitz, St. a town of Swifferland, bifli
opric of Baflt, capital of an extenfive
and poputeus, though hilly bailiwick of
its name, in whicli fteel is manufaiStpFed '
with great fuccefsi The town is indebted'
fpr ifs prigin fp a hermitage built in the '
feventh century by St. Urfinius. It Is pp
the Doubs, over which is a ftone bridge :
7 miles S Porentru. -. „
Ufiec Tartary, a valV cbuntry' of 'Weft-;
erri Tartary; Soiuiided N by the copntry
of the Kalmues; E by Thibet, S by Him
dooftan, W by Perfia and the Cafpian
Sea* T-hefe 'Tartars are divided Into fev
eral tribes; goveriied by their refpeAive'
khans, or princes; 'When under one
fovereign, they were the mpft pojwerfu! ¦
of all -the Tartarian nations. "Theprin-
cipal khans pride thenifelves in being de
fcended from Tamerlane, whofe birtjir
place was the ancient city of Samareand,
the prefent capital of the country. The
Ufliecsyin their perfons, are faid to have
better complexions and mpre engaging-
features than- the Kalmues, Their reUg
ion is Mahppiefanifm ; apd they differ,
ip gCPeral, very little frPni the pepple pf'
the nprthern provinces of Hindooftan.
Ufcapia. See Scopia.
Ufedom, an ifland of Pruffiap Pomerania,
af the mouth of the Oder, in the Baltic
Sea, betvveen which and the ifland of
Wollin; is a paffage calted the Swin. It-
had formerly a confiderable town of the
fame name, which was almoft reduced fa
aflies in 1473; l"n« 14 n E; lat, 54 6 N..
Ufirfhe,

UTl

V A B

"Vfeceie, an ancient town pf France, de
partment of Cprreze. It is pn a fteep
Icraggy rock, at the foot of which flows
"the Vezere : 3 7 miles S £ Limpges, arid
ai7 S Paris,
Ufiani, An ifland of France, on the
eoaft of the department of Finifterre, op
pofite Conquet. It is 8 miles in circum
ference, and contains fcveral hapilets, and
a caftle, ten. 5 4 W,laf. 48 28 N.'
Uff, A town ia Monmouthfliire, 'Eng
land, pn ,the river Ufk : 12 .mfles S 'W
Monmouth. Uff, A river of S "Wales, whicb psffes
tby Abergavenny, Ufk, Cae^leon, and
Ijilewport, into the Briftol Channel.
Uffel, A town of France, department
';Ctf Correze '; 32 miles N E 'Fulks.
Ufania, A town of Italy, in the Cre
monefe, on the river OgUo : IS ,niUep N
E Cremona. Ufiar, a large yillage in the canton of
Zurich, coptaipipg 3000 -fouls. _ It?
Woodep cottages are peat apd cpiiveplent.
The caftle ftands on a high rock, planted
with vines lo its funimit. The flourifli-
j|ng country round, refembles ;the mofl;
iiultivated parts oif England. [CpXe.]
Ufiug, A town of Ruffia, in the gov-
;ernmenf of Vologda, anil capiial of the
province of , 'yeJiki^Uftiug, ten. 16 30 E,
lat, 61 15 N.
Utoxeter, a town in Staft'ordfliirC, Eng
land, the greateft market in this part of
England, for corri, cattle, hogs, flieep,
butter, arid cheefe. It is on a rifing
jground, near the river Dove: 13 fliiles ,
N £ Stafford.
Utrecht, one qf tlie United Provinces
of the Netherlands, 30 miks long and 20
¦Jjroad ; bounded N by fhe Zuider Zee
and Holland, S by fhe Rhine. The air is
-very healthy, the foU fertile, and there
*are no inundations to fear as in the other
provinces, Utrecht, A celebrated city .qf the Unit
ed Provinces, capital of a province of
the fame nanje, yi'ith a fainous univerfi
ty. It Is weU fortified, pf a fquare fprm,
and about 3 mites in circumference, with
out its 4 fuburbs, yvhich are confidera
ble. Tbe fteepk of the cathedral is very
high, and the bandfopiefl: in the United
"provinces. There is a great -nuniber of
churches apd hofpitals. The epvlrons
are full of gardens, walks, and groves ;
-the air is pure ; this renders It an agrcea-
'bk refidence, and invites here many peo
ple of diftinaion. Here fhe union of
the feven provinces was begun in 1579,
^cte peace was concluded in 17-13, which

ended the wars of Queen Ann. UtreeJtt
furrendered to the Pruffians in 1787, to
the French in -;i795i "each time with-*
out refiftance. If ftands on the Rhine :
18 miles S £ Amfterdam, 27 N E Rotter
dam, and 35 N W, Nimeguen, lon. 5 8 IS,,
lat. 52 7 N.
fjtrera, a town of Spain, in Seville. It
eontains two pariflies, four hofpitals, and
eight consents ; near it isaXalt fpring:
7 leagues S Sevlfle.
Utioxeter, or 'Uicefier, a town pf England.
cPttnty pf Stafford. This town is in the
midft of iron fOrges, and confiderable
ma,nufa(£tures are carried on in the tPwn.
It is pn the Dpve, near the great inlanlj"
canal : 17 miles N LichfieU.
Utznath, a town of Swifferland, and
capital pf a bailiwick, which belongs to
the cantons of Glaris and Schwitz. .The
inhabitants are Roman Qathcrlics : aj
miles S £ 2:urich, lori. 26 25 £, laf. 47
TI N.
Vva, a lake iu tfce government of Tor
bcrilk, a8 miles in circumference.
Uxbridge, a town of England, county of
Middlefex, near the Gotee, apd a navi
gable canaj, which communicates wifh
the Thames at Brentford ; 15 miles W
London. iUzeda, m Vcsda, a town of Spain : 30
ipiles N Madrid.
Uzel, A town of France, department
of the N CoSfts : a kagurs NNW
Loudeac. 'Uzsrche, atown of France, department
jqf fhe Correze : 27 miles S W Limoges.
Uzett'e, a fown of France, department
of fhjC Giroiide : 27 miles SSW Bour
deaux, Uzres, a town of France, department
of the Gard. Before fhe revolution, the
fee Of a bifliop ; near it is a medicinal
fpring, and a Uttle beteyv the bifliop's
palace, is a fpring which fupplies tbe
aquedulS -qf Nifmes : 4 leagues N Nlf?
mes.

Fa

AAGEN, Eafi and Iff, iflands on
the coaft of Norway, lat. 68 30, to 68
40 N.
Vaas, a town of France, department »f
the Sarte, 7 leagues S le Mans.
Vabres, a town of France, department
of the Aveiron. Before the revolution
it was tbe fee of a billiop : half a league
S W St. ^-frinu'^' * Vacd,

VAL

VAL

Vacca, (J^a,) A fiipall ifland in the Med
iterranean, near the S coaft of the iflaud
Ipf Sardinia.
Vacba, a town in the principality pf
Upper Heffe, on the Werra : ao miles
NE Fulda.
Vada, A feaport in the duchy of Tuf;
cany, at the mouth of t|ie river Cecina :
j6 miles S S £ Leghorn.
fadinjA tPwp pf Eurppeap "Turkey, OP
the Danube : 32 miles W NicoppU.
Vado, A feapprt tqwn of Italy, in fhe
republic of Genoa, taken by the French
ill 1 795 : '3 miles S Savona,
i^aena, a town of Spain, in Andalp^a,
fcated af flie fourceoftheCaftrp: 23 iniks
S £ Cordova, lon. 3 50 "W, lat, 37 40 N.
Vaihingen, a town of Suabia; in the
duchy of Wirtemburg, on the Neckar,
34 miles S "^V Hailbron, lon. 9 3 £, lat.
4858N, " '  ;
Vaifon, A decayed town of France, in
the Venaiffin, on a mountain, on which
Jhere is a caflle, near the river Oreze, and
the ruins of ancient Vaifon, which was
one ofthe largeft cities of fhe Gauls : 15
miles ENE Orange, and 22 NE Avignon.
Val, a village of the Netherlancjs ; 3
miles "W; Maeftricht.
Val-di-Demana, a province in the N E
angle of Sicily. It pieans the valley jo'f
demons, and is fo called, becaufe. Mount
Etna is in this province, which occafioped
'ignprant and fuperftitious people, at the
time of ifs fiery eruptions, to believe il
was the chimney of hell, "t'he capital i^
Ivieffina. Val-di-Jl^a^ara, a province in the "W
angle of Sicily, fo called from a town of
the fame name. It contains Palermo, the
. capital ofthe whole ifland,
Val-di-Noto, a province af the S £ ex
tremity of Sicily ; fo called froni its cap-
jtJ, - ¦ ' '.
Val-Ombrafa, A celebrated mpnaftery of
Tufcany, in the Appepnine|: 15 rniks
E Florence; Valckowar, A town of Sclavpnia, pn the
¦JValpo, near its confluence wifh the Da
nube, betvveen Effeek and Peterwaradln,
70 miles N W Belgrade.
Valdai, a towll of Ruffia, governpienf
of Novogorod, on tbe iide of a lake of ils
name. It contains feveral brick build
ings '; and even the wooden ' b'oufes are
more decorated than fhe generality of
kuflian cottages; Its environs fife agree
ably iuto a variety .of gentle eminences,
and abound with beautiful lakes, fprink
led with woody iflands, and fkirtcd by
li-itfts, cornfields, and paftures.

Valdai, Lake of, in the government of
, Novogorod, ip Ruffia : 20 miles ip cir.
cuimferencei the largeft in the country
round the town qf "Valdai. In the riiidj
die ofif is an ifland, containing a convent
which rifes with its numerous, fpires
among a clufter of furrounding frees,
. Valdai Hills, hills ^n Novpgprpd, which
thpugh pf nP conficlerable elevation, are
the higheft in this part pf the CPuntryl
They feparate the wafers whicli flow tp^
¦ivard fhe Cafpiap frpm thofe ¦yvhich take
their courfe toward fhe Baltic. .
Veledia, a feaport town of Africa, in
the kingdom pf Fez, pn fhe^coaft of the
Atlantic, in a ftony plain : here is a very
fpacious natqral bafon, furrounded by
rocks, capable of cpptaipliig abpve loog
fliips, but the entrance, which is entirely
open to the W, is extremely difficult and
dangerous. The coaft is lined with
rocks, near 30 feet in licight, whicli aiii
ciently muft have lieen waflied by the
fea, fhe Moors Uvipg iP the caverps hoi-
lowed out by the water. At the bottom
'pf t}ie rocks, the fands heaped up have
formed a plain, laid out into gardens, and
cultivated ; the town Is little moire than a
circle of walls, containiag but few inhab
itants ': 9 leagues SSW Mazagan.
Valejice, ap ancient and populoiis city
of Fraiice, d'epartment of Drome, witha
citadel, and a fchpol of artillery. It is
furrouniled by good vvajls, and the great-»
eft part pf the pu{)lic places, and many
private houfes, are' adorned with fouu-.
taliis. Beflde the handfOine cathedral,
there are many other churches, as vvel(
as late convents, that are worthy of no^
tice. It is on the Rhone : 30 miles N by
E Viviers, and 335 S by E Paris.
Valence, a town of France, department
of Lot and (Sarpnne ; pii the Garpnnc i
12 niiles S EAgep.'
Valence d' Alcantara, a Cpnfiderable and
ppputeus town of Spairi, in Eftramadura,
with an old caftle. It is furrounded by
walls after the antique "maaaer, flankect
by fonie frpall baftions, and a few tow
ers; is very (Iropg by filuatiori, beirig
buUt on a' rock, near the Sa'^ar :" 20 miles'
S 'V^'' Akaritara, and 40 N Bad=ijoz.'
Valentey,a town of France, 'department
of Indre, wilh a caftle, on the Naboii :
15 miles S Romorentin.
Valencia, A provipce pf Spain, formerly
a kiagdom; bounded E and S by the'
Mediterranean, N E' by Cat'a'teiii'a, N W
by Arragon, It is tbe moft pleafant and
populous country in Spain ; for here they
erjry "a perpetual fpring. It is watertd
'-.,-¦ - ¦ ¦ b/

VAL

VAL

py a great number of ftreams, which
render it fertile in all the neceffaries of
)ife, efpecially fruits and vvine : and in
the mountains are mines of gold, filver,
?nd alum. The inhabifants are much
piore lively fhan In olher parts of Spain,
»nd the women are handfome.
Valencia, A city of Spain, capital ofthe
province of its napie, with an archbifli
op's fee, apd a univerfity. It contaips
12,000 houfes withip the walls, befides
fhofe in the fuburbs and pleafure gar-
flens around it, which aippunt to fhe
fame number. The cathedral has a ftee
ple, 130 feet high, and qne fide of the
choir is incrufted with alabafter, and
adorned with fipe paiptings of fcripture
hiftory; fl^e high ahar is covered with
filver, and lighted with 14 filver lamps.
The palace pf fhe vicerpy, that of Cipta,
the monaftery of St, Jerom, the exchange,
and the arfenal, are all yyorthy of notice.
Here are flourlfliing manufaiftures of
ploth and filk, and feveral remains of
antiquity. It is on the Guadalaviar,
(over which are 5 bridges) near the Med--*
iterranean, 130 miles ESE Madrid, lon.
p 10 E, lat. 39 23 N.
Valenciennes, an ancient and confidera
ble city of France, in the department of
the North, and late province of Hainault.
If contains about 20,000 fouls, and the
Scheld divides it into two parts. It is a
very important place ; the citadel and
fortificafioris were conftruiJted by order
pf Lewis XIV, who topk tbis tPwn from
the Spaniards ; arid it Was confirmed to
him by tbe treaty of Nimeguen, in 1678.
In 1793 it was takep by the alUes, affer
a fevere fiege ; but if furrendered with
out refiftance, to the French, in 1794,
Befide lace, this city is noted for
manufaiftures of woollen ftuffs and very
fine linens. It is 20 miles W S W Mons,
48 S E Lifle, and 120 N N E Paris, lon.
3 37E, lat,50 21 N.
Vatenza-do-Minbo, A fortified town of
Portugal, pn an eminence, near the river
Minho : 3 mites S Tuy, lon. 8 11 W,
lat, 42 2 N.
¦ Valentine, a town of France, department
of Upper Garonne : 9 miles N £ St,
Bertrand. • Valenza, or Valentia, a ftrpng tPwn pf
Italy, in the MilaPefe, capital of the Lp-
meUne, and fu'ojeift tp fhe king pf Sar-
ilinia. It has been often taken and re-
t-ikea, and is on a mountaiii, near the
Po : 12 miles E Cafal, apd 35 S W Mi
(iU3.

Valette, A town of France, department
of Charente : 10 miks S Angoukme,
Valetta, A city of Malta, the capital of
that ifland, and wonderfully ftrpng, both
by nature and art. It is pn a peninfula,
between twp pf the fiaeft pprts In the
vi'orld, which are defended by almoft im
pregaable fprtlficatloBS, That pa the S
E fide pf the city is the largeft ; it runs
2 miles intp the heart of the ifland, and
is fo deep, and furrounded by fuch high
grounds, that the largeft fhlps may ride
in fhe moft ftormy weather, almoft with
in a cable. This beautiful bafin is< divided
into 5 diftinift harbours, all equally fafe,
each capable of containing a vaft number
of fliipping. The entrance is fcarcely a
quarter of a mile broad, and is command
ed, on each fide, by ftrong batteries,
fronted by a quadruple battery, one above
the other, fhe largeft of which is on a
level with the water. The harbour op
the N fide, though only ufed for fifliing,
and as a place ot quarantine. Is likewife
well defended ; and, in an Ifland in the
centre of if, Is a caftk aad a lazaret. Va
letta beiag built ou a hUl, none of the
ftreets, except the quay, are level ; fhey
are all paved with vvhite freeftone, which
not only creates a great duft, but, from
its colour, Is fo offcnfiveto the eyes, that
moft of fhe inhabitants are rehiarkably
weak-fighted. The principal buildings
are the palace ofthe grand mafter, the
infirmary, the arfenal, and the magnifi
cent church of St, John. The pavement
pf this church, is the richeft in fhe wprld,
it is cpm ppfed entirely pf fepulchral
mpauaieats pf the fineft marbles, ppr-
phyry, lapis, lazuli, and a variety pf pther
valuable ftpnes, admirably jpined together,
reprefenting in a kind of Mofaic, the
arms, infignia, &c. of the perfons whpfe
names they commemorate. In the mag
nificence of thefe monuments, the heirs
of the grand mafters and commanders
have long vied with each other. The
riches of fhis church exceed tbofc of the
kaaba at Mecca, or fhe tomb of Ma
homet, at Medina. The great fource of
water that fupplies Valetta, rifes near
Melita, and is thence conveyed to the
capital by an aqueduift of fome thou
fand arches, ereifted at the expenfe of
one of fhe grand mafters. Notwithftand
ing the fuppofed bigotry of the Maltefe,
here is a mofque, in which the Turkifli
flaves are permitted to enjoy their relig
ion. The number of inhabilants is reck
oned at spoo. The Turks befieged this
^iiy

VAL

V A L

city in 1566, but, after many dreadful
pfTaults, were CompeUed to raife fhe fiege,
-^vith the lofs of '30,000 men. Valetta is
oppofite Cape Paffero, in Sicily, lon. 14
24 E, lat, 35 54 N. See Malta.
"' ' [Niebuhr.]
Valkenburg, fee Fauquemani.
Valladolid, an ancient city of Spain,
' ,«p Old Caftile, capital of a principali
ty of the fame name, jvith a bifliop's
^ee, and a univerfity. If is furround-^
ed by ftrong walls, contains 11,000
lioufes, with long and broad ({reefs, audi-,
is .adorned with handfonie buildings, .
fquares, and fountains. The market
place, caUed £1 Campo, is 700 paces In
'circumference, furrounded by a great
number of convepts, and is the place
where the fairs are kept. There are 70 mo-
nafteriesandnunnericsjthe fineft of vvhich
tis that of the Dominicans, remarkable
for its church, which is one of the moft
magnificent in the city. The .kings re-
.fided along while at this place ; aad the
.royal palace, which, ftfll remains, is of
very large extent, thpugh buf fwp ftpries
high : it cpntains, fine paintipgs pf vari
ous kinds, and at one of fho cprners a
curious clock Uke that of Strafburg. The
townhoufe takes up the entire fide of a
fquare. The houfe of the inquifition is
an odd fort of ftruifture, for there are no
windows, but a few holes to let in the
light. The environs of the city are cov
ered wifh gardens, orchards, vineyards,
meadows, and fields. Here the celebrat
ed Columbus died in 1506. It is on the
Efcurva and Pifuerga,.near:the Douero :
52 miles S W Burgos, 80 S E Leon, and
¦^5 N by W Madrid, Ion. 4 25 W, lat. 41
50 N, _ /
Vallate, a country pf Swifferland, di
vided into -Upper- and Lower. The for-
3ner reaches from Mouht Furca to the
river Morge, below Sion ; and tbe lat-
-ter from that river to St. Gingou, on the
lake of Geneva. The -Upper ^fallals be
fore fhe revolution, was fovereign of fhe
Lower Vallais, and contains, feven inde-
-cendent commonwealths ; namely, Sion,
Goms, Brieg, Vifp, Leak, Raren, and Si- '
<iers. Of thefe, Sion was arlftocratical,
and fhe others democratical. The Val
lais cpntains 100,000 inhabitants, whp
-profefs the Roman cafhplic religion. The ;
bifliop of Sion vvas formerly abfolute
fovereign over the greateft part of the
"VaUais ; but his authority is npw limited.
The lahabifaats pf the Upper Vall'ais are
fubjeift fp goiters, or large excrefences
.from the throat, which often increafe to

an enoripous fize. (This is probabW
owing to their drinking river water. Of
ten the fame effedt from the fame caufq,
in Vermont.) Idiocy alfo remarkably
abounds amoag them ; aiid the lower
clafs are extremely indolent and dirty.
Frpm Mpurit Furca, its E bqundary, two
large ranges of Alps enclofe the "Vallais,
The S chain feparates it frpm the Mi
lanefe, PiediriPrit, and Savoy : the N di
vides it from the cantpn of Bern. A
cpuntry entirely enelofed within higfi
Alps, and confifting ,of plains, elevated
vallies, and lofty mountains, muft necef-
farily exhibit a great variety of climat«
and profpeifts. The produijtions of the
VaUais vary alfo, according to its An
gular diverfity of climates ; in confe
quence of which, ftrawberries, cherries,
plumbs; pears, and grapes (each the-natu-
ral growth of the country) may be taft
ed in the fame day. It has more than
fufficient wine and cprn fpr interipr cpii-
fumpfipii ; and a confiderabte quantity
of both are yearly ex'porfed; ; the foil iq
the midland and lower diftriifts being ex
ceedingly rich and fertile ; but in the
more elevated parts, barley Is the only
grain that can be cijtiyated with fuc
cefs. There are np manufaiftures pf any
cpnfequeiice in the V<dlais ; and, indeed,
the ignorance of the peojile is no lefs re
markable than their indolence, [Coxe.]
Vallemont, a fo.wn qf France, depart
ment of Lower Seine, with a caftle : 16
miks N by "W Caudebec.
Vailsngrn, a tpwn of Swifferland, capi
tal of a county .of its napie, in fhe prin
cipality of Neuchatel. It is near the lake
of Neuchatel . 25 miles N'W Bern.
Vatlers, A town of France, department
of Iiidre apd Loire; noted for minerai
waters : 4 miles N W Tours.
Vallsry, St. a commercial towp of
Frapce, department of Somme, at the
moufh of the Somme, whpfe entrance
is verydangerous : 10 miles N W Abbe
ville, '
Vallery-en-Caux, St. A feaport of France,
department of Lower Seine : 15 miles "W"
by Sl Dieppe.
Valley of ^alt, iee Aleppo.
ValUsr, St. A town of France, depart
ment of Ardeche : 7 mfles N E" Toui:-
non. Vallies (Four, Diftria of) Otherwife call
ed The D'firiS of Pignerol, a province of
Piedmont, bounded' W by France ; the
four vallies are thofe of Perufia, LucerJ
na, St. Martin, and Apgrpgna, The
lengtlj

VAN
£ngth of the province is about 24 milcs,
;ad its breadth from 8 to 11, The prin-
<5pal towns are Plperplp, Lucerna, Peru
fia, St. Martin, and Feneftrelle, The val
lies arc fertile in paftUrage,and the meun-
' tainsin fiiut.particularlyclieftriiits.' Thefe
Tallies are celebrated fer the cruel per
feeution of fhe inhabitants, who were
CaUed Waldenfes, On aecpunt pf their re
ligion, about the year 1655. But now
tney enjoy in peace the worfliip they
embraced, though they have a Catholic
church in each parifli. The number of
iphabitants is reckoned about 8000, of
which 7000 are fuppofed to be Prptef
tants. Valogne, A fmall town pf France, de
partment of the Chanpel, noted for clofh
and leather : 8 miks from the fea, and
158 Wby N Paris. , [Wraxall.]
Valona, A feaport of Tuikey, in Eu
rope, in Upper Albania, with an arch
blflipp's fee. It Is pn the gulf pf Venice,
near the mpuntains pf Chimera : 50
miles S Durazzo.
Vals, a town of France, department of
Ardephe, remarkable for mineral fprings.
It is qn the Ardeche : 3 milcs N Aube-
lias, Val^tel'inf,. called by the iphabitants
V^alle-telina, a fertile valley of Swifferland,
fubjeift to the Grifons. It extends from
the confines of Bormio to tbe lake of
Chiavenna, about 50 miks, and is cnclof
ed between two chains of high moun
tains. The N chaip feparates it from the
Grifops, the S from the Venetian territo
ries ; on the E it borders pn the county
of Bormio ; and is bounded W by fhe
duchy of Milan, The Valfelines have
no mapufavfturcs ; but they export wine,
filk, planks, cheefe, butter, and cattle,
6n the 20fh of July, 1620, there was a
general maffacre of the proteftants in
this valley. I'lie inhabitants are com
puted tobe 62,000, and are aU Roman
catholics. No part of Europe is more
fruitful, yet they are poor. [Coxe]
Valverds, a town of Portugal, in Beira,
On the confines of Spaip : 30 milcs N by
W AlcantUra.
Valverds, a town'of Spain, in Eftrama
dura : 8 miks frpm Elvas.
Van;A fpwn pf Turkey, in Afia, in Ar-
meaia.ncar the frpntiers of Perfia, It isa
populous place, de'ended by a caftle,pn a
mountain. It is likewifea beglerbeglic, un
der whicb there are9 fangiacates, or par
ticular governments. The Turks always
Itecp a numerous garrifon in the caftle,
Ihn. 44 30 E, lat. 38 30 N.

V A U
Van Dieman's Land, the S extremity of
Nevv Holland, dlfcovered by Tafman, IbI'
1642. Vannes, an ancient and populous fea
port of France, department of Morbi-.
-han. Its pripcipal trade is in wheat and
rye for Spain ; and' It has a trade alfo i»
pilchards and fea- eels. It is on tbe gulf
of Morbihan : 3 miles from fhe Atlantic,.
56 S "W Rennes, and 255 W by S Paris.
Var, A department pf F'rance, iriclud"-
iug part pf the late prpvince pf Provence.
It takes its name from a river- vvhich lia»'
^its fource ia the couaty of Nice, and falls
into the Mediterranean . 4 -miles W
Nice. Varalla, A ftrong town of Italy, in the
Milanefe : 28 miles NNW No:vara, and;
47 W N W Milan, lal. 45 42 N.
Varamban, A town of France, depart
ment of Ain, on tbe Ain : 14 miles N N
W Bourg.
Varafdin, A town of Croatia, on the
fouth fide of the Drave, with a caftle anc>
citadel ; near it is a warm bath : iJ!6
miles N W Belgrade, and no S Vienna,
lat. 46 36 N.
VarcndarfA. fortified, town In the bifli
pprie of Munfter, on the Embs.
Varennes, A town of France, department
of Ailier, on an emiaence near the AI-.
ller : 14 miks SSE MouUns.
Varennes, A town of Francc,departmenc-
of Meufe. Here Lewis XVI, his queen,
fifter, aad tvvo children, were arretted ia
their flight from the Thuilerles, in June,
I79i,and conduifted back to Paris : 13
miles N Clermpnt.
Varna, A cpnfiderable feaport of Tur
key, in Europe in Bulgaria, capital of the-
; territory of Drobugia, with an archbifli
op's fee. It Is near the mouth of the
Varna, in fhe Black Sea : wx miks N-
Mefembria, and 145 N W Cwiftantino-
pie,
: Varzcy, A town of France, department
;-pf Yonne, with a caftk : 32 miks from:
' Auxerre, Vafferbnrg, A town of Munich, witb a>.
caftle. It is furrounded by high moun
tains, on the river Inn : 28 miles E Mu
nich, Vaffi, A town of France, department of-
Upper Maine on the Elaife : 10 miks N-
W Joinville, and 115 E Paris.
Vatan, A town of France, department
of Indre, in a fine plain : 8 miks N V-f
Iffoudun. Vaucoleures, an ancient town of France,,
department of Meufe, on fhe Meufe : lO.
miles W Tpul, 22 3 W Nanci. Vauclufty

V E &

Vi- L

Vdiiclufe, a viUage and fountain of
France, 8 mites from Avignon, celebrated
by Petrarch.
Vaiid, Pdys de, A county of Swifferland,
caatoa of Bern. It extends alorig the
lake of Geneva, rifing gradually from'
that lake, and riclily laid out m vine
yards, cornfields, and meadovvs, and chec
kered with continued villages and towns.
If was wrefted from the duke of Savoy,
by the canton of Bern, in 1536, arid has
lately been revolutionized by the French,
and its name changed, and calkd the
canton of Leman. Laufanne is the cap
itah Vaudables, A town of France, depart
ment of Puy de -Dome : 5 miles frbin
Iflbire .
Vaudemont, A town of France, depart
ment of Meurthe, wifh a caftle ; in the
moft fertile cPuntry fpr cprn in aU Lor
rain : 18 miles S "W Nanci,
Vaudois, Vallies af, in Piedmont, N of
the marquifate of Saluzzo, aad the chief
town is Lucerna. The Inhabitants are
called Vaudois ; alfo Waldenfes, from
Peter Waldo, a merchant at Lyons, who
expofed fhe fuperftitions of the church of
Rome, in 11 60, and being baniflied from
France cpme here with his difclples. The
Vaudois underwent the moft dreadful
perfecutions in fhe century of 1600, par
ticularly in 1655, 1656, and 1696,
Vaudrevange, a decayed town of France,
department of Meurthe, oa the Sare, aear
the ftrong fortrefs of Sar Louis : 50 miles
N E Nanci,
Vauxhall, A village of Surry, England,
on the Thames, two mUes S W Lpndpn ;
celebrated fpr ils gardens, which, as a
place of public cnfertsinment, are the
fineft In Europe. Here is an almflioufe
for feven poor women, built in I618, by
fir Noel Caron, who refided here, as am
baffador frpm Holland, 28 years,
Vecht, A fortified town of Weftphalia :
30mUes N Ofnaburg.
Vecht, A river in Weftphalia, which
paffe^ by Ommen, Haffelt, aad Swarfl-
luys, below which it falls iato the Zui
der Zee, uader thena-me of Swarf water.
Vecht, A river of the United Provinces,
which branches off from the old channel
of the Rhine, at Utrecht, and enters the
Zuider Zee, at Muyden.
Veere, fee Tervere.
Veglia, an ifland In the' gulf of "Venice,
on fhe coaft of Dalmatia, with a bifliop's
fee, a good harbour, and a citadel. It is
the moft populous ifland on this cpaft,
abounds in wine »pd filk, and has fmall

hprfes in high efteem. The only tovvfti
of the fame name, is on the fea coaft. On
a hill commanded by tvvo mountains : ij
mUes N W Arbe, and no S E"Venice, lon.
1456 E, lat. 45 22 N.
Veillana, A fpwn pf Piedmopt, ip the
marquifate of Sufa, on an eminence : li
miles N W Turin.
Veiros, a fown of Portugal, in Alen
tejo, with a caftle : 10 miles SSW PorJ
talegre. Veit, St.. 'a ftrong tovvn of Germany, iri
Carinthia, with an old caftle : 173 miles
S W Vienna, lat, 47 t N.
Veit, St. or Fiume, a feapprt fpwn of
Iftiia, near the Gulf pf Venice, in a Par-
roftf plalp,' -ivhifch yields good grapes', figs,
and other fruits. The place is populous,
and contains in if one collegiate church;
and cloyfters. The harbour is formed
by the Flumara, From this town large
quantities of goods and wares are export
ed, a confiderable part of which cpmC
frpm Hungary, and fpr the more commo-
dipus impprtatipn pf fhem, an expenfive
high-i^ay has been made frpm fhis place
fp Carlftadt, in Crpatia, St, Veit is exj
empt frpm taxes and cPntributlons. For
merly, if vvas incorporated in the duchy
of Carniola, but is now under the direc-;
fion of fhe regency of one pf the land
princes, ftyled captain, whp refides af fhe
citadel, but has np province belonging to'
it : 10 miks W N W CIrcknitz, ten. 14 46
E, lat. 45 40 N,
Velay, A late pro-vince of France, fult
of high mountains, covered with fnovv
tbe greateft part of the year, but abound
ing in cattle. It nOw foritts the depart
ment of Upper Loire.
Veldentz, A town in tHe palatinate of
the Rhirie, capital of a county of its name,
with a caftle, on the E fide of the Mofelle:
15 miles N E Treves.
Veletri, or Velletri, ari ancient town of
Italy, in Campagna di Roma ; the biffi
op's palace is magnificeat ; and there are'
large fquares adoraed wifh fiae founfaias':
It is OP aa erriineace, furroUaded by hills :
20 miles S E Rome.
Velez, A tovvn of Spain, in New. Caftile,
wilh a caftle : 50 PiileS S E Madrid.'
Velez-de-Gomara, a' feaport of the kipg-^
dorii of Fez, with a caftle, betweea two
high moppfaias, on the Mediterranean :
120 miles NNE Fez.
Velez-Malaga, a toWn of Spain", in Gra
nada, with a caftle, in a large plain, near
fhe Mediterranean : i2milesNE Mai.*

aga.

reliii, a tOT^n of Sclstvonia. on th'e
Bakawa :

V E N

V is N

Bakawa : lo miles £ Cruetz, 60 N W
Pofega. Veliki Ufiug, a province of European
Ruffia, in fhe government of Vologda.
Uftiug is the capital.
Velore, a tovyn of Hindooftan, in fhe
Carnatic, It Is a poft of great Import
ance, commanding the great rpad from
Myfore into the Carnatic, It confifts ot
three ftrpng forts on as many hills, and is
deemed impregnable to an Indian army.
During the laft war againft Hyder Ally,
il was relieved by fir Eyre Coole, In fhe
face of the whole army of that chief : 90
miles W Madras.
Venafro, A tovvn of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, with a bifliop's fee, near the Vol
turno : 43 miles N Naples.
Venaiffin, a fmall but fertile territory
of France, lately depending on the pope,
and lying between Provence, Daupbiay,
the Durance, and the Rhone. Carpentras
is the capital.
Venant, Si. A town of France, depart
ment of the Straits of Calais. It can be
Jaid under wafer at aay time, which is its
chief defence : 27 miles S E Dunkirk.
Venafque, a town of Spain, in Arragon,
in a valley of Its name, with a ftrpng caf
tle, OP the Effara, In a copntry producing
good wine : 35 miles E Balbaftro,
Vence, an ancient tovvn of France, de
partment of Var, Befpre fhe revplutlpn,
it was a biffipp's fee : 8 miles frpm the
Mediterranean, aad 10 W Nice,
' Vendee, a departmeat pf Fraace, in-
eluding part pf the late prpvince pf Poi
tou, It is fo calkd from a fmall river of
the fame name, Fontenay-le-Cbmpte is
the capitah Duriag the late revolution,
it has been fhe fcene of moft bloody war
fare. If has ii8jC00 iuhabitaPts,
Vendome, a confiderable lown of France,
department of Loir and Cher, oa the
river Loir : 95 miles S W Paris.
Venice, a republic of Italy, vvhich com
prehends 14 provinces, viz. the Dog.ido,
Paduano, Vicentino, Veronefe, Brefciano,
Bergamo, Creiiiarco, Polefiao-di-Rovigo,
Trevifano, Feltrino, Belluaefe, Cadorino,
and part of Fiiuli aad Iftria. In the, 4th
century, vvhen Attila, kiag of the Huns,
ravaged fhe N part of Italy, many of the
inhabitanls abaadoacd their couatry, aad
retired iato the ilUinds of the Adriatic
Sea, novv calkd the Gulf of Venice. As
thefe iflands are near each olher, they
found raeaas to join them, by driving
piles on the fides of the canals, oa which
they built houfes, aad thus the fuperb
cityof Venice had its begiaaing. This
Vol, II. K k k k

republic was furreptitioufly taken by the
French, during the late revolutionary
war, and ceded to tbe emperor of Ger
many by the treaty of Campo Formio,
and confirmed by the 3d article of the
treaty of Luneville, in February 1801.
[See Appendix Art, Europe.] The Vene
tian territories on the coaliaeat, eaume-
rated above, (aad which, by way of dif-
limftlon, are fometimes called the Terra
Firma) are defcribed ia their refpeiftive
places The number of people in the
whole territories of the republic, is efti
mated at 2,500,000. Vcaice was once
one of the mpft powerful commercial and
niaritinie, ftates ia Europe. For this it
was iadebled, at firft, to the monopoly df
the commerce of India; the products of
that country being conveyed, ia the
middle ages, up the Perliaa Gulf, the
Euphrates, and the Tigris, as far as Bag-
daci ; thence by laad, acrofs the defert,
to Palmyra ; and theace to the Mediter
raaeaa pprts ; aad, afterward, the fup-
.plying pf the crufaders with provifions
and military ftores vvas an additional
fource of wonderful opulence and pow
er. All this declined, however, after the
difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope by
the Portuguefe, in i486 ; vvhich, ia its
coafequeaces, has reduced Venice from a
ftate of the higheft fpkador to compara
tive iafigaificanee. "Whatever degree of
liceatioufnefs may prevail among the Ve
netians, jealoafy, poifoa, and tbe ftiletto
have beea long baniflied from their gal
lantry. 'Fhe commoa people of Venice
difplay fome qualities very rarely to be
found ill that fphcre of life, being re
markably fober, obliging to flrjingers, and
gentle la their intercourfe vvith each oth
er. The Venetians, in general, are tall
and well made : they have a ruddy
brown colour, with dark eyes. The
womea are of a fiae ftyle of counte-
nance, vvith expreffive features, and a
fkin of a rich carnation. They drefs
fheir hair in a very fanciful m. inner,
which becomes them much. "Fhey areof
an eafy addrefs, aad have no averfion to
cultivate aa acquaintaace vvith ihofe
ftrangers who are prefcated to them by
their relatii^ns, or have been properly
recommended. Venice, A city of Italy, one of the moft
celebrated iu the world, -lad capital of
the republic of Its name, vvith a patriar
chate, and a univerfity. , It ftands oil 7 1,
little iflaads ia the galf of Veaice. The
approach to the city is marked by ruwg
of ftakes ou each fidc,vvhlcli dlrctl v^fltij ¦ of"

t? EN"

Y^'KW

of a certain burden, to avoid the
lliallows. Thefe ffiallows are a better de
fence fhan the ftrongeft fortifications. On
the approach of an enemy's fleet, the
"Venetians havp only to pull up fhe flakes,
and the enemy can advance no -further.
They are equally beyond the infult of a
laud army, even in the midft of winter ;
for the flux and reflux of the fea, ancl
the mildnefs of fhe climate, prevent fuch
a ftrength of ice as could admit the ap
proach of an army that way. Venice is
fituated about 5 miles frorn the mainland,
in a kind of laguna, lake, or fmaUer In
ner gulf, feparated from the large one,
called the gulf of Veiiiee,by fome iflands,
at a fevv miks diftance. Tllefe iflands, in
a great meafure, break the force .of the
Adriatic ftorms, before tbey reach the
laguna ; yet, in very high winds, the
navigatipii pf the lake is dangerpus fp
gondolas, and fometimes the gondoliers
do not truft themfelves even In the ca
nals within the city. TJiis is not fo great
an inconvenience as might be imagined ;
for moft ofthe houfes have a door open
ing upon .a caaal, and another comiwi-
nicating with, the ftreet ; by means of
which, aad of fhe bridges, a perfoa may
ijo fo almoft any part of tbe city by land,
as vvell as by water. The number of the
inhabitaats is computed-, to ; be about
160,000. The houfes are Kuilt oil piles.
The ftreets, in geaeral, are narrovv ; and
fo are the canals, except the Great Ca
nal, which Is very broad' and- has a fer-
penfine courfe through the middle of the
city. There are nearly '500 bridges in
"Venice ; but what pafs for fucli ate only
fipgle arches fhrowtb«aver the canals ;
moftof them very .paltry. The Rialfo
confifts alfo of a fingle arch, but a very
noble one, and of marble, built acrofs the
Graad Canal, near the middle, where it
is the aarrpvveft : this celebrated arch Is
90 feet wide pn the level of the caaal,
aad 24 feet high. The beauty, of it is
impaired by two rows of booths, or
fliopi, whicli divide its upper furface io-
10 three narrovv ftreets. "I'he view from
t he Rialto is equally Uvelyaad magaificent;
the Grand Caaal, covered by boats aacl
I'ondolas, aad flanked oa .each fide by
magai.ficeat palaces, churches, aad fpires.
Except the Graad Canal, and the Caaale
Regio, all the others are aarrow and
mean ; fome of them have no quays, and
tbe water literaUy waflies the houfes.
The ducal palace i» an immenfe building : '
befide the apartments of fhe doge, there
ase halls and chambers for. the feuate,

and the differept coupcils and tribunal*",.
Within the "palace is a littk arfenal, which ,
communicates with the hall of the great,
council. Here a great number of muf
kets are kept, ready charged, with which
the aobles may arm -thenifelves oa any
fuddefi iafurreiftipri. Under tlie portico
are thegapiiig mpuths pflioos, to, receive
anonymous letters, informations of trea
fonable pra<ftices,arid accufations of mag
iftrates for abufes ia office. From the
palace is a covered.bridge of commnni-
catipp tp a ftate prifoa, oa the other lide
¦ of fhe caaal : prifoners pafs to and from-.
tbe cpuMs .pve.r this bridge, . whicli is ¦
nanied Pr-nle dei Saffliri, the Bridge*of
- Sighs.. The lower gallery, or piazza, un»
der the palace, is called the Broglip. Ip:
this the npble Venetlaps walk and.con-
|, verfe : It is pnly hiire, and at council that
they have opportunities of meeting to-
gether ; for they feldoni vifit openly, or
in a faniily way, at each other's houfes ; .
aud fecret meetings. would give umbrage
ito the ftate inqulfitors. There Is an open-
j ing from St. Mark's Plaee to the fea, 011 •
which ftand two lofty pillars of granite.
Criminals condemned to fuffer death pub
licly, are, executed between thefe two pil- •
lars. The arfenal of Venice is a fortifi-.
cation of between 2 and 3 miles- in com*,'-
pafs : it contains arms for 60,000. foot
and 20,000 horfe, arranged in an oriia-
meatal maaaer ; here 2800 men areidai-
ly employed in building fliips,- caftiiig
cannons, making cables, fails, anchors,
&c. The Venetians have a flourlfliing
trade ia filk manufaiftures, bonelace, ani'
all forts of glaffes and. mirrprs, which .
make their priacipal emplpymcats. The
haadfpme, ftruifture calkd II- Foatica-di-i
Tcdefchi, contaiaiiig 500 rppms, is that
. where fhe German merchants deppfit
their cpmmodities. In this city isa fa
mous carnival,' which begias on New-
year's day, and coufiaues till Afliwcdnef- -
day ; all vvhich time is employed in fports
and diverfions. Then fhere is fcarce any.
diftiaiftioa between vice and virtue : for
libertiaifm reigas through the city, and
thoufaads of foreigaers frequeat it from
all parts of Europe. They all appear in
mafks, whicli no pne can venture tp lake
oft": In fhis difguife they imitate fhe fury
ofthe ancient Bacchanals ; aad the near
er Afliwedaefday approaches, the more
mad they are. The principal fpot of
the mafquerade is St. Mark's Place,
where there are fometimes 15,000 people, .
and it fwarms with harlequins, jefters,
mountebanks, rope dancers, aud. puppet- flioiv*

