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OLD YORKSHIRE
Edited by
WILLIAM SMITH, F.S.A.S.,
WITH AN INTRODUCTION
BY WILLIAM WHEATER, OF LEEDS,
AUTHOR OF "THE HISTORY OF SHERBURN AND CAWOOD."

;t All these things here collected are not mine,
' But divers grapes make but one kind of wine,
So I from many learned authors took -
The various matters written in this book.
******** Some things are very good, pick out the best,
Good wits compiled them, and I wrote the rest,
If thou dost buy it, it will quit the cost,
Read it, and all thy labour is not lost."
Taylor (The Water Poet).
###

iLoutioit
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., PATERNOSTER ROW.
1882.

[entered at stationers' hall.]

Leeds :
Printed by Charles Goodall, Cookiudoe Street.

TO
SIR FREDERICK LEIGHTON, KNT., D.C.L.,
PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY, QFFICER OF THE LEGION OF HONOUR,
ETC., ETC., ETC.,
WHOSE BRILLIANT TALENTS AND INNATE ARTISTIC GENIUS
HAVE RAISED HIM TO THE VERY HIGHEST POSITION IN ART,
AND CAST A LUSTRE,
NOT ONLY ON THE COUNTY OF YORK WHICH IS PROUD TO OWN
HIM AS ONE OF HER MOST GIFTED SONS
AND TO ENROL HIS NAME AMONG THOSE OF THE MOST
WORTHY OF HER " WORTHIES,"
BUT ON THE NATION AT LARGE,
WHICH LOOKS UPON HIM AS ONE OF THE MOST EFFICIENT
AND MERITORIOUS UPHOLDERS OF THE
BRITISH SCHOOL OF ART,
THIS VOLUME OF " OLD YORKSHIRE " IS, BY HIS EXPRESS
PERMISSION, .AND WITH THE WARMEST-
FEELINGS OF RESPECT,
DEDICATED.
WILLIAM SMITH.
Osborne House,
Mori.ey, Sept., 1SS2.

Whitby Abbey.

PREFACE.

The completion of the third volume of Old Yorkshire again gives
me pleasant occasion to express my earnest thanks to both contributors
and subscribers for the generous help they have given me. With this
help I trust that I have been enabled to produce a volume containing
much valuable matter, which will, I hope, find permanence through its
pages. Many of the original papers are on subjects of interest to
antiquaries generally, to Yorkshiremen especially, and of historical
value and importance. These have been contributed by writers of
known ability, whose researches are evidenced by the array of facts
to be found in their contributions.
The pages of Old Yorkshire are not intended to supply a history
of any particular place, but only to present some solid and valuable
information; some leading facts and incidents relating to interesting
localities in the county, and to place these before the reader in a
readable and attractive form.
Old Yorkshire was started with one leading idea, namely, that of
rendering service to the antiquarian, literary, and historical worlds ; by
presenting new and valuable information upon every branch of historical,
antiquarian, topographical, and other kindred subjects, and thus become

VU1. PREFACE.
a work of permanent utility and value. It does not aim to supplant or
take the place of any local history ; on the other hand it was hoped
that it might be a stimulus to any zealous antiquary in each of the
historic towns and villages of Yorkshire, who could write the history
of his own district. I have reason to believe that this desire has
been realized, and I trust that the good example may be speedily
followed by others.
Oil Yorkshire is sent into the world in the spirit with which Miss
Mitford, the gifted authoress of "Our Village," wrote when she said
that, " she cared less for any reputation she might have gained as a
writer of romance than she did for the credit to be derived from the
less ambitious, but more useful office of faithfully unitiug and preserving
those fragments of tradition, experience, and biography, which give to
history its living interest."
In first projecting- the issue of Old Yorkshire I laid down
the lines which I proposed to follow, and which I hoped would secure
for the work a certain measure of success. That hope has, so far, been
fully realized, and should the contributors and subscribers accord me
their further support, I assure them, that year by year, my best
efforts shall be given to make Old Yorkshire even more worthy of
public acceptance.
Osborne House, Murky, near Leeds,
September, 1882. W. S.

I X T K 0 D U C T ION.

Seven hundred years in the history of the world is but a little
space of time ; it is as yesterday amongst nations ; it does not by far
even reach to the period of the greatest mental, municipal, and military
feats of the human race. As including the whole notable career of a
people it is but an evidence of newness, immaturity, and the possibility
of something yet to come. Three or four times that number of years
ago Europe contained people whose mental attainments have produced
results that are deathless, and to-day are among the guiding principles
of our knowledge and civilization. Greece had then fixed the laws of
liberty, had sung the Iliad and fought at Thermopylaj. Two thousand
years ago the chain of Roman sentinels stretching from the bleak shores
of the Atlantic, to the sun-parched conquests in the east, was the
medium by which the mind-work of a once greatest but then decaying
people was slowly imparted to other people just rising from the mind-
sleep of barbarism. Two thousand years ago Rome was young, in
the full pride of her manhood and the lust of her matchless prowess,
crowned with the bays of universal conquest, and elated with the power
of universal Empire. Greece, her instructor, and then her victim, was
sinking into senile obscurity : her once invincible sword had become less
potent than the pastoral crook of the shepherds of her plains. As this
jiower of mind and sword once belonging to the east had passed to her,
so was it passing from her, and slowly following the course of the sun,
transmitting itself through Roman channels to the far west. And in the

X. INTRODUCTION.
midst of all these Empirial changes the time of the Old England, for
which we have so fond a love, so just a pride, and for which we can
boast so proud a fame, was coming, though it was coming slowly. For
centuries yet our land, known then only as a region of barbarism, Avas
destined to wait before it became an item in the world's history. If
this then be all that can be said for Old England, what can be said for
Old Yorkshire 1 Little, yea very little !
Seven hundred years ago, Yorkshire had scarcely begun to exist
as a distinct province and a geographical expression. It was not a
county until 1177, when Henry II. created the County of Lancaster,
and arranged the present assize districts. But it was a land where men
had lived who had made their name famous, among their compatriots at
least, in arms and in song. To the successive waves of invaders, who
had planted their foot upon our soil, it was a land of dread ; a land of
toil and trouble, severed from the accessible and controlled portion of
the island by the waters of the Humber and Ouse on the east, and the
rugged mountains on the -west. To the Roman, it was the home of the
Brigantes, highlanders as the word implies, who for a hundred years
defied the Roman arms ; an unsafe spot for the intruder and the unwelcome ;
one to be strongly garrisoned in York, to be cloven by many roads, and
held by many castra, notwithstanding which the brigand Celt maintained
his liberty on the hills for more than three hundred years yet to come.
So to the Teuton who named the whole island Angle-land, and changed
the ancient name of Eboracum into Eoforwic, it was also nameless ; though
he could conquer it by slow degrees and with much toil, yet he could but
describe it as Northumbria, not as the land of one of his tribes, of
the East-Saxon, the West-Saxon, or the South-Saxon, but as the
land north of the Humber, "belonging to whom he could not say, for in
the hills the Celt was still unsubdued. And when the Anglican kingdom
ended in 867, with the storming of York and the death of Osbert and
Ella, it still continued to be Northumbria. It gave us the earliest
recorded native poet in Caedinon, the sweet singer of Whitby, it also
gave us the first and not the least valuable of historians in Bede, of
Wearmouth, whose venerable name is still as a bright light shining in
outer darkness. Its fame in arms remained fresh down to the times of
the Norman, who could not penetrate to its furthest bounds, and who
has left us a most eloquent if despairing account of his appreciation of
the danger of dealing with it, in the bloody, heart-rending devastation
that he perpetrated as the annihilation of a people who would not be

INTRODUCTION. XI.
subdued. Its political and military history, then, lies in a few words ;
whether as Eboracum, Eofbrwic, or York, the capital of Northumbria,
and Old Yorkshire has always been the centre of steadfast valour and
unyielding freedom. The epitome of its social history is neither so
brief nor so pleasant.
To those who know modern Yorkshire only, a picture of Old
Yorkshire will almost appear incredible. The county of " broad acres"
and millions of inhabitants of to-day is as exactly different from the
county of our ancestors, even of the times later than the Norman era,
as it is from the backwoods of America or the wilds of Zululand.
Then iu Yorkshire as now in those places, wild beasts roamed in the
unbroken woods, and birds of prey soared above the hills. The now
uninterrupted acres of corn crops and root crops covering valleys and
hills, that our fathers only knew as shady forest or woodland waste, are
the results of comparatively recent industry. The miles of streets
teeming with population and wealth, that our great towns now exhibit,
had not one prototype on the birthday of Old Yorkshire. The present
railways are not more superior as a means of locomotion and transit, to
the highways of half a century ago, than were those highways to the
ancient roads. So difficult and costly was transit, even in the times of
the Plantagenets, that eve:i in places ten miles apart, famine has pre
vailed at the one while superabundance has been found at the other.
It . is a fact that in the ten largest towns of the West Riding
the number of Volunteers is to-day greater than the whole
male population of Yorkshire in the time of the Domesday survey^
According to Sir Henry Ellis, the total population of the county
as registered in the survey did not exceed 40,000 ; perhaps half the
number of the inhabitants of the modern Hunslet. The Domesday
census may, however, be abnormally low, the population being then very
largely diminished by the Norman desolation, but if we make the most
liberal allowance and doubling the calculations, assume that Yorkshire
contained 80,000 people in the days of Edward the Confessor, its
sterile condition may be measured by the fact that at the time of the
survey the adjoining county of Lincoln, swampy, and not the most
fruitful at the best, contained 126,500 souls.
The development of the trade, population, and wealth of the
county is a story of great interest and curiosity, an interest not lessened
by the fact that it was co-existent with the development of freedom.
It occurs at the era of the initial decay of chivalry and the uncontrolled

XU. INTRODUCTION.
power of the church, but whether by consequence or coincidence we
need not stop to enquire. For two centuries after the Conquest the lot
of the Saxon had been hard as that of a slave, the rule of the Norman
grinding and arbitrary as that of a conqueror. The third century saw
a great amelioration, yet still the lot of the native was intolerable-
His food, chosen for him by Act of Parliament, was stinted in quantity
and ungenerous in quality. His raiment was coarse in material, and of a
c.ut that fixed him as a member of a subordinate class. His chances of
rising in the world were extinguished, as he was born, so must he die,
and so must his children die also. His sons were not allowed to enter
into trade, they were the serfs of the glebe, from which they must not
depart. His wife and his daughters must not indulge in the common
vanities of dress so dear to the sex; the golden hair of the peasant
girl, be it ever so ample and fair, was not to be adorned as was the
hair of the tradesman's wife ; nor was the head-dress of the tradesman's
¦wife to emulate that of the squire's wife, who in turn was to show a
marked inferiority of ornament to that of the knight's dame. Class
distinction ruled everywhere. Its relics did not die with "Old Yorkshire."
I know a large estate where, three generations ago, the landlady was
frequently wont to visit the farmers' houses about dinner time to
ascertain the kind of food her tenants indulged in, and among them
there was scarcely one who dared to let her see that they could afford
to eat the chickens or ducks they reared, for her sense of ownership
was dangerous to opposition to her will, and her oft-expressed maxim
was that " bacon and buttermilk were food good enough for farmers."
And these are the viands that Edward III.'s Act of Parliament prescribed
for them. A few years ago, a refractory farm-servant on the Wolds
was punished (I believe sent to prison) ostensibly for not attending
church according to one of the fusty Acts of Parliament that regulated
Old Yorkshire in common with the other counties. •
How little of home, too, in the wider sense, was there in Old
Yorkshire for the lowly born! It was almost as a residence in a
foreign land. The church ministered in a foreign tongue; the few
prayers that the peasantry could gather, were of the lips, not of
the heart; but as in the case of food and raiment, soul-welfare
was regulated by authority, and it must be admitted that in Old
Yorkshire especially the Ecclesiastical Parliament had provided a
numerically ample machinery for the purpose. How little of inter
course there was between the different grades .' The peasant spoke the

INTRODUCTION. Xlli.
Anglian dialect of his forefathers, his lord spoke the Norman dialect of
his forefathers, and the speech-severance was most fatal to concord.
How little of justice there was done to the peasant of Old Yorkshire
may be easily inferred from the fact that in the law-courts the charge
against him, and the evidence for him had to be interpreted ; for it was
not until 1362, that law-proceedings were transacted in his own tongue,
and an opportunity given him of understanding that which was raised
against him.
The exact condition of Old Yorkshire six or seven centuries
ago, can be ascertained. The doings of the aristocracy, and the mighty
ones of the church, come before us in the Placita de Quo Waranto,
which King Edward I. tried in 1290, with a view to check or abolish
the abuses that had crept in during his father's reign : an extra
ordinary series of documents showing the grasping injustice of a
feudal aristocracy. Of the hundreds of cases cited, almost every
one included some encroachment on the rights or personal liberty
of the peasant. His slender territorial rights were invaded ; gallows
were erected almost at will for his punishment ; arbitrary legal authority
over his freedom was usurped ; the taxes which he must pay, the lord
shirked ; the game he reared was ferociously denied him ; and the lands
he claimed in his township as a common possession were filched from
him. Bishops, Abbots, Barons, Priors and Prioresses, Knights and
Squires, nay, even down to the country parson, were all arraigned.
Their offences were manifold, but the great and oft-repeated crime
was the monopoly of free warren and its concomitant sin, the emparking
of lands. In this matter the temporal barons were exacting to the last
degree ; the spiritual barons down to Knights Templars and parish priests
fairly kept abreast of them. They had to be pulled up for " crenellating "
their manor-houses, turning them into castles, whence they could defy
the law, the sheriff, and his posse comitaius. Thomas de Furnival was
one of these offenders. The Prior of Bolton had free chase at Bolton
and Hath, and free warren at Emmeshay and Esteby ; the Master of
the Temple and Francis le Tyeys were of the many who claimed free
warren and their lands quit from toll ; William de Stopham came into
court claiming free warren in Weston, by reason of the charter given
to his father, Robert de Stopham. The ground of the claim was
almost in every case the possession of a charter obtained from the
weak and worthless Henry III., and it was difficult to set aside.
Perhaps, nowhere was the influence of aristocracy more visible
and more potent than in the condition of the towns they frequented

XIV. INTRODUCTION.
and patronised ; it is very visible and very potent even yet ; it exists
as a reality in York ; the desire to show its existence in Wakefield,
has once or twice nearly brought that worthy old town to the fate
of the frog that wanted to imitate the ox. But in the fourteenth
century it was a fact of astounding proportions. The Subsidy Roll
taken in 1379, and lately published by the Yorkshire Archaeological
Society, is the veracious document that has thrown the clearest
light upon that subject. It seems almost past belief that the
present great manufacturing towns of the West Riding were then not
worthy even of being called villages, and that the towns of Doncaster,
Pontefract, Selby, Bawtry, &c, now of so little influence notwithstanding
the halo of " county " associations, were then of paramount importance.
Yet such is the fact. The touchstone of comparison, cash, be it in the
shape of taxes or rents, shows some strange results. The town having
the highest tax in the Riding was Pontefract, it paid £14 8s. 10d.,~ as
against £11 13s. 4d. at Doncaster; £G lis. 2d. at Sheffield;
£6 6s. Od. at Selby; £6 3s. 4d. at Tickhill; £5 18s. Od. at Rotherham;
£-1 15s. 8d. at Wakefield; £4 7s. Od. at Snaith, which no doubt had its
connection with the Abbey of Selby to thank for two of its inhabitants,
Thomas de Snayth " Sarjaunt," and Richard de Snayth, attorney, who
each paid 6s. 8d. ; £4 9s. 2d. at Ripon; £3 Os. 4d. at Leeds; £2 Is. 6d.
at Tadcaster; £2 Is. 2d. at Knaresborough ; £2 Os. lOd. at Bawtry;
£2 0s.2d.atRothwell;£l 16s. 2d. at Wetherby; £1 13s. 84 atBarnsley-;
£1 6s. 4d. at Otley; 19s. 44 at Huddersfield, of which John de
Mirfield, merchant, paid 2s. ; there were only other four tradesmen,
a wright, a smith, a cobbler, and a tailor in the place, and not one man
specified as being in the cloth trade, but there is one man named as
residing there, John, surnamed " By-the-broke," for want of a better,
or even another, who paid 4d., the lowest tax, but whose descendants
have left a name inseparable from the trade of Huddersfield ; 23s. at
Bradford, whose tradesmen were three hostilers, two tailors, one fuller,
two shoemakers, and a mason ; and 12s. 8d. at Halifax, in the whole
of which township there was not a single person of a specified trade.
The rate of population has almost exactly followed the rate of taxes.
Pontefract is the most populous with 306 families of married persons
besides single persons; Doncaster follows with 303, Selby 200, Sheffield
171, Rotherham 119, Leeds 50, Bawtry 45, Eradford 26. Pontefract
and Doncaster were towns of commercial eminence; Huddersfield,
Halifax, Bradford, and Dewsbury, were of neither social nor commercial

INTRODUCTION. XV.
importance. In Pontefract, society is represented by Thomas Elys,
'' Sarjaunt " at the law, and Anna, his wife ; the church by two
obsolete tradesmen, John Catelyn, and John .Queldryk, pardoners, who
must have been substantial men, as they paid 12d. each; in Doncaster
by Richard de Asshe, another "Sarjaunt," and Elinora, his wife; in
Pontefract there are fifteen merchants, of whom two pay 6s. 8d. tax,
and three 3s. 44 ; six in Doncaster, but the most wealthy only pay 3s. 4d.,
of whom there are two; Rotherham has two merchants one paying 10s.,
the other 5s., they were therefore men of great means ; Sheffield and
Leeds had each one who paid 12d. ; Bawtry one, Selby six, of 3s. 4d. ;
in drapers, the representatives of elegance in dress, Pontefract had
great eminence, she had six, of whom two paid 3s. 4d. each ; Doncaster
had four, of whom two paid 2s. ; Rotherham had two and Selby one,
paying 12d. each ; Sheffield and the other towns none. The great
feature in all the towns is " mine host;" but for splendour and dignity
in tapsters, Pontefract is again pre-eminent with William Boteler (in
whom we very probably find an ex-servant from the Castle), and
William de Karleyll, who each pay 3s. 4d , and whose hostelries are
evidently fit accommodation for the travelling " quality " whom the
castle will not take ; other three pay 12d., and two 6d. ; Doncaster has
five " hostelries," one paying 3s. 4d. ; Sheffield, to its credit be it spoken,
had none; Rotherham one at 3s. 4d., and two at 12d. ; Selby had two
at 2s., and three at 12d., it was a town with a Lord-Abbot, and
stately visitors ; Leeds had two at 1 2d., one of them being John Passelewj
most probably uncle of the future vicar and kinsman of 'Robert Passelew,
"Esquier" of Potternewton, a man of rank, paying 20s. tax, the
same as a knight. The mental condition of the mass of the population
was deplorable ; except the christian name that the church gave them,
they were nameless : a fact that points plainly to the unsociability of
semi-civilization. And when they came to coin names for themselves,
of what type were they ? Mostly the simple designation of their
occupation or of the place where they resided. One is called " del
Hoyle," another "in the loan"; a third, Ralph "by the yate"; and
where humour is allowed a little play we find such names as "Adam
yat Godmade," Robert " Slambihynd," William " Smalbyhiud," and Avice
«' Hardwerd," — a scold no doubt. It would be an agreeable task to
carry the comparison further, but this introduction can scarcely afford
the necessary room.
Leeds. W. Wheatek.

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CONTENTS.
YORKSHIRE ANTIQUITIES.
York in the Past
Sancton and its Relics
Maemion Tower and Chapel ..
Ancient Cloth Trade of Yorkshire
The Antiquities of Birstal
Antiquities at Pontefract...
Arch^ological Discovery at Rothvvel l
YORKSHIRE ARTISTS.
William Etty, R.A.
William Powell Frith, R.A.
Thomas Creswick, R.A.
YORKSHIRE AUTHORS.
Yorkshire in the " Arcfueologia"
Priestley and the Royal Society ...
A Yorkshire Author and Antiquary
A Yorkshire Author and Journalist
A Yorkshire Author and Antiquary ..
A Yorkshire Author and Divine
A Yorkshire Antiquary
Fairless Barber, F.S.A.
Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A.
A Yorkshire Antiquary .
YORKSHIRE BATTLES AND BATTLE FIELDS.
The Fight at Adwalton Moor...
The Winmoor Fight
Fairfax's First Victory
Page 1
1014 16
23 2729
313436
37
4849 50525557 59 6367
6871 74
CONTENTS. XV11.
YORKSHIRE BURIAL GROUNDS.
Yorkshire Dead in Westminster Abb3y 81
YORKSHIRE CERAMICS.
The Ceramic Art in Yorkshire 91
YORKSHIRE CHURCHES.
Batley Church ... ... 97
Hartshead Church .. ... 100
Howden Church .. ... 105
St. Mary's-in-the-Wood, Morley 112
YORKSHIRE ECCENTRIC CHARACTERS.
Waterton, the Wanderkr ... 120
Jack Hawley ...... 126
Flint Jack... ..'... 128
YORKSHIRE GENERALS.
Marshal-General Wade 139
General Sir Richard Dean 140
A Famous Leeds General 144
A Distinguished General ... 146
Lieut.-General Joshua Guest 147
YORKSHIRE LIBRARIES.
An Old Doncaster Library 149
The Leeds (Old) Library 154
YORKSHIRE LONGEVITY.
A Remarkable Centenarian 161
Longevity in Kirkburton 103
Longevity in Whitby ... 164
Longevity in Pudsey ... 165
Yorkshire Centenarians ... 166
Henry Jenkins ... 168
YORKSHIRE MANUSCRIPTS.
The Lansdowne MSS. ... 174
The Dodsworth MSS. ... 181
Fabric Rolls of York Minstee 185
Old Yorkshire Registers ... 188
YORKSHIRE MOORS.
Yorkshire Moors and Waterfalls 191
Riccall Common ... •¦• 193
Mowbray's Vale ... ... 199

XV111.

CONTENTS.

YORKSHIRE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.
The Corporation Insignia of Leeds
YORKSHIRE POETS AND POETRY.
James Montgomery...
Herbert Knowles
YORKSHIRE REMOTE HISTORY.
Briton and Saxon in Yorkshire ...
The Dane in Wharfedale
The Norman and his Conquest
The Days of Captivity...
The Warning and its Force
YORKSHIRE RHYMES AND PROVERBS.
Popular Rhymes and Proverbs
YORKSHIRE WORTHIES.
A Yorkshire Naturalist .,.
Matthew Murray's Career

200

204
210

212
217
225233239

217

251257

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

STEEL ENGRAVINGS.
I. Portrait of John Sykes, J.P., M.D., F.S.A. ... To face page 67
II. Portrait of John Green ... 92
III. Portrait of Matthew Murray 261

PHOTOGRAPH.
I. Portrait of James Crossley, F.S.A.

49

COLOURED LITHOGRAPHS.
I. Royal Coat of Arms, 1664 ...
II. Birstal Church and Lich-gate...
III. Batley Church and Grammar School
IV. Morley Old Chapel, 1830

1
25 99
112

View of
Portrait Portrait
PortraitPortrait1
VI. Portrait
VII. Portrait
VIII. Portrait

I.
II.
III. IV. V.

LITHOGRAPHS,
Molesworth Rectory
of JoHi* Harland, F.S.A.
of Rev. John Oxlee
of John Holmes
of Fairless Barber, F.S.A.
of Llewbllynn Jewitt, F.S.A
of Mary Wright...
of Ald. George Tatham

37
53 55 5759
63
161
203

XX. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
WHOLE PACK ENGRAVINGS.
I. Portrait of Sir Frederick Leiuiiton ...
II. Hartshead Church...
III. Howden Church
IV. Chancel, Howden Church...
V. Flint Jack

To face title page 102
100
,, 109
l'-'i)

WOOD ENGRAVINGS.

Fountains' Abbey
Whitby Abbey...

Title page
page vi.

Multangular Tower, York
Mioklegate Bar, York ...
Bootiiam Bar, York "...
West Front, York Minster
Tomb of Marmion
Ancient Flemish Loom ..
Distaff and Spindle ...
Spinning Wheel 
Teazle 
Portrait of Etty, R.A. ...
Etty's House 
Etty's Tomb 
Portrait of W. P. Frith, R.A. 35
Portrait of Dr. Priestley 48
Portrait of John Harrison
Cadogan Pot 
Flowered Pottery
Lotus Vase 
Ancient Jug 
Compot

34 5
7
15
1718 19
2031
3233

78949495
96

Chapter House, Howden
Manor House, Mouley ..
Walton Hall, near Wakkfieli
Arms ok Clahiam 
Henry Jenkins 
Leeds Civic Maoe 
Leeds Civio Chain 
James Montgomery
Moravian Establishment,
Fulneck 
Home of Montgomery
Tomb of Montgomery
Cow and Calf, Ilkley ...
The Valley of the Wiiarfe
Glen, near Ben Riiydding
Pretoria, Transvaal 
Limpopo, or Crocodile River
Mission Station, Bamangwato
Victoria Falls, Zambesi ..
Camp in the Veldt 
Faithful unto Death ...
Blenkinsop's Engine 

Ill 11(1
>12l 111
169
20121)2
205 206
208
209 210
218 221 252253
251 255
25625?
262

ROYAL COAT OF ARMS
AS SET UP IN 1664,
IN THE CHURCH OF ST MARY'S -IN -THE- WOOD, MORLEY.

OLD YORKSHIRE.

YORKSHIRE ANTIQUITIES.

YORK IN THE PAST.
10 English city can claim a greater antiquity than York,
and few places possess so many relics of historic times.
The memorials of bygone days are not simply numerous
and important, but they are also conspicuous. It is
probably a groundless legend which attributes the
foundation of York to one Ebraucus, a great grandson
of ^Eneas and contemporary of David ! The Brigantes, that
powerful British tribe whose territories appear to have included
Yorkshire, Lancashire, and parts of other counties, are the
first inhabitants of whom any traces have come to light. Cartismunda,
who delivered up the heroic Caractacus to the Romans, was Queen of
these people, who from this and other circumstances stand out somewhat
prominently in the stories of the early Britons. The old city dates
back to the very dawn of English history, and on that account, if on no
other, must always possess a great charm for Englishmen. It was,
however, under the Romans that York began to rise in importance.
Julius Agricola is said to have made it one of his stations, and it
certainly became the capital of their far-west province. A number of
the Roman Emperors visited it, including Hadrian, Severus, Caracalla,
who first assumed the imperial purple within its walls, and Constantius
Chlorus, who thence, though only for a short time, administered the
provinces of Spain, Gaul, and Britain. The subject peoples were more
fortunate in him than in most of their Roman masters, The spirit of

2 OLD YORKSHIRE.
his rule is reflected in his declaration that his " most valued treasure was
in the hearts of his people," and that whenever the dignity of the throne
or the danger of the State required any extraordinary supply, he could
depend with confidence on their gratitude and liberality. He died at
York in 306, fifteen months after he had received the title of Augustus,
and fourteen years and a half after he had been promoted to the rank
of Ceesar. His son and successor, Oonstantine the Great, was at York
at the time of his death, and assisted at his deification. Under
Oonstantine, churches were erected in the city, and, according to
Gough, there was a Bishop of York at the Council of Aries in 314.
After the withdrawal of the Romans, the town saw many vicissitudes ;
now at the hands of the British Saxons, now of the Danes, and finally
of the Normans, after William the Conqueror had taken a terrible
revenge upon the inhabitants of the district for the murder of a Norman
garrison. But this transference to Norman rule was only after many
struggles, for nowhere, perhaps, did the Saxons make a more determined
stand against the Norman conquerors than here. When the fusion- of
Normans and Saxons was complete, the town still held the position of
the metropolis of the north ; and as such was a place of great importance,
from its comparative nearness to the Scottish borders, the scene of
almost constant warfare. The city, for this reason, was frequently
visited by royalty ; and its streets were often gay with the military
parade of the northern- chivalry. To York belongs the honour of being
the scene of some of the earliest English Parliaments. For several
centuries Parliaments were held here under various sovereigns, and the
city took a leading part in many of the greater public transactions of
the time. Here Edward III. was married to the beautiful Philippa;
and it was from York that the heroic Queen, in her husband's absence,
marched against the Scots, and gained the victory of NevilPs Cross.
It was here that, in the reign of Henry IV., Archbishop Scrope— so
greatly loved by the people — and other conspirators raised an insurrec
tion, with a view to the removal of abuses ; which ended in the Arch
bishop being seized and executed. When Richard Plantagenet, Duke of
York, fell at the battle of Wakefield, the insolent Margaret gave the order,
"Off with his head, and set it on York gates; so York may
overlook the town of York." The battle of Towton, however, quickly
followed, and Richard's son Edward was, it is affirmed, crowned in the
cathedral. The dissolution of the religious houses occasioned some
discontent in the place, and an insurrection occurred, which, in connection
with other disturbances, led to the institution by Henry VIII. of the
Council of the North, which met in the city and exercised its extensive
powers until it was abolished by the Long Parliament. The Stuarts
knew York well. James I. visited it on his way to receive the crown
of England, and Charles I. held his court here when his troubles with
the Parliament were deepening. The fatal field of Marston Moor is but
seven miles from the city walls. York held out for the King for a good
many weeks' but was ultimately obliged to capitulate; and at the

YORK IN THE PAST. 3
revolution the city declared for the Prince of Orange, lt would be
singular, if a city with such a history had not many relics of the past.
Une of the most remarkable of these is the multangular tower, so called
irom its having ten sides, forming nine obtuse angles. It is built of •
regular courses of small squared blocks of stone, with five rows of
bricks as a bond. There is no doubt that it is a Roman work, the
point having been settled by the discovery of Roman legionary
inscriptions in the lower part of the interior. It formed an angle
tower in the Roman wall, a portion of which is to be seen running off
trom the tower in a north-easterly direction.

Multangular Tower.
Other memorials of the Roman inhabitants have come to light, in
the discovery from time to time of tombs, statues, altars, tiles, pipes,
amphorae, urns, bronze instruments, and ornaments of gold and other
metals. York Castle, the scene of so many stirring events, stands on
the site of a British fortress, and includes some parts of a structure
built by William I. The city walls are of various dates, but they
existed before the time of Henry III., and suffered much in the siege
of 1 644. The most complete part remaining is that which is south of
the Ouse, and forms a good promenade. Micklegate Bar, with
its embattled angle turrets, is a Decorated work. It consists of a square
tower, built over a single arch, with embattled turrets at the angles,
each turret mounted with a stone figure of a warder. There are shields
in the front of the Bar bearing the arms of England and Prance, the
arms of the city, each with a canopy above them ; also those of Sir
John Lister Kaye, Bart., Lord Mayor of York in 1737, during whose

* OLD YORKSHIRE.
year of office this Bar was renovated. On the inside the arms of
England and France are again sculptured. The side arches are modern.
It was on this Bar that the heads of traitors were exposed ; the last
occasion on which York saw this ghastly sight being in 1746, after the
Jacobite rebellion. The date of the building of the Bar is about 1300.
The Barbican was, unfortunately, removed in 1826.

MicMegate Bar.
Monk Bar, so called from a monastery of Crouched Friars, which
stood opposite the church of St. Maurice, in Monk-gate, leading to the
Minster, with which, however, no monks were ever connected, is the
loftiest of the four. It is Decorated in style, and is said to be the
most perfect specimen of this sort of architecture in the kingdom. It
consists of a massive square tower over all archway, having a groined
roof of stone, with boldly corbelled and embattled turrets, at the angles
of which are gigantic and grotesque figures in the act of hurling stones

YORK IN THE PAST.

at an imaginary foe. The front of the Bar is ornamented with the
arms of England and France quarterly, with a knight's helmet or crest,.
under a canopy, and the arms of the city on each side. The iron spikes
at the bottom of the old portcullis still hang in threatening attitude
above the ancient gateway. The interior is of two storeys, with
vaulted chambers, and was formerly a prison.

Bootham Bar.
Bootham Bar is the corresponding entrance on the Great North
Road to that in Micklegate on the South Road. It is a square tower
similar in form to the others, but not nearly so lofiy. It is built on a
Norman if not Roman arch, and has turrets at the corners, on which
are figures of stone. It is supposed to have been erected about the
fourteenth century. The front is surmounted by two shields bearing

6 OLD YORKSHIRE.
the city arms, and one within a garter in a decayed condition. The
portcullis may still be seen in its ancient position.
Walmgate Bar is altogether unique, being the only one in England
with Barbican complete. At the siege of York during the Civil War it
received great injury from the Roundheads, who fixed their battery on
Laurel Hill in the neighbourhood. This Bar was erected in the reign
of Edward I., and the Barbican in that of Edward III., and was rebuilt
in 1648. Above the entrance on the inside, and partly supported on
stone pillars, is a domestic building of timber and plaster, of the time of
Elizabeth. The old doors, wickets, and portcullis still exist, in a state
of good preservation. The arms of Henry V., England and France
quarterly, ornament the front of the Bar, and those of the city the front
of the Barbican, with the date of its restoration. Fishergate Bar,
which is a much smaller structure, is of the fourteenth century. It
was walled up from the time of Henry VII. until 1827, when it was
opened for the convenience of access to the cattle market. It is plain
in appearance, and in the centre is an ancient stone, bearing the city
arms and an inscription in memory of Sir William Tod, Knight, Lord
Mayor in 1487.
But the pride and glory of York is undoubtedly the Minster, with
its thrilling history of 1,200 years. One of the finest Gothic structures'
in the world, it fully deserves the care which is now bestowed upon it,
and the expenditure from time to time upon restorations. Much has
been done during the last few years to preserve and maintain the
interior and exterior ; and by the construction of a new bridge across
the Ouse and the removal of a number of old houses, the access to and
the exterior view of the edifice have been greatly improved.
On Easter Sunday, the 12th of April, 627, in a little wooden
Oratory, erected on the spot where now stands the Minster, Edwin,
King of Northumbria, was publicly baptised by Paulinus. Shortly
after Edwin commenced to build a larger church of stone, dedicated to
St. Peter. The country was, however, some years after overrun with
pagans, and the church of Edwin destroyed. In 636 Oswald
succeeded in expelling the invaders, resuscitated and firmly established
Christianity, and restored the Minster, but was himself soon after killed
in battle with the invaders under Penda, a monarch who proceeded to
demolish the Cathedral and churches. He was, however, slain in
battle in 655, and the Minster was completely restored by Oswy,
brother of Oswald Shortly after this Ulphus, a Prince of Deira, the
southern part of Northumbria (now the East Riding of Yorkshire), gave
all his lands, together with his hunting horn (which is still preserved in
the vestry), to the Cathedral Church of York. In 669 Archbishop
Wilfrid repaired the Minster, covered the roof with lead, and put glass
in the windows. In 741 the Minster was burnt nearly to the ground.
In 767 Albert, Archbishop of York (a native of the city), assisted by
the learned Alcuin, rebuilt the Cathedral in the finest, style of Saxon
architecture. It was consecrated on the 8th of November, 781. In

YORK IN THE PAST.

1069, the Cathedral was again burnt to the ground ; it was rebuilt about
1080 on a larger scale, in the Norman style, by Archbishop Thomas,

West Front;, York Minster.
who had been appointed to the see by the Conqueror. In the reign of

o OLD YORKSHIRE.
Stephen, 1137, it was again seriously damaged by fire, and for forty
years little was done towards its restoration ; but in 1181 Archbishop
Roger rebuilt the choir in the Norman style to correspond with the
rest of the building.
The present structure dates from 1215, when being dissatisfied
with the Cathedral as it then stood, Archbishop Walter-de-Grey
determined to build one on a grander and more extensive scale.
Accordingly he commenced, about 1227, the present south transept,
which he lived to see completed. The north transept was built
by John le Romayne, Treasurer to the Cathedral, about 1260; he
also built a Bell Tower, now replaced by the Great Lantern Tower.
Archbishop le Romayne, son of the treasurer, pulled down the old
Norman nave, and laid the foundation stone of the present nave on the
6th April, 1291, which, with the magnificent west front, was completed
by Archbishop Thoresby, who also filled the great west window with
glass in 1338. The stone-work was completed by Archbishop Zouch
in 1345 ; and the roof in 1355. The Chapter House was erected
during the building of the nave, but the name of the founder
is not known. The Norman choir was removed in 1351 by
Archbishop Thoresby, who laid the foundation-stone of the present
choir, beginning with the Lady Chapel. It was completed in 1400.
The present central Lantern Tower was commenced about 1405. The
bells were taken down and lay silent for thirty years. As it was
necessary to find another place for them, it was decided to build two
towers at the west end. The south-west tower, which now contains
the bells, was commenced about 1432 by John de Bermynham,
treasurer. The north-west tower, in which " Great Peter" is hung,
was completed about 1470. In 1472, the edifice as it now stands,
being finished, was reconsecrated on the 3rd of February, by Arch
bishop Neville, — the whole time occupied in the erection of the present
Cathedral being 244 years.
From this period to the Reformation, little alteration took place ;
but at the change in the form of worship in the time of Henry VIII.,
most of the chantries and altars, with the shrine of St. William, were
removed. Some of these were restored in the reign of Queen Mary.
During the Commonwealth it suffered comparatively little, thanks to
the protection of Thomas Lord Fairfax, the eminent Parliamentarian
General. In 1736 the present pavement was laid down under the
direction of the Earl of Burlington.
On the 2nd February, 1829, the choir was set on fire by
Jonathan Martin, who had concealed himself after evening service on
the previous day behind Archbishop Grenefield's tomb in the eastern
aisle of the north transept. The choir was completely gutted; the beautiful
carved woodwork, stalls, pulpit, organ, Archbishop's throne, roof, and
a great quantity of the stonework being destroyed. Martin was tried
at the York Assizes, but the plea of insanity was admitted, and he was
sent to New Bethlehem Hospital, London, where he died in 1838.

YORK IN THE PAST. 9
The building was restored by national subscription at a cost of
£65,000. The timber and lead were given by the Government, and
the stone by Sir Edward Vavasour from quarries on his estate
near Tadcaster. A new organ was presented by the Earl of
Scarborough, and the communion plate by the Archbishop. On the
6th of May, 1832, the Cathedral was again opened for public
worship. On the 20th of May, 1840, through the carelessness
of a workman, the Minster again suffered from fire. The
south-west bell tower, together with the roof of the nave, were
entirely destroyed. A second subscription was set on foot, and the
damage repaired at a cost of £23,000. In 1843, through the liberal
bequest of Dr. Beckwith, a new peal of bells, costing £2,000, was
placed in the south-west tower. In 1845 a monster bell, then the
largest in England, was purchased by public subscription and placed
in the north-west tower, which it is said is not sufficiently strong to
allow the bell to be rung in the usual way. In 1860 the organ was
remodelled. In 1874 the south transept, the oldest part of the
building, was completely restored internally by public subscription, and
its exterior has also lately been restored, the combined cost being
£15,000. The Royal Palace, or King's Manor, stands where stood the
house of the Abbot of St. Mary's Abbey. Of this palace, in which
he dispensed his princely hospitality centuries ago, the only vestiges
remaining are the wide stone staircase and vaulted cellar. After the
dissolution of religious houses, the site was retained by the Crown,
and a splendid palace for King Henry VIII. , called the King's Manor,
was erected, chiefly out of materials taken from St. Mary's Abbey.
Here James VI. of Scotland and his consort were received by
Thomas, second Lord Burleigh, on his accession to the Crown of
England in 1603. It was used by the Earl Strafford, the last Lord
President of the North, and his arms still remain over one of the doors.
It even formed one of the charges against him at his trial that he had
placed them on one of the Royal palaces. It was here that Charles I.
resided when he left London before the outbreak of the Civil War,
and hence he issued the Commission of Array before his departure
to raise his standard at Nottingham. This was a garrison for the
Royalist soldiers during the siege of 1644, and in the time of the
Commonwealth was tenanted by Colonel Lilburne, one of the judges at
the trial of the King. In the reign of James II. it had nearly
become a Roman Catholic College, his Majesty having granted the use
of it for thirty years to Father Lawson, who was prevented from
carrying out his design by the enraged citizens. It became a Royal
Mint in 1696-7, gold and silver coin being struck there. The
building is of quaint Jacobean architecture, in the form of a quadrangle ;
above the entrance are the arms and cypher of James I. In 1723 it
was leased to the Robinson family, but reverted back to the Crown.
It is now used as a School for the Blind, which was established

10

OLD YORKSHIRE.

in 1833 as a memorial to William Wilberforce, who represented the
county in Parliament for thirty years, for his successful efforts in the
abolition of the slave trade.
Amongst other ancient buildings in the city of York, we may
name Clifford's Tower, which is inside the Castle walls, and is built on
the site of the Old Castle ; St. William's College, founded by the
Nevilles in 1460 " for the parsons and chantry priests of the cathedral
to reside in ; the Merchants' Hall situate in Fossgate, a very ancient
building; and the twenty-five Churches, most of them of great
antiquity and interest. In the' limits of this sketch we cannot,
however, notice all, and have only been enabled to refer to some of
those objects which are of more than ordinary interest.

SANCTON AND ITS RELICS.
Sancton, a small village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, situated
on the edge of the Wolds, about two miles from Market Weighton,
will scarcely attract the notice of the traveller w,ho may chance to
pass through it. The long, low-thatched cottages which formerly
constituted the homes of past generations have all disappeared in the
march of improvement, the last relic of the grateless hearth and open
chimney, the thatch and houseleek, having succumbed about two years
ago. Even the old church, a relic of the early part of the twelfth
century, has given place to a new erection. So that with respect to
the village it is comparatively modern. And yet the ancient Briton,
Roman, Saxon, and Anglo-Saxon have wandered over, lived, died, and
left their remains and relics in and about the place.
The intrenchments which cross the Wolds in various directions,
and generally ascribed to the ancient Britons, are very extensive in the
vicinity of Sancton, but are fast disappearing by the cultivation of the
land. The long and round barrows, or tumuli, are also very numerous ;
but most of them appear to have been opened or despoiled, and little
or no record has been made of their contents. In the year 1873 a long
barrow was opened. At the east end a pit, about four feet square and
the same in depth, had been sunk in the chalk. At the bottom some
charred bones, burnt wood, and ashes were found. The body had
evidently been burnt in the pit, one side of which was much blackened,
showing the direction of the wind. The contents of the remainder of
the barrow had been deposited on or near the surface, and covered over
with chalk. These consisted of broken and charred bones, fragments
of pottery, charcoal, and an ox horn. The latter had evidently been
used as a pick. The absence of bronze or iron proved this to be a
British barrow.
It is recorded in history that the Romans invaded Britain B.C. 55,
and remained (more or less) 400 years. Allowing fifty years for the
subjugation of the eastern part, there would be at least 300 years of

SANCTON AND ITS RELICS. 11
what may be termed domestic life, or peace. During this time, doubt
less, glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of Britain would be
sent to Rome, tempting many of the nobility, civil and military, to
come over. Hence arose those splendid buildings, the foundations of
which have been and are being discovered in various parts of the
country. That the domestic life of the Roman nobility was one of
great luxury and refinement may be inferred from such portions of
their dwellings as are now found ; and yet, accustomed to war, their
recreations and amusements were often scenes of blood and carnage.
The amphitheatre was with them a national institution, and it is
reasonable to suppose such like amusements would be adopted bj- them
in this country. What is the pit on the chalk hills at Hessleskew but
an amphitheatre 1 It is about 200 yards in circumference, and appears
to have been about ten or twelve feet in uniform depth, The arena is
now a plantation of trees of about sixty years' growth, and when these
trees were planted numerous animal bones were found in the floor of
the pit. Near the pit, in the middle of a field, is an ancient well, now
partly filled up, which fifty years ¦ ago was sounded to a depth of 300
feet. Near the well are some old foundations, which can be traced
continuously for about fifty yards. Taking the pit as a centre in a
radius of about one mile, more antiquities have been found at different
times, and which mark a longer period of time than perhaps any other
uninhabited part of the country- — over 200 tumuli, stone, bronze, and
iron weapons and ornaments, remains of harness, chariot wheels,
swords, spears, and coins, the earliest of the latter which I have
hitherto seen being of the time of Constantino; the latest that of
Elizabeth. From the above facts I draw the following : — That the pit was
excavated by the Romans for the purpose of bullbaiting and other
similar Sports ; that an annual carnival has been held, when horse,
chariot, and other races and games have been practised ; the well had
most probably been dug for a supply of water for the visitors, biped
and quadruped ; the foundations near the well suggest a series of sheds,
one section of which, from the cinders, &c, found, had been a smith's
shop ; that the immense mass of chalk excavated from the pit and
well had been used in levelling the ground for a considerable distance
round the pit, which now forms one of the most extensive plateaus to
be found on the Yorkshire Wolds. It may be suggested that if such
a carnival had been held from the time of Oonstantine to Elizabeth,
some tradition or relic of it would be extant at the present day. And
such, I believe, is the case.
Fifty years ago many thousands of people from the surrounding
towns and villages were wont to assemble annually on the 21st of
March, for the purpose of horse racing, football, cudgel playing, <fcc,
which often ended in much fighting and bloodshed, each party
contesting- for the honour of taking the ball home. This carnival was
supposed to be of such ancient date that the law had no power to stop

12 OLD YORKSHIRE.
it, even if a person was killed, which I have been informed had been
the case. This carnival is now commemorated simply as a horse race.
Take another case. Fifty years ago a miniature imitation of the
Amphitheatre might have been seen in the village of Sancton, where
armed gladiators from the neighbouring farm-yards contested for life or
death. This carnival — on the origin of which both history and
tradition are silent— may, like the former, be a continuation or revival
of the Roman Carnival at Hessleskew, as both are in the immediate.
locality. Setting aside these suppositions as to the origin of the pit,
the question arises, For what purpose was it made 1 Some ascribe it
to war ; but as a place of ambush, attack, or defence, the idea is
untenable. Besides, war could not (at least in one locality) account for
antiquities belonging to so many different eras of time. Asa chalk
pit, i.e., chalk extracted for the improvement of the land, the question
is disposed of at once, as the pit was there when the lordship of
Hessleskew, and in fact the whole of the Yorkshire Wolds, was
primseval wilderness. The Roman road from Brough( Burgh, a s.tation)
to Londesborough (Landburg) would pass through Sancton, and that
from Aldborough (Oldburg) to Londesborough would pass within about
half-a-mile from the pit, Londesborough forming the junction from
which the road would proceed direct to York.
Respecting the mode of interment adopted by the Romans,
although I have given much attention to the subject, I have hitherto
failed to detect any which could with any degree of accuracy be
described as such in this locality. The stone and lead coffins found in
other localities, such as York, are evidently Roman interments in
Christian times. It is highly probable that during the pre-Christian
times cremation was the prevailing mode of disposing of the dead; as
in this form they could easily be moved from place to place, or even
sent home to their own country. The nearest approach to a Roman
interment was a little north of the village (Sancton), where are some
large flat stones placed edgewise for about five feet in length, and
covered over with other flat stones. Inside was a skeleton, very much
decayed, also some fragments of a Roman urn and charcoal. In
another place, eastward, I saw a skeleton taken out of an excavation,
beside which was a complete Roman urn, broken in pieces by the workmen.
I consider these to have been Romano-British, as I have frequently
found fragments of Roman urns in the graves of Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxon and Anglo-Saxon relics now claim attention, and these
have been very numerous in the vicinity of Sancton. With the Saxons
cremation appears to have been extensively if not exclusively adopted.
About a mile north of the village a portion of ground, about 150 yards
in length by about fifty yards in breadth, has been nearly filled with
urns, but being near the surface most of them have been destroyed by
cultivation. In a space of three yards I counted eleven urns, all
broken to fragments. In a bank by the side of a hedge several were
found entire ; some very plain, hand-made, and rudely marked ; others

SANCTON AND ITS RELICS. 13
lathe-turned and elaborately finished. In one place I found one broken
in pieces, and in searching the bottom of the hole I found the upper
rim of another. Further excavation revealed a complete urn, which I
succeeded in taking out entire. This was full of burnt bones, amongst
which were two bone needles about four inches long. In others several
articles of bronze, flint, and bones were found.
In another place nearer the village, in walking over a piece of
newly -ploughed land, I found a fragment of an urn. On digging down
about nine or ten inches I found numerous fragments of urns and burnt
bones, extending over a considerable portion of ground. On removing
a flat stone I found a hole had been scooped out in the hard sand and
filled with burnt bones. On extending my investigations a little further
southward, I came upon an urn bottom upwards. This was found to be
resting on the head of a skeleton, laid on its side, doubled up, the
knees forming an acute angle towards the head. On removing the urn
it crumbled to pieces. Inside were the following articles : — A bronze
pin, about four inches long, with a circular loop at the eud, three bronze
fibulae, a clay spindle whorle, several beads of very hard stone, and a
small flint knife.- A little southward of this I found another skeleton,
extended to its full length, the head to the north-west. Amongst the
bones were several fragments of urns and charcoal. The leg bones
presented a series of indentations, as if they had been bound together
by a cord for a considerable length of time. They are now in the
museum at Oxford. Not far from this was another, laid face down
ward, doubled up. With this I" found an iron spear about eighteen
inches in length, also the remains of an iron knife, a socket, some
fragments of urns, and charcoal. Near this was another skeleton, also
much contracted. With this I found two bronze arm-clasps, one belt-
clasp, three circular fibulae, one long ditto, twenty-three amber beads,
one curious inlaid ditto, also fragments of urns and charcoal. This
had evidently been a lady of rank, resplendent with jewellery. The
bronze articles were all perfect, highly ornamented, and in good
preservation. Shortly after I found another skeleton, more extended,
lying on its side. The left temple of the skull presented a deep
indentation, as if from a blow. I sent this to Oxford, where it was
examined by the late Professor Rolleston. He supposed the injury had
been inflicted early in life and recovered from, but the person had been
a great sufferer. Nothing was found with this, except portions of urns
and charcoal. On making a trench across a portion of ground, three
more skeletons were found, all more or less contracted. Over the head
of one was a very fine Saxon urn, full of the fibres of the roots of a
neighbouring tree. The urn was profusely marked, and in good
preservation. With another were several beads of glass and amber,
a fine leaf-shaped flint arrow-head, fragments of urns, and charcoal. I
may here remark that I never found a decayed tooth. Some had been
much worn, notwithstanding they fitted even and close all round.
M. Foster,

14 OLD YORKSHIRE.
MARMION TOWER AND CHAPEL.
Who that has read Sir Walter Scott's " Marmion" but must take
an interest in anything which bears that poetical and historical name 1
Rising from the northern bank of the clear Ure or Yore, stands Marmion
Tower, which was once the gateway of Tanfield Castle, justly celebrated
for its heroic defence in the civil war of the seventeenth century. The
castle itself was ordered to be demolished by Parliament in Cromwell's
time, but the gateway in its rich carving and solid structure gives one
some idea of the magnificence and imposing proportions of the castle in
its time of power and pride.
Marmion Tower is a rectangular building, with a battlemented
turret, containing winding stairs, at the north-west angle. To the left
of the gateway, as you enter, is the kitchen, with groined roof. To
the right, and nearly at the end of the gateway, are the circular stairs,
ascending which admits you into a handsome apartment with a lovely
oriel window in the Perpendicular style, projecting two and a half feet
from the east wall. From a beautiful Decorated window of two lights,
with quatrefoil in its head, in the chamber above, we must judge that
the oriel window was built out at least one hundred years after the
tower was erected. From the top of the angle turret there is a fine
view of the surrounding country.
The Marmion " chapel," or rather aisle, in Tanfield Church, within
a few paces of the tower, is well worthy of a visit. Here may be seen
the sculptured tombs of various members of the Marmion family. One
of Sir Robert Marmion, in alabaster, especially reminds us of the well-
known lines of Sir Walter Scott—
And there, beneath the northern aisle,
A tomb with Gothic sculpture fair,
Does still Sir Marm ion's image bear.
* # * *
There erst upon a couehant hound,
His hands to heaven upraised,
And all aroiind in scutcheon rich,
And tablet carved, and fretted niche
His arms and feats were blazed.
Sir Robert, or, as some think, Sir John, Marmion lies with his head
upon a massive helmet, and his feet, not upon " a couehant hound," but
upon a young lion. His chain armour, double S collar, and elaborately
carved sword belt, are greatly admired. The fictitious Marmion had
no lady by his side, but Sir Robert, who married a St. Quintain, does
not lie in single loneliness ; for his lady, with her head upon a pillow,
supported by two cherubs, and her feet upon a lioness, sleeps by his
side. Above the tomb is an iron " herse," said to be unique. It is
not solid, like many of the gloomy canopies which cover the tombs of
the kings at St. Denis, near Paris, and casts no shadow upon the
recumbent statues. Portions of it are engraved with the zigzag and

MARMION TOWER AND CHAPEL.

15

ball ornament, and at the angle are places where the lamps were fixed
during the celebration of Mass. Close by are the effigies of two
Crusaders, an abbess, and two other ladies, names unknown. A rich
canppy, with crockets and elaborate carving, reminding one a little of
the Percy shrine at Beverley Minster, may be seen against the northern
wall. In the stained-glass Marmion window are noticed the arms of

the family, three lions or leopards, griffin, and butterfly. Antiquaries
ha^e differed upon the use'or purpose of a small chamber formed in the
chancel arch. It is said there is nothing like it in any church in the
kingdom. It has several openings into the church. Over three feet
from the ground are two Gothic lancet openings, and above is a single
one. Some have called it the invalid's pew ; others believe it contained
the seat for the head of the Marmion family ; but we believe it was the

16 OLD YORKSHIRE.
place where the sacristan tolled the bell at the elevation of the host.
People still living remember the belfry overhead, which at the restoration
was removed. Our brief description of Marmion Tower and Chapel would
be incomplete if we did not mention an inscription in the church, a
brass, in memory of Thomas Sutton, a prelate whose features, and
figure clothed in a grand cloak, are admirably preserved. Also the fact
that in digging nearly opposite the tower archway, within the castle
grounds, was discovered a well of beautiful water, which no doubt in
time of siege would be a great boon to the garrison. At this place the
Ure divides the North from the West Riding, and you have only to
cross the bridge, and the visitor in the West Riding, walking by the
side of the river, sees on the opposite bank views of Marmion Tower
and Tanfield Church, amidst their surrounding foliage — such as a
Turner would have loved to paint. J. A. Clapham.
ANCIENT CLOTH TRADE OF YORKSHIRE.
The 6th vol. of the " Yorkshire Archaeological Journal" contains a
long list of West Riding persons who paid " poll-tax; " to the names in
which list are appended, in many instances, the occupations of their
bearers. This is a fruitful sort of knowledge on the subject of mediaeval
industry, so far as the West Riding is concerned.
There is another valuable list of trades* extant, for York, of the
origin of which it may be useful to give some explanation.
From the middle of the thirteenth century, away down to the
period of the Reformation, the inhabitants of York, like those of other
cities, on certain feast-days, were wont to turn out in holiday gear,
to see the exhibition of pageants in their streets. " Mysteries" or
" Miracle-Plays" need not be described here. These were chiefly
performed on temporary, ornamented scaffolds, erected in the church
yard, but the Corpus Uhristi plays, with which we are concerned, were
exhibited on moveable stages, which were drawn on wheels to the
principal parts of the city. They derived their name from being
exhibited during the octave of the festival of Corpus Christi (the
Thursday after Trinity Sunday.) The trading companies or guilds in
*The Rev. C. B. Norcliffe, M.A., has kindly given me the following lists of
trades in Kendal.
"1581. Kendal Freemen. Shearmen, card-makers, felt-makers and haber
dashers, mercers, taylors, tanners, glovers, smiths, armourers, weavers, petty
chapmen, drapers 'lynnen and wollen,' Wrights and wallers, labourers, smiths,
butchers, sadlers, cordyners, shomakers."
"1698. July 25, Borough of Kirby Kendal, Westmoreland. Wardens of
the severall Companyes.
1 Mercers. 6 Weavers.
2 Shearmen. 7 Joiners.
3 Tanners. 8 Butchers.
4 Cordwainers. 9 Pewterers and Ironmongers,
5 Taylors, 10 Glovers.

ANCIENT CLOTH TRADE OF YORKSHIRE.

17

the city contributed to the expenses of these pageants, and the subjects
for representation were distributed among them, each company being
compelled to furnish actors, stage, and " properties," for the performance
of one of them. The order of the pageant for the year 1415 has been
preserved to us, and it is of importance in this matter of trades,
inasmuch as it is doubtless a complete list of those then represented in
the northern metropolis.
These two lists, then, shall be the foundation for this sketch. The
first is dated 1378-9, and the second, as is said above, 1415. To help
in making out the meaning of some of these trade names, we will make
bold to use the Rev. C. W. Bardsley's learned though pleasantly- written
work on "English Surnames."
One of the first wants of a civilised human being is clothing, and
if, as Mr. Carlyle says in " Sartor Resartus," most people think of man
as a " clothed animal," perhaps the trades concerned in covering his
nakedness are the most important. There is also another and a better
reason for our giving them prominence, and that is, that very many West
Riding folks are now chiefly engaged in this same laudable occupation.
It is now somewhat over 500 years since Edward III. brought
over some few Flemings to teach our English clothmakers greater
perfection in their art. They were for a time looked upon with much
jealousy by the natives, but
it is to them we Yorkshire-
men owe great part of our
present prosperity. Wool
was at that time a very im
portant article of English
commerce. " The ribs of
all nations throughout the
world are kept warm by
the fleeces of English
wool," wrote Matthew
Paris. Much of it was
exported unmanufactured.
In 1340, 30,000 sacks of
wool were granted to
Edward III.- to carry on
the French war. East
Anglia was then the chief
seat of the woollen manu
facture; but cloth was
made at Kendal and at Lin
coln also. In the West
Riding there was a fairly
large proportion of people
employed in the trades
connected therewith.

Ancient Flemish Loom.

If

OLD YORKSHIRE.

To King Edward is justly due the honour of giving a great
impetus to the woollen manufacture in England. In the tenth year of
his reign he summoned his faithful Commons to consider his noble
design of reviving the almost extinct art of making cloth, and thereby
insuring to the wool-growers the full value of their fleeces. The
Flemings at that time were most celebrated for the making of cloths,
and in 1331 Edward gave letters of protection to one John Kemp,
a Flemish master-manufacturer, to establish himself at York with
weavers, fullers, and dyers, to carry on his trade.
One of the first men through whose hands the fleece had to pass
was the wool-packer, and we accordingly meet with several of them
busy enough at the York festival in company with the wadmen, of
whom presently. When unpacked and sorted, the wool had to be
combed. This work was done by
pi/nners, a corruption of the Norman
word for "comber," or "kempster."
The corruption came by' degrees
through "peignur," and "peinnur."
After the combing came the spinning;
but we meet with no spinner in
either of the lists. This is not diffi
cult' to explain. The spinning was
anciently done by the females of the
community, hence our modern word
" spinster." During the long winter
days and "eenins" the mother and
daughters spent their time drawing
the warp and weft near the warmth of
the great kitchen fire ; but by degrees
the occupation became more a public
craft than a home occupation. In
" Cocke Lorelle's Bote " we read of
¦ spynsters, carders, and cappe-knitters."

Distaff and Spindle.

Then for the weaving —
My wyfe was a webbe,
And woolen cloth made,
says Piers Plowman, in his " Vision." Webbe became webber, and then
took the originally feminine form webster. Chaucer classes together
the haberdasher, carpenter, webbe, dyer, and tapiser, or tapeter, a
dealer in carpets, and we gather from his description of them that they
are well-to-do citizens. They
Were all yclothe'd in one livery,
Of a solemn and great fraternity.
Full fresh and new their gear ypicked was,
Their knives were ychapcSd, not with brass,
But all with silver, wrought full clean and well.

ANCIENT CLOTH TRADE OF YORKSHIRE.

19

The " solemn and great fraternity " to which each belonged was his
guild or company. These guilds aided and preserved whatsoever
freedom and prosperity might have been acquired by the inhabitants of
our towns, and enabled them to go on steadily advancing both, till what
is now the mightiest power in the State was established — the power of
the middle classes. In London, the oldest of these companies was that
of the weavers, and an admirable foundation they began upon, if,
according to their motto, they sought to " weave truth with trust."
The trade has got to weaving shoddy with trust now. In a case
brought before the Judges Itinerant at the Tower of London, in the

Spinning Wheel.
reign of Edward II., "the weavers were required to show by what
authority they claimed to have their guild in the city, and by virtue of
the same guild to have yearly the right of electing from among them
selves bailiffs and ministers. By what right they claimed to hold their
courts from week to week of all that pertained to their guild ; and that
persons of the same guild should not be impleaded of others concerning
the mystery, except in the court of the guild. Why none might have
working implements in their possession, unless the same were testified
to be good and honest; and that all of the mystery should be forced to

20

OLD YORKSHIRE.

contribute to the king's ferme. Why no stranger was admitted as a
manufacturer among them without letters. . . . And, lastly, why
none were allowed to work between Christmas and the Purification, or
at night by candle-light ; or at other times proscribed." A remnant of
the custom last alluded to has only just died out. It 'was customary in
the West Riding, until very lately, to smash the windows of any hand-
loom weaver who presumed to work after seven o'clock. The weavers,
in answer to the above questions, pleaded charters of Henry I. and II.,
and Edward I. ; but the jury decided in a great measure against them
in regard to the privileges claimed, as unfair to the people at large.
The cloth, when woven, had to go to the fulling mill, to the walker
(fullor). The walker got his name originally from the custom of
thickening the cloth by treading it, before the introduction of fulling
machinery. A complaint was made to Edward IV. that hats, caps, and
bonnets had hitherto been made, wrought, fulled, and thicked in the
wonted manner, that is to say, with hands and feet, and then proceeds
to urge that the use of mills brought inferior articles into the market.
J The teazles, it is quite unnecessary to say, are still used for raising
the nap on the cloth, The occupation is referred to in an old statute of
Edward IV. — " Item, that every
fuller, from the said feast of St.
Peter, in his craft and occupation of
fuller, rower, or tayseler of cloth,
shall exercise and use taysels and no
cards, deceitfully impairing the same
cloth."— (4 Ed. IV., c. 1.) The
tayseler here mentioned, the tail'owr
of Langland above, and the taillyour
of both our lists, may all refer to the
same trade.
v, , - _ The dyer had a rare variety of
^^^jllBlilfc^ names. Lister, lyster, Utster, littesler,
M '^ff ^^^, dyer, dyster, dister, are all varieties
«L of his designation. " Tinctor,"
" teinturer," " teynterer," or " tentier,"
was the more or less corrupted French
title, " teinturier," which some of those of the craft got hold of, thinking
thereby, maybe, to draw the more readily the custom of the "quality."
John Lyster, of Baildon, used this form. His surname shows that the
trade had been in the family for some generations. Now-a-days, we are
not without relics of the ' ' teinturier. There are still standing in many fields
in the clothing district those curious-looking long oaken "tenters"
which puzzle strangers so much. Doubtless curiosity is often excited to
know why the old "tenters" were set up in such public places. Various
deceits had become notorious in the craft, among others that of over
stretching the material. In consequence, a law was passed (1 Ric. III.)
that "tentering" or " teyntering," should only be done in an open

~^

ANCIENT CLOTH TRADE OP YORKSHIRE. 21
place, and for this purpose public tenters were to be set up. Hence the
entries in many old town's books, of money paid for wood for tenters.
" Tenter close" is a field name which occurs more than once in probably
every township in the district.
The dyes used are not passed by without notice in these trade
lists. It has been said that the " woolpackers " were in close proximity
to the " wadmen" in the York procession. These latter took their name
from the "woad," which they imported from Holland and sold to the
dyers. The old " Libel on Enghsh Policy" speaks of
The marehaundy of Braban and Selande,
The madre (madder) and wood (woad) that dyers take on hand.
The " sherman" or shearntan, who took part in the York pageant, was
the cropper who sheared the nap of the manufactured article to the
desired length, and not the shearer of the sheep, who would then be
styled a clipper.
In connection with the cloth trade we must not forget the
cardmakers and slaymakers, or slaywrights, who even then found
occupation. The cloth had now to pass into the hands of the draper, to be sold
to those who made up their own family's clothes, or to the tailor
(tayllour, taillyour), or " cissour," with whom we may associate the
semstere (sempster) — one who "seamed" or sewed. Another name which
the tailor then affected was parminter, parmentar, or parrnitar, a relic
of the old Norman- French " parmentier." A few dubbors, or fripperers,*
found occupation in York, furbishing up the old clothes of their
customers. Other textile industries then represented were linen-weaving
carried on at York; and coverlet-weaving (Adam Chaloner — couerlid
wefer) at Pontefract. Linen is still called "Lin" and "line" in
Yorkshire. The surname of the coverlid maker is a reminder of
another name for the same trade, noticed in both lists. A chaloner
was an importer or manufacturer (in this case the latter) of a peculiar
kind of coverlet of woollen or worsted called a " chalon," because it
was originally made at Chalons-sur-Marne, at this time one of the
most flourishing towns on the continent. In the " Reve's Tale" we
are told of the miller that
In his owen chambre he made a bedde
With shetes, and with chalons fair yspredde."
William Askame, in 1390, left by will to John Dagh, among other
things, a chalcn. (" Test. Ebor." i., 130.) " And that no chalon of
ray, or other chalon, shall be made, if it be not of the ancient lawful
assize, ordained by the good folks of the trade." (" Ordinances of the
Tapicers." Riley's London, p. 179.) " Also none of the citee ne shall
don werche qwyltes ne chalouns withoute the walles of the citte."
•The French is "Fripier."

22 OLD YORKSHIRE.
(" English Guilds," 351.") Tapisers (tapestry makers) figured in the
York pageant along with the couchers (couch-coverers). Ere the strong
oaken wainscot came into use, the tapiser's trade was a thriving one.
The ordinary wall decorations of a baronial apartment were the
hangings they made, and these generally covered the whole length of
the bare, hewn stone walls. In the "Boke of Curtasye" we are told
of one office — Tapetes of Spayne on flore by side,
That sprad shall be for pompe and pride ;
The chambur-sydes, right to the dore,
He hangs with tapetits that ben fulle store.
The mercer or marser did not confine his attention to selling what
our modern mercers do : he dealt in ironmongery, haberdashery, drugs,
and , almost everything but eatables ; in fact, he acted the part of
the storekeeper in our colonies. The haberdashers were at one time a
branch of the mercers, and, like them, dealt in small wares. Another
branch were the milliners, called so from their importing Milan goods
for sale, such as brooches, aiglets, spurs, glasses, &c. Pins formed
an article of the haberdashery trade at this period, having not long
superseded the points or skewers made of thorn, by which ladies were
previously obliged to fasten their garments. On the 8th of May, 1403,
it was " agreed before the Mayor, between the folks of drapercraft in
York, and the folks of hosyercraft, that all hosyers who shall sell hose
(chaunces,) or make hose to sell, together with the uphaldres, who
before have sold woollen cloths, shall have charge of the pageant of
Moses and Pharaoh at the holiday of Corpus Christi, as well as the
dubbors." The hosier (Hosyer) had been once called a chaueer. The " father
of English poetry" derived his surname from this trade. Chausses
were a kind of leather breeches worn over mail armour; so that
originally the hosier was of a similar craft with the shoemaker, cord-
ovaner, cordwainer* souler, or suter. This latter personage would
have no lack of occupation in a day when "Shank's mare" was so
much ridden, so we find many references to him. The name "cord
wainer" is said by some to be derived from the circumstance that
the goatskin leather which he used was supposed to .come from
Cordova, in Spain. The coser or cosier, clouter or cobbler, has lost all
but the last name. A cobbler was also called " a translator," till about
1790. The pattenmakers or patteners still find occupation in Yorkshire.
Pattens are said, in the " Promptorium Parvulorum," to have been
much worn by ecclesiastics to protect their feet from chill when
treading the cold pavements of the churches. The pattenmaker was
evidently of some importance at this time.
* From French "condre," to sew, "cousu," sewn, or Spanish "cordoban,"
goat leather,

ANCIENT CLOTH TRADE OF YORKSHIRE. 23
The capmaker made his wares of cloth, felt, or beaver, imported
from Flanders, and manufactured on a " block," hence he was some
times called a " blocker."
A furrier was entered in official documents occasionally as a
pelliparius. The wearing of furs is said to have been the great
distinction between the upper and lower classes of society. In 1337
it was enacted by Edward III. that no one of the operative classes,
as we should now term them, was to wear any fur on his or her dress.
The bucklemaker, girdeller, and pouchmaker were closely connected.
The first made the fastenings which the girdlemaker (called a seynturer*
or ceinter occasionally) attached to his manufactures. The girdle was
the useful article which carried at the housewife's side her leathern
pouch or purse, " Tassid with silke, and parled with latoun,-'
as CBaucer says, speaking of the carpenter's wife.
The " Aulnager" literally a carrier of the ell ( aulna, from ulna,
L., an ell, a cubit ; ger from gero, L., one who carries, a derivative of
gerere, to bear, carry, &c), was a measurer of cloth, and a person
under the King, whose office was established about the year 1350
(temp. Edw. III.) His business was to measure all woollen cloths
Drought into the market, and. then to fix an impression of his
seal. This measure was to be the government of the buyer and the
seller, and to prevent all disputes about short measure. The first
statute made for it is the 25th Edward III., wherein it is enacted that
all cloths shall be measured by the Kiug's aulnager, and that every
buyer of cloth, after the price is agreed in the halls or markets, shall
have it measured by the King's aulnager, who shall put his stamp
thereon, and the price of cloth shall stand for that length. And to
prevent the aulnager's tumbling or defoiling them, when he measured
them he was to provide himself with a string of the length of seven
yards, and the piece was to measure four times the length of that
string, and he was to measure it at the creased edge. The aulnager
was entitled to the following fees : — For every piece of cloth of ray or
white cloth, 28 yards long and 6 qrs. wide, one halfpenny, and every
half piece a farthing, to be paid by the seller. In the 27th Edward
III., beside the aulnage, Parliament granted a subsidy of one penny
per annum in general, sixpence if a scarlet in grain, and fivepence if
bastard or half-scarlet.
Calverley. Saml. Margerison.
THE ANTIQUITIES OF BIRSTAL.
Several interesting particulars of the antiquities pertaining to
Birstal are met with in memoranda made by " Justice Walker," of
the Rydings. He was the first of four members of the family who
* French "qeinturier,"

24 OLD YORKSHIRE.
have been medical attendants on the royal family. He died in 1817,
having retired from practice some years previously.
Of the church at Birstal he gives a minute account, both of its
dimensions and interior, and of its decorations of scissors, cropping
shears, compasses, squares, teazle brushes, pickaxes, hunting horns,
carved on the wooden stalls both of the nave and choir — emblems of
trade which have long disappeared, except in a few instances. But he
seems to have been mistaken in representing the family of Copley to
have been sole owners of the glebe and great tithe, both which
were given at the dissolution of monasteries to Trinity College, Cam
bridge, producing to that establishment not less than £1,000 a year.
That one of the Copleys has long been a lessee of the College appears
by the moiety still held by their representative, the Earl of Wilton,
who is likewise lord of the manor of Batley, purchased from Mr.
Richardson, between forty and fifty years ago, for £100, by the late
lord, then Mr, Thomas Egerton, who asserted that after the enclosure
it had then produced to him more than £10,000 worth of coal. He
had likewise the alternate presentation to the Vicarage of Batley with
the Earl of Cardigan, worth about £160 a year, which he probably
inherited from the Copleys of Batley.
That Birstal was a village of some consequence may be collected
from the remaining records which have survived the gross neglect of
antipatriotic feelings, under cover of the church, and, by means of the
cemetery, enclosed from daily rapine. In the deeds of the Rydings,
extending so fai back as Edward IV, the names of such owners as
Beaumonts, Popeleys, Batts, Greens, Hopkinson, and others, prove the
existence of people then of considerable importance. Nor do the
funeral memorials in the church afford a scanty proof of lands in Birstal
appertaining to the Nevilles, Wentworths, and families of the first dis
tinction in England.
The church was of plain Gothic architecture, with two galleries
and handsome ceilings both in the nave and choir. The latter had a
chapel on each side — that on the south belonging to the ancient manor
of Oakwell, which was originally possessed by the Batts. The north
chapel, called that of Liversedge, Sir John Neville in the reign of
Elizabeth being the owner thereof. After him, it became the property
of the Greens, a wealthy commercial tribe, eminent for extending, if not
introducing, the woollen manufacture through the neighbourhood.
From them it descended to the Thompsons, of Staincliffe ; and now
belongs to Mr. Wormald, banker, of London.
"The tombstone which has the most ancient inscription of any now
visible is on the north-west side of the church. Upon it is engraved
H.R., xxviii. July, a.d. 1602. This, which is the most ancient flat
gravestone which I ever remember to have seen in a burial-ground, was
found lately (1830) with some other old slabs on the west of the belfry
or tower, covered with earth and rubbish. As the Reyners and

THE ANTIQUITIES OF BIRSTAL. 25
Hopkinsons were the chief families in the 17th century at Birstal, I
take it that this stone was for one of the Reyners." *
On the north of the church, let me not forget the memorial of honest
William Walker, with eight of his children.
The yawning grave and letter'd tomb,
Memorials of a kindred doom ;
Vain mortals view with careless .eye,
Nor scarcely think themselves must die.
Sed velete parentes a liberis optime merentes !
Nor that of his grandchildren, sons and daughters of the Rev. John
Walker, rector of Little Stafford, in Berkshire, and Elizabeth, his wife,
niece of the eminent philosopher, David Hartley, eminent for his
"History of Man" and "The Theory of Nervous Vibration as the
medium of Communication between Matter and Spirit."
The church was built about the time of Henry VIII. , and its fine
embattled tower is of the same date. The chancel was pretty good,
although it was lately nearly filled with pews. On the north side of
the altar or communion table was the burial place of the Nevilles, of
Liversedge ; and on the south side is that which anciently belonged to
the Batts, of Oakwell Hall. The church has an excellent peal of- eight
bells, which have been re-cast, and a capital organ.
The view we give of the Church and Lich-gate represent them as
they appeared previous to the restoration of the church, which took
place in 1870.
Birstal Church was anciently a -rectory belonging to the patronage
of the Tilleys, and a vicarage was ordained therein in February, 1280.
The advowson was afterwards purchased by William de Wartre, four
teenth Prior of Nostel, and on the 25th September, 1301, it was appro
priated to the prior and convent, and a vicarage ordained therein in
October, 1301. The late patron was the Archbishop of York, but the
patronage has been transferred by Order of Council to the Bishop of
Ripon. Impropriators : — Trin. Coll., Camb. In Pope Nicholas's Taxa
tion the Church of Birstal is valued at £40, and the vicarage at £10
per annum. In the Parliamentary Survey, vol. xviii., p. 308, the
vicarage is valued at .£30 per annum, and the great tithes at £300 per
annum. Synodals, 6s. 8d. Procurations, 7s. 6d. The glebe house is
fit for residence. Inclosure Acts : — (Scholes), 42nd George III. ;
(Wike), 53rd George III. There were two chantries in the church,
viz., Tilleys and Davye. Three chantries are named in the Valor
Ecclesiasticus. There are seven chapels in the parish, three of which
are in the gift of the vicar. On the 15th July, 1754, a faculty was
granted to erect a gallery and organ. Several faculties were also
granted in 1756-7. On the 30th June, 1781, additional burial-ground
was consecrated. August 31st, 1801, a faculty was granted to take
' down three cottages, and apply the materials towards the repairs of the
vicarage house. The Begister Books (including Whitechapel) commence
in 1558 ^-defective in 1643 and 1678, with some subsequent chasms.
* Scatcherd's History of Morley, p. 285.

26

OLD YORKSHIRE.

There is one curiosity connected with Birstal Church which we
cannot pass over in silence, though other antiquaries have done so,
being probably unacquainted with its former uses, and the design with
which it was built : we mean that singular ancient shed which is at the
south-west entrance of the churchyard, surmounted with balls and
stands. This, we would inform the reader, is an ancient Lich or Corpse-^
gale, of which there are specimens in Westmoreland and Cumberland,
&c. ; but, generally speaking, they are unfortunately very -great rarities
now-a-days. The word Lich is the Saxon word for corpus or body,
hence Lichfield, which signified the field of corpses or dead bodies. At
these sheds or corpse gates, in Roman Catholic times, the corpses were
set down and the mourners rested under a covering which was designed,
no doubt, to protect them against rain or heat, for which latter purpose
too there were anciently trees near the place. Here the minister, who
was so directed by the rubric, met the corpse at the "entrance of the
churchyard." The private or footpath entrances into the churchyards
in ancient times was generally by a turnstile, and we question whether
the Lich-gate was ever without one. In the accounts of the church
wardens of St. Mary's, Leicester, given by Mr. Nicholls, we have this
entry : — " Paid for a board (or plank) for a turnstile, 4d."
In the reign of Philip and Mary, Sir William Emistead (their
chaplain, and Vicar of Birstal) devised lands of considerable extent for
the foundation and endowment of a Grammar School in Birstal, for
which purpose he likewise gave eighteen acres of ground, with various
buildings thereon, at Gallow Hill, in the town of Leeds, for the sole use
of a master to teach grammar. How speedily and totally his good
intentions were frustrated appears from the Commission to inquire into
Pious Uses in the 43rd year of Elizabeth, held at Elland, where the
jury presented to the Lord Chancellor a long detail of the most gross
and flagrant abuses on the part of trustees ; one of these, Mr. Batt, of
Oakwell, who, besides converting the money to his own use, was charged
with various extravagant abuses, such as taking away and selling the
great bell of the church, pulling down the priest's house and using the
material for his own premises. Lord Ellesmere imposed on him a fine
of £100, in addition to an injunction to satisfy the churchwardens and
make good damages, with an order to build a free school at his own
expense, and endow it with £5 a year out of his estates in Gomersal.
What became of the forty acres in Birstal and the valuable estate
in Leeds, no information can be had, the decree having been either
mutilated or wholly disregarded by the more powerful trustees, among
whom was one of the Neville family. It may be worth remembering
that about seventy years ago the Rev. Mr. Ismay, Curate of Birstal,
and afterwards Vicar of Mirfield, began to write memoranda of the
county and its antiquities, which he communicated to that zealous anti
quary, the Rev. Richard Frank, of Campsall.
Birstal. E. W.

ANTIQUITIES AT PONTEFRACT. 27
ANTIQUITIES AT PONTEFRACT.
Interesting both to the historian and the antiquary are .. the
results of certain explorations which have been made in the grounds of
Pontefract Castle. The ancient and famous fortress, once the residence
and also the prison-house of kings, and the scene of many a ghastly
deed, was dismantled in 1649, and for the last 150 years its courtyard
has served the purpose — useful, though out of keeping with its former
history — of a market garden. On the termination of the lease, in 1881,
the Corporation obtained possession of it at a nominal rental, and as a
feeling obtained in the town that it might be turned to account as a
place of public resort and recreation, it was resolved to gratify that
desire. It was in the course of the necessary work which that project
involved that certain discoveries were made which have led to explora
tions on a rather extensive scale, and which have yielded fruits of such
an interesting character that a great portion of the ground plan of the
castle has been laid bare. In looking upon the masonry composing the
foundations of barbican, donjon, chapel, and domestic departments, one
cannot but admire the splendid manner in which our Saxon and Norman
forefathers did their work, and in this poem of the times in which it
was reared — a poem in massive stonework and mortar — and in the
completeness and perfection of the workmanship, one sees emblems of
the qualities which have built up the empire.
Beginning at the entrance, w& will endeavour to describe briefly
the chief features of the foundations which after a long burial have been
exposed to view. The main entrance to the castle faced Baghill, and
the excavations show that the approach was upon solid masonry about
nine feet broad. On each side of the approach was a round tower, and
the front was also protected by a couple of octagonal towers. Passing
the portcullis — the position of which can be plainly traced — and which
in character was evidently similar to that at Skipton Castle — a boulder
paved yard is entered. Near to the entrance on the left are the remains
of one of the towers of the porter's lodge, built, it is supposed, in the reign
of King Stephen. Passing around by the outer edge of the courtyard to
the right are seen the foundations of the guardroom ; a little further on
are the remains of the Constable's Tower, with hard by a spot which,
during one of the three sieges which the castle underwent in the Civil
Wars between 1645 and 1648, was evidently used as a burial ground,
for here in the course of the explorations have been found about a dozen
skeletons. Those human remains were again^reverently buried in the
same spot, and a large flower bed in the form of a Latin cross now
marks the place, which is further distinguished by a small tablet stating
that here are buried many of those who fell during the sieges of the
castle when access to the 'parish church burying ground was refused by
the besieging forces. Near to is the foundation of one corner of the
Queen's Tower, disclosing a wall no less than nine feet in thickness of

28 OLD YORKSHIRE.
the most solid and durable masonry. The portion of a window is here
seen which was evidently furnished with a window seat on each side,
and the stone at the base is quite worn by persons stepping up to the
seat. In front of' the Queen's Tower the bases of four columns sup
porting arches forming a colonnade have been exposed, and these
exhibit some fine workmanship. At the front of the eastern portion of
the Queen's Tower is seen a portion of the foundations of the chapel
(dedicated to St. Clement). The apsidal form of the east end of the
chapel is seen, the exact position of the chancel arch, and besides the
substantial foundations, have been found remains of Norman columns
and capitals, one of which shows what is known as the cable pattern
running around the base of a column. On the outer wall of the chapel
on the north side have been exposed a quantity of glazed tiles — black,
yellow, and green. On the north side is seen a continuation of the
foundation of the Queen's Tower, and the workmen have also here
come upon a flight of stone steps, leading down, it is presumed, into
what was one of the principal kitchens. Further to the northward, on
the steep sloping banks of the castle hill, underneath what is now
grown over with trees, the foundations of the King's Tower have been
laid bare. The masonry is of the most substantial kind. Next in order
comes Swillington Tower, where Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, is said to
have been confined on the night previous to his execution on St. Thomas's
Hill. At the south-west corner the excavations have discovered what
is supposed to be the foundations of the Treasurer's Tower, which has
beneath it, in perfect preservation, a strong room, in which no doubt
treasure and valuables were secreted. As there are no traces of a
staircase to the tower, admission to it was probably obtained by means
of a trapdoor through the floor above.
Close by, excavations have revealed the most extensive portion of
the foundations yet cleared of superincumbent earth. These remains
are presumed to be the foundations of the bakehouse, brewhouse, and a
little further on the stables. The remains of the bakehouse show two
circular ovens, one about three feet in diameter, and the other two feet.
Two descending steps lead to the bakehouse from the courtyard. An
interesting object found here was half of the capital of a chimney, castel
lated, in good preservation, and showing excellent workmanship. The
paved entrance to the stables and the paved floor of the stables have been
bared ; the position of one of the recessed windows can be traced, with
three steps leading up to it, rendered necessary by the great thickness of
the wall. On the south-west the excavations have disclosed the founda
tions of a tower which probably fell when the castle was bombarded,
and near to it the workmen came upon the postern. The wall here is no
less than seventeen feet thick. The postern arch is formed of concrete,
the durability of which is shown by the excellent state of preservation in
which it is. Just inside the postern is the well from which the castle
was supplied with water. The well is seventy-five feet deep, is lined
with substantial masonry, and has at the top a very beautiful arch.

ANTIQUITIES AT PONTEFRACT. 29
Such, roughly and briefly sketched, are some of the results of the
excavations which have been carried out, partly at the expense of the
trustees, but partly also by voluntary labour on the part of a number of
the young men of Pontefract who have become interested in the work.
In regard to the laying out of the grounds for recreative purposes,
great progress has been made. The courtyard, the whilom market
garden, is now a beautiful lawn, on which croquet and lawn tennis may
be played ; every other foot of space around it has been utilised for
flowers and plants, and where practicable pretty and secluded walks
have been made around the wooded slopes of the Castle hill. A new
entrance has also been constructed, with porter's lodge, and refreshment
bar and shed. With such facilities for enjoyment, and above all with
the added attractions which the excavations have brought to light, the
grounds of the old Norman fortress ought to become a place of resort
popular not only for the inhabitants of Pontefract and the immediate
neighbourhood, but having claims on the attention of all Englishmen,
and especially of all Yorkshiremen.
The castle of Pontefract was built about 1080 by Ilbert de Lacy,
and was long one of the most celebrated fortresses in England. It
passed to Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in 1310, and was the scene of
that nobleman's execution for his rising against Edward II. It wit
nessed also the tragic death of Richard II. in 1399 ; the capture and
condemnation of Archbishop Scrope, afterwards beheaded near Bishop-
thorpe ; and it was the prison-house of the Duke of Orleans, taken
captive at Agincourt. It was also the scene of the summary execution
of Earl Rivers, Lord Grey, and Sir'Thomas Vaughan by order of the
Duke of Gloucester in 1483. The castle was taken in 1536 by Robert
Aske, Captain-General of the "Pilgrimage of Grace;" was garrisoned
in 1644 by Colonel Lowther for Charles II. ; was thrice besieged
between that time and 1648, and in 1649 was finally taken and dis
mantled.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERY AT ROTHWELL.
The old landmarks of the ancient village of Rothwell are disappearing.
One by one the old buildings are being pulled down to give place to
those of more modern adaptation, though we would not say of better
construction. So it happens that some time ago there was
levelled to the ground an old plaster and colour-washed house belonging
to the Hon. Mrs. Meynell Ingram, of Templenewsam, situated about
the middle of the main street. Though it was by outward appearance
comparatively old, yet it turned out to be (as it became more opened
out) much more ancient than most people anticipated. The foundation
of the original structure was a crosswise post and panel framework,
filled in with stones and rubble, &c , and upon that laths and plaster.
Some of the interior beams were of great length and massiveness,
being of old oak, very sound, and as hard and firm almost as iron.

30

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Several of them had old mortise-holes, indicating previous use. When
a front course of bricks was taken down, the most interesting features
of the building were disclosed, namely, a somewhat decorated frontage,
and over the doorway a beautifully moulded ornament confined within a
small half-pointed moulding; but the whole is enclosed within a
diamond or lozenge-shaped ribbed moulding, 31 inches in length and 26
inches across from angle to angle. At each of the corners is placed an
acorn, in the lower part a fleur de lis, and in the middle the Tudor rose
(probably) and leaves, and a bunch of grapes finishes the upper corner.
The whole grouping and arrangement is floriated and artistic, after the
Italian or Renaissance style. This is another treatment of a moulder's
favourite pattern of the period— no doubt Tudor or Elizabethan in this
instance ; but surviving later; as we find several examples of the use of
such floral and fruit representations in the ceiling of the house occupied
by a Mr. Kirkby, in the same street, being of early Stuart date ; also
over the mantelpiece of the Old Hall at East Ardsley, temp. James I.,
and on the lower part of a gravestone in its churchyard, 1658. The
plaster of the demolished house at Rothwell, under consideration, was
not thick, but very hard and tenacious in quality. Other simple
markings, such as scallop and scroll work, &c, filled up the ground
work of the plaster at intervals. This ancient mansion has been one of
no mean order in its palmy days ; and standing back from the street,
it had garden land at front (lately built upon). We can imagine its
quaint appearance and well-ordered and laid- out garden, with its
fantastically cut shrubs and flowering plants. It seems probable that a
family of gentry named Sayvel or Savile once occupied it, for a croft in
connection with the house was called " Sayvel Croft." On reference to
the church registers, we find that " John Savyle. gentleman, was buried
at Rothwell on the 28th day of May, 1584." ' This house about 100
years afterwards was enlarged at the west end and at the back by
stone additions, probably done in Charles IL's or James II.'s days,
judging from the style of window mouldings — mostly blocked up — in
more modern times it had still further been altered. The covering up
of the front of the ornamental plaster, we judge, was on account of the
difficulty of renewing afterwards its decayed parts, or it may have been
to make the house more warm and comfortable. Anyhow, this said
house of bygone days is one more proof of the antiquity of Rothwell.
East Ardsley. J. Batty, F.R.H.S.

YORKSHIRE ARTISTS.

WILLIAM ETTY, R.A.
HERE is an indefinable charm about true greatness that
associates itself even with the inanimate objects by which
it was surrounded in life. Hence we make pilgrimages to
the homes and haunts and tombs of those who have gone
before us, and have left enduring monuments of their
undying mental powers for our behoof, gratification, or
improvement. Many weary miles have been travelled for
this gratification ; and that it is a great one few can doubt, who
have visited in a loving spirit the birth-place or grave of a
Shakspere or a Raffaelle.
But minor men share in a
SBSSSsSSJ v minor degree this art-
worship, and few English
men will fail to take an
interest in the memorials
that the time - honoured
city of York afford of our
English Titian — William
Etty. Etty published some
years ago in the Art-
Journal a charming piece
of autobiography, having
all the simplicity and
freshness that such biog
raphy only retains. He
notes there his great
regard for his native city.
William Etty, R.A. He Says —

32

OLD YORKSHIRE.

" Like my favourite hero, Robinson Crusoe, I was born in the city
of York — so he says, so say I ; only he was born in 1632, I in 1787,
March 10. of an honest and industrious family. Like Rembrandt and
Constable, my father also was a miller, and his mill was standing, till
this year, on the old York Road to London, about half a mile from
York. My first panels on which I drew were the boards of my father's
shop-floor, my first crayon a farthing's worth of white chalk."
This he wrote in the house depicted in our engraving. During all
his wanderings his heart was in Yorkshire, and he went back to live
and die in the historic city he loved so well.
The -visitor to York who would desire a ready clue through its
labyrinthine streets to the retired nook where the last home of Etty

Etty's House.

still stands, should pass the ferry from the railway station, and take the
road opposite the gate of the Museum gardens ; it leads direct to
Coney Street : a shod; distance down this street there stands, on the
right hand, the Church of St. Martin, a decorative piece of architecture,
to which the attention is at once directed by one of those projecting
clocks, a reigning favourite with our great-grandfathers. This is
supported by massive ironwork, formed into foliage and flowers, and
possessing more claim to attention on the score of artistic excellence
than is usual in such works. It is surmounted by a quaint figure of a
naval officer, in the costume of Queen Anne's era, using an astrolabe.
Turning into the small square which is beside this church, we see in
front a cottage residence, with heavy carved door, solid window frames,

WILLIAM ETTY, R.A.

33

and a deeply-pitched roof. It may have been the parsonage house at
one period : it seems fitted for the Dr. Primrose of Goldsmith's immortal
story. It is, however, the house in which Etty lived and died. Short ly
before his death he had attended the funeral of a friend in the church
yard of St. Olave. and he then desired to be buried in that spot provided
he died in York ; both events happened, and we will retrace our steps
to visit the last resting-place of the painter : few lie in a more
picturesque locality.
The churchyard of St. Olave adjoins the beautiful grounds of the
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, where one of the most interesting
local museums in the kingdom is situated, as weU as fragments of
ancient buildings, including a portion of the Roman wall of the city of
York ; the noble multangular tower, one of its defences, and the elegant
ruins of the Benedictine
Abbey of St. Mary.
The original foundation
of this once large and
opulent religious house
was prior to the Nor
man Conquest : the
ruins we now look upon
are the remains of the
work of the Abbot
Simon de Warwick,
completed in the latter
half of the thirteenth
century, the Augustan
age of Gothic archi
tecture in England,
when it exhibited the
chastest proportion and
the most elegant con
ception, combined with
an amount of decorative
enrichment controlled
by the truest taste.
These walls, beautiful
in decay, bound the
churchyard of St. Olave,
the church being partly
Etty-sTomb. constructed of it's
a series of arcades occupy the lower portion of the walls,
and abont their centre is a pointed arch, once acting as tbe
northern entrance to the choir. This arch was closed, but was
opened that the tomb of Erty might be seen from the grounds.
This tomb stands exactly opposite the arch, and is shghtly oma-
c

34

OLD YORKSHIRE.

mented with Gothic panels and quatrefoils, forming a frame to the
simple inscription —

•¦WILLIAM ETTT,

Trees wave over it and peep beneath the arch ; no fitter " framework"
could have been desired for a painter's tomb ; few have one in a more
picturesque locality, fewer still have been thus publicly honoured by
their fellow-townsmen as Etty has been by the men of York. They
are "honoured in honouring him," and it is pleasant that this true
aphorism is now more generally felt in England than it used to be.
William Etty died on the 13th of November, 1849.
London. F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A.

W. P. FRITH, R.A.

William Powell Frith, R.A., was born at Stadley, near Ripon, in
Yorkshire, in 1819. Evincing an early bias for art, he was placed at Mr.
S ass's drawing school in 1835, and in 1837 became a student of the Royal
Academy. In 1839 he exhibited his first picture at the British Institu
tion, being the head of one of Mr. Sass's children. In 1840 his picture
of ¦• Malvolio before the Countess Olivia," exhibited at the Royal
Academy, gained great applause. Five years later, his "Village
Pastor." a scene drawn from Goldsmith, raised him, not only into notice,
but to fame ; and obtained for him bis election as an Associate of the
Royal Academy. This picture has been engraved by Holl. He had
previously exhibited, with considerable success, a variety of works
evincing steady progress, and among which we may mention " The
Parting Interview of Leicester and the Countess Amy ; " a scene from
the ¦' Vicar of Wakefield,'' called " Measuring Heights," in illustration
of the passage : " My wife would have both stand up to see which was
the tallest ; " a capital subject from " The Merry Wives of Windsor ; "
and a picture of "John Knox and Mary Queen of Scots." In 1846 he
painted a companion picture to the " Village Pastor," " The Return
from Labour," and a humorous episode from the " Bourgeois Gentil-
homme." His "English Merry-Making a Hundred Years Ago,"
exhibited in 1847, was full of picturesque beauty and graphic humour,
and has been engraved for the London Art Union. Then followed, in
1848. "The Peasant Girl Accused of Witehcraftj" in 1849, "The
Coming of Age," a pleasing tableau of Elizabethan manners, which has
since been engraved; in 1850, '; Sancho and the Duchess;" in 1851,
"Hogarth at Calais;" and in 1852, "Pope Making Love to Lady
Wortley Montague." In 1853 Mr. Frith was elected a Royal
Academician. In 1854, a picture painted with consmmnate ability,
entitled, •¦ Life at the Seaside," showed that he was determined no
more to recur to threadbare subjects, drawn from novels, but to fill his
portfolio with sketches of the real men and women of the time. The

W. P. FRITH, R.A.

35

" Derby Day," exhibited in 1858, produced a still greater and more
lasting sensation. In 1859 he exhibited "Charles Dickens in his
Study," and in 1860 " Claude Duval, the Highwayman, compelling a

Lady to Dance with him." In 1862, after two years' labour, he com
pleted " The Railway Station," a large picture, commissioned Jfor the
joint purpose of exhibition and engraving by Mr, Flatou, an enterprising

36

OLD YORKSHIRE.

picture-dealer who. after exhibiting it for a London season, sold it,
with his list of subscribers for the proposed engraving, to Mr. Graves,
for £16.000. Since then Mr. Frith has received a commission from
Her Majesty for a picture of the marriage of H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, for which he is to receive 3,000 guineas, besides 5.000 guineas
from Mr. Platou for the copyright He has also received a commission
from Air. Gambart, another of our commercial patrons of art, for an
elaborate picture of London Life. His two most remarkable recent
works are " The Road to Ruin " and " The Race for Wealth," in which
his power of rendering elaborate detail, with due regard to the dis
tribution of light and shade, is prominently displayed.
London. Henry Ottley.

THOMAS CRESWICK, R.A.

One of our most thoroughly national and popular landscape
painters, was born at Sheffield in 1811. His favourite subjects — the
wooded glens, tranquil rivers, and sunny pastures of his native land —
are painted with sympathetic feeling. In the treatment of foliage he
is peculiarly happy, and his aerial perspective is delicate and truthful,
but his pictures, especially in his later period, lack warmth of colour.
Amongst his numerous characteristic works are ¦• England," " Passing
Showers."' " Old Trees." •- Changeable Weather," " The Pathway to the
Village Church,'" "A Summer's Afternoon," and ¦¦ Home by the Sands."
Creswick was elected a Royal Academician in 1851, and died in 1869.
London. G. H. Shepherd.

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YORKSHIRE AUTHORS,

YORKSHIRE IN THE " ARCHJ10LOGIA."

