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St. Sfenttjjew, etc.

i

THE LEGENDS
AND
COMMEMORATIVE CELEBRATIONS
OF
ST. KENTIGERN,
HIS FRIENDS, AND DISCIPLES.

TRANSLATED PEOM THE

afcertient 33nbtarg antr fyt Strijutfincitt JKtetfal.

WITH AN ILLTJSTEATIVE APPENDIX.

BY

THE REV. WILLIAM STEVENSON, D.D.
LATE PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY AND ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.

V "%

EDINBURGH:
THOMAS GEORGE STEVENSON.
M.DCCC.LXXIV.

Imprewion |Diratteo to Stroo Hunbrei Copies:.

St 4

[Entered in Stationer's Matt. — All rights reserved.]

INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.

JHE following work was originally printed for priyate distribution in
the autumn of 1 8 72. In consequence of one or two reviews which
appeared shortly after in the public prints, and of the suggestion
of friends, who were anxious that the fruits of so much curious research should
be made accessible to the public, the author had been induced to contemplate
the possibility at least of publishing an edition for general circulation. With
this view he had completed shortly before his death a revision of his MSS.

The work is now published by his family, as affording in some degree
a memorial of the antiquarian researches in which the author had for many
years indulged as a relaxation from the more serious work of a parochial
charge or a University chair, as well as of the singular minuteness to which
he carried his investigations. Except the correction of obvious clerical
errors, the book is published exactly as left by the author.

Edinburgh, August 1874..

PREFACE. (to the private issue.)

THE editor, translator, or compiler of the following pages, — for he
may not aspire to the style of author, — was at one time ambiti
ous enough to entertain the thought of preparing a complete
calendar of the Scottish Saints. Taking the national legends of the Aberdeen
Breviary for a basis, he proposed to intercalate, or to add, all that he might
be able to ascertain regarding those dii minor es of our country's earlier
faith, who, although not enrolled in that dignified service-book, are men
tioned in other literary monuments now less recondite than they were then,
or have left some dim memorial of themselves in the names of the towns,
villages, fairs, and wells of our country, — sometimes in remote and lonely
districts or spots where there had once been chapels, cells, or hermitages.
The exigencies of a heavy charge prevented much progress from being
made towards the execution of this adventurous plan ; yet, though com
pelled to suspend it then, and now finally to abandon it, the subject never
ceased to retain the peculiar charm which, for some minds at least, it has
been long known to possess. About thirteen years ago however, the great
undertaking which had been rashly contemplated, was reduced to a plan
of very humble dimensions. Then the editor, or whatever else as afore
said, from a bundle of translations lying by him, selected the legends form
ing a group in which St. Kentigern is the central figure, and had a limited
number of them privately printed for circulation among his friends. These
legends were all translated from the ritual celebrations contained in the
Aberdeen Breviary, with the single exception of the Sacramental Com-

VIII

PREFACE.

memoration of St. Kentigern from the Arbuthnott Missal* But even this
modest attempt was doomed to be suspended. A new sphere of incessant
and engrossing labour refused even the restricted time requisite for com
pleting it ; and it is only through the enforced leisure of infirm health that
the long neglected sheets have been again brought to light.
With respect to all that is known concerning the literary history of
the Aberdeen Breviary — the only surviving representative, in that compre
hensive kind, of the ritual services conducted by our pre-reformation
church, — the curious reader may be referred to a preface drawn up, for the
members of the Bannatyne Club, by David Laing, Esq., LL.D., the best of
possible authorities on every such subject. Here it is necessary to say no
more than that this great work was printed by Walter Chepman in the
years 1509 and 1510, being the second production ofthe first press ever
set up in our country. It was executed under the personal superintend
ence of Bishop William Elphinstone, who then presided with reputation
and dignity over the diocese of Aberdeen, from a MS. copy which he had
previously arranged, chiefly after the celebrated book of Sarum, but with
additions of his own, original or selected, where Scottish saints were con
cerned. It is abundantly obvious that when compiling the Propria
Sanctorum, in the cases of Kentigern and Thenew at least, he made a free
use of the Vitse by Jocelin and the anonymous author in Capgrave's col
lection, — documents of which some notices may be found in the first article
of the subjoined appendix.
For the translations themselves which form what, slender though it
is, may be called the body of the volume, the editor has nothing whatever
to say ; and even concerning them he deems it unnecessary to say much.
The contractions with which the text of the Breviary abounds, present
some trifling difficulty at first, and may occasionally betray a careless
reader into a mistake ; nor dare the translator venture to assure himself
that he has fallen into no such blunder. If he have, the fault, however
unimportant, is not very excusable, for the snare vanishes before a little
perseverance. His object was to lay before a few friends who, for whatever
reason, had no means of direct access to the Breviary, some specimens of
the commemorative services which were ritually celebrated in our Scottish
* The Missal itself had not then teen printed. The translation was made from a copy of the special
celebration given by the late Joseph Eobertson in his Introduction to a volume of the Maitland Miscellany.

PREFA CE.

churches anterior to the Reformation. With this view, besides retaining
the peculiar form of the compositions, he has endeavoured to translate the
lections, the responses, and all other prose portions down to the rubrics, as
literally as he could, so that the English into which they were rendered
should be intelligible, and should preserve moreover, some of that ecclesi
astical aroma, without which they would be like salt which has lost its
savour. The metrical portions, that is the hymns, &c, at least invited a
different style of treatment. No doubt, they might have been turned into
plain prose ; and this again might have been broken up into lines of un
equal length, so as to tell the reader that it had once enjoyed the honour
of being verse. The temptations of a clearly superior method, led to a
rash defiance of both difficulty and failure, An attempt was made to pre
serve the metre, the rhyme, and even the structure of the verse, without
sacrificing the sense of the original. Beyond all question the result is mere
doggrel ; but then, had it been otherwise, it must have been unfaithful ;
because, — the Latin hymns, &c, are themselves, the whole of them, mere
doggrel too.
The Appendix, which has run to a laborious and weary, probably also
a tedious length, must be left to speak for itself.
Edinburgh, 1st August 1872.

PREFATORY NOTE.
(TO THIS PUBLISHED EDITION.)

Some corrections have been made, and a few pages of new matter
have been introduced ; but the insertion of the original Latin, transcribed
from the Breviary and the Missal, constitutes the most important peculiarity
of this reprint.
Edinburgh, 1st February 187S.

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CONTENTS.

Introductory Notice,
Preface, , . .
Of St. Kentigern, Bishop and Confessor, Majus Duplex,
Of St. Thenew, Matron, Mother of the Blessed Bishop Kentigern,
The Office which is celebrated on the Feast of St. Kentigern at Mass,
Of St. Servanus, Bishop and Confessor,
Of St. Columba, Confessor and Abbot,
Of St. Asaph, Bishop and Confessor,
Of St. Baldred, Bishop and Confessor,
Of St. Conwall, Confessor,
Of St. Palladius, Bishop and Confessor,
Appendix : — I. St. Thenew,
II. St. Kentigern,
III. The Office, &c. at Mass,
IV. St. Servanus, or Serf, .
V. St. Columba,
VI. St. Asaph,
VII St. Baldred.
VIII. St. Conwall,
IX. St. Palladius,
Opinions of the Press,
Plate— Ground-Plan of St Mungo's Church, Culross, to face p. 64.
Vignette on Title Page— The Seal of Glasgow.
A front head of St. Kentigern mitred, between the bell, fish, and ring on the dexter, and abird on
a tree on the sinister side—" Sigillum Comunb de Glagu, a.d. 1542.

PAGE V
VIII 19
11
1416 24 25
27 29
33 61
105 106 115 117118
120 122127

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I.

SANCTI KENTIGERN!,
lEptscopi et Confessorts, JKajus ©upkc.

Ad primas vesperas, ubi ecclesia de eo dedicata est, dicantur &c, ubi vero non
dedicatur, tantum una An., scil.
An. — Laudent Deum parvuli, puer conceptus
Kenterginus gratiam est summam adeptus.
Ps. — Laud ate pueri.
An. — Omnes gentes dominum, linguae, plebs, laudate,
Dum nutrit puerulum Servanus beate.
Ps. — Laudate Dominum.
An. — Lauda dulcis anima, lauda Kentigerne,
Deum qui te patriae praefecit eterne.
Ps. — Lauda, anima mea, Dominum.
An. — Laus et decus Domino, psalmus, vox sonora,
Kentigerne petimus, pro nobis exora !
Ps. — Laudate Dominum quum bonus.
An.— Urbs lauda Jherusalem, Deum, Sion gaude ¦
Kentigernum exaltet Christus summa laude.
Ps. — Lauda Jherusalem Dominum.
Gapitulum. — Ecce sacerdos magnus.
Rm.—O sacer antistes, regis clarissima proles
Per quern Laudonia nitet, et jam Cumbria tota
V.— Magnaque pars Scotiae fidei convertitur almae
Per quern. Gloria. Per quern.

OF ST. KENTIGERN,
Bishop ann Confessor, Jlajus duplex.

At the first vespers, where a church has been dedicated to him, may be said, &c, but
where there is none dedicated, only one Antiphon, viz. —
An. — Let children praise the Lord ; a child like them,
With saints in heaven has won eternal fame.
Ps. — Sing praises, ye children.
An. — All nations, tongues, and people, lift your voices ;
For holy Serf to rear our saint rejoices.
Ps. — Praise ye the Lord.
An. — 0 Kentigern, praise God, thou spirit blest,
Thy country's patron-saint by His behest.
Ps. — Praise the Lord, 0 my soul.
An. — To God, in psalm, and song, be sounding praise !
O Kentigern, for us thy prayers raise.
Ps. — Praise ye the Lord, for he is good.
An. — Jerusalem, praise God ; and Zion, sing ;
Our saint let Christ to highest glory bring.
Ps. — Praise the Lord, 0 Jerusalem.
Cpm. — Behold, a great priest.
R. — Through thee, great prelate, son of royal line,
Lothian and Cumbria with new honours shine ;
V. — And Scotia is converted to the faith divine.
Through thee. Glory. Through thee.

SANCTf KENTIGERNI.

Hymnus. — Fulget clara festivitas,
Qua Kentigerni dignitas
Sacri fertur ad sidera,
Post purae carnis funera.
Hie vitae vir eximiae,
Flos gentis, lux Laudoniae,
Jubar ardens, stirps regia,
Exultat nunc in patria.
Gaudet Glasgu praecipue,
Tanto pollens sub praesule ;
Tellus jam plaudit Scotica
Sancti cernens insignia.
Laetare Loth Laudoniae
Felix tarn sacro germine ;
Ornat, venustat, nobilem
Totam praesul progeniem.
Laus, decus, splendor, gloria,
Virtus, honor, victoria,
Sint Trinitati debita,
Perinfinita saecula. — Amen.
V. — Amavit eum Dominus.
An. — 0 Kentigerne, gemma nobilis,
Pastor praepollens, praeco salutis ;
0 dispensator Christi fidelis,
Tuis suceurre, quaeso, servulis,
Lumen ut tecum cernant in su peris.
Ps. — Magnificat
Oratio.— -Deus qui beatum Kentigernum, confessorem tuum atque pontificem,
ecclesiae tuae doctorem pariter et rectorem mirifice praesignasti ; praesta, quae-
sumus, ut cujus venerandam solennitatem celebramus ipsius semper suffragia
sentiamus. Per Do.

Deinde flat solennis memoria de oct. Epiphaniae, &c. Postea
de Sancta Maria.
Invita. — Machina trina Deum verum veneremur et unum,
Qui Kentigernum sibi sumpsit ad aethera sanctum.
Ps. — Venite

Hymnus. — Fulget clara festivitas.
An. — Felix vir qui fidei factis gloriatur,
Et in lege Domini crebro meditatur.
Ps. — Beatus vir.

ST. KENTIGERN.

Hymn. — Hail, festive season, famed in story,
When, of St. Kentigern, the glory
Is wafted to the highest heaven,
While his pure dust to earth is given.
The saint, of virtues great and bright,
Flower ofhis nation, Lothian's light,
A burning star, of regal race,
Exults now in his country's grace.
In him be joyful, Glasgow chiefly,
Thy fortunes he'll raise high and briefly.
Let Scotia's plains with plaudits ring,
Because their guardian saint they sing.
And, Loth of Lothian, be thou glad,
That seed so great and good thou'st had, —
A prelate who adorns and graces
The whole range of his kindred races.
Be glory, splendour, power, and fame,
And honours of each highest name,
To God, three-one, whom we adore,
Now, henceforth, and for evermore. — Amen.
V. — The Lord hath loved him.
An. — 0 holy St. Kentigern, pride ofthe nation,
Thou greatest of preachers, whose word is salvation,
Dispenser of Christ with fidelity due,
Help us, your servants, poor, humble, but true,
That in God's light at last we may triumph with you.
Ps. — My soul doth magnify.
Prayer. — O God, who hast marvellously designated the blessed Kentigern, thy
confessor and bishop, to be at once a teacher and a ruler of thy church, grant, we
pray thee, that we may always enjoy the suffrages of him whose venerable festival
we are now celebrating. Through the Lord.
Then intervenes a commemoration of the Epiphany ; and aftertvards,
of the Holy Mary.
Invit — Be now one true God, in three persons, praised.
Who, to Himself in heaven, St. Mungo raised.
Ps. — Come let us.
Hymn. — Hail, festive season, famed,
An. — Happy the man who in faith's works delights,
And to God's law devotes his thoughtful nights.
Ps. — Blessed is the man.

SANCTI KENTfGERNI.

An. — In timore didicit Deo deservire,
Et mandatis studuit ejus obedire.
Ps. — Quare fremuerunt.
j^n_ — Montem Dei coelicum scandit Kentigernus ;
Ambit, ornat, suscipit coetus hunc supernus.
Ps. — Domine quid multiplicati.
Vermis. — Am&vit eum.
Lectio prima.— Preclarus Dei confessor Kentigernus nobilissima inclytoram
Scotica prosapia, patre Eugenio Eufuren rege Cumbriae, matre vero Tenew filia
Loth regis Laudoniae ortus, quam pater impregnatam ad mare submergendam m
veteri cymba ex Laudonia transmisit, quae nutu divino usque Culros contra
fluctus maris projecta terram applicuit. Et ibidem angelis astantibus filium
suum peperit in quo loco insignis capeUa in ejus honore usque in hodiernum diem
dedicata est. Unde sanctus Servanus angelica monitione praeventus et a suis pas-
toribus certioratus ad littus accedens, matrem et infantem gloriose suscepit et
sacro fonte eundem baptizavit; et Kentigernum, hoc est capitalem dominum,
nomen ei imposuit. Tu autem Domine miserere nostri.
R. — Dat vitae volucrem, gelidas conflavit in ignem
Frondes quern comitum extinxerat ira nocentum.
V. — Culros stirps regia dedit haec primordia prima.
Frondes quern comitum extinxerat ira nocentum.
Lectio secunda. — Sciens autem puerum, ex angelica revelatione, gratia Dei
preventum, apud Culros honorifice educavit, et virtutibus ac scientiis in fide
Christiana instruxit ; ita ut aclhuc puer divinorum miraculorum divinitus corusca-
bat. Namque quaedam avicula quae rubesca dicitur in refectorio sancti Servani,
quae casu a sancto Kentigern o, ad hue puerulo, interfecta fuit ; aviculae corpusculum
cum suo capite accepit, et ipsum suo corpori adjungens, coaptare et dirigere
coepit. Quo facto ipsa continuo revixit, et contra sanctum Servanum garrulando
evolavit.

R. — Suscitat inde coquum puer almus morte sepultum.
Hine fugit admonitus, sequitur Servanus, alumnus.
V. — Sed pede quern juvenis fecit aequor bis fhrit amnis.
Hine fugit.

ST. KENTTGERN.

An. — In Godly fear he learns to spend his days,
And God's commandments studiously obeys.
Ps. — Why have the heathen.
An. — St. Mungo climbs God's hill, all clothed with light,
Met, welcomed, and embraced, by saints in white.
Ps. — Lord, why are thine enemies.
V. — The Lord hath loved him.

Lection I. — Kentigern, an illustrious confessor of God, was descended from a
Scotch stock the noblest of the noble, Eugenius Eufuren king of Cumbria being
his father, and Thenew, daughter of Loth king of Lothian, his mother. Her father
when she had become pregnant, intending that she should be drowned, sent her out
of Lothian forth into the sea on board of an old boat, which was carried up by the
divine power against the waves of the sea, and reached the land at Culross. There,
with angels attending her, she brought forth her son, at a spot where, even to this
day, is a chapel dedicated in honour of him. St. Serf, warned by angelical admoni
tion and informed by his pastors, approached the shore, and from it received with
distinction the mother and the infant, whom he baptized in the sacred font, giving
him the name of Kentigern, that is, lord-in-chief.
But do thou, 0 Lord, have mercy upon us.
jR. — A bird to life he brings ; — revives the fire
Quench'd by companions in their jealous ire.
V. — At Culross first transpired St. Mungo's fame ;
The utterly quench'd fire he fann'd to flame.

Lection II. — But the blessed Serf, knowing through evangelical revelation that the
boy had been prevented by the grace of God, educated him honourably at Culross ;
and instructed him in the virtues and the learning of the Christian faith ; so that
while still a boy he was already greatly distinguished by reason of the divine
miracles which he performed. For when a certain little bird, which is called a red
breast, was accidentally killed in the refectory of St. Serf by Kentigern while he
was yet merely a little boy, he took the body of the bird along with its head, and
joining the head to the body, began to fix and arrange them together. When this
was done, the bird directly returned to fife and flew to St. Serf, carolling its song.
R. — Blest boy, the dead cook at his word arose ;
While Serf pursues, away his pupil goes ;
V. — But from his foot, twice, on the plain, a river flows,
While Serf pursues.

SANCT1 KENTIGERN!

Lectio tertia.— Hujus etiam refectorii ignem qui ei de coelo missus fuerat ; ne
extingueretur ejus discipuli singuli singulis noctibus custodiebant Quadam autem
nocte cum beatus Kentigernus ignem castodiret, ipso dormiente, ignis extmctus
est. Sanctus autem puer, frondes congelatas super toletum ponens, in praesentia
sociorum sufilare coepit; et mox ramusculorum congeries ipsius flatu accensa
erat. £._ Juasit arare lupum, placuit cui jungere cervum ;
Fert ager cererem praesul cum spargit arenam.
Vs.— Et dumus insolitas brumae dat tempore baccas.
Fert ager. Gloria Patri.
Fert ager.
In III. Noctur. An.— Splendor vultus gloriae lumenque probatum,
Et praesul sanctissime super te signatum.
Ps. — Cum invocarem.
^TC. — Scuto fortitudinis Christi stat protectus
Kentigernus humilis pontifex electus.
Ps. — Verba mea.
An.—O quam admirabile et quam gloriosum
Est terris hodie nomen pretiosum.
Ps. — Domine, Dominus.
V. — Justum deduxit Dominus.
Lectio quarta. — Quadam autem die sanctus Servanus messores adunayit ad mes-
sem suam colligendam; sed quia coquus suus pridie mortuus fait, instigatione disci-
pulorum beato Kentigerno praecepit ut messoribus praepararet cibaria aut coquum
mortuum suscitaret. Cui oranti apparuit angelus dicens, preces tuas a Deo auditas,
coquum suscitavit ; quo facto, ab eodem angelo monitus, a magistro suo discessit.
R. — Dum negat annonam populo trux regulus aptam,
Ad loca pontificis subito ruit area messis.
V. — Cluda fluctus Christum novit non invidus ipsum.
Adlo.
Lectio quinta. — Sanctus autem Kentigernus ad fluvium qui Forth dicitur veniens
et vadum transiens, et magistrum suum post venientem aspiciens, Deum rogavit
ut aquam redderet magistro suo immeabilem ; continuo autem fluctu marino
redeunte facta est immeabilis. Sanctus Servanus progredi non valens, suo bene-
dicens discipulo, repediavit.

ST KENTIGERN

Lection III. — In this refectory also, there was a fire which had been sent down
thither from heaven, and which St. Serf's disciples watched by turns in the night,
one after another, that it might not be suffered to go out. On a certain night
however, when the blessed Kentigern was watching the fire, it was extinguished
while he was asleep. But the holy boy, having placed frozen leaves on the hearth,
in the presence of his companions began to blow, and immediately the heap of
brushwood was kindled by his breath.
R. — He yoked the wolf and .stag to till the fields :
Sand sown by him a fruitful harvest yields.
V. — Unwonted winter-berries from the frost he shields.
Sand sown by him.
Glory be to the father.
Sand sown by him.
In III. Noct. An. — God's glory, St. Mungo, and smile ever bright,
Have clothed thee in robes of celestial light.
Ps. — When I called.
An. — With the shield of Christ's strength stands for ever protected,
The humble St. Mungo, our Bishop elected.
Ps. — My words do thou hear.
An.— O how great is the worth, and how glorious the fame !
Throughout all the earth 0 how precious the name!
Ps. — 0 Lord, the Lord.
V. — The Lord hath guided the righteous.
Lection IV. — Then, on a certain day, St. Serf collected reapers to gather in
his harvest ; but his cook had died on the day before. At the instigation of his
disciples, he commanded the blessed Kentigern either to prepare food for the reapers,
or to restore the dead cook to life. And when Kentigern was praying, an angel
appeared to him and said, " God on hearing thy prayers has raised up the cook."
When this had been done, by the counsel of the same angel, he departed from his
master. R. — A cruel chief to Christ's flock alms denies,
But to our bishop's barns his harvest hies ;
V. — Christ bids ; and Clyde's obedient waters rise.
But to our bishop's barns.
Lection V. — But when the blessed Kentigern reached the river which is called
the Forth, and was crossing it by a ford, seeing his master in pursuit of him he be
sought God to make the water impassable to his said master; and straightway by
the return of the marine tide it became impassable. St. Serf, unable to advance,
blessed his disciple and returned.

SANGTI KENTIGERN!

R. — Dum famulum Domini pede percutit ira tyranni ;
Membra rapit misera dolor ingens dira podagra,
V. — Posteritas recolit quod adhuc pes improbus egit.
Membra rapit.

Lectio sexta. — Eadem nocte qua a sancto Servano discessit, in domo Fergusii
senis hospitatus est, qui per revelationem acceperat quod in praesentia sancti
Kentigerni migraret a seculo ; quo defuncto beatus Kentigernus angelica monitione
corpus ejus in plaustrello ponens, indomitos boves nullo praecedente plaustrum
sequens ad locum qui Glascu dicitur pervenit, et ibi corpus sepelivit, ibique ange
lica revelatione Deo serviens habitavit.
R. — Fit subito caecus rex Melchom vir truculentus,
Cui prece pontificis reparantur et organa lucis,
V. — Wallia quo viso credit cum principe Christo.
Cui prece.
Gloria Patri.
Cui prece.

In III. Nocturno An. — Nunc in tabemaculo Christi requiescit,
Pastor pius providus maculam qui nescit.
Ps. — Domine quis.
An. — Stat corona aurea lapidis venusti
In signum victoriae super capit justi.
Ps. — Domine in virtute tua.
An. — Paret terra Domino cunctis imperanti,
Kentigerno cathedram praebens predicant!.
Ps. — Domini est terra.
V. — Justus ut palma.
Lectio septima.— Secundum Mattheum. In illo tempore dixit Jesus discipuTis suis
parabolam hanc : Homo quidam peregre proficiscens vocavit servos suos. Et reliqua.
Exhistorw Sancti Kentigerni. Contigit reginam de Caidzow amore cujusdam militis
diffamari quern rex secum venatum duxit; quo dormiente rex annulum quern ei regina
dederat a mercipio (? marsupio) dormientis extraxit et in fluvium Cludam nomine
prqjecit ; quern domum rediens a regina petiit, mortem nisi redderet comminando
Ipsa autem puellam mittens ad militem annulum non recepit. Mox haec omnia beato
Kentigerno per nuncium indicavit, se condignam penitentiam facturam promittens

ST. KENTIGERN.

R. — The pangs of gout the tyrant's limbs afflict,
Who with his dastard foot God's servant kicked ;
V. — Posterity can still the limping wretch depict.
The pangs of gout.
Lection VI — On the same night in which he departed from St. Serf he was
lodged in the house of Fergus, an old man who had been informed by revelation
that in the presence ofthe holy Kentigern he should pass away from the world.
And when he was dead, the blessed Kentigern, by the counsel of angels, laid his
body on a small waggon, to which he yoked unbroken oxen, with no one to guide
them ; and so, following the waggon, he arrived at a place which is called Glasgow,
where he buried the body, and where, serving God, he by divine revelation took up
his abode. R. — A bloody man was blind, king Melchom hight,
To whom our bishop's prayer restored the light ;
V. — And with its chief was Wales to Christ won by the sight.
To whom our bishop's prayer.
Glory be to the Father,
To whom our bishop's prayer.
In III Noct. An. — Now rests, in mansions blest, with Christ, for ever,
Our wise and pious saint, who knew sin never.
Ps. — 0 Lord, who.
An. — Now on his holy head, with jewels bright,
The crown proclaims him victor in the fight.
Ps. — 0 Lord, in thy strength
An. —Earth, which in all things, her great Lord obeys,
A noble fane for Kentigern doth raise.
Ps.— The earth is the Lord's.
V. — The righteous as a palm-tree.
Lection VII— According to Matthew.— At that time Jesus spake to his dis
ciples this parable : A certain man travelling to a far country, called his servants,
&c. From the history of St. Kentigern— It happened that the queen of Caidzow was
ill-reported of concerning the love of a certain soldier whom the king took out with
him to hunt. When he was asleep, from his pocket the king drew out a ring which
the queen had given him, and threw it into a river which is called the Clyde.
On his return home, the king demanded the ring from the queen, threatening her
with death unless she restored it. She sent a servant to the soldier, but did not
obtain the ring. Then immediately, by a messenger, she communicated the whole
affair to the blessed Kentigern, promising that she would do suitable penance.

SANCTI KENTIGERNI.

Sanctus autem Kentigernus eidem reginae pie compattens misit ad quemdam
de suis ad flumen cum hamo piscari, praecipiens ut primum piscem quern caperet ad
se vivum reportaret ; quod et factum est ; a cujus ore sanctus extrahens annulum
reginae transmisit, quern regi restituens mortem evasit.
R— Cum confessa suum plangit regina reatum,
Pisculum prendi vult praesul et annulus auri
V. — Redditur ; obstupuit rex, sic infamia fugit.
Pisculum prendi.
Lectio octava— Cum autem beatus Kentigernus ex jussu angeli de Vallia
revenit ad Glasgu, et ibi sanctum Aseph suum discipulum pro regimine ecclesiae
suae post se relinquens in Vallia, venit ei obvius rex Redrath de Glasgu cum max
ima multitudine procerum et populi ; et dum eisdem predicaret verbum Dei a parva
parte populi visus est nee sermo ejus auditus est. Unde nutu divino terra supra
quam stetit se in monticulum elevavit ita ut ab omni populo videretur et ejus pre-
dicatio audiretur, ubi insignis capella in ejus honore juxta Glasgu dedicata est.
Divulgato autem sancti Kentigerni adventu de Vallia ad Glasgu, sanctus Columba
abbas pervenit ad torrentem vocatum Malyndinor affectans multum tanti et tarn
sancti praesulis benedictione et coUoquio perfrui ; et antequam convenirent sanctus
Columba vidit angelos descendentes super verticem ejus et coronam auream super
caput ejus. R. — Dum veniunt una Kentigemusque Columba
Aurea lux capiti visa est descendere sancti.
V. — Angelus huic rutulam defert cum luce coronam.
Aurea lux capiti.
Lectio nona. — Postquam vero simul eonvenissent devotas Deo gratias vicissim
retulerunt. In recessu vero iUorum, sancti Columbae sodales vervicem a gregario
sancti Kentigerni postulaverunt ; vervex vero occisus et capite truncatus inter oves
ambulabat unus. Illis admirantibus et videntibus transmutatus est in lapidem.
Tantus enim ei fuit fervor devotionis quod eo missas celebrante quandoque Columba
nivea visa est super caput ejus quanquam (tanqtiam T) nubes lucida. Et cum
sursum corda decantaret corpus ejus in aere a terra elevabatur ; tanta enim ejus
vitae austeritas fuit ut sub praesulari habitu lorica et cilicio usus est ; et multotiens
super lapidem in aqua frigida donee psalterium perlegeret antequam ad matutinas
cum fratribus suis in ecclesia conveniret. Sanctus autem Kentigernus in sancta
senectute, plenus dierum, Januariis idibus migravit ad Christum in eoelis cui fideli-
ter servivit in terris.
Ii- — Cum octogenos centum quoque quinque vir annos
Compleret, sanctus est Glasgu funera functus.

ST. KENTIGERN.

And St. Kentigern, piously commiserating the said queen, sent one of his people to
the river with a hook to fish, and enjoined that the first fish which was taken should
be brought to him alive. This was done accordingly; and the saint, having extracted
the ring from the mouth of the fish, transmitted it to the queen, who restored it to
the king, and thus escaped death.
R. — The contrite queen feels of her fault the sting,
The bishop, by a fish, restores the ring ;
V. — From infamy escapes the wondering king.
The bishop, by a fish.
Lection VIII. And when the blessed Kentigern, at the command of an angel,
returned from Wales to Glasgow, leaving behind him in Wales his disciple St. Asaph
to govern his Church, king Redrath of Glasgow met him with a prodigious multi
tude of chiefs and people ; and while he preached to them the word of God he was
seen by only a small part of the people, and his sermon was not heard at all. Where
fore, by the divine power, the earth upon which he stood raised itself up into a
little hill, so that he was seen, and his preaching heard, by all the people. At the
spot where this happened, close by Glasgow, a beautiful chapel was dedicated to his
honour. But the arrival of Kentigern at Glasgow from Wales having been noised
abroad, St. Columba the Abbot came to the stream which is caUed Malyndinor, ear
nestly desiring to enjoy the blessing and the conversation of so great and so holy
a bishop. And before they met, St. Columba saw angels fluttering round about
him, and a shining dove descending upon him, and a golden crown on his head.
R. — St. Colm greets Kentigern, and on his friend,
Beholds, from heaven, a brilliant light descend ;
V. — And angels o'er his head a lustrous crown extend.
Behulds, from heaven.
Lection IX. — After they had met, they alternately gave devout thanks to God.
But during their retirement, the companions of St. Columba demanded a wether
from the flock of St. Kentigern ; and afterwards, a wether which had been kiUed
and beheaded, ran about among the sheep. And while they were wondering and
gazing, it was converted into a stone. — So great was the fervour of St. Kentigern s
devotion that, sometimes when he was celebrating mass, a snowy pigeon appeared
above his head like a luminous cloud ; and when he was chaunting the " sursum
corda," his body was lifted up from the ground into the air. Such moreover was
the austerity of his fife that, beneath his bishop's habit, he used mail and haircloth ;
and frequently he stood upon a stone in cold water till he read through the
psalter, before he met with his brethren in the church at matins. Finally, in a holy
old age and full of days, St. Kentigern, on the Ides of January, passed away to
Christ in the heavens after having served him faithfully on the earth.
R. — Of fife, nine score and five years he had ended,
Before, to God, from Glasgow, he ascended.

SANCTI KENTIGERNI.

V. — Nunc super astra satus residet regnatque beatus
Compleret sanctus. Gloria Patri.
Compleret.
Ps.— Te Deum.
V. — Ora pro nobis.
R. — Ut digni.
In Laudibus An. — Visitat alma pii vitae septena loca Petri
Praesul campana cui servit in sethere sacra.
Ps. — Dominus regnavit.
An.— Pallia Pontificis nunquam nivibus rigat, aut nix
Nee vis ulla vero tempestatis nocet almo.
Ps. — Jubilate.
An. — Sponte ferae celeres variaeque coeli volucres,
Kentigerne tuum se subdunt, praesul, in usum.
Ps. — Deus, Deus.
An. — Res miranda, gregem vervex comitatur ovantem,
Truncato capite, latet hie sub imagine petrae.
Ps. — Benedicite.
An, — Exordium sacrae jubet esse capeUae,
Sed prohibet mutus divinitus ore lo'cutus.
Nunc tibi laus potior manet et reverentia major.
Ps. — Laudate Dominum.
Capitulum.- -Ecce sacerdos magnus.
Hymnus.— Rex confessorum inclyte,
Mundi salus, fons gratiae,
Qui Kentigernum meritis
Sanctis aequasti superis.
Hie est palma pontificum,
Scotis honor, spes Britonum,
Gregis amor, laus patriae,
Lampas ardens mirifice.
Hie Glasguensis incola,
Christi cultor per omnia,
Prudens, probus innumeris
Pastor nitens miraculis ;

ST. KENTIGERN.

-And now above the starry spheres, in rest and bliss the saint appears.
Of life, nine score.
Glory be to the Father.
Of life, nine score.
Ps. — We praise thee, 0 God.
V. — -Pray for us.
R. — That we may be worthy.
At Lauds. An. — St. Peter's shrine to visit seven times,
Went Mungo, guided by aerial chimes.
Ps. — The Lord hath reigned.
An. — Nor snow might ever drench the bishop's paU,
Nor tempest's fury on the saint's head fall.
Ps. — Rejoice ye
A n. — To thee, wild beasts, to thee, the fowls of heaven,
Blest Mungo, willingly themselves have given!
Ps.— 0 God, my God.
An. — The headless wether, which but now had ranged
With grazing flocks, lo, to a stone is changed !
Ps. — Bless ye.
A n — The temple was order'd to be thrown down;
But, by mute lips spoken, of God the frown
Prohibited; wherefore 'tis ours to raise,
In our worship, to Thee, the greater praise.
Ps. — Praise ye the Lord.
Chapter. — Behold a great priest.
Hymn. — Christ, of martyrs glorious king,
The world's life, of grace the spring,
Who Kentigern, by saintly merit,
Hast raised thy kingdom to inherit !
He is of bishops first and best,
Scotia's honour, Britain's rest ;
His flock's delight, his country's praise,
A torch which flashes star-like rays ;
Of Glasgow, ornament and pride,
To Christ true, let what might betide ;
A pastor just and prudent found,
For countless miracles renowned ;

Cujus vita continuum
Tota fuit martyrium ;
Et saepius pro balneis
Est usus aquis algidis ;
Ibi degens Davidicum
Dum cecinit psalterium,
Ac corpus quatriduano
Macerabat jejunio.
Lorica et cilicio,
Carnem domavit rigido ;
Et saepius angelico
Fovebatur eloquio.
0 Jesu, salus omnium,
Qui tanti sibi famulum
Praeeligisti coelitus,
Ejus nos salva precibus !
Patri summo cum Alio,
Sancto quoque paracleto,
Sit sempiterna gloria,
In unitate solida. Amen.
V. — Justus germinabit,
An. — Felix confessor, flos tui generis,
Lampas Laudoniae, lucerna luminis,
Almifice pollens prodigiis,
Sis gratus subditis et pius miseris,
Kentigerne, doctor mirabilis !
Psalmus. — Benedictus Dominus.
Oratio ut supra. Deindefiat memoria solennis de octd. epiphaniae. Be sancto
Hilario, et de sancta Maria. Ad primam.
Antiphona. — Visitat alma.
Ad tertiam et ad alias horas dicuntur capitula, R. et Vs. de communi unius
confessoris et pontificis. Caeterae antiphonae de laudibus. — Ad secundas vesperas
Antiphona.— Visitat alma.
Capitulum. — Benedictionem.
-#• — Vertitur in lapides mox compressi copia lactis.
Formatum prisca manet atque figura.
V. — Fons tenet aeternum liquidus per secula nomen.
Formatum prisca manet atque figura.
Gloria Patri.
Formatum prisca ma.

ST. KENTIGERN.

His life, in toils and perils pass'd,
A martyrdom from first to last ;
Oft breast-deep in the ice-cold river,
Throughout the live-long night he'd shiver,
King David's psalms devoutly singing,
TiR the matin bell was ringing ;
And oft his fasts, in maceration,
Of full four days the prolongation,
When, if his flesh its strength renew'd,
Hair-cloth and mail the fire subdued.
Meanwhile angels came to cheer him,
Whisp'ring God and help were near him.
Oh Christ ! the health of all the earth,
Who hast a servant of such worth,
In glory, for thyself, ordain'd, —
By us, through him, be life obtain'd.
To God the Father, God the Son,
And God the Spirit, three in one,
Be highest glory ever given
By aU on earth, and aU in heaven. — Amen.
V. — The righteous shall flourish> &c.
An. — Confessor blest ! flower of thy name,
Fair Lothian's torch, of ardent flame.
Thou mightiest in works divine,
Be to thy subjects stiU benign,
And to the wretched, meek and gracious ;
O Mungo, teacher great and precious !
Ps. — Blessed is the Lord.
Prayer as above. Then follows a solemn commemoration of the octave of the
Epiphany, and of St. Hilary, and the holy virgin Mary. Afterwards, at Primes,
Antvphon. — St. Peter's shrine, &c.
At Tierce, and the other hours, are said Chapters, Responses, and Versicles, from
the "commune" of a confessor and bishop. The other Antiphonae out of Lauds. —
At second vespers ; Antiphon. — St. Peter's shrine, &c.
Chapter. — Blessing, &c.
R. — Sudden, the milky curd, transformed to stone ;
Its nature changed, retains its shape alone.
V. — The stream the name preserves till time be gone.
Its nature changed, &c.
Glory be to the Father.
Its nature changed.

SANCTAE THENEW.

Hymnus. — Rex confessorum
y_ — Justus germinabit
An. — Jubar coeleste, lux clari sideris,
Gaudet, en, Glasgu per te, dux humihs,
Bonus, immensus, 0 rosa Celebris,
Nobis fer opem trusis in tenebris,
Assisteqiie servis.
Ps. — Magnificat.
Oratio.

II.
SANCTAE THENEW MATRONAE,
Beati fenttprtti episcopt JSlatrts.

Oratio. — Deus qui de beata Thenew beatum Kentigernum coelesti gratia prae-
venti nasci voluisti, concede propitius qui earn sinceris venerantur mentibus ab in-
ferni valeant liberari periculis. Per Dominum.
Ad Matut. — Lectio prvm/x. — Laudoniae, quae septemtrionalis Britanniae pars
est, rex quidam filiam quandam habuit, nomine Thenew, quam ex maritali perduxit
copula, fide christianam sed nondum fonte regeneratam baptismatis ; quae toto
corde oreque et animo, ab omni libidinis labe atque camis libera erat ; licet divina
interim providentia, ut pie credendum est, aliter quam disponebat in facto accidit.
Quas ob res dira atque immania per hujusmodi a parentibus data sententia per-
pessa est tormenta et opprobria plurima quae enarrare fas erit. Tu.

ST. THENEW.

Hymn. — Christ, of martyrs, glorious king,
V. — The righteous shall flourish.
An. — Bright morning star, in heaven glowing,
Life from thy flashing pinions flowing,
Through thee, o'er Glasgow, sits presiding
A saint, its children meekly guiding.
Both good is he and great in power ;
O Rose, of flowers the fairest flower !
To us, offenders, lost in night,
Shew thou the path of truth and right ;
And guide us home by thine own heavenly light.

Ps. — My soul doth magnify.
Prayer.

II,
OF ST. THENEW,
JHatrott, Mother of the hlesseo Bishop Ifentisern,

Prayer. — 0 God, who hast willed that, by interposition of divine grace, the
blessed Kentigern should be born of the blessed Thenew, grant, in thy mercy, that
they who worship her with sincere minds, may be able to be freed from the perils
of hell. Through our Lord.
At Matins.— Lection I — Of Lothian, which is a part of North Britain, a certain
King had a certain daughter, Thenew by name, born in wedlock, of the Christian
faith, but not yet regenerated in the font of baptism; who, in her whole heart,
mouth, and mind, was free from every stain of lust and the flesh ; although, as is
to be piously believed, divine providence feU out in fact otherwise than she intended.
On account of which things, she suffered cruel and outrageous torments in pur
suance of a sentence to that effect pronounced by her relatives, and • endured very
many reproaches which it will be proper to recount. But do Thou.

10

SANCTAE THENEW.

Lectio secunda— Namque cum Ewen Cumbriae regis filius de nobilissima
Britonum oriundus prosapia juvenis quidam elegantissimus earn in matrimonium
cum summa, propter nuptias, damnatione exigeret, ipsa nullatenus ad cujuscunque
amorem persuaderi poterat, Et quanto plus ipsa ipsius regis filii amorem renuerat,
tanto ille in ejusdem delectionem ferventius accendebatur, et medns quibus potuit et
gestibus (paternis etiam admonitionibus interim vagantibus) ad eandem converten-
dam assidua disposuerat mente. Tu.
Lectio tertia— Rex autem, cum earn blandis quibuscunque sermonibus ad hujus-
modi connubium contrahendum allicere nequiverat, ira succensus in hunc qui se-
quitur modum prorupit verba. Aut, inquam, hujusmodi connubio assentire faciam,
aut subulcorum mancipatione te perpetua stuprandam dabo. At_ ilia, stabilis in
proposito perseverans, subulcanum assumpsit ministerium, regias relinquendo
delicias de regio palatio, ad aram porcorum se ultro contulit.
Lectio quarta. — Quam subulcus qui christianam occulte professus est fidem
mediis quibus potuit tractavit, cum honore ipsius castitatem super omnia com-
mendando et eandem servandam a Christi doctoribus certioratus palam predicavit.
Praedictus autem regis filius audiens quod ipsa a patre amoris sui causa penitus
spreta esset, ingemuit quia earn plurimum caeco amore dilexerat. Tu.
Lectio quinta. — Eo vero cogitante mulierculam quandam versus earn miserat
(si forsan Thenew in miseria et calamitate jam constituta) facibus ad ejus amorem
exhortari valeret ; sed haec quidem inaniter exacta sunt. Interea, haec sola inter
subulcos remorans, juvenis quidam imberbis, virgineo indutus nabitu, qui rura
paterna videre solitus est nihil attamen suspicione doli, eandem sub femineo
nabitu, modis omnibus reluctantem, vi oppressam foecundavit. Tu aut.
Lectio sexta. — Haec autem in pristina perseverante voluntate rei eventum
cuiquam revelare nee audebat, gravida autem facta patri revelatum est ; quam ipse
justitiae zelo cum suis magnatibus fornicariam esse et paternae legis praevarica-
tricem judicabant, et lapidibus obruendam neci condemnabant. Spiculatoribus
tandem tradita qui earn in biga rotarum in montis summitate coHocaverunt,
Lectio septima. — Inde saxis ruentibus praecipitatam dirae neci darent ; ipsa
autem in Domino confidens, quia quamquam poUutum fuit corpus, animus semper
remanebat erga Deum integer et firmus, et ita iUa in proposito manens, spicula-
tores de arduae rupis cacumine plaustrum crudeliter praecipitarunt, quod vehe-
menter descendens adolescentula salva permansit et illaesa. Alterna in Dei
laudem contigerunt fieri miracula; nam plaustrum reversum in terram figitur,
quod mox extractum hmpidissimus inde manavit fons qui usque in praesens fluere
non desinit ; plaustri quoque rostra petram ultro perforaverunt durissimam, signum
relinquens perpetuum. Tu autem Domine miserere.

ST. THENEW. 10

Lection II. — For when a certain handsome youth, Ewen, son of the king of
Cumbria, descended from the noblest stock of the Britons, solicited her in marriage,
grudging no sacrifice for the sake of the nuptials, she could by no means be per
suaded to the love of any one. And by how much the more she repelled the love
of the king's son, by so much the more fervidly did he burn in the love of her ; and
by aU methods and behaviour (paternal admonitions also being meanwhile variously
applied), he assiduously endeavoured to change her mind. But do Thou.
Lection III — But the king, when he found himself unable, by whatsoever
gentle speeches, to aUure her to the contraction of such a marriage, inflamed with
rage, broke forth into words after the manner foUowing: — "I say that I will either
make thee consent to a marriage of this sort ; or, by delivering thee to the swine
herds, I will give thee up to perpetual prostitution." But she, continuing firm in
her purpose, assumed the occupation of a swine-herd ; and having relinquished the
princely pleasures of the royal palace, voluntarily sought sanctuary with swine.
Lection IV. — And a swine-herd who secretly professed the christian faith
entertained her as weU as he could, not only doing honour to herself but commending
her chastity above all things ; and he boldly declared to her that she had the authority
of the doctors of Christ for the preservation of the same. But the king's son afore
said, hearing that' she had been utterly scorned on account of his love, was grieved;
because he had loved her extremely, with a blind love. But do Thou.
Lection V. — But while he was musing, he had sent to her a certain little
woman, (if haply Thenew, now plunged in misery and distress, might the more
easily be won to his love) ; but these things also were done to no purpose. Mean
while as she was tarrying in solitude among the swine-herds, a certain beardless
young man clothed in virgin's apparel, who was wont without suspicion of guile
to inspect her father's fields, violated her in his female dress, and impregnated her
in spite of her utmost resistance. But do Thou.
Lection VI —And she, constant to her former purpose, dared not divulge to
any one the issue of the affair ; but to her father, nevertheless, it was communicated
that she had become pregnant. Then, in his zeal for justice, he, along with his
nobles, adjudged her to be a strumpet and a deceitful transgressor of the paternal
law; and they condemned her to be stoned to death. At length she was delivered
to executioners, who set her, in a cart, on the top of a mountain.
Lection VII. — Any one hurled thence on the stones as they rushed furiously
down, was devoted to a direful death. But she, trusting in the Lord, because
though her body had been defiled her mind had always remained clear and stedfast
towards God, and so continuing resolute in her purpose, the executioners cruelly
precipitated the cart from the summit of the steep rock ; but while it plunged
violently down, the young woman remained safe and unhurt. Miracles.^noreover,
one after another, were done to the praise of God ; for the overturned cart was fixed
deep in the earth, and being forthwith 'drawn out, a beautifully limpid fountain
sprang up, and even at this very day, has not ceased to flow ; the prominent por
tions also of the cart, of their own accord, perforated the hardest stones, leaving a
perpetual mark. But do Thou, 0 Lord, have mercy.