V E R

VER

¦fnows. Even the priefts and monks ep-
joy the divcrfiens of the carnival ; but
'whea that is over npthing is heard frpm
the clergy but fermons on repentance.
Venice is included in fhe proviace called
the Dogado, and is 72 miles E by N
Maatua, 115 N E Florence, 140 E Ml-
'-.laa, 212 N Rome, aad 300 N by W Na
ples, loa. 12 10 E, lat. 45 .26 N. [Moor.]
'Venice, Gulf of, a fea between Italy and
part of Turkey in Europe. It is the an
cient Adriatieum Mare, and is ftill calkd
the Adriatic. The -dpge of Venice an
nually performs the cercmpny pf wed-
'ding this fea, in token of the fovereignty
¦ of that republic over it. On Afcenfioa
'Day, he gpcs uppa f he'water ia a fuperb
vefl'el, attended by the lprds pf the Sig-
iioria, foreign ambaffadors, and innume-
rable gpndolas ; and throwing a gold
'ring Ipto the fea, he pronouaces a latla
fentcBce to this purport : We efpoufe
•thee, oh fea, ia token of true and per-
¦,petual fovereignty.
Venlo, A ftroag town of Dutch G«ci-
derlaad, formerly ia alliance with the
'Hanfeatic towns. If was takea by the
¦French, Otft, 28, 1794, It Is on tbe E
'fide of the Maefe (on fhe oppofite fide of
which is Fort Sf, Michael :) 19 miles N
Ruremonde, and 35 N W Juliers,
Venofa, a town of Naples, in Bafilicata,
with a bifliop's fee, in a fertile plain, at
the foot of the Appennines : 72 miles N
E Naples, Vera, an ancient feaporf -of Spain, in
¦Granada, with a bifliop's fee ; 43 miks
N E Almeria, and 32 S W Carthage
na, Verberic, an anckat tov/a of France,
departmerit of Oife, on fhe 'Oife: 10
miles N E Scabs,
Verceli, A ftroag aad copfiderable tovvn
-of Piedmopt, capital of a lordfliip of. ils
'.name, with a bifliop's fee, a citadel and a
-caftle. The town houfe, the governor's
palace, and the hofpital, are haadfome
-ftruiftures. It is at the confluence of the
Seffia aad Cerva : 10 milcs N W Cafal,
and 40 N E Turia,
Verd, Cape, a promontory, on the W
coaft of Africa : 45 miles N W of the
mouth of the Gambia, tea. 17 33 W, lat.
I445N. Sec Cap.e Verd.
Verden, A ducliy of Lower Saxony,
bounded E aad S by fhe duchy bf Lunen-
burj;, W by the Wefer and the duchy of
Bremen, N by the duchies of Bremen
'and Lunenluirg. It confifts chiefly of
'-iictttli,i and high dry lands ; but there

arc good marflies on the Wefer and Al-
ler. The inhabitants are Lutherans, . ,
Verden, a tovvn of Lower Saxony, capr
ital of a duchy of its name. It contaiiis
4 churches : 26 miks S E Bremen,
Verdun.,an anciept and copfiderable tovv^n
of France, department of Meufe, with'a
bifliop'sfee, and a ftrong citadel, Itsforti-
ficaf lons were conftruifted by the chevalier
de Ville andniarflial de Vauban ; the lat
ter was a native of this place. In 1755,
great part of the cathedral was deftroy
ed by ligblr.ing. Verdun was takeii by
tbe Pruffians in 1792, but retaken foop
after. The inhabitants -are noted for
making fine fweetmeats. The Meufe
ruas through tbe-middle -of the town:
42, miks S W Luxemburg, and 150 E,
Paris, lou. 5 22 E, lat. 49 9 N.
- ^-'en/i/n, a fmall but populous town of-
France, department of Upper Garonne,
on ihe Garoane : 22 -miles N W Tou
loufe. Vtrmandois, a Iste territory of France,
ia Picardy ; vvhich, with the late prov
iace of Soiffqnnois, is now iacludcd in
the departmeat of Aifne. .It abounds in
corn, and excellent fiax.
Vcrmaiiton, a tPvvn of France depart
ment of "V'onne, pn a river : 10 miles 6
£ Auxerre.
- Vernet, fee Iffoire.
-Verneuil, A town ofFraricc, departmerit
'-pf Eure, pn the Aure: 22 miks S "W
Evreux, and 65 Vf by S Paris, lop. b 5-9
E, laf. 48 42 N,
Vrrneu'!l,a town of France, department
of Ailier : 15 miles S Moulins,
Vernon, A populous town of France, dc-
pSrt-ment of Eure, with an ancient caf
tk, and a fortrefs at the end of the bridge,
over the Seine : 27 miles S E Rouen, and
42 N'W Paris,
Veroli, an aacient aad populous tovvn
ia -Campagna di Roma, oa the Cofa, at
the foot of-the Appeimiaes-: 45 miles S
E Rome, Verona, a'large, a-ncicnt, and famous
cily of Italy, capital of the Veronefe,
with a bifliop's fee, 3 forts, and an acad
emy, 'It is furrourided by thick walls,
decpdltches, and good rampjirls. The
ftreets are neither clean nor ftraight; but
theie is a handfome place called the Pi-
azzad'Arnii, ia vvhich is a marble ftatue,
reprefenting the republic of Venice. The
moft remarkable ftruifture is the amphi
theatre built by the Romans, ia which
there arc 44 rows of benches of w hite
marble, which vvill conveniently hold
25,oc,-i perfons Verona is the birthplace of

VER

V E S

of Pliny, the Naturalift, and in the cath
edral is a magnificent tomb of pope Lu
cius III. In the Palazzo della Regione,
or the Guildhall, are the ftatues of five
illuftrious natives of Verpna, namely,
Catullus, JEnillius Marcus, Cprnelius Ne-
pps, the elder Pliny, and Vitruvius. Near
this city is a delightful place, called Cam
pus Martins, at prtfent ufed fpr the annu
al fair ; if is conftru6led in a quadrangu
lar form, with 4 gates, and in the centre,
along the ftands and booths, which are
placed In a dire<ft line, one may fee all
the fpur gates. The river Adige divides
it imp twp parts, ivliich cpmmunicale by
twp handfpme bridges. It has 50,000
inhabitants. Verona was takeii by the
Freach ia July 1796: 17 mfles N- E
Manfua, aud 62 S W Venice, lop. 11 24
E, laf. 45 26 N.
Veronefe, a territory in the republic of
Venice, bounded N by the Trentino, E
by the Vicentino and l?aduano, S by the
Mantuan, and W by the Brefciano. Ii
is one of tbe moft fertile countries in Ita
ly, abounding in corp, ¦yvine, fruits, and
cattle. Vermis, A Cpnfiderable town of Ruffia,
in the government of Rezan, on a moun
tain. Ion. 42 29 E, lat, 53 15 N,
VerfaiUes, a town of France, depart
ment of Seine and Oife, It contains
60,000 Inhabitanls, and, fince the revo
lution, has been created a bifliop's fee.
In the reign of Levvis XIII, It was only a
fmaU village, and bere this prinee built
a hunting feat ia 1630. Lewis XIV built
a magnificent palace bere, which was the
ufual refidence of the kings pf France,
till Oiftober 6, 1789, vvhen the uafprtu-
nate Levvis XVI and his family, were re
moved from it to Paris. 'Fhe buildlags aad
gardens were adorned with a vaft num
ber of ftatues, by fhe greateft mafters,
iind the vvater works vvere magnificent.
The gardeas, wiih^be park, are 5 miles
jn circuaiference, and furrounded by
walls : 10 miles W S W Parig,
Verfoi, a village of France, department
of Ain, on the lake of Geneva ; 7 miles
N Geneva. It goes by the name of Choi-
ffiil's Folly s for Geneva having fallen ur-
der ihe difpleafure of France, fhe duke
de Choifeul (then prime minifter) cn-
cleavouring fo take advantage of the
troubles in 1768, formed a plan to ruin
that cily, and nionoplize the whole trade
of the lake. Willi this view, he fixed on
Verfoi as a proper filuatien for a'large
tovva, and began to fink a pier, to make
a haibour, &c. But when the harbour

was nearly completed, and 125,400!. had
been expended on tbe projedl; it was fud
denly relinqulflied,
Vertus, a town of France, department
of Marne, in a plain, at fhe foot of a
mountain, on which are vineyards, prOr
ducing very good wines : 1 7 miles S W
Chalons, and 78 N E Paris,
Verue, or Verruif, a town of Piedmont,
in the county of Afli, If was befieged
In 1705, by the French, who did nof car
ry it till after fix months, when it was
reduced fo a heap of ruins, becaufe the
commander had btewn up all the fortifi-
catloris. If was afterward reftored fo the
duke of Savoy. It is feated ori a hill,
near tbe Po : 23 miles N £ Turin,
Verviers, a fown in the bifliopric of
Liege, onthe Weze : 1 7 miles S E Liege.
Vervins, A tPvvn pf France, department
pf Aifne, fampus fpr a treaty, in 1598;
betvveen Henry IV of France, and PhiUp
II of Spain : no miles N £ Paris.
Vefelize, A town of France, department
of Meurfbe,on the Brenon; 15 miks S W
Nanci. Vefiey, a town of France, department
of Aifne, on the Aifne : 10 miles E N E
Soiffons. Vefoul, a town of France, department
of Upper Saone. Since the revolution it
has been created a bifliop's fee. In its
vicinity is a vvell, fimilar to that near Or
nans. It Is at tbe foot pf a mpunfain,
called Mptte de Vefpul ; 22 miles N Ee-
fanfpn, and 200 S £ Paris.
Vefperin, pr Weiffrain, a ftrpng and ppp
ulous town of Lpwer Hungary, capital
of a county of its name, with a caftk,
and an epifcopal fee, whofe bifliop is
chancellor to fhe queen of Hungary, and
has a right to crovvn her : 83 milcs S E
Vienna, lon, 17 57 E, lat, 47 14 N,
Vcf-vius, a celebrated Vplcanp pf Italy,
6 miles E Naples, lis firft eruption was
in the year 79, under Titus, It was ac
companied by an earthquake, which
overturned feveral cities, particularly
Pompeii and Herculaneum ; and this
eruption proved fatal to Pliny the Nat
uralift, Great quantifies pf aflies and
fulphurcpus fmpke, were carried apt pnly
to Rome, but jlfo bcypii'd the MediterL
rancan, into Africa, and eveii to Egypt ;
birds were fuffocated Iri the air, and felt
to the ground ; 'and fiflies periflied in the
neighbouriag waters, which -vvere made
hot, aad iiif'ccfted by it, Aaother very
violeat and terrible eruption, ia 1634,
totally deftroyed thfe tovvn of Torre del
Greco, 'llie cruipiion' i'n' 1767, was rh#
*7th

V I c

V I E

B7tb from the time pf Titus, fince which
there have beea lo others; tbat pf 1794
being the moft violent and deftruiftivc,
next to thofe ia 79 aad 1631. In the laft
eruption the top ofthe mountain fell in,
and the mouth of Vefuvius is now little
fliprt pf fwp miles in circumference.
[Addifon, Hamilton.]
Vevay, fhe ancient Vibifcum, a town of
Swifferlaad, capital of a bailiwick of its
name, in fhe canton of Bern, furrounded
by vineyard hills, and the wine is in great
eftimation. It ftands In a fmall plain, on
the edge of the lake of Geneva : 37 miks
S W Bern. [Moor.]
Veudre, A town of France, department
of Ailier : 17 miles N W MouUns.
Vezelay, a town of France, department
of Nievre, on the top of a mountain, near
the river Cure : 20 miks S Apxi^rre.
Viadana, a tovvn in the duchy of Man
tua, on fhe Po : 8 miles N Parma, 17 S
Manlua. Viana, A Wwn of Spain, in Navarre,
near the Ebro : 46 miles S W Pampe
luna. Via!na, A confiderable fown of Portu
gal, in Entre-Minbo-e-Douero, at the
mouth of the Lima, with a good har
bour, defended by a fort : 36 miks N
Oporto. Vianden, A town of Auftrian Luxem
burg, capital of a county of its name. It
is divided into fwp towns, by fhe river
Uren In one is a caftic, on an inacceffi
ble mouatain : 22 miles N Luxemburg,
and 22 N W Treves.
Vianen, a tovvn of the United Provinces,
in Holland, with a caftle, on the Leek : 7
miles S Utrecht.
Viatka, a Government of European
Ruffia, fprmerly a province pf Kafan If
takes its name from the river Viatka,
which runs through it.
Viatka, a tPwn pf European Ruffia,
capital of a governmeat of its name, vvith
a bifliop's fee, and a caftle, oa fhe river
Viatka : 100 miles N Kafan, lon, 54 15
E, Iat. 57 25 N.
Vie, A town of France, department pf
Meurthe : 12 miks ENE Nanci,
Vic, A tpwn pf France, depai tment of
theUpper Pyrennees : 12 miles N Tar
bes, Vic, A tovva of Spaia, in Catalonia,
wifh a bifliop's fee The cathedral Is
kdoracd with a fiae portico, fupported by
large pillars ; and the market place is
Very fp:iciou„. It is in a fertile plain,
on a fmall river th^.t f-'ls into the Tar :
30 miles, N Bafcclona,"

Vic-Fezenfac, A town of France depart
ment of Gers : 15 miles W Auch,
Vic-lc-Compte, A tovvn of France, de
partmeat of the Puy de Dome, with an
ancient palace, about a mile from it are
mineral fprings: 15 miles S E Clermont,
230 S Paris,
Vicegrad, or Vizegrad, A ftroag town of
Lower Huagary, with a caftle oa the top
of a rock, where fhe kiags of Hungary
formerly refided. It vvas taken from the
Tupks, in 1684, by the Auftrians, It is
on the S fide of the Danube : 8 miles S
E Gran, and i6' N W Buda,
Vicentino, •a territory of Italy, beloag
iag to the Veaefiaas ; bouaded N by
'Frcatiao aad Feltriao, W by the Vero
nefe. It is fo very pleafant and fertile,
fhat It is called the garden of Venice.
The wine is excellent, and the butter and
cheefe very good. Here are alfo great
nunibers of mulberry trees, for filkworms '
and there are mines of filver and iron,
and quarries of flpac, almpft as fine as
marble. Vicenza, A ftrong and fiourifliing town
of Italy, fhe capital of Vicentino, with a
bifliop's fee. It is without walls, but is
a large place, having 30,000 inhabitaats,
adoraed with feveral palaces, aad has a
fiae fquare, vvifh piazzas under the houfes.
'I'here are alfo fcveral other fquares, and
fine churches. Here is an academy,
whofe aiembers meet in tbe Olympic the
atre, a mafterpicce of vvorkmanfliip by
Palladio, It is between the rivers Each-
iglione aad Reroae, aad tvvo mouataias,
ia a fertile plain : 13 milesNW Padua,
31 W Venice, and 135 N Rome.
Vichi, a tovvn of France, departmeat
of Ailier, famous for tbe miaeral waters
near it. It is 911 the river AUicr : 15
miles S £ Gaaaat, aad i8o S by E Paris.
Vicho, a tovva of Naples, in Terra di
Lavora, vi-ith a bifliop's fee. It vvas al
moft ruiacd by aa earthquake, ia 1694,
aad is near tbe bay of Naples : 15 miles
S by £ Naples.
Vicavara, a fpwn and principality of
Italy, ia the province of Sabina, near the
Tcveroae : 8 miles E Tivpli, and 40 N E
Rpme. Vivaria, fee Vittoria.
Viden, a fortified town of European
Turkey, in Bulgaria, with an archhifliop's
fee, on the Danube : 88 miles N £ Niffa,
and 150 S £ Belgrade
Vienna, a city of Germany, capital of
the circle of Auftria, and of the vihole
German empire. The city itl'clf is not
o£ great extent, nor can it be enlarged, b-.ing

V I E

V 1 G

• Being limited by a very ftrong fortifica-
'tloa ; but it is populous, aad cpnlaias
¦-:6o,oao inhabitants'. The ftreets, in geii-
- eral, are narrow, and the houfes high,
':Soine of the public buildings. are magnifi-
,ccaf:: the chief of them are the Imperial
Palace, fhe Library, and the Mufeum;
-the palaces of tlie princes Lichteiifteia,
Eugene, &c. No houfes without the walls
-are allowed fo be built nearer •to the
glac&s than 600 yards ; fo that there
is a circular field of that breedlh all
:around the city, which has a beauti-
ful and fahrt-iry effcift. The fuburbs are
faid to contain 200,000 inhabitants ; but
¦they arc nof fo populous, in proportion
'to their fize, as the city, for many houfes
:1iave extenfive .gardens belonging to them.
iMaay families, who live, during the wia-,
-ter, within the fortificatioas, fpead fhe
Xummer ia the fuburbs. The cathedral
¦is built of frceftoae, aad the fteeple is 447
feet high. Joiaiag-to this church is the
archbifliop"'s palace, the front of vvhich Is
-very fiae. 'Fhe univerfity had feveral
thoufand ftudents. The arcbducal libra
ry is much frequented by fo.reigncts, as
it cpntains above 100,000 printed books,
•and 10,000 manufcripts. The arcbducal
treafury, and a cabinet of curiofities of
the houfe of Auftria, are great rarities.
There is a forf-of harbour on the Dan-
¦ube, where arc magazines of naval ftores,
and ffiips havehcen fitted oiif-to ferve on
.that river againft the Turks. Vienna is
•an archbifliop's fee :; and in -the winter
feafon is frequently viiited by dreadful
¦ftorms, which rufli through fhe openings
-of the^ neighbouring mouataias. It Is
fcated at the place vvhere theriver Viea
na, or Wieo, falls Into, the Daaube : 50
miles W Preffiurg, 350 NNE Rome, 520
¦S E Amfterdam, 565 E Paris, and 680 E
•S £ London, lon, 16 22 E, laf, 48 16 N.
; [Moor.]
Vienne, ari aricient and confiderable
-town of France, department ef Ifere, It
is on the Rhone, over vvhich if had for
merly a bridge, of which only fome piers
leniaia, that render the navigation dan
gerous. ,^Under the Romans it was the
capital of a coteny, and fhe feat of a fen
ate. In the fifth ceatury, the Burguadi-
ans made It the capital of their kingdom.
Jts commerce confifts ia wiacs, filk, aad
iwordblades, wJiich laft are highly efteeni-
<'d. Eefore the revolution, it was the fee
-of an archbilliop. The cathedral Is a
bindf'.ime f^oihic ftruifture. In 1311, a
general- council was held here, at vvhich
pope Ck.iicat V prcfided, and rhilip the

Fair of France, Edward II of EpglariSi,
and James II of Arragpn, affifted. "I'his
council is famous for the ffippreffion of
the order of the Knights "I'emplars pf Je
rufalem. Near Vienne, on the banks of
the Rhone, arc produced the exceUent
wines of Cote Rptie, in a foil where the
grape, as the name impprts, is almpft
parched up by the fun ; and, a little fur
ther, are raifed the fainous hermitage
wines, fo calkd, becaufe a hermit had hjs
grotto there, Vieane is 15 miles S Ly
ons, and 265 S E Paris, lon, 4 55 E, lat,
-45 31 N.
'Vienne, A department of France, form
ed of part of the' late province of Poi
tou. If takes ifs pame from a rivei;,
vvhich falls info the X.olre, between Chi
non and Saumur. Poitiers is fhe capi
tal, Vienne, Upper, a -department of France,
comprifing the late prpvince of Limofiu.
Limoges Is the capitah
Vicrarden, a town of Germany, In the
marche of Brandenburg, on the Vefle,
near ils confluence with the Oder,
Vierzon, an ancient town of Franee,
department of Cher, famous for Its forges.
It is on the Cher, and Yevre, in the moft
fertile part of tbe department : 17 miles
N W Bourges, and 100 S "w Paris.
Viefli, A town of Naples, in Capitapata,
'with an archbifliop's fee. It is on the
gulf of Venice, ia the place called the
Spur of fhe Boot, and at tbe foot of
Mount Garden : 117 miles N E Naples,
lat, 41 51 N,
Vigan,^ A town of France, department
of Gard : 25 miles N W Nifmes,
Vigevano, a town in fhe duchy of Mi
lan, capital of the Vigevanafco, wilh a
bifliop's fee, and a ftrong caftle on a rock.
It was formerly the refidence pf the dukes
pf Milan, hut is npw fubjedl, with its ter
ritory, to the king of Sardinia : 15 miles
S W Milan.
Vignamont, a town in the bifliopric of
Liege : 2 miles N Huy, lat. 50 34 N.
Vigo A town'of Spain, in GaUcia, fur
rounded by a Wall, with four baftions.
If has a good harbpur, rcmarlsabk fpr a
feafight, In 1702, between the Englifli and
Dutch fleets, and a fquadron of French
men of war, with 13 Spanifli galleons -un
der their convoy. The Englifli took 4
galleons and 5 men of war ; the Dutch,
5 galleons and one man of war ; 14 men
of war and 4 gaUcons vvere deftroyed.
While this vvas tranfaifting the duke of
Ormond, with fome laad forces, dr.ove
the Spaniards from the caftk wbich de
fended

V TL

VI L

fended the harbour. Vigo is ou a bay of
lis pame, in the Atlaatic : 8 miks S W
RedpadeUa,Jpn. 8 a8 W, laf. 42 14 N.
Vihicrs, a fown of France, department
of Maine : 20 miks S Angers-
Vilaine, A river of France, vvhich en
ters the bay of Bifcay, below Roche Ber
nard. Villa-Airagamfe,.A fown-of Sardinia : 1 7
miles N £ Safl'arl, lat. 40 56 N.
Villa-Bohim, a tovvn of Portugal, in Al
entejo : 10 miles S W Elvas.
Vilk-del-Riy, A town of Spain, in Eft
ramadura, on the Guadiana: 17 miles N-
WBadajoz. Villa-da-Caiide , a feaporf of Portugal,
province of Entre-Douero-e-Minho, at
the mputh of the Ava . 10 miles E Bar-
celos, and 20 N W Oporto. Near it is an
ancient aquedutft. '
Villa-da- Horta, the capifal of the ifland
of Fayal, one of the Azores, oa the W
coaft, and has a harbour, laadlocked oa
every fide, except the E and N E, aad de-
feuded by feveral forts, lat. 38 32 N,
Villa-Flar, a towa of Portugal, prov
iace of Tra-los-Montes, oa a rivcr that
fills, into fhe Douero : 40 mUes £ Villa
Beat, VilU-Franca, A feaport of Italy, in fhe
county of Nice, with a caftie and fort.
It was taken by the French, in 1792 : 3
miles E Nice.
Villa-Franca, a tPwn pf Italy, in the
"-I-eroneie, with a lilk raanufa»ftare : 10
miles S Veroua.
¦Villa-Franca, the capital of the ifland
of St, Michael, oae of the Azpres.
Villa-Franca, a town of Spaia, ia Eft
ramadura, on tb£ Tprnies : 54 mUes S E
Salamanca. '
Villa-Franca-de-Panades, atovvnof Spain,
ill Catalonia, furrounded by walls aad
feated aeai the Mediterraaean : i8 miles
W Barcelona, .ind 20 N E "Farragona.
Villa- Herjiiofi, A tovvn of Spairi, in Va
lencia : 5'2 miles N \'<! Valencia,
Villa-Nova, A town of Portugal, in the
province of Eatre-Douero-e-Mlnho, op
pofite Op*iito, on vvhich if depends, aad
dcfeadecl by feveral forts,
' Villa-Nnova-,r Afi, a town of Piedmoat :
10 milcs E "Furin,
Villa-Panda, a fPvvn pf Spain, in Leon,
with an arfenal, anda palace belonging to
the conftable of Caftile : 16 miles N Tom,
Villa-Real, A town of Portugal, in the
province of Tra-tes-Monfes, and capital
of Comarca : 15 miles N E Lamego.
V.tlla-Real, a tovvn of Spain, provipce
o-£ Valencia.; a6 miles N Vakpcia.. |

V'tlla-Viciofa, A fortified town of Pdrl'j-*-
gal, in Alentejo, with an old caftic, and a-
palace, where the dukes of Braganza-
formcrly refided. In fhe fuburb is an*
ancierit temple, buik to fhe honor of
Proferpiae. The foil about this towa is
extremely fertile, aad there are quarries-
of fiae green marble : 16 miks S W El
vas, and 83 S E Liffion.
Villa-Viciofa,a feaporf of Spaia, in Af
turia d'Oviedo, on the bay of Bifcay : 21,
miles N E Oviedo.
Vdle-Viciofa, a fown pf Spain, in Nev"
Caftile : 49 mUes N E Madrid.
^///«c, a tovvn of Gerniany, belonging
to the btfliop of Bamberg, with a caftic.
It carries oa a grCat trade with the Ve
netians ; and near it are the baths pf Top
lltz, It is at the confluence of the Drave
and Geil, furrounded by mountains : ici.
miks S V/ Clagenfert, lat, 46 50 N.
Ville Diou, a tovvn of France, depart
ment ofthe Channel : 12 miles NNE Av
ranches. Ville-Francbe, A town of Fxaiice, depart
ment of Rhone and Loire, furrounded
by walls: iS miles N W Lyons.
Ville-Franchc, a ftrong town of France,.
department ofthe Eaftern Pyrennces,witk,
a caftk. Ill one of the aelghbouring
mountains is a curious cavern : 3C0
miles S Paris, laf. 42 25 N.
Villc-Fraiicbe,A towa pf Fraacc, depart--
meat of Aveiron. It has a great trader
In linen cloth, and is on fhe Aveiron : 18;
miks W Rodez, and 260 S Paris.
Ville Jiiive, A town of France : 4 miles
S Paris. Villemur atown of France, department
of Upper Garonne: 12 raiies NNE.
Touloufe. Villena, A town of Spain, province of
Murcia : 55 miles N W Murcia.
Villeiieuve, A towa of Fraace, depart'
ment of Lot aad Cironne : 17 miles N
Agea. Villeneuve, A tovva of France, depart
meat of Gard : 23 miles N W Nifmt:,.
Villeiie.ve-i'.--I!erg, a tovvn-of Fraacc,,
de[iartaicnc of Ardeche: 20 miles N '.'»"
Viv'iers. Vlllers Goterets, a town of Frr.aee, de
partment of Oile, with a caftk : IO miles
S E Compiegne.
Villingen, a town of Suabia, Brifgaw, in
the Black Foreft, between fhe fources of
the Danube and the Neckar: 28 miks E
by S Frlhurj,
Vilvarde, "a tPvva pf Auftrlaa Brabant,
oa fhe canal from Bruffeis to tlie Scheld ;
7 miles N £ Brulfels. f^iuceut.

VIS

VIT

Vincent, Cape St. fhe moft fouthern pro
montory of Portugal: 25 miles Wby S
Cape Lagos, lon. 9 o W, lat. 36 44 N.
Vincent, St. one of the Cape Verd
Iflands, on fhe coaft of Africa, It is un-
i ibabited ; but on the N W fide ofif is a
good bay, where ffiips may wood and
water, and wild gpats may be flipf. It
is faid that more turtle is caught near
this ifiand than round all the reft, and
that it abounds in faltpetre, [Roberts,]
Vincent, Si. a tovvn of Spain, in Old
Caftile, with A caftle ; on a hill, near the
river Ebro : 138 raiies N E Madrid.
Vingarla, A Dutch fettlement, in the
peninfula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of
Concan, a little N Goa, lon. 73 22 E, lat.
15 57 N. '
Vingorla Rocks, rocks lying about 7
miles from fhe coaft of Concan, In the
peninfula of Hindooftan, and 10 miles S
S W fhe iflaad of Meluady, or Suader-
doo. They are poffefl'ed by the Mal-
waaas, a piratical tribe, loa. 73 16 W,
lat. 15 52 N.
Vintain, A tovva fltuated about 2 miles
up a creek, oa fhe fouthern fide of
the Gambia. It is a place of great re
fort for Europeans, oa accouat of the
great quaatities of bees wax, brought
there for fate. The wax is colkiftcd ia
the woods, by the Felops, a wild, iiafo-
cial race. The country abounds in rice,
goafs, and poultry, 'Fheir honey is ia-
toxlcafiag. Portuguefe and Mahome
tans inhabit bere. The latter have a
mofque. The EngUfli a fmall faiftory.
[Park, Moor ]
Vintimiglia, an ancient town of Italy,
in the republic of Genoa, with a bifliop's
fee, a fmall harbour, and a flrong caftk,
on a high rock ; on fhe Mediterranean, at
the. mouth of the Rptta : 20 miks ENE
Nice, and 70 S W Genoa.
Vire, A confiderable town of France,
departmeat of Calvados, with feveral
manufaiftures of coarfe woollen cloths. It
is pa the Vire : 30 miles S £ Coutances,
and 150 W Paris,
Virion, a town pf Auftrlaa L'jxeraburg :
22 miles W Luxemburg,
Vifet, A tpvva of the Netherlands, on
the Maefe : 7 miles N Liege.
Viffnei-Volotchock, A town of Ruffia,
government of Tver, one of the im
perial villages enfranchifed by Catherine
II. It has a canal, wliich, by uaitiag fhe
Tverza aadtheMafta,coiiae(ftstlie Inland
navigation between the Cafpian and the
Baltic ; and the iphabitapts, raifed from

the fituation of flaves, fo that offrcemefl',
feem to be awakeped to a fepfe of their
commercial advantages. The tovvn iar
divided into regular ftreeis. All fhe
buildings are of wood, except the cojurt
of juftice, ereifted by the late emprefs, and
4 brick houfes belonging fo a rich bur
gher. If is on the Zna ; 50 miles N W
Tver, ten. 35 o £, laf. 57 23 N, [Coxe,]
Vifiapour, or Bejapour, a confiderabte
city of the Deccan of Hindooftan, once
the capital of a large kingdom of its
name, novv fubjedl fo the Poonah Mah
rattas.- It Is 136 miks S E Poonah, and-
234 S E Bombay, lat, 17 26 N,
Vifagarod, a town of Poland, in Mafo
via, with a caftle on the Viftula : 50
miles N W Warfaw.
Vifiula, A large river which rifes in-
Mount Crapach, on the confines of Silefia
and Hungary, croffes Poland aad Pruf
fia, aad falls by three mouths iuto fhe
Baltic, below Dantzic,
Viterbo, aa aacieat town pf Italy, in the
patrimony pf St. Peter, yvith a biflipp's
iee. If contains 10,000 inhabitants, 16
parifli churches, and^many palaces. and
fountains. Near if Is a fpriag, fo hot,
that if will boil an egg, and even flefli.
If is at- the foot of a mountain, from the
top of which, the city of Rome, and tbe
Mediterranean Sea, may be feen ; the
latter at fhe diftance of near 50 miles :
20 miles S E Orvieto, aad 35 N by W
Rome, Vitre, A fown of France, department of
Ifle and Vilaine. If has a trade iu linen
cloth -and knit ftockings and gloves. It
is on the Vilaine : 20 miles N E Rennes,
and 52 SE St. Malo.
Viiri-le-Fran^ois, a confiderable fown of
France, department of Marne. If is well
built, fhough fhe houfes are of wood; and
there is a fine fquare, in whicli the
church ftands. It has a great trade, par
ticularly 111 corn, and is on the Marne :
15 miles S E Chalons, and 100 E Paris.
Vitteaux, A town of France, department
of Cote d'Or, among the mountains, where
fhere are quarries of mark : 12 miks
S E Semur, and 27 W Dijon.
Vittoria, or Vilioria, A confiderable
lown of Spain, capital of the province
of Alava, ia Bifcay, It is furrouadcd by
double walls, aad ia the priacipal fquare
are fhe fpwnbpufe, 2 conveals, and a fine
fountain. The large ftreets are bordered
wifh fine trees, wbich are a good defeace
I agaiaft the heat of the fun. It has a
I great trade in hardware, particularly in
fword

VOL

VOL

fv»ord blade*) which are made here in
large quantities. It is at the end of a
plain, fertile In corn aud grapes : 32
raiies S £ Bilboa, and 155 N Madrid,
ten. 2 56 W, lat. 42 55 N.
Vivariws, A late fmall province of
France, part of that of Dauphiny, and
now included la the depariment of Ar
deche. Vivero, a fown of Spain, in Galicia, at
the foot of a fteep mountain, near the
river Landrova, whofe mouth forms a
large harbour on the Atlantic : 30 miks
N W Moadonnedo.
Viviers, all aacient town of Fraace,
department of Ardeche, with a biffiop's
fee. It is among rocks, (ua one of which
fhe cathedral is builtj on the river
Rhone"": ao miles N Orange, and 70 N
E MontpeUier. Viza, a town of Turkey, In Europe,
in Romania, with a Greek Archbifliop's
fee. It is at the foot of a mouataia, at
the fource of the river Glicenero.
Voerden, a tovva of the United Prov
inces, in Holland. It was taken by the
Freach in 1795. It is oa fhe Rhiae : 10
miks W Utrecht, 20 S Amfterdam.
Voghera, A fortified town in the duchy
of Milan : 14 miles SSW Pavia, and 30
S by W Milan.
Void, A fown of France, department
of Meurthe : 10 miles from 'Foul.
Voigtiand, A territory of Upper Saxony,
and oae of tbe four circles of the mar
quifate of Mifai:i. It is bounded E by
Bohemia, W by Thuringia and Franco
nia. Plawen is fhe capitah
Vohelmark, or Wolickmarck, a town of
Germaay, ia Carinthia, on the Drave :
26 miks S E Clagcnfurt.
Volana, A feaport of Italy, In tbe Fer
rarefe, on the gulf of Venice, at one
of the mouths of the Po : 40 miles E
Ferrara. Volga, the largeft river ia Europe,
which has its fource ia two fmall lakes,
iu the government of Pletkof, in Ruffia,
about 80 miles W cjf Tver. Its length
is 3000 allies. It begias tobe navij^nblc
a few miles above that tovvn, and is con
fiderably augnieiiled here by the juiuftioa
of the Tverza, which is a broader, deep
er, and more rapid river. By nieaas of
the Tverza, a communlcatioa is made
betweea the Volga and tbe Nev,i, or, in
other words, between the Cafpian aad
the Baltic. This river waters fomeofthe
fineft puovinces ia the Ruffian empire,
pafles by "Vfaroflaf, Koftrom.i., Niflinei-
Novpgorpd, Kafan, Simbirlk, and Sara-
VoL. II. nil

tpf, enterlpg the Cafpian Sea, by feveral
mpuths, belpv> Aftraean. If is well ftpred
with fifli. [Hanway.]
Volcano, Pne pf the mpft cpnfidcrable
pf fhe Lipari Iflands, in the Mediterra
nean, S pf the Ifland pf Lipari, frpm
which it is feparated by a deep channel,
a mile and a half brpad^ It is 12 miks
in circumference, and is a volcano, in
the fprm of a broken cone, but^now emits
fmoke only. Volcano (as wcU as all the
reft of fhefe iflands) is fuppofed to have
been origia-ally the work of fubtcrranean
fire. Of the produiftion of this ifland,
in particular, Fazzello, one of the beft
of the SieiUan authors, fays, that it hap
pened in the early time of the Roman
republic, and is recorded by Pliny aad
Pthers. Volcanello, A fmall vpkapic ifland ia the
Mediterranean, between that of Lipari
and Volcaao.
Volhinia, A palatinate of Polaad, 30P
miles long and 150 broad ; bounded N
by Polefia, E by Kiof, S by Podolia, W
by Auftrian Poland. It coufifts chiefly
of plains watered by a great number of
rivers Lucho is the capital.
Valiffo, A large village on the ifland
Chio. It is built on a hiU, has 300 houf
es aad 1500 inhabicaiits. It has a caftic,
the neighbourhood is pleafant and fertile,
produciag annually 500 weight of filk.
[Pococke,]
Vollenhoven, A town of fhe United,
Provinces, in Overyfl'el, capital of a tetr
ritory of its name, with a caftle ; on the
Zuider Zee : 8 miles S W Steenvvich, and
12 N W Zwol,
Valo, an aacient tovvn of Turkey in
Europe, in Janna, with a citadel and a
fort. It is oa a gulf of tbe fame name,
where there is a good harbour : 30 miles
S E LL-iriffa.
Volj-r-nir, or Vladimir, a government of
Ruffia in Europe, formerly a province of
the government of Mofcow. 'Fhe foil is
extremely fertile, and in the forefts arc
innumerable fwarms of bees.
Vo'cU—ir, or p ladimir, a tovvn of Ruf
fia, capitalof a government of its name,
and once the metropolis of the empire :
IIO milesE by N Mofcow.
Vologda, formerly the largeft of all the
Ruffi.m European governments, contain
ing the provinces of Vologda, Archan^'ti,
and Veliki-Uftlug. It is novv divided in
to fhe tvvo provinces pf Vologda aad.Ve-
Uki-Uftiiig. It Is a marfliy country, full
of forefts, lakes, and rivers, and noted
for its fine wool.

V 0 IT

WA'C

Vologda, a town of Ruffia, in a prov
ince of the' fame n'ame, and tbe fee of an
archbifliop. If has a magnificent cathe
dral, feveral churches, a caftk, and a
fortrefs ; and carries on a confiderable
trade. It is in a marfli, on the river
Vologda, which falls iato the Sukhona :
^^57 miles N by E Mofcow,
Valia, A river of Guinea, which runs
from N fo S, and falls info the Atlantic
Ocean, E Acra;
Volterra, an apcicnt and csnfi'derable
town of Tufcany, in the territory of Pi
fa, with a bifliop's fee. Itis furrounded
by walls, contains feveral antiquities, is
noted for ifs medicinal Wafers, and is on
a mountain : 30 iriiks S W Florence, and
' 32 S E Pifa
Volturno, a river of Naples, which
pafl'es By Capua, and falls into the gulf
of Gaiefa.
Volturara, A fown of Naples, ill Capi
tanata, with a bifliop's fee. It is at the
foot pf the Appennines : 5a miles N E
Naples. Volvic, A fpwn of France, department
of Puy de Dome. Here- are Immenfe
quarries, formed by a current of prodig
ious lavis, which furnifli materials for
the buildings of the adjacent towns. The
fculptors have employed no other for
the ftatues in the churches ; and the
Auvergnian faints' (fays a French writer,
before the late univerfal demolition of
faints) have here the 'colour, which elfe
where is given to fhe devil. Volvic is
two miles from Riom.
Voorn, A fort of Dutch Guelderland,
on an ifland formed by the jumftioH of fhe
Wahal and rhe Maefe; at the E end of
the Bommel Waert.
Voorn, an ifla'nd of the United Prov
inces, in S Holland, between ihe mouths
of fhe Maefe. Briel is the capifal.
Vaarnland, A territory of the United
Provinces, anciently part of Zealand. It
confifts of the iflands of Voorn, Goree,
and Overflafikcc.
Voronetz, a government of European
Ruffia, the capital of which, of the lame
name : 217 miks S by E MofeovV.
Vofges; a department of France, includ
ing that part of Lorrain, which was
lately a province of the fame name. It
is fo called from a chain of mountains,
covered with wood, tbat feparates this'
department from the departments of Up
per Saone aad Upper Rhiae,
Vou-hou-bien, A cily of China, in the
province of Kiang-nan, and jurifdiiftio'h
of Taj-piiig-fou ; themoft confiderable,

in point of riches, in that jurifdiiftlon*!'
52 milcs S W Tay-ping-fou.
, Vouille, A village pf France, department'
pf Vienne, Here Clovis gained a battle,
in 507, againft Alaric, king of the Vifi-
gotbs, which extended fhe French empire
from fhe Loire fo fhe Pyrennees, If is 10
miles W Poitiers.
Vou-tchang-fou, the capifal ofthe prov
ince of Hou-quang, in- China ; fhe ren
dezvous, as' If were, of all the commer-'
cial people iri' the empire. As every
branch of trade is carried on here, its
port, feated on the Yang-ffe-kiang, is al
ways c'rovvded with- veflels ; fhe river be
ing fometimes covered iVlth fhem to the
diftance of two lea:gues. The beautiful
cryftal found in its mduritains, the plenti
ful crops of fine tea,, and the prodigious
fale pf the barabpp papermadehere, cpn-
fribirfe'np, lefs fp make it fampus fhan the
continual influx of flrangers. Its extent
is compared to that of Paris, Its diftria
contains one city of rhe fecond clafs, 9 of
the third, a fortified town, and feveral
fortreffes : 875 mfles S I>ekin, lon. 112 25
E, lat. 30 30 N,
Vou-tcbeou-fou, or Fou-tcheou-fou, a city
qf China, province of Kiang-fi, former
ly one pf the mpft beautiful in the em
pire ; buf, fince tbe invafion of the
Tartars, if has beeri a heap of ruins,
vvhich, however, ftill convey fpme idea
of its ancient magnificence. Its dlftriift
contains 6 cities pf the third clafs : 50
miks S by W Nanking, tep. n6 25 £,lati
27 30 N.

w

TTa.

A, or 'PVahe, a town of Svveden, in-
Schonen : 4 miles N Chriftianftadt.
IVaackbaufen, A town of Lower Saxonv^,
on a moor, near the Hamme; fhchoufes
are built of fand; ftone, and turf,- On fhe
Hamme's overflowing its banks, whole
di/triifts on this moor, vvith its oaks, firs,
ciders; barns, and ovens, are raifed by
the water to the height of 10 or 12 feet :'
flie frees, however, fubfide again with
thefoil, buf on the water's ebbing fuddcn--
ly, frequently fall : 12 miles N Bremen.
Waag, a river of Hungary, which'
rifes in the Carpathian mpuntains, paffes"
by Leppolftadt,aiid falls iato the Daaube,,
oppofite the iflaad of Scliut.
Wacbtendonck, a town of Pruffian Guel
derland, in a morafs, on the Nlers : 5'
miles S Guddres. Wadftna, .