HE Society of Antiquaries is now a venerable piece of
antiquity itself, having existed — with an interval of
abeyance — more than three centuries, and having published
its transactions — ¦" The Archceologia " — for a period of
112 years. Leland may be looked upon as the father of
antiquaries, who, temp. Hen. VIII., made a visitation of
the monasteries to make researches amongst the literary relics
in their libraries ; if, indeed, we do not go further back to the
eighth century, and recognise in Alcuin, of York, our earliest
antiquary, who must have made extensive researches in old manuscripts,
and studied deeply the traditional lore then current to have produced his
famous poem, " De Pontificibus et Sanctis Ecclesise Eboracensis." To
Archbishop Parker, however, must be attributed the honour of being
the founder of the Society of Antiquaries. He lived at the time of the
suppression of the monasteries, and onward into the reign of Elizabeth ;
was a learned man, and. gave the first impulse to the study of Anglo-
Saxon literature by editing one of iElfric's homilies. He employed
himself assiduously in rescuing from destraction the dispersed MSS. of
the monastic libraries, and collected a vast number which otherwise
would have been irretrievably lost. About the year 1572 he and Sir
Robert Cotton founded a society of a few persons of literary tastes to
meet once a week, in Sir Robert's house, for the discussion of questions
of an antiquarian character. Seventeen years afterwards the society
petitioned the Queen for a charter of incorporation, which would have
been granted but for the death of Elizabeth before it could be carried
out, and the society was dissolved by her successor, James I., who, in
his sapience, saw something dangerous to his Government and inimical

38

OLD YORKSHIRE.

to the religion of the Established Church in such an association. One
of the original members was •¦ Savel of the Middle Temple," who is
supposed to have been either •¦ Long Harry Savile," kinsman, or
Thomas Savile. brother of Sir Henry Savile, of Bradley, near Halifax,
the eminent classical and mathematical scholar and founder of the
Savilkn Professorships of Geometry and Astronomy at Oxford, .^ir
Henry himself was also a member, as were also Lord William Howard.
ancestor of the Earls of Carlisle, and Lord Lundey, ancestor of the Earls
of Scarborough. The society lay dormant for a century, but during that interval
several eminent antiquaries had been busily at work amongst the
mouldering relics of past ages, and laying the foundations for a
resuscitation of the society, in whose ranks several Yorkshiremen made
a conspicuous figure — to wit — Bymer. the compiler of the - Foedera;"
Dodswonh, the indefatigable Transcriber of Yorkshire MSS. during the
chil war ; Ralph Thoresby. the famous historian of Leeds : and George
Hickes, the first great explorer of the old Norse literature.
The society was re-esr-illished in 1707 by Mr. Bagford, Mr.
Wanley, and Mr. Taxman — the latter being referred to in the introdnc-
rion to the Archaologia as •• a Yorkshire gentleman : " but who was of
a Wiltshire family — who agreed to meet every Friday evening from
six to ten o'clock, with a forfeit ui sixpence for absence — •• for the
sredye of antiquitie, uncers-raniing by that, matters which have pre
ceded the reign of James I." They met at first at the Bear Tavern, in
the Strand, then at the Young Devil in Fleet Street, afterwards at the
Fountain, one of the rules being — •'• That while we meet at a tavern, no
person shall be obliged to pay for more than he shall call for." Subse
quently they met at Gray's Inn, in the Temple, in their own rooms,
Chancery Lane, and in Somerset House, and are now located in Burlington
House Court Yard.
About 1717 they formed themselves into a regular society of
a hundred members, with an admission fee of 10s. 6dL and a subscription
of Is. per month. Shortly after an attempt was made to affiliate it with
the Royal Society, without success, and about the same time the
admission fee was raised to five guineas, and the subscription to one
guinea per annum. Amongst the members of this period were Roger
and Samuel Gale, sons of Dr. Thomas Gale, Dean of York, tie former
the compiler of tie " Registrum Honoris de Richmond." the latter the
author of •• The Antiquities of Winchester CathedraL" and treasurer of
the society twenty-one years : and George Holmes, a native of Skipton,
the •• Methodises and digester " of the Tower Records, and editor of the
second edition of Rymer's ¦• Feedera."
Tne society obtained a charter of incorporation in 1751, under the
title of •• The President, CouncaL and Fellows of the Society of
Antiquaries," and in 1771 appeared the first volume of " Arcbxelogia, or
Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity ." consisting of papers read
before the Fellows, with LUiiSTrarive engravings where necessary. In

YORKSHIRE IN THE " ARCH^OLOGIA." 39
this first volume are three papers relating to Yorkshire — viz., on Ulph's
Horn in York Cathedral, by S. Gale; on the Roman Station at Saddle-
worth, by the Rev. John Watson, of Ripponden, the historian of Halifax ;
and particulars relating to John Hardyng and his journey to Scotland to
procure the homage records. John Hardyng was a tutor in the
establishmeut of the Earl of Northumberland, at Leckonfield, near
Beverley. Since then it has grown into a perfect storehouse of
antiquarian information, and of learned disquisitions on recondite matters
of past ages.
The following is a list of contributions from or relating to York
shire, supplied to the Journal of the Society. For commencement of
list, see Vol. I. of " Old Yorkshire."
Hardy, Sir Thomas Duffy, Kt., born in Jamaica, 1804, son of
Major T. B.P.Hardy, R.A., of a Yorkshire family ; knighted 1869 ;
died 1878. J.P., L.D.C. West Yorkshire, 1856. In 1819 he entered the
Record-office in the Tower, and in 1861 succeeded Sir Francis Palgrave as
Deputy-Keeper of the Rolls, in which office he distinguished himself by
editing several ancient and important Records of the thirteenth century,
and in superintending the calendering of the " State Papers." He was
author also of a " Life of Lord Langdale," a work of great literary
merit ; a " Catalogue of the Chancellors," and other works.
1827. — Itinerariuin Johannes, Regis Angliae. A Table of the movements of the
Court of King John from his coronation, May 27th, A.D. 1199, to the end of
his reign ; selected from the attestations of Records preserved upon the Rolls
in the Tower of London. — xxii., 124.
Harcourt, Rev. Leveson Vernon, third son of Archbishop E.
Venables-Vernon-Harcourt ; born 1788 ; Chancellor of York Cathedral
and Prebendary of Laughten-en-le-Morthen, 1827-60 ; author of " The
Doctrine of the Deluge," " The Four Gospels Harmonised," &c.
1846. — Vessels of Glass and Earthenware and Ornaments, discovered near
Chalgrove, in Sussex. — xxxi., 312. Plate.
Hawkins, Edwd., F.R.S., F.S.A., and F.L.S., an eminent
numismatist and archaeologist, born at Macclesfield, in 1780 ; Keeper
of Antiquities in the British Museum, 1824-1860, and author of " The
Silver Coins of England," " The Ancient Marbles in the British
Museum," and other works of a similar character.
1834. — The Coins of William the Conqueror minted at York. — xxvi., 16.
Holden, Richard; Rotherham.
1794. — A Description of the Font in the S^xon Church of Thorp-Salvin, near
Rotherham, and its Sculptures representing the Four Seasons, in a letter to
his Grace the Duke of Leeds. — xii., 207. Folding plate of two views — one of
the font, the other of the sculptures, in plane.
Hunter, Rev. Joseph, D.D., F.S.A., antiquary and topographical
writer; born at Sheffield, 1783; died in London, 1861; buried in
Ecclesfield churchyard, in compliance with instructions in his will —
" Under a spreading willow, in the heart of the district (Hallamshire)

40 OLD YORKSHIRE.
whose history he knew and loved so well." He was the eldest son of
Michael Hunter, a Sheffield manufacturer, and was educated at the
Presbyterian College, York, under the Rev. Chas. Wellbeloved, being
intended for the ministry in that church. This was the period when so
many Presbyterian Churches were lapsing into Unitarianism ; and he,
under the teaching of Wellbeloved, adopted the tenets of that body,
and in 1809 accepted the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church at Bath,
occupying the pulpit twenty-four years. From his earliest years he
had displayed a taste for antiquarian pursuits, which was fostered by
his tutor, the author of " Eboracum ; or York Under the Romans."
When at school, in Sheffield, he spent his leisure in wandering about
the surrounding villages copying inscriptions and making notes of
churches, ancient buildings, &c, which filled several volumes; they
have not been published, but several extracts have been given in the
Notes and Queries of a Sheffield newspaper during the years 1878-79.
His fame as an antiquary, and the facility with which he deciphered
ancient writings having become known in London, he was appointed,
in 1833, a Sub-Commissioner of the Public Records in Carlton Ride,
and on the reconstruction of the Record Service, in 1838, he was
nominated a first-class assistant keeper. He applied himself devotedly
to the labour of calendering and rendering available the vast mass of
manuscripts, throwing his whole soul into it, thinking and talking of
little else ; even on his dying bed, one of his last utterances was an
expression of thankfulness that he left two colleagues capable of
carrying out the design. Hunter was a very voluminous writer, his
chief works being " The History of Hallamshire," 1819; " The History
of Doncaster and South Yorkshire," 1828; "Magnum Rolutum
Saccarii," 1833; " The Life of Oliver Hey wood," 1842; "Antiquarian
Notices of Lupset," 1848 ; " The Hallamshire Glossary," several works
on " Shakespeare," pamphlets on " The York bequest of Lady Hewley,"
&c. Portraits in the Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield, and in the rooms of the
Society of Antiquaries, London, the latter painted by Smith, of Leeds.
1827. — An account of some antiquities recently discovered at Bath.— xxii., 420.
1847. — An account of a scheme for erecting a Royal Academy in England in the
reign of James I. — xxxii., 132.
1847. — On the site of Cambodunum, on the Roman road from Eboracum to
Mancunium. — xxxii. 16.
There have been various conjectures as to the locality of this
Roman station. Antoninus places it at twenty miles from Calcaria (Tad
caster), and eighteen from Mancunium (Manchester), the two places
being fifty miles distant. Camden places it at Almondbury ; whilst
Hunter decides in favour of Greetland, in the parish of Halifax.
1848. — Proofs of the Early Use of Gunpowder in the English Army. — xxxii. 379.
1850. — The Seal of Chaucer. — xxxiv. 42.
1852. — A few Notices respecting William Lynwode, Judge of the Arches, and
Bishop of St. David's. — xxxiv. 403.
1855. — Journal of the Mission of Queen Isabella to the Court of France. —
xxxvi. 242.

YORKSHIRE IN THE " ARCHJEOLOGIA." 41
1855. — Remarks upon two Original Deeds relating to Sir Thos. Swinford, —
xxxvi. 267.
1856. — Notices of the old Clochard, or Bell Tower, of the Palace of Westminster.
— xxxvii. 23.
When he made this contribution he was vice-president of the
society.
1858. — Specimens of Marks used by the Manufacturers of Paper, as exhibited in
documents in the public archives of England. — xxxvii. 447.
Jackson, Joseph ; Settle.
1840. — Roman remains discovered in the' caves near Settle, Yorkshire. By
Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A— xxix., 384.
The remains were sent to Mr. Smith by J. Jackson, accompanied
by a letter, which was published along with the description. 0. R.
Smith was a distinguished antiquary, born in the Isle of Wight in
1804, and was author of " Roman London," " Collectanea Antiqua,"
and other antiquarian works.
Lodge, Edmund, F.S.A., born in London 1756 ; Lancaster Herald
1793; Clarencieux, King-at-Arms, 1838; died 1839. Author of
"Portraits of Illustrious Personages," "Illustrations of British
History," &c.
1808. — An account af the insurrection in the county of York in 1536. Translated
from an original MS. in the library of the Herald's College, signed "Lancastre
Haraulde." — xvi., 330. This insurrection was that of "Pilgrimage of
Grace," under Aske.
Londesborough, Baron, Grimston Park, Tadcaster. — Albert
Denison-Denison, formerly Lord Albert Denison Conyngham, fifth son
of Henry, first Marquis of Conyngham by Elizabeth, daughter of
Joseph Denison, a poor Yorkshire lad, who trudged up to London to
seek his fortune, and became a millionaire ; born in London, 1805 ;
died, 1860 ; assumed the name of Denison in lieu of Conyngham in
1849, in compliance with the will of his maternal uncle on inheriting
his Yorkshire and other estates; K.C.H. and Knight Bachelor, 1829;
M.P. for Canterbury, 1835-41 and 1847-50; created Baron Londes
borough, in the county of York, 1850; D.L., West Yorkshire, 1853;
Vice-Admiral of Yorkshire, and was for a short period Secretary of
Legation at Berlin. He was an accomplished antiquary and learned
man, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Society of Antiquaries,
and made a valuable collection of armour and Mediaeval and
Renaissance works of art, which were exhibited a few years ago at
South Kensington, and which were described in a volume entitled
" Miscellanea Graphics, &c," by T. Wright, with 46 plates, some
coloured ; and 200 cuts, from drawings by Fairholt, of armour, jewels,
carvings, &c.
1842. — An account of the opening of a considerable number of Tumuli, on Breach
Downs, in the county of Kent. — xxx., 47.
1843.— Description of some gold ornaments recently found in Ireland. — xxx., 137.

42 OLD YORKSHIRE.
1848. — An account of various objects of antiquity found near Amiens, in France,
in the spring of 1848. — xxxiii., 174.
1851. — An account of the opening of some Tumuli in the East Riding of Yorkshire.
— xxxiv., 251. Plan and plates.
These Tumuli were found in a field near Driffield.
Lyttelton, the Right Rev. Charles, Bishop of Carlisle, 1762-68;
born 1714, third son of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, fourth baronet, and
brother of Sir George, first Baron Lyttelton, the historical writer.
He was for many years President of the Society of Antiquaries, and
contributed many valuable articles to the Archreologia. He died in the
year 1768.
1757. — A Dissertation on the Antiquity of Brick Buildings in England. — i., 147.
With special reference to the Walls and Gates of Hull.
Markland, James Heywood, F.R.S., F.S.A., author of " Remarks
on English Churches," " On the Antiquity and Introduction of
Surnames into England," " On the Early Use of Carriages in England,"
"On the Expediency of Attaching a Museum of Antiquities to the
Institution of the Society of Antiquaries," &c.
1837.— Instructions by Henry Percy, ninth Earl of Northumberland (of
Leconfield, near Beverley, and Wressel, near Howden). to bis son, Algernon
Percy, touching the management of his estates, and written during his
confinement in the Tower. — xxvii., 306.
The Earl was committed to the Tower for suspected complicity in
the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy, his kinsman and secretary, Thomas
Percy, of Beverley, being one of the conspirators. He lay fifteen years
in the Tower, was then released, and drove out in a carriage and eight
horses in order to outshine the Royal favourite, Buckingham, who
travelled in a carriage and six. One of his instructions ran thus : —
" 2ndly — That yow never suffer yowr wyfe to have poore (power) in the
manage of yowr affaires.''
Meyrick, Sir Samuel Rush, K.H., LL D., F.S.A., of Goodrich
Court, Herefordshire; born 1783, died 1848; a learned antiquary,
especially on the subject of armour, of which he formed a valuable
collection. He was author of " History of the County of Cardigan," a
work on "The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British
Islands," and — besides other works— of a magnificent and costly volume,
entitled " A Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour as it existed in
Europe, and more particularly in England, from the Norman Conqest
to the reign of King Charles II." &c.
1846. — Observations on the monument effigy of De Mauley, formerly in the
Minster at York. — xxxi., 238. Plate.
This effigy was engraved in Drake's "Eboracum," and was
destroyed in the fire of 1829, but the fragments were collected and
placed in the museum at Goodrich Court. Sir Samuel makes use of it
in this article as an illustration of the difference between " double
maile," or " double chain maile," and " single maile," and says that it
is the best example he knows of " double maile."

YORKSHIRE IN THE " ARCHJEOLOGIA." 43
Oldfield, Edmund, M.A., F.S.A.
1887.— On somo bronze vessels, disoovered on the Oastlu Howard estate.— xli., 325.
Roman relics, found in making u drain behind a farm-house at
Stittenham Hill. Plates.
Palgrave, Sir Francis, Kt., historian and antiquary ; born in
London, 1788, of Jewish parentage ; died at Ilampstead, 1861. Author
of " The Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth," " The
Merchant and the Friar," and other works ; editor also of Calendars of
the Treasury, the Exchequer, Parliamentary Writs, &c.
1831— Observations on the history of Civdmon — xxiv., 341.
The Anglo-Saxon cowherd poet of Whitby.
Peacock, Edward, F.S.A., of Bottesford Manor, co. Lincoln; bora
at Hems worth, near Pontefract, 1831 ; sou of Edward Shaw Peacock,
by Catherine, daughter and co-heiress of Michael Woodcock, of Hems-
worth, whose father, Thomas Peacock, married Martha, daughter and
co-heiress of Robert Shawe, of Bawtry, through whom the Peacocks
inherited Bottesford Manor. Author of " Army Lists of the Round
heads and Cavaliers," " English Church Furniture at the period of the
Reformation," '• List of Roman Catholics in Yorkshire in 1604,"
"Glossary of the Dialect of Manley, &c, co. Lincoln," " Ralf Skir-
laugh," " Mabel Heron," and "John Markenfield," 3 vols., besides
other works and contributions to literary journals.
1869. —A mutilated roll of instruments, relating to the hospital of St. Edmund, at
Sprotbrough, near Doncaster, with prefatory remarks, by E. P., local secretary
for the Society of Antiquarians, Lincolnshire.
1863. — History of Winterton. See De la Pryme Abraham, infra.
Pegge, Rev. Samuel, LL.D. A distinguished antiquary ;* born at
Chesterfield, 1704 ; died 1796 ; successively Vicar of Godmersham
Kent; Whittington, Staffordshire; Rector of Brindle, Lancashire'
Vicar of Heath, Derbyshire ; and Prebendary of Lichfield and Lincoln!
lie was author of " Dissertations on Anglo-Saxon Remains," " Anony-
miana ; or Ten Centuries of Observation," " The Life of Bishop Gross-
teste," and other works, besides many contributions to the " Gentleman's
Magazine," and besides the undermentioned, several other papers to the
" Archreologia." It may be worthy of observation that Robert Gross-
teste, who was born in Suffolk, and whose real name was Copley, was
descended from the ancient Yorkshire family of that name, of Copley
near Halifax. Thomas Copley, of Batley, had issue by Winifred'
daughter of Thomas Mirfield — Hugh, Ralf, and Cicely. Ralf his
second son, "servant to the King," married Mary, daughter' and
heiress of Sir Richd. Walsingham, Kt., of co. Suffolk, and settled there.
He had issue— John, who d.s.p., and Robert, the future Bishop, who
was born in 1175, and died in 1253.
1772.— On an inscription in honour of Serapis, found at York. Illustrated by Mr.
Pegge. — iii., 151.
Disoovered in making an excavation for a cellar in Friar's Gardens.

44 OLD YORKSHIRE.
1776. — On the Rudston pyramidal stone. — v., 95.
The monolith in tiie churchyard of Rudstone, near Bridlington.
17S3.— Observations on the present Aldborough Church, Holderness, proving that
it was not a Saxon building, as Mr. Somerset contends. — vii., S6.
By "Mr. Somerset"' is meant John Charles Brooke, Somerset
Herald, a native of Fieldhead, or Highfield. near Barnsley (q.v. list 1 of
" Y. in Archseologia '*). He bases his opinion on the facts that there was
no church at Aldborough at the time of the Domesday Survey, and that
it presents no features of Saxon architecture. With respect to the
stone with the Saxon inscription, he thinks that most probably it had
been removed from some previously existing church, which had been
destroyed during some Danish invasion.
Pitt, Thomas, Huddersfield or Wakefield.
1812. — Forty Roman copper coins found in an earthem vessel upon the estate of
the Marquis of Hertford, on the Wakefield Ontwood, in the township of
Stanley.— xvii., 333.
Pryme De la, Rev. Abraham. F.R.S. ; born at Hatfield, near Don
caster, 1671 ; died at Thome, 1704. Divinitv Reader, Holy Trinity,
Hull, 169S-1701. P.O., Thome, 1701-4. A very diligent historian
and antiquary, who published nothing, excepting "The Hermit, of
Lindholme," a poem, but left in MS. histories of Hull, Beverley, Ripon,
Selby. Doncaster, and Hedon, and the East Riding. The History of
Hull, in two vols., fob, is in the Lansdowne Collection of MSS., B. Mus.
One of his MSS., •'' Ephemeria Vitus Abrahami Pryme; or, a Diary of
my own Life, containing an account of the most observable and remark
able things that I have taken notice of, from my youth up, hitherto,"
edited by Charles Jackson (of Doncaster), has been published by the
Surtees Society.
1S63. — History of Winterton, in the county of Lincoln ; with an introduction by
Ed. Peacock, Esq., F. S.A., the owner of the manuscript. — xi. 2-24.
Rooke, Major Hayman, F.S.A. (Query, of the Rooke family of
Barnsley.)1786. — Some account of the Brimham Rocks in Yorkshire — iii.. 209. Two plates.
1794. — Description of an ancient font at Bolton-in-Bolland Yorkshire — xi., 429.
Plate. Stapleton, Thomas, F.R.S., F.S.A.; sometime Vice-President of
the Society of Antiquaries ; second son of Thomas Stapleton, of Drax,
by the Lady Mary Bertie, daughter of Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Abing
don ; descended from the Stapletons of Carleton. and younger brother
to Miles Thos. Stapleton, who in 1840 established his claim to the
ancient Barony, by writ of summons, of Beaumont, dating from the 2nd
of Edward II., and which had lain in abeyance since the death s.p. of
William, 7th Baron and 2nd Viscount Beaumont, the latter title becom
ing extinct He was born in 1800, and died in 1850.
1833. — Holderness and the early Lords of the Seigniory — xxvi., 352.
1835.— Edward the Second and his Suite, five weeks with the Friars-Minors at
York — xxvi., 320. From the Wardrobe Accounts of Edward U.

YORKSHIRE IN THE " ARCHJEOLOQIA." 45
Stothard, Charles Alfred, F.S.A., antiquarian draughtsman, born in
London, 1786 ; died 1821, in consequence of a fall from a ladder. He
was son of Thomas Stothard, R.A., the celebrated artist, who was son
of Stothard of Stretton, near Tadcaster ; but was born in Longacre,
London, where his father kept a public-house, having removed thither
from Yorkshire a short time before the birth of his famous son. Charles
Alfred married Eliza Kempe, authoress of several novels illustrative of
Devonshire and Cornwall, and of a life of her father-in-law. She after
wards married the Rev. E. A. Bray, Rector of Tavistock, by which
name she is known in the literary world. He was author of " The
Monumental Effigies of Great Britain, &c," a magnificent work pub
lished at £19, large paper £28 ; also of a work on Seals illustrative of
the reign of Elizabeth.
1819.— Some observations on the Bayeux Tapestry — xix. , 184.
Strickland, Hugh Edwin, M.A., F.G.S., naturalist and geologist;
born at Reighton Hall, near Bridlington, 1811; killed by a railway
train in the Cherborough Tunnel of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lin
colnshire Railway, 1853, when employed in examining the geological
strata of the tunnel. His father was Henry Eustachine, son of Sir
George Strickland, fifth Baronet, of Boynton, near Bridlington, and
author of a work on the agriculture of the East Riding ; and his mother
a daughter of Dr. Edmund Cartwright, the poet and mechanical genius,
who resided at one period in Doncaster, and there invented the first
power-loom, with a view to introducing the industry of calico-weaving
into the town. He was one of the most eminent geologists of his time,
and was one of the founders of the Ray Society, for the study of
natural history. His most important work was a republication of
Agassiz's " Bibliographie Zoologise et Geologise," to which he added a
list of one-third more words. In the fourth volume, which was pub
lished after his death, was given a list of his own writings, 86 in
number. The more prominent of these were, " The New Red Sand
stone System of Gloucestershire, &c." (in conjunction with Sir Roderick
Murchison). "The Geology of the Thracian Bosphorus," "The
Geology of the Neighbourhood of Smyrna," " The Geology of the
Western Part of Asia Minor," " The Dodo and its Kindred," " The
Birds of Western Africa," " The Birds of Malacca," &c.
1842. — Description of an ancient colossal statue near Magnesia, Asia Minor — xxx.,
524. Sykes, Sir Mark Masterton, third Baronet of Settrington, near
Malton, elder brother of Sir Tatton Sykes, fourth Baronet, the well-
known sporting character, of Sledmere, near Driffield; born 1771 ; died
s.p. 1823. Sir Mark was a great patron of literature, and famous for
the noble library and the collection of pictures and bronzes which he
brought together under his roof. The library was rapturously described
by Dibdininhis "Bibliomania" as being particularly rich in editiones
principes and rare works. It was sold by auction in 1824, and realised

46

OLD YORKSHIRE.

£1 0,000, a copy of " Livy " on vellum fetching 400 guineas ; and at
the auction of his pictures a painting by Salvator Rosa was knocked
down' for 2,100 guineas. In the same year was published " A
Catalogue of the Splendid, Curious, and Extensive Library of Sir Mark
M. Sykes." He was descended from Richard Sykes, a Leeds clothier,
who was living in 1576.
1794. — On a bracelet found on the arm of a skeleton, two yards under ground, in
Wetwang field, in the East Riding of the county of York. — xii., 408. Plate.
Tissiman, John, Scarbrough, Associate of the British Archaeological
Association, and contributor to the journal of the association.
1851. — Celtic remains from a Tumulus near Scarbrough. — xxxiv., 443. Plate.
An urn and two grooved stones found in a tumulus, called Rudda,
a mile and a half from the edge of the cliff.
Townley, John, F. R.S., F.L.S., head of the ancient Catholic
Lancashire family of Townley, who are descended from Spartlingus, the
first Dean of Whalley, temp. Alfred, and who have resided at Townley
from the twelfth century. Born 1731 ; died 1813.
1802. — Roman antiquities found on the farm belonging to Sir John Lawson. Bart.,
called Thomborough Farm, in the township of Brough, in the parish of
Catterick, Yorkshire. — xv., 392. Plate.
Turner, Sharon, Associate of the Royal Society of Literature.
Born in London, 1768; died 1847. Although born in London, he may
be considered a Yorkshireman, as both his parents were Yorkshire
persons, who removed from York to London shortly before his birth.
He was an attorney by profession, and carried on a prosperous business
until 1829, when he retired and devoted himself to literature. He
became distinguished as an historian, particularly in Anglo-Saxon
history. He published at intervals, " The History of the Anglo-
Saxons,'' 3 vols. ; "History of England during the Middle Ages," 3
vols. ; " History of England during the reign of Henry VIII." 2 vols. ;
" History of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth." After
wards the History complete in 7 vols., 1829, and a sixth edition in 12
vols., 1839. " The Sacred History of the World," 3 vols. ; and other
works.1802. — An enquiry respecting the early use of rhyme. — xlv., 168.
1802. — A further enquiry, &c. — xiv., 187.
Waddilo ve, The Very Rev. Robert Darley, D.D., Dean of Ripon, 1791-
1828, previously Chaplain to Archbishops Drummond and Markham, and
to Lord Grantham, during his Embassy at Madrid, 1771, Minister of
St. Mary's, Whitby, 1767-71; Vicar of Topcliffe; Rector of Cherry
Burton, near Beverley, 1771-1828 ; Archdeacon of the East Riding,
1786, 1828 ; died 1828, set. 92. He supplied Robertson with a con
siderable portion of the material for his History of America.
1808. — A Description of a Font in the Church of South Kilvington, — xvi., 341.
Plate. With Notices of the Scrope family,

YORKSHIRE IN THE " AROHJEOLOOIA." 47
1810. — An Historical and Desoriptive Aooount of Ripan Minster, in the Wost
Riding of the County of York. — xvii., 128.
1810.— Superstitions of the People of the West Riding of Yorkshire — xvii., 166.
1825.— The Mynstrells' Pillar, m St. Mary's Ohuroh, Bevorlay. — xxi., 553. Plate
The Minstrels of Beverley formed a Guild, dating from the time
of King Athelstano. About the year 1513, the Church of St. Mary
was undergoing a restoration, and the fraternity contributed a pillar,
ornamented with the effigies of five minstrels, quaintly dressed in their
livery, and inscribed on one side — " Thys Pyllor made the Mynstralls,"
and on the other " Orate pro Animabus Ilisteriorum,"
Walker, John, Malton.
1832. — Observations to prove Filey Bay in Yorkshire the Povtus Felix, or Sinus
Salutaris, and Flamborough Head the Ooellum Promontorium of the Romans.
xxv., 127. Maps and cuts.
An attempt to show that Thomas Thompson, of Cottingham, author
of " Ocellum Promontorium, or Short Observations on the Ancient
State of Holderness," published in 1821, was wrong in his conjecture
that Spurn Head was a promontory so called.
1836. — Roman Roads upon the Yorkshire Wolds. — xxvii., 401. Folding plan.
Watson, the Rev. John, M.A., F.S.A. ; born in Cheshire, 1724;
died at Stockport, 1783 ; Curate of Halifax, circa 1750 ; Incumbent of
Ripponden, near Halifax, 1754-70 ; Rector of Stockport, 1770-83.
Author of the " History of Halifax, 1775," " History of the Ancient
Earls of Warren and Surrey, and their Descendants, &c, 1776," and
some other smaller works. A vocabulary of the Halifax dialect was
appended to his history of the town, and was reprinted by Hunter in
the appendix of his " Hallamshire Glossary." He incurred some
obloquy when in Ripponden from the " Divine Right of Kings " people
by omitting on the 30th January the King Charles martyrdom service,
and published a pamphlet in defence of so doing, maintaining that the
King deserved deposition, but not death, for misgovernment ; morer
over that the service was an insult to religion, and the omission of it
no violation of his subscription to the 36th Canon, inasmuch as that
referred only to the Book of Prayer as established by the Act of
Uniformity, of 1662, and that that portion had been added since then.
1766  Some aooount of a Roman station lately disoovered on the borders of
Yorkshire.— i., 215, Plan.
Castleshaw, iu the parish of Saddleworth, which he supposes to
have been the Alunna of the Romans, sometime called the " Fines inter
Maximum et Flavium," from its position on the border.
1768.— A mistaken passage in Bede's Eoclesiastioal History explained.— i., 221.
Bede refers to a place in Yorkshire which he calls " Oampodonum,"
and which Camden and others suppose to be identical with the " Cam-
bodonum " of the 2d Iter of Antonino, placed by them at Castle Hill,
Almondbury. Watson attempts to show that Castle Hill was a Saxon

48

OLD YORKSHIRE.

and not a Roman fortification, and thinks that Campodonum must be
looked for at or near Doncaster.
1771. — Druidical remains in or near the parish of Halifax, discovered and explained
by John W.— ii., 353. Folding plate.
Including a Rocking Stone on Golcar Hill ; Wolf Fold, a stone
circle in Barkisland ; the Lad Stone, on Norland Moor ; a group of
rocks at Rishworth ; several Dmidical stones in Stansfield ; Standing
Stone, a rude pillar at Sowerby ; a Rocking Stone on Saltonstall Moor ;
and Robin Hood's Stone at Penystone, near Luddenden.

London.

F. Ross, F.R.H.S.

PRIESTLEY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY.
The following is a list of the contributions of Dr. Joseph Priestley
to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Dr. Priestley

Joseph Priestley, LL.D.
was born at Fieldhead, near Leeds, in 1733, and died in the United
States of America in 1804 : —
1768. An account of rings consisting of all the prismatic colours, made by
electrical explosions on the surface of pieces of metal.  lviii. 68.
1769. Experiments on the lateral force of electrical explosions. — lix. 63.
1770. An investigation of the lateral explosion of the electricity communicated to
the electrical circuit in a discharge. — Ix. 192.

PRIESTLEY AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 49
1772. Observations on different kinds of air. — lxii. 147.
1772. An account of a new electrometer contrived by Mr. William Henley ; and of
seven electrical experiments made by him ; in a letter from Dr.
Priestley, F.R.S., to Dr. Franklin, F.R.S.— lxii. 359.
1774. On the noxious quality of the effluvia of arid marshes. — lxiv. 90.
1775. An account of further discoveries in air.— Iv. 384.
1776. Observations on respiration and the use of the blood. — lxvi. 226.
1783. Experiments relating to phlogiston and the seeming conversion of water into
air. — lxxiii. 398.
1785. Experiments and observations relating to air and water. — lxxv. 279.
1788. Experiments and observations relating to the principle of acidity, the
decomposition of water, and phlogiston. — lxxviii. 147-
1788. Additional experiments and observations relating to the principle of acidity,
the decomposition of water, and phlogiston. — lxxviii. 313.
1789. Experiments on the phlogistication of spirit of nitre.— lxxix. 139.
1789. Observations on the transmission of the vapour of acids through a hot
earthern tube ; and further observations relating to phlogiston.— lxxix.
289.
1790. Observations on respiration. — lxxx. 106.
1791. Further experiments relating to the decomposition of dephlogistication and
inflammable air. — Ixxxi. 213.
London. F. Ross.

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND ANTIQUARY.
James Crosslev, F.S.A., was born at the Mount, Halifax, 31st
March, 1800, being the son of a merchant in extensive business resident
there, and was by the maternal side collaterally related to Nathaniel
Waterhouse, the great benefactor of Halifax. He received his educa
tion at the two well-known schools of Hipperholm and Heath, then
governed by two eminent masters, the Rev. Richard Hudson, M.A.,
and the Rev, Robert Wilkinson, M. A. He was subsequently transferred
to Manchester, where he passed through the usual legal curriculum, and
practised as a solicitor from 1823 to 1860, when he retired from
business. He was the first President of the Manchester Law Associa
tion, and was again President in 1857, the year of the Fine Arts
Exhibition, and as such was chairman at the great Law Dinner which
took place in Manchester at that period. But his devotion to the law
did not induce him to forego the cultivation of literature and historical
research. He was a regular contributor to the early volumes of
" Blackwood's Magazine," and to those of the first " Retrospective
Review," and occasionally assisted Mr. J. G. Lockhart in biographical
articles in the " Quarterly Review." The Chetham Society, the
publications of which now extend to 110 vols., took its rise at a dinner
at his residence in Booth Street, Piccadilly, Manchester, and he has
been its president since 1848. He is also the President of the Spenser
Society, and of the more recently-formed Record Society, which may be
considered as a valuable auxiliary to the Chetham Society. He is the
editor of "Potts' Discovery of Witches," "The Diary and Corre
spondence of Dr. John Worthington," 2 vols., and Heywpod's " Observa
tions in Verse," in the Chetham series. In 1822 a small selection of
D

50

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Sir Thomas Browne's Tracts was published by Blackwood under his
editorship, and in 1840 he undertook the editorial charge of Dr. John
Wallis's " Letters on the Trinity," whose MSS. had come into his
possession, at the request of his friend Mr. Thomas Flintoff, who bore
the expense of the publication. To the earlier volumes of " Notes and
Queries " he was a very frequent contributor, and his aid and assistance
will be found to be acknowledged in many of the works of literary
research which have appeared during the last forty years. Mr. Crossley
has long been a member of the Society of Antiquaries, and has been a
member of the Philobiblon Society since its commencement. He is an
honorary member of the Halifax Literary and Philosophical and other
local Societies. He has been well known as an ardent book collector
for the last half century, and one of the greatest enjoyments of his life
has been in the resources afforded by his very extensive library, in which
the preservation of interesting MSS. and tracts relating to his native
county has not been neglected. His portrait, painted by Mercier, is
placed over the entrance to the Manchester Reference Free Library, and
a later one by Walker, admitted to be an excellent likeness, in the
reading-room of Chetham's Library, Manchester, an institution in
which he has always taken a very deep interest. His residence is
Stocks House, Manchester.

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND JOURNALIST,
John Holland, of Sheffield, the biographer of James Montgomery,
died at the ripe old age of seventy-nine. He too was, like his friend,
an amiable Christian gentleman. Simple and quiet in his habits, lasting
and warm in his friendships, amiable and gentle in his language and in
his intercourse with men, benevolent and Christian minded in every action
of his long life, and diligent and laborious in his literary occupations, he
passed away "without spot or blemish," "beloved of all who knew him."
He was born at Sheffield Park, in close proximity to the Manor in
which Mary Queen of Scots was so long confined under the surveillance
of the Earl of Shrewsbury. For his home and birth-place, though
humble, and in which, throughout his life to near its close, he continued
to reside, he retained a strong affection, and in one of his poems,
" Sheffield Park," he has thus apostrophised it : —
House of my youth, and cradle of my joys,
Though greatness scorn, and wealth or pride despise,
Dearer to me this mansion of my birth
Than all the prouder structures of the earth.
When travelled wonder hath told all it can,
And wearied Art exhausted all on man,
Home still is sweet — is still, where'er we look,
The loveliest picture in creation's book.
His father was a working optician, and to this trade, at an early
age, John Holland was brought up. Far in advance of the young men

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND JOURNALIST. 51
of Sheffield in those days, young Holland was very fond of reading, and
became a great favourite with Mrs. Todd (the wife of a bookseller of
that name), from his frequent visits to her circulating library — the same
Mrs. Todd, in whose rooms Chantrey first put chisel to marble. When
quite a youth, he began, as many other less gifted youths have done,
to dabble in poetry ; and in 1814, when he was twenty years of age,
his first printed effusions appeared in the " Sheffield Iris," at that time
edited by his staunch friend to the last, James Montgomery. In
1818 John Holland contributed, besides to the "Iris," some verses to
" The Northern Star, or Yorkshire Magazine," projected and edited by
the late Arthur Jewitt, another of Sheffield's literary worthies ; and to
other publications. In 1825 Montgomery retired from the proprietor
ship and editorship of the " Iris," and John Holland became its editor.
In 1832 he for a short time removed to Newcastle as an editor of the
" Courant," but soon returned to Sheffield, and until 1848 was one of
the editors of the " Mercury." In that year the " Mercury" merged
into the " Times," and from that time to the day of his death, although
not officially connected with any journal, he continued to contribute a
vast number of articles.
Besides his innumerable contributions to the newspapers just named,
and to the " Reliquary," — to which he contributed some valuable
papers — Mr. Holland was the author of many works of sterling value
and interest, among the more prominent of which are " Memorials of
Sir Francis Chantrey," and the "Life of James Montgomery."
John Holland never married. He lived a blameless, a happy, a
contented and an eminently useful life — useful in more ways than the
world will ever know or dream of — for he wrote hundreds of hymns
which are sung in as many places of worship, and hundreds of sermons
for ministers unable or too idle to write them for themselves, which are
still preached to various congregations. From the first establishment
of the Redhill Sunday Schools in 1814, he became identified with the
movement, and was one of the most useful and energetic supporters of
the Sunday School Union which followed. For fifty years he was a
member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield, being
one of its first founders, and the last living remnant of that knot of
men who were its promoters — indeed, he was not only the father of the
Society at the time of his death, but almost all his life had been
" everything " in connection with it. It was here I saw him more
than once.
Until about three weeks before his death John Holland — with his
spare, active, lithe frame, dressed with scrupulous neatness in clerical
black with snow-white cravat, ribbon-tied shoes, long white hair, genial
smile, and fervid manner — was active as ever, and no scientific meeting,
no " Cutler's Feast," and no literary or philosophical gathering, could
be held without seeing him an honoured guest— himself shedding honour
and lustre on the assembly.' About that time, while on his way to the
residence of Montgomery, at " The Mount," he was thrown down by a

52

OLD YORKSHIRE.

dog; the shake he then received increased an internal complaint under
which he was suffering, and he gradually sank until the 28th of
December, when he passed away as calmly as he had lived.
Only a short time before his death, in speaking to his niece, he
said, " I think no man has had a brighter life than mine," and certainly
no man could have had a " brighter " death than was his.
John Holland is certainly one of the exceptions to the rule — he
was a prophet who did receive honour in his own country.
He was buried at Handsworth, near Sheffield, on the day after
New Year's day, in the grave where, years before, he had laid his
father and mother.
London. S. C. Hall, F.S.A.

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND ANTIQUARY.
John Harland, says the~ Rev. Brooke Herford, " whose great
grandfather was an enterprising farmer and grazier, living near Dunkeld
in the middle of the last century, was born at Hull, May 27, 1806."
He was the eldest child of John Harland and his wife Mary, daughter
of John Breasley of Selby. His father followed the combined businesses
of clock and watch maker, and jeweller, in Scale Lane, Hull ; and issued
a medal in commemoration of the peace and end of the war in
December, 1813. At the age of fourteen the boy went, on trial, into the
office of Messrs. Allanson & Sydney, the proprietors of the Hull Packet
newspaper, and was apprenticed to them for seven years from January
1, 1821, to learn letterpress printing. The celebrated painter Etty
was Mr. Harland's predecessor as an apprentice ; and when he removed
from Hull to London he left a scrap-book, containing a series of early
sketches, as a memento, in the hands of Mr. George Walker, a
journeyman printer in the same office. " From the beginning of his
apprenticeship he gave all his energies to self -improvement ; soon rose
from compositor to reader ; then was put into the office ; and, teaching
himself short-hand, was advanced to reporting. With indomitable
industry, he made for himself, during 1825-6, a system of short-hand in
which he embodied all the best points of several stenographic systems,
and soon became the most expert short-hand writer in the kingdom."
Mr. Harland continued as reporter and contributor to the Hull
newspapers for several years after the expiration of his apprenticeship.
During this period his reports were so remarkable for their fulness and
accuracy, that they attracted the attention of every public speaker who
visited the town. On one occasion he presented the Rev. Dr. Beard
with so accurate a report of his address in Bond Alley Lane Chapel,
that "he mentioned the circumstance to the late John Edward Taylor,
who was then conducting the Manchester Guardian with that energy
and ability which placed it at the head of the provincial press. The
consequence was an offer which induced Mr. Harland. to remove to

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND ANTIQUARY. 53
Manchester in November, 1830," in which city and its vicinity he
resided till his death.
At first the Guardian was only a weekly paper ; but it began to be
published on Wednesdays and Saturdays in 1836, and became a daily
paper in 1855. Mr. Harland continued to occupy an important position
on the staff through all these changes ; conducting the literary depart
ment of the journal with rare skill and industry, until July 1, 1839,
when he was admitted to a partnership in the paper, which he retained
till his retirement in December, 1860. " While thus busied with his
own professional work, however, he found time for the cultivation of
literary tastes in other and higher directions. Possessing a keen sense
of humour; endowed with considerable poetic powers; skilled in
mediaeval Latin; and a loving student of early English history, he
speedily made himself a reputation among local literary men, and, as
his pursuits took more decidedly the direction of archaeology, gradually
became widely known as an antiquary." He published many of his
early dissertations in the columns of the Guardian; some of which
were afterwards included in the " Collectanea," issued by the Chetham
Society, and other works. In December, 1854, he was elected a Fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries, and was placed upon the Council of the
Chetham Society in 1855 ; an office which he only vacated by death.
He was also a member of the Historic Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire ; to whose Transactions he contributed some interesting papers,
and presented to their library a valuable series of antiquarian cuttings
from the Manchester Guardian. To Notes and Queries Mr. Harland
was an occasional contributor ; he supplied most of the articles relating
to Lancashire to Chambers's " Book of Days ; " of which his accounts
of " John Shaw's Club," and the " Rev. Joshua Brookes," may be par
ticularised. In 1851 he published a series of " Ancient Charters and
other Muniments of the Borough of Clithero ; " several of which were
afterwards included in his " Mamecestre," and in the same year he
printed the "Autobiography of William Stout, of Lancaster, wholesale
- and retail grocer and ironmonger, a member of the Society of Friends,
a.d., 1665-1732." This quaint and characteristic work was dedicated
to his friend A. B. Rowley, Esq., the owner of the manuscript, and
several curious notes were added by Mr. Harland in illustration of
portions of the text. Mr. Harland published "An Historical Account
of Salley Abbey," in Yorkshire, during 1853, illustrated by a series
of lithographic sketches of the existing remains. This work was
appropriately dedicated to Dixon Robinson, Esq., of Clitheroe Castle,
who largely promoted the publication. It contains by far the most
accurate and complete account of these interesting ruins. To the
Reliquary he contributed a paper on " Local and other Names and
Words." In 1864-5 he edited two volumes of "Court Leet Records " of the
manor of Manchester. They contain many valuable accounts of the
social and civil life of the inhabitants of that city during the sixteenth

54

OLD YORKSHIRE.

century. His introduction, preparatory chapter, notes and appendices,
are especially curious and interesting. He closed his extracts at the
date of the death of Queen Elizabeth ; and expressed a hope that other
extracts would be made commencing with the reign of James I. This
hope was not realised. During Mr. Harland's connection with the
Manchester Guardian he published in that journal, and in the Weekly
Express, a vast number of antiquarian articles of much local interest.
A selection from, these was issued in two volumes as " Collectanea
relating to Manchester and its neighbourhood at various periods."
The last and greatest work he undertook was a new edition of
Baines's " History of Lancashire." It was originally issued in four
volumes, and had long been out of print. When it was decided to
republish the work it was deemed advisable to issue it in two volumes ;
and although the labour of verification and completion approached at
times to a re-writing of large portions of the book, Mr. Harland did
not shrink from the task, and he did his work well. The writer visited
him towards the close of 1867, and found him hard at work with the
last sheets of the first volume. He was then looking haggard and
careworn — the heavy work was evidently telling on his constitution ;
and yet both in conversation with myself, and in his letters to Mr.
Gent, joint publisher of this and several of his other works, he spoke
and wrote hopefully of completing his labours within a reasonable time.
On my next visit I found ne was seriously ill. His medical attendant
durst not risk the excitement of an interview, and I left without seeing
him. In two days more he had passed to his rest. He died on the
23rd April, 1868, and his remains were interred in Rusholme Road
Cemetery the Tuesday following.
Mr. Harland "was twice married; first in 1833 to Mary, daughter
of the late Samuel Whitfield, of Birmingham, who died in 1849 ;
secondly, in 1852, to Eliza, daughter of the late Joseph Pilkington, of
Manchester, who, together with four children by the first marriage, and
five by the second, survives him. By a wide circle of friends he was
warmly esteemed as a kind and genial friend; a sincere and'single-
minded Christian. Born a Churchman, he became a Unitarian by
conviction in 1828. In the busiest year of his newspaper life, when he
might have claimed exemption from extra work, he found time to be
teacher and superintendent in a Sunday-school ; and throughout his life
was as active as he was unobtrusive in doing good." . Such is the just
and well-deserved tribute paid to his memory by the Rev. Brooke
Herford, who carried on and completed the " History of Lancashire"
with competent ability and in the spirit of his predecessor. Mr.
Harland's collection of works on short-hand was very extensive, ranging
from the sixteenth century downwards. They are now in the Chetham
Library as a permanent memorial of one whose literary life was so
intimately associated with the varied stores contained in those quaint
old rooms. Burnley. The late T. T. Wilkinson.

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND DIVINE. 55
A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND DIVINE.
The Rev. John Oxlee, of whose career we intend to give a brief
sketch, was certainly one of the most profound and accomplished
scholars of the day, whether contemplated in his theological, polemical
or linguistic attainments. His learning was held in the greatest
estimation by such prelates of the Anglo-Catholic Church as Horsley,
Middleton, Burgess, Marsh, Heber, Kaye, Thirlwell, Drs. Knox, Routh,
etc. , besides a number of eminent divines in every quarter of the globe.
Mr Oxlee was a Yorkshireman, born at Guisborough, in Cleveland, in
the year 1779. Very little appears to be known of him when a youth,
except that he was removed by those who had the care of him from
the place of his birth to Sunderland,. Here he devoted himself to
study, commencing with mathematics, and at the same time with the
Greek and Latin languages. In the latter he made such rapid progress
that, when a second master, who could write elegant Latin, a sine qua
non, was required by the celebrated Dr. Vicesimus Knox, in the grammar
school at Tunbridge, Mr. Oxlee commenced a correspondence with the
Rev. Doctor in that language, and very soon obtained the appointment.
Here Mr Oxlee also commenced his Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac studies
with very great. success. In 1805 he entered into holy orders, and was
ordained deacon by Bishop Porteus, and afterwards priest in the diocese
of York, in 1807. In his examination for priest's orders, he begged,
amongst other ancient and learned languages, to be examined in the
Syriac scriptures ; but the examiner, the then Dean of Carlisle, told
him that he knew nothing whatever of that language, and if he did, he
did not suppose that he should find a a Syriac book in the library. Mr.
Oxlee was ordained to the curacy of Egton, near Whitby, where he
married, the stipend being increased ten pounds, and he being " passing
rich on forty pounds a year." In 1811, he removed to the curacy of
Stonegrave; from 1816 to 1826, he held the rectory of Scawton, and
in 1836, the Archbishop of York presented him to the rectory of
Molesworth, which he held until his death on January 30th, 1854,
having nearly up to the day of his death, been engaged in literary
labours. The result of these labours was, that he obtained a knowledge
more or less extensive, of one hundred and twenty languages and
dialects. This statement may seem scarcely credible, but it rests on
authority that cannot be disputed, and it is supported, to a considerable
extent, by his published works, which furnish abundant proof of his
familiarity with the more important languages of the world. In this
power of acquiring languages, considering that he was a self-educated
man, it is said that he has never been equalled in any age or nation.
In prosecuting his studies, he was oft-times obliged to form his own
grammar and dictionary, and in some cases even the alphabet to
commence with. Mr. Oxlee's favourite exercise was walking, and he
has been known to travel on foot from Hovingham to Hull, a distance

56

OLD YORKSHIRE.

of fifty miles, to procure for himself a choice book or two in the
Hebrew or some other Oriental language. In his character was
assembled a rare combination of excellences. He was learned without
pedantry, pious without bigotry, and an ardent and liberal politician,
without even descending into the platitudes of the demagogue or
partisan. Mr. Oxlee was one of the chief revisers of the translation of the
New Testament Scriptures into Hebrew, and amongst other coadjutors
had Professors Gesenius and Knappe, of Halle, Saxony, and Professor
Vater, of Koenigsberg, Prussia. Five-and-thirty years elapsed between
the publication of the first and third volumes of his great work, " The
Christian Doctrines of the Trinity, Incarnation, and Atonement,
considered and maintained on the principles of Judaism." During
this time Mr. Oxlee was collecting and accumulating from the vast
stores of the learning of antiquity ; and hence the treasures of erudition
which are to be found in this, as, indeed, in all the works of this profound
divine. Amongst other works written by Mr. Oxlee, we may notice
the following ^ — "Three Sermons on the Christian Hierarchy," "Three
Letters to the Archbishop of Oashel on the Apocryphal Books of Enoch,
Ezra, and Isaiah," " Three Letters to Mr. C. Wellbeloved on Unitarian
Error and Miscriticism," "Three Letters to the Rev. F. Nolan, and Two
Letters to the Bishop of Salisbury, on the Spurious Text of the Heavenly
Witnesses," and " Six Letters to the Archbishop of Canterbury on the
Impropriety of requiring Jews to forsake the Law of Moses." Mr.
Oxlee left behind him the following works yet unpublished : —"A Critique
on Bp. Walton's Prolegomena," as edited by Archdeacon Wrangham,
1828. " Correspondence with Rev. R. Towers, the Prior of Ampleforth
College, on the differences between Romanism and Anglo-Catholicism,
with Mr. Oxlee's Rule of Faith," 1833. "Rabbi Isaac Abarbanel's
Commentary on I.* Samuel, ch. 28," containing the interesting story of
Saul and the Witch of Endor, translated into English. 1834. "Remarks
on certain Sentences in behalf of the Papal or Latin Church." 1834.
When residing at Stonegrave, Mr. Oxlee made about 2,000 additions
to his Armenian Lexicon in folio, and the same number to his Arabic
one in quarto. "Dialogues on Doctrine," commenced before leaving the
Curacy of Stonegrave, in 1836. " One hundred and more Vocabularies
of such words as form the stamina of human speech, commencing with
the Hungarian and terminating with the Yoruba." 1837 to 1840. "A
Panorama of Theology or Theological Heptad," in three volumes, finished
January 5th, 1844. " Correspondence with an Israelite respecting the
fundamental differences between Judaism and Christianity," extending
over a period of ten years, and terminating with the death of Mr. Oxlee.
In a letter dated 21st June, 1843, Mr. Oxlee's Jewish correspondent
expresses himself in the following language : — " I feel flattered by the
willingness with which you have consented to enter into a discussion
with me. It is a concession I have not been able to obtain in former
applications to learned Christians. Perhaps they thought it beneath

A YORKSHIRE AUTHOR AND DIVINE. 57
their dignity to enter into discussion with an obscure Jew, for I must
not in charity suppose they were diffident of being able to support the
cause they advocated." In addition to Mr. Oxlee's published works,
he contributed to the " Anti- Jacobin Review," "Valpy's Classical
Journal," "The Christian Remembrancer," "The Voice of Jacob,"
" The Voice of Israel," " The Jewish Chronicle," " The Yorkshireman,';
for 1839, &c; but more especially seven letters, addressed to J. M.,
the Jew, occupying about 110 pages in the second and third volumes
of the "Jewish Repository" for 1815-16; " Sermons for Sundays and
Festivals, 1847." His son, the present rector of Cowsby, possesses the
unique library which belonged to his father. Mr. Oxlee's motto was : —
" Truth tells its own tale."

A YORKSHIRE ANTIQUARY.
John Holmes, whose name and fame as an antiquary are well
known beyond the borders of his native county, was born at Sheffield
on the 8th of March, 1815. He was the child of humble but honourable
parents, who obtained for him in his childhood the best education they
could afford. The school to which he was sent was taught by a master
who was well informed in history and general science, and his lectures
on these subjects, with illustrations, were a source of great pleasure to
young Holmes. On holidays, the time was spent by him in the woods,
or in going round to all the picture and book-shops in his native town.
In 1825, the parents, with their family of three daughters and one son,
removed from Sheffield to Leeds, where young Holmes attended a poor
school for three years, and a better for one year, when he was sent to the
drapery business. At that time the hours of business were from seven
a.m. to nine p.m., and twelve p.m. on Saturdays, and this told most
seriously on the health of the young apprentice. Notwithstanding this
drawback young Holmes contrived, after shutting up shop, to run off to
the " Mechanics' Institute " and take an hour's lesson in drawing, the
copy being (without teacher) a printed pocket handkerchief. On Sundays
he would attend Sunday-school almost continuously from seven in the
morning, and chapel at eight in the. evening. The Messrs. Marshall's
library in Holbeck furnished him with books, which he read with avidity
in science, history,, and general literature. Novel -reading at home was
strictly prohibited, for with a stern and even strict puritanical rule over
the household, his father considered reading to be a fault, and drawing
even worse, as likely to interfere with success in business. In 1838 Mr.
Holmes succeeded to his father's business, and the latter retired, with his
wife, to a comfortable home at Rothwell (provided by the son), where
they lived in plenty and died in peace. Business now becoming pros
perous, Mr. Holmes married in 1839 Sarah Ann Dale, a most exemplary
woman, who proved a real help-meet for the space of forty-two years
From 1840 till 1850, Mr. Holmes attended assiduously to business,

58

OLD YORKSHIRE.

which prospered so much that he felt himself at Uberty to indulge a
taste which had been with him from childhood, and he commenced to
collect books, pictures, ancient carvings, and pre-historic antiquities.
From 1850 to 1860, he devoted much time and labour to the develop
ment of social, political, and intellectual institutions in Leeds and the
neighbourhood. Building and co-operative societies received a large
share of his attention, and the claims of the miners of Yorkshire and
Derbyshire to improvement were considered by him as justified, and on
their behalf he spared neither pocket, voice, nor pen. In 1857 he read
a paper on Co-operation at the first meeting of the Social Science
Association, held in Birmingham, and in 1864 he became treasurer, and
got up the Transactions of the Miners' National Conference. In 1865,
he assisted in a scheme for the building of model cottages in Leeds,
which, unfortunately, ended in pecuniary loss to the promoters. In
1860 Mr. Holmes visited Switzerland, gaining both health and informa
tion by the change. In 1874 he retired from business, which without
any special attention to mere money getting, had brought a competency,
though not without drawbacks and troubles, both from within and
without. In 1873 Mr. Holmes indulged his fondness for travel by
going on a tour to Italy, Greece, Egypt, Judea, &c, during which he
added materially to his already valuable collection of antiquities. In
1850 he removed to Methley, where he built a fitting room for the
reception of his antiquarian treasures, and where, in peace and quietude,
he could regain the health which had suffered severely from confine
ment in the busy town. As a member of the committee of the Leeds
Mechanics' Institution and Literary Society, Mr. Holmes rendered
important and valuable services to the exhibition held in 1875 to clear
off the debt on the institution. By his contributions and lectures, Mr.
Holmes added much to the pleasure of the visitors Unsatisfied in
mingling among men, and the contentions of social life ; in art, science,
and nature, he was perfectly at home. These were his constant pur
suits, and a continual pleasure. Collecting pre-historic remains, from
rude flints and pottery to the finest objects of human art, and placing
them in order of evolution of time or circumstance, were his con
stant delight. These features were especially noticeable in his
department of the exhibition already referred to. So he was equally at
home in tracing pictorial art from the rudest Fetish stage, up to Angelo
and Raphael ; and in so surrounding himself with specimens, books,
carvings, and curiosities, his home became the resort of many visitors
in search of information on art and antiquarian topics. During his
travels abroad, Mr. Holmes gathered a rich store of objects
illustrative of early Christian history. His fine collection of lamps fully
set forth the evils of Paganism, and the historic advent of purer
Christianity in a way which rendered them unique and invaluable. The
study of Cyprian pottery brought Mr. Holmes into connection with the
Sandwiths (Consul and Dr. Humphrey), an association which he prized
very highly. From 1840 to 1879, Mr. Holmes was a constant and

A YORKSHIRE ANTIQUARY. 59
acceptable lecturer at institutions of various kinds, his subjects being
varied, including art, antiquities, social and sanitary science, poetry, and
general literature. He also contributed many papers to meetings of
the British Association and Social Science, co-operative congresses and
miners' demonstrations, on co-operation, trade strikes, building societies,
political economy, &c. His last effort in this direction was at the
jubilee of the British Association held in York in 1881. In the same
year, Mr. Holmes, suffering both pecuniary losses and the loss of his
wife, thought to leave England, and so offered his unique archaeological
and ethnological collections to the Corporation of Leeds at half the
value placed upon them by an expert, conditionally upon the collection
being made the nucleus of a public museum. This offer was accepted
by the corporation. The antiquaries of Yorkshire are under a debt of
gratitude to Mr. Holmes for the readiness with which, at all times,
he received the visits of those who were anxious to see his rare
collections, and the ready and concise manner in which he described the
various treasures. In like manner he has rendered important services
in connection with many local exhibitions, held in Leeds and elsewhere,
and by his free contributions of objects of interest to the museums of
York, Leeds, and Sheffield. For such services the directors of the
Yorkshire Philosophical Society distinguished Mr. Holmes by confer
ring upon him their honorary membership — an honour he very highly
esteemed. But, while constant in his attempts to be useful to
others, Mr. Holmes has often said that he felt himself to be a
failure, and so excused coming to the front on many occasions where
popularity might have been acquired. The display of popularity Mr.
Holmes always shrank from, and latterly, as necessary in many ways, he
has gradually withdrawn from public engagements. Claims imperative
at home, including the constant attention to his only (imbecile) daughter,
have - prevented his going abroad for the present ; and if they continue
to do so to the end, we believe that Mr. Holmes will be regarded by
those who know him best, with respect and sympathy on account of his
past. Morley, The Editor.
FAIRLESS BARBER, F.S.A.
Fairless Barber was the second son of the late Joseph Barber,
solicitor, of Brighouse, and was born at Castle Hill, Rastrick, January
11, 1835. The place in which his childhood was spent telis of far off
days of old, by its very name, its traces of ancient defences, and its
so-called " Runic " Cross. These may not have been altogether lost on
our friend, but have helped to form his earliest thoughts of things
outside himself. He was educated at St. Peter's School in York, where
he obtained a free scholarship and other honours. As a schoolboy he
always had a taste for drawing, in which he received good instruction
at St. Peter's, and was considered one of the best pupils the drawing-

60 OLD YORKSHIRE.
master ever had. He took a sketch of Kelso Abbey, which he after
wards lithographed himself. He was never fond of sports, nor
particularly devoted to study, but rather rejoiced in the early develop
ment of his antiquarian tastes in a city where he could hardly turn
without seeing ancient buildings of every period from Roman to post-
mediaeval, and where spade or pick can scarcely be used without
revealing some objects of antiquarian interest. His hours of freedom
were occupied about the minster, the churches, the walls, or the
museum, rather than in the playground, and his holidays were some
times spent with relatives at Bishop Auckland, where, as boys, he and
his brothers would dig about the camp at Binchester for Roman pots,
or if haply they lighted on a coin, then they were indeed as those
that " find great spoils." We well remember a day spent with him
there a few years ago, when he recalled his boyish pursuits, and knew
all the most likely places for finding bits of pottery. As young men,
the brothers would dig for Roman remains at Slack, to which work
Fairless returned again and again in later years. After leaving school,
he entered his father's profession, and was admitted a solicitor in 1859.
On the death of his father he succeeded to the practice at Brighouse.
In his profession he was well known as a sound lawyer and a man of
integrity and honour as well as ability ; but it was as an antiquary and
an ardent promoter of antiquarian pursuits that he was best known to
the public generally. He joined the " Huddersfield Archaeological and
Topographical Association " in 1866, and in September of the same
year succeeded the Rev. George Lloyd as Secretary, and it is mainly
due to his earnest work that it became (in 1870) the "Yorkshire
Archaeological and Topographical Association," and has since developed
into one of the most influential societies in the kingdom. In 1870 he
was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and he was also a
member of the Royal Archseological Institute, and a Fellow of the
Royal Historical Society. Members of the Institute will not soon
forget the Ripon meeting in 1874, the admirable organisation of which
was so largely due to Fairless Barber, and which included the joint
excursion to York of the Institute and of our Association, a most happy
suggestion, we believe, of our indefatigable secretary. We well
remember how he took Mrs. Barber and his family to stay at Clother-
holme for some time before the meeting, that he might be near Ripon
to make arrangements, how he joined every excursion and every meeting
of sections or other gathering that he could, putting his own life and
energy into everything that was going on. It was so strongly felt at
the time what we owed to him, that many of us wished to present him
with a silver horn, which should remind him of the ancient badge of the
Wakemen of Ripon in time to come, and which he might sound at future
meetings as he then sounded his bugle, to bring us up to the times of
coming and going set forth in the programme. But his too sensitive
nature shrank from any tangible acknowledgment of his services, and
he preferred that, if anything of the kind were done, our gift should

FAIRLESS BARBER, F.S.A. 61
take the form of a present to his wife. A bracelet was accordingly
made, under the direction, we believe, of the Marchioness of Ripon,
from the design of the Rev. W. C. Lukis, F.S.A., by whom it was
presented to Mrs. Barber on the part of the subscribers.
We may here insert the following account of his life among his
more immediate neighbours, taken from the Halifax Guardian of March
5th, 1881 :—
' ' At home he was to the fore always, in matters relating to the good of the
neighbourhood. He was one of the originators of the Brighouse branch of the
Yorkshire Penny Savings Bank, of which he was a vice-president. From its
establishment Mr. Barber was connected with the Brighouse Mechanics' Institu
tion, and his lectures and addresses upon its varied platform have always
attracted large audiences of appreciative hearers. He was twice the president of
the institution, and was a vice-president when he died. As a professional man he
was the promoter of many large, successful, and useful companies in the district,
such as the Rastrick Gas Company, which was afterwards incorporated by Act of
Parliament ; the Rastrick Waterworks Company, Limited ; the Rastrick Stone
Company, Limited ; the Clifton Water Supply Association, &c. In religion he
was a thoroughly consistent member of the Church of England, and never failed in
his exertions to further its interests, whilst in the cause of education he was an
enthusiastic worker. He was one of the promoters of the St. John's School,
Gooder Lane, Rastrick, and an official of the Diocesan Association. With the
work of restoring the Halifax Parish Church his name will always be identified,
being one of the members of the Restoration Committee. By his great antiquarian
knowledge of the edifice, amply displayed on the occasion of the visit of the
Yorkshire Archaeological Society to this neighbourhood, he assisted the late Sir
Gilbert Scott very much by his advice. Mr. Barber was a personal friend of that
great ecclesiastical architect. Politically, Mr. Barber was a staunch Conservative ;
but always animated by a generosity of disposition towards his opponents. This
fact is sufficiently demonstrated by the circumstance that he was always chosen by
the Sheriff of the County to conduct, as the returning-officer, the county elections,
until his illness, when his younger brother, Mr. H. J. Barber, was deputed to the
office. Socially, Mr. Fairless Barber was a genial, highly educated, and beloved
friend, and his loss will be greatly felt by the large circle with whom he was in the
habit of associating."
Some months before his health broke down, it was but too evident
that the wear-and-tear of life was telling seriously upon him.* He had
the greatest part of the management of our association on his hands,
including the editing of the "Journal," in addition to all the anxious work
and responsibility which his profession involved, and all the cares for
others, of which the above extract may give some idea. Had he lived
for himself alone, or even for himself- and his family, he might still have
been at Castle Hill, in a position of comparative ease and of competency
* Mr. Barber devoted himself most assiduously to his profession, which, with
all its anxieties and responsibilities, he had selected as one likely to leave him
some margin of time for literary activity. In this respect he followed the advice
of Coleridge, who said : " I would advise every scholar, who feels the genial
power within him .... to devote his talents to the acquirement of
competence in some known trade or profession, and his genius to objects of his
tranquil and unbiassed choice, while the consciousness of being actuated in both
alike by the sincere desire to perform his duty will alike ennoble both." — Ed.

62

OLD YORKSHIRE.

But he could not settle down to this, and by undertaking too much he
shortened his valuable life, so far as we can see. Even when he retired for
a few weeks to Bamborough Castle with his family, for the sake of rest
and change, he could not really rest : both mind and body were ever at
work. Not long after this he looked sadly thin and careworn, as well
he might, working as he did night after night and scarcely resting day
or night. And then his health failed so entirely that he could do no
more. He was obliged to leave his professional work to others as well
as his labours for the Association, and, in fact, to stop all work and
correspondence, while he retired to Pinner, near Watford, where one of
his brothers resided, in the hope that the quiet and retirement of the
place would restore him to his former health. But it was too late.
He never rallied, and after a gradual decline he peacefully and quietly
fell asleep, March 3rd, 1881, and was buried at Pinner. We all feel
that we have lost a good and true friend, and that the Association has
lost the man to whose untiring zeal and unselfish devotion it may almost
be said to owe its existence, and to whose memory it can never show
undue respect.
The following list contains the titles of the published articles from
the pen of Mr. Barber : —
"Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire, drawn from nature on stone by Fairless
Barber, St. Peter's School," York, December, 1851.
" Huddersfield Archaeological and Topographical Association. Papers read at
Slack, April 13, 1866, by J. K. Walker, Esq., M.D., and by Fairless Barber, Esq.,
of Rastrick." Reprinted from the Huddersfidd Examiner, of the 21st April, 1866.
Huddersfield : Printed by J. Woodhead, Examiner Office, pp. 24. 12°.
' ' On some Roman coins found at Slack ; a Paper read before the Huddersfield
Archaeological and Topographical Association, by Fairless Barber, Esq., Hon.
Sec." [Reprinted from the Huddersfield Examiner.'] Huddersfield : J. Woodhead,
Printer, Ramsden Street. 1867, pp. 11. 8°.
"On Masters and Servants in A.D., 1604." [Reprinted from the Brighouse
News ] Signed F. B. , pp. 4. 8°.
"Reports, Circulars, &c, of the Huddersfield Association from 1866 to
1870." " On the Roman Station at Slack." Yorhs. Arch. Journal, vol. i., pp. 1—11,
with plate.
" On the Book of Rates for the West Riding of the County of York," ib. pp.
153—168. " On the West Riding Sessions Rolls," ib. vol. v., pp. 362—405.
" An Essay in explanation of Fountains Abbey." Read before the Yorkshire
Union of Mechanics' Institutes, on the 28th day of May, 1874, by Fairless Barber,
F.S.A. Leeds: Printed by Charles Goodall, 2, Park Lane, 1874. 8°. pp. 13,
with plan.
"The Church of St. John the Baptist, Chelmorton.'' [Reprinted from the
Buxton Advertiser, with plate, pp. 8. 8°.] Printed by J. C. Bates, Printer, Hot
Bath Colonnade, Buxton.
"On a Few Examples of Medieval Deeds," by Fairless Barber, F.S.A., a
member of the Incorporated Law Society of the United Kingdom. Reprinted
from the " Proceedings of the Annual Provincial Meeting of the said Society, held
at Manchester, October 23 and 24, 1878." 32 pp.
Huddersfield. From Yorks, Arch, and Top. Journal.

LLEWBLLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A. 63
LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.
Mr. Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A., was born at Kimberworth, near
Rotherham, the family being for "countless generations" connected
with Sheffield and its neighbourhood. He is the youngest son of the
late Mr. Arthur Jewitt (a well-known topographical writer in the early
part of this present century), by his wife, Martha, daughter of Thomas
Sheldon, and was born on the 24th November, 1816, and is now con
sequently in his 66th year. In 1818 the family removed to Duffield, in
Derbyshire ; and there the subject of our notice remained until the
autumn of 1838, when he, then in his twenty-second year (the family
at that time removing to Oxford), went to London, and on Christmas
Day of the same year married, in Derby, Elizabeth, eldest surviving
daughter of the late Mr. Isaac Sage, of Derby and Bath.
Having thus settled in London, Mr. Jewitt there remained for a
few years, and during that time was mainly engaged with a well-known
pioneer of illustrated literature (Mr. Stephen Sly) in the illustrations,
&c, of Charles Knight's " Penny Cyclopaedia," " Penny Magazine,"
"Pictorial England," " Shakspere," "Old England," &c, &c, and of
many other leading works of that day. At this early period, too, Mr.
Jewitt published his " Handbook of British Coins." He also made
nearly the whole of the sketches, and very many of the finished draw
ings, for the steel plates of one of the finest works of that time,
" London Interiors," for which he had special means of access to the
palaces, Government offices, &c. He also mainly assisted in the pre
paration of the " Journey Book," illustrated tours by the South Eastern
Railway, and other illustrated publications.
During the continuance of the " Pictorial Times," and in the early
years of the " Illustrated London News," (at that time the property of
Ingram and Cooke, and edited by his old friend John Timbs) Mr. Jewitt
contributed to a vast extent ; and a very large number of illustrations
from his sketches, and much literary matter from his pen, graced their
pages. In his still earlier years Mr. Jewitt had contributed, while in
his teens, to the "Youths' Magazine," and later to his friend John Timbs'
" Literary World," and " Mirror," and we believe to the " Saturday
Magazine" of the S.P.C.K. He also, later still, was a frequent con
tributor to the " Literary Gazette," when edited by William Jerdan.
Leaving London on account of his own and his wife's health, Mr.
Jewitt removed to Headington Hill, by Oxford, where he resided some
time, and greatly assisted by his pencil in the admirable labours of his
brother, Mr. Orlando Jewitt, the eminent architectural engraver, in
Parker's " Glossary of Architecture," " Domestic Architecture," and in
many other works. Returning after a few years to London, Mr.
Jewitt again as earnestly as ever engaged himself in literary and
artistic work ; and among many other and very varied occupations, he
had for a short time the management of the illustrations of " Punch," at
the time when Douglas Jerrold was giving his " Story of a Feather,"

64

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Albert Smith (at that time a dentist in Percy Street) his inimitable
sketches and " Physiologies," Thackeray his earliest contributions,
Kenny Meadows his cartoons of the " First Tooth," and other admir
able drawings, and other of the more famous writers and artists —
Mark Lemon, the Mayhews, John Leech, and others — were at their
zenith. Impaired health, however, again necessitating the removal of
himself and family from London, Mr. Jewitt again resided for a few
years in Oxfordshire, when, having been appointed chief librarian of the
Plymouth Public Library, he removed to that town, and at once identi
fied himself with the various literary and scientific institutions of the
West of England.
Relinquishing his various appointments in the West of England in
1853, Mr. Jewitt removed with his family to Derby — the native air of
his wife — where he continued to reside till 1867, when he took up his
residence at Winster Hall, " high up among the hills and fastnesses of
the Peak" of Derbyshire, which he much improved, and made a " home
of taste," such as might well be expected from his artistic and literary
proclivities. After residing there for about thirteen years, Mr. Jewitt,
in 1880, removed to his present residence, " The Hollies," Duffield,
which being only about five miles from the county town, Derby, pre
sented advantages that his house among the Peak hills did not possess,
and, being the home of his early years, seemed to have peculiar attrac
tions to him in his advanced age.
In 1860 Mr. Jewitt projected, and still successfully carries on,
what is admittedly the leading illustrated antiquarian and art magazine,
the " Reliquary, Quarterly Archaeological Journal and Review," which
has now completed its twenty-second annual volume, and is one of the
most valuable storehouses of historical and antiquarian knowledge ever
produced. Of Mr. Jewitt's antiquarian labours and attainments — so well are
they known, and so highly are they appreciated and acknowledged —
but little need here be said. He has throughout his long life been a
thoroughly practical antiquary, not a theoretical one, and his views on
all subjects on which he has treated are characterised by a soundness
and judgment that render them eminently reliable. His researches
into the grave-mounds and other remains of long past ages, like those
of his intimate friend Mr. Bateman, and of Canon Greenwell, have resulted
in immense benefit to the antiquarian world, and have materially assisted
in the proper and sensible arrangement and classification of the stone,
bronze, and fictile articles they contain. In pottery, which Mr. Jewitt
has made one of his especial studies, his researches have been of a
most extensive nature, and he is acknowledged to be one of the most
reliable of authorities upon all matters connected with both ancient and
modern ceramics.
As an authority upon art manufactures and as art critic, as well as
a writer upon these and kindred subjects, Mr. Jewitt is well known
from his long and important connection with the " Art Journal," to

LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A. 65
which he has been a constant and valued contributor for more than a
quarter of a century.
Of Mr. Jewitt's literary labours we need say but little, for they
will be best and most deservedly estimated by a list of some of his
published works, and on those on which he has been or is engaged ;
among these are : —
The Reliquary, Quarterly Archteological Journal and Review : a Depositary for
Precious Relics — Legendary, Historical, and Biographical — illustrative of the
Habits, Customs, and Pursuits of our Forefathers.
The Ceramic Art of Great Britain, from Pre-historic Times down to the Present
Day, being a History of the Ancient and Modern Pottery and Porcelain
Works of the Kingdom, and of their Productions of every Class.
Grave-mounds and their Contents. A Manual of Archeology, as exemplified in
the Burials of the Celtic, the Romano-British, and the Anglo-Saxon Periods.
Half-Hours among some English Antiquities.
Half -Hours among some Belies of Bye-gone Times.
The Life and \\ orks of Jacob Thompson, the eminent Painter.
The Stately Homes of England.
The Mountain, River, Lake, and Landscape Scenery of Great Britain.
The Doomsday Book of Derbyshire, with photo-zincographic fac-similes of the
original MS., extended Latin text, and literal translation, with notes, glossary,
notes on families, &c.
The Wedgwoods, being a Life of Josiah Wedgwood, with Notices of his Works
and their productions ; Memoirs of the Wedgwood and other Families ; and
a History of the Early Potteries of Staffordshire.
The Life of William Hutton, and History of the Hutton Family, edited from the
original MSS.
The History of Plymouth, from the Earliest Period to the Present.
The Ballads and Songs of Derbyshire.
Chatsworth, illustrated.
Haddon Hall, illustrated.
The Cross in Nature and in Art, illustrated with more than a thousand engravings
(in the press).
The Church Bells of Derbyshire, Described and Illustrated.
Manuals of Missal and Illuminated Painting, and of Wood Carving.
Rifles and Volunteer Rifle Corps, their Constitution, Arms, Drill, Laws, and
¦ Uniform, with Descriptions of Rifles, Revolvers, &c.
Roman Remains at Headington, near Oxford.
A Handbook of English Coins.
The Traders' Tokens of Derbyshire, Described and Illustrated.
The Anastatic Drawing Society's Annual Volumes.
Black's Guides to Derbyshire, and many other Guides.
Antennae, Poems.
The Snow Path, and What it Led to.
Catalogue of the Cottonian Library, Plymouth.
-Florence Nightingale, a tribute in verse.
Eldmuir, an Art Story of Scottish Home Life, Scenery, and Incident, by Jacob
Thompson, jun., edited by Mr. Jewitt.
A Stroll to Lea Hurst.
The Matlock Companion.
The Dragon of Wantley.
The Traders' Tokens of Sheffield.
Mr. Jewitt has also, we believe, for many years been engaged in
preparing for publication what is much needed, a " History, Topography,
and Genealogy of the County of Derby," . which, if completed, will be a
E

66

OLD YORKSHIRE.

work of considerable magnitude. Besides this and other important
works, he has long had in preparation a large and important national
work upon the Corporation Treasures of England — the Maces, Seals,
Chains, Insignia, Arms, Armour, Badges, Plate, &c, &c, belonging to
each corporate body — which has already, we perceive, been announced,
and whose coming is looked forward to with considerable interest.
Mr. Jewitt's principal contributions to the pages of the " Art
Journal " during the last twenty years are : — A very extensive series of
papers on ceramics and art manufactures, including historical and critical
notices of all the more famous porcelain and earthenware works in the
kingdom. A valuable series of illustrated articles on "The Museums
of England," with special reference to the objects of antiquity and of
art they contain. A profusely illustrated series of articles on " Ancient
Irish Art," in many of its most striking phases ; an elaborate series
upon " Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office;" another series upon
" Out-of-the-way Corners of Art," in which are "Art in the Belfry,"
" Art under the Seat," "Art in the Charnel-house and Crypt," "Art
among the Ballad-mongers," &c. ; " The Cross in Nature and in
Art," "The Cross Tau," and " The Fylfot Cross " ; an extensive
series of illustrated histories of " The Stately Homes of England," and
very many other equally important contributions.
Mr. Jewitt has also, besides the "Art Journal," contributed
largely to the " Intellectual Observer," the " Student," the " Book of
Days," the "Magazine of Art," the "Artist," the "Journal of
Forestry," " Mid-England," the " Antiquary," the " Exeter Diocesan
Architectural Society's Transactions," the "Journal of the British
Archaeological Association," the " Archaeological Journal," "Chambers'
Encyclopaedia," "Gentleman's Magazine," "Herald and Genealogist," the
" People's Magazine " of the S.P.C.K.," " Social Notes," " St. James's
Magazine," " English Society," " Belgravia," " Notes and Queries,"
" Long Ago," " Pottery and Glass Trades Journal," " Leisure Hour," and
most of the leading scientific journals and magazines (as well as many
of the more popular class) of the day, while his contributions to his own
Quarterly, the " Reliquary," are sufficient of themselves to form several
goodly volumes, He has also, during his life of so many years of hard
work, helped in a more or less degree, either by his pencil, his pen, or
his graver, in the preparation of a vast number of important works.
Mr. Jewitt was, with his friends C. Roach Smith, F. W. Fairholt,
Thomas Wright, T. J. Pettigrew, and others, one of the first members,
and for many years a local member of the council, of the British
Archaeological Association, founded in 1843, and contributed largely to
the Journal of the Association, by papers read at congresses and other
meetings. In 1851 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Anti
quaries, and has received many similar marks of distinction from other
learned' bodies — among others being created an honorary and actual
member of the Russian Imperial Archaeological Commission and Statis
tical Committee, Pskov; and corresponding member of the Royal His-

Jz<&*j

LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A. 67
torical Society, and of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Philadelphia. "His labours throughout his long life have ever been
unselfish in the extreme, and his extensive knowledge upon all anti
quarian subjects, and his collections, have always been at the service of
all to whom they could be made useful. His guiding principle, and the
one he has uniformly acted upon, has been the well-grounded conviction
that the only advantage of gaining knowledge, or of possessing a col
lection of antiquities or other objects, is to make that knowledge and
that assemblage of objects available for others."
Abridged from the Biograph.

A YORKSHIRE ANTIQUARY.
Though not born in the county, the subject of our sketch has been
so long and honourably connected with it, both as a physician and
zealous antiquary, that we have pleasure in presenting the readers of
" Old Yorkshire " with his portrait and a brief notice of his life. Many
of those persons whose tastes have led them into writing on antiquarian
matters have been indebted to him for valuable information on genea
logical and kindred subjects.
John Sykes, M.D., son of the Rev. George Sykes, was born at
Paisley, Renfrewshire, 16th July, 1816. From early youth he developed
a taste for antiquarian pursuits, and having studied medicine, he estab
lished himself as a physician in Doncaster, where he has been long
known as able in his profession and zealous in the cultivation of his
literary and antiquarian tastes. During his career he has ever been
ready to assist with his valuable knowledge on genealogical subjects
any student in that branch of antiquities, and this has led to a valuable
and pleasant correspondence with antiquaries in all parts of the country.
Though most ardently devoted to the department of antiquarian know
ledge, embracing genealogy and the compilation of pedigrees, he has
always taken a deep interest in whatever relates to the antiquities of
Yorkshire. Dr. Sykes possesses the genealogical MSS. of the late Mr.
T. N. Ince, of Wakefield, who is remembered as a diligent and pains
taking collector of Yorkshire and Derbyshire pedigrees. He has also
in his possession a considerable number of letters from the late Mr.
Joseph Hunter, relating to Wakefield and Doncaster families. Dr.
Sykes is a member of several antiquarian societies, is on the council of
the Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Society, and in 1868
had the gratification of being elected a Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries. In 1876 he was placed on the Commission of the Peace
for the Borough of Doncaster.
Morley, near Leeds. The Editor.

yxracammxmTTrxm

YORKSHIRE BATTLES.

THE FIGHT AT ADWALTON MOOR.

HE fight at Adwalton Moor took place on the 30th of
June, 1643. If noticed at all in imperial history, it is in
the briefest manner possible. Clarendon never once
alludes to it in his "History of the Rebellion," and
yet, for some reason or other, less important struggles
of that period have received far more notice at the hands
of contemporary writers. There were on both sides at least
15,000 engaged, and on no previous occasion since the com ¦
& mencement of the struggle between Charles and the Parliament
had such large bodies of men been brought together in Yorkshire to
contest for the supremacy of " God and the Cause " or " God and the
King." The vulgar pronunciation of the name of the moor is still
" Atherton," as it seems to have been then, though it was also written
" Adderton," and " Atherston," in various records of the event. It is
about five miles from Leeds, and about the same distance from the town
of Bradford. The Moor, at the present time, seems to be for the most
part unenclosed, but it is about as unromantic a battle-field as any one
could possibly visit. Here a clay hole, there an ugly mound of the
black refuse of an old shallow coal pit ; anon an ash heap and a stray
donkey or two, while about its boundaries are factories, sheds, and
cottages, in the most unpicturesque disorder. At the time, however,
of which we write— before the era of long chimneys, large ironworks,
and deep coal mines— standing on the west side of the Moor, on the
ridge which forms part of the watershed of the Aire and the Calder,
whichever way the beholder would turn, the eye would gaze upon as

THE FIGHT AT ADWALTON MOOR. 69
fair a prospect as could be found in the whole shire of York — a well-
cultivated tract of country, interspersed with thrifty villages, snug
hamlets, lonely farmsteads, and many a pleasant home of esquire and
yoeman ; while the population generally were a sturdy, resolute race of
men, mostly well affected towards the Parliamentarian cause, and
doubtless in subsequent years many a family group would, in the long
winter evenings by the ruddy fire-light, listen, with " bated breath "
and glistening eyes, to deeds of daring told by some survivor of
Marston Moor, Naseby, Dunbar, and Worcester.
The prospects of the party of the Parliament were at this period
of a gloomy nature throughout the country, but in Yorkshire they
were particularly so. One event had happened in another part of the
country which seemed of dire import to the success of the cause of the
Parliament, but which it is highly probable that at that time of slow
intelligence neither party engaged in the events of this day was aware
of, and that was the death of the great Puritan leader, John Hampden.
We may rest assured that if pious Joseph Lister had been apprised of
this sad news he would not have failed to have made note of this
additional piece of tribulation to the many which the good man records
of this period ; and had the Royalists been aware of it, they would
not have failed to industriously circulate tidings which to them could
not fail to be welcome, but which would fall heavy indeed on the minds
and hearts of the adherents of the Parliament. Hampden received his
death-wound on Chalgrove field, Buckinghamshire, on the 18th June,
1643, in a fierce encounter with Rupert. He lingered in great pain till
the 24th of the same month, when- his " noble and fearless spirit "
passed away ; and most likely before the battle of Adwalton the
touching sight had been witnessed of the burial of the illustrious
patriot in the parish church of Hampden, where " his soldiers, bare
headed, with reversed arms and muffled drums and colours, escorted his
body to the grave, singing, as they marched, that lofty and melancholy
psalm in which the fragility" of human life is contrasted with the
immutability of Him in whose sight a thousand years are but as
yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night."
Howley Hall, near Batley, had been garrisoned for the Parliament
by Sir John Savile, of Lupset, who, with a small body of musketeers,
had withstood the assaults of Newcastle's forces for several days, but
at last was obliged to yield to his immensely superior strength.
Newcastle after this resolved to march to Bradford, where he might
reasonably suppose the almost utter annihilation of the Fairfaxes — the
father, Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, being in command there, aided by his
son, Sir Thomas, afterwards the celebrated commander of the entire
forces of the Parliament — would be effected. We can well understand,
as Sir Thomas Fairfax wrote, that Bradford " was a very untenable
place," and hearing of the design of Newcastle, the Fairfaxes resolved
to march out to meet him. They had only about 3,000 men, in which
number a small body of horse was included, and they possessed no

70

OLD YORKSHIRE.

artillery, while Newcastle's forces were in the proportion of four to one
with artillery, and an immensely superior force of cavalry. Viewed
from a civilian point, it seems ridiculous that Newcastle should
deliberately wait on Adwalton Moor for the Fairfaxes, seeing that they
had to march their small army up rising ground to meet him. But so
it appears to have been, as Newcastle came from Honley on the 29th
of June, and halted on the Moor the same evening, getting his
artillery into position, and otherwise arranging the order of battle.
Lord Fairfax had given the order for the march out of Bradford at
four o'clock in the morning of the 30th June ; but a Major-General
Gifford stands suspected of treachery from his acting generally in a
very indifferent manner on two or three occasions on this day, and he
is blamed for so many delays in the early morning that it was eight
o'clock before the little army of the Parliament was clear of the town.
The fighting here, as fighting afterwards prevailed in the war, seems
only to have been of a tame nature. The advanced guard, or " forlorn
hope," of Lord Fairfax drove that of Newcastle, stationed on West-
gate, or Whiskett Hill, into the main body of his army, and seems
then to have allowed the Parliamentarians to draw up in " battalia."
Sir Thomas Fairfax commanded the right wing, Major-General Gifford
the left, and Lord Fairfax commanded in chief. The Parliamentarians
appear to have made good use of the enclosed grounds, behind the
fences of which musketeers were placed, who galled Newcastle's
cavalry severely in a charge of ten or twelve troops for the purpose of
dislodging Sir Thomas Fairfax from some vantage ground in a path
called Warren's Lane. The Royalists were compelled to retreat with
the loss of their commander, Colonel Howard. Another charge was
made here, this time by thirteen or fourteen troops of the Royalists,
when they were again repulsed, but with more difficulty, and
their commander, Colonel Heme, was slain. " We pursued them,"
says Sir Thomas Fairfax, •' to their guns." Gifford had also been
hotly engaged on the left, and Newcastle, seeing the resolution of the
Parliamentarians, particularly those under the command of Sir Thomas
Fairfax, gave orders for a retreat, but Colonel Skirton or Sturton
begged of Newcastle to be allowed to charge with a stand of pikes,
which he did so effectively that, says Sir Thomas Fairfax, " he broke
in upon our men, and (not being relieved by our reserves, which were
commanded by some ill-affected officers, chiefly Major-General Gifford,
who did not his part as he ought to do), our men lost ground, which
the enemy seeing, pursued this advantage by bringing on fresh troops ;
ours being therewith discouraged, began to fly, and were soon routed.
The horse also charged us again. We, not knowing what was done on
the left wing, our men maintained their ground till a command came
for us to retreat, having scarce any way left now to do it, the enemy
being almost round about us, and our way to Bradford cut off."
Eventually, however, young Fairfax retreated in good order to Halifax,
and joined his father, Lord Fairfax, at Bradford, the same night.

The fight at adwalton moor. 71
Sere, again, it sesms astonishing that Newcastle, having succeeded in
defeating and cutting in two the little army of the Parliament, should
have apparently allowed that part commanded by Lord Fairfax to have
got away to Bradford, and that under Sir Thomas to Halifax, and that
they should actually unite their forces again the same night without
any means being taken to prevent them. Neither Fairfax nor
Cromwell would have used an army in this lumbering fashion ; and it
does not appear that when Newcastle fled across the seas after
Marston Moor that the military councils of Charles lost either a very
sagacious intellect or a very bold heart. It may be stated that
Cromwell was not present at this fight, but was playing havoc
generally among the Royalists in the eastern counties at the time.
There appears to be some conflict of testimony as to the number of
the slain. Markham, in his " Life of Lord Fairfax," states that there
were 700. Mr. Scatcherd, who has been particularly painstaking in
his account of the battle, makes no mention of those who were killed,
further than he supposes that they were buried on the Moor ; but it
seems strange that no traces of the dead have ever been discovered,
though there is no lack of other relics of the fight, such as iron and
lead cannon balls, horse-shoes, bits, swords, pikes, &c, which have
been turned up after the lapse of more than two centuries, many of
which Mr. Scatcherd says he has in his own possession.
Beeston. E. Bellhouse.

THE WINMOOR FIGHT.

One of the events of history of which much has locally been made
is the battle of Winmoor. Yet it was neither Waterloo nor
Thermopylae. It was a thing of much insignificance, magnified by
the monkish historians for professional purposes. I give the monkish
account : —
"AD. 655. Penda, the perfidious King of Mercia, who had slain Sigiberfc,
Ecgrig, and Anna, Kings of the East Angles, as well as Edwin and Oswald,
Kings of the Northumbrians, having mustered thirty legions with as many
noble thanes, advanced northward into Bernicia, to wage a war of conquest
against King Oswy. That King, with his son Alfrid, trusting in Christ
as their leader, although they had only one legion, met the enemy at a place
called Winwidfeld. Battle being joined, the pagans were routed and cut to
pieces, nearly all the thirty King's thanes who marched under his banner being
slain. Among them fell Ethelhere, brother and successor of Anna, King of the
East Angles, the promoter of the war. His brother Ethelwald succeeded to the
kingdom. Then King Oswy, in acknowledgment of the victory vouchsafed to
him, devoted to God twelve estates for building monasteries, together with his
daughter Elfleda to be consecrated as a nun, and accordingly she entered the
monastery of Heortesig (Hartlepool), of which Hilda was then abbess. This
battle was fought by King Oswy in the neighbourhood of Leeds, in the 13th year
of his reign, and on the 17th of the Kalends of December (15th November, and
he converted the Mercians to the faith of Christ."

72

OLD YORKSHIRE.

That is what we know of Winmoor according to the scriptures.
If it was not a mere skirmishing raid of a handful of men — which I
suspect it was — we may guess at something else. It was the battle of
Elmete, then the home of Christianity sustained by the Britons, who
had received it from the Romans, and who, transferred it to the Saxons.
According to the monk (Florence of Worcester) the forces engaged
were on the part of the Mercians — pagans — 30 legions, under 30
King's thanes ; on the part of the Northumbrians — Christians —one
legion under King Oswy. The proportion of combatants was there
fore 30 to 1 ; what the number was we do not know, for in the hand
of the monk the word legion is meaningless. The only clear thing is
that a miracle had been worked. The result of the battle was a full
defeat of the pagans and the consecration of Elfleda to a religious life.
Scott, in his veracious " Chronicle" of Marmion, speaking of the nuns
of Whitby, has And told, how in their convent cell
A Saxon princess once did dwell,
The lovely Edelfled ;
And how, of thousand snakes, each one
Was changed into a coil of stone
When holy Hilda prayed.
Scott's history seems to be about as good as the monk's, and both
narratives contain what appears to be the truth, plus the embellish
ments. Let us now try to strip off the embellishments.
That the battle was fought near Leeds there seems no doubt.
Antiquaries and historians, from Camden down to Whitaker, and even
Parsons, have wandered about a great deal to find the local habitation of
this Winwidfeld. From the river Went at Wentbridge, by Doncaster
to Barwick-in- Elmete, the ground has been searched in vain. Thorpe,
the Saxon scholar and critic, says " the river Winwoed, near which this
battle was fought, is, according to Camden, the Aire, which runs near
Leeds ; " while he was. writing- he might just as well have said through
Leeds, and been correct. And so the site of this battle is entirely
unsettled, and perhaps past the hope of settlement. It is needless to
say that there is no such a river as the Winwoed, and I shall explain
that the word truthfully points out something else, and practically tells
its own story. And this story is but the old story in war — the defence
of a hill. I believe the word Winwoed, Winwaed, is a word com
pounded of the British wen, a hill, and the Saxon wude, a wood ; and
that the whole thing, whatever motives it may have proceeded from,
was in a military sense only an unsuccessful skirmishing attempt to
force the passage of a hill. The hill referred to was in the territory of
Elmete, and presumably still in the possession of the Britons.
The invasion of Penda was from the south, and in all probability
along the Roman road crossing the Aire at Woodlesford and traversing
Swillington, clearlj- then the seat of a Saxon clan. After the passage
of the Aire, which we know was effected by the invaders, which then

THE WINMOOR FIGHT. 73.
was the hill ? The first that we come at on the line of the Roman road
is, of course, the crest that stretches from Halton to West Garforth,
a,nd — a fact that should not be lost sight of — is now traversed by a
road (the modern Leeds and Selby road) a proof of early potential
occupation. The river Aire at Woodlesford is about 90 feet above
Ordnance datum ; the intersection of the Roman road and the Leeds
and Selby road, 286 feet ; the Seacroft and Barwiok road at Stanks, in
the direct line of the Roman road, about 300 feet ; and the Leeds and
Tadcaster road, on this same line, at Whinmoor house, the point at
which the Leeds and Wetherby Railway crosses, 375 feet, and
practically the highest point between the Aire and the Wharfe. it was
certainly on this plateau that the action was fought ; but the question
is where did it commence and culminate 1 We know where it ended.
The monk tells us that Oswy, in gratitude for the victory, dedi
cated twelve estates to the Church. The Saxon word weorthig —
weorth, forth — expresses an estate. The Saxon verb gyrian means to
clothe ; the Saxon noun gease means clothing, furniture, ornaments ;
and the gease-forth would therefore come to mean the furniture-estate.
Is it, then, fanciful and extravagant to believe that Garforth — Gere-
forth as in Domesday and old documents — was the estate given to the
monastery founded, as Bede tells us, in the wood of Elmete, for its
ornaments, its furniture, its sustentation t And if it be not fanciful,
but probably correct, what more likely, under the circumstances of the
donation, than to give the actual battle-field or ground in its very
neighbourhood ? I trow not. Swillington could not be given ; it was
then the ton of the Swills or Swales. Halton — the hoelig, holy town —
could not be given, for it was most probably devoted to the Church
already ; but that waste nook beyond Swillington up to the Roman
Rig and Peckfield — the Peak-field, the mountain-top field — where only
the Briton and the wolf were prowling about, could be disposed of
without interfering with anybody but those two creatures, and they were
of little moment. Possibly, therefore, it comes to pass that the Geare-
forth is one indication of the site of the Win-waed, where Oswy beat
Penda. The end of the fight, it is said, took place in the dreadful retreat
across the Aire, which most likely would be in the neighbourhood of
Woodlesford. The assault of the hill having failed, the defenders
turned the assailants, and pushed the Mercians back with dreadful
vigour. Bede tells us that more of them were drowned as they fled,
" in the river Winwaed," then overflowing its banks — as was very
^likely in wintry November — than fell by the edge of the sword.
Th?__hoary Penda — pagan, wretch, and barbarian that he was — was
slain, ani Christianity imposed upon his people. And so it is most
probable that the fight took place somewhere north of the Leeds and
Selby turnpike road, between Whitkirk and Garforth.
Leeds. W. Wheater.

74 OLD YORKSHIRE.
FAIRFAX'S FIRST VICTORY.
In histories of the organisation of the new model army, and of the
campaign of 1645-6, Fairfax has never received his proper position,
and Cromwell has always been coupled with him as an equal, or even
spoken of as the real moving spirit of the war. This erroneous view,
based on the untrustworthy authority of such writers as Clarendon and
Holies, is easily accounted for by the natural tendency there always
is to ante-date the greatness of a genius such as Cromwell. Because
he was the foremost man in the country in 1 650, and the greatest
ruler England ever had during the subsequent years, it does not follow
that to him is also due the credit of the previous Parliamentary
successes in the Civil War. It was Fairfax whose genius won the
fight at Naseby, and whose consummate generalship concluded the war
and restored peace. Cromwell was his very efficient General of Horse,
but nothing more ; and, indeed, he was usually employed on detached
duties of secondary importance. So says C. R. Markham in his preface
to the " Life of the Great Lord Fairfax," and which is fully borne out
throughout the work. We cannot do better than give Mr. Clement
Markham's description of the storming of Leeds — the first victory of
Lord Fairfax for the Parliamentary forces, for they had previously
received a severe defeat at Tadcaster at the hands of the Duke of
Newcastle, so therefore the Fairfaxes were at bay at Selby, while Lord
Newcastle, after their evacuation of Tadcaster, advanced to Pomfret,
and posted detachments in Saxton, Sherburn, Church Fenton, and all
the intermediate villages. The manufacturing towns were thus cut off
from their friends, and were apparently at the mercy of the Royalists ;
but Bradford, at least, proved a tougher nut to crack than the
Cavaliers had bargained for. Sir Thomas ' Fairfax, whose chivalrous
nature could not brook that his faithful friends in the West should be
left to face the foe single-handed, made an attempt to force the
Royalist lines a few days after the fight at Tadcaster. He marched
from Selby with five companies of foot and two troops of horse, but
the enemy's forces were so strong on the road that he could not pass,
so he beat up their quarters at Monk Fryston, and returned to Selby to
chafe impatiently and wait for a better opportunity. Meanwhile the
people in the West had to hold their own as best they could. The
officer who was chosen by Lord Newcastle to enforce submission from
the stubborn clothing towns was Sir William Savile, of Thornhill.
This baronet was a son of Sir George Savile, by Anne, daughter of Sir
William Wentworth, of Woodhouse, and was therefore a nephew of
the Earl of Stafford. He was a hot-tempered man, quick to censure
and find fault, and with no idea of showing respect or deference to the
orders of his superiors. Sir William collected a body of foot from his
estates along the banks of the Calder, and, with some troops of horse,
advanced into the West Riding. Leeds and Wakefield submitted
without a struggle, and he then prepared to reduce the intractable
people of Bradford to submission.

Fairfax's first victory. 75
Bradford is in a deep funnel-shaped hollow, surrounded by hills,
and three streams unite in the bottom, which form Bradford beck,
flowing into the River Aire at Shipley. In those days the town
consisted of three streets and a few lanes. Approaching from the
east the road descended the hill, leaving Bowling Hall on the left, and
entered the town at Goodman's End, running east and west. The
market-place separated them, whence Kirkgate ran north-east to the
fine old parish church, with its great solid square tower, 90 feet high.
A street, called afterwards Dead-lane from the heaps of slain,
connected Goodman's End with Kirkgate near the church, and Barker
End was directly in rear of Dead-lane. The people, both of Bradford
and the surrounding villages, were thriving clothworkers and red-hot
Puritans. Their ministers were earnest men who preached and
prayed in season and out of season. Pious Mr. Wales, of Pudsey,
would hold forth for three hours at a stretch, with only the respite of a
short hymn at the end of the second hour, yet the serious people of
Bradford often walked out on a Sunday to sit under him. But if they
could pray, the Cavaliers soon found out they could fight too. The
position of the town rendered it almost indefensible, all aid from Lord
Fairfax was cut off, and their best men with arms and ammunition were
away at Selby. Yet the stout God-fearing Bradfordians resolved to
defend their homes to the last.
Sir William Savile threatened fire and sword if they did not
submit, and contribute largely to the maintenance of the Popish army ;
and only about ten days after the fight at Tadcaster a body of 700
Royalisis pitched their tents at Undercliff, on the common south of
Bradford. Next day they advanced closer, and began firing their
cannon into the town. Then one of the guns burst, and a tremendous
snowstorn came on, which obliged the assailants to return to Leeds.
But the respite was only for a day or two. On Sunday, December 18th,
Sir William Savile appeared in person on the hills to the eastward with
five troops of horse, six of dragoons, and 200 foot. They advanced
with colours flying in the air and sounds of warlike music — "a
tremendous sight, enough to make the stoutest heart tremble," says
terrified Mr. Lister, who was an eye-witness. But there were stout
hearts assembled in the parish church on that Sabbath morning, and a
resolution was taken to defend it to the last. They would have
enough to do ! The Royalist forces advanced to Barker End, about
300 paces from the church, on higher ground, and there raised a battery
and opened fire, while their musketeers occupied some houses near.
The Bradfordians stationed their surest marksmen in the steeple,
which they strengthened by hanging woolpacks round it, and disposed
the rest of the men in the best way they could to defend the
approaches ; whilst messengers were sent in all directions to Halifax
and the villages in Airedale to beg for assistance. These messengers
arrived while the people were in church during morning service, and
in many places the ministers stirred up their congregations from the

76

OLD YORKSHIRE.

pulpit to hurry at once to the rescue. One came to Coalley Chapel, by
Halifax, where the minister exhorted his flock to such good purpose
that bold Captain John Hodgson and many more at once put their
hands to the plough. Hodgson, with a well-armed body of Halifax
men, arrived just as the Royalists were on the point of assaulting
Bradford Church. He attacked them with great fury, drove them out
of the houses in Dead-lane, and forced them to retreat to their battery.
Sir William Savile and his officers were astonished. They had expected
almost immediate submission from the townspeople, and instead of that
their own disciplined troops were thrown into confusion. Hodgson
gave 'them no time to recover from their surprise. He led the
men of Bradford and Halifax on, and they rushed into the ranks of the
enemy, fighting without any order, but resolutely and hand to hand.
The hottest work was in the lane leading from Kirkgate to Goodman's
End, since called Dead-lane. Late in the afternoon the Royalists drew
off and ignominiously retreated to Leeds, followed for some distance by
the hitherto despised clothworkers. Sir William Savile himself, it was
said, could not keep his horse from running away with him before the
action was over. The Royalists had had a lesson. Captain Hodgson
and his gallant companions spent the night on guard, talking .over the
exploits of that memorable Sabbath Day, and blessing God for His
deliverance. When the news of the extreme peril of Bradford reached
Selby, Sir Thomas Fairfax could no longer restrain his impatience to
cast in his lot with its valiant defenders. With his father's sanction,
he started one night towards the end of December with 300 foot and
three troops of horse, passed through the Royalist lines, and reached
Bradford next day — " a town very untenable," says Sir Thomas, " but
for their good affection to us deserving all we could hazard for them."
The news that " the Rider of the White Horse," as Sir Thomas was
called, had come to command the well-affected in the west spread like
wildfire from village to village, up the vales of the Aire and Wharfe,
and round ov/r the hills to Halifax and Dewsbury. Men, armed with
clubs and scythes fastened to poles, came crowding into Bradford ; and
valiant Captain Hodgson, who was on the point of going home again
to Halifax, changed his mind, and resolved to serve permanently under
the banner of fiery young Tom. Yet the cause of the Parliament was
almost desperate in Yorkshire, and it was due entirely to that peculiarly
English trait of the Fairfaxes — their utter inability to understand when
they were beaten — that it was kept above water at all. Lord Fairfax
was shut up in Selby, without money or means of obtaining supplies ;
his raw levies were undrilled and without experienced officers ; and
Newcastle, with a vastly superior disciplined army, was master of the
open country. It is true that the committee of both houses for the
safety of the kingdom, which sat permanently at Derby House, and was
in fact the executive of the Parliament, strained every nerve to assist
their loyal member for Yorkshire. They used all means to supply his
lordship with arms, and voted £20,000 for his troops; but the arrival

77
of this aid must be a work of time, and every day was of consequence.
The great point now was to enable young Tom to strike some effectual
blow in the west, and for this service a supply of experienced officers to
drill and lead the clubmen was the most urgent need.
Now was the time for all true Yorkshiremen to rally round their
knight of the shire in his great strait ; and one of the first who arrived
at Selby was the bold nephew of Steeton, who had been doin'g good
service in the south. He it was who supported his cousin Tom in
forcing the petition into the King's hand on Heyworth Moor. He had
from early youth been engaged in military expeditions, serving in the
navy apparently at RocheUe and elsewhere, and it was not until 1611
that he had settled down at Steeton with his wife, and was placed in
the Commission of the Peace for the West Riding. He was a thorough
.soldier, with a strong will and clear understanding ; brave as a lion.
He was cast in a stronger and harder mould than his cousin of Nun
Appleton, whose melancholy, though excitable, temperament was a
contrast to the plain sense and coolness of the Steeton knight. Sir
William was a host in himself, but other good men and true joined
Lord Fairfax in his sore need. The chief, of these were Sir Thomas
Norcliffe, Sir Henry Foulis, Captain JVlildmay, and Sergeant-Major
Forbes. Lord Fairfax at once determined to send these officers to
command the clubmen, who were hurrying to the banner of his son at
Bradford, where the services of experienced captains were urgently
needed. They rode over to Bradford one night early in January with
an escort of horse and Dragoons.
Sir Thomas Fairfax now had a respectable force and some excellent
officers at Bradford ; and his opponent, Sir William Savile, was at Leeds
with 1,500 foot and 500 horse. There were daily skirmishes between
the Parliamentary and Royalist horse, while Sir Thomas recruited his
forces from the well-affected villages, especially from Bingley, Shipley,
and Mirfield. A supply of arms had arrived under escort from Selby ;
and at last he felt strong enough to attack Savile in his quarters at
Leeds. His plan was to divide his force into two divisions, and
advancing down both the banks of the river Aire, to assault the town
on two sides at once. He had six troops of horse and three of
dragooners under the command of Sir Henry Foulis, and 2,000 club
men and 1,000 musketeers under the -veteran Sir William Fairfax.
On Monday, January 23rd, 1643, Sir Thomas led his little army
into the valley of the Aire. A company of dragoons, under Captain
Mildmay, with about thirty musketeers and 1,000 clubmen, marched
down the valley on the right bank of the river, and formed on Hunslet
Moor, which overlooks Leeds from the south, and which is about half
a mile from the town. A bridge over the Aire, near the ruins of
Kirkstall Abbey, had been broken down ; so Sir Thomas Fairfax, with
the main body, crossed the river higher up at Apperley Bridge, and
advanced to Woodhouse Moor, about a mile north-west of Leeds. He
then sent a trumpeter to Sir William Savile demanding the surrender

78

OLD YORKSHIRE.

of the town, to which a defiant answer was returned. A snowstorm,
with a chilling wind, burst over the Moor, and Sir Thomas, leadmg his
men down the hill to the water-side, commenced the assault. His
watchword for that day was " Emanuel."
In those days Leeds consisted of a long, broad street called
Brig-gate, leading from the stone bridge across the Aire up an easy
ascent on the north side, with a few lanes at right angles. On the
bridge the cloth market was held every Tuesday and Saturday, the
cloth being laid on the battlements of the bridge and on benches below.
and on these market days the clothiers could buy a pot of ale, a noggin
of porridge, and a trencher of roast meat for twopence. A greece, or
flight of steps built of stone from Kirkstall Abbey in 1583, led down to
the water-side. The first turn to the left after crossing the bridge was
between .