11 IN FESTO SANCTI KENTIGERNI EP I SCOP I.

Lectio octava. — Certioratus inquam (?) de praemissis, rex juvenculae pater
qui indignatus per artem magicam haec posse fieri firmavit, quare non poenis
affligendam esse, earn tradi morti jussit. Duxerunt ergo illam ad vicinum mare
et ad portum qui a vulgo Aberledy dicitur, ubi piscium multitudo maxima ap-
prehendi soleat, comitantibus iflam viris et mulieribus pluribus qui earn lamenta-
tanfcur, dicentes : Quid enim regis promeruit fiha ut tot mortis subiret sententias ?
Crudelitas enim potius regis est quam judicium in eadem bis exercere vindictam.
Llla autem hiis omnibus patienter auditis pro Christi nomine mortem subire non
formidavit. Tu autem Domine.

Lectio nona. — Missa est autem in scapha ex bitumine et viminibu3 confecta
coreoque contexta, omni destituto gubernaculo velo aut remigi, in horrendoque
profundo pelago illico demergenda; quae divino suffulta adminiculo ad Mayam
insulam advecta est, et dehinc marinis agitata fluctibus illius nutu qui cuncta
regit et gubernat, multitudine sustentata piscium caterva, ad verso flumine quod
miratu dignum est ad Culros illaesa producitur ; quo in loco beatum Kentigernum
filium suum virum sanctum et Deo deditissimum ex ejus visceribus in mundum
produxit ; qui a beato Servano viro devotissimo in fonte baptismatis unda regen-
erati sunt. Beata igitur Thenew cunctis diebus quibus vixerat annis filium suum
Kentigernum sancte et beate vivendo insectata est. Nee longe ab eodem moram
in Glasgu gessit, ubi frequenti dicti filii sui fruebatur coRoquio. Nee dubium
quoniam miraculorum suorum dum viveret nee expars fuit, tandem plurimis tra-
ductis in vitae sanctitate annis, in coelis transvehitur eternis cum dicto fiho suo
Kentigerno regnans cum Domino nostro Jesu Christo cui est honor in saecula ; et
in Glasguensi civitate inclyta honorifice tradita sepulturae. Tu autem Domine.

III.

In Fpsto ganrfi Kentign-ni $pisropi.
Quod extra diocesm ejus celebratur in crastino octavae Epiphaniae,
ad missam officium.

*J.T^i^^tZfTmaL'am "-*-' princip-m fecite-°:

THE OFFICE OF ST. KENTIGERN. 11

Lection VIII. — The king, the father ofthe young woman, was made acquainted
with the premises ; but being enraged, he affirmed that these things could be done
by magic, to the end that she should not suffer punishment ; and he commanded
her to be put to death. They led her accordingly to the neighbouring sea, and to
the port which, by the vulgar, is caUed Aberlady, where the greatest multitude of
fishes is wont to be caught ; and many, both men and women, were in attendance
on her, who bewailed her, saying, " What has the king's daughter deserved that she
should undergo so many sentences of death ? For it is cruelty in the king, rather
than justice, to execute vengeance twice on the same person." But she, patiently
listening to aU these things, was not afraid to undergo death, for the name of Christ.
But do Thou, O Lord.
Lection IX. — Then she was sent away in a shaUop made of pitch and osiers,
and covered with hides ; altogether destitute of rudder, sail, or rower ; to be
straightway swaUowed up by the dreadful and unfathomed ocean. But, upheld by
the divine support, she was wafted to the island of May; and thence at the pleasure
of Him who rules'and governs aU things, — tossed by the waves of the sea— sus^
tained by a prodigious attendant shoal of fishes, — against the stream, moreover,
which is worthy of great admiration, — she was conducted in safety to Culross,
where from her own bowels she brought forth into the world her son, a holy man,
and most strictly devoted to God, the blessed Kentigern ; and both of them were,
by the blessed Servanus, an eminently devout man, regenerated with water in the
font of baptism. The blessed Thenew accordingly, all the days of the years during
which she lived, followed her son Kentigern in a holy and blessed course of living.
Nor was her place of abode far from him in Glasgow, where she enjoyed frequent
converse with her said son. And it is not to be doubted that, since while she was
alive she was not undistinguished by miracles, she was, after many years spent in
holiness of life, translated to the eternal heavens, and along with her said son
Kentigern, reigns there with our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom is honour for ever.
She was honourably interred in the illustrious city of Glasgow. But do Thou, 0
Lord.

III.
Sljp <Mfirp,
Which is celebrated on the Feast of St. Kentigern, without his diocese,
AT MASS,
On the day after the octave ofthe Epiphany.

Introit. — The Lord hath established for him a covenant of peace and made
him a prince ; that the dignity of the priesthood may be his for ever.

12 IN FESTO SANCTI KENTIGERNI EPISC0P1.

Oratio. — Deus qui beatum Kentigernum confessorem tuum atque pontificem
ecclesiae tuae doctorem pariter et rectorem mirifice praesignasti ; praesta, quaesu-
mus, ut cujus venerandam solemnitatem celebramus, ipsius semper suffragia
sentiamus. Per.
Epistola. — Ecce sacerdos (magnus qui in diebus suis placuit Deo et inventus
est Justus et in tempore iracundiae factus est reconciliatio. Non est inventus
similis ilb qui conservavit legem Excelsi, &c, ut in Ecclus. xliv.)
Graduate. — Juravit (Dominus et non poenitebit eum : tu es sacerdos in eternum
secundum ordinem Melchizedek.) AUeluia.
Versus.— Amavit (eum Dominus et ornavit eum ; stolam gloriae induit
eum.) Alleluia. Sequentia. — Gaude, mater Sion, gaude ;
Corde, voce, manu, plaude,
Kentigerni pia laude
Attollens praeconium.
Dies mundo sit haec laeta,
Et moeroris fiat meta,
Quia pius dat athleta
Pium patrocinium.
Summa regum stirpe satus,
Fonte vivo debriatus,
Scholis vacans literatus
Sub Servano studuit.
Gemma, jubar clericorum,
Vas virtutum, via morum,
Lampas, lumen Britannorum
Omnibus enituit
Non in eo lux superna
Latet, ardens sed lucerna
Fit, intendens ad aeterna
Lato lucens lumine.
Nee in parte sed in toto,
Deo servit ; nam devoto
Corde, mente, voce, voto,
Totus est in numine.

THE OFFICE OF ST. KENTIGERN. I:i

Prayer. — 0 God, who hast marvellously designated the blessed Kentigern, thy
confessor and bishop, to be at once a teacher and a ruler of thy church, grant, we
beseech Thee, that we may always enjoy the suffrages of him whose venerable fes
tival we are now celebrating. Through the Lord.
Epistle. — Behold, a great priest, who in his own days pleased the Lord, and
was found righteous; and in a time of wrath was made a reconciliation. There has not
been found one like him who hath kept the law of the Highest: &c, as in Ecclus. xliv.
Gradual. — The Lord hath sworn, and it will not repent him; thou art a priest
for ever after the order of Melchisedech. Alleluia.

Verse. — The Lord hath loved him, and adorned him ; He hath put upon him a
stole of glory. Alleluia.
Sequence. — Sing, Sion, sing, with plaudits ringing,
Heart, voice, and hand together bringing,
Holy anthems loudly singing,
St. Mungo's praise proclaim !
Free be to-day from every sorrow,
Care and grief wait for to-morrow,
Peace and refuge while we borrow,
Through his glorious name.
By birth the noblest of his nation,
In font plunged of regeneration,
Unschool'd, yet bless'd with education,
St. Serfs disciple dear.
Star of clerks, bright light bestowing.
Virtue's guide, the right way shewing,
Torch of Britons, always glowing
Peerlessly broad and clear.
Not faint nor dim his fire from heaven,
By its bright rays the clouds were riven,
And glorious light to earth was given ; —
It flash'd both wide and far.
Nor with him was life divided ;
God alone his being guided ;
Plan, motive, practice,— all decided, —
God was his polar star.

IS fN FESTO SANCTI KENTIGERNI EP I SCO PI

Febres fugat et avellit,
Famem sedat, pestes pellit,
Praesulatu quos praecellit
Recto ducit tramite.
Garrit ales praenecatus ;
Cocus est resuscitatus ;
Salit vervex trucidatus,
Amputato capite.
Ardent rami congelati,
Sacro flatu inflammati ;
Saevi boves subjugati ;
Plaustri portant pondera.
Lupus cervo copulatur,
Novus ager his aratur,
Hine arena seminatur,
Gignunt ador jugera.
Mutat mare cursum maris ;
Fert annonam ab avaris ;
Sceleratus fit molaris
Senex per miraculum,
Moecha moerens confortatur,
Begi reconciliatur,
Dum in fluctu qui jactatur
Piscis profert annulum.
Tot miranda qui fecisti,
Pater, quern hie eligisti,
Fac concivem Jesu Christi
Tuum esse populum.
Sancte praesul Kentigerne,
Bone pastor, dux superne,
Transfer tuos ad aeternae
Lucis habitaculum. Amen.
Evangelium.—Uomo quidam peregre (&c. ut in Mat. xxv.)
Credo.
altabut 'Sreju^6^ ^ ^^^ ™* *™ ^ et " **™ ™> «"

THE OFFICE OF ST. KENTIGERN. IS

Fevers and famine Mungo banish'd,
Pestilence before him vanish'd ;
With righteousness were those replenish'd,
Who own'd our prelate's sway.
Its song, the mangled robin, trilling, —
The once-dead cook his tasks fulfilling, —
The headless ram, quick after killing, —
AU grace this festive day.
The fire that should have flash'd out nightly,
When quench'd, the frozen twig lit brightly ;
And oxen, all untam'd, drew lightly
To Glasgow, Fergus' bier !
Wolf and stag, in one team going,
Virgin soil prepared for sowing ; ^
Sand, as seed, for autumn's mowing,
Gave finest wheat's ripe ear.
The tide o'erflows its wonted measure,
And floats away the niggard's treasure ;
The miller, stealing at his pleasure,
A miracle made grey !
A queen her faithlessness repented ;
Her injured husband soon relented,
When the fish his ring presented,
In anger thrown away.
O thou in mighty works exceeding,
Through Christ, thy chosen saviour, pleading,
Cause that our steps may still be speeding
Upward to his rest.
Pastor faithful, prelate holy,
Guide from heaven, meek and lowly,
Us, who tread thy path so slowly,
Lead to mansions blest ! Amen.

The gospel. — A certain man, &c, as in Mat. xxv.
Creed.
Offertory. — My truth and my mercy are with him ; and in my name his horn
shall be exalted.

U SANCTI SERVANT.

Seer eta. — Majestati tuae quaesumus Domine in honorem sanctissimi Kentigerni
pontificis hoc munus oblatum sanctifica, ut tibi sit acceptable nobisque salubre. Per.
Commemoratio. — Beatus servus (quern cum venerit Dominus invenerit vigi-
lantem ; amen dico vobis super omnia bona constituet eum.)
Post communio. — Divina libantes mysteria quae in sanctissimi Kentigerni pon
tificis solemnitate tuae obtulimus majestati, te, Domine suppliciter exoramus ut per
ipsum cum ipso coelestis domus gratiae perfruamur. Per.

IV.
SANCTI SERVANI,
ISpiscopi et Cottfessorts.

Oratio.— Deus qui beatum Servanum pro humani generis salute, mirabilibus
fecisti coruscare miraculis, ejus quaesumus intercessione benigna, vinculis peccato-
rum solutis, regna nobis tribue coelestia. p. Do.
Lectio prima. — Servanus qui de Scotorum natione originem sumpserat, sub
ritu et forma _ primativae ecclesiae vixit usque ad beati patris PaUadii pontificis
adventum, qui a beato Celestino papa missus fuerat ad Scotorum gentem conver-
tendam, qui ibidem sanctum invenit Servanum. Et quia tantae genti mysteria
pastoralia solus impendere non sufficiebat, beatum Servanum ut in vinea Domini
secum operaretur doctrina ecclesiastica sufficienter imbutum et per eundem in epis-
copum ordinatum in omni Scotorum gente suum constituit suffraganeum. Tu
autem. Lectio secunda. --Sanctus itaque Servanus cum in opus evangelii directus et
villas castella et vicos circuiret et verbum Domini seminaret, contigit ut ipse cum
clencis suis apud quemdam pauperem nocte quadam hospitarentur, qui de tantis
nospitibus immensas Deo referens laudes unicum suum porcum in refectionem
sanctorum ad eorum victum mactavit. Sanctus itaque Servanus pietate motus por
cum quem ad suorum refectionem mactaverat, in area sua meritis sancti Servani
mane jam vivum repent ; sicque hospes hospitem alternatim se reficiens, pauperem
sanctissimus pater m pace dimisit. Aquam quoque in vinum convertit. Et cuidam
monacho aegroto ad bibendum dederit, ex quo hausto sanitatem illico receperit

ST. SERVANUS. U

Secret. — We beseech thy majesty, 0 Lord, sanctify this offering, presented in
honour of thy most holy bishop Kentigern ; that it may be acceptable to Thee, and
profitable for us. Through the Lord.
Commemoration. — Blessed is that servant, whom, when the Lord shall come,
he shall find watching ; I say unto you, that he will set him over all his goods.
PosUcommunion. — We, celebrating the mysteries which, on the feast of thy
most holy bishop Kentigern, we have offered to thy Majesty, humbly pray Thee, 0
Lord, that through him we may, along with him, enjoy the grace of thy heavenly
abode. Through the Lord.

IV.
OF ST. SERVANUS,
aStsijop ano Confessor.

Prayer.— 0 God, who, for the salvation of the human race, hast made the
blessed Servanus iUustrious by wonderful miracles, we beseech Thee that, through
his benignant intercession, the chains of our sins being loosed, Thou wouldst bestow
upon us the heavenly kingdom. Through the Lord.
Lection I — Servanus, who had derived his origin from the nation ofthe Scotch,
lived under the rite and form of the primitive church till the arrival of the blessed
father PaUadius the bishop, who had been sent by the blessed Pope Celestine for
the purpose of converting the nation of the Scotch, and who found the holy Ser
vanus there. And because he was not equal, singly, to dispense the pastoral
mysteries to so great a nation, he appointed the blessed Servanus his suffragan for
the whole nation of the Scotch, after he had been sufficiently imbued with ecclesi
astical learning, and ordained by himself as a bishop, that he might labour along
with him in the Lord's vineyard. But do Thou.
Lection II. — When St. Servanus, therefore, applying himself to the work of
the gospel, was going round homesteads, castles, and villages, and was sowing the
seed of the Lord's word, it happened that he and his clergy on a certain night were
lodged with a certain poor man; who, ascribing unmeasured praises to God for
guests so distinguished, killed his one only pig as their food for the refection of the
holy men. The holy Servanus therefore, moved with piety, restored the pig which
the poor man had kiUed for the refection of his companions ; and through the merits
of the holy Servanus the poor man found it now alive in its sty. And thus, after
refreshing one another as host and guest alternately, the most holy father dismissed
the poor man in peace.
He also turned water into wine, and gave it to a certain sick monk to drink ;
from which draught he straightway received health.

15 SANCTI SERVANT

Lectio tertia. — Tempore autem quodam in spelunca de Dysert diabolus beatum
Servanum variis questionibus temptavit, qui divina virtute confusus abscessit, et
ab illo die daemon iUe in spelunca ilia nemini apparuit, qui locus usquemodo in
honore sancti Servani Celebris habetur. Unde diabolus videns se contra sanctum
virum nil praevalere posse in sibi commissis graviter injuriam facere conatus est.
Unde ad miserum quemdam hominem intravit, qui tantum ei appetitum tribuit
quod nullo modo saturari poterit. Servanus vero poUicem in os ejus posuit et,
diabolus territus atque horribiliter damans, liberum dimisit iUum. Tu.
Mediae lectio quarta, quinta, sexto, de <K-ta. Sancti Johannis hapti.
Lectio septima.— Insuper quaedam mulier paupercula, quasi amens eff'ecta,
sanctum supplicavit Servanum ut duos suos infantes quos mortuos ante pedes
Servani projecerat, sua prece vivificaret. Qui pietate et misericordia motus, com-
patiens preces Domino effudit, et utrosque defunctos vitae pristinae restituit. Tu.
Lectio octava. — Quidam vero latro nootuma hora mutonem quemdam in domo
ejusdem sancti Servani depastum secum abstulit occidit et comedit ; et tandem
dum diligens inquisitio de hac re fieret, suspectus latro ad sanctum virum proper-
avit, volensque seipsum justificare super baculum, magnum praestitit juramentum
quod hujus sceleris expers innocens et inuiidus erat. Mira res ; hoc quod humanis
non poterat declarari indiciis, ovis ilia modo comesta in gutture furis vocem
balando formavit. Unde latro confusus in terra prostratus miserabihter veniam
petens, pro quo sanctus Dominum oravit. Tu autem.
Lectio nona. — Draco ingens et horribilis in loco qui Diinyne dicitur in populis
et pecudibus caedem gravissimam fecit, ad quem sanctus solus accedens lorica fidei
armatua, baculi sui cuspide pungens, terribilem ilium interfecit draconem, in cujus
miraculi memoria vallis ilia vallis draconis dicitur. Tres etiam viros caecos, tres
claudos et tres surdos de Alphibus pro sanitate reeuperanda ad eum venientes quos
in aqua per earn benedicta ter balneare fecit, et exinde exeuntes meritis santissimi
viii sanitati omnes restituti sunt.
Est et alius Sanctus Servanus, natione Israeleticus qui temporibus beati Adamp-
nani Abbatis in insula Petmook multis miraculis claruit, prout gesta per eum in
ejus vita lucidius coniplectuntur. Tu.

ST. SERVANUS. 15

Lection III — Once upon a time the devil tempted the blessed Servanus with
divers questions in the cave of Dysart ; but, confounded by the divine virtue, he
went away ; and from that day the said demon has appeared to no one in that cave.
The place, however, is even now deemed famous in honour of St. Servanus. The
devil, seeing from these things, that he could prevail in no wise against the holy
man, endeavoured to do serious mischief where that was within his power. He
therefore entered into a certain miserable man, and bestowed upon him so prodigi
ous an appetite that he could not by any means be satisfied. But Servanus put his
own thumb into the man's mouth, and the devil, terrified and roaring horribly, set
him free. But do Thou.
Lections IV, V., and VI, for the octave of St. John the Baptist.
Lection VII — Moreover a certain very poor woman, as if she had become mad,be-
sought the holy Servanus that, by his prayers, he would restore to life her two
infants whom she had thrown down dead at his feet. And he, moved with piety
and mercy, in his compassion poured out prayers to the Lord ; and restored the two
dead children to their former life. But do Thou.
Lection VIII. — But a certain robber, in the night time, stole a certain sheep,
which had been domesticated in the house of the said St. Servanus ; he killed it also,
and ate it. And by and by, while diligent search was made about this occurrence,
the suspected robber hastened to the holy man ; and wishing to justify himself on
the crozier, swore a great oath that, of this wickedness, he was free, innocent, and
clear. A wonderful thing ; this, which could not be brought to light by human
judgments, that sheep which had just been eaten spoke vocafly out by bleating in
the thief's throat. Whereupon the robber, confounded, prostrated himself on the
earth, miserably imploring forgiveness ; and the holy man besought the Lord for
him. But do Thou.
Lection IX. — A huge and horrible dragon, in a place which is caUed Dunning,
inflicted a most grevious slaughter on the people and the flocks. The saint ap
proached him alone, armed with the mail of faith, and striking him with the head
of his crozier, slew that terrible dragon ; in memory of which miracle that valley
is caUed the vaUey of the dragon.
He also made three blind men, three lame, and three deaf, who had come to
him out of the Highlands for the recovery of health, to bathe thrice in water which
he had blessed; and when they came out thence, they were all, through the merits
of the most holy man, restored to health.
There is also another St. Servanus, an. Israelite by nation, who in the time of
the blessed Adamnanus the Abbot, was distinguished, in the island of Portmoak, by
many miracles, as the things done by him are more lucidly embraced in his life.
But do Thou.

16 SANCTI COLUMBAE.

V.
SANCTI COLUMBAE,
(tonfessorts et ^ooatts.

Ad vesperas A n.— Pater Columba sui agonis noscens militiam, daemonum
Christiana fretus virtute expugnavit turmas.
Ps.— Laudent pueri.
An.— Dumque pro populo preces emitteret, globus igneus in sacrificio apparuit
super caput ejus. Ps. — Laudent Do. q.
An.— Vir angelicae vitae, angelorum crebro consolabatur consortis.
Ps. — Lauda anima.
An.— Beatus vir coelestia contemplans animas sanctorum vidit coeli secreta
penetrare. Ps.— Laudent Do
.IH.-Praescius finis sui certaminis, coronandus laboris merito, tristati fratres
Iaetatus spe victonae perfruendae. Ps. — Lauda Hierusalem.
Ubi vero non fuerit patronus, una An. &c, viz., Pater Columba.
Capitidum. — Justus cor suum
R. — Sancte Columba tuos prece dirige servos,
Ut Christo digne recolant tua festa benig'ne.
V— Poscendo veniam famulantum dirige vitam
Ut Christo.

ST. COLUMBA. 16

V.
OF ST. COLUMBA,
Confessor anb $Pboot.

At Vespers. Ant. — Father Columba, knowing the nature of the conflict where
in he was engaged, and endowed with christian virtue, vanquished crowds of demons.
Ps. — Let children praise.
A. — And while he was pouring forth prayers for the people at mass, a baU of
fire appeared upon his head. Ps. — Give praises.
A. — A man of angelical life, he was comforted by a frequent intercourse with
angels. Ps. — Praise, O my soul.
A. — The blessed man, contemplating divine things, saw the souls of saints
penetrate the secrets of heaven. Ps. — Give praises.
A. — Aware of the end of his own conflict, and ready to receive the reward of
his labours, he gladdened his brethren in their sadness with the hope of the
victory which awaited them. Ps. — Praise, 0 Jerusalem.
But where he is not the patron, one Antiphon, &c. viz. : Father Columba.
Chapt. — The righteous his own heart.
J2. — 0 holy Colm, now for thy children pray,
That worthily they keep thy festal day ;
V. — Pardon'd their past, and blest their future, way.
That worthily.

27 SANCTI COLUMBAE.

Hymnus. — Conctnat nostra concio
Laudes Columbae debitas;
Ad quern sacra devotio
Preces effudit meritas.
Qui regali prosapia
Ortus est in Hibernia,
Et tenera infantia
Aspirat ad coelestia.
Nam imitatus Abraham,
Caram relinquens patriam,
Saecli pompam despiciens,
Nil praeter Deum diligens.
Christi secutus monita,
Per quem fecit miracula ;
Jussit aquam contrahere
Vini naturam propere.
Hie, dum esset puerulus,
Coelesti dono praeditus,
Vitam defunctis reddidit,
Quo mortis jura repulit.
Idem de petra solvere
Fecit aquam mirifice,
Ut mundaret a crimine
Quem lavit in baptismate.
Sanctae crucis signaculo
Salutem donans populo,
Morbos fugavit languicLis,
Vitamque dedit mortuis.
Caecis lumen aperuit,
Claudis gressum restituit,
Surdis auditum praebuit,
Mutis loquelam tribuit.
Hujus nos patrociniis
Sublevemur et meritis
Ad coelorum palatia,
Quo perfruamur gloria.
Praesta Pater.
V- — Ad insulas Ionge divulgatum est nomen tuum.
R. — Et dilectus es in pace tua.
A.—O fehx Columba, coeli nos crimine laesos curaque compressos, mordacibus
exue culpis, supplex egenis, et sis fortissima turris.
Ps. — Magnificat.

ST. COLUMBA. 17

Hymn. — Let our assembly raise,
For holy Colm, due praise ;
To whom the heart devout
Meet prayer still pours out.
Whose birth, of regal race,
The emerald isle did grace,
And who, from childhood's dawn,
StiU heavenward was drawn.
Like Abram, God's love deeming
More than earth's pompous seeming,
When duty bade him roam,
He left both friends and home.
Of Christ, the word and way,
He strove still to obey ;
Wrought miracles divine,
And water changed to wine.
While yet in boyhood's flower,
Endow'd with heavenly power,
Life to the dead he gave,
And spoil'd the greedy grave,
He made the gushing rill
Forth from the rock distil,
To cleanse, from sin's foul stain,
Him who was born again.
The sacred cross his sign, —
He spread the faith divine,
Diseases many heal'd,
And death-closed eyes unseal'd.
He made the blind to see,
And crippled limbs set free ;
The deaf, by his help, heard ;
The dumb spake at his word.
May his merits and protection
Secure our soul's election,
That in heaven we may rest,
With eternal glory blest.
Grant us, 0 Father.
V. — To the islands far away has thy name been published.
R. — And thou art beloved in thy peace.
A. — 0 happy Columba, an advocate for the needy, cleanse us from our grievous
faults, — us, who are afflicted by our offences against heaven, and crushed by trouble ;
and be thou our strongest tower.

Ps. — My soul doth magnify.

"S&I

18

SANCTI COLUMBAE.

Oratio. — Cordibus nostris, quaesumus, Domine, coelestis gloriae inspira desi-
derium, et praesta ut in dextris illuc feramus manipulos justitiae ubi tecum sidus
aureum sanctus coruscat abbas Columba. Per D.

Ad Mat. Inv. — Venite, exultemus Domino
Cui Columba jubilat in coelo.
Ps. — Venite.

Hymnus. — Festum Columbae celebre,
Laeti nocturno tempore,
Recolamus magnopere,
Cum vocum modulamine ;
Qui natus stirpe regia
Virgo fuit infantia :
Mundi despexit gaudia,
Sola gliscens coelestia.
Qui signa magna fecerat ;
Omnes morbos curaverat,
Et ventura praedixerat,
Vitam defunctis dederat.
Hostes, bella, sedaverat ;
Coeli cives aspexerat;
Bona verbis quae dixerat
In se factis compleverat.
Insulanis hie praeerat ;
Septem annis rex fuerat,
Ultraque jura dederat, —
Rex et doctor hie steterat.
Monachorum sanctissime,
Pater Columba, suscipe
Preces nostras, nos protege,
Et viam pacis dirige.
Praesta pater.

In primo Nod. An.— Infantis Columbae nondum nati merita prophetautur.
Ps. — Beatus vir.

An. — Regiis parentibus ortus Columba vocatur coelitus.
Ps. — Quare fre.

ST. COLUMBA. 18

Prayer. — Breathe into our hearts, 0 Lord, we beseech thee, the desire of heavenly
glory ; and grant that on our right hands we may carry thither the maniples of
righteousness, where with thee, as a golden star, the holy Abbot Columba shines.
Through the Lord.
At Matins. Inv. — Come ye, and to the Lord let us sing praises;
To him, in heaven, Columba glad strains raises.
Ps. — Come ye.
Hymn. — Beneath night's sable shroud,
Let us, with voices loud,
St. Colm's feast celebrate, —
St. Colm's, the good and great ;
Who, sprung of royal blood,
From childhood lust withstood,
All earthly things despising,
And always heavenward rising.
He many a wonder wrought ;
Health to the sick he brought,
The unknown future read,
And life gave to the dead.
He hush'd war's wild affray,
He saw heaven's bright array;
And what, in words, he taught,
His hfe to action brought.
For seven years he guided
Those Isles where he presided,
Supreme in either sphere —
Both king and clergy here.
Of monks the holiest,
St. Colm, hear our behest !
Defend, and give us peace,
When this vex'd life shall cease.
Grant, 0 Father.

In the first Nod. A. — Of the holy Columba, while he was yet unbom, the
merits were predicted. Ps. — Happy is the man.
A. — Descended from royal parents, Columba was called by heaven.
ps. — Why have the heathen raged.

19

SANCTI COLUMBAE.

An.— Docilis puer scientiae doctrinam qua claruit in ejus fructum cito perduxit.
Ps.— Domine quid.
V. — Amavit eum Dominus.
Lectio prima.— Sanctus pater Columba, nobilibus ortus natalibu^ vir vitae
venerabilis et beatae memoriae, erat monasteriorum pater et fundator. _ Hie a puero
Christiano deditus tyrocinio et sapientiae studiis, integntatem corporis et ammae
puritatem, Deo donante, custodivit.
iZm.—Mihtantis minister ecclesiae ante sui ortus principia prophetavit et.
Doctor futurae gloriae.
J7_ciaususque in utero matris insinuatur ab angelo. Doctor.
Lectio secunda.— Quodam tempore infans beato viro per parentes oblatus est
ad baptizandum; et deficiente aqua sanctus ad proximam declinans ripam oravit;
de qua statim aqua ebubens effluxit, in qua continus infantem baptizavit.
R. — Sanctus puer adhuc in cunis recumbens,
Coelestis globi splendore ejus facies resplenduit.
Vs. — Ut futuri coeli militis gratia coelesti signo monstaretur
Coelestis.
Lectio tertia. — Itaque cum vir sanctus in mari periclitari coepisset, totumque
vas navis valde concussum undis ferebatur ; dixeruntque nautae beato viro, ora pro
nobis ne pereamus ; cumque orasset facta est tranquiEitas magna, cessavitque tem-
pestas. Ii. — Patris Columbae merita monstrantur per indicia ; namque ventura prae-
vidit, miraculorum virtute idololatras convertit; et daemonnm spurcitias predicatione
sancta delevit. Vs. — Fundator et doctor monachorum fuit.
Et daemonum.
In II. Noctur. An. — Benedictionis suae virtute fructus amaros arboris in dulces
convertit. Ps. — Cum invocarem.
An. — Compatiens egeno semen sibi tribuit, quod multo praevento tempore in
messem crevit. Ps.— Verba mea.

ST. COLUMBA. 19

A. — Being a docile boy, the instruction in which he excelled, speedily bore
its fruit. Ps. — 0 Lord, how.
V. — The Lord loved him.
Lection I. — The holy father Columba, descended of noble parentage, a man of
venerable hfe and of happy memory, was a father and a founder of monasteries.
He, being from boyhood devoted to christian discipline and to the study of wisdom,
by the blessing of God preserved the integrity of his body and the purity of his soul.
R. — Before he was born, a minister of the church militant predicted his birth.
A doctor of future renown.
V. — While stiU enclosed in his mother's womb,he is foretold by an angel. Doctor.
Lection II. — At a certain time an infant was presented to the blessed man, for
the purpose of being baptized. And when there was no water, the holy man, turn
ing aside to the next bank, prayed ; from which the water gushing out immediately
flowed, and in it he forthwith baptized the infant.
R. — While the holy boy was still lying in the cradle, his face shone with the
splendour of a celestial globe.
V. — That the grace of a future soldier of heaven might be demonstrated by a
heavenly sign. His face shone.
Lection III. — And so when the holy man began to be in danger at sea, and
the whole body of the ship, greatly shaken, was borne along by the waves ; and the
sailors said to the blessed man, " Pray for us, lest we perish ;" when he had prayed
there was made a great calm, and the tempest ceased.
R. — Of father Columba the merits are demonstrated by signs ; for he foresaw
coming events, he converted idolators by the virtue of miracles, and he destroyed
the abominations of demons by holy preaching.
V. — He was a founder and a teacher of monks.
And he destroyed.
In. II. Nod. An. — By the virtue of his benediction, he changed the fruits of a
tree from bitter to sweet. Ps.— When I caUed.
A. — Compassionating a poor man he gave him seed, which long before the
usual time was ready for harvest. Ps. — My words.

SANCTI COLUMBAE

An. — Aqua benedicta virgo quaedam a sancto viro aspersa integrae sanitati
restituta est.

Ps. — Domine Dominus.
Vs. — Justum deduxit.

Lectio quarto. — Venit aliquando vir Dei regem visitare Brudeum. Contigit
autem ut ipse rex in ejus adventum portas non aperiret. Tunc vir Dei ad valvas
accedens, dominicae crucis imprimens signum, deinde manum pulsans contra ostia
ponit ; quae continuo apertae sunt, et sanctus cum suis ingreditur.
R. — 0 colendum Columbae meritum, qui orans Dominum,
Aquam de petra convertit in vinum.
V. — Ad immolandum altaris agnum.
Aquam de petra.
Lectio quinta. — Quaedam erat arbor pomosa prope monasterium, de qua cum
incolae loci haberent pro nimia fructus amaritudine quaerimonium ; quadam die
sanctus ad earn accessit et benedixit ; statimque omnia ejusdem arboris poma in
miram dulcedinem sunt conversa.
R — Mortiferam praevidit cladem quam delevit,
Misso pane benedicto ad populum.
Vs. — A morte pestifera liberat homines et jumenta,
Misso.
Lectio sexta. — Cumque vir Dei ad visitandos fratres porrexisset, casu contigit
ut eo ad ecclesiam accedente, claves non reperirent oratorii. Tunc sanctus ait:
potens est Dominus domum suam sine clavibus aperire. Cum hac voce retrotrusis
pessulis sponte aperta est janua.
P— A beato viro pauper petens alimoniam, sudem aptat manu sancta, qua
pauperi praeparantur omnia.
Vs. — Palo per se posito necdum igne combusto.
Pauperi.
In III. Noctur. An.— Facto signo sanctae crucis ultro januae mansionia beato
viro apertae sunt. Ps. — Domine quasumus.

ST. COLUMBA. SO

¦A- — ^ certain virgin, sprinkled by the holy man with water which he had
blessed, was restored to perfect health.
Ps. — 0 Lord, the Lord.
V. — He hath led the righteous.
Lection IV. — On a certain occasion the man of God came to visit the king
Brudeus ; but it happened that, on his arrival, the king himself did not open the
gates. Then the man of God, approaching the doors, made the sign of the Lord's
cross, and knocked at the door with his hand. And forthwith the gates were
opened, and the saint entered along with his attendants.
R. — 0 worshipful merit of Columba who, praying to the Lord, changed water
from the rock into wine.
V. — At the sacrifice of the lamb on the altar.
Changed water.
Lection V. — There was a certain apple-tree close by the monastery, of which
the inhabitants of the place complained that its fruit was excessively bitter. On a
certain day the saint drew near and blessed it ; and immediately aU the apples of
the same tree were changed to a wonderful sweetness.
R. — He foresaw a deadly pestilence, which he prevented by sending blessed
bread to the people.
V. — From a pestilential death he freed both men and cattle.
By sending.
Lection VI. — And when the man of God had applied himself to the visiting of
his brethren, it happened by chance that when he was approaching a church, the
keys ofthe Oratory could not be found. Then the saint said, "The Lord is able
without keys, to open his own house." And the bolts having, at this word, been
turned back, the gate opened of its own accord.
R. — When a poor man asked alms of the blessed man, he prepares with his
holy hand a stake by which aU things are provided for the poor man.
V. — The stake having been set up by itself, not as yet consumed by fire.
AU things are provided.
In III. Nod. Ant. — At the sign of the holy cross, the gates of the mansion
were opened, of their own accord, to the blessed man.
Ps. — 0 Lord, we beseech.

An.— Latens diu sub aquis scriptum beati patris incorruptum invenitur.
Ps. — Domine in virtute tua.
An.— Benedictione patris Columbae ignis naturae vim dereliquit.
Vs.— Justus ut palma.
Secundum Lucam XI c. Lectio septima.— In iUo tempore dixit Jesus dis-
cipulis suis : nemo accendit lucernam et in abscondito ponit. M rel. _
Cumque beatus Columba in Iona commaneret insula, quadam die sancta facies
ejus mirifica hilaritate refloruit. Duo itaque viri, qui ad ejus ceUulae januam sta-
bant hoc videntesquid significaret suppliciter mterpeUant. _ Quibus die : revelatum
est mihi a Domino quoniam hac sequenti media dommica nocte ad Dominum
emigrabo. r  Plebei quem sanctus cum universa familia baptizavit, fihus moritur, quem
parentibus reddidit vivum.
V— Sacro fonte renatus, a pagan's puer mortuus irridetur.
Quem.
Lectio octava. — Media autem nocte sicut praedixerat, solus prae caeteris cym
balo sonante ad ecclesiam accessit, et juxta altare in oratione recubuit. Diormicins
autem minister ejus tardius prosecutus eminus totam ecclesiam angelica luce re-
pleri vidit. Coetus autem monachorum cum luminaribus accurrens patre viso
moriente plangere coepit.
R. — Defensor fidei christianae nonminus verbis quam miraculis, hostes superat,
ventos et proceUas maris sedat. Tenebras serenat
V. — In Christi nomine omnibus imperat.
Tenebras.
Lectio nona. — Sanctus vero Columba, necdum egrediente anima, cum mira
hilaritate circumspiciebat sanctos obviam sibi venientes angelos, et post benedic-
tionem fratribus datam spiritum exhalavit. Cujus venerabile corpus mundis in-
volutum sindonibus debita cum reverentia humatur.
R. — In mundo, Columba, triplex tua poUet gratia,
Prophetia, miraculis, consorte uranica ;
Horum levemur ad aethera.

ST. COLUMBA. 21

A. — After lying long under the water, a writing ofthe blessed father was found
uninjured. Ps. — O Lord, in thy strength.
A . — By the blessing of father Columba, fire relinquished its natural force.
V. — The righteous as a palm tree.
According to Luke c. xi. Lection VII. — At that time Jesus said to his disciples,
no man lighteth a candle and putteth it in a secret place, &c.
When the blessed Columba was staying in the island of Iona, on a certain day
his holy face shone with a marveUous hilarity. Therefore two men who were stand
ing at the door of his cell, on seeing this, humbly enquired what it meant. To
whom he replied : — " It has been revealed to me that in the middle of this next
Sunday night, I shaU go away to the Lord."
R. — Of a rustic whom, along with his whole family, the saint baptized, a son
dies ; and him he restored to his parents alive.
V. — Born again in the sacred font, the dead boy is mocked by the pagans.
And him he restored.
Lection VIII. — But in the middle of the night as he had foretold, he went
alone, before the rest, at the sound of the bell, to the church ; and stooped down in
prayer close by the altar. And Diormicius, his servant, foUowing him later at some
distance, saw the whole church fiUed with angelical light. Then the whole family
of monks running up with lamps, when they saw that their father was dying, began
to lament. R.—A defender of the christian faith not less by words than by miracles, he
vanquished enemies, he calmed the winds and tempests of the sea. He cleared up the
darkness. V.  In the name of Christ, he had power over aR things.
He cleared up.
Lection IX. — But the holy Columba, ere his soul had yet passed away, beheld
with great gladness holy angels coming to meet him. And after he had given his
blessing to his brethern, he breathed forth his spirit ; and his venerable body,
wrapped in clean linen, was with due reverence interred.
P.— Here threefold grace to thee, St. Colm, was given,—
A prophet, thaumaturge, and friend of heaven.
The forces these by which we seek the skies, —

SANCTI COLUMBAE.

V. — Angelorum potentia, fidei sanctae,
Prophetia et tuae sanctitatis gratia.
Horum.
V. — In sermone suo siluit ventus.
R. — Et cogitatione sua placavit abyssum.
In Laudibus. An. — Sancti Spiritus inspiratione obitum suum cognoscens,
Columba, ad ecclesiam sarcinam carnis rebcturus confugit.
Ps. — Deus regna.
An.— Quem minister secutus orantem flexis genibus vidit, totamque ecclesiam
caelesti lumine plenam. Ps. — Jubilate.
J».— In terra demisso capite, natural! deficiente virtute, angelorum hilaratus
consortio, iacies ejus miro splendore coelesti reluxit.
Ps. — Deus, Deus meus.
beneaixirTUnC ^^ *™**' m*m' &t U* P°terat eleV£mS °Culos' P°Pulum suum
Ps. — Benedicite.
^n.-Valeque dato relinquens lucum concito plus vehitur ad coelum. Alleluia.
Ps. — Laudate Dominum.
Cpm. — Justus cor.
Hyrnnus.— Aurora rutilat lucis praenuntia,
Laetos nos excitat a somnolentia,'
Volentes celebre festum redolere
Columbae venerabilis ;
Qui fuit humilis, mitis affabihs,
Vultu vir hilaris, vir venerabihs
Ortu vir nobibs, vir statu stabibs,
Corpore castus et mente.

ST. COLUMBA.

V. — Faith, angels, prophets, teaching us to rise ;
And what we lack thy saintly grace supplies.
The forces these.
V. — While he spoke the wind was silent.
R. — And with his thought he calmed the deep.
At Lauds. A. — By inspiration of the holy Spirit, Columba, knowing his own
death and about to lay down the burden of the flesh, betook himself to the church.
Ps. — The Lord reigneth.
A. — Whom, foUowing, his servant saw praying on his bended knees, and the
whole church fuU of celestial bght.
Ps. — Praise ye.
A. — While he was lying with his head down on the earth, his natural strength
having failed, refreshed by the society of angels, his face gleamed with a wonderful
heavenly splendour. Ps.— 0 God, my God.
A. — Then with his hand raised, and lifting up his eyes as well as he could, he
blessed his people. Ps. — Bless ye.

A. — And having bidden them farewell, speedily relinquishing time, he is carried
up to heaven. Alleluia. Ps. — Praise ye the Lord.
Chap. — The righteous.
Hymn. — Blushing Aurora, herald of the bght,
Calls us, rejoicing, forth from drowsy night,
To keep, devoutly and with each due rite,
The feast of great Columba.
Humble and meek was he, — of free access, —
Of cheerful mien and reverent address, —
In birth and state of equal nobleness, —
Pure both in soul and body.

SANCTI COLUMBAE.

Columbae, merita et signa singula,
Facta prophetica, clara miracula,
Vel dictis dicere vel scriptis scribere
Nemo novit totabter.
Relinquens patriam caram Hiberniam,
Per Christi gratiam venit Britanniam,
Per quem idonea vitae primordia
Rex gentis scripsit Britanniae.
0 Pater patriae, pastor egregie,
Columba, tribue nobis spem veniae !
De labe criminum nostrorum omnium,
Nos munda, Sancte Columba !
Qui nobis tribuit peccati veniam,
Reatum diluat et donet patriam !
Nos tuos famulos et omnes catholicos
Commenda regi gloriae.
Sit laus perpetua, sit semper gloria,
Patri, et Fibo, sancto Paracleto,
Simplici Domino qui regit omnia^
Per cuncta semper saecula. Amen.
V. — Justus germinabit.

An.—O Columba qui, terrenus adhue extans, te poscentibus semper opem
ferebas opportunam, jam coelestis omnium potitus triumpho, nobis sidera dona
Ps. — Benedictus.
Ad primam et ad omnes alias horas An. de laud. Capi. et R., V, de com. unius
confessoris et abbatis.
Ad II. vesperas. An. — Sancti spiritus.
Cpm. — Justus cor.
R. — In mundo.
Hymnus. — Concinat.
V. — Ad insulas.

ST. COLUMBA. 23

Columba's virtues and his merits rare, —
Who miracle and vision both did share, —
In words to speak, or, writing to declare,
No man is wholly able.
" Farewell to Erin, my dear native land," —
He said, and hastened to Britannia's strand ;
And there, through Christ, with more than king's command,
Both ruled and taught the nation.
Father and pastor of thy country, hear us !
Let still, through thee, the hope of pardon cheer us ;
From every stain of fault and error clear us ;
0 hear, and save, Columba !
May He from whom forgivenesses flow,
On us, washed from our guilt, a home bestow ;
Commend us and afl cathobcs below,
To heaven's king, Columba !
Be everlasting praise and glory meet,
To Father, Son, and holy Paraclete, —
One only sovereign Lord, whose royal seat
Is over all, for ever. Amen,
V. — The righteous shaU flourish.
A. — 0 Columba, who whilst yet on earth, didst always bring seasonable help
to those who suppbcated thee, now in heaven, possessing all things in triumph, be
stow heaven on us. Ps. — Blessed..