W A t

WAL

•'Wddfiena, a town of Sweden, In E
fGothland, remarkable for its caftle, feat
ed on the E fide of the lake Wetter : i6o
nilks S W Stockholm.
Wugeningen, a town of Dutch Guel-
deriaad, on the Leek: lo miks N W
Wimeguen. Wageria, or Wagerland, a. fertile terri
tory in the duchy of Holfteia : 20 miks
in length, and -15 in breadih. Lubec is
,the capital,
Wahal, a river of the United Prov
inces, the S braiidi from the Rhine be
low Emmerick, It runs from E to W
through, Guelderland, paffes by Nimegu
en, Tiul, Bommel, and Gorcum ; and
joining fhe Maefe, pafl'es by Dort and
Rotterdam, and falls into the German
Ocean, below BrieL
Wahren, a town of, Germany, in Meck
lenburg : 10 miles S Malchin,
Waigats, flraits between Nova Zem
bla and Ruffia, through vvhich the Dutch
atteinpted to find a N E paffage 10. China,
and failed as far as 75 £ iaa. in lat, 72
25 N,
Wainfleet, a tovvn In Lincoln-fliire, Eng
land, near the fea, in a fenny part of the
country : 14 miks N E Bofton, and 130
N by £ London,
Wakefield, A town ill the W riding of
Yorkfliire, Epglaiid, It has tvvo church
es, oae with a tefty tower and fpire. It
trades ill white cloths and tammies: 28
miles S W York, and 184 N N W Lon
don, loa. I 28 W, lat. 53 41 N.
Walachia, a -prpvince of Turkey in Eu
rope, bounded on tlie N by Moldavia
-and Tranfylvania ; on tlie E hy Befl'ara
bia, and the river Danube, on fhe S by
Bulgaria, and on the W by Tranfylvania,
and the Danube. It is 280 piiles in length,
and 150 in its greateft breadth. It abounds
in excellent horfes and cattle, aud there
are mines of feveral kinds. The foil is
very fertile, and there is good paJlufes,
with wine, oil and «11 manner of Euro
pean fruits. 'I'he iahabitants, who are
chiefly of the Greek church, are wretch
edly ignoraat, and the higheft attain-
mcats of the ecelefiaftics feldom go be
yond readiagaad Tinging vvell, and know
ing the cereraoaies of lb:: church. Wala
chia is governed by a prince, often eleift-
ed by the people, and ftyled vvaywode,
defpot, or hofpodar. He is a vaffal pf
the OitomanTorte, his yearly tribute gen
erally aaiountiag 10 about 60,000 du
cats. "Fergovifts, or Tcrvis, is the eapl-
Jal, [Walker, Jackfon.]
Wulburjj, A tovva of Suabia.iu a baro

ny of the fame riame : 24 miles W Kemp..
toa, ten. 9 50 E, lat. 47 49 N.
Walcheren, the principal iflaad of Zea-
laad, feparated from the Ifiaads of N and S
Beveland, by a narrow channel ; and
from Dutch Flanders by the mouth ofthe
Scheld : bounded on tbe other fides by
the German Ocean. It is 9 miks long
and 8 broad, and being low is fubjeift to
inundations, but has gppd arable antl
pafture lands. Middleburg is the capi
tal. Walcot, A village in Lipcolnflilre, Eng
land, on the borders ;of .the fens, ope
mik from Folkingham. It -has a chaly
beate fpring, formerly much frequented.
Waleour, A town of the Auftrian Neth
erlands, county of Namur, between ihe
Meufe and Sambre : 12 miles S Cliark-
roy, and 27 S W Namur.
Waldeck, a princip,-ility of the Upper
Rhine, bounded E and S by Heffe Cafl'cl,
W aad N by WeftphaUa. It is a aioua-
tainou« coiintry, covered with woods,
and has mines of iron, copper, quickfilver
and alum,
Waldeck, capital .of the principality of
Its name, with a caftk, on ,tlie Suiii-
bach : 25 miks W S W jCaffel. ,
Walden, ii corporate ,tovvn in Effex,
England, oa an a-fceat, .aaiong pkafant
fields-of faffron, whicli il, here cultivated.
It is governed by a mayor, has a fine
large .Gothic cliui-cli ,: 27 piiles NNW
Chelmsford, and 42 ivi -by E London,
¦IValdkirk, a lown of Suabia, in Auf
trian Brifgaw, in an ifland formed by live
river Ellz, 5 inilcs fi'oni Friburg,
Waldfhiit, a ftrong town of Suabia, one
of tlie four Foreft 'l"owns, fubjccf to the
houfe of Auftria, It is oppofite tbe place
where the Aar falls into the Rhirie, at
the eatrance ofthe Black Foreft : 8 nillc-s
N E Lauffeaburg, aad 17 W Schafl'h.iu-
fen. Waldfiadte, a pame given 10 the Svvifs
cantons of Lucern, -Uri, Scii.vveilz, and
Uadcrvv aldea. It figaliles Forefi Towns ;
thefc-Caatons coiitaiiiipg a great number
of forefts. This diftritft muft aot be con
founded with the W'aldftadle, or I'ortft
'l"owas of S.uabla, which are Lauffealuitg,
Waldfchut, icckingca, aad Rheiiifeldtn.
IVaUfi, titer See, or Lake, one ot I he fin
eft lakes in Swifi'i-rland. It coafifts of 3
principal branches, called the lakes of
Lucera, Scbweitz, and Uri. 'Ihe lake uf
Lucera is ia the form of a crofs ; the
fides pf vvhich ftretch from Kull'natcht lo
Dullenvval. a village near Staniz. It is,
bounded toward the tuwn bv cullivatet^ hilla

WAL

WAL

hills floping gradually to the water, con
traftcd on the opppfite fide by an enpr-
mous mafs of barren and craggy rocks ;
Mount Pilate, one of the higheft moun
tains in Swifferland, rifing boldly from
the lake. Toward the £ of this branch,
the lake coatraifts into a narrpw creek,
fcarcely a mile acrpfs. Spon after, it
again widens, and fprms the fecpnd
branch, or lake of Scbweitz, on tbe W
jide, the canton of Underwalden, on the
E that of Scbweitz. Here the mountains
are ipore lofty, and infinitely varied ;
fome covered to fhe very fummifs with
verdure, others perpendicular apd crag
gy ; here forming amphitheatres of wood,
there jutting into the wafer in bold
promontories. Near Brumeii commen
ces fhe third branch, or lake of Uri,
whicli fakes a S E direiftion. If is deep
and narrow, about 9 miks long, bordered
on botb.fides by rocks uncommonly wiljl
and romantic, vvifh forefts of beech and
pine growing down their fides to the
very edge of the wafer.
Wales, a principality in the W of Eng
land, 120 miles long, and 80 broad;
bounded N by fhe Irifli Sea, W, by that
fea and St, George's Channel, S by fhe
Briftol Channel, E by the counties of
Chefter, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth,
It is divided into 12 counties; viz, Angle
fey, Carnarvoatliire, Denbighfliire, Flint
fliire, Merionethflilre, and Montgome
ryfliire, in N Wales ; Brecknockfliire,
Cardiganfliire, Carmarthenfliire, Glam
organfliire, Pembrokefliire, and Radnor
fliire, in 3 Wales, It is the country to
which the ancient Britons fled, when
Great Britain was invaded by the Saxoas,
They are aow called Welfli, aad contiaue
to preferve their owa laaguage. It coa
tains 751 parifhes, and 58 market towns.
The air is clear and fliarp, the cattle
fm.iU, and provifions, In general, good
and cheap. Wales is a mountainous
country, and is particularly remarkable
for goats. It is watered by many rivers,
the principal of whicli are noted in the
diffeicni counties.
Wales, New South, the E CPaft of Nevv
HoUand, extending from 43 49 to 10 37
,S lat, being the N and S extremities of
that vaft ifland. This coaft vvas firft ex-
])lorcd by captain Cook, in 1770 ; anda
tielii'a vvas formed, in confequence of bis
i-'.cummendation, 10 fettle a colony of
convict-, at Botany Bay Captain Philip
being appointed governpr of the iatead-
ei] f(.-ttkmeat, as vvell as commodore oa
'.he vovi'.-.'c, failed from Portfmouth, iu

May 1787, with a detachment of marinej,
and 778 coiiviifts, of whicb 220 were
wpmep. He arrived at Bpfapy Bay in
January 1788 ; but finding this bay very-
ineligible ior a coteny, be fixed upon Port
Jackfon. See Part Jackfon. A vaft chain
of tefty mountains, about 60 miles inland,
runs nearly in a N and S direiftion fur
ther than the eye can reach. The gen
eral face pf it is pleafing, diverfified with
gentle rifings aad fmaU wind lag valliesi
cpvered fpr the mpft part with large
I^reading trees, affprding a fucceffipa o£
leaves in all feafpns ; and a variety of
flowering' flirubs, almoft aU entirely new
to an European, and pf exquifite frag-,
ranee, abpund in thpfe places which are
free frpm trees. Many pf the plants have
beea impprted iatp Britain, and are iipwi
flpurifliing, not only in the rpyal garden
' at Kew, but in many private cpfleiftipas.
The climate is npf difagreeable ; the heat
has never been exeeffive ia fummer, npr
the cplcl lafplerabk in vviater. StPrms
of thuader aad lightning are frequent ;
buf thefe are cpmmon to all warm coun
tries. The quadrupeds are prlacipally
of the ppoffum kind, of which- the motb'
remarkable is the kangarpp. There is
alfo a fpecies of dogs -very different from
thofe known in Europe ; they are ex
tremely fierce and untameabk ; fome of
fhem have been brought 10 England, but
ftili retain their native ferocity. Thefet
dogs, which arc the only domeftic animal
fhey have, are called dinge ; but all other
quadrupeds, without exception, ihey
name'kangaroo. There are many beaufifuL
birds of various kinds ; among which
the principal are, a black fwan, its vviugs.
edged with white, its bill tiaged with red ;
ancl the oftrich, or caffowary, whicli fre
quently reaches the height of feven feet
or more -Several 'iciads of fcrpeats, large
fpidcrs, and fcolopcndras, have alfo becn
met witb ; and three nr four fpecies of
auts, particularly gre?n ants, which build
their nefts upoa frees in a very fingular
manner. "Fhere are likewife many curi
ous fiflies ; ihpugli the finny tribe feem,
aot to be fo plentiful oa the coaft as to
give any confiderable affiftaoce in the
way of proviCoas for the coloay : fome
very large fliarks have been feen in Port
Jackfoa, aad tvvo fmaller fpecies. The
inhabltaar,-; pf Nevv South Wales are
reprefented :i<;, perhaps, tbe moft mifer
able aad favrge race of men exifliag.
They go entirely naked, but do aot ap
pear iufcafible of the benefits of cloth-.
lag, or of fome of tbe conveniciicies of
which

WAL

WAL

which their new neighbpurs are poffeff
ed. Spme of them, whom the colpnifts
partly clolhed, feemed tp be pleafed witb
the cpnifortabk warmth they derived
frpm it, atid they all exprefs a great de
fire fpr irpn tools. Their colour is rath
er a deep chpcolatc fhan a fuU black: buf
the filth wilh which their fkin is cpver
ed, prevents its true cplpur from appear
ing. Notwithftanding their difregard
for European finery, they are fond of
adorning their bodies with fears ; fo that
fome of thein make a very hideous figure.
Sometimes, the flcin is raifed feveral
inches from the flefli, and appears as if
filled with wind ; and all thefe feem lo be
reckoaed marks of honor. Some of
them perforate the cartilage of the nofe,
and thruft a large bone through it, a fright
ful kind of ornament, humoroufly called
by the falters their fprit fail yard. Their
hair is generaly fo much clotted with a red
gura, ,tliat they refemble a mop. They
paint themfelves with various colours :
they will alfo fometimes ornameht them
felves with beads and fliells, but make ap
ufe of.the beautiful feathers of their
birds, Moft of the men want one of the
' fore teeth in the upper jaw, which alfo
appears to be a badge of honor among
them. It is common for the women to
, cut off two joints of the Utttk finger ;
which, confidering the clumfinefs of thtir
amputating inftruments, muft be a pain
ful operation. The New Hollanders ap
pear extremely deficient in the ufeful
arts. Of the cultivation of the ground
they have no notion ; nor can they be
prevailed upon to eat bread or dreffed
meat. Hence they depend entirely for
fubfiftence oa the fruits -iad roots tbey
caa gather, and the fifli fhey catch
They frequently fet fire 'to fhe grafs, ia
order to drive out the opoffums, and oth
er animals, from their retreats ; and they
have been obferved fo fet decoys for
quails. As all thefe refources muft be,
at beft, precarious, it Is no wonder tbat
they are frequently diftreffed fpr prp
vifions. Thus, ia the fummer, ihcy
would eat neither the fliark nor the fting-
ray; but, ia wiater, aay thiag was ac
ceptable, A youag whale beiag driven
on fliore, was quickly cut in pieces, and
carried off; they broiled it only long
enough to fcorch the outfide ; and in
this raw ftate they cat aU their fifli. They
fometiaies bake their proviiloas, by the
help of hot ftoncs, Uke the inhabitants of
the iflands ia the Southern Ocesn,
Among the fruits ufed by tbem is -j kind

of wild fig ; and they eat alfo the kernel*
of a fruit refembling the pineapple. The
principal part of their fubfiftence, hpw
ever, is fifli, Tbey fometimes ftrike the
fifli from the canoes with fpears, fome
times catch them with hooks, and alfo
make ufe of nets, which are generally
made of the fibres of tbe flax plant, wifh
very Uttle prepararion, and are ftrong
and heavy ; the lines of wbich tbey arc
compofed being twifted Uke whipcord.
Some of them, however, appear fo be
made of the fur of an ariimal, and others
of cotton. The meflies of the nets are
made of Ui-ge loops, artificiaUy inferted
into each other, without any knots.
Tbeir hooks are made of the infide of a
fliell, very much refc-mbling mother-of-
pearl. Their canoes 'ire nothing more
than large pieces of bark, tied up at both'
ends with vines; and, confidering the
flight texture of thefe veffels, the dex
terity wifh which they are managed,
and the boldnefs with which they ven
ture, out to fea in tbem, is wondcrfuK
There is no good reafon for fuppofing
tbem fo be cannibals ; buf tbey eaf ani
mal fubftances raw, or next to it. Some
of their vegetables are poifonoiis when
raw, but nol fo when boiled. They could
never be brought to tafte fpirits a fecond
lime. Their huts coafift of pieces of b.irk,
laid together in the form ofaa ovca,
open at oae end, very low, but long
eaough for a maa fo lie at full length ;
but fhey feem to depend more for flielter
oil the caverns with which the rocks
abound. So far from being fo iiinurcd
lo the colcl, hv going invariably naked,
as to be infenhble lo the injuries of the
weather, the colonifts had repeated op
portunities of feeing them fliivering with
cold in the winter, or huddliag together
ia heaps, ia their huts, or in caverns, till
a fire eould be kindled to warm them.
It is probable, however, iiotwiihflanding
their exircmebarbarifm,th3t fome knovvl
edge of the arts mr.y be introduced
among them, as fome have been feen at
tentively confidering the utenfils ancl con
veniences of the Europeans, with a vie-«',
feeniingly, of making fimilar improvc-
meats. In fome things alfo, they poffefs
a great power of imitation. They can
imitate the fongs and language of tbe
Europeans, almpft inftantanepufly, much
belter than the latter can imitate theirs
by teng praclice ; and this faknf is dif-
cernabkla their fculptures, every vvhere
fo be met vvith on the rocks: thefe rep
refent men and other animals, and though rude.

¦W A L

WAL

JTiiie, arc very furprifipg for people who
.•itave aot the kaowledge of coaftruiftlng
a comfortable habitation, or of making
clothes. In perfon, they are aiftive, vig-
'orous, and ftout, though generally lean.
The women have fometimes -been kept
back with the moft jealous fenfibility ;
fomeliraes offered with fhe greateft fa
miliarity. Such pf them as bave been
-feen, have foft and pkafiagvpices ; aad
i"eem not to be deftitute of modefty.
The men difplay great perfonal bravery
-on the appearance of any danger : but,
with all their courage, they are much
afraid of a mufket, and almoft equally fo
-of a red coat, vvhich they kaow to^bc-tbe
-martial drefs of -the Europeans. The
¦mifehlef vvhich they have hitherto done,
has been exercifed only oa fome
ilraggline coavitfts, -moft of whom
probably, have been fhe aggreflprs : they
certainly burn their dead, whieh, per
haps, has given rife to fhe ftory of tlieir
beiag caanibafs. They feem very Uttle
eddlifted to thieving, ia comparifon with
the Iiihabit.-iats of moft ofthe iflands in
the Sou-thera Ocean ; aad they are very
'Koncft amoag themfelves, -leaving their
fpears and other implements on the
!icach. In pcrfeift fecurity of their re-
friaiaing untouched. They are very ex
pert af throvviag their javelias, aad 'will
hit a mark with great certaialy, at a
eonriderabk diftaace. They are more
numerous than was at firft imagined ;
though ftiU their numbers muft be ac
counted few in comparifon to the exteat
of the country ; and there is reafon tobe-
lieve that'the'iaterior parts are aainhab-
ited. The jurifdiiftioa of the governor
-o," New S Wales, extcRds from 43 49 fo
13 37 Slat. From the feacoa-ft it exteads
weftward as far as 135 E ipa.aiid theace
proceeding ia aa eafterly direiftioa, la
cludes all the iflands ia the -Pacific Ocean,
within fhe above menllpaed latitudes.
[Phillips.]
JVallenreid, A town of Upper Saxony,
il Thuringia : 20 miks S 'W Halberftadt.
Walleburd, a town of Swifferlaad, iri
the caafon of Bafle, with a caftle, pn a
li'gh rpck. It is at the foot of Mount
Jura : 15 miles N E Soleure,
Wallenfiadt, a tovvn of Swifferland, In
Appenzel, incorporated Into the baili
wick of Sargands, buf enjoyiog many dif-
tiacft privileges. It derives its cxitteacc
from the paffage of the merchaadlfe
iranfportcd from Germany, ihroagh the
'Tountry of the Grifons, to Italy, This
cir.uualcaLii).! 0-ccafioiis ihe frequent

refort of Italian merchants ; and that lap.
guage is underftood by many ofthe in^
habitants. This town is at the E End of
a lake of its name : 9 miles W Sargans,
and 15 N -W Coire, [Coxe.]
Wallenfiadt, a -lake of Swifferland, 12
miles long and 2 -broad, bouaded N and
S by high mountains. On the fide of the
canton ef Glarus, the mountains are
chiefly cultivated. 'On the other fide,
numberlefs cafcades, occa.fioned by the
melting of, the fnows, fall down fhe fides
of-the mopntaips, fi-om a very confider
able height, and with an almoft incon
ceivable variety. Through this lake
flows the -Mat, which, foon af ley, joining
the 'Linth, forms the river Limmat, [Coxe,]
¦Wallingford, an ancient borough ip
Berkfliire, England, on the "rhanies, over
which isa ftone bridge: 46 miles W
Londonr '
.Walloons, a name fnrmcriy given tq
fhe inhabifants pf a cpnfiderablc part pf
the French and Auftrian Netherlands.
Walpo, a town of Selafvonia, capital of
a county of its name, with a caftk : 20
miks W Efleck, and 1 10 .S -Buda, lon, 1 9
22 E, lat, 45 35 N,
Walfall, A corporate fown in Staffordr
fliire, England, If has feveral manufac
tures In Iron, fuch as nails, bridkbits,
ftirrups, fpurs, buckles, &c. and is gov
erned by a mayor. If is on the fide of a
hill: .15 miksS Stafford, and 116 N W
London, Walfiag!, North, a fown in Norfolk,
England : 10 miks E .Norwich,
¦Walfiiigbam, a town in Norfplk, Eng
land, fanipus for the ruins of a monaftery;
which had a flirine of the Virgin, almoft,
as much frequented, as that of Thomas
Becket af Canterbury. Among thefe ru
ins are tvvo uacovered wells, piie of vvhich
is called fhe Virgia Mary's, or the Holy
Well : 25 miles N W Noiwich, and 116
NNE London,
Waltbam, a town in Hampfliire, -Eng
land : Smiles S Winchefter, and 65 W
by S London,
Waltbam Abbey, A town in Effex, Eng
land, -Here are fome gunpowder mills,
and foine manufaiftures of printed Unens
and pins. It is on the river Lea : 12
mUes N by £ London.
Waltlxim Grafs, a village in Hcrtford
fliire : 12 milcs N by E London.
Waltbam on the Would, a town in Liec-
efterffiire : 19 miles N E Leicefter.
Wclth.:mfio'.,v , a confiderable village io
Effex,

W A K

W A K

Effex, adorned wifh handfome villas : 5
jhiles N E London.
Waltbamfiow, A confiderable village in
Effex, adorned with handfome villas :
5 miles N E London.
Wallinbruch, A tovvn of Suabia, duchy
Of Wirtemburg, on the Aich.
Walton, A confiderable village in Sur-
ty, on the Thames, over which is a hand
fome bridge : 6 miles W by S Kiagftoa.
Wandfwarth, alarge village ia Surry, on
the Wandle, near its coafluence with the
Thames, The dying of eloth has been
praiftifed here for more tbaii'a- century ;
there are alfo- manufaiftures for bolting
cloth, the printing of calicoes and ker
feymeres, and the vvhitening and preffing
of ftuffs ; with oil, iron, and wliitekad
mills, vinegar v/orks, and diftiUeries : 5
miles W S W London.
Wangen, an imperial town in- Suabia.
The inhabitants are papifts, and carry
an a great trade in paper aad hard ware.
Itis 17' miles N E Lindati, and 30 £ Coa-
ftance. Wangen; A town of Swifferlaad, capital
of the bailiwick of Waiigca, on the Aar :
10 miles £ Soleure, and 23 N N E
Bern. Wangen, A town of France, department
of Lower Rhine, on fhe fide of a moun
tain, furrounded by a wall : 8 miles N
W Straffiurg.
Wanlackhead, a village in the N part
Bf Dumfriesfllire. It is near the lead
mines, and has a confiderable number of
fmelting houfes.:
Waif ead, a village in Effex, on the
fclrts pf Epping Fpreft, diftinguiflied for
Wanftead Hpufe, one of the moft- mag
nificent feats in England.. The cluirch,
rebuilt in 1790, is- a beautiful ftruCture
of Portland ftone :. 6 miles N E London.
Wantage, a town in Bcrkfliire, Englaad,
famous fpr being the birthplace pf king
Alfred : 12 miks S by W Oxfprd.
Waradin, Great, A ftroag fown pf Up
per Huagary, capital pf a opuaty of its
ri^amc,-with a citadel, aad a. bifliop's fee :
150 miles ENE Buda, \on. ix 50 f.,iat.
47 5 N.
Waradin, Little, A flrong town of Scla
vonia, capital of a couaty of its name, on
the Drave : 28 miles W S W Kanifea, loa.
16 I! E, lat, 46 48 N.
Waningole, (the Ariakill of Fonflita)
once the capital of Golconda, in the Dec-
nan of Hindooftan, The fite of it Is evi
dent from the'old ramparts, which are
amazingly extenfive. A modern fortrefs
is conftruifted within it, and is ip thepof-

feffiop of the nizam of the Deccan r.6»
miles NNE Hydrabad, lop. 79 30 E, lati
18 6 N.
Warburg, a feaport of Svveden, prov
ince of Halland, ,with a caftic : 30 mlksi
S Goftciriburg, lat. 57 12 N.
Warburg, a town of Germany, bifliop
ric of Paderborn, forpierly Imperial and
Hanfeatic : ao mUes S E Paderborn, lat.
51 33 N.
Warcap,. a village ia Weftmorland,. V
England, cm the river Eden,S E Appleby;
Here vvas a large caftle, which covered
near an acre of ground, wilh w-alls 15 fecj
thick, fhe ftones of which were ufed forr
builtUng the fteeple of the church.
Warde, a town ia N Jutland, near the
mouth of A river pf its name : 15 niik&
N Ripen. Wardhuys, a feaporf of Danifli Lapland,
on a fmall ¦ ifland pf Its name, near tins
cpiitinent. If has an pld fprt,, vvhere tho
|«)vernor refides-: 120 miks S £ of the
N Cape, laf. 70 22 N.
Ware, a- town of Hertfordfliire, Eng
land, on the Lea, by which 5000 quarters
of malt and corn ate frequently feat in -1
week to Loadon, aad the barges return
with coal: la 1408, it was deftroyed by
a great iaundation ; and fluices and weara-
werc made ia the river, to preferye ii
from future floods : 21 miles N London.
Warebridge, or W,idebridge, A town in
Cprnwall, England, noted for its bridge
over the river Camel, vvhich is, the hand
fomeft in the cpu'nty, and fupported by
20 arches : 20 miles W Launccfton.
Wareham, a borpugh and feaport in
Dorleifliire, England, between the Fromt
and Piddle, at their eatraace into Loch-
ford Lake, the W part of Poole harbour.
Ic had fcveral churches, now reduced to
three ; alfo a wall and a/caftle ; but hai
fuffered much by the varipps turnsof for
tune, and the harbour is almoft choked
up. Above the bridge, over the Frome,
is a good falmon fifliery ; and in the
neighbpurhppd fine tobaccppipe clay is
dug, of which nearly 10,000 tons arc an
nuaUy exported lo London, Liverpool,
&c, Wareham has iioo inhabitants, i.-:
governed by a mayor, feads tvvo members
to parliament, and is 20 miles £ Dorchef
ter, and 114 W by S London.
Waria. A fown of Poland, in Mafovia,
on the river Pilfa, lat. 51 35 N,
Wjrkwortb, A village ia Northumber-
laad, Fingland : 5 miles S E Alnwick,
with a caltle, in which is a chapel cut
out of a rock,
WarmeU-iJ, fee Wermeland. Wuri.-lii'l^er^.

WAR

WAR

tVarminfier, a fpwn in Wiltfliire, Eng-
lapd : 22 mfles N W Saliffiury.
Warnemunde, A feapprt of Germany, in
the duchy of Mecklenburg. The Swedes
bad a houfe here to take toll ; but, in
1710, when their affairs were upoa tbe
decliae, the duke of Mecklenburg put a
garrifon in it. It is on the Baltic, af fhe
mputh of the Warne : 26 miks N E Wif
mar, tea. 12 26 E, laf. 54 4 N.
Wanieton, A town of Auftrian Flanders,
on fhe Lis : 8 miles N W Lifle.
Warrington, A large and populous
town in Lancafliire, Englaad. It has
large mapufaiftures of fail clofh, facking,
cotton, pins, and glafs. It is on fhe
Merfey, over which is a bridge : 18
miks £ Liverpool, and 18 W by S
Manchefter. ''
Warfaw, A large city of Poland, capi
tal of that country, and pf the prpvince
of Mafovia. It Is built partly in a plain,
and partly on a gentle rife frpm fhe Vif
tula, which is as brpad as the Thames at
Weftminfter, but fliallaw in fummer.
This city and ifs fuburbs pccupy a vaft
extent of ground, and contain above
60,000 inhabitants. The whole exhibits
the ftrpng cpatraft of wealth aad pover
ty, luxury aad diftrefs, which pervades
every part of this unhappy country.
The ftreets are fpacious, but ill paved ;
the churches and public buildings, large
and magnificent ; the palaces of the no
bility, numerous and fplendid ; but fhe
greateft part of the houfes, particularly in
the fuburbs, are mean and ill conftruifted
wooden hovels. In the begianing of
1794, the emprefs of Ruffia put a garrlfpn
iato fhis city, in order to compel the
Poles fo acquiefce in the ufurpations flie
had in view, but this garrifoa was fooa
expelled by the clfizeas. The iafur-
rccfioa became general throughout Po
land, and the king of Pruffia laid fiege to
Warfaw in July, but was compelled to
raife It ia September. The Ruffiaas
fummoaed Warfaw fo furreader, and oa
beiag refufed, afler fhe juncftion pf the
different cprps under Ferfrn, Dernfeld,
Denifpw, aad Suwarraw, fhey proceeded
on the 4fh of November, fo attack the
fuburbs of Praga, la fhe meaa time,
the geaerals, Madalinfki and Dambrowf-
ki, threw themfelves into Warfaw, and
prepared for refiftance. The fuburb of
Praga vvas defended by more than a hun
dred pieces of cannon, difpofed upon 33
batteries. Little intimidated by fo for
midable a force, the ferocious Suwarrow
commanded his foldiers fo mount to the

affault in the fame mapper they had dond
at Ifmael, by climbing over the dead and
wounded bodies of their comrades, , as
well as of their enemies His farther
commands were, that they ffiould fight
only with the fabre and bayonet. 'I'he
Ruffians fprung to the charge with almofi,
inconceivable impetuofity ; tbey eagerly
began to climb the works, and fhe fix
Ruffian columns, by fingular geod for
tune, prefented themfelves at the fame
moment befpre fhe lines pf Praga, Thus
furrpunded, the Ppllfli generals fpund
themfelves unable fp oppofe with 10,000
foldiers, which was the whole of their
force, the united attack of 50,000 pien :
andjto add fo their diftrefs, the fire which
they immediately corameaced, from the
darknefs of the night, was f6 ill direifted,
as to pafs over the heads of the affail
ants. The cry raifed by the fuccefsful col
umns, penetrated to the entrenchments
on the other fide of the Viftula, and add
ed to the confternation of the Poles en
gaged with the other part of fhe Ruffian
fprce ; and tbey endeavoured to find
fafety by retiring into Warfaw, over a,
bridge. In their retreat, they were men
by another body of Ruffians, and a dread
ful carnage enfued, in which a great part
of fhe garrifon of Praga was miferably
flaugbtered. After a fevere copfllift of
eight hours, fhe refiftance on the part of
the Pole.i ceafed ; but the maffacre lafted
for tvvo hours longer, and the pillage laft,«
ed till noon on the following day : 5000.
Poles were computed fo have beea flain
in the affault ; the remainder were cither
imprifoned or difperfed. The citizens
were compelled to lay down their arms,
and their houfes were plundered by the
mercikfs Ruffians ; who, after the battle
hadceafedaearly iohours,abouf 9 o'clock
at night fet are to the town, and again
begaa to maffacre the inhabitants ; 9000
perfons, unarmed men, defencelefs wo
men, and liirmkfs infants, periflied either
ill the flames or by the fword, and near
ly the whok of the fuburb vvas reduced
to aflies. In tbe whole of this fiege, it
is computed fhat not lefs than 30,000 of
the Poles were inhumanly put to death.
It has been fince given up to Pruffia.
Warfaw is 160 miks S E Daatzic, 130 N
N E Cracow, aad 300 N £ Vieaaa, loa.
21 o E, lat. 52 14 N,
Waria, A town of Great Poland, in the
palatinate of Siradia, oa the river "Waria :
12 niiles N Siradia, ten, 18 o f^, lat. 51
41 N.
fVarteniurg, a town ef Silefia, capital of

WAT
«f a lordffiip of its name. In 1744, it
was entirely reduced fo aflies, except the
caftle : 22 miks N W Breflaw.
Warwick, an ancient borough in War-
wickffiire, England. It is the county
towa, oa a rocky eminence, above the
liver Avon, over which is a ftone bridge.
It Was fortified witha wall, novv in ruins;
but it has ftill a fine caftle of the ancient
earis of Warwick, inhabited by tbe pref
ent poffeffor of that title. ' Warwick is
governed by a mayor, and principally
HSunfifts of one regalar built ftreet, at each
end of which is an ancient gate. It had
anciently 6 monafteries, and 6 churches ;
of the latter 2 only remain : it has like-
wife a handfome fliirehoufe, a good free
fchool, aad a noted hofpital for 12 de
cayed gentlemen, who have each 20
pounds a year, and fhe chaplain 50 : 15
miles S W Coventry, and 93 NW Lou
don. Warwickfiire, A county of England ;
bounded N W by Staffordftire, N E by
Leicefterfliire, W by Wprcefterfliire, E
by Northamptonfliire. It coritains four
hundreds and one liberty, one city, 12
market towns, 158 pariflies, and 24,000
houfes ; and fends 6 members to parlia
meat. The air is very mild, pkafant, and
healthy. The N part, calkd fhe Wood
lands, is divided from the S, called the
Fcldpn, by the river Avpn ; and the fpil
of both is rich and fertile. It prpduces
cprn, malt, wppd, wpol, cheefe, coal, iroa,
and limeftone. The principal rivers are
the Avon, Tame, and Arrow. The cap
ital is Warwick, buf Birmiagham is fhe
largeft tovvn.
Wafferburg, a town of Bavaria, with a
caftk, among mountains : 25 miles E by
S Munich. Watcbet, a tovvn of Somerfetfliire, Eng
land, on the Bfiftol Channel, at the mouth
of a good harbour, frequented by coal
ffiips : 14 miks N W liridgewafer, and
153 W by S London,
Waterford, a fiae coanty of Ireland,
bounded S by St. George's Channel, W
by Cork, £ by Waterford Haven, vvhich
parts it from Wexford. It contains 71
pariflies, 18,796 houfes, iio,ooo lahabif
aats, and fends 10 members to parlia
ment. Waterford, A populous city and feaport
of Ireland, in a county of its name, with
a bifliop's fee. It is the fecpnd place in
fhe kingdpm and has aa excellent har
bpur, where fliips pf the greateft burdea
may ride at the qu;iy. It has 3600
houfes, 26,000 inhabitants, and ftands
Vol, II. M ra m m

WEI
en the river Sure : 8 miles N St. George's
Chaanel, 26 S Kilkenny, and 75 S by W
Dublin, lon. 6 54 W, lat. 52 18 N.
Watford, A town Ip Hertfordffiire, Eng
land, with a great corn market on Tuef
day. It is on the Coin : 7 miles S by W
St. Alban's and 14 N W London.
WatUngton, A town in Oxfprdffiire, Eng
land : 14 miles S E Oxfprd, and 46 W
London. Watten, A town of France, department
of the N,on the Aa • 5 miks from St.
Omer. Wattoii, A town in Norfolk, England :
18 miks S W Norwich.
Wawra, a fmAU tovvn, tributary to fhe
kingdom of Bambarra, furrounded witb
high waUs, inhabited by a mixture of
Mandingocs and Foulahs, Here they
employ themfelves principally in cultl-
vatirig corn, which they exchange with
the Moors for fait, [Park,]
Wear, A river of Englarid, which falls
into the German Ocean,
Wearmouth, a village In Durham, Eng
land, on the N fide of the mouth of the
Wear, oppofite Sunderland, Here is an
i.-on bridge over the Wear, of one arch
236 feet fpan, ereifted ia 1796, and the
firft ever conftruifted of parts fo formed,
as to unite ia the maaaer pf keyftpaes.
Weddenfcbveil, A tpwa pf Swifferland,
canton pf Zuric, and has 8188 inhabit
ants. Near it is a remarkabte waterfall.
If is pn the W fide pf the lake of Zuric :
10 miles S E of that city, [Coxe.]
Weert, a tovvn of Dutch Brabant, tak
ep by the French in 1794: 12 miles W
Ruremonde, lat. 51 7 N.
W.-ever, A river of England, which en
ters the eftuary ofthe Merfey. It is pav-
igable to Winsford,
Weibligen, a towp of Swabia, in Gej'ma-
ny. It was belieged by Conrad 3d, and
the women being allowed to depart with
vvhat they could carry on their flioul
ders, each one took her huffiand, and left
fhe place to the enemy. [Adam.]
Weibfadt, a tpvvn of Germany, bifliop
ric of Spire : 20 miles S E Heidelberg.
Weicbierbr.cb, a tovvn in Weteravia,
with a caftk, where the count refides.
Weiden, a tpwn of Bavaria : 10 miles
N W Luchftcaberg, lat. 49 34 N.
Weil, or Wyl, a free imperial town of
Suabia, duchy of Wirtemburg. The in
habitants are Roman catholics. It is oa
the Worm : 12 miles W Stutgard.
Weilburg, a town of the Upper Rhine,
county of Naffau. It Is on the Lahn :
29 miks E Mentz, lat, 50 i8 N. Weilhsia

WE L

W E O'

Weilbeim, A town pf Suabia, duchy of
"Wirtemburg, on tbe river Laurer.
Weimar, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Thuringia, wifh a magaificent caftle, the
refidence of the duke of Saxe- Weimar, in
which the duke has a valuable library, a
cabinet of medals, a mufeum, and a gal
lery of paiatings- Weimar Is on the Ilm :
20 miles N E Ei'furt, and 20 W S W
Naumburg, lon. 11 52 E, laf. 51 6 Ivl,
;¦ Weingartin, a-fown in the palatinate of
tlie Rhine, on the Brinfza,: 4 miks N E
Dourlach, and 9 S PhiUpffiurg.
Weinheim, a town. in the palatinate of
the Rhine : 10 miles N Heidelberg.
Weifbaden, A- fown in the eleiftorafe of
Mentz, where there are hot baths in -high
efteem : 8.miks-N. E Mentz, and 15 W
Francfprt. Weiffrain; ice Vefperin.
Weifelmunde, a fprtrefs of Weftern Pruf
fia, af the mouth of the Viftula, betew
Dantzic, whofe harbour it defends, ten,
18 40 E, lat, 54 24 N,
Weiffemburg, a town of France, depart
ment of Lower Rhine. Between this
place and Lauterburg, are the famous
lines from which the French drove the
Auftrians in 1744; and- in 1793, the
Pruffians drove the French from the
fame fituation. It is on the Lauter : 10
iniles S W Landau, and 22 N-E Straf
burg, laf, 48 53 N.
Weiffemburg, a free imperial ttsWTt- of
Franconia. The inhabifants are protef
tants : 30 miles S W Nuremburg, laf. 49
4N.
* Weiffemburg, A fown of Saxony : 20
miles N by W Wittemberg, apd 20 N E
Deffaw, Weiffemburg, iee Alba Julia.
Weiffemburg, or Stul-iveiffemburg, a fown
of Lpwer Hungary, at the E end of the
flatten See: 36 mfles S W Buda, lat, 47
32 N,
Weiffenfeh, a town of Upper Saxony,
in Mifnia. Above the tnwn is a fine cit
adel,, calkd Auguftuffiurg, the refidence of
the duke of Saxe-Weifl'enfcls : 17 miles
S W L'-ipiick.
Welland, a river of England, whicli paf
fes by Market Haiborough to Stamford,
irom whence it'is navigable to the Fofi'-
dike Wafll, which it enters bclovv Spald
ing, Wellingborough, atown In Northampton
fliire, England. Afire happened here in
-013%, which confumed above 800 ' houf
es.; but it has been fince ncbuilt : 12
jnilcs.N, E Northampton, and 6SN by W
London.