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Swinegate,
which lane and the
river were the tenters,
where cloth was
stretched. The first
to the right was a
footpath known as the
Calls, leading through
orchards and gardens
to the Parish Church.
Proceeding up Brig-
gate there was a street
on the left, called Boar
Lane, containing
several gentlemen's
houses, amongstwhich
was one belonging to
Sir William Lowther,
and another the resi
dence of Mr. Arthing-
ton, of Arthington,
Sir Thomas Fairfax's
brother-in-law. At the
end of Boar Lane
nearest to Briggate

was the old-fashioned house with a quadrangular court belonging to
Mr. John Harrison, a great benefactor of Leeds, who had holes cut in
the doors and ceilings for the free passage of cats, for which animal he
had a great affection. About two-thirds of the distance up Briggate
the turn to the right is Kirkgate, which leads down to the Parish
Church. Kirkgate is classic ground, for here dwelt Edward Fairfax,
the poet, before he removed to Fewston, in Knaresborough Forest ; and
here too, was the house of John Thoresby, who was fighting under the
banner of Sir Thomas Fairfax — the seventeenth house on the left-hand

Fairfax's first victory. 79
side going from Briggate to Vicar Lane. In this house his son Ralph,
the great antiquary, was born in 1658. Farther on was the Vicarago ;
and at the end of Kirkgate, quite at the east end of the town, was the
Parish Church, a fine stone building in the form of a cross, with a
central tower 97 feet high. The Moot Hall stood in the centre of
Briggate; and beyond it, on the highest part of the town, a street called
' the Head Row ran at right angles. To the left of Briggate it was
called Upperhead Row, and ended in Lydgate, opening on the high road
up the Aire valley. Here was an old-fashioned house, built of brick,
by Alderman Metcalf, called Red Hall, in which Charles I. lodged for a
night when in the hands of the Scots. In Netherhead Row, on the
right of Briggate, at a corner where Vicar Lane connects it with Kirk
gate, was Rockley Hall, a very curious old timber house, with floors of
massive oaken beams instead of boards. One of the Rockleys married
a daughter of that Sir William Fairfax, who took his bride from Nun
Appleton, and was Sir William's executor. About this time the cloth
trade of Leeds had become so flourishing, and the population had
increased so rapidly, that the sittings in the Parish Church were quite
insufficient for the congregation. A few years before Mr. John
Harrison, the wealthy citizen who was so fond of cats, had therefore
erected a new church, dedicated to St. John, at the upper end of
Briggate, with a square tower ; and had also built a continuation of
Briggate leading to the church, called New Street. St. John's was
consecrated in 1634. Henry Robinson, Mr. Harrison's nephew, a son
of his sister Grace, became Vicar of Leeds in 1632, and erected the
steps and gateway leading to his uncle's new church. He was a strong
Royalist partisan and friend of Sir William Savile. South of the bridge
two roads, called Meadow Lane and Hunslet Lane, led through pleasant
gardens and orchards, over Hunslet Moor to Wakefield.
Such was the Leeds when Sir Thomas Fairfax came to dispute its
possession with the Royalists. Sir William Savile had taken some
pains to make the place defensible. He dug a trench about six feet
deep and wide, with a breastwork for musketeers from Mr. Harrison's
new church, across Upperhead Row, Boar Lane, and Swinegate, to the
water-side, with a second intrenchment at the tenters, between Swine
gate and the river. Two sconces or breastworks were raised near the
north end of the bridge to defend the approach to Briggate, and there
was also a sconce at the head of Hunslet Lane. Sir William Savile had
two demi-culverins, carrying nine pound shot, which at the beginning of
the action were placed so as to sweep the Briggate.
Sir Thomas Fairfax ordered five companies of foot, with a company
of dismounted dragooners, under the command of Sergeant-Major
Forbes, to march down to the water-side and assault the trench near the
head of the bridge. Captain Hodgson, the hero of Bradford, served
under Forbes. A heavy fire was opened upon this party from the
lower breastwork at -the bridge, but the firing was high, and did little
harm. Sir William Fairfax and Sir Thomas Norcliffe led another party

80

OLD YORKSHIRE.

to assault the trench near the new church at the end of Lydgate.
Meanwhile Maitland, on the south side of the river, brought his men
down Hunslet Lane, drove the enemy from their position at the south
end of the bridge, and opened fire on the lower sconce at the north end.
This commencement of the action took place at two o'clock. On the
approach of Maitland from the south, Sir William Savile ordered one of
the demi-culverins. to be brought down out of Briggate, and planting it
on the bridge, opened fire on the assailants. Some dismounted
dragooners on the south side then ran down a lane to the water, and
opened such a galling fire on the lower sconce that the Royalists
abandoned it. This was not perceived by the assailants on the other
side, who were close under the work, until their comrades gave a shout
to apprise them. Then they pressed forward. Sergeant-Major Forbes,
climbing up the wall by the help of Lieutenant Horsfall's shoulder, was
the first to enter the abandoned work. Horsfall and the rest followed,
and among the first was a pious minister from Halifax named Schofield,
who immediately proceeded to praise God by singing the first verse of
Psalm 68, " Let God arise, and then His enemies shall be scattered, and
those that hate Him shall flee before Him." As the verse was con
cluded another ringing cheer from the south side informed them that
the upper sconce had also been abandoned by the enemy. Forbes dashed
forward, followed by his men and the pious minister, and another verse
was sung. They then proceeded forward up Briggate, captured the
other demi-culverin, and met Sir William Fairfax, who had stormed the
trench by Mr. Metcalf's, Red Hall. Sir Thomas Fairfax was every
where encouraging and teaching valour by his own example. This was
about four in the afternoon. The day was won. Sir W. Savile, Mr.
Robinson, the Royalist vicar, and Captain Beaumont mounted their
horses and fled for dear life. Sir William and the vicar swam the river,
but Captain Beaumont was drowned. Sir Thomas Fairfax took 460
prisoners, who were discharged on promising not to serve against the
Parliament, besides two demi-culverins, fourteen barrels of gunpowder,
and many muskets. Sir Thomas lost about twenty men. The result of
this, the first of Sir Thomas Fairfax's victories, was that Wakefield
was hastily abandoned by the Royalists, and that Newcastle with his
entire force returned to York, leaving the whole country open between
Selby and the west. Howley Hall, the magnificent seat of Lord
Savile, between Wakefield and Bradford, was garrisoned by Sir John
Savile of Lupset. During the arduous service Sir Thomas Fairfax had
been suffering from ill-health, and towards the end of January he
returned, with the younger Hotham, whom he already half -suspected of
treason, to his father's headquarters in Selby.
Leeds. The late F. Blackett.

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YORKSHIRE BURIAL GROUNDS.

YORKSHIRE DEAD IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

HE following particulars, respecting the privileged Yorkshire
men and Yorkshire women who have found a resting
place in Westminster Abbey will be interesting to readers
of "Old Yorkshire." The list is compiled chiefly from the
late Colonel Chester's "Westminster Abbey Registers,"
to which reference may be made for additional particulars.
For interesting information concerning the Abbey and
its monuments, we would refer our readers to the late
Dean Stanley's " Memorials of Westminster Abbey," a most
valuable work.
1596, April 30th— Bight Hon. Sir John Puckering, Knt., an eminent lawyer,
Speaker of the House of Commons, and Keeper of the Privy Seal. From the
Bodleian MSS. we learn that " Sir John Puckering, Lord Keeper of the Greate
Seale, was borne of obscure parentage in the town of Flamborough, in York
shire, and is entombed at Westminster." His epitaph is in Latin, which may
be thus rendered:— "John Puckering, Knt., illustrious for jurisprudence,
piety, counsel, and many other virtues, by the most serene Elizabeth, Queen
of England, in the Privy Council, was charged with the care of the great
Seal of England. When he had given judgment for four years with singular
fidelity and equity, he quietly fell asleep in the Lord. He is placed here."
He lived 52 years, and died 30th of April, 1596. His father, Bobert Puckering,
held by concession of the Prior of Bridlington, the chapel of Bempton.
1645, Jan 9th— Sir Bobert Anstruther, who possessed Wheatley, near
Doncaster, in the reigns of James I. and Charles L, by his marriage with
Mary (or Catherine), one of the daughters of Sir Bobert Swift, of Botherham,
and sister to Barnham Swift, Lord Carlingford. The marriage was solemnised
at Doncaster, April 22nd, 1617, and several of their children were baptised
1645, Feb 26th— Mrs. Trace Scot, eldest daughter of Sir Thos. Mauleverer,
first Bart, of Allerton-Mauleverer, co. York, by his 2nd wife, Mary, daur. of
Sir Thos. Wilbraham, Knt. According to the inscription on her monument,
she was born in 1622, and married in 1644 to Col. Thomas Scot, M.P. Both
F

82 OLD YORKSHIRE.
her husband and father were among the judges of King Charles I. ; the
former died in 1655, and the latter was executed at Charing Cross, Oct. 17th,
1660.
1653, June 24th— Colonel Richard Deane, the well-known Parliamentary
General-at-Sea, and eldest son of Edward, son of William Deane, a dyer in
Swinegate, Leeds.
1655, June 21st — Sir William Constable, son and heir of Sir Robert Constable,
of Flamborough, co. York, Knt., by Anne, daughter and heiress of John
Hussey, of Driffield. He was knighted by the Earl of Essex, in Ireland, in
1599, and created Bart. June 22nd, 1611. He had been a Colonel of a
Regiment of Foot, and some time Governor of Gloucester, and was one of the
signers of the death-warrant of King Charles I.
1659, May 24th — The Lady Ratcliffe (or Badcliffe), eldest daughter of Sir
Francis Trappes, of Harrogate and Nidd, co. York, Knt., and married at the
church of St. Anne and St. Agnes, London, Feb. 21st, 1621-2, to Sir Geo.
Radcliffe,of Overthorpe, in Thornhill, co. York, Knt, who died apolitical
exile May 25th, 1657, and was buried at Flushing. She died May 13th, 1659,
in her 58th year.
1662, March 25th — Dr. Ferne, Bishop of Chester, who was the 8th son of Sir
Jno. Ferne, Secretary of the Northern Council at York. He was collated
Archdeacon of Leicester Oct. 16th, 1641 ; admitted Master of Trinity
College, Camb., Aug. 3rd, 1660 ; installed Dean of Ely, March 12th, 1660-1 ;
and consecrated Bishop of Chester in Feb., 1661-2. In his will, dated 1659,
he is styled "Professor of Divinity, now dwelling at Sandbeck, co. York."
1662, Oct. 13th. — Richmond Weelkes. There was a family of this name in
Yorkshire. Stephen Weelks, of Fountains Park, gent., was buried in Eipon
Cathedral in 1667. He was descended from a family at Sawley, in that
county.
1669, July 15th — Sir Eobert Stapleton, younger son of Richard Stapylton, of
Carlton, co. York, Esq., by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry Pierrepont,
Knt. He was educated at Douay, but returned to England and became a
Protestant, and was a dramatic poet of some note. He was knighted by
King Charles I., at Nottingham, Sept. 13th, 1642, and was with him at the
Battle of Edgehill. He was also one of the Gentlemen Ushers of Privy
Chamber to King Charles II., both when Prince of Wales and after his
Bestoration.
1672, Feb. 17th— Sir Thos. Ingram, son of Sir Arthur Ingram, of Temple-
Newsam, near Leeds, by his second wife, Alice Ferrers. He suffered greatly
for his loyalty, and after the Restoration was made Chancellor of the Duchy
of Lancaster and one of the Privy Council. He died Feb. 13th. His will, as
Sir Thomas Ingram, Knt., of Isleworth, Midx., was dated the 9th, and
proved the 27th, of the same month.
1675, July 25th— Sir Bichard Mauleverer, 2nd Bart., and son of Sir Thos.
Mauleverer, 1st Bart., of Allerton-Mauleverer, co. York (one of the
Regicides), who died about June, 1655. He was admitted to Gray's Inn
July 12th, 1641, and became a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in
1660, &c.
1676, July 18th — Sir Wm. Sanderson, younger son of Sir Nicholas Sanderson,
first Viscount Castleton, of Sandbeck, co. York, &c. Having suffered greatly
for his loyalty, he was knighted by King Charles II., and appointed
Gentleman-in-Ordinary of the Privy Chamber in 1 660. He wrote the histories
of Mary Queen of Scots and Kings James I. and Charles I. He died July
15th, aged about 90.
1680, March 27th— Lady Frances Ingram, the youngest daughter of Sir Thos.
Belasysse, 2nd Bart, and 1st Viscount Fauconberg, by Barbara, daughter of
Sir Henry Cholmely, of Whitby and Roxby, co. York, Knt.
1682, March 23rd— Lady Katherine Howard, third daughter of Charles, first
Earl of Carlisle, by Anne, daughter of Edward, first Lord Howard of Escrick

YORKSHIRE DEAD IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 83
She was born July 29th, and baptised at St. James's, Clerkenwell, Middlesex,
August 6th, 1662, and died unmarried.
1683-4, February 20th — Right Hon. Mary, Countess of Soarsdale, second and
youngest daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Lewys, of Ledstone, Yorkshire,
Bart., by Sarah, third daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thos. Foot, Knt., Lord
Mayor of London in 1649 ; and wife of Robt. Leke, third Earl of Scarsdale.
1684, October 11th — Hon. Frederick C Howard, second son of Charles, first
Earl of Carlisle, by Anne, daughter of Edward, first Lord Howard of Eaorick.
He was born at Copenhagen, November 5th, 1664, and was slain at the siege
of Luxemburg. He died unmarried.
1687, June 7th— Geo. Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, born January 30th,
1627-8, and a few months later succeeded as second Duke. He died at a tenant's
house in Kirbymoorside, co. York, April 16th, 1687, and was buried the next
day in the parish church there, his remains being subsequently removed to the
Abbey.
1687, August 13th — Sir Thos. Malleverer, 3rd Bart., of Allerton-Mauleverer,
son of Sir Richard Mauleverer, seconed Baronet, by Anne, daughter of Sir
Robt. Clerke, Knt , and born in 1643. He married Catherine, daughter and
heiress of Sir Miles Stapleton, Knt., who survived him ancl re- married Mr.
John Hepton.
1688, October 10th- (Mrs.) Jane Lister, daughter of Sir Martin Lister, the
eminent physician and naturalist, of York, by his first wife Hannah (or Anna),
daughter of Thos. Parkinson, of Carlton-in- Craven, co. York.
1689, January 11th— John Darcv, Esq., eldest son of Conyers, Lord Darcy and
Conyers (who succeeded, in June following, as second Earl of Hoiderness), by
his second wife, Lady Frances Howard, daughter of Thomas, first Earl of
Berkshire. He was baptised at Hornby, co. York, November 5th, 1659. He
married Bridget, daughter of Robt. Sutton, first Lord Lexington, and their son
Robert succeeded as third Earl of Hoiderness.
1689, May 11th — Sir Richard Maleverbr, younger son of Sir Richard
Mauleverer, second Bart, of Allerton-Mauleverer, co. York, by Anne, daughter
of Sir Robt. Clerke, Knt. He succeeded his brother Sir Thomas as fourth
Bart. He married Barbara, daughter of Sir Thos. Slingsby, second Bart, of
Scriven, who survived him, and re-married, first, John, second Lord Arundel ;
and, secondly, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke, and fifth Earl of Mont
gomery.
1693, Jan. 29th — Lady Catherine Morley, second daughter of Francis, first
Earl of Scarsdale, by Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Cary, of Aldenham and
Birkhamstead, Herts, Knight, and wife of Cuthbert Morley, of Normanby,
co. York, Esq.
1694, May 28th — Right Hon. Lord Falkland, Anthony Cary, son of Henry,
third Viscount Falkland, of Scutterskelfe, Yorkshire, was born at Farley
Castle, February 15tb, 1656, and succeeded, as fourth Viscount Falkland,
April 9th, 1663. He was a paymaster of the navy in the reign of King James
II., and a member of the Privy Council to King William III. He married
Rebecca, daughter of Sir Rowland Lytton, of Knebworth, Herts, Knight.
1695, April 11th— Bight Hon. the Marquis of Halifax, Sir George Savile,
fourth Baronet of Thomhill, co. York, eldest son of Sir William Savile, third
Baronet, by Anne, daughter of Thomas, Lord Coventry (Lord Keeper). He
was born November 11th, 1633, and, on account of his own and his father's
eminent services during the Civil War, he was created, January 13th, 1667-8,
Baron Savile, of Eland, co. York, and Viscount Halifax ; Earl of Halifax,
July 16th, 1679 ; and Marquis of Halifax, August 17th, 1682. He was a
distinguished statesman of his day, and had been Lord Keeper of the Privy
Seal in three reigns, and Lord President of the Council.
1696, July 20th — Lady Dorothy Bellasis, daughter of Tobias Jenkins, of Grim-
ston, co. York, Esq. She married first, Robert Benson, of Wrenthorpe, in the
same county, Esq., by whom she was mother of Robert, Lord Bingley, (see

84 ' OLD YORKSHIRE.
his burial, April 14th, 1731.) She married secondly, Sir Henry Belasyse, (see
his burial, 21st December, 1717,) to whom she was first wife.
1698, April 17th — Frances Gower, only daughter of Sir Thomas Gower, second
Baronet of Stittenham, co. York, by his second wife, Frances, daughter and
co-heiress . of Sir John Leveson, of Haling, co. Kent, and of Lilleshall, co.
Salop, Knight. She died unmarried. Her will, as of Trentham, co. Stafford,
dated October 15th, 1697, was proved May 26th, 1698, by her nephew, Sir
John Leveson Gower, fifth Baronet, afterwards Baron Gower, and ancestor of
the present Duke of Sutherland .
1698, June 5th — Lady Arabella Macarty, formerly Wentworth, youngest
daughter of the unfortunate Thomas, first Earl of Strafford, by his second wife,
Lady Arabella Holies, daughter of John, Earl of Clare. She married Justin
M'Carty, third son of Donogh, first Earl of Clancarty, who died before her,
leaving no issue.
1704, October 30th — Mary, Duchess of Buckingham, relict of Geo. Villiers,
second Duke of Buckingham, in the Duke of Buckingham's vault, on the north
side of King Henry VTI.'s monument. Her coffin-plate (exposed in 1S67)
describes her as ' ' daughter and sole heir to the Right Hon. Thomas, Lord
Fairfax, Baron of Cameron, in the kingdom of Scotland, by Ann, his wife,
fourth daughter of- one of the co-heirs of the Right Hon. Horatio, Lord Vere
of Tilbury," and states that she died 20th October, 1704, in her sixty-seventh
year. Her father was third Lord Fairfax, the celebrated Parliamentarian
General, and she was his eldest and only surviving daughter, her only sister
having died in her infancy. She was born July 30th, and baptised August 1st,
1638, at St. Mary's, Bishophill, in the city of York, and married at Bolton
Percy, co. York, September 15th, 1657, George Villiers, second Duke of
Buckingham. She died without issue.
1707, December 22nd— Sir Cloudesley Shovell, Knt., Her Majesty's Vice-
Admiral, &c. The doubts about the parentage and place of birth of Sir
Cloudesley Shovell have not yet been set at rest. He is usually said to have
been born in the co. of Norfolk, in or about the year 1650, and a modern
writer positively names his birthplace as Eley, in that co., and states that he
was brought up in the trade of a shoemaker (Gust's Warriors of the Seventeenth
Century). On the other hand, Abraham de la Pryme, in his contemporaneous
diary (Surtees Society, 1869, p. 169), as positively asserts that he was "a poor
lad, born in Yorkshire, who was first ostler at an inn at Retford ; after that,
being weary of his place, he went to Stockwith in Lincolnshire, where he
turned tarpaulin, and from thence, getting acquainted with the sea, he grew
up to what he now is." The minuteness of this description, and the manner
in which he is traced from place to place, gives this statement an air of
accuracy. It is probably safe to assume that his origin was humble. His
career and the circumstances of his death are matters of history. His
monument says that he was shipwrecked on the Scilly rocks, October 22ud,
1707, in his 57th year. He appears to have been knighted on board his ship
in Bantry Bay, May 1st, 1689.
1708, Sept. 11th. — The Hon. Elizabeth Lady Stanhope, in General Monk's
vault, on the north side of King Henry VII. 's Chapel. She was formerly
Lady Elizabeth Savile, only daughter of George, first Marquis of Halifax (see
his burial, 11th April, 1695), by his second wife, Gertrude, daughter of Wm.
Pierrepont, Esq. She was born August 28th, and baptised at St. Martin-in-
the Fields, Middlesex, 4th September, 1675. She married (24th February,
1691-2) Philip Stanhope, who succeeded his father, 28th January, 1713-14, as
third Earl of Chesterfield, and died 27th January, 1725-6. Her eldest son
succeeded as fourth Earl of Chesterfield.
1713, March 27th.- Sir Richard Maleverbr, Bart., in the North Cross of the
Abbey. Fifth and last Baronet of Allerton Mauleverer, county York ; only
son of Sir Richard Mauleverer, fourth Baronet (see his burial, 11th May,
1689), by Barbara, daughter of Sir Thomas Slingsby, second Baronet of Scriven,

YORKSHIRE DEAD IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 85
Knaresborough, who remarried, first, John, second Lord Arundel ; and
secondly, Thomas, eighth Earl of Pembroke and fifth Earl of Montgomery.
He was born on the 18th, and baptised at St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Middlesex,
^5th March, 1689, and died unmarried. Le Neve, in one of his MSS., says
that he died of the smallpox, at the Earl of Pembroke's house.
1715, March 8th. — John Lister, in the south aisle. Only son of John Lister, of
Linton, county York, Esquire, by Jane, daughter and heir of Christopher Con
stable, of Great Hatfield, in the same county. His age, according to the
funeral book, was 79. His will, dated 29th June, 1714, was proved 26th
April, 1715, by his nephew, Thomas Southby, of Birdsall, co. York, to whom
he left his entire estate, and who was his sister's son.
1716, Oct. 31st. — Rev. John Ratoliff, or Radoliffe, minor canon of this church,
in the east cloister, brother of William Radeliffe, of Mill Bridge, Huddersfield,
co. Y ork, gentleman. He was of St. John's College, Cambridge, B.A. 1691,
and M A. 1695, and shortly after became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal,
and Confessor to the Royal Household. He married at the Temple Church,
London, 5th March, 1694-5, Ann Morse, who appears to have died before
him. He died 29th October, aged about 47, and his will, dated six days
before, was proved 6th November following, in the Court of the Dean and
Chapter, by his eldest daughter Ann, who was baptised at St. Margaret's,
Westminster, 27th December, 1695. He left also a son William, and a
daughter Mary.
1717, July 22nd, — Mrs. Elizabeth Tyrbman, in the east cloister, daughter of
George Kighley, of the city of York, and relict of Samuel Tyreman, of the
same city, gentleman. The funeral book gives her age as 35 years, 2 months,
and one day. Her will, as of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, Middlesex, dated 22nd
Sept., 1712, then a widow, was proved 27th July, 1717, by her servant, Mary
Agar, spinster, her residuary legatee. She mentioned her father as then dead,
and bequeathed an annuity of £20 to her sister Anna, wife of Thomas Wil
liamson. She directed to be buried in the Abbey, near her sister Jane
Kighley. (See her burial, 6th Oct., 1707.)
1717, December 21st.— The Hon. Sir Henry Bellasvse, son of Sir Richard
Belasyse, of York, by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir Wm. Lambton,
of Lambton, co. Durham, Knight. He was of Brancepeth Castle, co. Durham,
and, according to his monument, was made Lieut. -General of His Majesty 's forces
in Flanders in 1695, and was some time Governor of Galway, and afterwards
of Berwick-upon-Tweed. He was also M.P. for the city of Durham in several
Parliaments. He died 16th December, in his 70th year.
1721, April 17th. — The Right Hon. Richard, Lord Viscount Irwin, in the vault
at the east end of King Henry YIl.'s Chapel. This Richard Ingram, of
Templenewsam, near Leeds, was the second son of Arthur, third Viscount of
Irvine, by Isabel, eldest daughter of John Machel, of Hills, county Sussex,
MP. for Horsham. He succeeded his elder brother as fifth Viscount, 18th
May, 1714. He had been Governor of Hull and a Colonel in the Guards, and
had been recently appointed Governor of Barbadoes. He was about sailing
thither, when he was taken ill with the smallpox and died, 10th April, in his
34th year. He married Lady Anne Howard, third daughter of Charles, third
Earl of Carlisle, but left no issue, and she remarried, in 1737, Colonel James
Douglas.
1721, September 11th. — Mrs. Susanna Barnard, in the North Cloister. The
funeral book says that she died the same day, in her 52nd year, and her monu
ment, erected by her cousin, Mrs. Arabella Thompson, says in her 53rd year,
and that she was one of the daughters of Sir Edward Barnard, of Beverley,
co. York, Knt. Her father was knighted 6th December, 1669, then of North
Dalton, in this county. Her will, dated 7th September, 1721, mentions
numerous relations, and was proved 31st October following by her sisters,
Mary and Elizabeth.

OO OLD YORKSHIRE.
1728-29, January 26th.— William Congreve, in the south aisle, the celebrated
dramatist. As is now commonly stated, he was baptised at Bardsey Church,
near Leeds, 10th February, 1669-70, as son of Mr. William Congreve, of Bard
sey Grange ; but this date does not accord with his age as stated either in the
Funeral Book or on his monument— the former being 57 (and copied from his
coffin plate), and the latter 56. If either is correct, he must have been born
in 1671 or 1672; while, if he was the child baptised at_ Bardsey, he would
have been probably quite 59 at his death, or certainly within a few days of
that age. These rather serious discrepancies, covering a period of three years,
fairly suggest the doubt whether the Bardsey baptism does not refer to an
elder brother of the same name, who may have died in infancy. Congreve's
personal history is too well known to require comment or recapitulation here.
He died 19th January, after protracted suffering, leaving small legacies to his
own relations, and the residue of his estate, which was considerable, to the
Duchess of Marlborough. See also " Leeds Worthies," p. 136 ; and "Leeds
Churches," pp. 139-142, &c.
1731, April 14th.— The Right Hon. Robert, Lord Bingley, Treasurer of the
Household, &c. ; was the son of Robert Benson, of Wrenthorpe, co. York, by
Dorothy, daughter of Tobias Jenkins, of Grimston, in the same county, who
remarried Sir Henry Belasyse (see her burial, 20th July, 1696). He -had been
M.P. for the city of York, and Commissioner, Chancellor, and Under-
Treasurer of the Exchequer, and was created Baron Bingley, of Bingley, co.
York, 21st July, 1713. He was subsequently Ambassador to the Court of
Spain. He died, according to the Funeral Book, 9th April, aged 55, and was
buried on the left side of his mother. Leaving no male issue, the title became
extinct. (See the burials of his wife, 11th March, 1757; his only legitimate
daughter, 13th April, 1771 ; and probably of his sister, or some other member
of his family, 15th February, 1698-9). His will, dated 27th June, 1729, with
a codicil 9th March, 1729-30, was proved 13th April, 1731.. After bequeathing
his house in Queen Street, Westminster, to his wife, he left £7,000 to trustees
for the use of his illegitimate daughter, Mary Johnson, then at boarding
school, who was to take the name of Benson after his death, and whom he
particularly recommended to the protection of his dear daughter Harriet.
His next bequest was to Anna Maria, wife of John Burgoyne, of Park Pros
pect, Westminster, to whom he gave £400 per annum, his house in Park
Prospect, and his house called "The Nunnery," at Cheshunt, Herts, with all
its plate, jewels, and other contents, for her separate use for life, forgiving her
husband what he owed him. The residue of his estate, except small annuities
to two or three widows, was to be invested in lands in Yorkshire, to the use
of his daughter Harriet and the heirs of her body, who was married in 1731 to
George Lane Fox, with a dowry of £100,000, and £7,000 a year. In 1762 her
husband was created Baron Bingley, of Bingley, which again became extinct
in 1772, the estateB passing to his nephew, Mr. James Lane Fox, of Bramham
Park, near Leeds.
1733, March 4th. — Dame Fleetwood Belasyse, widow of Sir Henry Belasyse ;
was the daughter of Nicholas Shuttleworth, of Forcett, co. York, and of the
city of Durham, and second wife of Sir Henry Belasyse, of Brancepeth Castle,
co. Durham (see his burial, 21st Dec, 1717), to whom married about 23rd
April, 1709. She died, according to her monument, 26th Feb., in her 56th
year.
1747, October 16th.— The Hon. Lieutenant-General Guest, in the East Cloister,
was another of the distinguished military officers of the period, whose origin
was so obscure that his biographers could safely draw upon their inventive
faculties when describing him. The common account is that he was born at
Leeds, and was afterwards an ostler at Boroughbridge, in Yorkshire. Accord
ing to his age, as given on his monument, he must have entered the army in
1685, at the age of 23, as the inscription states that he " closed a service of
60 years by faithfully defending Edinburgh Castle against the rebels in 1745,"

YORKSHIRE DEAD' IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY! 87
and that he died 14th October, 1747, aged 85. He attained the rank of
Lieutenant-General 27th May, 1745. Among the doubtful stories related of
him is one to the effect that he was offered £200,000 by the Pretender if he
would surrender Edinburgh Castle, and that he indignantly refused the prof
fered bribe, which may or may not be true. That he was a brave, gallant,
and loyal soldier, though unquestionably of very humble origin, no one can
deny.
1751, July 23rd.— Mrs. Sarah Guest, died the 17th, in the East Cloister, where
her husband lies, near General Withers's monument, was the relict of
Lieutenant-General Joshua Guest. The Funeral Book gives her age as 64, and
the journals of the day say that she died at Acton, Middlesex.
1755, October 1st. — Nathaniel Smith, of Hull, in the North Cloister. The
Funeral Book says that he died 26th September, in his 65th year, and was
buried with his brother, Mr. William Smith.
1757, March 11th. — The Right Hon. Elizabeth Lady Bingley, formerly Lady
Elizabeth Finch, eldest daughter of Heneage, first Earl of Aylesford, by
Elizabeth, daughter and co-heir of Sir John Banks, and relict of Robert, Lord
Bingley (see his burial 14th April, 1731), to whom married, at St. Giles-in-the-
Fields, Middlesex, 21st December, 1703. Her coffin-plate, exposed in 1869,
gives her age as seventy-eight, died February 26th. (See the burial of her
only daughter, 13th April, 1771.)
1771, April 13th. — The Right Hon. Harriet, Baroness Bingley, wife of the
Right Hon. George, Lord Bingley, died the 7th. She was the only daughter
and heir of Robert, Lord Bingley (see his burial 14th April, 1731), by Lady
Elizabeth, his wife (see her burial 11th March, 1757). She was baptised at St.
Margaret's, Westminster, 4th February, 1704-5, and was married, at Somerset
House Chapel, 12th July, 1731, to George Fox, who afterwards assumed the
additional surname of Lane, and was created Baron Bingley, 13th May, 1762.
She died at Bath, according to the journals of the day, aged sixty-three, but
was really in her 67th year. Her husband died 22nd February, 1773, when
the title became extinct, their only son dying in his lifetime, without issue.
1774, April 16th.— Miss Bridget Belasyse died the 6th, aged thirty-eight years ;
only child and heir of Wm. Belasyse, son and heir of Sir Henry Belasyse.
She was born 8th July, 1735, and died unmarried, at her house in Hill Street,
Berkeley Square. She bequeathed her manor and castle of Brancepeth, co.
Durham, and other estates, to her kinsman Henry Belasyse, second Earl of
Fauconberg. of Newburgh Park, Yorks, and left legacies to numerous friends,
varying from £500 to £25,000, besides £4,000 for founding an hospital at
Brancepeth.
1775, December 12th. — Right Hon. Sir Chas. Saunders, K.B., Admiral of the
Blue and Lieutenant-General of the Marine Forces ; died the 7th, aged sixty-
two ; one of Lord Anson's lieutenants, fought gallantly in the " Yarmouth"
in May and October, 1747, was M.P. for Plymouth in 1750, and for Hedon, in
Yorkshire, in 1734 ; Comptroller of the Navy, 1755 ; Rear-Admiral of the
Blue, 1756 ; and of the White, 1758 ; Vice-Admiral of the Blue, 1759, and
commanded the fleet in the expedition against Quebec in that year ; Lieu
tenant-General of the Marines, 1760 ; installed a Knight of the Bath, 26th
May, 1761 ; a Lord of the Admiralty, 1765, and First Lord, 1766. He is said
to have married, 26th September, 1751, the only daughter of James Buck, of
London, banker, but she is not named in his will, which was dated 20th
January, 1773, and proved 14th December, 1775.
1783, January 20th. — Rear-Admiral John Storr ; died the 10th, aged seventy-
four ; was the son of Joseph Storr, of Hilston, co. York (see a pedigree of the
family in Poulson's "History of Hoiderness," vol. ii., pp. 79-80), and was born,
according to his monument, 18th August, 1709. He attained a captaincy in
the Royal Navy, 1st November, 1748, and became Rear-Admiral of the
White, 19th March, 1779, and of the Red, 26th September, 1780. The
journals of the day say that he died at his house in Bedford Square. His

00 OLD YORKSHIRE.
will, dated 27th January, 1781, was proved 16th January, 1783, by his relict
Norris Storr (relict of Colonel Gordon), to whom he bequeathed all his York
shire estates, for life, and all his personalty. At her death his estates were to
go to his own relations.
1786, June 21st.— The Most Noble Hugh (Smithson) Percy, Earl and Duke of
Northumberland ; died the 6th, in his seventy-fourth year ; formerly Hugh
Smithson, son of Langdale Smithson, of Langdale, co. York, Esq. (second son
of Sir Hugh Smithson, third Baronet, of Stanwick, co. York), by Philadelphia,
daughter of Wm. Revely, of Newbywisk, co. York, Esq. He matriculated at
Oxford, from Christ Church, 15th October, 1730, aged fifteen, and succeeded
his grandfather as fourth Baronet. Having married Lady Elizabeth Seymour,
he succeeded, on the death of her father, 7th February, 1749-50, to the titles
of Baron Warkworth and Earl of Northumberland, under a special provision
in the patent of creation, and in April following assumed the surname of
Percy, in accordance with an Act of Parliament. He was created 22nd
October, 1766, Earl Percy and Duke of Northumberland, and, 28th January,
1784, Lord Lovaine, Baron of Alnwick, with special remainder as to the
latter title, to his second son Algernon Percy. His age appears to be
erroneously stated, as, according to his age at his matriculation at Oxford, he
was born in 1715, and would, therefore, have been only seventy-one at his
death.
1788, August 22.— Mrs. Ann Whitall ; died the 17th, and, was buried in the
north aisle. Her will, as Ann Whytall, of Gilmonby, co. York, spinster,
dated 23rd May, 1770, was proved 26th August, 1788, by her sister, Elizabeth
Why tell, spinster, to whom she bequeathed all her real and personal estate.
Although she signed her own name Whytall, the name in the body of the will
and in the Probate Act is Whytell, as it is also on the monument erected by
her sister, while in the Funeral Book, which quotes the coffin plate, it is
Whitall, as above.
1796, February 2. — Mrs. Sarah Movser ; died January 25th, aged seventy- six;
was the second but last surviving daughter of James Moyser, of Beverley, co.
York, by Sarah, his wife, and was baptised at St. Mary's, Beverley, 28th
January, 1720-1. The journals of the day say that he died, at Hammersmith,
Middlesex.
1795, March 18th. — Sir Wm. Chambers, died the 8th, aged seventy-four, in the
south cross, was the celebrated architect and surveyor-general of the Board of
Work, F.R.S., F.S.A., and treasurer of the Royal Academy. He is said to
have descended from an ancient Scottish family, but to have been born at
Stockholm, in Sweden, where his father was settled as a merchant. He was
educated at Ripon, Yorkshire, and was afterwards the architect of the present
Somerset House, in the Strand, &c. He was never knighted in England, but
had the rank of Knight-Bachelor, and the appellation "Sir," from having
received from the King of Sweden the Order of the Polar Star. His age, as
stated above, makes him five years older than is usually stated in the accounts
of him.
1799, October 30th. — Lady Mary Lindsay, relict of the late Sir John Lindsay,
K.B., died the 24th, aged 59, in the north cross; was the only daughter of
Sir William Milner, first bart., of Nun-Appleton, Co. York, by Elizabeth,
only surviving daughter of the Most Rev. Sir Wm. Dawes, third bart. , of
Putney, Archbishop of York. She was married 19th September, 1769, and
died without issue, according to the journals of the day, at Ham, Co. Surrey,
1805, March 6th.— William Buchan, M.D., died Feb. 25th, aged 76, in the west
cloister ; was the author of the well-known " Domestic Medicine ; or, the
Family Physician." He is said to have been a native of Ancrum, near
Jedburgh, in Scotland. He was educated at Edinburgh, and, became
Physician to the Foundling Hospital at Ackworth, in Yorkshire, and after
wards practised at Sheffield ; but eventually returned to Edinburgh, became
a Fellow of the Boyal College of Physicians, and remained there for some

YORKSHIRE DEAD IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 89
years, having married a lady named Potor. His celebrated work was first
published in 1769. He eventually removed to London, where he enjoyed a
lucrative practice. He died, according to the journals of the day, at his
son's house in Percy-street, Rathbone-place. His will, dated 30th January,
1805, was not proved until 7th August, 1800. To bis son, Dr. Alexander
Peter Buchan, he bequeathed all his literary property and MSS., and the
residue of his estate equally to him and his sister, Helen Buchan, spinster,
both of whom proved the will.
1S07, November 11th. — The Most Rev. Wm. Markham, LL.D., Archbishop of
York, died the 3rd, aged 89, in the north cloister, was the eldest son of
Major William Markham, by Elizabeth, his wife, and brother of Messrs.
Enoch and George Markham. He matriculated at Christ Church,
Oxford (from Westminster School), 6th June, 1738, as son of William Mark
ham, gent., of Kingsale, Ireland (where he is said to have been born), and
was B.A., 13th May, 1742; M.A., 28th March, 1745; B.C.L., 20th
November, 1752 ; and D.C.L., 24th November, 1752. He was Head Master
of Westminster School from 1753 until 1765 ; was installed Prebendary of
Durham, 22nd June, 1759 ; became Dean of Bochester, 20th February, 1765 ;
was installed Dean of Christ Church, 23rd October, 1767 ; consecrated
Bishop of Chester, 17th February, 1771 ; and was elected Archbishop of
York, 8th January, 1777. His eldest son, WiUiam, settled at Becca Hall,
near Aberford. Seo "Leeds Worthies," p. 245, &c.
1813, November 27th. — George Lindsay Johnstone, died the 20th, aged 46, in
the south cloister. In the Funeral Book and on his monument he is called
" M.P. for Heydon," or Hedon, Yorkshire, and the journals of the day say
that he died suddenly in a fit of apoplexy. His will, as " George Johnstone,"
of Hanover-square, Middlesex, dated I3th June, 1812, was proved 1st
February, 1814, by his sister, Sophia Johnstone, spinster.
1824, December 13th. — Alexander Peter Buchan, M.D., of Weston-street ,
Somers Town, died the 5th, aged 61, in the west cloister, was the only son
of the celebrated Dr. William Buchan (see his burial, 6th March, 1805). He
is said to have been born at Ackworth, county York, and his mother to have
been a daughter of Mr. Peter, of Edinburgh. His will, dated 3rd June, 1824,
was proved 28th January, 1825. He bequeathed £70 per annum for the
maintenance and education of his only child, Helen Anna Buchan, during her
minority, and the residue of his estate to his wife and sister, except £100,
which he gave to his cousin, Alexander Peter Buchan. In an affidavit he
was described as late of Percy-street, St. Marylebone, Doctor of Medicine.
1833, August 3rd.— William Wilberforce, M.P., died July 29th, aged 74; in
the north transept ; was the celebrated philanthrophist ; only son of Robert
Wilberforce, of Kingston-upon-Hull, county York, by Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Bird, of Barton, county Oxford, Esq., and was born at Hull, 24th
August, 1759. He first entered Parliament in 1780, as member for his native
town, and subsequently represented the county of York. He married, 30th
May, 1797, Barbara, eldest daughter of Isaac Spooner, of Elmdon Hall,
county Warwick, Esq., who survived him until 1846, and the third of their
four sons was the late Samuel, for a short period Dean of Westminster, and
afterwards Bishop successively of Oxford and Winchester. The Funeral
Book says that he died at the house of Mrs. Lucy Smith, No. 44, Cadogan-
place, Chelsea.
1849, May 15th.— General Sir Robert Thos. Wilson, Kt., of Cavendish-square ;
died the 9th, aged 72 ; in the north aisle ; was the second son of Benjamin
Wilson, F.R.S., an eminent portrait painter, of Leeds and London, who died
in 1788, by Jane his wife, and is said to have been born in Great Russell-
street, Bloomsbury. He was never knighted in Great Britain, but had the
rank of Knight-Bachelor, and the appellation "Sir," from having obtained a
Royal license to accept the Order of Maria Theresa, previous to the
regulation of 1812. He attained the rank of Major-General, 4th June, 1813,

90 OLD YORKSHIRE.
and was removed from the service in September, 1821, but was subsequently
restored, and became a General, 23rd Nov., 1841. His will, as "Robert
Thos. Wilson, General in the British Army, Colonel of the 15th King's
Hussars, and for the time being Governor of Gibraltar, Commander-in-Chief,
Knight Grand Cross, and Commander of various Orders won in the field of
battle," dated 18th July, 1847, was proved 24th May, 1849, by his brother,
Edward Lumley Wilson, Esq. ; his nephew and son-in-law, the Rev. Herbert
Randolph. &c. , who has written a biography of the above General Wilson.
1873, Dec. 27. — The Rev. James Lupton, M.A., minor Canon ; aged 74 ; in the
cloisters. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, as a servitor, 7th July,
1819, aged 19, as son of James Lupton, of the city of York; and was B.A.
1st Feb., 1823, and M.A., 20th Oct., 1825. He became Vicar of Black-
bourton, co. Oxford ; aud Rector of St. Michael's, Queenhithe, London ; and
was a Minor Canon of the Abbey and of St. Paul's. He married Anne,
daughter of Thos. Dry and Temperance, his wife, and left issue. He died
21st Dec.
1875, Feb. 6th.— Sir Wm. Sterndale Bennett, Knight, Mus. Doc, of 66,
St. John's Wood-road, aged 58 ; the eminent musical composer and organist
was the son of Robert Bennett, of Sheffield, co. York, professor of music, by
Elizabeth, daughter of James Dunn, curator of the Botanic Gardens at
Cambridge, and was born at Sheffield, 13th April, 1816. He was elected
Professor of Music at Cambridge, 4th March, 1856, and created Doctor of
Music 30th June following. He received the honorary degree of D.C. D at
Oxford in 1870, and was knighted at Windsor Castle 24th March, 1871. He
died Feb. 1st.
1875, Aug. 3rd. — Right Rev. Connop Thirlwall, D. D., late Bishop of St.
David's ; aged 78 ; was son of Rev. Thos. Thirlwall, Rector of Bowers-
Gifford. co. Essex, and born at Stepney, 11th Feb., 1797. He was of Trinity
College, Cambridge, A.B. 1818, and A.M. 1821. He was called to the Bar at
Lincoln's Inn in 1825, but withdrew from the legal profession in 1828 ; and,
having entered into holy orders, became Bector of Kirby-Underdale, co.
York. He was consecrated Bishop of St. David's 9th, Aug., 1840, and
resigned the See in 1874. His monument appropriately describes him as
" scholar, historian, theologian." He died 27th July.
1879, July. — Eight Hon. Sir John, Lord Lawrence, late Viceroy and Governor-
General of India, was born at Richmond, Yorks., March 4th, 1811, and died
June 27th, 1879. For a long and interesting account of him, with portrait,
see "Good Words" for Oct., 1879, &c
Richmond. R. V. Taylor, B.A.

YORKSHIRE CERAMICS-

THE CERAMIC ART IN YORKSHIRE.

>N a previous volume of "Old Yorkshire" a short notice was
^Iwf given of the Leeds Potteries, and we intend to supplement
ilwd *^at not'ce by further particulars of interest connected
p I ;1|) w'*h the manufacture of pottery in Leeds and other parts
MfflJ of Yorkshire. In 1760 the Leeds pot works were in
operation, the proprietors being two brothers, named
Green; but an agreement is in existence, dated Nov. 11,
1775, whereby " Joshua Green, of Middleton, gent., John
Green, of Hunslet, potter, with divers others, under the firm of
' Humble, Green and Co.', agree with Messrs. Hutchinson and Evers
to erect and maintain in repair at their mill a water-wheel, with all
necessary machinery for grinding flints." For thirteen years the wheel
was to be used exclusively by the Greens, who were to supply burnt
flints, and to pay ten shillings for every hundred pecks of well
ground and levigated flints, the workmen's wages being first deducted.
In 1783 the firm was Hartley, Greens and Company, and they had so
far advanced in their work, and were so firmly established and well
known by that year as to justify them in issuing a book of " designs "
of some of the articles they were then producing. The English title is
" Designs of Sundry Articles of Queen's, or Cream-colour'd Earthen
ware, manufactured by Hartley, Greens, and Co., at Leeds Pottery,
with a great variety of other articles ; the same Enamel'd, Printed, or
Ornamented with Gold to any Pattern; also with Coats of Arms,
Cyphers, Landscapes, etc., Leeds, 1783." The words " Leeds Pottery"
are engraved on each plate of the book. The plates, forty-four in
number, are very effectively engraved on copper, and exhibit a won
derful, and certainly exquisite, variety of designs for almost all articles

92

OLD YORKSHIRE.

in use, both plain, ornamented, perforated and basket work, including
services, vases, candlesticks, flower-stands, inkstands, baskets, spoons,
etc., etc.
In 1785, and again in 1786, fresh editions of the catalogue and
book of plates were issued, and the works at this time had been
considerably increased in size, and the wares made were exported in
large quantities to Germany, Holland, France, Spain, and Russia. The
firm continued to prosper until heavy duties were imposed upon earth
enware by foreign countries, though previously they had suffered
somewhat from the competition of the manufactory at Dresden, who
imitated the Leeds ware and sold it as such ; but it was not marked,
for the Dresden works belonging to Royalty, they could not stoop to
forgery. The ware was as fine and as good as that produced at Leeds,
and it is now largely brought from the Continent and sold in York
shire as Leeds or Wedgwood ware. Though at this time (1786) the
firm consisted of several partners, the management devolved mainly
upon John Green*, whose originality was conspicuous in his writings
as well as in his more material productions, as the following extract
from one of his letters will shew. Writing to a friend respecting the
death of one of his partners, in 1788, he says : —
"Our worthy friend Ackroyd is dead, and I doubt not but is alive again. It
was a pleasant reflection to me, being one of the pall-bearers, to think I was
bearing the cover over a dead carkess whose soul 1 had not the least doubt was in
heaven. He left this world with as great composer and confidance in his future
state as was posable for a man to do ; and I sincerely wish that you and me may
be as well prepared as frend Ad. for a future state."
In 1794 another edition of the catalogue and pattern-book was
issued. It was precisely the same in contents as the previous editions,
and contained the catalogue or list in English, French, and German.
Fresh designs appear to have been continually added, and the con
nections of the company increasing, a translation of the catalogue into
the Spanish language was, in a few years, issued. A copy of this
interesting work is in the possession of Mr. E. Hailstone, F.S.A., of
Walton Hall. Instead of 152 general articles, as enumerated in the
previous editions, 221 appear in this ; and instead of 32 in tea ware,
48 appear. In 1814 another edition was issued, in which the whole of
the plates, both those from the other copies and those newly engraved,
have the words " Leeds Pottery" engraved upon them.
In the middle of the last century an important event in connection
with the Leeds Pottery took place. This was the establishment of the
tramway from the collieries of Mr. C. Brandling, at Middleton, to the
town of Leeds. It is interesting to note that upon this line was set to
work the first locomotive commercially successful on any railway.
Mr. John Blenlrinsop, who was manager of the Middleton Collieries,
* Through the kindness of John Bhodes, Esq., J. P. , of Potternewton House,
we are enabled to present our readers with a. faithful likeness of this gentleman,
from a crayon drawing by J. Eussell, R.A.

'OEM GEIM

o^/lie JzWi .-/£>/&1u.

PRESENTED TO "OLTj Y3S.KSHIRE BY JOHN EHODES. ESQ- J. P, OP POTTEKNE-WTOW HOUSj

THE CERAMIC ART IN YORKSHIRE. 93
and of an ingenious turn of mind, suggested to Mr. Matthew Murray
the idea of constructing an engine, which was ultimately made by the
firm of Fenton, Murray, and Co,, and was the first locomotive engine
in which two cylinders were employed. The engine commenced to run
on the 12th day of August, 1812, two years before George Stephenson
started his first locomotive. The tramway passed through the Leeds
pot works, to the proprietors of which a nominal rental of £7 a year
was paid, and an advantage- in the price of coals was also allowed. In
the year 1800 the annual sales at the Leeds Pottery amounted to
£30,000 ; about £8,000 was paid in wages, and more than £2,000 for
coals, even with the advantage of reduction in price. The wares
manufactured at different periods at these interesting works consist of
the coarse brown earthenwares, made on its first establishment ; delft-
ware, produced only in small quantities, and for a short period ; hard
and highly vitrified stone ware, with a strong salt glaze ; cream-
coloured, or Queen's ware ; Egyptian black ware, white earthenware,
yellow ware, etc. The great speciality of the work was the perforated
" Queen's, or cream-coloured earthenware," specimens of which we
gave in a previous volume of " Old Yorkshire." For this ware the
works became universally famed, and successfully competed with
Wedgwood. It is this kind of ware which, among collectors, has
acquired the name of " Leeds Ware." To this it will be necessary
to direct careful attention, and to point out both the peculiarities of
pattern and of ornamentation which they exhibit.
In colour the old Leeds ware, — i.e., the cream-coloured earthen
ware—is of a particularly clear rich tint, usually rather deeper
in tone than Wedgwood's Queen's ware, and of a slightly yellowish
cast. The body is particularly fine and hard, and the glaze of
extremely good quality. This glaze was produced with arsenic,
and its use was so deleterious to the workmen, that they usually
became hopelessly crippled after four or five years' exposure to its
use. It is not now used.
The pottery at Swinton was in existence in the beginning of last
century, and from the year 1787 down to 1800 the works were carried
on by the firm of Greens, Bingley and Co. Mr. John Green, of the
Leeds Pottery, was the acting manager, and he also subsequently
founded, the " Don Pottery." Another interesting letter from John
Green, in connection with the Swinton works, is in my possession It
is addressed to "Mr. John Brameld, Swinton, near Rotherham," and is
as follows : —
" Should be glad you and Mr. Bingley will look over the partnership deeds
and if there be anything that do not meet your ideas, please point it out When
you have done this, you may send them in a small box, directed for me • thev
never was m my mind when at Swinton, or should have done the needful then
I have wntt Charles with some sponges, and .... informing him I exneei
4 cm kills per week, exclusive of china. Hope your buiskett kill turns out well
You have room now, if you will but make neat goods, and be observing to get
money ; but it will require a strict attention to keep every weelband in tfe nick "

94

OLD YORKSHIRE.

At the time of which we are writing a peculiar kind of ware was
first made at these works, and took the name of "Brown China," and
was subsequently known as the " Rockingham Ware." One special
article produced in this ware was the curious coffee pot, usually known
to collectors as the Cadogan pot (Fig 1). It has a small opening at
the bottom to admit the coffee,
but none at the top, and no lid.
From the hole in -the bottom a
tube, slightly spiral, was made
to pass up inside the vessel to
within half -an -inch of the top,
so that after filling, on the "pot"
being turned over into its proper
position for table use, the coffee
was kept in without chance of
spilling or escape. At the close
of the Rockingham Works, in
1842, the stock, etc., was sold
off and dispersed, and the
manufactory was entirely discontinued. Some of the dessert services
produced here, in the early part of the present century, are particularly
interesting. On each piece is painted some flower, as large as life, and
coloured true to nature in every particular. The name of the plant
represented is in each case pencilled at the back of the piece. The
plants represented on the two examples (Fig. 2) are respectively marked

lfig. 2.

as " Althea Frutex " and " Virgilia helioides." The painter of these
flowers was Collinson, the best flower-painter employed at the Swinton
works. Of works of art in earthenware, the Swinton Pottery produced
many vases and other objects of a high degree of excellence, both in
design, manipulation, and in decoration, and were, indeed, far in advance
of most of their competitors.
The chefd'euvre of the Rockingham Works was the truly gorgeous
dessert service made for William IV., which is now preserved with the
most scrupulous care at Buckingham Palace, and is, we are credibly
informed, justly prized by her Majesty as among her more precious
ceramic treasures.

THE CERAMIC ART IN YORKSHIRE.

95

In "biscuit," figures, busts and groups, as well as vases were
produced. Among other specimens that have come under my notice
are a Swiss boy and girl, a fine bust of Earl Fitzwilliam, Ohantrey's
sleeping child, etc. The next en
graving (Fig. 3) shows one of the
specialities of the Swinton Pottery,
a "lotus vase," from an example
in Mr. Manning's possession. It is
formed of leaves, etc., and has butter
flies, etc., raised as if resting upon
the leaves. The whole is carefully
enamelled, and altogether forms a
flower vase of surpassing beauty.
Among the artists employed at
the Rockingham works it will only
be necessary to name a few. These
were Collinson, who painted flowers ;
Llandig, who was a charming fruit
and flower painter ; Bailey, who was
the principal butterfly painter, and
who also painted landscapes and
crests ; Brentnall, who was a clever
flower painter ; Cordon, who executed
landscapes and figures; Mansfield,
who was the principal embosser and
chaser in gold ; Aston, who was
clever as a modeller of flowers ; and
Cowen, who was an artist of much
repute, and for many years enjoyed the patronage of the Fitzwilliam
family. William Eley, too, was employed as modeller, and executed
some admirable works.
The " Don Pottery," at Swinton, was established about 1790, and
considerably increased in 1800 by John Green, of Newhill. In 1834 it
passed, by purchase, to Mr. Samuel Barker, and in 1851 the firm
became Samuel Barker and Son, under which style it is still continued,
the present proprietors being Mr. Henry and Mr. Edward Barker.
Open-work baskets, tureens, etc., twig baskets, in which the " withies "
were of precisely the same form as those of Leeds and Wedgwood,
perforated dishes, plates, spoons, ladles and other articles, ice pails, salt
cellars, flower vases, cruets and stands, inkstands, seals, smelling
bottles, as well as services of all descriptions, and ornamental vases of
several designs, were made in the wares of the Don Pottery. About
1810-12 china of an excellent quality was to a very small extent,
indeed, made at the Don Pottery, and examples of this are of extreme
rarity. Two specimens of this very rare china ware, both curious and
interesting, are appended. The first is a jug, which will hold rather
more than a pint, and has a curious story attached to it. The china

Fig. 3.

96

OLD YORKSHIRE.

body of which it was made was mixed by Godfrey Speight and Ward
Booth, natives of Staffordshire. The jug was painted by Taylor Booth,
son of Ward. It is beautifully decorated with groups of flowers on
either side, and a sprig of jasmine beneath the spout. The curious part
of the story connected with this jug (Fig. 4) is, that in the body of
which it is composed, by one of those strange but
unaccountable freaks to which potters, as well as
other people are liable, are two of the fingers of a
noted malefactor, Spencer Broughton, who was
gibbeted on Attercliffe' Common at the close of the
last century. It appears that a party of the Don
and Swinton potters, returning from a carousal,
Fig i. across the common, on passing the gibbet on which
the skeleton hung, as it had done for years, threw stones at the gaunt
figure, knocking off the bones of two of the fingers. These were
picked up and carried home as trophies of the exploit, and some time
after, when trials in the manufacture of china were made, they were
brought out, calcined and mixed with some of the body. Of this body
a seal was made, " with a gibbet on it," and the jug shown in the
illustration. The jug is in my possession.
The second example, in the collection of
John Rhodes, Esq., J.P.,of Potternewton House,
is a compot (Fig. 5) of remarkably fine body and
excellent glaze, and has a plant of the tiger-lily,
exquisitely painted, of natural size, occupying the
, whole of its inside. In green-glazed ware, flower
I vases of large size, root pots, dessert and other
services; in red ware, scent jars of bold and
good design, large-sized mignonette vases, and
many other articles, and in "Egyptian black"
teapots, cream ewers, jugs, etc., were made. — ¦
The above is abridged from the "Ceramic Art
of Great Britain," by Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A.,
to whom we are indebted for the engravings
which accompany this notice.

YORKSHIRE CHURCHES.

BATLEY CHURCH.
^ATLEY, the field of Batt, or Batta, a surname which
remained long after the extinction of the Saxon language.
There was in (Bateleia) Batley a church and presbyter in
the time of "Domesday." During the temporary attainder
of the Lacies, and the equally temporary possession of
their estates by Hugh de la Val, this church was granted
to the canons of St. Oswald, of Nostel, and confirmed by
Henry I. Why this was thought necessary is uncertain, for
in the foundation charter of Robert de Lacy he grants to this
house the churches of Bateley and Huddersfield. Yet Thurstan,
Archbishop of York, overlooking the original donation, confirms to
the same house the church of Bateley. The church, in common with
the greater part of those in this county founded before the Conquest,
is dedicated to All-Hallowes or All-Saints. No vestiges remain of the
original structure, and the whole has been renewed of the argillaceous
stone of the neighbourhood about the time of Henry VI. The tower
of this church, like that of Birstal, Guiseley, and Whitchurch are all
of the same school, and are distinguished by a machicolated projecting
battlement. Why in such a time of tranquillity and in ecclesiastical
structures, such a provision should be made for annoying assailants, is
a question which can scarcely be answered but by resolving this
appearance into a caprice of fashion. It is of the usual form. The
north chapel of the choir belongs to Howley Hall ; the south to the
manor of Batley, whose lords, the Copleys, were interred within it.
The Parish Church at Batley is a fine and interesting edifice, with
a beautiful embattled tower of the same description, and formerly
appropriated to defensive purposes. There was a church or chapel at
Batley, in the Saxon times, and also a presbyter or priest, as appears
from " Domesday Book," but the date of the erection of the present
G

98

OLD YORKSHIRE.

edifice is to be assigned to the reign of Henry VI. The advowson of
the ancient church was given by Robert de Lacy to the priory at
Nostel, which was confirmed by Hugh dela Val, King Henry I. and II.,
and Pope Alexander III. In 1253, Walter Grey, Archbishop of York,
with the consent of the prior and convent of St Oswald's, ordained
that the vicar of Batley should have all the profits of the altarage of
the church, and the tithes of corn of certain places which are mentioned,
with the tithe of hay of the whole parish, and should have a competent
mansion provided for him by the said prior and the convent " in which
respect the vicar shall serve the church profitably and honestly, and shall
sustain all episcopal and archdiaconal burdens due and accustomary."
Near the little gate on the south side of the churchyard is a
gravestone, which is connected with a singular and somewhat interest
ing tradition. It exhibits the full length figure of a man with a sword
by his side, with his hands clasped upon his breast, and his head resting ,
upon a pillow. The following is the tradition in the neighbourhood
relative to this stone — that he was a schoolmaster, whose extreme
severity excited the abhorrence of his scholars, who consequently rose
upon him in a body, and killed him with his own sword.
There is another interesting relic at this church, near the doorway
at the north entrance, which also refers to a custom which formerly
prevailed, and which it is to be sincerely regretted has ever been
abolished. The old poors' box with its padlock and staple (having its
lid on the underside strengthened with an iron plate), conducts the
memory back to a period when charity and public worship were
synonymous, and when the church was seldom frequented by the more
wealthy inhabitants of the vicinity, without the deposit of some small
sum, to be expended in the maintenance of the afflicted and destitute.
A chantry was founded in this church in 1334, by Adam de Oxen-
hope, whose daughter Jane was married to Adam Copley.* Another
is named in the " Valor Ecclesiasticus," and also one at Batley Hall.
The endowment is stated by Burton. In Pope Nicholas's Taxation the
church is valued at £10, and the vicarage at £6 13s. 4d. per annum.

* In the Nomina Villarum, 9th Edw. II., 1316, Adam de Copley is returned
as Lord of Batley. This Adam founded a chantry in the south choir of Batley
Church, according to a charter in the register of Archbishop Melton (fol. 201).
And in August 1336, the same Adam presents to the chantry in the church of
Batley, founded by himself. He died, as appears by the inquisition after his
death, 11th Edward III. or 1337, seized of the manor of Batley, and of lands in
Howarth, &c. In the coucher book of Nostel (fol. 344) is a perambulation of this
parish, from which are presented the following extracts : — 1st, "The village of
(Courlwell) Churwell, with its territory, is situated within the limits of the church
of Batley. " 2nd, The boundary of the parishes of Leeds and Batley is described
to be "a certain river descending between the wood of Farnley and the wood of
(Gilders) Gildersome, as far as to the hospital of Beeston. Item, another river on
the south, descending between the wood of Middleton and Morley, as far as to the
aforesaid hospital of Beeston, is also the boundary between the aforesaid parishes."
From the account twice given of this hospital, it must have stood at the bottom
of |he hill, and on the south side of the brook, dividing Chur(ch)welJ and Beeston,

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BAT1LEX CHURCH AW© GTEtAMMAiLSCBLOOJLi,, A. ID). IB SO.

BATLEY CHURCH. 93
In the King's Books the vicarage is valued at £16 lis. 6£d., and in
the Parliamentary Survey, vol. xviii, p. 317, at £13 6s. 8d. Procurations,
7s. 6d., synodals, 4s. In the Parliamentary Survey, it is also stated
that " Morley Chapel is distant from the Church of Batley two miles.
Mr. White is pastor there, who hath no Certain maintenance, yet had
an augmentation granted him of £50 per annum, out of the Rectory of
Burton Agnes, and paid by Sir Henry Griffith, a delinquent. We
think fit that Morley Chapel be made a parish church, and the towns
or villages of Gildersome and Churwell, within the same parish, be
annexed to Morley Chapel, and united into one parish, they being much
nearer Morley than the parish church of Batley." It was augmented in
1741, with £200, to meet benefaction of waste lands, worth £200, from
the lord of the manor, &c. Inclosure Act, 41st George IIL The glebe
house is fit for residence. By custom the church rates have been paid
in the following proportions, viz., Batley, two-fifths; Morley, two-
fifths; and Gildersome and Churwell, one-fifth. On the 4th March,
1830, a faculty was granted to erect an organ in the chapel. The
Register Books commence in 1559, but they are defective, 1639-1642,
and 1645-1652. In 1553, John Clewland, priest, of St. Mary's chantry,
Bateleye, received a pension of £2 17s., after the chantry had been
suppressed. The accompanying engraving of the church and school, taken in
1830, gives a south view of the church ; the tower at the west end,
rising from the ground is square, and of three storeys, the top of
which is embattled and mounted with pinnacles, &c. The aisle and
chancel roofs are in a line, with a clerestory rising from the nave,
containing four windows of two lights each, square-headed. The
entrance is at the south-west corner, by a porch. There are then
three windows of three lights each, with buttresses between; then a
window of two lights, a small chancel door, another buttress, and then
another window of four lights, all square-headed.
The Parish Church of Batley has recently undergone restoration.
The restoration commenced in November, 1872, and the church was
re-opened on Thursday, August 21st, 1873, by the Right Rev. Bishop
Ryan, then Vicar of Bradford, who preached an eloquent sermon from the
words, " Our Father which art in Heaven." The old pews have been
taken away, and pitch-pine stalls put in their place ; the roofs in the
north and south aisles taken off, and replaced by new ones ; the plaster
removed from the pillars and arches, and the walls re-plastered ; and
Thoresby was unacquainted with this ancient foundation, of which we have never
seen any mention but the present. Wm. de Battley was prior of Bretton in 1486.
1521, Nov. 23. License to the Vicar of Batley, to marry Sir Thos. Borowe, alias
Burgh, Knt. , and Catherine Mirfield, parish of Batley. Banns once. See " Test.
Ebor"., vol. 3, &c For ancient notices of Batley, see Kirkby's "Inquest," pp.
30, 224, 225, 279, 280, 360. ¦. For a copy of the will of Wm. Copley, of Batley, &c,
proved 21st Dec.,' 1490, see "Test. Ebor"., voL 4., p. 46. For an account of the
CopleySj of Batley, see Dugdale's "Visitation of Yorkshire," 1665-6, published by
Surtee's Society, 1859, vol. 36, p. 259, &c.

100

OLD YORKSHIRE.

all the windows taken out and replaced by new ones. The cost of the
alterations was about £800. Architects, Messrs. Sheard & Hanstock,
Batley. During the restoration, the staircase leading to the rood-loft was
found, in an excellent state of preservation, in the pillar on the south
side. This has been opened and repaired ; and is well worth a visit to
such as are interested in such subjects. Another proof of the great
antiquity of the original church is now to be seen in two old Saxon
stone coffin lids, with plain crosses on them, which are now built into
the walls of the present fabric. The Right Honble. Sir John Lord
Savile, who was six times M.P. for the county, is interred in Batley
Church, with a long Latin inscription. Sir John was keeper of
the rolls for the VVest Riding, and high steward of Pontefract,
Wakefield, and Bradford. A new cemetery, comprising twelve acres
of land, was formed at Spring Gardens, in this parish, in 1865, at a
cost of £12,500, and was consecrated in November, 1866. Three or
four new churches hate recently been built in this parish.
In 1875, a new vestry was erected, and a warming apparatus
placed in the church, at the cost of £300 ; and the weekly offertory
was adopted. In 1876, a new organ was erected at a cost of £550 ;
a new handsome brass lectern presented; and surplices provided for
the choir. In 1878, four handsome brass alms dishes were presented
for the offertory, and the old Grammar School purchased for a Church
Institute. In 1880, a new vicarage-house was built, the church
repaired, and a new mission-room erected.
For a long account of Batley Church and its ancient inscriptions,
see the " Leeds Intelligencer " for June 2nd, 1866 ; and for a brief
description of this church, and also of Dewsbury, Kirklees, &c, see
" Some Interesting Yorkshire Scenes," by J. Tomlinson, 1865 ; and
also the " History of Batley," 1860. For many additional particulars
of the bells and inscriptions, with a list of the vicars, &c, see the
"Churches of Leeds, &c. ;" and for a long and different account of
Batley Church and school, with extracts from the registers, see Banks's
" Walks about Wakefield," pp. 471-481, &c.
Swaledale. R. V. Taylor, B.A,

HARTSHEAD CHURCH.

On the summit of a lofty hill, commanding some of the most
pleasing scenery in Yorkshire, stands an old grey monument of the
Christianity of our native land — St. Peter's Church, at Hartshead.
It is one of the oldest churches in the district, and there are many
associations in connection with it, which are of interest to those who
revere and observe the tenets of our Protestant faith as by law
established. St. Peter's appears to have escaped the fierce and reck-

HARTSHEAD CHURCH. 101
less attacks which were made upon the churches, when power was placed
in the hands of the puritans to hunt and destroy every object which
did not accord with their fanatical ideas on religious matters. We are
told, in the work published some time ago by the Rev. R. V. Taylor,
that Hartshead is the only existing chapelry within the parish of
Dewsbury, and that it was " in being at the time when the living of
Dewsbury was granted by the second Earl Warren to the Priory of
Lewes, that is about the year 1120." But there are strong reasons to
believe that the Church of St. Peter was in existence anterior to that
date, and proof of this is given by the construction of the tower. That
is undoubtedly the oldest part of the edifice. It is clear that no ancient
plan, either cruciform or on any other principle of architecture, can now
be traced, and there is every reason to believe that whatever was the
form of the original church, it must have been rude and quite different
in character from the precise and mathematically accurate architecture
of the Norman builders. In fact, it is impossible to prove that there
has been anything but a plan of the rudest description in connection
with the building of this church. Anterior to the Norman Conquest
there were Norman builders in England, who wrought their arches
with an axe; and the arches at Plarfshead Church preserve every
appearance of this workmanship. When the plaster is washed off it
will very possibly be found that in the rude carving all traces of smooth
chisel are absent. The tower is situated at the west end of the building,
and the body of the church partakes of the appearance of an ordinary
chapel. Two Norman arches, belonging to the old structure, have
been built in to preserve these proofs of the antiquity of the place.
The tower is plain, low, and dumpy, and such as to indicate its existence
contemporary with the Norman period. In most of our churches built
during the Saxon period, the towers are square, the only round examples
being supposed to be those of Tasburgh, and Little Saxham, in Suffolk.
They are not very lofty, and are of strong, rude workmanship. The
corners of the tower at Hartshead are cleared off in the manner known
to archaeologists as " quoined work," which may indicate that the
Normans may have had something to do with building it. However,
the middle portion is in the fashion of the early builders. It is probable
that our spires and high towers owe their origination, in England, to
the sight of the "high domes and aspirating minarets of the Holy
Land," when it was visited by the Crusaders. The rough building of
the tower under notice has been hid by stucco work, but the plaster
has decayed and fallen off, and the original appearance is almost bare.
At the top, the battlements are perpendicular (these have been added to
the original structure), and in the centre there is the usual appliance for
indicating the direction of the wind. Some years ago a small yew tree
grew on the summit, but for some reason or other it has been removed.
At the south entrance to the church there is a well-preserved specimen
of a Norman arch, although its beauty has been somewhat hidden by a
covering of coloured lime. This, we understand, is to be removed

102

OLD YORKSHIRE.

HARTSHEAD CHURCH. 103
when the interior of the church is restored. Like the oldest of these
Norman specimens, the work of the pillars is plain, and the capitals are
but slightly fluted. The arch is semi-circular, and the chevron is cut
in a rude fashion, indicating the use of the axe and not the chisel. At
the entrance to the chancel there is another Norman arch very similar
in construction and carving, although it is in a better state of preserva
tion than the one in the south entrance. The arches are not in the
least in keeping with the other decorations of the building, and this
adds to the reasonableness of the proposition that the body of the
church is not so old by many years as the arches and the tower. The
pews are of the old-fashioned, closed-up style. They have a higgledy-
piggledy appearance. The reredos is of carved oak panelling ; the
communion table is also made of carved oak, and a part of the
decorations thereon consists of two vases, bearing, in front, figures of
the Cross. The communion chairs are likewise of oak, and they are
carved with the rose, oakleaf, and thistle patterns. On the south wall
of the chancel there is a well-executed representation of the arms of Sir
George Armytage — gules, a lion's head erased between three cross
crosslets argent. The crest is a dexter arm, embowed, couped at the
shoulder, habited or, the cuff argent, holding in the hand proper a staff
gules, headed and pointed or. The motto is semper paratus — " always
ready." It is needless to state that the Armytage family is of great
antiquity, being descended from John Armytage, of Wrigbowls,
Lincolnshire, living in the time of King Stephen. Two branches of
the family, at different times, have been created baronets. The present
baronet has, we understand, undertaken the expense of the restoration
of the part of the building to which we have been referring. In a
recess in the chancel there is a richly-chased marble tablet, and
underneath a beautifully-decorated cross there is the following inscrip
tion : — "In memory of Mary, widow of John Armytage, Esq. ,
eldest son of Sir John Armytage, of Kirklees, baronet, and
daughter of Wm. Assheton, of Downham Hall, county
Lancaster, England. Born Sept. 25, 1790. Died April 21,
1871, and is buried in this chancel. ' He brought them into
the haven where they would be'."
Underneath is a representation of the arms of the families of
Armytage and Assheton. The deceased lady was related to Mr. R.
Assheton, the present member for Clitheroe, son of the late William
Assheton, Esq., of Downham Hall, Lancashire, by Frances Annabella,
daughter of the Hon. William Cockayne, and co-heiress of the sixth
Viscount Cullen. On the west wall of the chancel are tablets
representing the arms of the Archbishop of York — gules : two keys
in saltire, argent, in chief a regal crown, proper. To the east of the
nave there is a tablet referring to the interment of a member of the
Wickham family, of Low Moor ; and another tablet bears the following-
inscription : —

104 OLD YORKSHIRE.
" Near this place are deposited- the remains of John Ar
mytage, of Heath, Esq., son and heir of Sir George Army
tage, Bart., who distinguished himself by his indefatigable,
benevolent, and eminently successful exertions as a magi
strate of the West Riding, and this tablet is erected to his
memory by one who reveres his character as a Christian
and a philanthropist, who died May 24th, 1856, aged 43."
From the centre of the roof of the nave is suspended candelabrum,
there being no gas at Hartshead. In an opening at the west end of
the nave there is a curious font, bearing the date 1662. On the south
wall there are the particulars of the charities arising from dividends
left by the Popplewell family, and in a small chamber to the north,
leading to the organ gallery, there is an inscription, beautifully engraved
and illuminated on a brass plate let into the floor, and surrounded by a
small and highly-polished brass balustrade, which inscription reads as
follows : — " In memoriam. Rev, Thos. Atkinson, M. A., born June 10,
1780. Died Feb. 28, 1870. Fifty-one years vicar of this parish.
Quoniam suavio est Dominus Eeternum misericordia ejus et
usque in generationem et generationem veratis ejus."
This brings us to a very interesting part of the history of this
church. The first incumbent, so far as Can be ascertained, was the
Rev. Thomas Motley, and he was in charge at the close of the sixteenth
century. In the year 1810, the Rev. Patrick Bronte, B.A., the father
of Charlotte Bronte, became the resident incumbent. He resigned in
1815, and accepted the living at Thornton. Subsequently he undertook
the curacy of the church at Haworth, which is now pulled down. In
the neighbbourhood of Kirklees is Roehead, where Charlotte Bronte
went to school, and in the locality she spent many happy hours with
Mary Taylor, previous to her removal with her father to Howarth.
Mr. Atkinson, whose memorial we have just described, succeeded Mr.
Bronte, and he fulfilled the duties of his office until the 2nd of August,
1866, when he resigned. At his death, which occurred at Mirfield, he
was in his 90th year, and was the last surviving son of the late Rev.
Miles Atkinson, M.A., founder of St. Paul's Church, Leeds. He was
succeeded by the Rev. James Webb, M. A., and a little over three years
ago the Rev. Thomas King, M.A., followed him.
The gallery which spans the western end of the church is approached
by a flight of rude and short stone steps. There is no handrail or other
protection from accident. In the centre of the gallery a small organ
has been erected. The pipes are very prettily decorated. The
instrument was built by Messrs. Halmshaw and Son, Birmingham.
Behind the organ there is an entrance to a room in the tower. By
climbing a dangerous ladder the belfry, which contains three bells, is
reached, and a further ascent brings the explorer to a hole through
which he has to creep to reach the summit of the tower. Once there,
what scenes are unfolded for contemplation ! All the elements seem

HARTSHEAD CHURCH. 105
rarified, and if it is true that " mountains and woods and towers delight
the soul," there are plenty of all these features to afford rapture and
enchantment. The eye takes in at a sweep a delightful valley of
well-cultivated and wooded scenery, and away in the distance is Castle
Hill at Huddersfield. There is a view of the new church at Dewsbury,
dedicated to St. Philip, and an outline of the prosperous town of
Heckmondwike, lying in the valley and also covering the slopes of the
hills with houses. Direct in front is the village of Bradley, and the
outskirts of Huddersfield. Below the hill on the summit of which the
church stands is the celebrated wood which surrounds Kirklees Park,
the domain of Sir George Armytage. The top of the drawing-room
chimney is just visible peeping out amongst the rich foliage of the
trees. It is a cosy and sequestered spot, and one can easily picture
the stories of Robin Hood and his merry men, and the merry time they
spent in Kirklees Park. There, down amongst the trees, is the lodge
of Kirklees Priory, which is associated with the death of Robin Hood.
In the churchyard there is an old yew tree, which is dead. It has
probably been there since the church was first opened. It has now lost
its foliage, and is an eyesore rather than an ornament to God's acre.
On the outside of the east wall of the yard are the, remains of a pair of
stocks. The ancient and savage practice of exposing a culprit to public
view, and trusting to the brutality of the spectators for the infliction of
a sufficient penalty in minor offences, was in full force in the sixteenth
century, and long afterwards.
Bradford. W. H. Hatton.

HOWDEN CHURCH,

Which was dedicated to St. Peter, was originally a Parochial
Rectory in the patronage of the Prior and Convent of Durham, and so
continued till it was made collegiate in 1267. The structure, we may
safely conclude, stands upon the foundation of a heathen temple, which
was probably transformed into a Christian church during some of those
sudden and mysterious conversions of a population which, in whole
tribes; were occasionally won over to the true faith, and in a body
underwent the rites of baptism.
We know that it had. its fair share of shrines, saints, and relics
in Saxon times. This clearly proves its great antiquity. St. Osara
was held in especial favour, and her miracles and shrine had a fame
beyond the confines of the kingdom, then known by the name of Anglia.
Osara was the sister of Osred, king of Northumbria, of which name there
were two in the eighth century. She had a tomb of wood in the
church, of which no trace remains. A singular tale is told of her
miraculous power, in Gyraldus Cambrensis, to whom we refer the curious
reader.

106

OLD YORKSHIRE.

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HOWDEN CHURCH. 107
In the month of March, in 1227, the eleventh year of Henry the
Third, Walter, Archbishop of York, with the assent of Fulk Basset,
the Parson of Howden, and the Prior and Convent of Durham, granted
to Walter Kirkham, clerk, all the tithes of corn pertaining to the
Chapel of Eastrington, by name of a single benefice, without cure of
souls or episcopal burthens. An annual payment of three bezants was
reserved to the Parson of Howden and his successors, payable on
Martinmas-day. Hugh de Darlington, Prior of the Convent of Durham, obtained a
Bull from Pope Gregory the Ninth, to appropriate the tithes and
emoluments of the parish of Howden, for the support of sixteen monks.
At considerable cost he got this appropriation changed, and converted
the monks into prebendaries, thinking the latter would be of greater
use, and more acceptable to the clergy.
The collegiate church of Howden was dissolved in the first year
of the reign of Edward the Sixth, and the temporalities thereby became
vested in the Crown, in which they remained till the 19th of January,
1582, when Queen Elizabeth granted them by letters patent, under the
great seal cf England, to Edward Frost and John Walker, and others,
their heirs and assigns for ever.
Whilst the property remained in the Crown it produced a revenue
of £40 per annum, but when disposed of to the grantees a rent of £6
13s. 4d. was reserved, so the Crown lost the inheritance of £33 6s. 8d.
for which ten years' purchase was stipulated to be paid, but was cleared
and pardoned by the statute of 43rd of Queen Elizabeth.
The prebendaries of this church who were resident had the glebe,
the petty tithes, and Easter offerings, and were to repair the chancel,
to find bread and wine, and bell ropes, and to keep hospitality.
In the 26th of Henry VIII. the Prebends of Howden Church were
valued as follows, viz ; — Howden £18 13s. 4d. in the whole, and £12
clearly. Skelton £15 13s, 4d. in the whole, and £9 clearly. Thorpe
£16 lis. 4d. in the whole, and £9 18s. 4d. clearly. Saltmarsh £16
13s. 4d. in the whole, and £10 clearly. Barmby £16 6s. 8d. in the
whole, and £9 13s. 4d. clearly. Skipwith £18 in the whole, and £13
6s. 8d. clearly. There were also six vicars, besides chantry priests, in
this church. By means of the dissolution of the collegiate church, the revenues
which supported the fabric in repair having fallen into private hands,
and the choir becoming totally neglected for a considerable time, went
much to decay, so that in the year 1591, the parishioners agreed that
Mr. Henry Bethell, surveyor of the Queen, should examine the state of
the chancel, and report the same to the lord treasurer of England, with
a certificate, comprising an account of the timber, stone, and other
articles which would be necessary to complete the repair of it.
It however appears that nothing of any importance was done in
consequence of the above, and the choir continued going gradually to
decay, till about the year 1630 it became unsafe to celebrate Divine

108

OLD YORKSHIRE.

service in ; accordingly the parishioners set about repairing the nave,
and in the years 1634 and 1635 great sums were expended in new
roofing and stalling that part of the church.
About the middle of the year 1696 the groined stone roof of the
chancel fell in, having withstood the ravages of time upwards of three
hundred years. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to restore it,
but they all proved abortive.
In 1718 the church was greatly ornamented for the reception of
Sir William Dawes, Bart., Archbishop of York, who at this time held a
confirmation in it.
In 1785 and the following year, the chancel and chapter-house
were cleared of the stones and rubbish occasioned by the falling of the
roof. The church is in the form of a, cross, with a square tower rising
from the centre, upon pointed arches, supported on clustered pillars.
There is no evidence to prove the time of its being built, but it appears
from the great irregularity in placing the stones, observable in various
parts of the walls, that it had been erected from the materials of a
previous structure, and it is probable that as the early English style of
architecture prevailed, when the prebend was endowed in 1267, that
the transept and nave were then complete, if not more of the fabric.
The tower was erected or heightened by Bishop Walter Skirlaw,
about the year 1390. He also built the chapter-house and school, and
expended great sums of money in the repairing of Howden Church, and
on his death in 1405, he left £40 towards the fabric of the same.
The external portion of the choir has been of much more elegant
workmanship than the nave or transept ; the east end of the Choir is
remarkably beautiful, and contains several niches which have been filled
with statues, some of which remain at present.
The pillars forming- the aisles are regular, five on each side,
supporting pointed arches ; the columns are composed of a cluster of
four cylinders, each ribbed in front, the capitals octagonal, the arches of
varied character, and the whole, light, well proportioned and beautiful.
The nave is lighted by three windows to the west, the centre
window of four lights ; six windows to the north, and three to the
south, three being closed by the porch and school-house, which last is
built against that front ; they are all under pointed arches, and composed
of three lights each ; with various tracery.
The building of the nave is without much ornament, and with
heavy buttresses, the south front being greatly injured by the school-
house, which is elevated on a vault of stone, and is ascended by several
steps : the windows and doorway of the west end are finished with
arches of many kinds, rising from beautiful pilasters, the centre and
buttresses terminating in lantern pinnacles, finished with tabernacle
work, which gives it a very uncommon appearance. There remain, two
statues in niches, supposed to be St. Peter and St. Paul, one supporting
a tabernacle, and both of them in good preservation.

HOWDEN CHURCH.

109

Chancel, Howden Church.

110

OLD YORKSHIRE.

The transept is lighted by a large window at each end, and two
side windows to the west, there is a doorw^ay which leads into the
choir, the fillets of the arches are ornamented with sculpture.
The Lantern Tower is a noble structure, and the effect is remarkably
good, being lighted by tall and handsome windows, of the purest perpen
dicular character. Within the Tower are the arms of Skirlaw to the
east. To the south are those of Metham ; to the west the arms of
Bishop Langley ; and to the north, apparently, those of Bishop Kirkham.
There is also on the same level with these, a shield of arms in each
corner. To the north east, on a fess, three buckles ; to the south east,
three roses, probably Darcy; to the south west on a band, three
escallops ; and to the north west, on a bend, three buckles. These are
all well executed and in excellent preservation, and are some of them
doubtless the arms of persons who aided Skirlaw in the work. Others
were probably placed there, as having been antecedently prelates
friendly to, or more immediately benefactors of, the Church and Town
of Howden. On the north side of the transept towards the south, are the
remains of two chantries, now thrown into one. They were the
burial place of the Metham family ; their arms are found in the wall, as
also those of Hamilton, with whom they intermarried. The recumbent
figures found here were originally in the choir. Two of them are
Methams, the other is a Saltmarsh. The piscinas remain, and the
division walls may yet be traced. The whole is now and has long
been used as the burial place of the family of Philip Saltmarsh, Esq.
The choir, though now in ruins, had side aisles similar to the nave,
and when perfect must have been extremely beautiful. There are six
windows on each side, of varied tracery. The large east window was
remarkably fine, and the effect of it, and the two smaller side windows,
as seen from the west end of the church, must have been striking in the
extreme. The choir fell down in 1696, having long been disused for the
purposes of devotion, from a fear of its insecurity and danger.
About the year 1840, and since that time, great improvements and
reparations have been made in various parts of the fabric. The
ruined part was secured by clamping it with iron, by filling up the
interstices, and by putting in new stones for those decayed, and by
rendering it as secure as its dilapidated state would admit of.
At this period two side screens were thrown across the transept.
Steps were raised of figured encaustic tiles in front of the altar, and the
decalogue was newly and beautifully lettered and inserted in the recess
of the doorway to the choir.
The space above the screen was filled up with stained glass by
Wailes, having the effigies of the Virgin, St. Peter, and St. Cuthbert.
The stone screen was also partially repaired.
Stained glass was put into the three south windows of the nave in
1841, as also into other windows of the building. Of the three named,

HOWDEN CHURCH.

Ill

beginning with the one eastward, the first contains the arms of Saltmarsh,
Sotheron, Bethell, Empson, Worsop, and Estcourt. The middle window
contains the Royal Arms, those of the Archbishop of York, the Bishop
of Ripon, Lord Hotham, Viscount Galway, and Lord Howden. The
third window, those of Clarke, Duuu, Jefferson, Thompson (Lord
Wenlock,) Athorpe, Wyndham, Menzies, and Broadley.
The chapter-house is on the south side of the choir. It is small,
being twenty-four feet across, but very beautifully proportioned. There

Elevation of Chapter House.
are seven windows of three lights each, with pointed arches and varied
tracery. There are thirty-four seats round the interior, the form is
octagonal, and -the whole is rich in the extreme, in tabernacle work,
canopies, niches, and every species of ornament into which stone can
be cut. Its groined roof and spire fell down on St. Stephen's day,
1750,

112

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Hutchinson regarded this chapter-house as the finest specimen of
pointed architecture in England. "Whilst," he says, "it is the greatest
disgrace to suffer this building to go to decay, we acknowledge that we
have seen nothing in this island of such elegant work in stone, except
at Melrose Abbey, in Scotland, with which this small building may
justly vie, and in one particular it excels any part in the Scottish
abbey, by its exquisite and exact proportions, being the most perfect
example of pointed architecture we ever saw."
Many years ago it was proposed to restore the chapter-house,
and we give a view of the elevation as intended, but we are sorry to
say that the movement is still in abeyance.
On the left, on entering the chapter-house, is a small chantry,
conjectured to be that of St. Thomas. The piscina remains, and over
the north window are the arms of Skirlaw and others. The south
porch of the nave has been converted into a vestry, over which is the
Muniment Room of the Manor, containing the Court Rolls and other
manorial documents. In the centre of the arch, the entrance into this
vestry externally is the head of Henry the Third, in whose reign it is
probable the nave was constructed.
The church has a fine organ, purchased, and improved at various
times, by voluntary subscription, at a cost from first to last of nearly
one thousand pounds.
The dimensions of the structure are, length of nave 112 feet,
breadth of nave 60 feet, length of transept 117 feet, breadth of transept
30 feet, length of choir 1 12 feet, breadth of choir 60 feet, height of
tower 135 feet.
The register of the parish commences with the year 1541. The
early portion of it is kept in five divisions, corresponding with the five
prebends, as the vicar of each prebendary had cure of souls in his own
district. It is in good preservation.
Knedlington. Thomas Clarke.

ST. MARY'S-IN-THE-WOOD, MORLEY.
The ancient church, or place where our forefathers worshipped for
centuries, must of necessity have an historical value beyond that of any
other relic of antiquity which a town or village may possess, and we
are prepared to state that there are circumstances about the ecclesias
tical history of Morley, and more particularly of its ancient church of
St. Mary's, which, we believe, do not appertain to any other district in
England'. If we could fathom all the details of its career, we should
find that around it has centred the main history of the village, and asso
ciated with it are incidents interesting to the student and the antiquary,
To what secular as well as religious uses St. Mary's may have been put
during the past ages it is now difficult to determine, but as churches
were often used during civil strife, as a depositary for arms and a refuge-

[=3

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t5

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8

ST. mary's-in-the-wood, morley. 118
during pressing dangers, it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that
when the Scots wintered at Morley, and during the Civil War, and at
many other times the walls of St. Mary's may have been a shelter and
protection for other than the Christians of those times. Certain it is
that the chapel has been used as a school-house and a tithe-barn, aud a
place for the discussion and settlement of parish affairs.
We do not claim to be able to settle the point as to when a place
for public worship was first planted upon the site of St. Mary's, but it
is more than likely that after the first rude aud primitive cross was
planted as a rallying point for the faithful, a Saxon church was in all
probability built, perhaps wattled, staked and thatched, or of wood. In
Anglo-Saxon times the church on this site, by whatever name it was
called, served as the parish church for the whole district. Scatcherd
says that there was a church here during the Saxon Heptarchy, but so
far as building materials are concerned, there are no traces to be found
to justify this theory. We are inclined, however, to thiuk that the
surmise is a correct one, and for the reason that, after the conversion
of Edwin to Christianity, and the destruction of the images by Coifa,
in the kingdom of Northumbria, the people followed the example of
their ruler, and after incessant wars with the neighbouring kingdoms,
we find Christian people copying- the example of Wilfred, Bishop of
York, who built several churches in his diocese before the end of the
eighth century.
Leaving the speculative, we can affirm with certainty that a place
of worship occupied the site of St: Mary's as early as the eleventh cen
tury, for Domesday Book records the fact ; but independent of this
testimony, we have in the garden of Osborne House portions of two
Norman arches, and the keystone of one of them. The Norman deco
rations on these stones are similar to those which are to be found at
Hartshead and Adel churches. The stones were found embedded in
the foundations of the Old Chapel when it was pulled down in 1875, to
make way for the present handsome building. On a piece of one of
these arches there is the chevron work, which has its counterpart in
some ancient buildings in Canterbury, which are said to have been built
in the year 1110. On the other arch is the Norman toothwork, iden
tical with the newer portions of the buildings to which we have just
referred. The chevron work was generally done by the axe, and the
toothwork by the chisel. These are unerring evidences of a Norman
church having existed at Morley soon after the Conquest. Other
stones are in company with those to which we have just referred, which
also possess historical interest, and to which we shall refer subse
quently. " When Edward II. found himself in the possession of plenary
power, he resolved to wipe out the disgrace of Bannockburn and win
back Scotland to his crown. He addressed a letter to the Pope, stating
that he was engaged in preparing to invade Scotland, but the Scots,
anticipating the coming war, entered England and penetrated to Lan
cashire, but subsequently returned laden with booty. Meanwhile H

114

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Edward was marching towards Scotland, but he was seriously menaced
in the rear by the Scots who remained in England." Referring to the
latter. Dr. Whitaker says : ¦¦ In the year 1322 a large division of the
Scottish army, which spread devastation and havoc wherever it went,
wintered at Morley. and threw the inhabitants of Leeds into such a
panic that they buried their treasures, some of which being the coins of
that period were found in the early part of the last century." In the
records of Nostel Priory it is stated in the defence of Henry H. Abber-
ford, one of the Priors, that Morley had to support an army of Scots
for fifteen days, some years before the rebellion of Lancaster. We can
readily believe that at this time Morley was a place of some conse
quence, and no doubt the church would figure prominently in the scenes
of those Stirling times. Before they left the town there is reason to
believe that they destroyed the principal buildings, including the church,
which they are understood to have burnt down. This is very likely,
as on the stones to which we have already referred", there are marks
which clearly show that they have been subjected to intense heat.
The church so burnt down was not, however, the Norman church which
was in existence when the Domesday Book was compiled.
Soon after the Conquest the church of St. Mary's was made a
dependent chapel to Batley, by Robert de Lacy, and this must have
been previous to the year 1120, for in that year Lacy founded the
priory of Nostel. to which he gave the church at Batley, and in all
probability, the church of St. Mary's at Morley along with it. There
is some evidence that the church was not in existence when Henry III.
ascended the throne in 1216 ; but be that as it may, we do not believe
that for any great length of time the site was unoccupied by a place
for worship. The nave of the '• Old Chapel," as nearly as can be ascertained,
was erected about the year 15 60, and was used, doubtless, for the
tithe-barn of the lord of the manor. When the tithes came to be com
pounded for, it became useless for this purpose, and was converted into
a place of worship about the time of James I. or Charles I. The nave
was enlarged about the year 1710, by the addition of two side aisles.
When the nave was altered from the tithe-barn into a "chapel," we
believe that the chancel was converted into a school, if not a dwelling,
and was an integral structure down to the era of the Revolution, in
1688. At any rate it was the village school in 1663, the master being
the celebrated Republican officer, Captain Thomas Oates, or one of his
sons. Ralph or Samuel, the former of whom had taken his degree of
M.A. in one of the Universities. Scatcherd says that "it is most likely
that it was the vestry as well as the village school after the Restoration,
but I am convinced it was not laid open to the chapel till after the Revo
lution in 1688." In 1825, on removing the whitewash from the walls of
the nave, an interesting discovery of ancient scrolls was made, bearing
inscriptions which were very suggestive. These writings were, in all
probability, copies of others which had been on the walls of the nave

ST. mary's-in-the-wood, morley. 115
previous to its enlargement, and which were put up soon after the time
of the Commonwealth. At that time it was common to affix upon walls
passages from Scripture calculated to keep up a feeling of loyalty.
Scatcherd gives it as his opinion that the inscriptions in the Old Chapel
were levelled at Major Greathead, Captain Oates, and all those who had
been privy to the Farnley Wood Plot, in 1663, and also as a rebuke to
the Republicans throughout the land. This is probable, as in close
proximity to the following inscription, "My Son, fear thou the Lord
and the King, and meddle not with them that are given to change,"
was the Royal coat of arms, with the letters " C. R." on each side of
the crown, and also above the lion's head, and the date 1664 underneath
the whole. This ancient and spirited symbol of royalty is still pre
served to us. Outside the chapel was an ancient clock and bell turret,
the ponderous and antiquated mechanism of the former proving it to be
of an early date. The bell on which the hour was struck is dated 1694,
and the motto, "Soli Deo Gloria," shows that it was intended for the
service of the sanctuary, though tradition says that it was the dinner
bell at Howley Hall.
We shall now say something respecting the people and the times
more immediately connected witn the change from the Romish service
to the Puritan form of worship. The exact date when this took place
we cannot determine, but the first minister of whom we have any
record was the Rev. Samuel Wales, a Presbyterian, who occupied the
pulpit in 1627. During his ministry the congregation increased rapidly,
and the influence of its pastor and chief members obtained such coun
tenance that Thomas Viscount Savile, Earl of Sussex, who was then
living at Howley Hall, gave a lease of the chapel and premises to the
following trustees of the Presbyterian denomination : — " Edward Birt-
bie, of Scholecroft ; Thomas Oates, John Rayner, John Ellis, William
Ward, John Crowther, Thomas Greathead, of Morley ; John Smith,
Wm. Bancke, Jos. Greathead, of Gildersome ; Robert Paulden, and
William Burnell, of Churwell, in the county of York." A copy of this
interesting document may be seen in " Smith's Rambles about Morley."
Several of the trustees above-named were famous in their day and genera
tion, and left themselves a name and a place in the page of history. They
lived in eventful times, and were no idle spectators of the circumstances
by which they were surrounded. They gained for the village of Morley
a notoriety which has outlived their own days. In the year 1663, imme
diately after the ejectment or passing of the Act of Uniformity, there
arose a disaffection amongst the people of the West Riding, which cul
minated in the " Farnley Wood Plot." The Morley and neighbouring
Nonconformists, and some of their pastors even, were privy to this
rising, and several of them were present on the occasion. Many will
remember that the object of this plot was to reinstate the ejected pas
tors, to restore the rebel Parliament, and to remit the taxes. Govern
ment was made aware of the movement by some who were in the
secret, and steps were taken- to entrap and secure the offenders, The

116

OLD YORKSHIRE.

actual date when the meeting took place in Farnley Wood seems to be
a disputed point, as Miall, in his •• Congregationalism in Yorkshire,"
gives the 10th of October, while Scatcherd states that it took place a
little before midnight on the 12th of that month. In the " Calendar of
Domestic Papers," we find a letter, sent on the 13th October, 1663,
from Edward Copley, to Sir Geo. Savile, to this effect : —
1663, Oct 13. Fear surprise, as many passed through Leeds on horseback last
night, and 40 more from Holbeck, Hunslet, &c 300 are in Farnley Wood,
three miles from Leeds- They intend to take Skipton Castle. Captain Oates,
of Morley, is thought to be with them. They are very numerous .
Scatcherd erroneously speaks of some thirty persons as forming
the band of conspirators, whilst Miall also says that " the number
assembled amounted in all to about twenty persons." In face of the

Manor House, Morley.
above letter, these writers can only refer to the leaders of the plot, of
whom twenty-one were executed, whilst the bulk of those who were
present made their escape. We cannot stay to give a detailed history
of the origin, progress, and failure of this rising, but we will refer to
the Morley conspirators who took part in that memorable plot. Captain
Thomas Otes, or Oates, one of the Old Chapel trustees, and the leader
of the insurrection, is thus described by Scatcherd : " Captain Oates,
being an old Republican officer, had, doubtless, distinguished himself on
the same fields with Major Greathead, Captains Hodgson and Picker
ing, and many others who lived in this vicinity. At the call of his
country he first took up arms, and probably laid them down when the
army under Lambert was disbanded. At any rate, after the Restora
tion he was the village schoolmaster, and he taught his scholars in the
chancel end of the chapel of ' St. Mary-in-the-Wood.' From aged
people I have learned that upon his boys giving warning of the

st. mary's-in-the-aVood, Morley. 117
approach of military, he fled, and was seen no more at Morley ; which
is not improbable, as the chapel-yard commands a distant view of the
road from Leeds, and as, it is certain, ho was taken and executed."
Captain Oates lived in the Manor House, Morley, a substantial dwel
ling-house, memorable since the Captain's days as the birthplace of one
of Yorkshire's merchant princes, the late Sir Titus Salt, Bart. The
house still remains, and is occupied by Dr. Steele. The captain was
aided in the plot by Ralph Oates, a clergyman, his son, who assisted
his father in the school, but of whom it is said that he was a man of no
reputation. He was taken prisoner, when he turned king's evidence,
and declared the existence of a widely-spread conspiracy. The captain
was tried at York, and afterwards executed. John Ellis, another of the
trustees connected with the Old Chapel, some of whose descendants are
still living, also had been a soldier and trumpeter in the army of the
Parliament. Having acquired some property he lived upon it, at or near
where Tingley Hall now stands. This property was seized by the Crown,
and Ellis was hanged, drawn, and quartered. Amongst the other con
spirators connected with this plot were the following, who were mem
bers of the congregation worshipping at the Old Chapel. John Foz-
zard, who had been a cavalry soldier under Fairfax, and was at the
time of the plot " the servant of Abraham Dawson, who lent him a
horse." Fozzard was a faithful servant, for he was induced to join the
conspirators at the instigation of his master, and to his honour it is
recorded that " he might have saved his own life by the sacrifice of his
master's, but he disdained the thought," and in gratitude for his con
stancy, his widow and children were almost wholly supported by the
Dawsons, who then lived at the hall in Morley. Joseph Crowther,
commonly called "Corporal Crowther," from his holding that position
in the Parliamentary army, occupied a house on Banks' Hill, Morley, to
which the agitators often resorted. The house is still standing, and is
a fair specimen of the architecture of the seventeenth century. Crow
ther does not appear to have been executed, and the probability is that he
fled his country or turned King's evidence. Several others of the Morley
conspirators escaped with their lives, amongst them being Atkinson and
Dickenson, the latter after lying long concealed with the former in coal
pits, near Gildersome, went one night late to his own house, and, rapping
at a window, asked for some shoes and stockings, which having received,
he and his partner in crime travelled to London, and subsequently made
their escape to Holland. Joshua Asquith, alias Cardmaker, alias
Sparling, descendants of whom are still living, also escaped with his life
by turning informer, for we find that a letter was sent by Sir Thomas
Wentworth to the Duke of Buckingham to the following effect : —
Mr. Boulton's evidence of a rising is confirmed by Askwith and William Tolson
(another of the Morley conspirators), who were asked to get horses and join a
meeting at Morley. After the meeting at Farnley 100 horses marched forward
to Bradford Moor, and the rest dispersed ; they only waiting the disarming o
the other side to act their part. Oct. 16, 1663.