At Primes and all the other hours, Ant. from Lauds, Chap., and R., V, from the
commune of a confessor and abbot.
At II. Vespers. A . — Of the holy Spirit.
Chap.— The righteous.
R. — In the world.
Hymn. — Let our assembly.
V. — To the islands.

n SANCTI ASEPH.

An. — Ave sanctorum Columba piissime,
Gente regis insulane inclyte ;
Ave ft delis Domini Christicola !
Pestem propelle, inimicos dimica,
Aures accommoda laudis ad libamina ;
Trahens nos a viciis, due ad vitae gaudia. AUeluia.

Ps. — Magnificat.
Or.— Ut s,

VI.
SANCTI ASEPH,
lEpiscopt et Confessoris.

Ad Vs. Or. — Deus qui ecclesiam tuam beati Aseph confessoris tui atque pon
tificis gloriosis fecisti coruscare miracubs, concede famulis tuis ejus intercessione ad
eternae beatitudinis gloriam feliciter pervenire. Per Dominum nostrum.
Lectio prima. — Kentigerno antistite reverendissimo a sanctissimo Gregorio papa
apud Romam omnium civitatum facile urbem rite et legitime consecrato Scotiam
revertente ; colendissimus paterque reverendus, Aseph nomine, a teneris educatus
cunabulis Christum et ejusdem sanctos viros clarissimos insectare, et super omnia
amplecti conabatur. Praeceptorem tamen suum praestantissimum et Deo carissimum
Kentigernum Glasguensem episcopum praenotatum. in doctrina regula vivendi et
moribus, prae caeteris insequendum animum accommodavit. Is quippe vir Aseph
ab ineunte sua aetate Deo consecratus suae pueritiae et mentis integritate, parentes
patrimonialia et reliqua sua quaecunque bona rebnquens, pauperibus, viduis, debili-
bus, caecis, et claudis eadem sua bona largiflue pie benigneque ministrando con-
donavit. Tu.

ST. ASAPH. H

-Columba, hail ! of saints the first in grace,
IUustrious islander, of regal race,
Of Christ a faithful worshipper, — aU hail !
Drive plague away, and o'er our foes prevail.
Our ears adapt to offerings of praise, —
From vice's, guide us into virtue's, ways. Alleluia.

Ps. — My soul doth magnify.
Prayer as above.

vi.
OF ST. ASAPH,
38is!)op ana Confessor.

At Vespers. Prayer. — 0 God, who hast made thy Church illustrious by the
glorious miracles of blessed Asaph, thy confessor and bishop, grant to thy servants
that, by his intercession, they may happily attain the glory of eternal beatitude.
Through our Lord.
Lection I— The most reverend prelate Kentigern, after having been regularly
and legitimately consecrated by the most holy Pope Gregory, at Rome, easily the
city of aU cities, returned to Scotland. At that time a most estimable and reverend
father, Asaph by name, having been educated from bis tender childhood to follow
Christ and his most distinguished saints, was endeavouring to attach himself to
these above all things. Still he appbed his mind to the imitation, beyond the rest,
of his most exceUent preceptor and by God most beloved, Kentigern, Bishop of
Glasgow who was pre-eminent in doctrine, in his rule of bving, and in morals. For,
this Asaph, consecrated to God from his early age, in the integrity of his boyhood
and mind, leaving parents, patrimony, and whatever other possessions he had,
lavishly bestowed aU his said possessions in piously and benevolently ministering
to widows, the sick, the blind, and the lame. But do Thou.

26 SANCTI BALDRED!

Lectio secunda. — Sed nocte quadam dum alta vehementer instarent frigora
et de coelo aera nimia congelatione hiis inferioribus satis acriter incussissent, rever-
endissimi Kentigerni praeceptoris sui admonitu et jussu paterno tanquam in fibum,
beatus Aseph ad cujusdam rusticub domunculam ignem deportandi causa mittitur,
ut inde magistrum suum Kentigernum et ejusdem servulos qui secum fuerant cale-
faceret. Postulante autem eo ignem, hie rusticus indomitus satis et imprudens
beato Aseph dixit : nisi in chlamydis tuae pannulo ignem tuo magistro deportaveris,
parum aut nihil inde tecum reportabis. Divus autem Aseph respondit : in meo
paUio et chlamyde ignem, Domino auxibante, accipiam ut ad beatum Kentigernum
praeceptorem meum citius revertar, qui me hactenus expectat algidum (? algi-
dus). Tu.

Ledio tertia. — Ac rusticus mox carbonum ardentium multitudinem in sinum
beati Aseph cum impetu quodam acriter intubt; quos divo Kentigerno attubt.
Cui beatus Kentigernus dixit : fib mi, carbones quos in palbo defers in pavimento
projice. Ubi postquam in palbo combustionis signum apparuit nuUum. Videns
autem beatus Kentigernus dicti viri sanctitatem, et gratia Dei summa insitum,
cleroque et omni populo acceptabilem, ad episcopatus culmen Spiritus sancti gratia
pro meritis promoveri fecit divinitus. Et monasterium quod ipse idem Kentiger
nus longe antea in Valba regebat, beato Aseph mandavit. In quo, omni dementia
et vitae sanctitate, clarisque abis per eundem ostensis miracubs dies suos traduxit
extremos et ibidem sepultus est.

VII.
SANCTI BALDREDI,
^Hptscopi et Confessorts.

Ova tw.— Deus qui per vitam contemplativam beati Baldredi, praesuhs et
confessoris tui, famubs tuis gratiam contulisti ineffabilem, praesta, quaesumus ut
ejus mentis et intercessionibus opem misericordiae tuae in omnibus valeamus con-
sequi salutarem. Per Dominum.

ST. BALDRED.

Lection II — But on a certain night when the severe cold was grievously pinch
ing, and when, from heaven above, the weather with excessive frost was sharply
smiting all things below, by the admonition and paternal order, as if to a son, of
the most reverend Kentigern his preceptor, the blessed Asaph is sent to the hut of
a certain rustic, for the purpose of bringing back fire, with which he might warm
his master Kentigern and the servants whom he had with him. When he asked
fire however, this rustic sufficiently wild and imprudent, said to the blessed Asaph, —
" Unless you carry away fire for your master in a fold of your cloak, you shaU take
little or nothing from this." But St. Asaph replied, — " In my cloak and mantle I
wiU, with the help of God, take fire, that I may the more immediately return to the
blessed Kentigern my preceptor, who even now expects me shivering. But do Thou.
Lection III. — And immediately the rustic, sharply, and with a certain violence,
threw into the bosom of the blessed Asaph, a heap of burning coals, which he took to
St. Kentigern. And the blessed Kentigern said to him, " My son, throw the coals
which you carry in your cloak down on the floor ;" when afterwards no sign of
fire was apparent on the cloak. But the blessed Kentigern seeing the holiness of
the said man, and that the highest grace of God had been implanted in him, as
also that he was acceptable to the clergy, and to aU the people, by the will of God
and the grace of the Holy Ghost, caused him on account of his merits, to be pro
moted to the dignity of the episcopate. And he committed to the blessed Asaph,
the monastery over which long previously he had himself presided in Wales. There,
with aU clemency and hobness of bfe, and with other great miracles shewn by him,
he accomplished his last days, and there also he was buried.

VII.
OF ST. BALDRED,
Bishop ano Confessor.

Prayer. — 0 God, who through the contemplative life of the blessed Baldred,
thy bishop and confessor, hast conferred ineffable grace on thy servants; grant, we
beseech thee, that by bis merits and intercessions we may be able to obtain in ab
things the saving help of thy mercy. Through the Lord.

26 SANCTI BALDREDI.

Lectio prima. — Anno nostrae salutis et gratiae quingentesimo tertio, idibus
Januarii, reverendissimo patre et antistite sanctissimo Kentigerno apud Glasguen-
sem civitatem cui praesidebat aetatis suae anno tertio supra centesimum et octogesi-
mum, post varia et quamplurima miraculorum per eundem divinitus ostensa, ad
superiores angebco sociato choro ipsius summi Dei virtute translato, beatus Baldre-
dus ipsius beati Kentigerni dum mundo viveret suffraganeus, virtutibus et claris
miraculis in Laudonia floruit, vir sane devotissimus, omnem saecuh pompam et
ejusdem curam vanam relinquens, ac divinum quantum valuit insectatus est Joban-
nem sobtaria deserta et sequestra percunctabat loca et ad marinas insulas se
transtubt. Lectio secunda. — Inter quas maritimas insulas ad unam nomine Bas appbcuit
ubi vitam indubie contemplativam duxit et arctam, in qua per longa temporis curri
cula beatissimum Kentigernum praeceptorem suum suaeque vitae sanctitatem, jugi
meditatione contemplando, commendabat memoriae. Christi tamen passionem
amarissimam prae caeteris suis meditationibus in jejunio fletu et planctu in cordis
sui arcana vigibis et orationibus assiduis imprimere non desinebat ; in tantum quod
ipsi Deo et hominibus ubique per orbem placentem et acceptabilem se rediddit.
Lectio tertia. — Etenim vero parochiales ecclesias de Aldhame Cunnynghame et
Prestoune quas a dicto reverendissimo patre Kentigerno gubernandas acceperat,
cui etiam Deo operante animarum cura committebatur, suis parochianis Christi
fidem praedicandum oblivione minime tradebat ; sed eosdem cum humibtate et de-
votione ut decebat Dei ministerium instruxit et informavit. Ac languidos si quos
reperit divina virtute verbo tantum crucis interveniente signaculo curavit et sani-
tati restituit. Tu autem.
Lectio quarta.— Atque inter aba miraculorum suorum insignia unum satis
memoratu dignum vemt recitandum. Scopulus ingens et per naturam grandis qui
inter dictam insulam et vicmiorem terram medio in itinere fixus permansit, et im
mobile marmis fluctibus se praebens equalem navibus et rebquis navigantibus per-
maximo praebens impediments qui interdum naufragio navibus dari consueverat,
pro quibus beatus Baldredus pietate ductus super eundem scopulum sese collocari
constituit. Quo facto ejus nutu scopulus ifle illico desursum erigitur et velut navi-
cula prospero agitata vento ad proximum bttus accessit ; qui hactenus ibidem
in hujus miraculi memona permanet et usque hodie tumba seu scapha beati
ria'dredi nuncupatur. r
Lectio quinta.—Sed tandem laboribus et hujus vitae miserrimae aerumnis
usque decrepitum peryeniens, ut bios satius quos ad gubernandum habuerat instru
ct ad ecclesiam de Aldhame per scriptam attendendum disposuit, apud quam non
longe post hoc in domicula quadam sui clerici parochiabs pridie nonas Martii, cum
^K T f alacntateJ ^c cordis compunctione, cunctis plangentibus de tarn ex-
TwSf Past°m/ ^e ^de fragib mundo recessu, oratione fusa valedicens animam
Uommo commendavit. Tu autem.

ST. BALDRED. 26

Lection I. — The most reverend father and most holy bishop Kentigern, having,
on the Ides of January, in the hundred and eighty-third year of his age, and in the
five hundred and third year of our salvation and of grace, at the city of Glasgow
over which he presided, after various and very many miracles divinely shewn by
him, been translated to the heavens with the attendance of an angelic choir ; the
blessed Baldred, who had been a suffragan of the said blessed Kentigern, while he
was living in the world, flourished in Lothian, a man truly most devout, and one
who, renouncing ab the pomp of the world and vain care of the same, and following
as far as he could the divine John, dwelt in solitary deserts and sequestered places,
and betook himself to islands of the sea.
Lection II — Among which islands of the sea he went to one called the Bass,
where he led an indubitably contemplative and strict life, in which, through long
courses of time, by contemplating his preceptor, the most blessed Kentigern, and
the sanctity of his bfe in constant meditation, he commended him to memory. He
did not cease, however, to impress on the secrets of his heart preferably to his
other meditations, by vigils and continual prayers, in fasts, tears, and lamentation,
the most bitter passion of Christ ; insomuch that he rendered himself pleasing and
acceptable to God and to men, everywhere throughout the world.
Lection III. — But moreover in the parochial churches of Aldhame, Cunnyng-
hame, and Prestoune, the government of which he had received from the same
most reverend father Kentigern, to whom also by the appointment of God, the care of
souls was committed, he by no means allowed the preaching ofthe faith of Christ to
his parishioners to be forgotten, but instructed and informed the same with humibty
and devotion as befitted the ministry of God. And through the divine power, by
a word, the sign of the cross only being used, he healed the sick if he found any,
and restored them to health. But do Thou.
Lection IV. — And among other remarkable miracles of his, one sufficiently
worthy of memory comes to be recited. A huge rock and naturaby lofty, remained
fast and immoveable in the middle of the passage between the said island and the
nearest land, maintaining itself against the waves of the sea, and very grievously
opposing itseff to ships and other craft as an impediment by which vessels were
wont occasionally to suffer shipwreck. For the sake of which, Baldred, moved by
piety, appointed himself to be set on the said rock. When this had been done,
that rock at his nod is straightway pulled up, and like a boat impelled by a
favourable wind, approached the nearest shore ; and till now it remains there in
memory of this miracle, and even at this day is called the tomb or the cock-boat
of the blessed Baldred.
Lection V. — But at length, in consequence of the labours and troubles of this
most miserable life, arriving at such frailty that in order to the better instructing
of those whom he had to govern, he appointed them by letter to attend at the
church of Aldhame ; where not long after this, in a certain cottage of his parish
minister, on the day before the Nones of March, with all patience and alacrity and
compunction of heart, while every one around was lamenting the departure of so
excellent a pastor out of the frail world from his flock, bidding them farewell with
much prayer, he commended his soul to the Lord. But do Thou.

SANCTI CONVALLI

Lectio sexta. — Audito inquam per praedictos trium ecclesiarum parochianos
pastorem suum mitissimum et mansuetum de hac vita ad coelos ascendisse, in tribus
turmis ad locum corporis Baldredi suavissimi accesserunt ; qui hine ultro citroque
invicem ad eorundem ecclesias maximo desiderio corpus postularunt et instanter
petierunt, ut quem in terris habuerunt doctorem eidem reverentiam exhibendo con-
dignam in coebs haberent pium intercessorem ; quod cum invicem concordare ne-
quiverant cujusdam senis inito consibo per noctem corpus inhumatum rebquerunt ;
et orationibus sese omnes separatim contulerunt, ut ipse ex sua gratia gloriosus Deus
signum abquod immitteret cui ecclesiae corpus sancti viri esset conferendum. Mane
autem facto, res nee frequenter auditu comparatur. Convenientes sicuti prius cum
suis turmis dispersi tria corpora aequaba simili exequiarum pompa praeparata in-
venerunt, de quo miraculo gratias omnipotenti Deo et beato Baldredo cum summo
gaudio retulerunt, cantantesque et psabentes quaebbet parochia, unum corpusculum
cum tumulo levantes, ad suas ecclesias cum omni reverentia asportarunt et honori-
fice cobocaverunt, quae usque in hodiernum diem in maximo honore et reverentia
habentur et venerantur. Tu autem Domine miserere.

VIII.
SANCTI CONVALLI,

Confessoris.

Oratio.— Ibustrare quaesumus Domine corda et corpora nostra beati Convalh
confessons tui intercessione benigna, ut te verum Deum sincera mente dihgere vale-
amus. Per Do. &
_ Lectio prima.— Sanctus Con vabus in primitiva pene Scotorum ecclesia mirificis
signis pollens et virtutibus, sancti Kentigerni discipulus fuit. Nam pater eius Hiber-
T^T, PeX matAr7ero soror ^jusdam principis erat. Hie vero quamvis haeres
regni tuturus extitit procreatus, subbmius tamen reputans Christo bbere servire
usfued a ¦J*utnB °raCul0 larem Patemum deseruit, et mirabib navigio ad Scotiam

ST. CONWALL.

Lection VI — When it had been heard by the foresaid parishioners of the three
churches that their most meek and gentle pastor had ascended out of this life to
the heavens, they assembled in three bands at the place of the most sweet body of
Baldred ; and they by turns on this side and on that with the utmost eagerness
demanded the body, and urgently begged that him whom they had for their
teacher on earth they might, by showing him due reverence, have for their pious
intercessor in the heavens. When they were unable to agree among themselves,
on the advice of a certain old man they left the body unburied during the night,
and aU separately betook themselves to prayers that the glorious God himself would,
of his grace send them some sign indicating on which church the body of the holy
man should be conferred. But when it was morning, a thing not often to be heard
of is prepared. The scattered parishioners assembbng as at first with their bands,
found three similar bodies laid out with similar pomp of funereal solemnities ; for
which miracle they gave thanks with the greatest gladness to Almighty God and
the blessed Baldred ; and singing and playing, each parish having bfted up one
body with its bier, carried it with all reverence away to their own church and
placed it honourably there, and to this day the bodies are held in the greatest
honour and reverence, and venerated accordingly, But do Thou, 0 Lord, have mercy.

VIII.
OF ST. CONWALL,
Confessor.

Prayer. — Enlighten, 0 Lord, we beseech thee, our hearts and our bodies, by
the benignant intercession of the blessed Conwall thy confessor, that with sincere
mind we may be able to love Thee, the true God. Through our Lord.
Lection I. — St. Conwab, eminent in the primitive church of the Scotch for
marveUous signs and virtues, was a disciple of St. Kentigern. For his father was a
king ofthe Irish, and his mother was sister of a certain prince there. But although
as the future heir of a kingdom he had been born to a higher prospect, yet prefer
ring the free service of Christ, and admonished by an angelical oracle, he abandoned
his paternal hearth, and by a wonderful kind of navigation came as far as Scotland.

Ledio secunda. — Dum enim staret in littore, aspexit post se mundum instabi-
lem quem effugerat, et ante se perturbidum mare. Conversus ad Dominum oravit,
dicens : Deus cujus dextera beatum Petrum Apostolum in fluctibus ambulantem ne
mergeretur erexit, jube me ad transmarina deferri quovis vehiculo. _ Mira res ! Lapis
ille in quo steterat sanctus velut navicula levissima ad ripam fluminis Clyde sanctum
incolumemdevexit, etibicursum suum stabibens, currus sancti Convalb nuncupatur.
Lectio tertia. — Per ejusdem itaque lapidis factum seu aquae ilbus lotionem, ut
quotidie adbuc cernitur, multi curantur infirmi homines videbcet et pecora a quo-
cunque detinentur languore. Tunc sanctus monasteria circuit et claustra virum
perquaerens idoneum cui se in regularis vitae discipbna submitteret imbuendum.
Audivit enim prae caeteris sanctum Kentigernum episcopum sanctitate praeditum ;
ad quem accedens discipulus ejus effectus est.
Ledio quarta. — Sed ne hujus beati viri virtutes eximn fidebum cordibus
minus lateant, in hujus diei solennitate nonnulla taxare curabimus. Namque de
Ybernia unde beatus vir traxerat origin em, quidam pedum incessus orbatus, cui
pedes natibus curvando haeserant, beato viro sanitatis recuperandae gratia peregre
profectus est; ante cujus imaginem pauperculus per triduanas perstetit vigilias,
sed ultima autem vigilia beatus Convallus in somnis eidem apparuisse videbatur
qui pedes curvatos manu sua tangens salvum reddidit. Tu autem.
Lectio quinta. — Muber quaedam similiter quae calcub patiebatur poenam intol-
erabilem beati viri intercessione senata est. Hydropicus equidem nee non vermi-
bus ferme consumptus, qui nubo medicamine sanari poterant meritis beati Convalb
sanitati restituuntur. Tu autem.

Lectio sexta — Morbososque varios languidos quoque et caecos sparsim ubique
devote beatum virum quaerentes hie inde ab eorum curavit languoribus. Etiam
quicunque male habentes aut aegroti, quacunque detinebantur infirmitate suis justis
desideriis minime defrudebantur. Qui quidem Convallus pro praecipuo patrono
apud Inchenennen cobtur.

ST CONWALL.

Lection II — -For as he stood on the shore, he saw behind him an unstable
world from which he had escaped, and before him a boisterous ocean. Turning to
the Lord he prayed, saying, — " 0 God, whose right hand lifted up the blessed
Apostle Peter, that when walking on the biUows he was not drowned, command me
to be borne, by whatsoever means, to the regions beyond the sea. A marvellous
thing ; — the stone on which the saint was standing as if it had been a light little
boat, conveyed the saint safe to the bank of the river Clyde, and there, staying its
course, is caUed the carriage of St. Conwall.
Lection III — Therefore by the touch of this same stone, or by washing with its
water, as is daily seen even now, many sick men are cured, and cattle besides, with
whatever trouble they may have been afflicted. Then the saint went round the
monasteries and cloisters, seeking out a suitable man to whom he might submit
himself, for the purpose of being instructed in the discipbne of a regular life. For
he heard that St. Kentigern the bishop excelled the rest in sanctity, wherefore,
going to him, he became his disciple.
Lection IV. — But lest the distinguished virtues of this blessed man should
have too sbght a hold on the hearts ofthe faithful, we wiU endeavour, on this day's
solemnity, to notice some particulars. For a certain man who was deprived of the
use of his feet, and whose feet were so curved that they adhered to his hips, eagerly
set out from Ireland whence the blessed man had derived his origin ; and before an
image of him the poor man persisted through three days' vigils, but in the course of
the last vigil, the blessed ConwaU seemed to appear to him in a dream, and, touch
ing the crooked bmbs with his hand, made them sound. But do Thou.
Lection V. — A certain woman bkewise who was suffering the intolerable
torture of calculus, was cured by the intercession of the blessed man. A dropsical
man, moreover, as also one who was almost consumed by worms, who could be
cured by no medical treatment, were both restored to health by the merits of the
blessed ConwaU. But do Thou.
Lection FT.— He rebeved besides, from their afflictions, persons variously
diseased, the infirm of all sorts, and the bbnd, who came one after another, from
every quarter on this side and that, seeking the blessed man devoutly. Ab bke
wise who were iU or sick, by whatsoever malady they might be distressed, were by
no means defrauded of their just wishes. And this Conwall is worshipped as chief
patron at Inchinnan.

go DIVI PALLADI1.

IX.
DIVI PALLADII,
lEpiseopi et Confessorts,

Oratio. — Deus qui Scotorum populo beatum Pabadium pontificem et fidei
catholicae apostolum pariter et doctorem providisti, concede nobis quaesumus ipsius
interventu tuam ineftabilem consequi misericordiam, et vita te mediante perfrui
sempeterna. Per Dominum.

Ledio prima. — Pabadius pontifex egregius ex Egyptiaca gente iUustris ortus
natalibus sub divo Evagrio monacbo, viro rebgiosissimo qui duorum Machariorum
discipulus esse fertur. Dum juveroles in eum expugnarent anni, sub rebgiosorum
habitu et norma sancte et devote militavit ; sub cujus ditione et regula Christiana
enunciare fidem didicit et cognovit. Qui paulo post ejus propter vitam approba-
tam ab angelo assumpto oraculo commibtonibus dixit : opportunum namque est si
ibum quem praedicamus insequi voluerimus nos ea quae didicimus albs in ipsius
honore qui haec singula nobis subministrat palam edocere, et quae circa hujusmodi
fidem minus intebeximus fideliter ab abis discendo investigare. Tu autem.

Ledio secunda.- Admomtu vero praefati angeli ex Egypto Romam venit, ubi
a Celestino papa plurimum in pretio habitus est et reputatus, qui ob ejus tunc vitae
sanctitatem a dicto beato Celestino in episcopum spiritus sancti gratia institutus est.
Meatus mterea Celestrnus Dei fervore ductus, cupiens orthodoxam ampbare fidem,
divmo munitussuffultu, apud Scotos, Eugenb hujus nominis secundi regis Scotorum,
impern sui anno undecimo, nostrique Salvatoris Jesu Christi anno quadringentesimo
vicesimo quarto, beatum Pabadium quem nuper ordinaverat antistitem, et fidei
mihtem persuasit ut Scotorum genti Romanam cathohcamque fidem praedicaret

ST. PALLADIUS. 29

IX.
OF ST PALLADIUS,
Bishop aria Confessor.

Prayer— O God, who, for the people of the Scots, hadst provided the blessed
bishop Palladius, at once an apostle and a doctor ofthe cathobc faith, grant us, we
beseech thee, that by his intervention we may attain thine ineffable mercy/and
through thy mediation enjoy eternal life. Through the Lord.
Lection I. — The distinguished bishop Pabadius sprang, ibustrious by birth,
from an Egyptian family, in the time of Evagrius the monk, an extremely religious'
man, who is said to have been a disciple both of Macarius the elder and Macarius
the younger. While his juvenile years warred against him, he fought holily and
devoutly under the garb and the rule of the religious, through whose instruction
and christian regimen he acquired the knowledge necessary for preaching the faith.
And he, shortly afterwards, having in consequence of his approved life received a
revelation from an angel, said to his fellow- warriors, — " Surely it is fitting, if we
be wilbng to follow him whom we preach, that we openly teach to others those
things which we have learned, in honour of him who ministers every one of them
to us; and that we investigate what, relatively to this faith, we less perfectly under
stand, by faithfully learning from others." But do Thou.
Lection II — But by the admonition of the foresaid angel, he came out of
Egypt to Rome, where, by Pope Celestine, he was in the highest degree esteemed
and valued ; and on account of the holiness of his life at that time, he was, by the
said blessed Celestine, in the grace of the Holy Spirit, instituted as a bishop. Mean
while, the blessed Celestine, animated with a zeal of God, strengthened by divine
support, and desirous of extending the orthodox faith among the Scots, — in the
eleventh year of the reign of Eugenius of that name the second, king of Scots, and
in the four hundred and twenty-fourth year of our Saviour Jesus Christ, persuaded
Palladius whom he had lately ordained a prelate and soldier of the faith, to
preach the Roman and cathobc faith to the nation of the Scots. But do Thou.

Lectio tertia. — Quibus cum omni humibtate quam enarrare fas est, annuens
ultro consensit ; seeumque acceptis monachis nonnulbs abisque pluribus viris vitae
approbatissimis Deum timentibus, versus Scotiam (divinam in hunc qui sequitur
modum de latere accipiens legationem) profectus est :— in tui apostolatus sortem
Scotorum regnum suscipe, opusque fac evangebstae, potens est enim Deus ut augeat
tibi gratiam. Tu.

Ledio quarta. — Valeque dicto beatissimo Celestino Pabadius episcopus suis
cum commibtonibus viris clarissimis, maris grandia pericula minime formidantibus,
in Scotiam pervenerunt ; ante quorum adventum Scotorum gens praefata per Mar-
cum et Dionysium viros rebgiosos Christi in magnam partem habebant fidem Ro
mano praesidente imperio victore hujus nominis primo, qui pro Christi nomine
durum subiit martyrium, habentes fidei doctores ut sacramentorum ministros, pres-
byteros et monachos, primativae ecclesiae solummodo sequentes ritum et consuetu-
dinem, de cujus historii testimonio sequitur carmen : —
Christi transactis tribus annis atque ducentis,
Scotia cathobcam coepit inire fidem,
Roma Victore primo papa residente,
Principe Severo martyr et occubuit. Tu autem.

Lectio quinta. — Regnante inclyto principe Eugenio Scotorum rege superibustri
qui beatum Pabadium cum ibis eum concomitantibus, gaudens bonorifice suscepit.
Tradidit namque eisdem possessiones varias et habitandi mansiones abaque vitae
necessaria, qui cum suis sequacibus per totum regnum praedicantes et evangebzantes
verbum Dei enuntiaverunt. Euntes vero per universam Scotiam usque ad Culros
perveniunt, quo in loco beatus Palladius sanctum reperit Servanum, virum devotum
mansuetum et pium, quem ejus exigentibus meritis cathobcum juxta Romanae
ecclesiae morem rite ordinavit episcopum et in eadem fide divinitus informavit,
quia tantae genti ministeria et ecclesiae dogmata solus impendere minime sufficiens
extiterat, sanctum Dei Servanum in omni Scotorum gente suum constituit suffrag-
aneum. Tu.

Lectio sexta,— Deinde cum vicinas perlustraret provincias, verbum vitae et
ecclesiae dogmata salutaria perdocuit. Festa simul et eorundem solennitates
observari, ac sacramenta ecclesiastica ministrari et decenter recipi instituit;
ecclesias consecravit, vestimentis sacerdotabbus modum imposuit, et ab eisdem
horas canonicas dicendas prout ecclesia instituebat Romana solenniter jussit.
Sacerdotes et alios in ecclesia Dei ministros ordinavit ; peccata confiteri sacerdo-
tibus praedicavit ; et plurima inde miracula per eum quotidie fiebant ; in tantum
quod totus populus tanquam a Deo missum coelitus habebant et venerabantur.
Interdum inter caetera sua magnifica gesta cum Ternanus pontifex nasceretur,

ST. PALLADIUS. SO

Lection III — To which things assenting, he willingly agreed with all the
humibty that can be named ; and taking with him some monks, and many other
God-fearing men of approved life, he set out, carrying a divine legation de latere,
for Scotland, in the following manner : — " Receive as the lot of thy apostolate the
kingdom ofthe Scots, and do the work of an evangelist; for God is able to give
thee increase of grace." But do Thou.
Lection IV. — And so bishop Palladius, having said fareweU to the most
blessed Celestine, along with his febow-soldiers, ibustrious men who in no wise
dreaded the perils ofthe sea came into Scotland. Before their arrival the foresaid
nation in great part held the faith of Christ, through Marcus and Dionysius, religi
ous men who flourished while Victor the first, who for the name of Christ suffered
a cruel martyrdom, presided over the Roman church ; and they possessed doctors of
the faith as ministers of the sacraments, presbyters and monks, who followed how
ever only the rite and custom of the primitive church ; in witness of whose history
a song follows : —
Ten score and three years from Christ's birth had pass'd,
Ere Scotland gospel light received at last,
While Victor, first, as pope at Rome still reigned ;
Who from Severus' hands the palm obtained. But do Thou.
Lection V. — The famous king Eugenius, most illustrious monarch of the Scots,
was then reigning ; and he rejoicing, honourably received Palladius, with those
who accompanied him. For he delivered to them various possessions and houses to
dwell in and other necessaries of life ; and Palladius with his followers, preaching
and pubbshing the Gospel throughout the whole kingdom, declared the word of
God. But going through the whole of Scotland they came as far as Culross, in
which place the blessed Palladius found St. Servanus, a man devout, gentle, and
pious ; whom, as his merits required, he ritually ordained a bishop according to the
cathobc manner of the Roman church, and divinely instructed him in the same
faith. And because he alone, was by no means equal to take charge of the ministry
and doctrine of the church for so great a nation, he appointed Servanus, the saint
of God, his suffragan over the whole nation of the Scots. But do Thou.
Ledion VI. — Then while he traversed the neighbouring provinces, he thoroughly
taught the word of life and the wholesome doctrines ofthe church; at the same time he
ordained the festivals and their solemnities to be observed, and the ecclesiastical sacra
ments to be ministered and decently received; he consecrated churches, appointed for
them the proper sacerdotal vestments, and ordered the canonical hours to be solemnly
said by the same, as the Roman church commanded. He ordained priests and others
as ministers in the church of God ; he preached that sins should be confessed to
priests ; and thenceforth very many miracles were daily wrought by him ; insomuch
that all the people esteemed and venerated him as one sent by God from heaven.
Meanwhile, among his other magnificent gests, when Ternanus the bishop was born,

SI DIVI PALLADII

ab obstetricibus debibs naturae esse judicaretur ; quod de ipsius vita plurimum
dubitarent, sic quod ecclesiae deferri pro Sacramento baptismatis recipiendo pluri
mum formidarent, affuit ; et tunc beatus Palladius qui aquam unde puerum bap-
tizaret non haberet, facto crucis signaculo in terra evulso cespite, fons indefi-
ciens sabentis aquae coram cunctis ebullivit, in quo loco spiritus sancti nomine
invocato beatum puerum baptizavit, nomen eidem imponens Ternanus, qui postea
ut praeceptorem suum et patrem in cunctis vivendi modis insectatus est. Tandem
beatus Pabadius varus per eundem miracubs divinitus ostensis, annorum plenus
apud Lanaforgund in Mernis ia pace requiescit beata. Tu.

ST. PALLADIUS. 31

he was deemed by the attendants to be of a weakly nature, and they greatly
doubted of his bfe; so because they were afraid of carrying him to the church to re
ceive the sacrament of baptism, he was present ; and then the blessed Palladius, who
had no water wherewith to baptize the boy, having made a bttle sign of the
cross by tearing up the turf on the earth, an unfailing fountain of spring water
bubbled up before aU ; in which place, after invoking the name of the Holy Spirit,
he baptized the blessed boy, giving him the name of Ternanus ; and he after
wards, in all manner of living, followed Palladius as his preceptor and father. At
length the blessed Palladius, various miracles having been divinely manifested by
him, fub of years, rested in a blessed peace at Longforgan in the Mearns. But do
Thou.

ts^WI^J

3&5*TSs§Ji2i

Slppettfetx.

ENTIGERN has been placed first among the Saints referred to in the
foregoing extracts, partly because his is the principal figure in the
group, and partly because the ritual commemoration conferred on
him by the Scottish Church is so pecubarly full and florid. Never
theless, for obvious reasons, it will be convenient to give his mother
the precedence in the fobowing pages.

I,— St. Eheneto.
Aberdeen Breviary, I. Prop. Sanot. fol. xxxiv., 18th July.
It will be observed that, in the legend dedicated to the memory of this lady,
the paternity of her illegitimate son is left in obscurity, and that her own father's
name, though he is spoken of as " the King," is not mentioned. On the other hand,
in the first of the lections devoted to Kentigern, we are distinctly told that " Euge
nius, King of Cumbria " was his father, and " Thenew, daughter of Loth King of
Lothian," his mother. By the maternal side accordingly, he is held to have been a
grandson of an ancient monarch from whom the district still known as the Lothians,
is alleged to have derived that name.
Now, possibly this nominis umbra may yet be reclaimed by authentic history ;
but for the present it is mainly mythical, though rich with the various interest of
doubt, wonder, bootless speculation, and bewildering romance.
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth,* Lot was a nephew of Sichelin, King of
Norway, whose succession he ultimately, with the help of the renowned King
Arthur, recovered and enjoyed. Augusel, King of the Scots, and Urian, King of
Mureif, were his brothers ;f and in the preceding book, where he is also caUed
Leir,J he is described as " Lot of Londonesia," " a most valiant knight, ripe in
wisdom and in age," to whom the King Uther Pendragon " had given his daughter
Anne" in marriage ; and whom he had moreover entrusted with the care of his

* Lib. ix. S. ll.

t Lib. ix. S. 9.

t Lib. viii. S. 21.

Sj, APPENDIX.

kingdom during his own illness. Geoffrey says expressly that this "Anne," as weU
as Arthur, was born to Uther by the beautiful Igerna, after and in consequence of
the celebrated intrigue devised by the magician Merbn, and carried into effect
through his enchantments ;* but affirms besides, and quite as expressly, that Lot
had " married her in the time of Aurelius Ambrosius."f Among these assertions
there is necessarily a gross blunder somewhere, for it was on the death of Aurebus
Ambrosius that Uther Pendragon succeeded to the British Crown ; and he had
occupied the throne for some time before Merlin's wicked devices enabled him to
destroy the Duke of Tintagel, and take possession of Igerna. Geoffrey, a Bishop,
and in those days presumed to have been a Coelebs, may be excused for some ignor
ance of the feminine economy ; but he must have supposed girls to be very pre
cocious indeed, if he believed that Anne was espoused by King Loth some time,
more or less, before her own father and mother had ever seen each other.
Be this as it may, he informs us that by the said Anne, Loth became the father
of Walgan, the famous Gawayne of round-table romance, and of Modred, or Mordred,
who is described as, though brave, yet basely disloyal. " When Arthur," says- our
authority,:]: " on the approach of summer was anxious to attack Rome, and bad! foeg^in
to scale the mountains, it was reported to him that his nephew Modred, to whose
charge he had entrusted Britain, had by tyranny and treason usurped the crown ;
and that the queen, Ganhumara, in violation of her first nuptials had incestuously
married him." According to this account, the frail Guenevere, or Ganhumara, be
came, scandalously enough, the aunt of Glasgow's own renowned St. Mungo.
Fordun presents us with a somewhat different version of the story, || "When
Uther, King of the Britons," he says, " as also his brother Aurelius of good memory,
had through the perfidy of the Saxons perished by poison, his son Arthur by a
faction of certain persons succeeded to the kingdom, which however was not due to
him of right, inasmuch as he was born in adultery of Igerna, the wife of Gorlois
Duke of Cornwall, in the castle of Tintagel, through the unheard-of art of the
prophet Merlin, as Galfridus at large in his book De Bruto attests ; but to Anne,
sister that is of Aurebus, or rather to her children, because she, procreated of a
legitimate marriage, was matrimonially united to the Consul Loth, Scottish Lord of
Lothian and King of Norway, who was derived from the noble race of Duke Ful-
gentius. By her he had two sons, Galwanus and the elder Modred, whom some
indeed, but erroneously, report to have been otherwise procreated ; as also that holy
woman caUed Thanes, the mother of Kentigern ; whence by the right of legitimate
succession the kingdom of Britain was due to Modred."
According to this account, Anne the wife of Loth was not the daughter, but
the sister of Uther Pendragon, and not the sister but the aunt of Arthur. The
critical faculty was certainly not very bright or vigorous in the mind of Fordun,
•xt, Patnotlc demre t0 estabhsh Modred's title to the British Crown probably
m the absence of vabd evidence, had more than its rightful share in determining
fiis conclusions. Nevertheless, in the romancing Galfridus,— Geoffrey of Monmouth
that is —he bad obviously detected the blot of self-contradiction which has been
referred to above, and he did his honest best, under the influence of a venial bias,
* Lib. viii. S. 20. f Lib. ix. S. 9. J Lib. x. S. 13.
I! Scotichronicon, Lib. iii.. cap. 24, Goodall's Edition.

ST. THENEW. 35

to reconcile the abeged facts with one another. In the preface to the old Romance
of "Syr Gawayne," Sir F. Madden, abuding to the extract given above from Geoffrey
of Monmouth, says " this passage is singularly misunderstood by Fordun," — a censure
which the best of our early chroniclers scarcely deserved ; for " the passage " in
question is certainly not intebigible ; and the innocent perplexity displayed by
Fordun on the subject might have exempted him from any graver reproach than
that of placing too much rebance on a less scrupulous writer than himself. His
concluding sentences are simple, quaint, and in their way almost pathetic. Haec
sagaciori lectori ad retradandum remitto, quia ea ad concordiam reducere de
facili non video. Verius tamen credo, sicut alibi legi, Modredum, fuisse sororium
Arthuri ; et si sic, habemus intentum.*
It was to be expected that Hector Boece would contemplate the subject, bke
Fordun, from the Scottish national point of view, and that he would envelope it
with the cloudy pomp of bis own pecubar rhetoric. Accordingly he does both.
Having described Loth as " an elegant youth of lordly stature and very desirous of
glory," he goes on to say,f " Aurebus had two sisters, of great beauty, Anna and
Ada, both virgins. Of these he gave Anna, the eldest, to Loth ; the other to Conran,
brother of the Scottish King, in marriage. The latter, having been conducted by
her husband with great pomp into Scotland, survived scarcely two years ; for
having died in childbirth, along with her infant, there was an end of the alliance
contracted with Ambrosius. By the former Loth had children, but after some years,
Mordred, Wawaine, and Thames," — our Thenew. Afterwards Boece adds, J. "con
temporaneous with Columba was the ibustrious prelate Kentigern, descended of a
royal stock, for he was born of the divine Thames, — Themis as others think, —
when a certain noble youth, — there are some who assert that it was King Eugenius,
of whom we have lately made mention, — violated her chastity by force." This
Eugenius is said., 1 1 on a previous page, to have been the son of Congabus, and a co-
militant of Arthur in his wars against the Saxons ; but the character which Boece
has vaguely drawn for him is already so dark that the legend of St. Thenew, in its
worst form, could not possibly stain it. Thus, obviously, Hector Boece, whenceso-
ever he may have derived his information, concurs with Fordun respecting the
name of Loth's wife, Anne, and her relationship, — that of sister, — to Aurebus Am
brosius and Uther Pendragon. His statement, moreover, betrays an appearance of
having been carefully and patriotically framed with the purpose of countenancing
the right to the British Crown, which was asserted for Mordred through his mother
Anne, on the assumption of Arthur's illegitimacy.
" The Chronicles of Britany," says Elbs,§ in his ' Specimens of Early Engbsh
Metrical Romances,' " state that Uther had two daughters, one of which, Anne, was
married to Budic, King of Britany, and another, whose name is not mentioned, to
Loth of Londonesia. This is also assumed by Geoffrey himself in other parts of his
work." The accompbshed Editor of the " Specimens " has here, unintentionaby no
doubt, aggravated our perplexity on a question which was intricate and obscure
enough before. It is not clear whether, by " the Chronicles of Britany," in the
note here quoted, he means the work itself, of which his text so annotated contains
an analytical outline ; or some other compilation to which he has given no distinct
* Lib. iii. cap 25. f F0I. 150.— Ed. Paris 1575. I Fol. 167. || Pol. 163. § Vol. I. p. 59, Note.

m APPENDIX.

reference If the former supposition be correct, as seems after ab most probable,
he has certainly not expressed himself with his usual care ; and he has given us a
statement which taxes Geoffrey with a self-contradiction that we have failed to
verify Is it possible that he can have inadvertently misinterpreted the fobowing
sentence **—Erat autem Hoelus filius sororis Arturi ex Dubncio rege Armorica-
norum Britonum generatus ? But Hoel was a son of a sister of Arthur by Dubn-
cius (Dubric) King of the Armorican Britons. ....
Sir F Madden recapitulating the view of Loths domestic relations which is
presented by the romances ofthe round-table cycle, says in his introduction to Syr
Gawayne,f " Walwanus was the eldest son of Loth, sovereign of the province of
Lothian and the adjacent territories, including the Orkneys, (!) by Anna, half-sister
of Arthur" In " Syr Gawayne and the Grene Knight it is true, we read that
"gode Gawan" and " Agrauayn a la dure mayn " were "bothe the kinges sister
sunes and ful siker knyghtes ;" but it becomes otherwise clear that the lady thus re
ferred to was Arthur's half-sister only, being a daughter by a previous marriage of
Igerna or Igrayne, ultimately the wife of Uther Pendragon. It may be observed
however that, although from Geoffrey's so cabed history to the romances there is
hardly even a step, yet in this latter department of literature she is, as we shab
immediately see; no longer named Anne. Sir F. Madden seems to have retained
that name for the sake of convenience, or perhaps in deference to the authority of
the old Bishop Galfridus.
In " The Byrth, Lyf, and Actis of King Arthur," as reprinted in 1817 under
Southey's editorial care,| we read,—" Anone lyke a lusty knyghte he " (Uther
Pendragon) " assented thereto," (i.e., to the wedding of Igrayne), " with good wille,
and so in abe haste they were maryed in a mornynge with grete myrthe and joye.
And Kynge Lott of Lowthean and of Orkenay then wedded Margause that was
Gaweyn's moder. And Kynge Nentres of the land of Garlott wedded Elayne. Al
this was done at the request of Kynge Uther. And the thyrd sister Morgan le fey
was put to scole in a nonnery. And there she lerned so moche that she was a grete
Clerke of Nygromancye. And after she was wedded to Kynge Uryens of the lond
of Gore that was Syre Ewayns le blaunch maynis fader."
By way of accounting for the abrupt introduction of this quotation, it is neces
sary to state that, in the preceding part of the narrative there is not one word to
indicate the parentage, the collateral affinities, or even the existence of the three
ladies, Margawse, Elayne, and Morgan le Fey. In the romance they present them
selves quite as unceremoniously as they do in our last paragraph. And the extract
which we have given clearly impbes that the two elder sisters were severaby
married to Loth and Nentres, while the third and younger was sent to a nunnery,
on the occasion of Uther's wedding the fair Igrayne ; so that they certainly could
not have been his daughters by her, and so far the view of Geoffrey is negatived by
the romance-writer. They might stib, however, consistently with all that has
hitherto met us from this new source of information, have been Uther's sisters in
accordance with the statements of Fordun and Boece ; though the scope of the nar
rative again would rather seem to countenance the supposition that they were
Igraine's daughters by a former connection. This last turns out to-be the correct
* Lib. ix. S. 2. f P. xii. J Vol. i. p. 4.