Wellington, A town in Shropfllire, Erig
land ; 1,2 miks E Shrewffiury.
Wellington, A towll in Somerfetfliire,
England : 15 miks N E Exeter,
Wells, A feaport in Norfolk, England, a-
large -church, a quaker's meeting, anda
confiderable corn trade : 27 miles N-
Swaffham, and 121 N NE Londoa. ,
Wells, A city ia Somerfetfliire, Englandi
It is feated at the footof a bill, aadhas itt,
name from, fhe vrells arid fprings about,
if ; aad is- a- bifliop's fee, joiafly with
Bath, The cathedral is a ftately pile,^
and the bifliop's pakpe is like a caftle,
beiag furrouadcd w-ith waUs aad.a moat.
The city is gover-oed by, a-riiayor, lends
2 members to -parliam.ent, and is the cen
tre of A great manpfacfture of worfted.
ftockings : 16 miks S Briftol, aad 120 W
London, Wells, A town of Auftria, on the
Trawn : 18 ' miks S Lintz.
Welffpool, A town-ia Moatgomeryfliirc,
Wales. It is the priacipal fradiag town'
in the county, being the great mart for
Welfli cottons, fla'iinels, &c. The caftle,
called Powis Caftle, is built of a reddifli
ftone, and Is a large ftately ftruifture. It
is 111 a rich vale, on fhe 6evern : 9 miles
N Montgomery, and 19. W Shrewffiury,
laf. 52 33 N. ."
Weltcnhurg, i&& Arback..
Welwyn, A village ia Hertfordfliire,
Eagland : 5 miles N Hatfield," Of this,
place the celebrated Dr. Young was rec
tor ; aad here was the fcene of his Night
Thoughts. Wem, a-town in Shropfllire, England;
on the Roden : 9 miles N Ehrewffiu-
Wendaver, a Ixirough in Buckingham,.
fliire, Eaglaad. It fends 2'- members fo
parliament : 35 milcs W by N London.
Wenner, the largeft lake of Sweden, in
W Gothland, N W of fhe lake Wetter.
It is 9P miks in length, and, in fpme plac
es, 40 ia breadth.
Wentoci,a borough in. Shropfllire, Eng
land. .It fends 2.men>bers fo parliament :
12 miles S E Shrewffiury.
W.-nfyffel,.. A peninfula of Denmark,
which makes- the N part of N Jutland ;
bpunded E by the Catega,le, N and W by
the Germaa Ocean.
Weifyffet, a town of Denmark, in N
Jutland, capital of a prefeifture of its
name. It is on the Ryaa : 17 miks N
W Alburg, loa. 9 40 E, lat. 57 4 N.
Went-worth, A village in Yorkfliire,
EaglaB.d : 3 miles N W Rplherh-am.
WeoUy, an ancient borpugh in Here-
fordfliire« -

WES

WES

ifordfliire, Englaad. It fends 2 members
-to parliament : 8 miles N W Hereford.
Werben, A fowa of Germaay, in the old
-marche of Brandenburg,formerly a ftroag
paffage oa the river Elbe, buf now all
the fortifications are ruined. It Is at fhe
place where-thcHabtl faUs intothe Elbe:
60 miles N W Berlin, lon, 12 12 E, lat,
"53 5 N,
Werchteren, a town of Auftrian Bra
bant, af fhe confliicnce of fhe Demer and
Dyle : 9 iniles E MecbUn, lat. 51 o N.
^<;r:/f«, a-fovvii Of Weftphalia, Iahabit
ed by proteftants, uader the proteiftion
of PruiUa : 10 miles N E Duffeldorf.
Werdenberg, a tovvn of Swiil'crland,
fubjeift to the canton of Glarus, and cap-
iljil of a county of the fame aame, which
is feparated from the caatoa bythe coua
ty of Sargans, aad bounded S by the
Rhiae. It has a ftrong caftle, which is
the refideace of the bal'liff, and is feated
on an eniinence, commanding a beautiful
profpe6l : 16 miles N E Glarus.
Werle, A tovvn of Weftph.ilia, in the
bifliopric -of Munfter : 30 miks S Mun
fter. Wermeland, a province of Sweden, in
W Gothland, bouaded N by Dalecarlia,
E by Weftmania and Nericia, S by the
lakes Wenaer aad DaUa, and W by the
mountains of Norway. It is fertile, and
diverfified by mountains, rocks, hills, and
dales, clothed with forefts of birch, pop
lar, mountain afli, pine, and fir. It alfo
abounds with lakes, whicli fucceed each
other almoft without latermitfion : they
are from 4 to 40 miks ia circumference ;
fome fo narrow as to appear Uke hrpad
rivers, and others of a circular fliape ;
their fliores, in fpme parts, fteep and
rpcky ; ia others geatly flopiag, and
feathered with banging wood to the mar-
;;in of the water. Nuinerous rivulets if
fue from tbefc lakes, and form, fometimes,
fmall piifturefque cataraifts. Carlftadt is
the capital.
Wern, A town of Weftphalia, in the
bifliopric of Munfter, vvith a monaftery,
near the Lippe : 28 miles'Sby W Muii-
licr. M^erra. Sec Wef-r.
Wertheim, A towa of Fraacouia, capital
of a couaty of Its name, at the confluence
of the Tauber and Maine : 20 miles W
Wurtzburg. Werivick, a town pf Auftrian Flanders,
taken by the French ia 1 7<73. It ib cu
the Lis : 8 miles S E Ypics.
Wfel, a- town of Weftphalia, duchy
.yf Cleves, vvith a Urong ciladJ, near the

cpnfluence pf the Rhine and fhe Lippel
Here are twp Calvinift churches, one for
the Lutherans, and another for fhe pa
pifts ; but the regency of the town is in
the hands of fhe Calvinlfts. It was for
merly an Imperial and hanfeatic fown,
but now belongs fo fhe king of Pruffia :
25 miks SE Cleves, and 45 N Cologne.
Wefenburgh, a fortified town of Ruffia,
government of Efthonia : 55 miles S E
Revel, aad 55 If W Narva.
Wefer, a conficlerable river of Germa
ny, which rifes in the county of Henne
burg, being then calted the Wcrra. It
croffes a corner of Thuringia, enters fhe
duchy of Brunfwick, and receives tbe
Fulde at Mundea. If then affumes the
aame of Wefer, ruas along fhe confines
of the circles of WeftphaUa and Lower
Saxony, waters Hamelin, Minden, and
Hoye ; receives the AUer, b»tew Ver
den ; and, paffing by Bremen, enters the
German Oceaa.
Wefi Bay, a bay of fhe Englifli Chaii-
ael, on the co-ift of the counties of Dor
fet and Devon, of vaft extent. It begins
weft of Portland, and ends at Berry Poiat
aear Torbay. The tide is curreat here
9 hours ; high water at 10 o'clock at nevv
and full moon ; and -ESE moon makes
full fea. The fea off the coaft is reckon
ed the moft dangerous paft of the Chaa
ael, efpeciaUy on the W, where fliips,
aot aware of fhe curreafs, are embay
ed aad drivea afliore 011 the beach.
Whea fliips are fo deeply embayed, that
there Is no poffibillly pf getting off", efpe
cially at the beginning of the ebb, fhey
may run bpld'ly pn the beach, aad the
mariners are to remaia aboard for 5 or 6
feas ; they may thea ftep on fliore with
fafety ; buf if they leave the fliip ia-
ftaatly it is daagerous and fatal : light-
lioul'es have been fervlceable for prevent
ing tliefe accidents. Where fliips that
come- from the W, uegleift 10 keep a good
offing,or arc takeafliort by coalrary wiads,
aad caanot weather ihe highiaad at Port-
taad, but are drivea betweeii the ifland
.iiid the main land, they perifli without
lemedy ; aad il has beea obferved, that
more Dutch vefl'els are loft here than any
other, almoft every year, efpeciaUy, in
winter, which is thought to be nw-iog fo
aa obftinate adherence to old cliarts, and
not allowing for the true variation of the
comp:ifs. When the variation is W, the
true Chaanel courfe is W by S fro'n
Dungenefs to the- Caikets ; Portland Bill,
and the Calkcts arc 15 kn.g.ie-i afuiui- r
nearly ia a aiendiau. Dr. H.:liy o'jictvcb, Uiat

WES

WES

that the na'vigatipn up and dp\yn the
Channel is an E variatipn : W S W is the
true cPurfe. The Channel between Port
land and the Caflcets is 40 fathoms deep,
and in fair weather, one may fee in that
depth, the land on bpth fides : fhe near
er England fhe flipater, the nearer the
Calket fhe deeper.
Wefibury, A borpugh in WUf fliire, Eng
land. If fends two members to parUa
ment : 26 miles N W Saliffiury.
Wsfierham, a town in Kent, England,
It is the birthplace of biffiop Hoadly and
general Wolfe : the latter is interred in
the church : 14 miks N W Tunbridge,
and 22 S S E London.
Wefieros, A town of Sweden, capital of
Weftmania, with a bifliop's fee, a cita
del, and a famous college. It carries on
a confiderable commerce with Stockholm,
acrofs the lake Maeler ; particularly in
copper and Iron from the .neighbouring
mines. Here are the ruins of an apcient
palace, formerly inhabited by the kings
of Sweden, "The cathedral, built of
brick, is celebrated for its tower, efteem
ed the higheft In the kingdom. In this
cathedral Is the tomb of the unfortunate
Eric XIV. If is on the lake Maeler : 45
miles N W Stockhplm, ten. 17 o E, lat,
59 38 N, [Coxe]
Wefierburg, A tPwn of Germany, ill
Weteravia, with a caftle. It is the capi-
lal of a lordfliip pf its name : 35 pifles
N Mentz.
Weflern Iflands, iee Azores.
Wefiern Iflands, pr Hebrides, a name
given tp a great number of Iflands, in the
North Altaptic Ocean, to the W of
Scotland. Pliny, who reckoned the num
ber to be 30, is confidered fo be pretty
near the truth. The principal are Lewis,
- Nortb and South Uift, Skye, Benbecula,
Mull and Jura, -which fee. Thefe' iflapds
were/anciently calkd Ebude, and after
wards flebrides. The Inhabitants had
probably, for fome ages, their own gov
ernors : one little king to each ifland, or
tp each grpup, as neceffity required. It
is reafpnabk to fuppofe that fheir gov-
crameat was as much divided as that of
Great Britain, which, it is vvell known,
was under the direiftion of numbers of
petty princes, before it vvas reduced un-
ier the power pf the Rpmans.
Wefier-wald. See Weteravia.
Weflerwick, -a feaport of Sweden, in
Smoland, pa fhe Baltic : 50 miks N Cal
mar, and 120 S W Stockholm.
Wifimania, or Weftmanland, A province
ef Svveden Proper, between Sudermania, '

Geftricia, Nericia, and Upland. It abounih,
in copper and iron mines. The face of
the country Is diverfified like Wermeland.
Wcfteros is fhe capital.
Weftminfier, a city of Middlefex, Eng
land, the refidence of the monarchs of
Great Britain, the feat of the parliament
and of the high cpurts pf juftice, and
conftituting, with London and South
wark, fhe metropolis of the Britifli em
pire. It fends two members to parlia
ment. In tbe city are two parifli church
es, and feven in the liberties,
Wefimareland, 3 county of England,
bpuaded N and N W by Cumberland,
E and S E by Yprkffiire, S and S W by
Lancaffiire. It is generally divided into
the baronies of Kendal and Weftmore
land : the former is very mountainous,
but the latter is a large champaign coun--
try. It lies partly in the diocefe of
Chefter, and partly in that of Carlifle ;
cpntains 8 market tpwns and 26 parlffies,
70,oco houfes, and fends four piembers
tb parliapiept,Wefiphalia One of the circles of Ger
many, bounded E by the circle of Lpwer
Saxony, S by Heffe, Wefterwalde, and the
Rhine, W by the United Provinces, N
by the German Ocean. The air is cold,
but the foil prpduces paftures and fonie
corn, though there are a great many
marffies. The horfes are large, and the
hogs in high efteem, efpecially the hams,
known by the name of Weftphalia hams.
The principal rivers arc the Wefer„Eriibs,
Lippe, and Roer. It coataias fhe iove-
reiga biffipprics pf Ofnaburg, Munfter,
and Paderbprn: fhe principality pf Min
den ; the cpunfies pf Ravenffierg, Teck^
kngburg, Rifburg, Lippe, Lemgpw, Spi-;,
gelburg, Schawenburg, Hnyc, Diephpit,
Delmenhorft, Oldenburg, Embden or E
Friefland, Bentheim, and Lingeii, / Thefe
are Npf the river Lippe, I'o the S p£
It are the abbies pf Effen and Verden }
the tpwn pf Dprtmund ; the cpuaties pf
Marck and Hpmburg ; and the duchies.
pf WeftphaUa, Berg, and Ckves, Munfter
is the moft confiderable cily in this circle.
Wefphalifl, A duchy of Germaily, in the
circle of Weftphalia, bpunded N by the
bifiipprics of Munfter and Ofnaburg,
aad the cpuaty of Lippe, W by that of
Marck ; S by the territories of Nafl'au }
aad E by the counties of Witgeaftein,
H.^^tzfckl, Waldec'ic, aad the landgrav;itc,
of Heffe. It is a mountainous country,
ful! of wood, but moderately fertile ;
and is fubjedt to the eltiftor of Cologiie.-
Arenffiurg is the capital. IVefiragothia,

WEY

W H I

, ffefirogothia. See Gothland.
Weteravia, A proviace of Germaay, ia
the circle pf the Upper Rhine, having
the palatinate pf the Rhine on the W,
and Heffe and Fulde on the E. It is di
vided into two parts by the rivcr Lhau ;
one calkd Weteravia Proper, and the
Other N Weteravia, or Wefterwald-
Wetherby, a town in the W riding of
Yorkfliire, England : 14 miks W York.
Wetter, A lake of Swedea, in Goth
land, S E of the lake Wenner. It is loo
miles from N to S, aad from 2 fo 6 from
E to W. [Coxe,]
WfUingen, a fown of Swifferland, pa
the Limmat : i mik S Baden, Its
woodea bridge is a beautiful piece of me-
clianlfm, 240 feet loug, and fufpeaded 20
feet above the furface of the water. It
is the laft work pf Grubcnman, the fclf-
(aught architeift, and is far more elegant
thaa his bridge at Schaffhaufea.
Wetzlar, A free imperial towa of Ger
many, in Weteravia, furrounded by
ditches and walls, flanked with towers.
The inhabitants are proteftants, and have
a council of 24 members. It is at the
confluence of tlieLabn,Difle aadDIlka:
,5 miles S Solms, and 78 N by E Spire :
lon. 8 32 E, laf. 50 26 N.
Wexford, a coupty of Ireland, province
of Munfter, bounded N by Wicklow, E
by St. George's channel, S by the Atlan
tic Ocean. It contains 109 pariflies, fends
18 members to parliament, and is fruit
ful in corn and grafs.
Wexford, a confiderabte fcaport of
Ireland, capital of a countyof Its name.
It was oace reckoaed the chief city ia Ire
land, beipg thefirft coloay ofthe Engliffi,
and has a very conimodious harbour at
the mouth of the Slana, oa a bay of St.
George's channel : 33 mfles ENE Wa
terford, and 75 S Dublin.
Wexio, A feaport of Sweden, in Smp-
land, pn a lake, which cpntains a group
of woody Iflani^s. Though a bifliop's fee,
it is very fmall, and tbe houfes moftly of
vood : 50 miles W Calmar, and I55 S
W Stockholm, ten- i4 57 E.lat. 56 41 N,
Wey, A river of England, which enters
the Thames, at Weybridge,
Weybridge, A village ia Surry, on the
Wey, at its eatraace' into the '"I'hames : 2
miles E Chertfey, Here isWoburn Farm,
the refideace of Lord Loughborough,
the plaatations of which were the firft
fpeclmen in England, of the/.-j-Mf or/j«, or
prnamenled farm.
Weyhill, a village ia Hampffiire, Eng-
Upd : 3 miles W Andover ; ianious fiir

ari annual fair on the lOth of Oiftober,
for flieep, tdather, bops and cheefe. It is
one of fhe largeft fairs in Eagland, and
lias booths ereifted for the fale of all-
kinds of goods,
Weymouth, a town in Dorfetffiire, Eng
land, on the W fide of an inlet ofthe
fea ; but its port is injured by the fand ;
its trade, vvhich was once coafiderable, is
much reduced, a few fliips oaly being
fent heace to Newfoundland, This de-
cUiie is, ia fome degree, compeafated bv
tbe great refort of perfoas of all raaks,
for the purpofe of feabathing, for which
itis excellently fitted, by its remarkabte
fiae beach : aad their majcfties and the
royal family have often refided here for
many weeks, A few plain and ftriped
cottons arc made here: 130 mUcs'WS
W London. See Melcomb Regis.
Whidah, fee Whydah.
Whitby, A confiderable feaport in the
N riding pf Yprkffiire, Eagland. It is;
near the mouth of the Efk, and has a
great traffic in fhe buUding of fliips, and
in the carrying bufinefs. Ils harbour is
the beft on this cpaft, and has a fine pier,
but it has po rivcr communication wilh
the inland country. Several fliips arc
fent hence to fhe Greenland fifliery
Whitby is the birthplace of fhat great
circumnavigator, captain James Cook.
Ia 1787, a dreadful accident happened
here, on the 24th of December, at mid
night : A ftrong pewbuilt quay, running
paraUel to a high cliff, and fupporting a.
pile of building, 80 feet above the mar
gin of the fea, unable to fuftain fhe pref
fure of tbe earth above, menaced ap
proaching danger. The people had
hardly time to efcape with tbeir clothes,
before it bowed, and fell with a thun
dering crafli, followed by large maffes of
earth, intermixed with ftones from 3 to
6 fons weight. The fcene exhibited in
the morning was dreadful beyond de
fcription. On the high cliff, 30 yards
fropi its extremity, ftood the remains of
the maffy church of an ancient abbey.
This venerable ftruifture appeared in im-
aiiaeat daager, the ground beiag obferv
ed to flak, af the diftaace of 10 yard*
froai its tower. It ftood, however, fill
fhe I2th of November, 1794, when the
greateft part of the W end fell to fhe
ground ; fo that this beautiful fpeclmen
of Gothic architeifturc Is novv no more.
Inthe neighbourhood are fome large alum
works. When all fhe alum works at
Wbifb.y were worked, near 6000 tons
were annually made ; at prefent about 3':oc5

W'H Y

WHY

fOOD, of which 4. or 500 are fent lo for-
,eign markets. The other exports are,
coals from Sunderland and Newcaftle,
«anvas, butter, tallow, bams, bacon, and
.iifli. Whitby is 50 miles N £ York, lon,
o 24 W; lat, 54 30 -N.
Whitchurch, a decayed borough of
England, in Hampfliire, If fends two
members to parliament : 24 miks £ by
N Saliffiury, and 58 W by S London,
Whilcburcb, A town in Shropfllire, Eng
land, 20 miks N Shrewffiury, and i6-l N
W Londpn.
Whitchurch, Or Little Stanmare , A village
near Edgware, in Middlefex, -England,
ffekbrated fpr a magaificent feat, calkd
Canpas, built by Jaaies I, duke of Chaa-
•tlos, ia 1712. The church contaius all
that now remaias ofthe magaificcnce of
¦Canons : fhe body of it was built, and
BeautifuUy' adorned by the duke. It
is 8 niiks N W London.
Whitehaven, A feaport in 'Cumberland,
England, on a creek. of the Irifli Sea, and
'has lately been much improved in its
buildings,; and it Is noted for its trade
in pitcoal and falf, fhere being near it a
prodigious coal mine, which ruas a con
siderable way under the fea, ,A good
trade is alfo carried on to Ireland, Scot
land, Chefter, Brlftql, andtolheWIn-
(dics. In 1778, an American privateer
made an unfuccefsful attempt to fet this
tovvn on fire. It contains 16,000 iiihabit-
.inls, and employs near 300 fliips. It
is 10 miles S W Cockermouth, aad 305
N W London, ten. 3 34 W, lat, 36 45
N, White River, A branch of the Nile. It
is fometimes called Bahr el Abiad, or
Weftern Nile. Il receives Ifs name from
.the clay color of its waters. It rifes from
40 hills, called Kumri, or mountains of
the moon. Numerous ftreams from thefe
form the river. The counlii-y is Donga,
their religipn paganifm. It -is faid by
-fome, this is fhe river called Nilus by fhe
aacieats. [ Bruce, Difcpveries in Africa,
DaavilkJ White Sea, a bay of the Frozen Oceaa,
in the N part of Ruffia, oa the E fide of
which ftands the city of Archangeh
Whitfuntide Ifiand, oae of the New He
brides, in the Pacific Oceaa. It is 12
inilcs loag, aad 5 broad, aad was dlfcov
ered by captala Wallis, oa Whilfuaday,
1767, loa. 16S 20 E, lat. 15 44 S.
Whittlebury Foreft, 111 the S part of
Norihamptonniirc, Englaad : 9 miles ia
Ungth, and, in fome parts, above 3 in
iircddih. I'l.re the wild cat is ftill found.

The prefent duke of Grafton has a fine
feat here, called Wakefield Lodge.
Whydah, one of the moft delightfill
prcivHiccs of the world, on the flave coaft
of .'\rrica. Its fouthern limits are wafli
ed by the Atlantic Tlicir lofty trees
fliade tbe ground like artificial groves.
Verdant fields are every where cultivat
ed, which are feparated by nothing but
thefe groves, and poputeus villages. Not
a mountain. nor a hill obftruifts the fight,
an iniperceptable afcent extends 40 or 50
miles trom -the fea. All, the fruits of the
gold coaft are cultivated here ; the cli
mate is unhealthy for firangert. Hens,
geefe, and turkeys are plenty. They
have fwine, flieep, goats, cows, elephants,
deer, tygers, apes, -and buffaloes. The
people drefs better than on the gold coaft;
yet the lower clafs generally have noth
ing, buf a cotton napkin, or a few herbs
faftened round their middle. The king^
wives, and the grandees are naked from
the waift upwards ; yet are -they adorn.;
ed vvith pearls, corals, and gold. Thefe
people are remarkably civil to ftrangers.
Kind aad induftrious, none of them beg.
Their refpeift for their king fliows a kind
of fervile adoration. The higheft Gran
dee, when be would addrefs fhe Mon
arch, lays afide his ornaments, and his
ctething ; be wraps a few .weeds round
his waift, pro'ftrates himfelf at the door
of audieace, creeps to the throae, and
fpeaks -with 'his face towards the floor ;
thea retires, creepiag 'backwards. If any
map accideptally touch any part of the
king's wife, his head is forfeited, and ffie
Is doomed to flavery. They are induf
trious, carrying on feveral ufeful manu
faiftures. So zealous are fhey in gaming,
'that, affer having loft all their fubftanccf
fhey ftake their children, their wives, and
finally themfelves ; and are fold inlo per
petual flavery. One man oftea has 40 or
50 wives, foaietiraes 3 or 400, and the
king as many thoufand. So long have fhe
lavvs of nature been perverted and infult
ed, that flie now produces here, and in
other countries, where pcilygamy has
long prevailed, many more womea than
men. For adultery vvith a wife of ths
king, the man is tied fo a fpit, and roaft
ed by a flow fire ; the woii^aa is deftroy
ed by. the other wives pouring pitchers of
hot water on ber head, aad iaftaajly
burying her whether dead or aUve. 'Fhe
crowa is hereditary, the palace is fur
niflied in the European ftyle. .They have
French cooks, and eatertalameats of
black lords arc fupplied vvith the fame
delicacies

W" I c

W I

deUcacies, as Parifian Confuls. The peo
ple praiftife circumcifion, and bave a
confufed belief of a God, and future re
wards and punifliments. They worffilp
four fubordinate Deities, a particular
kind of ferpent, fhe killing of which is
paniflicd vvifh death ; fhe trees, the fea,
and an idol, which they call Agoga, or
the god. of couafels. [Mhor, Smith,
Bolmaa , Snelgrave, Barbot.]
Wiburgh, fee Finland.
fViburgh, a commercial feaport of Ruf
fia, capital of a government of Finland,
with a biffipp's fee, and a ftrong citadel.
It contains about 9000 iubabitants. A
few houfes are conftruifted with brick;
but the greateft part are of wood. It is
on the N fide of the gulf of Finland : 67
miks N by W Northburgh, and 250 N E
Riga, lon. 29 10 E, lat. 60 56 N.
Wiburgh, A confiderable tovvn of Den
mark, in N Jutland, with a bifliop's fee.
It isthe feat of the chief court of juftice
in tbe province. In 1726, a terrib/e fire
b.iiruf the cathedral, a church, ihc town
houfe, andtlie bifliop's palace ; but fhey
have all been magnificently rebuUt, It is
on a lake, in a peninfula : 95 miles N
Slefwicic, aad no N W Cppeahagea, tea,
9 50 E, laf. 56 20 N.
Wick, a feaport town of Scotland, in
the county of Caithnefs, at the mouth of
a river of the fame name, vvhich forms a
bay in the Northern Ocean, Tbe coaft
of this parifli coafifts prlacipally of high
rocks, diverfified by various creeks, vvhere
fifliing boats can harbour. The fiflier
men on this part of the coafl, to get to
fheir boats, defcend a huge precipice by
winding fteps ia the face of the rock, by
which fome lives have been teft. To fe
cure fheir boats from being daflied
ag,iinft" the rocks, particularly in ftorms
and.ftream tides,, fhe fifliermen hang up
their yauls by ropes, oa hooks fixed ia
the rock, above the level pf the water,
where they are fafely fufpeaded, till fhe
weather is fit forgoing fo fea; under
neath thefe rocks are many coves, ex-
tcadiiig up a coafiderable way, aad ac
ceffible only by water, in boats. The
number of inhabitants about iooo, lat, 58
30 N.
H"u-l, a fortifiedtown of Dutch Lim
burg, on the Maefe, oppofite Maeftricht,
wifh vvhich it comaiunicates by a bridge,
WiU-ky-Duerfiede, an ancient town of
the United Proviaces, ia Utrecht, with a
ftrong caftk. It is at the place where
•jlic Leek branches off. from the Rhine :
9,miks W Rhenen, and 15 S E Utrecht,

Wicklow, A county of Ireland, provipOT--
of Leinfter, bounded N by Dublin, £ byr
the Iriffi Sea, If is indifferently, fruitful,,,
contains 58 pariflies, 11,5.50 hoivCss, and(
58,000 inhabitaats ; and fends 10 mem
bers fo parliament,
Wicklow, the capital of a county of its-
name, in Ireland, is on the Irifli Sea, vvltlv
a narrow harbour, at the mouth of the
river Leitrim, over which ftands a rock,-
furrounded by a ftrong wall : 24 miles S-
DubUn. Wiclware, A corporate tovvn in GIou--
cefter, England, govcraed by a mayor -..
17 miles N E Briftol, and in W Loa~
doa, Wied, A fmall priaci pality of the Up
per Rhine, The capital is Neuwied.
Wieiun, A town of Great Polaad, in.
the palatiaate of Siradia, vv^th a good.
caftle. It is on a- river which falls late*
the Warta : 20 miles S Siradia.
Wielitffd, a village of Poland, lately in
cluded ia the palatiaate of Cracow, but
aow comprifed in the Auftrian. kiagdom.
of Lodomiria. It is celebrated for its fait
miaes, vvhich lie 8 miks S £ Cracow. In
thefe inexhauftible mines are feveral fmall
chapels exc.aviited in the fait, ia whicli
mafs is faid.oa ccrtaia days of the year,
Oae of tbcfe cteipels is 30 feet long, and
25 broad ; the altar, crucifix, ftatues, andi
ornaments, all carved out of t'ne fait..
Thefe mines are of a moft ftupendous ex
tent and depth, and perfeiftly dry. They
are 74,1 feet deep, more than a quarter,
of a mik wide, and more thaa oae mile
apd a quarter in length. Tliere Is, -how
ever, one fmall fpring of water, vvhich is
impregnated wilh fait, as it runs ihrougli,
the mine. Thefe mines have beea work
ed above 600 years. Before the partitioii-
of Poland, la 1772, they furniflied a coa
fiderable part of the reveaue of the kiag,
who drew from them an average profit
of about 97,oooh fterling : 8 miks S'
Cracow. [Coxe.]
Wigan, a borough in Lancafliire, Eug-
land, govcraed by a mayor, aad feads a
members to parliament. Here the ftroagr
eft checks are made, and other articles of
linen aad cotton manufaifture. That ele
gant fpecjes of coal, calkd Caaael, i?
found in plenty, and great perfeiftion in
the neighbourhood. The river Douglas
is made navigable hence to tbe Ribble ;
and it is joined by a canal from Liver
pool : 30 miles S Lancafter, and 1 96 N U
W London.
Wight, an iflaad on the coaftof Hamp
ffiire, England, from which it is- fepaiati- e-£

W I L

W I M

ed by a narrow channel. It is at miles
long, and 13 broad, and divided nearly
into equal parts by the river Mede pr
Cowes, which rifing in the fouthern angle,
eaters at tbe northern. Into the channel,
oppofite the mouth of Southampton Bay.
The S coaft is edged with very fteep cliffs
of chalk and freeftone, lipUpwed intP cav
erns in various parts. The W fide is
feaced with ridges pf rocks, of which the
moft remarkable are thofe calkd, from
their fliarp extremities, the Needles. Be
tvveen the ifland and the mainland, are
various fandbanks, efpecially off the eaft
ern part, where is the fafe road of St.
I-Iekn's. Acrofs the ifland, from E fo W,
runs a ridge of fine downs, with a chalky
or marly foil, wliich feed a great number
of fine fleeced ffieep. Rabbits are alfo
very plentiful -here. To the N of this
ridge tbe , land is chiefly pafture : Sofit
is a rich arable country, producing great
crops of corn. The variety of profpeifts
whicli this Ifland affords, its mild air, aad
the neat manner In which the fields are
laid out, reader it a very delightful fpot.
It is devoted almoft folely to hufoandry,
and is one of the principal refources of
the London market for barky. Among
ifs produifts are a pure white pipe clay,
aad a fine white cryftaUine faad ; of the
latter, great quantities are exported for
the ufe pf the glafs works, in various parts.
Ifs principal town is the bprpugh pf New
port ; it likewife contains fhe two fmaU
boroughs of Newton and Yarmouth. [Aikin.]
Wighton, A fown in fhe E riding of
Yorkfhire, England, af fhe fource of the
Skelfler : 1,6 mfles S E York, and 192 N
by W London.
Wigian, A tPwn in Cumberland, Eng
land, ampng the moors : 12 miks S W
Carlifle, 304 NNW London.
Wigian, A borough ancl feaport, fhe
county town of Wigtonfliire, Scotland.
It is oa a bill, which overlooks the bay of
Wigtoa : 95 miks S W Edlaburgh.
Wigtonfiire, a county of Scotlaad, fome
times called Upper, or W Galloway ;
. bounded N by Ayrffiire, E by Kircud-
brightfliire, S and W by the Irifli Sea.
The N part, called fhe Moor.i, is naked
and mountainous. Great numbers of
flieep and black cattle are raifed here ;
and they have a fmall breed of horfes pe
culiar fo this county ; they are calkd
galloways, and are very ftrong and gentle,
Wihitfch, A frontier tovyn of European
Turkey, in Bofnia : 40 miles SE Carl
ftadt, lat, 45 34 N.

W'lldeffufen, A town of WeftphaUa, capi
ital of a fmall baiUwick, united to the
duchy of Bremen, It is on the Hunde :
18 miks S W Bremen.
Wilkamer, A town of Lithuania, in Wil
na : 45 miles N W Wilna, lat, 55 19 N.
Williamfiadt, A ftrong feapprt of Hol
land, The river near vvhich if ftands, is
called Butterfliet, or Holland Diep, and
Is oae of the bulwarks of the Dutch on
the fide of Brabant, This place made a
gallant defence, In 1793, againft the
French, who were obliged, to raife the
fiege ; buf if furrendered fo fhem in Jan
uary, 1795. It is 15 miles N £ Bergen«
op-Zoom, and 12 S W Dort, ten, 4 30 E,
lat, 51 39 N.
Willli' Ifland, A rocky ifland at the N
end pf tlie ifland pf Sputhern Geprgia.
It was difcpvered I a 1775, and cpnfalaed
the nefts pf many fhpufand ffiags, ten. 38
29 W, lat, 54 o S.
Willifaw, A town of Swifferland, in the
caatoa of Lucern, among high moun
tains : 25 miles N W Lucern,
Wilna, A large, populous, aad commer
cial city of Lithuania, in a palatinate of
its name, vvith a bifliop's fee, a univerfi
ty, an aacient caftle, and a palace. The
houfes are all built of wood. It was, tak
en by the Ruffians in 1794 ; aad is at
the conflueace of the Vilia and Wilna :
15 miles E Troki, and 215 N E Warfaw,
lat, 54 38 N.
Wilffoven, a town of Bavaria, at the
confluence of the Wils and Danube : 30
miks N W Paffau,
Wilfnaicb, a town of Germany, in
Brandenburg, on a rivulet, that falls not
far from it into the Elbe.
Wilton, an ancient borough in Wilt
fliire, England. It vvas formerly the cap-,
ital of tbe co-jnfy, but npw a mean fpwn,
thpugli if fends 2 members f o parliament,
and has a manufaifture of carpets and
thin woollen ftuffs. It is at the conflux of
fhe Wily and Nadder : 7 miles N W Sal
iffiury, and 85 W by S London.
Wiltfiire, A county of England, bound
ed £ by Berkfliire and Hampfliire, and
W by Somerfetffiire. Its chief commod
ities are flieep, wool, wood, and ftone ; of
this laft there are excellent quarries on
the banks of tbe Nadder, where fome of
the ftpnes are 20 yards in length, and 4 in
thicknefs, without a flaw. The chief
manufaiftures are the different branches
of the ctething trade. This cpunty lies In
the dipcefe of Saliffiury ; contains 29
hundreds, ope city, 24 market towns, and 304

WIN

W I N

J^4 parifhes i and fends 34 members to
parliament. Saliffiury is the capital.
^imbleton, a viUage in Suri;y, qn a fine
elevated heath : 7 miles S W Lpndon.
Earl Spencer has a park here, from whicli
may be feen 19 parifli churches, exclu
five of thofe of Londop and "U^eftmip-
fter. Here are copper niills, a manufac
ture for printing calicoes, and another
of japan ware.
Wimpfen, a free imperial fown of Sua
bia, on the Neckar : 22 mfles E Heidel-
Wittbirn, a tpwn m Dprfetfliire, Eng
land : 6 mfles N Ppple.
Wincaunion, a town in E<imerfetfllire,
England : 24 miles S iBath.
W'mchcamb, a town in Gloucefterfliire,
England : 16 miles N £ Glpucefter, and
93 W N W London.
Winchelfea, a town in Suffex, England,
ihe of the cinque ports. It is governed
by a mayor, and fends 1 members to par-
liipien'f : 71 miles S W London.
Wtncbefier, ari aricierit city in Hamp
fliire, England : one mile and a half in
circumference round fhe walls, which are
greafly decayed, and through them are
4 gates. Here are 6 churches, befide the
¦cathedral, a beautiful ftruifture in which
We're interred feveral Saxon kings and
queens, whofe bones were colkdied by
biffiop Fox, pat iato 6 fmall gilded cpf-
£ns, aad placed pn a wall in the S fide of
the choir. In this cathedral alfo is the
marble coffin of WiUiam Rufus, and,
aiiiong other monuments, afe thpfe pf
'WilUam pf Wykeham, cardinal Beaufort,
»tld BinjalPin Hoadly, all bifliops of this
fee. Near fhis palace is St, Mary's Col
lege, founded by WilUam of Wykeham,
for a warden, 70 fcholars, 10 fellows, 3
chaplains, 3 clerks, a fchoolmafter, uflier,
organift, and 16 chorifters ; the fcholars
are educated for New College, Oxfprd,
Near the S end of fhe city is fhe hof
pital of St, Crofs, founded by a biffiop of
this fee, for a mafter, 9 poor brethren,
and 4 out penfioners. All travellers, who
call at this hofpital, have a right 10 de-
liiand fome bread and beer, vvhich is al
vvays brought to them. Near the E gate
of the citv is St. John's hofpital, in the
hall of which the corppration give their
entertainments. Winchefter was ofgreat
note in fhe time of the Saxons, and here
Egbert was crowned the firft fole mon-
afcli of England. Here Henry II held a
parliament, king John refided, Henry III
Was born, Richard II held a parliament,
Jlid Hcriry IV was married, as was alfw
Vol. II. N u n P

! queen Kary I. "The city is governed by
j a mayor, and fends 2 members to parlia»
] ment. It Is in a valley, on the river Uch-
en : 21 miks N W Chichefter, and 63 "W
b,y N London.
Windaw, a town of the duchy of Cout*
land, with a caftle and a harbour at tbe
mouth of the Wetaw, in fhe Baltic : 70
miks N V/ MIttau,- lop. 22 5 E, lat. 57
20 N.
Windermire-water, the moft extenljve
lake Ul Epgland, lying between V/eft-
mpreland and Lancafliire, It is 10 mile*
teng, and a mile wid/e, and exhibits a
greater variety of fine landfcapes than
any lake in England. It is fariious for its
fine char, and abpunds alfo with trout,
perch, pike ahd eel. Nof one bulruffi,
or fwampy reed, defilfj the margin of
this lake. ''
Windham, fee Wymondham.
tl^indifmerk, a territory of Germany,
forming the £ part of Carniola, Met-
Ung is the capital,
Windlingen, a fown pf Suabia, duchy pf
Wirtefnburg, pn the Neckar : 12 miks
frpm Stutgard,
Windfor, a cpnfiderable bprpugh in
Berkfliire, England, on an eminence, on
the Thames, It is celebrated for Ifs mag
nificent caftle, built originally by Wil
liam the Conqueror. His prefent majef
ty has made very fipe improvements in
it. This caftle is fcated on a high hill,
which rifes by a gentle afcent. On the
declivity of this hill is the fine terrace,
faced with a r-ampart of freeftone, 1870
feet in length 1 if is one of the npbkft
walks in Eurppe, wifh refpeift lo ftrength,
grandeur, and profpeifts. From that part
of the caftle, calkd the Round lower, is
an extenfive vicwto London, and into the
counties of Berks, Middlefex, Eficx,
Herts, Bucks, Oxford, V/ilts, Hants, Sur
ry, Suifex, Kent, and Bedford, St.
George's Chapel, pr the collegiate church,
vvhich ftands betvveen the upper and
lower courts, is a beautiful Gothic ftruC
ture, The interior architecture is great
ly admired, particularly its ftone roof ;
and the whple was repaired and beauti
fied in 1790. Oppofite the S £ fide of
the caftle, is a modern built minfioa,
calkd the Queea's Lodge, which is the
royal refideace in fummer ; and belovv
this is the Lower Lodge, for the accopi-
mpdation ot fhe younger branches of the
royal family. Adjoining the Queen's
Lodge is the Little Park, which extends
round the N and E fides of fhe caftk,
and forms a beautiful lawn, 4 miks in
circumference

W I if

v(t r 1''

circumference. On the S fide of the
tSwH is tbe Great Park, vvhich is 14 miles
ip circumference. It has a noble road
fi*6m the town, through A double plapta-
tioa of frees, to the Raiiger's Lodge,
which his majefty has much improved
vvith refpeift to agricultural utiUty, as
vvell as rural beauty. "Wlpdfor is 22
milles W London.
Windfor farefi, A foreft in the E part of
Berkfliire, England-: 30 miles in circum
ference. Though fhe foIL is generally
barren and uncultivated, it is-fiaely di
verfified by hills and daks, woods and
lawas, and delightfuV vUlas. It coataias
ftveral towns and villages, pf which Ok
ingham near the centre pf the fpreft, is
the principal. See Binfield.
Wimiicza, a ftrong tovvn of Poland, ia
Podolia, capital of a territory of its
name, with a caftic. It is on the river
Bog : 55 mUes N Bracklaw, lori, 28 12,
E, lat. 49 23 N.
Winfchatin, a tpvvn pf the UnitedProv-
irices, in Groningen : r^ mlki S E Gro
ningen Winfen, a town-- of Lower Saxony,
dUchy of Lunenburg, af the confluence
of the Elbe and Ilmeaau . 13 miles N W
Luaenburg, lat. 53 24 N.
Wiiificim, an imperial town of Franco-
liia, in the margravate of Anfpach, fur
rounded by a- good rampart, a double
ditch, and thick walls flaaked with 20
towers. The iahabitants are proteftants
It is on the Aifch : 30 miles N W Nu
remburg. Winfow,A town in. Buckinghamffiire,
England 1,7 miles N W Aileffiury, and 50
W N W Londori.
Winfier, A towniri Derbyfliire, England :
5 miles N W Derby.
' Winlerthur, a town" of Swifferland,
canton of Zuric, vvhere there is a rich
library and a mineral fpring. Its fchools
-ire well endowed, the inhsiiitants about
'.JOoo. It is ill a fertile plain on the river
Dlach : 15 miks N E Zuric, lat. 47 31
N. ' [Co,xe,]
Wipperfurt, A tovvn of Weftphalia,
ilucby of Bern, near the. fource of the
Wipper, whole vvater is of a peculiar
quality fpr bleaching : 36 miles ESE
Iluffcldorf." W'lr fi-jorih, a pppulous tow-n in Dcr-
bvftiire, England, in a valley, remarkable
for luivin^; the greateft lead market In
En;;b.nd : 13 milcs N by W Derby.
IF'ii-lcip.liirg, or Wurtenburg, a fovereign
ilucliv of Germaay, in Suabia ; bounded
H by Franconia, fhe archblfliopric, of

Mentz, arid the palatinate of the Rhinef-
E by fhe courity of Oeting, the marqui-'
fale of Burgaw, and the territory of Ulm;'
S by fhe priaclpalify of HohenzoUern,
fhe county of Furftenburg, and fhe mar
quifate of Hobenburg ; "W by fhe mar
quifate of Baden, and the Black Foreft.'
It is oae of the moft poputeus and fertile
countries ia'Gerfiiaay, though there' arc
maay pioUntainsand woods. It produc-
es plenty of pafture, corn, fruit, and a
great deal "of wine. There are alfo mines!
and fait- fprings, and much game. Stut
gard is the capital.
Wifladcn, a.toWri'of Germariy, princf-'
pality of N,lffa;u, capital of a lordffiip of
its name, fubjeift to fhe prince of Naffan,'
Saarbruck ; famous for its warm baths;
whtch y*erc known fp the ,ancicnt Rp
mans : 5 miles N Mentz.
Wificach, A town in. Cambridgefliire,
England, in the ifie of I^ly, between two'
rivers, and has' a confiderable trade in;
, the expprt pf cprn, and of oil preffed'
¦from feeds af mills In ils nelghbpurhood.
Barges pnly can come up its river, large
veffels ftpp 6 miles betew' :- 18 miles N
Ely, and 89 N by £ Lpndpn. '
Wiffy, A feapprt pf Sweden, in fhe jlle
pf Gofhlarid, with a-, caftle. It is on the
fide of a rock, on the Baltic : 88 miles'
S E Stpckholm, ten. iS 41 E, lat, 57 3^1
N, , • .
Wifet, a fprtlfied fpwn of the Nether
lands, in the duchy pf Liiriburg, on the
Maefe : , 7 miles N Liege, and 20 N 'W'
Limburg. Wifchgrad, a-fown pf Ppland, in the,
palatinate pf- Plockflco, on fhe Viftula ;'
18 miles Eby S Plockflco, and' 58 NW"
Warfaw, laf. 52 44 N.
Wifioke, A tovVn in the palatinate of the
Rhine :, 8 miles S Heidelberg.
Wifmar; a ftrong feapprt pf Germany,
'duchy of Mecklenburg, at the bottom of
:a bay pf the Baltic. Ifhas 6 clmrches,
and a grammar fchool uader the direc- !
tioa of 8 mafters : 36 miles E Lubec,
tea. II 44E, Iat. 53 54 N, _
M^ if on,' A corporate town in Pembroke-
' fliire, England, governed by a mayor : 10
iniles N Pombroke, and 235 "W N W
Lpndpn. Witepffi, a tpwn pf Lithuania, eapital
pf a palatinate pf ifs name, with a caftle.
It is in a mprafs, whicli readers its ap
proach difficult-; audits fprtificatipns are-
good. It flaads at the confluence of
the Dwina and Widffia : 65 miks E Po-
Ipfftc, 165 miles ENE Wilna, lou. 29 40
E> I"t. 55 43 N. ' Wi&'ain,

V7 O "S.