118

OLD YORKSHIRE.

An interesting notice of the part Asquith took in this plot is to be found
in the " Depositions at York," published by the Surtees Society. It is
to this effect : —
Oct. 28th, 1663. — William Hage (Haigh), of Woodchurch, husbandman, saith that
on Monday, the 12th of October last, he mett William A skwith, alias Sparlinge,
aboute 8 of the clocke at night, nere Howley Parke, to search for two horses
of Sir Richard Tankard's, and that they did intend to have rise with Captain
Thos. Oates. About two days after this the informant apprehended him,
upon the late plott, and he told this informant that, on the night after they
parted, he went to Morley to Oates, his house, that Oates was gone to Farnley
Wood, and beinge too late to goe, he returned home againe. And one Samuel
Ellis did conf esse to this informant that he went to Morley to be a trumpiter to
a troope of horse under Captain Oates, and had the Lord Castleton's trum-
pett with him.
John Aveyard, saith, that he apprehended John Fawcet, for the late plott, and he
did confesse, that he was in armes in Farneley Wood with Captaine Oates and
others, to the number of 25 persons or thereabouts
Sparling (Askwith) was a prisoner in York Castle for a long time, but escaped the
gallows. Returning to the Old Chapel trust deed, we find another name
which we must not omit, viz., that of Major Greathead, who fought

St. Mary's Parsonage, Morley.
bravely against the Royalists at the battle of Adwalton Moor. The
Major was born about 1615, and lost his father when little more than
seven years of age. A brother of his, named Peter, was a man of
some consequence, being an eminent woollen manufacturer in Morley.
In early life the Major married Susan, daughter of Mr. Ralph Crowther,
of Gildersome, a man of some fortune, by which lady he had four sons
and three daughters. At the commencement of the Civil War the
Major was possessed of but a small estate, though enjoying a high
character for patriotism and honour About six months after the

ST. MARY's-IN'-THE-WOOD, MORLEY. 119
engagement at Adwalton he was, in January, 1644, when between
twenty-eight and twenty-nine years of age, appointed major of a regi
ment of foot, commanded by Colonel Richard Thornton. Subsequently,
and in particular after the death of his Colonel, who is supposed to have
fallen at Marston Moor, or before Pontefract Castle, he was still further
advanced in the service, and we find him ultimately chosen by the
Republicans to be General in the West Riding. The Major subse
quently lost his fair fame, and his laurels became tarnished, not only by
his submission to the Government of Charles, but by his acceptance of
a mercenary office under it. When the Act of Uniformity became law,
the then minister of the Old Chapel conformed, and by this act the
Established Church then obtained possession of the chapel, but the
Presbyterian trustees still kept possession of the lease of the property.
The fact of the possession of the chapel is proved by the " Royal Arms "
being set up in the nave, in 1664, and also by the service-book used
about that time and still preserved, which contains the liturgy of the
Church of England. In this service-book are " prayers for James, for
Mary Catherine, the Queen Dowager ; Mary, Princess of Orange ; and
the Princess Ann of Denmark," and at the beginning in an old-fashioned
hand, we find the entry, " Morley Town's Book Common Prayer."
This book was not used after 1 688, for in the prayers no substitution
of the name of King "William for that of James occurs. The chapel
was restored to the Nonconformists somewhere between 1693 and 1698,
for we know that in 1686 the Dissenters built the present parsonage,
and three years afterwards obtained a license to perform religious wor
ship therein, which they would not have done had they regained at that
time possession of the chapel. This certificate of license appears to
have been obtained after the passing and by virtue of the Toleration
Act, and is to the following effect : —
At the general quarter sessions of the peace of our Lord and Lady the King and
Queen, held at Leeds, adjournment from another place in the West Biding,
the 13th day of July, in the first year in the reign of our said Lord and Lady
William and Mary, now King and Queen of England, before Sir John Kay,
Baronet ; Marmaduke Wentworth and William Lowther, Knights ; Wm.
Norton, John Townley, and Bobert Ferrand, Esquires, and other justices ;
these are to certify that the house built by the inhabitants of Morley, within
the said West Riding, was recorded at the sessions above-said, for a meeting-
place for a congregation or assembly for religious worship, according to the
form of the statute in that case made and provided.
The above license was accepted on behalf of the congregation at
Morley by two of the members.
In 1875 the church of St. Mary's-in-the-Wood was razed to the
ground, and a handsome new edifice erected on the site. Previous to
this the chapel had undergone "restoration" in 1865, but it was
subsequently found that the roof and other parts of the structure were
unsafe, and it was ultimately decided to remove it altogether, much to
the regret of many of the inhabitants.
Morley, near Leeds. The Editor.

YORKSHIRE ECCENTRIC CHARACTERS.

WATERTON, the wanderer.
sJgpHARLES WATERTON was bom at Walton HaU, near
Wakefield, in 1782. He was the representative of one of
the most ancient untitled families in England, of Saxon
origin, a knightly race, which, prior to the Reformation,
had numbered among its members many eminent holders
of high offices of State, tracing their descent from several
Royal families, and, through the grandmother of Charles
Waterton, from Sir Thomas More, of which he was exceed
ingly proud. The family adhered to the old faith at the
Reformation, and suffered greatly in consequence, both in estate and
by persecution. They were also Royalists during the Civil war, when
they were again great pecuniary sufferers. Walton Hall at that time
underwent a siege, and in the old gateway there is shown a bullet,
which is said by tradition to have been shot by Cromwell. Charles
himself was not a whit behind any of his ancestors in his devotion to
the old Catholic faith, and in his adherence to the exiled Stuarts, which
are shown by sarcastic references, scattered through his writings, to
Luther, Henry VIII., Cranmer, Queen Bess, Cromwell, Dutch William,
the Hanoverian Rats, &c.
The Watertons were originally Lords of the Manor of Waterton,
in Lincolnshire ; but in the reign of Richard II., Sir John Waterton
acquired Walton by marriage with the heiress of the De Burghs, and
became Lord of the Manor of Methley, in exchange for some advowsons,
which latter passed by marriage to the Barons Welles, and from them
to the Saviles. Walton Hall, which belonged at the Conquest to
Ashenwold, a Saxon Thegn, was given to Ilbert de Lacy, and formed
part of his Honor of Pontefract, which he granted back in fief to Ailric,
son of Ashenwold. The old family house, built a thousand years ago,
was a fine castellated building, with a noble wainscoted hall, 90 feet
long, where the Watertons for many centuries banqueted with their

WATERTON, THE WANDERER.

121

friends and drunk the healths of Philip and Mary, the Charleses and
Jameses, and the King " over the water," and denounced Henry, the
sacrilegous tyrant, the heretic Bess, the Miller of Huntingdon, the
Dutch usurper, and the Hanoverian Rats. Becoming decayed, it was
taken down by Charles Waterton's father, who built the existing ugly
mansion in its place, leaving only, on the edge of the lake, a picturesque
old gateway, with a central and two flanking towers, covered with ivy,
the abode of colonies of birds, often referred to by Waterton in his
essays.

Walton Hall,
The Hall stood in the midst of an extensive park, picturesquely
undulating, with a fine lake and groups of majestic trees, ^which, under
the hands of the naturalist, became a perfect menagerie, a veritable
Noah's ark of birds, beasts, and fishes, with all sorts of buildings and
contrivances for their comfort and convenience, and which he
surrounded with a wall at a cost of £10,000 to protect them from
marauders. The Hall also became a perfect museum of stuffed birds
and animals collected in his travels, which were all prepared by his own
hands or under his direction by methods devised by himself, so as to
display their natural characteristics. He was educated at Tudhoe
school, now Ushaw College, and at Stony hurst under the Jesuit Fathers.
There he got into many a scrape by breaking bounds to go naturalising

122

OLD YORKSHIRE.

In 1827. he married Annie Mary, daughter of Chas. Edmonstone, of
Demerara, by Helen, daughter of William Reid and Minie, an Indian
" Princess" of the Arowak tribe. Her father was descended from Sir
John Edmondstone. who married Isabel, daughter of King Robert
Bruce. She died the following year in giving birth to her only son
Edmund, and Waterton never again married. His life was one
continuous series of romantic adventures, dariug- exploits, and perils.
On leaving college he was sent to Spain, where he had two uncles
engaged in commercial pursuits. He was in Malaga when a fearful
plague — the black vomit — broke out with great virulence, 14,000
people dying of it, whilst 5<X000 fled from the city. His two uncles
died of it, and he caught the infection, but thanks to a good constitu
tion, he became convalescent, when, fearing a relapse, and an earth
quake occurring, he determined to escape from the doomed city, which
he was enabled to do by the friendliness of a Swedish captain, who
admitted him secretly on board his vesseL It got wind, however, that
a plague patient was in the vessel, and two brigs of war went in
pursuit ; but the superior sailing powers of the Swede enabled it to
outstrip its pursuers, and Waterton landed safely in England, but was
several months before he completely recovered.
He was then sent to superintend a family estate on the Demerara
river, in British Guiana, where he remained eight years, when his
father and uncle having died, he handed it over to the heirs. Whilst
there he was commissioned to carry some despatches to the Spanish
Government on the Oronoko, his commission, dated August, 1808. being
the first held by a Waterton since the time of Queen Mary. This was
the commencement of his wanderings as a naturalist. He made four
voyages to America — in 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824, the last year,
however, being occupied chiefly with a tour through the United States ;
the others almost exclusively in the forests of the Demerara and the
Essequibo, which he ranged fearlessly, dressed only in a shirt, a pair of
trousers, and a hat. He went barefoot, carrying with him a gun to
provide food and enable him to obtain specimens of rare and new
animals. He wrote— " There is not much danger in roving among
snakes and wild animals, if you only have self-command. You must
not approach them abruptly ; if you do you will have to pay for your
rashness. They will always retire from the face of man unless pressed
by hunger or suspicious of an attack, as in case of a serpent being
trodden upon. Their dominant idea is that of self-defence, and it is
only when alarmed that the jaguar knocks you down with his paw, or
the snake brings his fangs into operation." He seemed to care little
for jaguars, alligators, and serpents, however big or ferocious, his
great annoyance arising from much more insignificant creatures, viz.,
the myriads of pestiferous insects of all sizes and shapes, most
particularly the chigoe, about the size of a flea, which burrowed under
the tot-nails and there deposited its bag of eggs, which had to be
extracted by means of a needle or penknife without breaking the bag.

WATERTON, THE WANDERER. 123
and turpentine poured into the wound, else would the young chigoes,
when hatched, burrow still further, and cause an ulcerated sore and
eventually the loss of the foot. On some occasions he extracted as
many as four bags of eggs from his toes in a day.
He had many narrow escapes from death ; for instance, he was
passing down a river in a canoe, when he saw a huge Laboris snake —
a' powerful and deadly poisonous creature — on the bank. He wounded
it with a gunshot, and caused the canoe to be brought up to the bank,
in order to secure his specimen. He laid hold of a branch, and was
preparing to grasp it by the throat, when the tillerman, terrified at the
aspect of the snake, turned the boat off, and left Waterton swinging
from the branch, half in the water, and thrice going overhead in the
river, which swarmed with caymen. Another man, however, seized the
helm and brought tlie boat back, and he was rescued from his perilous
position. Determined not to lose his prize, he seized it by the neck,
dragged it into the boat, and despatched it.
He had another adventure with a snake. This time a Couracalle,
not poisonous, but thick and muscular, and 14 feet in length. He was
anxious to get it perfect without wounding the skin by a shot, which
he thought he could do by pinning it through the neck to the earth — a
difficult thing to achieve, as it was lying coiled up under some wood
bine which had grown over the roots of an old tree, and the head was
not visible. He had two negroes with him, who weie terribly alarmed
at the project, and prayed that he would shoot it. Knowing that their
first impulse would be flight, he told them that he would cutlass them
if they did not stand by him in the struggle. He then approached
silently, and gently kneeling on one knee, cut away the woodbine until
the head appeared. This took a quarter of an hour to accomplish. He
ranged the negroes behind him, one to seize and firmly hold the lance
after the blow had been given, the other to wait his instructions.
"Probably," says he, "nothing kept them from bolting but the
consolation that I was betwixt them and the snake." They then, in
dead silence, approached the reptile, which had not moved ; " and on
getting up to him, I struck him with the lance on the near side, just
behind the neck, and pinned him to the ground. That moment the
negro nearest me seized the lance, and held it firm in its place, while I
dashed head foremost into the den to grapple with the snake, and to
get hold of his tail before he could do any mischief. On pressing him
to the ground he gave a tremendous loud hiss, and the little dog ran
away, howling as he went. We had a sharp fray in the den, rotten
sticks flying about in all directions. I called up the second negro to
throw himself upon me, as I found I was not heavy enough. He did
so, and the additional weight was of good service. I had now got
good hold of his tail, and after a violent struggle he gave in. This
was the moment to secure him, so while the first negro held the lance
firm to the ground, the other was helping me to tie up his mouth. The
snake now finding himself in an unpleasant situation, tried to better

124 OLD YORKSHIRE.
himself, and set resolutely to work, but we overpowered him. We
contrived to make him twist himself round the lance, and then prepared
to convey him from the forest. I stood at the head, and held it under
my arm ; one negro supported the body, and the other the tail, but he
was so heavy that we had to rest ten times to recover our strength.
As we proceeded he fought hard for freedom, but it was all in vain.
Had I killed him partial putrefaction would have taken place before
morning." When they reached the hut, they put him in a large sack,
securely tying the mouth, and placed him in the basement room. " My
hammock was in the loft just above him, and the floor betwixt us half
gone to decay, so that in parts of it, no boards intervened between his
lodging-room and mine. He was very restless and fretful, and, had
Medusa been my wife, there could not have been more continuous and
disagreeable hissiug in the bed-chamber that night. In the morning
ten negroes were sent for to prevent his escape on opening the bag.
We untied the mouth of the bag, kept him down by main force, and
then I cut his throat. He bled like an ox, and by six the same evening
he was completely dissected."
On another occasion he found a young Couracalle, ten feet long,
which he irritated by seizing its tail, when it turned and came at him
open-mouthed ; but he dashed his hand covered with his cap into its
throat, and grasping it by the neck, let go its tail, when it coiled itself
round his body, " pressing me hard, but not alarmingly so ; and so I
marched off with my prize. "
The famous cayman ride, which gave rise to so much derision from
the critics, occurred in his third journey, on the Essequibo river. He
was anxious to procure a specimen uninjured by shot, and went accom
panied by Daddy Quashi, his faithful negro, and some others — Indians
and negroes. They found a cayman ten and a half feet long, which
they vainly tried to catch, until an Indian constructed a hook and bait,
which was laid overnight, attached to a strong rope, the other end of
which was fastened to a post driven into the bank. In the morning
they found that he had swallowed the bait and was tugging at the rope.
Waterton wished to draw him out alive, but the Indians declared that
he would worry them ; and Daddy Quashi, terribly afraid, prepared his
gun to shoot. This was only prevented by his master threatening him
with a knife. Waterton walked up and down some time, revolving in
his mind various projects, then sent for the boat mast, eight feet long,
round which he wrapped the sail, and kneeling down with it projecting
before him, gave orders to haul away. After some plunging and
splashing, the cayman was brought to the bank. " By this time he
was within two yards of me ; I saw he was in a state of fear and
perturbation, so I dropped the mast, which 1 intended to ram down his
throat, and jumped on his back, turning half round as I vaulted, so that
I gained my seat, with my face in a right position. I immediately
seized his fore legs, and by main force twisted them on his back ; thus
they served me for a bridle. He now seemed to have recovered from

WATERTON, THE WANDERER. 125
his surprise, and probably fancying himself in liostile company, began
to plunge furiously, and lashed the sand with his long and fearful tail.
He continued to plunge and strike, and made my seat very uncomfortable.
It must have been a fine sight for an unoccupied spectator. The people
roared out in triumph, aud it was some time before they heard me tell
them to pull me and my beast of burthen farther inland. I was
apprehensive the rope might break, and then there would have been
every chance of going down to the regions under water with him. We
were dragged forty yards inland. Should it be asked how I managed
to keep my seat, I would answer — I hunted some years ago with Lord
Darlington's foxhounds. When by exhaustion he became a little
tranquil, I managed to tie up his jaws and secure firmly his fore legs
over his back. I then worked myself back upon his tail to prevent his
kicking up a dust with it. The people then ventured near, conveyed
him to the boat, and from it to the hammock, where his throat was
cut." He was then dissected, and Daddy Quashi feasted on the flesh,
declaring that it revived him wonderfully, and becoming very bold and
talkative now that the danger was over.
He employed himself on his first journey in collecting specimens
of the deadly Wourali poison prepared by the Indians for tipping their
arrows with, and in experimenting on its effects on various animals.
None survived more than ten or twelve minutes after it mingled
with their blood. In the second he describes the varieties of resplendent
humming birds of Guiana, '• darting through the air as quick as thought,
now within a yard of your face; in an instant flashing through the air
and fluttering from flower to flower to sip the silver dew ; now a ruby,
now a topaz, now an emerald, now all burnished gold." He also
descants in doleful tones on the cruelty and impolicy of the banishment
of the Jesuit Fathers from Pernambuco, where they had established
schools and colleges, and were the disseminators of learning and civilisa
tion. In the third journey occurred the cayman adventure, and his close
observation of the habits of the sloth. He spent eleven months in the
forest, and brought home 230 birds, two land tortoises, five armadilloes,
two large serpents, a sloth, a cayman, an ant-bear, and a vast number
of hitherto unknown insects.
On his return he visited Switzerland and Italy, and whilst in Rome
climbed up the lightning conductor and left his glove on the top ; but
as this would impede its action, he was compelled by the authorities to
make another ascent and remove it.
He was inspired to make his fourth and last journey by reading
Wilson's " Ornithology of the United States," and passed through the
States on his road to Guiana. He does not, however, give many notes
on natural history, occupying his pages chiefly with compliments on the
Americans, their cities, and institutions.
After all his dangers abroad, he died in consequence of a fall in his
own park in 1865, He had previously chosen a spot for his burial in

126 OLD YORKSHIRE.
the midst of his pet birds and beasts, and there he had placed a stone
cross inscribed, ¦¦ Orate pro annua Caroli Waterton. cujus ossa — juxta
banc crucem — sepeliuntur ossa. Natus 17S2 : obiit i860." When
lying on his deathbed the Pope telegraphed a blessing. Charles
Warerton's funeral "was conducted by the Bishop of Beverley, assisted
by fourteen priests. The procession, after Requiem High Mass at rhe
hocse. passed along the lake in boats, draped in black, and when the
benedicrion canticle was being sung over him, after the coffin bad been
deposited in the grave, a linnet in an overhanging tree lifted up its
voice and -with great appropriateness sang sweetly in unison with the
choristers. In IS 70 his collections in Natural History were sold by
auction, along with his valuable library, pictures, coins, medals, and
other works of art and objects of curiosity.
London. F. Ross. F.R.H.S.

JACK HAWLEY.

Liosxl Scott Pn.KTVGToy, alias Jack Hawley. of Hatfield, near
Doncaster, was an eccentric ctaracter. Altnoug-h born a gentleman
and well educated, he chose to disguise himself in the dress, manners,
pursuits, and speech of a much inferior class, associating with grooms
and farm labourers, clothing- himself in corduroy breeches, sleeved
waistcoat, top boots, and fur cap, and speaking the dialect of the dis
trict in the broadest style. Y'et beneath this rough and homely exterior
he possessed the instincts of the gentleman. He was educated at Rugby,
under the future Archbishop of Canterbury, was well read, possessing
a large library, and was a careful reader of newspapers to keep abreast
with the topics of the day, although he was wont to say. " I don't
believe half of the stuff they put in newspapers ; still there is as much
truth in a newspaper as there is gospel in a sermon." He was also
fond of studying animals and their habits, had an aviary in his drawing-
room, and tame foxes which had the run of the house. He was free
and generous in his disposition, kept a hospitable table, was affable in
his demeanour, and had many friends, and few (if any) enemies. His
father, Redman Pilkington, was an architect at Kensington and J.P. for
the county of Middlesex, who purchased a considerable estate at Hat
field, near the mansion of his brother, Henry Pilkington. Lionel, his
son, was born at Kensington, in 1828. and died at Hatfield, in 1875.
After leaving- Rugby he was sent by his father on his travels, with a
private tutor ; but as soon as he got across the Channel he refused to
learn any more lessons, and would not consent to go any further,
excepting in the capacity of servant to his tutor. When they reached
Italy, he ran off, and was not found till six weeks afterwards, when he
was discovered in a farm-house, where he had hired himself out as a day
labourer. Afterwards, he entered the service of the Duke of Parma as

JACK HAWLEY. 127
a groom. His father died suddenly, and was buried in Hatfield Church,
where there is a tablet to his memory ; and as he made no will, his son,
then a minor, succeeded to the estate and made it his residence, with a
few short intervals, for the remainder of his life. He built a house on
the estate, in a somewhat bizarre style, with antique lozenge-paned
windows, and fire-hearths without ranges, on which he burnt turf, peat,
or logs of wood. The floors of the rooms were carpeted with skins of
animals, and the -walls decorated with antlers, stuffed animals, aud fox
brushes ; also with bits, bridles, and stirrups ; portraits of favourite
horses, and one of his great grandfather in the costume of a jockey.
Outside were commodious stables and extensive greenhouses for the
cultivation of exotic flowers.
He claimed to be a Catholic in religion, and on one occasion pre
sented two fine horses to the Pope, who in return gave him a silver
cross, which he had blessed, and which Lionel highly valued and wore
suspended round bis neck, day and night, until he accidentally lost it.
He always made the sign of the cross, with great seriousness, when
mounting or dismounting from his horse, Anglican. " Parsons " he had
very little love for, and churchwardens were his especial abhorrence.
This arose partly out of a quarrel he had had with the Vicar and
churchwardens of Hatfield. The church was undergoing some altera
tions and repairs, and it was found necessary to remove the coffins of
his grandfather and grandmother to anew vault. Amongst other
repairs was some new lead spouting, and he was led to believe that it
was made out of the coffins of his progenitors, whereupon- he tore down
the spouts, called the churchwardens "villains and scoundrels," and
the Vicar a " thief and body-snatcher," supplemented by other choice
epithets of a groom's vocabulary, for which breaches of the peace he
was summoned before the West Riding magistrates and punished with
a fine. He asserted, but it is supposed without truth, that when in
Italy he married and had three children, and that when he left he
handed them over to another man, which, he said, was sanctioned by
the law of the land.
Multitudinous are the stories and anecdotes told of his adventures,
frolics, and eccentricities, which show that he was always ready for a
" lark," and that he possessed an abundance of mother wit, apprecia
tion of humour, and kindliness of disposition, and that he was ever
ready at repartee. Soon after his father's death, he made a voyage to
India as a man before the mast, but that one voyage was sufficient for
him ; he never went to sea again excepting on a coasting trip. On his
return he took service as a stableman at the Turf Inn, Doncaster, with
out wages ; whence he passed to the stables of John Scott, the trainer
at Malton • afterwards became assistant to a butcher, at Barmby-upon-
Dun, and subsequently passed, for a long period, into the service of Sir
Joseph llawley, of turf celebrity, which was the cause of his assuming
the name of " Jack Hawley." On one occasion he took a harvestino-
job, but spent considerably more than his wages in beer for his fellow-

128 OLD YORKSHIRE.
labourers. Interspersed with these periods of service, he indulged in
all sorts of mad-cap and grotesque frolics and amusements, generally of
a " horsey " character. He had a presentiment that his death would
take place on Christmas Day, which really occurred on December 25th,
1875. As he found his end approaching, he prepared for the future by
causing his groom Harris to read portions of the Scriptures to him
every evening, and made his will for the disposition of his property,
with special directions for his funeral, and a condition that his legatees
should see them carried out strictly, under the penalty of forfeiting
their legacies. His Hatfield property he left to his then groom, John
Harris ; his London property to a young man named Wiggins, the son
of an old and faithful servant of his mother, who still lived, and to whom
the legatee was to pay the yearly sum of £50. To an old servant
named Nettleship he left £25 ; to the Catholic priest of Doncaster a
legacy of £25, and £5 per annum for masses for his soul ; and to the
Catholic Church at Doncaster, towards the building of which he had
contributed liberally, a painting of the Virgin.
The funeral was carried out in accordance with his instructions.
He had appropriated a field as a cemetery for rinderpest cattle, of
which he lost several in the plague of 1870, favourite horses, foxes,
dogs, cats, etc., and had left in the centre a vacant place for his own
grave, where he placed a ponderous stone coffin for the receipt of his
corpse. His body was clothed in his usual costume of white cord
breeches, top-boots with silver-mounted spurs, a cut-away riding coat,
and a sealskin cap decorated with a portion of the brush of a fox. His
hands were crossed on his breast holding a crucifix and a bouquet of
flowers, for which he had a great admiration, placed on his chest. The
body was strapped on a board, and covered with a horse rug, and was
borne from the house by six men. In the coffin was placed a saddle for
his pillow, with the bridle of his favourite pony at his feet. When the
body was laid in its place, the massive lid of the coffin was lowered by
means of a crane, and cemented down by the masons. Upon it was
inscribed, " John Hawley, died December 25, 1875, aged 47 years."
And thus terminated the career of this estimable and well-meaning, if
wild and erratic, Yorkshireman.
London. F. Ross, F.R.H.S.

FLINT JACK.

" Flint Jack," whose proper name was Edward Simpson, but who
was also known as "Fossil Willy," "Cockney Bill," "Bones,'
" Shirtless," " Snake Billy," and the "Old Antiquarian," and who also
assumed the alias of " Edward Jackson," as well as " John Wilson,"
" Jerry Taylor," &c, was a native of Sleights, two miles west of
Whitby, in Yorkshire, where he was born in the year 1815. This \

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Edward Simpson, alios " Flint Jack."

130 OLD YORKSHIRE.
have in his own words, written down on the 10th of August, 1867:
" Born at Sleights, five miles west of Whitby. Now fifty-two years of
age. Don't know when born."
His father was a sailor, and young Simpson was brought up as
most young lads on the coast are, or rather were, brought up, partly on
land and partly on the water. When fourteen years old he entered the
service of Dr. Young, the historian, of Whitby — a man of varied attain
ments and an ardent geologist — from whom he acquired his love for
geology and antiquities. He left Dr. Young, whom he constantly
attended on his geological excursions, and entered the services of Dr.
Ripley, also of Whitby, with whom he remained until the Doctor's
death, which took place in about six years (1840). Thrown out of his
situation, Jack, who had acquired a sound knowledge of and a deep love
for paleontology, turned his attention to the collecting of fossils from
the neighbourhood around Whitby, and disposing of them to the dealers
and others at that place, and at Bridlington, Filey, Scarborough, etc.
In this honest and praiseworthy manner young Simpson, who was then
a young man of five or six and twenty, made a good living. He was
very industrious in collecting specimens, and being particularly clever
in cleaning fossils, obtained considerable employment.
In 1843, a dealer in " curiosities," in Whitby, with whom young
Simpson did business in fossils, showed him a flint arrow head of barbed
form, found somewhere in the neighbourhood, and asked him if he could
make one like it 1 He said he would try, and this turned his attention
from an honest to a dishonest calling. Being very cute and clever, and
handy at anything, Edward Simpson soon set himself to his task of
forming a counterfeit arrow head, and eventually succeeded so well
that he manufactured them — of all conceivable and inconceivable forms
— in large numbers, and palming them off as genuine antiques on
experienced antiquaries as well as on amateurs, found a ready and
profitable sale for his productions.
Having succeeded in making the flint arrow head, of which I have
spoken, and having, after much patient labour, succeeded also in
expertly striking off the flake from the nodules of flint and chipping
them into form, he extended his love for counterfeiting ancient works
of art by establishing for himself a small secret pot-work, where he
busied himself in making so-called ancient urns. This was, it is stated,
in 1844. " The first pottery he made," says Mr. Monkman, the writer
to whom I have alluded, " was among the Bridlington clay. This was
an Ancient British Urn ! which he sold as a genuine one to Mr. Tyndall,
asserting it to ha-ro been found somewhere in the neighbourhood. For
a time the urn making business proved the besi, an;l the second was
sold to a Mr. Tysseman, of Scarborough, and a third to Dr. Murray."
The new branch of trade even necessitated still more secrecy and still
greater knavery, and Jack betook himself to the cliffs, where he set up
an ancient pottery of his own. Here, after modelling the urns, he placed
them beneath the shelter of an overhanging ledge of rock, out of reach

FLINT JACK. 131
of rain, but free to the winds, until dry. Then came the bakings.
These were only required to be rude and partly effective, and the roots,
grass, and brambles, afforded the " fire-holding," and with them he
completed the manufacture of his antiquities. Jack, however, had
found the clay cliff of Bridlington Bay too open and exposed, and he
repaired for his study and his works to the well-wooded and solitary
region about Stainton Dale, between Whitby and Scarborough, where
he built himself a hut near Ravens' Hall, and used to spend a week at a
time there engaged in the making of his spurious urns and stone
implements. After a general " baking-day," he would set off either to
Whitby or Scarborough, to dispose of his collections — all of which he
most religiously declared had been found in (and taken by stealth from)
tumuli (Jack says toomoloo) on the moor — his great field for his dis
coveries being the wild wastes between Kirby-Moorside and Stokesley,
where he declares a man might pass a month without meeting another
human being. Fear of detection, therefore, was reduced to a minimum
—and the general knowledge of antiquities of the British period was
then but small. The urns, therefore, were all sold as genuine ones, and
were never suspected. Now (1866) he says they would be detected at
once, being not only too thick in the walls, but altogether of wrong
material, ornament, shape, and burning. " I often laugh," says Jack,
" at the recollection of the things I used to sell in those days ! "
In 1845 Jack says he began to extend his " walks " from Scar
borough to Pickering. He got to know Mr. T. Kendall (a gentleman
who has paid much attention to archteological matters), who showed
him a collection of spurious flints which had been purchased as genuine
ones from a Whitby dealer. These were of Jack's make, and on being
asked for his opinion he frankly told Mr. Kendall he knew where they
had come from, and set to work to show the method of manufacture,
initiating his patron into the mysteries of forming "barbs," "hand
celts," and "hammers." Jack declares the kindness of Mr. Kendall
overcame him, and he for once resolved to speak the truth. He did it,
and had no occasion for regret — he exposed the forgery, and retained a
friend to whom he could look for a trifle when " hard up."
In the following year Flint Jack visited Malton with some of his
forgeries, but here he found a rival in the fabrication of early pottery in
the person of a barber, who had for some time followed that dishonest
practice. He, however, sold some of his stone implements, and not
long afterwards he found near Pickering an old tea-tray, and out of
this ' valuable ' he set to work to fashion a piece of armour. The first
idea was a shield, but the ' boss ' presented an insuperable difficulty, and
this was abandoned for a Roman breast-plate, which was forthwith
constructed. The thing was a remarkably clever production. Jack
made it to fit himself, and after finishing it, put it on, and walked into
Malton. On arrival he had ' an ancient piece of armour ' for sale, found
near the encampments at Cawthorne — and a purchaser was found in Mr.
Pycock, who had not yet suspicion of Jack. The ' relic ' is now at

132

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Scarborough. The article fitted well to the arms aud nock, and had
holes for thong-lacings over the shoulders and round the waist. Jack
walked into Malton, wearing the ' armour ' under his coat."
One of his next exploits was the fabrication of a Roman mile stone
which he carved with a queer inscription, buried in a field, dug up, and
wheeled in a barrow to Scarborough, where he found a glad customer
for his treasure. " At the same period he undertook the manufacture
of seals, inscribed stones, etc. Of the latter he professed to have found
one in the stream in the Pickering Marshes. In passing the railway
gatehouse there he went to the stream to drink, and in so doing, said ho
noticed a dark stone at the bottom of the beck. This he took up and
found it had letters on it ! He was advised at the Old Malton public-
house to take it to Mr. Copperthwaite, and did so, receiving a reward.
The stone, which is now in the collection of Capt. Copperthwaite, of the
Lodge, Malton, bore the inscription, 'IMP CONSTAN EBVR' round
the_ Christian symbol, it was wet, dirty, and heavy, and seemed to be a
curiosity. Jack being then little known, no suspicion of a forgery was
entertained. In course of time this stone was submitted to Mr. Roach
Smith, Mr. Newton, of the British Museum, and other antiquaries, but
no conclusion could be arrived at respecting it, the form of it suggesting
most, if anything, the ornate top of the shaft of a banner. But the
ability of the Romans to work metal so well, made it unlikely that they
should use so rude an ornament of stone for such a purpose, and that
theory was rejected. The article still remained a puzzle, and is now
regarded as a curiosity. Its parentage was afterwards discovered, and
it is needless to say it proved to be the handiwork of Flint Jack.
" In 1846, a fatal change came over Jack's life. He continued to
be the same arrant rogue, but in addition, he began to drink. ' In this
year' says he, ' I took to drinking — the worst job yet. Till then I was
always possessed of five pounds — I have since been in utter poverty,
and frequently in great misery and want.' Jack seems to have been
' led away' at Scarborough. While there he had got introduced to the
manager of one of the banks, but he says he could not ' do' him, for he
bought no flints and only cared for fossils. Jack had not yet set about
forging fossils as he afterwards found it expedient to do. While at
Scarborough, however, he made and disposed of a ' flint comb.'* This
article was a puzzle to most people, and the buyer submitted it to Mr.
Bateman, who could not find any use for it except that it might have
been the instrument by which tattooing of the body was effected ! He
remained at Scarborough a short period, and about the end of the year
visited Bridlington, Hornsea, and Hull. At tho latter place, being
short of money he went to the Mechanics' Institute — he had ' always
* A flint "comb" is in the Council Room at the York Musoum. This was
presented by a Whitby gontleman, and was described, and had all but been
engraved. Mr. Monkman saw it in August last, and has no hesitation in pro
nouncing it to be one of Jack's forgerios, as is also the "fish-hook" which
accompanies it.

FLINT JACK.

133

been short of money since he took to drinking'-— and sold them a large
stone celt (trap) represented to have been found on the Yorkshire
Wolds, The imposture was not detected. Hull proved a barren place,
and not knowing or being able to find out any antiquaries or geologists,
Jack crossed the Humber and walked to Lincoln. Here he called upon
the curator of the Museum, and sold him a few flints and fossils— the
flints being forgeries."
From Lincoln, Flint Jack proceeded to Newark, Grantham, Stam
ford, and Peterborough, and visited the Roman camp at Caistor, and
the Water Newton camp, near Wansworth, in Northamptonshire. At
Peterborough he was introduced to Dr. Henry Porter, and remained^
month, frequently being employed to go out with the Doctor in
fossiling expeditions. Jack, of course, did .not for one moment forget
" business," and a good anecdote is related of one of his tricks played
off on the Doctor, who, being possessed of a nice piece of fossil wood
which he wished to have in a portable form, desired Jack to make it
into a seal (he had revealed his ability to make things to some extent).
Jack, however, took part of the wood, and getting rid of the inner
annular rings, formed a signet ring, very cleverly executed. Not
content with furnishing the ring with a " head," he supplied the name
INGVLFVS— his tale of this wonderful ring's history being that the
relic had been found by a labouring man while employed in removing
soil from the churchyard of Croyland Abbey and -sold to a small dealer
in Peterborough. In this person's possession it had remained for many
years, until discovered by some one when looking for something else.
The ring, Jack had at once "recognised" as that of Ingulfus, who
presided over the monks of Croyland circa V2T2 !" From Peterborough
he went on to Huntingdon and Cambridge, Brandon, Newmarket,
Norwich, Yarmouth, Thetford, Ipswich, &c. From thence he made
his way to Colchester, where he formed a connection with a Jew
dealer, as little scrupulous as himself, and the two — the one as
fabricator of spurious articles, and the other as vendor of them to the
London dealers and others — did a very thriving trade for some time.
Jack, however, having learned the marts at which the Jew disposed of
the articles, thought, at length, that he might as well supply them
without the "middleman's" aid, and so made his way by way of
Chelmsford to London. " Forged antiquities were not so generally
understood at that period, and Jack says he sold manufactured flints
and celts in great variety to numerous dealers whose names we need
not recite. He was, however, more particularly desirous of trading
with Mr. Tennant, in the Strand, who, as the sequel will show, had a
hand in the subsequent exposure of Jack's malpractices. On him he
called to dispose of fossils only at first, but afterwards sold flints and
other antiquities ; not one of the dealers knowing them to be spurious.
Jack, on being asked — Did you take them in at the British Museum 1
replied, ' Why, of course I did ! ' and again ' They have lots of my
things—and good things they are, too.' He remained in London.

134

OLD YORKSHIRE.

twelve months, manufacturing flints, chiefly, the whole time, obtaining
bis supplies of raw material by taking boat to the chalk cliff at Wool
wich. At length tbe dealers (and the museums too) became overcharged
with flints, and Jack feared their very plentifuhess wonld arouse
suspicions. He therefore resolved upon a return into Yorkshire, but
by a different route, passing through tbe midland counties. He
accordingly resumed his ' walks,5 taking Ware, Hertford, Bedford,
(where he found his first purchaser since leaving London) and Nor
thampton, where he found three ready dupes — 'here,' says Jack —
' I did best of any.' For all he made large collections of flints, and
' spiced' them with a few genuine fossils. Market Harbro' proved a
barren place, bnt at Leicester he got to the museum and succeeded in
disposing of flints and fossils. At Nottingham he found two antiquaries
and duped both. Jack, by way of 'a rest from the cares and
anxieties of business,' took a 'holiday,' to visit the battle ground of
Wfflerby Field (Charles L and Cromwell), and traced part of the great
Roman fosse from Nottingham to Newark, Lincoln, and Brigg. From
Nottingham he proceeded to Claycross, Chesterfield, and Sheffield,
but did no trade, having no flint. He passed through Sheffield ' with
great reluctance,' and proceeded by Wakefield and Tadcaster to York,
en route for Bridlington Bay." At York he made an arrangement to
collect fossils and shells for the museum, and spent about a year
faithfully upon this employment.
*' In the summer of 1849 Jack set off on a fossihng expedition to
the north — taking no flints with him. He walked to StaHhes, Guishro*,
fiedcar, Stockton, and Hartlepool, and confined his attention to the
selection of fossils from tbe magnesian limestone — fossil fish and
plants. Thence he went to Darlington and Richmond, and at the
latter place got to know Mr. Wood, the geologist of the mountain
limestone country, and remained there all the winter collecting and
cleaning fossils. Iii the new year of 1850 he started for Barnard-
Castle, Eirkby-Stepben, Kendal, Ambleside, Keswick, Cockermouth,
Whitehaven, Workington, Maryport, and Carlisle — the whole of these
walks being mL Thence he went to.Wigton, Austin-Moor, Halt-
whistle, and Hexham, where he halted for the purpose of visiting
Hadrian's wall He was much pleased with this locality, and noticed
several Roman votive altars in tile old walls, frequently in the wafls of
stables, and piggeries. Jack eventually reached Newcastle, where he
had no difficulty in selling out his accumulation of fossils at the
Museum. Jack's northern tour, up to tins period, had been of a
faultless complexion, but he, unfortunately, walked to North Shields,
and examined the shingle on the beach and ' found some flint.' Here
was a temptation not to be withstood, and Jack set to work on the
spot to make forged celts, and with a spurious collection he went to
Durham and there lapsed into his old trade, selling a few as genuine
(with a plausible history attached) to private individuals who ' took an
interest in antiquities.' From Durham he made for Northallerton, and

FLINT JACK. 135
at Broughton, a village four miles distant, ho managed to 'do' a
gentleman by selling him flints. By way of Thirsk, Easingwold,
Helmsley, Kirby, and Pickering, he reached Scarbrough, the district
yielding him but little profit. Afterwards, Jack having replenished
his stock, made two separate tours into Westmoreland with his fossils
and forged flints, which he sold to a banker at Kendal, to a barber at
Ambleside, to Flintoff's Museum at Keswick, and also to a private
gentleman there. While here he took to wood carving, and to the
formation of seals, rings, and beads, in coal and amber, and sold these
readily at the Lakes."
In the next season, he went to Ireland by way of York, Leeds,
Manchester, and Liverpool, selling his counterfeits at each place on his
route. His Irish tour was a very profitable one, and after a time he
recrossed the channel, and came back to his original haunt at
Bridlington. In 1852, he was employed in collecting fossils for some
gentlemen of Scarbro' and Whitby, and then again set out for London,
staying a long time on his way, at Bottesford, collecting and disposing
of fossils from the lias there.
After visiting Scotland and other places, Jack in 1859 made a very
profitable journey into Cumberland, going by Houghton-le-Spring,
Durham,- Barnard Castle, and Brough, to Lancaster, and across the
sands of Morecambe Bay to Ulverstone, Bootle, and Ravenglass— then
Whitehaven. He walked from Whitehaven to Carlisle in one day, and
thence to Longtown, Haltwhistle, Hexham, Newcastle, Durham,
Darlington, Richmond, Leyburn. Kettlewell, Harrogate, and Leeds.
This was entirely a flint selling journey — occasionally he made an urn,
or forged a fossil, and carried them on the road till a customer turned
up. From Leeds he went to Selby and Hull, and took the boat to
Grimsby, going by Louth to Boston, Spalding, and Lynn, selling flints
and lias fossils all the way.
In 1861, Flint Jack again visited London, and was again employed
by Mr. Tennant, but the fact of his flints being spurious having got
pretty well, by this time, bruited about, that gentleman taxed him with
their manufacture (which it is but fair to Jack to say he had on more
than one occasion openly acknowledged), to which soft impeachment he
was not slow to plead guilty. Mr. Tennant proposed to introduce him
to meetings of the Geological Society and other societies, if he would
exhibit, publicly, his method of forming flint and stone implements, for
which of course he was to be recompensed. Accordingly, on the
6th of January, 1862, " a considerable gathering of geologists and their
friends took place at the rooms in Cavendish Square, in which at that
time the meetings of the Geologists' Association were held, under
the presidency of Professor Tennant. Two popular subjects were
announced for the evening's consideration ; the one being on ' Lime
and Lime-stones,' by the President ; the other, ' On the ancient Flint
Implements of Yorkshire, and the Modern Fabrication of similar
specimens,' by the Rev. Thomas Wiltshire, the Vice-President. These

136

OLD YORKSHIRE.

announcements attracted a full attendance of members, and of their
wives and daughters. The ladies rapidly filled the upper portion of the
lecture-room nearest the platform ; but courteously left the foremost row
of seats to be occupied by the friends of the President and the Com
mittee. It soon became evident that it was to be a crowded meeting,
and as the back seats gradually filled, many a wistful glance was cast
at these reserved seats ; yet, by common consent they were left
vacant. Presently, however, an individual made his way through the
crowd whose strange appearance drew all eyes toward him, and whose
effrontery in advancing to the foremost seats, and coolly sitting down
in one of them, was greeted by a suppressed titter on the part of the
ladies. He was a weather-beaten man of about forty-five years of age,
and he came in dirty tattered clothes, and heavy navvy's boots, to
take precedence of the whole assemblage ; it was natural, therefore,
that the time spent in waiting for the President's appearance should be
occupied in taking an inventory of his curious costume and effects. He
wore a dark cloth coat, hanging in not unpicturesque rags about the
elbows ; it was buttoned over a cotton shirt which might once have
been white, but which had degenerated to a yellow brown. About
his neck was a fragment of a blue cotton handkerchief ; his skin was
of a gipsy brown, his hair hung in lank black locks about a forehead
and face that were not altogether unprepossessing, except for the
furtive and cunning glances which he occasionally cast around him
from eyes that did not correspond with each other in size and
expression. His corduroys, which were in a sorry condition, had been
turned up ; and their owner had evidently travelled through heavy
clay, the dried remains of which bedaubed his boots. Altogether he
was a puzzling object to the ladies ; he had not the robust health or
the cleanliness of a railway navvy ; he differed from all known species
of a London working man ; he could scarcely be an ordinary beggar
' on the tramp,' for by what means could such an individual have gained
admittance to a lecture-room in Cavendish-square ? Yet this last
character was the one best represented by the general appearance of
the man, who carried an old greasy hat in one hand, and in the other
a small bundle tied up in a dingy red cotton handkerchief. The most
amusing part was the comfortable assurance with which he took his
seat, unchallenged by any of the officials, and the way in which he
made himself at home by depositing on the floor, on one side his hat,
on the other side his little red bundle, and then set to work to study
the diagrams and specimens which were displayed on the platform.
" At length the President, Vice president, and Committee entered
the room, and the business of the evening commenced. Many glances
were cast at the stranger by the members of the Committee, but no
one seemed astonished or annoyed at his presence ; and, in fact, he was
allowed to retain the prominent position which he had chosen for
himself. He listened attentively to the President's lecture, and to the
discussion which followed ; but his countenance betrayed a keener

FLINT JACK. 137
interest when the second paper of the evening, that on Yorkshire Flint
Implements, was read. And here the mystery of the stranger was
suddenly revealed, for in the course of his remarks on the clever
fabrications of modern times, by which these ancient flint instruments
were successfully ^copied, the Vice-president stated that, through the
efforts of Professor Tennant, a person was in attendance who, with
the aid of only a small piece of iron rod, bent at the end, would, with
remarkable dexterity, produce almost any form of flint weapon desired.
He then desired the stranger to mount the platform, and the man,
taking up his hat and bundle, seated himself in a conspicuous position,
and prepared to exhibit his skill. He undid the knots of his red
handkerchief, which proved to be full of fragments of flint. He turned
them over, and selected a small piece, which he held sometimes on his
knee, sometimes in the palm of his hand, and gave it a few careless
blows with what looked like a crooked nail. In a few minutes he had
¦ produced a small arrow-head, which he handed to a gentleman near,
and went on fabricating another with a facility and rapidity which
proved long practice. Soon a crowd had collected round the forger,
while his fragments of flint were fast converted into different varieties
of arrow-heads, and exchanged for sixpences among the audience.
This was the first appearance before the public, in London, of the
celebrated " Flint Jack.' "
In 1863, Flint Jack was again at Salisbury, but here, says my
late friend Mr. Stevens, the then honorary curator of the museum, " his
career in deception was very short," as he (Mr. S.) at once found out
that the flints he offered for sale were forgeries. Mr. Stevens here,
at his own expense, had Jack's portrait taken in photography by Mr.
Treble, from which the accompanying engraving is made. Mr. Stevens
here gave him employment by ordering him to make him a complete
set of flints for exhibition, and these are now placed in a frame along
with the photograph and a brief memoir of Flint Jack, in the Museum
at Salisbury, as a " caution to the unwary."
After poor " Flint Jack', lost his occupation through being induced
to make public confession and exhibition of his forgeries of antique
flint implements and the like, he passed a nomadic life as a miserable
lost wanderer, often on the point of actual starvation, and always in
abject poverty. He- tried hard, poor fellow, to make a living by
collecting, during his wanderings, such fossils and other " curiosities"
as came in his way, and parting with them for a few pence here and
there, and occasionally making here and there an imitation flint
implement, or a stone hammer or two, and selling them to those who
cared to possess them — and he was often reduced to the necessity of
actual begging. One of his failings was intemperance, and in his weak
state wanting food, the slightest indulgence took effect upon him. Thus
in the month of January, 1 867, in a time of very severe weather
while endeavouring to make his way to London, he got as far as
Bedford, when he called, in a pitiable and starving condition, upon some

138

OLD YORKSHIRE.

gentlemen who gave him timely help in food and clothes, as well as
means to help him on to the metropolis. Instead of proceeding thither,'
however, his love of drink overcame him, and, while in that state, he
committed two petty robberies — the one of a barometer, the other of
a clock — fof which he was taken into custody, and, happily, as pro
viding a home for him, was sentenced to one year's imprisonment in
Bedford gaol.
While there incarcerated, I took occasion to communicate with
the then governor of the gaol, Mr. Roberts, and through him with the
wretched man himself. The result was, that through an " appeal"
which I made, I was fortunate enough to obtain a small fund which I
placed in the hands of the governor of Bedford gaol, so that on his release
in- the following March, some clothes were provided for him, a railway
ticket to the destination (Cambridge) he desired to go to, and a sum of
money given him to make a fresh start, the remainder being sent to
him, a pound at a time, so long as it lasted, and until he obtained other
means of obtaining an honest livelihood.
The poor fellow is now dead, but the memory of his good
qualities — for he was not devoid of them — and of his undoubted cleverness
still lives, and is cherished by no one who knew him more highly than
myself, ne deserved a better fate, and had he been properly taken in
hand in earlier years, would have become a valuable and highly useful
member of society.
The Hollies, Dufield, Derby. Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A.

YORKSHIRE GENERALS.

MARSHAL-GENERAL WADE.

'.ARSHAL- GENERAL WADE was commander of one
division of the army sent to oppose the entrance into
England of Prince Charles in '45. His place of rendezvous
was Newcastle, and his men were gathered from the
northern counties, whilst the Duke of Cumberland collected
his from the midlands, and the occasion of his encampment
in Meanwood Road would doubtless be when he was marching
his troops northward. He held a command also in the expedition
against the Old Pretender in '15, and was in service fifty-eight
years, dying in 1751, at the age of eighty. After the suppression of
the rebellion of '15, he was left, for several years, Commander-in-Chief
in Scotland, in which capacity he employed his men in constructing
a series of military roads through the Highlands, in hitherto inaces-
sible places, where there had previously been nothing but trackways,
almost impassable in winter. These roads so delighted the natives that,
in grateful commemoration they set up a stone, inscribed —
Had you seen but these roads before they were made,
You would lift up your hands and bless General Wade ;
which would seem as if it had been composed by one of the Sister Isle.
Marshal Wade came of an illustrious race. His earliest known ancestor
was Wada, a Saxon noble of the eighth century, who inhabited a castle
near Whitby. He was of gigantic stature; was one of the con
spirators who murdered iEthelred, King of Northumbria ; was defeated
in battle at Whalley, in Lancashire, by Ardulph, iEthelred's successor ;
died soon after, and was buried in a hill between two stones seven feet
high and twelve feet apart. A legend informs us that he had a cow for
his wife, who for some cause or other had to go daily to a distant moor
to be milked. As the way thither was rough and uneven, Wada set to

140 OLD YORKSHIRE.
work to make a level road for her convenience, she bringing the stones
in her apron. It chanced one day that her apron-string gave way, and
the stones she was conveying, some twenty cart-loads, fell to the earth,
and there they remained until recently, a monument of her industry and
strength. The road is still in existence, and is called to this day
" Wade's Cawsey." One of his wife's ribs may be seen in Mulgrave
Castle, but some unbelieving sceptics contend that it is the bone of a
whale. It may be presumed that it is from this remote ancestor that
General Wade inherited his talent for road-making. From this
redoubtable hero descended the Wades of New Grange, near Leeds,
with whom General Wade was connected, but how nearly or how
remotely is not apparent. Of a collateral branch was Henry Wade, of
King's Cross, near Leeds, whose brother Anthony married, in 1590,
Judith, daughter of Thos. Foxcroft, of New Grange, and had issue,
with five daughters, Benjamin, of New Grange, and John, of King's
Cross. Benjamin, who d.s.p. 1671, built the mansion at New Grange
in 1626. He was a zealous Loyalist, and contributed £10,000 to the
exchequer of Charles I. during the Civil Wars. John, his brother, who
died in 1645, married Mary, daughter of John Waterhouse, of Wood-
house, Leeds. Anthony, his second son, of King's Cross, served the
office of Mayor of Leeds in 1676, and died 1683. Benjamin, his son, of
New Grange, married Anne, daughter of Walter Calverley, of
Calverley, whose elder sons d.v.p. and s.p. Walter, his fifth son,
succeeded; rebuilt the mansion at New Grange 1752, and died 1757.
Walter, his second son, married Anne, daughter and heiress of Robert
Allanson, of the Royd, Halifax, and died 1771. Benjamin, his third
son (the two elder having died young), succeeded, and died 1792, having
had issue three daughters, all of whom died young.
London. F. Ross, F.R.H.S.

GENERAL SIR RICHARD DEAN.
About the year 1600 William Dean was a dyer in Swinegate,
Leeds. In his hands trade had prospered sufficiently to enable him to
become a freeholder. The premises wherein he carried on his business
were his own ; they were situate behind those mills in Swinegate then,
as now, called the " King's Mills," because they belonged to the Crown.
Wm. Lindley, Esquire, of Leathley, the farmer of the mills under Queen
Elizabeth, chose to pick a quarrel with the prosperous dyer, who had
increased his premises in the direction of the royal property. Dean
had erected a new building over against the mill-wheel, and this act
had given offence to Lindley, who forthwith commenced a law-suit
against the dyer, on the ground that, although erected upon Dean's
land, the new building was injurious to the interests of the Crown,
inasmuch as it prevented the sun from shining upon the mill-wheels in
winter. The suit was tried at York, but the unsympathising jurymen,

GENERAL SIR RICHARD DEAN. 141
who could not be brought to see the reason why her Majesty's mill-
wheels required the mocking, heatless rays of a winter sun to fall upon
them, gave a verdict in favour of the dyer. This protest against
tyranny supported by regal power, may be taken as an assurance that
the Deans were men of indomitable resolution of purpose, for there
were few men who dared to oppose her most gracious Majesty
Elizabeth, Queen of England, France, and Ireland.*
Richard Dean, the subject of this memoir, is said by Wilson to
have been the son or grandson of the above William ; we incline to
consider him the latter. Than this bald statement of the reluctant
chronicler we know nothing more of the future hero until we find him
a great and prominent man, whose actions are noticed in the chronicles
of the age in which he lived and moved, Of his parentage, of his
boyhood, of the development of his mind, of the inclination of his
thoughts, of his early exploits, and of his early avocations, we know no
more than if he had never lived. Heath is the only historian who
speaks as to his origin. In that writer's account of the Regicides, we
learn that Dean " was formerly a hoyman's servant at Ipswich, and
when the war began was a matross in the train of artillery, and rose
to a captain's command therein ; and was famous first at the siege of
Exeter, and being a cross fellow, was thought fit to be one of Cromwell's
complices, to execute his plots against his Sovereign's life." The exact
amount of truth contained in this statement we cannot point out. If
ever Dean was a hoyman's servant at Ipswich, we are at a loss to
explain how he became such ; but that he was famous first at the
siege of Exeter we can deny. The city of Exeter was delivered to
Lord Fairfax on the 3rd of April, 1646, yet two years previous to that
event Dean was an officer of some note in the army of the Earl of
Essex, and his name appears among those of the officers of that army
who signed the attestation concerning the surrender to the King at
Lestithiel, in the month of August, 1644. In the " Squire Papers"
published by Carlyle, the names of two persons, H. Deane and R.
Deane, are given amongst those who were "hearty" to the cause; and
one of these was captain of a troop— of Ironsides probably. As Dean's
name does not appear among the names of officers of the first Parlia
mentary army, we must suppose he joined the service as a volunteer,
zealous, but ignorant of military matters, after hostilities had actually
commenced.

This William Dean is the last of his race whom we can clearly show to have
been settled in Leeds. Wilson, the antiquary, who succeeded Thoresby as the
historian of the town, and continued to chronicle events until the middle of the
eighteenth century, possessed the documents referring to Dean's law-suit, and had
an opportunity of learning the leading facts relating to the family. But he did
not do so, and the reason is perfectly obvious. Wilson was a Koyalist of the
narrowest and most bigoted kind, the Deans were Parliamentarians of the most
uncompromising and sinful caste ; therefore it was through political delinqencies
especially those of the one great member of their family, that no account of them
should be recorded.

142 OLD YORKSHIRE.
Two years of hard fighting had expired before Dean raised himself
into historic notice. When Fairfax and Cromwell were chasing
Rupert's broken army from Marston Moor, Dean was with the Earl of
Essex rapidly winning victories for the Parliament in the distant
counties of Devon and Cornwall.
It was during the campaign of 1645 that Dean established his
military renown, and commenced that close friendship with Cromwell
which terminated only in death. He fought with Cromwell at Naseby ;
he shared in the triumphant march through the western counties ; he
took a prominent part in the siege of Bristol, as comptroller of the
ordnance ; he was one who dictated terms to Lord Hopton at Truro ;
and he stood before Oxford to force Charles into submission when he
had retreated there as to the last place in his kingdom which could
offer him even a temporary asylum.
After the termination of the war, when it was urged there was no
necessity for the maintenance of a body of soldiers larger than was
required to prosecute the Irish war, and preserve order in the kingdom,
Dean was appointed to the command of the artillery which was to be
sent into Ireland. The peculiar turn military matters were taking in
England, through the dispute between the army and the Parliament,
seems to furnish the reason why he did not go. The army was
Republican ; the opponents of the army were Royalists ; and as Dean
was a Republican of the most uncompromising caste, it was only to be
expected that he would remain at home where his counsel and advice
might further the grand object of all his efforts. In all the important
transactions, therefore, which preceded the execution of the King, we
find Dean taking a prominent part on the side of the army and against
those who sympathised with monarchy. Lie was colonel of a regiment
of foot, under Cromwell, at the siege of Pembroke Castle ; he was
again with him at the battle of Preston, Aug. 20th, 1648, when Oliver
defeated the Scotch under the Duke of Hamilton.
On the 23rd of December the Commons voted that the King should
be brought to trial. In the interval between the purging of the House
of Commons and the passing of this vote, Dean had been one of the
few with whom Cromwell was wont " to consider and confer how the
settlement of the kingdom might be best effected." Dean's most
unqualified advice would be in favour of the erection of a Republic.
With this predisposition to put away the poor tyrant whom he had so
strenuously helped to crush, Richard Dean was appointed one of the
judges for the trying of the King, by the Act for erecting a High
Court of Justice. He sedulously attended the several meetings of the
Court, and signed his name to the King's death-warrant in bold, regular
characters, very unlike those of a hoyman's servant.
When Cromwell called together a Parliament, Colonels Dean,
Popham, and Blake were transferred from the land-service to the navy,
and for some months they were in command of naval squadrons
guarding the Channel, or watching the coasts of Ireland, where Rupert

GENERAL SIR RICHARD DEAN. 143
had taken that part of the English navy which still adhered to the
King; where Ormond upheld the Royal cause with an army of
considerable force ; and where Cromwell was smiting his enemies with
a strong and terrible hand. In March, 1650-1, Dean, Popham, and
Blake were, by Act of Parliament, constituted Admirals and Generals
of the Fleet, but when Charles Stuart attempted to make war upon the
Commonwealth, Dean again took up hiss military command, and we
find him acting a distinguished part at that " crowning success," the
battle of Worcester.
•When the naval war broke out between the English and the
Dutch, Dean- entered -upon his command as an Admiral conjointly with
General Monk. What his knowledge of naval affairs was at the
outset of his naval career we cannot say ; but if he was not an expert
seamen, he appears to have been very apt to learn the duties of one.
The first great engagement with the Dutch was Dean's last. It
commenced on the 2nd day of June, 1653, and at the first broadside,
Dean was slain by a cannon ball which struck him in the breast. He
was standing by the side of Monk when he fell, and his death seems to
have been the cause of some consternation to the seamen of his ship.
Monk covered the dead body with his cloak, and commanded the
seamen to attend to their duty. A two days' action brought a complete
victory to the English. Van Tromp, the most experienced naval officer
of the day, saw his fleet taken or dispersed, and himself compelled to
fly. The rejoicings of the English were greatly saddened by the death
of Dean. In the report of the action which Monk transmitted to the
Commissioner of the Admiralty he speaks of Dean as "an honest and
able servant to this Commonwealth.'1 The Admiral's mutilated body
was taken to Greenwich, where it was received with mournful sadness.
The 23rd of June (N.S. 3rd of July) was set apart by the English
Parliament as a day of devotion and. thanksgiving for their great
victory, and it was generally kept throughout the city. On the 24th
the Admiral was buried. The corpse was placed on board a barge,
which was followed up the river by a procession of barges and boats,
all in mourning equipage. As the procession passed along, the ships
in the river discharged their guns, the batteries of the Tower thundered
forth their dismal salute, and the solemn peal was continued by other
guns placed on the banks of the river even up to the Abbey. The
arrangements of Dean's funeral seem to have been those afterwards
observed at the burial of his famous comrade, Blake. After the
procession had landed at Westminster Bridge it passed through a guard
of several regiments of soldiers, drawn up to do the last military
honours to the deceased commander. Cromwell himself was there
with the chief men of his Government. All the pomp and ceremony
of military parade were exhausted to do honour to his memory. The
corpse was carried through New Palace Yard to the Abbey, and was
interred among the bodies of the greatest men of the land in the chapel
of Henry VII. It remained there in quiet repose until the 12th Sept.,

144

OLD YORKSHIRE.

1661, when the returned King dragged forth the mouldering bones,
along with those of many other Republican heroes, and threw them
into a pit dug for their reception, in St. Margaret's churchyard,
close by.
Dean left a widow and children. From the day of his death till
that of his burial the Parliament allowed them £100 per diem in
consideration ol the very eminent services he had rendered to the
Commonwealth. For many additional particulars (omitted for want of space), see
"Supplement to Leeds Worthies," pp. 551, 558; f Col. Chester's
" Westminster Abbey Registers," pp. 146-7 ; and the " Life of
Richard Deane (the Regicide), Major-General and General at Sea," by
the Rev. J. B. Deane, M.A., F.S.A., Rector of St. Martin Outwich,
London, with two portraits, &c, 1871, Longmans & Co.

Richmond.

R. V. Taylor, B.A.

A FAMOUS LEEDS GENERAL.
Sir Sheffield Clapham, Knt., &c„ Major-General of the army sent
by James I. unto Stoad, was born at Cottingley, near Beeston, Leeds,
and was baptised in the Leeds Old Parish Church, November 13th, 1580
(vide Regist. Eccles. Leod). He was the son of Gresham Clapham,
who resided at Cottingley for many years in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, by Anne, daughter and heiress of Captain William Fisher.
Gresham was the son of George Clapham, by his first wife, Katherine,
daughter of Mr. Thwaits, of Lund and
Marston; he married second, Elizabeth,
daughter of Mr. Morgan, and Maid of
Honour to Queen Elizabeth. His sister,
Anne, was married to John, second brother
of Sir William Ingleby, of Ripley. George
was the son of William Clapham, Esq., by
Margaret, daughter of Sir William Middleton,
of Stockeld, Knt. His sister Margaret
' married Mr. Arthur Dineley, of Swillington.
William was the son of Christopher Clapham,
who was the son of William Clapham, by
Joan, daughter of Sir William Skargill, Knt.
His brother John was the father of David
Clapham, for whose works see Wood's " Athen. Oxou.," vol. I., p. 64.
This same John Clapham (as a curious MS. says) was a famous soldier
in the wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster. He was
General under the great Earl of Warwick, and cut off the heads of
Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, and the Duke of Bedford, in the church
porch at Banbury (vide Camden's " Britan.," p. 713, &c.) His sisters,

Arms ol Clapham.

A FAMOtlS LEEDS GENERAL. 145
Thomasiue married Thomas Nesfield; Agnes, Mr. Redman; Anne, Mr.
Joseph Bossville ; and Elizabeth, Mr. Thomas Methley. The above
William was the son of Thomas Clapham, by Margaret, daughter of
Walter Calverley, of Calverley, Esq., married 21st Henry 6th
(or 1443), which pedigree might be continued for twelve generations
earlier. The above Gresham Clapham, left issue— first, George Clapham,
who married Martha, daughter of Thomas Heber, of Marton, Esq. ;
second, Ralph, baptised December 21st 1579; third, the above Sir
Sheffield Clapham, baptised November 13th, 1580, Major-General, who
married a lady in Brabant, and left an only daughter, who married a
son of Sir Ralph Ashton, of Whalley, Lancashire; fourth, Richard,
baptised at Leeds, February 11th, 1582 ; fifth, Robert, baptised June
24th, 1583; sixth, Alexander, June 3rd, 1584; seventh, Grace, June
15th, 1585; eighth, Francis, July 1st, 1586; ninth, William, August
26th, 1587 ; and tenth, Anna, December 18th, 1588. These dates are
from the registers of the Parish Church of Leeds, in which parish they
were all born, their father, Gresham Clapham, living first at The
Wither and then at Cottingley. The above George left issue -first
Sir Christopher Clapham, Knt., who married Mary, daughter of Mr.
John Lowden, of London ; second, George, slain at Newcastle for
Charles I. ; third, Thomas, slain at Preston for Charles I., &c. The
above Sir Christopher left issue— Sheffield Clapham, who married
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Benjamin Thonborow, of Swinden Hall, son
of Dr. John Thonborow, Bishop of Worcester ; and second, Margaret,
married to Sir William Craven, and left issue William, afterwards Lord
Craven, who married Margaret, daughter of Sir Christopher Clapham. The
above Sir Sheffield Clapham left issue Christopher Clapham, Esq., living
at London in 1705, having married Ellen, daughter of Mr. Jolly, of
Deeping, county Lincolnshire, and left issue three sons, who all died
young ; second, Richard, married another daughter of Mr. Jolly, sister
of Ellen ; third, Benjamin, married Elizabeth, another daughter of Mr.
Jolly, and sister of Ellen, &c, who left issue five daughters; fourth,
Elizabeth, married Mr. Henry Mitchell, of Moor- Allerton, near Leeds ;
fifth, Anne, married Mr. Jos. Whitley, of Leeds ; and sixth, Frances,
married Mr. Waddington, of Moor-AUerton, near Leeds. The Rev.
Thomas Clapham, Vicar of Bradford, who was born in this locality,
was probably a descendant of this ancient family.* The arms of the
Claphams were argent on a bend azure, with six fleurs-de-lis or 2, 2,
and 2 ; and the crest, a lion rampant sable, holding a sword argent, hilt
and pomel or. Their pedigree is also given in Glover's "Visitation of
Yorkshire," 1584-5, and in Dugdale's "Visitation," in 1665, &c.
* Vicar Clapham was an eminent man in Bradford. He held the offices of
master of the Grammar School, lecturer, and vicar. He sprang from the noted
family of Clapham of Beamsley, and the fact is recorded on his monument,
surmounted by the Clapham arms. He stood amongst the foremost of the
distinguished masters of the Grammar School, possessing great and varied
learning, and also the rare talent of clearly and pleasantly communicating it to
his scholars.— Holroyd's Collectanea Bradfordiana, p. 164. J

146 OLD YORKSHIRE.
A DISTINGUISHED GENERAL.
Lieutenant-General Sia John Elley, K.C.B., &a, a distinguished
officer, formerly a tanner's boy at Meanwood, was born at Armley Hill
End, near Leeds, where there is a field called Eley's or Elley's Close, lie
enlisted into the Royal Horse Guards Blue, with some others from
Armley Heights and from Farnley. He was formerly in the service of
Mr. John Gelderd, tanuer, of Meanwood, and had often, on a wet
Sunday, to meet Mrs. Gelderd, at Headiugley Churoh, with an umbrella
and a pair of pattens. Elley was engaged to marry Ann Gelderd, the
daughter of his master, but she died, aud he attended her funeral, at
Armley Chapel, in great grief. Elley had a desire, after a short service,
to leave the army, but was induced by the Rev. John Smithson, then
incumbent of Heading-ley, to remain. He enlisted at Leeds, on the 5th
November, 1789, as a private trooper in the Royal Horse Guards Blue;
in which he soon obtained the post of Quarter-Master, and soon after
wards a cornetcy in the same regiment He accompanied the four
troops of the Blues to Flanders, in 1793, as Acting-Adjutaut ; and
was present at the several engagements where the Blues distinguished
themselves, particularly at Cateau, April 26th, 1794, where Elley evinced
signal gallantry. During the campaig-ns in Flanders (1798-5), he was
present at most of the battles fought during- that period, and at the
siege of Valenciennes, &c. He was employed as aide-de-camp to Major-
General Staveley, on the staff of Great Britain, when the country was
threatened with invasion by Bonaparte. In 1808 he served as Assistant
Adjutant-General to the cavalry of the army which advanced into Spain,
under Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore, and was present in the
affairs of Sahagun, Majorca, Benevente, and Lugo, aud in the battle of
Cornnna. He served also in the Peninsula from 1809 to 1814, and was
present at Talavera and most of the battles in Portugal and Spain. He
had the command of the rear-guard of Cavalry which covered the
advance corps of the army when it retired over the Alberche ; and was
in the battles of Fuentes d' Onor, Salamanca, Vittoria. Orthes, and
Toulouse. He received several severe wounds, particularly at
Salamanca, where he narrowly escaped being taken prisoner. In
1815 he was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General to the Cavalry of
the army in Flanders, . and served at the battle of Waterloo. It is
recorded of Sir John Elley, in Scott's " Letters to his Kinsfolk," that
there were found on the field of Waterloo more than one of Napoleon's.
Cuirassiers cleft to the chine by the stalwart arm of this gallaDt officer.
He was a daring fellow, and was generally known in the army as
" Black Jack, the Duke's aiderde-camp." For his services on these
occasions he was appointed a K.C.B., and received a cross and two
clasps. He was appointed also a Knight of the Austrian Order of
Maria Theresa, and a Knight of the 4th class of the Russian Order of
St. George. He afterwards served on the staff in the South of Ireland,
and represented Windsor in Sir Robert Peel's Parliament, of whose,

A DISTINGUISHED GENERAL. 147
party and politics he was an active sur porter. He died January
23rd, 1839, and was interred in the Chapel Royal at Windsor.
The following are the dates of his various promotions : —
Quartermaster, June 4th, 1790, Royal Horse Guards; Cornet, 6th
June, 1794; Lieutenant, 26th January, 1796; Captain, 24th October,
1799; Major, 29th November, 1804; Lieutenant-Colonel, 6th March,
1806; Colonel, 7th March, 1813; Major-General, 12th August, 1819;
appointed Governor of Galway, 19th January, 1826, with £348 18s. 8d.
per annum; appointed Colonel of the 17th Lancers, 23rd November,
1829 ; Lieutenant-General, 10th January, 1837. For many additional
particulars with anecdotes, &c, see the "Worthies of Leeds," pp.
375-6 ; also " Recollections of Count Gronow," late of Grenadier
Guards, and " Memoirs and Correspondence of Field-Marshal Viscount
Combermere," (Hurst and Blackett), reviewed in Eraser's Magazine
for November, 1866, &c.
Melbecks. R. V. Taylor, B.A.

LIEUT.-GEN. JOSHUA GUEST.
This celebrated General, who commanded the King's troops at
Edinburgh during the rebellion in 1745, was a native of Leeds, and the
son of a cloth dresser, a business at which he himself laboured in the
early part of his life. Of the circumstances which produced his
elevation there are at present no trace— at least none to which we
have access. After the army of Charles Stuart had taken possession
of the City of Edinburgh, General Guest made use of some finesse to
engage the rebel army in a siege of the Castle aud thus prevented them
from marching directly into England. With this view, after the battle
of Preston, he wrote four or five letters addressed to the Duke of
Newcastle, Secretary of State, stating that there was but a small stock
of provisions in the Castle of Edinburgh, and that he should be obliged
to surrender immediately. These letters fell, as it was designed they
should, into the hands of the rebels and had the desired effect ; and
there is no doubt that his judicious defence of the Castle contributed to
retard, in a very considerable degree, the progress of the arms of the
Pretender, and thereby rendered a very essential and lasting service to
his country. Another account states that General Guest was once a
servant at the Angel Inn, in Halifax ; which (if true), greatly redounds
to his honour, as lie was most probably promoted for his merit. His
parents are said to have lived for rome time at Lightcliffe, near
Halifax. This bold and fortunate son of Mars, from a very
humble beginning, both in his civil and military capacity, deservedly
rose to the rank of a general. He had actually been ostler to
the person who kept the post-office at Boroughbridge in Yorkshire.
So fur was he from concealing his once subaltern situation in the army,

148

OLD YORKSHIRE.

when removed from the care of horses, that he always sent the first
slice of meat from his table to the sentinels at his gate ; because, said
he, " I remember, when I stood sentinel, I sometimes envied those who
were at dinner within doors." In the north aisle of Westminster Abbey is
a handsome monument erected to his memory, admirably well cut, having
his bust thereon, in white marble, with the following concise but
energetic inscription on the tablet beneath : —
Sacred
To those virtues
That adorn a Christian and a soldier,
This marble perpetuates the memory of
Lieutenant-General Joshua Guest,
Who closed a service of sixty years,
By faithfully defending Edinburgh Castle
Against the rebels in 1745.
His widow (who lies near him) caused this to be erected. On a base
and pyramid of most beautiful Egyptian porphyry, are the finest
enrichments and bust that are to be seen in the whole church. It were
an injustice to the excellent artist (Sir Robert Taylor, sculptor) to attempt
a description of this monument, as nothing .but a fine imagination is
capable of conceiving how highly it is finished. He died in October,
1747, aged 87 ; she, in 1751. A portrait of General Guest was
engraved by S. Taylor in 1744, from a painting by V. Diest, in 1724.
See Noble's "Continuation" of Grainger's "Biog. Hist, of England,"
" The Yorkshire Dead in Westminster Abbey" under 1747 and 1751 ;
also the " Notes in Col. Chester's Book," pp. 373 and 381. For many
additional particulars (omitted for want of space), see a memoir of
Lieut -General Guest, by W. Wheater, in " Colburn's United Service
Mag.," and in the " Yorkshire Post" for Sept. 12th, 1868, &c. Sir
Thomas Lord Fairfax was also a Yorkshire General ; as were also Sir
Wm. Balfour, Boynton, Cockell, Denison, Fawcett, Hopton, Ingilby,
Lambert, Langdale, Lascelles, Monckton, Seaton, Rawden, Thompson,
&c. ; some of whose memoirs may possibly be given in future vols.
Richmond. R. V. Taylor, B.A.

YORKSHIRE LIBRARIES.

AN OLD DONCASTER LIBRARY.
1 N the year 1710, a few gentlemen residing in the little town
of Spalding, in Lincolnshire, who were in the habit of
meeting at a coffee house to pass away an hour in literary
conversation, and in reading aloud some new publications,
formed themselves into a society, which they named "The
Gentlemen's Society at Spalding."* The objects of the
society were— literary conversation, reading, enquiries relating
to antiquities, natural history, improvements in arts and
sciences ; in fact, they excluded nothing but politics, " which,"
says the founder, Mr. Maurice Johnson, "would throw us all into
confusion and disorder."!
Three other societies having nearly similar objects were established
shortly after the Spalding society. These were the Peterborough
society, the Stamford society, founded about 1721, and the Doncaster
society, founded in 1714. The last-named, called the " Society of the
Clergy of Doncaster," had amongst its members the principal clergy
and many of the gentry of the neighbourhood. The meetings were
held monthly at the house of each of the members in succession. The
objects of this society were not quite so extensive as those of the
Spalding society, after which it was modelled. " Improvement in
Christian Knowledge"! was the main object, but the meetings appear to
have been of a convivial nature, and were sometimes held at noted
inns and hostelries. To further the ends of the society, it was agreed
to obtain subscriptions for the purchase of books, and also to accept
* Nichol's Literary Anecdotes of the 18th century. Vol VI., page 6.
T Ibid, p. 7.
£ Deed of Incorporation of the Society's Library, reprinted in Miller's History of
Doncaster, p. 94.

150 OLD YORKSHIRE.
donations of books with the intent to establish a library for the use of
the members and benefactors of the society. The books acquired
were kept originally in the vestry of the Parish Church, 30s. being
paid in October, 1716, for a "book-press set up there" at the charge
of the subscribers,* and they remained there until the year 1726. But
in the year 1721 or 1722, an application was made to His Grace
William, then Archbishop of York, for his license and approbation to
use the room over the south porch of the then existing Parish Church
of Doncaster for the purposes of the library. The application was
received favourably, and a deed under the hand of the Archbishop, and
with the Archiepiscopal seal, dated 26th Sept., 1722, granted the
requisite permission for the room to be fitted up and used as a library
for the society. No action, however, seems to have been taken on this
permission until four years later, 1726, when a general effort was made
in order to establish the library on the basis intended, and to provide
for its maintenance and administration. A deed was drawn up between
the then Vicar of Doncaster, Patrick Dujon, and the trustees of the
society, which, after reciting in brief the foundation and objects of the
society, goes on to provide for the administration of the library, to
which many books had been given and many others added by purchase
with the subscriptions of the members, " which books so purchased and
given do now amount to a considerable value." The Rev. Patrick
Dujon and his successors, as Vicars of Doncaster, were to be the
librarians and attend at the library every Saturday from ten to four, to
lend out and receive books. No books were to be lent unless the
person borrowing deposited with the librarian a sum equal to the
value of the book, which sum was to be forfeited unless the book was
returned within the specified time, or if any hurt or damage happened
to it. The time allowed for reading was, for a folio, three months ; a
quarto, two months ; a small book within one month. No person to have
more than two books at a time. It was provided that any trustee or
contributor who desired to borrow more than two books for the purpose
of furnishing himself with information to be used in writing anything
for the public good, should be allowed to borrow six books for four
months, on condition that he gave gratis to the library a printed copy
of what he published, and also deposited the value of the books as
usual. Any person who contributed money or books to the value of
twenty shillings and upwards was allowed to use the books of the
society. The trustees of the society were to be as follows : — The
Mayor of Doncaster, the Vicar of Owston, the Rector of Sprotboro', the
Rector of Warmsworth, the Rector of Hooton Roberts, the Curate of
Harworth (Nottingham) ; the Vicar of Wadworth, the Vicar of Cantley,
the Curate of Thorne, and the Curate of Swinton. From this time,
then, two branches of work were carried on by the society, viz. , the
meetings which were held on the first Thursday in every month, and the
* Jackson's History of St. George's Church, Doncaster, p. 49.

AN OLD DONCASTER LIBRARY. 151
lending of books to the members, free of charge, beyond the annual
subscription, but under such restrictions as would be considered
prohibitive at the present time. It was provided by the deed just
mentioned, that all the books were to be marked either in Latin or
English, as the property of the society, and the name of the donor, or
the cost of the book, was also to be inserted. A small copper book
plate was engraved by Mr. William Spencer, of Bramley Grange, who
presented it to the society in 1721.
In 1726, the year in which the library was put into working orderi
the Corporation of Doncaster gave £10 10s. "for advancing so good
and pious an undertaking."* Lord Downe, in a letter written in 1734,
requests the society not to visit him on Mondays and Thursdays, as
those were hunting days, when he could not dine until the late hour of
three o'clock.
The founder of the Spalding society, writing in 1744 to Mr.
Bowyer, and referring to one of the secretaries of the Spalding society,
says, " We charged him to enquire for and visit the society at
Doncaster, through which he may in his ready road both pass and
re-pass ; and if he can't hit the day of the company's meeting, at least
to visit the president or secretary and settle a correspondence by
inviting them to become members of ours, and accepting some of us
into their fraternity."! The society's meeting was held by adjournment
at Blyth and Bawtry in 1746. J This is the latest reference to the
society until the year 1821, and it is supposed that it gradually became
inactive about the middle of the 18th century ; indeed, the adjournment
of the meeting to Blyth and Bawtry in 1746 might be taken to
indicate an attempt to re-awaken the languishing interest of the
members by visiting neighbouring places. On the 6th of May, 1821,
a meeting of the trustees of the library was held in the vestry of the
Parish Church, Doncaster, the Rev. John Sharpe, Vicar, in the chair.
At this meeting it was resolved to transfer the books belonging to the
society's library to the custody of the Doncaster Subscription Library,
which Institution had just been established. It was arranged that the
books were to be kept on shelves distinct from those belonging to the
subscription library, they were to be under the care and superintendence
of the librarian, and open at all times to the inspection of the trustees
for the time being of the society's library. The books were made
available for the use of the subscribers to the new library, but no book
could be removed from the building without a written order from one
of the original trustees, or from the president and treasurer for the
time being of the subscription library. Accordingly, the books were
transferred to the rooms of the subscription library at the corner of
High Street and St. Sepulchre Gate.
* Jackson's St. George's Church App., p. xxvi.
t Keliquee Galleana?, p. 93.
$ Nichol's Literary Anecdotes, vol. vi., p. 5,

152

OLD YORKSHIRE.

A catalogue of the books was published at this time as a supplement
to the catalogue of the subscription library, a copy of which I have
succeeded in obtaining for the Doncaster Borough Free Library, It is
dated 1822. A list of the books is also given in Miller's " History of
Doncaster," to which no date is affixed, but published about 1805. A
comparison of these two lists shows the number of books as given by
Miller to be 393, and the number according to the later catalogue, 441.
This might be taken to indicate that some additions had been made to
the library between 1805 aud 1821 ; but it more probabby means that
the list given by Miller is incomplete, and this is upheld by the fact
that there is no book mentioned in the cataloge of 1822, of a later date
than 1757. If the society had, as is conjectured, become inactive about
the middle of the eighteenth century, then it is probable that a complete
list of the books did not exist in Miller's time, that he simply copied the
incomplete list, and when the books were re-catalogued in 1821-2, a
complete list was made.
Unfortunately the society's library was not destined to remain
long in the rooms of the subscription library. It seemed to be under
a ban, to be impelled onwards, from ruin to ruin, until it was utterly
destroyed. In the records of the subscription library is a minute of a
meeting held August 20th, 1833, which runs: — "The committee
feeling the necessity of providing further acommodation for the
increased number of volumes belonging to the society, direct the
treasurer to communicate to the trustees of the Doncaster Church*
Library their wish to decline the future custody of the books belonging
to that trust, and that the treasurer do take the necessary steps for
their removal." Hence they were taken back to the room over the
south porch of the church. Alas !
Then came the end. On the night of Sunday, February 28th, 1853,
the parish church of St. George was destroyed by fire, and the society's
library, after an existence of 130 years, was totally destroyed. It was
a sad catastrophe to befall such a collection of books.
The only book known to have been saved from the general
destruction is Wood's "Athense Oxonienses," two vols., folio, 1721.
These had, it is presumed, been borrowed by a gentleman in the town,
previous to the tire, and so escaped ; they were found in this gentle
man's house after his death, and were given bjr the widow to an
esteemed gentleman, still living, wrho has most kindly and courteously
given me these details. The books contain a book-plate, inscribed,
" Ad Bibliothecam Doncastriensem," and are marked as " the gift of
Mr. Richd. Fayram of Doncaster, Doncaster Library."
Miller relates that a former curate of Doncaster was not satisfied
with spending the greater part of his days in the library, but had a bed
fixed within it, and spent there his nights also. This must have been
* This is an error : the correct name is the Society's Library, but as it was
kept in the church it is sometimes called the Church Library.

AN OLD DONCASTER LIBRARY. 153
some time in the last century, as Miller's book was published about
1805, but neither name nor date is given.
As regards the character and value of the books, it may safely bo
said that the collection was a valuable one. Folio editions of the
classics formed a very large section of the library. "Tindall's Bible,"
folio, London, 1532; "Cicero de Officiis, Erasmi," folio, Lugd. 1517;
"Erasmus' Paraphrase of the New Testament," two vols., folio, London,
1548, and "Book of Common Prayer," folio, Edinburgh,* 1637, were the
only black Icttrr books in the library which have been distinguished
as such in the catalogue of 1822. The following is a complete list,
taken from the catalogue just mentioned, of the books of an earlier date
than 1550.
Augustini Opera, (vol I. IX. X.) folio Basil, (11,) 1529.
do. do. (11 vols, in 8) folio Parisiis, (12,) 1541.
Basilii Epistolae 12mo, Hagan, (13,) 1527.
Burgersdicius de Logica lnstitut., Svo. Harderv. (14,) 1548.
Ciceronis Phillipicae Ascensii, 4to, 1529.
Cicero de Officiis ; Erasmi. — black letter — folio Ludg. (15,) 1517-
Chrysostomi Opera, (3rd vol.) folio, Basil, (11,) 1525.
Cartwright's Comments on the Proverbs, 4to, Amsterdam, 1532.
Calvini Oommentarium in Epistolas, folio, Geneva, 1518.
Erasmi Paraphraseon in Novum Testamentum, (1st vol) 12mo. Basil, (11,) 1524.
Erasmus' Paraphrase of the New Testament, (2 vols.) black letter, folio, London.
1548.
Fuschii Historia Stirpium, I2mo. Parisiis, (12.) 1546.
Haymons Homiliae, 12mo. Coloniae, (16,) 1537.
Justiniaui Institutionum Paraphrasis, folio, Lovanii, (17,) 1549.
Keckermanni Systema Logicae, 12mo. Colon, (16,) 1511.
Novum Testamentum Latinum, Delaeni, 4to. London, 1540.
Ovidii Epistolae, Badii, 4to, Lugd., (15,) 1518.
Psalterium Latinum, 12mo. Parisiis, (12,) 1547.
Sarcerii Scholium in Mattaeum, 12mo. Franc, (18,) 1537.
Setoni Dialectica, 12mo London, 1545.
Theophylacti Enarrationes, 12mo. Colon, (16,) 1541.
Tindall's Bible, black letter, folio, London, 1532.
Theophrasti Opera, folio, Basil, (11,) 1541.
Valerius Maximus, ISmo. Anverp. (19,) 1545.
11, Basle. 12, Paris. 13, The Hague. 14, (?). 15, Leyden. 16, Cologne.
17, Louvaiue. 18, Frankfort. 19, Antwerp.
The number of books dated between 1551 and 1599 was forty-six,
which, with the twenty-four works just mentioned as being prior to
1550, brings the total number of 16th century books up to seventy.
A book worthy of notice is " Walton's Polyglot Bible," six volumes, folio,
London, 1657 ; the library contained a complete copy of this Bible, and
also duplicates of volumes II, III. VI. According- to the list given by
Miller, the library contained a copy of Dugdale's Monasticon, folio,
three volumes, 1656, but this does not appear in the catalogue of 1822.
It maybe that the book was borrowed previous to the removal in 1821,
* There were two printers at Edinburgh in 1637, viz., Robert Young and George
Anderson,

154

OLD YORKSHIRE.

and not returned, in which case it very likely escaped the fire, and may
still be in existence; it will be known by the book-plate, "Ad Biblioth-
ecarn Doncastriensem."
It is a grievous thing to know that so many books, which are now
held in great esteem in the book-world, were swept away at one blow,
and not only the books, but also the sacred and beautiful edifice in
which they were kept.
Doncaster. John Ballinger.

THE LEEDS (OLD) LIBRARY.
On the morning of Tuesday, August 9th, 1768, the worthy
burgesses of Leeds found in the columns of the " Intelligencer,"* the
following business-like and complete advertisement : —
" It is proposed to establish in this Town, A Circulating Library, Upon the
following Plan, or one similar to it, that shall be more approved by the Generality
of the Subscribers.
1. Every Subscriber to pay a guinea at his admission, and Five Shillings a year
for the Purchase of Books, with a little Addition for other Expences.
2. The Books to be chosen by a Committee of twelve or twenty, who are to
meet every month, and to be elected at an annual Meeting of all the
Subscribers.
3. None of the Books to be sold ; but the whole stock to increase perpetually,
without any Increase of the price of Admission.
4. Every Subscriber to have a Power of transferring his Property in the Library
in any manner whatever.
A Library upon this Plan was formed at Liverpool in the year 1758. It is now-
become very considerable, and is a great Benefit to that Town. Others have
since been formed upon the same in other places; and it is hoped, that the
Gentlemen and Ladies of Leeds will not be backward to follow so good an Example ;
as a Library of this Nature will be an Honour to the Town, and a capital
Advantage to the Inhabitants, especially in future Time. For an Establishment
of this kind cannot be expected to make any great Figure for a few years ; but it
will be seen to be of such a Nature, as that it cannot fail to increase in Number of
Members, and in Stock of Books perpetually ; so that, if properly encouraged, it
will at no great Distance of Time, be an Object of Considerable importance.
Those who chuse to encourage this Scheme, are desired to meet in order to
carry it into execution, by electing proper Officers, &c. on Monday the 15th day
of August Instant, at three o'clock in the afternoon at Mr. Myer's in Briggate in
whose News-Room a Printed Catalogue of the Library at Liverpool and a copy of
their Laws, will be laid, for the Inspection of any Person, who is desirous of
having a more perfect Idea of this Scheme, and of its Importance, than can be
conceived in these short Proposals."
The idea was warmly taken up, and though we have no record of
the meeting held on Monday, 15th August, and probable subsequent
preliminary meetings, yet we are assured no time was lost in carrying
it to a practical issue, for the regular minutes of the library committee
date from the month following, and give evidence of a carefully planned
* At this time Leeds had already two newspapers, " The Intelligencer" and
" The Mercury."

THE LEEDS (OLD) LIBRARY. 155
constitution; the soundness of which has been proved by the. fact that
after a flourishing existence of 114 years it has remained practically
unaltered. The young society began with 104 members and hired for their
purpose an upper room at the sign of the " Dial," in Kirkgate, then
occupied as a bookstore by Mr. Joseph Ogle, who was appointed
librarian, " and should have for this present year five guineas for his
trouble." The same year the first catalogue was published ; its title
ran : — " LAWS for the REGULATION of the circulating library in Leeds,
and a CATALOGUE of the BOOKS belonging to it: to which are
prefixed, the Names of the Subscribers. Leeds : Printed by Griffith
Wkight,* 1768. It described 503 volumes " classified according to
size, — 8 folios, 31 quartos, 199 octavos, and 265 duodecimos."
Besides the first purchases, the library acquired by gift several
important works, and its first furniture was represented by a handsome
" strong oaken table for the use of the Committee," presented by the
brothers Messrs. Thomas and Hatton Wolrich.f
The first president was James Kenion, Esquire, who two years
before was mayor of Leeds.
Dr. Priestley, who had been scarcely twelve months in the town,
was appointed first honorary secretary ; and we believe we are justified
in assuming that to him was due the first suggestion that Leeds should
emulate Liverpool in so praiseworthy an object, and that his was the
main part of the work in carrying it into effect.
Since Dr. Priestley's time, there has hardly been a period in the
history of the library during which his successors in the pastorate of
i\l ill Hill Chapel have not taken an active share in the administration
of the library.
The regulations of the new institution were designed with a view
to perfect equality and fair play amongst the members. It was
enacted " that all the members should have equal power in the society,
and out of their number should be chosen, annually, a committee of
twenty persons, each member giving a list, unseen by the rest, of
those persons of whom he would choose to have it consist, and all the
books were to be chosen by the committee, and by way of ballot ; but
every member of the society could command a ballot for any book he
pleased." * Griffith Wright was proprietor of "The Leeds Intelligencer.'-
t This table disappeared some years ago, and had dropped out of memory,
when duriug the recent alterations (18S0-S1) the present librarian, exploring the
old cellars, found among a heap of debris a battered piece of furniture apparently
so worthless that the workmen intended to cart it off with the rubbish. On
being brought out it was found to be the old committee table. It is now "restored"
and is a notable feature in the handsome new reading-room.

156 OLD YORKSHIRE.
In the interest of the librarian-bookseller, Mr. Ogle, and to enable
him to discharge the duties of one function without detriment to those
of the other, it was laid down that : —
"In order to avoid giving the Librarian unnecessary trouble, persons who
come to take out books, are desired to rap on the door when they have absolutely
fixed on the volume they chuse, and they will be waited upon immediately. There
is no occasion for the attendance of the Librarian on the delivery of a book, it being
sufficient to leave it upon the table."
To show the rapid progress made by the library during the first
two years of its existence, we cannot do better than again to quote
from the " Intelligencer." On the last Tuesday of August, 1770,
appeared the following : —
"The Circulating Library. On Monday next the 3rd of September, the
Annual General Meeting of all the Subscribers to the Circulating Library in this
Town, is appointed to be held at Mrs. Cook's the Old King's Arms at three o'clock
in the afternoon. At this Meeting, a New Committee and President are to be
chosen, and the annual payment of Five Shillings is to be made. At the Time of
the last Annual Meeting, the whole number of the Subscribers was above One
Hundred and Ten ; but of that Number, (besides the members of the Old Com
mittee, who, as such are reasonably disqualified from voting, ) only Ten or Eleven
attended to chuse the new one. The Committee therefore, think it their Duty to
remind the Subscribers in General, that, if ever there should appear the least
Suspicion of Partiality in any particular Committee, the Annual Meeting, when
the New Committee is elected, is the only Time for correcting and controlling so
pernicious a Tendency . It is therfore earnestly to be wished, that every Subscriber
who had the Welfare of the Society at Heart, and is not prevented by the most
urgent Business, would always give his Attendance upon that Day, where, by every
one producing his own list, a Committee will always be composed of the fullest
and fairest Representation.
This Library, though of only Two Years Standing, already consists of upwards
of Eight Hundred Volumes of Valuable Books, calculated for the Instruction and
Entertainment of every Class of Readers. Every Member is entitled to a printed
copy of the Laws of the Society, and a Catalogue of all the Books.
Immediatelj after this meeting will be the Time for subscribing to the most
advantage. It is hoped, therefore, that all those Gentlemen and Ladies, who are
disposed to become Members will take this Opportunity of doing it. The Institu
tion is such as cannot fail to be greatly advantageous both to the Subscribers
themselves and to their Posterity, since none of the Books are ever to be sold; and
the whole Stock, it is hoped, will be increased by the Addition of several hundred
Volumes every Year. "
" At the Annual Meeting held at Mr. Jos. Myers', the 5th of April,
1774, Miss Mary Ogle was unanimously elected librarian in the stead
of her deceased father." *
Early in 1781 the committee discovered that their charge had
outgrown the cradle of its infancy, and in April the "Intelligencer"
informs us that they had taken " the large front room on the ground
floor of the house in Kirkgate, formerly belonging to Sir James Ibbetson,
Bart., and lately occupied by the Rev. D. Goodage." Five years before
this it had been found that one of the first provisions in the original
* Vide Minutes,

THE LEEDS (OLD) LIBRARY. 157
programme could uot with fairness be carried out — that is — that no
increase should be made in the price of admission.
It was clearly unfair that, as the library increased in value, new
members should be admitted to an equal share in its property, at the
same fee as those who had borne the heat and burden of the day.
Accordingly in 1776, the entrance fee was increased to a guinea
and a half. Ten years later that again was doubled.
In 1805 the books had so increased that a fresh move became
necessary, and this time the subscribers wisely determined no longer
to hire accommodation but to acquire a building of their own. To
raise the needed capital, debentures of £50 each, bearing interest
at the rate of five per cent., were issued and taken up amongst them
selves. With the funds thus provided the present valuable site* was
purchased, and a plain but substantial building erected : the whole of
the basement and ground floor was let off and produced a considerable
income, while the upper floors made a handsome provision for the
wants of the library.
In 1808 the subscribers to the Foreign Library— a society chiefly
composed of foreigners residing in Leeds for purposes of trade, which
had till now successfully catered for the literary wants of its members
and had got together a small but very complete library of Continental
literature, — offered to deposit their books in the library, the conditions
being : —
" 1st. — That the Subscribers (of the Foreign Library) do pay four guineas per
annum to the Librarian for Attendance.
2nd. — That no Persons shall in future be admitted a Subscriber to the Foreign
Library who has not also a ticket in the English one."+
On June 6th, 1814, we find the following minute : —
" That the offer of the Foreign Library, on condition that not less than twenty
pounds a year shall be laid out in the purchase of Foreign books, be accepted."
It is to be regretted that fuller particulars of this event in the
history of the library have not been recorded ; as it is owing to this
vaguely described transaction that the Leeds Library is so exceptionally
rich (for a library of its class) in foreign literature.
We infer that the members of the Foreign Library had individually
become ticket-holders in the Leeds Library, and had offered to merge
their books with those of the latter and cease to exist as a separate
class of ticket-holders on condition that £20 a year be expended in
foreign literature.
The subscribers were very fortunate in their choice of managers,
for while in every branch the efficiency of the library was maintained,
by 1850 the whole of the building debt had been cleared off, and the
valuable estate became the unburdened freehold of the subscribers.
« The laud and building were recently (1880) valued at £30,000.
t Vide Minutes.

158

OLD YORKSHIRE.

The annual subscription, which had gradually increased with the
needs of the library from five shillings to sixteen shillings, and had,
during the time the library was in debt, been fixed at twenty-five
shillings, was then reduced to one guinea.
The price of a ticket which now conferred proprietary rights in a
freehold estate was raised in 1806 to seven guineas, and the number
of shares or tickets was fixed at 500.
The price of a ticket or share in the library had been raised
from time to time, till finally in 1822 it was fixed at twenty guineas.
This was the last time that the price was fixed officially. Since then
the ordinary law of supply and demand has ruled the price of shares,
and accordingly they have experienced great fluctuations. About
1854, the demand fell so low, that shares went a-begging at five
pounds, and had it not been for the public spirit of one of the
proprietors, it is hard to say where the downward tendency would have
stopped. Mr. Darnton Lupton went into the market and bought up every
share offered for sale — held them — and by degrees sold out at
gradually increasing prices. From this time the rise in price has been
steady, till now, (1882) they are worth twenty-five guineas in the
market, and even £27 10s. has been obtained.
About 1856 the Literary and Philosophical Society made overtures
to the management of the library with the object of combining the
two institutions, but the proposal meeting with determined opposition
from the proprietors, fell to the ground.*
The perpetually recurring difficulty of all progressive libraries
again began to make itself pressingly felt about the time that the
library attained its centenary, but it was a large question and not to
be hastily decided.
While one section of the proprietary was in favour of removing to
a new site, another elected so to alter the old building as to provide
greater space for the books, and at the same time not diminish the
income derived from rents. The question was finally decided on May
28th, 1879, when a special general meeting authorised the committee
to carry out the scheme for altering the old premises, proposed by M r.
Thomas Ambler, architect.
These alterations, recently completed at a cost of about £5,000,
have entirely altered the interior of the building. The entrance from
Commercial Street is very handsome, and leads by a broad flight of steps
into the principal room, a lofty well-lighted apartment measuring 63 by
30 feet. The walls are covered with books, and on three sides a
gallery gives access to the books on the higher shelves. In this room
is the counter where the exchange of books is carried on. A hoist
communicates with another counter in the entrance hall, by means of
• To judge from the following minute, the last generation's notions of decency
must have been extremely refined : — " 4th June, 1838. Suppressed : Mrs. Trollope's
' Vicar of Wrexhill,' on the ground of its appearing to le indecent and of an immoral
tendency." Our Ouidas and Rhoda Broughtons have fallen on happier times.