ST. THENEW. 37

notion, though it is not quite free from difficulties ; for critics in such matters will be
sure to challenge the probability of a narrative which represents the mother of ripe
and marriageable daughters as stiU possessing charms sufficient to attract such a
man as Uther Pendragon. Be this as it may, in a passage* which throws some lurid
light on the ethical style ofthe round-table romances, while it also explains an
innuendo regarding the parentage of Mordred quoted above from Fordun, and sets
the question of relationship between Arthur and Loth's wife at rest, so far as this
work is concerned, we read as fobows : — " Thenne after the departyng of kyng Ban
and of kyng Bors, kynd Arthur rode unto Carlyon. And thyder came to hym kyng
Lots wife of Orkeney in maner of a message, but she was sente thyder to aspye the
courte of kynge Arthur, and she cam rychely besene with her four sones, Gawayn,
Gaherys, Agrauaynes, and Gareth, with many other knyghtes and ladyes, for she
was a passynge fayr lady, wherefore the kynge cast great loue vnto her and de-
syred to lye by her. so they were agreed, and he begat upon her Mordred, and she was
his syster on the moder syde Igrayne. So ther she rested her a moneth and at last
departed. Thenne the kyng dremed a merueibous dreme wereof he was sore adrad.
But at this tyine kyng Arthur knewe not that kyng Lots wyf was his syster."
Clearly then, according to this representation, Margause, or Anna, or whatever
else, the wife of Loth was the half-sister of Arthur on the mother's side ; and the
presumption arising on this view is that she was the daughter of Igrayne by
Gorlois Duke of Tintagel. But on turning to another romance of the round-table
cycle, Arthour and Merlin viz., we learn that Uther Pendragon, instead of the second,
was the fourth husband of that fair lady ; and that Loth's wife was her daughter,
not by Gorlois of Tintagel, the third, but by Hoel of CornwaU, the second of the
four. Speaking of Uther thi3 new oracle says,f
" Thurch his might also he wan
The doubt i king Hannan,
And of him he had first Gascoigne,
And Normandye and Bologne,
And all the marche to Paito,
And Champeine, and eke Ango.
This ich king Hannan
To wive had a fair wnman ;
Sche hight Igerne withouten no,
The fairest lif that lived tho ;
The douk Hoel of Cornewaile
Spoused her after him saunfayl ;
Thurch whom seththen his liif he les,
Ye schal seththen here in pes."
It might have been supposed that, in the close of this extract, the writer con
founds Hoel of Cornwall with Gorlois of Tintagel, and abudes to the fate, bke that
of Uriah the Hittite, met by the latter at the hands of Uther Pendragon. Another
passage from the same romance j wih correct that rash surmise : —
" Long therafterward verrament
Was y-made acordement
Betvene Ygerne and the king
* Vol. i. p. 31.
t Arthour anAHerlin : A Metrical Eomance Edited by W. B. D. D. Turnbull, 1838 (Abbotsford Club), pp. 81-82.
% Pages 97-98.

$8 APPENDIX.

Thurch heighe mennes conseyl'ng,
And tho was jugged withouten faile
Be heighe mennes conseyl,
The king was jugged Ygern to spouse,
Thereof Tgerne was ioiouse.
King Nantres of Garlot
Ther nam blasine God it wot,
Ygernes douhter bi Hoel,
Hir Lord was bifor Tintagel;
In whom he begat Galaas
That strong and hardi and noble was ;
King Lot ther nam Belisent,
Also Vgern's douhter gent,
In whom he seththe bigat Wawein
And Guerches and Agrenein,
And Gaheriet that was so f re ;
For better knightes no might non be.
King Uriens the thridde nam,
That was King of Schorham,
In whom he bigat Twayns,
Hende and noble and knight certeyns,
These three sustren were bi Hoel,
And other mo bi Tintagel,
That elles where were ta loke ;
So we finde writen in boke.
Al four made spousing
Togider and swithe fair gestening ;
Ther was justes and turnamens ;
Swithe noble verramens ;
The fest lasted fourtennight
To al that ever cam y-plight."
Again, precisely the same detabs are repeated, at a subsequent stage of the
narrative* only Guerches appears there as Gueberes. And it may be noted, in
passing, that we read, on an intermediate page,*)- of
" King Lot that held londes too,
Leonis and Dorkaine also ;"
these being probably the most curious names under which Lothian and Orkney have
ever elsewhere appeared. Here and there, in the round-table or Arthurian romances,
other notices of Loth occur incidentaby, For instance, in " The Byrth, Lyf, and
Actes," we read,} that when Arthur aspired to the British crown, "som of hem
lough him to scorne, as King Lot and mo other cabed him a wytch." Moreover,
from " Arthour and Merbn " we learn|| that Lot had a testing-pub at the sword
" y-hot Estabbore," — (as it would be absurd to suppose that there were two such
weapons, we must conclude the genuine one has been variously represented), — of
course in the hope that he might himself have the good fortune to succeed Uther
Pendragon on the British throne. " King Lot proved verrament
Out it to draw anon right,
Ac he no myght for al his might."
Now here Loth is already presented to us as one of those who scouted and opposed
* Pages 169-70. f Page 139. J Vol. i. p. 12. || Page 105.

ST. THENEW. 39

Arthur's succession to the British crown on the death of Uther. This abeged fact,
although in the state of things at the time as described by Geoffrey of Monmouth, ex
tremely natural or even almost inevitable, does not appear distinctly on the face of any
other of the documents that have been cited above. Nevertheless it seems to be
vaguely affirmed by the " Byrth, Lyf, and Actes " in the fobowing statement,* which
immediately succeeds the account of Arthur's final recognition and coronation : —
" Whanne this was done that the kyng had stabhsshed alle the countreyes about lond on,
thenne he lete make Syr ka}r sencial of Englond, and sir Baudewyn of Bretayne Was
made Constable and sir Ulfyus was made chamberlayn. And sir Brastias was made
wardeyn to wayte upon the northe fro Trent forwardes for it was y* tyme ye most
party the kynges enemyes. But within few yeres after Arthur wan ahe the north
Scotland, and alle that were under their obeissance. Also Walys a parte of it held
ayenst Arthur, but he ouercam hem al as he did the remenaunt thurgh the noble pro-
wesse of hymself and his knyghtes of the round table." Now though it is not exj
pressly said that Loth was involved in the five years' struggle with the northern
chiefs, the language taken in its natural sense, clearly implies that he was ; and the
view thus suggested is confirmed by the consideration that he never appears on
Arthur's side until after peace had been somehow re-estabbshed between the British
sovereign and the regub to the north of the Trent.
Neither does Geoffrey of Monmouth specially name Loth as one of those who
took part in the early opposition to Arthur. According to that writer, the young
and heroic sovereign of Britain was withstood in the north by the Saxons, under
Colgrin and in abiance with the Scots and the Picts. After a bribiant victory,
Arthur besieged these formidable abies in York, but deemed it prudent to retire
from the siege on learning that sixty ships with troops from Germany were hasten
ing to the relief of their countrymen. His own strength, however, having been
recruited by the arrival at Southampton of fifteen thousand auxibaries under the
command of bis nephew, Hoel, the king of Armorica, he defeated the enemy at
Lincoln, and chased the fugitives into the forest of Caledon. There he forced the
Saxons to surrender, and permitted them, after they had abandoned their plunder
and engaged to remit tribute from Germany, to set sail professedly for home. Once
fairly at sea however, they changed their minds, landed at Totness, ravaged the
country northwards to the Severn, and laid siege to Bath. Incensed beyond
measure, as web as surprised at this perfidious conduct, Arthur summarily hanged
the hostages who had been left in his hands, rebnquished the operations which he
had begun for the reduction of the Scots and Picts to obedience, and hastened south
wards with a heavy heart, because, on account of that chief's illness, be was con
strained to leave his nephew Hoel at Dumbarton (Alclud.) Having traversed
Somerset, and come in sight of the beleaguered city, be put on a coat of mail befit
ting so great a king, and a golden helmet sculptured with the figure' of a dragon.
From his shoulders was suspended his shield cabed Priwen, bearing a picture of Holy
Mary Deipara. He was girded also with Cabburn, the best of swords, fabricated
in the Island of Avabon, and in his right hand he bore the deadly spear whose
name was Ron. A terrific battle ensued, lasting from morning till sunset, when
Arthur drew his famous Cabburn, and having slain four hundred and seventy men

* Vol. i. p. 10, Note.

jfi APPENDIX.

with that single weapon, decided the fate of the day. Colgrin and his brother Bal-
dulph, with many thousands more, were kibed, and Chelderic straightway betook
himself to flight. Entrusting the charge ofthe pursuit to Cador, the duke of Corn-
wab, who drove the discomfitted Saxons into the Isle of Thanet and compeUed them
to surrender at discretion, Arthur with the utmost expedition retraced his steps to
Dumbarton, where, as he had heard, his sick nephew Hoel was besieged by the Scots
and the Picts. A succession of conflicts waged among the sixty islands of Loch
Lomond estabbshed the supremacy of the ycung hero in this region also ; and one
issue of the conquest was the restoration by Arthur of Augusel, Urien, and Loth to
the dignities which, under Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon, they had for
merly enjoyed in Scotland, Mureif, and Londonesia.
Thus the combination of three separate statements, which, if not derived from
sources altogether mutuaby independent, were obviously not framed with any in
tention that they should fit into, explain, or support each other, might almost be
guile the reader into the fancy that, among a mass of wildly confused details, he
had detected one brief chapter of veritable and consistent history. If we only
assume that the general conditions, including the relations abeged to have subsisted
between the various parties and personages, under which Arthur is said to have
obtained the British crown, ever really existed, then nothing can be more natural
or fub of verisimilitude, than the series of incidents placed by this combination
between the final settlement of the succession at London and the peace with the
northern chiefs at Loch Lomond. Nor is it impossible that there may be dislocated
fragments of otherwise unrecorded fact, here and there among the quaint traditions
and fictions of ecclesiastical legend and mediaeval romance ; but it would be rash to
conclude that what may be merely a casual coincidence or harmony among a few
documents, should be accepted as evidence of authentic truth ; and no solid basis
has been yet discovered on which the acutest critic could reconstruct the history of
the men and times belonging to the Arthurian period.
Everything else that it seems necessary to say regarding the life, character, and
gests of Loth, so far as we have heard anything about them, as web as a curious
notice of his death and burial, will find their appropriate places in the sequel. And
surely we need not pretend to weigh, in any kind of critical balance, such testi
mony as has reached us regarding the parentage of our St. Thenew. It may never
theless be observed that the theory which makes the wife of Loth and mother of
Thenew a sister of Uther Pendragon and the aunt of King Arthur, had obviously
no better foundation than a conjecture of Fordun, accepted indeed by Boece and
some later writers, but certainly resorted to at the first for no better reason than
because it offered a feasible way of escape from an apparent anachronism with
which the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth were found to be embarassed. St.
Thenew then, Thames, Thanes, Themis, Thametis, or Thenetta,— for thus, or
even yet more diversely is she named,— was the daughter, legitimate so far as
appears, of Lot, Loth, or Leudonus, regulus of the province in North Britain
which came, after him, to be cabed Leudonia, Londonensis, or the Lothians.
this brave and handsome chief is moreover reported to have been the nephew
an^ eventuaby, by Arthur's help, the successor of Sichebn, king of Norway
while his brothers, Augusel and Urian, were of princely rank, the former being re
gulus of the Scots, and the latter holding the same dignity in Mureif or the province

ST. THENEW. 41

of Moray* His wife was Anna, Margawse, or Belisent, the full sister, says Geoffrey
very distinctly, but more probably the half-sister of Arthur, being the daughter of
Igerna, or Igraine, not by Uther Pendragon, but by either Hoel Duke of Cornwall,
or Gorlois duke of Tintagel. Concerning the domestic history of king Loth and
this lady, praetermitting the scandalous anecdote quoted above from the " Bj^rth,
Lyf, and Actes, &c," we have received no information whatever beyond the names
of their three or six children, and the few particulars which shab immediately meet
us in connection with the singular adventures of one of their number. To Geoffreyf
only two sons of the union, Sir Gawaine, the most courteous of knights, and the
traitor Mordred, if he was indeed Loth's son, seem to have been known ; and here
also be is fobowed by his too trustful disciple Fordun. To these the romance of
" Arthour and Merbn" adds Gueheres, Agrenain, and Gaheriet ; but these brothers,
whether there were five or only two. of them, appear to have had no more than one
sister, and she was St. Thenew, the mother of St. Kentigern. %
It is curious, and from some points of view instructive, to observe that, subse
quently to the stage which our enquiry has reached, the legends and the romances,
or the ecclesiastical and the secular fictions, diverge into wholly distinct and separate
channels. In the former class of compositions we have not the slightest hint of
any relationship between the renowned king Arthur and the great western saint or
bis mother ; while in the latter class, the names of Thenew and Kentigern never
occur at ab, under any of their divers forms. Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose work
holds an intermediate place between the two classes of compositions, appears to
have known nothing of any daughter born to Loth and Anna. As for Fordun and
Boece, so far as they did not rely on Geoffrey, they seem to have derived all their
information from the earber hagiographers, to whom we must immediately resort.
All that has been contributed to the subject by some of our later writers, — among
whom Major, Bale, and Lesbe, may he named, — reaby amounts to nothing.
But happily there is no penury as regards the ecclesiastical element ; or un
happily rather in some respects, for it is certainly easier to analyse one single state
ment than it is to summarize and digest the contents of several documents. The
legend, it is true, as presented to us by the Aberdeen Breviary, isof very secondary
consideration, not only because the various lections appear anonymously and with
out date, but mainly because most of them can easily be traced back to the produc
tions of an age long anterior to the time at which they were arranged as we now
have them. But besides this comparatively modern compilation, we have access to
the Glasgow fragment of a life of Kentigern, anonymous indeed, but written, as the
author of it tells us, intimante venerando Glasguensi episcopoHerberto, who held the
office from a.d. 1147 to a.d. 1164. Of a venerable antiquity, no doubt, nevertheless
this document was drawn up somewhere about six centuries after the occurrences
which it pretends to record, and therefore can claim no authority whatever as a
piece of historical evidence. The writer professes to have derived his materials
from some older record — codicello — as well as from still living tradition. About
this codicellus (codicihus ?) we shab immediately have a word to say ; but the pro
bability is that be refers here to nothing much earlier or at ab more authentic than
the Inquisitio by David, then prince of Cambria, afterwards king and saint, dating
* ? Menteith. t Lit>- ix- S. 9. % But see p. 128.

10

APPENDIX.

A.D. 1116, along, it may be, with other instruments of the same kind, relating to the
restoration of the diocese. The fragment itself of which we have been speaking is
contained in a mutilated MS. exhibiting a very corrupt text ; but probably all that
was ever in it concerning Thenew, or Thaney, as it calls her, has been preserved ;
and as printed, under the editorial care of Cosmo Innes, Esq., at the end of his intro- '
duction to the " Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis," its Latin, however shocking to
the refined classicist, is more intelligible than many passages of his favourite
authors. Another " Vita Kentigerni," written by Jocelin, a monk of Furness, in Lanca
shire, and dedicated to another Jocelin who was bishop of Glasgow from a.d. 1175
to a.d. 1199, has been transmitted to us, containing several particulars not elsewhere
recorded as to Taneu, for such is the name said by this author to have been con
ferred on our saint when she and her infant were baptized together at Culross. In
Jocebn's prologue there are several particulars, not very instructive after ab, per
haps, yet possessing some peculiar interest of their own, which may here be men
tioned. His primary motives for undertaking to write a new life of the great
patron saint of the west, lay partly in his hearty allegiance to Bishop Jocebn
personally, and partly in his devotion to the illustrious Kentigern himself; but
while telling thus much, he frankly discloses some literary ambition, and reveals a
very questionable confidence in his own superior scholarship. He had resolved to
execute, if he possibly could, a bfe which should be sustained majori auctoritate
et evidentiori veritate, as well as seem to be composed stilo certiori, quam ilia quem
(qua,m}'vestra frequented ecclesia. Now probably he alludes here to the document
still partially preserved in the Glasgow fragment, whose inculta oratio and stilus in-
compositus deserved his severe censure, even although his own literary workman
ship^ often faulty, besides being always affected. However, he goes on to say,
Codiculum autem alium, stilo Scotico didatum, reperi, per totum solcecismis
scatentem; diffusius tamen vitam et actus Sancti Pontificis continentem. Such
miserable productions as these, regarding so illustrious a saint, greatly distressed
him, condolui fateor, he exclaims, et moleste accepi. Deeming it absurd that a
treasure so precious should be deposited in so base a casket, he resolved that, de
riving his materials from the two obnoxious works, supplemented by private' en
quiries^ he would prepare according to his own poor abibty and his patron's (bishop
Jocebn's) command,— juxta modulum meum et preceptum vestrum — a worthier
receptacle, si non auvifrisiis aut oloseritis, saltern vel lineis integris. Then not
yet contented with the information derivable from the two despised bbelli he ap
plied himself dibgently to the cobection of stib living tradition. Circuivi enim per
plateas et yieos civitatis, he says, juxta mandatum vestrum, querens vitam Sancti
Kentigerni descriptam, quem diligat anima vestra*
v* Ac^ding to the " Acta Sanctorum,"f St. Asaph is reported to have written
a life of Kentigern; but if such a work ever existed, which is more than doubtful,
it is now wholly unknown. Such a contemporary record might have been in
valuable ; and we may regret the want, though we cannot mourn the loss of what
never existed. But in addition to the Glasgow fragment written circa 1150,
and the elaborate work by the monk of Furness referable to about 1190, we have
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotise, (1789.) p. 196. f Jan. II. 97.

ST. THENEW. 43

a third " Vita Kentigerni," which was printed for the first time in a.d. 1516, by
Wynkin de Worde, as one of the collected biographies which make up Capgrave's
" Nova Legenda Angbae." This book, which never was reprinted, has become ex
tremely scarce, and we have had no opportunity of seeing it ; but the article with
which alone we are concerned here has been reproduced by the Bobandists* as the
" Vita Kentigerni, ex Jo. Capgravio, audore anonymo." Of this document also
the importance depends mainly on the time at which it was written and the sources
from which its information was derived. Now although the "Nova Legenda"
were not printed prior to a.d. 1516, yet John Capgrave, by whom they were com
piled, is said to have died more than half a century before that date, or in a.d. 1464.
Nor have we even now reached the limits of our present enquiry. We are toldf
that of the hundred and sixty-eight lives collected in Capgrave's work, one hundred
and fifty-four, — that is, ab except fourteen, — have been "copied," or are "abbreviated
transcripts " from the Sanctilogium, an earber compbation, by John of Tinmouth,
referable to about a.d. 1366. This carries us back fully a century ; but then, what
ever may have been the course pursued by John of Tinmouth in other instances, he
or some one for him, as the internal evidence demonstrates, borrowed much of his
phraseology and nearly ab his abeged facts, in the case of the " Vita Kentigerni,"
from the monk of Furness. By the later writer, whoever he may have been, the
probxities of the earber have been considerably curtailed and the extravagances
judiciously abated ; but subject to this modification the audor anonymus of the
Bobandists, who is sometimes referred to as John of Tinmouth and sometimes as
John Capgrave, was a mere echo of the monk Jocelin. Copying clauses, sentences,
and even paragraphs, with perfect fidebty, from the pages of the latter, and con
tributing nothing new, so far as we have observed, except the story ofthe miraculous
mill which refused to grind stolen corn, this vita possesses no independent weight
or value whatever.
We are therefore, in effect, remitted to the " Vita Kentigerni " by Jocebn of
Furness, as our sole existing authority for the alleged facts of that saint's life ; since
the Glasgow fragment, — ab that remains of the still earlier vita, — breaks off with
his birth at Culross. The pretentious work of this monk was printed in a.d. 1789,
from a manuscript ofthe thirteenth century belonging to the Cottonian Library, under
the editorial care of John Pinkerton, forming partjof a volume entitled "Vitce Antiques
Sanctorum Scotice." We have already given some account of Jocebn's prologue,
and from that brief review it becomes obvious that he professes to have derived
his materials from three ostensibly distinct sources. 1. There was what we suppose
to have been the earber vita-, now lost with the exception ofthe Glasgow fragment ;
a composition which, so far as we may judge from what remains of it, must have
originaby been of considerable length, and which appears to have been founded on
the statements of a certain " codicellus" supplemented by the popular belief and
gossip, or the folk-lore, concerning St. Mungo in the first half of the twelfth cen
tury. 2. There was next the codiculus, stilo Scotico didatus, per totum soloecismis
scatens, which we take to have been identical with the codicellus referred to in the
Glasgow fragment. And 3, there was the information which the zealous and in-
* Acta Sanctorum, Jan. H. 98.
t Capgrave's Liber de Mustribus Henricis, 191, and Monumenta Historica Britannica, 5

44 APPENDIX.

quisitive author cobected, when he rambled about per plateas et vicos civitatis,
quaerens vitam sancti Kentigerni descriptam.
But this imposing array of resources turns out, on careful reflection, to be osten
sible only. It is manifest that Jocelin merely gleaned the fields, of which his anonym
ous predecessor, in the time of Bishop Herbert, had gathered the harvest. No doubt
he appropriated, from the discoveries of the previous explorer, whatever he deemed
suitable for his purpose ; but obviously both compilers abke derived their materials
from the same sources ; and these were not more than two, — nay, as we shall soon see,
shrink into only one in number, the codiculus namely, and the popular gossip. And
what value should be conceded to these ? or, taking them in turn, what are we to con
clude regarding the codiculum, stilo Scotico didatum, per totum soloecismis
scatentem 1 Clearly this document was of considerable length, diffusius vitam et
actus sandi pontificis continens. Concerning the solecisms which so grievously
offended Jocebn's fastidiousness, we can form no distinct opinion ; perhaps he used
the term loosely, to indicate his disgust at the treatment of so sacred a subject in
the rude and semi-barbarous speech of the common people. Then without pretend
ing to define, in a dogmatic or positive way, the sense in which the phrase stylo
Scotico di-ctatus ought to be understood, we venture to surmise that the pamphlet
in question, a manuscript of course, was written in the vulgar or vernacular
language prevalent in the west of Scotland, or in and around Glasgow, at the time.
What that language precisely was, who can confidently tell ? Had the codiculus
itself been traceable back to the presumed time of Kentigern, or to the sixth cen
tury, there could have been no room for hesitation; because then it must un
doubtedly have been composed in the Cambro-British, or some other nearly abied,
dialect of the Keltic family of tongues. We have discovered no clue to the exact
date of the codiculus, but it is first heard of from the anonymous writer who pre
pared a life of Kentigern, intimante episcopo Herberto, about the middle of the
twelfth century ; and we are convinced that its origin was due to the remarkable
revival,— of religion it may be hoped, certainly of ecclesiastical zeal and activity —
which under the munificent patronage of Prince David, in the earber half of that
century, led among its first fruits to the restoration of the Glasgow episcopate. The
question therefore is not,— What was the vernacular speech of Clydesdale about
a.d. 580? but— What was it about 1120? We are incbned to think that even
before the last of these dates, the Teutonic intrusion, already long established in the
south-east of Scotland, had carried its ascendancy and its crude early English speech
into lower Clydesdale. An indulgent and obviously web-informed critic of our
brochure, when some copies of it were privately circulated some months ago, ex
pressed m the Glasgow Herald a different opinion; and he is perhaps right? either
wholly or in part, though we still desiderate conclusive evidence The phrase
stylus Scohcus, it may be assumed, does not indicate the Irish dialect, since Jocelin
observes the modern distinction between Scotia and Hibernia; but even this decides
nothing- to the purpose, because some Cambro-British form of speech miffht still
WoW 4 X ' t0^Steuf * J** A** P™yest that wes in Glasgow" left a
legacy to St Mungo s bell, by a deed drawn up in very decent early English ¦ for
three hundred years afford room for great changes,, especiaby in revolution! v times
Nevertheless we are stib, though diffidently, disposed to think that Te Glasgow

ST. THENEW. 45

codiculus, prepared perhaps under the auspices of Prince David, would now form
a priceless treasure in the eyes of the " Early English Text Society."
But after all, the question which we have been discussing, however curious
' and interesting, is not that with which we are now chiefly concerned ; and we have to
do rather with the source ofthe codiculus and the weight attachable to its state
ments, than with the language in which it was written. Nor does the first part of
this deeper enquiry appear to be, by any means, of difficult solution. When we ask
whence the matter contained in this homely pamphlet was derived, it becomes at
once apparent that the work must have simply reflected the popular belief and
gossip concerning Kentigern, which prevailed in the first quarter of the twelfth
century. Hence what, at first sight, seemed to be three distinct sources of Jocebn's
Vita, shrink iuto one source only ; and that, — the vulgar faith and floating marvels
of a singularly credulous time. It is certainly not easy, — perhaps it is altogether
impossible, — to assign an approximate, not to speak of a precise, value to such
materials. Hitherto we have abstained from even cabing them by the name of
traditions ; not surely as if we imagined that their oral transmission through so
long a period as five ages should be abowed to exclude them from that humble
rank ; but because these ages were so unsettled and revolutionary that it is diffi
cult to see how there could have been any continuous stream of infiltration through
out them. On this point we could desire no better evidence than that of the " In-
quisitio per David Principem Cumbrensem," which was drawn up circa A.D. 1116.
After a very brief and general notice of Kentigern's episcopate at Glasgow, this
interesting document proceeds :* — " Verumenimvero fraudulentus exterminator
supradidam ecclesiam diu inviolabiliter constare ingemiscens consuetis versutiis
suis post multa temporum curricula scandala intolerabilia Cu-mbrensium ecclesiae
machinavit," &c, "But nevertheless the treacherous spoiler, grudging that the
foresaid church should prolong an uninjured existence, after a protracted course of
time devised unendurable troubles for the church of the Cumbrians. For the said
Kentigern and many successors of his having, by the way of holy rebgion, gone
away to God, divers disturbances springing up everywhere around, not only ruined
the church and her property ; but also wasting the whole district, debvered up
its inhabitants into exile. So then after everything that is good had been exter
minated, and after great intervals of time had elapsed, various tribes of different
nations coming thither from divers quarters occupied the deserted region. But
differing in race, unbke in speech, and discordant in their modes of living, not easily
agreeing among themselves, they fobowed heathenism rather than the observance
of the faith. Yet these miserable inhabitants of an abode which had been cursed,
passing their bves irrationally after the manner of cattle, did the Lord, who would
have no one to perish, deign to visit with His mercy. For in the time of Henry
the king of England, while Alexander king of the Scots was reigning m Scotland,
God sent them David the brother of the foresaid king of Scotland for a prince and
a leader who should correct their indecent and wicked vices, and by his magna
nimity and inflexible severity bridle their licentious frowardness. He then, fervid
in his zeal for right living, and lamenting the misery of the profane multitude, to
the end that he might remove their reproach by means of that pastoral care of

* Begistrum Episcopates Glasguensis (1843), I. 6.

k6 APPENDIX.

which they had been so long destitute, instigated by divine admonition, with .the
Idvice also of learned men and the assistance of his own clergy, chose as their
btshTp a certain John, a religious man, who had educated him and earnestly devoted
his bfe to the service of God. But when the bishop, after the savage condition of
the wretched people, and the abominable multiplicity of their vices were made
known to him, Unsolved bke a terror-stricken man to set out ^r Jerusakm
consecrated, though against his wib, by the apostolical Paschal he wished I not to
defer the practical duty of the anxious undertaking; but joyfully received, amid
the popular enthusiasm by the prince and the nobles of the kingdom, he dissemi
nated the preached word, with the abundant co-operation ofthe holy Spirit, through
out the Cumbrian diocese." . , ,
The formulary and for the most part ridiculous nolo episcopan seems to have
faben, with unusual sincerity, from the lips of this John surnamed Achaiu^the first
bishop of Glasgow after the restoration of the diocese by Prince David. He is said
to have been a man of learning and probity ; but he must have been a timid evan
gelist since subsequently to his unwilbng acceptance of consecration by r-ope
Paschal II in a.d. 1115, he appears to have deserted his office m disgust or despair,
and to have remained abroad until he was compebed to resume it by Pope Calixtus
II in 1123 His incumbency extended to a.d. 1147, when he was succeeded by
Herbert But such was the state of the district from whose popular talk all the
materials for Jocebn's Vita Kentigerni emerged ; and such, for some five preceding
centuries, had been its convulsed and miserable condition. The "dwersae tribus —
Pict from the north, Gael from the west, Sassenach from the east,— devastated the
territory of Strathclyde in the course of their struggle for the supremacy ; and the
earlier Cambro-British inhabitants, the converts, if not also the compatriots, of Ken
tigern, were those whom the fiercely conflicting intruders — in the language of the
Inquisitio—exilio tradiderunt. Not only, during those ages of war, rapine, and
wretchedness, were the primitive institutions of Kentigern on the Molendinar swept
utterly away, but the very memory of them seems to have perished. The general
result is, that for the legends of St. Thenew and St. Kentigern, we have no historical
basis whatever, so far as we have yet seen ; nay, that we cannot even refer these
legends back to any continuous and unbroken stream of tradition, sustaining itself
from the sixth to the twelfth age ; and that therefore their origin must be referred
to the later of these two periods, when under the influence of an enthusiasm which
culminated in king David, the " sair sanct for the croon," an insatiable demand for
such tales was soon met by an abundant supply of them. We may afterwards see
what qualification, if any, this conclusion requires in so far as it relates to St.
Mungo : meanwhile, we must give our attention almost exclusively to his mother
Thenew ; and we are unable to show that her name had ever been heard of, under
any of its forms, prior to the days of bishop Herbert, or the-first half of the twelfth
century. Yet perhaps the legends were not wholly invented under the enthusiastic
revival of Prince David.
The Aberdeen Breviary, it will be observed, says nothing at all about king
Loth's faith, whbe, according to the Glasgow fragment, he was vir semipaganus ;
Jocelin bluntly calls him. pa ganissimus, and Capgrave, if for the sake of convenience
we may so cite the anonymous author referred to above, says that he was paganicis
implicatus erroribus. Thenew on the other hand, was a Christian, and a devout

ST. THENEW. 47

one, though not yet baptized. Pondering in a morbid way, as ab the authorities
testify, on the mystery of the miraculous conception, she came to cherish a passion
ate desire of emulating the holy Mary in her own person, by becoming a virgin
mother. But beauty has been the perilous, if not the fatal, dower of female saints
since the beginning; and poor Thenew was doomed to be no exception. She was
very beautiful, and had a human lover, whose irrepressible importunities were sup
ported by her pagan father, to the utter ruin of her personal tranquillity, as web as
to the determination of her future destination and renown. She also became,
somehow, the mother ofthe most celebrated among our native saints, while yet the
story of her love and of her maternity continues to be shrouded in an obscurity
which is intensified by inconsistencies and contradictions. Who was her admirer,
and who was the father of her son ?
One of the legends in the Breviary — that relating to Thenew — answers the
first of these questions directly ; the lover was Ewen, son of the king of Cumbria ;
but it gives us no clue to the solution ofthe other. The legend of Kentigern, again,
without so much as an abusion to any previous wooing or intrigue, tells us distinctly
that Eugenius Eufurien, king of Cumbria, was the father of our great western saint;
and it may be confidently presumed that the reader of the lections wib, without
scruple, conclude prince Ewen to be the same, only at a different stage of his life,
with king Eugenius, of Cambria or Strathclyde. The Glasgow fragment assures us
quite plainly that Ewen, the son of Erwegende, was the procus or wooer,adding paren-
theticaby, in gestis histrionum vocatur Ewen filius regis Ulien, — whatever these
words may mean ; and the same document tebs us with equal distinctness, that he
was the adolescens imberbis who cum muliebri cultu inbutus, acquired the honours
of paternity. Capgrave says nothing at all about a lover, and scouts the idea of a
miraculous conception, but represents Thenew as exulting in the happy conviction
that she had attained the great object of her ambition, and now resembled the holy
virgin Mary, as, praesumptuosa audacia et quadam temeritate feminea, she had
wildly dreamt of doing. Accordingly, as we are further told, she denied steadily,
and on oath, that she had any knowledge a quo, vel quando, aut quomodo conceperit.
Between this statement and that of Jocebn there is more than a substantial agree
ment, — as w as to be expected, since obviously the compiler of the Vita given us by
Capgrave, to a considerable extent borrowed both the matter and the phraseology of
the monk of Furness. But the former has altogether omitted some curious specula
tions indulged in by the latter, concerning the reality and the cause or conditions of
the ignorance which Thenew obstinately avowed. Jocelin accepted her avowal,
and his not very successful attempt to account for the truth of what she said is inter
esting to us now, chiefly because it shows that although anaesthesia may not have
been beneficiaby employed in those days, yet the thing itself, and at least one method
of inducing it — potus oblivionis quem physici letaragion vocant — were perfectly
web known.
Such, then, is the state of the question as regards the paternal descent of St.
Kentigern, and it can hardly be deemed satisfactory. Stib the evidence, if it de -
serves the name, is clear enough, for except Ewen or Eugenius, we have no Candi
date for. the honour. Now Eugenius is a name of famibar occurrence on the pages of
our older annalists ; and a very reputable name it is, even when converted into
Evenus or Eventus. But these are Latin forms of an uncouth word, as we learn from

]8 APPENDIX.

Father Lines* before which both eye and tongue might be pardoned for some hesi
tation Eachoidh, Heoghed, Echol, Hecged, Echac, Echolac Echodach, are among
the bewildering varieties in which the vocable, if it be indeed such, makes its ap
pearance ; and the descriptive epithets, or nicknames, usually attached, are no whit
less alarming. Thus Eugenius IV. presents himself as Echoid-buidhe, Heoghed-bude,
Hecgedbud, Echac-buidhe, and Ochabind.-which, we are told, may signify either
Ewen the tawny, or Ewen the golden-haired, probably the latter. The next of the
name or Euo-enius V., comes up with a still more formidable array and combination of
letters — Eochoidh-rinnemhail, Heoghed Rinavel, Echdac-Echadach, Hecged-ronaval,
—which are said to mean Eochol habens-curvum-nasum, or Ewen ofthe hook-beak.
Neither of these two, however, if any faith at all be due to the confused chronology
of those times, could have been our Eugenius, the supposed father of Kentigern.
We may flatter ourselves, as others have done, with the fancy that we have dis
covered and identified him in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Eventus,f the son of Urien and
the cousin of Thenew;— in Fordun's Echodius Hebdir+— and in Buchanan's Eugenius
III whose portrait, authentic of course, still adorns the picture gallery at Holyrood
The last-named writer|| affirms him to have been a "son unworthy ofthe best of
fathers, who was not contented with a hundred concubines of the nobility, but must
even blazon his abominations before the pubbc by means of legislative enactments ;
for he decreed that it should be lawful for any one, according to his means, to_ marry
as many wives as he was able to maintain,— that the king, before the marriage of
noble brides, and the nobles before that of plebeian brides, should pre-enjoy their
virginity, — and that with the nobility the wives of plebeians should be common."
" This flagitious iniquity," it is subjoined, " was attended by its usual companions,
cruelty and avarice." And the stern historian finaby inflicts the doom of a rigid
poetical justice by tebing us that, after a reign of seven years, this Eochoidh or
Eugenius was secured by his outraged subjects, and ignoininiously strangled in
prison. It may be supposed that the surname Eufurien, bestowed by the Breviary on
the alleged father of Kentigern, countenances and is explained by the identifica
tion of Thenew's ardent and unscrupulous wooer with this licentious King Euge
nius III., and such probably was the opinion entertained by the compiler of the
lections in their latest form ; and it may be thought, besides, that the relationship
between Thenew and her cousin, the sun of Urien, removes all chronological
difficulties. But the still remaining obstacles to the adoption of this theory are of
a formidable character. Ab who say anything about him, represent Eugenius as a
son ofthe king of Cambria or Strathclyde. Now it is very possible and easy to
raise a question respecting the right sense of Mureif, and to contend with some plausi-
bibty that it meant Menteith rather than Moray. But neither of the two provinces
wib at all answer the requirements of the hypothesis before us ; and Urien was king
of Mureif, remote, according to either interpretation, from the domains of Loth.
Moreover, the same relationship which seems to abate one difficulty, raises another ;
for the success of the stratagem said to have been resorted to by the despairing
lover, is hardly credible, as between parties who must have been so perfectly weU.
* Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland, (1729), H. 765.
t Lib. xi. S. 1. | Lib. iii. 24. || Lib. iv. cap. 21.

ST. THENEW. 49

known each to the other ; and the trick of the leteragion is manifestly a mere con
jecture to which Jocelin had recourse for the purpose of explaining what he believed
to be the mysterious fact. The result is that, before our enquiries, the paternal
descent of Kentigern retires into impenetrable obscurity. A mere glance reveals
that the best information which has reached us on the subject is wholly unworthy*
of reliance, and even of serious criticism.
But we must not dismiss this part of our subject without adducing the conclu
sions at which the Bobandists arrived on the question which we have been consider
ing. " Moreover," say they,* " of St. Kentigern, Kentegern, or Kintigern (for so by
different authors is it written), the parentage is uncertain, the age obscure. He
had, for his mother, Thametis or Themis, a daughter of Loth, king of the Picts, as
Camerarius, Boetius, Harpsfeldius, Pitsaeus, Conaeus write, who also style her a
saint ; and Conaeus indeed says that Kentigern was illustrious on account no less of
his mother's merits than of his own personal virtues. Having been violated, whether
through force or stratagem, by a noble youth, (whom some think to have been Euge
nius III., king ofthe Scots), she, when she was pregnant, is reported to have pertinaci
ously refused to tell who was the father, either because she reaby did not herself know,
or lest she should bring him into trouble. Conaeus and Camerarius slur over that blot
about the parentage; and accordingly the latter writes that, under the zealous care
ofhis parents, he " (Kentigern) " was thoroughly educated for piety from his earliest
boyhood. Lesley testifies it to be by some affirmed that Eugenius III. became the
father of Saint Kentigern by Anna, the sister of Aurelius, King of the Britons, and
the legitimate heiress of the king of the Picts. Nor is ab this free from a suspicion
of fraud, because, of several saints out of the same nation of Scots and Britons, a
similar birth is related, Fursey, David, Kentigern, &c. Perhaps when some one of
the ancients had written that their fathers were unknown, later authors seized the
opportunity of reproaching them for their spurious birth; as some have imagined that
king Melchisedech was really without father or mother, because St. Paul has written
that bis genealogy is unknown. If, however, Kentigern was thus begotten, he so
effectuaby washed out every stain, as Harpsfield rightly remarks, that in all the
praise of virtue he might be deservedly compared with any holy man of his time."
It is reasonable to suppose that the father of Thenew was very indignant
when he discovered his daughter's condition ; but the law which he is said to have
put in force for her punishment may, without hesitation, be regarded as apo
cryphal. Nor are the authorities themselves agreed about this law. Jocebn,
fbbowed by Capgrave, represents it as ordaining that the offending female should
be precipitated from the summit of the loftiest mountain, and that her corruptor
should be beheaded. The earlier Glasgow fragment affirms the enactment to have
decreed that a woman of noble birth, if found guilty of fornication, should be stoned;
and the king's executioners, not venturing to throw a stone at the royal offspring,
yet not daring to evade the sentence, of their own device resorted to the apparently
milder and equally sure method of precipitation. Thenew was accordingly placed
in a biga, or two- wheeled cart, of a very primitive kind no doubt, and hurled over
the sheer and formidable precipice from the summit of the mountain which, says the
Glasgow fragment, "is called Kepduf ;" but Jocelin and Capgrave agree in naming
* Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II. 97.

11

50 APPENDIX.

the hbl in question Dunpelder, which is now known, or at least bebeved, to be
Trapraine-Law, in East Lothian. We shall see that either there was some con
fusion in the mind of the writer of the fragment, or there must be some way of re-
concibng the apparent discrepancy as to the locality of this melodramatic story.
However, there is a spice of neatness in the language which tebs us that, when poor
Thenew was pushed over the perilous steep, placido lapsu et suavi ad terram de-
scendit. Such is the comparatively modest account given by Capgrave. The monk
of Furness pitches his rhetoric on a bolder key. " Like a wing-borne bird," he
says* " lest she should dash her foot against a stone, she descends, with a gently
gliding motion, to the ground. Thanksgiving and praise resounded from the lips
of most of those who beheld these great things of God. The holy and terrible name
of Christ is magnified. The innocent is judged, and ought to be exempt from ab
further punishment, and to be held in all veneration. But, on the other hand,
idolaters and enemies of the Christian faith ascribed this not to the divine power
but to enchantments, and with one voice exclaimed that she was a magician and a
witch. So there was a schism among the people."
King Loth, whether paganissimus, semipaganus, or merely paganicis vmbutus
erroribus, was among the blasphemers, and decreed that Thenew should be exposed,
alone in a coracle, to the mercy ofthe waves. She was accordingly conducted, says
the Glasgow fragment, in ostium fiuminis quod Abberlessic vocatur, id est ostium
feto'ris, " to a stream's mouth which is called Aberlady, that is Stinkport," this un
savoury name having been suggested by the repulsive stench arising from the
multitude of decaying fishes with which the sea-beach was covered. We need not
fobow the adventures of the castaway here, since they are sufficiently detailed in
the preceding legends, with the addition, perhaps, of some incidental notices below.
But the fobowing statement of the Glasgow fragment, coming to us as it does, from
the first half of the twelfth century, may possess some curious interest. When
Thenew floated away in her frail barque,— for so that document tells us, — ab the
fishes on that part of the coast followed her as if she had been their queen ; but
Stinkport, on account of her embarkation there, continued barren down to the
writer's day. " The fishes also," he adds, " which fobowed the woman to the place
where she landed," (the island of May,) " themselves also remained there. For from
that day to this such an abundance of fishes prevails there that from every sea-coast,
from the shores of England, Scotland, Belgium also, and France, many fishermen
come for the sake" (predicandi, but Mr. Innes, no doubt rightly, would read
piscandi) " of fishing, quos omnes insula May in suis rite suscipit portibus" There
may be some truth in this statement.
While Thenew was prosperously navigating the Forth, alone in her poor
shallop, righteous retribution, according to the Glasgow fragment, overtook her re
lentless father, Loth. The death of his daughter, it was thought, came after ab to
nothing it the swineherd should be abowed to escape a sirmlar fate. The king
therefore pursued him ; and when he saw that he could in no way escape his royal foe,
he turned aside slightly from the road, and took refuge in a marshy place But
when he found he was not safe even there, having seized a dart, he transfixed his
pursuer, lhen the friends of the king set up a great stone for a regal monument
* Pinkerton's Vita; Antiquse Sanctorum Scotise, (1789,) pp. 204-5.

ST. THENEW. 51

on the spot where he was killed, and above it a smaller stone artificially sculptured,
which remained in the writer's time about a mile to the south of Dunpelder. Such,
undoubtedly, is the general sense of the author, but the Latin is so corrupt as to defy
any attempt at exact translation ; and the topographical question as to the relation
between Kepduf and Dunpelder must be remitted to the local antiquaries, with the
addition that, in a clause not hitherto quoted, Kepduf is said to be about three
miles distant from Aberlessic or Stinkport. Meanwhile Thenew, by some in
visible means, was gently and peacefully floated up the Firth towards Cobenross,
CoUetiros, or Culross, as the place is now named ; and there, at morning-dawn, by
the side of a smouldering fire which shepherds or fishermen had left on the shore,
with a bundle of twigs for her couch, she was safely debvered of a son. Shortly
afterwards, and simultaneously with her infant, she was baptized by St. Serf, re
ceiving from him the name of Taneu, according to Jocelin, or Tanea, as the word is
spelt in Capgrave's Vita ; but neither of them gives us any clue to the solution of
the question whether she had been so called from childhood, or whether the appeba-
tion was imposed on her for the first time by her spiritual father, and she had been
so cabed by them before merely in the way of prolepsis. Concerning St. Thenew,
in her lifetime, we hear almost nothing more. The Glasgow fragment breaks off
altogether with the birth of her son ; while Jocebn and his fobower, frequently his
copyist, in Capgrave's cobection, say not a word further about her. From the very
vague language of the Breviary, we may infer that she was supposed to have re
mained at or about Culross and under the guardianship of St Serf, until she had
occasion to follow Kentigern westward, and then to have continued in or near
Glasgow, enjoying his dutiful attentions, until she died peacefully in the odour of
sanctity. The posthumous renown of St. Thenew, if not very brilliant, came, after the
restoration of the diocese, to be at any rate sufficiently marked. We are distinctly
told by the legend devoted to her memory in the Breviary, that she was buried at
Glasgow. For the benefit of some who may not be versant with such documents,
we venture to translate, as a specimen, the fallowing charter, which opens the evi
dence for our subsequent conclusions :— " To ab who shab see or hear this writing,
Johanna Countess of Douglas and Lady af Bothweb, salvation in the saviour of all ;
know ye that we, in our pure and simple widowhood, for the salvation of our own
soul, as also of the soul still dearly remembered of our late lord the Lord Archibald
Earl of Douglas, Lord of Galloway and of Bothwell, and of the souls of all his and
our predecessors and successors, on account of reverence for God, the blessed Mary
always virgin; as also on account of the great devotion which we and our prede
cessors have had and have for the blessed Kentigern and the church of Glasgow,
have given, granted, and do give and grant, and by this our present writing have
confirmed and do confirm, to God, the blessed Mary, the blessed Kentigern,
and the foresaid church of Glasgow, towards the increase of divine worship and the
supply of bghts for the same church, three stones of wax to be annually levied
from the rents" (firmis)* " of our barony of Bothwell, to be paid to the ministers
ofthe said church every year within the Church aforesaid at the feast of Pentecost,
without further delay, trick, or fraud. The said three stones of wax to be held

Vide Du Cange's Glossarium, sub. voc.