W-0 Jl

Witham, a town In Effex, England. Its
,«hurch, .an ancient Gothic ftruifture,
^ands one mile from the town, at a place
caUed Chipping Hill : 37 , miles ENE
London, Witham., a river ip Lincolnfllire, Eng-
4apd, which waters Lincoln, and eiiteis
theGerman Ocean, betew Epftop. From
Lincoln it has a cpmmunicatipp witb the
Trent by a navigable canal, calkd the
foffdike, cut by -king Henry I.
Witlifih, a tpwn ia the archbifliopric
,of Treves, with a caftk, oa the Lefer.
Witney, A populous towa ia Oxford-
, ffiire, .England, noted for ifs manufaifture
of the fineft blankets, and other thick
wooUcas, called bearfkias and kerfeys : 8
piiles N W Ojct"ord, aad (,.% W N W Loa-
l<loa. ¦Wilfiaufen, A towP of Germany, in the
'lapdgravatc of Heffe .-Caffel, eapital of a
;territpry of itsuame. It is pn the Wefer :
'% milcs £ N .£ Cafl"al, lat. 51 24 N.
Wittemberg, A ftroag town of Germa
ny, capital of the duchy of Saxoay, with
,ji famous uaiverfity, aad a caflle. It is
the place where the geaeral affemblies of
4he circle of Upper Saxony, are held.
.Jlartia Luther was profeffor in the uni
verfity, and here began to preach the
,docftrines of the reformation, in I517>
^nd is buried in a chapel belonging to
.the caftle. It is ou the Elbe : 55 milcs N
W Drefden,, ion, 12 47 E, lat, 51 49 N-
|, rHanvvay.]
Wittinfiein, A town of Rullia, in Livo
nia : 40 miks S E ^^.evel, lat. 58 47 N.
Wittemund, A town of Weftphalia, in E
Friefland, near the German Ocean : 15
^iles N Embdep, lat. 53 41 N,
Wivlefiamb, A towa in Somerfetfliire,
Epgland : 20 miles NNE Exeter,
Wlofimeitz, a town of Littk Poland, in
yolhiaia, capital of a duchy of Its aame,
jwith a caftte, on tbe Luy, which falls mto
,the Bug : 36 miles V/ Lucko, nnd 56 N
Lemburg, ten, 24 30 £, lat, 51 3 -N,
Woburn, a town in Bedfordfliire, Eng
land. Il is on a rifing ground, and was
fnrmcriy famopp for its abbey, which now
belongs to the -duke of BedforJ, and is his
country feat, Woburn has a irecfchoul,
land a charity fchool, founded by a duke
pf Bedford, Near it is fouad great plen
ty af fuller's earth • 12 niiles S Bedford,
and 42 N N W Lpndon.
Wodiiay, A tPwa pf Bohemia, in the cir
cle flfiPrach, on the Bianitz : 12 milcs
NW Budvveis,aad56 S Praguc.laf. 42 9 N.
iy„,r,l,u,Atown of the 'Jaitcd Prov-
J,Bce8,"ui l-IoU,*ad, oa ,che Rhine : 18 miles

S Amfterda^, It was taken by the trtntfh
in 1672 and 1794, laf, 52 6 N.
Wakey, or Okey, a village in Somerfet
ffiire, England, 911 the S fide of the Men-
dip HiUs : 2 miles WiWells, Heieiss
famous cavern, caUed -Wokey -Hole, the
niouth of which is 15 or 20 feet, high, -re
fembling the infide of a cathedral-f the
roof compofed of pendant rocks, whence
a clear water, of a petrifying quality,
continuaUy drops. From this grotto a
narrovv paffage defcends lo another of
lefs height ; aad beyond a-fecopd nar
row paffage is a third grOHe, .-
Wokingham, iee Okingham.'
. Walaw, A ftrpng fpwn.pf Silefia, capi
tal of a duchy of its name, vvith a caftle.
The greattift part of the inhabilants anc
employed in a woollen manufaifture. It
is near the Oder : 20 miles N W Breflaw.
Wolfenbuttle, Orie of the ftrongeft towns
of Germany, in the -duchy of BrunfvVick,
with a caflle, vvhere the duke of Brurif
wick 'Wolferi,buttk rcfides. Here is an
excellent library, of 120,000 vplumos,
with "a cabinet of curiofities relating to
natural hiftory. The houfes are tew, tlic
ftreeis clean. It is on the Oc'icer : 7 miles
S Brunfvyick, and 30 W Flalbertftadt, Imi.
10 42 E, lat, 52 iS N. [Hanway!]
Walferfdike, an ifland of- the Uni;.-d
Proviaces, in Zealand, betweeri N Beve-
lancl :iiid S ^evelansl.
Wolfperg, a,tcrwii of Germany, in Low
er Caririlhia, with a caftie, ©n which the
diftriift about it depends. It is on the
Lavand, at the foot of a mouatain cover
ed with wood, an^ full of wolves, whence
the tovvn took ils p:inic : 3-6 miles E Cla
gcnfurt, lat, 4656 N,
Wolgafi, a confiderabte tovvn pf Ger
many, in S-wedifli Pppieiania, capital of
a territory of its name, with a caftle, aa4
pae pf the beft aud largeft harbours on
the Baltic : 12 miles S E Gripfvvald, 25 S
E Stralfund, and 45 N V/ Stetin.
Wolkofloi, A town of Kuffia, in Novogci-
rod,loa. 34 20 E.lat. 57 30 N.
IVolkowffa, a fowa of Lithuania, on tlie
Ros : 23 miks S E Grodno.
Wooler, a lovvainNorthiatiberland.Ecg-
l.vnd, on the fide of ahill; i^miksSBcrw-ic't.
Vi'cliiii. a fcaport in Pri;j.han Pomera
nia, capital of an iflaad of its name, ?n the
month of the Oder : 10 miles W Cam
min, tea. 14 29 E, lat. 54 4 N.
li',.liriar, -i town of Livonia, on the Aa-:
38 miles N Riga, lat. 57 32 N,
Wolfingham, a tovvn ill Durh.im county,
England : 16 miles S W Durham,
Woherbamptoli, a floui'ifliirg tovvn in
Slg^'orJlliire,

WOO

WOR

Staffbrdfliire, England. Tt has an ancient
collegiate church, annexed to'the deane
ry of Windfor, and" a handfome chapel.
It is noted for its iron manufaifture, con
fifting of ^bcks, hinges, buckles, cork-
fcreWs,apd jappapned ware, ' It is on a
hill : 13 miles 'S Stafford, and 124 N W
London. M^'oodbridge, a fown of Suffolk, England,
8 mites from the fea. It has docks fot
building ffiips, has a great corn trade, and
i« "famous for refining fait : 7 miles £ N
E Ipfwich. Woodford, A village in Effex, Epgland, in
Epping Foreft, near the river Roding : 8
jniles N £ London,' A niincral fpring
jiere, formerly Bttratftedmueh Company
to a houfe of public eritertainment, call-
ed,Woodford Wells ; -but the water has
long loft ifs reputatipp, and the houfe is
irpw a pri-ylate oric.
Woadftack, a borough in Oxfordffiire,
Englapd, It is on a rifing ground,
tin A rivulet, and chiefly noted for Blen
heim Hpufe ; a fine palace, built in mem
ory of fhe viiftory obtained by the duke
of Marlborough, oi?er fhe Frerich and
Bavarians, iii 1704. Here Alfred the
Great, tranflated Boefius de Confolatiope
PhilofophiiE, Henry I, beautified tbe
palate ; apd here refided Rofamond, mif
trefs of Henry II, for whom that prinee
is faid fo have contrived a labyrinth, by
•which her rpmantic retreat (pla:ced by
tradition near fhe fpring that ftill bears
her name in Blenheim Park) might com
municate with the palace, arid prevent
any furprife from the jealoufy of his
queen. Chaucer the poet, was borri, liv
ed, and died, af Woodftock, "The prin
cefs EHzabetb was confined here by her
iifter Mary, Woodftock has 'a manufac
ture of exceUent gloves, and of fteel
watch chainf. It is 8 miks N W Oxford,
and 62 W N W London, ' " '
Wooli, -a kingdorii Pf Africa, bounded
hy Walli pn the W, by the Gambia pn
the N, by Bpndou Pri the N E, by fhe
iSimbani Wllderpefs pn the 5. ' Each
tovvn is furrounded with a traift of culti
vated laad, fufficieatfp fupply theinhab
ltants : the chief produiftlpns are cpttPn,
tobacco, and txcell'ent vegetables. The
inhabitants are Mandingocs, of fwp feifts,
Mahpmetans, pr BuffireePs, and Pagans,
or Kafiers, The executive government is
exclufively ofthe Pagans,' " "The eldeft fon
inherits the throne ; if there be no fon,
the neareft relation. The expenfes of
the government are defrayed by occa
fional taxes on the people, and by dpties

on goods carried through the countty,
Traveflers "alfo from the Gambia to fli>
interior; pay cuftoiPs, in European goods;
on their returh they pay in iron : thefe
taxes are paid in every tovvn. [Park] '
iVoolpit', A town in Suffolk, England,
noted formaking the beft white bricks i
8 miles E b'y S Bury St. Edmund's, '
Wool-wich, a town in Kent, England. I^
is on the Thames, and of great note for its
fine dpcks and yards, where men pf war
are built ; as alfo for its vaft magazines gf
great gups, niortari, boipbs, balls, powdei*,
apd other warlike ftores. It has likewife
an academy, where the mathematics ari
taught, and young officers inftruifted iil
fhe military Srt, Some hulks are moor
ed oft" this tpwn, fpr the reCeptipn pf con-^
vlifts, whp are empteyed in raifing gravel
frpm the river. It is'io miles E Lpndon,
ten. o 16 E, lat. 51 30 N. ' '
Worcefter, 'a city in Wprcefterffiire,
England, capital Of that cOuhty, wifh a
biffipp's fee. If cppf aiPs 9 churches, be
fide ^he cathedral; and St. Michael's
withpiit the liberties of the city ; and
has alfo 3 grammar fchopls, 7 hpfpitals;
and a well cpiitrived quay. If is gpVcrnV
cd by a maypr, fends 2 members to part •
Iiament, 'carries on a confiderable trade
in woollen ftuffs and gloves, and has Uke-l
wife a manufa(ftui-e ¦ of elegant chini
ware. Here CromweU,'in 1651; obtained
a ¦yiiftory over the Scotch army, which
had niarched into Epglapd to reipftate
Charles II, who, aftet this defeat, efcaped
vvith great difficulty into France, Wpr^
cefter ib oh a igentlB afcint, ori the Sev
ern : 36 niiles NNE Briftol, and 118
W N "W" London, lon; 2 o W, fat. 52 9 N.
Wartefierfhire, a 'coupty of England,
bounded N' by Shropfllire and Stafford*
ffiire,' E by "W'"arwickffiire, W by Here
fordfliire, and S by Gloucefterfliire, ft
lies in tbe diocefe of "Worcefter, contains 7
hundreds, i.city, lomarkef towns, and 154
pariflies ; and fends 9 members to par-*
Iiament, The air is very healthy, and
the foil In the vales and meadows very
rich, produeihg ebfri and pafture, particu
larly fhe vale of Evefliam, Which is ftyl
ed the granary "of thefe parts. This
county bad' formerly two large forefts,
but 'the iron arid fait Works have in a-
mariner deftfoytd fhem ; and thefe works
are now chiefly carried On with coal.
Here fs plenty of fruits of moft forts, ef
pecially pears, vvhich arc in m.iny places
found grpvving in the hedges. The chief
cpinrhodities are coal, corn, bops, cloth,
cheefe, cider, perry, apd fait. "Thepcirti. clpa\

W R A

\V Y G

cipal river.'i are the Severn, Teme or
^end, and Avon,
¦ Worcum, A fpwn pf Dutch Brabant, pn
the S fide of the Maefe, juft betew its
juniftlpn wifh the Wahal : 8 miles N N
W Heufden, ahd 22 E Rotterdam,
Worcum, a fcaport of the United Prpv
lnces, in Friefland, on the Zuider-Zee :
"l8 miks S W Lewarden,
Woringen, A tOwn .of Germany, in the
cledlorafe of Cologne, on the Rhirie ', 8
miks frqm Cologne,
-' Workington,' A -iea-port ip Cumberland,
Engl'-md, on the Derweiit, Over which is
4 ftone bridge. From this port a large
quantity of coal is exported. In 'the
licighbourbood is a large iron foundery ;
; miles W Cockermouth, and 307 N
Londpn. Workfop, A fpwn ill Npttinghamfliire,
England, npted for a magnificent feait of
thedukeof Norfolk, Oh the.Wfideof fhe
town isacircular billjwbich wasfhefite of
a caftle. Quantities of liquorice are raifed
in its vicinity, 'which is alfo peculiarly*
remarkable for the number of pobk-
mep's feats. The capal from the Trerit
to Chefterfield paffes near this place : 24
iniles N Nottingham, an4 t46 N by W
London. ' Worms, an ancient imperial city of
Germany, in the Upper Rhine, with an
<fpifcopal fee, whofe biffiop is a prince of
tlie empire. If is famous for a diet held
ih 1521, at which Luther affifted in per-
fcn. The proteftants have a church here,
vvhere Luther is reprefented as appearing
at the diet. Worms is noted for an ex-
<:ellent wine, calkd our Lady's Milk, In
1794 it 'was taken by the French, Itis
<5n the W'bank of the Rhine : 20 miles
N W Heidelberg, 30 S E Mentz, and 32
S W Francfbrt; lon. 8 29 E, lat, 49 32 N,
' Wo'rfied, A town iri Norfolk, Erigland,
noted as the place, wh^re worfleds vvere
firft made : ' 12 miles N Norwich,
; Waitin-Baffet,' A horon^'in Wiltfliire,
Epgland, It fends 2 n],enibers to parUa-
Sicpf :" 30 miles 'N Saliffiury.
Woitaii-uuder-E.lge, A corporate tovvn in
Gloucefterfliire, EnglkPd,'' The ipba'bit-
anfs .ife principally clothiers, and is
governed by a mayor"; 20 riiiks N E
Briftol, ¦ '¦ , -
Wrath, Cape, a vaft promontory in
futherlandfliire, .which forms the N W
point of Great Britain-, Againft its rug-
feed and lofty cliffs tbe rapid fide burfts
rjth iacredibk fury.
' Wrayffury, A village in Bucks, England,
near the Thames : % mfles SSW Coln-

brpok. An ifland in the river, in this
parifli, is ftill called Charter Ifland, ia
vvhich, if is faid, the Great Charter -was
figned by king Jphn, although his con
fent vvas extorted in Runnymead.
Wreiin, a noted riidunfain of Shrop-
ffii'r'e : 8 njiles ESE Shrewffiury.
Wrexham, a town in Denbighfliire,
Wales. It is the moft populous town in
all N Wales, and a place o'f confiderabte
traffic, noted for its fairs. It is of Saxon
origin, retains the language and appear
ance 6f an Englifli town, and has an an
cient Gothic church, tbe lofty fteeple, of
which i? the boaft of tbis part of the
country. Near Wrexhain is a large foun
dery for caaaon and othei- -iriicks. It is
in a couatry affpidiag pkatv of lead : 13
mUes S.by W' Chefter, and 188 N W
Londpn. •
Wrintan, A tpwn in Somerfetfliire,
England, the birthplace of Mr. Locke,
and feated among tbe Mendip Hills : 91
miles N WeUs, and 125 WLondon.
Wrotbam, a town in Keat, Englaad. Tt
has a large church ; ii miles W N W
Maidftone, arid 24 S F: Londop.
Wroxeier, a tovvn in Shropfllire, Eng
land : 5 iriiles' S £ Slirevvibury.
Wurtzburg, A bifliopric of Germany,
comprehending the prindpal part of Fran
conia, boundefl by the county of Henne
berg, the duchy of Coburg, the abbey
of Fulde, the archblfliopric of Mentz,
fhe marquifate of Anfpach, the bifliopric
of Bamberg, and fhe county of Wer
theim. The foil is very fertile, and pro
duces more corn and wine than the in
habitants confume. The territories of
the bifliop conipreliend above 400 fowne ,
and vlll-ages, of vvhich he is fovereign,
being one pf fhe greateft ecelefiaflic
princes of the empire.
Wurtzburg, A large fortified city of Ger
many, one pf the principal in Francppia,
with a magnificent palace, j univerfify,
an arfepal, and a handfome hofpital.
"Fhe caflle flands on ' an eminence, and
cpmmunicates with the city by a ftpne
bridge, pn which are 12 ftatues, repre-
feafiag as maay faints. Warlzburg was
taken, ia July 1796, by the French; who
vvere defeated here in September follow
ing, and the city retaken. 'It is oa the
Maine ': 40 miles S W B.imberg, and
300 N W "V"ienaa, ten. 10 13 £, lat. 49
46 N,
Wycoml, Chipping, A populous borough
in Buckingb:imlliire, Englaad, faid fo ha
one of the .greateft ma-.-kcu for cora ia this
part of England, In its neigj^bourhood are

X A V

sTC many corn and paper mills. This
sown is governed by a m^ayor, aad fends
.two menibers to parliament. " If is on the
Wyck : 12 miles SSE Aileffiury, and 31
W N, W London.
Wycomb, Wf, ,a, village ia Bucks, Eng
land : 2 miles W of Chipping Wycomb.
It is noted for the beautiful villa of the
late Francis lord Le Defpencer, who, at
his fole expenfe, ereifted fhe pariflicburch,
oa a lofty epiinence, -on the fite of the
old church. %
Wye, a towa in Kent, England, onthe
Stour : 10 miles S Canterbury, and
56 S E London,
Wye, A river of S Wales, which falls
into the mouth of the Severn, below
Chepftow. The roipaniic beauties pf tbe
Wye, which flows in a deep bed, between
Jofly rocks clothed with hanging woods,
and here and there crowned by ruined
«aftles, have employed the defcriptive
powers of the pea aad peacil.
Wye, A rivcr ia Derbyfliire, which falls
info the Derwent, betew BakcweU.
Wye, a populous town of Swifferland,
ia a territory of fhe abbey of St. Galen,
with a palace. It is built on an eminence :
16 miles SSW Conftance, lon, 9 4 E, lat,
47 34.'N.
Wyl, fee Weil.
Wymondham, or Windham, a town in
Norfolk, Englaad. The fteeple of fhe
church is very high, aad oa it was hung
Ket, the rebel, ia the reign of Edward
VI : 9 mfles SSW Norwich
Wynendale, a to'wn of Auftrian Flan
ders, where general Webb, in 1 708, with
6000 men, defeated 24,000 Freach : S
elites ENE Dixmude.
Wyre, A river in Lancafliire, which en
ters the Irifli §ea, below Poalton.

X

Xa

>¦ ACCA, or Sacca, A feaport of Sicily,
with an old caftle. It is oa the S coaft of
the ifland, at the foot of a mountain : 20
miles S E Mazara, and 41 S S W Paler
mo, loa. 13 2 E, laf. 37 41 N.
Xativa, formerly a flpurifliing fPwn of
Spain, ill Valencia, on the fide of a liiU,
fit the foot of which runs the Xucar", 32
mUcs S W Valencia, arid 50 N W Ali-
eiut, Iat. 39 4 N.
Xavier, or Sabi, the capital ofthe king-
,dom of Whydah, on the flave coaft of
Guinea ; noted for its great market,
which is held at the diftance of a. piik

from the walls. The market place jg
furrouuded by futtlers' booths, which are
only permitted to fell cerfaip forts of
meat, as beef, pork, and fhe flelh of goaiji
and dogs. Here flaves of both fexes are
bought and fold, as well as oxen, flieep,
dogs, hogs, fifli and birds. Here are to
be fpund varipus commpdities qf Whydap
manufaifture, and every thing pf Eurp.i.
pean, .4,fiatic or .^frlcap produiftion, Xa
vier is one niilc from the riyer Euphra
tes. Xavier, a towp of Spaip, ip Navarre,
noted as;the birtliplace ofthe celebratecl
Remifli faint and mlffionary of that name:
35 miles S E Pampeluna.
Xeres-de-Badajaz, A confiderable town
of Spain, in Eftramadura, and ip the ter
ritory qf Tra-larGuadiapa : 27 miles S E
Badajoz. Xeres-deyGuadiana, a town of Spain, ip
Andalufia, on the Guadiana : 18 miles N
Ayamonte, lat. 37 30 N.
Xeres-de-la-Frontern, A confiderable town
of Spain, in Andalufia. It is famous for,
excelleaf wine ; and hence, it is thought,,'
is derived the name of that we call Sberr
ry. It is calk,d de la Frontera, becaufe,,
when the Mpprs poffeffed Cadiz, it was,
the frpatier pf the chriftiaas. It is pp
the Guadakta : 5 miks N Purt St, Mary,
and 1 10 S by W Madrid, laf . 36 42 N,
Xima,An iflaud pf Japan, and fecond, ifl
fize and em.inence, fituated S W Nip
hon, from whicli it is divided by a nar
row channel. Its circumference is fup
pofed fo be upward of 300 mfles, exclufive
of bays and creeks. If has a confiderable,
number of cities and towns, wifh fome
good harbpurs, [Cruttwell,]
X'lcoco, an iflaud pf Japan, between Ni
phon and Saikoka,
Xicana, A town of Spain, in Valencia,
and in the territory of Segura, wiljh a
ftrorig cattle. If is among mouataias, ip.
a couatry that produces exceUent vvlac :
15 miles S W AUcaiif, lat, 38 6 N.
Xucar, A river of Spain, which rifes ia
New Caftile, paffes by Cuenza, and en
tering the province of Valencia, runs in
to the gulf of Valencia, at the town of
Culkra. Xudnogrod, a town of Turkifli Crpatia ;
17 miles N Seberiicp, aad 37 E Kzara,
lon, 16 51 E,laf. 40 34 N.

¦L •} AN arm qf the Zuider Zee, which
eaters that fea, 5 miles E Amfterdam, If
fornis

Y A N
forms the boundary between N and S
^lolland, and is prpnounced Ey.
Talk, ice Ural.
^ Taick Coffacks, fee Uralian Coffacks.
Taiiff, fee Uralff.
, Yakut fl, pae pf the four prpviaces of the
Ruffiaa government of Irkutzk, in the
eaftern part of Siberia.
Takutff,a fown of Siberia, capital of a
Ruflian province of its aame, oa the riv
er Lena. It coafifts of 130 houfes, and a
fortrefs, all built of v/ood, iahabited by
exiles, and Coffacks. In the garrifoa are
150 fiildiers. The Cqffacks are tbe de-
fccpdants of Swedes and Germans, for
merly baniflied here. Thefe are employ
ed fo levy tribute from the Tartars, fub-
jfift fo Ruffia, lon. 129 14 E, laf, 62 N.
[Beneyowlki,]
Tale, the capifal of a province of the
fame name, in tbe ifland of Ceylon.
Tambo,A port on the Red Sea, If is one
of the unhealthy tovyns of Arabia. Here
is no water buf what the pools receive
from the rain. Here is a caftle, and gar
rifon of 200 Janizaries. The inhabitants
are the moft barbarous of this barbarous
coaft. It is 60 miks S W Medina, lon.
38 21 30 E, lat. 24 3 35 N. [Bruce.]
Tamina, a beautiful village, near the
Niger. It is a very confiderable place,
much frequented by the Moors. [Park.]
^ Tang-Tcheau, a populous city of China,
, province pf Kiang-n^dn. Being iater-
feifted by a number pf canals, if has 2"4
ftorie bridges, each cpnfifting of feveral
arches : 45 miles N E Nanking
Yang-tfe- Kiang, a great river of China,
which rifes in tbe province of Yua-aaa,
and having croffed Hpu-quang, and Ki
ang-nan, eaters fhe Eaftern- Ocean, op
pofite the Ifle of Tfong-ming, vvhich is
formed' by the fand accumulated at ifs
mouth, Tany, A kingdom of Africa, on the
Gambia. The foil is fertUe ; a little cul
tivation produces a fufficiency of corn ;
the fields afford pafture for cattle, the
rivers fifli for the inhabitanls. The
grains raifed principally -are rice, Indian
corn, two kinds of holcus fpicatus, hoi-
cus nigcr, and hplcus vicolor. The gar
dens near their towns aad viUages, pro
duce oaioas, ciiUivaacf-,, y.inis, caffan,
plants, "Fhey alfo raife fome indigo,
and cotton. Level and generally cover
ed with woods, nothing Is romantic ; a
gloomy profpedl ftrikes the traveller's
eye, lathe rainy feafoa tho wafer falls
.'in torraits. Suffocafii'i; heats opprefs by

YAR
day ; during the darknefs of the nigl.t,
founds terrific, the cry of the jackal!,
croaking of frogs, the deep bowlings ofi
the hyena, form a difmal concert, inter
rupted only by tremendous peals pf thun
der, not to be conceived, but by tbofc
vvho have heard them. [Park.]
Tare, a rlvcr in Norfolk, England,
vvhich pafl"es by Norwich, whence it ia-
navigable to Yarmouth, belovv which it
faUs into the German Ocean ; iipted for
plenty of rufE),
Tarmauth, a borough in Norfolk, Eng
land, It is at the mouth of the Yare, a'n<l
is of confiderable confequence, both as
a port and fifliing tovvn. By means of
its rivers, it enjoys the export and import
trade of various places in Norfolk and,
Suffolk. Its harbour is extremely con
venient for bufinefs, the veffels lying In
the river, along a' very exteafive and beau
tiful quay. Its foreign trade is chiefly to.
the Baltic, Holland, Portugal, and the
Mediterranean. It alfo fends ffiips tO"
the Greenland fifliery. Yarmouth is-
much frequented in the feafon, as a place
for fea bathing. It is governed by a May
or, and fends- two members to parUa
ment. The market place is very fpaciousy
but the flreets, in general, are very nar-.-
rpvv, ancl juft wide enough for their little
carriages to pafs through. Thefe car
riages are a kind of fledge, drawn by one
horfe, aad calculated entirely for tbefc
narrow ftreets. Here arc two churches-,
that of St. Nicholas has a tefty fteeple,
which ferves as a feamark, and whichever
' way it is viewed, if appears crooked. 0(F
the mputh of tbe harbpur is a bar, whicli
prevents the catry of fliip.s of large bu!!=-
dea, aad the maay fandbanks off the coaflr
at a diftaace, frcm the Yarmouth Roads,
fo noted for frequent fliipwrecks. Yar-
•mouth is 27 miles £ Norwich, and 112 M
E Londpn, lon, i 55 E, lat, 52 45 N.
Tarmauth, a borough in Hampfliire,.
England, on the W coaft of the Ifie ot"
Wight, with a ftrong caftle. It fend.-, i
members to parliament, and is onacreek;
8 miles W Newport, aad 123 S W Lon
don. 'i'lH-i//,./, a government of .Ruffia, for
merly a province of the govcrameat of
Mofcow. Its capital of the fame aame»
is at the conflueace of the Volga and'
Kotorofl : 140 miles N E Alofcuw, Ion.
38 59 E.lat, 57 25 N.
Tariim, a tovvn ia fhe N r'ding of
Yorkfliire, England, oafherTccs, over
vvhich is a ftone bridge : 40 milcs N N
W Yuriiu Xari"j

Y E M

YEN

farley, a town in Huntlngdonfliire,
Eaglaad : 14 miles N Huntingdon.
T-ll, oneof. the Shetland Iflands, N
Mairilaiad : 12 miles long, 8 brpad, has
feveral gppd harbpurs.
Tellow River, pr Haang-ha, a large river
of Afia, which, after a courfe of nearly
600 leagues acrofs Tartary and Chiria, en
ters the Eafteru Sea, N of the mputh pf
the Yaii-tfe-kiaag. It is very broad and
rapid, but fo fliallow, that it is fcarcely
navigable. It is calkd the Yellow River,
becaufe the clay and fand which it wafli
es dovvn, efpeciaUy in time of rain, makes
its water appear of a yellow colour.
Tella-vi Ssa, a gulf of China, between
the, provinces of Pe-tcheli, and Chang-
tong on the W, and fhe peninfula of Co
rea on the E.
Temen, a province comprehending the
fineft and moft fertile part of Arabia, fur
rounded by the Red Sea, and fhe prov
iaces of Hadramaut, Nejed, aad Hedjas.
"Yemea is naturaUy divided into twoparts,
differing greatly in foil and cUmat e : fhat
bordering on the Red Sea, is a dry and
fandy plain, nearly 2 days' Journey in
breadth, and is fcorchedby the moft in
tenfe heats ; fhe other, extending imme
diately beyond this, is a high coatry, full
of precipitous, yet fertile hills, and enjoy
ing a much more temperate air. Yemen,
like fhe reft of Arabia, is parcelled out,
among a number of different foverelgns,
in unequal portions. Some of fhem are
princes of confiderable power ; but many
are petty flieiks, who are, however,
perfeiftly independent : the moft confid
erable of tliofe princes is the imam, whp
refides af Sana. There are'fevcral other'
independent ftates. The fame intermix
ture pf fertile and barren terrltpry, and
tbe fame prpduiftions appear every vvhere
through fhe whole province : fhe imam,
however, feems fo be mafter of the rich
eft, the moft agreeable, and the moft in
terefting part of fhis country. It would
not be eafy to explain, diftimftly, the
extents and limits of this fovereign's
territories, a's fhey are fo interfeift-
ed by the domains of a number of
petty princes. The general divrifion of
Yemen info Tehama, the Lowlands, and
Djebat, the Highlands, obtains in the
imam's dominions. Upon this grand di
vifion depends the fubdivifion of tbe
kingdom pf Sana intp 30 governments,
or countries. Tehama contains 6 of thefe
governments, a'nd the Highiaad country
24.^ The throae of Yemea is hereditary ;
if generally approved by thefu'ej:6is, the cld-

eft legitimate fon pf an imam is his right*
fill fucceffor. Buf in the defpotic gov
ernments pf the eaft, indeed no order
can be clofely obferved becaufe there are
no fundariiental lavvs. In every little
town a fub-dola, with a fmall garrjfpn,
cpnfiftipg foriietimcs of only five or fin
fpldiefs, fefides, to maintain prder, 'Fhe
chief pf a large village Is a flieik ; of
a friiall Pile, a hakin. Every city in
which a dola refides, has alfo a kadi, de
pendent on the chief kadi of Sana ; fhe
kadi is fole judge iri Civil and ecclefiafti-
cal.affairs, nor may the dola interfere to
confradiift bis fenfences, or render them
inefficacious. The kadis in the provinc
es, no lefs ihan in the capital, are in high'
reputation for wifdopv and integrity.
The manufaiftures of a people of fo little'
induftry, cannot but be very trifling. The
making of match fire locks has been at-.
tempted here within tliefe few years ; it
fucceed s but indifferenfly. It is only of
late that glafs works have been cftabliflii
ed af Mocha ; fome coarfe cloth is man-
ufaiftured here, buf npf fp much as is re
quired for the rife pf the cbuntry : brpad
cloths are neither made nor worn here.
The Englifli brought fome goeds of this
fprt to Mpcha, but Were obliged to Car
ry them back to India. A country which
affords fo few articles for Ikle, cannot
have a great trade. Coffee is alliti'pft' the
fole article expprted frpm Yemen ; a valu
able cpmnipdity, in exchange for which
many of thofe things vvhich this country
needs from abroad, may wCU be obtain
ed. All the commerce of Yemen is car
ried on by Mocha, except that fome cof
fee is exported by Loheia arid Hodeida.
Ten-tcheau, a city of China, of the firft
rank, in fhe province of Tche-kiang.
Near this fown are mines of copper, and
frees that yield varnifli, which grve a
,3calue to fhe cabinet work fo much efteem-"
ed in Europe ; when fhis varnifli is once
dry, if never melts agairi, antl will bear
boiling water. The paper manufaifture
of this place Is in equal efteem, and for
which fhey have a gre.-it demand. Six
towns of the third order are under its
jurifdiaion r 650 miks SSE Peking, lat.
29 38 N. ' " '
Teii-tiheott, A city of China, of the firfl:
rank in the province of Chang-tong.
The territory depending upon this capi
tal is enctefed between fwp cpnfiderable
rivers, which abound with fifli, and make
the foil very fruitful. The country is
very wcU cultivated, and the mountains
are covered with woods, and the air mild and

Y 0 R

y R I

ind temperate, TJiere are 2? towns
witbiu the jurlf^iiftion pf this capital ; 4
ipf the fecpnd order, aad 23 of the third,
267 .mfles S Pekia, lat. 35 44 N.
^ Tenrtcb'mg, A city of China, in fhe prov
ince of Chang-tong and jurifdiaion pf
Tfi-nan-fou.^ Here , a kind of glafs is
made.fo delicate and brit'tk,fhat it cracks
yihen expofed to the fraaUeft injuries of
the air.
Teavil, or Ivel, a corporate town in
Somerfetfliire, England, Here is a riianu-
faifture of cloth and gloves : 20 miles S
Wells. ,
, Tefd, A town of Perfia, in Irac Agemi, on
the road from Kerman to Ifpahan. It has
a filk nianufaifture ; and here are made
fhe fineft carpets in the world : 200 miks
,j;S E Ifpahan, lon. 56 50 E, laf. 320 N,
Yonne, A department of France, contain
ihg part bf the late province of Burgun
dy. It is fo calted from a river tbat falls
into the Seine. Auxetre is the capital.
York, an ancient city of Erigland, fhe
capital of Yorkfliire, with an archbifli
op's fee. It is the Eboracuiri of fhe Ro
mans, and many D.f fheir coffins, urns,
coins, &c. have oeen fOund here. It has
always been confidered as the capital of
the North, and, in point of rank, as the
fecond city in the kingdom ; and, al
though it is now furpafl'ed in wealth and
jpopuloufnefs, by many of the more mod
ern trading towns, it ftill fupports a con
fiderable degree of confequence, and is
the refidence, of many genteel families.
The cathedral of St. Peter, generally call-
ied the minifter, is reckoned the moft ele
gant and magnificent Gothic ftruifture in
the kingdom, tbat in Lincoln perhaps ex
cepted. Befide this cathedral, York con
tains but 17 churches in ufe ; though, in
the reign of Heary V, there were 44
parifli churches, .17 chapels, aad 9 reUg
ious houfes. If is divided by the Oufe,
into 2 parts, which are united by a ftone
bridge of 5 arches, the centre one 81 feet
wide ; and the river is navigable to this
city for veffels of 70 tons burdea, al
though it is 60 miles from the fea. York
i« furrounded by a flrong wall, through
¦which are entrances by four gates and
five porterns : aad ifhas a caftle, former
ly a place of great ftreaRlh, but it is now
a couaty prifoa for debtors aad felons.
York is a city and county pf itfelf, gov
erned by a lord mayor, and fends tvvo
members fo parUament : Ils couuty in
cludes Ainfty Liberty, in which are 35
villages arid h,imlels. Tbe guildhall is ,1
grand ftrucfture, fupported by two rows
Vol. II, O 0 P o

I of oak pillars, each pfllar a fipgle tree,
'The corporation bnilt a manfipn houfe, id
1728, for the terd mayor ; and, among
fhe modern buildings, are a noble affeta-
bly hoiifc, defigned by the earl of Bur
lington, and an elegant court houfe, on the
right of che caftle ; here is alfo a theatre
royal, and an afylum for lunatics. York
is 70 miks S by E Durham, 89 E Lancaf-
ter,and 198 N by W London, lon. i i W,
laf. 53 59 N.
Yorfffire, the largeft coupty ip Eng
land, bounded N W by Weftmorland, E
by the German Ocean. It is divided in
fo three ridings, caUed the N, E, and W :
apd fubdivided into 26 wapentakes, which
contain one city, 54 market towns, and
563 pariflies, 2048fquare miles, 1,311,181
acres, and 400,000 Inhabitanls ; and fendj
30 members fo parliament. The W riding
enjoys a fliarp buf healthy air ; the vallies
confift of good arable ground, and pafture
for the largeft cattle. It alfo produces
iron, coal, jet, alum, hprfes, and goafs.
Here the ctethipg manufaiftures pripci'
pally flourifli, "The N riding exceeds the
Pther two in the falubrity of tbe air. The
lyprft parts breed lean cattle ; but, pp the
fides of fhe hills, ip the vallies and plains,
it produces good corn, and rich paftures
for large cattle. Richmondlhire, on the>f
W of this riding, was formerly a coupty
of itfelf ; here many lead mines are Work
ed to great advantage.
Ya-tcheou-fau, a poputeus and commer
cial city pf China, province of Hou-quang.
Its diftritft contaips one city of the fecond,
and feven of the third clafs i on the
Zang-tfe-klang : 275 miks S U' Nan-
l''"g- , , ,
Youghall, A confiderable town of Ire
land, county pf dprk. It is furrpunded
by walls, ba.s a very commodious harbour,
wilh -A vvell defended quay, atad fends two
members fo parliament. It has a manu
faifture pf earthen ware, and is at the
niputh of the river Blackwater : 28 miles
E by N Cork, ¦
Ypres, A large city of Auftrian Flan
ders, with a bifliop's fee. If has a con
fiderable manufaifture pf cloth aad ferges ;
and eveiy year ia lent there is a well
frequented fair. It was one of the bar
rier towns belonging tn the Dutch, till
1781, when the emperor Jofeph II, oblig
ed theni to withdraw their g.irrifon. It
has been often takea aad retaken ; the
laft time by the French, ia 1794- It is
ou the river Yperlee : 12 miles W Cour-
fr.-iy, 15 N W Lifle, and 130 N Paris.
'Yricx, St. A tovvn of France, depart meat

%"tr%

2AM

dient of Upper VIenrie,Pri the river Ifle :
20 miles S Limoges,
Yfendick, A ftrong tpvicn of Dutch Flan
ders, in the ifle pf Calfand, on a branch
of fhe Scheld, called Bile : 8 riiiles £
Sluys, and i8 NW Ghent.
Yffel, iee Iffel.
Yffelburg, atOwncfDutch Guelderland:
32 miles £ Cleves.
Tffelmond, an ifland of ttoUand, betvveen
the Merwe N-, and another branch ofthe
IMaefe op the S. It has a fown of the
fame name : 3 miles W Rotterdam. ^
Yffclfein, A fown of fhe United Prov
inces, -in Holland, with a caftle, on the
river Yffel : 5 miles S W Utrecht.
Yffengeaux, a town of France, depart
inent of Upper Loire : 10 iriiles N E
tuy. -Tuen-yang-fou, a city of China, in the
province of Hou-quang. Its diftritft con-
fkins one city of the fecond, and fix'Of
the third clafs : 300 miles W Nan-king.
Yverdun, A fttong and ancient town of
Swifferland, in the Pays de Vaud, eapital
of a bailiwick of the f4me name, vvith a
caftle. It Is af the head of a lake of the
fame name, oh the rivers Orbe and
Thick : 30 miles S W Bern, ten. 6 50 £,
lit. 46 50 N. '
Yverdun, Lake af, fetf- Neuchatel.
Yveibt, A town of France, department
of Lower Seine : 5 miles N E Caudebec.
Yun, the largeft' canal in China, called
alfo, Thelmperial Canal. This c'elebrated
canal, which extends from Canton to Pe
kin, forms a communication between fhe
N and S provinces^ The traffic upon It
is exceedingly great; arid It is, in various
other refpeifts, an objeift of, wonder arid
admiration to Europeans,
Yung-ping-fm, a city of China, prov
ince of Pe-tcheli; Its diftritft' contains
one city of fhe fecond, and five of the
third clafs-: 87 miks £ Pekin.
Yii-ning-fou, a city of China, province
of Ho-nan. Its diftrieft contains 2 cities
of flic fecond, and 12 of the third clafs :
175 miks N W Nan-king.
Yun-nan, one of fhe moft fertile and
opulent provinces in China ; bounded N
by Se-tchuen and Thibet, E by Quang-fi
arid Koei-tcheou, S by the kingdoms of
Laos and Toaquia, W by thofe of Bui-
mah aad Pegu. Its gold, copper, -and tin
mines; its amber, rubies, fapphires, agates,
pearls, marble, muflc, filk, elephants,
hprfes, gums, medicinal plants, and linen,
have prpcured it fhe higheft reputatipn.
Its commerce and riches are immenfe.
YuH-nan-fou, the capital of the above

province, once remarkable for its extent
and the beauty of its pubUc buildings, all
which have been deftroyed by fhe 'Far-
tars, in their different invafions. Ifs dif
tritft contains four cities of the fecond
and third clafs : 430 riiiles N W Caatoa.
Yuntiii, an iflandnearthe coaft of Chi
na, in the Eaftern Sea ; 30 miles in cir
cumference : aboiit two miles and a half
from the continent, lon. 137 5 £ Ferro,'
laf, 34 35 N, '
Yvoy, A tovvn of France, department of
the Ardennes, on the Cher : ib riiiles S
Sed^n.-

^AAB; or z'eb, a diftritft of Africa, Ip'
the CPUnty pf Sahara, belpnging to the
Algerines If was apciently a part nf the
Mauritania Sitifenfis, and is a narrpw
traift of land lying Ira'mediafely under the
Atlas, lat,between 34 30 and 35 N,
Zabern, A town' in the palatinate of the'
Rhine : 15 miles W PhiUpffiurg.
Zabala, a town of Tranfylvania, Oil tHe'
confines of Moldavia : 5 mfles S W Neu
mark. Zaburn, a town of Fra-iice, department'
of the Lowrer Rhine : ' 15 mfles N Straf+'
burg. !
Zafi-a, a town of Spain, in Eftrama
dura, with a caftk, at the foot of a moun..
tain : 20 miles S W Medina.
Zagara, a famous mountain of Euro-'
pean Turkey, in Livadia, on the gulf of
Corinth, near Mount Parnaffus, and al
moft always covered- with fnow. It was
the ancient Helicon, from- which iffued
the fountain Hlppocrene, and was facred-
f p fhe Mufes whp had here a temple,
Zagrad, a ftrpng and populous town ofi
Sclavonia, capital of a county of its name, ,
with a bifliop's fee. If is on the Save : 25
miles N E Carlftadt, and 157 S E Buda,
laf. 46 20 N,
Zahara, a ftfong town of Spain, in An»'
dalufia, on a craggy, rock, and defended:
by a citadel : 47 niiles S E Seville, lat. 36-
5iN.
Zahara, fee Sahara.
Zaire, a large river of Africa, which;
rifing in the kingdpm pf Macocp, divide*-
the kingdom of Loango and CoPgo, and;
faUs into the Atlantic Ocean, betew Sog
no. Zamora, a ftrong and confiderable tpvvn
of Spain, in Leon, with a bifliop's fee. In
iti.