THE LEEDS (old) LIBRARY. 159
which an atteudant placed there can supply the wants of members not
wishing to go upstairs.
Parallel with the principal room and reached by two short
corridors, is another large room (72 by 18.) This, and a smaller room
leading out of it, are entirely new. They are fire-proof and cut off from
the older part of the building by massive iron doors.
Both are lighted from above, and at night the gas light is diffused
through an inner glass roof, by means of which the unpleasant effects
of the heat and gas-products are entirely shut out.
The larger room has been handsomely fitted up in American
walnut, the shelving being arranged in bays.
The shelving of the smaller room, devoted to the treasures of the
library, is of polished teak.
Another large room at the west end of the building is filled with
an exceptionally large collection of periodical literature (about 8,000
volumes), while the table is supplied with the current numbers of the
principal reviews and magazines, and a selection of the literary and
scientific weeklies.
Above this is another room nearly as large, and adjoining is the
binders' workshop.*
In order to meet the additional expenditure caused by the interest
on the new building debt and the sinking fund for its extinction, the
annual subscription was recently raised to a guinea and a half.
During the alterations and in re-arranging the library, several
very valuable books and manuscripts came to light which had altogether
been lost sight of. Among these were the first Minute Book (containing
the autographs of the founders), and cash books of the library, dating.
from September, 1768.
The library now possesses upwards of 75,000 volumes, including
many of great value and rarity, a very complete set of County Histories
being one of its chief features.
It also ranks among its treasures a very rare collection of Reforma
tion Tracts — many by Luther and his opponents.
Not less valuable is an almost unique collection of Revolution
Tracts. The following is a list of the MSS. : -
Chartularium Melsense, a collection of Papal Bulls, Royal and Private Benefactions
to the Abbey of Meaux, in the East Riding, ex Bibliotheca Thorntonianae,
folio, 1746.
The English Historian and Antiquary's Register, containing an account of all the
English Historians and their Works, Manuscript and Printed ; also of Foreign
Historians that have written of English Affairs, 2 vols., folio.
Families Laneastriensis, or Genealogical Descents of the Nobility and Gentry of
Lancashire, from Original Records in several hands, and the MSS. of Sir John
* The plan of binding on the premises was introduced u, year ago by the
present librarian, and has proved a great success ; that is to say, more and better
work is done for less money than was spent under the old system when the work
was sent out.

160 OLD YORKSHIRE.
Byron, Sir G. Booth, Mr. J. Hopkinson, R. Thornton, Esq., Ralph Thoresby,
and John Lucas, folio.
Liber Judiciarius, or Doomsday Book for the County of York, folio,
Leeds Charities. The wills of Thomas Ward, Sir. W. Sheaffelde, Jo3iah Jenkinson,
J. Harrison, Rev. H. Robinson, Mrs. M. Potter, with the Grants of J.
Harrison and G. Bannister.
Pedigrees and Arms of the Families of the West Riding from the MSS. of John
Hopkinson, Gent., corrected by Mr. Wilson, 4 vols ., folio. (Inserted in the
first volume is a shield of the Beavot Family, with Autograph Certificate of
Sir W. Dugdale.)
Sharp's (Abp.) Historical Account of the Silver and Gold Coins of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, with Account of his Life, by Mr. Wilson, 4to.
Transactions, temp. Car. I. , various, including the King's Message to both Houses
on his removal to Yorke ; their Petition and Message to the King ; Sir Jo.
Hotham's Refusal to let the King into Hull, &c, &c. ; Ex. Bibliotheca Radulphi
Thoresbeii, small 4to. (contains Thoresby's Autograph, and is mentioned in
" Ducatus Leodiensis," p. 534.)
Catalogues have been issued from time to time, but, unfortunately,
a complete set has not been preserved at the Library. We have,
however, been able to make the following collection : —
Laws for the Regulation of the Circulating Library in Leeds, and a Catalogue of
the Books belonging to it, to which are prefixed the Names of the Subscribers.
8vo„ pp. 36. Leeds, 1768.
A Compleat Catalogue of the Books in the Circulating Library at Leeds ; a Copy
of the Laws as they are now in Force ; and a List of the Subscribers. 8vo.,
pp. 136. Leeds, 17S2.
A Catalogue of the Books in the Foreign Circulating Library, supported by a
separate subscription at five shillings per annum, and half-a-guinea entrance
with a list of the subscribers (incorporated with fore-going), pp. 6.
Another Catalogue was published — the title-page being exactly the same as the
second — 1785.
A Complete Catalogue of the Books in the Leeds Library, a copy of the Laws as
they are now in force, and a list of the subscribers. Small 8vo., pp + 194.
Leeds, 1809.
A Catalogue of the Leeds Library, alphabetical and classed, with the Rules of the
Society, and a list of the Members. 8vo , pp. +208. Leeds, 1827.
Another, same title, 8vo., pp. +251. Leeds, 1836.
A Supplement to the Catalogue of Books in the Leeds Library, and a list of the
Registered Owners. 8vo. , pp. -1 84. Leeds, 1851.
Catalogue of the Leeds Library with the Bye-laws and Regulations, Extracts from
the Trust Deeds, and list of Proprietors. 8vo. , pp. XXIV H 382 + Leeds, 1859.
Catalogue of the Leeds Library, part I. 8vo., pp. XVI + 269. Leeds Library,
1879.

YORKSHIRE LONGEVITY.

A REM A UK A I', LE CENTENARIAN,

rllOlJOIf not born in Yorkshire, Mary Wright spent a great
many years of her life in the county. She was grand
mother to Aldemiau George Tatham, the present mayor
of Leeds, who furnishes the following brief particulars of
her career. This remarkable woman was born in Edinburgh on
the 31st December, 1755, and died in Leeds on the 14th
of March, 1859, in the 104th year of her age, and had thus
lived in the reigns of five Sovereigns, viz., George II., George
III., George IV., William IV., and Victoria, Her parents were
respectable Presbyterians named Bishop, and the writer remembers
hearing from her how tea in those days was sold for its weight in silver,
the good wives selecting their heaviest coin to place in the scale against
it when buying their shilling's worth of tea, at a price equal to about
eighty shillings per pound.
Mary Wright, when young, removed to London, involving a
journey of about two weeks, over roads like the bullock tracks in the
Transvaal, sleeping a few hours each night at some inn on the road,
and at the end arriving worn out with fatigue. She was of a lively
disposition, fond of amusements, such as singing, private theatricals,
&c. One day, when passing through the street, a Quaker lady met her,
laid her hand on her arm, and said, " Be thou faithful unto death, and I
will give thee a crown of life." Mary Wright could not understand
what this meant, not even knowing that the words were a Scripture
quotation, and thought the woman insane. Wishing to amuse her
young friends by representing what took place at a Quaker's meeting,
she attended one, during the silence of which she was wonderfully
visited by the Holy Spirit of God, convincing her of her sins, of the
need of a Saviour, and that she could no longer take pleasure in things
K

162 OLD YORKSHIRE.
in which she had formerly delighted, She went home, and alone in her
chamber, pondering over these things, and with prayer to be led aright,
she felt constrained to strip her dress of all ornaments and finery, which
at once she did, and burned them in the fire ; ever afterwards seeing it
to be her duty to observe great simplicity in all outward things. She
continued her connection with the Friends, whom she joined, and
eventually became " recorded" as a minister in that body,
She married John Witchell (a name now almost extinct in England,
though still existing in Wales), who was then engaged in the banking
house of Smith, Wright and Co., afterwards Smith, Payne and Co., but
some years afterwards removed with her husband and youngest son to
America, where she spent sixteen years, mostly in Pennsylvania and
Ohio, encountering- the hardships of a settler's life in those days, and
earnest in her labours for the spread of " the truth," being instrumental
in establishing several meetings of Friends, which still remain in those
parts. In attending her " Yearly meetings," she several times crossed
the Alleghany mountains on horseback, having at times to swim the
rivers, she being kept on her saddle by the assistance of a man Friend
on each side.
Shortly after her return to England her husband died, and after
some years she married William Wright, of Sheffield, whom she survived,
and eventually settled in Leeds, where she died.
Mary Wright was blessed with exceptionally good health, and
preserved her faculties to the last. She was very independent in her
feelings. She took great pleasure in helping the poor, and having but
small means of her own, she employed herself in knitting purses, which
she disposed of amongst her friends, so that she might be able to give
of her own earnings to those who were in want. When turned one
hundred years of age she knitted a silk purse for the Queen, which was
graciously accepted. At this time five generations of the family were
living, and were photographed together. The following members
composed the group: —
1st. Mary Wright ... ... ... born
2nd Her daughter, Ann Tatham ... „
3rd Her daughter, Emma Mennell ... ,,
4th Her son, Charles Isaac Mennell „
5th His daughter, Emma Louisa Mennell ,,
The last of these only survives.
Mary Wright's eyesight remained good, and during
war she took a deep, though distressed,
connected therewith, diligently reading the papers of the day without
the aid of glasses ; but soon after her sight failed, and for the last two
or three years she was blind— her mental faculties remaining bright
to the last. Within a fortnight of her death she preached very
acceptably, with clearness and power, to the Friends at Camp-lane-court
Meeting-house,

12 month

31

1755

5 „

9

1780

3 „

17

1803

4 „

2

1825

6 „

26

1850

ad during

the

Crimean

terest in

the

accounts

A REMARKABLE CENTENARIAN. 163
She died peacefully on the 14th of March, 1859, and the heavenly,
blissful expression of her features could leave no doubt on the minds of
those who beheld it that she had gone to be at rest for ever with the
Lord.

LONGEVITY IN KIRKBURTON.
The following instances of extreme longevity are recorded in the
register of the Parish Church of Kirby Burton : —
1655 —Elizabeth Clayton, widow, buried 20th February, aged 112 years and
upwards.
1670. — Widow Lee, of Broome Bank Steele, buried 2nd March, aged 105 years.
1672. — Robert Fitton, buried 9th February, aged 94 years.
1708. — Ellen Booth, of Scholes, widow, buried July, supposed to be 100 years old.
1749.— Robert Ellis, of Barnside, Hepworth, buried 25th December, aged 105 years.
1800. — John Sykes, Snowgatehead in Fulstone, aged 101 years.
1812. — James Hinchcliffe, of Milshaw in Hepworth, clothier, buried May, aged
102 years.
The following list of the names of persons who had attained the
age of 95 years and upwards in this district since 1813 has been copied
from the Parochial Registers of Kirkburton aud Holmfirth, and from
the registers under the Registration Acts : —
1822. — Mary Hoyle, widow, Shepley, aged 95 years.
1827. — Grace Lee, of Riley, aged 99 years.
1833. — Joseph Smith, of Grange, Thurstonland, aged 96 years,
1850. — Michael Wortley, of Shepley, aged 97 years.
 Mary Hellawell, of Cumberworth, aged 99 years.
1857. — George Chappell, of Paddock, Kirkburton, aged 100 years.
In addition to these, it may be stated that there are forty-one
persons recorded to have attained the ages of from 90 to 94 years.
The registers of the Parish Church of Almondbury supply us also
with the following in connection with this district : —
1506. — Elizabeth, the wife of John Green, of Holme, buried 8th April, aged 100
years. In 1695 occurs the following remarkable record : —
Nicholas Grime, of Brockholes, buried 9th March, aged 96 years.
Dinah Kay, of Castle Hill, widow, buried 10th March, aged 105 years.
Maria Earnshaw, of Honley, widow, buried 11th March, aged 90 years.
Alice, widow of Daniel Dyson, of Crosland, buried 10th March, aged 63 years.
The Vicar adds—" These four burials took place at the Parish
Church within the space of forty-eight hours, and their united ages
amounted to 354 years."
Huddersfield. E. D. Booth.

164 OLD YORKSHIRE.
LONGEVITY IN WHITBY.
Whitby and its neighbourhood appear to be very favourable to
health and length of days, as instanced in the longevity of many of the
inhabitants. Upon examining the tombstones aud burial-registers, we
find the ages of 70 and 80 £re common, from 8 > to 90 very frequent,
and several attained the age of 100 or upwards. Philip Lawson died
at Whitbv in June. 1833. aged 104 years : Ann Brown died here iu
June. 18-32. aged 101. From seventy to eighty years back. Joseph
Stonehouse died here, aged lt'8 ; Margaret Cooper, aged 100; and
Margaret Ingham, aged 103. During the year 1857 there were
interred in Whitby 250 bodies, of which twenty-two died between the
age? of 50 and 60, thirty between 60 and 70. forty-one between 70 and
80. fifteen between 80 and 90. and five above 90 years. Mrs. Bambles,
of Whitby, died in 1812. aged 94 years. She lived in the same house
with two sisters, one older, the other younger than herself, both of
whom were alive at the time of her decease. The eldest was an
unmarried lady, who had great vivacity of spirits, and frequently
distinguished herself from her sisters, both of whom were widows, by
the epithet of the ¦• young maid." Thos. Brignell. of Whitby, died in
1796. aged 96. He was for many years an eminent whitesmith and
mechanician, and was well known in most of the ports of England,
especially in those trading- to the Baltic and Greenland seas, for the
excellence of his screws and harpoons. Along with Mr. Wilson,
another mechanic of Whitby, he appears to have constructed the first
locomotive carriage, but on what principle we have no information.
The invention, however, came to nothing ; probably it was too much in
advance of the age in which it was produced. Francis Ellis, mariner,
of Whitby, died in 1771. aged 95 : within a few days, also, died Mary.
his wife, aged 93 years. Henry Wells, of Whitby, died in 1794. aged
109. His health was uniformly sound and good till a short time before
his death. He was, however, almost blind, and was led through the
streets by a poor woman, carrying on his shoulders for sale a few mats
of his own manufacture. William Wilson, of East Row, near Whitbv.
died in 1795, aged 100 years In the adjoining parish of Sneaton,
Jane Sedman. died in February. 1792, aged 111; and in July of the
same year. William Sedman, her husband, died, aged 116. This ancient
pair lived together ninety years as man and wife. In 1710 Margaret
Robinson died at the same place, aged 102 ; and in 1736 Mary Wilkinson,
at the age of 101 ; and from 1743. to the beginning of the present
century, twenty-one persons died there aged from 80 to 90, and twenty-
two between 90 and 100 years old. Joseph Thompson, of Lythe, near
Whitby, died in 1817. aged 102 years. In 1825 John Sedman, of
Ugthorpe. died, aged 100 years. His father attained the same great
age. Dorothy Burley, of Ruswarp, died in 1826, aged 100 years and 2
months; Francis Knagg-s. of Sleights, died in 1828. aged 105 ; William
Sneaton, of Aislaby, died in the same year, aged 103 ; and Isaac

LONGEVITY IN WHTTIlY. 165
Dobson, of Micklcby, died in 1829, aged 100 years and 9 months.
Mrs. Harrison, who was born at Whitby, and had lived there all her life,
celebrated her 100th birthday September lOih, 1S73. After a drive
out, she was joined at tea by her brother from Scarborough, who was 90
years of age. Her faculties were unimpaired. Her sister, who lived
at Burniston, near Scarborough, and was 97 years of age, would have
joined this remarkable family gathering, had not her friends at the
above place been busy with the harvest.
Richmond. R. V. Taylor, B.A,

LONGEVITY IN PUDSEY.
As another contribution to Yorkshire longevity, the following list
is given, principally extracted from registers :— 1672, Old Dame Lobley,
of Pudsey, aged 99 years; 1696, James Thornton, of Pudsey, aged
102; 17 78, Richard Anderson, sen , aged 93; 1779, Mrs. Margaret
Marshall, widow, of Black Hey, Pudsey, late of York, aged 96 ; 1780,
John Hinchcliffe, aged 92 ; Frances, widow of Samuel Hinchcliffc, sen.,
aged 95; 1784, Sarah, widow of James Fenton, aged 99; 1785,
Elizabeth, widow of John Grave, aged 90; 1790, Sarah, widow of
Richard Anderson, aged 93 ; Mary, widow of William Kershaw, aged
96; 1793, Elizabeth, widow of Joseph Binns, aged 90 ; 1794, Joseph
Wilson, aged 90 ; Martha Fenton, alias Pearson, aged 99 ; 1799,
Joseph Turner, aged 99; 1802, George Hains worth, a Chelsea pen
sioner, in his 90th year; 1805, Joseph Holiday, aged 91 ; 1810, Aaron
Ackroyd, aged 92 ; Mary, widow of Benjamin Boocock, aged 98 ; Jane,
widow of Richard Farrer, aged 99 ; 1814, Edward Hinchcliffe, aged 91 ;
1816, Mrs. Susannah Holdsworth, aged 95. She was mother, grand
mother, and great-grandmother to upwards of one hundred persons.
1831, Ellen, widow of Joseph Northrop, aged 93 ; 1839, Mrs. Susannah
Holmes, aged 92 ; 1840, Robert Bywater, aged 91 ; 1811, Mrs. Farrer,
mother of the late Mr. John Farrer, J. P., of Grove House, Pudsey,
aged 90 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Haste, aged 90 ; 1842, Jeremiah Watson,
aged 92 (was for a great number of years sexton at the Independent
Chapel, Pudsey) ; 1844, Mary, widow of Mr. Thomas Walker, in her
90th year; 1845, Samuel Ingham, in his 90th year ; 1855, Benjamin
Farrar, in his 92nd year ; 1857, Hannah, relict of Benjamin Watson,
aged 93 ; Hannah, wife of John Barraclough, aged 93 ; 1859, Tobias
Farrar, aged 92; 1861, Mrs. Ann Scholefield, in her 93rd year, leaving
behind her five children, thirty-five grandchildren, sixty-one great
grandchildren, and seven great-great-grandchildren, total 108 ; 1863,
Matthew Ingham, aged 91 ; 1847, Nancy, widow of Samuel Farrer, in
her 90th year; 1874, Mrs. Sarah I'anks, relict of Mr. Thomas Banks,
in her 94th year ; 1874, Joseph Roberts, formerly of Bowling, aged 90 ;
1876, Joseph Webster, in his 95th year; 1876, Mary, relict of James
Berry, an old pensioner, aged 94.
Pudsey, S. Rayner.

166

OLD YORKSHIRE.

YORKSHIRE CENTENARIANS.

In " The Universal Museum, or the Gentlemen and Ladies' Polite
Magazine " (such is the title), for the year 1763, is the following letter
and notice relating to three old men :- -
" To the Printer of the ' Universal Museum,' London.
Leeds, March 16th, 1763.
"Sir, — About two months ago I had an opportunity of conversing with
Robert Oglebie, the old Travelling Tinker, and took the following account from
him. If it will be of any service to your magazine you have liberty to communi
cate it.
" He seems a healthy, strong man, and carries his budget on his back, and
works at his trade, and does not appear to be above eighty years of age, and says
he has not eaten any flesh meat for twelve years, but lives chiefly on bread and
milk, butter, cheese, and pudding ; he travels twice a year from Rippon to York,
thence to Leeds, and home again, and complains of the badness of trade this war
time, and the scarcity of money ; he carries along with him the following copy of
the register belonging to the Church at Rippon : —
' Robert Oglebie, son of John Oglebie, of Rippon, born November the 16th,
1654, as appears by the parish register.
' Witness my hand, Seth Rowe, Clerk.'
He says he was born at Rippon, and placed out as an apprentice to Mr. Wm.
Sellars, of York, coppersmith and bellfounder, and served him seven years, and
worked with him as a journeyman ; from thence he went to Hull, and was pressed
as a soldier in the second year of King James II., and sent over to Holland in the
brig Stanhoppe Ballicon ; was. with King William at the battle of the Boyne in
Ireland ; was wounded in the thigh at Brussels, and discharged in Amsterdam.
He afterwards served Queen Anne, was at the battles of Almanza and Malplaquet,
and continued as a soldier under King George I. and King George II. till he
obtained his discharge. He was a soldier in all forty-eight years, and says he has
six sons in the army now. He married at the age of twenty-two, and lived with
his wife seventy-three years, and had by her twenty -five children— twelve sons
and thirteen daughters. His wife died about thirteen years ago. His father lived
to the age of 140 years, and there is a monument erected to him in Tanfield
Church, near Rippon. " Yours, &c, Leodiensis."
And in the same magazine is the following notice : —
"Newcastle, May 2Sth, 1763.
" There is now living and begs in a little hut on Byker Hill, one Robert
Jackson, aged 110 years. He was a soldier under James II., William and Mary,
Queen Anne, and George I. He was at the battles of the Boyne, Almanza,
Malplaquet, Sheriff Moor, and Glenshee. "
" London, October 5th, 1769. — Thursday, died at Barnsley, in Yorkshire,
Martha Preston, aged 123. She had been married to five husbands, and had
twenty-five children, besides some that were stillborn ; nineteen of them are alive
and well married, and have children, some grandchildren, to the amount of forty.
She preserved the use of her faculties to the last. She is said to have attributed
the extreme length and healthfulness of her life to a walk constantly every morning
up a hill before breakfast, till within ten years of her death. It is remarkable
that in the ages of her children there was but one year between each, and two
years between each marriage. She was a distant relation of the late celebrated
Counsellor Preston, at Norwich.
" George Kirton, of Oxnop Hall, near Reeth, died July 15th, 1764, in his
125th year. He was remarkable for his love of hunting. After following the
chase on horseback till he was upwards of eighty, so great was his desire for the

YORKSHIRE CENTENARIANS. 167
diversion, that till he was 100 years old he regularly attended the " breaking
cover " in his singlo-horso chair. He was a remarkable instance that length of
days arc not always entailed on a life of temperance and sobriety, for no man,
even till within a short time of his death, niado more free with his bottle. His
estate — which was considerable, and had been in the family for three centuries — ¦
descended to his son, Thomas Kirton, an eminent physician."
"Jonathan Hartop, of Aldborough, near Boroughbridge, died in 1791, aged
138. He well remembered the person of Charles II., and once travelled from
London to York with the facetious Killigrew. He was always sparing in his diet,
and his only beverage was milk. His disposition was cheerful, and under every
circumstance, however adverse, he seemed to enjoy an uninterrupted flow of good
spirits. The third wife of this extraordinary man was stated to be an illegitimate
daughter of the Lord Protector Cromwell, who gave her a marriage portion of
about £500. He possossed a fine portrait of Cromwell, by Cooper, for which Mr.
Holies offered him £300, which was refused. Mr. Hartop was personally intimate
with the poet Milton, and, shortly after the Restoration lent him £50, which the
bard returned him, though not without difficulty, as his circumstances then were
at a very low ebb. Mr. Hartop would have declined receiving back the loan, but
the independent spirit of the poet would not allow him to accept the offer, and ho
sent the money accompanied with a somewhat indignant letter at the proposal,
which document was found among the papers of the venerable patriarch after his
decease. The following particulars of Yorkshire Centenarians are taken
from various sources.
Thomas Newman. In the churchyard at Bridlington is a tombstone thus inscribed :
"To the memory of Thomas Newman, who died in 1542, aged 153. This stone
was refaced in 1771 to preserve the recollection of this remarkable prolongation
of human life." Next to Henry Jenkins, he is the oldest Yorkshireman of
whom we have any record.
Robert Montgomery died at Skipton, January 26th, 1671, aged 127. He was a
native of Scotland ; but the oldest inhabitant of Skipton never knew him but
as an aged man. During the latter part of his life he obtained a livelihood by
soliciting alms from door to door and in the public places of the town, till
within a year of his death.
James Morrison, of Harrogate, died in 1734, aged 102. He was a musician at that
watering-place more than seventy years, and followed his favourite pursuit till
his death.
Thomas Dobson, of Hatfield, died in 1766, aged 139. He was eminent as an agri
culturist. At the time of his death he left a family of three sons and seven
daughters, all married and living in that neighbourhood, who, together with
their children and grandchildren to the number of ninety-one, attended his
funeral.
Isaac Trueman, of Kettlewell, near Skipton, died in 1770, aged 117. Till within
a year of his death he had the enjoyment of his sight, and all other faculties,
in as great perfection as he had at thirty. He had served in the Army, was
sergeant in the first year of Queen Anne, and was engaged in many battles and
sieges, during her reign, upon the Continent. After leaving the army, nearly
the whole of his time was devoted to fishing.
Valentine Cateby, of Preston, near Hull, died in 1770, aged 116. He went to sea
in his eighteenth year, and continued a sailor thirty-six years ; he then com
menced farming, which occupation he followed for thirty-six years more, when
he retired from business His diet for the last twenty years of his life was
strictly confined to milk and biscuit. His mental faculties were quite composed
and perfect up to the close of his long life.
Levi Whitehead, of Bramham, died in December, 1 787, aged 100. He was noted for
swiftness in running, having won the "buck's head" for several years at
Castle Howard. In his twenty-second year he ran four miles over Bramham

16S

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Moor in nineteen minutes : and in his ninety-fifth and ninety-sixth years he
walked from Bramham to Tadcaster, a distance of four miles, in an hour. He
retained his faculties to the last.
Francis Consitr, of Burythorpe, near Malton, died in 1796, at the age of 150. He
was maintained by the parish above sixty years, and ret lined his senses to
the last,
Sarah Miller, of Hardcastle. in Nidderdale. was buried at Pateley Bridge, October
19th. 1S20. aged 103. She was married and bad a family. She was employed
as a hand metal washer — that is, a washer of lead ore — at the CockhiU Lead
Mine, Greenhow Hill, Pateley Bridge, until she was upwards of 100 years of
age. She possessed the use of her faculties and her memory, which was
singularly retentive, nearly to the last.
In the burial ground at Hartwith Chapel, Nidderdale, Yorkshire,
is the following epitaph : —
" In memory of William Darnbrough. who for the last forty years of his life was
sexton of this chapel. He died October 3rd, lS4b\ in the one hundredth year
of his age. ' Thou shalt go to thy father in peace ; thou shalt be buried in a
good old age.' Genesis, xv., 15." He used to boast that in his youth the
fairies were very numerous on the moors around Hartwith, but most of them
had disappeared before he died, which was a matter of great regret to him.
An examination of Pateley Bridge church register proves that Darnbrough was
102 years of age at the time of his death.
Matthew Pearson, of Pannal Ash. Harrogate died in 1S4S, aged 112. He was a
working man during the whole of his life, and was for a long time carrier
between Leeds, Harrogate, and Knaresborough, and their respective neigh
bourhoods. He was only once confined to his room by sickness, and that
about forty years before his death. He had the use of his faculties to the
last, and was able to walk about till within a few years of his death.
George Stephenson, of Romaldkirk, died in July, 1S55. aged 105. He had passed
most of his life as an agricultural labourer, and had been invariably an early
riser, even till within a few months of his death. He used frequently to
reprove his daughter and her husband, both upwards of seventy years of age,
for indulging in bed so long in the mornings, though they generally rose before
six, asking them if they did not work when i sung; what would they do when
oldl He possessed his mental faculties to the last, and having a most retentive
memory, one of his greatest pleasures was to recount the events of his youth.
In Thorner Church, near Leeds, is a mural monument with the
following inscription : —
"John Philipson was born at Carlton, in the parish of Stokesby, in Cleveland, in
the year 1625 ; he died in this town, and was buried in this church, 1742. in
the 118th year of his age. As to obtain with health to this age should not be
lost to posterity. George Lord Bingley and Harriot Lady Bingley give this
stone to his memory. "

HENRY JENKINj

The oldest Yorkshireman of whom we have any record is Henry
Jenkins ; some say the oldest Englishman ; others, the oldest man in
the world since the days of the Hebrew patriarchs. He was born at
Ellerton-upou-Swale. a small village in the North Biding of this county,
one mile from Catterick, and six from Richmond, in the year 1500, and
the Parish Register of Bolton-on-Swale records his death December

HENRY JENKINS.

169

9th, 1670, thus showing that he had completed his 169th year. The
proofs on which the great age of Jenkins rest have beeu examined and
sifted with the greatest severity and care, in order, if possible, to detect
the slightest fallacy : but the fact appears to be established beyond the
reach of reasonable doubt. Belonging to a humble station in society.
but few events of his life are recorded, beyond his extraordinary
longevity. His youth was passed in the laborious employments of
agriculture ; afterwards he became butler to Lord Conyers, of Hornby
Castle ; in his old age he used to earn a livelihood by thatching houses
and fishing in the rivers. The earliest and
most reliable account of
Jenkins is given by
Mrs. Anne Savile,
daughter of John Savile,
Esq., of Methley, an
cestor of the Earls of
Mexborough, a lady
whose testimony may
be considered as above
suspicion, in a letter to
Dr. Tancred Robinson,
F.R.S.* published in the
Transactions of the
Royal Society : — This
lady says, " When I
first came to live at
Bolton, it was told me
that there lived in that
parish a man near one
hundred and fifty years
old ; that he had sworn
as a witness in a cause
at York, to one hundred
and twenty years, which
the judge reproving
him for, he said he was
Henry Jenkins. butler at that time to
Lord Conyers ; and they told me it was reported his name was found
in some old register of Lord Conyers' menial servants. Being one day
in my sister's kitchen, Henry Jenkins coming in to beg an alms, I had
a mind to examine him, I told him he was an old man, who must soon
expect to give an account to God of all he did or said ; and I desired
* Dr. Tancred Robinson was second son of Thomas Robinson, Esq , and own
brother to Sir William Robinson, Baronet, of Newby-on Swale. He was M.D.,
and F.R.S., and was knighted on his appointment as Physician to King
George I.

170

OLD YORKSHIRE.

him to tell me. very truly, how old he was ; on which he paused a little.
and then said, to the best of his remembrance he was about one hundred
and sixty two. or one hundred and sixty-three. I asked him what
kings he remembered. He said. ¦ Henry VIII.' I asked him what
public thing he could longest remember. He said, • Flodden Field.'
I asked him whether the King was there. He said, ¦ No ; he was in
France, and the Earl of Surrey was general.' I asked how old he
might be then. He said between ten and twelve, ' for," says he, ' I
was sent to Northallerton with a horse-load of arrows ; but they sent a
bigger boy from thence to the army with them.' I thought by these
marks I might find something in histories ; and looking into an old
chronicle. I found that Flodden Field was about one hundred and fifty-
two years before, so that if he was ten or eleven years old, he must be
one hundred and sixty-two or one hundred and sixty-three, as he said,
when I examined him. I found that bows and arrows were then used.
and that the Earl he named was then General, and that King Henry
YIIL was then at Tournay : so that I don't know what to answer to
the consistencies of these things, for Henry Jenkins was a poor man,
and could neither write nor read. There were also four or five in the
same parish that were reputed, all of them, to be one hundred years old,
or within two or three years of it, and they all said he was an elderly
man ever since they knew him, for he was born in another parish, and
before any register was in churches, as it is said.* He told me then,
too, that he was butler to Lord Conyers, and remembered the Abbot of
Fountains Abbey very well, who used to drink a glass with his lord
heartily; and that the dissolution of the monasteries he well
remembered." The following- remarks are from the pen of Dr. Tancred Robinson,
Physician to King George I. : — " This Henry Jenkins died December
8th. 1670. at Ellerton-on-Swale. The battle of Flodden Field was
fought or the 19th September, 1513. Henry Jenkins was twelve years
old when Flodden Field was fought ; so that he lived one hundred and
sixty-nine years. Old Parr lived one hundred and fifty-two years and
nine months ; so that Henry Jenkins outlived him, by computation,
sixteen years, and was the oldest man born en the ruins of the post
diluvian world. This Henry Jenkins, in the last century of his life,
was a fisherman, and used to wade in the streams. His diet was
coarse and sour ; but towards the latter end of his days he begged up
and down. He was sworn in Chancery, and other courts, to above one
hundred and forty years' memory, ar;d was often at the Assizes at
York, whither he generally went afoot ; and I have heard some of the
country gentlemen affirm that he frequently swam in the rivers after
he was past the age of one hundred years."
Mrs. Savile having sent a copy of her statement respecting Jenkins
to Sir Richard Graham, of Norton Conyers, near Ripon, which was
inserted in the household book of that family, a transcript of it was
* Parish Registers were first ordered to be kept in 153S.

HENRY JENKINS. 171
afterwards given to Roger Gale, the celebrated antiquary, by Sir
Reginald Graham, accompanied with the following note from himself : —
" Sir, — I have sent you an account of Henry Jenkins, as I find it in my
grandfather's Household Book, — the time of his death is mentioned,
under the letter as I have set it down ; it seems not to have been the
same hand : he must have lived sometime after Mrs. Savile sent this
account to Sir Richard. I have heard Sir Richard was Sheriff when
Jenkin3 gave evidence to six score years, in a cause between Mr. How
and Airs. Was tell, of Ellerton. The Judge asked him how he got his
living, he said ' by thatching houses and fishing.' This letter is
without date, but appears to have been written by Mrs. Savile in the
year 1661, or 1662, by what she says of the time when she examined
the old man, compared with that of Flodden Field, aud was eight or
nine years before he died, for I found his burial in the Register of
Bolton Church, thus: — 'December the 9th, 1670, Henry Jenkins, a
very old poor man.' And was also shewed his grave. — R. Graham,
Norton, 26th August, 1739-40."
From his extraordinary age he was often summoned as a witness,
to give evidence on ancient rights and usages, where his evidence was
frequently of the most material importance. " A Commission out of
the Court of Exchequer, dated 12 Feby., 19 Charles II., authorizing
George Wright, Joseph Chapman, John Burnett, and Richard Fawcett,
gents, to examine witnesses, as well on the part of the plaintiff as
defendant, in a tythe cause between Charles Anthony, vicar of Cat-
terick, complainant, and Calvert Smithson, owner and occupier of lands,
in Kipling, in the parish of Catterick : Depositions taken in the house
of John Stairman, at Catterick, co Ebor, on the 15th April, 1667 : —
Henry Jenkins, of Ellerton-upon-Swale, labourer, aged one hundred and
fifty-seven, or thereabouts, swore and examined, says — ' That he has
known the parties seven years, and that the tithes of lambs, calves,
wool, colts, chickens, goslings, pigs, apples, pears, plums, flax, hemp,
fruit, and multure of mills were paid in kind, by one Mr. Calvert,* the
owner of the lordship or manor of Kipling, to one Mr. Thriscroft,t above
threescore years since, the Vicar of Catterick ; and were so paid in kind
during the time of the said Mr. Thriscroft's continuance ; and, after,
the tithes of Kipling were paid in kind to one Richard Fawcett,
deceased, for many years together as vicar of Catterick ; and that this
deponent never knew of any customary tithes, paid by any of the
owners or occupiers of the lordship or manor of Kipling, or any other
of the towns or hamlets within the said parish of Catterick ; but all
such particulars named in the interrogatories were ever paid in kind to
the vicar there for the time being."J
* George Calvert, Esq., afterwards created Baron Baltimore.
f Henry Thriscroft was Vicar of Catterick from 1594 till 1603 ; Bichard
Fawcett, from 1603 till 1660.
J Clarkson's History of Richmond, p. 396.

172

OLD YORKSHIRE.

At the Assizes at York, in 1655, Jenkins appeared as a witness to
prove a right of way over a man's ground ; he swore to one hundred
and twenty years' memory ; for that time he remembered a way over
the ground in question. Being cautioned by the Judge to beware what
he said, as there were two men in the court above eighty years of age
each, who had sworn they remembered no su( h way. he replied that
those men were boys to him. Upon which the Judge asked those men
how old they took Jenkins to be. They answered that they knew him
very well, but not his age, for he was a very old man when they were
boys. In the cause mentioned in Sir Reginald Graham's letter, between
How and Wastell, of Ellerton, Jenkins again gave evidence to one
hundred and twenty years' memory. One of the Judges asked him
what remarkable battle or event had happened in his memory, to which
he answered that when the battle of Flodden Field was fought, where
the Scots were beat with the loss of their King, he was turned of
twelve years of age. Being asked how he lived, he said by thatching
and salmon fishing ; that when he was served with a subpoena he was
thatching a house, and he would " dub a hook' with any man in York
shire. He also stated that he had been butler to Lord Conyers, of
Hornby Castle, and that Marmaduke* Brodelay, Lord Abbot of Foun
tains, did frequently visit his lord, and drank a hearty glass with him —
that his lord often sent him to enquire how the lord abbot did, who
always sent for him to his lodgings, and after ceremonies (as he called
it) passed, ordered him, besides wassel, a quarter of a yard of roast beef
for his dinner (for that monasteries did deliver their guests meat by
measure), and a great black jack of strong drink. Being further asked
if he remembered the dissolution of the religious houses, he said very
well ; and that he was between thirty and forty years of age when the
order came to dissolve those in Yorkshire ; and that great lamentation
was made, and the country all in a tumult when the monks were turned
out. Another cause is also mentioned in which Jenkins appeared as a
witness at York, in 1667, between the Vicar of Catterick and William
and Peter Mawbank, in which he deposed that tithes of wool, Iambs,
&c , were the vicar's, and had been paid, to his knowledge, one hundred
and twenty years and more.
Of the' family history and private life of the venerable old man we
have very little information. He was married, but what family he had
we know not ; two sons have been mentioned as living a few years
before their father's death, " both of whom were much more infirm in
memory and in body than the patriarch himself."
, The multitude of great events which took place during the lifetime
of this man are truly wonderful and astonishing. He lived under the
rule of nine sovereigns of England — Henry VII. ; Henry VIII. ;
Edward VI. ; Mary ; Elizabeth ; James I. : Charles I. ; Oliver Crom
well ; and Charles II. ; he was born when the Roman Catholic religion'

HENRY JENKINS.

173

was established by law, he saw the dissolution of the monasteries, and
the faith of the nation changed — Popery established a second time by
Queen Mary — Protestantism restored by Elizabeth — the civil wars,
between Charles and the Parliament begun and ended— monarchy
abolished — the young Republic of England arbiter of the destinies of
Europe, and the restoration of monarchy under the libertine Charles II.
During his time, England was invaded by the Scots ; a Scottish King
was slain, aud a Scottish Queen beheaded in England ; a King of Spain
and a King of Scotland were Kings in England ; three Queens and one
King were beheaded in England in his days ; and fire and plague alike
desolated London. His lifetime appears like that of a nation, more
than an individual, so long extended and crowded with such great
events.

Harrogate.

W. Grainge.

YORKSHIRE MANUSCRIPTS.

THE LANSDOWNE MSS.
HE following is a list of a portion of the manuscripts
relating to Yorkshire to be found in the Lansdowne
collection. The originator of the collection was William
Petty, created Marquis of Lansdowne in 1784. He was
born in 1737, and died in 1805. Chalmers tells us that
his lordship always had the reputation of being a man of
considerable poEtical knowledge, improved by a most extensive
foreign correspondence, and a stndy of foreign affairs and
relations. He was possessed of perhaps the most valuable and
complete library of historical and political documents, both printed and
mannscript, that ever was accumulated by any one individual or
family. The printed part was dispersed by auction after his death,
but the manuscripts were purchased in 1807, by a parliamentary grant,
for the sum of £4,925. The number of the volumes of these manu
scripts is 1,245. This celebrated collection includes, besides numerous
miscellaneous documents, the papers of Lord Bnrghley, Secretary of
State, temp. Edward VI., and Secretary of State and Lord High
Treasurer, temp. Elizabeth ; Sir Julius Caesar, Judge of the Admiralty,
temp., Elizabeth, and Dr. White Kennett, Bishop of Peterborough, in
the early part of the eighteenth century.
1 Injunctions of Archbishop Gifford. Prebends at Howden. Inquests concerning
Inclosures. Co. York, 1517- Copy of the King's proclamation to tbe Northern
Rebels, 1537, 68.
2 Letter of Thos. Vavasour, 1551, 61. Copy of Indenture between Edward YL
and the Mayor and Burgesses of Hull about the Government of the Castle, Ac
there. 1552, 80.
3 Copy of Contract between Edward VL and the Mayor and Corporation of Hull,
for repairing the fortifications about the said Town, 20 February, 1552, 20.
5 Yorkshire Freeholders, 1561, 11. Queen's Warrant to Search for Mines in
Yorkshire, ic, 1563, 47. Petition from Tenants of Aysgarfh, 1562, &c. ftc.,
42.

THE LANSDOWNE MSS. 175
6 Archbishop Young to Cecil about Prisoners in York Castle, 76. Same to
same, 78.
7 Miles Coverdale to Cecil, 60.
8 Earl of Northumberland to Cecil, 1565, 69. Archbishop of York to Cecil (Sir
W.), 1565, 79.
10 Archbishop of York to Cecil, 1. The same to the Council, 2. Queen's Letter
about Cawood Park, 17. Archbishop of York to Cecil, 1568, 43.
1 1 Declaration of the Earls, 52. Archbishop of Canterbury concerning Grindal
and York, 57.
12 Archbishop of Canterbury to Cecil about a Prebend at York, 80. Dean and
Chapter of York that they had elected Edmund Archbishop, 1570, 89. Earl of
Northumberland's Lands, 1570-91.
13 Ind're for sale of Sir Wm. Pickering's Lands in Co. York 6. Entertainments
of the officers in 1570, Yorks, 9. An Order for raising soldiers in Yorks, 44.
13 A note of the rebels' Land in Yorks., &c, 4 and 5.
14 Mr. Wm. Whartone, of Rippon, to the Lord Treasurer, for a Commission for
Yorkshire to curb some turbulent spirits there, December 9, 1 572, 67.
1 5 Articles of Information against John Norton and others, abettors of the northern
rebellion, December, 1572, by Wm. Wharton, of Rippon, 95.
16 Letters of Lord Scroope, Lady Stanhope to Burghley, &c, about Prebend in
York.
17 Earl of Huntingdon on the state of the North, 18.
18 Archbishop of York to Burghley about Inclosures, 27.
19 Letters. Archbishop of York to Lord Burghley, to annul destructive Leases
granted by the Master of Sherburne Hospital.
19 Archbishop of York on the Government of the North, 2. Do. about Dr.
Vavasour and Popery, 13. Earl of Huntingdon to Cecil, that the Queen might
build a house in York with the materials of Middleham Castle, 1574, Middleham
Castle, 38. Sir W. Pickering about a debt the Queen had forgiven him, 46.
On the death of Sir W. Pickering, 75. ' Route of the Queen's progress to York,
1575, 92.
20 Earl of Huntingdon about the Archbishop of York, 50. Archbishop of York,
Lord President, 65. Archbishop of York on his removal to Canterbury.
22 1576. Petition respecting Repairing of Hull Harbour and .Fortifications, 9.
28 1578. Petition of Eliz. Matthew, to enjoy her License for Making Train Oil
without the encroachment of the Town of Scarborough. Humphrey Cole on
Mineral Discoveries at Richmond, 1578, 22.
27 Archbishop of York about dilapidations, 11. Archbishop of York — Visitation
of his Province, 12,
27 Letter of Mr. Th. Metham about the Savills, 40.
28 Archbishop of York about Dean of Durham, 68. Archbishop of York about
Earl of Huntingdon, 80.
29 Petition of the Dean and Chapter of York to the Queen, for confirming their
Charter, 53.
29 Matthew Hutton against Sandys, 53. Frauds in the West Riding, 1580, 71.
30 Sir Thos. Boynton's Proposals for improving Bridlington Harbour and Pier, 5.
Archbishop of York on Lady Cumberland, 54.
31 On the State of the Copper Works in the North, 1580, 25. On the decay of
Scarborough Castle, 1580, 27.
31 Sir Thos. Boynton about Bridlington Pier, 67-
31 Archbishop of York to Burghley; 10. Tobie Matthew to Do., 1581-17. Lands
in Yorkshire, 47.
36 Earl of Essex from York to Cecil, 1582-12. Archbishop of York, 24. Tobie
Matthew to Lord Burghley, 53-54. Same to same about Deanery of Durham,
58.
37, 8, 9. Several Letters. Archbishop of York's Case with Sir R. Stapleton.
40 Temple Newsam, 35. Ralph Bowes on a newly discovered lead mine.
42 Archbishop of York's Case of Dilapidations, 46.

176 OLD YORKSHIRE.
42 Prebend of Masham, October 9, 1584, 57-60. Ramsden, Prebendary of York,
to Cecil, 74.
43 Sir R, Stapleton from the Fleet to Lord Burghley, 1584-5.
46 The Council at York to the Archbishop, 67. Archbishop of York to Burghley,
67.
47 Certificate that no heriots are due in Yorkshire, 11. The Imperfections of Sir
E. Stafford's Book of Concealments, 12.
49 Fees of the Councillors attending the Council at York, 1586-80.
50 Archbishop Sandys ver.ius Dean Hutton, 33. Form of Hutton's Submission to
the Archbishop, 36. Articles exhibited against Hutton, 1586-39,
51 Concealed Lands and Tenements in City of York, 79.
52 Complaint for Salt Making at Hull, 20, 23, 24, 25. Complaint about a searcher
at Hull, 1587-57.
52 Edwin, Archbishop of York ; his opinion to Burghley of the J.P.'s of York, 63.
53 The Names and Characters of several Northern Justices, 86, 85, 87. Names
of the Justices in every County, 1587, 91.
54 Of Corn at York and Hull, 1587, 53. Disorders in the North, 60. Giles
Ascham asks a Pension, 70. Mr. Bellasys in the North, 78.
55 Names of Popish Recusants in several Shires in England, 1587, 58.
57 Archbishop of York complaining of Dean of Durham, 1588, 73,
58 An Account of Glover's MSS., 47.
59 Complaint of the Increase of Alehouses in Yorkshire, 1588, 11.
59 Mr. Tipper's Book of Concealments belonging to the Churches of Canterbury,
York, &c, 35, &c.
62 Barton and Tancred, lands at Cawood, Co. Yorks., October 1590, 62.
63 Copley, 1590.
64 A Yorkshire Memorial, 1590, 8.
65 Bridlington Pier, 17.
71 Mr. Stanhope and R. Rokeby's Account to Lord Burghley of their dealings
with Tenants of Leathley and Farnley, December 27, 1592, 9. Fitzwilliam, 63,
72 Dr. Thornburgh, Dean of York, to Burghley, 36. 37. Lord Vaux complains
of his great poverty ; pawned his Parliament robes, 26. A petition to Lord
Burghley from Yorkshire about the price of salt, 48, 49, 51.
74 Egerton to Lord Burghley of a Commission for visiting hospitals, and of dealing
with recusants, 2 August, 1593, 75.
75 Letters of Thornburgh, Dean of York, in distressed circumstances, 16, 18.
76 Archbishop and Lord President to Burghley, about concealed lands in York
shire — Oglethorpe, 10, 11. Lord President on Archbishop Piers's death, 78.
Matt. Hutton, of his removal to York, 90.
77 Toby Matthew to Cecil, 14, 17, 19, 20. (14) Sir W. Mallory to Cecil about his
son Robert, 23. Letter of Toby Matthew to Hicks, 54. Hicks to Toby
Matthew. 57, 69, 78.
77 Sir W. Mallory. Vicarage of Campsall, 23.
78 Matthew Hutton, 11. Lady Margt. Neville's petition, 12. Lord President to
Burghley, about Bothwell having been at York, 9. Toby Matthew to Lord
Burghley, 19. Dean of York, 33. Mayor of Hull, about exportation of lead,
74.
79 Archbishop of York to Lord Burghley. Libertie of Rippon, 1595, 41.
79 Edw. Nevill als Latimer, I to 7. Archbishop M. Hutton to Burghley about
Lady Margt. Nevill, 39 (see also 78, fo. 11 and 12). Toby Matthew with £100
for lead, 40. Archbishop of York on behalf of his son-in-law. 41. Archbishop
of York about one Wright venting Jesuitical opinions, 44. Archbishop of
York on the death of the Lord President, 47. The Council of the North to P.
Council, 48. Archbishop of York about Lord President's effects and papers,
49.
80 Information of Edw. Nevill in the Tower, 20. Information against Atkinson,
searcher, at Hull, 42. Burghley's letter to the customs officers at Hull to

THE LANSDOWNE MSS. 177
watch Atkinson, 43. Yorkshire Recusants, 48. Archbishop of York for a
reformed priest, 50. Archbishop of York about New Commission, 51 and 52.
82 Lord Scroope to Burghley, 4. Lord Eure to Cecil about Mrs. Tempest, 11,
Archbishop of York, 24. Archbishop about Lord President's funeral, 25.
Archbishop about new Lord President, 26. Archbishop about what should
be done in the North, 27, &c. &c.
83 — of York lost a ship and asks relief, 8. Cecil's enquiry about the same,
1596-9. Complaints of disorders in the County, 12. Lord Eure to Mr. Hicks,
19. Archbishop of York and Council to Burghley, 27. State of the Lands of
Thos. Lord Scroope, 1596, 35. Riots by gentlemen's servants.
S4 Lord Scroope to Burghley, 68. Archbishop of York about Miles Dawson, 73.
Archbishop and Council, 79. Archbishop about Mr. Clopton, 83. A copy of
LordNorth'sletteraboutRecusancyin Yorkshire, 1597, 104. Giles Wiggiiigton
of Sedbergh, about Papists, 105.
85 Hugh Broughton complaining of the Archbishop of Canterbury, 13.
S6 Information of the Archbishop of York, 17. Scroope to Lord Burghley, 26.
Archbishop of York to the Treasurer, 27. Archbishop of York to Cecil, 29 ;
ditto 30.
S7 Toby Matthew about Earl of Westmoreland's daughter, 1598, 16. Slander
of — Saville against the Treasurer, 23 .
89 Archbishop Hutton about the Papists, 28. Abstract of letters of Tobie
Matthew, Junr., 1605.
88-93 Letters of Sir Michael Hicks. Very illustrative of the times.
97 Suppressions, 1535-1539, 1. See also 13, &c., Edw. Nevill, 23.
99 Tho. Vavasour to Earl of Oxford, 1584, 73. Letter from Mr. Wm. Fitzwilliam,
107.
102 Burghley on a grievance of Co. York, 119.
103 CecU's instructions to Grindal, 8. Cecil to Archbishop of York about Council,
30.
104 Memorandum of Cecil's Questions in Stapleton's case with the Archbishop, 19.
105 Lord Wentworth's last book of concealments, 27. Whitby Pier, 28.
106 Matters objected to the Receiver General for Yorkshire, 7. Wheldrake-
Vaughan, 32. Jobson of Hull's case about the Priory of Snaith, belonging to
Selby, 50.
106 Jobson of Hull's case, as to the Grange at Mowthorpe and the Cell of Snaith.
108 Mr. Jas. Ryther's scheme for a Free School and relief of the poor at Harewood,
Co. York, 29.
109 George, Earl of Cumberland, about the purchase of Mr. Mideltton's house at
Stockeld, 44. Do. to Mr. flicks, 45. George, Earl of Huntingdon, with a
bribe, o3. Pedigrees Nevill, &c, 87, 88.
109 Rents of Lord Scroope's Manors, &c, 79 and 80. Valuation of Strangeway'a
lands, 81.
110 Evasion of Customs at Hull, 32. Customs at York, &c, 37- Case of York
merchants, 65.
110 Customs of Richmond, Land, &c.
1 12 Cartulary of Salley Abbey.
114 Several papers on the wool trade.
115 Commission pro partibus Ebor, 2. Disorderly conduct of Stapleton and his
confederates at York Assizes, which sent them to the Star Chamber, 11.
Council minutes about Rebellion, 1569, 54.
118 Lord Burghley's Memorandum Book.
119 Mr. Jas. Syther's Commendations of Yorkshire, 1598.
123 Sir Julius Csesar's Papers, relating to the Admiralty, Fishing, the Ports, &c.
145 Fines to be paid in Yorkshire, 13.
146 Piracy, Hull, 161 7.
150 Goods taken out of the "Angel Gabriel" and the "St. John," by Captain
Slingsby, 223-4. L

178

OLD YORKSHIRE.

152 Papers relating to the Alum Works founded by St. Arthur Ingram, 1600-16 .
Index, 2-25.
153 A Record of Forfeited Property of Recusants — Yorks. — Names of Recusants,
109, &e. Persons omitted in Commission for York, 176.
155 Instructions about the Armour and Munition in the North, 376.
158 Letters : Lady Scroope, 1596 ; Sir H. Saville, 1611, 32 to 42.
161 L. Ingland, of Otley, Petition to the Queen against the Archbishop, 1596, 100
and 101, Toby Matthew to Sir J. Caesar, 269.
165 Annuities charged on the Receiver-General of Yorkshire, 1613, 208.
166 On the Waste and Spoil of Woods in Raby Park, 1608, 299.
167 Sir Stephen Procter's project for gathering Fines and Amercements due to the
King ; Voluntary Confession of David Paler, prisoner in York Cas., concerning
divers Plots to destroy Sir S. Procter. 1602, 21.
Other petitions, &c. , of Sir S. P.
168 Counties, Surveyors, and Woodwards of England, 183.
169 Saltmarshes and ground gained in Yorkshire, 7 ; Survey of Lands and Manors
in Yorkshire, &c, 1608, 84 ; Survey of King's Manor, N. and E. Riding, 86 ;
Manors in W. Riding, &c. , 88.
172 Case of John Aske, Esq., v. Robinson, 21 ; Grant by Edward VI. of North
Care to Sir J, Ellerker, 163.
203 Ashmole's Collection of Antient Charters.
205 Pedigrees of Yorkshire Families, 103 b. and 241.
207 Deeds, Charters, &c. Darcy, Gascoigne, Nevill, Leedes, Skipwith, Clifford,
Pontefract, &c. Extracts from Cartulary of Monk Bretton, Historia Abb. de
Melsa. Papers relating to Arnhall, Ergham, Aske, Lockington, Wharam,
Birdsall, Skipsey, Pocklington, Wawne, and Excerpta, relative to S. Mary's
Abbey, York.
207a Darcy, 236 ; Haverholm, 165 ; Ex. Chart, de Kirkstead, 263 ; from a book
belonging to Kirkstead Abbey, 263.
207c Stories of what was seen at Burton and Axholme by Shore, who watched the
Church. Names of the Officers marching North, 1569, 764.
207e Spelman's Manual of Abbreviations.
213 A seven weeks' survey of 26 Northern Counties, 1634, p. 319—390.
220 Calendar of all grants recorded in the Exchequer. Jas, 1 to 3 Car. 1 ; see also
222, Jas. 1.
227 Instruments relative to the Clergy and Church of York.
229 Notes on Charters found in Pontefract Castle relating to the Laeies, 124 b,
Les Sonts Ies Chronicles in 1'Abbfe de Kirkstall.
Excerpta ex registro de Pontefracto, 128.
Charters, Clifford and Lacy, 143.
235 Diary of the Life of Thos. Godfrey, 1585-1655.
238 Vol of Letters, Inter alia — Archbishop of York.
235 and 255 Thorpe Perrow and the Savills, 6 H. 6, 276.
252 Abstract of Title of the Honour and Manor of Knaresborough.
259 De Fundatione Abb. de Kirkstede, 56; Charters, &c, relating to Pontefract,
70 ; Inquis. relating to Snaith, Slaidburn, and Bowland, 72. Extracts relating
to Percys, Mowbrays, &c, 8 ; Percy 15b.
260 Names of the slain at the Battle of St. Alban's, a.d. 1455, 30Sb.
Names received into the patents at St. Alban's, 316.
269 Fundatio Hospitalis Sancti Petri et Sancti Leonardi in Civitate Eboraci;
Carta Fund. Monast. de Bello.
Marmion, Lacey, Constable, &c.
326 A Vol. of Dodsworth for Northumberland and Yorkshire.
365 Statuta Antiqua Curias Cons. Ebor. Life of Archbishop Greenfield, at p 29.
378 The Rule of St. Benedict, in * northern dialect. 15th cent. Curious and
uncommon.
402 A Register Book of the Archbishop of York, written about the year 1309,
Charters &c. Index.

THE LANSDOWNE MSS. 179
403 A Register Book of the Guild of Corpus ChriBti, York.
404 Liber de Origine Monasterii Fontanensis.
405 Cartulary of Monk Bretton.
421 ,, ,, Harewood, &c.
424 ,, ,, Meaux.
443-4-5 Register of Crown Presentations, Elizabeth, with table of contents.
446 Inquisition as to concealed lands at South Cave, Bromflete, Ellerker, Provest,
&c.
446 Copies of two Saxon Charters to Beverley Minster from Edward the Confessor
and William the Conqueror, 89.
447 Genealogia Familiae de Percy, 82.
452 Register of Prebends, &c, York Cathedral, temp. H. 8.
459 Register of Church Livings, Co. York, &c. , with an account of actual income,
patrons, characters, and many incumbents, 1654.
488 The whole proceedings of the House of Lords upon Sir John Fenwick, 1696.
489 Petition of gentry of Yorkshire about billeting. 130b. See fol. 138,
513 Case of Sir S. Procter in Pari. 7 Jac. 1, fol. 94. From the journals.
762 Prophecy called " Bridlington." 65.
804 King's Mandate to Hull about Flemish Vessels taken off the Coast of
Scarburgh, 49.
807 The Remnant of the Precious Vol. of Plays destroyed by Warburton's
servant, contains, inter alia, " Yorkshire Gentlewoman and her Son T."
818 Documents Relating to Manor of A comb, co. York, 1648.
821-2-3 Letters to Henry Cromwell, Lord and Lady Fauconberg, 93, 94, 95, 97.
841 Copy of Letter from Sandys to Cecil about Stapleton, 28. Warley's Letter
about his Family Arms, 36. Geo. Plaxton to a Watchmaker at York, 37.
488, &c, 830 Concerning religious foundations in Yorkshire. State and Revenue,
&c. H. 8.
841, &c. Arms in Rokeby Church. Pedigrees of the Bokebys and others, 1,
Pipard Family Evidences, 51. Arms belonging to Abbeys, 130.
860 Collections temp. Elizabeth. Summons of Gentry of Yorkshire, by Ed. 3 in
28th of his reign, to go against the Scots, 59. Pedigrees of Tateshall 371,
Scroop 370, Nevil, Conyers, Maltravers, Copley, Forster, St. John, and Nevill,
373. Vol. 2. Miscellanies with Index.
865 Catalogue of Yorkshire Gentry, 1638. The Booke of Yorkshire, Sheriffs of
Yorkshire from 1155 1652. Arms. Treasorers for lame soldiers, West
Biding.
870 Accounts Ingleby, Hutton, and Byerley Families. Names of Clergy, West
Riding, 1719. Letters of Dugdale.
889-899 Le Neve and Dr. Johnston ; Collections for Yorkshire.
889 Catalogue of Mr. Torre's MSS. ; Copies of Camden's Britannia, Fuller's
Worthies, Bloome's Britannia, &c, so far as relate to Yorkshire, and Dr.
Johnston's proposals and inquiries respecting a History of the County of
York.
890-891 Warburton's Collections, History and Account of Hull.
892 Churches Parochial and Conventual in the Diocese of York and Archdeaconry
of Cleveland.
893 Ch. MSS.Dioc. York. Archd. E. Biding.
895 Surveys in N. and W. Ridings, roads and rivers. Collections relating to
Hedon and the E. Riding.
Account of fee farm rents, Leland's Itinerary so far as regards Yorkshire, copies
of several wills proved at Alne, Glover's Yorkshire names, Yorkshire forests.
Maps, Plates, and Extracts from Torre's MSS. Pryme's Account of Doncaster.
North Riding Collections. Copies from Torre's MSS. Survey of Dowthorpe,
History of Hatfield. Sale of Lands belonging to Church and See of York during
the Civil Wars. View of Sheriff Hutton Castle.
896 Crown Lands in Yorkshire and Possessors tern. Elizabeth. Schedule of the
Tenths of the Clergy in Arrear. Co. York, 1654.

180

OLD YORKSHIRE.

897 History of Hatfield.
898 History of Ripon Church. Collections relating to Beverley. Captain Pattin.
son's Account of the taking of Pontefract Castle.
899 Richmondshire Charters. Pedigree of Conyers, &c. Inscriptions in-Bedale and
Catterick Churches.
900 Note by W. Vavasour, woods, roads, manors, &c, within 10 miles of Hazle-
wood, and the Progress of H.Sto York, anno 38. Notes of the names of
Towns, Villages, &c, in Claro, &c, as mentioned in ancient Records. List
of Yorkshire Knights. Arms aud Pedigrees of Yorkshire Families. Copies
from Domesday Book.
901 Descriptions of Yorkshire Arms, 1638.
903 Beckwith of Handale Abbey.
908 Warburton's Yorkshire Arms.
909 Miscellaneous Yorkshire Collections — Guisbro', &c.
910 The Diary or Excise Book of J. W., 1718 (A Supervisor of Excise, county
York.)
915 Alphabetical List of Yorkshire Villages.
923 Notes concerning Hull, &c .
935 Diptycha Eccles. Anglicanas: Abbots, Priors, &c, of the different Mon
asteries, &c.
963 Simonis de Warwick, Abbatis Ebor de rebus Abbatiae suae MS. Bibl. Bodl.
Oxon. 27, Ex Libello Stephano Abbatis S. Marise Eboraci 181.
911-12-13 Warburton's Survey of Yorkshire, Notes.
914 Warburton's Yorkshire Collections, Views, &c.
917 Miscellanies relating to Yorkshire.
919 Arms and Monumental Inscriptions in Yorkshire, &c.
964 Collectanea Matt. Hutton, ex Cartulario Abbatias de Melsa. 145 b. Ex Reg.
Hen. Bowet, Archidia. Richmond, 139, 139 b.
968 Ex. Cartulari de Melsa.
972 Ex. Collect. M. Hutton de Abbat. S. Mariae Ebor. et de Kirkestall ; Tran
script of Deeds relating to Wakefield Church ; Misc. Collections of Ralph
Thoresby relating to Yorkshire ; Memoranda and De la Pryme's History of
Hull ; Carta pro omnibus de Wakefield, 1 Ed. II. ; Mem. of agreement
respecting Hunsingore Tithes, 16 Car. II. ; Warmfield Vicarage, 1716; Mem.
from the MS. Chron. of Meaux Abbey.
973 Yorkshire Miscellanies.
978 Collections for a History of Wakefield Grammar School ; Mem. Swillington
Par. Reg.; Extracts, Bridlington Priory; Mem., Giggleswick Grammar
School ; Endowment, Skirlaugh Chapel ; Christmas Entertainments at Bishop-
thorpe, 1624-1625; Carta de Maneriis de Attwike, Entcottis, and Dripole, and
Note cone. Hemsworth. Relaxation of Injunctions given to the Monastery of
S. Mary's, York, by the Visitors ; Instructions to the Visitors in Yorkshire ;
Jo. Kempe Archiep. Ebor ; the King's Letters to the Dean and Chapter of
York, &c. ; Extracts from Archbishop Kemp's Register ; Carta Melsensis ;
Agreement Augmentn. Vicarage Harewood ; Thoresby's Addenda et
Emendanda Vicariae Leod. ; Grant of Lands belonging to Chantries, &c. ;
Exemplification of Charters granted to Bridlington Priory, &c. Biography,
Archbishop Rotherham, Edw. Cressacre, Sub-Dean of York; Laurentius,
Abbot of Selby ; Archbishop Savage, Jno. Rainald, Archdeacon of Cleveland ;
Jas. Harrington, Dean of York, Archbishop Bainbridge, Rd. Wylson, Bishop
of Negropont, Suffr. of the Archbishop of York.
979 Hugh Ashton, Archdeacon of York ; Thos. Dalby, Archdeacon of Richmond ;
Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop of York, Brian Higden, Dean of York.
980 Archbishop Lee, Rd. Layton, Dean of York ; Archbishop Holgate, Cuthbert
Marshall, Archdeacon of Nottingham ; Robt. Sylvester, Suffragan Bp. of
Hull.
981 Archbishops Young and Heath.
982 Archbishops Sandys and Piers.

THE LANSDOWNE MSS. 181
9S3 Archbishop Matt. Hutton, and Jno. Brook, Precentor, York.
9S I Geo. Meryton, Dean of York ; Archbishop Matthews, Archbishop Mountaigne,
Archbishop Harsnet ; Jno. Wilson, Dean of Ripon ; Henry Ramsden, Vicar
of Halifax ; Archbishop Neile.
9S5 John Scot, Dean of York ; Geo. Stanhope, Chantor of York ; Archbishop
Williams.
9S6 Richard Marsh, Dean of York , Archbishop Frewen, Robert Hitch, Arch
deacon of East Riding.
9S7 Jas. Fall, Precentor of York ; Archbishop Sterne, Archbishop Dolbeu.
9SS Compendium for Legh and Layton, 1-1S ; Statutes for Wakefield Free
School, 51; New Church at Wakefield, 756; Benefactions to Pannal Church,
2666 ; King's Letter about Church of Holme on Spaldingmore, 2896 ; Great
Rebellion, 320-386.
9S9 Thoresby to Kennett about Leeds New Church, 39 ; Sandys' Letter to Queen
Elizabeth, to save Southwell and Scrooby, 89.
1033 Kennett, Provincial Words and Expressions.
1038 Vol. of Kennett's Letters; Thoresby, 110-155; Blackburn, Archbishop of
York, 1725, 116.
1039 Thoresby to Kennett, Hunslet Chapel, 94 ; Archbishop of York to Church
at Boston, in America, 134.
1045 Philip and Mary to the Pope, recommending Heath to be Archbishop of
York. Alphabetical list of Charters of Boroughs, &c, now remaining, in
2 vols., in the library of the Inner Temple, 1729, October 10th.
1056 A Survey of the Manor of Acomb, co. York, 25-35. '
1063 Cartularies of S. Mary's Abbey and Kufford Abbey.
1196 Insignia of the Monasteries and Religious Houses throughout England,
16-42.
1197 Notes relating to Church Lands, leased out and belonging to the Cathedral
of York.
1209 An account of all livings in the gift of the Lord Chancellor.
1216 Crown Lands. Edward 6.
1219 Account of Warburton's Yorkshire MSS.
1233 Church and Topographical Notes, tern. Charles If. York Minster, Bawtry,
Ryther, Wighill, Otley, Spofforth, Ripley, Bedale, and Red House (Sir
Thomas Slingsby's house near Marston.)
1236 Oliver Cromwell to Fairfax, 85.
Calverley. S, Margerison.

THE DODSWORTH MSS.

The Dods worth collections are comprised in the Bodl. Lib. MSS.,
4143-5101. Roger Dodsworth was born on the 24th of July, 1585,
and died in August, 1644, and was buried at Rufford, Lancashire.
These dates will be sufficient evidence of the great value of the
collections made by this eminent antiquary.*
1 Final Concords. .
2 to 6 Genealogical Collections.
7 to 10 Charters, &c.
11 Names of Tenants of the Crown.
12 to 17 Abstracts of the Pipe Rolls.
18 Collections for the Barony of Ogle.
• Yorks. Arch, and Top. Journal, vol. vi., p. 73.

182 OLD YORKSHIRE.
19 Descents of Several Noble Families.
20 A Volume of Camden's Collections.
21 Norn. Villar. Ebor.
22 Collections from the Registry of Wills' in Prerogative Court of Canterbury.
23 Nom. Villar. (contd.).
24 to 25 Charters. '
26 Copies of Letters relative to the suppression of religious houses in Yorkshire,
and from Coucher Book of Drax.
27 Kirkby's Inquest, and Nomina Villarum.
28 Abstracts Reg. Bks. Archbishops York, from Walter Gray to Edm. Grendall,
including full Abstract of Archbishop Zouch's Reg., original of which is
lost.
29 Exchequer Memoranda.
30 Charters, &c.
31 Collections relating to Chester.
32 Charters, Bounds to the Forest of Knaresborough, &e.
33 Collections relating to Butler Family.
34 Inquisitions relating to Pontefract, &c.
35-36 Extracts from Red Book in the Exchequer and the Close Rolls.
37 Names of the Tenants-in-Chief.
38 Charters, &c.
39 Extracts, chiefly from the Records of the Duchy of Lancaster.
40 Inq. Post Mort., &c.
41 Abstracts of Exchequer Records.
42 Apparatus Genealogjcus.
43, 44 Inquisitions et Escheats.
45 Excerpta from various Cartularies, &c.
46 Inq. Feodorum in Richmondshire.
47-49 Scutages, Collections, Charters, &c.
50 Miscellaneous, from Plumpton Papers.
51-56 Escheats, Fines, Charters, &e
57 Escheats, Collections relative to the Manor of Wakefield.
58 Account of Chantries and Hospitals, &c.
59 Miscellaneous, chiefly relating to Ecclesiastical Foundations.
60 Extracts from the Exchequer.
61 Genealogies, &c., and Sundry Extracts, Letter of K. Chas. to Dean & Chapter
of York, for beautifying the Cathedral.
62 Charters, &c. •
63 Histories of the Foundations of St. Mary's Abbey, Byland, Jorevale, &c.
64 Escheats, &c.
65-68 Charters and Extracts from Inquis. , &c.
69 History of the Abbey of Meaux.
70 Evidences of the Vipont and Clifford Families.
71-3 Charters, Escheats, Fines and Placita ars Pleas.
74 Miscellaneous Church Notes, made at Loundesborough, &c.
75 Miscellaneous Records and Charters.
76 Original Charters, Deeds, Inquis., &c.
77 No vol. under this number.
78 Extracts from Registers, &c.
79 Charters and Pedigrees.
80 Charters, Fines, Letters Pat., &c.
81-82 Pedigrees of Peers, &c.
83 Deeds, &c., principally relating to Lord Clifford's Estates.
84-87 Fines, Charters, Extracts from Sundry Cartularies, &c.
88 Church Notes, Inscriptions in Churches, Genealogies, &c.
89 Extracts from the Red Book in the Exchequer Hundred Rolls, &ff,
90 Miscellaneous.

THE DODSWORTH MSS. 183
91 Extracts Abbeys of Newland and Byland, and from the Evidences of Peter
Midelton, of Stockeld, Knt., &c.
92 Extracts from the Registers, &o., of Salley Abbey, Bolton Abbey, St.
William's Chapel, York ; Archbishop Holgate's Certificate of Chantries,
Hospitals, &c. ; Inscriptions at Tickhill and Adwick-in-the-Street ; Arthing-
ton Papers, Plumpton Papers, Broughton Papers, &c.
93 Close Rolls, Patents, Inquis., &c.
94 Charters relating to Byland, Newburgh, St. Clement's, York, Sinningthwaite,
Gisburn, &c. ; from the Registers, &c, of the Dean and Chapter of York.
95 Extracts from Registrum Magnum Album, and Cartularies of Kirkham,
Byland, St. Peter's, York, St. Leonard's Hospital, &c.
96 Pedigrees of Staffordshire Families.
97-98 Fines, Inquis., Inq. p. mort., &c.
99 Extracts from the Register Books of Wills proved at York.
100 Extracts from Lord Dunbar's Papers, Constables of Flamborough and Holme-
in-Spaldingmore, &c.
101 Inquisitions post mortem.
102 Extracts from Cartularies of Greasely, &c.
103 Close Rolls.
104 Inquisitions post mortem.
105 Extracts from Charters and Cartularies of Whitby, Thurgarton, Co. Notts, &c.
106 Final Concords.
107 Collections from the Registers at Lincoln, &e.
108 Extracts from the Charters of Fountains, &c.
109 111 Close Rolls, Foundation Charters, &c.
112 Extracts from Testa de Nevil.
113 Extracts from the Cartularies of Fountains and Gisburne ; Pedigrees, &c.
114-115 Inquisitions, &c.
116 History of Foundation of Kirkstall. Extracts from the Coucher Books, &c,
of S. Nicholas and Trinity, Pontefract, Monk Bretton, Fountains, Keldholm,
Healaugh, St. Leonard's, York ; St. Clement's, York ; St. John's, Beverley ;
&c. Ancient names of streets in York.
117 Extracts relating to Kirkstall, &c, Sandal Advowson, Archbishop Holgate's
Will. Extracts from the Wakefield Court Rolls, list of Chantries, &c, in the
city of York.
118 Extracts relating to the Monasteries of Selby, Gisburne, Meaux, Drax, S.
Clement's, S. Leonard's, York, Byland, Monk Bretton. Extracts from the
ancient Court Rolls of Wakefield. Extracts from the Chapter Acts of York.
119 Extracts from the Gascoigne Papers. Tenures in Serjeantry. Notes from
Worksop Coucher Books, &c.
120 Charters, Inqs., &c.
121 Ledger Book of S. Leonard's, York, and Fountains. Charters of S.
Leonard's, Walton, Rievaulx, and Kirkham, Chron. of Kirkstall, Chantry
Roll for Doncaster Deanery, Perambulation of Forests, Mayors, &c, of York,
Survey of the Lordship of Middleton, &c.
122-124 Genealogies, Extracts, &c.
125 Extracts from the Registers of the Archbishops of York, beginning with
Walter Gray. Foundation of Bolton Abbey, Account of the Wakefield Free
School, and several other schools. Relics, &c, in York Minster.
126 Extracts from the Registers of Worksop Priory, Pipe Rolls, &e.
127 Extracts from the Registers at York, &c., Fines. Extracts from the Strick
land Papers, Pontefract Rolls, and from the books of Meaux Abbey.
128 Extracts from sundry Registers of Priories, Fines, Placita, &c. ; Records of
the Vavasour Family.
129 Extracts from the Coucher Book of S. Leonard's, York, and Fountains Abbey.
List of Chantries, &c, in York. Norroy's Visitation of Yorkshire, tern.
Hen. VIII. Extracts from Wills, &c.

184 OLD YORKSHIRE.
130 Extracts from the Register of Fountains and from the Talbot Papers, Petitions
in Chancery, &c.
131 Fees of the Duchy of Lancaster and Inquisitions.
132 Feudal Tenures in the cos. of Nottingham and Derby, Inquisns., &c.
133 Charters of St. John of Pontefract, and Papers from S. Mary's Tower;
Extracts from the Armitage, Ramsden, Wood, &c, Papers.
134 Fines, &c, Notts and Derbyshire.'
135 Extracts from the Vavasour, Mauleverer, Constable, Midelton, &c, Papers,
and from the Welbeck Book.
136 Extracts from the Cartularies of Selby, and S. John's, Pontefract, and from
the Registers of the See of York.
137 Arms and Inscriptions in Churches at Sheffield, Aston, Melton, Rotherham,
Thribergh, Hemsworth, Nostell, Selby, Newmarch, and Bolton Priory ; Sand.
ford, York Minster, St. Sampson's, St. Martin's, S. John's, York ; Allerton,
Newton-on-Ouse, Sheriff Hutton, Pocklington, Barwick-in-Elmet, Hesslewood,
Roddington, Co. Northampton ; Flawforth, Titheby, Langar, Co. Notts ;
Watton, Kirkby Wiske, Kirkby Fleetham, Catterick, Leeds, Harewood,
Swillington, Elland, Huddersfield, Darfield, Barnsley, Hemingbrough, S.
Cave, N. Cave, Aske, Ellerton, Eastrington, Lockington, St. Mary's, Beverley ;
Kilham, Sutton-in-Holderness, Brandsburton, Kirkby Misperton, Stokesley,
Wadworth, Walton, and Wighill.
138 Extracts from Cartularies of Nostell and S. John of Beverley.
139 Extracts from the Registers, viz., Thoresby, Scrope, and William's Register
Books, and from the Rockley, Barnby, and Fairfax Papers ; Notes respecting
Hunmanby, &e.
140 Abbots of St. Mary's, York; Parks, &c, in Yorkshire; Seneschals of
Wakefield ; Names and Values of Benefices in Yorkshire ; Notes relative to
the parish of Marr.
141 Transcripts from the Red Book, &c.
142 Miscellaneous, chiefly from records and charters.
143 Transcripts from the Kighley Papers.
144 Extracts from the Bolton, and Haverholm, Co. Lincolnshire, Cartularies, and
Register Book of Archbishop Melton.
145 Extracts from the Cartularies of Selby ; Arms and Inscriptions in some York
Churches ; Bounds of the Parish of S. Maurice, York ; Extracts from the
Constable Papers ; Notes respecting Setterington.
146 Miscellaneous ; Everingham Papers, &c.
147 Arms and Inscriptions in sundry Yorkshire Churches ; Extracts from Monk
Bretton Cartulary.
148 Plompton Papers, On the Custom of Church Ale.
149 Papers, chiefly Lancashire.
150 Yorkshire Tenures, Pedigrees, &c.
151 Charter Priory, Pontefract ; Extracts Cartulary Monk Bretton.
152 Placita and Fines ; Transcripts and Extracts from Charters of Roche and
Nostell ; Inquisitions ; Pedigrees of the Lacies, &c.
153 Placita, Genealogies, &c.
154 Placita, &c. ; Extracts from the Court Rolls of Knaresborough.
155 Extracts ; Charters of Salley, Monk Bretton, and Pontefract, and from the
Hammerton, Lister, Beaumont, &c, Papers.
156 Extracts from the Cartularies, &c, of S. Mary's Abbey, and Fountains, and
from a Register Book of the Diocese during the vacancies of the See.
157 Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Churches in York.
158 Catalogues of Barons and of Beligious Houses.
159 Extracts from the Cartularies of Pontefract, Whitby, Bridlington, &c.
160 Church Notes, giving an account of the arms and inscriptions, and some
other memoirs, extracted from the Parish Registers, with occasional remarks
of the hills, rivers, hamlets, &c, viz., Peniston, Silkston, Ecclesfield, Bother-

THE DODSWORTH MSS. 185
ham, Rawmarsh, Sandal Magna, Saxton ; All Saint's, Pontefract ; Tankers-
ley, Laughton, Emley, South Kirkby, Kirkby Malhamdalc, Swillington,
Whitkirk, Wragby, N. and S. Deighton, Bolton-by-Bolland, Hemsworth,
Mitton, Waddington, and Long Preston.
161 Epitaphs in York Cathedral, and in all the Parochial Churches within that
city, collected by Dodsworth, in 1618.
Calverley. Saml. Margeiuson.

FABRIC ROLLS OP YORK MINSTER.
These Bolls are the collected statements, prepared annually, by
the custos of the fabric of the Cathedral, in order to inform the Chapter
of the amount of receipt and expenditure in his department. Unfortun
ately they follow in a very imperfect series from about 1360 to 1639 —
though they cover a period in which some of the most interesting and
magnificent parts of the building were constructed. The space at our
disposal prevents us from entering into a dissertation on several curious
topics we have noted ; though we cannot refrain from making a few
observations to shew what kind of valuable information may be derived
from a class of records which many would suppose ceased to be of any
utility after they had served their temporary purpose.
During the period over which the Rolls extend, the stone seems
chiefly to have been obtained from Thevedale, a quarry near Tadcaster,
belonging to the Vavasours ; and Huddlestone, not far from Cawood.
Indeed, from a statue of a Percy and a Vavasour on either side of the
west door of the Minster, each bearing his offering, the wood and the
stone they gave, it has become a common tradition that the whole of
the materials used in the fabric were given by them — and seldom has
tradition been nearer the truth. Both the quarries being not far distant
from the river Ouse, the stone was conveyed by carts and waggons to
Tadcaster and Cawood, thence by boats to York, where it was delivered
at St. Leonard s landing, where a ferry boat now touches. In the
quarry account some terms are employed that have gone, as might have
been expected, out of use. For instance, in 1371, a payment was made to
William Duffield and others for -conveying twenty damlad of stone from
Thevedale to St. Leonard's landing, at the rate of 16s. for each damlad.
It was no kind of vessel or raft, for in another year there is a charge
of £6 8s. for the carriage of thirty-two damlad that had been brought
by carts from Thevedale to Tadcaster "et per navem usque Ebor,"
which cost 52s. 6d., in "sleddying" from the wharf to the Minster,
Other stones were measured at so much the doleum or tub load.
" Tuntight," is another obsolete measure that often occurs in the Bolls.
In the year 1421, when the river Ouse was so unusually low that
vessels could not float, "forty-six tuntight lapidum" were conveyed
from Cawood to York " per botes," and again forty tuntight were taken
from Cawood to Bishopthorpe by a vessel ; whence, in consequence of

186

OLD YORKSHIRE.

fiome impediment in the river, they were carried by carts to the Minster.
Stone was sometimes charged by the waggon load : thus in 1478, Thos.
Langton was paid 66s. 8d. for 160 waggon loads of Pluddleston stone
which had cost the Chapter as much in quarrying. Payments continually
occur for baring new ground, mending the roads, removing ramell or
rubbish out of the quarries and other incidental expenses. Even " quele
barrowes" and "pikkes" were not omitted. In 1421, when the works
in the central tower were going on, the staith at Cawood became so
much injured that a new one had to be constructed, a work to which
the Archbishop gave " vij. fother de pyles et ix. f other de subbosco,"
which cost three shillings cutting from the great wood there,
including fourpence for the woodmen's liquor. The chyngell with
which it was paved had to be brought " per navem a Hesill et Humbre."
The imperfect condition of the roads and the great value of water
carriage for the transmission of bulky and heavy goods in the mediaeval
times is often strikingly exemplified in these accounts. Indeed the
Humber, with its great tributaries, must have served, as high up their
streams as they were navigable, the same purpose as the railways of
the present time ; many a now forgotten staith and landing being as
familiar places of resort as our modern stations. For instance, stone
quarried in 1404, at Thevedale at 6d. and 6|d. per fother, cost lOd. per
fother to bring- it to Weleland, and 7id. per fother to convey it thence
by a vessel to York. At that time, at least in 1415, two shillings a
week were the wages of a quarryman. In that year the carriage of
285 fother of stone from Pluddleston to Cawood — about nine miles, cost
£13 10s. The carriage of the same to York, ten miles — in a vessel by
John Blackburn, "shipman" — 108s. 4d. ; and in sledding the same
from the Lendal landing, a few hundred jards to the Minster, the
apparently disproportionate sum of 54s. 2d. It is remarkable that
until nearly the close of the last century our forefathers should have
allowed these valuable facilities of water carriage to remain undeveloped,
and that so soon after the comparatively brief space of time (1770 to
1820) in which the chief canal works of Yorkshire were executed, they
were to a degree superseded by a motive power which, could the elders
rise from their graves, they would deem supernatural.
It is pleasing to find the Chapter acknowledging the liberality of
Sir John Langton, of Farnley, near Leeds, the proprietor of the
Huddleston quarries, by a pipe of port wine, which cost them (in 1450)
66s. and 8d., though his lady at the same time must have felt rather
insulted than complimented by the niggardly present of half a pound of
" grene gynger" which cost a shilling.
Of those "men of old," whose history is comprehended in "Si
Quasras, circumspice," and the triumphs of whose intellect — after more
than one seeming interposition of Him to whom they were dedicated —
remain to instruct and delight and comfort when they that thought and
they that wrought have vanished alike into dust and dreams, the editor
must speak in his own comprehensive words. " It has been frequently

FABRIC ROLLS OF YORK MINSTER, 187
asked." says he, " How is it that we know nothing of the mediaeval
architects ? Did modesty constrain them to conceal their names, or
were the plans executed by several persons, so that it would be
invidious, if not impossible, to particularise any one ? " It is by no
means easy to give an answer to this question. I am inclined to think
that at Y"ork a great share of the responsibility fell upon the master
mason, but he was probably assisted to a certain extent by the keeper of
the fabric and the treasurer. The following list of the master masons will
beof someuss. Thomas de Pakenham ; William deHoton; 1351, William
de Hoton, junr.; 1368-71, Robert de Patrington; 1399-1401, Hugh de
Hedon ; 1415, William Colchester; 1421, John Long; 1433, Thomas
Pak; 1442-3, John Bowde ; 1445-7, John Barton; 1456, John Porter;
1466, Robert Spj-llesby ; 1472, William Hyndeley, p.m., Spyllesby,
1505, Chr. Horner, p.m., Plyndeley; 1526, John Foreman. Of these,
Pakenham was a native of the south. Patrington and Pledon were
probably born at the towns in Hoiderness which bear their names.
The stately churches which grace those places are famous, not only in
Yorkshire, but throughout England, and it is probable enough that the
Chapter of York very gladly availed themselves of the services of men
who assisted in erecting them, to superintend the building of their
choir. Colchester we may safely assume was an Essex man, and his
appointment to the office of master mason was looked upon as an
intrusion. Porter came from Lincoln, and Hyndeley from Norwich.
To Hyndeley, the Minster of York is indebted for its splendid screen,
and the presence of a hind lodged among the carving, would seem to
show that Hyndeley had had a hand in designing it, as well as in
executing the work. In looking over the lists of the workmen, many
other names foreign to Yorkshire will be observed. Philip de Lincoln
was master carpenter for a long period in the fourteenth century.
Hugh de Grantham was one of the masons. Foreigners also occasion
ally occur. On the very first page is the name of Begon Baions, who
could scarcely have been an Englishman. James Dam worked the
crockets, &c, for the new screen.
The wages of the masons were paid once a fortnight, the sum total
of the expenditure in this respect, for the busy year 1371, amounting
to £245 8s. 6d. Of course, all were not paid alike, the services of
some being estimated at 3s. a week, some at 2s. 6d., or 2s. 4d., or Is,
lOd. Those who set or walled received, occasionally, a present of
gloves. In 1422, ten pairs of gloves were given "tempore settandi
lapides," which cost eighteenpence.
Among the documents illustrative of the Fabric Rolls are two sets
of rules to be observed by the masons and other workmen connected
with the fabric, of great interest and value, but they are too long for
our present purpose and should not be abridged. The concluding
ordinance of the latest is, however, too characteristic to be omitted :- •
" It es ordayned y t na masonn sail be receavyde atte wyrke, to ye werke of
ye forsayde kyrke, bot he at first provede a weke or mare opon his well Wyrkyng ;

188 OLD YORKSHIRE.
and aftyr yt he es foundyn souffissant of his werke, be receavyde of ye commune
assente of ye mayster and ye kepers of ye werk, ande of ye maystyr masonn, and
swere upon ye boke yt he sail trewly ande bysyli at his power, for oute any maner
gylyry, fayntys, outher desayte, hald and kepe haly all ye poyntes of yis forsayde
ordinance, in all thynges yt hym touches, or may touches, fra tyme yt he be
receavyde till ye forsayde werke als lang als he sail dwell masonn hyryd atte
wyrk till yt forsayde werke of ye kyrk of Sanct Peter, ande noght ga away fra yt
forsayde werke bote ye maystyrs gyf hym lefe atte parte fra yt fersayde werk :
and wha sum evyr cum agayne yis ordinance and brekes itte agayn ye will o ye
forsayde chapitre have he Goddy's Malyson and Saynt Petirs."
Although we cannot undertake to initiate our readers into the
" Mysteries of the Craft," or to impart for the benefit of the ladies,
through the medium of these long buried parchments, the faintest
inkling of " The Secret," still we are enabled to refurnish to the mind's
eye the Lodge in the Minster Yard, from an inventory of the stores of
the church, taken in the year 1399, when the glorious choir was nearly
completed. As the record will be tolerably intelligible to most Yorkshire-
men, we quote it, like the last extract, in the original language, not
only as a specimen of the piebald Latin in which the Rolls are written,
but, also, to shew the difficulty under which first transcribers and
editors labour, when decyphering such barbarous phraseology entangled
with contractions, and oftentimes disguised in a careless and indefinite
scrawl. In le Lotje. In primis, in le loge apud Ebor, in cimitorio Ixix stanexes;
j magna kevell ; xcvj chisielles ferri ; xxiiij mallietes ferro ligati ; cccc fourmers
f erri ; j compas ferri ; ij tracyng hordes ; iiij chargeors plumbi pro mouldes ; j
parva hachett ; j hand sagh ; j shovel ; j whalebarwe et j rastrum ferri ; ij
boketts cum cordis ad fontem ibidem ; j magna ker cum iiij rotis pro petra,
meremio, et hujus modi cariandis ; ij kerres cum rotis pro aliis petris extra le loge
cariandis, et iiij weges ferri. Item j colrake ferri.
Accustomed to the multitudinous appliances by which buildings
are now " run up" as it were by sleight of hand, we should be tempted
to laugh downright at this simple recital, if we did not remember that,
with these implements, the earnest men of old constructed works which
we are not able to repair.
Ripon. The late John R. Walbran, F.S.A.

OLD YORKSHIRE REGISTERS.
Below is a list of the Old Yorkshire Church Registers, arranged
in chronological order for facility of , reference. There are said to
be only forty registers in existence in England before the year 1538.
1500.— Manfield.
1504. — Fewston.

1 538. —Aldborough, Bardsey, Brods-
worth, Cantley, Carlton, Dews
bury, Halifax (being published)
flooton-Pagnell, Melton, Monk
Fryston, Normanton, Bos-
sington, Rothwell, Saxton,
Wensley, &c.

1539. — Kippax, Ledsham.
1540. — Aberford, Kirkburton, Wragby.
1542.— Howden, Tickhill.
1547.— Adwick-le-Street.
1549,-Hedon.1550. — Anston, Ryther, Tong.
1551.— Leckonii eld.
1552.- -Pateley Bridge.
1553. — Swillington.

OLD YORKSHIRE REGISTERS.

189

1555. - -Conisborough.
1556. — Richmond, Rotherham, Thirsk.
1557. — Arksey, Doncaster.
1558. — Ackworth, Barinborough, Bev
erley, Birstal, Bolton-by-Bol-
land, Darton, Ecclesfield
(published), Elland, Feather-
stone, Handsworth, Hull,
Roystone, Silkstone.
1559.— Batley, Bradfield, Braithwell,
Mil-field, Pickering, Pockling-
ton, Bilston, Sprotboiough,
Worsborough.
1560. — Bedale, Bolton-on-Dearne, Burn-
sail, Ferry Fryston, Marton,
Methley, Ripley, Sheffield.
1561. — Fishlake, Gisburne, Knares-
borough, Linton, Mexborougb.
1562. — Brotherton, Keighley, Otley,
Whitgift.
1563. — Bramley, Campsall, Hudders
field, Long Preston, Raven-
field, Roystone.
1564. — Bridlington, Flamborough,
Womersley.
1565. - Thome.
1566. — Burneston, Hatfield, Stamton,
Thornton-in-Craven.
1567. — Aston, Snaith, Wickersley.
1568. — Barnsley, Cowthorpe, Darring-
ton, Whixley.
1570. — Gilling, Patrington, Tadcaster,
Topcliffe.
1571. — Bolton Percy, Coniston,
Stokesley.
1572. — Leeds Parish Church.
1573. — Filey, Melsonby, Spennithorne.
1574. —Calverley (see Vol. I. of
Calverley Registers, just
published.)
1575. — Helmsley, Kild wick, Wad worth.
1577. — Bingley, Frickley.
1578.— Romaldkirk.
1579.— Collingham.
1580.— ThornhiU, Wales.
1581. — Barningham.
1582.— Hornby.
1583. — Bads worth, Cox wold, Kirkby
Wharfe.
1585. — Pontefract.
1586. — Bramham, Guiseley, Pannal.
1587. — Barnoldswick, Bracewell, Ripon.
1590.— Selby, Wistow.
1591.— Cawood, Kirkby Fletham.
1592.— Skelbrooke, Skipton, Whiston.
1593. — Heptonstall, Northallerton.
1594. — Warms worth .
1595.— Thorp- Arch.

Crofton, Kirkby

1596. — Bradford (being published),
Clapham.
1597.— Burghwallis, Drax, Ilkley,
Kirkby Malhamdale, Londes
borough, Maltby.
1598. — Horbury, Tankersley, Wath-on-
Dearne.
1599. — Easingwold, Masham, Spofforth,
Thrybergh, &c.
1600.— Emley, Kirk Deighton, Barnby
Dun, Todwiek.
1603.— Hampsthwaite, Whitkirk.
1604. — Kirk Smeaton, Middleham.
1605. — Heminborough, Sedhergh.
1606.— Adel.
1608.— Whitby.
1611.- Dent, Mitton.
1612. — Addingham, Hartshead, Throp-
ham.
1613.— Wakefield.
1614. — Harewood,
1615. — Brayton, Wiske.
1616.— Waddington.
1619. — Thurnscoe.
1620. — Ecclesfield (being published),
South Kirkby, Walton.
1622.— Thorner.
1627.— Baildon.
1628.— Darfield.
1633 — Newton Kyme.
1638.— Muker.
1639.— Sherburn.
1640.— Grinton.
1643.— Sowerby.
1644 . — Penistone.
1645. -Haworth.
1647. — Kirkby Overblow.
1648. — Marston.
1651.— Woolley.
1652. — Kirkthorpe, Sandal, Warmfield
Woodchurch or VVest Ardsley,
1653. — Almondbury. Armthorpe, Bar
wick, Castleford, Catterick,
Cawthorne, Cumberworth
Glass Houghton, Harthill.
Kirkheaton, Luddenden, Raw
marsh, Slaidburn.
1654. — Hemsworth, Wentworth,
1655.— Ruflorth.
1662. — Bentham, East Ardsley.
1663.— Garforth.
1669. — Arncliffe, Giggleswick,
tham.
1672. — Scarborough.
1674.— Leathley.
1675.— Gargrave.
1677. — Laughton, Treeton, Weston.

Mel-

190

OLD YORKSHIRE.

1678.-

-Marske, Thornton.

1721.-

-Firbeck.

1679.-

—Kirk Sandal.

1722.-

—A rmley.

1681.-

—Moor Monkton, Wycliffe.

1723.-

— (Baildon), Headingley.

1683.-

— Hooke, Owstone.

1724.-

— Knottingley.

1684.-

—Birkin, Ripponden, Slaithwaite .

1725.-

—St. John's, Leeds.

1685.-

— (Hemsworth).

1726.-

— Armin.

1686.-

—Hunslet, (Kirkburton), Wortley.

1729.-

— Marr.

1687.-

— Healaugh.

1730.-

— Dinnington.

1689.-

— Broughton, Rawcliffe.

1731.-

— Edlington.

1690.-

— Adwick-on-Dearne.

1740.-

—Hoyland.

1693.-

— Adlingfleet, Horsforth.

1744.-

— Wibsey.

1694.-

— Hickleton, Weston.

1746.-

— Scammonden.

1695.-

—Hawes, lllingworth.

1747.-

— Greaseborough.

1698.

— Kettlewell.

1750.

—Monk Bretton.

1700.

— Kirk Bramwith.

1754.-

—Denton.

1701.

— Askrigg, Felkirk.

1761.

— Cleckheaton, Whitechapel.

1702.

— Hooton Roberts.

1768.

— Silsden.

1703.-

— Loversall.

1772.

— Bolsterstone, Farnley.

1704.

— Lightcliffe.

1774.

— Burley-in-Wharfedale, Grindle

1709.-

— Aysgarth, Sowerby Bridge.

ton.

1715.-

— Tinsley.

1776.

— Marsden.

1717-

—Bramley, Holbeek, Flockton,

1783.

— Rawdon, Wetherby.

Wighill.

1789.

—Chapel- Allerton.

1719.

— Attercliffe, Raistrick.

1797.-

— Holmfirth.

1720.

— Beestcn, High Hoyland.

&c. Sec.

Richmond.
R. V. Taylor, B.A
YORKSHIRE MOORS.

YORKSHIRE MOORS AND WATERFALLS.
HE river Tees, which forms the boundary between Yorkshire
and Durham, has the finest waterfalls of the county,
throwing itself soon after its rise on Crossfell over a
cliff two hundred feet high, inexpressibly dreary and bleak
in its surroundings of rock and ling, and known by the
name of Caldron Snout. A few miles beyond, the whole
mass of water —which in flood is magnificent — is gathered
into a narrow chasm between sheer greenstone cliffs ninety-
nine feet in height, by its fall over these into a pool where it
boils in rushing whirlpools before recovering itself for its subsequent quiet
gliding over limestone shallows and ledges of rock. This fall, known as
the High Force, is the finest in the county, not only for the compressed
volume of its water, but for its beauty of wood and moor and mountain.
In an autumn sunset, when the golden greys of Crossfell merge into
swells of purple heather, just above the force and below it the heights
that climb again from the river are one brilliant mass of fading chestnut,
beech, and oak, thrown into bolder relief by the dark stateliness of the
pines; nothing can be finer of its kind than this most perfect picture.
Considering the river Ure as identical with Wensleydale, down
which it flows, we find in this — the most beautiful of Yorkshire's moor-
crowned dales, the falls which succeed those of Teesdale in importance.
At its head are Cotter Force and Hardraw Scar Force, the latter taking
a free leap of ninety-nine feet into a basin formed by a grand crescent
of rocks, where, dashed into showers of iridescent spray, the water
seems to play with its own bold spirit before submitting to the narrow
course that takes it to Ure. Between the fall and the glistening shaly
scar it is easy to walk without being wetted. In the winter of 1880, as
also in 1739, the whole glen was transformed into an ice-scene. Even
the spray froze ; gigantic icicles hung from the crags, and the water
dropped down a funnel boring the. column of ice which represented the

192

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Force. Between here and Aysgarth are the small falls of Sale,
Whitfield Gill, Bow, Millgill, and West Burton. At Aysgarth a
charming picture is made below the bridge by the falling of the river
over the Horse-shoe Force, with the church tower rising above the
woods — a picture preferred by some to that of Aysgarth Force beyond,
where the whole volume of water dashes over successive deep ledges
of limestone between crags crowned with foliage and thickets of wild
rose and bramble. To the traveller who is fortunate enough to be
there after a summer thunderstorm, when the clouds are rolling off and
the sun bursting out upon the river that then fills the whole chasm, the
thunder of its pent up force and the play of light and shade over rock
and water and wood are aspects of nature never to be forgotten. A
few miles further down on the heathery slopes of Witton Fell, deep
sunk in mossy oak woods, is Deepgill Force, perhaps all the more
bewitching because so little known and frequented.
In Nidderdale, amid overhanging black shale cliffs in autumn
fringed with French willow-herb and half -veiled in Cystopteris Fragilis,
there occurs another fall in a considerable stream. The Nidd, which rises
in Great Whernside, a few miles above, here pours over a limestone
scar known as Haden Car, bearing in all its features, except the strictly
geological, a great resemblance to a fall on the Esk above Whitby
known as Thomasin Force. The beautiful course of this latter river i.?
marked also by another fall in its upper part named Falling Foss, and
there can be little doubt that all our Yorkshire rivers, mostly flowing
abruptly downwards from ling to benty-grass and bracken, and
thence into quiet courses between decorous meadow and pasture lands,
have in their upper parts where they tumble from the hills, waterfalls
known scarcely at all except to the farmer shepherding his sheep. In
Lunedale, again, on the borders of Lancashire, one side of which we
are proud to claim, Howgill Fells contribute Cautley Spout, a fall of
many hundred feet; Weathercote Cave, between Ingleborough and
Whernside, is distinguished among caverns by the rush of a river down
it which in one place falls over a high rock. Thornton Force lies
below Whernside ; and Hackfall is a jagged cascade, falling amid thick
foliage into a beautiful glen bordering the Ure a few miles beyond
Ripon. It is difficult to specify our Yorkshire moors, because as a rule
they take their names from the district in which they lie or the
landowner to whom they belong, and to describe them, because there
is such a strong family likeness between one and another. Most of
the Yorkshire "tops" are moors, i.e., waste grounds where grouse
breed, and their chief characteristic is ling — miles of it crowning the
ridges between two valleys in long undulating reaches warm and varied
in colours and broken now and again by a watercourse full of tumbled
rocks, and overhung by stunted oaks, silvery birch, or gnarled rowan.
Perhaps the finest of these moors is that of Bowes, near Barnard Castle,
a magnificent stretch of ground, with views which, from hill and dale

YORKSHIRE MOORS AND WATERFALLS. 193
on one hand, comprise Cleveland down to the sea on the other. But if
with seven-leagued boots one were to stride across the county the
next hour to Ingleborough, it is probable that the impression made by
the east would fade, aud one's heart would beat stronger to the
grandeur of the west. For here, where a mighty mountain rises from
the lonely valley of the Luue, we see the north blocked by the
Westmoreland hills, the silver sea shining at Morcambe, and the
'•amethystine fells" stretching around in a refined beauty of form
and colour all their own. These moors, however, are not so isolated,
and thus strictly characteristic, as others lying between them. Where
Wensleydale joins Swaledale there is an eerie waste known as the
Butter-tubs Pass, commanding wild views of a bleak country quickly
suowblocked in winter ; aud again at the other end of both dales, where
a road crosses from Askrigg to Richmond, a cleft in the rocks crowning
the summit called Scarth Nick, frames a view of hill and valley, wood,
river, castles, and churches such as no other point in Yorkshire can
give. Nor must the moors around Great Whernside be overlooked.
Where the lava-like desolation of Dead Man's Hill merges into the
deep ling of the Great Haw, there is a thin-lipped -wicked tarn sunk in
a porous hollow, where nothing living dares step ; and following the
Black Dyke from here to Throstler on a day in early August when the
ling is in " blow," the traveller who knows all Yorkshire and the claims
of every other moor named, may still be excused if he felt that there
is nothing fairer than this wide reach of purple heather, dashed here
and there with spagnum, or ashy burnt fibie, or richest, blaeberry beds,
merging miles away into Mashanishire, with shining church spires and
yellowing harvest fields and red fallow land and clumps of trees, and
then again beyond this the great vale of Mowbray to the hazy greys of
the Hambleton Hills as they lie close-pressed against the sky.
Ripon. M. E. Carter.