52 APPENDIX.

and possessed by the said church of Glasgow, and the ministers of the same, m pure
and perpetual aims for ever, so freely quietly peacefully web and m peace as that no
alms in the kingdom of Scotland can be more quietly freely or better possessed. In
testimony of which thing we have caused our seal to be placedupon the present
writing. At our castle of Bothwell on the eighth day of July in the year of our
It will be observed that here we have no allusion whatever to St. Thenew.
But the lands in the barony of Bothwell, on which this provision for lighting the
church of Glasgow was imposed, appear soon to have passed into the royal posses
sion King James, the third of the name, was too much under clerical influence
however to abow or be permitted to abow, such a dotation to be forgotten. " Be
cause it clearly appears," says a charter of his,t of which we extract the substance,
" that of old time the cathedral church of Glasgow was endowed with three stones
of wax to be levied annually from the lands of the lordship of Bothweb, before
they had been seized for us and our crown ; We therefore, although for some years
past the occupants of these lands have persistently withheld the wax aforesaid, have
given granted and mortified and by the tenor of this our present charter, for the
singular devotion which we have towards the blessed Kentigern, Confessor, and his
holy mother Tenew, and towards the said cathedral church, do give grant and
mortify to the said church, three stones of wax to be levied annuaby from lands
and rents within the said lordship of Bothwell, for ever, for the bghts of the said
blessed confessor Kentigern and the said holy Tenew his mother ; that is to say,
two stones and a half of the said wax to be allotted to the lights ofthe said blessed
confessor in the said cathedral church over his grave and the erection upon it, and
hah' a stone of the said wax to be appropriated over the grave of the said holy
Tenew and the erection above the same grave in the chapel where the bones of this
saint repose." After several clauses of purely legal import, and a list of eight wit
nesses we have the date, — " at Edinburgh, the 14th day ofthe month of October in
the Year of our Lord One Thousand four hundred and seventy-five, and in the
XVIth of our reign."
It turns out that, after ab, this part of their dues failed to be regularly paid ;
for we learn from the same source J that the archbishop and chapter of Glasgow
deemed themselves obbgated to raise a process at law against certain parties within
the barony and parish of Bothwell, for the recovery of seven years' arrears ; that is,
of twenty-one stones of wax. It is curious to note that, under this action, the
official of the prosecutors claimed for the cathedral eighteen stones, leaving for St.
Thenew only three, and so apparently defrauding the latter of half a stone. The
moratorium of the said official is dated 2d June 1498. How the litigation termi
nated does not appear ; there need be no doubt, however, that the decision was for
the church. But ab this, interesting as it may be, is aside from our present pur
pose. What we have specially to observe is the fact that the charter of James III.
clearly points out, as existing in a.d. 1475, a chapel of St. Thenew distinct from the
cathedral church, and enclosing what was bebeved to be her grave, which again
was surmounted by some kind of monumental erection, perhaps the altar of the
* Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843), I. 300. t Ibid II. 426.
% Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843), H. 497.

ST. THENEW. 53

sacred edifice. Then the libellus of the archbishop and chapter in the process
above referred to, speaks of the chapel where the bones of Thenew repose, near the
city of Glasgow : — capella ubi ossa ejus requiescunt prope civitatem Glasguensem.
From some half-a-dozen other documents printed in the same Registrum, it clearly
appears that the street leading westward from the market cross, now the Trongate
and Argyle Street, was known in the fifteenth century as the vicus, or via Sandae
Thanew, that is, St. Thenew's gate, — the way from the centre of the city to the
saint's sepulchre and shrine. We must infer, however, that this sacred spot, which
was only prope civitatem, lay quite outside of the city and further west than the
West Port. Some scores of notices amply confirming these views, meet us in the
Liber Collegii nostre Domine, edited by the lamented Joseph Robertson, Esq., LL.D.
Thus, in one document, dated on the penultimate day of February 1547, we read of
the via qua itur a Porta Occidentali ad Capellam Sancte Teneiv ;* or as the
clause is translated in another deed of the same date, and relating to the same pro
perty, " the gait passing fra the West Port to St. Tenew 's chapell."f The evidence
on this point is completed by the language of a third document, dated 10th Septem
ber 1 548, and relating to a garden prope Ecclesiam Sancte Tenew extra Portam
Occidentalem civitatis Glasguensis.\ It is unnecessary to carry this array of
minute proofs any further. Thenew's gate certainly, in old Glasgow, extended
westward from the market-cross, along the line of the Trongate and Argyle Street,
to some indefinite distance beyond the West Port or bmit of the city in that direc
tion. On the south side of its extramural section, between this section and the
Clyde, and very near to both of them, stood the chapel of St. Thenew, where or
whereabout now stands the church called St. Enoch's. This chapel was supposed
to enclose the burying-place of St. Mungo's mother, and her bones were said to re
pose there, — some of them, that is, and perhaps by far the most ; but certainly not
ab, for in an interesting inventory of the ornaments, relics, and jewels, belonging to
the cathedral church of Glasgow on 24th March 1432, we read : — Item duo saculi
linei cum ossibus sancti kentigerni sandae Tenew et aliorum diversorum sanctorum,,
— two small bnenbags with bones of St. Kentigern, St Thenew, and of various other
saints. That the chapel of St Thenew was endowed, more or less, is clear ; for besides
the wax referred to above, we incidentally hear, from the Chartularies which have
been quoted, of crofts belonging to the institution ; but so far as we know, there is,
at present, no further available information on the subject. Neither have we been
able to discover how the ordinary ministrations of the chapel were provided for, —
that is to say, whether there was a resident chaplain, or whether the altar was a
mere dependency on the cathedral, and served according to the discretion of the
chapter, or whether the sacred rites were maintained by any* other of several con
ceivable arrangements. These are questions for the local antiquarians ; and it is
at least possible that they might be answered without much trouble. Meanwhile
it is curious to observe that, of St. Thenew, whose name seems to have been unheard
of from the sixth to the twelfth century, the memory again utterly perished during
the Reformation period, or at the latest not very long after A.D. 1600. Those, no
doubt, were days in which old footmarks were apt to be obbterated ; but there was
* Liber Collegii Nostre Domine Glasguensis (1846), p. 140. t Ibid. p. 138 J Ibid. p. 140.

54 APPENDIX.

something unique and almost insulting, in the style of the oblivion which overtook
St. Thenew. From the first quarter or thereby of the last century, we still have a
confused echo of the true name in the St. Tennoch of Wodrow ; but the Glasgow
people, supposing St. Enoch to be intended, adopted him for their church patron,
and swept away from their streets every memorial of St. Mungo's mother.
The writer of the following verses, or doggrels, was perfectly well aware when
he placed them at our disposal, that we had not a word to say for their merits.
They are at least old enough to have reached maturity ; stib they would probably
have been suppressed, or even destroyed altogether, but for the opportunity afforded
by a volume originaby printed only for private circulation. One advantage at least
they possess, after a fashion, — that of giving a continuous narrative of the alleged
occurrences.
W\>t lUgntti of &t Cfmteto.
When jolly king Cole, as old stories tell us,
Was reigning in Kyle, a prince of good fellows, —
A thrice-removed cousin, — King Loth was his name, —
Kept court in those countries which thenceforth became
The Lothians, — and so have transmitted his fame.
No "merry old soul" was the said royal Loth,
But a crusty curmudgeon who, when he was wroth,
Would trooper-like, rap out a thundering oath,
And then keep his word like a blood-thirsty Goth.
A daughter he had, who was named Miss Thenew ;
So spelt, though the accent may not he quite true, —
Quem ex rnaritali copula — duxit ; — -
Which is either a queerish expression, or looks it ;
But so says the book, only dropping a " per,"
Some gain to the metre, and no loss to her.
Those funny old monks, whether sober or drinking,
Had droll modes of speaking, — it seems too of thinking I
Perhaps they learned language so very particular,
From a sly trick of theirs called confession auricular.
Still, ex rnaritali, or somehow he had her,
And fancied she'd meekly do just what he bade her,
So he hade her go marry, and no more ado ;
A precept which quite flabbergasted Thenew.
Her beauty may fairly be taken for granted ;
For never young she-saint this enemy wanted.
Of her goodness " in animo, corde, et ore,"
Monkish Latin alone can express half the glory ;
Its — imas, and — issimas fab out so pat ;
So we'U simply refer to the portuis for that.
But virtues of home may'nt be virtues of church,
And Loth, 'twixt the two, was left deep in the lurch.
He roared about making his daughter obedient,
Which she, in her tantrums, deemed quite inexpedient ;

ST. THENEW.

And to aU that was in her of good and of beautiful,
He'd much have preferr'd the mere vulgar and dutiful.
But this measure of ours goes on limping and cantering,
At a pace fitted rather for light jest and bantering ;
Therefore caU we a halt till we tighten the reins,
And match a love tale with elegiac strains.
The son of Cumbria's King, prince Ewen hight,
Had seen, and leam'd to love the fair Thenew, —
A youth, with ab accomplishments bedight,
That could arrest a modest maiden's view.
Equal their years, and tempers seeming meet,
Their parents too of wonderful accord, —
The course of true love smiled for once, to greet
Loth's daughter wedded to rough Cumbria's lord.
Then would have come festivities unnumber'd,
With lances splintered and with galhards danced ;
Harps would have twang'd, while bride and bridegroom slumher'd,
And fair eheeks blush'd as on them keen eyes glanced.
Then would have happy peace bestow'd her wealth
On two broad Kingdoms where rude war had raged ;
O'er plains ripe plenty, and in homes flush'd health
Have toil rewarded and vex'd care assuaged.
Hold ! — if this be a muse, we shab e'en do without one ;
No tale does she tell, but just buzzes about one.
What boots it to conjugate could, would, and should,
While Thenew, like a statue, immoveable stood,
Stuck fast in the positive negative mood 1 —
A part of the verb, as is more than suspected,
By prosy grammarians grossly neglected,
But thoroughly construed, dear creatures, by ladies : —
So, now to our tale ; for what boots it ? — -as said is.
Marry Ewen ! ! — Thenew most decidedly wouldn't ;
Ewen tried all he could to persuade her but couldn't ;
Then papa interfered and did, — just what he shouldn't.
He was frantic, was Loth, and swore many an oath,
And exhausted his breath and his stock of words both.
And he roar'd, and he beUow'd, till ready to burst ;
And he cursed, — most profanely and savagely cursed,
Tib a pope might have envied him, cursing his worst.
We'b not teU his naughty words, — better forgotten ;
Would aU things so wicked were both dead and rotten !
But, — " hussy," he cried, " you shab either wed Ewen,
This youth who so long has eome hither a-wooin',
Or," — he paused to invent an alternative sentence
Sufficiently potent to wring out repentance ;
" Or, to swineherds your virginhood straight I'll debver, —
To he used as their drudge and their doxy for ever."
She heard his wUd words, nor replied as he swore 'em,
But haughtily bowed, and retiring before 'em,
Sought refuge " ad aram," the hook says "porcorum."

56 APPENDIX.

For this poorest and basest of menial employments,
She renounced the King's Court and its princely enjoyments ;
Or " DELICIAS EEGIAS DE KEGIO PALACIO,"—
So, — there is a palpable rei probatio,
To confound antiquarians for ever and aye,
Who, contemning Loth's palace, might venture to say
That 'twas merely a booth built of wattles and clay.
But whate'er she renounced that was pleasant and merry,
With the swineherds she deem'd herself fortunate, — very.
Among them was one, a good Christian disguised, —
And Thenew was a Christian, though still unbaptized, —
Who, the princess, as well as he could, entertain' d,
To her person and rank doing honour unfeign'd,
Commending the meekness and patient humibty
Through which she had conquer'd her pride of nobility,
And especially lauding her resolute carriage,
In scouting old Loth and his projects of marriage ;
Then he clench'd his opinions in praise of virginity
By citing grave fathers well seen in divinity.
Mister Porco's discourses confirm'd Miss Thenew, —
Thence doubly resolved to her vow she'd be true.
So, when the said prince, who had heard of her grief,
And hoped that her trouble might work his rebef, —
A messenger sent his lost suit to revive, —
A kind female friend, of years ripe fifty-five, —
Never once ask'd Thenew were he dead or alive.
So our little old woman, — a leer in her eye,
And a grin on her features, shrewd, knowing, and sly, —
Beturned to report that the girl was a fool,
And the languishing lover with wise saws to school.
How far she succeeded we really don't know,
Though surmises, and so forth, may turn up below.
Poor Ewen ! his fate will provoke curiosity ;
And the curious who sift it may want generosity.
Meanwhile, we won't venture to say what became of him,
Por no more, in the book, meet we even the name of him.
But both mice and men, if the poet speak true, —
Who, if he had pleased, might have said " women " too, —
Must brook disappointments, and so must Thenew.
Of her hap, among swineherds, whate'er the felicity,
A princess might feel there was some eccentricity, —
Or a sort, as it were, of insipid simplicity.
Still a woman, for all her great virtues, and frail,
Her firmest resolves might not always avail
To defend her, — from what 1 Ask the monks and they'll tell.
But most brains breed maggots ; — why not hers as well 1
At breakfast, at dinner, perhaps too at supper,
When the swineherds and swine might have gobbled all up, her
Sad thoughts would revert to the charms of the palace
Whose splendour we've vouch'd ; — hush, 'twas cum grano satis.

ST. THENEW. 57

And, besides some defect of accustom'd propriety, —
Thenew might have relished a trifling variety
Of a thing which the ladies have named "good society."
Her days, in the forest with pigs, might be dreary,
Her nights might be, — let us say, — lonesome and eerie ;
A companion, — and ab that ; — how nice ? And oh dearie !
What a boon in those sleepless hours, tossing and weary !
A saint ? Never doubt it ; but then, if you please,
No saint was exempted from trials like these.
For, think ; in achieving their virtues heroical
You cannot find one that was stolid or stoical.
The golden and other legends make them glorious
For being o'er legions, et cetera, victorious.
So Thenew may have had quiseous thoughts in her head,
Both by day in the woods, and by night when in bed.
" All stuff : and impertinent too ! " Say you so, Ma'am t
Then, again to our tale ; and the sequel will shew, Ma'am.
A nondescript personage came oft to view
Those parts of Loth's Kingdom where wonn'd Miss Thenew ;-
Tall, active, and vigorous, seeming a maid,
" Imberbis," in feminine raiment array'd,
Not a horn, nor a hoof, to make girls afraid.
Who knows how a kindness began and then grew, —
With this stranger on one side, on 'tother Thenew ]
But it did so ; — quite proper, and natural too.
Distant courtesies first, perhaps, banished crude fears ;
Then sisterly converse, sighs, sympathies, tears —
All that two yearning girls to each other endears, —
Would detain the twain under some far-branching beech,
In genial heart-minglmgs, each comforting each,
With murmur'd disclosures too tender for speech ;
And while time for their copiousness proved far too fleeting,
A maidenly kiss made a suitable greeting,
When regretfully parting or joyfully meeting.
Thus they'd loiter and chatter tbl day-fight was done,
Then watch the pale stars coming out one hy one, —
To musing souls dearer than day's flashing sun.
But amid pleasures always have perils abounded,
As life by corruption and death is surrounded ;
Yet in this case no timely alarum was sounded.
So proved those soft languors the preludes of sorrow, —
Sleeping dreams of rare joy, — waking woe on the morrow.
For on one fatal night this engrossing affinity, —
Grown dearer than all her renounced consanguinity, —
To Thenew cost her treasure, — that is, her virginity.
Then who was this stranger 1 — Pray do ring the bell ;
And fetch Camerarius. Tush ! you'd as web
Set the sexton to toU his slow funeral kneU ;
Or, better stib, ring out his merriest peal, —
An epithalamium, brisk as a reel.

12

58 APPENDIX.

An epithalamium 1 yes ; to be sure.
For those girls 1 nay, now, don't be so premature !
We have nuptials on hand, — though where we may land, —
Or how to get on, we don't quite understand,
And the right words won't always come just at command.
So, start we afresh ; and ask,— who was this stranger, —
This counterfeit maiden, — this rogue of a ranger 1
Was it Ewen f Don't know. But the portuis, elsewhere,
Calls in King Eugenius, and thus makes ab square.
Thenew shew'd resistance, — whatever she could,
But ab dark was the night, and all lonely the wood ;
And the swine their mast crunch'd, and the little pigs munch'd,
And amidst these she vainly scream' d, struggled, and punch'd.
Next morning the youth was away ere she rose ;
But behind him he left — what our tale will disclose.
The pitbess progress of days soon reveal'd
What Thenew would have gladly for ever conceal'd ;
And Loth, by a good-natured friend, in due time,
Was apprised of her grief — the kind friend call'd it — crime.
The old man was stunn'd ; yet he breathed not a curse,
Though such calmness perhaps, than his fury was worse.
For surely this issue was what he expected
When his child to the swineherds he basely subjected.
But the case now he felt was for bluster too grave ;
So his peers he convened in a solemn conclave,
Where those just and sage guardians of royalty's fame,
Supporting old Loth 'neath his burden of shame,
And bestowing, nem. con., on Thenew a vile name, —
As soon as themselves they had amply condoned, —
Decreed, — " yet, 'twas painful," they said, and then groan'd,
That the wretched offender should forthwith be stoned.
Of stoning those folks had a mode of their own,
To the rest of the world still entirely unknown ;
But decisive, though ne'er was a stone by them thrown.
To the top of a cliff, the poor victim convey'd,
On a biga, or cart, — say a hurley, — was laid,
To be thence plunged down headlong, whate'er was below ;
And the shuddering wretch had but one way to go.
Thus, to Arthur's Seat top, or to Trapraine Law rather,
The daughter was sent by a merciless father.
The steep is all jagged with sharp pointed rocks ;
Lower down is a mass of huge fragments and blocks ;
And the hurley hangs, trembling, sheer over the brink,
With stfil one brief moment allow'd her to think.
She was firm as the basalt ; confessing no crime ;
Had been crueby wrong'd ; and now — waited God's time.
So she wept, and looked up ; then suppressing her cries,
Gazed down o'er the precipice ; then— closed her eyes.
And away, and away, as a shaft from the bow,
Went the cart, with Thenew to the chaos below.

ST. THENEW. 59

They plunged o'er the smooth, and they crash'd through the rough ;
And they rushed, like a mad thing, down over the stuff
That had gathered, of ages the huddled debris,
At the base of the cliff; then — were stopped by a tree !
When thither, in hot haste, th' officials of death
Came, holding their plump sides and gasping for breath,
They found that the hurley had firmly got wedged
In the sob ; and, for their part, they always abeged
That, when they removed it, they turn'd out Thenew
As sound as a trout, and as light-hearted too.
Moreover, a spring, from which bright waters gush'd,
Sprang up from the ruts where the hurley had rush'd.
And, though wooden, the trams through the whinstone had bored,
Leaving marks which, to this day, may stib be explored.
Was it magic, or miracle 1 Loth said, the first,
So resumed his old vice ; and, then, oh ! how he cursed.
Nor contented with oaths, — " the sly gipsy," cried he,
" Since she cannot be stoned, must be drowned in the sea."
Not a word said Thenew, but went calmly away,
With her guards ab around her in death's fell array ;
Aherlady their goal, in whose fish-teeming bay
Were caught haddocks and cod, waggon-loads every day.
A crowd follow'd rushing, and pushing, and crushing,
Some grumbling, and some, — from their eyes the tears gushing.
Some tenderer souls for Thenew were ab pity ;
And the sharp tongues of some gave old Loth a round ditty.
'Twas a foul shame they cried, that his own flesh and blood,
Just redeem'd from the rocks, should be plunged in the flood.
Cab it justice ? 'twas monstrous to torture once more
A sufferer too heavby punish'd before.
And what had she done 1 Loth may cab it a crime ;
Since the marvellous stoning they'd leave that to time.
Thus reason'd the mob, and above all, the women,
Who alone, in despotic times, spoke out like freemen.
So they came to the bay, where a currach had they
Ab duly prepared for the work of the day.
Of bthe osiers twisted and patch'd o'er with skin,
Then smear'd web with pitch both without and within, —
Such the gabant state-ship whereon Princess Thenew,
Without rudder, or oar, or companion, or crew,
Went afloat on the wild waves, — to sink or to swim.
As for Loth, — we know what was intended by him !
That down she should go to the dank caves below,
Where the sea-monsters dwell, and the ocean-flowers blow.
But away she went, sauing, ne'er steamer more steady,
And May to receive her its best port had ready, —
A narrow recess, — where the stream deep and heady j
Cahn'd down its wfid pulse at approach of the lady.
Nor there was her rest. But a moment she tarried,
When the bght skiff a something, all spirit-like carried

60 APPENDIX.

Up the Firth and against the fast down-flowing stream,
Like the movement of souls when they float in a dream.
It was not a wind, — nor of music the breath, —
All its action was stib as the footsteps of death.
Yet it wafted her on while her cradle would swing,
As a sea-bird asleep, its head under its wing.
In a circle of peace, the while, calmly she rested,
Though the breakers around her with white foam were crested,
And the fishes in shoals, perhaps garvies attended, —
H they could, they'd have fried themselves to have amended
The lone pilgrim's fare, on her way as she wended ;
The solan-geese too, would, no doubt, have descended,
Cook'd, and ready to last till the voyage was ended.
As she sails, what she might have seen here we'll rehearse ;
Having precedents plenty for so spinning verse.
— Inchkeith, like a sentry asleep on his post ;
While his charge lies exposed to the enemy's host ;
On its shores the blest Serf had been lately repairing
His energies wasted in toils and wayfaring.
— Inchcolm, then perhaps of sea-rovers a nest,
Where no wandering saint heretofore had sought rest,
Yet destined long after to ghostly renown
Such as greatly eclipsed t'other Inch lower down.
An Island with never a legend, called Cramond,
Shaped out as it seems by the wash of the Almond.
—The gorge where, on each side, the sea-board abuts,
Till almost, the channel its rocky jaws shuts,
With Inchgarvie, protecting the Ferry between,
Which waited its name from a saint and a queen.
On the coast, other places of note more or less,
Leith, Edinbro', Granton, Eosyth, and Blackness,
Burntisland, Kinghorn, Donnybristle, — no more, —
We might easily write off such names by the score, —
Ab recently modem ; — and ne'er in her view,
From her currach, the best of them all had Thenew.
But saw she or saw not, and waked she or slept,
The currach up Forth its course steadily kept.
With the tide-stream it sway'd, and the' waves with it play'd ;
Still a mute and mysterious power it obey'd.
No mortal hand steering, yet bluff headlands clearing,
And through intricate islets and reefs its port nearing ;
At Culross, in fine, it drew towards the shore,
And like a swan, proudly, the surf gliding o'er,
There rested to tempt the wild ocean no more.
Not a moment too soon had Thenew reached the strand.
For already her critical hour was at hand ;
And her case, in that hour, seemed extremely forlorn —
Pharaoh's Midwives all dead, Dr. Simpson unborn,—
No human friend near, or to help or to hear,—
To soothe her when weak, or when timid to cheer.

ST. KENTIGERN. 61

But angels were by, and this fact may imply
That the trustiest accoucheurs five in the sky ;
Though it might be objected that there they don't marry,
And so forth, — a point to sift which we won't tarry ;
For on the bleak shore a blest infant she bore,
St. Mungo to wit, and we need not say more.

IE. — SL lUitttgem.
Aberdeen Bbeviary, II. Peop. Sanct. fol. xxvii., 13th January.
The preceding article may be presumed to have superseded the necessity of
any further enquiry or discussion concerning the pedigree of St. Mungo. It may
be as web, however, that we should summarize" here, and carry along with us
throughout, the result of the investigation on which we have spent or wasted so
much time ; and it may be easily carried, for in the bght of the very mildest histo
rical criticism, it vanishes altogether. That Kentigern was the nephew of the re
nowned king Arthur through Anne, Margause, or Bebisent, half-sister of the round-
table hero, — that he was the grandson of Loth, king of Norway, the Lothians, and
Orkney, — and that he was the son of a Cumbrian, an Albanian, or a Northumbrian*
prince, — why these pretentious averments rest with one foot on the romances and
the other on the legends, having nothing better to sustain them in so sbppery a
position, than the partial support of Galfridus Monumetensis. No conclusion can
be budt on such a basis ; and in truth the parentage of Kentigern is as utterly un
known to us, as that of the foundbng in the workhouse.
As regards king Loth, his wife Anne, or whatever else, their daughter Thenew,
and the prince Ewen or Eugenius, though there might stib be some lingering hesi
tation, there could be no real offence against any known historical evidence, in
pronouncing them ab to be purely fictitious. And this conclusion is forced upon
us, not only because our information comes through corrupt channels from worth
less sources, but also because, when it reaches us, it is confused, inconsistent with
itself, and even self-contradictory— this, too, apart altogether from the wild absur
dities that abound in the legends and romances abke. Even Arthur himseb'
dwebs only in a misty cloudland, recently glorified beyond all precedent by the
sweet music of the Laureate's verses; but the " Idybs of the King" have done
nothing whatever in the way of estabbshing a local habitation for their hero,
and whbe his abeged exploits are known to be fictitious, his very existence is stib
at least fairly questionable. As regards his supposed nephew Kentigern, the con
clusion at which we have arrived is more definitely positive in spite of the mass of
fables which have twisted themselves around his memory, and overshadowed the
simple facts of his life. Abandoning the pedigree in all its forms as unworthy of
* See Memorial! Waited de Coventria, I. 10

6jB APPENDIX.

credit -remembering also that the evidence of Adamnan from whom we might
reasonably have expicted clear and distinct testimony, is dim enough when taken
Tfts utmost, if it can be trusted as really evidence at all -nevertheless there is a
con enTuTof traditions, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh which, haggard and dislocated
Wh they be, prevail against our scepticism, and induce us to bebeve m a histori
cal Kentigern as the earbest Christian teacher of Clydesdale. .
But these fragments of proof-for such, at any rate from the antiquarian point
of view, they may be fairly deemed, whatever the critical historian may think of
them -need be no more than distinctly indicated here, since they wiU I find appro
priate places in the sequel. The Scottish traditions must be accepted by us as they
have come down from the codicellus stilo Scotico didatus through Jocehn and
Capgrave, supplemented by the Glasgow fragment and some other surviving me
morials Those of Ireland wib claim our attention when we come to notice our
saints' abeged relations with that island; while those of Wales wib group them
selves around the story of St. Asaph ; and Adamnan s vague ahusiou will be con
sidered relatively to the famous interview with St. Columba. And now it is
imagined that the objects which are aimed at in this article may be most success
fully attained by means of annotations or commentaries, arranged m a series ac
cording to the order of the office in the Breviary.
1 The office itself. It is not easy to account satisfactorily for the elaborate
pomp and grandeur of this ritual celebration. Had we met with it in a Glasgow
or other western service-book, we might have surmised that local devotion or
vanity was the source of its pecubarly florid character; but then it comes to us
from Aberdeen, where ab kinds of enthusiasm are said, mahciously perhaps, to be
reserved for domestic uses. The probabbity is that the Proprium S. Kentigerni
was adopted by Bishop Elphinstone, who was both born and educated in Glasgow,
possibly with some revision or even enlargement, from an older Use originaby com
piled in the vicinity of the Clyde rather than on the banks of the Dee. And yet
even this hypothesis solves no more than the least half of the mystery ; for the
main question is stib unanswered. With the single exception of the long and in
tricate office assigned to St. Andrew the apostle, who, at an early period, though
somewhat later apparently than the time of St. Mungo, was elevated to the dignity
of national patron and protector, the festal commemoration accorded to the Clydes
dale evangelist is of a much more pretentious and decorated character than that at
tained by any other of our Scottish saints. Now how, apart altogether from the
exaggerating influence of local feelings, is this fact to be explained ? Kentigern had
been anticipated, in the great enterprise of converting the rude pagans of Albania
to the Christian faith, by Ninian, Servanus, and Pabadius at least ; and his con
temporary, Columba left a broader and more enduring mark on the country of his
adoption, than he was himself able to imprint on that of his birth. How then did
it come to pass that some one or other of these early heralds of the Cross, was not
crowned with honours at least as distinguished as those to which he has been pro
moted ? To this question there is certainly no obvious reply, and probably none
that would be altogether satisfactory is bkely ever to be suggested. But, recalbng
what we have heard in the course of the previous article, otherwise too well authen
ticated, concerning the complete obscuration in which the labours and the very
name of Kentigern were for ages involved by the convulsed state of pubbc affairs,

ST. KENTIGERN 63

we cannot bebeve that the office, even in a rudimentary or inchoate form, came
down from those days of darkness and trouble. We are therefore induced to assign
the origin of this composition to more settled times, when there was some revival
of Christian faith in Clydesdale. To speak more definitely, — we apprehend that
the Proprium Sancti Kentigerni began to be framed amid the ardent devotion for
the local saint, which was greatly quickened, if not actuaby kindled, by Prince
David when he restored the Glasgow episcopate, and afterwards zealously fostered
by the bishops Herbert and Jocehn. No doubt the ritual celebration was meagre
enough at first, but the enthusiasm, of those two prelates was by no means fruitless.
The two bves which were written at their instigation, supplied those who arranged
the festal solemnities with abundance of materials, while they at the same time
stimulated the prevailing anxiety to honour the memory and propitiate the favour
of the founder and patron of the diocese. The office thus begun appears to have
been gradually extended. Regarding the source of the more florid passages we
know nothing ; but some allusions to later occurrences may be detected ; lections,
chiefly from the monk Jocehn, were introduced ; and about A.D. 1500 it attained
its present imposing dimensions.
2. Birth and birth-place. The first lection in the Breviary displays a laudable
reserve when speaking of St. Kentigern 's birth. This becomes speciaby remarkable
when we observe that, by the Glasgow fragment, a very distasteful comparison is
instituted between the strange incident at Culross and the glorious advent at
Bethlehem ; and that the offensiveness of this comparison is aggravated by the
fulsome rhetoric of the monk Jocehn. The materiaby chastened tone of the
anonymous life in Capgrave discloses the tenderer reverence of a later age ; and
here, on the eve of the Reformation, the alleged simbarity has entirely vanished.
Angels are indeed stib said to have attended Thenew ; but choiring hosts of them
are no longer heard of, and it becomes obvious that the revolting comparison has
been purposely discarded.
We do not profess in the least to understand some curious words which are
said to have been used by St. Serf with a reference to the new-bom infant, or even
to know of what human speech they are supposed to be examples. Nor do we
doubt that they have already been carefuhy investigated by the learned in such
matters. Stib, possibly to some casual reader of these pages, they may prove both
new and interesting. When the appearance ofthe infant had been reported to him,
"he said, A dia cur fir sin, which means in Latin, 0 utinam sicessd." Oh, would
that it might be so.* Again we are told by Jocebn,-f- whose exact words are
borrowed by the anonymous writer in Capgrave's cobection,J that on seeing the
boy, Serf exclaimed, " Mochohe, mochohe ; quod Latine dicitur ; " adds the monk
of Furness, " care mi, care mi," — which in Latin means, my dear, my dear. When
the boy had afterwards, by his singular amiabibty, entirely won the old man's
heart, the latter was accustomed, in his native speech (paterna lingua), — so Jocebn
tehs us,|| — to cab him " Munghu, quod Latine dicitur Karus amicus," or dear
friend. The relation therefore between the words mochohe and munghu or mungo
would seem to be an intimate one, but the nature of it is a question for the philolo-
* EegistrumBpiscopatus Glasguensis (1843), I. lxxxv. f Pinkerton's Vitse Antiquae Sanctorum Scotise (1789), p. 207.
% Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II. 86. || Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotiae (1789), p. 208.

64 APPENDIX.

gists. With regard to what is said to have been the baptismal name, Kyent-
yern or Kentigern, — capitalis dominus, — we need add nothing to what is said
in the first lection of the Breviary.
But in the same lection there is a statement, relating to the birth-place, which
cannot fail to arrest the attention and excite the enquiries of the most careless
reader. " There," we are told, and that is, at Culross, " she brought forth her son,
at a spot where, even to this day, is a chapel dedicated in honour of her." The
words of the original in honore ejus, are ambiguous, though a strict reference of
the pronoun to its nearest antecedent would give us the rendering, " in honour of
him," — that is, of Kentigern ; and this we apprehend to be the true sense of the
phrase. We have not been able to bear of any chapel dedicated to St. Thenew at
Culross, but there are stib some remains there, perfectly visible, though almost
level with the ground, of a budding which, as the local tradition affirms, was con
secrated to the memory of her son. Now the age of this is of far greater importance
than the grammatical question ; for though any old dedication to St. Thenew at
Cuboss must have carried with it a very special significancy, yet if the chapel here
in our view could be traced back to some indefinite distance beyond the time at
which we have supposed that the office in the Breviary began to be compiled, then
we should have, in the crumbbng ruin, by far the earbest material monument of
St. Mungo that has hitherto come under our notice.
The remains ofthe chapel, or rather the church, which awakens so much interest,
are situated on the north side of the shore-road, which leads eastward from Culross,
at a distance of perhaps about a quarter of a mile from that ancient metropolis of
girdle-makers. Outside, and to the south, ofthe pretty park-bke garden and orchard
in front of the old Cistercian monastery and the modern house of Valley field, it is
necessarily not far from the shore of the Firth, and in this respect sufficiently
answers the requirements of the legend. The highway has been abo wed to encroach
on the southern wall, so as to obbterate a part even of the foundation on that site ;
yet enough remains to make the restoration of the ground-plan an easy task for
the architect. But the annexed sketch, for which we are indebted to the Rev. Mr.
Steven, minister of the Free Church at Culross, wib convey at a glance a much
clearer notion of the structure, so far as it can now be traced, than any verbal de
scription whatever.
The sbghtly elevated quadrangular space in the north-east corner of the nave,
outside of what appear to be the foundations of a rood-screen, was probably the
site of a secondary altar ; and it is very possible that this sacred erection was dedi
cated to the honour of St. Thenew. Doubtless it would have been interesting to
know so much, even if on no better than plausible grounds ; still we have nothing
at all for it beyond a feasible conjecture, unsupported by any whisper of local
tradition, and tenable only on the assumption that the ambiguous phrase above
referred to does after ab apply to St. Mungo's mother. But ab this is utterly un
satisfactory ; and meanwhile the important question relating to the age, and the
probative value ofthe ruin remains in suspense. It is not difficult to answer. Tha
slightest inspection of the sketch reveals at once the assurance, that no super
structure on such foundations could have been erected in the ages immediately suc
ceeding the era assigned to Kentigern. Comparatively plain as the ground-plan is,
it certainly does not suggest recobections of the eighth and ninth centuries, our

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ST. KENTIGERN. 65

own country being the theatre. Nor are we left here to be guided by the dim
lights which may be struck out of art-criticism and antiquarian gropings. In a
charter dated at Edinburgh, 27th May, a.d. 1503, we read as follows: — " Robertus
Glasguensis archiepiscopus primus e reditibus terrarum de Cragrossy quas eeclesie
donavit, fundavit unam capellaniam in ecclesia beatissimi Kentigerni confessoris
ubi idem natus erat per archiepiscopum constructa et edificata prope monasterium
de Culross."* That is, Robert the first archbishop of Glasgow, out of the rents of
the lands of Cragrossy which he has bestowed on the church, has founded one
chaplaincy in the church of the most blessed Kentigern, confessor, constructed and
built by the archbishop near the monastery of Culross. No language could possibly
be clearer or more decisive than this. The endowment was conferred in a.d. 1503,
on a chaplaincy in a church which had been previously erected. But then that
church itself had been " constructed and built" by the archbishop, — the same who
now made provision for a chaplain to serve at one or other of its altars ; for he ex
pressly cabs himself the " first " who held that dignity. Now Robert Blacader was
elevated to the episcopal See of Glasgow in A.D. 1484. King James IV. was extremely
rebgious according to the fashion of the time, — that is, he cherished a superstitious
veneration for the church, and in early bfe had been admitted to a canonry in the
cathedral chapter at Glasgow. Through his intercession at Rome, a papal bull was
obtained in the beginning of A.D. 1491, by the authority of which Bishop Robert
Blacader became a metropolitan and archbishop, with four suffragans under his
jurisdiction. The inevitable conclusion is that the chapel, spoken of in the first
Lection of the office, with which we are engaged, was erected after a.d. 1491, and
within about fifteen years of the date at which the Aberdeen Breviary was printed
by Walter Chepman. A frail structure it must have been, if it had not survived
tib the day of that printing ; nevertheless, the way in which it is referred to, under
the editorial care of Bishop Elphinstone, is by no means commendable. The truth
seems to be that Bishop Robert Blacader's munificence was of a kind which, though
extremely old, never becomes obsolete ; and that the church built by him at Culross
was as much a monument of his own gratified ambition, as it was an act of homage
paid to the patron saint of his diocese. Under such conditions, we cannot accept
the ruins for proof of even the barren conclusion, that their site covers a spot which
tradition had previously indicated as the birth-place of Kentigern.
3. St Mungo a farmer. The second and third Lections record miracles which
wib afterwards receive as much attention as they seem to require ; and the prolu-
sive responses and versicles are sufficiently explicated by subsequent portions of
the Office. But in the response which immediately follows the last of these lections,
we have aUusions of which the Breviary furnishes us with no elucidation.
"R. Jussit arare lupum placuit cui jungere cervum ;
Pert ager cererem presul cum spargit arenam."
The abeged miracle thus brought under our notice is, by the biographers, said to
have happened after Kentigern's consecration to the episcopate ; but as it would
be ridiculous to affect a chronological arrangement of such materials, we follow the
* Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843), II. p. 605.

13

66 APPENDIX.

course of the text, and subjoin the story, from Camerarius* who copies Capgrave as
the latter had copied Jocelin. " Lest he should eat the bread of idleness, he—
Kentigern — was accustomed to labour with his own hands in the cultivation of
the ground. And when he was on one occasion in want of oxen, he commanded
stags in the Lord's name to come to him out of the forest, and instead of oxen to
plough the land. They, instantly obeying, and tamed so as to tib his fields, were
wont to go away to their feeding-ground, and then return to their labour. At
length a wolf, rushing forth on a stag when it was worn out by toil, strangled it,
and with its carcase glutted his own ravenous gullet. When he had heard of this,
Kentigern, stretching out his hand towards the wood, said, — ' In the name of the
holy Trinity, I command that the wolf which has inflicted this loss on me, shab
immediately come hither and make satisfaction.' And lo ! the wolf, bounding out
of the wood, rushed up with a howl to his feet. Then the saint said to him, ' Get
thee up ; and in the name of Jesus Christ I command thee that, in room of the
stag which thou hast devoured, thou go to the plough and till, out and out, what
remains to be done.' The wolf accordingly, obeying the saint's words, and coupled
with the stag, after ploughing nine acres complete, was permitted to go away. And
when a multitude had come together to gaze on the spectacle, the saint, opening his
mouth, said : — ' Men and brethren, why do ye stand staring in wonder at this
thing ? Believe me that before man became disobedient to his Creator, not animals
alone, but even the elements, were subject to him. But now, on account of his
transgression, all things having been turned to their contraries, the lion is accus
tomed to tear, the wolf to devour, the serpent to wound, the water to drown, the
fire to burn, the air to corrupt, and the earth converted to iron to destroy by famine.
And, to complete this great heap of abounding evil, man not only fights against
man, but he himself voluntarily becomes cruel to himself. Still, since many saints
have been found perfect before God in true innocence and pure obedience, in holi
ness, faith, love, and righteousness, they have recovered from the Lord, as it were,
the old common right and natural gift, inasmuch as they are wont to command
beasts and elements, diseases and deaths.' " Thus far Camerarius faithfully fobowed
his two predecessors ; but he has a curious piece of information to add, on his own
responsibility. " Besides," he says, " this miracle was so celebrated that, lest its
memory should at any time perish, they attached it to the city itself, which was
previously cabed by another name — Glasgow that is, which word signifies a wolf
and a stag ; and Glasgow is, to this day, the name of that city, adorned with a
famous archiepiscopal See."
We have not a word to say, either for or against this etymological effort of
Camerarius ; neither does it appear at all necessary to discuss the theory of saintly
privileges attributed by him to Kentigern. Of course no one believes that the
abeged address is authentic, or indeed anything else than a rhetorical flourish by
some one or other of St. Mungo's biographers. It may have appeared in the lost
portion of the Glasgow MS, and it certainly does occur in Jocebn's Vitaf— either
way coming to us from the twelfth century. At that time miracles were by no
means supposed to have ceased, nor indeed are they now ; but they had become
much rarer than they were reported to have been in the earlier ages, and there
* Camerarii de Scotorum Fortitudine, &c. (1(S31), p. 81.
t Pinkerton's Vitae Antique Sanctorum Scotia? (1789), p. 238.

ST. KENTIGERN.

was an ominous caveat in the fact that they were felt to need some explanation.
The little sermon invented for Kentigern is both curious and instructive as a record
of the opinions which, among men who were learning to think more or less, had
begun to prevail in the twelfth century.
The prodigies of those remote times certainly do repeat one another after a
somewhat strange fashion ; the demand appears to have been too active for the slow
brains employed in fabricating them, and therefore it was found convenient to
manufacture them occasionaby in duplicate. The springing up of fountains where-
ever they happened to be wanted, is a familiar example. For a match to the wolf
of Kentigern, we have only to turn a single leaf of the Breviary. There* we read
that St. Foelanus, or Fiban, " having, in consequence of angelical admonition, left
his holy mother Kentigerna, came to his uncle Conganus, a man of the greatest
sanctity, at a place which is cabed Siriacht, in the upper parts of Glendeochquhy,
or Glendochart, in which place a spot for the erection of a basilica for himself and
seven clerical servants, was divinely pointed out to him. After he had stayed a
short time there, he drove utterly away, with his little dog, an- extremely ferocious
wild boar which had previously devastated the whole people with its ravages. And
in the same place, he converted many from the error and perfidy of heathenism and
idolatry, to the faith of Christ. And while he was building the church on the
spot pointed out to him from heaven, when the oxen had been loosed from his
carts, a voracious and savage wolf killed and devoured one of the oxen by night.
In the morning, when he had not an ox to supply the place of that which had been
killed, after he had poured out his prayer to God, the same wolf coming back as a
tame creature, submitted itself to the yoke of the team along with the remaining
oxen ; and persevering moreover, continued to pull with the rest till the completion
of the said church, after which it returned, without hurting any one, to its own
accustomed nature."
Another remarkable feature of Kentigern's farming operations, which is alluded
to in the response quoted above, remains to be illustrated ; and here our fullest in
formation is furnished by Jocelin. " While the holy man was thus speaking," says
the writer,-f- " they who were present were no less edified by his eloquence than
they had previously been astonished by the manifest miracle. Then when the
ploughed field should have been sown, the saint inquired for seed and found none,
because the whole produce of the last year had been given away in alms to the
poor. Therefore he had recourse to his customary arms of prayer, and in his faith
doubting nothing, he took sand instead of seed, and scattered it on the ground.
When this had been done, at the proper time the plant grew and the young shoot
sprang up, the stalk produced the ear, and presenting the best and heaviest wheat
at the usual season, overwhelmed all who saw or heard with extreme amazement ;
and his celebrity, which had been high before, was greatly enhanced afterwards.
Truly the saint, by the virtue of that grain of corn which, after it fell into the
earth by death, on rising again brought forth much fruit, gathered a harvest of
grain from a sowing of sand. He himself also, for the bowels of holy mother church,
the best of ab soils, by the ploughshare of the gospel, secured countless multitudes
who had formerly been unstable in mind, and blown about by every wind of errone-
* Breviarium Aberdonense (1854), II. fol xxvi. f Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotias (1789), p. 238.

ous doctrine whose folly was more inconstant than the sand ofthe sea; and with
the help of God he caused them to produce grain of salvation m faith, and charity,
and the practice of good works. And these he himself, the great Father, has
iud°-ed worthy of translation to celestial garners and His own table.
The last of these miracles also may be easily matched, but we shab content
ourselves with a single example, referable to about the same period. The names of
Machar and Ternan are still familiar on Deeside, though the memory of the men
who left them to linger there has all but entirely forsaken the localities to which
thev are attached. But these two evangelists of the north would seem to have
been intimate and mutually helpful friends as well as near neighbours. "In the
spring-time " we are told* " the holy Macharius sent to the blessed Ternan, (request
ing) that he would send him some of his seed-corn. But he, having none, fining
the sacks to the mouth with sand, despatched them to him. Macharius, perceiving
the faith of the blessed man, sowed the sand instead of the natural seed, and through
the merits of the holy bishops, it grows up as the best harvest."
4. The Irish jester and the winter bramble-berries. We have thought that a
sino-le specimen of Jocebn's spiritualizing might be worth insertion, in spite of the
cruel use of metaphor into which it betrayed him; still the transition which gives
us another prolusive strain is- a pleasant one. Immediately after the response,
of which we have said enough, the following versicle occurs : —
" V. Et dumus insolitas brume dat tempore bachas."
The incident here alluded to, which has been left unexplained by the compiler of
the office, is placed by the biographers of Kentigern far down among his gests, and
after his return from Wales to Glasgow. Thus much premised, we again refer to
Jocebn,*f the substance of whose pompous narrative, and much of its phraseology as
well, are retained in the abridged version of Capgrave.
" King Rederech," says our authority, " was highly exalted by the Lord, because
he clave to His service in faith and good works, and in obedience to the will of St.
Kentigern. For glory and riches were in his home, liberality was in his heart,
urbanity in his mouth, munificence in his hand ; because the Lord had blessed the
works of his hands. Whence, not only in the surrounding regions of his own terri
tory, but also beyond the sea into Ireland, the fame of his generosity had gone out.
Wherefore, by a certain king of Ireland, a jester, skilled and expert in his trade,
was sent to Cambria to the court of the foresaid king, in order that he might see
whether the truth corresponded with the report which had been so widely circulated.
Having been admitted to the palace, the jester played with bis hand on the timbrel
and harp ; and he delighted the king and his courtiers on all the feast days of
our Lord's nativity. When the solemnity of the Lord's most sacred epiphany was
over, the king ordered gifts, such as befitted his royal magnificence, to be produced
and given to the jester. Rejecting all these, the bard (hystrio) or player asserted
that he could obtain plenty of such things in his own country. Asked bv the king
what he would be pleased to accept, he replied that he was in no want of gold or
silver, garments or horse3, in which Ireland abounded, ' But if you please,' he
added, ' in order that I may go away guerdoned by you, let a plateful of fresh
* Breviarium Aberdonense (1854), n. fol. cvi. ffi^erton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotiae (1789), p. 277.