Z A N

Z A T,

-»jt» environs fine turcois ftopfs are foun4-|
It is feated Pii a hill, on the river Doue
ro, over which is a bridge of 17 arches :
'35 miles N Salaman^s, and 150 N W
Madrid. Zamqra, a, tpwp, of Algiers, .province of
Coaftaatine : 250 miles W Hamamef,
-Jon. 6 25 E, laf. 36 20 N.
Zamoffi, a ftrong town of Poland, in
Red Ruffia, now the Auftrian kingdom
of Lodomiria. If has a citadel, and is 37
-miles N W Lemburg, ten. 23 26 E, lat,
JO 52 N.
Zanfara, A kingdom of Negroland, W
,of the kirigdom of Zegzce. The inhab-
'itanfs are tall in ftature, very black, vvith '
.'broad faces, and favage difpoCtlons. It is
very little known to Europeans.
Zang-Ping-Jew, a large fown of Chi
una. The ftreets are paved, clean, ftraight
and broad. It is 30 miles N Pekin. [Bc-U.]
Zanguebar, a country on the E coaft of
Africa, betweeii 3 N and 18 S lat, Il
includes feveral petty kingdoms, in-wbich
,.the Portuguefe have fettlements. The
inhabitants, except thofe converted by
the Portuguefe, are .eil;her Mahometau.-.
or Pagans, the latter;mucb fhe mpft np-
merpus. The principal territories are
Mombaza, Lamo.MeUnda, Qiiiola, Mo-
,famblquc, and Spfala. Tbe Portuguefe
trade for flaves, ivory, gold, oftrich feath
ers, wax, aad drugs. The produiftions
are much fhe fapie as In olher parts of
Africa between the tropics.
Zante, an Ifland of the Medi.terranean,
near the coaft of the Morea : 17 miles S
£ of the Ifland of Cephalonia. It is 24
miles teng and 12 broad, and very pleaf
ant and fertile. Its, priacipal riches coa-
.fifts in currants, with which it abounds :
they are cultivated in a large plain, un-
.der the ffielter of mountains op fhe fliore,
which gives the fun greater power
to bring them to riiatiirity. Here are al
fo the fineft peaches in the world, vvhich
weigh 8 or 10 ounces : alfo exceUent figs ,
and oil. In fliort, it would be a perfetft
paradife if Wqqd vvere aot fo dear, though
•this ifland was formerly full of forefts.
The natives fpeak bsitb Greek and Ital
ian, though there are very few Romaa
catholics among them ; but they have a
.bifliop as well as the Greeks. In one
-part of this ifland is a place whicb fliakes
whea trod upon, Uke a quagailre ; aad
a fpriag, which throws out a great deal '
¦,of bitumea, efpecially at the time of an
^earthquake. This iflaad beloags to the
ycnetian.s, vvho have cojift.uuly a gover- , |

ppr refid.ipg in. the fortrefs. There a^
about 50 villages, but ao other larg^
tovvn than Zante, which is fcated on fhft
E fide of the ifland, and has a good h^i;-
bour. It contains near 20,000 inhabif
ants ; and the houfes are low, on accouPt
of the frequent earthquakes. The Eng
liffi and Dutch have each a faiftpry an^
conful here, lon. 21 3 E, lat, 37 53 N,
Zanzibar, an 'ifiani of Africa, on the
coaft of Zanguebar, betweep the iflaails
pf Peipba and Mpnfia, with the title pf
a kingdpm, tributary tp .Pprtugal. It
abounds in fugar canes apd citrons. The
inhabitant.s are Mahometans, ten. 38 2Jr
E, laf,' 60S,
Zara, an aacient, ftrong, and eonfider-
abls city of Venetian Dalinatia, capifal
of a cbunty qf ifs name, with an arch
bifliop's fee, a citadel, and a harbour. It
was formerly much xpore copfiderable,
the circumference of the, walls being now
but 2 niiles, aad the inhabitants not
above 6000. Here is part qf the temple
of June. There are -fine paintings in
the churches, done by the beft mafters,;
They pretend to have the body pf St.
Simepn, brpught from Judea, and kept in
a fl.rine, with a cryftal .before it. Zara
is feated pn-a fmall peninfula, ia the gulf
pf Venice : 80 niUcs S V/ Jajcza and 150
S £ Veaice, ten! 16 6 E,'lat. 44 30 N.
Zaritzcn, a town pf Ruffia, 688 mila;
frpm Mofcow, on fhcVolga. The build
ings arc mean, but the tbyira is defended
by a deep ditch, a rampart mounted vvit^
caaiioa, and a garrifon of 6000 mea.
[Hanway.]
Zariza, A town, or father garrifon on
the Wolga, tho only inhabitants being
the trpops. It is fituated at the fppt of
a high hill, is fortified vvith five baftlont,
and as maay wooden towers. [Hanway.]
Zariiate, a ftrong tovvn of European
'Furkey, in the Morea, qa ari eminence .;
20 miks W Mifitra,
Zarnaw, a town of Little Poland, in
the palatinate -of Sandopiir : 63 mUes N
Cracow, lat. 51 13 N.
' Zarp, A large branch of the Tigris, It
flpws froai very high mountains, capped
vvith laftiag fnpw. Tbe cpuntry through-
vvhich it runs is fertile, and prpduces
plenty pf cprn. [Jackfon.]
Zafia-zv, a fpwn pf Poland, in Volhii.ia :
15 miks S E Oftrog.
Zatmar, a ftrong town of Upper Huu-
giiry, capital of a cpunty pf its name ;
on a fm.-iU lake forpied by the river Sa-
mvs ;

ZEA
thes f 5» xpiles E by S Tockay, snd i Jo
% Budaiion. ii 34 E.'Iat. 47 50 N.
Zaiar, a town of Poland, palatinate of
Cracoyr, and capital of a ftarofty of its
aame, with a caflle. ' It is op an emi
nence, near the river Viftula' : 20 miles
S 'y^ Cracp-BT, and 50 S £ ilatibor, lon.
19 42 E, lat,'49 54 N,"
Za-wila, OT Zueela, a town of Africa, in
the kingdom of Fezzan, fituated in a fer
tile coiiptry ; the 'remaips pf apcicpt
buildirigs Ip this towii, the number apd
£ze of the cifterps, and the cppftriitftiops
of tlii vaulted caves, intepded, perhaps,
as repofitbries fer cprn," exhibit fuch vef-
|iges of anciept fplendpr, as will prob
ably attratS;, arid may highly reward, the
at tentiori of the future traveller : 6b miles
£ N E'Mourzooti " ' ' '
Zbaraz, A town" of Poland, in PtfdoUa,"
JO miles N by'W Kaminieck
Zboraiv, A town of Auftrian Poland,
palatinate of Leiribiirg, Here, in 1649,
John Cafirinii", kirig of Poland, ivith 20,000
men, was attacked iri' his caiiip, by
310,000 Coffacks arid Tar'tafs, for"3 days
fucceffivclyj but dcfei^ded "hinifelf fo
jpravely, that the latter ivere glad 'to con
sent to terms of ac'coirimodation ': "25
iniles W Zbaraz, ^nd jfi E '^y S 'Lem
burg, lon, 25 46 E, l^f". 49 46 N,i
Zealand, ari ifland of Denmarlc, almoft
«3f a round form, 700 miles fn cii-cumfer-
ence, aind the largeC^ of the ifles belpng
ing to tlje king of Denmark.' ""It lies" at
the entrance of the Baltte," having 'the
Scaggerac Sea Sl, the fduhd, E',' the 'Baltic
?, and the Qreat :pelt W. It is very fer
tile ; producing grain of all forts,' apd
jn great plenty, and abounding vyith e^-
ceflept paflure. It is particularly fainous
for its breed of horfes. Copenhagen is
not only the capital' of this ifland, hut
of the whole kingdom, [^°^f.]
Zealand, One of the Cfven ynifed Prov
inces of the" "Netherlands, bounded N by
^he ifles of Holland^ E by" DutcK Bra
hant, S by Dutch Flanders, W. and N W
by the German Oceap. It is cqiripofed
ipf leveral ifland.s, the principal Of which
are Walchereii, Schowen, N antj S Eeve-
Jand, Tolen, Cuyvel'and, and "Wplferf-
dike. The inhabitants ai-e at a great ex
perife to defend theinfeflves frpm the en
croachments of fhe fea, and ia "keeplag
¦op their dikes. The river Scheld forms
the moft bf thefe Iflands ; and thi:' foil of
ifhern is fruitful, but thfe air" unhealthy,
efpetiial^y for ftraagers. The principal
towBs are Middleburg and Flulhing, -
^ealaiid, Ne-tv, an "iflapd" in the iPacific

ZEA
Ocean, diCeovered hy Tafman, in 164^
He traverfed "fhe E coaft from lat, 34 Ui
4,3 S, and entered a' ftrait ; buf being at
tacked by the'natSves, fobri after he cam^'
to^n anchor, in the place to which htf
gave "the Pame of Miirderer's-Bay, he did
not go OH fliore. 'He called the country
Staten L,and, iri hbnor 'of the Stafei
General,' thbugh it has been generally
diftinguiflied in^pur maps bythe name of
New Zealarid. From the time of Tali
min, the ¦Whole c6untry> except that
part of the coafl which was feen by him-,
remaineif altogether unknown, and vvas
by many' fuppofed to 'make part of a,
fouthern ctfptinenf, till 1770, when it
waii circumnavigated by fcapfain CookJ
who found it ft) cbnfi'ft of two large
iflands', feparated by a ftrait' 4 or 5
leagues broad, fo which he gave^hls owii
nam^e.' " On the W'fide 'of this' ftrait is
Queen Charlotte's Sound, which was
made a principal place of rendezvous In
liis fubfeqiicnt '"voyages, Thefe ifland^
be b'etween lat, 34 and 48 "S, and lorn
166 arid 186 E. AloPg the coaft Piapy
fmall iflands are formed, arid it i's indent^
ed by deep bays, affording' excellent fliel
ter for fliipping ; and thef'e are alfo feveral
rivers capable pf receiving large veffels."
Of the twp 'iflands, fhe Iputherhmoft is -
for the moft part moufit aihous apd bari
riii. As' far iplapd as the eye cap reach;
pothing appears but mouptaips'of ftp-i
p'eridoUs height, confiftilog of rocks fhaU
are totally naked, except where they are
covered with fnpw ; buf the "land bor-
dering pp thi fei cpalj is dlothed thicltl
I with Ivqod, alipoft down to the' water's
i edge; The northernmoft 'ifland hais a
mup'h better appearance :' It is ' ipdeed
not' 'only hilly, "but mountalpobs '; yet
even the hills and ipountains are cover -J
ed with wood," ancl' every valley has a'
rivulet if excellent water. The foil of
thefe valUes, arid the plaips, of which'
there ar.e many 'overgroWri \Vith wppd,'
ia In general light, butfertik. The win-^
ters are milder than in England, and th^
fpnimersj ndf hotter, though" mpi-e equal
ly vvarm". There 'are forefts pf Vaft ex
tent, full of the ftfalghfe'ft apd largeft
firiiber, 'fit for buildipg pf any kind.'
Wild ielei-y, arid a kind Pf creffes, grpvv
plentifully in almoft every cove. ' 'Yams,
fweet potatoes', and cpcoas, are raifed by
culti'«'at!on. . Captain Cook, In 1773,
planted' feverat, fpeitS Pf ground with Eu-'
ropean garden feeds ; and, ip 1777, in'
, fcveral of thefe fpots, although totally ne-
fgletfted 'and overrun by weeds, were
found

ZEA

Z E B

found cabbages, oriioos, leek') pnrllain,
tadiflies, muftard, Stic, and a few fine po-
btpes, greatly improved by change of
foil In pther places every thing had
been rboted Out' to make room for tem
porary villages. 'Fhe only quiidrupeds
arc dpgs and rats : the fprmer are domef
tic", and for food ; and- the latter though
hot BjUPierous, feem alfo to be eaten.
The- birds, like the vegetable produc
tions, are almoft entirely'peculiar tP the
ioiintry. Captain Cppk infrpduced bu-
rppcan ppultry, and, pii his laft vifit bad
the falisfatftipn to firid therij increafed,
both in a wild and domeftic ftaje, beyond
aU danger of be-ing ever exterminated.
-The men are ftout, well made, And
ilefliy ; but none of them corpukiif, like
the inhabitarits of Otaheite and the So-
tiety Ifles ; and they are exceedingly
Vigorous arid aiftive. They acknowledge
one fupreme being, and feveral fiibordi-
hate, but have no public place, nor 'vif
ible forms of worfliip. The women, in
general, are fmaller than the men ; but
-poffeffing few peculiar graces of fotni Or
perfon, are chiefly diftinguiflied by the
fofinefS bf tbeir voices. The bodies' of
both fexes are marked with black ftains,
caUed amoto, whicli is the fame ^s tat-
towlng af Otaheite. Their 4refscQnfifts
«f an oblong garment, about 5 feet long
and four broad ; fhey bring two corners
0! it over fheir flipulders, and faften if pn
the breaft with the pther parts, which
covers the bpdy ; and about the beUy it
js again tied with a girdle of mat. They
ornament their heads with feathers,
pearl fliells, bones, &c. The -wpmsn
fometimes wear necklaces of fliark's'teeth,
or bunches of teng beads made of bones
or 'fhells. Their houfes are miferable
lodguig-places ; aad fheir only furniture
is a fevV fmall baflcefs, in which they put
their fifliing hopks and Pther trifles.
Their foi?d confiftii chiefly of fiffi ; and
inftead of 'bread, they eat the roof (if a
kind of ferri, wiliich they ffcorcli over the
fire, and then beat with a ftiek till the
bark, ol- dry outfide faillsofli Befide
their dogs, they alfo contrive to IdU birds ;
and In moft pairts of the northern' ifland,
they have fweet potatoes, 'cocoas, and
yams ; but in the foutliern, nothing is
raifed by cultivation. Their cookery
coafifts wholly iri ro-iftirig and baking,
which latter is performed in the fame
manner as at Otaheite. 'Fhe women eat
in common with the men, and their meth
od of feeding correfpoads vvith the naf-
iiuefs of thtlr perfops. The people ar'c

as referved and modeft in their behaviei^|!
and converfation, as the polite nations of
Europe. From Cape Kidnapers, in lat,
39 43i for upward of 80 leagues to the
nprthward, the people acknowledge one
fovereign, called' Tcrafu, and under hini
fever^l fubordinate chiefs, v/ho pirobably
admiriifter juftice, and to whom great vt-
fpeift is paid ; but whether his authori
ty be hereditary or delegated is uncer
tain.' This part of the coaft is much the
mofl populous ; tillage, weaving, and the
other arts bf peace, being here beft known,
and moft ptaiftifed. The canoes are
more decorated, the plaptatlons more
nuinerous, and the' clothes and carving
finer, than any where clfe. Iu other.
parts, they are fcattered along the coaft
in fingle families, or in larger tribes, antl
each in a ' ftate of perpetual hoftillty.
For fuch coatiaual -inAr's, aad the iiihu-
maa bauquet' that is the confequence of
viiftory, among a people in other refpeifts
mild aad geatk,pferliaps no'better reafop
can be affigned, than what at firft origin
ated iri iic'ceffifyi has been perpefuateil
by habit, and' exafpcrafed by revenge.
Upon the whole, there is littk room to
doubt that tliefe people are cannibals.
¦ -¦  [Cook.]
Z.ebee, a river of Africa, which rifes in
Abyffinia, and raris into the Indian Sea.
The cpurfe is unknpwn.
Zebid, a city pf Arabia, province of Te
men ; oace the place of a fovereign's
refideace, and the iiibft cpmmercial city
ill all "rehairia ;, but, fince the harbpur
pf Ghaleflga vvas choked -jp, Ifs trade has
beeri transferred to Beit el Fakih, and
Mocha, and fhis city novv retains nothing
buf the fliadow of its former fplendpr.
Viewed froiri a diftance, if appearb to
f6me advantage, by means of the mofquc.t
and kubbets, of which it is fuU. Several
of thpfe mpfques were ereifted by differ
ent pachas whp refided here during the
fliprt peripd, while this part pf Arabi;i
was la the poffeffion of the Ottoman
Porte, ZcblcL had once 8 gates; of tbefc
only 5 are now ftanding, aad the river
is gradually breaking down a part of
them. The walls of the old city are de-
inbllihed, and the very, rui as arc fold by
poor" people, who gather out the ftoaes,
aad fell them for building nevv houfes :
the prefeut buildia;;s occupy about one
half 'of the ancient extent of the city.
Zebid is ftill diftinguiflied for an acade
my, in whichtlic'youth of 'I'ehama, and a
part of Yemen, ftudy fuch fciences as arc
cultivated among the Ji'Iulfulmcn. Thiii

Z -E L

£j Sj

is "befides the feat of a dola, a-Mafli,and |
.three cadis 152 mites N Mocha, ten. 43
'15 E, lat. 14 13 N.
Zebu, or Cebu, one of fhe Philippine
jflands in the Indian Oceaa, between thofe
tiffhe.Leyte and Negro's: 140 .miles
'Jopg and 30 broad.
Zedic, -a town, of Africa, and principal
place of a diftritft, in tbe cpuntry of Tri
poli, on a bay of the Mediterranean, to
which it gives name : 6b leagues ESE
Tripoli Zegzeg, a kingdopi of Negroland, on
'ithe river Niger, by which it is feparated
N from the empire of Caflina ; E if is
bounded -by Zanfara, S ,by Benin, W by
unknown deferts. It coafifts -partly of
plains, and partly of mounfaiiift. The
Jafter are extremely cold, while the for
mer are intolerably hot ; but abound
with Water, and are exceedingly fruitful.
Here the howling pf fhe fimoopi -breaks
the reppfe pf the defert, and fcatters
death witjc as its 'oreadth, and diftant as
Its courfe. ,[Afr. Difcp.]
Zeigbenbeim, a.tpwn in the .landgravate
of Heffe Caffel : 30 miks S Caffeh "
Ze'il, A tewn of Suabia, capital ,of a
cpuaty pf its name, in the Algau ; it has
a caftle ; 70 milcs S ,yiin,
Zeiton, A tPwn of European Turkey, in
Janna, with a caftle and an archbifliop's
fee, though a fmall place, and thin of peo
ple. It is on a hillity a gulf of its name :
50 miles S E Lariffa.
Zeitb,A tp-wn' of Upper Saxony, in the
duchy of Naumburg, with a caftle, and a
well frequented college ; op the Efter: 25
iniles S W Leipfick, apd 45 E, Erfurt.
Zell, a towp of Lower Saxpny, capital
of a duchy of its name, which devolved
to ths houfe pf Haiipver by marriage,
!t Is furrpunded by ditches and rapiparts,
on which are'.plaiitcd cheftnut and lime
trees, Itis a fniaU town, withput .trade
or manufaiftures ; buf the high courts pf
appeal for all the territories of the elec
toral houfe pf Bruafwick-Luneriburg, are
held here, aod fhe iahabitants derive
their principal means pf fubfiftence frpm
this circumftance. The caftk is a ftately
building, furrounded by a moat. In 1757
the French reduced the fuburbs of ZeU
to aflies, and even fet fire to the orphan
hofpital, in which agreat number of help-
lefs children are faid to have periflied.
Here are 4 Lutheran churches, one
French, and one Dutch reformed church,
and one for the Catholics, Zell is feated
onthe Alkr : 31 miles NW Brunfwick,
and 47 S by W Lunenburg. [Hanway,]

ZellyAn itnperial town of Suabia : '3^
piiles S Baden, aftd 52 "W S W Stut-
¦Zell, an imperial town of Suabia, oij
the Zeller See : 14 miles N W Con
ftance. Zell, A fmall town in the eletftorate qf
Treves, -pn tlie ,M6fclle ; 33 miles N E
Treves, Zell-in-the-Pinzgau, A town of Germa
ny, 37 miles S "^ Saltzburg,
Zell-itt-Zitlar-Tbal^a towu of Germa
ny: 60 iniks S "VV Saltzburg.
Zembla Niava, a large iflarid ip fhe Nqrr
thcra .Occin, N of -piuifia, from which' it
is fepai-atedby the flrait of Waigate., If
has no inhabitants except white foxes,
bears, and fome .pther wild beafts. Ib
1595, a Dutch veffel was eaft away pn.the
coaft^ and the crew were obUged to win^
ter here; tbey did not fee the fun from
fhe 4th of November to the beginpipgof
February, and had great difficulty to keep
themfelves frpm being frpzcn f p death.
Z'emtin, or Zemplin, A town of Upper
Hungary, capital of a county of its name,
on ihe Bodrog : 25 miles S E Ca|royIa,
apd 27 N £ "Tockay, lat^ 48 36 N.^
Zemargei, or iZermorgcte, a fpiall ifland
in the Red Sea, 30 miles from the coaft
pf Egypt, This ifland was called l>y the
ancients Ofhiode/, from the abundance of
ferpeafs, and the Ifland pf fopa^es from
the nuniber of thofe precious ftones foun^
there, lon. 53 5 E, lat, 23 '25 N, ,
Zenan, a confiderable city of Arabia,
on the Red Sea. Itis furrounded by a
ftrong mud wall, and has tvvo caftfesi
The houfes are built with ftone, the in
habitants are treacherous and wicke^.
ft is 1,80 pjiles N N Wfrom Mocha,
[MIddleton,]
Zenta, A town of Hungary, in the rive*
Theys ; memorable for a fingle viiftory
obtaiped ip the year 1697, by prince Eu
gene, over the Turks, commanded by
the emperor Muftapha II, in perfon :
20,000 'Turks vvere killed, 10,000 wound
ed, and 300P taken prifoners : 52mile»
N Belgrade, and 52 "W Tcmefvar.
Zerbi, fee Gerbes.
Zerbft, A town of Upper Saxony, prin
cipality of -'Vnhalf, capital of a diftritft of
that name, with a caftle, where tbe prin
ces commonly refide. The inbabitaPfs
are partly Lutherans and partly Calvin
lfts, and are famous for brewing good
beer : 27 miles N W Wiffemburg, lat.
52 o N,
Zeriga, a tovvn of Perfia, in Irac Atai
bia, iu a narrpwplain, between mountains, ^

Z 1 f
H" has produced feveral very famous Ara-
Bian hprfes,
Z'la, an ifland-pf the Archipelago, one
<>f the Cyclades, S W Negrppont. It is
15 mileslong and 8 broad, and well cul
tivated. If abpunds in barky, wine and
filk ; alfo, a fine fort rf oak, whofe fruit,
calkd villam; is fhe beft trading com
modity of the ifland, it being ufed" by dy
ers aad taaners. The principal towa, of
the fame name, is oh an eininence, 30
Jhiles from fhe harbour, at the further
Aid of i« valley. It refembles an am-
phitheatref, and cpntains 2500 houfes, all
i^af af the top. It belongs fo the Turks,
But moft of the iahabitants are Greeks,
and have a biffiop.
Z'lb, An old> town of Paleftine, built on
Sn afcent near the fea. Probably it vvas
the Achzib of Jofli. 19 29. So ftrcmga
place that Ifrael could not expel the na
tives, [MaundreU,] ,
Zibit, A territory in- Arabia Felix, ex
tending from' the principality of Mecca,
to that of Mocha, bounded £ by the
principality of Tehama, W by the Red
6ea. The Turks were formerly mafters
if this country, but it now belongs to
an Arabian prince,
Zibit, A large trading fown of Arabia
Felix, capital of a territory of its name;
bn the river Zibit : 150 miles N W
Aden. Z'iegenhayn, a town of the Upper
ftliine, and chief place of a county of
its name, in the principality of Hefle, It
is ill a morafs, and can be occafionally iii-
pndated. In tbis place are kept the ar
chives of the fovereign families of Hef
fe : 15 miles S Fritzlar, and 26 S Caffel,
fet. 50 42 N.
Ziriczee, a ftrong town of fhe United
Provinces, in Zealand, and the principal
of the ifle of Schowen; It was fhe an
cient refidence of the counts of Zealand,
and was tben a place of much confe
quence ; fhe port has been fince filled
with fand: 12 mfles N £ Middleburg,
and 18 S W Briel, lat. 51 36 N.
Zittaw, A fortified town of Germany,
ih Lufatia, fubjeift fo the ektftor of Sax
ony. Befide the fuburbs, and haadfome
gardeas fhat furronad it oa all fides, it
has a number of fine villages. The prin
cipal bufinefs of fhe inhabitants is brevv-
ihg beer j but there are .ibove 100
clothiers; and in the neighbouring vil
lages above iooo weavers. Its merchants
trade with thofe of Prague and Leipfie,
and extend their commerce fo Holland,
The cathedral has 3 organs, and ihigh

Z O W
fteeples. Near it is a eoUege, where th'i
laaguages, drawiag, and other arts, arc
taught gratis. Joining to the cteifferfs
a library, the fiaeft ia aU Lufatia ; anit
at a fmall diftaace from- it is the orphan;
houfe. It is oa the Neiffe : 17 niUes S
W Gorlitz, and 25 S E- Drefden,
Znaim, A ftrong town of Germany, in
Moravia, with an aacient caftle, in vvhich-
are a great many Pagan antiquities, k
is on ihe Teya: 24 miks S W Brinn, aad
3 2 N Vienna,
Zanrii, a fortified toVvn ori the coaft pf
Barbary, vvith a good- harbour : 60 milcB
W TripoU, lat, 32 45 N,
Zoblitz, A town of Upper Saxony,
vvhich has no houfes; theinhabltants
fubfift principally by working the fer
pent ftoae, vvhich is fouad here, info
pitchers bowls, tea aad cOffee diflies, mor
tars, cups, &c. The ferpeat ftoae is dug
juft above the towa, and farther on, ta
the E of it, is found a red fpecies, which
is reckoned amoag the fineft, aad for fhat
reafoa, is coafidered by the fovereign 31
his prpperty, tpgether vvith a yellow,,
greea, grey, and black fprt, la the elec
toral red quarry, is alfo fouad affieftos of
divers colours, and granates : 17 miles S
Freyberg. Zoffngen, an ancient town of Swiffer
land, in fhe caatoa of Bern, with art
elegant church, aad a public library,.
coatainiag. feveral curious manufcrlpts..
The inhabitaats, about 2000, have fheir
own magiftrates ; and, vvh.it Is peculiar^
their own courts of juftice, both civil and
criminal, which decide ia the laft refort,
withput an appeal to Bera. It is aear a
large foreft, which cpataias the beft pine
trees in all Swifl'erland : 3 miles, from Ar
burg, tea. 7 6 E, lat. 47 5 N.
Zolnock, A town of Upper Hungary,.
capital of a county of its name, on the
Teyffe, where the Sagelia, falls Into it ;
62 miks N E Colocza, and' 62 E Buda,.
lat. 47 10 N.
Zarndorf a village In Germany • one
mik N Cuftrin.
Zaut Pan, a curious fall lake in the
country of the Hottcatots, a fevv miles N
Point Padron. Itis a plaia much abovc:-
the level of the fea, aaii above 3 miles in
circumference. At fome fcafoas it is
formed into aa eatire mafs of fiae white
flit, vvhich has a very ftrikiag appear
aace. Zo-W'-ivan, pr Zagwan, A fmall but flpur
ifliing tovva of Africa, ia the kingdom of
Tunis, buik uppn the N E extremity of
a confpicu'jus mountain of the fame
name:-

Z U L
name. If is in great repute for the dying
of fcarlet caps, aiid the bleaching of lin
en ; great quantities of bofh>eing d^ily
brought thither for that purpofe from
Tunis, Sufa, and other places. The
ftream which is em,ployed af prefent for
this life, vvas formeriy, tpgether vvith the
river pf Zungkr, cpnveyed fp Caithage;
and over the fountains of it fhere was a
temple ereifted, the ruins of which con
tinue to this day : uppn an ancient gate
which regards the S E, there is a rani's
head, armed, in baffp iehevo,-W'ith auxilio,
in large letters betew It. This may, per
haps, inftrua us, that Zowan, or what
ever vvas its former name, was under fhe
immediate Influence and proteiftion of
Jupiter Ammon : 12 leagues S iil Tunis.
Zueela, a town of the kingdom of Fez-
Ban, in a diftritft of remarkable fertility,
in which the remnants of ancient build
ings, the number and fize of the cifterns,
and the conftrutftion ofthe vaulted caves,
intended, perhaps, as repofitories of corn,
exhibit wonderful veftiges of ancient
fplendor : 140 miles £ Mourzook, lon.
16 34 E, Iat, 27 59 N.
Zug, A fmall canton of Swifferland ;
bounded E and N by that of Zuric, W
by that of Lucern and the Free Prov
inces S by that of Scbweitz. It is rich
in pafturage ; has plenty of various kinds
of ftone fruit, as weU as walnuts and
cheftnuts ; and its vvine is of a very acid
flavour. The inhabitants are Reman
catholics, and remarkable for their beau
ty, courtefy, and hofpit-alitv ; yet they are
held fo be the moft refllefs pepple in
Swifferland. [Cpxe.]
Zug, a cpnfiderable tpwn of Swiffer
land, capifal of a canton of its name ; on a
beautiful lake, in a fertile valley, abound
ing vvith corn, pafture, and wood. In
I43J. the ftreet which was on the fide
of a lake, vvas fwallowed np, and another
v.'as built on an eminence. There are
feveral handfome churches, and a good
tovvn houfe. Ills remarkabte, that Ofwald,
a Saxon king of- Northumberland, In the
feventh century, is the tutelar 'faint of
this place, Zug is 12 miles N E Lucern,
and 42 S E Bafil, lon. 8 16 E, laf, 47
13 N, [Coxe.]
Zuider Zee, a great bay of the German
Ocean, which extends from S to N in the
United Provinces, between Friefland,Ovc-
ryffel, Guelderiand, and Holland.
Zuillichnw, a tpvvn pf Silefia : 16 miles
N E Croffen.
Zulpha, A fpwn pf Perfia, near Ifpahan,
to which it is a fort of fuburb, and fepa-

Z U R
rated from it by, tjie river Sandersu. t*
is peopled by a coteny of Armenian!,
wbo were brought jnfo Perfia by Sl;iah
Abbas. If is an archbifliop's fee, and,
contaips leveral churches and monafte
ries. , , , ,
Zulpich, or Zulcb., an ancient town. of
Germany, in , the duchy, of Juliers, be
longing to file archbifliop of Qologne.
If is onj the Naffel : 10 niiks S Juliers,
and 10 "W Bonn, Iat. 50 46 N.,
Zuric, one of the 13 cjntons of Swif
ferland, bpunded N by the Rhine, which
feparates it from the canton of Schaff
haufen, S by that of Sehweitz, E by Thur
gaw arid the county Of 'Fockenbprg, and,
W by the canton of Zug, and the Free
Provinces. In 1351, Zuric , formed an
alliance with Lucern, Uri, Scbweitz, and
Underwalden, and was admitted a mem
ber of their confederacy. The 4 cantons
yielded the pre-eminence to Zuric ; a!
privilege it ftill enjoys, being fl}e |firft can
ton in rank, and fhe moft copfiderable in
extent, both of territory and ppwer, next
fp that pf Bern. This canton, iri 1784,
contained 174,572 fouls, including 10,500'
in the eapital. It abounds in wirie and
excellent pafture ; but as there is not a
fufficient fupply of corn, for interior con
fumption, the deficiency is chiefly fup
plled from Suabia. The burghers enjpy
fhe fple right pf commerce ; all ftrangers,
and even fubjeifts, heing excluded front
purcliafipg wrought manufaiftures in any
part of the canton. [COxe,]
Zuric, an aricient, large, arid populous;
city of Swifferland, capital Of a canton of
its name. It ftands at the N end ofthe.
lake of Zuric, and occupies both fides of
tbe rapid and tranfparent Limmat, wliiclv
iffues frpm that lake, and divides the
tovvn into two aneqsal parts, whicli com-'
iiiunicate by three bridges. It vvas for
merly an imperial city, and is pne pf the
beft built in this country, buf fhe ftreets
are narrow, and the houfes high, , The
cathedral, founded by Char&magne, i»
adorned with a ftatue of (bat emperor.
Zuric was the firft town in Swifferland
that feparated from the church of Rome,'
being converted by the arguments pf
ZuingUus. The tvvo divifions of Zuric'
are called fhe Old town and the Suburbs.
The former is furrounded by the fame
ancient battlements and towers that ex
ifted in the 13th century : the latter are
ftrengthened by fprtificatipns in the mpd-
ern ftyle. The arfenal is weU fupplied
with cannon and- animunitioa, and con
taips mufquets for 30,000 mep. Among the

ZUT

Z Y T

the charitable foundations are an orphan
houfe ; an hofpital for fhe fick of all na
tions, which ufually contains above 600
patients ; and the AUmofen-Amt, or foun
dation for the poor, which puts out chil-
flren as apprentices, and dilirlbpfes raori-
" ey, ctethes,and books of devotion, to poor
perfons, nof of the town only, but of the
canton, to the amount of upward of
5000I, a year. Here are feveral manufac
tures ; particularly muflins, cottons, lin
ens, and filk handkerchiefs. Here is the
'refidence of fhe celebrated Phyfiogaoaiift
Lavater. Here the Gefners and other
luminaries of fcience aad theology h^ve
fliope. Zuric is 35 miles S W Copftapce,
40 S E Bafle, apd 55 N E Bern, lon. 8 30
E, lat. 47 20 N. [Coxe,Adam.]
Zuric, A lake of Swifferland, near 10
leagues in length, and one in breadth. If
is of an oblong form, and the borders are
ftudded thickly with villages aad fpwns.
The adjacent cpuntry is finely culflvjlted
and well peppled ; and fhe S part of the
lake appears bounded by the ftupendous
high mountains of Scbweitz aad Glarus :
the fcenety is piifturefilue, lively, and di
verfified. The river Limmat ruas through
the vvhole length of fhis lake to the city
of Zuric.
Zuriia, a fown Of Spairi, in Old Caf
tile, with an old caftle. It is on the Ta
jo, near Toledo, lat. 39 50 N,
Zur.zach, an ancient town of Swiffer
land, county of Baden, remarkable for 2
fairs, much frequented by the merchants
pf Germany and Frauce. It is on the
Rhine, juft above fhe juniftion of the
Aar with that river.
Zutphen, A county of fhe United Prov
inces, in Guelderiand ; bounded N by
the Yffel, which feparates if from Vc-
law, W by Overyffel, E by the bifliopric
of Munfter, S by the duchy of Cievcs,
Zutphen, a ftrong ahd confiderable
town of Dutch Guelderland, capital of a
county of its nap:ie ; at the confluence of
the Berkcl arid Yffel : 9 miks S by £
Derventer, and 55 E by S Amfter
dam, Zutz, a fown of Svviffcriand, country
of tbe Grifons. Though not the largeft,
It is the p'rincip,il pbice of the diftria of
Vol, II. l" P P P

Upper Engadlpa, becaufe it coptalps tho
criminal court of juftice.
Zuyft,A village of the United Provinces^
5 miks from Utrecht. It abounds in plan
tations and ffiady walks, aad is greatly
ornamented by the fpacious buil'Jing
Which count Zinzendorf appropriated to
the fraternity pf Herreahuters pf Mpra
vians. The brethren are empteyed ia
various kijids of manufadlurc ; and .is
many of them have been either educat
ed in England, or have worked there,
their workmanffiip far exceeds that of
any other part of Holland ; but the arti
cles are proporfibnably dearer. Zuyft is
much frequented, in the fummer moaths,
by a fubftantlal clafs of Dutch merch
ants (particularly from Amfterdam) who
have no country feats of their own.
Zivicka-w, a town of Upper Saxony, in
Mifnia, formerly imperial, but now fub
jeift to the eletftor of Saxony. The place
where the inhabitants are buried is Iix
Voigtiand ; and therefore if is commonly
faid, fhat they are Mifnians while alive,
but Voigtlandcrs after they are dead.
Zwickow is on the Muldaw : 15 miks
S Altenburg, and 20 N E Plawen.
Z-aiingenburg, a town in Heffe Darm»
ftadt : 12 miles N Worms.
Zwoll, A confiderable town of the Unit
ed Provinces, in Overyffel, and in the
diftritft of Zailant ; defended by fonic
fprtificatipns ; and the canal, vvhich be
gins near this place, aad exteads to the
river Yffel, is defended by feveral forts.
Near It is the mountaiii of St. Agnes,
where there vvas formerly an Auguftine
convent, in whichThomas AKempis Uved.
71 years, and died in 1471. It vvas for
merly an Imperial and Hanfeatic towu,
and is on an eminence, on the rivers Aa
and Yffel : 5 miks S Haffelt, and 8 S E
Campen, lon. 6 10 E, lat. 52 23 N.
Zygeth, A ftrong fown of Lower Hun
gary, capital of a courity of its aame,
vvith a citadel. It is ia a morafs, made
by the river Alma : 50 miks N W Ef
feek, tea. iS 58 E, lac. 46 17 N.
Zytomier^, a town of Polaad, ia Vol-
biaia, on the river Ciecirief : 70 miks W
Kiof, and 120 E Lucko, lon, 29 22 E, lat.
50 3S N- APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

To give the latef intelligence refpeSiing the Jiate of the Eafern Continent, and a fummary view'''
ff the changes ivhich have taken place fnce this luork has been in the prefs^ this APPENDIX'
is addedf ift ivkich is' inferted a number of articles not before noticed.