RICCALL COMMON.
Riccall Common is situated in the centre of the wide low-lying
plain called the Vale of York. This vale has undoubtedly been produced
by natural forces acting through a long series of years, wearing away
the soft triassic or new red series of strata ; while the harder liassic,
oolitic, and cretaceous strata of the East Riding, and the permian and
carboniferous rocks of the West Riding, offering more resistance to the
disintegrating forces, marine or subaerial, have been left standing out
as hills and mountains. This vale may be traced from the coast of
Durham through Yorkshire aud Nottinghamshire far down into the
midland counties ; and into it are gathered the great rivers which, by
their confluence, form the Humber. The Humber estuary has to escape
from this vast inland basin by cutting its way through the three parallel
ranges of hills formed by the outcrop of the lias, the oolites, and the
M

194 OLD YORKSHIRE.
chalk which bound it on the east. It is evident that a comparatively
small obstruction to this outflow would convert this basin into a great
inland lake ; and this, indeed, appears actually to have been the case.
This lake, however, would in process of time become filled up by
materials brought down by the rivers from above, and consequently we
now find its site a wide alluvial plain, with a few little islets of trias
rising out of it. The new red sandstone is reached at Cawood at a
depth of about 100 feet. The lowest bed reached about Riccall is a
strong brown clay of unknown thickness, which is met with at Cawood
and Kelfield on one side, and at North Duffield on the other, and
probably extends beneath the whole of the common. Above the clay
is a bed of sand of variable thickness, which, owing to the retentive
nature of the clay beneath, is waterlogged in its lower part so as to
become quicksand. In repairing the tower of Riccall Church ten years
ago it was found that the Norman builders, in order to obtain a firm
foundation, had thrown confusedly together into the quicksand a number
of trees, upon which they had rested their tower. It is upon this wet
sand that the rich flora of Riccall Common grows. There is a great
similarity in the flora of Riccall Common to that of Thorne Waste, but
at Riccall there are many sand-loving plants, such as Plantago coronopus,
which do not grow at Thorne Waste. At Thorne there is a thick bed
of peat resting on the clay, while at Biccall the soil is sandy but
full of vegetable matter in its upper part.
The common is not quite twenty-five feet above the mean tide
level. It is included in the parishes of Riccall and Skipworth, and is
one of the largest unreclaimed pieces of land in England that are
capable of improvement. The Enclosure Commissioners have now their
eye upon this land with a view to its reclamation for agricultural
purposes, and in a year or two it is not improbable that, like Troy, its
place will be occupied by fields of waving corn. The river Ouse forms
the western boundary of the parish ; it is here a tidal river, the tide
extending as high as Naburn Lock, four miles below York. The water
is turbid from containing a quantity of a brownish sediment called
warp ; this warp has a peculiar soft, smooth feel, and contains many
shining scales of mica ; it is probably derived partly from the disinteg
ration of the coast of Hoiderness being washed up by the tide, and
partly brought down by freshets from above. Low-lying lands near
the river are often "warped" — i.e., submerged at high water for two
or three years — by which process a deposit of highly-fertile soil, several
feet in thickness, is obtained. At high water much of the surrounding
country would be submerged were it not for the river banks, which
were constructed, it is supposed, in the thirteenth century. A portion
of Riccall parish called the Nesses lies on the west of the river ; it was
formerly a peninsula attached to the east or left bank, but the river has
altered its course by cutting through the isthmus, and silting up the old
channel, so that the Nesses now lie on the right bank, although still
maintaining their parochial connection with the left. In the course of

RICCALL COMMON. 195
the river Ouse there are several similar cases, which, to a geologist,
are interesting as illustrating the similarity of the operations of nature
in the past and in the present.
Like human history in general, the history of the neighbourhood is
mainly occupied with man's efforts, more or less successful, to destroy
his fellow-men. The earliest human memorials are found at the north
west corner of the common, where dwelling and tomb, records of life
and death, may be traced in the mounds called " Danes' Hills." These
earthworks are of two kinds, the first being small circular trenches
about nine feet diameter, the earth from which has been thrown
inwards so as to raise the centre. These are believed to be the
foundations on which stood huts or wigwams, probably built of brush
wood or peat. On digging into them Professor Phillips found marks of
fire ofteu at one end, but no trace of bones or burial. The others are
low circular mounds twenty feet to thirty feet diameter, standing in a
square excavation, like the circle inscribed in a square, which Euclid, in
his fourth book, teaches how to construct ; the sides of the squares face
exactly N.E.S. and W. These mounds, of which there are about
twenty on Riccall Common, and another cluster between Skipwith and
Thorganby, are undoubtedly sepulchral barrows, and common tradition
asserts them to be the graves of the Danes, or rather Norwegians,
slain in their retreat after the battle of Stamford Bridge. Professor
Phillips, who is always anxious to claim' as much as possible for the
Celts, says : — " Tumuli of various magnitudes are here seen in
considerable numbers, and they yielded to inspection burnt bones and
carbonised wood ; but, except one rather dubious flint arrowhead, no
other trace of man or his works. The vague tradition of the country,
preserving the memory of the Norwegian descent, speaks of the tumuli
of Skipwith as the Danes' Hills — as if they had been raised over the
Northmen's dead. But the fight so fatal to the invaders was at
Stamford Bridge, and at the time of the battle Christianity had visited
the Danes, and the dead were buried not burnt." To which it might
be added that the defeated Northmen would not be likely to pause in
their flight to bury their dead, nor the victorious Saxons to take so
much pains over the funeral obsequies of their slain foes, even had they
not been called hastily away to oppose the Norman invader. Dr. John
Burton, however, in his " Monasticon Eboracense" supports the popular
view, saying: — Upon Skipwith Common, between Riccall and Skipwith,
south of this last place, are the vestiges of an encampment, near to
which are several tumuli, called to this day the Danes' Hills. I had
several of these opened in 1754, and in the centre of one of the largest
of them to the south-east we found almost the perfect skeleton of a
young man, as appeared by his teeth, and part of another ; they were
laid with the faces to the east upon the ground, covered with a bed of
fine dry sand of a reddish colour, grown over with a short ling or
heather. I took up the bones as they lay in due order ; the head of the
younger person was laid betwixt his knees, having I presume, had his
head cut off in battle ; the teeth were all therein and very firm and

196

old Yorkshire.

fresh; the jaws of this, with a piece of coarse sacking cloth that
adhered to the thigh bone, I have now by me. After examining this
tumulus I had several others opened, the rest being all of a lesser size,
but found only calcined human bones, ashes, and pieces of decayed iron
of various shapes. Ever since the aforesaid battle, it is by tradition to
this day said that the Danes were permitted to encamp there till they
had buried their dead and their ships at Riccall could be ready for their
re-embarking for Norway; all which appears to agree so well with the
history of that engagement and what followed it that I make no doubt
of the truth of the fact ; moreover, there is a piece of ground south of
these tumuli called the King's Rudding; and there is a way called
Olave's Road or Lane, from Olave, the son of King Harfager, who,
returning into his native country, is supposed to have made this road
to his ships in the river Ouse, lying very near the camp." There are
also on the common many ancient banks and excavations.
The following is a brief sketch of the Norwegian invasion of 1066,
of which this neighbourhood was the scene. At the death of King
Edward the Confessor, whose mistaken piety left him without an heir,
the crown was assumed by Harold, son of the powerful Godwin, Earl
of Kent, although he had no hereditary title to it. A claim was,
however, promptly put in by William of Normandy, who had just as
little right to it, and he backed his claims up by preparations for an
invasion. Tosti, the brother of Harold, was Earl of Northumbria, but
had been expelled the year before by an insurrection on account of his
cruelties, taking refuge with Harold Hardrada, King of Norway. This
Plardrada, who was a man of great stature and a valiant warrior, was
the nephew of Olaf, King of Norway — the Saint Olave of the Calendar.
He had been in the service of Jarisleif, King of Russia, whose daughter
he married, and of the Empress Zoe, of Constantinople, and had won
many battles over the Saracen in Greece, Sicily, and the Holy Land,
and had finally succeeded in obtaining the crown of Norway. In 1066,
Hardrada and Tosti collected a large army and a fleet of over three
hundred ships, which, however, could not have been of very large
tonnage, and after descents in the Isle of Wight and Cleveland, sailed
up the Humber and Ouse as far as Riccall. Leaving his fleet at
Riccall in command of his son Olaf and Eystein Orre, his betrothed
son-in-law, Hardrada marched upon York. At Fulford, two miles south
of the city, he was opposed by Earls Edwin and Morcar, who were
completely routed. This was on the Wednesday, and on the next
Sunday the city of York, despairing of relief, submitted itself to
Plardrada and gave hostages, and he returned with rejoicing to his
army at Stamford Bridge. That evening, however, King Harold of
England arrived with a numerous army and entered York, surrounding
the city so closely that no messenger could escape to tell the_ Northmen,
who on advancing next day in light array to hold a council in York,
suddenly found themselves in the presence of the hostile Saxon army.
Harold, anxious to avoid bloodshed, held an interview with his brother

riccall common. 197
Tosti, and offered to give him the third part of his kingdom. In
answer, however, to a demand for territory on the part of Hardrada,
Harold made the celebrated reply, " I will give him seven feet of
English ground, or as much more as he may be taller than other men."
This concession not being deemed satisfactory, the battle began, and
-was waged with great fury and varying success, until Plardrada fell,
pierced by an arrow in the throat. Eystein Orre hastened up with
reserves from the fleet at Riccall, and threw himself into the battle,
but his men were breathless and exhausted, so that it is said many fell
through weariness, and died without a wound. In the words of the
" Saxon Chronicle" — There were slain Harold Plardrada and Earl Tosti,
and the Northmen who were there left were put to flight, and the
English hotly slew them from behind until they came to their ships.
Some were drowned, some also were burnt, and so diversely perished
that few were left, and the English had possession of the place of
carnage. The king- then gave peace to Olaf, the Norwegian king's
son, and to their bishop, and to the Earl of Orkney, and to all those
who were left in the ships, and they then went to our king, and swore
oaths that they would ever observe peace and friendship to this land,
and the king let them go loose with twenty-four ships." Harold,
however, took possession himself of the treasure of the Norwegians,
which was more than twelve lusty men could carry. He did not,
however, long enjoy the fruits of his victory, for that same evening,
whilst feasting and making merry, a messenger arrived to tell him of
the landing of William of Normandy at Pevensey Bay, and nineteen
days afterwards Harold was himself defeated and slain at Hastings.
There is no doubt that this district was largely colonised by the Danes,
whose great highway to the northern and midland counties was the
Humber and its tributaries. The names of many of the neighbouring-
places are of Norse derivation, e.g., Skipwith (skip-vidu, sheep's wood),
Thorganby, Selby, Barlby, Osgodby, Thorpe Willoughby, Menthorpe,
and Bubwitb. • The name of -Riccall is spelt in '"Domesday Book"
Bichale; Dr. Parsons hazards the conjecture that it is derived from
Rice Hall, A.S., the mansion of the domain, like the German Reichenhall,
perhaps referring- to Wheel Hall, the palace of the bishops of Durham,
which stood at the head of a " wheel " or sharp turn in the river, half a
mile above the village. This hall was pulled down one hundred years
ago, and only the foundations of a wall by the river and traces of the
moat now remain.
Many a stately barge must have passed up and down the Ouse,
conveying gorgeously-robed ecclesiastics to some solemn ceremonial or
festive visit in the days when the Bishop of Durham had his palace at
Riccall and the Archbishop of York his at Cawood Castle, three miles
higher up ; when Selby Abbey, which shared with St. Mary's of York
alone of Abbeys north of the Trent the privilege of sending its abbot to
sit in Parliament, Stood yet in its glory ; while a little lower down were
the Cistercian priory of Drax, and at Hemingbrough and Howden
collegiate churches, belonging to the monastery of Durham.

198

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Riccall and Skipwith were both of sufficient importance to be
possessed of churches in Norman times ; indeed, the lower part of the
tower of Skipwith Church is said to be of Saxon date. The dissolution
of the monasteries in 1536 occasioned an insurrection called the Pilgrim
age of Grace, which commenced in this immediate neighbourhood, its
ringleader being Robert Aske, a gentleman of Aughton, three miles
from Skipwith, who was executed, with many of his adherents, one of
whom was Lord Hussey, who resided at a castle, now demolished, at
North Duffield, in the parish of Skipwith.
The district was again the scene of bloodshed during the parlia
mentary wars. Entries relating to soldiers occur in the register of the
Parish Church during the years 1640 to 1646. In 1639 an army was
assembled at Selby to subdue the unruly Scots, and reviewed by Charles
I. ; it was, however, suddenly disbanded. In 1640 the Scots again
invaded England, and an army was again assembled at Selby to oppose
them. In that year we find the burials of two soldiers in Riccall
churchyard, one of them drowned in the river, as the entry shows,
" Miles quidam vocatus Silvester Wanker suffocatus in acqua de Ouze
sepultus est per milites sexto die Junii." On the 11th of April, 1644,
an important action took place at Selby, when the Royalists, under
Colonel Bellasis, were routed by Lord Fairfax, and forced to retreat to
York. The wounded soldiers appear to have been left at Riccall, for in
the register we find the burials of six soldiers between April and July,
1644; one of them was "percussus bombardo." Also in June, 1644,
the baptism of the daughter of a soldier, whose wife possibly came to
Riccall to nurse her wounded husband, and was confined there. By
Riccall Landing is a place where the river is so shallow that at low
water a horseman might ford it, and in a field close by about fifty years
ago, in excavating for a " potato pie," a quantity of. " bones and old
iron " were turned up, probably the relics of soldiers slain in passing or
guarding the river. Two neighbouring fields are called Charging Close
and Trooper's Close to this day. A straw will show which way the
wind blows, and the direction which the sympathies of the worthy Vicar
of Riccall took may be guessed from observing that in the register
" Regius " is spelt with a capital " R " while " parliamenterius " has a
small " p." The register commences in the year 1613, the handwriting
is beautifully clear and regular, and the shape of the letters almost
exactly resembles that of modern German handwriting. It is interesting
to look over that time-worn record ; it enables one to picture to oneself
the joys and sorrows of those who lived and died so long ago. One
pathetic entry is the burial of " Pauper quidam puer peregrinus " a poor
little stranger boy.
The yearly number of burials in the twenty years from 1613 to
1632 ranges from eight to twenty -six, the average being sixteen.
The average number of deaths in Riccall for the last six years has
been eighteen, and the population now is 795. Assuming the death
rate to have been the same then as now, that in the seventeenth

RICCALL COMMON. 199
century would have been about 686. It is known, however, that the
death-rate has greatly diminished during the last two centuries, so that
probably the population of Riccall was then smaller.

MOWBRAY'S VALE.

Few counties in England can boast of the many attractions of
this far-famed vale. Here is Rievaulx A bbey, rich in poesy ; Hamhle-
ton, teeming with the sublime ; Topcliffe, stored with faded memorials
of feudal sway, and blest with beauteous landscapes, Asenby, where
simple and artless nature reigns predominate ; Kilvington, record of the
piety of the lordly Scroops, around whose tranquil precincts arise " the
everlasting hills" ; Sutton, where rurality is enshrined in neat dwellings,
meandering streams, and encircling rocks, pale with the hoar frost of
antiquity ; Bagby, where Gray might have imagined his elegy, " where
the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep" ; Sowsrby, the scene of
retired taste and peaceful seclusion ; Coxwold, as the last resting place
of the noble family of Belasyse ; Upsall, where stern and gaunt
remains of the old castle strike the tourist; Kirkby-Wiske, famous as
the birthplace of Roger Ascham, of learned memory ; Northallerton,
near whose castle was fought the memorable battle of the Standard ;
Mount Grace, where the ruins of its extensive Carthusian Priory still
exist ; Scawton, that outlandish retreat of rusticity and unsophistica-
cation ; Eelixklrk, where blooms the beautiful woods of the Mount ;
where in the little sanctuary are the uncouth effigies of the antique
Templar and his consort ; Thornton-le- Street, memento of the Roman
road thrown across the country; Newburgh, the birthplace of
" William of Newburrow," the learned and diligent historian ; Byland
Abbey, where Edward II. was surprised by the army of the Scots ;
Birdfurth, where in Saxon times was held the gemote, or assembly of
the people of this Wapentake ; and Brackenburgh, the seat of the
ancient family of Lascelles.

YORKSHIRE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.

THE CORPORATION INSIGNIA OF LEEDS.

rHE Corporation Insignia of Leeds consists, besides the
borough and mayoral seals, of a remarkably fine silver
gilt mace, and two mayoral chains of office. The mace,
which possesses an unusual degree of historic interest in
the following curious facts, is fifty-six inches in length,
and one and a half inches in diameter of shaft. It is of
the usual form, with open-arched crown.
The head, or bowl, is crested by an elaborately-
decorated circlet of eight crosses pattee and the same number
of fleurs-de-lis, alternating with each other, and with intermediate pearls.
From this circlet rise the four arches of the open crown, which, in turn,
is surmounted by the orb and cross. On the flat plate at the top of the
bowl, beneath the open arches of the crown, are the royal arms, quarterly,
first and fourth, France (three fleurs-de-lis) and England, quarterly ;
second, Scotland ; third, Ireland. These are in an oval shield, surrounded
by the garter, and are crowned and have the lion, and unicorn supporters.
These armorial bearings are in high relief, but not very artistically
executed, and the mottoes are defaced. The bowl, or head, is, as usual,
supported on the top of the shaft by four elegant open-work arabesque
brackets with human heads and delicate ornamentation. It is divided
into four compartments by demi-figures and foliage, and above and
below are encircling borders of rich design. In these four compart
ments are, of course in high relief, the national emblems — first a rose
(for England) crowned, between the royal monogram or cypher of
W. and M. conjoined, (William and Mary) and the letters R. R. (Rex
et Regina); next a fleur-de-lis (for France) similarly crowned and
initialed; third, a thistle (for Scotland) initialed and crowned in like

THE CORPORATION INSIGNIA OF LEEDS.

201

manner; and fourth, a harp, crowned and initialed as
the others. The encircling border of a wreath of
laurel leaves, beneath these emblems, is a somewhat
unusual feature in the design of maces of the period.
The shaft, which is divided into three unequal
lengths besides the base, is beautifully chased with
foliage; aud the knops, or encircling bands by which it
I is divided, are massive in character, and richly orna
mented. The base, also elaborately chased, bears on
itsupperedge, thename of the maker " Arthur mangey
deleeds, fecit 1694; "and on the flat at the bottom are
the arms of the borough of Leeds (azure, a fleece suspen
ded or, on a chief, sable, three mullets, argent) with sup
porters, two owls ducally crowned, and the words
" BURGOS DE LEEDS. THO. DIKSON, MAIOR. MARMADUKE
HICK 2 MAIOE."
The maker of this mace, Arthur Mangey, silver
smith, of Leeds, was on the third of November, 1694,
paid the sum of £60 lis. 6d. for it, and very well and
honourably he appears to have acquitted himself of
his task. Two years later, however, in 1696, he was
taken into custody on the serious charge of clipping
and forging the current coin of the realm, and being
convicted of those crimes, was hanged at York. The
premises in Briggate, Leeds, which he had occupied,
and where, doubtless, this mace was so skilfully made,
were taken down in 1832. On referring to the
Annual Register of that year, I came across the
following notice of this removal of the building
referred to: — "In taking down some houses in
Briggate, the workmen discovered in the roof a small
room in which were found several implements used in
coining, and a shilling of the date 1567. The house
in which they were found was occupied in the- reign
of • King William III. by a Mr.' Arthur Mangee, a
goldsmith, who was convicted of high treason in
imitating the current coin of the realm, at the Assizes
held at York, Saturday, the first of August, 1696, and
executed on the third October following, having in
the interval been twice reprieved. The principal
evidence against him was a person of the name of
Norcross, an accomplice, who stated that he saw him
stamp a piece of mixed metal with the head of Charles
II.; the coining, he said, was carried on in a small
chamber formed in the roof of the house. This roof
was visited by the then mayor, Mr. Iveson, and
Aldermen Massie, Preston, and Dodgson. The mayor

Leeds Civic Mace.

*"2 OLD YORKSHIRE.
stated that, when he came into the chamber which led into this room,
there was what he supposed to be a closet with shelves, but it turned
out to be the staircase leading into the private room, the passage to
which was so straight that he was obliged to pull off his frock and
creep on his hands and knees, and that in the chamber they found a
pair of shears and some clippings of half crowns. The mace now used
by the Corporation of Leeds was made by this unfortunate person, as
appears by the following inscription :— ' Arthur Mangey, de Leeds, fecit
1694,' two years before his execution."
On the 28th May, 1728, it was " ordered that the mace supplied
to the Leeds Corporation by Mr. Arthur Monjoy should be regilded,
and the old silver mace sold to defray the
, expenses thereof. The work was performed
by Mr. Isaac Hancock, whose bill amounted
'to £15 13s. 5d., and the old mace was ordered
, to be sold to him at the rate of 5s. per ounce."
It was again regilt in 1771, and since then
has again been restored. Of the older mace
sold in 1728, no particulars are at present
obtainable, but the probability is that it was of
the olden semi-globular form, of which several
examples are yet in existence.
The Mayor's chain, with his badge of
office, is of gold. It consists of three separate
chains, all of which are attached to the badge.
The central chain, four feet eight inches in
length, is formed of a series of oval links
alternating with fleurs-de-lis. The outer chain,
five feet six and a half inches in length, and
the inner one, four feet three and a half inches
Leeds civic cHain. long, are formed of a large number of plain
round links, each seven of which is divided from the rest by a knot
composed of seven similar links. The badge, which is of large size
and well executed, bears, within scroll-work and mantling, the arms of
the Borough of Leeds, — Azure, a Fleece suspended, or, on a chief, sable,
three Mullets, argent, with crest, an Owl, argent, and supporters, two
Owls argent, ducally crowned. The badge is surmounted by the Royal
Crown, and on its reverse side is engraved the following inscription : —
" Presented by the Burgesses and Inhabitants of Leeds to their
Reformed Corporation as the Official Insignia of the Mayor in token of
their approbation of Representative Municipal Government, and to
Remind the Chief Magistrates that their Powers and Honours, con
ferred by the People, are to be held for the Public Welfare. George
Goodman, Esq., first Mayor, elected Jan. 1st, mdcccxxxvi. Johannes
Wilkinson, Aurifex." The presentation took place on the 30th of April,
1836. The total weight of the chain and badge is 22oz., and the cost
was £197 14s.

Z£^fVjJLy

THE CORPORATION INSIGNIA OF LEEDS. 203
The smaller chain and badge, a fac-simile of the larger one, was
made for and worn by George Goodman, the first Mayor, whose name
has just been given. It weighs 2-30 oz., and was presented by him to
the then Mayor of Leeds and his successors on the 14th May, 1857.
The year following the presentation of the great chain by the
Burgesses to the first Mayor, George Goodman, was marked by the
presentation by them to the town of a portrait of that gentleman,
painted by Simpson, and hung in the Town Hall. In 1852, being again
Mayor, Mr. Goodman received the honour of knighthood, and in the
same year was elected at the head of the poll as M. P. for Leeds along
with Mr. M. T. Baines. Sir George died on the 18th of October, 1859,
and the following obituary notice will fittingly close this paper : —
" Died at his residence at Roundhay, near Leeds, aged 67 years, Sir
George Goodman, a magistrate for the borough and for the West
Riding, and formerly one of the parliamentary representatives for the
borough. The worthy knight, for two years prior to his death, had
suffered from ill-health —paralysis and neuralgia — brought on by his
zealous and close attention to the new and arduous duties which were
imposed upon him by being elected a Member of the House of Commons
in 1852. Sir George was four times elected to the highest civic office
in the borough. He was the first Mayor under the Corporation Reform
Act, being elected in January, 1836; and as a testimonial of respect
as well as to commemorate the new era in municipal affairs, a full
length portrait of him was subscribed for by his fellow-townsmen, and
now adorns the Council Room of the new Town Hall. He was also
elected Mayor on the resignation of C. G. Maclea, Esq., on the 1st of
January, 1847. He went out of office on the 9th of November
following, but on the 9th of November, 1850, he was again elected
Mayor, and on the 9th of November, 1851, he was re-elected; but on
the 20th of March, 1852, he resigned the office of Mayor in order that
he might be eligible to be a candidate for the representation of the
borough in Parliament in the spring of 1852. In 1851, Mr. Goodman
might be considered as the civic representative of Leeds at the Great
Industrial Exhibition in London, in reference to which Her Majesty
conferred the honour of knighthood upon him in the spring of 1852.
In July of the latter year, at the general election, Sir George Goodman
was elected along with the Hon. M. T. Baines as one of the members
for this borough, which he continued to represent till 1857, when he
retired on account of ill-health. In politics Sir George was a Liberal ¦
in religion a Baptist ; in trade a wool-stapler at Leeds and Bradford ;
and both in his public and private capacity he was greatly respected.
He was especially distinguished for kindness of manner and an open-
hearted disposition, which won for him the affection and esteem of all
classes of his fellow-townsmen."
The Hollies, Duffield, Derby. Llewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A.

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w.xgyu

YORKSHIRE POETS AND POETRY.

JAMES MONTGOMERY.
' HEFFIELD has been poetically fortunate. It has had the
honour, not to give birth to two eminent poets — a mere
accident, but to produce them. Neither Montgomery
nor Elliott was born in Sheffield ; but there their minds,
tastes, and reputations grew. In both poets are strongly
recognisable the intellectual features of a manufacturing
town. They are both of a popular and liberal tendency of mind.
They, or rather their spirits and characters, grew amid the
physical sufferings and the political struggles of a busy and
high-spirited population, and by these circumstances all the elements
of freedom and patriotism were strengthened to full. growth in their
bosoms. Montgomery came upon the public stage, both as a poet and
a political writer, long before Elliott, though the difference of their
ages was not so great as might be supposed from this fact, being only
about ten years.
James Montgomery was born November 4th, 1771, in the little
town of Irvine, in Ayrshire. The house at the time of his birth, and
till his fifth, year, was a very humble one. ' His father was the Moravian
minister there, and probably had not a large congregation. When
sixty years of age, the poet visited his birthplace, and was received
there by the provost and magistrates of the town with great honour ;
in his own words, " the heart of all Irvine seemed to be moved on the
occasion, and every soul of it, old and young, rich and poor, to hail me
to my birthplace." Accompanied by his townsmen, he visited the
cottage of his birth, and was surprised to find the interior marked by a
memorial of his having been born there. In his fifth year he returned
with his parents to Grace Hill, a settlement of the Moravian Brethren,
near Ballymena, in the county of Antrim, in Ireland ; and where his
parents had resided previously to the year of the poet's birth. When
between six and seven he was removed to the seminary of the Brethren
at Fulneck, in Yorkshire. In the year 1783, his parents were sent out

JAMES MONTGOMERY.

205

as missionaries to the West Indies, to preach to the poor slave the
consoling doctrine of another and a better world, " where the wretched
hear not the voice of the oppressor," and '• where the servant is free
from his master." There they both died. One lies in the Island of
Barbadoes, the other in Tobago.
In the Fulneck academy, amongst a people remarkable for their
ardour in religion, and their industry in the pursuit of useful learning,
James Montgomery received his education. He was intended for the
ministry, and his preceptors were every way competent to the task of
preparing him for the important office for which he was designed. His

¦re>

wmmm

James Montgomery.
studies were various : the French, German, Latin, and Greek
languages ; history, geography, and music ; but a desir^ to distinguish
himself as a poet soon interfered with the plan laid out for him.
When ten years old he began to write verses, and continued to do so
with unabated ardour till the period when he quitted Fulneck, in 1787 ;
they were chiefly on religious subjects. Fulneck, the chief settlement
of the Moravian Brethren in England, at which we have seen that
Montgomery continued till his sixteenth year, is about eight miles
from Leeds. It was built about 1760, which was near the time of the
death of Count Zinzendorf. It was then in a fine and little inhabited
country. It is now in a country as populous as a town, full of tall

206

OLD YORKSHIRE.

chimneys vomiting out enormous masses of soot rather than smoke,
and covering the landscape as with an eternal veil of black mist. The
villages are like towns for extent. Stone and smoke are equally
abundant. The situation of the settlement, were it not for these
circumstances, is fine. It has something monastic about it. Ihe
establishment consists of one range of buildings, though built at various
times. There are the school, chapel, master's house, &c, in the centre,
of stone, and a sisters' and brothers' house, of brick, at each end, with
various cottages behind. A fine broad terrace-walk extends along the
front, a furlong in length, being the length of the buildings ; from
which you may form a conception of the stately scale of the place,
which is one-eighth of a mile long. From this descend the gardens,
play-grounds, &c, down the hill for a great way, and private walks
are thence continued as far again, to the bottom of the valley, where
they are further continued along the brook side, amongst the deep

Moravian Establishment, Fulneck.
woodlands. The valley is called the Tong valley; the brook the
Tong ; and Mr. Tempest's house, on the opposite slope, Tong Hall.
When Montgomery removed from Fulneck, the views of his friends
were so far changed, that we find him placed by them in a retail shop
at Mirfield. Here, though he was treated with great kindness, and
had only too little business and too much leisure to attend to his
favourite pursuit, he became exceedingly disconsolate, and after re
maining in his new situation about a year and a half he privately
absconded, and with less than five shillings in his pocket, and the
wide world before him, began his career in pursuit of fame and fortune.
His ignorance of mankind, the result of his retired and religious
education, — the consequent simplicity of his manners, and his forlorn
appearance, — exposed him to the contempt of some, and to the com
passion of others, to whom he applied. The brilliant bubble of
patronage, wealth, and celebrity, which floated before his imagination,

JAMES MONTGOMERY. 207
soon burst, and on the fifth day of his travels he found a situation
similar to the one he had left, at the village of Wath, near Rotherham.
From this place he removed to London, having prepared his way by
sending a volume of his manuscript poems to Mr. Harrison, then a
bookseller in Paternoster-row. Mr. Harrison, who was a man of
correct taste and liberal disposition, received him into his house, and
gave him the greatest encouragement to cultivate his talents, but none
to publish his poems ; seeing, as he observed, no probability that the
author would acquire either fame or fortune by appearing at that time
before the public. The remark was just ; but it conveyed the most
unexpected and afflicting information to our youthful poet, who yet
knew little of the world, except from books, and who had permitted
his imagination to be dazzled with the accounts which he had read of
the splendid success and magnificent patronage which poets had
formerly experienced. He was so disheartened by this circumstance,
that, on occasion of a misunderstanding with Mr. Harrison, he, at the
end of eight months, quitted the metropolis and returned to Wath,
where he was received with a hearty welcome by his former employer.
From Wath, where Montgomery had sought only a temporary re
sidence, he removed in 1792, and engaged himself with Mr. Gales of
Sheffield, as an assistant in his business of auctioneer. Gales was also
a bookseller, and printed a newspaper, in which popular politics were
advocated with great zeal and ability. To this paper Montgomery
contributed essays and verses occasionally ; but though politics some
times engaged the service of his hand, the Muses had his whole heart,
and he sedulously cultivated their favour ; though no longer with those
false, yet animating hopes, which formerly stimulated his exertions.
In 1794, when Mr. Gales left England, a gentleman, to whom
Montgomery was an almost entire stranger, enabled him to undertake
the publication of the paper on his own account.
For the long period of half a century he was essentially bound up
with the literary and social progress of Sheffield, his adopted home.
Editing, for the greater, part of that period, the Iris newspaper, on
which his name and writings conferred a popular celebrity ; and from
time to time sending forth one of his volumes of poetry, there is no
question that the influence of his taste and liberal opinions has been
greatly instrumental in the growth of that spirit of intelligence and
moral culture which highly distinguish Sheffield With the religious
world, as was to be expected, James Montgomery has always stood in
high esteem and in the most friendly relation. Besides the works already
mentioned, Montgomery published Songs of Zion in 1822 ; Prose by a
Poet, 1824; A Poet's Portfolio, 1835. His collected works, in three
vols., in 1836. Through his own exertions, the proceeds of his pen, and a
pension of £150 a-year, in testimony of his poetic merit, the poor
orphan who set out from the little shop at Mirfield to seek fame and
fortune with less than five shillings in his pocket, for some years
retired to an enjoyment of both ; and no man ever reached the calm

208

OLD YORKSHIRE.

T~f f, lif/S °veniDg with a Purer reputation, or a larger share of
im grateful affection of his townsmen, or of the honour of his countrv-
men m general. J
™lle Sl™n^ra visiting Sheffield will have a natural curiosity to see
W, ™ Montgomery so many years resided, and whence he sent forth
bis poems and his politics. That spot is in the Hartshead ; one of the
most singular situations for such a man and purpose often to be met
p"„' LucMy, it was in the centre of the town, and not far to seek.
uomg up tlie High-street, various passages under the houses lead to
one common centre,— the Hartshead,- a sort of cul de sae, having no

Home of Montgomery.
carriage road through, but only one into it, and that not from the
main street. The shop, which used to be the Iris office, is of an odd
ogee shape, at the end of a row of buildings. It has huge, ogee-
shaped windows, with great dark-green shutters. The door is at the
corner, making it a three-cornered shop. It was, at the time of my
visit, a pawnbroker's shop, the door and all round hung with old
garments. The shelves were piled with bundles of pawned clothes,
ticketed. The houses round this strange hidden court, in which it
stands, are nearly all public-houses, as the Dove and Rainbow, and the

JAMES MONTGOMERY.

209

like, with low eating-bouses, and dens of pettifogging lawyers ; and,
strange to say, even the pawnbroker's shop was afterwards converted
into another beer-house ! But, leaving the beer-house of -the Harts
head, we shall find the poet of religion and refinement residing at the
Mount, on the Glossop road, the West End of Sheffield. It is, I
suppose, at least a mile and a half from the old Iris office, and is one

'II ^r'/'%
Tomb of Montgomery.
regular ascent all the way. The situation is lovely, lying high ; and
there are many pleasant villas built on the sides of the hill in their
ample pleasure grounds, the abodes of the wealthy manufacturers. The
Mount, par excellence, is the house, or rather terrace, where Mont
gomery lived. It is a large building, with a noble portico of six fine
Ionic columns, so that it seems a residence fit for a prince. It stands
in ample pleasure grounds, and looks over a splendid scene of hills and
valleys. The rooms enjoy this fine prospect over the valleys of the
N

210

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Sheaf and Porter, which, however, was obscured while I was there '
with the smoke blowing from the town.
Montgomery died at the Mount, April 30th, 1854, in the eighty-
third year of his age. His townspeople honoured him by a public
funeral, and he was interred in a beautiful spot of the cemetery, near
the western end of the church ; one of his own beautiful hymns being
sung over the uncovered grave, at the conclusion of the usual burial
service, by the choir of the parish church and the children of the boys'
and girls' charity-schools, to which the poet had long been a benefactor,
and to which he left bequests in his will. With a wisdom founded not
on calculation, but on a sacred sense of duty, Montgomery made even
his ambition subservient to his aspirations as a Christian, and he thus
reared for himself a pedestal in the poetic Walhalla of England
peculiarly his own. The longer his fame endures, and the wider it
spreads, the better it will be for virtue and for man,
London. William Howitt.

HERBERT KNOWLES.

A youthful genius, who owes to a single composition his position
among the poets of Yorkshire, was bom at Gomersal, near Bradford, in
1798. His parents dying in his infancy, he, along with two brothers,
was left almost destitute. Herbert should have entered a merchant's
counting-house in Liverpool; but his abilities becoming manifest, a
subscription of £20 a year was made towards his education on condition
that his friends should contribute £30 more. He was accordingly
placed at the celebrated Grammar School of Richmond, and whilst
there he evinced powers of no ordinary kind, including that poetical
talent which has rendered his name conspicuous. When he quitted
school his friends were unable to advance any more money towards his
education, so to help himself he wrote a poem and sent it to Southey,
with a history of his case, and asked permission to dedicate it to the
Laureate. Southey, finding the poem " brimful of promise," made
inquiries of Herbert's instructor, and received the highest character of
the youth. He then answered the application of Knowles, entreated
him to avoid present publication, and promised to do something better
than receive his dedication. He subscribed at once £10 per annum
towards the failing £30, and procured similar subscriptions from the
poet Rogers and Lord Spencer. On receiving the news of his good
fortune, young Knowles wrote to his protector a letter, remarkable for
much more than the gratitude which pervaded every line. He
remembered that Kirke White had gone to the University countenanced
and supported by patrons, and that to pay back the debt he owed them
he wrought day and night, until his delicate frame gave way, and his
life became the penalty of his devotion. Herbert Knowles felt that he

HERBERT KNOWLES.

211

could not make the same desperate efforts,, and he deemed it his first
duty to say so. He promised to do what he could, assured his friends
that he would not be idle, and that, if he could not reflect upon them
any extraordinary credit, he would certainly do them no disgrace.
Within two months after writing this letter the hopes which he had
excited, and in some measure gratified, were extinguished by his severe
illness and sudden death at Gomersal, February 17th, 1817, when he
was only nineteen years of age. He left behind him a manuscript
volume Qf poems, the earliest of which were published in the " Literary
Gazette" for 1824 ; but neither that nor any others are at all comparable
to his poem, " The Three Tabernacles" — a piece which Montgomery
says "ought to endear the memory of the author. Truly, he built a
monument more durable than brass in compiling these casual lines, with
little prospect of pleasing anybody but himself and a circle of juvenile
friends." The reader will please to remember that these are the verses
of a schoolboy, and he will then judge what might have been expected
from one who was capable of writing with such strength and originality
upon the tritest of all subjects. The lines referred to may be read in
Chambers's " Cyclopaedia of Literature," Vol II., p. 411.

Pudsey.

S. Rayner.

YORKSHIRE REMOTE HISTORY,

BRITON AND SAXON INT YORKSHIRE.
jN the far-off days of our unwritten history, and during
the sway of the aboriginal inhabitants of these isles, we
know that the beautiful portions of the vales of Wharfe
and Nidd, of which we are about to write, were the seats
of population. The names of the rivers tell their British
story. The word wharfe — Hweorf — to the Saxon, was a
sound which those whom he had conquered and subjected to
his service uttered to him, but which bore no meaning. It
was the Briton, whose poetical tongue had, in obedience to a poet's
eye, combined the root-word " chwefru," the moving, gushing, sparkling
water. It was to the same eye and to the same tongue, and under
the same circumstances that the Saxon owed the name of his Nidd —
" Nawdd," the dark, obscure, secluded. Leland speaks of it as " Aqua
feculenta propter soli nigritiem super quod delabitur," more than a
thousand years later — and it was to him also that the conqueror owes
his " Crimple," " Crempel," crwm pwll, the bending winding pool — a
description first turned into words, perhaps, as in sailing up Nidd he
witnessed beneath the light of a summer's day the shimmering waters
of that twisting, tortuous, knoll-bent pool, sometimes swamp, that,
with scarcely one foot of ground fall, stretched from below Kibston
Moor, passed what the Saxon afterwards called Newsome — the new
ham — when he had reclaimed it from the bog, and ascended far up
towards Spofforth. The terminal some, ome, um, indicates a Frisian
settlement, and the New-some may have been owing to a colony of
Frisians coming into the midst of people already settled at Spofforth.
In these river names we have the main traces of the territorial foothold
of the Briton, but not the only ones. The graves of some of his
chieftains are still indicated by the mounds in North Deighton and in
Ribston Park. There is a supposed Druidical rock at Crosper (Crux-
berg, the hill of the cross, as said the Saxon priest when he displaced
the Druid and preached Christianity) a place four miles from Wetherby
towards Knaresborough, where there is also a hell (belli, halig, holy)

BRITON AND SAXON IN YORKSHIRE. 213
hole. The path of his first conquerors, the Romans (following no
doubt his then less perfect but yet lasting path), is still clearly visible
in the great road to his old city Isuriuin (Aldborough). The name of
the wapentake, Claro, which survives the rough Borgescire of the
Saxon, is but a corruption of his Caer-hoh, an artificial mound, once the
place of popular assembly near to his caer, Isurium. In Coldsborough
Ave have another of his towns, one that the i-'axon Godwin seized and
called it his burg, walled town — it is written Godenesburg in Domesday.
In the villages of Whixley and Walshford, two of the domains that
will have to pass more fully under our notice ; and in Linton, that
beautiful hamlet on the knoll near to Wetherby ; overlooking Wharfe,
its long stretch of verdant meadows and its tree-clad banks, we have
evidences of his rural life. In Whixley— Domesday says Cucheslaga —
we have his Gwic, village, on the hill, and on the old road to Isurium ;
to which Gwic, the Saxon, when he had established himself, added, in
ignorance of the Briton's meaning, his own terminal ley, expressing
pretty much the same thing. Not a mile north of Whixley, and half
a mile west of Watling Street, at the end of Starra Field-lane, leading
from the village on to the very boundary of the parish, the highest
altitude between Nidd and Isurium is reached — 200 feet O.D. — that is,
above Ordnance datum, mean watermark at Liverpool. Plere is a
significance which we cannot neglect. From that point in that ancient
Star Field, O.E., steorra, a " star," at Whixley a beacon star, that
ominous star for which the lonely sentinel peers into the distant dark
ness when trouble is at hand —
A single star, when only one
Is shining in the sky,
the Roman legionary and the Saxon and Danish sentinels, keeping their
weary watch and ward, could look down into Isurium and Boroughbridge
by day, or signal by fire flashes at night, both there and to many miles
beyond them. From that point his lighted beacon has carried the tale
of war to York and the distant wolds on the east ; far into the
impenetrated country on the west ; over the next burg, Knaresborough,
to Harlow Hill, bej'ond Harrogate, whence it could be sent farther
westward to the stations leading to Manchester and Lancaster ; and
southward over the ten- or twelve miles that separated him from
Calcaria, Tadcaster, the next great station, whence it could be trans
mitted at pleasure. By the Roman soldiery — the still unsurpassed
masters of the art of war— such a point could not be left neglected
and uncontrolled, and it has been controlled from Whixley. Another
curious fact lies in the name of a lane leading from the Roman road to
this very Starra Point — Leane Sleeper-lane — the lane to the loan land,
of our old English ancestors ;* land of a different title from the rest,
* In this interesting word-relic of our Old English ancestors, we have an
example of the redundancy of words arising from the change of speech by a people
whose blood, is mixed by another race. The modern German word Schlippe
means " a narrow way" ; the addition of the word lane shews how the Old English
speech faded during the later changes.

214 OLD YORKSHIRE.
midoubtedly, because in this instance it did not serve an individual, but
a national, purpose. Moreover, there is a tumulus about sixty yards
east of Watling Street, opposite the same point. Perhaps that also
has some bearing upon the matter, if its secret were only known.
In Walshf ord Ave find his outpost on the Nidd guarding the ford ;
the Saxon called it Waleford, and somewhat later W ally sf ord — the ford
of the Welsh. In Linton we have his Llyn toAvn, and here again the
fidelity of his description is revealed in the constancy of the phenomena
and operations of nature. He applied the word Lyn to large expanses
of water, such as the Saxon called meres, and sometimes to pools
in rivers ; and as he stood on the brow and looked down on the Wharfe,
he would, many times in the year, alike after the summer thunder
storm and the vrintry deluge, see the rushing waters of Collingham
Beck, at its confluence with the river, bursting over the river banks
and inundating the meadows that stretch away clown to Wetherby,
and are still called Linton Ings. Llevn and its derivative linn mean,
the former smooth, and the latter a still pool.
As a more complete introduction to the story Ave have to relate,
it is necessary for us to cast a glimpse at the second, or as we will call it,
the Saxon colonisation of the surrounding district. We are inclined to
belieA'e that the occupation of the lands south of the Wharfe and north
of the Nidd preceded that of the strip between those rivers. Perhaps
one reason why this was so is to be accounted for by the Roman ways
and strongholds — both previously British — which the Saxon forces
would have to traverse and garrison as they drove the Picts further
and further north. AVe cannot assign any exact date to the occupation,
nor can we in all cases identify the first occupants, but in the case of
Hunsingore — written Holsingour in Domesday ; the vulgar pronun
ciation of the word is still nearer to that of Holsingour than Hunsingore
— we need not hesitate to accept the Hollings or Holsings, a well-known
tribe, as the men who dispossessed the British. That being so, the
Avord Holsingore — since softened into Hunsingore — would simply mean
the land of tbe Holsings. The position of the ancient territory, now
a parish containing 4,215a. Or. 21p., is remarkable. It has merely
been a remnant — the last patch to be disposed of. Having for its
western boundary the sharp line of the Roman road, it runs north to
Whixley, an older occupation, and Avest to Goldsborough — the Godenas-
borough of Domesday — possibly a still older occupation, in the hands of
a Saxon Godwin, the first to snatch it from the Briton in an advance
from Knaresborough ; or his descendants. The southern boundary for
its whole length is the Nidd — the dark Nidd, dreaded alike by the
Briton and the Saxon. The parish is at present divided- into three
townships — Cattal, Hunsingore, and Great Ribston-with-Walshford ;
and these have undoubtedly been the division from the old English
times. The meaning of the word Cattal is obscure, but I am inclined
to derive it from the B. coed, a wood, and al, heall, O.E., a hall,
not of splendid residence and luxurious ease, but a place where

BRITON AND SAXON IN YORKSHIRE. 215
law and justice were dispensed as in the modern TownjSHall — a
suffix which may possibly shadow forth a subordinate establishment of
the Holsings. It is spelt Cathall in Domesday. Ribston is difficult,
obscure, perplexing. I am convinced that the terminal should not be
ton, but stcen, stan, a stone; and although this may apparently point to
a ripe-stan, a bank or boundary-stone, I am not prepared to accept
that interpretation. Evidence indisputable has been discovered that
the name comes from the place now called Little Ribston, and that
Great Ribbestayn, as it was earlier called, or Temple Ribston, as
afterwards called, has merely borrowed the name. In the case of
Little Ribston — Parva Ribbestayn, as it is written, a town wholly on a
marsh, and spoken of distinctly as such in 1170 — it is conceivable that
some kind of boundary-stone might be wanted, but that does not deduce
the old spelling- Bibbe from Ripe. The boundary between Goldsborough
and Ribston is from the Nidd, "Gundriffs Beck," and north of that
"Double Dike" and "Flaxby Cover "— most significant names, and
undeniable traces of the Dane, of which more hereafter, — and these are
physical features not needing any supplementary aid. The one thing
that we may take for granted is that in the Old English times Ribston,
the eastern portion of Goldsborough, and those parts of the parish of
Spofforth opposite, on the south side of the Nidd, Avere woodland and
forest land, penetrated only by the paths of the hunter, and otherwise
unoccupied. With the territory north of Hunsingore the future of our story
has little concern ; it is to the south of the Nidd doAvn into Wharfedale
that the interest lies. We shall therefore now consider the colonisation
of that district, which is included in the parishes of Wighill, Bilton,
Walton, CoAvthorpe, Kirk Deighton, and Spofforth. Every one of
these parishes except Cowthorpe is most distinctly of Old English
origin, and has no leading feature anterior to the era of that domination,
except it be in the case of Walton, adjoining the Nidd, abutting upon
Cattal, and whose western boundary is the Roman borough, whose
name, AValeton — so spelt in Domesday — may be the O.E. Wale-ton, the
Welsh town. Wighill is said to mean the " Hill of the Warrior,"
possibly the O.E. God of War; Pilton, " Belin or Billing's town," called
after a chief or tribe of that name ; Cowthorpe — in Domesday Cole-
thorp — bears in its Norse name, " the Kalldrthorpe, the cold village,"
the evidence of a later establishment, aud a degree of subordination to
some superior estate, which was no doubt Kirk Deighton — Distone in
Domesday — the " water town," Duirston ; endless swamps on the north
and west for the three miles of the Crwm-pwl, swamps on the south,
where some 100 acres yet remain, called "Eel Mires;" a bog, the
source of " Broad Wath," that struggles into the Nidd with very little
fall ; swamps on the east, where there is even now a large willow-garth
touching "War Fields," ominously the "Wear Fields;" swamps drained
by the stagnant " Ainsty Beck," known further on as " Fleet Beck,"
into the Nidd at Skewkirk, four miles away ; but situated as to the

216

OLD YORKSHIRE.

village, the Kirk Deighton, on a charming eminence, 150 O.D., twice
the height of the remainder of the parish, that commands the whole
neighbourhood, and is a scene of leafy beauty and quiet repose from
every point around it. Spofforth, with its 13,062a. Or. Up., is
undoubtedly one of the great and early Saxon parishes, a border parish,
and it is therefore not singular that it is the last 'toAvards the west in
the vale of Wharfe, which was wholly colonised and brought into a
fairly settled condition by the Old English before the advent of the
Danes. It contains several toAvnships and hamlets, the place-names of
those in the valley of tbe Crimple being eminently Old English, arguing
an earlier occupation, or, in other words, an invasion from the north ;
while those on its south-western and western boundary (that is those
rising from the vale of AVharfe and following that vale and the vales
of the tributary streams up to the watershed of the vale of Crimple)
six or seven miles away at Nab Hill and Swaith Hill, near to Pannal,

Cow and Calf, Ilkley.
are as eminently Danish. Starting from the north-eastern boundary,
where the old North Road penetrates the lines of the march of the
Saxon, we shall find his colonisation complete and but little disturbed
at a later period by the Danish element. There he has undisturbedly
planted his leys and his tons, he has left one genuine ham, the only one
in the district, and, of course, his occupation culminated in the name of
his chief place, Spofforth. It is with a full knowledge of heterodoxy
that we deduce Spofforth from Spoff or Spot's "worth," estate — woerth.
If this be so, then Spoff or Spot was the O.E. chieftain who displaced
the British. In adopting this deduction I have deliberately rejected
all the old traditions, and what is more worthy of hesitation and serious
consideration, the conclusions of some competent men. The nice little
story about the " ford to the Spa " is too modern, too easy and obvious,
and in rejecting that I find I sin in good company. I cannot see any
necessity for a ford. The Crimple is only a good-sized beck, and
besides there is no satisfactory place for the ford to lead to, and no
main road crossing- the Crimple. The case of AATalshford is entirely

BRITON AND SAXON IN YORKSHIRE. 217
different; the circumstances are just the reverse, and demand the
existence of a ford. One neighbouring instance of the employment of
"forth," weorth, estate, I will cite, and that is at Rufforth — also a
parish between Nidd and AVharfe, some five or six miles east of
Spofforth— where there is no water to ford, except Smawith dyke, a
little stream a mile north of Rufforth village.
Leeds. AV. Wiieater.

THE DANE IN AVHARFEDALE.
It is now necessary to consider the period, progress, and effect of
the Danish invasions, taking the period to reach from a.d. 800 to the
Conquest, in 1066. I have said that I believe the Saxon subjugation
to have proceeded locally from the Nidd southwards ; I will sIioav that
the Danes proceeded as to their first colonisation in exactly the opposite
manner. Starting along the Wharfe, the Dane made himself felt
potentially from its very mouth. Pie founded one of the first of the
existing parishes, Kirkby Wharfe, the " church-town on the Wharfe,"
and in it one of his leaders, Grim, erected his ton, now Grimston Park.
In Follythwaite, " the people's clearing," cut out of AVighill ; in his
Rudgate, as he called a large portion of the Roman road ; in his
becks and dykes, his dales and holmes, his traces are strong and
continuous; but beyond Kirkby, AAretherby is his first town. AVetherby
seems to have had an origin in pastoral settlement and to have derived
its name from a combination of the words Vedra-byr, the inclosure
where the wethers were kept ; and what affords a very clear insight
into the extent of the Saxon cultivation, it is the first town on the
AVharfe in the parish of Spofforth. Here and at Beilby, or Mickle-
thwaite — the "big forest clearing," stolen from Collingham, where
" AA'attle Syke " marks his boundary, and Collingham Beck his aquatic
predominence — on the immediately opposite bank of the river, he
obtained a firm grasp and entire local supremacy. From the north
bank of the AVharfe he pushed his township of AAretherby back to
AValton on the east, to Deighton on the north, and to Linton on the
west. The road that led hhn through the woods into Deighton he
called after his own fashion, Deighton Gate, as he had already called
the Roman road Rudgate, and both remain so called up to the present
day. Wetherby seems to mark that point in Wharf edale beyond
which the hold of the Saxon, especially on the northern bank of the
river, had never been anything but feeble. Following the Wharfe and
the southern and south-western fringe of the parish of Spofforth, the
supremacy, nay, possibly the very priority, of the Norseman is con
spicuous. No sooner do we pass Linton than we find Keswick. Wick
is a Norse form meaning a bay ; confer Keswick on Derwentwater.
The bay at Keswick in Wharfedale seems to have extended down

218

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Linton Ings to the bluffs about AVetherby Grange. Keswick is
separated from Collingham by Keswick Beck, on the south bank ; and
away up on the hills on the north, by the boldest bluff yet met with at
Skerry Grange (skera, scar, the " steep, precipitous rock "), 208 O.D.,
the watershed and the boundary of the parish of Spofforth— the point
beyond which the Saxon could not penetrate in his invasion from the
north ; then Kereby, on the top of the hill, and Netherby (his " lower

Valley of the Wharfe.
town"), on the river and opposite Harewood, of which we shall
presently have something to say; then Morcar Hill and the two
Barrowbys, Cuukeswick, then AVeeton (his holy town, the " dwelling
of the gods,") above which towers Healthwaite Hill, 350 O.D. ; then
AVescoe HOI and Riff a, both of which places are of Norwegian origin ;
then Huby (Hubba's toAvn ; there was a Hubba, a Danish chieftain, in
870), and SAvinden and Nab Hill (the Naap, Nab, the hill, to which

THE DANE IN WHARFEDALE. 219
another tongue at a later date, when the old language was lost, has
added "hill"), on the watershed, aud last of all Kirkby Overblow.
That succession of townships comprehends the whole ridge which
diA-ides the vale of AVharfe from the vale of Crimple, the ridge, rising
up to 525 O.D., that stopped the march of the Saxon by showing him
a deep valley, a wilderness of wood " over bank, rock, and scar," a
terra incognita. Thus we see that the AVharfe side of the parish of
Spofforth is Danish, as Ave have seen the other side on the Nidd and
Crimple is Old English. The slope of this hill, a steep scarp, on the
very verge of which the Dane built his toAvn, AA-ould be called by the
Saxon the "Oferloe" (ofer, a bank, edge or margin; loe, hlcnw, a hill),
aud Avhen the Dane built his town and his church on this ridge he did
precisely as he had done lower down the valley at Kirkby AVharfe, he
distinguished his kirk by the local peculiarity, Avhich, when named, Avas
not spoken to him in an entirely unknown tongue, Kirkby Ofreloe, "the
Church-town on the edge of the hill." It is Avorthy -of remark that
the same scarp a mile north of Kirkby Overblow, but in Spofforth
parish, is now called Follifoot Ridge, and it is also worthy of notice
that the O.E. river Crimple is called Crimple Beck by the Danes of
Kirkby Overblow. The transition of Kirkby Ofreloe to Kirkby Overblow
is traceable, for in later times we find it written Kirkby Overleys. This
derivation of the name plays sad havoc with the strangely fanciful yet
widely-received story of the blomaries and the ore-blowers, but I
nevertheless believe it to be the correct one. The " tradition " wants
evidence to support it.
The development of the Danish element on the southern aud
western sides of the parish of Spofforth, the public traces of that
element on the northern and eastern sides, the nomenclature, and in the
main the continued occupation, of the parish by the Old English, I take
to be accounted for by simple physical circumstances, speaking upon
the knoAvn peculiarities of the two races of colonists. The Saxon, a
soldier who marched, had the land for the scene of his exploits, and the
established ways for his pathways. The Dane, a seaman, clung to the
water ; he entered England by the Ouse, York was his objective point,
and in the tides of immigration that he sent, still clinging naturally to
the rivers even after he had once established himself, the AVharfe
offered a path to his keels before the Nidd; hence the plainer and
stronger traces of him on that river. The dates of his minor exploits
in the invasion of Northumbria I cannot give. His first invasion of the
province is said to have occurred in 797. His great invasion was in
867, when he seized York, and severely defeated the Old English who
attempted an assault on the city. In 875 there was another invasion,
when " they reduced the whole kingdom of Northumbria to subjection,
and the pagan King Haldene, sometimes called Alfdene (he was slain
at Wodenstteld in 911), divided it between himself and his followers.
One of his chieftains was named Hubba; he has left his name at
Huby- Hubba's town — in AVharfedale, where, I believe, he and his

220 OLD YORKSHIRE.
compatriots fought a decisive action with the Saxon, who held -the
woods and slopes of Harewood — Hare, here, O.E., a soldier, and Wudu
a wood, " the soldiers' wood " — who was badly defeated, whereupon the
Dane established himself, and elsewhere in Yorkshire at many places,
where his name likewise enters into the composition of the place-name ;
he was killed in Devonshire in 877.
From this time Northumbria was the theatre of constant strife,
Athelstan, " of Earls the lord, of heroes the bracelet-giver," reduced
the kingdom to subjection, and in 925 gave his sister in marriage to
Sihtric the Danish King. Sihtric died next year, when Athelstan
repelled Guthforth , his son and successor, and united the whole kingdom
under one sway. Athelstan, who is known as the great patron of
church-building in the district, and the munificent donor of the adjoining
barony of Sherburn to the cathedral church of St. Peter at York, died
at Gloucester on the 27th October, 940, when the Northumbrians again
renewed their allegiance. Olaf, son of Sihtric, and Regnald son of
Guthforth, had assumed the government ; they were expelled by
Edmund in 944 ; the kingdom was again reduced to a sullen allegiance
in 946 by Edred, to whom they swore fealty in 949 at Taddnes-clyff —
some say Tadcaster, others Tanshelf, Pontefract — and in 950 they
were again in open revolt. For this revolt they were severely punished.
Edred laid waste the Avhole of Northumbria, and in the ravages the
district, the home of many of the leading Danish chieftains, suffered
ruthlessly. The monastery of Ripon, founded by St. Wilfrid, was
burnt to the ground. For these grievances the fierce spirit of the
Viking demanded revenge. While the King was retiring, troops were
collected at York, whence they sallied forth, and made great havoc on
the rear of his army, " at a place called Chesterford." This place we
take to be Castra-ford, Castleford, but that wants settling. " The King
was so nettled at this affront that he was on the point of counter
marching his force and utterly devastating the whole country, when
the Northumbrians, alarmed at the news, deposed Eric, whom they had
elected king, satisfying the King's honour by submission, and compen
sating his losses by their offerings, it costing them a large sum of
money to appease his anger." Amidst such ruinous scenes as these
the kingdom continued to exist for more than a hundred years. One
other incident we will relate as fit to close this career of anarchy. In
1064 Tosti, Earl of Northumberland, the son of Godwin, Duke of Kent,
perfidiously murdered, in his own chamber at York, and in the midst of
peace, Gamel, the son of Orm, the Thane of Thorp-arch, who had
married iEthelthryth, a daughter of Earl Ealdred, and sister-in-law of
Siward, but Gamel was not her son ; and Dlf, the Thane of Linton, the
son of Dolfin, and grandson of Siward, the great Earl of Northumberland;
and in the succeeding year, 1065, he similarly murdered, at the King's
court, at the instigation of his sister Edgitha, Queen of England,
Cospatric, the noble Thane, son of Maldred and Algitha, daughter of
King- Ethelred, owner of all AAliarfedale, of Cattal, Hunsingore, and

THE DANE IN WHARFEDALE.

221

much of Nidderdale, the most influential man in Northumbria. Beyond
his murders, Tosti had also aggrieved the Thanes by unjustly levying

Glen near Ben Rliydding.

throughout the whole of his earldom most enormous taxes. These
crimes and exactions roused his subjects to the fury of retaliation and
revolt. His murderous treachery must be avenged : his rapacity and

222

OLD YORKSHIRE.

rule would be no longer endured. The passions and policy of the rebels
obtained complete and prompt satisfaction. Soon after the feast of St.
Michael the Archangel, that is to say, on Monday, the 5th day before
the nones (3rd) of October, Gamelbar, Thane of Spofforth, a man of
imperious political power and military strength, and doubtless a kinsman
of the slain son of Orm, Dunstan, Thane of Tadcaster, son of Athelnoth
and Glonierne, Thane of Chapel-Allerton (who in Domesday becomes
Glunier), son of Heardulf, entered York with 200 Thanes to avenge
the execrable murders. They dispersed Tosti's household, seized and
put to death his huscarles Amund and Ravenswart, slew more than 200
of his retainers, and, having sacked his treasury, retired, carrying off
all that belonged to him. " After that, nearly all the men of his
earldom assembled in a body, and met at Northampton Harold, Earl of
Wessex, and others whom the King, at Tosti's request, had sent to
restore peace between them." This event bore largely upon the
Norman Conquest, them looming" in the immediate distance. The
insurgents, refusing any treaty, demanded the expulsion of Tosti from
the earldom and from the kingdom, and they obtained their demand.
He and his wife Judith, daughter of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, fled
across the seas to that nobleman, and passed the winter at St. Omer,
meditating the revenge, but perhaps not calculating upon the death
that next year brought to him. Morcar was then appointed Earl in his
stead. He is well known in the story of the Conquest.
We may now take a short retrospect of the nomenclature of the
district, before passing on to the scenes of the Norman Conquest. In
Nidderdale we have seen that the Saxon named the lands. The
parishes all bear his place-names. It is only in minor divisions that
the Dane has left the impress of his tongue, but these divisions mark
with singular sharpness and clearness the extent of the Saxon industrial
occupation. In Hunsingore we find that two of the three townships
composing the parish owe their establishment to the Saxon ; the third,
Ribston, the extreme boundary and borderland, Ave take to be entirely
Danish. In Deighton and perhaps in Cowthorpe — neither of them
large parishes - the Saxon may have completed the occupation. In
Goldsborough he began it, and almost completed it, but he left the
fringe of the parish where it joins Ribston to be dealt with by the
Dane. The meadow lands in the south-eastern corner of the parish —
Gimdriffs — tell their own story, which is repeated in " Gundriffs Beck,"
the stream that divides Goldsborough from Ribston. The same thing
occurs in Spofforth, only to a more marked extent. From the town
as a centre the clearance advances northwards without notice until we
come to Braham AVood and the adjacent solitary toft (farmhouse and
outbuildings) now called Red House ; then comes the boundary of the
township, the sure sign of the first cessation of development. Beyond
that, on the peak .which forms the Avatershed betAveen Nidd and
Crimple, comes Loxley, a solitary toft, the luca-lea, the "enclosed
field" — we are speaking of an ante-enclosure period — isolated and

THE DANE IN WHARFEDALE. 223
beyond the rest. Tennyson has described another Locksley Hall, in
Words which may be fully applied here : —
Comrades, leave me here a little, while as yet 'tis early morn :
Leave me here, and when you want me, sound upon the bugle horn,
'Tis the place, and all around it, as of old the curlews call,
Dreary gleams about the moorland flying over Locksley Hall ;
Locksley Hall that in the distance overlooks the sandy tracts,
And the hollow ocean ridges roaring into cataracts.
Beyond Loxley we descend to the Nidd, on the banks of which we
find Scaliber Toft and Scaliber Wood. This marks the occupation and
labour of the Dane, who cleared himself a patch of ground, and on the
little knoll at the river's brink built himself a log-hut — skali, a log-hut,
and berg, a hill, both Danish words — "the log-hut on the hill."
North-west of the town the boundary of cultiAration is reached at
" Aketon," another toft planted among the primeval oaks, and that,
too, by the Saxon before he Avas disturbed. Beyond that comes
Follifoot, Fole-lea-fot, " the bottom of the people's land," once the wood
pasture and common land of the parish, now the site of a considerable
hamlet, built, no doubt by thrift, according to the necessities of the
development of population. Beyond that, and on the highest ground
in that direction, come Ruddings Park, Buddings, and the parish
boundary. The Dane has again established the outpost ! On the
south and west the same rotation occurs. We have noticed Skerry
Grange touching the parish boundary on the south, but on the Danish
side, and nestling- close under the broAV of the hill! Addelthorpe —
Adda's Tallage — excludes the highest point the Saxon has reached.
It was Dane Adda who pushed past the parish boundary, and over the
top of the hill ; he has been the boldest or more necessitous of them all.
On the south-west and west we meet with Kirkby Overblow, of which
much to the same purpose has already been said. If we trace the
Dane over the lands in the two valleys first colonised by the Saxon,
and taken from him by the Dane as completed settlements, the fact
that first arrests our attention is that the land mainly retains the Saxon
names and descriptions, while the, water fell to the Dane. From this
the deduction follows that during his unmolested tenure the Saxon
shunned the water, while, true to his national characteristics, the Dane
sought it and gave it,
And the blithe brook that strolls along
Its pebbled bed, with summer song
To the grim god of blood and scar,
The grisly King of Northern War.
Starting at Moor Monkton on the Nidd with a Saxon name, the
only stream in the township— and that a contemptible one — is called
Smawith Dyke, D., " the little wood stream." Finkle Holm is a large
meadow in a very tortuous angle of the Nidd. In Whixley, the
adjoining parish, the bridge carrying AVatling Street over Nidd is
called Gilsthwaite Bridge, and the land about it Gilsthwaite— a Norse

224

OLD YORKSHIRE.

word which means the clearing in the ravine. In Hunsingore, with
its Saxon beginning, we have Syke Dyke, running almost through the
township. In Ribston, Ribbestayn, of which we shall come to speak
more particularly, having fuller knowledge, Ave have the only streams
called Gundriff's Beck and Double Dyke.
Then " Gundriff ' one bleak garth was thine
And one sweet brooklet's silver line.
In Kirk Hammerton, south of the Nidd, we have AVhite Syke
Beck, that memorable stream in Marston township which formed the
terrible line of demarcation on the 2nd July, 1644, when men, mainly
of Danish race, under Fairfax and Cromwell, shattered the army of men
of what Mr. Freeman, the historian of the Conquest and other things,
called " pure English blood," and practically put .an end to the pranks
" of Charles King of England and Rupert of the Rhine." The adjoin
ing village of Tockwith is one of the few wholly Danish ; we know
that Tocui was the Danish owner at the Conquest. We have Fleet
Beck and Nethercar— the lower car hanging on the brink of the river,
while in Bilton and Bickerton on the uplands we have the mark of the
Saxon with his horror for the water. It is true that in Marston — the
Saxon's Mereston, hanging over, yet some distance from, " the lake of
the dismal swamp," caused by the overflow of the White Syke— we
have a Saxon Waterside town, but still it is upland and far from the
dismal river. In Cowthorpe — anciently Colethorpe and Calthorpe, i.e.
Kalldr-thorpe, the cold village in Danish speech, therefore Danish as to
its name — we have " Lincrofts," a farmstead in a marsh upon Fleet
Beck. In Kirk Deighton, with its church 160 O.D. and its "Eel
Mires" about 95 O.D., the source of "Broad Wath,"* a stream
running through marshy land into Nidd, the Saxon has left us How Hill,
Tckeringhill (where the Dane reclaimed Scammerscale Carr), Malmbury
Hill, Swynhowe, Ingbarrow (a toft adjoining the Wetherby and
Knaresborough road, 175 O.D.), and Hunger Hill (150 O.D). " The
Dales," a flat and almost dead level reach of land stretching along
the southern boundary of the township nearly from the Crimple to
the Nidd, where the water stands in large pools even now, was left
to the Dane, and he burst through it with his Deighton Gate, the
road leading from Deighton to Wetherby, and he has left in it Orkill
Pond and Hall Garth. We scarcely need go across into Spofforth,
where these characteristics would be largely multiplied, or into
Wetherby, whose existence we have already endeavoured to account
for. Birkham, Plomptom, Braam, Loxley, Aketon, and Follifoot
all belong to the Saxon, and are upland. But the streams that
trickle down the hill-sides and cleave the valleys were named by
the Dane. The streams that ran at the low end of Follifoot and
Aketon he called becks, as they are called to this day. That once
* Wath is the Northumbrian word for a ford. The only Waths to be found in
England are in Yorkshire.

THE DANE IN WHARFEDALE. 225
tremendous swamp which extended for a mile and a half west of the
town of Spofforth he called Spofforth Hagg, and the lowest point was
to him " the bottom beck." So it is throughout the parish. It may
be said that the Saxon was not expected, Avhen he had ample choice
of situation, to occupy the swampy grounds and leave the higher and
drier sites to his ox, or his ass, or the stranger avIio might come
withiu his gates ; but that does not explain the fact that the streams
Avhich ran during the Saxon domination and supplied his wants should
wait for a Danish designation while the Saxon hamlets retained their
Saxon names.
Leeds. W. Wheater.

THE NORMAN AND HIS CONQUEST.
The story of the Conquest I must tell somewhat anachronically
in order to first introduce the names of the men who became the chief
actors in the scene. In the cases of the parishes most intimately
connected -with our story I shall give the full Domesday extracts.
Borgescire, now Claro Wapentake.
Manor. — In Ripesfcan (Ribston) Merlesuan had four carucates to be taxed. Ralph
Paynel has it and it is waste. Value in King Edward's time 20s. In
Ripestaine and Homptone (? Hopperton the adjoining township on the north,
if so, doubt as to settled boundaries in 1066) Turgofc and ArchiJl had two
carucates of land to be taxed. There is land to one plough. Value in
Edward's time 20s., now 5s. 4d. Richard, the son of Erfast, has it now.
Gamel had also lands in Homptone, which now belong to Osbern de Arches.
Turber had also IJ carucates of land to be taxed, where there may be one
plough. Godefrid has it now of William de Percy, himself one plough there.
Manor. — In Cathale (Cattal) Cospatric had three carucates of land to be taxed.
There is land to two ploughs. Ernegis (Erneis de Burun) has there one
plough and five villanes and three bordars with two ploughs. Wood pasture
half a mile long and half broad. Value in King Edward's time 30s. ; the same
now. Osbern de Arches had also land there. The soke is in the King's manor
of (Knares) burg.
Manor. - In Hulsingore (Hunsingore) Cospatric had four carucates and three
oxgangs of land to be taxed. There is land to two ploughs. Erneis de Burun
has there one plough and nine villanes and three bordars with three ploughs.
Wood pasture two quarentens long and one broad. Value in King Edward's
time 30s., now 50s. Soke ; in the same village there are ten oxgangs to be
taxed in the soke of Chenaresburg.
Manok. — In Godensburg (Gouldsborough) Merlesuan has eight carucates of land
to be taxed. Land to four ploughs. Hubert, a vassal of Ralph Paganel's,
has now there one plough and seven villanes with two ploughs and half a
fishery, paying 5s. 4d. Wood pasture twelve quarentens long and four
broad.
Soke. — In Coletorp (Cowthorpe) there are three carucates of land to be taxed,
where there may be three ploughs. The soke is in Crucheslaga (Whixley) ;
Godefrid de Alselin now has it of William de Percy. There are three villanes
with one plough. There is a church there.. Wood pasture half mile long and
half broad. The whole manor one mile long and half broad. Value in King
Edward's time 20s., iioav 5s. 4d. O

226 OLD YORKSHIRE.
Manor.— In Diston (Deighton) Merlesuan had twelve carucates to be taxed.
Ralph Paganel noAv has it. There is a church there. Wood pasture half mile
long and half broad. Value in King Edward's time 60s., now 4s.
Soke.— In Berghebi, three carucates; and Distone (Deighton), four carucates;
and Gemundstorp (Ingmanthorpe) one and a half carucates, in the soke of
Holsingoure. To be taxed together eight and a half carucates. There is land
to four ploughs. Ernegi (Erneis de Burun) has there one sokeman and four
villanes and two bordars with two ploughs. Value in King Edward's time
28s., now 5s.
Manor. — In Spoford (Spofforth) Gamelbar had three carucates of land, and there
may be two ploughs. William de Percy now has four ploughs there and nine
villanes, and ten bordars with four ploughs, and one mill of 2s., and four acres
of meadow, wood pasture one mile long and one broad ; the whole sixteen
quarentens long and twelve broad. Value in King Edward's time 20s.,
now 60s.
Manor. — In Plontone (Plumpton) Gamelbar had two carucates to be taxed. There
isi land to one plough, wood pasture half mile long and three quarentens broad.
It is now cultivated, and pays 5s. ; value in King Edward's time 20s.
William de Percy now has it.
Manor. — In Michelbram (Braham) Gamelbar had four carucates of land to be
taxed. There is land to two ploughs. It is waste. Value in King Edward's
time 20s. Wood pasture five quarentens long and five broad. The whole
manor eleven quarentens long and eleven broad. William de Percy now
has it.
Manor. — In Roselinton (Ruthfarlington) Gamelbar had fourteen oxgangs to be
taxed. There is land to one plough. It is at present cultivated, and pays
5s. Wood pasture 1| miles long and nine quarentens broad. The whole
two miles long and eleven quarentens broad. Value in King Edward's time
Ss. William de Percy noAv has it.
Manor — In Cradwell (Stookeld).* Turber had two carucates of land to he taxed,
and there may be one plough there. William de Percy now has it, but it is
not inhabited. Wood pastures half a mile long and half broad. The whole one
mile long and one broad. Value in King Edward's time 20s,, noAv 5s. 4d.
Six Manors. — In Lintone (Linton), Wiber, Ulf, Rauchil, Ber, and Ulchil had
8J carucates of land to be taxed, where there may be four ploughs. Ebrard
now has it of William de Percy, himself one plough there, and three villanes
and two bordars with one plough and one mill of 16s. ; meadow twelve acres.
Manor. — In Wedrebi (Wetherby) Wiber had two carucates of land to be taxed,
and there may be two ploughs there. William (de Colville), a Knight of
William de Percy's, now lias it, himself one plough there, and three A'illanes
and one bordar with one plough. Value in King Edward's time 20s., the same
now. In this same village is one carucate of land to be taxed, the soke
belongs to Chenarsburg ; William has1 it now ; there may be half a plough
there. There are two carucates of land to be taxed in the soke of Knares-
borough. There is land to one plough. Ernegis (Erneis de .Burun) has there
one sokeman and four villanes, with two ploughs. Wood pasture half a mile
long and half broad.
Soke. — In Tvadesorp (Thorparch),t theie is in the soke of Nenueton (Newton)
1 i carucates of land to be taxed. There is land to one plough. Wood pasture
half a mile long and four quarentens broad. Ralph Paganel has it and it is
waste. There are four acres of meadow.
* Was Stockeld a site at the top of the hill separating the Vales of Crimple
(that is, Nidd) and Wharfe, the stockaded intrenchment. of the Celts watching
Spofforth ? Confer Dunkeld, the fort of the Celts. Taylor's Words and Places, p. 149.
+ Taodunum, now Dundee, was a British fort occupied by the Romans ;
confer Tadcaster.

THE NORMAN AND II IS CONQUEST. 227
Of the surrounding districts I merely give the Old English
and Norman owners. Tochi, a Dane who has left his name at Took-
with, possessed the two Wig-hills and Ilailaga (1'elaugli); they Avent
to Godefrid : Gamelbar and Ulf had Rigton, Beckwith, Hilton and
Rosset ; all these were waste except Hilton, which paid 3s. ; they
went to Gilbert Tison, the Conqueror's great standard bearer. Cospatric
held Dunsford, Branton, and Grafton ; they went to Erneis de Burun.
Archil, GodAvin and Godwin, and Alwin held Steeton ; Fardan, Ahvin,
and Tone held Appleton ; Archill, Godwin and GodAvin, Tor, and
Ulstan held Colton; Orme, Godwin, and Tor held Thorpe Arch;
Aid win held Marstoii ; Tocui held AVilstrop ; El win held Hutton
AVandsley ; they all went to Osbern de Arches, with many others.
It is not intended to recapitulate the details of the preliminary
strife, which ended with the defeat of Tosti at Stamford Bridge ; nor
to recall the miseries of that terrible day at Hastings, where a kingdom
was lost, and one of the greatest, if not the greatest event in the history
of the Avorld was celebrated. I do not intend even to relate the story
of the siege of York, and that black crime which followed it, the
desolation of Y/orkshire. It is useless noAv to describe
The tumult of each sacked and burning village ;
The shout that every prayer for mercy drowns ;
Tbe soldiers' revel in the midst of pillage,
The wail of famine in beleaguered towns.
This narrative is personal and local ; and after the subjugation of
the kingdom, it centres itself mainly in the history of the two great
families of Percy and De Ros. Speaking broadly, we maj' say
that when the spoils of conquest came to be shared the lands of
Cospatric and Gamelbar went to the Percy ; those of Merlesweyn, by
one or two remoA'es, Avhich we shall explain, to the De Ros. This
arrangement seems to have held in all the three Ridings. Percy
immediately planted one of his seats at Spofforth, another at Seamer,
near Scarbrough, where he obtained the vast possessions of the Lady
Emma de Port,* a lady of Saxon descent, and having seized her
possessions, " he wedded hyr that was verye heire to them, in
discharging of his conscience," if we are to believe an old writer
not unfavourable to him. William Percy, who was nick-named
Alsgernons (William with the AYhiskers), did not live a long life.
Accompanying Duke Robert in the first crusade, he died at Mountjoy,
near Jerusalem, the celebrated eminence whence the pilgrims of the
cross first viewed the Holy City; leaving four sons and two daughters.
This event had possibly a large influence upon our story.
As we have seen, Ralph Paganel obtained the lands of Merlesweyn.
He represented a Norman family of good repute. Like Percy, he
obtained large possessions in the North and East Ridings. Of his
* Of Whitby or Scarborough, or both. It is not insignificant that Hugh de
Porta was one "totius curiae regis" present in London when the Conqueror gave
the charter for the foundation of Selby Abbey, to which Hugh was a witness.

228 Old Yorkshire.
domestic and private affairs but little is known. He had a seat at
AVartre, on the Wolds, and also seems to have resided at Ingmanthorpe.
Ordericus Vitalis, speaking of the affairs of Normandy, mentions
Geoffrey, the son of Paganus ; and we knoAv that in 1114 Geoffrey
FitzPain gave the chapel of All Saints, SkeAvkirk, to Nostel Priory.
There cannot be any doubt that this Geoffrey was the successor of
Ralph Paganel, but what Avas the degree of their kinship I have not
been able to settle. Geoffrey FitzPain, cdias Trussebut, as he is
spoken of in English affairs, had a son AVilliam, who definitely adopted
the nickname as his surname, and is known as William Trussebut or
Troussebot (which may mean a maimed, deformed, or club-foot.) AVilliam
Trussebut, of Wartre, and of Ingmanthorpe, Avas the personal friend
and retainer of King Henry I. He married Aubry, or Albreda de
Harcourt, daughter of Robert 1st of Harcourt, in the district of
Neuborg, in Normandy. William was a stern soldier, who did knight's
service for his sovereign. He was Governor of Bonneville- sur-Touque
in 1138, an office hereditary in his family, one branch of Avhich
possessed domains in the neighbourhood of Bonneville, which was a
Royal residence. To him Ave ascribe the erection of the Norman
church at Kirk Deighton and the original hall at Ingmanthorpe. Vitalis
the Chronicler, speaking perhaps with undue severity of the favourites
of King Henry, includes AArilliam Troussebot among those " of low
origin, whom, for their obsequious services, he raised to the rank of
nobles, taking them, so to speak, from the dust, surrounding them with
wealth, and exalting them above Earls and distinguished lords of
castles. Having acquired wealth and built themselves mansions, they
established a position far above that of their fathers, and often
revenged themselves or lorded over them by false and unjust
accusations. These and many others of humble birth, whom it would
be tedious to mention individually, were ennobled by the King, his
Royal authority raising them from a low estate to the summit of
power, so that they became formidable to the greatest nobles."
Geoffrey, his father, founded the Priory of AArartre in 1132, and that
is the last act recorded of him. Richard, who became a knight, was
his son and heir ; he gave the land of Jordan de Horington to Wartre
Priory. Robert, his son, confirmed the gift of the Church of Wartre,
and conceded the donation to Geoffrey FitzPain and of Godfrey " my
brother" to the church of All Saints of Welton; and King Henry II.
confirmed the gift of Geoffrey FitzPain of the Church of St. James of
Wartre, and of the gift of Geoffrey Trussebut of the land which was
in the close. William Trussebut, and Geoffrey, his son, conjointly
witness a grant of Henry, son of Ipolitus de Bram, and so connect
themselves with Ingmanthorpe. William Trussebut seems to have
come into his inheritance during the reign of King Stephen. His wife
survived him, for we find that " Albreda de Harcourt, relict of William
Trussebut, son of Geoffrey FitzPain, commanded her bailiffs to support
the Canons of the Church de Bosco (Woodkirk), given to the chapel of

THE NORMAN AND HIS CONQUEST. 229
Schokirk, in all their rights." It is not certain who succeeded William
Trussebut. Nicholas FitzPain (Alius Pagani) held lands in Lathorn
about a.d. 1200, and his position in the family is not securely fixed.
The accepted account is that AA^illiam left three daughters and
co-heiresses, Rose, Agatha, and Hillaria.
Rose Trussebut married Everard de Ros, Lord of Ros or Boos, in
Hoiderness. Her sister Agatha married William de Albini ; Hillaria
married Robert de Bullers. In the marriage of Rose Trussebut
we have one of the most important events in the history of
her family. Her husband Avas of a race that had proved its martial
qualities in the first Crusade, where William de Percy perished ; the
emblems that it adopted as its armorial bearings, iioav the most
honoured distinctions in heraldry, three water bougets, were the simple
double leather bottles that the parched soldier carried across the
pommel of his saddle to slake his thirst while traversing or fighting
upon the burning sands of Palestine : and in Robert Ros, the early
Crusader and father of Everard, the Order of Knights Templars on
their first establishment obtained a firm and generous friend. The
first Master of the Order was Hugh de Payn, or as the monkish
historians call him, Hugh Paganus. AVe cannot trace his descent, but
Ave must not omit to notice that he bore the same name as Geoffrey
Alius Pagani. Hugh visited England to push the cause of his Order in
1128-9, and what is equally certain, he found in Robert Ros, the father
of Rose's husband, a munificent patron. It is also probable that
Hamo Meinfelin, father of Agatha's first husband, had an interest in the
Preceptory at Hurst, and was witness to one of its earliest charters.
Is the visit of Hugh Paganus the Templar to England, then the link
that first joined the families of Ros and Trussebut, and so effected a
mighty influence on the English branch of the Order ; or is the whole
a mere coincidence 1
At the death of his father, Everard de Ros was a minor, and in
the wardship of Ralph de Glanvil, the great Norman lawyer — and a
bit of a scoundrel, as shall be shown directly. Everard seems to have
recovered possession of his estates about the 12th Henry II. (1165.)
His life does not appear to have been either adventurous or of much
interest. He died about the year 1180, and was most probably buried
in the Priory at Kirkham, founded by his ancestor, AValter l'Espec, in
1121. His son, Robert de Ros — or Tursan, as he was sometimes
called — succeeded him as a minor, who appears to have come of age in
1189, when he paid 1,000 marks fine to the Crown for livery of his
lands. In the nickname Tursan, of which we have an equivalent in
Turncoat, may lie the corrupt form of the words Tour-sein, signifying a
change in the mind and heart of the man — "l'esprit et le cceur de
l'homme," as a French writer interprets it. This nickname could not
have been given to him for a few years yet to come. The circum-
ta nces that gave rise to it had not occurred ; it perhaps marks
an event of which something hereafter will be said ; it may be that it

230

OLD YORKSHIRE.

is the keystone to a chapter in the history of one of the mightiest
events in our national struggle for personal liberty. Robert de Ros
soon became one of Richard Cceur de Lion's first favourites ; and for
the present I will leave him,
Lull'd with the sweet Nepenthe of a Court,
until I have introduced the third great family with which we shall
have to deal. According- to the pedigree manufacturers, who are, on
the whole, the most credulous of beings, there lived at Plumpton, in
the Conqueror's reign, a native named Edred, or Eldred, who had a son
Huckman, who also had a son Nigel, his successor, who was alive
21 Henry II., 1174, to whom William de Estoteville, or, as he is
better known, de Stuteville, gave the manor of Plumpton for a horse of
£5 value — which, by the AAray, was either a joke or a means of re
gaining the manor at pleasure, for such an amount of money was
almost infinitely beyond, the value of any horse in those days, and
therefore the consideration could not be paid. Nigel is said to have
married two Avives, first, Margaret, sister of John, Abbot of St. Mary's,
of York, and second, Juliana de Warwick, by both of whom he had
issue. I shall print a charter which will tell us something about
Huckman and a good many more people, and that, too, in a Arery
pleasant manner. In the meantime, let us take a bit of history which
will introduce the new light and bring- out some of the doings of
Ralph de Glanvill, who had had in wardship Everard de Ros, whose
son Robert was also in wardship at the very time of which we write ;
a time of the most feeble government and greatest corruptions of any
in the history of England. In the year 1 184 " Gilbert de Plumpton,
a knight of noble birth, being led in chains to Worcester and accused
of rape before our lord the King of England by Ranulph de Glanville,
Justiciary of England, who wished to condemn him, he was, by an
unjust judgment, condemned to be hanged upon a gibbet ; and when he
Avas led forth to the gibbet, there met him a multitude of men and
women, crying aloud and saying that a righteous and innocent man
ought not thus to suffer. Upon this, Baldwin, the Bishop of Worcester, a
religious man, and one who feared God, hearing the shouts of the
people, and learning the injustice that was being perpetrated against
this wretched man, ran after him ; but the ministers of wickedness,
hastening to perpetrate their crime, fastening a rope round his neck,
had suspended him aloft, when, lo ! the Bishop came up in all haste,
and said to the executioners, ' In behalf of Almighty God, and under
pain of excommunication, I forbid you to put that man to death this
day, for it is the Lord's Day and the feast of St. Mary Magdalen
(22nd July.) At these words the executioners stood astounded,
hesitating what to do, for they feared the King's justice and dreaded
the sentence of excommunication. However, the Divine power pre
vailed, and from respect for the solemnity of the day, they lowered the
rope and let him come to the ground, to be kept until the next morning,

THE NORMAN AND HIS CONQUEST. 231
when he was to undergo the punishment. That same night, our lord
the King, being moved with pity, and influenced by the counsels of his
followers, commanded that he should remain as he was until further
notice of what should be done with him ; for he was aAvare that
Ranulph de Glanville had thus acted towards him from feelings of
dislike, and wished to put him to death on account of his wife, the
daughter of Roger Gulewast, Avhom the said Ranulph wished to give in
marriage, together with her inheritance, to his friend Reiner, the Sheriff
of York. Accordingly the knight, being rescued from death, was kept
in prison by Ralph de Glanville until the King's death." Had the times
not been excessively licentious, Ralph would have been sent down to
posterity as a thorough scoundrel, for he hesitated at little. Two years
later than this, on the death of the Dean of York in 1186, Ave find him
obtaining the King's presentation for his clerk, Hubert Fitz Walter, to
the deanery. To expiate his sins the old vagabond went to the
Crusades, and there we find the end of him. He died at the siege of
Acre, in 1190, Avith Walter, son of Philip de Kyme, and Walter,
brother of Peter de Ros, the Archdeacon of Carlisle, who died in 1196.
AVilliam de Stuteville, of whom there has been mention made, was
at this time a celebrity, as one of the tools of John, Earl of Montaigne,
afterwards King of England. Civil affairs had now reached the climax
of a sad chaos. The Archbishop of York had bought for a large sum
the shrievalty of the county, and his officers were committing all
manner of detestable extortions. In the meantime the canons of York
complained ; the archbishop's bailiffs were thrown into prison ; and in
1194 AVilliam de Stuteville and Geoffrey Haget were appointed to
exercise supervision in Yorkshire over the Archbishop and his
shrievalty. William was not slow to avail himself of the advantage of
his official position. He very soon " arranged a marriage" between the
boy John de Roos and his own daughter Emma, which from a Avorldly
point of view would be much to the advantage of the latter. From
them descended the main line of Roos of Hoiderness. Their eldest son
was Richard de Roos, whose eldest son John de Roos married
the daughter of Amandus de Ruda, and had three sons, Richard, John
and Robert; Richard Roos of Routh was living between 1310 and
1319. As a reflection of the times just passed through, and from
which the three estates of Percy, Ros, or Plumpton, were or had been
suffering, we will give the enactment made to relieve both landlord
and tenant. In cases of all inquiries knights had been appointed to
enrol juries.
And the said knights before- named shall upon their oath, make claim of twelve
lawful knights, or free and lawful men, if knights shall not be found for the
purpose, in the different parts of each county on the circuit of the Justices
itinerant, as shall seem expedient, Avho shall in like manner make oath that they
will use all their lawful endeavours to restore, and to value and establish the
rights of wardship and escheat in those parts, and will give their counsel and
assistance to advantage the King therem as before-mentioned. The said juror
shall also upon oath choose four free men as many and such as they shall think

232

OLD YORKSHIRE.

necessary for the performance of the aforesaid business of our lord the King as to
escheats and wardships. It is also to be known that the said Avardships and
escheats shall be made g jod out of the revenues arising therefrom up to the feast
of Michaelmas, as also from the revenues at that time due ; and if they shall not
suffice, then the deficiency shall be supplied by a toll of our lord the King ; it
being understood that those who hold the said wardships and escheats to farm,
shall, after the feast of St. Michael, answer for the same thence-forward as for
farms in husbandry. And as for those who shall hold the said wardships and
escheats to farm, our lord the King shall give them warranty for the same from
year to year until the termination thereof ; so that, although our lord the King
should give any of them to any person, the farmer shall still hold his farm, to hold
the same by farm till tbe end of the year by paying to him to whom our lord the
King shall have given it, the rent which shall be due from him for the same until
the end of the year. The farmer, Avhen he shall give up his farm, is to have all
his stock which he shall have placed upon the farm, all his property, freely and
without diminution. Most diligent inquiry shall also be made what is the rental
assessed upon each manor in demesne, and the value of all other assessments in
the said manor, and how many carucates there are and how much they are each
worth, not estimating them at a fixed value of 20s. only, but according as the land
is good or bad, whether the value is likely to increase or decrease ; those persons
who shall take these farms shall stock their farms as already mentioned, according
to the sum named as to the revenues of the escheats and wardships. Inquiry is
also to be made with how many oxen and plough-horses each carucate ought to be
stocked, and how much stock and to what amount each manor is able to support,
and the result thereof is then to be speedily and distinctly reduced to writing.
The price set upon a bull or a cow shall be 4s., upon a plough-horse the same, upon
a sheep with fine wool 10d., upon a sheep with coarse wool 6d., upon a boar or a
sow 12d. ; and when the farmers give up their farms they shall be answerable in
the aforesaid sums, or in animals payable for the same, at the option of the
farmers ; and when all the aforesaid stock shall be placed thereon and duly
valued, they shall all be enrolled openly and distinctly, and the register thereof
shall be deposited in the Exchequer. From this assize are to be excepted
bishoprics and abbeys and lands of barons who are nearly of age.
Peace to the shades of Melech-Ric, for that which beats all
crusades and "knightly worth," and "pomp and pride of chivalry,"
because it is a most equitable piece of agricultural legislation, although
it was done in the times of general black -darkness, corruption, and
knavery, when Englishmen were sold by Norman lords as chattels, a
score years before the great charter ! It was well for Robert de Ros
that this enactment was made, for he soon after fell into trouble, and
would have been a terrible sufferer, yet he got off in a manner by no
means scathless as it was, but rather in a manner that proved his
knightly " worth." In 1196, a combat — of a friendly nature, it seems,
a pleasant passage of arms — taking place in Normandy between the
followers of the King of France and those of the King of England,
Hugh de Chaumont, a valiant and wealthy knight, and a very intimate
friend of the King of France, was taken prisoner and delivered to the
King of England. Richard delivered him into the custody of De Ros,
who delivered him to William de l'Espinay, his retainer, to keep him in
the Castle of Bonneville-sur-Touque, where we first met \Arilliam
Trousebot, De Ros's grandfather, in 1138. De l'Espinay kept a
negligent guard over De Chaumont, who by night descended from the
wall and escaped, it is said with the consent and connivance of his

THE NORMAN AND HIS CONQUEST. 233
keeper. Richard, greatly enraged at this, immediately imprisoned
De Ros, fined him 1,200 marks of silver as his ransom (£800, that is
4,000 bulls or cows or plough horses, 16,000 boars or sows, 19,200
sheep with fine wool — Iioav much, pray, of present money?), and
hanged de l'Espinay Avithout more to do, as a traitor to his lord. Poor
AVilliam De l'Espinay, deSpinis, Spiney, or, as we should call him to-day,
Thorne, he had given lands in Nafferton to Bridlington Priory for the
good of his soul ; may the gift avail him much ! flow long it took to
collect the monstrous fine is not known, but de Ros was at liberty
before the death of Richard.
Leeds. W. Wheater.

THE DAYS OF CAPTIArITY.
On the accession of John, AVilliam Stuteville became Sheriff of
York on John's behalf, received the grant of the Forest of Knaresborough,
in which were the Plumpton Estates, aud then recommenced the reign
of plunder. His greedy paw was soon settled on our neighbourhood.
No sooner was John on the throne than he confirms to him Bramham,
Avith the appurtenances and the essarts given by Ralph de Glanville and
AVilliam Paynel and on the 12th December, 1204, John orders Nigel
Plumpton to deliver to the Archbishop land in Ruthfarlington and
Ribbeston, which had been granted to Stuteville, as part of the forest of
" Cnarreburg," Nigel to give a palfrey for leave to hold these lands,
with the chattels in Ribbeston, until the King should come to York,
they having been seized into the King's hands pro wasto forestw. The
result of the investigation was a fine of twenty marks paid into the
King's exchequer by Brian de Insula, constable of Knaresborough.
Brian was an official of much the same type. AVhether Gilbert de
Plumpton remained in prison until the end of Richard's reign or not we
do not know. The Plumpton estates had in the meantime been
administered by Nigel de Plumpton, Avhom we will now let speak by
his own charter as to Huckman, the seneschal of Plumpton, and as to
more men who were then toiling slaves in this our England.
To all the sons of Holy Church, present and to come, Nigel de Plumpton sends
greeting. Know ye that I have given and conceded, and by this my charter have
confirmed, to Robert, the son of Huckeman, for his homage and service, five
bovates of land, with all their liberties and free things belonging, both within and
without towns, viz. , in entering in and going out, in ways and footpaths, in wood
and plain, in watsrs and on banks, in moors and marshes, in meadows and pastures,
in turbaries (turf-pits — no coal in those days !), and in all free easements, to wit,
two bovates of land in Plumpton, which his father held with the toft and croft and
essarts (farm-house, &c, croft and cleared laud), and all their free appurtenances, and
also two plots of land in improvement {in incrementum) towards tbe north to
" Barthestortes, " and two bovates of land in Scotton, which belonged to William
the Cook, and a bovate of land in Ribstain, which Richard le Butiller held with
two tofts, of which he, Richard, had one, and Ailine held the other. And also I

231 OLD YORKSHIRE.
have conceded and confirmed to the aforesaid Robert (the son of Huckeman) in
improvement of his bovate in Ribstain, a toft with an apple orchard in Ribstain,
viz., the toft which Robert, the son of HulkiU (?, as to the descent of Robert de
Linton ; at the Conquest Ulchil was one of the Thanes of Linton) held, and six
acres and a half of land in the fields of Ribstain Avith all their free rights and
appurtenances, and all their easements in all places and things, without retaining
anything thereto belonging, either to myself or my heirs, within towns or without,
except the bovate of land to which the said toft and one of the said acres did belong;
viz.. the acre which William Straungald held, between the road which leads from
Ribstain to Spofford and the water called "Crempel,'' and an acre which Robert
the son of HulkiU held beyond the road from Ribstain to Spofford, nearer to the
road to Bram on the south, and two acres and a half which Richard, the son of
Beucelin held, which lie nearer to "Frodsberi" on the east, and two acres in
" Godwinnes-ridding " (that is, the land cleared from the forest by Godwin — ante-
conquest men brought back to life after a sleep of eight centuries in the grave !)
which extend beyond the said acres. And this toft and apple-orchard and six and
a half acres of land the aforesaid Robert the son of Huckeman had of the gift of
Walter the son of Nigel de Stokeld. And all the said lands, as well the five
bovates as the others, with all their free rights and customs, I have conceded and
by this charter confirmed to the said Robert to have and to hold to him and to his
heirs from me and my heirs without any impediment or return to me and my heirs
for ever in fee and free and peaceful heirship and quit from all service and all
terrene exaction, making outward (that is, military) service, to wit, for the two
bovates of land and two acres in Plumpton, as much as belongs to them, where 12
carucates and a half make a knight's fee ; for the two bovates in Scotton, as much
as belongs to them, Avhere 20 carucates make a knight's fee ; for the one bovate in
Ribstain and the six and a half acres and the toft and apple-orchard, as much as
belongs to them, where 10 carucates make a knight's fee. Moreover, I have
released and quit-claimed from me and my heirs for ever to the said Robert and
his heirs four shillings of rent, two gilt spurs, and two barbed arrows, which
belong to me per annum of rent of the said lands, therefore the above-named
Robert or his heirs shall do no other service to me or my heirs for the same, except
only the outward service according as it is frequently written in this charter. And
I Nigel and my heirs guarantee the five bovates aforesaid, and all the other afore
said things, with all their liberties appurtenant both within tOAvn and without, to
the said Robert and his heirs, against all men, for the said outward service,
without return or impediment. These are the witnesses — Robert le Vavasur,
Hugh de Lelay (Leathley), William de Corneburg, William de Witheton, Alexander
his brother, Robert de Wiuelstrop (Wilstrop), Walter de Ribstan, Richard de
Riplea, Thomas de Walkingham, Matthew de Bram, Alexander de Scotton, Robert
de Dicthenbi, Walter de Folifait, Henry de Brakentwait, Adam of the same town,
Henry son of Bauldwin, William the son of Serlo, Gilbert le Lardener, Thomas
de Langewat, William Mansel (Robert Mansel was a Templar in 1156, and greatly
distinguished himself near Tiberias), Simon Dispensator (the Steward), and others.
The date of this charter is not good to fix, but from evidences to
be gathered from the lives of the witnesses it may be taken to be about
the year 1200, or perhaps a little earlier. The Ribston that it refers to
is Little Ribston, and not the site of the Preceptory of Knights
Templars, which is across the river. In the Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian
Library, is a series of charters of lands giA>-en to St. Leonard's
Hospital, in York, and a few abstracts from them relating to this
district will indicate the old landmarks, many of the old people, and
show, as in a living scene, the state of the country about this date : —
William, son of Osbert de Ribbestain, gave Ralph de Ribbestain, with all the
lands which he held of William.

THE DAYS OF CAPTIVITY. 235
Robert de Ribbestain gavo tho land in Ribbostain, which was Godwin's in
toft and croft.
Peter, son of Nigel do Plumpton, gave a toft in Parva Ribbestain, noar tbe
toft of Malger and under Loslay ; 5 roods of land which lie between the landof
Robert, son of Uckman de Plumpton, and the land of John Beaugrant, of Ribbe
stain; and IJ roods in Linlandes.
William, son of Walthoof, gavo 1 bovate in Ribbstayn, wliich Malger, son of
Godwin, held, with 2 tofts which tbe said Malger held in exchange for 14 acres of
laud in the fields of Ribstain, of wliich 7 acres are in Copthwaite an 7 in
Estridenues. This transaction took plaoe between 1191 and 1206.
John, son of William de Beaugrant, gave all his lands in Ribbestain which
JMnlgor had of William, his father.
Robert, son of Ralph de Ribstan, gave a toft in Ribstan, nearest on the south
side to the toft Avhioh Simon held of the church of Spofforth, and 13 acres of land
in tho fiold of Ribstan, of whioh I> lie in Oeritcecroft and Micklethwaite
(Mitctliewaili), and tlio other 5 in Whiteflat ; and tho others are in Goldiacuk,
JussuriT, and Lanom.anhs,
William Trussobut confirms all the land which Nigel do Stockeld gave, viz.,
all the culture called Ulicuokt, Avith all its appurtenances and the land in my fee
on tho Avest part of the Avay which leads from Cralvett* towards Werreby, up
to the feo of William Percy. I give to the said hospital 7J acres of land in the
western part of my manor of Dicton, near the said culture, and common of pasture
in tho fields of Dicton ; and the hospital shall hold of mo and my heirs in fee,
returning 8s., four at Pentecost and four at St, Martin in winter (11th November),
for all service which belongs to ono carucate of land in Dicton.
This charter brings up a sharp distinction in point of time. As
has been already stated, the received account of the extinction of the
line of Trussebut is that it ended in three females. That account
cannot be absolutely correct if it intended to represent that they were
the only children. Burton, in his Monasticon Eboracense, tells us that
Galfrid Fitz Tain, alias Trussebut, the father of AVilliam Trussebut,
gave to the Priory of AVartre the church of Wartre Avith all its tithes,
many acres of land, Avith a mill situate upon VVestbec and the tithes of
all his mills ; and that this gift ay«s confirmed by Pope Innocent II.
and Galjrid and Robert, the sons of William Trussebut. Galfrid, son of
William, also' gave to the Priory " a place in the territory of Seton-grange
on Spaldingmoor, called Priest-Avarth," and the church of TJlceby, in
Lincolnshire, which King Henry 111. and Pope Innocent IV. confirmed.
This confirmation must have taken place between the years 1243 and
1254, which included Innocent's reign; but the donation may have been
made many years before, aud Ihe date is not known. At the same time
there Avas a 'third son, Richard, who confirmed lands in AVartre giA'en to
the Priory by Jordan de Ilorington and Maud his Avife. This raises
tho suspicion, but is not proof, that Maud was a Trussebut. Agatha
Trussebut A\-as then alive, and about the same period confirming the
gift of other lands given by Thomas Dayville in Wartre to the Priory.
Agatha Trussebut liATed to a very great age; Ave shall find her as a

* See the Norse Vatri, Avater, a small lake, couple it Avith Dicton, " the dyke-
town," the water town ; and then soarch for Cralvett in the " Dales " lying between
Wetherby and Kirk Deighton at the present day.