ST. KENTIGERN 69

bramble-berries be given me.' They who heard that word come out of the man's
mouth were convulsed with laughter, because they imagined that his jesting tongue
had said this as a joke ; and a court-attendant of his kind is usually acceptable in
the eyes of those who hear him, in proportion to the success of his ludicrous talk
in exciting their mirth. But he affirmed with an oath that he had asked the
bramble-berries, not in joke at all, but in serious earnest ; nor could he by any
means whatever, — by entreaties, by promises, by the offer of the most ample gifts, —
be bent from this intention of his ; and rising up he intimated his wish to withdraw
and, — as the vulgar phrase runs, — await the king's honour. But the king took all
this sufficiently ill, and inquired of those who were about him what could be done
on the occasion, so that he might not be disgraced ; for it was winter, and not a
bramble-berry could anywhere be found. By the advice therefore of his friends he
went to St. Kentigern, and humbly requested that he would by prayer procure
from God what was demanded. The man of God, although he did not deem it
pleasant to practise prayer in the interest of such frivolities, yet had known that
the king cherished much devotion towards God and the holy church ; and though
he saw him to be at fault in this particular, the holy bishop resolved to comply
with his petition, hoping on such an occasion to do him good. Accordingly, after
a moment's deliberation and a short prayer, he said to the king, ' Do you remember
where, in summer, you threw away the garment which you wore, on account of the
excessive heat, and in order that you might follow your dogs more rapidly when
you were hunting ; and having forgotten or not caring to pick it up again, has it
not occurred to you how you can exonerate yourself ?" The king replied, ' My
lord, king, and bishop, I know the time and place.' ' Go at once,' said the saint,
' to the spot, where you will find that garment still entire, and spread over a
bramble-bush, with plenty of ripe berries under it, quite fresh and fit for pulling.
Gather these and satisfy the jester's demand ; and take care that in all possible ways
you honour God more and more, for that He does not permit your honour to be
subied or impaired.' The king did as the prelate bade him, and found everything
exactly as the latter had foretold ; wherefore taking a plate and fibing it with bramble-
berries, he presented it to the bard, saying, ' There, take what you have demanded;
for, with the Lord's hand helping us, it is beyond your power to bring the slightest
reproach on my munificence ; and lest I should seem more parsimonious to you than
to others, stay with us as long as you please.' When the bard or jester saw the
dish fub of bramble-berries at so unseasonable a time, he was overwhelmed with
astonishment, and exclaimed, ' Truly among the kings of the earth there is none
like you, so munificent as you are in your bounty ; neither is there any one like
Kentigern, distinguished for holiness, worthy of praise, and a worker of miracles,
who before my sight has done things so surprising. But I wib not withdraw from
your palace or from your service ; I will be your slave always, so long as I shall live.'
The bard accordingly remained at the king's court, and for many a day did his
proper work there in the capacity of jester. Afterwards, contrary to the habits
and character of all his past life, moved by the fear of God, he renounced the office of
a bard, and entering the ways of a better bfe, devoted himself to the service of God."
This curious story is not supposed to require any commentary ; and we proceed
to say a few words on a collateral topic. The intercourse between Kentigern and
Ireland, or rather between him and natives of that island, though we know of no

70 APPENDIX.

means by which it could be satisfactorily explored, is frequently brought under our
notice by the documents with whose contents we are engaged. In the Lections of
the Breviary which directly relate to Kentigern, it is true there is no allusion
whatever to this intercourse ; and the versicle which we have been attempting to
explicate contains the only reference to it that occurs in the office. But the legend
of St. Conwal presumes the fame of Kentigern, as a Christian teacher, to have be
come so brilliant in Ireland as to .attract disciples from the Green Island, to the
banks of the Clyde and the Molendinar. Moreover, as we are told by Jocelin,*
and after him in nearly the same words, by the anonymous writer in Capgrave's
cobection.t the services of an Irish prelate were obtained for the consecration of the
reluctant Mungo as the first bishop of Glasgow. Again, from the same two writers^
we hear that, after having been driven away into Wales, and so earning the title of
confessor, by the hostibty of king Morken's relatives, he was recalled to Clydesdale
by king Rederech, or Roderic, who had been baptized in Ireland by the disciples of
St. Patrick. It is beyond all question therefore, that these legendary writers wished
to represent the relations between the Hibernian and the Cambrian Christians,
with Kentigern at the head of the latter in North Britain, as intimate, habitual,
friendly, and confidential.
But then, the Lections of the Breviary and the Vita in Capgrave are both of
them distinctly derived from Jocelin of Furness, on whose sole authority therefore
all that we have yet heard of Kentigern's connection with Ireland, ultimately rests ;
and such ground is as slippery as it is narrow. Yet where are we to look for cor
roborative evidence ? It is disappointing, — almost even staggering, to reflect that
we need not turn to Bede, by whom our saint seems never to have been heard of,
and that we have failed to discover the slightest trace of him in the " Annals ofthe
Four Masters." The unsettled and transitionary state of our south-western districts
may be suppposed sufficiently to account for the silence, or even the ignorance, ofthe
venerable monk of Jarrow, especially when viewed in combination with the bitter
hostility between the earber British church and the Romanized ecclesiastical
system introduced by St. Augustine of Canterbury, to the latter of which that
writer was zealously devoted. Considerations like these, however, are in no wise
applicable to the great national work that has been named ; and though it also is
mute, we may still hope to obtain some glimmering bght on the subject of our in
quiry from a collateral source. In the time of Kentigern, or from and after A.D.
503, the boots, after many previous incursions, were permanently estabbshing them
selves, both race and name, in Ergadia or Argyleshire, which bes adjacent to our
northern Cambria on the west. Thither, in a.d. 563, St. Columba had followed his
compatriots, many of them his kinsmen, and along with twelve companions had
placed bis ecclesiastical metropolis in the smab island of Hy or Iona. The intruders
were Christians, nommaby at least ; and if no traces of intercourse between them
and the Cambro-British Christians of Clydesdale, or through them between the
latter and then co-rebgionists in Hybernia, could be discovered, we might possibly
oZfZI T«!WMat dlstruAstf"1 of the hagiologists, and dubious as to the histori
cal position of St. Mungo. And yet such traces are extremely sbght. Precisely a
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antique Sanctorum Scotia,, (1789) p. 223. f Acta Sanctorum Jan. H p. 99
I 1-inkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scoti*, (1789) p. 261, Acta Sanctorum, &c. p. 101.

ST. KENTIGERN. 71

century after the death of Columba in a.d. 597, Adamnan, the ninth Abbot of
Iona, wrote a life of his ibustrious predecessor, the founder of the monastic estab
lishment in that lonely island ; but in this primitive and venerable document the
name of our saint does not occur ; nor does it contain the slightest allusion to the
alleged meeting of the two great teachers on the banks of the Molendinar at
Glasgow. This incident is magniloquently described by Jocelin, whose narrative,
in a considerably chastened and abridged form, reappears in Capgrave's anonymous
Vita ; and from this last the brief notice of it in Lections viii. and ix. of the office
in the Breviary, appears to have been derived. Failing to find any corroboration
of Jocebn's story on the more trustworthy pages of Adamnan, we have met with
nothing of that nature more to the purpose than the following traditionary scrap.
Jocelin tells* us how, after the performance of a conspicuous miracle by Kentigern,
Columba and he exchanged their bacidos or pastoral staves, in pignus quoddam et
testimonium mutuae dilectionis ; adding that the cambo given by the abbot to the
bishop had been long preserved, out of reverence for both saints, in the church of
the holy bishop and confessor Wilfrid at Ripon. Now this, if it had stood alone,
must of course have gone for nothing at all ; but then Fordun,*f- writing about two
centuries and a-half later, at any rate verifies the tradition. " Ac nunc cambo, he
says, quem beatus Kentigernus a beato Columba receperat, in ecclesia Sancti Wil-
fridi de Ripoun, aureis crustulis inclusus, ac margaritarum diversitati circum-
stellatus, cum magna reverentia adhuc servatur." That is, " And now the cambo
(or crook) which the blessed Kentigern had received from the blessed Columba, in
closed in gold mountings and studded round with a variety of pearls, is still pre
served with great reverence in the church of St. Wbfrid of Ripon." But for the
gold and the pearls we might have suspected that the author of the Scotichronicon
merely echoes the monk pf Furness.
W e have yet a few more words to add regarding the recognition of Kentigern by
Christians in or from Ireland. Among the " additional notes" to Adamnan's " Vita
Sancti Columbae," prepared for " the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society," the
singularly accompbshed editor, under the letter 0, gives us a compact " Chronicon
Hyense," the materials for which, he says, " are furnished principally by the Irish
Annals, especially those of Ulster." From the last-named source accordingly we
suppose the fobowing entry, which occurs:]: under date A.D. 601, to have been de
rived : — Quies S. Kentigerni episcopi, et obitus Roderci regis." Now this is some
thing; but it is certainly not much. For an instant we imagined that we had ob
tained a surer foothold through the last clause of the obituary quotation. Adamnan
devotes a chapter || to a prophecy of Columba, " De Roderco filio Lothail, qui in
petra Cloithe regnavit," or concerning Roderic, the son of Lothail (elsewhere called
Rhydderch Hael, &c.) who reigned at (or on) the rock of Clyde (Dumbarton); and
he begins it thus : — "Alio idem in tempore hie, id erat sancti viri amicus, aliquam
ad eum, Jkc." The editor says, in a note which he subjoins to the word amicus,
" His special favourite was St. Kentigern, the friend of St. Columba, through whose
agency Christianity became established in his dominions." On reading these words,
we asked ourselves, with profound deference for his opinion, and great willingness
* Pinkerton's Vita? Antique Sanctorum Scotiae (1789) p. 285. f Scotichronicon, Vol. I. p. 134.
X Adamnan, Vita Sancti Columbae (Bannatyne Club Edition), (1857), p. 372. || Lib. I. c. 15.

72 APPENDIX.

to welcome so material a testimony to the historical claims of our saint, whether
Dr. Reeves could mean that the sanctus vir, of whom king Roderic was the amicus,
denoted St. Mungo. A careful perusal of the text satisfied us that he intended
nothing ofthe kind, — that though the note is apt to be misleading, and seems to
us somewhat irrevelant, still the holy man, of whom the king was the friend, was
none other than Columba himself ; and that, in this chapter, we have not the re
motest allusion to the great Glasgow Patron Saint. The result is that the only
testimony even to the existence of Kentigern, which we have been able to obtain
from Ireland, is derived from Annals compiled, no doubt from previously existing
materials, by Cathal or Charles Maguire, who died in A.D. 1498* Surely other
notices of a prelate who was so distinguished in Clydesdale must exist among the
voluminous Irish records ; but the documents, and often the language in which they
are written, place them wholly beyond our reach.
5. St. Serf's cook raised from the dead. Still following the order of the office
in the Breviary, we come next to Lection IV., and the miracle wrought on St. Serf's
cook. Here again the compiler of the ritual commemoration has given the story in
a comparatively modest form. The version adopted by the Bobandists, ¦f though it
also considerably tones down Jocebn's original, may serve our purpose here as an
example of the class of fictions to which it belongs. " When the cook of Servanus,"
we are told, " worn out by infirmity, breathed out his vital spirit, he was buried
according to custom, But on the next day, at'the instigation and entreaty of ab
his envious disciples, the holy old Servanus, adjuring Kentigern by the holy and
terrible name of the Lord, commanded him, in virtue of holy obedience, at least to
try what he could do towards the resurrection of his servant, The youth, shudder
ing at the adjuration, Ordered the earth to be thrown out of the grave ; and, pros
trated in tears, implored the mercy of the Lord, saying, 'O Lord Jesus Christ, the
life and the resurrection of the dead, who kibest and makest alive, who leadest down
to Hades and bringest back again, to whom life and death are obedient, who raisedst
up Lazarus on the fourth day — revive this dead man, that Thy holy name may be
blessed above all things for ever.' Nor was there any delay ; he who had been
buried, rising from the dead, afterwards related the punishments of the wicked and
the joys of the righteous which he saw, and converted many from evil to good, and
by his word confirmed the good to the end that they should become yet better.
He affirmed that with grief unutterable he was torn away from human affairs, and
led before the tribunal of the tremendous Judge ; and there he saw many, after
having received sentence, precipitated into hell, others doomed to purgatorial reoions,
several elevated with great exultation to heavenly joys. And when he was trembbng
m expectation of his own sentence, he heard that he was the person for whom Kenti
gern, beloved ofthe Lord, was praying; and then by a certain shinino- man he is
ordered to be returned to the body— to be restored to life and his former health; and
is by his same earnest conductor admonished that thenceforth he should be careful
to lead a more correct life. For the same cook, assuming the religious habit, and
going on from virtue to virtue, survived seven years. On the covering of his tomb
the manner in which he had been raised up by St. Kentigern is sculptured in letters."
* O'Curry's Lectures on the MS. Materials of Ancient Irish History (1861), p. 84, 85.
t Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II. 98.

ST. KENTIGERN. 73

Now this, like most ofthe legendary miracles, sets the commentator utterly at
defiance ; it will submit to no theoretical expbcation, ethical, symbobcal, or simply
charitable. As for the visions, it would be very easy to match them, over and
over again, and to pretend that we were in this way illustrating them ; but such a
process comes ultimately to nothing; and is in truth a mere intebectual juggle,
like a game played for counters ; we shall therefore content ourselves with referring
on this head to the curious trances of St. Fursey* But it may be added that,
though we hear nothing more of the risen cook's bfe, we yet learn from a manuscript'
not of very ancient date, — a grail, antiphoner, or some other such minor service-
book of our pre-reformation church, that the said cook, having died a second time,
was buried at Lochquinioch. Of course this abeged interment must be referred to
the burying-place connected with some earlier ecclesiastical erection, on or near the
spot where Lord Semple founded and endowed a college in a.d. 1504, within what
are now the "grounds" of Castlesemple ; for even the old church and churchyard
of the present Lochwinnoch are comparatively modern. The MS. above referred
to was seen by us some twelve years ago, iu the possession of our lamented friend,
the late Joseph Robertson ; and is bebeved to be now in the Advocates' Library.
6. King Morken's barns emptied. Immediately after the Lection that has '
just been reviewed, we meet with the fobowing response and versicle, of which the
sequel gives no explanation : —
" R. Dum negat annonam populo trux regulus aptam,
Ad loca pontificis subito ruit area messis.
V. Cluda fluctus Christum novit non invidus ipsum."
Jocebn has expended almost more than the usual amount of his inflated eloquence
on the abeged miracle thus alluded to ; but we may again content ourselves with
the greatly abridged version in Capgrave's cobection. This then is the story :f —
" When, on a certain occasion, Kentigern was in want of provisions for the Brothers,
and went to the Cambrian king, Morken by name, intimating the destitution of his
friends, he humbly implored that he (the king, viz.,) according to the apostolical
admonition, would supply their need out of his own plenty. But he with blasphem
ous mouth said to him ironically, ' Cast thy care on the Lord, and He will sustain
thee ; since nothing is lacking to them that fear God, as thou hast been accustomed
to teach others. Yet thou, while thou fearest God and keepest his commandments, —
art thou in want of all good things, and even of necessary food ? — whereas I, who
seek neither the kingdom of God nor His righteousness, — why ab things as thou
seest, smile upon me in prosperity and abundance. Vain therefore is thy faith, and
thy preaching is proved to Be false.' But the holy man maintained, on the testi
mony of sacred scripture the conclusions of reason and the strength of examples,
that many righteous and holy men are afflicted with destitution and thirst in this
world, while the reprobate are elevated to great opulence and heights of honour ;
but that the poor wib be the patrons of the rich, by whose beneficence they are
sustained ; and he taught strenuously that the rich need the patronage of the poor
as vines need the support of the elm. At length the king, unable to bear his words,
replied thus : — ' If, trusting in thy God, and without human assistance, thou shalt
* Bedae Historia Ecclesiastica, Lib. III. c. xix. f Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II. p. 100.

14

74

APPENDIX.

be able to transfer to thine own mansion, ab the corn which thou seest contained
in the barns, I willingly consent ; and as to the rest I will devoutly comply with
thy demands.' But the saint of God, with eyes and hands bfted up to heaven,
poured out a prayer with tears to the Lord. And lo ! in the same hour, the river
Clyde, rushing from below, began suddenly to swell and everflow its banks ; and
carried along with it the entire barns of the king with the corn in them, up to the
very place, Mobingdenor by name, where the saint was accustomed to reside. So
utterly uninjured by the waters was everything found, that not even an ear ap
peared to have been wetted."
7. Kentigern leaves St. Serf and Culross. The compder of the office in the
Breviary, whoever he may have been, is much to be commended for the prudent
reserve which, in Lection V., he displays on this subject. Seldom, even by a hagio-
grapher, has nonsense of so gross a description been placed on record, as that which
meets us concerning the parting of Mungo and Servanus. Here, as usual, Jocelin
is the principal offender ; but the writer in Capgrave's Vitae who abridges bis pre
decessor's narrative, removing some of its extravagant features, obviously lacked
both the sagacity and the information requisite to prevent him from transcribing
palpable absurdities. A superstitious avidity for the miraculous, and an almost
fatuous credulity in regard to every allegation or pretence of it, were prominent
features in the mediae val orthodoxy ; and on the pages of ecclesiastical authors down
to the fifteenth century, we expect to discover the natural results of them, in a
superabundance of prodigies and some considerable confusion concerning the value
of evidence. In this instance we have both of these, to an extent beyond all mode
rate expectation. Instead, however, of directly quoting either Jocelin or Capgrave,
we shall here retire from the functions of commentator in deference to Archbishop
Ussher ; merely premising that Kentigern is, by the biographers, affirmed to have
withdrawn from Culross simply for the purpose of escaping from the jealousy, ib-
wib, and active hostility of his fellow-disciples, though not without some distinct
intimation that his design was approved of by the supreme Ruler of ab things.
After having exposed some wild fictions, of which we may hear more below, re
lating to the earber days of St. Serf, Ussher goes on to say : *— " And yet, perhaps,
these things are not more ridiculous than others, which John of Tinmouth relates
as having been done in the last stage ofhis bfe, describing as fobows how it was
that his disciple and foster-son Kentigern withdrew from his abode. ' Retiring
secretly, be (Kentigern) came to the river Mallena, which, overflowing its channel
through the influx of the sea-brine, entirely extinguished ab hope of crossing. But
the Lord who divided the Red Sea, and once led the people of Israel through the
midst of it with dry feet, He himself divided the river Mabena for His servant, and
there were as if it had been wabs on his right hand and on his left. Then having
crossed the narrow arm of the sea by a bridge {per pontem; here, however, pons
must be understood to denote the miraculous ford), he saw the waters fib the channel
with a sudden rush, and deny a passage for any one. And that plaee was for the
future impassable ; and thenceforth the bridge (i.e. the ford), covered over with
2S™iT aff?rded any ,0ne an 0PP°rt™ity of crossing. Moreover, the river
Mabena forsaking its course, thenceforth twisted itself about into the channel of the
* Works, Elrington's Edition, (1847), vol. VI. p. 214.

ST. KENTIGERN. 75

river Ledon ; and thus two rivers which had until then been divided have since
that day been commingled. And lo ! the holy Servanus, having followed the fugitive
with a staff supporting his aged limbs, stood on the bank, and loudly waibng, said : —
' Alas ! my dearest son, light of my eyes, staff of my old age ! why do you forsake
me ? why do you leave me ? Reflect, I beseech you, how, when you issued from
your mother's womb, I took you up, supported you, taught you, educated you down
to this very hour ; do not abandon my hoary hairs.' But the holy man, bursting
into tears, said : — ' You see, father, that what is going on is divine ; nor are we able
to change the purpose ofthe Highest, or to refuse compbance with His wib,' ' I beg,'
said Servanus, ' that, as you did before, you wib again divide the brine by your
prayer, — that you wib lay the soil bare, in order that I, passing over alone on dry
ground, may come to you. For I wib become to you a son instead of a father, a
disciple instead of a teacher, and an inseparable companion as long as I live.' Then
the holy man, bathed with many tears, said : — ' Go back, I beseech you, my father ;
and instruct your disciples by teaching and example, and correct them by discipbne.
May He who recompenses whatever is good, reward you for all the benefits which
you have conferred on me ! For you have fought the good fight, and have now
finished your course. But I go forward whether He who separated me from the
womb of my mother has sent me.' And so, with mutual benedictions they departed
from one another. Soon afterwards the holy Servanus, in a good old age, passed
away to the Lord."
" In this narrative," so Ussher resumes, " it escaped the writer that by the
words Mabena and Ledo, no rivers of the names are at ab denoted, but merely the
increasing and decreasing tides of the ocean ; ' which,* by a course alternating
through seven or eight days, distribute each month among them by the quadriform
variety of their own change.' For the lesser tides are called Ledones, which ' begin
from the fifth moon, and in like manner from the twentieth ; and for as many hours
as they advance, for so many they recede. Mabnae are the greater, which begin
from the thirteenth and twenty-eighth moons, and last six days and fifteen hours ;
and they are more rapid in advancing, — slower in receding.' So the venerable Bede, —
and before him the author of the books " de mirabilibus Sacrae Scripturae : — ' A
daily inundation twice a day, from time to time, goes always on through the twenty-
four hours ; and through the alternate weeks it is accompanied by the rotation of
Ledo and Mabna. But Ledo has six hours of flood and as many of ebb ; Malina, on
the other hand, rushes up with a grand swell for five hours, and then for seven
hours leaves the sand-ridges on the shore uncovered.' Marcebus Empiricus also,
who flourished in the time of the emperor Valentinian ; Wibbaldus, in the end of
the bfe of Boniface ; the writers, too, of the acts of Rumoldus and Gummarus, have
ab made mention of Ledo (or Liduna) and Malina ; and Roger Hoveden, describing
the Lindis, a smab stream in Northumberland, says : — ' Lindis is the name of a
streamlet which runs into the sea, having two feet in breadth when it is Ledo, —
that is, the lesser tide, and it can then be seen ; but when it is Malina, that is, the
greater tide of the sea, then the Lindis cannot be seen.' "
We have tried to translate Ussher 's Latin, and that ofhis authorities, as cor-
* Here Ussher quotes Bede De Temporum Ratione, cap. 27, whose account of our spring- tides and neap-
tides is not very clear, though in a way intelligible.

76 APPENDIX.

rectly as we could, without the least regard to elegance of expression, which, indeed,
neither of them possesses in the original. But although the demonstrated blunder
ing of Jocebn and his fobower, — whether John of Tinmouth or the anonymous
writer of the Bobandists, — has disembarrassed us of a topographical problem which
seemed insoluble, yet we cannot but feel that the archbishop's curious learning
throws no bght whatever on the actual facts, if there were any such, connected with
the abeged parting. Could we believe, — what is wholly incredible, — that St. Serf
had his constant or even his principal residence in some kind of Coenobium at
Cuboss, and there conducted the Christian education of Kentigern for about twenty
years consecutively, then there must probably have been a leave-taking, after one
fashion or another, between the two ; and the latter of them must have crossed the
Forth somewhere, — no doubt fifteen or twenty miles further up the stream, — on
his way from the banks of that river to those of the Clyde. But the dramatic
scene between the old man and the youth, so mawkishly sketched by the hagio-
graphers, and the miraculous confluence and permanent union of two previously
distinct streams, are as purely fictitious from beginning to end, as even the imagi
nary rivers Ledo and Mabena.
8. The consequences of kicking our saint. Another unexplained response and
versicle fobow the fifth Lection : —
" R. Dum famulum pede percutit ira tiranni,
Membra rapit misera dolor ingens dira podagra.
V. Posteritas recolit quod adhuc pes improbus egit."
Here, again, the anonymous writer in Capgrave of the Bobandists, or Ussher's John
of Tinmouth, gives a greatly abridged, or even in this case a grossly mutilated,
version of Jocebn's, narrative. The stringency of his confession may be measured
by the fact that from him we have only four short sentences, instead of the fobow-
ing grandiloquent story, told in cramp and troublesome Latin, by the monk of
Furness. " After that, by the transportation of the corn," says this writer * " he had
gladdened the city of God, where the conscript citizens ofthe saints and those who
belonged to the household of God were gathered together into one— then for the
service ofthe bving God, the faithful and wise distributor appointed in the house
ofthe great Paterfamibas delivered over the measure of grain, dividing it among his
fellow-servants according as each of them was in want. But what was over he
dispersed, and gave to the poor ; nor did he send away any needy petitioner empty.
But the foresaid king Morken, although exceedingly rich and great in men's eyes,
nevertheless, being a slave of mammon, grudged the loss, as he deemed it, of his
years produce, which had happened through the miracle. Whence his enioyment
of his own was impaired, and his spirit was embittered ; even as the rays ofthe sun
though welcome and pleasant to sound eyes, yield nothing but darkness to such as
are diseased and distorted. With his morbid eye accordingly, in his fury he uttered
r^J^TwT^VK^^ as a magician and a
STJ ?? I? m}lm^fd t0 hlm that if he ever again appeared within the royal
sight, he should endure the severest punishment due to those who had been guilty
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antique Sanctorum Scotia? (1789), p. 241.

ST. KENTIGERN. 77

of treason. For a certain most wicked man, Catheli by name (Capgrave calls him
Cathen), who was in the confidence of the king, had instigated him to the hatred
and injury of the holy prelate, because the life of the good is wont to be odious
and burdensome to the depraved ; and the mind which is already inclined to evil,
eagerly takes him for an adviser who recommends what it wishes. For, according
to Scripture, he who is his own leader (dux ipsius) has none other than impious
ministers, and usuaby chooses as confidants those who, after hearing calumnies with
willing ears, infuse their own poisonous whisper, and by means of fresh fuel or sup
plementary slanders, blow up the flame, lest it should be extinguished.
" But the man of God, desiring to conquer malice by wisdom, approached the
presence ofthe prince in the spirit of gentleness rather than with the rod of severity ;
and after the manner of the most benignant father, he strove, by instruction and
admonition, to correct the foby of his son. For he knew that the madness of Saul
was abeviated by the dulcet strains of David's harp ; and that, in accordance with
the opinion of Solomon, the wrath of a prince is appeased by patience. But the
man of Bebal, bke the deaf adder which closes its ears lest it should hear the voice
of the cunning charmer, did not acquiesce in the counsel of salvation. Nay, stimu
lated by an access of madness, he rushed upon him, struck him with his foot, and
laid him headlong on the ground. When the saint, however, had been raised up
by the bystanders, in order that his doctrine might be approved by his patience, he
bore both the hurt and the insult with the utmost meekness, committing his cause
to the arbitration of the supreme Judge ; and so from the presence of the sacrile
gious king, he went away rejoicing that he was held worthy to suffer contumely
for the word of the Lord.
" Cathen, the instigator of this profane outrage, mounted his horse laughing, and
departed full of seb'-gratulation, as one who deemed himself to have gained a great
victory over the saint. But, behold, judgment went forth from before the face of the
Lord, that He might do justice for His servant who had sustained the injury. He had
not yet gone far from the crowd which was collected in the place, when the steed
on which be sat, striking his foot against I know not what obstacle, feb ; and the
rider expired before the gate of the king his master, the head which he had proudly
exalted against the saint of the Lord having been fractured. And a swelling attacked
the king's feet ; pain suceeeded the swelling ; death fobowed the pain ; and after he
had died, he was buried at the royal residence, which, from his own name, is called
Throp-Morken. That disease, however, was not buried with him, so as to be cut off
from his family succession. For beginning at that date, the disease did not cease
down to a future age, but gout propagated itself into posterity ; and although neither
in features nor in habit of body, yet by this kind of malady, the race bore the like
ness of its ancestry."
9. Kentigern gives sight to a blind king. The Vlth Lection requires very
little remark. The marvels which it records, omitted altogether by Capgrave, fill a
considerable chapter of Jocelin.* This chapter contains no additional information,
and is noticeable chiefly for a very distasteful parabel which it presents between
Simeon and Fergus, and for telhng us that Glasghu had been previously called
Cathures. Two chapters further down,f the same author tebs us that " Kentigern
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotias, (1789) p. 218. f Ibid. p. 223.

78 APPENDIX.

fixed his cathedral seat at a vibage named Deschu, that is to say, Cara Familia,
which is now called Glaschu." Are we therefore to conclude that two very ancient
vibages,— Cathures, near the Clyde, and Deschu, close by the site of the cathe
dral,— as well as many a modern one, — have been absorbed into the colossal dimen
sions of our modern Glasgow ?
But immediately after the sixth lection are interjected a response and a versicle,
which require some explanation.
" R. Fit subito cecus rex Melchom, vir truculentus ;
Cui prece pontificis reparantur et organa lucis.
V. Wallia, quo viso, credit cum principe Christo."
Here, by a single sentence in Capgrave, we are again remitted, for the particulars of
the legend that is prolusively pointed at, to the monk of Furness. And once more
we are dragged far out of the chronological course, — if indeed any question of order
were applicable to such romances.
Ketiring from Clydesdale, as Jocelin relates* before a conspiracy of Morken's
clan against his life, Kentigern resolved to seek safety and scope for evangebstic work
at Menevia, " where then the holy prelate Diwi, bke the morning star when with
its rosy face it ushers in the day, was bribiantly exercising the episcopal function."
On his way south he was eminently successful in converting the pagan people about
" Carleolum " and in the wilds of Cumberland. There, as a symbol of the faith
which he had introduced, he erected a cross at a place called " Crossfield," where,
moderno tempore, adds Jocelin, — probably in the eleventh or twelfth century, — a
basibca was built Beat i Kentigerni nomini. This monument of our saint is be-
beved to exist stib ; but unfortunately it carries us no further back than the revival
of Prince David. In due time the wanderer reached Menevia and St. Diwi, sanus et
incolumis. At this point of his narrative our author becomes enthusiastically elo
quent. '.' Then," he says, " these two sons of splendour dwelt together, assisting the
Ruler of the universe, like two candles kindled before the Lord, whose tongues have
been made the keys of heaven, so that by them a multitude of men passes through
its gates. They were mutually bound together — these two saints — like the two
cherubim in the sanctuary ofthe temple ofthe Lord, having their countenances bent
immovably down on the mercy-seat. In the frequent contemplation of heavenly
things they extended their wings upward ; in the disposition and dispensation of
earthly things (whatever that may mean) they bent the wings downward," &c. No
wonder, if ab this or even a tithe of it were true, that the fame of St. Mungo ad
vanced in Wales with the speed of bghtning, and soon reached the apex of royalty
itself. In concession to his merely hinted wishes, the king Cadwabanus granted
him, as a site for a monastery, locum vocabulo Nautharum : and then, cum turba
discipulorum copiosa, he took an affectionate leave of his friend St. Diwi, or the
famous St. David of Wales.
But although " the most holy Kentigern gave neither free sleep to his eyes
nor quiet slumber to his eyebds, until he should find a suitable place for the build
ing of a tabernacle to the Lord God of Jacob," tremendous difficulties had stib to be
surmounted before the destined site could be reached— Abrup ta montium, concava
* Pinkerton's Vitaj Antiquae Sanctorum Scotia (1789), p. 244

ST. KENTIGERN. 79

vallium, defossa terrarum, condensa veprium, opaca nemorum, — why the compli
cation was horrible ; and but for the interposition of an inspired wild boar, who
can tell whether there would ever have been a monastery, or a diocese, or a Lord-
bishop of St. Asaph's ? While Kentigern and his companion were wearily plodding
through those dismal intricacies, " lo ! a solitary wild-boar from the forest, white
all over, approached the feet of the saint, shaking its head, going sbghtly forward,
then pausing and looking back ; in that way tebing the saint and his companions,
as well as it could, that they ought to fobow." They did follow, until at length the
brute stood stib and indicated the chosen spot by a variety of appropriate gestures,
by beating the earth with its foot, by tearing up the turf with its tusks, by much
head-shaking and copious oral grunting. Of course, so demonstrative an omen was
accepted. The favoured locality was situated on the bank of the river called Elgu ;
or, more definitely speaking, near the confluence of the Elwy and the Clwyd in
Flintshire, where the city of St. Asaph's, formerly called Llan-Elwy, now stands.
" Then the saint," says Jocelin, " giving thanks on his bended knees, worshipped the
Almighty Lord, and rising up from prayer blessed the place and the neighbourhood
in the name of the Lord ; and then after erecting a cross as a witness and symbol
of salvation, as web as a typical prophecy of the future religion, he pitched his tents
there. The boar, seeing what was done, drew nearer with many a grunt, as if he
was about to ask something of the bishop. But the saint, patting the head of the
brute, and stroking his face and his tusks, spoke thus : — ' May Almighty God, in
whose power are all the wild beasts of the forests, the cattle on the hills and the
oxenr the birds also of heaven and the fishes of the sea, confer on thee such a re
ward for thy conduct as He knows to be suitable for thee.' And the boar, as if
amply recompensed, after bowing his head to the priest of the Lord, departed et
nota "nemora repetiit, and returned to its old haunts in the woods."
Any ordinary mortal would have imagined that the site of the future monas
tery and episcopal see, was already sanctioned by the most approved and in
dubitable auguries. But the monk of Furness seems to have thought otherwise.
" In the following night," he says, " when the man of God, panting after heavenly-
things, lifted up his hands to the holy places, it was revealed to him from
heaven that he should inhabit that spot, and should there build a monastery, into
which bis sons who had been dispersed might be gathered together into one, so
that coming from the east and the west, the north and the south, they
might deserve to sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of
heaven." Then follows a scene of wonderful activity, in the description of which
Jocelin displays some reminiscences of his Virgil and the unhappy Dido. But
when Kentigern's disciples were as busy as bees, intent on the rearing of a great
establishment, constructed perhaps of newly -cut timber and turf, if not altogether
of wattles and clay, they were rudely interrupted in their enterprise. A certain
heathen Anglican," Melchoinde Galganii by name, — (the Breviary calls him
Melchom, and Capgrave leaves him anonymous, but gives him the title of
subregulus,) — homo truculentus, — a man of blood, attended by his soldiers and a
great rabble besides, presented himself, and being ignorant of God, fiercely chal
lenged the builders by demanding, — who and whence they were, or how they
dared to act as they were doing on his land ? The saint meekly replied that they
were Christians from the northern parts of Britain, who had come thither for

80

APPENDIX.

the purpose of serving the bving and true God. He asserted, moreover, that with
the permission-nay, by the bounty,-of king Cathwaba, their challenger's own
! lord the building had been begun. But he, m a fury, ordered them ab to be
driven from the place, and everything that had been erected to be overthrown and
dispersed; then he began his retreat towards his own abode. He went away
breathing' out threatenings against the servants of Christ ; and lo ! the chasten
ing hand of God touched him and smote him with instantaneous blindness.
Nevertheless, as it afterwards appeared, this did not befal him without a meaning
and a purpose. For while he was sitting in outward darkness, the true bght
shone into his heart. He therefore caused himself to be carried to the man of God,
a humble penitent, suing both for the restoration of his sight, and for his sacra
mental ablution in the font of baptism. Then the saint, who strove not to be
overcome of evil but to overcome' evil with good, wished to return the man
good for evil. After a prayer he laid bis healing hand on the blind man in the
name of the Lord, at the same time making the salutary sign ofthe cross, and
turned his night into day. The convert was forthwith baptized, and became
thenceforth a febow-labourer of St. Mungo. He contributed with regal munificence
towards the erection of the monastery, whence that work was speedily brought
to a conclusion. Finally by his diligence as a missionary, he succeeded in winning
over to the Christian faith a large district of the surrounding country ; and this he
annexed as a diocese to the bishop's see, which he founded in connection with
the monastery, erecting the abbey church into a cathedral. " Thus," says Jocelin,
" the Lord struck that chief in order to heal him, blinded him in order to give him
bght, of an old Saul making a new Paul."
10. The queen and the ring. By the office in the Breviary, which, for the
present, our plan binds us to follow, we are prematurely recalled from Wales; and
must postpone our notice of the circumstances under pressure of which our saint
returned to Clydesdale. We must remember, however, that Kentigern had re
tired before a storm of persecution, and that there is a sanctological justice
more exorbitant in its retributions than even the poetical, which could not possibly
be satisfied with the simple restoration of an injured confessor to his former place
and honours. St. Mungo's persecutors had been scourged by sore calamities ; he
had himself been invited home with affectionate importunity by a devout suc
cessor of the reprobate Morken ; but the hagiographers demanded for him a still
more glorious compensation. Nor could there be any difficulty. The universe
is, in a vague sense, open to all alike ; nevertheless, it is very true that it cannot
be used alike by all. The poet is restrained by the rules, or the transcendental
harmonies, of a noble art ; the romancist has been bold and licentious, yet even he
has usuaby displayed some sense of proportion and propriety, some feebng of
reverence or regard for the sacred and the awful; the hagiologist alone made
himself free of the whole, heaven and earth, life, death, and heb.
An example of this presumption, less offensive certainly than some things
which we have already met with, but quite sufficiently audacious, presents itself in
Jocebn's account, abridged as usual by Capgrave, of certain wonderful occur
rences abeged to have happened shortly after the return from Wales. King
Rederech, Rydderich, Redratb, or Roderic, was beside himself with joy at the
recovery of so renowned a saint and thaumaturgus; nor did he hesitate to mani-

ST. KENTIGERN 81

fest outwardly what he inwardly felt. " For," says the monk of Furness,* " divest
ing himself of his royal attire, on his bent knees and clasping his hands, with the
consent and by the advice of his lords, he offered his homage to St. Kentigern,
delivered over to him the dominion and government of his whole kingdom, and
wished him to be designated king, with himself as regent (redorem) under him ; in
bke manner as he knew that the emperor Constantine the Great had once done to
St. Sylvester." We need hardly interpose the remark that this alleged donation
of the Roman Emperor to the Pope of the day is purely fabulous. But hence the
custom, adds Jocelin, that in the kingdom of Cumbria (regnum Cumbrinum,)
as long as it lasted, the prince was subjected to the bishop ; and it was frequently
remarked by the king that the name Kentigern, — that is, ken', cwput, and tiern,
dominus, — had not been bestowed in vain by St. Serf at Cuboss.
" St. Kentigern," resumes Jocelin, " likened now to a new Melchizedek, did not
refuse to accept what the king offered for the honour of God and with so much de
votion, because he foresaw that it would afterwards benefit the church of God. For
he possessed a privilege granted him by the supreme pontiff, that he should be
subject to no other bishop, but should rather be cabed, and be, . the vicar and the
chaplain of the Lord the pope. But the king, because he crowned the holy prelate
with glory and honour, received grace for grace, and greater honours and opulence
from the Lord. The queen also, Languoreth by name, — in a subsequent chapter,
and by Capgrave, called Langueth, — through the benediction and intercession of
the holy bishop, conceived and bore a son, to the joy and consolation of the whole
family and kindred." Here we may interpose, episodically, an amusing blunder
either of John of Tinmouth, or of the anonymous writer in Capgrave, which
bewildered the astute Bobandists. " When the saint baptized the infant," con
tinues Jocelin, " he called him Constantine, in memory of his father's action
(paterni facti) done towards himself, bke that which, as we have said, the emperor
Constantine did towards St. Sylvester." In the Vita transferred from Capgrave to
the Acta Sanctorum, we read : — Regina nomine Langueth, diu sterilis, prece
famuli Dei concepit, et filium peperit ; quem in memoriam S. Paterni Sanctus
baptizans vocavit Constantinum. Now the question why a child should be called
Constantine in honour or memory of Paternus, might have puzzled men more
famibar with family life than the Bobandists are supposed to have been. At any
rate, to the mysterious clause, they subjoined this edifying notef : — Colitur S.
Paternus 16 Aprilis, &c. That is : — " St. Paternus is honoured on the 16th of
April. He was a contemporary of St. David. But why a child baptized in
memory of him should be called Constantine, we do not apprehend ; unless we
should read, — in the monastery or church of St. Paternus, in Ceretica, or Cardigan
shire, a province of Wales, in a town which is now cabed the Llan-Badernaur,
that is, the temple of Paternus the Great." Now it seems to us that this ingenious
hypothesis involves insuperable difficulties of its own creation. No doubt, Cap
grave's droll misreading of Jocebn deceived the plodding Bollandist ; but he, too,
might have remembered and considered, that the hagiographies contain even
stranger transformations than that of a factum paternum into a Sanctus Paternus.
The boy-prince Constantine, of course, turned out to be a prodigy; but un-
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotiae (1789) p. 267. t Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II p. 102.

happily his mother, Langueth or Languoreth, fell under a cloud. The Breviary,
though it does not speak distinctly out, leaves her reputation enveloped in a
nasty haze of suspicion ; the writer in Capgrave affirms quite bluntly that she had
been allured by the beauty of a certain soldier, and had committed adultery; Jocehn
says quite as much, though in a more circuitous and fulsome way. But here, if
we may trust David Camerarius, we have the testimony of a still earlier document
— that, viz., which was compiled for bishop Herbert, and from which Jocelin pro
fesses to have partly derived his materials. This oldest Vita Kentigerni appears
to have been in a mutilated state, even when it was used by the author just named,
though it clearly must have sustained additional injury and loss since ; for the
passage which he quotes from the remains of it is no longer to be found there.
" Another miracle also," says he* " is to be added, wherein the goodness and
clemency of God towards His servant Kentigern, were no less manifest. And in
relating this, utor ego verbis cujusdam fragmenti seu manuscripti quod ex antiqua
archiepiscopali Glascuensi bibliotheca habui, I use the words of a certain fragment
or manuscript which I have from the ancient archiepiscopal library of Glasgow.
The queen of Scotland possessed a certain ring of great value, which she had received
from the king of Scotland as a pledge of extreme love ; but not long after its re
ception, by some accident she lost the ring, while, whether by sea or by land, she
was visiting the royal palaces of the kingdom. The king, observing that the ring
was amissing on her return home, became suspicious of the queen's chastity,
and with some warmth demanded the ring back from her. But she, conscious at
once of her conjugal fidelity and of her modesty, in grief and sadness of heart-
turned to God and urgently implored of Him that, for His infinite goodness and
clemency, He would deign to restore the lost ring and have respect to her shame.
After her prayers, St. Kentingern came to the remembrance of the queen, who
knew that he was celebrated for his miracles. She accordingly went, with
many tears, to the holy bishop, and adjured him to protect her reputation, and by
the help of God, with whom she knew there was nothing impossible, restore the
lost ring. And the holy servant of God, moved with compassion, told the queen
to hope the best. * * * The saint of God accordingly resorted to prayer ; the
Spirit of God came upon him, and rising from his devotions, be betook himself
with rapid step to the river Clyde, which abounds in salmon ; and to the first
fasher he met he said, ' Cast your net as rapidly as you can for a draught, and
bring me alive the first fish you catch.' Scarcely had the net been cast into the
river when lo ! a large and solitary salmon was caught by it ; which on being
presented by the fisherman, was accepted by the saint; and he, having made the
sign of the cross, thrust his hand into the mouth of the fish, and pubing out the
kings ring freely gave it to the queen, who stood by in astonishment at what she
saw. Ihe fash which had been the instrument of so great a service he ordered to
be restored to its bberty as before in the river."
It need hardly be pointed out that here the earliest known form of the legend
is also, still assuming that we may trust Camerarius, the most agreeable to contem-
nW n if* rked a P^nt, a confession, an absolution, and an exem
plary or even heroical convert -ah of them dear to the ecclesiastical mind, in the
* Camerarii De Scotorum Fortitudine, &c. (1631), p. 82.