ALE

jis

IBANA, a branch of the Barrady, a
river of Syria, which waters the gardens
of Damafcus.
Abarim, A ridge of mountains in Palef
tine. Pifgah, Peor and Nebo, were parts
of this range, Pifgah being the fnmmit of
Nebo. Aberconway, A town of Wales, built by
Edward I, An epitaph on a tomb ftone
here, Is faid nof to bave its paraUel in Eu
rope, viz, " Here lieth the body of Nich
olas Hooks, of Conway Gent, Who was
the one and fortieth child of his father
William Hooks, Efq, by Alice his wife,
and the father of 27 children," He died
the 20th of Marchi 1637,
Abouftr, or the Towers of tlii Arabs, two
eminences on the coaft of Egypt, on each
of wbich a tower is ereifted, Thefe are
the firft objetfts difcoyered by mariaers
who approach Egypt from Lybia, and
may be feen 4 leagues diftant. [Sonini,]
Ai, A city of Baleftinc, about 3 leagues
from Jericho, and -the fame from Bethel,
In the time of Jerome, here^were fome of
the ruins to be feen,
Ajalon, A city of Pak.line, in the tribe
of Dan. It was given- fa fhe Leviles,
but the Daaites could not drive out the
original Inhabitants. Over the vale hi
which it was fituated, Joffiua command
ed the fua to ftaad ftill.
Alexandria, a principal city of Egypt,
In July 1798, tbe Freach, uader General
Bonaparte, topk ppffeffion of this city,
aad held it tiU Sept, 2d, 1801, whea Gen,
Mcnou furrendered it to the Englifli Gen,
Hutchinfon, The garrifoa confifted of
10,000 men, wbo bad leave to return to
France, 'I'he flii ppiag of the French and
their allies, aad the fpoils they had gath
ered ia Egypt, fhe Arabiaa MS, ftatues,
aad other valuable aad curious things
¦wiiich the Literati had with great labour,

BAM,
coUeiftedfor, the French Republic, felt'
into the hands of fhe Englifli,
Algiers. The marine of the Dey of
Algiers, laid up in ordinary in the Mole,
in July 1 801, confifted of tvvo frigates, of
vvhich the Crefcent, a prefent from the
United States, was oae, 2 brigs, 2 armed*
fchooners, 8 gailies, of different force,
aad a number of Xebecs. Such is the
trifling navy which awes the Europeanv
and American nations into fhe degrading
fyftera of tribute !
[An American Naval Officer.]
Anathbth, a city, of Pakfliae, the birth
place of the prophet Jeremiah : 3 miles-
frpm Jerufalem.-
Aroer, once a city of Paleftine, on fhe
river Arnon.
Afidad, or Azotus, a city of the Philif
tines : 12 miles N £ Afcalon, Dagon, the
god of. huffiandry, was the favourite pbjedt
pf fheir wprfliip. It ftppd nptrenipfe frpm
the fllpre, between Gaza and Jpppa, When
chriftianity flourlflied here if was an epif
copal fee, and remained a fair viUage in
the time of Jerome, Though every coun
try in this place has been fearched to find,
a fituation fimilar to that defcribed by
Mofes, though many other places have-
been fuppofed the  yet not oae
fituation has been difco-rered fo entirely
corretft. The traveller is teft in wonder
as be views the tombs, temples, ftatues^
cut out of fhe rocks, A vaft, mauiitaiu is
formed into a fuccefltea of cliapels, and,
manfions, lafting as the world. In fome,
places, the priefts always attend before the
images, and lamps forever burn.
BAMIYAN, a remarkable city of Hin- ¦
dooftan, a day's journey from Cabul.
Like Thebes it Is cut out of an infulated
mountain. The city confifts of a yaft '
number of apartments, and receffcs cut
-out

CAR

e I s

iOUl of fhe rock ; fome of which, on ac
count pf their extraordinary dimeafioas,
are fuppofed to havcbeca teaipks. Some
remaias of figures in relievo, and fome
paintings are ftill to be feen on the
¦\valls. Travellers fay there are 12,000
©f thefe rccefl'es. At a diftance, are vif
ible, two coloffal ftatues. . Tbey are eretft
and adhere to the mountain from which.
they are cut. They are 75 feet high.
Not far from thefe is another, about 22
feet high. If is difputed vvhbm they rep
refent. The Muffulmen fay fhey are in
tended for Adam, Eve, and Seth. Be
tweea thelegspf tbe large male figure, Is
a dpor leading Iato a dark .temple, fp;i-
cious eaough to hold aa army. Accord
ing to Perfiaa authors, Bamiyaa muft
have exifted before the flood ; but the
followers of Buddha Infift that it vvas
built by Shem, Hence if is faid to have
beea the refidence of Abrara, who, ac
cording fo fcripture, apd the HindoP fac
red books, removed with his father to
diftant countries te the weftward. The
natives confider Bamiyaa and its adja--
cent countries, as the refidence. of Adam,
and Niah, aud their immediate defcca-
daats. 'This tradifloa is of great aatiq-
uify, beiag fuppprted by tbe facred
books of Hiadoos aad -Perfians. This
city was deftroyed by Genghiz.Khaa,
in 1221, who butchered the Inhabitants,
fparing neither aaimals nor trees. He
ordered it to be calkd the city af grief and
farrow. The Iahahitaats of the country
called If tbe cries af woe. [A, R,]
Barrady, a river of Syria, -which rufli-
jng from Anti-Liban,us, paffiug Damaf
cus, is divided by the inhabitants iato
inaumcrabk ftreaips for their pleafure
and advantage.
Beer-Shebah, (the weU of oath,) a well
dug by Abraip, wbere he inade a league
with Abimelech. Near tbis afterwards,
rofe a city, called by tbe fame name. This
was a frontier town of Judea, fouth, aad
was ftroagly fortified by the weftera
-chriftians, while they were mafters of
Paleftine. Here Abiam lived 25 years.
Here Ifaac vvas born.
Brifaw, A territory of Suabia, former
ly beloagiag to the houfes of Auftria and
Baden, but by tbe treaty of LuaeviUe,
glvea to the late Duke of Modena, as a
.compeafation for the couatry be poffcfl"-
.ed ia Italy,
CALNE, A cityip theland of Shinaar,
referred to bv Ifaiah aad Amos. See Cte-

fiph

Caradock, a hrge bill at the confluence

of the Chin and Teme, iu ShropfliSfC.
Here was fought a battle between Oftori-
as the Roman, aad Charaiftacus the
Briton, defcribed by Tacitus. In the vi
cinity are tvvo barrows in which are found
burned bones and urns. 'The trenches of
the Ro'man camp are deep in hard rock.;
other tokens remain.
Ceylon, a very valuable ifland in the In
dian Ocean. The i)utch poffeffipns here
by the late preliminaries ef peace, be
tween Great Britain and France, are given
fp the Englifli.
Chandnee, A hill near Huddwur, re
markable fpr being the ftatipn of a Brah
man, to receive contributions from pil
grims, Xvjio annually repair here fo bathe
in the waters of ,the Ganges. Af the time
of the fun's enterlpg Aries, immenfe
crowds flock to this confecrated fppt frpm
Cabul, Caflimere, Lahpre, Butaan, Cuni-
movv and the plains of Hindooftan. in
1796, if was fuppofed tvvo and an half
million of fouls were a-ffepibkd here.
[A, R.]
Cheriff, a brook in Paleftine being a
branch of the Jordan, on fhe banks of
which, the prophet Elijah was for a time
fed in a miraculous manner. It was on
the confines of Ephraim and Beajamia. [¦F. D.]
Chiimbul, one of the moft coafiderable
rivers of Hiadooftan, riCag aear the aa
cieat cily of Muadu, In the province of
Malwa. It purfues a N £ direiftion, and
after wafliing the city of Kotah, and re
ceiving many tributary ftreams, il empties
I itfelf intp the Jumna, 20 miles belpw Et-
awa. Its length Is 440 miles, and in parts
Its width is three quarters pf a mile.
[A.R.]
Cinneroib, was a city which fti-wjd on the
Sea pf GaUlcc, frpm vvhich the fea was
frequently -caUed the Sea of Cinnerotli.
Cifalpine, a Repniblic qf Europe, eftab
Uflied by the French. It comprehends
tbe ci-devant dukedoms-of Modena, Mir
laa, and Mantua : the proviacesof Ber
gamo, Brefcia, Ferrara, Bologna, Roma.g-
aa,theValtelIae,the priacipal ity of Maffa,
part ofthe V-eroaefe, and the imperial fiefs
ou the E fide of fhe Ligurian Republic.
It has been faid, we know aot with how
much truth, that this republic has been
offered by the Freach government, as an
iademaify to the duke of Brunfvvlck, vvho
is a favourite of the Firft Conful ; and
fhat he has faid, " That all his good in-
tealioas tovvards this country are truf-
trated, tbe people being unqualified to
fupport a rcpubUc," Confiaiiiia,

ELL

EUR

Canfaniia, fee Goad Hope, Cafe of.
Cunduz,iee Chunaub.
DALMATIA, a country of Europe,
formerly ppffeffed by different ppwers,
but by fhe treaty between Bonaparte and
the emperor, it is now given up to fhe
houfe of Auftria.
EDEN, According to ancient tra
dition, countenanced by the facred books
of the Perfians and Hindoos, the parents of
inankind lived in that mountainous traift,
which extends from Bolku and Canda
har, to the Ganges. Accordingly, in this
iradt, is found a fpot minutely anfwering
to the Mofaic defcriptiop of Eden. A
¦winding brook forms a fffiall lake, from
¦which iffries 4 large rivers. The firft was
called Pliifon, now the Landi-Sindh.
Gold is now found in its fands, precious
JVones ill its vicinity. The fecpnd was
fcihon. This is fhe Hir-Mend, fhe coun
try through which If flows, Isthe ancient
Cuflia. The third was Hiddekel ; this
is prpbably the Bahlac. The fpprth vvias
called fhe i^'rai, whichis npw fhe Cpnduz.
Thbugh every cpuntry pn fhe globe has
been fearched to find a fituation like that
defcribed in Genefis ; though piany other
places have been fuppofed the favourite
abode pf the firft human pair, yet np one
fpot has been dlfcovered fo entirely cor-
refpondlngwith the defcription of MofeS,
At the entrance of the paffes leading to
tbis fuppofed garden of Eden, and fo
the eaflward of if, the Hindoos have pla
ced a deftroying angel, who is reprefent-^
cd as a cherub, or a young man with the
countenance, wings and talons of an Ea
gle, In tbis region moft of the fruit trees
knovvn in Europe, are natives, er grow
fpontaneoufly, [A, R,] '
¦ Elba, an ifland in the Mediterranean,
near Tufcany ; by the treaty of Lqne-
vllle, it is given fp the Duke pf Parma, as
part pf his kingdom,
Ellora, a town of Hindooftan, 10 or 15
xnlles from Bombay, About a mile eaft
of tbe towjiare moriumenls of antiquity,
hardly lefs aflpnifliing tban the pyramids
of Egypt. The traveller is teft in ivpn-
deras'he views the tombs, temples, pil
lars, and gigantic ftatues, cut out of
the rpck, A vaft mpuntain is formed
into a fucceffion of chapels and marifions
lafting as tht- wprld,' Iri fome places the
priefts are always attending before the
imagft, and lamps forever burn. Our
limits forbid a defcription of thefe furprif
ing antiquities, A moft entertaining ac

count, -with plates, may be feen in the
fixth vol. of the Afiatic Refearches.
Europe. The war. Which, fpr the laft
10 years has raged in Europe, and in
other parts' of the world belonging to, or"
Corineifted with, the belligerent powers,
has produced important changes inthe
political, civil, and ecclefiaftical fituation
of this part of the gjobe. Thefe changeij
have been particularly neticcd, under
their proper heads, in the preceding
wprk. What we have nPw to add, is de
rived chiefly from the treaty of Lune-
viUe, of February, 1801, between the'
Emperor of Germany and the French re-
pulilic,and the preliminaries of peace be
tween the latter and Great Britain, fign
ed af Lopdori, Otftober i, 1801. From
thefe ftate papers, fpme cprretft ideas
may be fprpied of the fiatu quo pf Eurppe,"
af the cpnclufipn pf the late peace. By
the treaty pf Luneville, the Belgic prov
inces, and the county of Falkenftein,
with their dependencies, "the Frichthal,
and all tbe territory of the houfe of Au
ftria betwen Zlurzack and Bafle, tpgether
with all the cpunfries and dpmains, op
the left, or weftern, bank of the Rhinei
which before made a part of the German
Empire, are annexed to the French Re
public, who are henceforth to poffeft
them in full fovereignty ' and prpperfylf
The Rhine, frnm the fpot where if leaver
Switzerland, to that where it enters the
Batavlan. territory, calkd in tbe treaty
the " Thalweg of the Rhine;" is now the
boundary between France and Germany,
By fhe fame treaty fhe Brifgaw is ceded
to the duke of Modena ; the Grant}
Duchy of Tufcany, and the Ifle d'Elbe;
TO the infant Duke of Parma, and the
territories of Iftria, Dalmatia, and the late
Venetian ifles in the Adriatic, the mouths
of the Cattaro, and the city of Venice,
tbe Lagunas, and the countries lying be
tween the hereditary ft.ites of the Empe
ror, the Adriaticfea, and theriver Adige^
from fhe fpot where it leaves the Tyro
lefe, to Its mouth ; and half the cities of
Verona and Porfp Legnano, are ceded tof
the Empelor pf Germany. The rivet
Adige, (called tbe Thalweg of the Adige)
conftitutes the boundary between the Em-
pcror and the Cifalpine Republic, and ils
navigatipn is" to be free. Bythe prelimi
nary articles of peace between Great Bri
tain and France, the former reftorts to the
latter, and her allies the king of Spain,'
and the Bat'avian republic, all the poffef
fions and colonies taken from them ip
fhe courfe of the war, with the exception

H E S
ofthe ifland of Trinidad, and fhe Dutch
poffeffions in fhe ifland of Ceylon, of
which ifland and poffeffions his Brittan-
nic Majefty referves to' himfelf the com
plete and entire fovereignty. The Cape
bf Good Hope is to be operi to bpth cpn-
iraifting parties, and its commercial ad-
¦vantages to be mutual. Malta,' with its
dependencies, is to be rcftpred tp the pr
der pf St. Jphn pf Jerufalem, under the
guarantee of fome third power. The
Sublime Porte is again to poffefs Egypt.
The French troops evacuate Naples and
the Roman ftate ; fhe F-aglifli evacuate
all the iflands of the Mediterranean and
Adriatic feas. Upon the authority of a
Jate article in a Hamburg paper, we add,
that the French minifter at tbe court of
Berlin, has propofed to his Pruffian Maj
efty apian of iademnity, confifting of tbe
fpltewing articles, vi^z. Pruffia fliall re-
teive the territories of the late eleiftor
«f Cologne in Weftphalia, and the bifli-
isprics of Munfler, Paderborn, pfnaburg,
Hfldeflieim, and the Abbe of Corvey.
Pruffia fliall cede thefe territories, except
Hildeflieim, to tbe Duke of Brunfwick.
The Duchy pf Brunfwick, and part pf
the cleiftprate pf Hanover, fliall be ceded
to Pruffia. The duke of Bruafwick fliall
Alfo receive the Duchy of Berg, belong
ing to fhe eledtor Palatine, who Is fo be
indemriified in Suabia and Francoaia.
The Pope is again reinftated in office,
and popery is once more the religion of
Franee. The churches have furvived the
revolution, though robbed of their fur
niture and decoi:atipnS ; fpme ofthe or-
paments are replaced. In Paris, fcveral
churches are opened pn the fabbath and
other days, fpr papal ¦tvprfliip, 3 or 4 are
well filled. All attendance at church,
it is faid, diftinguiflies thofe, who do nof
depend for their living on tbe trade bf rev-
'elutians. One proteftant church is open,
and well filled. Every man obferves the
decade or fabbath, as he" pleafes. In the
country the decade i? almojl totally dif-
regardecl. In Paris, one third of the
ffiops are fliut on the decade, fv-yp thirds
on the chriftian fabbath.
FALKENSTEIN, fornieriy a fmall
country of Germany, which by the treaty
Of Luneville, now conftitutes part of
France. HESHBON, a city pf Paleftine, in the
frlbc of Reuben, remarkable fpr its excel
lent fifli pools. It was repoffeffed by the
;jWoabites after the ten tribes were carri-

J A C
ed into captivity. It remained a noble
city ill the time of Eufeblus and Jerome,
and was called Effius : 40 miks from the
Jordan. [T. D.]
High Places, in fcripture certain
mountains, or elevated places, where
Heathens and Jews worfliipped Idol^.
'The fun being the fupreme deity of the
pagans, they did not think it proper tq
circumfcribe his prefence by temples.
When they afterwards began to creift
temples for worfliip, fhe top was left
open, and the place furrounded with
trees. The Jews imitated them, and at
oae time had a college "of 400 prophets
of the grove." Thefe groves were devot
ed to proftitutipn, and the vileft abomi
nations. " ' [T.D.]
Hiiinam, A delightful vale, near the wall
of Jerufalem, adorneti with fliady frees
and fruitful gardens, watered by the pool
of Siloam. But this pleafant fcene was
rendered terrible by parents facrificing
their own children It was alfo caUed
Tophet, from the Hebrew word Toph,
which fignifies a druni, or tabret, which
among other inftruments was ufed to
drown the cries- of the dying babes. The
Greek word for Hell, Gehenna, was from
Gcbinnom, tbe flebrew for the valley of
Hinnom. Thatit may fliow how aacient,
how general has been the idea of" a
facrifice for fin," yet the univerfal prCv.i-
lence of human facrlficcs, difpUys the
depravity ofthe heart, the peivcrfion of
the underftanding. Ancient and mod
ern times, fhe druids of Europe, the Ma
gi of Afia, Africans, and Armenians, have
crimfoned their altars vvith human fac
rlficcs. Every nation from the Friendly
Ifles to the fliores of the Red Sea, from
the line f o fhe poles, have all made thefp
cruel offerings. [Encyclopedia.]
Hir-mend, a river of Hindooftan, haVf
ing its fource ip the fanie lake with the
Lapdi-Sipdh : If is a branch of the In^
dus. ISTRIA, a peninfula of Italy, till
lately poffeffed in part by Venice, but by
treaty, novv given up to the Emperor of
Germaay. Jacob's well, is in a narrow valley
between Ebal, and Gerizim : oae mik aad
a half from Naplofa, memorable from the
conference betvveen Jefus Chrift, and the
vvomap of Samaria. The foundations of
a church built over il, are ftill remain
ing. The vvell is dug in a firm rock, is
3 yards diameter, 3^ deep, 5 of which
are full of water. [MaundreU.]
KOTAH:,

N.A!S

lO "U J

•KOTAH, A confiderable city of Hin-
,i3ooftaa, caclofed vvith ftoae wails, and
round baftioas. If cpatains an elegant
palace, many good ftone houfes, aad fev
eral haadfome public edifices. The ftreets
arc paved with ftoae. Oa the W is fhe
¦river Churabut ; oa the N E a lake fmooth
and clear as chryftal. The maufoleum
of a Rajah is a haadfome bnilding, pav
ed with ftone, in frpnt pf which are fev-
-eral ftatues of horfes and elephants,
hewn out of ftone. At a little diftance
-i'rdm the city, yearly, is celebrated a vic-
Tpry gaiaed at Lanka. Behiad pa earth-
<-n wall Is placed an enprmous ftatue of
.the daamon Rawpon, all the pripcipal
people affemble,. guns are direifted againft
the wall, till it is brpkea, and the image
<if Rawopp defaced pi detpplilhed. See
Katta. [A. R.]
LANDI-SINDH, a-river of llipdpp-
,flan, iffuing from a fmall lake ; the water
as very deep, aad has a dark appearance ;
hence it is fometimes called the NU-ab.
Legnano, fee Pcrto-Legnano.
Lipfuti, a town on the iflapd pf Cepha
lonia. In September, 1801, an infurrec-
tion was excited in this. tov/n, (which fooa
exfeaded over the whple iflaad,) by the
arreftof 4, and the execution of 2 peafants,
who, in defiance of the orders of the gov
ernment of Lipfuti, had entered the town
.armed. Enraged at this franfaiftion, fhe
peafants in the neigliliouring villages, af
fembled ia arms to the amouat of 4000,
attacked aad defeated the troops tliat op-
.ppfed them, buraf 30 of them ia a houfe
in which they had taken flielter, took
their commander, cut off his head, divid
ed it into 4 quarters, fent them to the
families of the 4 peafants wbo had been
arrefted, who roafted them .and gave them
to their' dogs. See Cefalama.
MEMPHIS,oT Moph, or Naph, a city
of Egypt, where Apis was worfliipped In
theffiapeof a bull, always kept in fhe tem
ple, "To fhis Ezek. refers Chap, 30, 13,
Meribah, or Maffab, fee Sinai.
JSIizraim, an ancient name -of Egypt,
NASSAU, or POGGY ISLANDS,
thefe lie off fhe W coaft of Sumatra, dif
tant 20 pr 30 leagues. The northern
extreme of the northern ifland is in laf,
2 18 ,'i, aad the fouthera extremity ofthe
fouthera Iflaad is ia laf, 3 16 S, Thefe
,arc feparated by a narrow paffage ia lal,
a 40 S, lon, 100 43 E. Tbe iflaads rife
into rough hflls and mountaias, exhibit

ing ftrong niarks of fome powerful eotK
viilfion. Excellent timber is found t^
the fummit of the mpuntains. The free
calkd Bintaagoor or Pohopa is pf fuffi-
cieat fize for the lower maft of the largeft
fliip. The Jago, cocoa nut and bamboo,
are plenty. Pine apples, mangoftans, and
plantains, are common. The woods arc
impervious to niaii, inhabited by a few
red deer, hogs, and monkeys. Pork apd
fifti are a favourite food vvith thefe iflands
ers. Their language, their manners, and
charaifter are very difl'erent from their
neighbours pn Sumatra. The two pripr
cipal iflands have about 1400 people di
vided into fipall tribes, each occirjiylng a
ftream pf water. Their .hpufes are pf
baaibooi, raifed. pn pofts : the uader part
is Inhabited by hpgs and ppultry. Their
ctething is -a piece pf cparfe cteth made
of bark, worn rpund the waift. Beads
aad Pther ornaments are worn. They
file or grind fheir teeth to a point. Tjieir
colour is brown ; their ftature feldom
exceeds 5 feet and a half. They live to
gether in .great harmony, believe in God
and A ptovldence, A fowl or hog is
fometimes facrificed to avert diftrefs, but
ihey have no ftated religious worflap.
Omens of good or ill fortune are dravvp
from appearances in the entrails of their
viiftims. Their government is democrat
ic, the whole village affembles tp try a
crimiaah Eftates .defcend tp fhe males.
When a thief cannot make reftitutipn.he
is puniflied with death. A murderer i;
deUvered tP the relalipps pf the deceaf
ed, whp may put him tp death. Mar
riages are fettled by the parents ; when
the bride is taken hpme a hog is general
ly killed, and a feaft made. Polygamy I5
not tolerated. In cafe of adultsry, when
the wife is the offender, the huffiand may
feize all fhe effeifts of fhe paramoiy, and
punifli his wife by cutting pff her hair,
When the huffiand pffentls fhe wife may
quit bim. The' general cuftpm pf tafr
tooing themfelves, and the manner of
their difpofing of their dead, bear a ftrike
ing refemblance fo fhat of the Otahelt-
ans. [A. R.]
I OUJF.IN, A poputeus city pf Hindoor
ftap, of an oblong form, about 6 miles it;
clrcuaifeipace, encircted by a ftoae wall,
vvifh rouad towers. Though there is fpme
wafte ground withia the walls, tbe greater
partiscrpvvded with hpufes, built partly of
brick, aad partly of wopd. For fhe brick
houfes a fraaie is ereifted, aad the iatcr-
ftic^ filled with brick, they are covered with

6 u /

3 E R

Ifrith tiles pr a lime terrace. The princi
pal bazar is a fpacipus and regular ftreet,
paved with ftpne, with hpufes Pn each
fide, pf two ftories. To the firft, vvhich
is of ftone, you afcend by 6 or 7 ftpiie fteps.
The tewer ftory is gcaerally a'flipp ; fhe
fecond, whichis brickorwood,is thedwell-
ing of the people. The moft remarkable
Buildings are 4 niofques. And a great num
ber pf Hindpo terflpks. The body of the
people, Hindoos, and Muffulmen, fpeak a
diakift fimilar to that of Agra, and Delhi.
The Muffulmen form a confiderable pro
portion of the inhabitants; they belong
to a fedt who diftinguifli themfelves by
the title of IfmauUah. This clafs of peo
ple are fpread over all the counfrJ'es of the
Deccaa, Surat coataias 6000 families, Ou-
jein 1500. Their high prieft refides af
Burhaapoor. He holds th? keys of par
adife, it being aa article of fheir faith that
no man can enter the regions of blifs with
out a paffport from him. He receives a
gratuity for each one he figns. He alfo ex
crcifes temporal jurifditftiaii over his
tribe ia all the t:ouatries where they are
difperfed. The different governments
admit fhis as' an cricoufagement to thefe
people, who are a moft induftrious aad
ufeful clafs of inhabitaafs. This city
boafts of high anfiqaify, and is coafider
ed as the firft meridian by the Hindoo
geographers aad aftroaoiners. Its loa.
from Greeawleh, is 7551 E, lat, 23 11 N,
A mile to the N of the tovva are fouud
the veftiges of a fubterraaeous city. By
dtggiag 15 or 18 feet, brick walls are
fouad entire : pillirs of ftoae, aad wood
df extraordinary hardnefs The brick
fouad are oflen larger than thofe made
in late ages, A large quantity of wheat
has beea found in a. ft<ite fomewhat re
fembUng charcoal, A coaipaift'pile of
' earthen veffels 12 or 15 feet" loag, aad 7
or 8 high, fupppfed to be a potter's kilri,
has beeri difcovcred, Adjoioiagtheferuins
on the bank of fhe river Sipparab,is the
cave or fubterraneous palace cf the Ra
jah Bhirfery. It confifts of fcveral apart
ments a few feet under the grouad. The
coveriag is fupported by ftone pillars, on
which arc laiil loag ftoaes ia the maimer
of beapis. Some of thefe pUlars are cu-
ripufly carved vvith figures of mea in
alto relievo. Through the ftoae pavemeat
of oae aparfmcat is a frlaagular open
ing about 6 fctt deep into aaother
aparlmeat, oa the fide of vvhich arc
tvv'j, fmaller rooms, about feven feet by
8, 'Fhefe are fupported by ftoae pillars
like the upper ftory, ."^t the foutlierp

extremity is a door, ffiut up wifh eartS'
aad rubbifli, traditioa fays that one fub
terraaeous paffage weat hence to Ben
ares, and oae to Hurdwar, It is faid this
door was ffiut up a few years fince by
the government, becaufe people foiiit—
times loft themfelves in fhe labyrlalh.
Such are the prefeat appearaaccs of this-
clty, which, more thaa 1800 years fince,
vvas the feat of empire, of fcience and
arts. No volcanic fcorix are found
among the ruins, nor are there In the vi
cinity aay conical liills, vvhich by their
eruptions might have produced fuch an
cfFecft, The walls feem too entire to ad-
'mit aa earthquake as the caufe. The
deftrutftioa, more probably, was effeifted-
by fand or loofe earth blown b'y a violent
vvind. This hypothefis comports vvitli
tradition, which fays. The city was de
ftroyed by fliowers of earth, [A, R:]
PORTO-LEGNANO, a city of the
late goverriment of Venice, but by the
treaty between France and Germany, %
draw ia the bridge over the river 'Adige,
Is the dividiag Hae betweeii the Empe
ror, and the Cifalpine Republic.
RAINANGHONY, a town of Hin
dooflan, on fhe cafl bank of the Irrawad
dy, It has a mean appearance, feveral
of its temples being in 'ruins, but the in
habitants are well dreffed, aad wear gold'
ornaments. About 3 miks from the
tovvn are 180 oil wells ; 4 or 5 miks fur
ther are 340 m9re Thefe wells are of
ten 150 or 200 feet deep. The average
produce of a vvell in a day Is 1825 pounds
avolrdupoife. This oil is a gcaulae pet-'
roleum, having all the pi-operties of coaJ-
far, being ia faift the fame tliinr f A, R.]
Rhine, A great river of Europe. By tbe
treaty of Luaevilk, this river, from tht^
fpot where it q,uits the Helvetic territo
ry, to that where it caters the Batavlan
territory is the dividiag line between
Fr-iace aad Auftria.
Ruffia. From a late eaumeration, flii>
enipire is faid to contaia 35,000,000 in
habitaats, oae third of which arc peaf
ants, In a liate littk better fhan flavery.
The prefent , extent of this Empire In
cluding its late acceffioas of territory iS-
325,000 fquare leagues. [Coluaibian Ccatiiiel,^ '
SERAMPOUR, A town pf Hiridooftan,:
in the couatry of Beagal, aear the river
HOogly : I J niiks N- Calcutta, Hercf ar.iii

t 0 t

Z E B

and in tha vicinity arc 4 Englifli Miffion
aries, who have had fome fuccefs. They
have tranflated the ^ble in the Benga-
Icfe language. They affemble with the
inhabifants frequently iri fhe courfe of
the week, [Let, from' a Mlffionary,]
Seven Iflands, Republic ofthe. Of this re
public no correift Information has been
received. It embraces the late Venetian
territories on the Continent, and the ad
jacent iflands in the Adriatic fea, or Gulf
of Venice, In the treaty between France
and Turkey, formed Oift. 9, 1801, the
former acknowledges and guarantees the
maintenance of the Conffitution of this
Republic ; and the latter accepts for that
purpofe the guaranty of the French Re
public, as well as that of Ruffia,
[Treaty between Frarice and Turkey,]
Snares, Tbe, A cluftcr of feven rocky
iflands, lying off the fouthern coaft of
Nevv Zealand, lon, 166 20 E, Iat. 48 3 S,
The largeft of thefe iflands is about three
leagues in circumference, arid is equal in
extent fo the other fix. They are en
tirely barren ; and, being expofed to fre
quent ftorms and the violence of the fea,
they become extremely dangerous, fp the
unwary feamen vvho approaches fhem :
whence they fake the name of the Snares.
[Vancoujer.]
TUSCANY, A late fovereign State in
Italy, by the treaty of Luneville given fo
the duke of Parma, who has been inftall-
ed king of Etruria, and is ftyled bis Et
rufcan" majefty.
UZ, the refidence of Job ; probably
in Arabia Deferta. The plunderers of
his property, Chaldeans and Sabeans,
were probably neighbours not remote.
Thefe were inhabitants of Arabia De
ferta. His friends, excepting one, were
from the fame ceuntry. [Ency.]
VERONA, a city of Italy in the late
territory of Venice, on both fides pf fhe
Adige. By the treaty pf Luneville if is
divided, the draw in the bridge pver the
river being the bpundary. One part is
givea to fhe Emperor of Germaay ; the
other belongs to fhe Cifalpine RepubUc.
Volcano, or Volcanello, two volcanic
iftands in the Mediterranean fea. Many
other hills are burning in different parts
of the world. On the ifland of Tanna is
a volcano, which vomits flames. Chima
ra is a burning mountain, pf Lycia, 6
miles from tbe fea, which blazes day and

night. Hephaeftean mountains in LyelS)
burn wifh incredible fury. Cephantus
ill Batftria in the night is feen oa fire.
Mount Sitacene burns on the confines pf
Perfia. Near Sufa are 15 places that
burn. Nympha Crater, near Apollonia,:
is continuaUy burning. On fhe ifle of
Amfterdam is a volcano which difgorges
flames at fix different apertures. On'
Lancerotta, in 1730, a volcano broke
out. On \he iflands of Kanaga and Tak-
avanga in the northern Archipelago, be
tween Kamtchatka and the coaft of Amer
ica, are burning volcanoes. In China
the mountain of Linofung is of very
great height, and vomits afhes, cinders,-
aad flames. Ori B'arren Ifland in the
Eaft Indies is a blazing volcano. On
Niphon, the principal Japanefe ifle, are 8
volcanoes, vvhich burn with undefcrib-
able fury, fpriiading terror and devafta
tion. Unalalka has a burning mountains^
On the ifland of Lucoriia are feveral
burning biUs. Alfo on Affumption Ifle
a mountain burns, tfpon the peninfula
of Kamfchatka, are 20 volcanoes. From
the towering ptak of Tenerlff burfts -a.
column of fire. The peak of Feugo or
St, Philip, is a terrible volcano. Several
hills on the ifland of Sumatra fend forth
fiery eruptions. The fires of Vefuvius
in Naples, Etna pn Sicilly, and Hecla pp
Iceland are known to all our readers,
[Pliny, M'Cartney, A. R. Peyroufe,
BeneyoWfky.] WERTURIAN MOUNTAINS, a fa
mous chain of mountains forming part of
the boundaryof Afia. It becomes confplc
uous in laf. 57 30,in thegovernmentof Ka-
fan,andruniiirigN endsnear theftraight of
Waygatz. From Peterffiurg this chain is
a vaft level, from which elevations or bills
rife like iflands in the ocean. To fhe E
the defcent is gradual, formingan immenfe
inclined plain to the Icy Sea, The riv
ers here, fpme pf them, after a cpurfe pf
a7 degrees, fall Intp the frpzen pcean, in
laf, 73 30 N. The Yaik aad Vplga run
S intp the Cafpian fea ; the Dnieper and'
Dpn Into the Euxine. [Ency,]
ZEBULON, a tribe pf Ifrael whofe
territory was bounded N by Aflier and
Naphtali, E by the fea of Galilee, S by
the brook Kiffion, W by the Mediterra
nean. Alfo a ftrong town in the fame
tribe, near Ptolemais on the fea. [Ency,]
P I N I S.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.*

John ADAMS, late Prefident of the United States of America, i fer.
His Excellency Caleb Strong, Governor ofthe Commonixiealth of Maffa-
chufetts. 2d. vol.
His Excellency John Taylor. Gilman, Governor of the State of Ne-w-
tiampjhire. i fet.
His Excellency Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the State of Con-
nefftcut. I fet.
His Honor Samuel Phillips, Lieutenant Governor of the CoOT/ao«iufflW
of Maffachitfetts. 2 vols. 2d.
His Honor John Treadwell, Deputy Governor of the State of Con-
nedicut. i fet.
Rev. Joseph "WiLLARD, D. D. L. L. D. Prefident Harvard Univerfity*
Camlr'idge,. zd. vol. -^
Rev.TiMOTHY DwiG'HT,D.D. PrefidentYaleCollege, iV>iy-.ff,3^iiw. zd.vol-
Rev. Samuel Stanhope Smith, D.D. Prefident of the College a.X. Prince^
ton, New-Jerfey. 2d. vol.
Hon. John "Wheelock, L. L. D. Prefident Dartmouth College, Ha?tii^
-Iter, Ne'w-Hampfllire. 2d. vol.
Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D.D. Prefidentnof Williams' College, Williamf
toiun, Maffachufetts. i fet.
Rev. Hezekiah Balch, Prefident Green'ville College, Tennejfe. 2d. voL
Josiah Meigs, Efq. Prefident of the Univerfity of Georgia.
Rev. Jeremiah Atw^ater, Prefident of Middlebury College, Vt. i fet.
Rev. Joseph M'Ke an, Prefident eledt of Bowdoin College Brtinf-wick,
Maine. 2d. vol.
Rev. Daniel Sanders, Prefident Burlington College, Vermont. 2 2d. vols.
State. No. of Cop. ifi. td. Vol.
Shubael Abbe, Efq. Sh'ff. of county of Windhatn, C. 112
BenjjAbbot,Precept'r. of Phillips' Exeter Acad'y. N. H. i 12
Rev. Abiel Abbot, Haverhill, Ms. i 2
James P. Abernethy, Neiu-Haven, Vt. i 12
Rufus Adams, Efq. Canterbury, ¦ C. 112
Mr. John Adams, Precept'r. of Plainfield Acid'y. C. 2 12
Mr. Nathan Adams, merch't. Charlejioiun, Ms. i 2
Mr. Alhur Adams, Charkfloiun, Ms. i 12
Jofeph Adams, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms. i 2
Paul Adams, Chefier, N. H. i 2
Parker Adams, Student of Plainfield Academy, C. i i 2
Dodl. Ifaac Adams, JJenuburyport, Ms. 1 12

Re"

r.

* Where notifies arc given, none were received, and no means furniflied tp fupply
them cprreiftly. Prpbably fpme miftakes will be found in the fpelling pf names, in coiij.
fcg[ucpce of abbreviatipns, or of their being illegibly written or trapfcribed.
a

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Hev. Timothy Alden, Portfniouth,
Peter O. Aldin, Efq. Brvnfiw'ick, • Me>
Hon. Benjamin Allen, Efq. Tijbury, Ms.
Benjamin Allen, A. M. Prof, of Math, and Nat.
Phil. Union College, ScheneCiady,
Abner Allen, jun. Burton,
Jofeph Allen, jun. Efq. Wejiern,
Mr. Giles Alexander, Charlejioiun,
Mr. Thomas Amory, meich't. Bojlon,
W. P. Anderfon, Efq. Najlov'tlk,
Jofiah B. Andrews, V. D. M. Southington,
Col, Nehemiah Angel, Fofler,
Mr. Jonathan T. Apthorp, merch't. Bojlon,
Eli' P. Afhman, Efq. Blanford,

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Mr, Adam Babcock, merch't. Bojlon,
Doft. Ebenezer Baden, Brooklyn,
Mr. Edmund Badger, jun. Windham,
Mr. Henry Bagley, Middlebury,
Mrs.  Baker, Ipfnvich,
Rev. Joel Baker, A. M. Granv'tlle,
Jofeph Baker, Efq. Brooklyn,
Mr. Jofeph Baker, Salem,
John Baldwin, Efq. Windham,
Rev. Heman Ball, Rutland,
Rev. William G. Ballantine, ^aJJnngton,
Samuel Ballard, merch't. Gilmantonun,
Thomas Bancroft.Efq. Salem,
Ifaac B. Barber, member of H. U. Cambridge..
Rev. Thomas Barnard, D. D. Salem,
Rev. Jeremiah Barnard, Amherft,
Rev. Jonathan Barns, Hillfborough,
Jofeph Barrell, Efq. Charlejioiun,
Capt. George G. Barrell, York,
Jonathan S. Barrell, merch't. do.
Mifs Wilhelmina Barrell, Charlejioiun,
Maj. John Barrett, ^lincy,
Mr. Edmund D. Barry, Elizabethtoiun,
Hon. Jofiah Bartlett, Efq. Counfel'r. CharleJloiun,'iAB, Ms.
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Mr. Stephen Bartlett, merch't. Neiuburyport,
Samuel Bartlett, Efq. Cambridge;
Capt. Ifrael Bartlett, Havervhill,
Shubael Bartlett, A. B. Yale College,
"William Bartlett, merch't. Neiuburyport,
Doa. Thomas Bartlett, Bojlon,
Edward Bartlett, merch't. Neiuburyport,
Jonathan Bafs, member of H. U. Cambridge,
Rev. Stephen Baxter, Wejlern, >
Nathaniel P. Beach, Peterjburg,
Ebenezer Beckford, member of H.U. Cambridge, Ms.

SDBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Mr. 'William Belcher,
Samuel Bell, Efq. Francejloiun,
John Bell, jun. membei^ of Middlebury College,
Rev. Stephen Bemis, Harvard,
Calvin Bemis, member of H. U. Cambridge,
Rev. Joel Benediift, Plainfield,
Capt. Stephen Bennett, Fojler,
HezekiaR Betts, Reading,
William W. Bibb, M. D. Peterjburg,
William Biglow, A. M. Salem,
Mr. Caleb Bingham, Bookfeller, Bojlon,
James H. Bingham, mem. Dartmouth College,
Mr. I. Binney, Bojlon,
Mofes Black, (Efq. ^tincy.
Doift. Nathan Blair, Hebron,
Mr. David Blair, merch't. Exeter-,
Edward Blake, jun. Bojlon,
William Blanchard, Fojler,
Mr. Amos Blanchard, Andover,
Luther Blodget, mem. of Middlebury College,
Abraham Bockee, member of Union College,
Deac. Samuel Boies, Blanford,
Nathan Bowen, Efq. Coventry,
Deac. William Boiesj Blanford,
David Bolls, Efq. AJJford,
Mr. Afa Bottom, Windham,
Mr. Edmund Bowman, Bojlon,
Capt. James Bracket, ^incy,
Mr. S-amuel Bradftreet, merch't. Charlejioiun,
Rev. Ifaac B'raman,- Roiuley,
Sidney Breefe, Efq. Cazenovia,
Arthur Breefe, Efq. Whitejloiun,
Dr. Jofeph W. Brewfter,_ Blanford,
Mifs Mary Brewfter, Hampton,
Doift. Oliver Brewfter, Becket,
Mr. John Brewfter, portrait painter, Hampton,
Charles C. Brodhead, Whitejloiun,
John Brooks, jun. member of H. U. Cambridge,
Elijah Brown, Efq. Fojler,
Obadiah Brown, Efq. Providence,
Oliver Brown, member of H. U. Cambr'idge,
John W. Brownfon, Lieut. U. S. army, Rutland,
Rev. John Bruce, A-mherJl,
Mr. Perez Bryant, merch't. Bojlon,
Rev. Jonathan Buckley, Neiu Fairfield,
Jones Buckminfter, mem. of H. U. Cambridge,
Mr. John Buffum, Salem,
Jofeph Bull, Wejlfield,
Rinaldo Burley, mem. of Plainfield Academy,
Thomas Burns, trader, G'llmanttiun,

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StTBSCRIBERS' NAMES'.

Mr. Benjamin Bufley, merch't. Bojlon,
Benjaniin Butch, Neiuburyport,
Jofeph Butler, member of H..U. Cambridge,
Mr. John H. Cabot, Salem, Ms.
John Caldwell, 3d, Ipfiuich, Ms.
Mr. Jofeph Calender,. Bojlon, Ms.
Elnathan Cailnp, Durham, C
Rev. ThomaS Carey, Neiuburyport, Ms.
Daniel Campbell, jun. Efq. Amherji, N. H.
Do(S. Thomas Carpenter, Coventry, R. I.
Francis Carr^Efq. Haverhill, Ms.
John Carter J " Bojlon, Ms.
Jofhua' Carter, Neiuburyport, Ms. •
Samuel Caryi member of H. U. Camhridgey Ms.
Loyal Cafe, Efq. Middlebury, Vt.
Mr. William-Cafe, merch't. Cairo, N. Y.
M-effrs. John & Thomas Cafey, Peterjburg, G..
Mr. Peter Cath, Canaan, N. Y.
Mr. John Chamberlin, jun. meirch't. Dalton. Ms.
Mr. Elijah Chamberlain, merch't, Dalton, N. Y.
Samuel Chaifaberlain, Exeter, N". H.
Gen. Epaphodites Champion,. .Eiz/? .^«(/i!/flOT, C.
Walter Chapin, member of Middlebury College, Vt.
Mr. Benjamin Chaplin, Byjield, Ms.
Rev. Benjamin Chapman, Edgecombe, Me..
Abner Cbapttian, Old Continental Soldier., Eaji
Haddam, C.
Sylveft«r Chapman, merch't. E, Haddam-,. C,
Simon Chapman, E. Haddam, C.
Mr. Elifha Chapman, Mansfield, C.
Hervey Chafe, Litchfield, C.
Henry B. Cli^e,, Hopkinton, N. H.
Jabez Chickenng, mem. of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Capt. Willard Child-, Wood/lock, C.
Capt. Chefter Child, WoodJlo<:k,. C.
Mr. Lemuel Child, Woodjlockt C.
George T. Chipman, mem. Dartmouth College, N. H.
Hon. Nath'l. Chipman, Sen. to Congrefs, Rutland, Vt.
John Choate, Ipfmiich, Ms.
"Ward Chipman, Efq. Si. Johns,. N. B.
Capt. Daniel Chute, Byefield, Ms.
Richard Chute, Byefield,. Ms.
Daniel Chute, Reading, Ms.
Rev. John H. Church, Pelham, N. H.
Elilha Clap, A. M. Tutor H. U. Cambr'idge, Ms.
Nathaniel Clap, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Jabez Clark, Efq. Windham, C.
Mr. Daniel Clark, Brooklyn, C.
John P. Clsfk, Bojlon, Ms.

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SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Statt. Na.e/Ccf.
Mr. Humphry Clark, Bojlon, Ms.
Amos Clark, member fef H. U. Cambridge, Ms,
Eraftus Clark, Utica, N.Y:
William P. Cleveland, tfq. New-London, C.
Parker Cleveland, Efq. Byefield, Ms.
Mr. John Cockran, Blanford, Ms.
Mi". Cornelius Cochran, Blanford, Ms.
Rev. tharles Coffin, V. P. Greenville College, T.
Doft. J. G. Coffin, Bojlon, Ms.
Ralph Coffin, Rutland, Vt.
Tfiftram Coffin, merch't. NeiuburyparU Ms.
Wade Cogfwell, Ipfiuich, Ms.
James Coleman, Peterjburg, G.
Benjamin Colman, irierch't. Byefield, Ms.
Capt. Jabez Comftock, jun. Eajl Had'daifti C.
Capt. Afa Comftock, Lyme, C.
Abner Comftock, jun. Eajl Haddam, C.
Eleazer Conant, Middlebury, Vt*
Rev. Salmon Cone, Colchejler, C.
"William Corie, Eajl Haddam, C.
Mr. Samuel Cone, Eajl Haddam, C.
Ebenezer Cook, member of Plainfield Academy, C.
John Cook, Efq. Rutland,
Milo Cook, member of Middlebury College,
Simeoti Cook, Rutland,
Amos Cook, Danbury,
Jofeph Coolidge, merchant, Bojlon,
Rev. Timothy M. Cooley, Granville,
James M. M. Cooly, Efq. Granville,
Benjamin Coozier, Danbury,
Rev. Giles Cowles, Br'tjiol,
Rev. Whitfield Cowles, Granby,
Samuel Cowls, mem. of Williams' College,
Meffrs. Elijah Cowles,' & Co. Farmington,
Mr. Horace Cowles, Farmington,
Mr. Zenas Cowles, Farmington,
Benjamin Craggin. Douglafs,
Hon. Richard Cranch, Efq. ^incy,
A. Crane, Burlington,
Daniel Crefey, Gorham,
Mr. Parker Commins, Wood/lock,
Samuel Curtifs, Efq. Amherft,
Hon. Nathan Cufhing, Efq. Couijfellor, Scituate, Ms.
Henry Cuihing, Bojlan, Ms.
Meffrs. Cufhing & Appleton, Bookfellers, Salem, Ms. 30
Rev. Manaffeh Cutler, L. L. D. member ef Coa-
Hamilton, Ms.
Hollis, N. H,

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William Cutler, Neiuburyport,

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SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

John Dabney, Salem, ^ Ms.
Hon. David Daggett, Efq. Neiu-Haven, C.
James Danielfon, Efq. Killingh, C. .
Ezra Darby, Efq. Effex County, N. J
Noyes DarlingjA. B. Neiu-Haven, C.
Matthew Davenport, mem. of H. U. Cambridge,'M.s.
Mr. Ifaac P. Davis, merch't. Bojlonf Ms.
Mr. Jqhn Dean, merchant, Exeter, N" H.
Richai;d De Cantilloh, mem. of Union College, N. Y.