236

OLD YORKSHIRE.

widow dealing with these lands, and she became a munificent benefac
tress, especially to the Preceptory of Knights Templars at Ribston.
She died in 1246, and such were her gifts, either to individuals or to
institutions, that immediately after her death a Commission was held
to consider her sanity, but it appears that the ancient and childless
dame could not be held to be irresponsible for her actions. Pnder any
circumstances, it shows that during the lifetime of AVilliam de Ros, or of
Rose his mother, there were male members of her family who had an
influence OA-er the estate. AA~e now get to charters of William de Ros'a
antecedent to the latest of the aboA-e periods, and possibly also to the
establishment of the Preceptory of Knights Templars, which took place
2nd Henry III., 1217. Of course, AVilliam Trussebut was then dead,
but he may not haA-e been dead long, for his charter is Avitnessed by
Ipolitus de Braam and Matthew his son, whereas Matthew at a later
period wTas himself a donor to the hospital. William Trussebut's death,
the aboATe gifts, and the establishment of the Preceptory must therefore
have all occurred during the manhood of Matthew de Braam.
William de Ros gave the homage of Thomas de Stockeld, with the services at
his couit, and the lands and tenements which Thomas held in South Dicton, the
hospital to pay 8s. annually for all services, at Pentecost and Martinmas.
Richard, son of Thomas de Stockeld, for his homage and service, gave all the
lands wliich Thomas, his father, held in Dicton.
Matthew de Braam, for the good of his soul and the soul of Elena, his wife,
gave to the Hospital of St. Peter of York, half a carucate of land, of which one
bovate is in the territory of Braam, one held a certain Halewarexs, and the other
Sanguin (?) de Braam Avith the tofts, crofts, &c, belonging. And another bovate
in Spofford, which was in the fee of Trussebut, and held by Waltheof de Braam ;
and the 20 acres in the territory of Follifayt, with a toft, and a part of my garden
in the same town, which Waltheof also held. Walter, his son, confirms this.
William de Ros gave to the poor of St. Leonard's, of York, one skep of com
every year from his manor of Ingmanthorpe.
Robert Plumpton gave to the Hospital of St. Peter 2 tofts and 2 crofts in the
tOAvn of Ribstain, viz., 1 toft and 1 croft which Thomas the clerk formerly held,
and 1 toft and one croft which Odo Prat held, Avithout any easements aud free
from all secular exactions.
Peter, son of John Beaugrant, gave to the hospital of St. Peter, 1 toft in tbe
town of Ribestain, lying near to the Grese, and an essart in the territory of the
same town near to Crempel; 2 acres of land in the Great Essart, viz., at
Ulkilridig, and 3 acres in the fields of the same town towards the west, viz., 1 J
acres lying at the head Horekuei, 3 roods at Holegatf, and 3 roods Juxta
Crctcem. Henry the Clerk, son of Robert de Ribestayn, gave to St. Peter's 1 toft in the
town lying near the Grene and one Essart that lies near the water of Crempel,
and 184 acres in the territory of the town of Ribbestayn— viz., in the Great Essart
10£ acres, 1 acre in Thorxridixg, 34 acres which extend beyond the Alder-grove
(alnelum) and all the Alder-grove, according as the said acres extend from the foss
towards the south ; 3| acres in Ulkilriddixg, 2£ in the north part of the Gorr
near the Nidd, and 1 rood which lies before the blacksmith's passage, between the
land of William de Neusum and that of John de Waleford ; and 1 rood upon
Si>-r,LAin>ES, and 3 acres lying under Loxlay (now known as Ixiwsley Bank), and
2\ acres in Micklethwaite (really written in the charter Mucphwait), and half
an acre in Rat/priding, and 3 roods near Holgate, and three roods Juxta
Crucem. Returning to use for all services and exactions 12d. a moiety at Pente
cost and the other at Michaelmas; but the said Henry and his heirs ut quicunque

THE DAYS OE CAPTIVITY. 237
in pnedieta terra mansuerunt portionem cattalorum suorum Eos in obitu suo
contingentem. Hail ! Henry, the Clerk, son of Robert de Ribestayn ! let us hope
thou didst live long to enjoy thy goods and chattels, for thou hast told
us much of Ribston. This charter would be given betAveen 1227 and
12.38. Peter, son of John Beaugrant, ga\*e to St. Peter's a toft and croft, containing
2 acres and 1 rood, in Ribbestayn, near the toft of Robert de Stiveton on the east,
Avith a certain perch of land in the corner near the gate of the said Robert, and 9
acres and IJ perches ia the territory of Ribbestayn, viz., 2 acres in Thoriridi><;
and IJ acres in ULKiLRtorxG, of which one end touches the goit (union caput tendit
super gotam), and the other goes towards the south : and 4 acres which extend
upon the marsh, and theu by the middle of the marsh of the breadth of — perches ;
4 acres up to the foss towards the south of the said marsh ; and 1 acre in Mickel-
tuwaite ( Aluchtwayter) and half across the road to Spoford ; and half an acre
upon Edelands. This charter is of the same period as the last, and is witnessed
by many of the same people. The said Peter also gives other lands, viz., 1 toft
lying near the Grene, and 3 acres in my great essart, 1 acre in Thoriridlxg, IJ
acres at the head of the croft Hoeekuei, and 3 roods at Holegate, and 3 roods
Juxta Crucem.
William, son of Robert de Plumpton, gave a toft and croft, containing 1 acre
1 rood, in Ribbestain, near the toft of Robert de Stiveton on the Avest, with a
perch in the corner near the gate of the said Robert, and 9J acres in the territory
of Ribbestain, viz., 2 acres in Thoriridixg ; IJ in Ulkllridixg, touching upon
the goit and running south ; 4 acres which extend on the marsh ; 4 acres up to the
foss on the south of the said marsh ; and 1 acre in Mickelthwaite, half across
the way to Spofforth ; and half an acre upon Edelands.
A better glimpse of the long, faded past it has ne\'er been our
fortune to obtain. From the surface of these musty parchments has
come back with the vividity of actual presence the state and appearance
of Ribstan and the neighbourhood seven hundred years ago. There,
rising on the lull-sides, are the primeval woods, the fringes of the
territory — territorium, the country lying within the bounds of a place,
not in the place, the dark land of dread — hewn into here and there by
the hardiest, those who were '• given" AA-ith their homage ; and specked
Avith the tofts and crofts they haA-e raised and enclosed ; the one toft
with its apple orchard — singular prominence for this apple orchard,
could it possibly contain the original pippin •• brought from France V
And we know the men who erected and dwelt in them, slaves ! given
by their lords with all their possessions and capabilities — all in esse and
all in posse — think of that, which speaks so plainly as to the different
mental conditions of the two people, and the change that has since taken
place, or, rather, perhaps is taking place, by the operation of School
Boards, and the time required to effect it.
Many centuries have been numbered,
Sinoe in death the baron slumbered
By the convent's sculptured portal,
Mingling in the common dust.
There are the roads ! the one besides the "water called Crempel," it
then led to Spofforth, as it does to-day ; there is the other that yet
goes to Braam. There is the marsh; to-day a quagmire, upon which much

238 OLD YORKSHIRE.
human toil has been expended ; it was a veritable marsh, unenclosed
and pulpy, within the memory of young men. There is the forest-
clearing hewn out by the Dane Godwin, no doubt before Duke AVilliam
of Normandy sent Percy to harry the lands and call them his own ; the
Micklethwaite, the big effort of the community; the Thoririding,
Ulkilsriding; Whiteflat, Copthwaite, (the "head-clearing," it may
refer to elevation of ground, opposed to Whiteflat ; or relative position
with other clearings), Eastriding ; Langiands; Lowsley (A.S. hlaw, a
-mound, a rising ground, thus meaning the open space in the wood,
which' space was on the rising- ground) with its cognate Loxley, on the
other bank of the Crimple ; and last of all the Edelands, the headlands,
the strip left for work purposes, to be finished of when the main task is
done, just as the ploughboy leaves his headland at the present day.
But where are the green, and the alder-grove, and the cross t They
have departed, leaving only " footprints on the sands of time." But
thei-e are the Essarts — there ! absorbed by many other essarts, grown
Avider and bigger since then, by reason of the 600 years of human toil
expended upon them, now the fruition of man's effort to change the
forest and the wilderness into smiling cornfields and food-producing
farms. And who were the men, what was the community? There
were the barons and knights and squires, with their nicknames,
their mareschals and bailiffs, and the whole train of feudal tyranny.
There were the Deans and Abbots and Archdeacons who witnessed the
charters and saw the lands conveyed. There were the freemen, who
might serve on juries and be farmers, haA'ing to sell bulls and horses at
four shillings each ; and last there were their sub-tenants and serfs !
Are we not better that Gone are all the barons bold,
Gone are all the knights and squires,
Gone the abbot, stern aud cold,
And the brotherhood of friars !
Scarce a name
Remains to fame
Piom those mouldering days of old.
There was Waltei de Ribstain, whom we take to be Walter son of
Nigel (Middleton) de Stockeld, no doubt the chief man of the place,
" with the lands his sires had plundered, written in the Domesday
Book," and beneath him the natives— born on the land— lowly men of
the old English stock, without territorial appellations, the tillers, not
the owners of. the soil; Robert son of Hulkil, who accounts for
Ulkilriding, perhaps proudest man of them all, be he Norman by
blood or ruler and landlord by fortune, possibly the son of the Thane
of Linton before the Conquest; Robert, the son of Huckman, now
raised into the ranks of the gentry and wedded to a Plumpton ; and
then come the nameless ones, Alan, Malger, Waltheof, and Godwin,
avIio accounts for GodAvinsriding, perhaps there was also a Tor -Thor,
the Danish hammer-man in war, whose axe took to hewing down trees

THE DAYS OF CAPTIVITY. 239
after it had finished hewing down Saxons, and so accounts for Thori
riding ; then there were William Straungald — of the mighty grip, —
and Richard the son of Beuceline, who lived near " Frodsberi," a
landmark now lost, or at least wrapped in the obscurity of the past.
Then we have the Raufriding, the riding that Ralph stubbed before
they gave him to the Hospital, with all his lands, cither for the Aveal of
his soul or the soul of somebody else.
But Parson a comes an' a goes, an' a says it easy and freeii
"The Almoighty's a taiikin' o' you to issen, my friend," says cii ;
I weant saay men be loiars, thaw summun said it in aSste,
But ye reads wonn sarmin a weeiik, an' I a stubb'd Thumaby waiiste.
Ralph undoubtedly understood the difference between the tAvo
labours, yet as these men in the days of their oppression were given to
the Hospital — goods, body and soul — so did they in time by their toil
free themselves, and become donors to the very place that had owned
them. Leeds. AV. Wheater.

THE WARNING AND ITS FORCE.
In Robert Ross, alias Tursan, the son of Rose Trussebut, the
greatest glories of his ancient family may be said to have begun.
With the lands his mother added to his patrimony he became possessed
of great wealth. It. was he Avho assumed the name of Hamlake after
having built Helmsley Castle for his residence. He also built AArerke
Castle, in Northumberland, Avhich he gave to one of his younger sons.
From the Norman Rolls, we have much more of the Trussebut family
and the possessions Rose (or Roseia) brought to the De Ros. Rose
Trussebut would be married to Everard De Ros in 1170 or 1171, for
her eldest son, Robert, ayIio Avas then in the wardship of that eminently
respectable and generous individual, Ranulph de Granville, is recorded
to have been not less than 13 years old in 1185, when she was a widoAv
in the King's gift, and aged 34. Rose had also another son, but his
name has not been discovered. Her father, William Trussebut, was
also dead, and her mother, Albreda de Harecurt, a widoAv, aged 50,
Avith four sons, Richard, Geoffrey, William, and Robert — was also in the
King's gift. Albreda de Harecurt died in or about 1205. In the 7th
John, 1205, Hillaria Trussebut gave to the King 10 marks for having
reasonable part of her land of Branteston, which belongs to Albreda de
Harecurt, her mother. The sheriff is commanded to take security for
the 10 marks, giving full seizin, saving to the King the chattels whicl
belonged to William de Albini. Of her frank-marriage she had these
lands in Bramston, co. Northampton. These sons left no issue, and in
the 6th Ric. I., 1195 Ilamo, the husband of Agatha Trussebut, son of
Hamo (Meinfelin) and Robert de Buvelers, otherwise Bullers, the

94.0
*w OLD YORKSHIRE.
husband of Hillaria Trussebut. rendered account of 300 marks for having
the shares of the land of William Trnssebut and Robert his brother.
Inis is the partition of the fee of Robert Trussebut :— Roesia de Ros
took Ribbestein, Hunsinygour, Wafleford, with its mills, and War-
gebi (AAretherby) with its soc, worth £62, including the knight's fees
m that part, and £23 13s. 5d. in Wartre. with a third part of its wood.
The knights of Richard Trussebut held two fees ; Walter Bnrdet held
half a fee, Richard de GerponviUe held half a fee, Peter de Becherings
a quarter fee, and John Bnrdet a quarter fee. Total 3i fees. The
part of Hillary de Bullers, Melton, Copgrave, Copmonisthorpe, FulKford.
Sraehngflet, Cottingwic, in the city of York three marks and three
pence, in Wartre £15 2s. 8d. and third part of the wood. Total
.£62 6s. Od. Of the fees, Godfrey de Burun held one. Hugh de Neville
one, Galfrid de Colabi a half, Nicholas de Chaningcurt a half, Alan de
-Neville a half; total %\ fees. The part of Agatha Meinfelin, Aidton
with the soke of Chahal (Cattal), and one mark inTocwie. Hnllesbi, and
Grahmgham, and in Wartre £15 4s. Od. and tbe third of the wood;
sum £62 6s. Od. Of the knight's fees Matthew de Brema (Bram) held
a half, Bernard de Rippele held a half, James de Benesle held a half,
one fee in Brakene, and Walter de Han'mUl a hah" ; total 3 \ fees. About
the date of this partition the Sheriff of Yorkshire, Hugh Bardolf, rendered
account of the rent of the land which had been belonging to Robert de
Eos. quaefuerat Eoberti Trussebut, for the term of half a year, by him paid
in at the Treasury; and on the Great Roll of the Pipe for the following
year, under the head of Yorkshire, •'¦ Robert de Ros renders an account
of 500 marks for having his reasonable part, sicut primogenitus, of the
land which belonged to Robert Trussebut in England and in Normandy,
as he was reasonably able to point out that they ought to have. Robert
Ros had livery of Ins lands in 1191, 2nd Rie. I. In his charities Robert
de Ros emulated his ancestors. His uncle, Geoffrey Trussebut, the
donor to Wartre Priory, who appears to have been Constable of Bonne
ville in 1176, was also a great benefactor to Norman religious houses.
The Abbey of St. Georges de Bocherville was the greatest recipient of
this bounty. Here is one of his charters conveying land, &c, the
tithes of the mills of St. Cyr and Bameville, to that house, which Bobert
de Ros afterwards confirmed —
sedant omnes presentes et futon quod Ego Gaufridus Trossebut dedi Deo et
abbatie Sancti Georgii de BoehevfUa pro salute anime mee et antecessomm
meornm in pnjam et perpetnam Elemosinam dec-imam mnlgmHni de Sancti Cyriaco
et deeimam molendini de BarneviHa et quicuid habebam in iQo prato quod vocation
"Dicheas," concedens qnod dicta abbatia habeat istas prsefatas elemosinas et per-
petne possideat bene et in pace libere et qniete, gicnt snam param et pezpetnam
elemosinam absque nulla contradictione mei vel haeredum meornm. Et nt bac, ke.
Testes sunt WTllielmus de KenoviDa, Xicholaus Bordefc, Johannes Bordet, Johannes
de Daevifla (Yorkshire tenants of whom moch more could be said), Bogems
Trossebnt, Andreas Quarrel, Bichard de Esgramerweth, WiHehnna de Rrparia
et Willielmns nlins de Aelis.
Robert Trussebut coofirmed this alms in the presence of the same
witnesses, and received from the Chapter of St. George's the privilege of

THE WARNING AND ITS FORCE, 241
confraternity. If he then became a monk, this would account for his
removal from England, Avhere he had been a donor to AVartre, and his
disappearance from the family history. To the charter of Robert Ros
there Avero witnesses Goscelinus presbiter, Gaufridus cloricus, et milites
Reginaldus de Oerpon villa, Radulphus de Bailleul, et Symon cubiculariut
(the chamberlain), Petrus, nepos abbatis, Richardus Alius, Herbert!
Portarii et plures alii.
Reginald do Gorponville was a feudatory of the Honor of Wartre,
and likewise a benefactor to the Abbey of Bocherville, Avith the consent
of his wife Emmeline and son William. The other daughters of William
Trussebut, and co-heirs with Roesia, Avere, as we know, Agatha, whose
Norman husband, Hamo Meinfelin, left her a widow, when she married
AVilliam de Albini, was again left a Avidow, aud died in extreme old age ;
her sister, Hillaria, who married Robert de Bullers, was left a widow,
and also died in extreme old age in 1241. The date of Roesia's death
has not been discovered, but there are grounds for believing it was long
anterior to those of her sisters. The place of burial of each of them is
also unknown. William de Albini, son of William do Albini (or
Meschines, as he is also called) was a widower ; his first wife, Margery
de Umfraville, having died leaving a son, AVilliam de Albini, Avhose only
daughter Isabella married Tursan's grandson. Agatha Trussebut's
second courtship probably took place in Normandy, where William was
serving with Cceur de Lion and Robert Ros. According to the Pipe
Poll (10th Ric. I., and 1st John) 1199, William gave 600 marks for the
marriage of Widow Agatha, together with her inheritance.
Before we come to deal generally with the doings of Robert de
Ros Ave will try to conclude the story of the Trussebuts. After the
Conquest, Deighton, the chief member of the Trussebut fee, fell into the
hands of Ralph Paganel, Sheriff of Yorkshire, the Norman Lord of
Leeds, and of Drax, another lordship on the Aire. Lying on the direct
north road, Deighton suffered terribly in that blasting march of the
Normans to establish their occupation, to avenge the slaughter of
Robert Comine at Durham, and the outbreak and capture of York.
The Thanes who headed that revolt were men of the neighbourhood.
Merlesweyn, of Deighton, was one of them. The most brutal Adolence
of one of the most brutal expeditions on record was expended in this
march. Nothing was sacred to the ravagers. An indomitable peasantry
stood before them, sullen, defiant, or aggressive ; behind them were
defeat and death at the hands of the merciless. Organisation and
discipline were to begin what an unceasing struggle for greed and
self-preservation was to end — annihilation and supremacy. Fortune
favoured organisation and the arms of the Norman. The horrible nature
of the work is well pointed out. The two Deightons, which in Edward's
time had been taxed at 60s., fell, after the peace of extermination had
been secured, to 4s. ; the hamlet of Ingmanthorpe, now sublet by
Paganel to the Norman Erneis de Burun, which fortunately lay off the
main road, suffered less. Its rateable value in King Edward's time
P

242

OLD YORKSUIRE.

was 28s., but after tho nine years of vengeance it had fallen to 5s.
That nine years was a period which separates races by an immortality
of hatred During- that time corpses wove lying' rotting in tho streets
and on the cold healths of lire-consumed cottages, the victims of Avar,
pestilence, or starvation; and unfilled lipids Avere proclaiming the
destitution of man aud beast. There Avas a church then at Deighton,
doubtlessly peering from that lofty hill which commands the district,
where the present beautiful church stands, clothed in the time-marking
mutilations of its being, with its tOAvor and spire conspicuous miles
away, adding grandeur to a scene of quiet repose.
In the fell destruction which ensued, that church seems to have
been destroyed. Settled times came at length, when the old English
began to resume their vigour, and with those times, amid a sullen
obedience, came a reviA-al of prosperity. There is no direct evidence
of the fact, but I am of opinion that in the lull which succeeded the
storm of the Conquest the second church at Deighton, the north side of
AA-hich remains in the present fabric, was built; and I have no hesitation
in ascribing its erection to AVilliam Trussebut. Lately, however, the
church has endured the irredeemable misery of a " restoration," and
much of its historic interest has gone therein. Still sufficient remains
to show us the broad features of the past. The north side of the
church is where aa-o must look for it ; Avhy we should nor look on the
south side I shall directly show, In the north Avail we haA'o a perfect
specimen of the " random Availing" of the late Saxon or early Norman
masons. I am inclined to believe that that Avail was built after the
Saxon fashion under Norman superintendence. It undoubtedly is
anterior to Adel Church, but it is by no means so perfect a structure.
The original windows haA-e been remoA'ed ; and 1 take it they Avere
removed about two centuries after the Avail had been built, in an
emergency AA-hich I shall account for. The plan of the preseut church
up to the chancel arch is that of the Norman church, which would end
in the usual apse, the present chancel having been built aud the apse
removed at the time of which 1 shall have to speak. The nave Avail on
the north side is supported by three plain Norman arches, each sur
mounted by a plain label of two inches projection, composed of the
simple fillet and splay. The shafts of the pillars are each fo.nnod of
four smaller shafts rather more than semi-circular, and surmounted by
a capital of four members, each projection of the cap springing from
the minor shafts of the pillar. The caps rise from a fillet on the top
of the shaft, and have Lavo splays and two fillets, the splays being left
plain for carving, Avhioli has iie\er been executed. This work, including
the clerestory, is later than tho north Avail, and is of squared and coursed
work. The roof, tower, entire south side, and chancel are of another
order of architecture. The church is dedicated to All Saints -All
Hallows— a pre-eminently Saxon dedication. As I have said, I ascribe
the second church to William Trussebut, as I ascribe the original
Ingmanthorpe Hall and the time of its foundation to the reign of Henry I.

THE WARNING AND ITS E0RCE. 243
It lies within the domain of the proA'able that the most ancient of
the existing walls of the structure have sheltered the Trussebuts while
they Avere paying their devotions to their God. The earliest rector
whose name has yet appeared, Thomas de Cantelupe, future Bishop of
Hereford and Chancellor of England, was instituted to the rectory on
the presentation of Agatha Trussebut herself in 1247, the very year of
her death. This and other evidence is conclusive that dame Agatha
occupied Ingmanthorpe ; that she probably died there and was buried in
Deighton church — her own church — and that William Ros, of Ingman
thorpe, son of William Lord Ros of Hamlake, and grandson of Tursan,
immediately succeeded her. It is not an immaterial fact in the chain of
evidence, that William de Ros married Eustacia de Cantelupe, heiress of
Peter de la Haye, and in all probability the sister of Thomas de
Cantelupe, Agatha's rector of Deighton.
The second era in the history of the church occurs in 1319, when
the Scots, having invaded Yorkshire after that dreadful day at Bannock-
burn, held and destroyed Wetherby, Tadcaster, Knaresborough, and the
Avhole district, and ravaged everywhere Avith the ferocity of barbarians.
Kirk Deighton, one of the homes of William, Lord de Ros, a claimant
of the Scottish throne in right of his great-grandmother, Isabella, one
of the daughters of AVilliam the Lion, King of Scotland, and wife of
Robert Ros, Tursan, was the object of their hatred, more especially as
it lay in the neighbourhood of the Percy, the mightiest of their ravagers
and deadliest of their foes. In the march of the Scots from Wetherby
when retiring- to Scotland, they burnt the church and destroyed the A/Mage.
Their mode of proceeding is pretty well known. Having collected
straw and other combustible materials, they piled them up against the
south wall of the church, aud set fire to them, to take advantage of the
south or south-westerly wind of summer. This method was perfectly
successful in destroying the south side and roof of the church, which for
some years remained in ruins. The effect of their havoc, independent
of the destruction of the fabric of the church, can be best estimated by
the fact that in 1288 the rectory was worth £20 a year, whereas in
1320 it had fallen to £10 ; in other Avords one half the property wa,«
destroyed. The rebuilding of the third and present fabric, Avith its
belfry old and brown ;
Thrice consumed and thrice rebuilded, still it watches o'er the town.
was probably done in the domestically quiet portion of the victorious
reign of Edward III. The style of architecture points to that period.
There has been at least one chantry in the church, at the east end of
the south aisle, but I have not been able to ascertain anything con
cerning it. There was also another, of which I shall say something
later on.
Considering the eminence of its patrons and the character of
the neighbourhood, the church is singularly destitute of effigies or
heraldic adornment. During the " restoration " there were two " ancient

244 OED YORKSHIRE.
stones," as they are then described, and these are iioav fixed to the walls
of the church. Ancient they undoubtedly are, and most interesting
Avithal, for they are neither more nor less than two slabs which have
covered the graves of tAvo Knights Templars. They most likely have
been of very early burials, for each slab has engrave! upon it in a
rather rude fashion the Templars' wheel cross and staff and sword.
I believe nothing more is known of them. As a mere incident I may
add that Walter de Diton (clearly Deighton) was Preceptor of
Newsam as appears by a charter gi\-en before dates were inserted.
Was he buried in the Parish Church of his native village J At the \Arest
of the vestry door in the chaueel is a mural arched tomb, " said to be that
of a Lord Ros, avIio lived in the time of King John at Ingmanthorpe Old
Hall. He is said to have enlarged the church, and to have giA'en Ribston
to the Knights Templars for a preceptory." Certainly one-half of
tho tradition is wroug. for Robert de Ros, Tursan, founded the
Preceptory, and he lies buried in the Temple Church, London; yet
the fact, that money is left for the fabric points to an enlargement.
It may haA'e been the tomb of a Ros, as is very likely, but it
Avas a Ros other than Tursan. The opinion of the writer is that
it is either the tomb of Sir Thomas de Roos, of Ingmanthorpe,
who died in July, 1399, leaving his body to be buried in the church
of All Saints of Dighton, bequeathing to the fabric of the said
church 10 marks in silver ; or that of Sir Robert de Roos, a\-1io died in
1475 (1 seo inscription beloAv), ordering his body to bo buried before
the altar of the Blessed Vh'gin Mary on the north side of the choir, and
leaving 13s. 4d. to the parish church, and to the high altar of the said
church 20s. for tithes forgotten. It is difficult to say to which of them
it should be assigned, but I rather favour the claim of Sir Thomas.
Sino-ularlv enough, DodsAvorth, AA'ho visited tho church in his rambles
as a collector of antiquities, on the 6th September, 1620, does not
mention it. He gives the inscriptions on a stone still in the north choir,
on the eastern wall.
Orate pro anima Roberta Roos, militis avmigeri qui Mt Dominus dominii do
Yngmanthorp et patromia Eoclesice paroohialis de South Dioheton qui obiit xxij
die meusis Aprilis Anno Domini Millesimo CCCU1AX III.
The same stone also records the death of a lady, who is believed
to have been the second Avife of the aboA'e Robert :--
Hio iacet Maria Roos quondam uxor Roberti Roos do Yngmanthorp armigeri
no filia venerabili viri Jacobi Strangewaies de Herlesey militis quia obut xxvn die
Augusti Anno GratiiB MCCCOCXXV oujus animte propitietnr Deus Amen.
There was a plate on the north wall, hoav missing, containing the
following inscription : —
Roos jacet hio Jaoobus Sio duxa oaute sepultus
Est Katheriua tuus mater sio ante hoo looum
Oonditus sio matrem prorata soluto bifonnem
Et oinis in oinerem, versus adoro diem.

THE WARNING AND ITS FORCE. 245
James Roos was the son aud heir of Sir Thomas Roos, of Ingman
thorpe, avIio died on the 4th August, 1507, by his first wife Katherino,
daughter of Sir AVilliam (1 John) Stapleton, Kt., of Wighill. Their
impaled arms are mentioned beloAv. There is confusion at this point
not easy to be remedied. One Thomas Ros in his own will mentions
" Malde my Avyf, Avhom I make my solle executrix," and in a codicil he
directs that " my body shal be buried in the high qwher of the said
church of Alhalows of Kirkdyghton, directly afore ye sacrament betwixt
the letteron (lectern) stede and the nethermast degre from the awter.'
He died in 1505. Katherine, daughter of Sir "John" Stapleton,
admittedly the first wife of a Thomas Ros, left issue by him, and directed
that she should " be buried in the high choir of the church of Kirk
Deighton, on the north side near the wall, under the image of St.
George." It would be well to know if any trace of these stones could
be discovered, for they would assist us to realise the appearance of the
church of old The heraldry of the church has been most meagre, if
anything like a fair proportion of it had escaped the destruction of time
and change. Dodsworth only gives the following : —
East Qdire.
Azure, 3 bucks passant, paled with
Gules, 3 bezants a canton ermine.
Roos Azure, an annulet between 3 water bougets Or,
Pickering Gules on a cheveron argent, 3 lions [? ogresses] rampant sable
[between 3 fleurs de lys of the second]
Ruos Azure, 3 water bougets Or, a label of 3 points couped gules and
arg., paled with
Aoklam Gules on a manch ermine between an orle of quatrefoils arg. an
annulet sable.*
Roos, paled with Azure 3 water bougets or, paled with gules on a
cheveron, arg.
(? Stapleton 3 lions rampant gules.
South Quire.
Roos Azure, 3 water bougets or, a label of 3 points compone gules and
paled with
Brus Arg. a lion rampant, azure.f
The beginning of the reign of King John is the beginning of the
change of national affairs, and especially that of local affairs. , The
* The Morte Arthur gives a passionate legend in connection with this
Maunch — a sleeve — and a despairing damsel : —
' ' Sith I of thee ne may have more,
As thou art hardy Knight and free
In the tournament that thou would bear
Some sign of mine that men might see."
" Lady, thy sleeve thou shalt off sheer,
I wol it take for love of thee ;
So did I never no lady's ere,
But one that most hath loved me.''
t See infra, this coat has reference to a high antiquity, and may possibly have1
been an actual link connecting the crusaders with our own times.

246

OLD YORKSHIRE.

century and a half which had passed from the Conquest Avas the breath
ing-time required for the conquered to regain their strength. In that
time they did regain their strength, and showed to their conquerors
that they had repossessed it. One feature must be laid hold of, the fact
that Robert de Ros — Tursan — the man who had changed his mind when
he found that kingcraft, the thing they had propped up until it was
devouring them, could mulct him in many thousands of pounds without
chance of appeal or redress, was one of the chief leaders of the move
ment that wrung from King John and his miserable extortioners the
great charter — Magna Charta — the instrument which proclaimed that no
man should suffer, either in goods or in body, except with the assent and
in accordance with the righteous judgment of his peers. Tursan was
one of the Barons appointed to enforce the observance of this charter.
He did that truly and loyally to the people who were clamouring for it ;
to the people who were showing him and his peers that the day of
captivity was passed ; that another day had dawned Avhich must either
be a day of national regeneration, or a day of ruthless violence and
extermination. England reaped the benefit ; Robert Ros learned a lesson
of practical humility as well as the exact worth of " wealth and the
high estate of pride." "
Leeds. W. W heater.

YORKSHIRE RHYMES AND PROVERBS.

POPULAR RHYMES AND PROVERBS.
HE following Yorkshire Proverbs are taken from a " Collec
tion of English Proverbs, with Annotations, by John Ray,
M.A., and Eellow of the Royal Society," (1678.) This
learned and ingenious author published two editions of the
" Proverbs," and since his death several other editions
have appeared. For information respecting the York
shire ProA'erbs, Ray acknowledges his indebtedness to Francis
Jessop, Esq , of Broomhall in Sheffield, Francis Brokesby, of
Rowley, East Riding, and others. In the following list, the
quaint and homely comments of Ray as to the meaning of the proverbs
will be found to be of an interesting character. His definition of a
" proverb" was, that it consists of a short sentence or phrase in
common use, containing some trope, figure, homonymy, rhyme, or
other novity of expression.
"From Hell, Hull, and Halifax, good Lord deliver us."
" This is a part of the beggars' and vagrants' litany. Of these three
frightful things unto them, it is to be feared that they least fear the
first, conceiving it the furthest from them. Hull is terrible to them as
a town of good government, where beggars meet with punitive charity,
and it is to be feared, are oftener corrected than amended. Halifax is
formidable to them for the law thereof ; whereby thieves taken in the
very act of stealing cloth are instantly beheaded by an engine, with
out any further legal proceedings. Doubtless the coincidence of the
initial letters of these three- words helped much the setting on foot this
proverb." " A Scarborough Warning."
" That is none at all but a sudden surprise ; when a mischief is felt before
it is suspected. This proverb is but of a hundred and four years'
standing, taking its original from Thomas Stafford, who, in the reign of

248 OLD YORKSHIRE.
Queen Mary, a.d. 1557, with a small company, seized on Scarborough
Castle (utterly destitute of provision for resistance), before the towns
men had the least notice of his approach. However, within six days, by
the industry of the Earl of Westmoreland, he was taken, brought to
London, and beheaded." " As true steel as Rippon rowels,"
" It is said of trusty persons, men of mettle, faithful in their employments.
Rippon in this county is a town famous for the best spurs of England,
Avhose rowels may be enforced to strike through a shilling, and will
break sooner than boAv." " A Yorkshire Way-bit."
" That is an over-plus not accounted for in the reckoning, which sometimes
proves as much as all the rest. Ask a country-man how many miles it
is to such a town, and he will return commonly, so many miles and a
way-bit, Avhich way-bit is enough to make the weary traveller surfet of
the length thereof. But it is not way-bit, though generally so pro
nounced ; but wee-bit, a pure Yorkshirism, which is a small bit in the
Northern language. A Highlander would say, a mile and a bittoc.k,
which means about two miles."
" When Sheffield Park is plowed and sown,
Then little England hold thine own."
Might this proA'erb have some connection Avith the village called Wales,
in the neighbourhood of Sheffield ? Pembrokeshire was formerly called
" Little England- beyond AVales." See Mr. Greenwell's Notes on
AVales, in " Place- Names," vol. I., p. 211.
" Winkabank and Temple Brough
Will buy all England through and through."
" Winkabank is a Avood upon a hill near Sheffield, where there are some
remainders of an old Camp. Temple Brough stands between the
Rother and the Don, about a quarter of a mile from the place Avhere
these two rivers meet. It is a square plot of ground encompassed by
two trenches. Senden often enquired for the ruins of a temple of the
god Thor, which he said was near Rotherham. This probably might
be it, if we allow the name for any argument, besides, there is a pool
not far from it called Jordon Dam, Avhich name seems to be compounded
of J or one of the names of the god Thor, and Don, the name of the
river." "If Brayton Bargh, Hambleton Hough, and Burton Bream were all in thy
belly t'would neA'er be team."
" So spoken of a covetous and insatiable person whom nothing will con
tent. Brayton and Hambleton and Burton are places between Cawood
and Pontefract, in this county. Brayton Bargh is a small hill in a plain
country covered with wood. Bargh in the Northern dialect is properly
a horse-way up a steep hill, though here it be taken for the hill itself."

POPULAR RHYMES AND PROVERBS. 249
" Many talk of Robin Hood that never shot in his bow,
And many talk of Little John that never did him know."
" Tales of Robin Hood are good enough for fools."
'' That is, many talk of things Avhich they have no skill in, or experience
of. Robert Hood Avas a famous robber in the time of King Richard
the First ; his principal haunt was about Shirewood Forest, in Nott
inghamshire. Camden calls him praidonem mitissimum. Of his stolen
goods he afforded good penny-Avorths. Lightly come, lightly go."
" As freely as St. Robert gave his cow."
" This Robert Avas a Kuaresburgh saint, and the old Avomen there can
still tell you the legend of the coav."
" As good as George of Green."
" This George of Green was that famous Pinder, of Wakefield, who fought
Avith Robin Hood and Little John both together, and got the better of
them, as the old ballad tells us. Called George a Green because he
wore green bay in his hat." "As blind as a mole,"
" 'As blind as a mole,' though, indeed, a .mole be not absolutely
blind, but hath perfect eyes, aud those not covered with a membrane
as some have reported, but open and to be found outside the head if
one search diligently, being very small and lying hid in the fur."
DarAvin states that in some cases the eyes of moles are completely
obscured by skin and fur. Many subterranean and cave-inhabiting
animals are perfectly blind, having lost the eyes through disuse.
"A wooll-seller knows a wooll-buyer."
That is, that in Yorkshire the two are well matched for shrewdness.
The cloth trade at Leeds is thus mentioned in an old work, date 1745: —
" Leeds on the Are is a wealthy large populous town; and upon account
of its Cloth market may be called the principal place in the kingdom.
The sale of cloth on the market days is prodigious ; for it has two days,
whereas Exeter has but one."

The following old Yorkshire weather proverbs, handed down to us
probably from Saxon times, are still in common use : —
" A bushel of March dust is worth a King's ransom."
"When April blows his horn, it's good both for hay and corn."
That is, when it thunders in April.
"A May flood never did good."
"Look at your corn in May, and you'll come weeping away,
Look at the same in June, and you'll whistle a tune."

250

OLD YORKSHIRE.

" A swarm of bees in May is worth a load of hay,
A swarm in July is not worth a fly."
"When the wind's in the east, it's neither good for man nor beast."
"A snow year, a rich year."
" A cloudy morning bodes a fair afternoon."
" The grey morning cheereth the traveller."
' ' An evening red and morning grey is a sure sign of a fine day. ''
" If there be a rainbow in the eve it will rain and leave; but if there be a rain
bow in the morrow, it will neither lend nor borrow. "
" When the clouds are upon the hills they'll come down by the mills."
' ' When the sloe tree's as white as a sheet,
Sow your barley whether it be dry or weet."
' ' A rainbow in the morning is the shepherd's warning,
A rainbow at night is the shepherd's delight"
'¦' When the peacock loudly bawls,
Soon there'll be both rain and squalls. "
"When rooks fly sporting high in air,
It shows that windy storms are near."
" If the moon shows like a silver shield,
Be not afraid to reap your field ;
But if she rises haloed round,
Soon shall we tread on deluged ground."

Lofthouse.

Geokge Roberts

YORKSHIRE WORTHIES.

A YORKSHIRE NATURALIST.
\t-fp!tf^\ IlE subject of our sketch, Mr. Frank Oates, was born in
1840. He was the son of Mr. Edward Oates, of Mean-
Avoodside, near Leeds, a member of a family honoured
for high principle and intelligence in successive genera
tions. At 20 years of age Frank entered at Christ
Church, Oxford, his tastes leading him mainly though
not exclusiA'ely to the Natural Science Schools, while his love
of exercise, fresh air, and the country were from time to time
almost passionately indulged, not, howeA-er, to the neglect of work,
Avhich was, on the contrary, pursued with only too great zeal, for his
University career closed in a complete break-doAvn of health and
strength, which it took him some years to recover from. The moral
drawn by himself in a letter to one of his brothers was — " Let me
advise you not to do too many things." Good advice, Avhich perhaps
it would have been well for himself to act upon Avhen trying to
appropriate and assimilate the various matters of interest that claimed
his attention in the wilds of South Africa. A trip to Central America,
where he spent some months, and whence he passed to California and
the Rocky Mountains, braced him up again, but only increased his
longing for tra\-el and all of life in its varied aspects which might thus
be revealed and studied. It was during very early days at Oxford
that he wrote—" I like everything that seems difficult of attainment,"
and his friends were not surprised to learn that he was off in March,
1873, for the Zambesi. Instead of fohWing the usual route, he
resolved on reaching the great goal of his ambition, the Victoria Falls,
and unexplored country yet further north, by way of Natal. Thither
his brother William accompanied him, intending himself .to be away
from England only about a year. On the 23rd of June, the party
arrived at Pretoria, and Frank Oates, Avriting from thence, says :  After
staying a few days at Ladysmith and NeAvcastle, Ave then got into the
Transvaal Republic. Here in Pretoria are a great many English. The

252

OLD YORKSHIRE.

town itself, the seat of the government, does not contain a single good
building. It is like some little frontier toAvn in America. There is
not even a book shop in it. The day we reached Pretoria, the mail,
a fortnightly one, arrived from Pietermaritzburg Avith a paper con
taining English news, very bare items though, up to May 15th.
Pretoria is a miserable little place, though the capital of the Transvaal."
The travellers left Pretoria on the 30th of June for Bamangwato, and
after three days' trekking to the north-west, crossed the Crocodile
river, keeping at no great distance from its banks. Frank Oates,
writing of this river, says : — " It is by far the most beautiful thing I
have yet seen in South Africa," and in a letter he adds : — " The
Crocodile (or Limpopo) river is a really beautiful river, its banks
covered with fine trees.

s^

Pretoria, Transvaal.

Continuing near its course for several days, still in a north-westerly
direction, the brothers, on July 29th, reached Bamangwato, a
Basuto settlement. There they fell in for the first time with
missionaries (of the London Missionary Society). During the re
mainder of his sojourn in the African interior Frank Oates was
repeatedly indebted to these gentlemen for counsel and help of various
kinds. He gratefully acknowledges his obligations on these occasions,
especially to the Rev. Messrs. Thomson and Mackenzie, of whom he
saw the most, and the former of whom has, like himself, since died
under the effects of overwork or Avork in an unhealthy climate. At
Tati, in Matabele Land, the travellers separated, the younger Oates
returning home by the route previously traversed, and Frank pushing
on to the Matabele "capital." From this point he was thrown on his
own resources, and one cannot but be struck with the courage,

A YORKSHIRE NATURALIST.

253

patience, solr-denial, and good humour Avhich shone forth, as claims for
each or all Avero made by the treachery, petty arlilices, impudent
demands, and occasional menaces of the monarch and the "meanest of
his subjects." AY hat was most trying of all was liiat al'ler nearly
endless troubles- in actual progression, he aviin thrice turned back by
officials Avium far on his way to the object of his aspirations and
subject of his dreams, the Victoria Falls. ISIonlhs were thus at
different, times lost, and, as he thought, wasted. After the third
rebuff his spirit avus disposed for a Avhile to acquiesce, and he seriously
contemplated returning home, though still disbelieving in the danger

Limpopo or Crocoilllo TUviT.

to life said to lurk in (lie country near the Zambesi, except indeed in
certain months. He had been indignant at a trader who kueAV tho
country, and avIio in February, 1S7-I, had said it would be a, good thing
for people travelling to have " portable coffins ;" but he added, " I am
thankful to say my health is excellent." Unhappily, as it seems to his
friends, in November of the above year, whon his plans were formed
for proceeding soutlnvard, the arrival at Tali of some traders whom he
kueAV revolutionised them all. They Avere bound for the Zambesi, but
intended only to camp at a safe distance from it throughout the coming
AA-et season.' This latter fact he learned too late to induce him to
withdraw from an engagement to join them, and accordingly the end

2-34

OLD YORKSHIRE.

of the year saw him within a few miles of the Falls. He fancied that
the unhealthy season had not begun ; the attraction was too strong,
and his journal, under date of " New Year's Day, 1875," contained the
triumphant yet characteristically simple entry — " After breakfast I
visited the Falls — a day never to be forgotten." He remained some
days in the immediate neighbourhood of the stupendous scenes, of which
his note-book contained several sketches but no comments, and in a
fortnight had rejoined the party who had stayed behind. It was now
resolved to proceed southward, but within about ten days Frank Oates
became ill (as two of his servants had done previously). For a few
days it seemed as if he might throw off the fever, but on the 5th of

Mission Station, Shoshong, Bamangwato.

February, just before sunset, " the brave spirit sank peacefully to rest."
Those who had watched his last hours chose, after kindly and thought
ful consultation, a spot for his grave, and there reverently placed him.
" His was a burial which well became in its simplicity a true lover,
like himself, of Nature and her wilds." The rest of the party then
returned to Bamangwato, where the traveller's collections were placed
in the hands of Mr. Mackenzie, the missionary, till the wishes of his
friends in England could be obtained regarding them. A touching
incident occurred upon the journey. " It appears that many miles after
they had left the grave, one of Frank Oates's pointers — his favourite
« Rail"  was found to be missing, and boys were sent back in search

A YORKSHIRE NATURALIST.

255

of him. These men sought long and wandered far in vain, till at length
in their pursuit they got back even to the grave, and there, patiently
watching, they found the devoted creature laid. A little longer, and
he must inevitably have fallen a prey to lions or other wild beasts, but
now he was taken down with his companion to Bamangwato, Avhence
they were subsequently conveyed to England. And thus it-happened
that, whilst Frank Oates's friends at home Avere rejoicing at the
speedy prospect of his return, and wholly unsuspicious of the truth,
this faithful dog was AA'atching, the sole mourner, by his grave."
" His love of nature generally, and of natural history in all its
branches, was one of Frank Oates's earliest instincts ; and to the study

Victoria Falls, Zambesi (The Outlet.1

of our English wild birds — their ways and haunts, their comings and
their goings — he was especially devoted from boyhood. The pages of
Waterton and Buffon, treating of wider fields of study, supplied his
imagination at that period with richer food ; and the plates of Audubon's
Birds, when access could be had to them, were turned by him with
feelings little short of reverence. From his earliest days he. had
resolved to visit those distant and, to him, still mysterious lands, where
the page of nature was yet to the white man in great part an unread book ;
and those who, after his death in the full prime of manhood, witnessed
the arrival at his English home of his large collections of natural
history specimens, brought from the interior of South Africa by the
devoted service of a friend, realised strangely how the boy's ambition

256

OLD YORKSHIRE.

had been fulfilled in after life, and felt that though cut off in the very
perfection of his powers, the purpose of his being had not wholly
failed. Those even who knew him best were surprised, indeed, when
these evidences of his work abroad arrived, to see how much he had
accomplished in the brief period— a little short of two years— of his
absence. As, one after another, the packing-cases were opened, each
in its turn afforded to the looker-on some fresh illustration of the
untiring determination of the deceased traveller to make the very
utmost of his opportunities whilst abroad. The voice that could alone
have told the story of those collections, the hand that had brought
them thus together, were silent and still in a far-distant grave ; but an

-& *.
-?¦-

'-¦'.*i*$mBm
mm

ifiBP

Hll ¦r

W£&$^gs8m

utterance — the more pathetic because it was inaudible— seemed to go
forth, unbidden, from those speechless records of devoted work and
enterprise, and tell the secret tale of a life in earnest sympathy with
nature curtailed — the hand, as it were, yet warm from its labours."
It seems that within about twenty months Frank Oates had
amassed important collections of specimens in many departments of
natural history, including large numbers of birds, reptiles, insects, and
plants ; whilst some Bushman remains which he obtained towards the
close of his wanderings cast valuable light, in the opinion of the late
Professor Rolleston, on certain ethnological points of interest.

A YORKSHIRE NATURALIST.

257'

For a fuller account of the career of Mr. Oates, Ave would refer
our readers to the volume entitled, " Matabele Land and the Victoria
Falls," in which the brother of Mr. Oates has placed on record the life
and experiences of the naturalist traveller in his wanderings in distant
lands. To this gentleman (Mr. C. G. Oates), we are indebted for the
illustrations which accompany this notice.

m

Faithful unto Death.
MATTHEW MURRAY'S CAREER.
About a century ago, a young mechanic, who had just completed
the term of his apprenticeship in Stockton, finding trade in that town
coming to a standstill, with no prospect of immediate improvement,
resolved to try his fortune in Leeds. • Two reasons weighed with him
in coming to this decision. He had married before he began to earn
journeyman's wages, and the claims which others had upon him made
it necessary that he should not remain in idleness. Then tidings had
come north that attempts were being made to add to the industries of
Q
258

OLD YORKSHIRE.

Leeds ; and the Stockton mechanic, thrown out of work, was hopeful
that in the Yorkshire town he would find an opening for his skill, in
which he had some confidence, and possibly also scope for the
development of an inventive talent of a kind that enabled him not only
to discover defects in machinery but to suggest practical remedies.
His trade was his only capital. It does not appear that he had money
enough to pay the stage-coach fare, or to make the trip by water in one
of the vessels that in those days made direct communication between
the Tees and the Aire possible. So he took to the Great North Road,
with a bundle on his back, and turning his face southward, trudged on
afoot. How long he took to cover the distance between the two towns
does not appear ; but it is known that he arrived in Leeds exhausted
in purse and in body. Such a man coming a stranger into the borough
to-day Avould doubtless be put down as a tramp, and be referred to the
relieving-officer and to the vagrant shed. A century ago, however, it
was no uncommon thing for workmen to drift about the country in
this way ; and this poor traveller from Stockton, having come on an
honest errand, staggered at the end of his long walk into the public
room of the Bay Horse Inn, and paid his respects to the landlord. His
case was this : He wanted rest and food and a place to sleep for a
night or two, and if the landlord was willing to accept the word of a
man who was penniless he would be repaid in full and with gratitude
~ without doubt Near to Adel, Mr. John Marshall had begun the
manufacture of flax, and the new-comer was hopeful that there he would
find a situation. All through his life afterwards, it must have been a
pleasing reflection to the Bay Horse landlord that he did not question
the man's word ; for the person to whom on this appeal he opened his
heart and his house gave to the manufacture of flax in Leeds and else
where throughout England a stimulus which it has never lost, con
structed machinery that rivalled and in some cases outranked that of
Boulton and Watt, and made improvements in the steam engine in its
application to locomotion which should not be forgotten at a time when
the work of " the father of railways" has been brought into prominence.
He built what is admitted by Stephenson's best biographer as the first
locomotive engine ever successfully employed for commercial purposes.
For one of his flax machines he received, at the hands of the Duke of
Sussex, the gold medal of the Society of Arts; and honours were
bestowed upon him by the Governments of Russia and Sweden.
Notwithstanding facts like these, it is just possible that the
majority of the readers to-day will not be able to recall the subject of
this sketch. Great engineer as he was, there are historical works on
the steam engine which bear no testimony of him Avhatever ; but his
claims are fairly acknowledged in-early works on the subject, and Mr.
Smiles in his "Industrial Biography," and Mr. Galloway in "The
Steam Engine and its Inventors," will not be consulted in vain for
recognition of the great work Matthew Mm-ray did. He was born in
1765, and his connection with Leeds, beginning with his interview with

matthew Murray's career. 259
the landlord of the Bay Horse Inn, was continued until his death in
1826. Something in the appearance of the young man — his frank face,
and his intelligent, honest statement, doubtless, of what he could do —
impressed Air. Marshall in his favour. He was engaged at once.
Flax manufacture was not at the time in a prosperous state. The out--
lay Avas altogether out of proportion to the returns, and there was a
prospect that the business in this neighbourhood would eA^entually be
abandoned as a ruinous experiment. Young Murray, turning his
attention to the machinery, was able from the outset to suggest
improvements that were carried out with such benefit to his employer,
that Mr. Marshall, first having given him a present of £20, soon saAV
the policy of making him first mechanic in the workshop. Murray
having by this time made up his mind to settle in Leeds, sent to
Stockton for his wife, rented a cottage at Black Moor, and for twelve
years gave his whole services to Mr. Marshall. He continued as he
began, adding inventions of his own to the machinery under his care,
improving upon the inventions of others, and substituting inexpensive
and simple processes in the spinning department for crude and costly
modes of work. Fortunately, Mr. Marshall, who had himself a good
knoAvledge of machinery, encouraged Murray in all his plans, so that
the hope of the inventor that in Leeds he might find scope for the
development of his mechanical talents was so far realised. In time, the
Adel Mill became too small for its purpose, and the great manufactory
at Holbeek, opened under the firm-name of Marshall and Benyon, was
built. In time also, Murray saw that he might do still better work if
in business himself; and in 1795 he became a partner with Mr. James
Fenton and Mr. David Wood, and established an engineering and
machine-making factory at Holbeek, Wood and Murray being the
working partners. The arrangement Avas that Mr. Wood should take
charge of the machinery, and Mr. Murray of the engine-making. At
this period the chief engineering establishment in the country was the
famous Soho Works at Birmingham, belonging to Boulton and Watt,
whose productions were so far in advance of all others that they were
not affected by competition. Mr. Murray's inventive genius, however,
coupled with the fact that the machinery turned out from his establish
ment was remarkable for fine finish and an exquisite adjustment of parts,
soon began to tell in favour of his firm. Orders came to Fenton,
Wood, and Murray from all parts ; and the demand rapidly increased
when it became known that Mr. Murray had invented a contrivance by
which he made use of the steam in the boiler to increase or decrease
the draught of the fire. This invention was patented so early as 1799,
and, with modifications, is still in use. It was followed by important
improvements in the slide valve and in the air pump, the adoption of a
method of fixing the wheels so as to produce motion alternately in
perpendicular and horizontal directions, and other ingenious arrange
ments. In carrying out these changes Mr. Murray invented a planing
machine, such a piece of mechanism having been found necessary to

260

OLD YORKSHIRE.

produce the requisite evenness of surface in the valve Avork. The
result was that Boulton and Watt became sensible that a formidable
rival to their enterprise had arisen in Leeds ; and Mr. Murdock, their
managing superintendent and a competent engineer, came down and
inspected Fenton, Wood, and Murray's establishment. Mr. Murray
received his visitor very cordially, concealed nothing from him, and
gave him free access to the works. The visit was, indeed, one in
which Mr. Murray took a special delight, he being of an exceedingly
frank disposition, and never happier than when he found himself in the
company of any one of similar tastes to himself. What passed between
Mr. Murdock and his employers on his return to Birmingham cannot be
told ; but it may be guessed at from the fact that in a short time
thereafter a large tract of land ajoining Fenton, Wood, and Murray's
workshops was purchased for Boulton and Watt. This was done, it
has been asserted, to prevent any extension of premises on the part of
the now rival firm ; although it may have been for the purpose of
erecting a branch of the Birmingham establishment in Leeds. In either
event the object would be the same, and if the latter idea was eA-er
entertained it was never carried out, for the acquired ground remained
unused for nearly half a century, and only within the last few years
has it changed hands. Murray returned Murdock's visit on one
occasion while on his Avay back to Leeds from London. Murdock
gladly received his Leeds friend, and invited him and Mrs. Murray to
dinner, but expressed his regret that he could not show Mr. Murray
over the Soho Works, as there was a rule against admitting any one in
the trade. Under the circumstances, such treatment was felt by
Murray to be little better than an insult ; the invitation to dinner Avas
courteously declined ; Leeds was reached without further delay; and,
despite the effort made to prevent the extension of the works, Murray,
stimulated, no doubt, by the slight he had received, applied himself
with such good purpose to his business, that his firm went on increasing
in reputation and in power.
Mr. Murray took up his residence in Holbeek, at a place within
convenient access from his works. He improved his dAvelling as he
improved everything else in which he took an interest. One of the
changes he made was the introduction of a heating apparatus, which
secured for the house the name of " Steam Hall," by which it was long
known. Thither one evening, during the unsettled period when
" General Ludd" and his following waged their foolish and futile
campaign against the progress of machinery, came a crowd of angry
men, threatening destruction to the building and injury to the inmates
unless Mr. Murray should cease to turn out inventions that, in their
short-sightedness, they imagined were calculated to bring idleness, and
not fresh fields of labour to the toiler. Mr. Murray was not at home.
His wife was, and she was a brave woman. She looked out from a
window, and betrayed no sign of fear. Having first heard the angry
words that were addressed to her, she calmly replied that she was able

.vT:::i: :;-:w mussay
'. * ftf/ttt*;t ,

f'N Kti^PK^, Ki.^0., vT I, l'J-' POTIKHN^WTON HOUSE

matthew Murray's career. 261
to defend herself, and levelling a pistol, fired it, at the crowd. None of
the besiegers were hurt, but they were all well frightened, and took to
immediate flight. Never again was Steam Hall visited on a like
errand. Mr. Murray naturally took a deep interest in Trevithick's attempts
to construct a locomotive engine, and, like the other engineers of his
day, he endeavoured to account for the defects which detracted from
the practical value of Trevithick's invention. He failed to discover the
features which led to such a brilliant success in Stephenson's " Rocket,"
but he made a greater advance on Trevithick's plans than any other
engineer of that day, and he undoubtedly, as Dr. Smiles admits, made
the first locomotive that regularly worked upon any railway. It is
noteAvorthy, also, that Stephenson followed Murray's mode of construc
tion up to a certain point. Indeed, between the working parts of
Stephenson's first engine (Locomotion) and that built by Matthew
Murray the resemblance is close ; the essential points of difference are
in the driving Avheels and in the roadway rather than in the engine
itself. Trevithick constructed seA^eral engines, each showing an
improA-ement on its predecessor; but the inventor was singularly
unfortunate in the trials to Avhich he subjected the engines, and
eventually, after an expenditure of a great deal of money, threw up
the problem he came so near solving. The last of these trials was
made in London in 1808, on a small, enclosed circular line, constructed
for the purpose on a portion of the site now occupied, singularly enough,
for railway purposes — namely, the Euston Station. On this occasion
the engine is said to have made speed at the rate of about twelve miles
an hour, and Trevithick declared that on a straight line a speed of
twenty miles an hour could have been maintained. The experiment
demonstrated what was perhaps a still more important fact — that an
absolutely straight line for a railroad was not essential. The breaking
of a rail and the running away of the engine at a tangent, when it
overturned, stopped a trial that had lasted some weeks. And from
this time Trevithick did not interest himself directly in locomotive
schemes. The next locomotive put to a practical test in England was
the one built by Matthew Murray.* It AA'as constructed for the
conveyance of coal from the Middleton Colliery to Leeds, and is best
known as Blenkinsop's engine. Mr. Blenkinsop was the manager of
the colliery, and in his name the patent was taken out (April 10th,
* Next in importance to Watt's improvements on the engine, may be
reckoned Mr. Matthew Murray's, of Leeds, on the self-acting apparatus attached
to the boiler which regulated the intensity of the fire under the boiler, an inven
tion of great practical use, and among the few which are still used on all well-
constructed boilers. He also introduced several improvements in the details of
the many beautiful engines which were constructed in his great manufactory at
Leeds. — From Stuart's History of the Steam Engine (1824.)
Much was done by Mr. Murray, of the firm of Fenton, Wood, and Murray, of
Leeds, in improving several parts of the steam engine, which he included in his
patents of 1791, 1801, and 1S02.— drier's Mechanics' Dictionary.

262

OLD YORKSHIRE.

1811). To him doubtless belongs the credit of having suggested to
Murray the idea of constructing an engine for the purpose mentioned,
and of securing the necessary consent and capital from his employers
at the colliery. The engine itself was Murray's, and showed this
manifest improvement as compared Avith Trevithick's, that it Avas
provided with two double-acting cylinders. A regular and steady
action was thus obtained without a fly-wheel. The idea was to run
the engine on a rack-rail, into which a pinion-AATheel would fit, and in
accordance with this notion the engine and railway were constructed.
The engine was provided in addition with a double set of smooth Avheels,
so that the purpose served by the pinion and the rack-rail was in the

Blenkinsop's Engine.
From an old engraving in the possession of T. W. Embleton, Esq., C.E., Methley.
nature of leverage or purchase. By this means the difficulty of working
upon gradients was effectively overcome. The patent is somewhat
quaintly Avorded. It sets forth that " John Blenkinsop, of Middleton,
in the parish of Rothwell, in the county of York, coal-viewer," had
secured it for having invented "certain mechanical means by which the
conveyance of coals, minerals, and other articles is facilitated, and the
expense is rendered less than heretofore." The engine itself is not
described in the patent, although it was probably built at the time the
instrument was secured. At any rate, it was seen in experimental
operation in the engineering yard a year or two before the public trial

matthew Murray's career. 263
took place. The following paragraph, descriptive of the opening of the
railway, appears in the Leeds Mercury of June 27th, 1812 : —
On Wednesday last [June 24th] a highly interesting experiment was made
with a machine constructed by Messrs. Fenton, Murray, and Wood, of this place,
under the direction of Mr. John Blenkinsop, the patentee, for the purpose of
substituting the agency of steam for the use of horses in tbe conveyance of coals,
on the Iron-rail-way from the mines of J. C. Brandling, Esq., of Middleton, to
Leeds. This machine is in fact a steam engine of four horses' power, which, with
the assistance of cranks turning a cog-Avheel, and iron cogs placed at one side of
the rail-way, is capable of moving, when lightly loaded, at the speed of ten miles
an hour. At four o'clock in the afternoon the machine ran from the Coal-staith
to the top of Hunslet Moor, where six, and afterwards eight, waggons of coals,
each weighing 3J tons, were hooked to the back part. With this immense weight,
to which as it approached the town was super-added about 50 of the spectators
mounted upon the waggons, it set off on its return to the Coal-staith, and performed
the journey, a distance of about a mile and a half, principally on a dead level, in
23 minutes, without the slightest accident. The experiment, Avhich was witnessed
by thousands of spectators, was crowned with complete success ; and when it is
considered that this invention is applicable to all rail-roads, and that upon the
works of Mr. Brandling alone the use of 50 horses will be dispensed with, and the
corn necessary for the consumption of at least 2U0 men saved, we cannot forbear
to hail the invention as of vast public utility, and to rank the inventor amongst
the benefactors of his country.
Another paragraph in the same paper two months later describes
" Mr. Blenkinsop's machine" as being in full activity. The engine does
not seem to have broken down seriously at any time. Other engines
of the same kind Avere built by Mr. Murray, and in 1813 one of them
was forwarded to NeAvcastle and was used on a railway leading from
the Kenton and Coxlodge Colliery to a point on the Tyne below Walker.
It was doubtless seen in operation here by George Stephenson, and
either before or after that time Stephenson had made the acquaintance
of Murray, and become familiar with the strange mechanism that
subsequently in his hands revolutionised the carrying trade of the
country. Until a better locomotive was found at work, the " machine "
at the Middleton Colliery was a sight which attracted many visitors.
Among other notabilities who came to see it was the Grand Duke
Nicholas (afterwards Emperor) of Russia. This was in 1816. On
that occasion the power of the engine was shoAvn in the conveyance of
thirty loaded coal waggons at a speed of about three miles and a
quarter an hour.
The construction of these engines did not interrupt Mr. Murray's
work in the production of other kinds of machinery. He continued to
put his experience at Mr. Marshall's mill to practical account by adding
to his improvements on the apparatus for the manufacture of flax. The
gold medal of the Society of Arts was given to him for a heckling
machine, patented after he had been some years at work for himself,
aud this and his other inventions in connection with the same branch
of industry gave, to the British linen trade a supremacy which it has
continued to hold. He designed all the machine tools used in his
establishments, and made similar articles for other firms, and so started
a branch of engineering for which Leeds has become famous. Leeds is

264

OLD YORKSHIRE.

also largely indebted to him for the mtrodiiction of gas into the town,
the supply being poor and unreliable until he remodelled the retorts and
condensers. Other towns profited by improvements like these, and it
is not too much to claim for Matthew Murray a prominent part in the
promotion of the industrial triumphs of England. There ought to be in
Leeds, at least, some lasting memorial of him, " not to perpetuate a
name " — (to quote and slightly alter a part of the epitaph on his great
contemporary) — " which should endure while the peaceful arts flourish,
but to show that mankind have learned to honour those who best deserve
their gratitude."
Mr. Murray lies buried in the cemetery attached to St. Matthew's
Church, Holbeek. Over his grave rises to a height of fifteen feet or
so from the pedestal a cast-iron obelisk— an unpretentious memorial,
but the most conspicuous object in the churchyard. On a panel is this
inscription : — IN A VAULT UNDERNEATH
ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF
MATTHEW MURRAY
Ciatil Engineer of Hoi-beck,
avho died the xx. of february
mdcccxxvi., aged lx. years.
Also of MARY, his wife
WHO DIED THE XVIII. OF DECEMBER
MDCCCXXXATI., AGED LXXI. YEARS.
An epitaph this, as modest as the man, claiming no more for him than
he claimed for himself ; but there is an impressive significance in the
fact that the engineering trade of Leeds of which Matthew Murray
was the founder has some of its largest workshops within sight and
hearing at the obelisk ; that not far off is the huge establishment where
the earliest successes of this great inventor were won, and that from
the cemetery may be seen in unceasing activity and in its latest
development that locomotive machinery which he was the first man to
bring into practical and remunerative use. In such signs we have his
fittest epitaph ; but his memory in these things has not been cherished
as it should have been, nor does his resting-place at Holbeek appear
to be a shrine many Arisitors find their way to. The Avriter had to beat
a path through a wilderness of weeds to get at it. In the same tomb,
according to another inscription, are interred the remains of Margaret,
wife of Richard Jackson, of Leeds, a daughter of Murray, who died in
1840. Another daughter was married to Mr. J. 0. March, of Leeds,
and in Mr. March's possession is the only portrait of his father-in-law
that is known to have been taken. A third daughter was married to
Mr. Charles G. Maclea, who was elected Mayor of Leeds in 1844, but
retired, after serving a short time, in consequence of ill-health. A
grandson of Murray (Matthew Murray Jackson) is an eminent engineer
in Austria, who has recently obtained titular distinction for his services
from the Emperor of that country.
Leeds. W. S. Cameron.

GENERAL INDEX.

Abbey, see Religious Houses
Adventures of Waterton, 122
Adwalton Moor, The Fight at, 69
Aldborough, The Roman "Isurium,"
213
Amphitheatre at Sancton, 12
Ancient Charters, 233- 239
 Cloth Trade of Yorkshire, 16
 House at Rothwell, 30
 Implements, 12, 13
 Pageants, 21
Antiquarian Forgeries, 128
Antiquaries, Yorkshire, 49, 52, 57,
59, 63, 67
Antiquities at—
Beverley, 45
Birstal, 23—27
Brimham, 44
Driffield, 42
Golcar Hill, 48
Morley, 114
Pontefract, 27—29
Riccall, 198
Rothwell, 29, 30
Sancton, 10 — 13
Scarborough, 46
Slack, 60
Sprotborough, 43
Stansfield, 48
Tanfield, 14—16
Thornborough, 46
Wakefield, 44
York, 1—10, 42
Arcliaologia, Yorkshire in Tlte, 37- -
48
ArchEeological Discovery at Roth
well, 29, 30
Archbishop's Throne, York, 8
Architecture- Decorated, 3, 4, 14
Elizabethan, 30
Gothic, 6, 15, 24, 33, 112
Italian, -30
Jacobean, 9

Architecture (continued) —
Norman, 5, 7, 8, 27, 28, 29, 101,
113,242
Perpendicular, 14
Renaissance, 30
Romanesque, 3, 5
Saxon, 6, 27, 39, 101
Tudor, 30
Arms of —
Acklam, 245 Hotham, 111
Armytage, 103 Howden, 111
Assheton, 103 Jefferson, 111
Athorpe, 111 Kaye, 3
Bethel, 111 Kirkham, 110
Brus, 245 Langley, 110
Clapham, 141 Leeds, 201
Clarke, 111 Marmion, 14
Darcy, 110 Menzies, 111
Dunn, 111 Metham, 110
Empson, 111 Pickering, 245
England, 3, 5 Roos, 245
Estcourt, 111 Saltmarshe, 111
France, 3, 5 Skirlaw, 110
Gal way, 111 Stapleton, 245
Hamilton, 110 Thompson, 111
Hopkinson, 160 Wyndham, 111
Artists, Yorkshire, 31, 36
Art Journal, 31, 64
Authors, Yorkshire, 37 — 67
B
Ballinger, John, on—
An ( 'Id Doncaster Library, 149,
154
Barber, Fairless, F.S.A., 59—62
Barrows, 11 — 13
Batley Church, 97
Battles, Wars, &c.
Adwalton, 68—71, 118
Agincourt, 29
Bannockburn, 113
Bradford, 76
Chalgrove, 69
Civil War, 2, 6, 8, 9, 27, 69, 74,
80, 113, 117, 120, 224 R

266

GENERAL INDEX.

Battles, Wars, &c. (continued)—
Dunbar, 69
Flodden Field, 170
Leeds, 79
Marston Moor, 2, 69, 142
Naseby, 69, 74
NeviU's Cross, 3
Pilgrimage of Grace, 29, 41
Preston, 140
Stamford Bridge, 227
Towton, 3
Wakefield, 2
Winmoor, 71
Batty, J., F.R.H.S., on—
Archseoiogical Discovery at Roth
well, 29, 30
Bellhouse, E., on —
The Fight at Adwalton Moor,
68—71
Bells of—
Batley, 100
Birstal, 25
Hartshead, 104
Tanfield, 16
York, 8, 9
Ben Rhydding, 221
Beverley Minster, 15
Bibliography, see Library.
Biograph, The, quoted, 67
Birstal, Antiquities of, 23 -2(5
Bishop Sutton, 16
Blackett, F. (the late), on—
Fairfax's First Victory, 74—80
Blenkinsop's Engine, 262
Blind School, York, 9
Booth, E. D., on —
Longevity in Kirkburton, 163
Bootham Bar, York, 5
Bridges —
Gilsthwaite, 223
Ouse, 6
Briton and Saxon in Yorkshire, 212
Bronte Family, 104
Bull-baiting, 11
Burial Grounds—
Batley, 100
Birstal, 24
Pontefract, 27
Riccall, 198
Westminster Abbey 81
C
Cameron, W. S., on —
Matthew Murray's Career, 257 —
264
Canonries, see Religious Houses.
Captivity, The Days of, 233-239
Carter, M. E. , on—
Yorkshire Moors and Water
falls, 191—193

Castles— Bamborough, 62
Cawood, 197
Clifford's Tower, 10
Clithero, 53
Helmsley, 239
Marmion's Tower, 14
Mulgrave, 140
Pontefract, 27—29
Skipton, 27
Skipwith, 198
Tanfield, 14
York, 3, 10
Cathedral, York, 6—9
Celebrities —
Creswick, Thomas, R.A., 36
Crusoe, Robinson, 32
Etty, William, R.A , 31—34
"Flint Jack," 128
Frith, W. P., R.A., 34-36
Genl. Sir Richd. Dean, 143
Harland, John, F.S.A., 52
Harrison, John, of Leeds, 78
"JackHawley," 126—128
Londesborough, Baron, 41
Martin, The York Minster
Incendiary, 8
Waterton, The Wanderer, 120
Wilberforce, 10, 89
Cells, see Religious Houses.
Celtic Remains, see Antiquities.
Centenarians, Yorkshire, 161—173
"Ceramic Art of Great Britain,''
(Jewitt's), quoted, 91—96
Ceramics, 66, 91-96
Chapels at —
Birstal, 25
Eastrington, 107
Hartwith, 168
Liversedge, 24
Morley, 99, 113, 114
Tanfield, 16
York. 8
Chapter House, York, 8
Chantries, see Churches.
Charters, Ancient, 233—239
Christianity, Early Yorkshire, 6, 72
Church Bells, see Bells.
' Churches at — ¦
Adel, 113
Batley, 97
Birstal. 25, 26, 97
Chelmorton, 62
Dewsbury, 105
Guiseley, 97
Hartshead, 100, 113
Howden, 105
Kirk Deighton, 243
Morley, 112—119

GENERAL INDEX.

267

Churches at (continued)—
Riccall, 198
Skipwith, 198
Whitchurch, 97
Church Registers, see Parish
Registera.
Churchwardens' Accounts, 23
Civic Insignia, 200
Civil War, see Battles.
Clapham, J. A., on—
Marmion Tower and Chapel, 14
—16
Clapham, Sir Sheffield, 141—147
Clarke, Thomas, on —
Howden Church, 105—112
Clifford's Tower, 10
Clock, Ancient, 115
Cloth Trade of Yorkshire, 16
" Cockney Bill," 12S
Coins, 9, 39, 69
Colleges, see Religious Houses.
Collegiate Churches, see Churches.
Commission of A rray, 9
Conquest, The Norman, 225—233
Corporate Insignia of Leeds, 200
Corpse Gate, 26
Corpus Christi Plays, see Mysteries.
Council of the North, 2
Cremation, 12
Creswick, Thomas, R.A., 36
Crossley, Jas., F.S.A., 49, 30
Crusoe born at York, 32
Curious Horn, 6 D
Dane in Wharfedale, The, 217—225
Days of Captivity, The, 233—239
Dean, General Sir Richard, 140
Decorated Architecture, see Archi
tecture.
Deira, now East York, 6
De la Pryme, Abraham, 43, 44
De Mauley's Effigy, 42
Denison Family, 41
Distinguished General, A, 146
Divine, A Yorkshire, 55 — 57
Dodsworth MSS, The, 181—185
Dog, A Faithful, 255
Domesday Boole, Extracts from, 225, 226
Doncaster Library, An Old, 149
Drax, The Stapletons of, 44
Driffield, Tumuli at, 42
Druidical Remains at—
Brimham, 44
Halifax, 48
Stansfield, 48

Earthenware, see Ceramics.

East Anglian Woollen Trade, 17
East Ardsley Old Hall, 30
Eccentric Characters —
" Flint Jack," 128
"JackHawley," 126
Martin, the Incendiary, 8
Waterton, the Wanderer, 131
Editor, The, on—
A Yorkshire Antiquary, 57, 59,
67
St. Mary's in-the-Wood, Morley,
112—119
Elland, Royal Commission at, 26
Elley, Sir John, K.C.B., 140, 147
Engine, Blenkinsop's, 202
Engineer, A Famous Yorkshire, 257 —
264
" English Surnames," (Bardsley's)
quoted, 17
KriTAPHS to —
Armytage, 103, 104
Atkinson, 104
Darnborough, 168
Murray, 264
Philipson, 168
Roos, 244
Walker, 25
Etty, William, R.A., 31—34

Fabric Rolls of York Minster, 185—
188
Fairfax's First Victory, 72—80
Fairholt, F. W., F.S.A., on—
William Etty, R.A., 31—34
Family of —

Ackroyd, 92
Anstruther, 81
Armytage, 103
Assheton, 103
Barnard, 85
Batt, 24
Beaumont, 21
Bellasyse, 85, 86,
87
Bennett, 90
Benson, 86
Bingley, 87
Bronte, 104
Clapham, 145
Congreve, 86
Constable, 82
Copley, 24, 43, 97
Darcy, 83
Deane, 82, 140
Denison, 41
Fairfax, 69, 141
Falkland, 83

Gale, 38
Gower, 84
Green, 24, 91, 92
Guest, 86, 87
Harcourt, 39
Harding, 39
Hardy, 39
Hopkinson, 24,25
Howard, 38, 82, 83
Hunter, 39
Ingram, 29, 82
Jenkins, 83
Johnstone, 89
Lacy, 29, 114
Lascelles, 119
Lewys, 83
Lister, 83, 85
Lowther, 29
Lupton, 90
Marmion, 14, 16
Maulever, 81, 82,
83, 84

268

GENERAL INDEX.

Family of (continued) —

126,

Metham, 110
Milner, 88
Mirfield, 43
Morley, 83
Moyser, 88
Neville, 10, 24,
25, 26
Percy, 88
Pilkington, 128
Popeley, 24
Puckering, 81
Radcliffe, 82, 84
Reyners, 24
Salt, 117
Saltmarshe, 110
Sanderson, 82
Saunders, 87
Savile, 30, 38, 69,
74, 83, 84, 100,
115
Scrope, 46, 199
Shovel, 84
Smith, 87

Stapleton, 44, 82
Storr, 87
Stothard, 45
Strickland, 45
Sykes, 45, 46
Talman, 38
Thirlwall, 90
Thompson, 24
Thoresby, 38
Tilley, 25
Townley, 46
Tyreman, 85
Villiers, 83, 84
Wade, 140
Weelkes, 82
Wentworth, 84
Whitall, 88
Wilberforce, 89
Wilson, 89
Wormald, 21
Wright, 161

-147

24,

10,

Famous Leeds General, A, 144-
Farnley Wood Plot, 115
Fights, see Battles
Fire at Doncaster Library, 152
 York Minster, 8
Flemish Cloth Makers, 17
" Flint Jack," 128
Flintoffs Museum, 135
Folk - lore, 98, see also Popular
Rhymes, Proverbs, and Traditions.
Font at Kilvington, 46
Forest of Knaresborough, 233
Forgeries, Antiquarian, 128
Fossgate, York, 10
"Fossil Willy," 128
Foster, M., on —
Sancton and its Relics, 10 — 13
Fountains Abbey, 62
Frith, F. W., R.A, 34—36
Funeral, A Singular, 128
G
Gallow Hill, Leeds, 26
"General Ludd," 260
Generals, Yorkshire, 139—148
Gentlemen's Society at Spalding, 149
Gilsthwaite Bridge, 223
Gladiators. 11
Golcar Hill, 48
Goldsmith's " Dr. Primrose, 33
Gothic Architecture, see Architecture.
Grammar Schools—
Batley, 100

Grammar Schools (continued)—
Birstal, 26
Bradford, 145
Richmond, 210
Grange, William, on —
Henry Jenkins, 168, 173
Grant, A Curious, 6
Grimston Park, 217
Grossteste, Bishop, 43
Guest, Lieut.-Genl., 147, 148
Guilds, 16, 19, 47
Gundriff s Beck, 222
Gunpowder Plot, 42
H
Hall, Samuel Carter, F.S.A., on—
A Yorkshire Author and Journal
ist, 50, 52
Halls —
Ardsley, 30
Howley, 69, 80, 97
Ingmanthorpe, 228
Merchants', York, 10
Oakwell, 25
Walton, 120
Harland, John, F.S.A., 52—54
Harrison, John, of Leeds, 78
Hartshead Church, 100—105
Hatton, W. H., F.R.H.iS., on—
Hartshead Church, 100—105
Helmsley Castle, 239
Heraldry, see Arms
Hills —
Golcar, 48
Harlow, 213
Morcar, 218
Nab Hill, 216
History, Remote Yorkshire, 212—246
Holland, John, Author and Journalist,
50
Holmes, John, The Antiquary, 57
Horn, Curious, 6
Howden Church, 105, 112
Howitt, William, on —
James Montgomery, 204—210
Hull, Walls and Gates of, 42

Ilkley, Cow and Calf Rocks at, 216
Ingleborough, 192
Ingleby, Sir William, 144
Ingmanthorpe Hall, 228
Ingram, Hon. Mrs. Meynell, 29
Inscriptions, S"e Epitaphs
Insignia, Corporate, of Leeds, 200—
203
Iris, The, 207, 209
Isurium, 213
Italy, "JackHawley"in, 126

GENERAL INDEX.

269

"Jack Hawley," 126—128
Jacobean Architecture, see Architec
ture
Jenkins, Henry, the Centenarian, 168
" Jerry Taylor," 128
Jewitt, Llewf.llvnn, E.S.A., bio
graphical sketch of. 63 — 67
¦  on " Flint Jack,"
128, 138
 on the Corporation
Insignia of Leeds, 200—203
Yorkshire Cer

amics, 90, 96
Jewitt, Orlando, 63
Journalist, A Yorkshire, 50, 54
K
Kaye, Sir John Lyster, 3
Kelso Abhey, 62
Kempe, Eliza, the Novelist, J 5
Keswick Beck, 218
Kilvington Font, 46
King's " Aulnager " The, 23
 Cross, Leeds, 140
 Wills, Leeds, 140
 Tower, Pontefract
Kipling Tithes, 171
Kirkburton, Longevity in, 163
Kirk Deighton Church, 243
Kirke White. 210
Kirklees Park, 105
Knaresborough Forest, 233
Knowles, Herbert, 210, 211

Lansdowne MSS., The, 174—181
Laurel Hill, 6
Leconfield and Henry Percy, 42
Leeds Corporate Insignia, 200—203
 General, A Famous, 144
 in tbe Civil War, 78
 Old Library, 154
 Potteries, see Ceramics
Legends, see Traditions and Folk-lore
Library, An Old Doncaster, 149 — 154
 Leeds Old, 154—160
Lichgate -at Birstal, 25, 26
Londesborough, Baion, 43
Longevity in Yorkshire, 161 — 173
Lore, see holk-lore
Lowther Family, 29
Luddenden, Robin Hood's Stone, 48
M
Mac A lister, J. Y. W., on —
The Leeds (Old) Library, 154—160
Mace, Leeds Civic, 201

Magna Charta, 216
Manor of —
Batley, 24, 98
Bottesford, 43
CoAvthorpe, 225
Gouldsborougb, 225
Howden, 112
Knaresborough, 225
Methley, 120
Oakwell, 24
Ribston, 225
Waterton, 120
Wetherby, 226
York, 9
Makgerison, S., on —
The Dodsworth MSS., 181
The Lansdowne MSS., 174
Manuscripts, 174 — 190, see also
Libraries
Marmion Tower and Chapel, 14, 16
Marshal General Wade, 139. 140
Martin, the YorkMinsterIncendiary,8
Masons of York, 187
Matthew Murray's Career, 257—264
Mayoral Chains of Leeds, 202
Memorial Inscriptions, see Epitaphs
Memorials, see Monuments
Micklegate Bar, York, 3
Minster, York, see Cathedral
Minstrels, 47
Mint at York, 9
Miracle Plays, see Mysteries
Monasteries, see Religious Houses
Monk Bar, York, 4
Montgomery, James, 204, 211
Monuments at —
Batley, 98
Birstal, 25
Hartshead, 103
Holbeek, 264
Howden, 110
Kirk Deighton, 243
Tanfield, 14
Thorner, 168
Westminster, 148
York, 33, 42
Moors —
Adwalton, 68
Austin, 134
Bowes, 192
Bramham, 168
Heyworth, 77
Loav Moor, 103
Mowbray's Vale, 199
Norland, 48
Riccall Common, 193
Winmoor, 71
Woodhouse, 77

270

GENERAL INDEX.

Moravian Establishment at Fulneck,
206
Morley and the Farnley Wood Plot,
116
 Manor House, 116
 . St. Mary's-in-the-Wood,
112—119
Mowbray's Vale, 199
Multangular Tower at York, 3
Municipal Corporations, 200—203
Murray the Engineer, 257—264
Mysteries (see also Pageants), 16
N
Names, Local, 213, 221, 224
Naturalist, A Yorkshire, 251 — 257
 Waterton, The, 120
Nevill's Cross, 2
Nichols, quoted, 26
Norcliffe Family, 16
Norland Moor, 48
Norman Architecture, see Architecture
Norman and his Conquest, The, 225 —
233
Norman Rolls, 239
Nostel Priory, 25
Numismatics, see Coins
Nunneries, see Religious Houses
O
Oakwell Hall, 25
Oates, Captain, 115 — 117
 Frank, The Naturalist, 251
Olave's Churchyard, York, 33
Old Chapel at Morley, 118
 Doncaster Library, 149
 Hall, East Ardsley, 30
 Library, Leeds, 154—160
 Yorkshire Registers, 188—190
Orleans, Duke of, 29
Osborne House, Morley, 113
Ottley, Henry, on —
W. P. Frith, R.A., 34-36
Ouse Bridge, York, 6
Oxlee, Rev. John, 55 — 57

Pageants, 21, 22
Painters, see Artists
Palace Royal, at York, 9
Parish Registers, see also "Old
Yorkshire Registers —
Batley, 100
Birstal, 25
Bolton-on-Swale, 168
Howden, 112
Kirkby Burton, 163
Riccall, 198

Parish Registers (continued)—
Rothwell, 30
Whitechapel, 25
" Parliamentary Survey," quoted, 25
Percy Shrine at Beverley, 15
Philosophical Society, Yorkshire, 33
Piers Plowman, quoted, 18
Pilgrimage of Grace, 29, 41
Pilkington, Lionel Scott, 126—128
Pipe Rolls, 240
Place Names, 213, 221, 224
Poets, Yorkshire—
Holland, John, 51
Knowles, Herbert, 210
Montgomery, Jas., 204
Poll Tax, 16
Pontefract, Antiquities at, 27 — 29
Popular Rhymes and Proverbs, 247 —
250
Pottery, see Ceramics
Priestley, Dr. Joseph, and the Royal
Society, 48, 49
Priories, see Religious Houses
Proverbs, 247—250
Pudsey, Longevity in, 165
Punishment, An Ancient, 105

Quashi, Daddy, 125
Queen Elizabeth, Death of, 37
Queen's Tower, Pontefract, 27, 28
Quintain, St.,. Family, 14
R
Rawlinson MSS., 234
Rayner, S., on —
Herbert Knowles, 210
Longevity in Pudsey, 165
Reformation, The, 8
Registers, Old Yorkshire, 188—190,
see also Parish Registers
Relics, see Sancton and Antiquities
Religious Houses—
Byland, 199
Drax, 197
Fountains, 62
Kelso, 62
Kirkstall, 77, 78
Melrose, 112
Mount Grace, 199
Nostel, 97, 114
Rievaulx, 199
Selby, 197
Westminster, 81—90
York, 9, 33, 98
Religious Plays, see Mysteries
Reliquary, The, 64
Remarkable Centenarians, 161 — 173

GENERAL INDEX.

271

Remote History of Yorkshire, 212—
246
Reredos, at Hartshead, 103
Rhymes, Popular, 247—250
Riccall Common, 193—199
Rivers —
Aire, 72, 74, 77, 241, 25S
Calder, 74
Humber, 193, 196
Nidd, 212
Ouse, 3, 14, 196
Tees, 191, 258
Trent, 197
Ure, 14, 16, 191
Went, 72
Wharfe, 212
Winwoed, 72
Roberts, George, on —
Yorkshire Rhymes and Proverbs,
247  250
Robin Hood, 108, 249
Rockingham Pottery, see Ceramics
Rocking Stone, 48
Rolleston, Prof., 13
Rolls (Fabric), of York Minster, 185
—188
Romanesque Architecture, see Archi
tecture
Roman Roads, 5, 12, 47, 214
Roman York, 1, 2
Ross, Fred, F.R.H.S., on—
Jack Hawley, 126—128
Marshal General Wade, 139—140
Priestley and the Royal Society,
48, 49
Waterton, the Wanderer, 120 —
126
Yorkshire in the Archseologia,
39—48
Rothwell, Archfeological Discovery
at, 29, 30
Rymer, The Antiquary, 38

Saddleworth, RomaD Station at, 39,
47
Saltonstall, Rocking Stone at, 48
Sancton and its Relics, 10—13
Savile Family, 30, 38
Saxon Architecture, see Architecture
Saxons in Yorkshire, The, 214
Scropes, The, 2, 29
Settrington, Sykes's of, 45
Shepherd, G. H., on —
Thomas Creswick, R.A., 36
Sieges, see Battles
Simpson, The Antiquity Forger, 128
Skipton Castle, 27

Sledmere, 45
Smith, Chas. Roach, F.S.A., 41
Smith's "Fuunbles about Morley,"
115
"Snake Billy," 128
Sports and Pastimes, Ancient, 11, 12
Sprotbrough Hospital, 43
Stocks, The, 105
Strickland, the Naturalist, Sad Death
of, 45
Superstitions, see Folk Lore and
Traditions
Sutton, Bishop, 16
Swillington Tower, Pontefract, 28
Swinford, Sir Thomas, 41
Swinton Potteries, see Ceramics
Sykes, John, M.D., F.S.A., 67
Sykes, Sir Mark M., 45
T
Talman, The Antiquary, 3S
Taylor, Rev. R. V, B.A., on—
A Distinguished General, 146,
147
Batley Church, 97-100
General Sir Richard Dean, 140 —
144
Lieut. -Genl. Joshua Guest, 147
Longevity in Whitby, 164
Old Yorkshire Registers, 188 —
190
Yorkshire Dead in Westminster
Abbey, 81—90
Templenewsam, Ingrams of, 29
Textile Industries, Ancient, 16 — 23
Thompson Family, 24, 47
Thoresby, Ralph, 8—38
Thornborough, Antiquities found at,
46
Tilley's Chantry, Birstal, 25
Tissiman, John, 46
Tod, Sir WiUiam, 6
Tokens, 52—65
Towers, see Churches and Castles
Townley Family, 46
Towton, Battle of, 2
Trade Societies, see Guilds
Traditions, (see also Folk-lore)
Kirkby Ore-blowers, 219
The Schoolmaster of Batley, 99
Tumuli at Driffield, 42
 •  Scarborough, 46
Turner, Sharon, the Historian, 46

U

Ulf, Thane of Linton, 220
Ulph's Horn, 39
Undercliffe Common, 75

272

GENERAL INDEX.

Ure, The River, 14, 16, 191
Ushaw College, 121 V
Vale of Mowbray, 119
Valley of the Wharfe, 218
Valor Ecclesiasticus, quoted, 25, 98
Vaughan, Sir Thomas, 29
Vavasours, The, 185
Veldt, The, 256
Vikings, The, 220 W
Wade, Marshal-General, 139—143
Wages, 500 Years Ago, 187
Wakefield, Battle of, 2
Walbran, John R. (the late) on —
Fabric Rolls of York Minster,
185
Walmgate Bar, York, 6
Walsingham, Sir Richard, 43
Warning and its Force, The, 239—
246
Wartre, Prior, 25
Warwick, Abbot of York, 33
Waterfalls, Yorkshire, 191
Waterton, the Wanderer, 120
Watling Street, 214
Watson, the Historian, 39, 47
Weather Proverbs, see Proverbs
Weavers, Ancient, 19
Wedgwood Ware, see Ceramics
Wentworth Family, 24
Westminster Abbey, Yorkshire Dead
in, 81—90
West-Riding Cloth Trade, 16—23
 ¦ Potteries, see Ceramics
Wetwang, Antiquities Found at, 46
Wharfedale, The Danes in, 217—225
Wheater, W., on —
Briton and Saxon in Yorkshire,
212-217
Dane inWharfedale, The, 217— 225
Days of Captivity, The, 233—239
Norman and his Conquest, The,
225-233
Warning and its Force, The, 239
—246
Winmoor Fight, 71—73
Whitby, Longevity in, 164
Wilberforce, William, 10, 89
Wilkinson, T. T., (the late) on —
A Yorkshire Author and Anti
quary, 52—54
Wilton, Earl of, 24
Winmoor Fight, 71—73

Wolds, The, 10—13
Wolf Fold, 48
Woodcock, of Hemsworth, 43
Wormald, the Banker, 24
Wressel, and Henry Percy, 42
Wright, Mary, the Centenarian, 161
Wright, the Antiquary, 41

Yew Tree, Ancient, 105
Yore, The River, 14
York in the Past, 1—10
York Minster Fabric Rolls, 185— 1S8
Yorkshire Antiquaries, 49, 52, 57, 59,
63,67
 Antiquities, 1 — 30
 Archaeological Journal, 16
 Arch, and Top. Journal, 62
 Artists, 31—36
 — Authors, 37—67
 Battles, 68—80
 ¦ Burial Grounds, 81—90
 Centenarians, 161 — 173
 Ceramics, 91—96
 Charters, 233—239
 Churches, 97—119
 Cloth Trade, 16—23
 Dead in Westmmster Abbey,
81—90
 Eccentric Characters, 120 —
138
 Generals, 139—148
 History, 212 246
 in The Archaiologia, 37—48
 Journalist, A, 50
 ¦ Libraries, 149—160
 Longevity, 161-173
 Manuscripts, 174—190
 Moors and Waterfalls, 190
—199
 ¦  Municipal Corporations, 200
—203
 Naturalist, A, 251
 Philosophical Society, 33
 Poets and Poetry, 204—211
 Proverbs, 247—250
 Registers, 188—190
 Remote History, 212—246
 Rhymes, 247—250
 Waterfalls, 190—199
 Worthies, 251- 264

Zambesi, A Yorkshire Naturalist on
the, 251
Zinzendorf, Count, 205

INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS.

Abarbanel, 50
Aberford, 114
Ackroyd, 92
iElfrio, 37
iEueas, 1
JStkelred, 139
Agassiz, 45
Agrleola, 1
Ailric, 120
Alcuin, 6, 36
Alexander, 98
Alfdene, 219
Allanson, 52, 140
Ambler, 158
Amund, 222
Anderson, 153,
165
Anne, Q., 32
Anson, 87
Anstruther, 81
Anthony, 171
Antoninus, 40
Armytage, 103,
104
Arthington, 78
Ascham, 199
Ashenwold, 120
Ashton, 145
Askame, 21
Aske, 29, 41
Asquith, 117, 118
Assheton, 103,104
Athelstan, 220
Athorpe, 111
Atkinson, 104
Augustus, 2
Aveyard, 118
B
Bagford 38
Baines, 54, 203
Balfour, 148

Ballinger, 154
Baltimore, 171
Bambles, 164
Bancke, 115
Banks, 87
Bannister, 160
Barber, 59, 94
Bardsley, 75
Barker, 95
Barnard, 85
Barraclough, 165
Basset, 107
Bateman, 64, 132
Bates, 62
Batley, 99
Batt, 24, 25, 26
Batty, 30
Beard, 52
Beaumont, 24, 44,
80
Beavot, 160
Beckwith, 9
Bede, 47, 73
Bellasysse, 82, 83,
85, 86, 199
Bellhouse, 71
Bennett, 90
Benson, 83, 86
Benyon, 259
Bermynham, 8
Berry, 165
Bertie, 44
Bethell, 107, 111
Bingley, 83, 86,
87
Birtbie, 115
Blaekett, 80, 147
Blake, 142
Blenkinsop, 92,
261
Booth, 96, 160,
163
Borowe, 99
Bossville, 145
Boulton, 11

Bowett, ISO
Bowzer, 151
Boynton, 146, 175
Brameld, 93
Brandling, 92,
263
Bray, 45
Breasley, 52
Brigantes, 1
Brignall, 164
British, 1, 2, 10,
12
Broadley, 111
Brodelay, 172
Brokesby, 247
Bronte, 104
Brooke, 44, 181
Brookes, 53
Broughton, 96,
158
Browne, 50, 164
Buchan, 88, 89
Buckingham, 42,
84, 117
Burgess, 55
Burgh, 99
Burghley, 174
Burgoyne, 87
Burleigh, 9
Burley, 164
Burlington, 8
Burnell, 115
Burnett, 171
Burton, 98, 195
Butler, 182
Byerley, 179
Byron, 160
By water, 115
C
Csedmon, 43
Caasar, 2
Calverley, 140,
146

Camden, 40, 72,
144
Cameron, 84, 264
Caracalla, 1
Caractacus, 1
Cardmaker, 117
Carlingford, 81
Carlyle, 17, 141
Carter. 193
Cartismunda, 1
Cartwright, 45
Cary, 83
Castleton, 7
Catesby, 167
Cecil, 175
Chalmers, 174
Chaloner 21
Chambers, 88
Chantry, 51, 95
Chappel, 163
Charles I., 2, 47,
71, 114, 134,
140, 172
Charles II., 30, 40
172
Chaucer, 18, 23
Chester, 81
Chetham, 50
Chlorus, 1
Cholmeley, 82
Clanearty, 84
Clapham, 16, 144,
146
Clarendon, 68, 74
Clarke, 111, 112
Clayton, 163
Clement, S., 27
Clerke, 83
Clewland, 99
Clifford, 10, 182
Cockayne, 103
Coekell, 148
Coif a, 113
Colbum, 148
Collinson, 95

274

INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS.

CongreAre, 86
Consitt, 16S
Constable, 27, 32,
82
Constantine, 2, 1 1
Constantius, 1
Conyers. 169
Conyngham, 41
Cook, 156
Cooper, 164
Copley, 24, 43,
97, OS, 116
Copperthwaite, 132
Cotton, 37, 38
Coventry, S3
CoverdiJe, 175
Craven, 145
Ci-eswick, 36
Cromwell, 14, 71,
74, 120, 134,
141, 142, 167,
172
Crossley, 49
CroAvther, 115,
117, US
Crusaders, 15
Crusoe, 32
Cullen, 163
Cumberland, 139
Oust, 84 D
Dagh, 21
Dale, 57
Darcy, 83, 110
Darlington, 107
Darnbrough, 16S
David, 1
Davye, 25
Dawes, SS, 10S
DaAvson, 117
Deane, 82, 140—
144
De Burgh, 120
De La Pryme, 43,
44, 82, 179
De Mauley, 42
Denis, S., 14
Denison, 41, 148
Dibdin, 45
Dickens, 35
Dickenson, 117
Dineley, 144
Dobson, 165, 107
Dodgson, 201
Dolben, 181
DoAvne, 151

Drake, 42
Duffield, 1S5
Dugdale, 145,
153
Dujon, 150
Dunn, 90
Duval, 35
Hyson, 163

Ealdred, 220
Earushaw, 163
Ebraucas, 1
Ecgrig, 71
Edelfled, 72
Eduienstone, 122
Edward I., 6, 20,
225
Edward II., lit,
44. 9S, 113,
199
Edward III., 2,
6, 17, 2:?, 98
Edward IV., 24,
46
Edward VI., 107,
172, 174
Edwin, 6, 71, 113
Elfleda, 71
Elizabeth, Q., 1 1,
24, 26. 37, 46,
107, 172
Ellerker, 178
Ellesmere, 26
Elley, 140. 147
Elliott, 205
Ellis, 115-117,
163
Empson, 111
Erasmus, 152
Eric, 220
Ermistead, 26
Essex, 175
Estcourt, 111
Ethelhere, 71
Ethel wald, 71
Etty, 31—34
Eure, 177
Eustachine, 45
F
Fairfax, 8, 69, 70,
71, 74- 7S, 117,
141, 142, 14S,
199
Fairholt, 34, 41,
66

Falkland, S3
Fall, 1S1
Farrar. 165
Fauoonbers;, S2
Fawcett, 148, 171
Fayram, 152
Fenton, 93, 259
Ferne, S2
Fen-and, 119
Ferrers, S2
Finch, S7
Fitton, 163
Fitz Pain, 22S
Fitzwalter, 231
Fitzwilliam, 95
Flatou, 35
Flemings, 17, IS
Flintoff, 50
Florence, 72
Foot, S3
Forbes, 77
Forster, 179
Foster, 13
Foules, 77
Fox, S6
Foxcroft, 140
Fozzard, 117
Frank, 26
Franklin, 49
Freeman, 224
Frewen, 181
Frith, 34, 36
Frost, 107 G
Gale, 3S, 39, 170
Gales, 207
Galloway, 25S
Gal way, 1 1 1
Gambert, 36
Gamel, 220
Gascoigne, 17S
Gelderd, 146
George III., 25,
99, 160
Gifford, 70, 174
Gisimus , 56
Gloucester, 29
Glover, 145
Godefried, 225
Godfrey, 17S
Godwin, 23S
Goldsmith, 33
Goodage, 156
Goodail, 62
Goodman, 202
Gordon, SS
Gough, 2

Gower, 84
Graham, 170
Grainge 173
Grainger, 1 IS
Grantham, 46
Craves, 36
Greathead, 115,
118
Green, 24, 91, 93,
163
Greonwell, 6 1,248
Gregory, 107
Grenetield, S
Grey, S, 29, 98
Griffith, 99
Grimo. 162
Grindall, 220
Gronow, 147
Grossteste, 43
Guest, S6.S7, 147,
14S
Guthforth, 220
Gyrolda, H
Hadrian, 1
Haigh, US
Hainsworth, 165
Haldeno, 219
HalmshaAV, 104
Hamilton, 1 10,
142
Hampden, 69
Hancock, 202
Hanstock, 100
Harcourt, 39
Hardrada, 196
Harfager, 196
Hardy, 39
Hardyng, 39
Harland, 52 — 54
Harold, 196
Harris, 128
Harrison, 79, 160,
207
llarsnet, 181
Hartley, 25, 91
Hartop, 107
Haste, 165
Hatton, 105
Hawkins, 39
Hawley,12C— 128
Heath, 141
Heber, 5'., 145
Hellawell, 163
Henley, 49
Henry I. , 20, 97
Homy II., 20, 230

INDEX OF NAMES OP PERSONS.