ST. KENTIGERN.

middle ages at least; and above all, it lacked a real Magdalen, for whom the
story-telbng monks of those times displayed an overwhelming predilection.
These are curious facts ; but still facts they are, — as all who are familiar with
the kind of bterature referred to know ; nor, were this the place for such a discus
sion, would it be at all difficult to account for them, satisfactorily or even scientifi-
caby. But it may be enough to add in this place, that at the expense of poor
queen Langueth's reputation, the monk of Furness, — a man sufficiently imbued with
the spirit of his order, — supplied everything that was defective in the miracle.
11. Return from Wales. Jocelin presents us with a doleful picture of disaster,
pestilence, and famine, as the consequence, in the regio Camhima, of Kenti-
gern's retirement to South Britain; and he posits these horrors as a basis for
the recal of the protecting saint. As usual, the narrative adopted by the Boban
dists from Capgrave is considerably toned down from the stilted style of its proto
type ; and above ab, it is shorter ; therefore once more we may venture to give it
the preference. But we must, first, from the same source, give a brief account
of our saint's wonderful achievement in the Principality, especiaby as regards
the success of his monastery. " There were assembled in that monastery," we
are told* " nine hundred and sixty-five brothers, serving God under regular dis-
cipbne, in great abstinence. For he deputed three hundred, who were unlearned,
to agriculture and the keeping of sheep outside the monastery ; he assigned
other three hundred to the doing of work and preparing of food within the monas
tery ; and he dedicated three hundred and sixty -five, who were educated, to the
continual celebration of the divine offices. And he ordained that none of them
should have easy egress, but that they should all dweb constantly, as it were, in
the sanctuary of the Lord. For he distributed the cobege into bands and compa
nies ; so that, one company finishing the Lord's service in the church, another
entering, should immediately begin the same ; which being concluded, another
without delay should go on. And so, one band going out and another coming
in, prayer was made without intermission to God by that church ; and through
blessing the Lord continuaby, the praise of God resounded always in their mouth."
We wonder whether Kentigern had ever heard of the famous ar.oifttntt, or sleepless
monks, of Constantinople, as Jocelin and his southern fobower may perhaps
have done. Stib it is to be remembered that practices which seem to us tbeur-
gical rather than devout, like weeds native to the soil, have sprung up inde
pendently, and in spite of higher culture, at different dates and localities within
the great field of Christian life.
But to resume : " On a certain day when the servant of God continued very
long in earnest prayer, his face, appearing bke fire, filled the bystanders with
wonder and ecstacy ; for they saw his face as if it had been an angel's standing
among them. When his prayer was finished, he gave himself to very grievous lamen
tations ; and when his disciples humbly asked him the cause of his sadness, after
sitting in silence a little he at length said : — ' Know ye, my dearest brothers, that
St. David, the ornament of Britain, the father of his country, having just escaped
from the prison of the flesh, has penetrated the heavenly kingdom. Bebeve me
that not only a multitude of angels introduced him to the joy of the Lord, but that
* Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II. p. 101.

84 APPENDIX.

the Lord Jesus Christ, coming forth to meet him at the gates of paradise,
crowned him in my sight with glory and honour. Know also that Britain,
bereft of so great a light, will lament the absence of such a patron who opposed
himself to the sword of the Lord, already half unsheathed over it on account of the
wickedness of the inhabitants ; lest, wholly drawn, it should smite even to exter
mination. The Lord will surely deliver Britain to alien nations ignorant of
God ; * * but by the mercy of God it wib be again restored to its former state,
yea, even to a better.' "
It is said to have been while St. Mungo was thus occupying, after the death of
St. Diwi, the most distinguished place among the Christian teachers of Wales,
that he was recalled to Clydesdale by the pious king Roderic. " He sent messen
gers with letters to St. Kentigern, beseeching and obtesting him by the name
of the Lord that he should no longer withhold his care as a pastor, by deserting
sheep long desolate and destitute of keeping ; intimating also how ill he took it
that the bridegroom should abandon the bride, the pastor the flock, the bishop his
church, unless he were an hireling. He reported, also that those who had sought
his life were dead. By angebcal admonition therefore he,— that is, Kentigern, —
appointed St. Asaph his successor ; and with six hundred and sixty brothers set
out for the Cambrian territory. The king met him with a huge multitude
praising God ; whom when the saint had blessed he said : — ' Let all, by the virtue
of our Lord Jesus Christ, whosoever they be, that envy the salvation of men and
are opposed to the word of God, instantly depart hence, lest they be a stumbling-
block in the way of those who might believe.' When this had been said, then,
with the utmost expedition, an enormous multitude of demons (larvae), horrible in
stature and aspect, escaping from that assembly, fled away in the sight of ab men ;
from whose appearance a great terror and alarm took 'possession of the crowd!
The saint, comforting and strengthening the latter, showed them what kind of
beings they had believed in, and stirred up the hearts of ab who were present to
faith in the living God. For by manifest reason, he showed that idols are to be
reputed dumb, vain, figments of men, and more kindred to the fire than to divinity.
He taught also that the elements, in which they believed divinities to be present
were creatures,— that they were works of the Creator, set forth by Him for
the use, the service, and the assistance of men. But Woden, whom the Angb
believed to be the supreme god, from whom they deduced their origin, and to whom
they dedicated the fourth day of the week (feria), he asserted to have been a
mortal man and a king of the Saxons, from whom several nations derived their
descent Of him, he said the body having been reduced to dust, the soul plunged
into hell endures eternal fire. ^ s
" ^nd wh/n he had preached to the people many things relating to the faith,
on the level of a plain by name Holdelin, the earth whereon he was sitting swebed
up before the eyes of ab, into a considerable hill (monticulum altum), and remains
iri°ifl F°r ^^-ling these miracles, as soon as they had been
mstructed in the fafth, received baptism. When the inhabitants of Cambria had
ySde™frufts^ ' *" ^^ gaVG "^ and the earth> formerly sterile'
mustloKXSf'^ W^ Ke?tigem'S recePtionon his return to Clydesdale, we
must not permit it to divert us from some retrospective notices and other incidental

ST. KENTIGERN. 85

matters connected with his temporary banishment. Our access to Welsh docu
ments is, unfortunately, very limited ; still we have been able to glean a few par
ticulars, most of them only curious indeed, but two or three of them by no means
destitute of something like historical interest. As regards the merely curious, pro
bably the reader of this kind of literature may be first struck by a remarkable
family-likeness between the properly Welsh legends, and those of the Cambro-
British in the north. The story of Thenew and her son, for example, is easily
matched ; thus : — An Angel disgusted St. Patrick at a place cabed Glyn Rosyn, in
the district of Dy ved, by foretelbng the birth, thirty years later, of a greater saint
than himself, for the occupation of the charming spot. " The aforesaid thirty years
having expired," says our authority* " the divine power sent Sandde, the king of
Ceredigion, to the common people of the nation of Dy ved, and he there met with
a nun, a holy virgin named Non, who was very fair and handsome ; whom lusting
after, he violated her person, and she conceived a son, holy David ; and neither
before nor afterwards had she knowledge of man, but continuing in chastity of
mind and body, led a most faithful life. For from the time of her conception, she
bved on bread and water only, and in the place where she was violated and
had conceived, was a moderate sized field pleasing to the sight, and well supplied
with dew ; in which field at the time of her conception two great stones appeared,
one at her head, the other at her feet which had not been seen before ; for the
earth, rejoicing at her conception, opened its mouth that it might preserve the
modesty of the damsel, and foreteb the importance of her offspring. The mother,
as her womb was increasing, went according to the usual custom of offering alms
and oblations for her debvery in childbirth, to a certain church to hear the
preaching of the gospel, where preached Saint Gildas, the son of Caw, in the time
of king Tryshun and his sons. When the mother entered, Gildas became suddenly
dumb, and was as if bis throat had beeu closed. And being asked by the people
why his preaching was interrupted and he silent, he answered, ' I am able to speak
to you in common discourse, but I cannot preach ; but go you out so that I may
remain alone, and may know if I can then preach.' The common people having
therefore gone out, the mother remained hid in a corner, not because she would
not obey the order, but thirsting with a great desire of hearing the precepts of life,
she remained to show the privilege of so noble an offering. Then he attempted a
second time with all his might, but being restrained by heaven he was unable;
being therefore affrighted, he called with a loud voice, ' I adjure thee, said he ' if
any one lies hid, that thou show thyself openly.' Then she, answering, said, ' I am
here ' said she ' hid between the wall and the partition.' And he, trusting to
divine Providence, said, 'Go thou out of doors, and let the people return to the
church' And every one came to his seat where he had been before, and Gildas
preached clearly as with a trumpet ; and the common people asked Gildas and said,
'Why couldest thou not preach to us the gospel of Christ the first time and we
were desirous to hear ?" And Gildas answered and said, ' Call that nun here who
is gone out of the church.' And the mother being asked, she confessed she was
pregnant ; and the holy nun said, ' Here I am ;' and he said, 'The son that is in
the womb of that nun has greater grace, and power, and order than I have, because
* Lives of the Cambro-British Saints— Welsh MS. Society (1853), p. 421.

86 APPENDIX.

God has given to him the privilege, and monarchy, and government of all the saints
of Britain for ever before and after judgment. Farewell, brothers and sisters !
I cannot dwell here any longer, on account of the son of this nun ; because to him
is delivered the monarchy over all the men of this island; it is necessary for
me to go to some other island and leave all Britain to this child. One thing is
clearly manifest to ab, that she will bring forth to the world one who, in the privi
lege of honour, brightness of wisdom, and eloquence of discourse, wib excel all the
doctors of Britain.'
" In the meantime there was a certain man in the district, accounted a tyrant,
who from the prophecy of the magicians had heard that a child was about to be
born in his borders, whose power should seize the whole country ; and being solely
intent on earthly things, and placing his chief good in them, he was tormented
with malice and envy. Therefore the place was marked from the oracles of the
magicians, wherein the child should afterwards be born. ' I alone,' said he, ' will
sit in that place for so many days, and whomsoever I shall find resting there any
space of time shab fall being kibed with my sword.' The appointed nine months
having arrived, whereby the time for the child-birth was at hand, the mother on
a certain day went out on the way to where was the place for child-bearing, which
the tyrant, from the foretelling of the magicians, had kept. The time for bringing
forth being pressing, the mother sought the predicted place ; but on that very day
there was so great a tempest in the sky that no one could go out of doors ; there
were great flashes of lightning and dreadful peals of thunder ; and great storms of
hail and rain caused a flood. But the place where the mother brought forth
had as much light as if the sun was present, and God had taken away the dews
from the cloud. The mother when bringing forth had a certain stone near her,
against which when in pain she pressed her hands ; whereby the mark as an
impression on wax was to be seen by those who looked thereon, which, dividing in
the middle, condoled with the sorrowing mother; one part thereof leaped above
the head of the nun as far as her feet when she was bringing forth ; in which place
is a church built, in the foundation of whose altar this stone lies covered."
It appears to us that even the emptj* rhetoric and affected learning of Jocelin
are more endurable than this weak and mawkish narrative : and, moreover, the
legend of Kentigern's birth, with its really fine voyage from the May to Culross, is
more picturesque than that of St. David's. But in the earliest adventures of the
great St. Diwi and those of his mother Non, we have only one phase, so to speak,
of St. Thenew's gests ; the other phase awaits us in the " Liber Landavensis,"
and the bfe of St. Dubricius. " There was a certain king," — so we read there* —
" of the region of Ergyng (Archenfield), of the name of Pebiau, cabed in the
British language Claforawg, and in Latin Spumosus, who undertook an expe
dition against his enemies, and returning from thence be ordered his daughter
Eurddil to wash his head, which, when she endeavoured to do, he perceived from
her enlarged form that she was pregnant. The king therefore, being angry,
ordered her to be put into a sack and cast headlong into the river, that she might
suffer whatever might befal, which, however, happened contrary to what was ex
pected ; for as often as she was placed in the river, so often was she. through the
* Liber Landavensis— Welsh MS. Society (1840), p. 323.

ST. KENTIGERN. 87

guidance of God, impelled to the bank. Her father then being indignant because
he could not drown her in the river, resolved to destroy her with fire. A funeral
pile was therefore prepared, into which his daughter was thrown alive. In the fol
lowing morning, the messenger who had been sent by her father to ascertain
whether any of the bones of his daughter remained, found her holding her son in
her lap, at a spot where a stone is placed in testimony of the wonderful nativity of
the boy ; and the place is called Madle (now Madley, a parish in Herefordshire)
because therein was born the holy man. The father, hearing this, ordered his
daughter with her son to be brought to him ; and when they came, he embraced
the infant with paternal affection as is usual ; and kissing him, he from the rest
lessness of infancy touched with his hands the face and mouth of his grandfather,
and that not without divine appointment ; for by the contact of the hands of the
infant, be was healed of the incurable disease wherewith he was afflicted, for he
incessantly emitted foam from his mouth, which two persons who constantly at
tended him could scarcely wipe off with handkerchiefs."
It would be whoby aside from our purpose to go further into detail with the
achievements ofthe celebrated St. Dubricius. But the following extract, inciden-
taby referring to him, and thus supplying us with a connecting link in our some
what loose and wayward course, may tend to illustrate one of the exploits ascribed
by the hagiographers to Kentigern ; — we refer to the surprising number of monks
whom he is said to have presided over in Wales, and to the orderly distribution of
their services. " The last college," says the Rev. Rice Lees,* " the foundation of
which may be attributed to Dubricius, was at Caerleon ; and according to some
copies of Geoffrey of Monmouth, it contained two hundred philosophers, who
studied astronomy and other sciences. The British monastic institutions require
further notice. Little is known regarding their internal regulations, but it would
appear that choral service formed an important part of their arrangements. The
Welsh terms which have been generally rendered ' college ' or ' congregation,' and
by Latin writers invariably ' monasterium,' are cor, choir, and Ban-gor, high choir.
According to the Triads, the three societies of the first class, of which Bangor
Ibtyd was one, contained no less than two thousand four hundred members ; one
hundred being employed every hour, in order that the praise and service of God
might be continued day and night without intermission. The number however in
other establishments varied exceedingly ; and the magnificent scale of those abuded
to would be thought incredible, if it were not for the authentic testimony of
Bede, who flourished about a century after the destruction of the monastery of
Bangor Iscoed. That author, whose accuracy" (? honesty) " is universally admit
ted, says that the number of its monks was two thousand one hundred, who were
divided into classes of three hundred each, under their respective superintendents ;
and that his readers might not be ignorant as to the manner in which so vast
a society was supported, he adds that they all lived by the labour of their own
hands. Compared with this, the assertion that Dubricius had upwards of a thou
sand pupils at Henllan," — or that Kentigern had nine hundred and sixty-five
brothers congregated at Llanelwy, — " will not appear strange ; and it is said that
Cattwg, who retained a part of his father's territories for the purpose, was wont
* Essay on the Welsh Saints, p, 181.

APPENDIX.

to maintain one hundred ecclesiastics, as many paupers, and the same number of
widows besides strangers and guests, at his own expense The traces of extensive
ranges of buildings stib observable at Bangor Iscoed and Lantwit Major confirm the
asseverations of ancient writers; and an old manuscript, extant in the reign of
Elizabeth affirmed that the saints at the latter place had for their habitations seven
habs and' four hundred houses  The primitive British institutions followed
no uniform rule, and may, in some degree, have resembled the monasteries of Gaul
before the adoption ofthe rule of St. Benedict; but in borrowing analogies from
the Continent to supply the lack of positive information, allowance must be made
for the secluded situation of the BritoDS, and their more partial advance in
civilisation. The monasteries of Wales appear to have borne a closer resemblance
to those of Ireland, for which reason the writings of Irish historians may be con
sulted with advantage by the Welsh antiquary."
Although this interesting extract bears no direct reference to Kentigern, we
cannot peruse it thoughtfully without concluding that there may be more truth in
the preceding account of our saint's achievements, than we had been at first
disposed to concede. Returning to illustrations of the purely legendary, we shall
omit some half-a-dozen examples of draught- work done by stags, to make room
for an anecdote which may interest the country parson who wrote his sermon, or
part of it, on the face of his horse. In the bfe of St. Aidus we read thus : * — " On
another day the holy boy, Aidus, read in the fields with a loud voice, and in that
hour a certain hunter quickly pursued with dogs a stag in those fields. Then the
stag being weary in its journey, and hearing the voice ofthe boy, turned to him,
and asking assistance from him, fell on its knees to the ground before him, and St.
Aidus put his book on its horns and read, and the dogs running about could not
see the stag, which accordingly escaped uninjured." We have a suspicion that the
gentleness of A.I.D.U.S., mythical though it may seem, was quite as beneficent as
that of A.K.H.B.
But, wonderful as his gifts were, Kentigern was surpassed, in the point of
miraculous authority, not over stags alone, but in other departments of untamed
nature as web. We have abeady seen that he was at least matched by St. Fillan,
among the wolves. But let us bsten to the biographer of St. Brynach. " The Lord,"
says he,-f- " enabled him (Brynach) to act so miraculously in the sight of the people
that at his command, wild beasts set aside their brutal habits, and were rendered
tame. Therefore whenever he removed from one place of residence to another, he
cabed from the flock any two stags he wished to have, to draw the carriage in
which his furniture was placed to be taken off; and when loosed from their yoke,
they returned to their accustomed pasture. Also a cow, which he had selected
from the rest, as well for the size of her body, for she was larger than the others,
as for the large quantity of her milk, was committed by him to the custody of a
wolf, which after the manner of a web-trained shepherd, drove the cow every
morning to its pasture, and in the evening brought it safe home. It happened
however at that time that Maelgon, king of Wales, travelled not far from the habi
tation of the holy man, and sent to him ordering that a supper should be provided
for him. But the holy man being desirous that he and his associates, and also his
• Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853), p. 355-6. f Lives, ut sup. p. 295.

ST. KENTIGERN. 89

local property should be free from all tribute, asserted that he did not owe a supper to
the king, nor would he in any way obey his august command. The persons who
were sent returned to their master, and told him that the man to whom they had
been despatched would not provide a supper for him. The king, as he was easily
moved from tranquibity of mind, was also a drunkard, and known to be more
ready to injure than to rebeve ; and paying no regard to piety, sanctity, or modesty,
sent his messengers to fetch away the cow of the holy man, and thereby pro
vide food for him. Doubtless he would not have spared the others, but they were
in distant pastures, and he fiercely said that on the morrow he would deprive the
holy man of his territory, and would totally destroy the place to the ground. The
servants of iniquity ran and quickly brought the cow ; they prepare their prey for
future meals, take off the hide from the ribs, make bare the entrails, part they cut
into pieces and place them in a kettle on the fire, they apply fuel, and on ab
sides with inflated cheeks they hasten to blow it. The wolf which kept the cow in
the meantime ran to its master, and sorrowful and groaning lay prostrate on the
ground, as if asking pardon. Some one was present who mentioned that the cow
had been taken away by the servants of the king, and had been cut into pieces in
order to be cooked. But the holy man laying his complaint before God, committed
his whole case to be avenged by divine judgment. The king and his attendants
were distressed with hunger, but as yet there was not any hope for refreshment ;
for the water in which the flesh had been placed to be cooked remained cold the
same as it was when it was put in, nor with a very large fire was it more moved
to boibng than if the fire had been taken away and a large quantity of ice placed in its
room. The king and his attendants perceived the power of God, and that the
holy man was dear to Him, for they had heard what he had done and were seized
with great fear. The king being humbled, immediately laid aside his royal haughti
ness, and ab equally proceeding came with contrite hearts to the holy man ; and having
fallen at bis feet to the ground the king, being an advocate for himself and attend
ants, confessed that he had sinned against him, and promising that they would not
again do such things, requested with humble prayers and sincere devotion, that he
would have pity and pray to the Almighty in behalf of him and his attendants.
And St. Brynach, free from ab bitterness, prayed to the Lord ; and laying hold of
the right hand of the king, raised him up, and had confidence of his having the
hoped for piety towards the Most High. And in the sight of them ab he restored
the cow to her former state, and committed her to the custody of the wolf."
So much for St. Brynach's wolf; but we may as web quote the sequel. "After
these things," we are told, " in order that he might preserve the king safe from
what might fohow, he " (St. Brynach) " asked him to pass the night with him ; and
what he had a short time before firmly refused, he now gratuitously offered with
bberal charity and a beneficent mind.
" The king gave thanks and remained : but what was to be done ? for he had
little or no provisions to place before them as they sat down, but to hope in God
as he had done, who sent food to the hungry children of Israel in abundance, and
rained manna upon them for their sustenance. He went therefore to an oak which
was near, and plucked off, hanging by the leaves, as many wheaten loaves as
were wanted ; wherefore it was cabed the Bread Oak whilst it remained. He also
went to the brook Caman, for it was near, where for water he drew wine plenti-

16

90 APPENDIX.

fuby, and from the same brook for the stones he extracted a sufficiency of fishes.
He came to the king and his attendants, and caused them to sit down, and placed
¦ plenty of food before them ; they partook and were sufficiently fibed ; nor were
they disappointed with respect to what they wished. After supper, the hour cabing
for it, they lay down, went to sleep, and ab of them slept soundly until the morning."
Another lupine legend, of a very strange kind too, presents itself in the bfe of
St. Tathan ; but we must content ourselves with a mere reference,* and have done
with the wolves. We must not fail, however, to point out that, among the salmon
also, Kentigern had rivals, if not even superiors. No doubt there have been some
who affirmed, as accurate Bobandists take care to teb us, that the fish which found
the queen's lost ring in the Clyde, was only an ysicius or pike ; but this we take
to be a calumny both on the memory of the saint, and on the good name of the
riven Stib, in those days, there were " salmons " in Wales as well as in North
Britain. St. Cadoc seems to have shared what is said to have been the national
infirmity, — he was obviously somewhat choleric. "It happened," says his bio
grapher^ " that the blessed Cadoc on a certain day sailed with two of his disciples,
namely, Barruc and Gwalches, from the island of Echni, which is now cabed
Holme, to another island named Barry. When, therefore, he prosperously landed
in the harbour, he asked his disciples for his Enchiridion, that is, Manual Book ;
and they confessed that they had, through forgetfulness, lost it in the aforesaid
island. Which he hearing, he immediately compelled them to go aboard a ship and
sail back to recover the book ; and, burning with anger, said—' Go, not to return.'
Then his disciples, by the command of their master, without delay quickly went
aboard a boat, and by sabing got to the said island. Having obtained the foresaid
volume, they soon in their passage returned to the middle of the sea, and were
seen at a distance by the man of God sitting on the top of a hill in Barry, when
the boat unexpectedly overturned and they were drowned. The body of Barruc
being cast by the tide on the shore of Barry was there found and in that island
buned, from which his name is so cabed to the present time. But the body of the
other, namely Gwalches, was carried by the sea to the island of Echni, and was there
buried About the ninth hour, Cadoc the servant of God being desirous to refresh
his body wasted by fastings, commanded his attendants to procure some fishes for
dinner, who went to sea for the purpose of fishing and found a very large
salmon on the sand, and rejoicing brought it to their master; in the bowels of
which, when it was cut open, they found the aforesaid book free from ab iniury bY
T^L? f?fr W. Ch the mf\°f ^ Lrd &**& thanks to God, gladly received,
and declared that it was mamfest to ab that nothing was impossible to God"
hnnn Vn mmiculous transportation of corn, St. Kentigern did not enjoy the
honours of a monopoly as witness the last of those Welsh legends which we shall
nowned %IZ? \ if IT' paf ^ " The m0st blessed -°W says that re-
MoT^E, h Y ^ v'1 b6ing- d<T0US t0 Visit the churcl- of St. Michael in
and ovITa hia m f 5°T ST thT bams fuI1 °f com before his departure,
tWhS Jil . v -T intendents *hat a11 the corn should be thrashed, and being
fe^^^^^A'*0uW*be reServed and *«Pt nntil his return^
from Brittany. The order of the master was compbed with, and his desire for
•LivesoftheCambro-BritishSaints(1853),pP. 588-90. t Lives, ut sup. pp. 357-58. J Lives, ut sup. pp. 489-90.

ST. KENTIGERN. 91

visiting was completed; after visiting he set out on his return, and in his return
ing he saw men almost dead with hunger, and who unless they were assisted would
soon die. Being afflicted on seeing such want, he grieved and prayed to the
heavenly assistant that they might be succoured. His prayers were heard
in the heavenly hah, and the aforesaid corn was divinely carried as in his prayers
he wished it to be carried, and was afterwards found on the shore in the harbour
of Brittany. He fed ab Brittany and also supplied the agriculturists with seed
corn ; they magnified him, they gave thanks to their succourer by whose prayers
they were protected from dreadful famine. Then he returned by saibng over the
Gabic sea, ab persons standing on the shore and unanimously wishing him a
prosperous voyage."
Turning now from those merely curious legends, we shab close our notice of
Kentigern's sojourn in Wales with a few fragments of information which, although
both scanty and dim, may fairly lay claim to our special attention. We' certainly
could have wished that the Rev. Rice Rees had told us something more than
the bare fact that the church of St. Asaph is dedicated to St. Cyndeyrn, or Kenti
gern, and Asaph* We would fain have heard when and in what circumstances
the erection referred to was placed under the invocation of patrons, regarding whom
legend is plentiful and historical testimony so scarce. Mr. Rees, however, although
he tebs nothing more on this special point, furnishes us with the fobowing valu
able paragraph.f " Cyndeyrn or St. Kentigern, according to Bonedd y Saint, was
the son of Owain ab Urien Rheged and Dwynwen the daughter of Llewddyn
Lueddog of Dinas Eiddyn, in the north." Now we do not find that the Rev. essayist
has attempted to determine the age of the authority which he quotes, further than
by speaking of it as very ancient. Unable to reach any decided conclusion, we are
yet disposed, by the tenor ofhis remarks, J to think it probable that the tradition
through Bonedd y Saint is the earbest now known to be traceable. And through
what to any other than Welsh eyes, may no doubt seem an inexpbcably strange ortho
graphy, we need have no difficulty in detecting Ewen or Eugenius, and Thenew in
Owain and Dwynwen, and King Loth of the Lothians in Llewddyn Lueddog of
Dinas Eiddyn or Edinburgh. " According to John of Teignmouth," continues our
author, " he (Kentigern) was born in North Britain, where he was placed under
the instruction of Servanus, an Irish saint; and it is said that he earned the
esteem of his instructor to such a degree that he was styled by him Mwyngu or
' amiable,' which later writers have rendered into St. Mungo, a name* by which he
is frequently known. When he grew up he founded the bishoprick of Glasgow, or
as the Welsh writers term the place, Penryn Rhionydd ; but after a time the dis
sensions of his countrymen forced him to retire to Wales, where he was kindly
received by St. David. While he remained in Wales he founded another bishop
rick at Llanelwy in Fbntshire, about A.D. 650; and though in its estabbshment he
experienced some opposition from Maelgwn Gwynned, that chieftain was even-
tuaby reconciled, and became one of his patrons. After a few years he was recabed
to his native country by ' Rederech,' or Rhydderch Hael, chief of the Strathclyde
Britons; and resigning the See of Llanelwy to Asaph, one of his disciples, he
assumed the bishoprick of Glasgow, at which place he died at an advanced
* Essay on Welsh Saints, p. 335. t Essay, pp. 261-2. J Essay, pp. 73, &c.

APPENDIX.

age." We need not follow the essayist into the discussion affecting the epis
copal consecration of Kentigern, or into the controversial views of father Cressy
on that subject. Those who deem it worth while may investigate the canonical
question and determine it as they please. The vabdity, or the regularity, or the
plenary authentication by Pope Gregory the Great, of St. Mungo's ordination,
never of more than the sbghtest importance from our point of view, can awaken
no interest at ab until that saint's historical position has been ascertained. As
regards the vital enquiry, the Welsh traditions are of material value. In addi
tion to what has just been quoted, we read on a subsequent page of the same
work* as follows : — " Asaf was the son of Sawyl Benuchel and Gwenaseth, daugh
ter of Rhufon Rhufoniog. He was the disciple of Cyndeyrn, whom he succeeded
about a.d. 560 in the bishopric of Llanelwy, which from this circumstance has ever
since been known in England by the name of St. Asaph, though in Welsh it retains
its original appellation." The only other scrap of traditionary information, relating
more or less to the subject of our enquiries, which we have detected in the interest
ing essay of Mr Rees, is a curious one. " Melangell," says that writer,*f " the
daughter of Tudwal Tudglyd of the line of Macsen Wledig, was the foundress of
Pennant Melangell, Mongomeryshire. She was a sister of Rhydderch Hael of
Strath Clyde ; and her mother was Ethni, surnamed Wyddeles, or the Irish woman.
Festival, May 27. Dingad the son of Nudd Hael of the line of Macsen Wledig, is
cabed a saint, but no churches are ascribed to him. His wife w as Tonwy or Trefrian,
a daughter of Lewddyn Luyddog of Dinas Eiddyn." Here then we have a twofold
link of connection between the Britons of Strathclyde and their kindred tribes in
the south ; and in this complex relation moreover, St. Mungo is doubly involved.
Melangeb, a sister of Roderic, the princely friend and protector of Kentigern, — or
as Jocehn would have it, the pious regent under the royal saint, — was herself a saint,
and the foundress of a church in Wales ; and her kinsman, Dingad, also cabed a
saint by the Welsh, bad for his wife, Tonwy or Trefrian, a daughter of Loth of Lothian,
the sister therefore of St. Thenew and the aunt of St. Kentigern. Now it would be
folly, as we think, to lay much stress on traditions so disjointed and hazy as these
are, especially whbe we are in no condition to demonstrate their source, or to trace
the channels through which they have come down to modern times- It is to be ad
mitted besides, that the Welsh hagiographies are as badly adapted to conciliate his
torical belief, as writings of the same class which reach us from other quarters. We
therefore claim for them no more than some corroborative weight, in support of the
probabbity that St. Mungo reaby existed.
12. St. Columba s visit to St. Kentigern. — " In that time," says Jocebn,| " when
the blessed Kentigern placed in the candlestick of the Lord, bke a lamp burning
with heavenly affections, and shining with words of salvation, examples of the
virtues, and miracles, gave light to ab who were in the house of God ; the holy
abbot Columba, whom the Angb cab Columkib, wonderful for learning and virtues,
ibustrious for his predictions of future events as a prophet full ofthe spirit,, bving in
that glorious monastery which he had constructed in the island Y, wished to rejoice
not for an hour but constantly in the bght of St. Kentigern. Because hearing for
a long while past the rumour of his holy reputation, he desired to come to him, to
* Page 265. ' Page 269. J Pinkerton's Vitae Antique Sanctorum Scotiaa (1789), pp. 281-3.

ST. KENTIGERN. 93

visit him, to see him, to become more intimately famibar with him; and to consult
the oracle of a holy breast concerning those things which lay nearest his own heart.
And when he had found a convenient time, the holy father St. Columba set forth ;
and a great crowd of disciples and others who wished to wait on the holy man and to
see his face, accompanied him. And when it,— that is, the crowd,— had come near to
the place called Mebindonar, where at the time the saint was staying, he divided
all his followers into three bands, and sent forward a messenger to announce his
arrival, and that ofhis attendants, to the holy prelate.
" The holy bishop, delighted with those things which were told him concerning
them, the clergy and others who accompanied him having been distributed in a like
triumphal array, advanced to meet them. The youngest were placed in the fore-front
of the procession, next came the more advanced in age, and third in order, along
with himself, marched the veterans of good days and snowy locks, venerable in
countenance, in bearing, in dress, and in hoariness itself. And they were all sing
ing,—' In the luays of the Lord, how great is the Lord's glory !' And again they
subjoined,—' The way of the righteous has been made straight, and the path of the
holy leas been prepared.' On the side of St. Columba they sang with melodious
voice, — ' The holy shall po from strength unto strength ; the God of Gods shall appear
in Syon with alleluia.' In the meantime some of those who had come along with
St. Columba, interrogating him, said, — Pray, does St. Kentigern come in the first
choir of singers ? ' The saint repbed, — ' Neither in the first, nor in the second, but
in the third the gracious bishop comes,' (venit almus pontifex). When they
enquired how this could be apparent to him he said, — ' I see a fiery pillar, after
the manner of a golden crown studded with starry gems, descending from heaven upon
his head, and light of an ethereal brightness as if diffused by a kind of enfolding
veil, shining around, covering him, then returning again to the skies. Wherefore
by a manifest token, it is evident that he has been chosen of God and sanctified as
Aaron was, — he who appears to me clothed with bght as with a garment, and upon
his head in testimony of hobness, wearing a crown of golden lustre.' Therefore on
meeting each other, these two divine men (deifici viri) rushed into mutual embraces
and holy kisses, and having first satisfied themselves with the spiritual dainties of
divine conference, afterwards refreshed themselves with bodily nourishment. But
it is not mine to unfold how great was the sweetness of divine contemplation in
their sacred breasts ; neither has it been given to me, or to those like me, to explore
the manna which is hidden and, as I think, utterly unknown except to such as
taste it.
" But when those two men above referred to were mutuaby united like two
pibars in the Lord's temple, firmly based on faith and love, and established in it ; by
the imitation and erudition of whom many peoples, tribes, and tongues have entered
and are still entering the heavenly temple, the joy, that is, of their Lord ; the people
who had come with St. Columba, sons of the stranger, were old in evil custom, and
departed far from the paths of the man of God. For in like manner as the Ethio
pian cannot change his skin, so it is with difficulty that he who has been habituated
to theft and rapine, changes his vbe disposition. Certain accordingly came with
the blessed Columba, adepts in Columbine innocence by the gait of the feet, not by
the spirit of devotion nor by advancement of morals. These, while they were pro
secuting their journey, spied a flock of the holy bishop feeding at a distance ; and

94 APPENDIX.

leaving the direct road, and going round about through dark ways as, of such men,
is said, in the Proverbs, turned aside thither ; then, in spite of the shepherd's oppo
sition and remonstrance, they seized the fattest wether. But the keeper of the
flock, in the name of the Holy Trinity and by the authority of St. Kentigern, forbade
such rapine, — nay sacrilege, to be committed on the flock of the holy prelate, ad
monishing them that if they had chosen to ask a ram of the saint, they should with
out doubt have obtained it. But one of them repulsed the shepherd with personal
injuries and also with threatenings of death, and carried off the ram ; another having
seized his weapon, cut off his head. They then consulted one another as to the
mode of carrying the carcase away with them, and skinning it at a time and place
befitting their wickedness ; and their previous practices had effectuaby taught them
how to prepare for the accompbshment of their wishes.
" But what was wonderful to be told appeared yet more marvellous to be seen !
The wether, after its head had been cut off, rushed back to its own flock with in
conceivable speed, and there feb down; but the head, turned into stone, as if it had
been fastened by some indissoluble cement, adhered to the hands of him who held
and carried it. But they who were able to overtake, to catch, to hold, and to
behead the wether, while it was abve and entire, were now, after its head had been
cut off, pursue or overtake it as they might, unable to lay hold of it ; and as for the
head, — nay, now the stone ! — though they strained every nerve, they could not de
tach it from the hands. The men therefore were horified, and the heart of them
who carried a stone became stone-dead ; at length, under the impulse of salutary
counsel, they approached the saint, and prostrated themselves before the feet of the
holy Kentigern; penitent and bathed with tears, they besought him to forgive
them. But the prelate, blaming them with mild reproof, and admonishing them
that they should no further presume to perpetrate fraud, theft, rapine, or sscrilege
which is still more detestable, absolved them from the twofold vinculum, — the sin,
that is, and the adhesion of the stone ; ordered the body of the slaughtered ram to
be given them, and permitted them to depart. The head, however, which had
been changed into stone, remains there even until this day, in testimony of the
miracle, and though dumb yet proclaims the merit of St. Kentigern." After an
elaborate and absurd comparison of this miracle. with that which turned Lot's wife
into a pillar of salt, Jocelin concludes this account of an interview between the two
saints with the incident of the baculi, which has been already mentioned.
Now, it may safely be assumed that the spectacular and miraculous details of this
strange narrative wib meet with no credit whatever among reasonable men. Once
more the pompous exaggerations of Jocelin were too bold for the writer in Capgrave,
who has modified them considerably ; and the compiler ofthe Breviary brought them
down to the moderate proportions which, with intervening response and versicle,
appear in the end of Lection VIII. and the beginning of Lection IX. It is to be
noted however that even the most modest form in which the story appears, retains
the supernatural element in its entirety, bidding defiance to the faith of even the
most credulous. Stib, every Scotchman if he could, would gladly believe what,
under this article, is presented as the main fact, — the meeting, namely, between the
two early enlighteners of our country,— Kentigern and Columba, Writers, to
whose judgment the profoundest deference is due, appear to have trusted the testi
mony of Jocehn, so far as that alleged fact is concerned, without hesitation or

ST. KENTIGERN. 95

scruple. But is this author's uncorroborated statement worthy of this unquestion
ing rebance ? Why, in the first place, drawn up somewhere about six centuries
after the supposed occurrence, it cannot claim to be regarded as historical evidence ;
and the other writers who seem to support it, have ab derived their information from
its author. In this case even Camerarius, without pretending to rely on the Glasgow
fragment, in common with Capgrave, or perhaps through his Vita, slavishly cupies
the monk of Furness, beyond whose not very trustworthy assertion therefore, we
have absolutely no independent testimony. And then, secondly, the biographers of
St. Columba are wholly silent regarding this visit to Kentigern, — nay, even regard
ing Kentigern himself. Supposing the alleged fact to be true, it is not easy to
explain their suppression, — it could hardly be their ignorance, — of it. Their report,
too, would have been evidence ; not yet the best certainly, because though the
earliest writers of our country, any of whose works survive, neither of them was
exactly a contemporary of the patriarch of Hy. But since Adamnan wrote within
about a century of St. Columba's death, and Cumin towards five-and-twenty years
before him, they were both in a position to know the truth regarding the abeged
incident now in question, which Jocelin nearly five ages afterwards certainly was
not. As a counterpoise to the suspicion which is inevitably aroused by their silence,
we can adduce nothing beyond the fact, distinctly asserted by Adamnan, that
Columba was a friend of king Roderick, the pious patron of Kentigern, and the
story of the cambo said to have been preserved at Ripon. The consideration of
these things may induce some hesitation, for they show that the interview might
possibly have occurred ; but they contain nothing whatever in the nature of proof,
and we have only the unsupported word of Jocebn, under the serious disadvantage
of Adamnan's and Cumin's silence, for the famous meeting on the banks of the
Mobndinar, between Kentigern and Columba.
The absurd story of the fat wether neither requires nor deserves special notice.
How it came to pass that the compiler of the Breviary spoke of the whole carcase,
while those earlier writers, from whom he borrowed freely, represented the head
only, as converted into stone, we cannot teb ; but it may be assumed that the hagio-
graphers were by no means scrupulous about such trifles as minute accuracy. Apart
altogether from the miracle, there are one or two points of some interest in the
narrative. Obviously a social evil which taxed, and for a while defied, the legisla
ture of our country, extending to within little more than an age of the present day,
had already become inveterate in Jocebn's time, or about the middle of the twelfth
century Even then the Gael of our West Highlands were noted and notorious free
booters : and that their ancestors had imported their cattle-bfting propensities into
Ergadia when they settled there, will be doubted by no one who has looked, how
ever cursorily into the earber Irish annals. Although it be obvious, therefore, that
Jocebn's representations were copied from his own living world, yet the alleged
stealing of Kentigern's web-fed wether, may fairly be regarded as an incident in
perfect keeping with the habits of the Dalriadic Scoti in the sixth century. That
they should have taken rude liberties with any flocks or herds which they might
chance to meet, would have been in no ways remarkable. But Columba s attendants
are supposed to have been holy monks from Iona devout men mured to long vigils
and severe abstinence, purified by the discipline of the cloister from ah the grosser
appetites and affections, and far above the vulgar attractions of old mutton. Jocebn s

96 APPENDIX.

narrative leaves us no reason to doubt that he intended to represent, as the thieves,
members of those sanctimonious bands who advanced, with sacred canticles, to meet
the great western prelate ; and what then, we are constrained to ask, must have been
his private opinion of those Christians from Ireland, who were overspreading the
Highlands of North Britain ? That he deemed them to be mere professors who
had assumed the name, the garb, and the gait of Christ's disciples, without having
inbibed the spirit of the Master whom they ostensibly served, is clear enough ; for
he expressly says so much. Was it so, then, in point of fact, that the monks of
Iona were stib, in spite of their loftier pretensions, deeply tainted with the heredi
tary vices of their more than semi-barbarous race ? — or was the monk of Furness an
adverse, because a prejudiced narrator ?
Probably both of these alternative queries should be answered affirmatively, —
the first of them with some reserve, the second without hesitation. Columba him
self, as depicted by his admiring biographers, was scarcely a model of the Christian
temper and virtues ; and the infirmities of their kindred, and the defects of their
education, no doubt retained an obstinate bold of his disciples. And on the other
side it is clear enough that the monk of Furness, without being avowedly hostile,
was by no means very friendly to the abbot of Iona. Manifestly he uses Columba
throughout the legend, merely as a foil to enhance the lustre of Kentigern's renown.
Moreover, Jocebn was a staunch adherent of the Romish right and authority, as we
shall soon hear; and of course he shared that antipathy to the Columban institutions,
which was ab but universal in his time. These were regarded by orthodox catho-
bcs, as wholly irregular and unwarranted, lying beyond the canonicaby authorized
channels of grace, and doomed to speedy and utter subversion. That the Culdees,
as the cosnobitic disciples of Columba came to be called, precipitated and in some
degree justified their own suppression, may be true ; but at any rate, active measures
for their extirpation had been in progress long before Jocebn's time ; and the rooted
enmity of the Romanizing party, which had become ab-powerful, sufficiently accounts
for his unfavourable opinion of them and their predecessors.
13. Journeys to Rome. Some Responses, &c, immediately fobow the ninth
Lection in the Office, and then comes the Antiphon : —
A. Visitat alma pii vitae septena loca Petri,
Presul, campana cui servit in aethere sacra.
Jocelin suspends his narrative of Kentigern's gests in Wales, for the purpose of tebing
us that " the saint went seven times to Rome, and consulted the blessed Gregory
concerning his state." The chapter which he devotes to the subject is drearily
prolix even for him, consisting mainly of a historical outbne, whose relevancy is
not very apparent. In consequence, he argues, of persecution followed by heresy,
Christianity in Britain had been obscured, or even overthrown ; especiaby at various
times a diversity of rites had sprung up in it, contrary to the forms of the holy
Roman church and the decrees of the holy fathers. With a view to obviate and
remedy these things, continues Jocebn * in a passage which has, as usual, been
abridged for Capgrave, " Kentigern, leaving his foresaid monastery," (apparently
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotiae (1789), pp. 256-7.