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Mr. David Denifon, Wejlern,
PafcalX. I. DI Ang'elis, Efq. Trenton,
D^vid Dickmfon, Middlebury,
Williain Diclcinfon, mein. of H. U. Cambridge,
Nathan F. Dixon, Att'y* Plainfield,
Maj. Seril Dodge, Pomffet,
Mr. Benjamin Dodge, Salem,
Pickerjng Dodge, Sal^m,
Mr. IVfofes Dole, Byefield,
Mr. Samuel Dorrance Windham,
William Dorinifon,jun. mem. of H.U. Ca-mb.ridge,M.s.
Mark boolittle, mem. of Middleburg College, Vt.
Rev. Mr. Dow, Beverly,- Ms.
^o^ahjiovr, Portland, , Me.
Rev. Elijah ^Dunbar, PeterbSriugh, ' N. H.
Andrew Dumap, jun. Bqfton, Ms.
Mr. David Durie, Bergen County, N. J.
Rev. ^Ebenezer Dutch, Bradford, Ms.
Capt. Amafa Duttoni. Eajl Haddam, C.
Hon. Thomas D wight,. Efq. S&valor, Springfield, Ms.
Mr, Aflibel Eager, Wejlfield, Ms.
Capt. Ebenejer Eaftmaii, Gilf^antoivn, , N. H.
Richard Ealler, Peteijburgh, G.
Rufus Eafto^, Rome, * N. Y.
Rev. Samuel Eaton, Harpfiuell, Me.
JofephrEaton, Efq. Plainfield, C.
Capt. Jofeph; Edes, Fre^port, . Me.
Mr,i David Edwards, EJizabethtoiun, ' N.J.
James iEUiot^ Efq. Poftmafter, Brattleboreugh, Vt.
Gen. Simon Elliot, Bofton, Ms.
Jonathan Ellipt, Byfield, Ms.
ReJf. Zebulon Ely, Lebanon, C.
Res. William Emerfon, Bojlon, Ms.
Jofeph Emerfon, A. M.. Tutor H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Samuel Emerfon, phyfician, WeUs, , Me.
Edipard Emerfon, jun. Efq. Tork, Me.
Mrc Daniel Emerfougd. merch't. Hollis, N. H.,
Mr. Robert Emes, merch't. Charlejioiun, Ms.
Abraham Euftis, mem- of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Benjamin Evans, Efq. Salifbury, Ms.

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES*

Mr. William Fairbairn, for fundry Subfcribers
in Philadelphia, ¦'' p_
Abel Farley, Hollis, N. H.
Col. Benjamin Fry, Fajler, R. I.
Luther Faulkner, mem. of H. U. Cambridge, Ms. *
Samuel Felfendon, Rutland, "Vt.
Jabez P. Fifher, Nottingham Wejl, N. H.
Charles Fifk, memhe%of H, U. Cambridge^ Ms.
Mofes Fifk, A. M. Smith County, T.
M. Madifon Fifke, mem. of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Rev. Ebenezer Flint, Brentiuood, N, H.
Philander Fobes, merch't. Windjor, Vt.
Peter Folfom, 4th. Preceptor Acad. Gilmantoiun, N. H..
Capt. Simon Forrefter, Salem, Ms.
Sanjuel Fofter, merchant, Neiuburyport, Ms.
Mr.' William D. Fofter, Canterbury, C.
Hon. Samuel Fowler, Senator, Wejlfield, Ms.
Capt. Aaron Fox, Eajl Haddam, C.
Samuel Foxcroft, Neiu Gloucejler, Me.
Jofeph Fuller, 3d. Lynn, Ms.
Ebenezer Francis, Bojlon, Ms.
Mr. Jonathan Freeman, Woodbridge^ N. J.
William Freeman, mem. of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Mr, Reuben French, Hopkinton, N. H.
Ralph H. French, Att'y. Amherjl, N. H.
Rev. Jonathan French, jun. Northampton., N.H.
Mr. Stephen Froft, Brooklyn, C.
Joljn Frothingham, Efq. Portland, Me.
George W. Fry, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Col. Francis Fuller, Coventry, R. I.
Afa Fuller, Neiu-Haven, Vt.
Lieut. Nathan Fuller, Amherjl, N. H.
Thomas Gage, jun. Roiuley, Ms.
Meffrs, Po-wel, Simeon," & Jolhua Gardner, Truf-
fees of Stevenftown Academy, N. Y.
Ellas (Gallup, member Dartmouth College, N. H.
Ifaac S. Gardner, mem. of H. U. Cambr'idge, - Ms.
Samuel P. Gardner, merchant, Bojlon, Ms.
Jonathan Gardner, Bcjlon,, Ms.
Paul Gardner, jun. Nantucket, •• Ms.
George Gardner, Nantucket, Ms.
Libni Gardner, Nantucket, Ms.
Caleb tjannett, Efq. Cambridge, Ms.,
Caleb Gates, jun. Eajl Haddam, C.
Timothy Gates, Eajl Haddam. C.
Rev. Ebenezer Gay, Sujjield, C.
Eraftus Gay, Farmington, ¦ C.
Maj. jofiah Gibbs, jun, Fojler, R. I.
Col. Nathaniel Giddings, Exeter^, , N. H.
Mr. Elifha Gilbert, Canaan, N. Y..

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SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Mr. Benjamin Gilbert, Brooklyn, C.
Benjamin Guild, member of H. U. Cartridge, Ms.
Samuel Gile, member of Dartmouth College, N- H.
Jonatl^an Gillmore, member Dartmoutti College, N. H.
Mr. William Gillet, Cf7»«a«, ¦ ' !N. Y.
Rev. Eliphalet Gillet, Halloiuell, Me.
John J. Gillman, jun. Exeter, N. H,
Hon. Calvin Goddard, Efq. member pf Congref^, '"*
Plainfield, C.
Mr. John Goodrich, jun. Berlin, C.

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Rev. Sewall Goodridge, Lyndeborough,

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Adj't. Edward Goodwin,'' merch't. Charlejlomin, Ms.
James Gordon, Ef^. Judge of C. C. P. Plainfield, t. '
Jeffe Gove, member of Middlebury College, Vt.
Capt. 'Woodbridge Grafton, Saletn, Ms.
Eleazer Grant, Efq. Canaan, N. Y.
Rev. "William Graves, Woodftock, C.
Samuel Gray, Efq. Windham, p.
Philip Greely, Efq. Hophnta^, ' N. H.
J^llen Greely member of" Dartmouth College, N. H.
Richard Green, Eajl Haddam, C.
Cyril Greene, Coventry', R. I.
Mr. Daniel Greene, Lebanon Spring, N. Y.
Samuel Greely^ Efq. Gilmantoiun, N. H.
Ifaac Gregory, Efq., Royalftoiun, Ms,
Capt. Timothy Gridley, Farmingfait^ C.
Mr. Elijah Gtridley, Farmington, ' C
Zachariah Grifwold, Danbury, C.
David H, Grifwold, Middlebury, Vt.
Deac. Jofeph Hale, Byfield, ^s,
Lieut. William Hale, Rutland, Vt.
Doa. Timothy Hall, Eaft Hartfori, C.
Doift. Stephen Hall, Canaan, N. Y,
William Hall, merchant, Grafton, Vt.
Frederick Hall, member of Dartmouth CpUpge, N. H,
John Ham, Efq. Gilmantoiun, N. H.
Elifha Hampiond, member Dartmouth College, N. H,
Mr. Nathan Hand, Canaan, ' N. Y.
John Hancock, Bojlon, Ms.
John Harris, Efq. Hopkinton, ' N- H.
Mr. James Harrifon, merchant, Cheirleftoiutf, Ms.
Jofhua Hatheway, Rome, N. Y,
Eraftus Hawley, Middlebury, Vt.
Rev. Lemuel Haynes, Rutland, "Vt.
Pliilip Hayward, Woodjlock, C.
John Hayward, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms,
Silas Haywood, Royaljloiun, Ms.
Ebenezer Hazard, Efq. Phtadelphia, P.
Mr. Charles Henley, merchant, Charlejioiun, Ms,

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

State.
Mifs R. Henley, Charlejioiun, Ms.
William Henry, Rutland, Vt.
Ambrofe Hickcox, Middlebury, Vt.
Dodt. John A. Hide, Freeport, Me.
Stephen Higginfon, Efq. merchant, Bojlon, Ms.
Mr. Stephen Higginfon, jun. merchant Bojlon, Ms.
Hofea Hildreth, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Rev. Theodore Hinl'dale, Dalton, Ms.
Rev. Theodore Hinfdale, jun. Dalton, Ms.
Hon. Benjamin Hitchborn, Senator, Dorchefter, Ms.
John Holbrook, Efq. Pomfret. C.
Mr. Oliver Holden, merchant, Charkftoiup, Ms.
|;iiphalet Holmes, Efq. Eajl Haddam, C
Capt. Ebenezer Holines,' Eajl Haddam, C.
Roger Hooker, Efq. Farmington, C
Levi Hooker, merchant, Middlebury, Vt.
Elifha Hotchkifs, member Dartmouth College, N. H,
Dr. Walter Hough, Canterbury, C.
Henry Hubbard, member Dart. Col. Hanover, N. H,
Meffrs. Hudfon & Goodwin, Bookfellers, Hartford, C. 25
Daniel Hunter, Ira, Vt i
Mr. William Hutchinfon, hatter, Gilmantoiun, N. H.
William Huntington, fen. Lebanon, C.
Mf. Jofeph Hurd, merchant, Charlejioiun, Ms.
Nathaniel Hufe, member of Dartinputh College, N. {I.
Abijah Hyatt, Ridgefield, C.
Rev. Alvan Hyde, A. M. Lee, Ms-

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Hon. Jonathan JaFkfon, Efq. Supervifor, Bojlon, Ms,
Charles Jackfon, Efq. Neiuburyport,
Daniel Jacobs, Surgeon, Gilmantoiun,
E. A. Jenks, Bookfelle^, Portland,
Nathaniel Jenks, Neiu-Gloucefter,
George Jenkins Neiuburyport^
David Jewett, member of Dartmouth College,
George Jewett, member of Plainfield Academy,
Rev. Alfred Johnfon, Freeport,
Gordon Johnfon, "V- D. M. Blanford,
Mr. Afa A. Johnlbn, Middletoiun,
Mr. John Johnfon, Neiuark,
Anfon Jones, member of Dartmouth College,
Lieut. Jonathan Jones, Milford,

Rev. Elijah Kellogg, Portland,
Rev. John Kelly, Hampjlead,
Jofhua Kennedy, member Williams' Col.
Col. Thomas Keyes, Wejlern,

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SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Rev. Jofeph Jtidder, Diinjlable,
Daniel Kies, .Attorney, Brooklyn,
Jofeph, Kimball, jun. mem. Dart. Col.
Mr. Jedidiah' Kimbal,, Woodjlock,
Jofeph Kimbal, member Dart. College,
Leonard Kimball, member H. U- Cambridge,
'Mr. George King, merchant, Sharon,
Capiv Daniel King, Danvers,
Thomas I. Kinney, inember Union College,
Mr. Jeremiah Knowles, Schene,3ady,
Rev. Henry KoUock, EUzabethtonun,
Thomas Kop, Ipfiuich,
Gideon Lamfon, Merchant, Exeter,
Mr. Joihua Lane, V. D. M. Strat ham,.
Thomas Lancafter, jun. Scarborough,
Mr. Edward S. Lang, Salem,
Daniel Lang, merchant, Hanover,
James Lanman, Efq. Noriuich,
Deac. John Larkin, Charlejioiun,
Jon. Lawrence, member Dart. College,
Mr. Jofeph Lawrente, Providence^
Peleg Lawrence, Hollis,
Ezekiel La'wrence, NeiUrHaven,
Mr. Abel Lawrence, Salem,
Mr. Nathan. Leech, Salem,
Dr. Ebenezer Lerned, Hopkinton,
Jofeph Learned, member Middlebury CoUegej
Dudley Leayett, printer, Gilmantoiun,
Rev. Jofeph Lee, Royaljlon,
Dr. Samuel. Lee, Windham,
Maj. 'William Lee, Rutland,
John Loring, Turner,
Mr. Lyman Lewis, Wejlfield,
Eli Longly, -Waterford,
Mr. Elijah Lewis, Farmington,
Silas Little, Efq. Neiubury,
Samuel Livermore, jun. member H. "V. .Cam.
John M, P. Livingfton, member Union Col,
Mr. Hubbel- Loomis, candidate, Colchejler,
-Samuel P. Lord, merchant, Eajl-Haddami.
Lord & Goddard Rutland,
John P. Lord, member H. U. Cam.
Jofeph Lord, Ipfiuich,'
Mr. Elifha Lord, Brooklyn,
Rgv. Robert Low, Neiu-Gloucejler, ¦. ¦
Jqhn .Lord, member H. U. Cambridge,
Mr, Stephen Longfellow, Byfield,
Major Caleb Low, Danvers,

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SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

State.
Capt. Jofeph Lufkin, Freeport, - Me.
Rev. Jofeph Lyman, D. D. Hatfield, Ms.
Rev. Eliphalet Lyman, Woodjlock,' ' C.^
Rev. Williaih Lyman, Eajl Haddam, C.
Rev. Afa Lyman, Hamden, C.
Dodl. William Lyman, York, Me.
Mr. Ifaac Lyman, jun. Tork, Me.
Job C. Lyman, member of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Henry V. Lyn, member of Union College, N. Y.
Deac. Aaron Lyon, Woodjlock, C.
Mr. Jofeph Lyon, EUzabethtoiun, N. J.
Ira Manly, member of Middlebury College, Vt.
Bradford Marcy, A. M. Loudon,., Ms.
Ebenezer Markham, Middlebury, Vt.
Jofeph A. Marfhall, mem. of Dartmouth College, N. H.
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John L. Martin, Efq. Dixon's Spring,
Mr. William, Matfon, jun. Lyme,
Mr. Darius Matthewfon, Brooklyn,
Capt. Caleb Matthewfon, Coventry,
Mr. Silas May, Woodjlock,
John M'Clellan, Efq. Woodjlock, '
Mr. James M'Clellan, Woodjlock,
Capt. David M'Conoughey, Blandford,
Randal M'Gavock, Efq. Najhville, '
Rev. Alexander M'Lean, Milford,
Hon. John M'Nairy, Efq. Najhville,
Robert Means, Efq. Amherjl,
Benjamin Merrill, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Thomas A. Merrill, mem. Dartmouth College, N. H.
Mr. Benjamin Merrill, Cambridge, Ms.
Capt. Henry Meffenger, Bojlon, Ms.
Andrew Milk, Neiu-Haven. Vt.
Ira Mills, Neiu-Haven, Vt.
Zenas Mills, Ne-w-Haven, Vt.
Daniel Mills, Ridgefield, ¦ C.
Rev. James Miltimore, Stratham, N. H.
William Miltimore, V. D. M. Londonderry, N. H.
Ruffell J. Mihor, A. B. Neiu-Haven, C.
Mofes Mitchell, Nantucket, Ms.
A'ATOivMitd-Kil, Nantucket, Ms.
Jethro Mitchell, Nantucket, Ms.
Obed Mitchell, Nantucket, Ms.
Saftiuel Moody, Preceptor of Hallowell Acad'y. Me.
Mifs Deborah Moody, .S;!/?^^, Ms. .
Stephen Moody, Efq. Gilmantoiun,' N.H.
Jofeph Moody, merchant. Wells, ' Me.
Thomas Moore, Rome, ' N. Y.
Mr. Samuel Moore, Natick, " Ms.
Ifaac Morrill, jun. mem. of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

, State. No. of Cap. tjf. id. t^,l.
jedidiah Morfe, Efq. Woodjlock, C.
Charles A. Morton, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Jonathan O. Mofeley, Efq. Eajl Haddam, C. .
Silas P. Mofure, Hopkinton, N. Hj
Jo^ah„Moult,on, member of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Jo4phi MuUiken, member of Dartmouth College, N. H<
Ely Mygatt, Efq. Danbury, C.
Daniel Neai, Hampden, Me.
Seth Newcomb, member of H. 'tj. Cambridge, Ms.
Jonathan Newell, jun. mem. of H.U. Cambridge, Ms.
Mr. Jofeph NeWell, Charlejioiun, Msi
Hubbard Newton, member Dartmouth College, N. H*
Meffrs. Nichols & Rowe, printers, Danbury, C.
Mr, Francis Nicols, Bookfeller, Philadelphiai P;
Mt-. Solomon Noble, Blandford,, Mis.
Obadiah Noble, jun, Rutland, " Vt.
Col. Jonathali Norton, Loudon^ Ms.
Rev. Samuel Nott, Franklin, C.
Rev. Eliphalet Nott, Albany^ N. Y.
Capt. William Noyes, Neiuburyport, Ms.
Jofiah Noyes, member of Dartmouth Col}ege, N. H.
Daniel Noyes, Ipfiuich, Ms.
William Noyes, Jun. merchant, Lyme," C.
Dofl:. Samuel Nye, Salifbury, Ms.
Rev. Daniel Oliver, Exeter, N. H.
Elijah Olmftead, jun. Neiu-Haven, Vt.
Samuel Orne, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Maj. Sylvefter Ofborn, Danvers, Ms.
Jofeph Ofborn," jun. merchant^ Danvers, Ms.
Mr. Henry Ofborn, Salem, Ms.
Thomas B. Ofgood, Saiemi Ms.
Jofeph O. Ofgood, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Thaddeus Ofgood, mem. of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Job Otis, Nei<j-Bedford, Ms.
Samual A. Otis, Neiuburyport, Ms.
Rev. Afa Packard, Marlborough, Ms.
Jofeph Paine, member of Dartmouth College, N. H.
John Parifh, Efq. Brooklyn, C.
yii. Ebenezer Parifh,. City ofWaJhington,
Mrs. Hannah Parifh, Byefield, Ms.
Rufus Parifh, Gibnantsnun, N. FI.
Daniel Parker, member of Dartmouth College, N. H.
John Parker, Bellerica, Ms.
Mr. Samuel Parkman, merchant, Bojlon^ Ms.
Mr. Samuel Parmele, Farmer, Eajl Haddam, C.
Rev. Elijah Parfons, Eajl Haddam, ' C.
Jofeph Parfons, Efq. Gilmantoiun, N. H.
Mr. William Parfons, merchant, Bojlon, Ms.

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES;

$ioh. Oliver Peabody, Efq. Exeter,
Rev. Stephen Peabody, Atkinfon, N. H.
William Peabody, Efq. M'llfirdi, . N. H.
Nathaniel Peabody, Andover, Ms.
Afa Peabody, member of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Samuel'.Peabody, mehiber of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Eliphalet Pearfbn, Hancock, Profeffor of Hebre'W,

State. N*. of Cif.
N.H.

Oriental, arid Englifh Languages,
John Pearfon, Neiuburyport,
Capt. Abner Peafe, Blandford:,
Mr. Willard Peele, Salem,
Jofeph Perkins, Efq. Salem\
William Perkins, Efq. Afhford,
Samuel Perkins, Efq. WindhAm,
ifaac Perkins, Efq. AJhford, .
Capt. Jofeph Perkins, Amherjl,
James PerkinS, merchant, Bojlon,
Dr. Caleb Petkins, Hartford,
Thomas Perley, Efq. Bokford,
Jeremiah Perley, member Dart. Col. Hanover,
Rev. David Perry, Ridgefield,
AmOs Pettingill, Student Harvard Unjverfity,
Samud W. Phelps, mem. Dart. Col. Hanover i
William Phillips, jun; Efq. Bojlon,
Capt. Johji Phillips, Andover,
Benjamin Pickman, jun. Efq. Sahiit
Mr. Phinehas Pierce, Plainfield,
Jofeph Pike, Byfield,
Nicholas Pike, Efq. Neiuburyport,

Ms.
Ms.Ms.
-Ms. Ms. C.C. c.
N.H.
Ms. C.
Ms.
N.H. C.
Ms.
N.H.Us. Ms.Ms. C.
Ms. Ms.

Hon. JdnasPktt, mem. of Congrefs, WhiteJloiun,'H.Y,
Fitch Pool, Danvers,
I.e Roy Pope, Efq. Peterjburg^
Rev; Ifaac Porter, Granby,
Doft. Ezekiel Porter, Rutland,
Experience Porter, mem. Dart. Col. Hanover,
juftiis Pbft, member of Middlebury College,
Lyman Potterj Noriuich
Calab Potter, Efq. F'ojlert
Thomas M. Prentifs, Portland,
tbenezet Prebble, merchant, Bojloiz-^
William Prefcott, Efq. Salem,
William Prices Gilmantoiun,
Capt. Henry Prince, Salem,
Capt. Sylvefter Prodtor, Ddhvers,
Abijah PurintOn, Danversi
Aaron Putnam, Efq. Charlejioiun,
Mr. Peter S. Putnam, Brooklyn,
Mr. John Punchard, Salem,

Ms. G.
C.
Vt.
N. H.
Vt.Vt. R.L
Me. Ms.
Ms,N.H. Ms.
Ms. Ms. Ms. C.
Ms.

giti^l^jaBg-RS' NAMpS.1

• - '¦ ¦ V ,. .¦ c •
SaiifiueljM. Qginc'y, -For fland.

State. No. of Cop.
Me. I

ifi. id. Var
I 2 . ..'

Ifaac Rand, Efq. Bijhn,' ,' Ms.
Ed'Ward Raiid, merchant, Neiuburyport,' Msi
Ifaac Rand, ter. Bofikn, Ms;
Nicholas Randol, mem. of Plainfield Academy, C,
Jonah Reed, Efq. Thomajl^n, . Me.
Jfa* G. Reed, membeeolf H. '[J.Cambridge,: Ms.
Johfl Rsed, nnfcmber of Plaitifield Academy,, C
Jonatthaft Reed, Portland, , Me.
Anehony Rhodes,;merchaht,. Middlebury. Vt..
Col. Jofeph Rice, Cove»^,' R. 1.
Caleb Rice, member of H. U. Cambridge, Ms.
Mr, 'Samuel Richards, Poft Mafter, Farmingtsn, C.
Jofeph Richandfon, mem. of Dartmouth College, N. H.
Wyftiart Richardfon, 'Cambridge:, Ms. ,
Jofeph Ric-ketfen, Neiu-Medfird, , Ms.
Hezekiah Ripfcy, Efq. Windham,- C.
Mr. David B.',Ripley, Lebanon, G.
Rev. Robert Robins, Colchejler, G.
Thomas Robbins, V. D.M. Norfolk', C.'
Mr. Abner Robinfori, jan. Wtfidham, G.
Rev, Lathrpp Rock'well,. iji^a;?, C.
Elifha Rockvfeod, member Dartmouth College, N. H.
Samuel Rogers, merchant, Bojlon, Ms.
Daniel Rofs, Ipfiuich, Ms.
Rev. William F. Rowland, txeter,- N. H.
Andrevr Rowland, Efq. Fairfield^ C.
Samuel Royce, Efq. Paiis, N. Y.
MifsM.iRuffell, Charlejioiun, Ms.
David Ruffell, Efq< Burlington,- Vt.
Meffrs, Ruffell & Cutler, Bojlon,- Ms.
Jofeph Ruffell, Middletott, Ms.
¦¦ 'i
Mr. Sarhuel Saliffetiry, merchant, Bojloni- Ms;
Samuel Salifbury ,jun. Bojlon, Ms.
Nath'L Saltonflall, Efq.-M. S. Socius, Haverhill, Ms.
Doftj BeriaK Sandborni Sandbornt'on, N. H.
Capt. David Sandborn, Gilmantoiun, N. H.
David Sandborn^, trader, Gilmantoiun, N. H.
John R. Sandsr member of Union College,. N. Y.
Jonathaii Sands, member of Union College, N. Y.
Mofes Sawyer," A. B. Salijhury,. N. H.
Doit; Mfcajah Sawyer, Neiuburyport,  Ms.
Aaron E, Sawyer,, member Dartmouth College, N. H.;
Jofeph Scarborough, Efq. Brooklyn, '¦ C.
Jared Scarborough, member of 'Yale College, C.
John Schermerfiorn, Efq. -Stephenloivn, N. Y.
J. V. -Schoonhoven, member of Union College, N. Y.
Curtifs Searf,. Danvers, - Us. '

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¦SUBSCRIBERS' NAII^S.

' " ¦ State. No. of Cop. tfi. */. "W.
jMf. Reuben Sears, Preceptor Gramma*" School, " ' "J'
Schekeaady, ' N- Y.
Ebenezer Seaver, Cfq. Bojlon, Ms,
Rev. David Selden, Chatham, C
£;ol. Richard E- Seldeti, Lyme, C.
Capt. Samviel Selden, Lyme, C.
Mr. Oliver P. Sergeant, Stockbridge^ Ms.
William B. Sewall, member oiiC.U.€ambridge,Us.
;Hon. David -Sewall, Efq. r<;ri. Me, •¦
Daniel Sewall, Efq. .Tork., Me.
Afahel Seward, .Utica, N, Y,
Horatb Seymour, Attorney, Middlebury, Vt,
Benjamin Seymour, Middlebury, Vt.
George C.,Shattuck,-mero. Dartmouth College, N. H.
Rev. John:Sherman, Mansfield, C.
Roger M. Sherman, Attorney, Noriudlk, C.
Abraham. Sherman, jun. Neua-Bedford, Ms.
RofwAl Shirtliff, Tutor of Dartmouth Colle.ge, N. H.
Mofes Short, Neiuh-jry, Ms.
Thomks Shubrick, member -of ¦H.-U. Cambridge, M?,
John W. Shute, Danbury, C.
Enoch Silfby, Salem, Ms.
,0. Silfby, A. M. Chefler, N. H,
Jofeph Simonds, Paris, N. Y.
Hon. Ifrael Smith, 'Rep. toCongrefs, Rutland, Vt.
Rev. Cottor; M. Smith, Sharon, C.
Rev. Hezekiah Smith, D. D. Haverh'tll, N. H.
Rev. Ifaac Smith Preceptor Academy, byfield, Ms.
"Rev. j^oberl^ Smith, Stivannah, G.
Peter I. Smith, Efq, Windham, M?.
Jonathan Siiiith, Efq, Amherft, N. H,
Cephas Smith, jun. Efq. Rutland, Vt-
'•Rev. |ohn Smijh, Profeffor Dartmouth College, N.H,
"William C. Smith, 'member Dartmouth College, N. H.
Capt. John i^mith, Rutland, Vt.
Capt. Richafd Smith, Danvers, Ms.
jedidiah K. Smith, Attorney, Amherjl, N. H.
Jofiah. Coffin Smith, Exettr N. H.
Ethan Smith, clerk, Hopkinton, N. K.
Mr. Jofeph Smith, jun. Lyme, C.
William D. Smith, mem. of Middlebury C^^lkge, Vt.
Rev. EU Sniith, Hollis, ' N. H-
Oideon Sno\v, Bofion, Ms.
Edward Southwick, Danvers, Ms.
Abijah Spafford, V. D. M. Amherjl, N. H-
Moody Spa^ord, Efq. Roiuley, Ms.
Luther Spaliding, Efq, Noriuich, C.
Mr. Ebenezer Spalding, Brooklyn, C-
Mr. Zechariah Spalding, Erooklpf, C.
"Hon. Abel Spencer, Efq,. Yi.

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES-

Ms
Ity, Ms

Jared Spenper, Efq. Eajl. H«ddam^
IfsaelS Spencer, Lyme,
Samuel Sprague, Efq. Neiu-Bedford,^
Rev. Samuel Spring, Neiuburyport,
Mr Frederick Stanley, .merchant, Brooklyn,^
James-Stedman, A B Charlejioiun^
Simon Stevens, member of Harvard Univerfity;
Edward S Stewart, mem. pf Middfebury College, Vt
Mofes Stickney, Byfield, " " M^
Solomon Stickney, ByfiM, Ms
Afahel Stone, member qf Dartmouth College, N I^
Mr William Stone, merchant, 5/j«/5ar)i, ; C
Jon. B Storey, member of Dartmouth College, N H
Eli StockvQQther, Middlebury, . "Vt
Seth Storrs,.Efq. Middltbur/, Vt
Abraham B Story, Efq. Amherjl, N H
Juba Storrs, member of Middlebury College, "Vt
Mr Nathaniel R Sturgifs, Ifiojlpni Ms
Mt Ruffell Sturgifs, merchant, Bojlon, . Ms
Earl Sturtevant, Bojbn, Ms
Hon. James SuUlivan, Efq. Attorney General q^"
Maflachufetts, Bojlon,
Mr John SuUivan, 'Milton,^ Ms
George Sullivan, Exeter, N H
William Sutton, Danvers, Ms
James R Swan, member of H U Cambridge,, 'U^
Hon. Zephaniah S'wift, Efq. Judge of S C
Windham, C
Mr Charles Tainter, Windham, C
Rev. David Tappan, D. D Hoi. Prof. Diviijity,
H Univerifity, Cambridge, ^ Ms
Matthew Taylor, member of Dartmouth College, N H
John W Taylor, member of Union College, ¦ N Y
Caleb^J Tenny, A B N H
D.ividTenny, Byefield,. Ms
Jqfepli Thomas, Efq. '^ells.. Me
Jonathan Thomfon, Farmington, C
William ThUrfton, ^Ifq. Bofton, Ikls
Tench Tilghman, member of H U Camhridge, Ms
Maj. Daniel Tillotfon, Farmington, C
Enoch E Tilton, member of Dartmouth College, N H
Silveffer Tinker, merchant, Eaft Haddam, C
Lot Toby, Neiu-Bedfdr'd, Ms
Hon. Timothy Todd, Rutland, Vt
Rev. Ifaac Tompkins, Haverhill, ' Ms
Doft. Jofeph Torry,' Dan-uers, Ms
Nicholas Tower, member of H U Cmmbr'tdge, Ms
Hon. John Treadwell, Senator, Salem, Ms
Samuel R Trevett, member of H U Ca-nibfidge, Ms
Mr. Edward Tucfcerm'an, jun. Bofton, Ms

Sfati. No. of Cop.
c. c
Ms
2^s C

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.
State. No. ef Cop. xjt. id. Vol,
|R.ev. Nathaniel Turner, A M Neiu-M'arlborough, Ms I " 12
Mr Samuel Twing, Bojlon, I Ms I 12
Amos Twitchell, member of Dartmouth College, NH 1 12
Rev. Lemuel Tyler, Prefton, C I j 2
Maj. Thomas W. Tyler, i^'^^r, RI z 12
William Underbill, Da.rfet, Vt
Mr John Upfon, Blandfori, Ms
Maj. Jofeph Utley, Hartford, C
Hor%pe Utley, member of Dartmouth College, N H
Rev. Jofeph Vail, Eaft Haddam, C
A D Van Horn, Student Union College, N Y
Daniel Veafy, Stratham, N H
John Vofe, A M Preceptor Atkinfon Academy,
Atkinfon, , N H
Mofes Waddel, A M Southampton, S C
Daniel Waklee, Tri^mbull, C
Calvin Waldo, A E Efq. Dalton, Ms
George W Wallingfprd, Att'y at Law, Wells, Me
Meffrs. Memorable '& James S Walker, Peterjburg, G
Capt. Timothy Walker, Charleftoiun, Ms
Capt. Denifon Wallace, i)««i;/fr/, Ms
Mr Ichabod Ward, Windham, C
Mrs. Eliza RWard, Neiu-Toxk, N Y
Artemas Ward, Efq. Charleftoiun,, Ms
Mr Chapman "Warner, Lyme, C
Dodt.John Warren, Bofton, . Ms.
Ifaac Warren, member of H U Cambridge, Ms
Jofeph Wat^ins, merchant, Peterjburg, G
Rev. Elijah Waterman, Windham, C
Rev Thomas Waterman, V ^ M Charleftomin, Ms
Glading Waterman, merchant, t)iflton, Ms
Mr. William Woart, Neiuburyport ' Ms
Jofeph Weatherfpoon, Chefter, Ms
Mr Peter Webb, Windham, ' C
Samuel Webber, Hoi. Prof of Math, and Nat.
Phil. H Univerfity, Cambridge, Ms
,jQfiah Webfter, Ipfmich, Ms
Daniel Webfter, member of Dartmouth College, NH
Noah Webfter, Efq. Neiu-Haven, C
Matthias Weeks, G'llmantoiun, N H
Jofeph Welch, Efq. Plaiftoip, N H
Ebenezer Wentworth, Efq. N H
Rev. Joel Weft, Chatham, C
Mr John Weft, Bookfeller, Bofton, Ms
Mr John Wefton, jun, Reading, Ms
D A White, A M Tutor of H U Cambridge, Ms
Amos White, merchant, Eaft Haddam, G

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Mr Jasnes White, Bookfeller, Bofton, ' Ms
John White,' memher of H U CarnhridgCp Ms
BenjaAiin 'VWiiting, 7^iWA«7;f, Me
James- Whitl-aw, Efq. Ryegate, Vt
¦Saanuel Whitman, member Dartmouth College, N H
John Whitman, member of H U Cambridge, Ms
Benjamin Wiggins, WCq. Hopkinton, N H
Mr Richa,rd WigginSi' ]rrece,ptor of an Englifh
School, Schepeilad^, ' NY
Mr B W Wilcox, Simjlury, C
John Willard, Efq. Marfhall, Middlebury^ Vt
Geor^ W WiUey, Eitfi Haddam, C
Rev. Gerlhom Williams, ' Cambr^e, N Y
Hon. Wm. Williams, Efq. Judge oiCCP fj^anof*,C
Thomas S Williams, Efq. Mansfield, C
William T Williams, Efq. Lebanon, C
Mr Nathan Williams, Brooklyn, G
Rifhard WiMiams, member of Yale College, C
S Williams, Efq. Fort Blount, T
NWilliams» fi/c*,' NY
Solomon Williams, j^in. Rvihni, Vt
A wy Williams, mem. Dart. Coltegej Maiiovtr, N H
Ifaac Williams, 3d. mem. Plainfield Academy, C
John Williams, Brooklyn, C
Thomas WiHmot, Poultney, Vt
Hon. Paine Wingate, Efq. Stratham, N H
Jeiremiah Winflow, Neiu-Bedford, -. Ms
Thomas L Winthrop, Bofton, Ms
Capt. T  Winthrop, Stephentoiun, N Y
Newton Whktlefey, Corn'tfh, N H
William Wilkinfon, Efq. Poft Matter, Providence, R I
Ebenezer Witter, Plainfield, C
,Mr Samuel Withingj ./fw/^i?r/?, ¦ NH
Jeremiah J:! 'Woodman, Efq, Gilmantonun, ' NH
Col. David Wood, Chirleftoiun, Ms
Mr Seth Woodruff, Ehzabethtoiun, N J
B Woodward, Efq. Profeffor, Dartmouth College, N If
_ p
Ms M& RI
Ms

State. No. tf Sop.

50

1/ id. Yd,
2

William W Woodward, printer, Philad'etphia^
Edward Wocdman, -J^y field,
George W '^oo&ma-a,' Neiu-^edford,
Samuel Wright, Ci-!>e)tiry, • :- "-' '''¦ "
Francis Wymond, Dartuers,
Jofeph C Yates, Efq. Mayor City ofScheneHady,
David W Young, Efq. Windham,
Joifiah 'Young, Efq. GUmantoiun^

NY C NH

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The foUoiuing Nanies luere omitted iy accident, or imorreHly inferted, or noi rt-'
ceived in fafon to be placed in their order. Thofe names luith this (* J pre
fixed, lusre inferted incbrrealy in the four firft pages.

* Mr Jofeph Baker, Salem,
* Thomas Bancroft, Efq. Salem,
* Rev. Stephen Baxter,^ Weftern,
' Ifaac Beers, Efq. Bookfeller, Nsiu-Haven,
* Mr William Belcher, Prefton,
Mr Enoch Blair, Blanford,
Mr Reuben Boies, Blanford,
* Elifha.Bro'wn, Efq Fafter,-
* Jofiah Butler, H U. Cambridge.
* Mr William Cage, merchant, Cairo, T
Hon. Alexander Campbell, Counfellor, Steuben, Me
John Cayford, Roiuley, Ms
* Mr Elijah Chamberlain, merchant, Dunftable, N H
* Mr Jeremiah Chaplin, Byefield,
* George T Chapman, mem. Dartmouth College.
Ray Clark, member of H U Cambridge, Ms
Doft. Charles Coffin, Neiubury, Ms
Rev. Henry Channing, Neiu-London, C

State. No. of Cop. ifi. id. Vol,
Ms Ms
Ms C 12 2
cMs I I z
Ms 112

Mr Afa Dickinfon, Neiu-Haven,

Vt

Samuel Etheridge, Printer & Bookfeller, Charlef
toiun, -^ Ms
V
Mr William Farnham, Neiuburyport,
Rev. Levi Frifbie, Ipfiuich,
Mr Ephraim Fuller, jun. Wilbrdham,
 Fifher, member of HU Cennbr'tdge,
Abner Gardner, member of H U Cambridge,
Dodl. Ephraim Gibbs, Blanford,
Mr Ifaac Gibbs, Blanford,
Abner llall, Efq. Eaft Haddam,
Mr John A Harper, Exeter,
Doft. Caleb Hayward, Pomfret,
Caleb Hayward, Efq- Wefton,
Mr Thomas Hayward, Charleftoiun,
.Doifl. Martin Herrick, Reading,
Rev. Daniel Hopkins, Salem,
Mr Ezra Hoyt, Neiu-Haven,
Thomas D Huggins, mem. Middlebury College, Vt
Benjamin W Hildreth, member H U C.v/iiridge, Ms
Dodl, William Jenks, Portland,

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StTBSCRIBERS' NAMES;
State. No. of Cop. iJl. id. Voti

Meffrs Ebenezer & Samuel Larkin, Bookfellers,
Bofton, „ Ms
Mr Wm F Morfe, Printer k Bookfeller, N Haven, C
Mr Samuel Morfe, Natic, , Ms
Benjamin Rice, A M MarlborSughj Ms
Mr Edward Ruffell, Cambridge, Ms
Bev, Petei- Sanborn, Reading, Ui
Rev-. David Smith, Haverhill, Ms
Hon. Woodbury Storer, Senator,^ Portlafid, Me
/Meffrs T & J Swords, Bookfellers, A^fTO-r<pri, N Y
Meffrs Thomas & Andreivs, Bookfellers, Bofton, Ms
Deac. Thomas Phompfon, Neiuburyport, Ms
Hon- Salem Town, Senator;, Charleton, Ms
John W Tryon, Student Union College, N Y
Mr Ammi Tufts, Charleftoiun, Ms
1%'-
Mr Nathan Webbv Bofton, " Ms
Benjamin Whitney, Windham, C
Samuel Whittemore, mem. Dartmotith College, N H
Rev. Thomas Worcefter, Salijbury, N H
Capt. Mofes Wylie, Lebanon Spring, N Y

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DIRECTIONS TO TH£ BINDER.

EUROPE, to front the Title.
Asia, to front the Article Afia.
Africa, do. do. Africa.
England, Scotland and Ireland, after
France,Poland,
Germany,Switzerland,
Austrian and French Netherlands,
Sweden, Denmark and Finland,
Seven United Provinces,
Spain and Portuq.al,
Italy,
Palestine, '
Turkey and HuNGARYr
Hindoostan, Egypt,

Preface. before France.
do. Poland-
do. Germany.
do. Switzerland.
do. Netherlands.
do. Sweden.
do. United Province^.'
do. Spain.
do. Italy.
do. Paleftine.
do. Hungaiy.
do. Hindooftan.
do. Egypt.

SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.
[Names omitted, on papers mtllaid,]

Ebenezer Barnard, Deerfield,
Rev. Juftus Forward, Belchertoiun,
Rev. Jonathan Grout, Haiuley,
Rev. John Taylor, Desrfield,
John Ball, Efq.

Slate. No. Cop. ift. id. Vol.
Ms. do.
do. do.

Niagara, Canada,

Mr. John Cameron, Merchant, 7'ork,
James Clark, Efq. Niagara,
Ralph Clench, Efq. do.
Meffrs. W. & I. Crooks, Merch-ants, do.
Jimes Davidfon, Surg. R. C. Volun. do.
Thomas Dickfon, Efq. ^eenfton,
Mr. John Dunn, Merchant, Niagara,
Jofeph Edwards, Efq. do.
Capt. T. I. Forbes, Royal Artillery, do.
Mr. Andre"w Heron, Merchant, do.
Robert Kerr, Efq. do.
James Macauley, Efq. Surgeon 1 ^-^^^
General of the Province, _J '
Alexander M'Donnell, Efq. do.
John M'Kerlie, Efq. Stamford,
James Muirhead, Efq. Niagara,
Mr. Thomas Atway Page, do.
^William D. Powell, jr. Efq. ^ueenfton,
Mr. Mathias Steel, Niagara,
Mr. Samuel Thompfon, Merchant, do.
Silvefter Tiffany, Printer, do.
Mr. William Wallace, do.
Mr, William Whitelegg, do.

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