275

Henry III., 3, 112
114
Henry IV. , 2
Henry V., 6
Henry VI , 97, 98
Henry VII., 0,
143, 172
Henry VIII., 2,
8, 9, 25, 37. 46,
107, 120, 170,
172
Hepton, 83
Herford, 52
Hewley, 40
Heywood, 40
Hicks, 177
Higden, 180
Hilda, 71, 72
Hilkes, 38
Hinchcliffe, 163
Hirne, 70
Hodgson, 76, 116
Hogarth, 34
Holden, 39
Holiday, 165
Holland, 50, 52
Holies, 74
Holmes, 38, 57—
59
Holroyd, 145
Hopkinson, 24,
25, 160
Hopton, 142, 148
Horsfall, 80
Horsley, 55
Hotham, 160
Howard, 38, 82,
84
Howden. 1 1 1
Howitt, 210
Hoyle, 163
Hubba, 219
Hudson, 49
Hunter, 39, 40,
67
Hurst, 147
Hutchinson, 112
Hutton, 65 175

Ibettson, 156
Ince, 67
Ingham, 164, 165
Ingilby, 148
Ingland, 178
Ingleby, 144
Ingram, 29, 82,
85, 178

Ingulphus, 133
Irvino, 85
Irwin, 85
Isabella, Q.,40
Tsmay, 26
Iveson, 101

Jackson, 41, 44,
128, 13S, 150,
166, 264
James I., 2, 9, 37,
54, 114, 144,
172
James II., 30, 83
Jefferson, 111
Jenkins, 83, 86,
167, 168
Jenkinson, 160
Jerdan, 63
Jerrold, 63
Jessop, 247
Jewitt, 51,63— 67,
138, 203
John, K., 39
Johnson , 1 49
Johnston, 89, 179
Jolly, 145
Julius, 1K
Kay, 119, 163
Kaye, 3, 55
Kemp, 18
Kempe, 45
Kendall, 131
Kenion, 155
Kennett, 174
Kighley, 85
King, 104
Kirkby, 30, 182
Kirkham, 107,
110
Kirton, 166
Knaggs, 164
Knappe, 56
Knight, 63
Knowles, 210
Knox, 55

Lacy, 29, 97, 1 14,
120
Lambert, 116, 14S
Lancaster, 28, 29
Lane, 87

Langdale, 39, 14S
Langland, 20
Langley, 110
Langton, ISO
Lansdowne, 174
Lascelles, 148,199
Lawrence, 90
Lawson, 9,46, 164
Leach, 64
Lee, 163
Leland, 37
Lemon, 64
Le Neve, 85
Leveson, 84
Lewys, 83
Lexington, 83
Lilburne, 9
Lindley, 140
Lindsay, 88
Lister, 20, 69, 83,
85
Livy, 46
Lloyd, 60
Lockart, 49
Lodge, 41
Londesborough, 41
Lovaine, 88
Lowden, 145
LoAvther, 29, 79,
119
Lucas, 160
Lukis, 61
Lumley, 38
Lupton, 90, 158
Luther, 120, 159
Lynwode, 40
Lyster, 20
Lyttleton, 42
Lytton, 83
M
MacAlister, 160
Macarthy, 84
Machel, 85
MacKenzie, 252
Maclea, 264
Maitland, SO
Mallory, 176
Mangee, 201
Manning, 94
March, 264
Margerison, 23,
181, 185
Markenfield, 43
Markham, 71, 74,
89
Markland, 42

Marmion, 14, 16
Marsh, 55
Marshall, 57, 258,
203
Marten, 8
Mary, Q., 8, 46
Massie, 201
Mauleverer, 81,
83
Mauley, 42
Maurice, 4
Mawbank, 172
May hew, 64
Meadows, 64
Melton, 98
Melville, 85
Mennell, 162
Menzies, 111
Meryton, 181
Metcalf, 19
Metham, 110
Methley, 145
Meyrick, 42
Miall, 116
Middleton, 55,
144
Mildmay, 77
Miller, 149, 151
152
Milner, 88
Mirfield, 43, 99
Mitchell, 145
Monckton, 148
Monjoy, 202
Monk, 84, 143
Monkman, 130,
132
Montaigne, 181
Montgomery, 50,
51, 205
Moore, 146
More, 120
Morgan, 144
Morley, 83
Moses, 22
Motley, 104
Moyser, 88
Murchison, 45
Murray, 92, 130,
257—264
Myers, 154N
Nessfield, 145
Nettleship, 228
Neville, 8, 10,
24, 25, 26, 177
Newburrow, 199

276

INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS.

Newcastle, 74
Newman, 16.7
Newton, 132
Nicholas, 25, 98
Nichols, 26, 149
Nolan, 56
Norcliffe, 16, 79
Normans, 2, 225
Northrop, 165
Norton, 119
0
Oates, 114, 115,
116,118, 250—
257
Ogle, 155, 156
Ogleby, 166
Olaf, 220
Olave. 33, 196
Oldfield, 43
Olivia, 34
Orange, 3
Orleans, 29
Orm, 222
Ormond, 143
Orre, 19J
Osara, 105
Osred, 105
Oswald, 6, 71, 97
Oswy, 6, 71, 97
Otes, 116
Ottley, 36
Ouida, 158
Oxenhope, 98
Oxford, 177
Oxlee, 55—57

Paganel, 227
Pakenham, 187
Paler, 178
Palgrave, 39—43
Paris, 17
Parker, 37
Parkinson, 83
Parr, 170
Parsons, 72
Paulden, 115
Paulinus, 6
Payne, 162
Peacock 43, 44
Pearson, 168
Peel, 146
Pegge, 43
Pendor, 6, 71
Percy, 15, 42, 88
Peter, S., 6, 20

Pettigrew, 66
Petty, 174
Pharoah, 21
Philippa 2
Philipsen, 168
Phillips, 195
Pickering, 16, 75
Pierrepont, 82
Pilkington, 126—
128
Pitt, 44
Plautagenet, 2
Plaxton, 179
Plowman, 18
Pope, 34
Popeley, 24
Popham, 142
Popplewell, 104
Porteous, 55
Porter, 133
Potter, 160
Poulson, S7
Preston, 166, 207
Priestley, 48, 49,
155
Primrose, 33
Procter, 178
Pryme, 43, 44,
179
Puckering, 81
Pycock, 131
Q
Quashi. 124, 125
Quintain, S., 14
R
Radcliffe, 82, 85
Ramsden, 176
Raphael, 31
Ratcliffe, 82
Rawdon, 148
Ray, 45, 247
Rayner, 115, 211
Redman, 145
Reid, 122
Rembrandt, 32
Reveley, 88
Reyner, 24, 25
Rhodes, 92, 96
Richard I., 239
 249
Richard III.. 20
Richardson, 24
Riley, 21
Rivers, 29
Roberts, 138, 250

Robinson, 53, 80,
160, 169
Rogers, 8, 210
Rokeby, 176
Rolleston, 13, 256
Romans, 1, 2, 3,
10, 11, 12
Romayne, 8
Rook, 44
Ross, 48, 49, 126,
128, 245
Routh, 55
RoAvley, 53
Rupert, 143
Russel, 92
Ryan, 99
Rymer, 38
Ryther, 177

Sage, 63
Snlt, 117
Saltmarshe, 110
Sanders, 175
Sanderson, 82
Sandwith, 58
Sandys, 175
Sass, 34
Saunders, 87
Savile, 30, 38, 69,
74, 75, 76, 77,
83.84,100, 115,
169
Saxons, 2, 10, 12,
46
Sayvel,' 30
Scarborough, 9
Scarsdale, 83
Scatcherd, 25, 71
Scot, 81
Scott, 14, 72, 127
Scrope, 2, 29
Seaton, 148
Sedman, 164
Severu3, 1
Shakespere, 31,
40
Sharpe, 151
Shaw, 53
Shawe, 43
Sheaffelde, 160
Sheard, 100
Sheldon, 63
Shepherd, 36
Shovel, 84
Sigibert, 71
Simpson, 128, 138
SkargiU, 144

Skirlow, 108
Skirton, 70
Slingsby, 83, 84
Sly, 63
Smiles, 258
Smith, 41, 64, 66,
87, 89, 115, 132,
163
Smithson, 88, 146
Sneaton, 164
Sotherton, 111
Southby, 85
Sparling, 117
Spencer, 151
Spooner, 89
Spyllesby, 187
Stafford, 74, 247
Stanhope, 84
Stanley, 81
Stapleton, 44, 82,
83, 245
Staveley, 46
Steele 117
Steeton, 77
Stephen, K., 8,
27, 103
Stevens, 137
Storr, 87
Stothard, 45
Stout, 53
Strafford, 9
Strickland, 45
Stuart, 143, 147
Sturtou, 70
Surtees, 99
Sutton, 16, 83
Swift, 81
Swinford, 41
Sydney, 52
Sykes, 45, 46, 67,
163
Sylvester, 180

Talman, 38
Tankard, 118
Tatham, 161
Taylor, 52, 100,
101, 104, 144,
148, 165, 190
Tempest, 206
Tennant, 133, 135
Thackeray, 64
Thirlwall, 90
Thomas, 7
Thompson, 24, 47,
65,85,111,148, •252

INDEX OF NAMES OF PERSONS.

277

Thornborough, 145
Thoresby, 8, 38,
160
Thornton, 119,
160, 165
Thorpe, 72
Thriscroft, 171
Thwaites, 144
Tilley, 25
Timbs, 63
Tindall, 153
Tissiman, 46
Titian, 31
Tod, 6
Todd, 51
Tolson, 117
Tomlinson, 100
Torre, 179
Towers, 56
Townley, 46
Trappes, 82
Trevithick, 261
Trollope*, 158
Trueman, 167
Turner, 16, 46
Tyreman, 85
Tjsseman, 130
U
Clf, 227

Ulph, 39
Ulphus, 6
Umfraville, 241

Val, 97
Valpy, 57
Van Tromp, 143
Vaughan, 29, 177
Vavasour, 9, 1 74,
177, 180, 185
Venables, 39
Vere, S4
Vernon, 39
Villiers 83, 84
Vitalis, 228
W
Wada, 139
Wade, 139, 140
Waddilove, 46
Walbran, 188
Wales, 75, 115
Walker, 23, 25,
47, 50, 62, 107
Wallis, 50
Walsingham, 43
Walton, 56, 153
Wanley, 38

Warde. 160
Warre, 101
Wartre, 25
Warwick, 33
Waterhouse, 140
Waterton, 120—
126
Watson, 39, 47
Webbe, 104
Wedgwood, 65,
92
Weelkes, 82
Wellbeloved, 40
Wenlock, 111
Wentworth, 24,
74, 1.7
Wheater, 73, 114,
217, 225, 233,
239, 246
Whitaker, 72,
113
Whitall, 89
White, 99
Whitley, 145
Wickham, 103
Wilberforce, 10,
89
Wilfrid, 6, 113
Wilkinson, 49, 54
William I., 2, 3,
7, 9, 197, 228

William III., 83,
201
William IV., 94
Wilson, 89, 125,
141
Wiltshire, 135
Witcbell, 162
Wood, 134, 144,
152, 259
Woodcock, 43
Woodhead, 62
Woolrich, 155
Wormald, 24
Worsop, ill
Worthington, 49
Wortley, 163
Wrangham, 56
Wright, 41, 66,
155, 161, 163
Wyndham, 111

Yroung, 130, 153,
175

Zinzendorf, 205
Zouch, 8

INDEX" OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Aberford, S9, 188
Ackworth. 88, 89
Acomb, 179, ISO,
181
Acton, 87
Addelthorpe, 223
Adderton, 68
Adel, 113, 258
Adwalton, 68-71.
118, 119
Adwick-in-the- Street, 183, 188
Aislaby, 164
Aketon, 224
Aldborough, 12,
44, 167, 18S
Allerton, 81, 83
Almanza, 166
Almondbury, 47,
163
Alnwick, 88
Ambleside, 1 34,
135
Ampleforth, 57
Amsterdam, 166
Ancrum, 88
Anston, 188
Antrim, 204
Antwerp, 153
Apperley, 77
Ardsley, 30
Arksey, 189
Aries, 2
Armley, 146
Arnhall, 178
Arnim, 190
Arthington, 183
Asenby, 199
Aske, 178
Atherstone, 68
Attercliffe, 96
Atwicke, 186
Aughton, 198

Austin Moor, 134
Axholme, 178
Aysgarth, 174,
190, 192 B
Baghill, 27
Baildon, 20, 189
Ballymena, 204
Bamangwato, 252
Bamborough, 63
Bannoekburn, 113
Bantry, 84
Barbadoes, 85
Barbican, York, 4
Bardsey, 86, 1SS
Barkisland. 48
Barmbv, 107, 127
189 '
Barnard Castle,
134, 135
Barnside, 163
Barnsley, 44, 166
Barton, 89
Barwick-in- Elmete, 72
Bath, 40, 87
Batley, 24, 43, 69,
97—100, 114
Bawtry, 44, 151
Beach Downs, 41
Beamsley, 145
Bedford, 134, 137
Beeston, 71, 98,
99, 144
Bempton, 81
Ben Rhydding,
222
Berkshire, 25
Berlin, 41
Berwick, 85
Beverley, 15, 39,
42, 44, 46, 47,
85, 88, 126,
179, 180

Bingley, 77, 86
Birdforth, 199
Birdsall, 55
Birmingham, 54,
58, 104
Birstal, 23—26,
97
Bishopthorpe, 185
Black, 258
Blyth, 15
Bolderstone, 190
Bolton-in-Bolland 44
Bolton-on Swale,
168
Bolton Percy,
S4
Bootham, York, 5
Bootle, 135
Boroughbridge, 86, 147, 167
Boston, 135
Bottesford, 43,
135
Bowe, 192
BoAvers-Gifford, 90
Bowland, 178
Bowling, 165
Boynton, 45
Braban, 21
Brackenburgh, 199
Bradford, 68, 69,
70, 75, 99, 100,
105, 117, 145,
189, 203
Bradley, 38
Bramham, S6,
151
Bramley, 151
Brancepeth, 85,
87
Brandon, 133
Brayton, 248

Bridlington, 44,
45, 81, 130, 132,
134, 167
Brigg, 134
Brighouse, 59
Brimham, 44
Brindle, 43
Bristol, 142
Brods worth, 1SS
Bromflete, 119
Broomhall, 247
Brough, 12, 46,
139
Burgh, 12
Burleyjn- Wharfe
dale, 190
Burniston, 165
Burnley, 54
Burton, 248
Burton Agnes, 99
Burythorpe, 168
Byker, 166
Byland, 182, 199
C
Caistor, 133
Calcaria, 40
Calverley, 23, 145
181, 185
Cambodunum, 40
Cambridge, 24,
90, 133, 138.
Campsall, 26
Canterbury, 41,
113
Cantley, 150, 18S
Carlisle, 42, 55,
134, 135
Carlton, 44. 82,
168, 188 '
Cailton-in- Craven, 83
Castleford, 189
Castle Hill, 47,
163

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

279

Castle Howard,
43, 167
Castleshaw, 47
Catterick, 16S,
172
Cawthorne, 131
Cawood, 175, 1S5,
197
Chalgrove, 39, 69
Chalens-sur- Marne, 21
Chapel-Allerton, 190
Chatsworth, 65
Chelmsford, 133
Cherborough, 45
CherryBurton, 46
Cheshunt, 86
Chesterfield, 134
Church Fenton, 74
Churwell, 98,115
Clay Cross, 134
Cleveland, 55
Clithero, 82, 103
Coalley, 76
Cockermouth, 134
Colchester, 133
Collingham, 189
Conisborough, 189
Copley, 43
Cotter Force, 191
Cottingham, 47
Cottingley, 144
Cowthorpe, 189
Crimple, 219
Crosland, 163
Crossfell, 191
Croyland, 133
Cumberland, 26
Cumberworth, 163 D
Darfield, 189
Darlington, 131,
135
Deadman's Hill,
193
Deeping, 145
Deighton, 241
Deira, 6
Demerara, 122
Dent, 189
Denton, 190
Derby, 63,
203
Dewsbury, 100, 101, 105,
185

138, 76,

Dinnington, 190
Distone, 215
Doncaster, 40, 43,
44, 45, 48, 67,
81, 127, 128,
149—154, 189
Douay, 82
Downham, 103
Drax, 44, 197,
241
Driffield, 42, 45,
82
Duffield, 13S
Dunbar, 69
Dunkeld, 52
Dun KesAvick,218
Durham, 105, 134,
135 E
Easing wold, 135
East Anglia, 17
East Ardsley, 30
Eastrington, 107
Ebor, 177
Ecclesfield, 39,
185
Edinburgh, 161
Edlands, 237
Edlington, 189
Eel Mires, 215
Egton, 55
Eley, 84
Elland, 26, 83
Ellerker, 179
Ellerton-on-Swale 118
Elmdor, 80
Emley, 185
Endor, 56
Engham, 178
Escrick, 82, 83
Eske, 192
Essequi, 60
Exeter, 66, 141

Falling Foss, 192
Farnley, 115, 116,
117, 118, 146,
186
Featberston, 189
Felixkirk, 199
Ferry Frvston,189
Fewston, 78, 188
Fieldhead, 44, 48
Filey, 47, 130

Flamborough, 47,
81, 183
Flanders, 23, 85,
146, 222
Flawford, 184
Fleet Beck, 215
Flockton, 190
Flodden, 170
Flushing, 82
Follifoot, 224
Forcett, 86
Fossgate, 10
Fountains, 82, 172
Frankfort, 153
Frickley, 189
Fulliford, 240
Fulneck, 204, 206
Fulstone, 163
Fyfolt, 66 G
Callow Hill, 26
Garforth, 73, 1S9
Gargrave, 189
Gaul, 1
Gibraltar, 90
Giggleswick, 180
Gildersome, 98,
99, 115, 118
Gilling. 189
Gilmonby, 88
Gilsthwaite, 223
Gisburne, 1S3
Glass Houghton,
189
Glenshee, 166
Godensburg, 225
Godmersham, 43
Golcar Hill, 48
Goldsborough, . 213, 225
Gomersal, 26,
210
Goodrick, 42
Grovehill, 204
Grainge, 163
Grantham, 133
Greasborough, 189
Great Churnside,
172
Great Hatfield,
85
Greenhow, 168
Greenwich, 143
Grimsby, 135
Grimston, 36, 41,
183

Grinton, 189
Guiana, 121
Guisborough, 55,
134
Guiseley, 90
Gundriff Beck,
215 H
Haddon, 65
Hadencar, 192
Haley, 83
Halifax, 38, 39,
43, 47, 48. 49,
50, 70, 71, 75,
76, 83, 140,
147, 181, 188,
247
Hallamshire, 39,
47
Haltwhistle, 134,
135
Hambleton, 102
Handsworth, 52
Hardcastle, 168
Harewood, 177
Harrogate, 82,
167, 173
Hartlepool, 134
Hartshead, 100 —
105, 113, 208
Hartswith, 163
Hatfield, 44, 126,
167, 179
Haverholm, 178
Hawes, 190
Haworth, 104
Headington, 63
Healaugh, 63, 190
Heath, 43, 49
Heckmondwike, 105
Hedon, 44, 87,
89, 179
Helmsley, 135
Hemingbrough, 197
Hemsworth, 43
Hepworth, 163
Hertford, 134
Hessleskew, 11,
12
Hesslewood, 184
Hexham, 1 34,
135
Heyworth, 77
Hickleton, 190
Highfield, 44

280

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

High Hoyland,
190
Helston, 87
Hipperholm, 49
Holbeek, 57, 116,
258, 264
Hoiderness, 44,
47, 83, 87, 157
Holland, 21
Holme 163
Holmtirth, 163
Honley, 70, 163
Hooton- Pagnall,
1S8
Hooton-Roberts, 150
Horby, 169
Hornsea, 132
Horsham, S5
Hovingham, 55
Howden, 42, 105
—112,174, 1S9,
197
Howley, 69, 80,
97, 115, 118
Huddersfield, 63,
85, 97, 105, 163
Huddlestone, 185
Hull, 42, 44, 52,
55, 85, 87, 89,
132, 135, 150,
166, 167, 174,
176, 177, 179,
189, 247
Hunsingore, 214
Hunslet, 79, 91,
116, 263
Huntingdon, 133
Hyndeley, 186

Ingleborough, 192
Ingmanthorpe, 226, 228, 241
Ipswich, 133, 141
Ireland, 41, 135,
142, 204
Irvine, 204
Isle of Wight, 41
Isleworth, 82
Isurium, 213
Italy, 59

Jamaica, 39
Jedburgh, 88
Jorevale, 182

41,

134,

K
Kallerthorpe, 215
Kelso, 60, 62
Kendal, 16, 17,
134
Kensington, 126
Kent, 41, 43
Kereby, 2 IS
Keswick, 218
Kettlewell, 135,
167
Kildwick, 189
Kilvington, 46,
199
Kimberworth, 63
Kingsale, 89
King's Cross, 140
King's Ruckling,
196
Kingston - upon-
Hull, 89
Kilham, 1S4
Kipling, 171
Kippax, 188
Kirby, 135
Kirby Buiton,
163
Kirby Kendal, 16
Kirby Moorside,
83,131
Kirby Underdale,
90
Kirk Burton, 163,
183
Kirkby Fleetham
184
Kirkby Malham.
dale, 185
Kirkby Misper-
ton, 184
Kirkby Overblow
189
Kirkby Stephen,
134
Kirkby Wharfe,
189
Kirkby Wiske,
184
Kirk Deighton,
215
Kirkgate, 155
Kirkham, 183
Kirk Hammer-
ton, 224
Kirklees, 100,
103, 104, 105

Kirk Smeaton,
189
Kirkstall, 77, 178
Kirksted, 178
Kirkthorpe, 189
Knaresborough, 78, 85, 178, 182,
223, 249
Knebworth, 83
Knedlingtou, 112
Knottingley, 190
Koenigsberg, 56
Kyme, 231

Lambton, 85
Lancashire, 1, 53
Lancaster, 53
Landburg, 12
Langar, 1S4
Langdale, SS
Laughton, 39
Laurel Hill, 6
Leathley, 140
Lea Hurst, 65
Leconfield, 39,42,
1S9
Ledston, 83
Leeds, 26, 3S, 39,
46 48, 58, 59,
73, 74, 75-80,
82, 86, 91—96,
9S, 104, 117,
119, 135, 140—
144, 145—147,
154—160, 161,
162, 166, 189,
200-203, 205,
246,249,257-264
Leicester, 16, 134
Lewes, 101
Leyburn, 135
Lichfield, 26, 43
Lightcliffe, 147
Lilleshall, 84
Lincoln, 17, 43,
133, 134
Lindley, 140
Linton, 214
Little Saxham,
101
Little Stafford ,25
Liverpool, 135,
154
Liversedge, 25
Lockington, 178
Londesborough, 12

London, S, 19, 24,
32, 36, 39, 41,
48,49, 126,128,
133, 137, 140,
153, 161, 203,
210
Long Preston,189
Longtown, 135
Loundesborough, 182
Louth, 135
Louvaine, 153
Loversall, 190
Low Moor, 103
Luddenden, 48
Lunedale, 192
Lupset, 40, 69, 80
Lynn, 135
Lythe, 164
M
Macclesfield, 39
Malaga, 122
Malplaquet, 166
Malton, 45, 47,
127, 131, 168
Manchester, 40,
49, 50, 52, 135
Manfield, 18S
Market Weigh-
ton, 10
Marmion Tower,
14—16
Marr, 184
Marston, 2, 69,
71, 119, 142
Maryport, 134
Masham, 176
Meanwood, 146,
251
Meaux, 159, 180
Melbeck, 147
Melrose, 112
Melsinby, 189
Melton, 184, 188
Methley, 169
Mexborough, 169
Mickleby, 185
Micklegate, 3, 5
Middleham, 175
Middleton, 198
MiU Bridge, 85
Mill Gill, 192
MilshaAV, 163
Mirfield, 26, 43,
77, 206
Mitton, 185
Molesworth, 55

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

281

Monk Bar, 4
Monk Bretton,
17S
Monk Fryston,
74, 188
Moor Allerton,
145
Moor Monckton,
190
Morecambe, 135
Morley, 25, 59,
67, 98 112
Mount Grace, 199
Mulgrave, 140
N
Nab Hill, 216
Naburn, 194
Nafferton, 233
Naseby, 69, 74
Nesses, 194
Netherby, 218
Neville's Cross, 2
Newark, 133, 134
Newburgh, 87
Newby-on-Swale, 169
Newby Wiske, 88
Newcastle, 134,
135, 166
New Grange, 140
Newmarket, 133
Newton-on-Ouse, 184
Norland Moor, 48
Normanton, 18S
Northallerton, 134
Northampton, 134
North Dalton, 85,
170
North Deighton,
212
North Duffield,
198
North Shields,
134
Northumbria, 6
Norton Conyers,
170
Norwich, 123,166
Nostel, 25, 97, 98,
114
Nottingham, 9,
134
Nun Appleton,

0
Oakwell, 24, 25,
26
Ocellum Promen-
torium, 47
Oldburg, 12
Orkney, 195
Orleans, 29
Ornnoko. 122
Orthes, 146
Osgodbv, 197
Otley, 18J, 189
Ouse, 6, 194, 195
Overthorpe, 82
Owston, 150, 190
Oxford, 13, 38,
63, 142
Oxnop, 164

Paddock, 163
Paisley, 67
Pannal, 189
Pateley Bridge,
168
Patrington, 187
Paris, 14
Parma, 126
Pembroke, 142
Penistone, 48
Pennsylvania, 162
Peterborough, 123, 149
Pevensey, 197
Pickering, 131,
135
Pinner, 63
Plumpton, 182
Plymouth, 65
Pocklington, 178
Pomfret, 74
Pontefract, 21,
27—29, 43,100,
119, 182
Potternewton, 92,
96
Preston, 142, 147,
167
Pudsey, 75, 165,
211

Queenhithe, 90

R
Raby, 178
Raistrick, 189
Rastrick, 59
Bavenglass, 135
Ravens' Hill, 131
Rawdon, 190
Rawmarsh, 185
Redear, 134
Redhill, 51
Reeth. 1G6
Reighton, 45
Rettord, 84
Ribston, 189, 212,
234
Riccall, 193, 194,
195
Richmond, 90,
134, 135, 144,
148, 165, 168,
190, 210
Rievaulx, 183
Riley, 163
Rilston, 190
Ripley, 144
Ripon, 25, 34, 44,
47, 61, 82.88,
166, 170, 175,
188, 189 193,
248
Rippondon, 47,
Rishworth, 48
Roddington, 114
Roe.head, 104
Romald Kirk, 168
Rome, 11
Roos, 229
Rossington, 188
Rotherham, 39,
81, 93,189,207
Rothwell, 29, 30,
57, 188, 262
Routh, 231
Rowley, 247
Roxby,, 82
Roystone 190
Ruddas, 46
Rudstone, 44
Rufford, 102
Ruswarpe, 164
liydings, 23
Ryther, 181

Saddleworth, 39,
47

Salisbury, 137
Salley, 53, 177
Saltonstall, 48
Sancton, 10—13
Sandal, 185
Sandbeck, 82
Saxton, 74, 185,
188
Scarborough, 38,
46, 130, 131,
132, 135, 165,
175, 189,247
Scarsdale, S3
Scawton, 55
Scholes, 25, 163
Scriven. 83, 85
Scutterskelfe, 83
Selande, 21
Selby, 44, 52, 73,
74, 76, 80, 135
Settle, 41
Settrington, 45
Sheffield, 36, 39,
40, 50, 51, 52,
57, 65, 90, 134,
162, 189, 204,
248
Shepley, 163
Sherburn, 74
Sheriff Hutton,
179
Shipley, 75, 77
Silkston, 184
Skelton, 107
Skipsey, 78
Skipton, 27, 3S,
116, 167
Skipwith, 107
Skirlaugh, 180
Slack, 82
Slaidburn, 178
Sledmere, 45
Sleights, 128, 164
Snaith, 177
Sneaton, 164
Snowgatehead, 163
South Cave, 179
South Kilving-
ton, 46
Sowerby, 4S
Spain, 1
Spalding,135,149, 151
Spennithorne,189Spofforth, 189,
212
Sprotborough, 43,
150 S

282

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLACES.

Spurn, 47
Spy lies! >y, 1S7
Staincliffe, 24
Stainford, 133,
149
Stainton Dale,131
Staithe, 134
Stamford Bridge,
175
Stansfield, 4S
Stan wick, SS
Steeton, 77
Stittenham,43,84 Stockeld, 144
Stockton, 134,257
Stockwith, S4
Stokesby, 131
Stokesley, 10S
Stonyhurst, 121
Stretton, 44
Studley, 34
Swaledale, 100
Swilliogton, 28,
144
Swinton, 93, 94.
95, 96, 150
Syke Dyke, 224

Tadcaster, 9, 40,
41, 44, 73, 74,
137. 168, 185,
1S9
Tanfield, 14, 16
Tankersley, 185
Tasburgh, 101
Tavistock, 44
Temple Burgh,
24S
TempleneAvsam, 29, 82, 85, 175
Temple Ribston,
215
Thetford, 133
Thevedale, 1S5
Thirsk, 130
Thorganby, 195
Thornborough,46

Thorne, 44, 150,
189
Thorner, 16S, 1S9
Thomhill, S2, 83,
1S9
Thornton, 1S9
Thorparch, 189
Thorpe Salvin, 39
Thrybergh, 1S4,
189
Thurnscoe, 1S9
Thurstonland, 163
Tingley, 117
Tinsley, 1S9
Titheby, 184
Tong, 1SS, 208
Topcliffe, 46, 189
Toulouse, 146
Towton, 2
Treeton, 1S9
Trentham, 1S4
Truro, 142
Tudhoe, 121
Tunbridge, 55
U
Ugthorpe, 164
Ulkriding, 236
Ulverstone, 135
Undercliff, 75
Underdale. 90
United States, 4S
Upsal, 199
Ure, 14. 16, 191
Ushaw. 121

Vale of York, 192
Victoria Falls,
251, 253
Vittoria, 146
W
Wadworth, 150

Wakefield, 2, 34,
44, 67, 79, 100,
120, 134, ISO,
1S2
Walmgate, 6
Walshford, 213
Walton, 120
Wanswonh, 133
Ware, 134
Warmfield, 189
Warmsworth, 150
Wartre, 22S
Waterton, 120
Wath, 207
Wawne,\ 78
Weathercote, 192
Wemsley, 1SS
Wensleydale, 191
Went Bridge, 72
West Ardslev,
1S9
West Burton, 192
West Garforth,
73
Westminster, 41.
SI -90
Westmoreland, 16,26
Weston, 1S9
Wetherby, 73,
190, 213
Wetwang, 46
Whalley, 139
Wharam, 178
Wheatley, SI
Whitbv. 43, 46,
55, 72, S2, 12S,
130, 131, 135,
139, 164, 165
Whitchurch, 97
Whitechapel, 25
Whitehaven, 134
135
Whitkirk, 73
Whittington, 43
Whixley, 213
Wighill, 1S1
Wigton, 134
Wike, 25

Willerby, 134
Willonghby, 197
Wilton, 24
Winkbai-row, 24S
Winmoor, 71 — 73
Wiutertou, 43, 44
Wistow, 189
Wolds, 10, 11, 12
Wolf Fold, 4S
Womersley, 189
Woodchurch,118, 1S9
Woodhouse, 74,
77
Woodlesford 72,
73
Woolley, 189
Woolwich, 134
Worcester, 69
Workington, 134
Wragby, 1SS
Wrenthorpe, 83,
S6
Wressel, 42
Wrexhill, 158
Wrigbowls, 103
Y
Yarmouth, 87,
133
Yore, 14
York, I— 10, 12,
16, IS, 21, 22,
25, 31, 32, 33,
34, 37, 38, 39,
40, 42, 43, 55,
59, S2, S3, 84,
9l),9S, US, 132,
134, 135. 150,
165, 166, 169,
173, 174, 176,
17S, 1S5, 189,
192, 197, 213
Yoruba, 56
Z
Zambesi, 251,253

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INDEX TO NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Batty, John, F.R.H.S., East Ardsley, near Wakefield..
Bellhouse, Edward, Beeston, near Leeds...
Blackett, the late F., Woodhouse, Leeds
Ballinger, John, Public Librarian, Doncaster
Booth, E. D., Huddersfield,..
Cameron, W. S., Mercury Office, Leeds ...
Carter, M. E., Ripon
Clarke, Thomas, the late, Knedlington ...
Clapham, John Arthur, Mirfield
Editor, The, Morley, near Leeds
Fairholt, F. W., F.S.A., London ...
Foster, M. ...
Grainge, William, Harrogate
Hatton, W. H., Chronicle and Mail Office, Bradford
Hall, Samuel Carter, F.S.A., London
Howitt, the late William, London
Jewitt, Llewellynn, F.S.A., The Hollies, Duffield, Derby
Margerison, Samuel, Calverley, near Leeds
Oates, C. G., B.A., Meanwoodside, Leeds
Ottley, Henry, London
Roberts, George, Lofthouse, near Wakefield ...
Rayner, Simeon, Pudsey, near Leeds
Ross, Fred., F.R.H.S., Stamford Hill, London
Shepherd, G. H., London
Taylor, R. V., B.A., Melbecks, Richmond, Yorkshire 90
Wilkinson, the late T. T., Burnley, Lancashire ...
Wheater, W., Leeds ... ... ... 73
Walbran, tlie late J. R., F.S.A., Ripon...
59
67,
Page 30 71SO
154
163
264 193112 16
119 34 13
173105 52
210
138, 203
181, 185
257 36
250
165, 211
126, 140 36
100,144,147,148,165,190 54
217, 225, 233, 239, 246 188
93
23
48, 49,
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

LARGE PAPER COPIES.
Armitage, Captain Godfrey, J. P., Ackworth, Pontefract.
Ackroyd, William, Jun., Final Royd, Birkenshaw, near Leeds.
Ackroyd, George, 5, North Park Villas, Manningham, Bradford.
Baines, Sir Edward, Kt., J.P., D.L., St. Ann's, Burley, Leeds.
Beer, John T., F.S.A.S.. F.R.S.L., Threapland House, Fulneck, Leeds.
Brook, Col. Thomas, F.S.A, J.P., Armitage Bridge, Huddersfield.
Brigg, Benjamin S., Burlington House, Keighley.
Barrowclough, Alfred, Wellfield House, Churwell and Morley.
Blakeley, Alfred, Woollen Manufacturer, Morley, near Leeds.
Brayshaw, Thomas, Solicitor, Settle, Craven.
Collyer, Robert*, D.D., 139, East Thirty-ninth Street, New York.
Calvert, tie v. Joseph Mason, The Old Hall, Grassington, Craven.
Carter, F. R., Chapel Allerton, feeds.
Clapham, John, Botanical Chemist, Wade Lane, Leeds.
Devonshire, Most Noble the Duke of, K.G., D.C.L., Holker Hall, Lancashire.
Dartmouth, Right Hon. the Earl of, M.A., Patshall, Albrighton.
Dyson, W. Colbeok, F.S.A.S., Wilton Park, Batley.
Denison, W. Beckett, J.P., D.L., Banker, Nun-Appleton, York.
Dodgson, Joseph, Bookseller, New Briggate, Leeds. (10 copies)
Effingham, Right Hon. the Earl of, D.L., J.P., 57, Eaton Place, London, S.W.
Gladstone, Right Hon. W. E., M.P., D.C.L., 10, Downing Street. London.
Gray, Henry, Topographical Bookseller, 25, Cathedral Yard, Manchester,
Gray, James, 4, Scott Street, Bradford.
Halifax, Right Hon. the Earl of, G.C.B., J.P., Hickleton, Doncaster.
Houghton, Bight Hon. Lord, D.C.L., F.S.A., Fryston, Ferrybridge.
Hau§hton, Richard, St. Leonard's Place, York.
Hall, John, The Grange, Hale, Cheshire.
Hunt, William Eastern Morning News, Whitefriargate, Hull.
Hardcastle, Joseph, Dyer, Victoria Terrace, Morley, near Leeds.
Hainsworth, Lewis, 118, Bowling Old Lane, Bradford.
Jessop, T. R., F.R.C.P., etc., 32, Park Square, Leeds, and Roundhay.
Jackson, Edward, Gentleman, Scawthorpe,. Doncaster.
Jackson, Richard, Bookseller, 18, Commercial Street, Leeds.
Jewitt, Llewellynn, F.S.A., The .Hollies, Duffield, Derby.

SUBSCRIBERS. 285
Library, The Subscription, St. Leonard's Place, York.
Library, The Corporation of London, Guildhall, King Street, London.
Lister, J.. Hydropathic Establishment, Rookwood House, Ilkley.
Lupton, R. N, Hosier, 37, Yorkshire Street, Bochdale, Lancashire.
Mackie, Robert Boavn as, M.P.. J.P., St. John's, Wakefield.
Marsden, John, J. P., Cotton Spinner, Beechwood, Huddersfield.
Mathers, John S., F.S.A., F.S.S., Hanover House, Leeds.
Miles, James, Bookseller, Albion Street, Leeds. (6 copies)
Milne- Redhead, R., Holden Clough, Clitheroe.
Mitchell, H. B. , Airedale House, Bramley, near Leeds.
Nixon, Edward, Savile House, Methley, near Leeds.
Ormerod, Hanson, Jun., Boothroyd, Brighouse.
Oates. C. G., B.A., Meanwoodside, Leeds.
Pollington, Hon. Vise junt, M.A., J.P., D.L., John St., Berkeley Square, London.
Ramsden, Sir John, Bart., M.P., J.P., M. A., Byram Hall, Ferrybridge.
Roberts, A., Leeds.
Roundell, C. S., M.P., J.P. D.L., Osborne, Fernhurst, Haslemere, Kent.
Rose, Josiah, 59, Bond Street, Leigh, Lancashire.
Swithinbank, Geo. E , LL.D-, F.S.A., Ormleigh, Anerley Park, Surrey.
Swindells, G. H, Oak Villa. Heaton Moor, Stockport.
Smeeth, Thomas S., Metal Broker, Swan Arcade, Bradford, and Morley.
Stansfeld, John, Iron Merchant, Alfred Street, Leeds. (2 copies)
Sampson, John, Bookseller, 13, Coney Street, York. (4 copies)
Smith, Swire, Worsted Spinner, Low Field House, Keighley.
Sandell, F. D., Surrey Lodge, Frizinghall, Bradford.
Suddick, George, 1, Cookridge Street, Leeds.
Swallow, D., Gas Department, Town Hall, Bradford.
Taylor, Rev. R. V., B A , Melbecks Vicarage, Richmond, Yorkshire.
Tacey, William G., L.R.C.P., F.R.M.S., 6, Manningham Lane, Bradford.
Webster, Councillor George, Tho Woodlands, Gildersome, near Leeds.
W alley, Samuel, Wool Merchant, 16, Bond Street, Leeds.
Wurtzburg, J. H., The Towers, Armley, near Leeds.
Waterhouse, David, 21, Coleridge Place, Bradford.
Waterhouse Sam. E., Bookseller, Sun Buildings, Bradford. (3 copies)
Wilson, B., Stonehall Road, Eccleshill, near Bradford.
Whitaker, William, Turret Villas, Francis Street, New Leeds, Leeds.
Yule, John, Bookseller, Aberdeen Walk, Scarborough.

SMALL PAPER COPIES.
Arundel, Robert, J.P., Solicitor, Tanshelf Lodge, Pontefract.
Asquith, Joshua, J.P., Springfield House, Morley, near Leeds.
Ackroyd, William, J.P., Wheatleys, Birkenshaw, near Leeds.
Adamson, Samuel A., F.G.S., 48, Caledonian Street, Leeds.
Aldam,- William, J.P., FrickleyHall, near Doncaster.
Alsing, G., C E., 15, Airville Terrace, Frizinghall, Bradford.
Anderton, William. J.P., Worsted Spinner, Elm Bank, Cleckheaton.
Anderton, Rev. William Edward, M.A., The Manse, Morley, near Leeds,
Appleton, John Reed, F.S.A., Lon. and Scot., Western Hill, Durham,

286 SUBSCRIBERS.
Armitage, George J., F.S.A., Clifton Woodhead, Brighouse.
Andrews, William, F.R.H.S., Secretary, Literary Club, Hull
Aspinall, Bev. George, M.A., Vicarage, East Hardwick, Pontefract.
Anderton, C. P., Worsted Spinner, Whitcliffe, Cleckheaton.
Armitage, George, Chairman of Local Board, East-thorpe, Mirfield.
Ackroyd, George, 5, North Park Villas, Manningham, Bradford. (3 copies)
Armitage, Richard, Gentleman, 17, Albemarle Crescent, Scarborough.
Ackrill, Robert, Newspaper Proprietor, Herald Office, Harrogate.
Atkinson, John, Blue Slater, Whitehall Road, Leeds.
Askham, Joel, 14, May Day Green, Barnsley.
Andrew, John, 28, Sunny Bank Terrace, Leeds.
Adey, Rev. W. T. , Alfred Villa. Londesborough Road, Scarborough.
Atkinson, Josias, Scale House, Settle.
Armstrong, Robert Leslie, Iron Merchant, 101, Thornton Road, Bradford,
Atkinson, Samuel, Moor Allerton Lodge, near Leeds.
Armstrong, J. Leslie, Byland House, Harrogate.
Abbott, John, Cliff Field House, near Selby.
Adlard, Henry, Engraver, 333, Essex Road, Canonbury, London, N.
Boulter, Rev. W. C, M.A., F.S.A., Malvern Link, Malvern.
Busfield, Lieut. -Col., J.P., (of Upwood, Bingley) Oakhill, Ilkley.
Balme, E. B. W., J.P., D.L., Cote Wall, Mirfield, and Loughrigg, Ambleside.
Bailey, John Eglington, F.S.A,, Egerton Villa, Stretford, Manchester.
Barber, W. Swiiiden, F.R.I.B.A., Shaw Hill Cottage, Halifax.
Barwick, J. Marshall, M.A , Low Hall, Yeadon, near Leeds.
Beer, John T , F.S.A. S., F.R.S.L., Threapland- House, Fulneck, near Leeds.
Batty, John, F.R.H.S., East Ardsley, near Wakefield.
Bell, j. H., M.D., 1, Hallfield Road, Manningham Lane, Bradford.
Binns, Isaac, F. R. H. S. , Borough Accountant, Town Hall, Batley.
Brigg, John Fligg, J. P., Greenhead Hall, Huddersfield. (2 copies)
Bruce, Samuel, J. P., LL.B., Warenne House, Wakefield. (2 copies)
Brigg, John, J. P., Gentleman, 1, Swaine Street, Bradford.
Briggs, Arthur, J. P., Cragg Royd, Rawden, near Leeds. (2 copies)
Broadbent, John, 47, Well Street, Bradford.
Brown, Bev. James. B. A., 29, Springfield Place, Bradford.
Brown, Rev. James, M. A., U. P. Manse, Lochgelly. Fifeshire, N. B.
Busfeild, W,, J.P., Morland Hall, Temple Sowerby, via Penrith.
Bolland, Rev. Arthur, M. A , 12, St. Mary's Terrace, Scarborough.
Bolckow, C. F. H, J.P., Marton Hall, Middlesborough.
Buck, C. W., M.B.C.S., Giggleswick, Craven.
Binns, Joseph Edward, 69, Raglan Road, Woodhouse, Leeds.
Briggs, Joseph, 3, Bedford Place, Park Lane, Leeds.
BreAvin, Rev. George, Wortley, near Sheffield.
Backhouse, Alfred, Sharebrpker, 22, Bond Street, Leeds.
Buckley, James, Printer, 3, Hanover Square, Leeds.
Brown, George, Banker, Old Bank, Park Row, Leeds.
Binks, John, Corn Factor, Wakefield.
Beecroft, John, East Grove, Keighley.
Berry, Walton Graham, Broomfield, Fixby, Huddersfield.
Brear, Thomas, Bookseller, Kirkgate, Bradford.
Beaumont, John, Instructor, Textile Department, Yorkshire College, Leeds.
By water, James, Engineer and Machinist, Birstal, near Leeds.
Boothman, David, Gentleman, Headingley, near Leeds.
Bell, George, Music Seller, 15, Byron Street, Leeds. (2 copies)
Batty, Arthur, Rothwell, near Leeds.
Barraclough, William, Union Foundry, Barnsley.
Brown, Charles Musgreave, Manufacturer, 36, Mount Preston, Leeds,
Burras, George H., Cashier, Horsforth, near Leeds.

SUBSCRIBERS. 287
Bromley, John H., Cragg Hill, Horsforth, near Leeds.
Brown, William, 74, Maxwell Road, Pollok shields, Glasgow.
Beverley, Albert, Westfield Grove, Wakefield.
Brierley, William, Bookseller, 2, Bend .--treet, Leeds. (4 copies)
Brigg, William, Woodville, Far Headingley, Leeds.
Booth, Binns, 21, Oak Road, Noav Wortley, Leeds.
Bromley, Charles, Belle Vue House, Goole.
Beaumont, J;imes, Solicitor, 8, East Parade, Leeds.
Birdsall, Thomas, Woodbine House, Meanwood Road, Leeds.
Booth, Edwin, 24, Wortley Lane, Leeds.
. Barber, Henry J., Solicitor, Brighouse, near Halifax.
Bulmer, Charles, Clerk of the Peace, Blenheim Lodge, Leeds.
Baker, Joseph Brogden, Barnsbury Villa, Falsgrave, Scarborough.
Brayshaw, Thomas, Solicitor, Settle. (2 copies)
Blackburn, John, Gentleman, The Valley, Scarborough.
Bleasdell, Rev. John, Enville Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Baxter, William, 6, Park Square, and Lyddon Terrace, Leeds. (2 eopies)
Briggs, AVilliam, 7, St. Stephen's Street, Bristol.
Bent, Peter, Yorkshire Penny Bank. 2, East Parade, Leeds.
Bottomley, John Carr, Stoneleigh, Brighouse, near Halifax.
Bradley, John, Manufacturer, 22, Woodbine Place, Leeds.
Bottomley, Thomas, Cross Hills, via Leeds.
Bousfield, C. E., St Mary's Mount, Clarendon Road, Leeds.
Bowling. John, Solicitor, 15, Clarendon Road, Leeds.
Braithwaite, C. H., Photographer, Briggate, Leeds, and Ilkley.
Blamires, Henry, Cardmaker, Uleckheaton. (2 copies)
Burrell, B. Robertshaw, Solicitor, 20, Albion Street, Leeds.
Burrell, W. Henry, Accountant, 18, Albion Street, Leeds.
Brown, A. and Son, Booksellers, 28, Savile Street, Hull. (3 copies)
Broughton, C. J. E., Wortley, near Sheffield.
Burton, Alfred, 37, Cross Street, Manchester
Birch, Herbert, The Vicarage, Blackburn, Lancashire.
Cadaian, J Heaton, M. A., Recorder of Pontefract, Ackworth, Pontefract.
Chapman, T. B., J. P., Percy House, Durham.
Clarke, J. Chiundy, M.R.C.S., Bank House, Morley, near Leeds.
Carter, Richard, C.E., F.G.S., Spring Bauk, Harrogate.
Cartwright, J. J., M.A., Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, London.
Collier, Rev. C, M.A., F.S.A., Andover, Hants.
Crossley, James, F.S.A., Stocks House, Cheetham High Road, Manchester.
Collyer, Rev. Robert, D.D. , 137, East Thirty- ninth Street, New York.
Cliff, John, F.G.S., 7, Wellington Street, Leeds.
Cash, William, F.G.S., 306, Elmfield Terrace, Halifax.
Cook, John, F.R.H.S., Solicitor, Hull.
Cadman, Major W. E., F.R.B.S., 78, Fellows Road, South Hampstead, London.
Cunningham, Dr., Leeds.
Cobley, Fred, Journalist, Mount Pisgab, Otley.
Curzou, Frank, Lecturer, Yorkshire Union of Mechanics' Institutes, Leeds,
Chapman, George, 4, Hall Terrace, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
Clejig, Edward, Moorlands Cottage, Birkenshaw, near Leeds.
Cross, Henry M., St. Lawrence, The Valley, Scarborough.
Crowther, Joseph, Cotton Spiuner, Luddenden Foot, near Halifax.
Cockburn, George J., Chairman, Board of Guardians, Leeds.
Corney, Joseph Greenwood, Giggleswick, Craven.
Crosland, B., and Sons, Oakes Mill, Lindley, near Huddersfield. (3 copies)
Clapham, John Arthur, The Knowl, Mirfield, near Leeds.
Chadwick, S. J., Solicitor, Church Street, Dewsbury.
Childe, Rowland, Westgate, Wakefield.

288 SUBSCRIBERS.
Clapham, John, Botanical Chemist, Wade Lane, Leeds. (2 copies)
Clapham, J. W., Oakdale Terrace, Meanwood Road, Leeds.
Cameron, W. S., Journalist, Mercwy Office, Albion Street, Leeds.
Cooke, John, Waverley House, 9, Coupland Street, Beeston Hill, Leeds.
Cole, William, 268, M anchester Road, Bradford.
Carter, J. H, 7, Rhodes Street, Halifax.
Cooke, Frank, Fine Art Gallery, Earl Street, Keighley.
Constable, William, Newbegin House, Malton.
Cheetham, William, Woodbottom Cottage, Horsforth, near Leods.
Colbeck, Simeon, Boyle Hall, West Ardsley, near Wakefield.
Clark, W. H., Insurance Agent, Temple Mount, Beeston Hill, Leeds.
Clay, J. W., Rastrick House, Brighouse, near Halifax.
Cordingley, John R., 10, Melbourne Place, Bradford.
Childe, W. H., Loxley Cottage, Bradford Road, Batley.
Carr, Edwin, Insurance Surveyor, Eversley, Headingley, Leeds.
Compston, Rev. J., Baptist Minister, Fivehead, Taunton, Devon.
Clough. Lee, 3, Blenheim -Road, Bradford.
Croft Joseph, Ashville, Shipley, near Bradford.
Curtis, John, East Ardsley, near Wakefield.
Clark, Richard Ecroyd, Rutland House, Doncaster.
Copoerthwaite, W. C., Beech (irove, Malton.
Carter, Mrs. J. S., 38, Great Horton Boad, Bradford.
Cudworth, William, Journalist, Undercliffe Street, Bradford.
Ciowther, Benjamin, Chemical Manufacturer, Drub Lane, Gomersal.
Crawford, James, 14, Westfield Terrace, Chapeltown, Leeds.
Crawford, J. \V., Woollen Manufacturer, King Street, Leeds.
Deane, E. Eldon, F.R.I.B. A., Architect, 5, Bloomsbury Square, London.
Dunlop, Walter, J. P., The Grange. Bingloy.
Davis, J. W., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S., Chevinedge, Halifax.
Dawson, Thomas, F. R.H.S., Caledonian Mount, Leeds.
Dineen, Thomas, F.R.G.S., 17, Queen Street, Leeds.
Duncan, Rev. George, Baptist Minister, 23, West Hill, Huddersfield.
Dodgson, Joseph, Bookseller, 1, New Briggate, Leeds. (10 copies)
Dawson, W. H., Journalist, Craven Pioneer, Skipton, Craven.
Douglas, John, Osborne House, IJkley.
Day, George, Hanging Heaton, near Dewsbury. (2 copies)
Dance, William Anthony, 44, Ladbroke Place, Hunslet, Leeds.
Dodgshun, Joseph, Flinders Lane East, Melbourne, Australia.
Dodgshun, James, Flinders Lane East, Melbourne, Australia.
Dickenson, J. N., South Market, Meadow Lane, Leeds.
Dodson, William, 81, Sefton Street, Southport, Lancashire.
Davies, Rev. Robert, Baptist Minister, Wesley Street, Morley.
Davis, Frederick, Palace Chambers, St. Stephen's, Westminster, London.
Dodgshun, James, Hamburg Villa, St. John's Road, Leeds.
Dix, Harry J., Grand Trunk Railway, Montreal, Canada.
Dealtry, Charles Thompson, Gransden, Cheltenham.
Dennis, E. M , Bookseller, 82, Newborough Street, Scarbro'. (3 copies)
Dransfield, H. B., Solicitor, 14, Ramsden Street, Huddersfield.
Dodgson, Jonathan, Dyer, Bank Bottom, Elland. near Halifax.
Dodgson, Rev. J. D., Corrigal, Victoria, Australia.
Dillon, J. C, Woollen Merchant, 91. Fore Street, London, E.C.
Dawson, William, Eldwick Grange, Bingley.
Deane, J. A., -olicitor and Town Olerk, Batley.
Dixon, Elizabeth, 1 7, Parish Ghyl Road, Ilkley. (2 copies)
Dawson, Samuel, Bookseller, Market Place, Dewsbury. (2 copies)
Downing, William, Olton, Acocks Green, near Birmingham.

SUBSCRIBERS. 289
Dyson, H., Printer, 1, Cookridge Street, Leeds.
Embleton, Thomas W., C.E., The Cedars, Methley. (2 copies)
Eddy, J. Ray, F.G.S., The Grange, Carleton, Skipton, Craven.
Eastwood, J. A., 49, Princess Street, Manchester.
Elliott, Stephen, Newmarket House, Stanley, near Wakefield.
Easby, Mrs. James, Appleton Wiske, Northallerton.
Edmondson and Co., Printers, Fioneer Office, Skipton, Craven.
Ellis, John, Cabinet Maker, Cleokheaton , via Normanton.
Earnshaw, Aaron, West Ardsley, near Wakefield.
Frith, William P., R.A., 47, Pembridge Villas, Bayswater, London (2 copies)
Fishwick, Lieut. -Col. Henry, F.S.A., The Heights, Rochdale.
Ferrand, W., J.P., D.L., St. Ives, Bingley.
Fairbank, F. Royston, M.D., 46, Hall Gate, Doncaster.
Fallow, T. M., M.A., Chipel- Allerton, near Leeds.
Firth, Thomas F., J.P., "The Flush," HeckmondAvike.
Ford, J. tiawlinson, F.R.H.S., Solicitor, 25, Albion Street, Leeds.
Fernandez, J. L., Lupset Lodge, near Wakefield.
Foster, T., Manufacturer, Well field House, Farsley, near Leeds.
Fawcett, John M., Architect, Raven's Mount, Harrogate, and Leeds.
Fox, William, Cardigan Vila, Cardigan Road, Headingley, near Leeds.
Frobisher, W. AL, 189, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds.
Fryer, Isabella, Catterick, North Yorkshire.
Fox, Alderman T. B., President, Chamber of Commerce, Dewsbury. (2 copies)
Foster, Mrs. E. T., Settle.
Farrar, Thomas H., 45, Saville Park, Halifax.
Foote, Harry D'Oyley, M.D., Croft House, Rotherham.
Foster, J. T., Little Driffield, East Yorkshire.
Fawcett, W. H., 47, Beamsley Road, Frizinghall, near Shipley.
Garnett, William, Esq., J.P., Lucan House, Ripon.
Gladstone, Herbert John, M.A., M.P., 10, Downing Street, London.
Garrett, Rev. William T., M.A., J.P., Crakehall, Bedale.
Greenbury, Rev. Thomas, F.S.A.S., 16, Upperhead Row, Leeds, and Hkley.
Gane, Lawrence, Barrister-at-Law, Abbeydale, Moorland Road, Leeds.
Gregson, William, Baldersley, Thirsk, Yorkshire.
George, Alderman T. W,, J.P., Gledhow Grove, Chapeltown, Leeds.
Gill, William Hodgson, Park Cottage, Thwaite Gate, Leeds.
Glossop, William, Accountant, 33, Kirkgate, Bradford.
Gaunt, Leonard, Woollen Manufacturer, Cape Mills, Farsley, near Leeds.
Gardiner, Henry T., Times Office, Goole.
Galloway, P. C, 120, Bowling Old Lane, Bradford.
Grimshaw, David, Jun., 18, Albion Street, Leeds.
Gibson, Rev. William, Independent Minister, Knottingley, near Leeds.
Greenwood, William, Blenheim Terrace; Field Hill, Batley.
Gaunt, Joseph, West View, Wortley, near Leeds.
Goodall, C, Printer, 62, Boar Lane, and 1, Cookridge Street, Leeds. (25 copies)
Greaves, Elizabeth. J 35, Hyde Park Road. Leeds.
Gore, Henry, Printer and Bookseller, Settle, Craven.
Gaunt, Reuben, Springwood, Farsley, near Leeds.
Greaves, John Oldroyd, Mining Engineer, Westgate, Wakefield.
Goodall, Rev. Edward, Gladstone Terrace, Morley, near Leeds.
Gibson, Charles, 42, Methley 'street, Kennington Cross, London.
Guest, W. H., 78, Cross Street, Manchester.
Gray, Henry, Antiquarian Bookseller, 25, Cathedral Yard, Manchester.

290 SUBSCRIBERS.
Hirst, Henry Edavard, M.A., B.C.L., 1, Essex Court, Temple, London.
Hartley, Joseph Lieut -Col., J. P., D.L., LL.D. Cantab, Hartley, Dartford, Kent.
Hildyard, Rev James, B.D., The Rectory, Ingoldsby, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
Hanstock, Walter, F.R.I.B.A., Architect, Field Hill, Batley.
Hume, Rev. A, D.C.L., LL.D , The Vicarage, Liverpool.
Hirst, John, J. P., Ladcastle, Dobcross, Saddleworth.
Hollings, Robert, M.D., Grove House, Wakefield.
Hick, W.H., F.R.H.S., Longfield Cottage, Dark Lane, Batley.
Hobkirk, Charles, F. L.S., 2, Clifton Vidas, New North Road, Huddersfield.
Hodgson, Robert William, M.D., The Lodge, Northallerton.
Hall, Jonathan, Gentleman, Barnard Castle.
Hamilton, Mrs. Eleanor, Bishop's Walk, Salisbury.
Hainsworth, Lewis, 118, Bowling Old Lane, Bradford.
Hepworth, William, Dyer, Geldard Road, Gildersome, near Leeds.
Hepworth, John William, Dyer, Churwell, near Leeds.
Hinchliff, Daniel, Laburnum House, Wortley, near Leeds.
Hardy, Joseph N, Music Master, Kirkgate, Wakefield.
Hutchinson, John, Manager, Gas Works, Barnsley.
Hainsworth, Henry, Woodville, Farsley, near Leeds.
Hainsworth, James, Holly Mount College, Tottington, near Bury.
Hepper, John, Auctioneer, Clareville, Headingley, and East Parade, Leeds.
Hopkins, Richard Borrough, Solicitor, 62, Albion Street, Leeds.
Howitt, John W., 23, East Parade, Leeds.
Holroyd, Abraham, Harmony Cottage, Eldwick, near Bingley.
Hemingway, R, C, White Hart Inn, Batley.
Howitt, J., Whiston Grove, Rotherham.
Harling, Thomas, 6, Parry Lane, Bowling, near Bradford.
Hargreaves, John, Yorkshire Bank, Settle, Craven.
Hartley, William, Solicitor, Catteral Hall, Giggleswick.
Hartley, John, Craven Terrace, Settle, Craven.
Hainsworth, John Edward, Engineer, Savile Town, Dewsbury.
Hall, Dixon, Ironmonger, Commercial Street, and Park Villa, Batley.
Hall, Joseph, Manufacturer, 2, Tanfield Terrace, Springfield Place, Leeds.
Haigh, George, Syke House, West Ardsley, near Wakefield.
Holmes, John, The Holmsted, Roundhay. near Leeds.
H ewitt, John, 92, Harris Street, Leeds Road, Bradford.
Haigh, Richard F. , Lake Lock. Stanley, near Wakefield.
Horner, George, Bookseller, Settle, Craven.
Hatton, W. H., Chronicle and Mail, Chapel Lane. Bradford.
Hammond, George T., 3, Bedford Place, Park Lane, Leeds.
Hardcastle, John, Jun., Accountant, Victoria Square, Leeds.
Higgin, George, 5, Broadway Chambers, Westminster, London.
Hall, John, 24, Westgate, Wakefield.
Holmes, Richard, Bookseller and Printer, Market Place, Pontefract.
Hanson, Thomas, Rag Merchant, Earlsheaton, near Dewsbury.
Hope, Robert Charles, Albion Crescent Villa, Scarborough.
Horsfall, Joseph, Fern Place, Elland.
Hoiderness, Thomas, Observer Office, Driffield, East Yorkshire.
Hanson, Mrs. Sophia, 9, Springcliffe, Bradford.
Hunt, Charles, Compositor, 26, Caledonian Street, Leeds.
Harper, T., Steam Ship Owner, Dunholme, High Elswick, Newoastle-upon Tyne.
Hole, James, 1, Great College Street, Westminster, London.
Hanby, Richard, Librarian, Cheetham Library, Hunt's Bank, Manchester.
Holt, Robert, Prestwich, Cheshire.
Hinde, C. H., Mount Stieet, Albert Square, Manchester.
Ingham, Mrs., Spring Well, Churwell, near Leeds.
Ingham, William, Flock Merchant, Churwell, near Leeds.
Illingworth, Thomas, Elmleigh, Hkley.

SUBSCRIBERS, s 291
Iveson, W. B., Solicitor, Holmfirth.
Jackson, Rev. Francis W., M.A., Bolton Percy, York. (2 copies)
Jebb, Rev. Henry Gladwyn, J. P., Firbeck Hall, Rotherham.
Jubb, Samuel, J. P., Author of "History of Shoddy Trade," Batley.
Jackson, Rev. William, High Street, Morley, near Leeds.
Jackson, W. F. Marsh, Smethwick, Staffordshire.
Jarratt, Rev. Canon John, North Cave, Brough, Yorkshire.
Jepson, E. G., 87, Basinghall Street, Leeds. (3 copies)
Jessop, C, Church Street, Brighouse.
Jones, H., Compositor, 18, Blackman Lane.
Kelsall, Alderman William, J.P., Kelsall Street, Leeds.
King, Kelburne, M.D., J.P., 6, Albion Street, Hull.
Kitson, James, Jun., J.P., Headingley, near Leeds.
Kemp, Rev. John, M.A., The Vicarage, Birstal, near Leeds.
King, James, Manager, Silver Royd Hill, Wortley, near Leeds.
Kelly, Lewis, Silk Merchant, 1, Exmouth Grove, Leeds.
Keith, Hugh, Shipowner, Poldar House, Pollokshields, Glasgow.
Kinsman, Andrew Guyse, 20, Moor Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia.
Kemp, William, The Green, Ossett, near Wakefield.
Kerr and Jubb, India Rubber Merchants, Northgate, Halifax. (3 copies)
Kirk, John, Gentleman, The Wathon, Brecon, South Wales.
Kellett, Simon, Commission Agent, Liversedge, via Normanton.
Keyworth, Cecil F., Lion Foundry, Wellington, New Zealand.
Lowther, Sir Charles, Bart., J.P., Swillington House, Leeds.
Leader, John Daniel, F.S.A., Broomhall Park, Sheffield.
Lee, William Hartley, J. P., Northgate, Wakefield.
Library, British Museum, Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London.
Library, The Bodleian, Oxford University, Oxford.
Library, The University, Cambridge.
Library, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
Library, Faculty of Advocates, Edinburgh.
Library, The Fullerton, Thrybergh, Rotherham.
Library, The Fullerton, Denaby, Rotherham.
Library, Mechanics' Institution, Heckmondwike.
Library, Mechanics' Institution and Literary Society, Leeds.
Library, Yorkshire Union Village (F. Curzon, Secretary). (2 copies)
Library, Cheetham, Hunt's Bank, Manchester (li. Hanby, Librarian). (2 copies)
Library, Leeds, Commercial Street (J. Y. MacAlister, Librarian).
Library, Atkinson Free, Southport (Thomas Newman, Librarian).
Library, Public, and Museum, Salford (J. Plant, Librarian).
Library^ Public, Doncaster (J. Ballinger,- Librarian).
Library, Public, Leeds (James Yates, F.R.H.S., Librarian). (6 copies)
Library, Public, Manchester (C. W, Sutton, Librarian).
Library, Public, Nottingham (J. P. Briscoe, F.R.H.S., Librarian). (3 copies)
Library, Public, I'ochdale (J. Hanson, Librarian).
Library, Public, Sheffield (Thomas Hurst, Librarian). (5 copies)
Library, Public, Liverpool (P. Cowell, Librarian).
Library, Subscription, Huddersfield (F. Greenwood, Edgerton Lodge, President).
Library, Co-operative Store, Rochdale Road, Bacup, Lancashire.
Library, The Subscription, St. Leonard's Place, York.
Lever, Ellis, Culcbeth Hall, Bowdon, Cheshire.
Lee, Robert, Insurance Secretary, Lane Side, Churwell, near Leeds.
Lawson, F. H , King Street, Leeds.
Lee, William, 29, Hanover Square, Bradford.
Liebreich and Beardsell, Wool Merchants, Huddersfield. (2 copies)

292 SUBSCRIBERS.
Law, Alfred, Cardmaker, Cleckheaton, via Normanton.
Law, James, Cardmaker, Cleckheaton, via Normanton.
Lockwood, Thomas, 4, Colville Terrace, Beeston Hill, Leeds.
Laycock, William, Currier. Keighley.
Laxton, F., Stuff Printer, The Knowle, Rastrick, near Brighouse,
Lees, R., Chief Clerk, Accountant's Office, Town Hall, Leeds.
Leather. Frederick J., The Friary, Tickhill, Rotherham.
Lee, Wesley, Clerk to School Board, Great George Street, Leeds.
Legg, Henry P., Merchant Tailor, 87, Briggate, Leeds.
Longfield, W. F., Silver Mill, Otley, Yorkshire.
Langdale, T. L., 6, Westfield Terrace, Scarborough.
Lowenthal Brothers, Wool Merchants, Huddersfield.
MacPherson, J. A., LL.D., F.R.H.S., Worcester Street, Gloucester.
Mackie, Robert Bownas, M.P., J. P., St. John's, Wakefield.
McLandsborough, J., M.Inst.C.E., F.R.A.S., F.G.S., Exchange, Bradford.
Mayhail, John, F.R.H.S., Scotland Lane, Horsforth, near Leeds.
Moxon, Richard, J.P., Gentleman, Ropergate, Pontefract.
Morrison, Walter, J.P , Malham Tarn, Bell Busk, via Leeds.
Morris, Professor John, D.D., Memorial College, Brecon, South Wales.
Morehouse, H. J., M.D., F.S.A., Stoney Bank, Holmfirth.
Marriott, Charles Henry, J. P. , Manor Lawn, Dewsbury.
Middlebrook, J P., Woollen Manufacturer, Holly Bank, Batley.
Morrell, W. Wilberforce, Author of "History of Selby," York.
Middlebrook, John, Editor, Pmls"y News, Pudsey, near Leeds.
McCarthy, D. W , Gentleman, 8, Brunswick Place, Leeds.
McCarthy, D. W., Oil Merchant, Horsforth, near Leeds.
Morton, Henry J., Gentleman, 4, Royal Orescent, Scarborough.
Mellor, James, Lydgate, New Mill, Huddersfield.
Mason, Anthony, Arkingarth Dale, Reeth, Richmond.
Mason, C. L., 4, Woodhouse Square, Leeds.
Mitchell, H. B., Airedale House, Bramley, near Leeds.
Maw, William, Secretary, Infirmary, Bradford.
Margerison, Samuel, Author, Calverley, near Leeds.
Mason, J. 0., 25, Ash Street, Southport, Lancashire.
Marshall, Stephen A. (Marshall and Co.,) Holbeek, Leeds.
Merritt, William, Pudsey, near Leeds.
Moore, J. H., 55, Norfolk Street, Sheffield.
Moody, Councillor Christopher, Wheatfields House, Farnley, near Leeds.
Malcolm, J. C; Coroner, Park Row, Leeds.
Marshall, Robert Dixon, Manufacturer, 11, Carlton Mount, Leeds.
Morley, J. C, 11, Leather Lane, Dale Street, Liverpool.
Morrison, Geo. W., Town Clerk. Stanley Villa, fleadingley, near Leeds.
Mitchell, F., 28, Albion Street, Leeds.
Mortimer, Charles, 791, Franklin Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Mason, Counciller John, Jeweller, High Street, Rotherham.
Mortimer, Robert, Frmber, East Yorkshire.
MacAl-ister, J. Y. W., Leeds Old Library, Commercial Street, Leeds.
Mainprize, Rev. W., Bourne Road, Alford, Lincolnshire.
Miles, James, Bookseller, Albion Street, Leeds. (13 copies)
Nicholls, J. F., F.S.A.,. City Librarian, Bristol.
N'orcliffe, Rev. C. B„ M.A., Langton Hall, Malton.
Naylor, James C, Dentist, Hkley, and Leeds.
Nelson, W. Magson, Wood Lee, Cliff Road, Headingley, near Leeds.
Newsome, James Spencer, Printer,. Cax ton Buildings, Batley.
Naylor, William, Railway Street, Leeds. - ¦
Nussey, Samuel L., Drysalter, Potternewton Hall, near Leeds.
Niven, Mrs., Brooklyn, Mirfield, via Normanton.

SUBSCRIBERS. 293
Naylor, William, Maltster, Milford Junction, York.
Newstead, Christopher John, Solicitor, Otley.
Gates, C. G., B.A., Meanwoodside, Leeds. (5 copies)
Oxley, Henry, J. P., Banker, Wuetwood, and Commercial Street, Leeds,
Ormerod, Thomas, Woodfield, Brighouse, near Halifax.
Oddy, John G., Moorville, Birkeushaw, near Leeds.
Oxley, Henry, 17, Bond Street, Wakefield.
Pilkington, Sir L. Savinnerton, Bart., J.P., D.L., Chevet Park, Wakefield.
Pickering, John, F.S.A., F.S.S., Stoney Royd, Hkley, and Leeds.
Parkinson. Rev. Thomas, F R. U.S., North Otteriugton, Yorkshire.
Phillips, Rev. Canon Gilbert H„ Brodsworth, Doncaster.
Petty, Wesley, Printer, 14, Trinity Street, Leeds.
Park, John, Appleton Wiske, Northallerton, East Riding.
Phillips, J. H., 24, Albemarle Crescent, Scarborough.
Peate, Jonathan, Woollen Merchant, King Street, Leeds, and Guiseley.
Parker, G. W., Insurance Superintendent, 1, East Parade, Leeds,
Peel, Frank, Draper, Market Place, Heckmondwike.
Procter, Richard, Solicitor, Oak Mount, Burnley, Lancashire.
Pollard, Mrs. Robert, 54, Linaker Street, Southport, Lancashire.
Phillips, C. T., Rag Merchant, Ossett, near Wakefield.
Parker, John, Rate Office, Town Hall, Leeds.
Peacock, Frederick G., 17, Hallfield Road, Bradford.
Pettier, Richard, 13a, Crimbles Street, Leeds.
Price, Mrs., The Runniss, Knighton, Radnorshire, Wales.
Preston, Miss, Settle, Craven.
Pulleine, Mrs., Clifton Castle, Bedale, Yorkshire.
Pullan, John. 18, Melville Place, Halifax.
Patterson, R. Lloyd, 22, Corporation Street. Belfast, Ireland.
Parkinson, Frank, High Street, Market Weighton.
Paine, W. Duukley, Cockshot Hill, Reigate, Surrey.
Quaritch, Bernard, Bookseller, 15, Piccadilly, London, W.
Quarmby, W. Dawson, High Bailiff, County Court, Dewsbury.
Rollitt, A. K., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.G.S., Cogan House, Hull.
Rookledge, J., F.R.M.S., Banker, Easingwold, Yorkshire. (2 copies)
Raven, Rev. T. Milville, M.A., F.R.S.E., Vicarage, Crakehall, Bedale.
Rhodes, John, J. P., Pottemewton House, Leeds.
Ross, Frederick, F.R.H.S., 4, Tinsley Terrace, Stamford Hill, London. (2 copies)
Routh, Rev. C, M.A., The Vicarage, Giggleswick, Settle.
Rowlands, Rev. Professor, B.A., Memorial College. Brecon, South WTales.
Rigge, Samuel Taylor, F.S.A., Balmoral Place, Halifax.
Rhodes, Mrs. Manoah, 54, Horton Lane, Bradford.
Rhodes, Joe, Goldsmith, Kirkgate, Bradford.
Rawlinson, George, 29, Friday Street, Cheapside, London.
Redmayne, John, Sharebroker, 30, Albion Street, Leeds.
Robinson, Miss L , Richmond House, Sydenham.
Reed, Edward Handy, Land Agent, Northallerton.
Reid, James Malvern Terrace, Beeston Hill, Leeds.
Rei-i, John C, Lady Pit Lane, Beeston Hill, Leeds.
Ramsden, Benjamin, Jun., Cemetery Place, Woodhouse, Leeds.
Read, John William, 3, Woodhouse Cliff, Leeds.
Roberts, Thomas, Bolton Percy, York.
Russell, D., Ironmonger, 80, Albion Street, Leeds.
Robinson, J. P>., M arsden, . Yorkshire.
Rayner, Simeon, Draper, Chapeltown, Pudsey.
Radcliffe, Joseph, Rook Villa, Burinantofts, Leeds.

294 SUBSCRIBERS.
Rishworth, Israel, Albert Mills, Leeds.
Rhodes, W. Venables, Northgate, Heckmondwike.
Ratcliffe, J., Upper Hall, Liversedge. via Normanton. (2 copies)
Robinson, John, Jun., 16, Leamington Terrace, Tong Road, Armley.
Ramskill, Josiah, Lofthouse Hall, near Wakefield.
Rawson, Cleopas, Wesley Cottage, Tadcaster.
Robinson, W. W., Oxford.
Roberts, George, East Ardsley, near Wakefield.
Robinson, Geo. Henry, Bookseller, 16, Market Street, Leeds. (8 copies)
Ramsden, Lieut.-Col., Coldstream Guards, Aldershot, and Park Hill, Wetherby.
Robinson, James, Schoolmaster, Neepsend School, Sheffield.
Sikes, Sir Charles William, Kt., J.P., Birkby Lodge, Huddersfield.
Surtees, Rev. Scott, M.A., Manor House, Dinsdale-on-Tees, Darlington.
Sharp, Rev. John, M.A., The Vicarage, Horbury, near Wakefield.
Sykes, John, M.D., J.P., F.S.A., Doncaster.
Steele, Sydney T., M.R.C.S., Manor House, Morley, near Leeds.
Scatcherd, Mrs. Samuel, The Parsonage, East Hard wick, Pontefract.
Scatcherd, Miss Hannah, East Keswick, near Wetherby.
Smith, Rev. J. Hamblin, 2, Church Street, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
Scott, Joseph, Solicitor, 27, Albion Street, Leeds.
Stubley, John, Grange Villa, Batley.
Sheard, Michael, Land Agent and Surveyor, Batle}'.
Stead, Joseph, Ashfield Villa, Heckmondwike, via Normanton.
Stead, John James, Albert Cottage, Heckmondwike. via Normanton.
Stead, T. Ballan, Literary Department Express Office, Leeds.
Stead, Thomas, Fairfield Villa, East Parade, Haarogate.
Stead, Samuel, Gentleman, 2, West Grove Terrace, Falsgrave, Scarborough.
Simpson, Thomas, Solicitor, 20, Albion Street, Leeds, and Weetwood.
Stephenson, C. H, Crichton Club, Adelphi Terrace, London.
Sowry, Thomas A., Pawnbroker, 22, Bridge Road, Holbeek, Leeds.
Sykes, Percival, 25, Broad Street, Ludlow, Salop.
Scarborough, George, Worsted Spinner, Holly Bank, Halifax.
Scarborough, T. S., Worsted Spinner, Halifax.
Swithinbank, J. Swaine, Denmark House, Henley-on-Thames.
Sowden, John, Artist, 1, Blenheim Road. Manningham, near Bradford.
Sharp, William, Cardmaker, Scholes, Cleckheaton, via Normanton.
Scott, W. J., 80, Northgate, Bradford.
Sellers, Charles, Manager, Cas Works, 5, Park Place, York.
Swales, Kidson, Painter and Decorator, Wellington Street, Leeds.
Smith, John, Superintendent, Taj Mahal, Agra, East Indies.
Simpson, John, 147, Woodhouse Street, Leeds.
Storey, John, Artist, 76, Lovaine Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Sugden, Richard, Brook House, Brighouse, noar Halifax.
Smith, Alfred, Commission Agent, Camp Road Leeds.
Scruton, William, Clough Street, West Bowling, near Bradford.
Stuart, Thomas, Cement Merchant, Leighton Lane, Leeds.
Sanderson, John, Hazlewood Villa, All Saints' Road Falsgrave, Scarborough.
Scholefield, Matthew Sykes, Solicitor, Moor Lane House, Gomersal, near Leeds.
Stanhope, N., Galloway Place, Calverley, near Leeds.
Strangeways, William N., 59, Westmoreland Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
Spofforth, James Wade, Knottingley, near Leeds.
Smith, Joseph, Timber Merchant, ( lakville, Addingham Road, Hkley.
Sampson, John, Bookseller, 13, Coney Street, York. (26 copies)
Scarr, Alderman Archibald W., Springfield Place, Leeds.
Spofforth, Markham, 3, Porchester Terrace, London, W.
Stockdale, Albert, Traveller, Huddersfield.
Schofield, Henry, Albion Mills, Westgate Common, Wakefield (2 copies)

SUBSCRIBERS. 295
Taylor, Thomas, J.P., Manufacturer, Oakwell House, Birstal, near Leeds.
Taylor, Rev. R. V., B. v., Melbecks Vicarage, Richmond, Yorkshire.
Tinkler, Rev. John, MA., Arkengarth Dale Vicarage, Richmond.
Tomlinson, W. H. B., J.P., Galder House, Wakefield.
Tomlinson, G. W., F.S.A , The Elms, New North Road, Huddersfield.
Tweddell, George Markham, F.S.A.S., Author, Rose Cottage, Stokesley.
Thorp, Disney Launder, M.D., Lyppicott Lodge, Cheltenham.
Talbot, Henry Bennington, Carlinghow, Batley. (2 copies)
Tillotson, Ellen H., 12, Whiston Grove, Rotherham.
Terry, A. C, Barkhill, Idle, near Leeds.
Thompson, Rev. F. D. , 17, Tanfield Street, Leeds.
Turner, J. Horsfall, Author, College House, Idle, near Leeds.
Theaker, Samuel, Victoria House, Outwood, near Wakefield.
Trowsdale, Thomas B., Author, Gladstone Street, Hull.
Terry, George, Ivy House, Ravensthorpe, near Dewsbury.
Tetley, Samuel, Parsonage Road, West Bowling, Bradford.
Teal, J., Bookseller, 18, Southgate, Halifax. (6 copies)
Tweedale, John, Architect, 39, Park Square, Leeds.
Taylor, Theodore C, Manufacturer, Westfield House, Batley.
Turner, Thomas, Solicitor, The Grove, Gipton, near Leeds.
Thurston, Strange C, Cashier, Vernon Road, Leeds.
Tebb, William, Station Master, Cross Gates, Leeds.
Wright, Bryce M., F.R.G.S., F.R.H.S., 204, Regent Street, London.
Wright, John Field, J. P. , Hampsthwaifce Hollings, Ripley, Yorkshire.
Wickham, Llamplugh, VV., J.P., D.L., Chesnut Grove, Boston Spa, Tadcaster.
Woodd, Basil T., J.P., D.L., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough.
Walker, Thomas, M.A., J.P., D.L., Cusworth, Doncaster.
Wild, Joseph H., C E., Emma Place, Plymouth, Devon.
Wilson, Edward, J. P., Melton Brough, East Yorkshire.
Wilson, Edmund, F.S.A., 8, Osborne Terrace, Leeds.
Willans, John W., F.S.S., Mercury Office, Albion Street, Leeds.
Wolstenholme, Rev. J. R., M.A., South Parade, Wakefield.
Worsnop, Thomas, LL.B., Town Clerk, Adelaide, South Australia.
Walford. Cornelius, F.S.A., F.S.S., 86, Belsize Park Gardens, London.
Ward, William Sykes, F.C.S., De lison Hall, and Bank Street, Leeds.
Wilkinson, John fl., F. R.G.S., 12. Albion Street, Leeds.
Wright, VV. H. K., F.R.H.S., Public Librarian, Guildhall, Plymouth.
Woodd, C. H. L., Oughtershaw Hall, Langsti-othdale, Skipton.
Walshaw, Thomas. Soothill Lane, Batley.
Wilkinson, Joseph, Victoria Road, Barnsley.
Webster, James, Silver Royd Hill, Worlley, and Aire Street, Leeds.
Wilcock, Thomas M , St. John Street, Chester.
Walker, Walter, West Cliff, Dewsbury.
Wake, C. Staniland, 2, Westbourne Avenue, The Park, Hull.
Wilson, Charles Macro, Waldershaigh, Bolsterstone, Sheffield.
Webster, Charles J., The Woodlands, Gildersome, near Leeds.
Webster, Joseph, The Grove, Hkley, and Old Hall, Gildersome.
Whithead, Edwin, ChurehJField, Rothwell, near Leeds.
Wheater, William, Land Surveyor, 28, Album Street, Leeds.
Wilson, William, Springwell Mills, Dewsbury.
Ward, William, 15, St. John's Terrace, Leeds.
Wingate, George, 12, St. James Square, Leeds.
Wilson, J. J., Park Road, Batley.
Waterhouse, David, 21, Coleridge Place, Hillhouse Villas, Bradford.
Wilkinson, William, 28, Hamilton Terrace, Leeds.
Walker, Reginald T., 27, Eanover Square, Leeds.
Woodhouse, A. H., Woodlands, Horsforth, near Leeds.

296

SUBSCRIBERS.

Waddington, George, Cross Lane, Bingley.
Waller, Thomas W., Selborne Villas, Manningham, Bradford.
Waterhouse. Samuel, E., Bookseller, Sun Buildings, Bradford.
Walker, William, and Sons, Publishers, Otley.
Whit. head, George, Boston Castle Grove, Rotherham.
Whitehead, John, Newstead House, Spencer Lane, New Leeds, Leeds.
Walker, Councillor Isaac, Clarendon Villa, Rotherham.
Wildsmith, Alfred, Bookseller, Bradford Road, Batley.
Webster, Samuel, Street Lane, Gildersome, near Leeds.
Ward, George, Buckingham Terrace, Headingley, near Leeds.
Wardmau, Henry, Bridge Road, Holbeek, near Leeds.
Wildridge, T. T., Artist, Aucuba House, 82, Lister Street, Hull.
Waugh, Edwin, Author, Kersal Hotel, Manchester.
Whitley, John, Main Street, Bingley.
West, George, Swinefleet, Goole, Yorkshire.
Young, G. B., Tailor and Draper, 1, St. John's Terrace, Leeds.
Young, John W., Tailor and Draper, 40, Samuel Street, Leed3.
Yates, W. W., Journalist, Reporter Office, Dewsbury.
Yule, John, Bookseller, Aberdeen Walk, Scarborough.

(6 copies)
(2 copies)

Asquith, James D,
Ainley, Richard
Armitage, Henry
Armitage, Jacob
Brown, James
Brook, David
Brook, John
Brown, C. Stuart
Brown, Edwin
Barron, Tom
Baines, William
Baines, Edwin
Brown, James
Blackburn, William
Bradley, Isaac
Butterworth, John
Bradley, David
Bradley, Jacob
Broadbent, Henry
Brunswick, Library
Brown, Israel
Brooksbank, Joseph
Butterworth, Joshua
Brooksbank, George
Clegg, John
Clegg, Thomas
Child, James
Coop, James
Craven, Benjamin
Chew, Walter
Crowther, William
Chadwick, Alfred

(2) (2)

MORLEY.
Dransfield, Lewis
Dodgshun, William
Dodgshun, John Ed.
Dodgshun, Wm. Henry
Dixon, Charles
Dixon, Thomas Henry
Dixon, Hedley
Drew, Sahara
Dover, J. A.
Foster, W. B.
Fox, John
Greenwood, John
Gaunt, Sarah
Gledhill, Henry
Glover, George
Glover, J. Senior
Gledhill, Thomas
Garnett, George
Hemsley, John
Hill, John
Hepworth, B. P.
Hepworth, Pliny
Hirst, Samuel
Hartley, Oliver H.
Hardy, Isaac
Hinehliffe, George
Holton, William
Horsfall, J. Theaker
Hemingway, James
Hurd, Jane
Hirst, Benjamin

Holroyd, Joseph Lassey
Habergham, Crowther
Jackson, William (2)
Johnson, George
Jackson, Edward, Jun.
Jowett, George
Kirkby, Joseph
King. Miss
King, Elizabeth
King, John
Kenyon, John
Lassey, Thomas
Lister, Joseph
Lawton, E. W.
Myers, William (2)
Marsden, D.
Pettler, John Thos.
Priestley, Samuel
Peel, John

Rhodes, Josiah
Robinson, James
Rayner, John H.
Riley, Matthew
Rhodes, Joshua
Rodley, David
Rodley, William
Rhodes, Joseph

(2)

SUBSCRIBERS.

297

Stock.da.le, Samuel
StockweU, Edward (2)
Stockwell, Joseph (2)
Stead, Samuel
Stansfield, George (2)
Sykes, Matthew
Sykes, Joseph
Schofield, Samuel
Schofield, Joseph
Stephenson, Thomas (3)
Sykes, Alfred
Stead, Jonathan

Scarth, Joseph
Smith, John Henry
Scholes. Ed. F.
Sharp, James, Jun.
Sharp, William
Suowden, Henry
Scarth, Charles
Stephenson, Alfred
Southey, Mrs.
Shaw, E.
Stansfield, W.
Stables, D.

Thackrav, David
Turner, William
Thackray, Francis
Taylor, Joseph
Wilson, John
Watson, Isaac C.
Weston, Joseph
Wilson, John
Ward, Esther
Ward, Seth
Wilson, Oliver

Total— Subscribers, S12 ; Copies, 1005,

WORKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM SMITH, F.S.A.S.

In Two Handsome Volumes, Demy 8vo, profusely Illustrated with Steel and Wood
Engravings, Photographs, and Lithographs.
Vols. I. and II. of
OLD YORKSHIRE.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON VOL. II.
Colburu's Nevt Monthly Magazine, July, 1882.
"Old Yorkshire is a mosaic which has been very skilfully put together ; a picturesque work,
in which history, archaeology, and biography are represented in Just proportions."
Antiquary, February, 1882.
('Eacli article is complete in itself, and is written by competent authorities ; and the result
Is, we have a volume which will be of value to the student of local antiquities. .... A
most pleasing book. . . . Excellent ongravings."
The Antiquarian and Bibliographer, April, 1882.
" A handsome aud well-illustrated book, reflecting much credit upon author and publisher.
«... Contains much matter of sterling merit and enduring interest ; .and all antiquarians,
and especially Yorkshire Antiquarians, owe Mr. Smith a debt of gratitude."
Palatine Note Book, February, 1882.
"A new series of a very successful book. . . . Contains some varied and interesting
matter." Western Antiquary, January, 1882.
" Has features which must commend the work to the antiquarian, the student of history, and
to tho general reader. ... An exquisite volume, with a copious index, which proves a ready
key to unlock tho choice stores contained in this casket of literary gems."
Huddersfield Examiner, January yth, 1882.
" This book will be warmly welcomed by every intelligent Torkshiremau into whose hands
it may fall. . . . Contains much valuable and Interesting information. Is deserving of an
extensive circulation." Halifax Guardian, March $th, 1882.
" Mr. Smith has given, in a most pleasing and attractive form, a large amount of historical,
archaeological, and biographical information. The antiquarian siudent generally will fiud
matter of considerable value." Daily News (London), December 2gth, 188 1.
" The book contains much local lore of a kind interesting, not only to antiquarians and
Torkshiremen, but to readers in general."
Publishers1 Circular, December 6lh, 1881.
" One strong point in the book, apart from its antiquarian interest, is the l-ichnesj
excellence of its illustrations. It is a volume which will have a claim for all who like to
contrast what is now with what has been."
British Quarterly Review, April, 1882.
"A most laborious and, what Is calculated to be, a very useful work. Mr. Smith is
indefatigable in his researches. It is such a performance as might form a model for much of
the same kind which still remains to be done for many localities."

The Reliquary, April, 18S2.
"It Is ono of tho handsomest and most interesting volumes that have for a long time come
before us, and wo accord to it tho meed of unqualified praise that lt so well deserves."
Notes and Queries, January 14M, 1882.
" The selection of articles has been made with skill, and there are not many pages in either
of the volumes which we should be willing to lose. Vol. II. contains an introduction by Canon
Raine, which is alono wo:th the price of the book."
Wetherby News, January 12th, 1882.
" This excellent publication. . . . Smart introduction. ... A capital pen-and-ink
record, accompanied with the illustrating pencil of tho artist."
Bibliographer, December, 1881.
" This bright-looking volume, with its plentltude of Illustration?, contains matters of
interest for all tastes, and sets a rich feast of good things before us."
Academy, October 15th, 188 r,
'* The articles in tho work arc of permanent interest to the scientific aud literary world at
large." Literary World, November iZth, 1881.
"This work appeals to all who have aught of proper and affectionate reverence for the
storied past, lt tells of things which many people will be glad to hear about on competent
authority and in a clear style." Leeds Mercury, October 26th, 1881.
" Contains a great mass of highly-interesting information, embracing folk lore, archaeo
logical fact, and historical incident." Bradford Observer, November 22nd, 1881.
"The antiquarian papers are of great interest. . . . There is a capital index, and the
work altogether is got up in a very superior style, and must have been, in the truest sense, a
labour of love." Scarborough Gazette, November 24th, 1881.
" The task of collating and editing has been very ably, carefully, and lovingly performed.
The book is one which we cordially commend, as it cannot faU to afford pieasuie to its
readers." York Herald, November xoth, 1881.
" A volume of many attractions. No Torkshireman can turn over the pages of the book
without meeting with something to entertain and instruct."
Sheffield Independent, November 10th, 1881.
"Many a pleasant balf-hom- may be spent over this book, which is a mine of curious
Information, interesting alike to the antiquary and the general reader."
Yorkshire Post, November glh, 1881.
" Mr. Smith's admirable and commendable undertaking. . . . The editor has spared no
pains to make his enterprise a success."
Wakefield Express, November 5th, 1881.
" A valuable work, and no one who takes an interest in tho history and antiquities of the
county should be without It." Barnsley Times, November 5th, 1881.
" Mr. Smith has earned the gratitude of all antiquarians. Old Yorkshire is printed on toned
paper, comprises over 300 demy pages, is tastefully and sumptuously bound, and forms a most
beautiful volume for the table, irrespective of its instructive literary matter."
Rothwell Times, October 28M, 1881.
" The whole volume is replete with antiquarian lore, and is a credit to both editor and
contributors. The work has evidently been a labour of love."
Public Opinion, December yd, 1881.
" This Is a careful bookj and will be invaluable to local topographers."

WORKS BY LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.

Preparing for Publication, in Two Volumes, Super-Royal ivo, Illustrated with several
Humli cd Plates and Wood Engravings ,
THE
CORPORATION PLATE AND INSIGNIA OF OFFICE, k,
OF ALL THE
Cities anti fiDcrpocate 3Toi»ng of (Kreat Britain.

THIS work, which lias been, in active preparation for several years, will be of unique character,
and possessed of paramount historical and antiquarian interest. It will embrace every
corporate town in England and "Wales, and give detailed notices, with illustrations, of tho
Maces, Swords of State, Seals, Chains, and Badges, Arms and Armour, Plate, and all other
treasures belonging to each. The whole will be prepared from original sources, the result of
direct aud actual personal enquiry and correspondence, and will thus, in every particular, be
rendered strictly authentic. The Kngra"unj?s are executed in a high style of Art, from drawings
or photographs taken specially from the objects themselves, and embrace a variety of Art-
treasures and antiquarian relics unexampled for their beauty and value, and unapproached in
their extreme interest.
It is intended that these volumes shall form a National work, and no pains are being spared
to make it eminently worthy of the great subject to which its pages will be devoted.

Communications are invited, and should be addressed to the A nthor.
The Hollies, Duffield, Derby.
PUBLISHING QUARTERLY, PRICE HALF-A-CROWN.
Copiously Illustrated talth Plates and Wood Engravings,

THE RELIQUARY, QUARTERLY
JOURNAL AND REVIEW.
EDITED BY
LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.

Twenty- Two Annual Volumes are now completed, and contain au immense mass of
important and valuable papers on antiquarian, topographical, genealogical, historical, scientific,
biographical, heraldic, artistic, manufacturing, and other subjects by the most eminent and best
known writers. They arc illustrated with several hundred plates and wood engravings in the
highest style of art.
Communications on any matters of interest, antiquarian, historical, biographical, genea
logical, topographical, or scientific ; aud Books, Prints, and Magazines, &c, for Review • are
requested to be addressed to the Editor, Mr. LLEWELLYNS JEWITT, F.S.A., The Hollies
Duffield, near Derby.
LONDON : BEMROSE & SONS, 23, Old Bailey, and Dekby.

Will shortly be Published, Price to Subscribers, js.; to non-subscribers, ./s.,
Vol. II. of The
Hecjtsters of (Eafoerley Partsfy (CfyurcEj.
With a continuation of the History of the Church,
BY
SAMUEL MARGERISON.
The Vol. will be Illustrated and Indexed, and will contain about 200 Crown Svo Pages.
A Lisr oi' Additional Subscribers will be given.
Lately Published, Crown Svo, 212 pp., Price </.s.,
THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE REGISTERS OF CALVERLEY PARISH CHURCH,
1574-1650,
SJEifb a Sfeetcj) at tfje ^fetorg of tfje ffiljurd) up to 1650.
Three Engravings and a Complete Index.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
The Genealogist, January, 1881,
.... '"The Registers of Calverley commence in 1574, and the present volume gives
their contents to 164i>. They appear to have been carefully transcribed and printed, and are
rendered easy of reference by a good index. More than this it is unnecessary to say of them,
but our obligation to their editor does not end here, ho has not only given us a copy of the
Registers, but has supplemented them by a mass of useful and well digested information relating
to the parish. His notes on Calverley Church, its ancient Memorial Cross Slabs, the Living, and
Testamentary Burials from Torre's MSS., form an instructive chapter for those whose tastes
are general instead of genealogical  Tbo "Register of Seats," and additional notes,
especially those from the Bradford Registers, are a most useful conclusion to the volume. We
cordially recommend Mr. Margerison's book to our readers, and hope that it will meet with
sufficient encouragement to enable him to complete his valuable undertaking."
Notes and Queries, November 13th, 1880.
"Mr. Samuel Margerison has set a praiseworthy example in showing what a good piece of
work may be done by a little private enterprise. He has printed entire the first volume of the
Calverley Registers, extending from 1574 to 1649, in a neat and compact volume, which also
includes an Interesting history of the church and its incumbents, and is Illustrated by several
engravings ; and he has been able to place it in the hands of his subscribers at an absurdly
small price. That it is no trifling matter may be gathered from the fact that the register
entries alone are over 4,500 in number. .... The book is nicely printed and bound, and has
an excellent index. We have nothing but words of praise for Mr. Margerison."
Tile Antiquary, December, 1880
"Mr. S. Margerison has done good service to the historian of Yorkshire, at the least, by
taking up aud executiug as a private individual, the task which the Harleian Society has
undertaken in London, by publishing the registers of the extensive parish of Calverley, near
Leeds. He has thus brought to light and put on record many curious facts relating to York
shire families." Pudsey and Stamtingley News, xgtk November, 1880.
"We observe that the first volume of the "Parish Registers of Calverley" has just been
published, with a description of the Church and a tskctch of its history prior to lfi50. The
volume is illustrated by views of the Church and a number of ancient tombstones discovered
during the late restoration of the ancient edifice ¦ * * • It possesses more than ordinary
interest. On every page are the names of the forefathers of many of the families In the parish
at the present day . • - • ¦ The volume is enriched with numerous notes scattered through
its pages, which add to its value. Altogether the publication reflects great credit upon
Mr. Margerison. It is neatly printed and appropriately bound, and is published at a very cheap
price.
ADDRESS ; SAML, MARGERISON, Calverley, near Leeds,

Just Published, in One Handsome Volume, Demy %vo, 320 pp.,
Price Seven Shillings and Sixpence.
Profusely Illustrated with Views of the Parish Churches and other Antiquities,
THE HISTORY OF
crg paitogs of mwmm add (jaojood,
with notices of
WISTOW, SAXTON, TOWTON, &c,
BY
AVILLIAM WHEATER,
Author of " The Record of the $\st (Kings Own Light Infantry) Regiment," " The
Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, " " Temple Neivsam, " &e.
LONDON: LONGMANS & CO., AND ALL BOOKSELLERS.

NEW WORK BY W. HARBUTT DAWSON.

In One Volume, Demy ivo, 400 pp., on Toned Paper, extra Cloth Gilt, and profusely
Illustrated. Price, ys. 6d.,
BI$T0RY OF $KIPT0n,
(West Riding of Yorkshire,)
THE Town of Skipton— the Capital of Craven— possesses an historical importance surpassed by
few places in the vast County of York. Its ancient Castle, and the celebrated Clifford
family who so long possessed it, have been the means of associating the towns w ith incidents- -
military and political— of national importance. Then, again, it has been the birthplace of
persons who figure prominently in the annals of the country and of the shire. But beyond this,
the town has a local history of more than usual interest and importance.

An Index containing References to every place and person named in the Work is
appended to the Volume.

The Book has many Illustrations. Amongst the Illustrations will be :— Skipton in 1830
(Frontispiece), the Castle, the Castle Ga'eway, the Parish Church, Brasses on the Tombs (two),
Conduit Court, Castle, Lady Anne Clifford, Brass in Beverley Minster (to Ferrand, of Skipton),
Christ Church, Lady Anne Clifford's Signature, Grammar School, Insciiptlon on Carleton Old
Hall,&c.,&c. 
Published by EDMONDSON & CO.,
24, HIGH STREET, SKIPTON, W. R. YORKSHIRE.

WORKS BY J. HORSFALL TURNER.

HaWOrth Past and Present: A History of Havvorth, Stanbury, and Oxen-
hope. 20 Illustrations. 3s.
"Mr. J. Tlorsfnll Turner has hero given us a delightful little history of a place which
will always have an interest for the student of English literature. We have not spa ee
to deal with it as lengthily as it deserves, but we can say that all should read it who
care to know anything of tho littlj vlllago made memorable by tho BroutiS's fame. It
may bo obtained of the author, Idol, Leeds, and is ridiculously cheap."— Graphic,
January 31st, 1S80.
Nonconformist Register of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1641-1750, by the
Revs. 0. Heywood and T, Dickenson, from the MS. in the Congregational Memorial Hall,
London, comprehending numerous notices of Puritans and Anti-Puritans in Yorkshire,
Lancashire, Cheshire, London, &o, with Lists of Popish Recusants, Quakers, &e. Five
Illustrations, 380 pages. lis.
The Rev. 0. HeyWOOd, B.A., 1630—1702: His Autobiography, Diaries,
Anecdote and Event Books, illustrating the Genoral and Family History of Yorkshire and
Lancashire. Three volumes, SSO pages each, illustrated, bound in cloth. 6s. each.
A partial idea of thoir genealogical and historical interest imy bo formed from tho
" Lives " of Heywood, by Dr. Fawcett, Rev. R. Slate, and Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.S. A.
Independency at Brighouse : Pastors and People, 4 Illustrations. 3s.
Nonconformity in Idel, and History of Airedale College, 10 illustra
tions (autotype portraits of tho Rev. J. Dawson, Founder of Low Moor Ironworks ; Rev. W.
Viut, S.T.P.), &c. 3s.
BiOgraphia Halifaxiensis: A Biographical and Genealogical History for
Halifax Parish. Two volumes, 380 pages, with Portraits, 6s. each.
Vol. I., nearly ready, will be a reprint of half of Mr. Watson's "Halifax," that is,
such chapters as the Halifax Worthies, Vicars, Benefactors, &c. This volume will thus
serve a double purpose, as it will be a literatim reprint.
Vol. IL will be an original compilation, noting the Families and worthies for six
hundred years.
Life of Captain John Hodgson, 1640-83. illustrated, is. 3d.
This is a reprint of the 1S06 publication, said to have been edited by Sir Walter
Scott The Capiain narrates his exploits in the Wars, at Bradford, Leeds, Lancashire,
Isle of Man, Scotland, &c, and tho troubles that followed on his settlement at Colcy
Hall, near Halifax, his imprisonment in York Castle, & c.

Hkley

Nearly ready for the Press : —
Ancient and Modern: By Rev. E. CoUyer, D.D., New York, and J.
HorsfaU Turner • with Chapters on the Pre-historic and Natural History, by John Holmes,
Esq.; J. W. Davis, Esq., F.G.S., F.S.A., &c.; Messrs, Clarke & Roebuck, and Dr. Arnold Lees.

Orders to Mr. TUR-NKR, College House, Idel, near Leeds.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Vol.4 of "OLD YORKSHIRE" will be published on
the 1st of October, 1883. Intending Subscribers will
oblige by sending in their names as early as convenient to
the Editor. Mr. Smith, Osborne House, Morley, nr. Leeds.
Subscribers - Demy 8vo, 5/-; Demy 4to, 10/6.
Non-Subscribers Do. 7/6; Do. 15/-.

¦ )

3 9002 03455

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