ST. KENTIGERN. 97

that of Llanelwy is meant), " went seven times to Rome ; and after learning at
Rome what points of correction Britain was in want of, returned home again. * * *
On one occasion however, he went to Rome when the blessed Gregory occupied the
apostobcal chair, a man apostolical by office, authority, life, and doctrine ; and the
special apostle of England, for the natives of England are the signs of his apostle
ship. Like a sobd vessel of gold adorned with every precious stone, he is truly
surnamed os aureum — golden mouth, because in expounding many Scriptures, he
elucidated them in a very clear and very elegant style. * * * For he beautified and
debgbted the holy church diffused over the world, with mehifluous writings and
canticles adapted for music, and he strengthened and adorned the house of God
with'canonical institutes. To this most holy Chief Pontiff he " (Kentigern) " laid open
his whole lif e, his election to the episcopate, and his consecration ; and disclosed
in their order ab the fortunes that had befallen him. But the holy Pope, actuated
by the spirit of counsel and discretion, as one who was full of the Holy Ghost, per
ceiving him to be a man of God, and fub of the grace of the Holy Spirit, confirmed
his election and consecration, because be knew that each of them had come
from God ; and at his own frequent request, conceded with difficulty, supplying
what was defective in his consecration, he destined him to the work of the
ministry imposed on him by the Holy Spirit. The holy bishop Kentigern returned
home not only with the apostolical absolution and benediction, but also carrying
along with him as gifts, manuscripts of the canons, and numerous books of sacred
Scripture, as also privileges, and many rebcs (pignora) of saints, and ornaments for
the church, and other things that belong to the decoration of God's house
It wib be observed that, among all the ecclesiastical ornaments and utensils,
we hear nothing whatever of a beb; nor are we able to offer any clear explication
of the singular phraseology used in the antiphon. It appears to us that what
became the traditional legend of the beb was, in ab probability, of still later date
than the work of Jocelin, and the abridgement of it in Capgrave But although
we have no definite information as to the way in which the saint obtained it, or as
to the advantages which he derived from it among the holy places m tne Christian
metropolis, it came to be universaby believed that Kentigern had brought his beb
with him from Rome. A manuscript in the Edinburgh University Library,
" written about 1520," contains what Professor C, Lines very justly calls a bar
barous little hymn," which, by the fobowing verse, whatever it may mean, appar
ently verifies the statement : —
" Hora nempe tertia : peregre laborat,
Bomam visit septies : papa quem honorat,
Ut serviret presuli : avi se decorat,
Et Campanam sustinet : que sonos dulcorat,"
And there was nothing unusual, it would seem, in the presentation by the Pope of
f bell to a visitor from the west. The following is a curious example :- " The holy
boy" (Ternan), we are told.f "hearing the fame of Gregory the Great, went to
Rome wishing to be in ab things, word and work subject to his discipline And
when "'the blessed Gregory had been apprised of his purpose, he received him
* Begistrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843) I. p. i*. t Aberdeen Brev. II. Prop. Sanct. Fol. cv.
17

98 APPENDIX.

honourably ; and having advanced him to the episcopal rank, sent him home, after
seven years, that he might preach the gospel to the unbelieving. The blessed
Gregory gave him a certain beb, which, turning out to be heavier than he and his
companions could conveniently carry, he left behind him. But the fobowing night
having been passed where they were lodged, in the morning they saw the bell
at the head of the holy Ternan, brought thither by divine power, and so, from
day to day, it fobowed the holy man to Albania." This campana or tintinnabu-
lum of St. Ternan was preserved and venerated at Upper Banchory on the Dee,
until comparatively modern times, and was distinguished by the name " Ronnecht."
But at any rate, in the beginning of the fifteenth century, St. Mungo's beb
had become a notable institution in Glasgow, the ears of whose citizens must have
been very famibar with its doleful sound. Endowments, generally of smab annual
sums, but in considerable number, were bequeathed to it on condition of its being
tobed throughout the city on a specified day in each year; the object being to
secure the prayers of the inhabitants for the souls of the donors and their friends.
Thus in a.d. 1454, " John Steuart the first provest that was in Glasgow," left to the
Prior and Convent of the " Freris Prechouris," (Dominicans or Black Friars), cer
tain properties, for this among other purposes, — " alsua on the day of the decesse
of the said Johne Steuart yherly tyll gar Sant Mwngouse beb to rwngin throw the
town for the said John's sawle."* In a "Memorandum" of A.D. 1509, " Scher
Archibald Calderwod, vicar of Cad der," expresses his aim stib more distinctly, —
" Item I leif to Sanct Mongowis bell to passe throwe the towune * * * to gar pray
for mye faderis saule mye moderis saule mye awin saule andall Chrisstyne saubs aucht
peneis of annual," &c.-f- The earliest of these endowments that we have noticed is
dated A.D. 1415 ; j but, besides the three now specified, ten more may be found in the
two works referred to. The ultimate fate of St. Mungo's beb is, by us at least, un
known. The city treasurer's accounts for A.D. 1578 exhibit an entry of two shil
lings " for ane tong to Sanct Mungowis bell ;" and Camerarius, whose word is not
worth much, writing about A.D. 1630, says that it stib existed; and this, we sup
pose, is the Tast that has been heard of it.
14. St. Mungo and the weather. A psalm having been interposed, another
unexplained antiphon directly follows that which we have just been considering.

A. Pallia pontificis nunquam nivibus rigat aut nix,
Nee vis ulla viro tempestatis nocet almo.

Now Jocelin tebs us|| that ab who knew " the man," meaning Kentigern, as like
wise ab who were conversant with him, testified that never in his bfe were his
garments wetted by the rain, the snow, or the hail which feb on the earth. He
was often exposed, that author assures us, during very inclement weather; but
the _ drenching shower parted asunder, making a dry avenue for him and the
spirit ofthe blast refrained from raging around the spot where he was standing or
walking. Nor was this immunity an exclusively personal privilege of the saint.
the crowd of his disciples very often, when travebing with him, through his
* Liber Collegii Nostre Domine Glasguensis (1846), p. 177. f n,;^ p 209.
X Begistrum Episcopatus Glasguensis (1843), II. p. 314.
[| Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotia? (1789) p. 271.

ST. KENTIGERN.

99

a

merits, experienced the same thing. " For the sanctity of the holy Doctor Kenti
gern, who was suffused with divine grace, was to his fobowers for a shadow and a
refuge by day, as also for a hiding-place from the tempest and the rain " We
believe that a similar protection against the severity ofthe weather was asserted
for, or claimed by, one or more members of the persecuted remnant in Ayrshire
during the troubles which preceded the revolution.
15. St. Mungo makes cheese. Passing over various antiphons, psalms, capitula
&c, which seem to need no elucidation, we come to the following response and ver-
sicle near the end of the office : —
B. Vertitur in lapides mox compressi copia lactis,
Forma turn prisca manet, atque figura,
V. Fons tenet eternum liquidus per secula nomen.
We must again have recourse to the monk of Furness for a solution of the mystery.
He informs us* that a certain skilled artificer was employed by the man of God
about the monastery, and suitably remunerated for his work. " But the saint was
accustomed to use milk for both meat and drink, because he abstained from every
kind of bquor by which a man could be intoxicated. From his own stock of new
milk accordingly he ordered two pitchersful !to be conveyed to his artificer. But
when the bearer was passing over the river Clyde, the bds of the pitchers ac-
cidentaby feb off, and the whole of the milk was spilt in the water. But, — a mar-
vebous and most unusual thing ! — the spilt milk was in no degree mingled with
the water, or changed in respect of taste and colour ; with incomprehensible rapi
dity it was turned into cheese, nor was the cheese less effectuahy consobdated by
the beating of the waves than any other of this kind is wont to be by the compression
of the hands. But the bearer snatched the web-shaped cheese from the water, and
handed it to the artificer for whom the saint had sent it, recounting all that had
happened. Many beheld this remarkable miracle, and were stupified with astonish
ment. But the artificer himself and many others tasted that cheese, and minute
fragments- of the same were distributed among many for preservation as rebcs.
1 6. J small basket of fragments. The Breviary gives us only specimens, and
several of them no more than allusively, of Kentigern's miracles, which, according
to Jocebn, were " without number, numberless." Having gone fairly through the
signs and wonders of that elaborate compilation, we may devote a few sen
tences to prodigies which have not obtained the honour of being chronicled or sung
on its pages. " Kentigern," says the monk of Furness, " gave sight to the bbnd,
hearing to the deaf, walking to the lame, speech to the dumb, reason to the mad.
He expebed fevers, he cast out demons from the bodies of the possessed, he raised
up paralytics,he cured lunatics, he cleansed lepers,he healed every kind of disease. * * *
It often happened too that numbers of people recovered health from touching the bor
ders of his garments, and from receiving small portions of his food or drink; moreover
persons were cured who had been brought near on a couch, so that his shadow,
bke that of another Peter, might fab on them as he was passing." It wib be
observed that this comprehensive catalogue is confined to cases of supernatural
healing; and it may be confidently assumed that Jocelin derived the materials for
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antique Sanctorum Scotiae (1789), p. 220.

100 APPENDIX.

its construction from the most accessible of all sources, — his own bcentious
imagination. That, with the instance of St. Serf's cook before him, he omitted the
raising of the dead, is therefore a slip which may be easily explained, — for the
inventing of enormous falsehood infabibly blinds the mind to specific truth, whether
it be real or merely abeged. But we have already had a considerable number of
prodigies which cannot be brought within this category, and a few more remain to
be briefly noticed.
The story of the two brothers, Tebeyr and Anguen * is not worth recounting
at length. The latter being a faithful friend and disciple of Kentigern, was blessed
by the saint in the name of the Lord, and thereafter throughout a long bfe enjoyed
the most signal prosperity. The former repulsed ab the bishop's counsels and
kindness with insolent contempt ; and he, poor Tebeyr, met an early and a miser
able fate. Bragging that his bodily strength surpassed that of donkeys, he rashly
made the experiment with a huge piece of wood on his shoulders ; but he had not
gone far when, accidentaby kicking his foot against a stone, he fell down and
was crushed to death by his burden. Neither need we bnger over the singular
power of discerning spirits ascribed to our saint ; a mere abstract of two examples
wib serve our purpose. When, " once upon a time," he was holding an ordination,
among those who were presented to him for that rite was a certain clerk, of elegant
appearance, great eloquence, and advanced scholarship, a native indeed of Britain,
but educated in Gaul, seeking advancement to the priesthood. As soon as the
saint bad seen him he ordered the archdeacon to have him removed and separated
from the clergy. For to the saint's eyes there appeared as it were a sulphureous
flame proceeding from the bosom of that clerk, and an intolerable stench seemed
to issue from bis nostrils. These certainly were very alai-ming prognostics ; and
after due enquiry it was ascertained that, in spite of his handsome face and varied
accompbshments, the poor man was addicted to the vilest sensual vices. Of course
he was rejected and went his way ; but it was reported that he afterwards perished
by a sudden death. Again, on one occasion when the holy man returned home
after having finished divine service, among others there met him a certain foreign
clerk of remarkable eloquence. Him the man of God scrutinized with a keen eye,
enquiring who and whence he was, and why he had come into these parts. The
stranger replied that be was a preacher of the truth who taught the way of God
truly, and affirmed that he had come thither for the salvation of souls. But in con
versation with him the saint " convicted him of being intoxicated with the poison
of the Pelagian pestilence. He strove to reclaim him, but found bis heart to
be bke a rock. Then the saint ordered him to be expebed from the diocese. The
son of gehenna therefore withdrew, and having been drowned while attempting to
cross a certain river, went down into Tartarus."
But we turn to prodigies of a more cheerful, or at least a less lurid and
desperate, character. Regarding the first of these which we shab mention, unfor
tunately our information is both scanty and obscure. The anonymous writer in
Capgrave tebs usf that Kentigern bunt a mill on the river Gladus (? Clyde), which
had a mmd of its own. It refused to grind stolen corn ; and no one " could make the
null go, or its wheel turn, after the ninth hour on the Sabbath, until the Lord's day
? Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotiae (1789), p. 220. f Acta Sanctorum, Jan. n. p. 103.

ST. KEA'TIGERN. 101

had been celebrated," — that is, it refused to move during the hours of pubbc worship.
And Jocelin informs us* that it was the usual practice of the saint to erect triurn-
phale vexillum sanctae crucis, the triumphal standard of the holy cross, in ab
places where his evangelistic labours had been crowned with success, or where he
had continued to reside for a time, Among many such symbolical structures, set up
in various places, there were two, that author assures us, which even in his day
were distinguished for their miraculous efficacy. One of these he had caused to be
sculptured in his own city of Glasgow, from a stone of enormous size ; and this he
ordered to be erected in the church of the Holy Trinity where the cathedral is
placed. But all the efforts of many men, aided too by suitable machinery, proved
whoby ineffectual ; the ponderous mass could not be raised from its prostrate posi
tion. When human ingenuity and help were unavailing however, the saint had
recourse to divine assistance. And in the ensuing night, the last of the week,
while the servant of Jesus Christ was pouring out prayers to the Lord on the sub
ject, " an angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and drawing near turned over
the stone cross, and set it up on the spot where it stands to-day ; and having with
benedictions sealed and sanctified it with the sign of the cross, he retired. But
the people assembbng at the church in the morning, and learning what had been
done, were confounded, and glorified the Lord in his saint." From that time this
cross has been endowed with great virtue. Many of those who are vexed by un
clean spirits are wont to be bound to it on Sunday-night, and are found next morn
ing sound in mind ; though sometimes, on the other hand, they are either dead or
dying. Kentigern constructed another miraculous cross at Lothwerwerd, — now Borth-
wick, — where he spent eight years of his life ; and this, according to Jocelin, was
accompbshed in a way which would have been incredible, unless the monument
itself had remained to be examined by sight and touch Meditating correctly and
devoutly on the resurrection, Kentigern built up the cross at Lothwerwerd of sea-
sand exclusively ; and who, after that, dare doubt that the Lord may raise up our
mortal bodies though they may be reduced to dust ? To this cross also, many who
are afflicted with divers diseases, and chiefly those who are mad and those who are
tormented by a demon, are tied in the evening; and in the morning they frequently
are found to have been completely cured. It was probably to the cross of Borth-
wick, that Sir David Lyndsay referred when be said: f - —
" They bring mad men on fute and hors,
And byndis thame to Sanct Mungois cors."
In AD. 1449, Wilham, Lord Crichton, the chaneebor of James IL, erected and dedi
cated to St. Kentigern, a collegiate church, close by his castle of Crichton, in the
parish of Borthwick which was formerly called Louchwhoruir or Locherwert.
17. Some personal matters concerning our saint. According to Jocelim Ken
tigern was reported to be of medium height, inclining to tab, and indefatigable in
the endurance of toil whether bodily or mental. " He was also beautiful in features
and graceful in form ; having a countenance fub of gentleness and reverence ; with
* Pinkerton's Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum Scotiae (1789), p. 285, &c
t Poetical Worka (Chalmers' Edition, 1806), vol. in. p. 6.

102

APPENDIX.

the eves of a dove and the cheeks of a turtle-dove, he engaged the affections of all
who beheld him " " His speech, seasoned with salt, was adapted to every age and
to either sex For honey and milk were underneath his tongue ; and his repository
was full of spiritual wine, so that, for their salvation, the babe m Christ drew milk
the more advanced drew honey, and the perfect drew wine from his mouth. But
stilted information bke this may fairly be deemed more curious than instructive;
we shab therefore gather the remainder of this article from the abridgement of
Jocelin, by the writer of St. Mungo's life in Capgrave. " In the twenty-fifth year
of his age " it is there said * " he was consecrated a bishop ; and for the whole of
his life afterwards he took food only once in three days, and often once in four days,
—bread viz and milk, or cheese or butter. From meat, and wine, and everything
that could intoxicate he wholly abstained." He wore, next to bis skin, the coarsest
haircloth then a garment made of goatskin, and a strait monk's hood, over which
covered with a white alb, he constantly bore the stole ; and he carried a pastoral
staff, not rounded and gilded and jewelled, but of simple wood, only curved ; and
having in his hand a manual always ready for his ministry, when necessity or
reasonable occasion required. " And he lay in a stone hollowed out bke a coffin,
having a stone for his head, and with ashes strewed and haircloth spread under
neath him." After snatching rather than enjoying some repose, he shook himseb
from sleep ; and then, plunging himself naked in cold water, he chaunted the whole
Psalter. Neither hail, nor snow, nor rain, was at any time permitted to interrupt
this practice ; he refrained from it only when compelled to do so by journeys or
bodily sickness; and even in such cases he compensated by means of spiritual exer
cises for the omitted discipline. " All stimulus ofthe flesh was laid asleep in his
body; wherefore once upon a time he expressly affirmed to his disciples, that he
was no more moved by the sight or the touch ofthe most beautiful girl, than by that
of the hardest stone." This bold statement must have alarmed the good. Boban
dists, who warn their readers against the imitation of Kentigern's self-rebance, by
appending a naive and prudent note in these words : — Caute haec legenda ; ne
temere quis ejusmodi apathiam affectans in laqueos incidat didboli.
But to resume the catalogue of St. Kentigern's distinctive qualities. " In
judging or approving, he attended not to the person but to the cause. Often
when he was performing sacred offices, a snow-white dove having as it were a
golden beak, was accustomed to sit on his head. Frequently also when he was
present at the sacred mysteries, a bright cloud overshadowed his head. On several
occasions it was not he himself that seemed to stand, but a fiery pibar by whose
effulgence the sight of the spectators was dazzled. While, once on a time, he was
celebrating the sacred mysteries, a certain odoriferous cloud filled the whole church,
suffused all who were present with an ineffable sweetness, and restored to perfect
health persons afflicted with various diseases. During every Lent, having with
drawn from the sight of men, he retired to desert places, taking no other food than
the roots of herbs ; but on some of these occasions, the Lord giving him virtue, he
passed the whole of the time (that is, forty days) without the help of food. At the
supper of the Lord, moreover, washing with his tears a multitude of poor men and
lepers, then wiping them and soothing them with frequent kisses, fie afterwards
* Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II . p. 79.

ST. KENTIGERN. 103

ministered diligently to the men at table. On Good Friday he spent day and night
in scourging himself with rods, and in nakedness, with frequent genuflexions.
But on holy Sabbath (Easter Sunday), and up to the hour of our Lord's resurrec
tion, the time of divine service excepted, he crouched in a certain tomb, engaged in
self-flagellation. The unconverted in his diocese he converted to the faith. By his
sound doctrine he reclaimed apostates and heretics to the bosom of holy mother
church. Images of demons he everywhere overthrew; he built many churches; he
marked out parishes by certain boundaries ; and everywhere, while seeking the
gain of souls, he preferred to travel, not on horseback, but on foot, like the apostles."
" At length* the man of God, worn out with extreme old age, when the ner
vous system, almost exhausted, had become relaxed, sustained his chin and jaw by
a certain linen bandage tied over the middle of his head and down under his chin,
in order that he might be the more easily able to signify what he wished Bye
and bye, having assembled his disciples, he admonished them concerning the prac
tice of holy rebgion, of mutual charity, of peace, of hospitality, of reading, and concern
ing earnestness in prayer. He delivered and left behind him energetic precepts con
cerning the stedfast observance of the decrees of the holy fathers, and of the ordi
nances of the holy Roman church. When certain of them moreover, who loved
him more than the rest, prostrating themselves, said to him with tears, — ' We know,
0 father and lord, that you desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ ; but have
mercy, we beseech you, on us whom you have begotten in Christ. Whatever we
have, through human frailty, done amiss, always confessing it before you, we have
striven to amend at your discretion. Beg therefore of the Lord that the privilege
may be granted us of being able to accompany you from this valley of tears to the
joy of your Lord. For we believe that whatsoever you shall ask from God, the
Lord will give you. And it seems to us unbecoming that a bishop without a clergy,
a pastor without any ofhis flock, a father without sons, should enter into the joys
of his Lord.' Then the saint, moved with piety, having taken breath as well as he
was able, said, — ' The Lord's wib be done with us all, and may He dispose of every
one of us as He knows to be for the best, and as shall please Him.' And
behold ! — an angel of the Lord, appearing in ineffable splendour and clearness,
bathed him in bght round about, and said, — ' 0 Kentigern, elect and beloved of
God, exult and be very joyful; for thy prayer is granted, and the divine ear has
heard the preparation of thy heart. Therefore, be it with thy disciples according
to thy desire. And forasmuch as thy whole life in this world has been a continual
martyrdom, it has pleased the Lord that thou shouldst have a gentler end than
other men. ' Cause a warm bath to be prepared for thyself against to-morrow, and
on entering it thou shalt, without much suffering, peacefully render thy spirit into
the hands of God. Thy brothers also, entering the bath after thee, and being
absolved from the chains of death, will along with thee, in the brightness of saints,
penetrate the heavenly kingdom.' "
" When the angel withdrew, a fragrance of marvellous sweetness spread
itself in a mysterious°way over the place and ab who were in it. The man of God
accordingly having entered the bath when it was prepared, with eyes and hands
lifted up to heaven, his head bent to one side as if dissolved in placid slumber, gave
* Acta Sanctorum, Jan. II. p. 103.

104 APPENDIX.

up the ghost. And the holy body having by his disciples been lifted out of the
bath, one after another of the brothers, immersed in the bath before the water was
cold, passed away to the ethereal mansions along with the holy father. St.
Kentigern accordingly, when he was one hundred and eighty -five years old, in the
hundred and sixtieth year of his episcopate, ibustrious for signs and prodigies, on
the Ides of January, went away to the Lord. Arid at his sepulchre in the
church of Glasgow, sight was restored to the blind," &c. The catalogue of postmi-
mous miracles is nearly a verbatim repetition of that which, as given above, pro
fesses to enumerate the supernatural achievements of St. Mungo during his lifetime.
The only novelties that we hear of, as occurring after the saint's death and burial,
are thus related. " A certain man on a certain night stole a cow from Glasgow,
and by the divine decree was found dead, with the bve cow tied to his feet. Many
also, after the perpetration of carnal wickedness, not scrupbng to profane a holy
place with their pobuted steps, sometimes snatched away by sudden death, were
often mutilated in their bmbs, or punished with incurable diseases."
18. The summary. Our last words regarding the actual Kentigern, assuming
such a person to have reaby existed, must necessarily be both few and unsatisfac
tory, But let us hear the Bobandists before we venture to speak. " Concerning
his era," say they* " this only can we determine, that he lived in the sixth century
from the birth of Christ, about the year 560; for then flourished Columba,
whose contemporary it is certain he was. As to the report that he lived an hun
dred and eighty-five years, and spent an hundred and sixty of them in the episco
pate, it is paradoxical; although Gelenius endeavours to confirm it by the instance
of St. Servatius, bishop of Tungria, (Tungrensis), whom some allege to have
lived three hundred and seventy-three years ; but this also, as we shab elsewhere
say, is fabulous. We know that many long-bved persons are found, as well else
where as in the race of Scots and Britons ; but that age of Kentigern cannot be
maintained. For let us grant him to have reached the times of St. Gregory, and to
have departed from the living in the year 608, as is said in the Angbcan
Martyrology, then he was brought forth into the light in the year 423 ; but he was
baptized immediately after his birth by the bishop St. Servanus, a disciple of St.
Palladius ; and St. Palladius was not sent to the Scots by Celestine tib the year
429." Now this reasoning would be irresistibly conclusive, if all the premises.
could be relied on. And, so far, they are trustworthy; that is to say, the dates
assigned to St. Columba, to Pope Gregory the Great, and to the mission of St. Pal
ladius, are sufficiently authenticated. But then, for all we know, St. Serf might
have been doing the work of an evangelist, and as part of that work administering
baptism, along the northern shore of the Forth, for years before Palladius arrived
to make him a bishop,— if he ever imparted that dignity to the patriarch of Cul
ross. The truth however is, that the legend of St. Serf is quite as inextricably
involved m chronological perplexities as that of Kentigern himseb'; so that any
computation in which its statements are made to serve as data, cannot fail to be
corrupted throughout. Although the argument of the Bobandists does not, to us,
seem decisive against the single fact of St. Mungo's baptism by St. Serf, it certainly
does demonstrate chronological inconsistencies which, so far as we are able to see
cannot possibly be reconciled. '

* Acta Sanctorum Jan. II. p. 97.

THE OFFICE AT MASS. 105

Almost bke Noah's dove which " found no rest for the sole of its foot," is
the truth-seeker who muses and ponders over the chaotic legends and vitae of St.
Kentigern ; — almost, though not quite. More than wilbng, perhaps, to believe as
much as we could, of what is related concerning him, the credibilia have, in
spite of us, shrunk graduaby away into bttle more than nothing. We stib deem
it to be all but absolutely certain that Kentigern or Mungo, a man of unknown
birth and parentage, did good service as a Christian evangelist in Clydesdale during
the first half of the sixth century ; that having encountered some formidable opposi
tion there, he carried his missionary zeal into Wales, where his success was conspi
cuous, and where he became the virtual founder of the bishopric of St. Asaph's ;
and that he was afterwards recalled to Clydesdale, where he acquired a brilliant
reputation, and after founding the bishoprick of Glasgow, died and was buried,
probably before A.D. 575. All the rest we leave to the hagiographers, advancing,
for the present at least, no claim to it on the part of the historians.
19. Continued homage paid by the City of Glasgow to her patron Saint. The
armorial ensigns still used by our great commercial metropobs have been traced
back, in ab their main features, to a.d. 1325 ;* and any one, without graduating at the
Cobege of Heralds, might construct them out of the legends. 1. We have the
miraculous mound which elevated itself beneath the saint, to let him be seen and
heard. 2. The tree — said to have been, in the earlier blazon, a mere branch or
twig, — of course represents the hazel bush with which the holy boy miraculously
rekindled the fire at Culross. In the tree are curiously arranged, — 3. St. Mungo's
Beb ; 4. the miraculous fish, whether pike or salmon, with Queen Langueth's ring
in its mouth ; and, 5. St. Serfs robin-redbreast. The motto, " Let Glasgow flourish
by the preaching of the gospel," sounds like a modern invention.

Wk—Wtz @m.a, &c. at J&ass.

As we have mentioned in the Preface, our translation of this office was exe
cuted from a copy printed in Vol. iv. Part I. ofthe " Maitland Club's Miscebany,"
(Glasgow 1847), under the editorial care of the late Joseph Robertson, Esq., LL.D.
• Liber Collegii Nostre Domine Glasguensis (1846) XXVI.

18

106 APPENDIX.

This may account for some apparent departures in our version from what seem to
be the readings of the original MS., nearly ah of which consist in continuations
from other sources, (the Latin within brackets), of various subordinate members of
the office, where catchwords only had been used by the transcriber. We have
ventured still to retain these additions, because it is possible that, for some readers,
they may possess an explicatory value.
The " Liber Ecclesiae Beati Terrenani de Arbuthnott. Missale secundum usum
Ecclesia} Sancti Andrew in Scotia," has, since our attempt to turn a smah portion
of it into Engbsh was made, been carried through the Pitsbgo press at Burnt
island in 1864 by the Right Reverend Alexander Penrose Forbes, Bishop of
Brechin, and his brother, the Rev. George Hay Forbes, who have thus conferred
a precious boon on ab students of our ecclesiastical antiquities. To the re
formers the Mass Book was, of course, the most obnoxious of all the compuations
used in the services of our earber church ; and this " Liber de Arbuthnott," &c, is
the only example of such a work that is known to have escaped the general
destruction of the sixteenth century. Other two old MS. missals indeed, whioh
were at one time thought to have been native bturgies, are known to exist in this
country, viz., at Drummond Castle, and in the Advocate's Library, Edinburgh ; but
both of these are now bebeved to have been imported from Ireland.
The " Liber" itself is simply a transcript of the St. Andrew's Mass-Book, exe
cuted for the use of his own church, by Sybbald, parson of Arbuthnot, who died in
a.d. 1507* The St. Andrew's Missal again appears to have been borrowed from
the celebrated " Use " of Sarum, with some subordinate differences, almost ab of
which affect the commemorative services dedicated to saints of local reputation.
The most prominent feature of " the Office " for the " feast of St. Kentigern" is
obviously the sequentia which, without being at ab poetical, is nevertheless, as we
think, the most pleasing of the various metrical compositions that celebrate the
gests of our Saint. Besides a warm encomium on the character of their subject gene-
raby the verses contain little else than a rapid abusive rehearsal of miracles on which
we have abeady bestowed sufficient attention. The two bnes however, —
" Sceleratus fit molaris
Senex per miraculum," —
apparently refer to some incident of which we have met with no expbcation.

IF.— St. Serbamtg, or Serf,
Aberdeen Breviary, I. Prop. Sanct. fol. xv. 1st July.
Some other member, or members, of the group which we have formed, —
Columba for instance, or Asaph, or even Pabadius,— may, for ab we know, have
* Liber de Arbuthnott, &c, Preface by Bishop Eorbes.

ST. SERVANUS. 107

been quite as useful men, each in his own sphere, as the more celebrated evangelist
of Clydesdale. But Kentigern has been, and is, the hero of our romance ; so that
our plan, be it good or be it bad, prescribes for his disciples and friends only subor
dinate places, and for their legendary history a less conspicuous treatment. This
would, by itself, be a sufficient excuse for brevity in what remains to be said ; and
it is to be observed besides that, for ibustrating the gests of those other saints, the
abbot of Iona excepted, the materials are much less abundant than we have found
them to be in the case of St. Mungo.
St. Servanus, Serfus, Serf, Sernanus, or Ernanus, — for so variously does his
name appear to have been written, — is one of the most enigmatical and perplexing
personages in a calendar which abounds in very deep and very dark mysteries.
The numerical question, — how many Serfs were there ? — forces itself on our atten
tion at the very threshold of our enquiries ; and it speedily transforms itself into
this other, — was there any St. Serf at all ? The lections in the Breviary give us
two of the name under the form Servanus,— a Scotsman and an Israelite. The Bol-
landists also give us two, the first of them identifiable with the Scotsman of the
Breviary ;* and the other, of whom we hear nothing whatever except the name,
being one of a group of African martyrs, who are mentioned in the Hieronymian
Martyrology.-f- Dempster]: bkewise gives us two, Servanus, again identifiable with
the Scotsman of the Breviary; and Serfus, || probably the creature of the lying
author's imagination. Camerarius § gives us only one, under the form Sernanus,
once more identifiable in the main with the Scotch Servanus ; but, curiously enough,
marked for commemoration on the same day, — the 20th of April, — with the
African martyr, whereas our national Serf's day is, as above, the 1st of July. This
last perplexity, however, we may lay, as a mistake, to the account of an author
who suffers no wrong when it was said he was both confused and unscrupu
lous. Another trifling compbcation arises from our recobection that, as may be
seen in the course of the preceding article, the Serf who educated Kentigern ia
sometimes spoken of as being an Irish saint. This was probably the case ; for the
Scotia and the Scoti of the sixth century were certainly Ireland and the Irish ;
although the compiler of the Breviary, we suspect, did not mean to use the terms
in that sense. And now, before proceeding further, let us try to understand, as
clearly as we can, the amount of this statement. The name Serf, with some variety
in the spehing, has presented itself seven times. In four of these cases it seems, as
we have said, referable to the Scoto-Irish — or, let us for the sake of convenience
cab him,— the western Serf. Of the remaining three, one, that is Serfus, is confi
dently believed to be a mere invention of Dempster. Then there is the Israelite of
the Breviary, whom we may cab the eastern Serf. And, finally, there is the
African Servanus, who needed not, one would think, to have been mixed up with
our enquiries since ab we hear of him is that he was a martyr, and of course
perished probably at the hands of the Donatists ; nevertheless Camerarius seems
to have confounded him, so far, with his Sernanus. Perhaps it should be explained
here that the identification of the person mentioned in four different documents,
which has been asserted above without a word of proof, is by no means whoby free
• Acta Sanctorum Julii I. p. 50. t Ibid. Aprilis II, p. 746.
t Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum (Bannatyne Club Edition, 1828-29) vol. II. p. 573.
|| Ibid. p. 574. § De Scotorum Fortitudine, &c. (1631), p. 132.

108 APPENDIX.

from difficulties ; for there are glaring inconsistencies among the statements. Still
the points of agreement are so clear and strong, that we cannot refrain from ascrib
ing the concord to the unity ofthe subject, and the discrepancy to the number of
authors. The result is that we have three Serfs, — the western, the eastern, and the
African Martyr.
But what are we to make of the following extract ? After having told us
what he knew or thought about some other personages, Ussher goes on to say:* —
" To these may be added two abbots also, Odamnanus and Conwallanus, of the
former of whom John Fordun makes mention in his Scotichronicon," when speak
ing, " of the Island in the Frith of Edinburgh cabed Inchkeith, on which the city
of Guidi, noticed by Beda, is thought to have been situated. ' In it, at one time,'
says Fordun, ' the holy abbot Odamnanus presided over his monks, when in
that same island he received with great honour St. Servanus and his associates, at
his first arrival in Scotland, and to whom, for a habitation, he then assigned an
island of Lewyn.' " Now we can have no hesitation in taking the eastern Serf
to be intended here ; 1, because manifestly he was not a North Briton but a
stranger ; 2, because he could not have arrived from Ireland in the Frith of Forth ;
and, 3, because we conclude the insula de Lewyn, or the island in Lochleven,
to which this Servanus was assigned by Odamnanus, to be the same with the
insula de Petmook, or island of Portmoak in the Breviary, where the Israebtish
Servanus is said to have been distinguished " in the time of the blessed Adam-
nanus." The arrival in North Britain of this eastern Servanus is referred to A.D.
488.f If our interpretation of Fordun's language be sound, then we have stib three
Serfs to be accounted for. Of these the African martyr alone is vouched by
anything like historical testimony; for whatever dubiety may attach to the
Martyrologium which has been ascribed to Jerome, it would be absurd to place
traditions and legends of the twelfth century at the utmost, in the balance against
it. But this St. Servanus never approached our shores ; we know nothing about
him beyond his name and the fact of his martyrdom ; and the blundering trans
ference by Camerarius ofthe day set apart for his ritual commemoration to one of
the two Serfs who are said to have flourished in the west, is the single bnk which
connects him with our enquiries. About him, therefore, we shab have nothing
more to say. But the other two are not so easily disposed of. The legends
affecting them are, as we apprehend them, wholly irreconcileable. Unwbbng to
believe that traditions, which have impressed an abiding memorial on localities
in the neighbourhood, are whoby unfounded, we are inclined to think that there
may have been an earber Serf, whether of native or Hibernian descent, who gener
ously protected Kentigern at Culross, and came into contact with Palladius in that
region on his retirement or escape from Ireland, about A.D. 431 ; and that there
may also have been a later Servanus, who arrived in the Frith of Forth many
years after Palladius had died at Fordun about a.d. 432, and who became the
founder ofthe ccenobitic establishment in Lochleven now known as St. Serf's Inch.
tL cZtTS f^°Ve ?at sS!hr' c^ralating after Fordun we presume, places
the commg ofthe eastern Serf to North Britain in a.d. 488; and we shall
* Ussher's Works, vol. VI. p. 221. f Tjsshel,s Worts> vol yj p 57g

ST. SERVANUS. 109

immediately see that Wyntoun brings it at least as low as A.D. 580 ; — dates, the
earliest of which is half-a-century later than the death of Pabadius. We suspect
that the latest of these reckonings is considerably too early for the fact, — if there
ever was such a fact, — and that Inchcolm rather than Inchkeith was the scene of
the stranger's honourable reception by the abbot Adamnanus. These surmises,
however, are quite as uncertain as the site of Beda's urbs Guidi ; and we are weU
aware that the view which we have ventured to suggest is the result of mere gues
sing; for we have not a syllable of substantive, or even ostensibly corroborative
evidence to adduce in support of it.
The miracles ascribed to St. Serf, by the lections in the Breviary, are of
the usual type. An adventure of Thor with a goat, recorded among the fables
of the northern mythology, presents us with a singularly exact parabel to the case
of the poor man's restored pig. The Welsh hagiological traditions offer us at least
partiahy similar examples of resuscitation. Thus, " on a certain time Meredydd,
king of Reinuc, came with a powerful force of enemies to his property in Glamor
ganshire, that he might there reign ; where having come he ordered them to plunder,
and to drive off oxen to the camp for food. And they therefore brought an
hundred oxen, amongst which was a very fat one that was stolen from the towns
men of the blessed Cadoc ; and when slain it was cut into pieces, that by cooking it
might be prepared for satisfying the hunger of the king and his companions ; but it
could not by any means be roasted by coals nor boiled in water. Which being told
tc the king he ordered ab the aforesaid oxen to be restored to their owners. And
when they were all brought together, the ox which had been killed as above-men
tioned, appeared abve and well among the others. Then every one took his ox,
praising and glorifying God in his excebent servant Cadoc." * We shab venture to
add a stib more wonderful exploit of the celebrated St. Tathan. " On a certain
night thieves came from the district of Gwynhyw to Gwent, and stole the afore
said cow ; and taking her to the city killed her, and having cut her up put her
flesh into a pot ; but the more it was cooked, so much the more did it become bloody
in the pot. On the morrow the venerable servant of God (Tathan) being informed
by the shepherd of the cow having been taken away, found a trace of her near the
city, marked in wonderful manner on a stone, then the very holy man said, —
" This stone which is trodden on, and whiter than salt,
Has fixed thereon marks received from the foot of a cow."
" Therefore knowing with his companions the way on which the thieves went, he in
geniously traced the footsteps of one cow, and of only one, until he came to the door of
the palace. King Gwynhyw, who as yet was wicked, saw the innocent man and his
companions coming, and ordered his servants to place a kettle full of hot water,
and cover it with bulrushes, and put thereon a linen cloth, to form a deceitful seat.
The most just man, as he ordered, was placed by such contrivance over the kettle,
which proved a heavenly support. When the deceitful knaves expected that he
would fab into the hot water, the seat was solid as if made of stone. The king
seeing that the lover of God was guarded by divine protection, fell on his knees,
beseeching him to grant his mercy for his very wicked deceit. And he, after the
* Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853), p. 373.

110 APPENDIX.

manner of a very rehgious man, for his part, forgave the crime, on the condition
that his servants should not repeat the robbery. These words being said, they put
the flesh and bones on the skin, and those being so placed the cow came to life,
and rising before them ab, returned iri company with them."*
The devb's temptation of the saint at Dysart will almost immediately find an
expositor in Wyntoun, and we pass on to the sheep that was stolen " in Athren,"
probably the modern Airthrey. In this instance again, the abeged miracle may be
matched. " It happened on a certain time," says the biographer of St. Wenefride,*f-
" that a man was rebuked for theft at the fountain, and he perpetuated it by per
jury in the chapel of the church of the martyr ; but the blessed virgin (Wenefride)
seasonably made known to the presumptuous person what he had unlawfuby
affirmed. For the goat which he had just eaten, uttered an audible bleating from
the beby of the thief, and so made it known that he was guilty. A matter suffi
ciently horrid that what is denied by a rational animal with an oath, is disclosed
by a brute, and what is more unusual, by one that had just been eaten." Again, —
" A certain thief stole the best of the cattle of St. Aidus and ate it, and when he
would swear before St. Aidus that he had not eaten the animal, an ear of the cow
was seen in his bps, and all the bystanders derided bim/'J
The legend ofthe " huge and horrible dragon" is more abied to the adventures
of knight-errantry, than to the marvels of hagiography ; stib the Welsh St. Brynach
is reported 1 1 to have achieved a triumph bke that of St. Serf, over a " pestilential
beast," in the vicinity of Rome, in the course of a visit to the holy city. The nar
rative is not worth quoting. We have rendered "dunyne" ofthe Breviary "Dunning;"
but Wyntoun reads Dovyn, so that perhaps some place in the vabey of the Devon
was intended. And now we proceed at once to the fub-blown legend of St. Serf,
drawn up by Wyntoun, who ought to have known what he was speaking about, with
which we intend to conclude this article. " Androw of Wyntown" was a canon regular
of the Priory of St. Andrews. That opulent conventual estabbshment had a depend
ency on an island in Lochleven, cabed St. Serfs Inch, claiming to have been founded
by Brud, the son of Dargard, king of the Picts, probably about A.D. 700. This is
about the time when we have supposed that the eastern Serf might have arrived in the
Forth, and had a secure retreat assigned to him and his companions by a friendly
Prince, on a lonely and sheltered island in an extensive lake. But be these things
as they might, Wyntoun became Prior of the canons regular on St. Serf's Inch, in or
before a.d. 1395 ; and he completed his " Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland," between
September, a.d. 1420, and April, a.d. 1424. As in duty bound, he glorified his
patron Saint, the holy Serf, to the utmost of his abibty ; but no very laudable
motive could have induced him to confound, as in our apprehension he has done,
two distinct men for the sake of magnifying one ; or to set the computations of
chronology at utter defiance. However, here is his version of the legend.§
" And qwhen thryd Jhonlf wes dede,
Saynct Serfe sevyn yhere held, hys sted ;
* Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853), pp. 586-7. f Ibid. p. 521.
X B>id. p. 571. || Ibid. p. 290.
§ Wyntown's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland Edited by Macpherson (1795), vol I. p. 126.
1 Pope John m. died a.d. 573.

ST. SERVANUS. Ill

He wes of lyf ane haly man,
The Kyngis Sone of Kanaan.
Hys Fadrys Land's of heritage
Fell til hym be clere lynage,
And lauchful lele befor ab othire :
That gave he til hys yhowngare Brodyre.
AU swylk Cumbyre he forsuke,
And til haly lyf hym tuke.
God send hym a swet Angele
To gyve hym Contort and Consele :
And wytht that Angel alsa fast
Fyrst til alysandyre he past ;
Tfi Constantynopil syne he come,
And to the Cyte fra theyne of Borne.
Thare than wakyd the Papys Se ;
And chosyn syne til it wes he.
Than governyd he that sevyn yhere,
And quhen ab thai oure-passyde were,
The angel, that his Leddare was,
Sayd, hym behowyd fra Rome to pas ;
For God ordaynit noucht, that he
Langare in that Land suld he.
Than, on a solempne day,
Or he begowth to tak hys way,
He made a Predycatyowne,
And a solempne fayre Sermowne
To the Eomanys, that he gert call
Befor hym ; and thare at thame ab
Hys Leve he tuk but mare delay.
Wyth thare Blyssyng he past hys way,
And wytht that Angel wpon chans
Fra theyne, throwch the Rewme of Frawns,
Strawcht to that Se departand
Of Frawns the Kynrykis and Ingland.
Schyppyng thare he gat redy,
With hym ane hwndyr in cumpany :
In thai Schyppys he made entrS,
Syne tuk wp sayle, and held the Se.
With wynd at wyU ay furth thai past
In Forth quhih thai come at the last,
And arrywyd at Incheketh,
The lie betwene Kyngorne and Leth.
Of Ykolmkfi the Abbot than
Saynt Adaman, the haly man,
Come til hyme thare, and fermly
Mad spyrytuale band of .cumpany,
And tretyd hym to cum in Fyfe,
The tyme to dryve oure of hys lyfe.
Than tb Dysard hys Menyhe
Of that counsale fwrth send he.

112 APPENDIX.

Syne at Kynneb he come to land.
Thare oure the Wattyr he kest his Wand
That suddanly grewe in a Tre,
And bare of Appylys gret plentS,
And that stede eftyre ay
Morglas was callit mony day.
And oure the Wattyr, of purpos,
Of Forth he passyd till Culross :
Thare he begowth to red a grownd,
Quhare that he thowcht a kyrk to found.
Brwde Dargardis Sowne, in Scotland
Kyng oure the Peychtis than regnand,
Was movyd in gret crwalte
Agayne the Saynct, and his Menyhe :
He send fellowne men for thi
To sie thame all downe hut mercy.
Bot this Kyng ourtakyne wes
Suddanly wytht gret seknes ;
And at the prayer specyale
Of Saynt Serfe he wes mad hale.
The Kyng than fell fra that purpos,
And gave to Saynt Serfe all Culros,
Wytht allkyn profytes ay frely.
Syne till his prayer's devotly
He hym commendyt, and his State,
And put away allkyn debate ;
And ressaywyd with honest!
Saynt Serfe thare and his menyhe'
Thare fyrst Saynt Serfe tuk hys Beset
To lyve of that, that he mycht get.
And thare he browcht wpe Saynt Mongowe,
That syne was Byschape of Glasgowe.
Syne fra Cubos he past ewyn
To the Inche of Lowch-Lewyn.
The Kyng Brud of devotyoune
Mad til Saynct Serf donatyowne
Of that Inche, and he duelt thare,
Till sewyn yhere oure-passyd ware.
In Twlyhothy ane il Spyryte
A Crystin man that tyme taryit.
Of that Spyryte he was than
Delyveryd throuch that haly man.
In Twlicultry til a Wyfe
Twa swnnys he rasyd fra Dede to Lyf
This haly man had a Ram,
That he had fed up of a Lame,
And oysyd hym to fobow ay,
Quhare-ewyre he passyd in hys way.
A Thefe this Schepe in Athren stall,
And ete hym up in pesis ab.

ST. SERVANUS. 113

Quhen Saynct Serf hys Ram had myst,
Quha hat it stab, wes few that wyst :
On presumptyowne nevyrtheles
He that it stall arestyd wes !
And tb Saynt Serfe syne wes he broucht.
That Schepe, he sayd, that he stab noucht,
And thare-til for to swere an athe,
He sayd that he wald noueht be lathe,
Bot sone he worthyd rede for schame —
The Schepe thare bletyd in hys Wame.
Swa wes he tayntyt schamfuby,
And at Saynt Serf askyd mercy.
In Dovyn of devotyoune
And pray ere he slwe a feb Dragowne :
Quhare he wes slayne that plas wes ay
The Dragownis Den cald to this day.
Quhil Saynt Serf intil a stede
Lay eftyre Maytynis in his bede,
The Devfi come, in full intent
For til fand hym wytht argument,
And said, ' Saynt Serfe, be thi werk,
I ken thou art a connand Clerk.'
Saynt Serf sayd, ' Give I swa be
Foule Wreche, quhat is that for thee f
The Dewyl sayd, ' This Questyowne
I ask in oure Collatyowne ;
Sa, quhare wes God, wat thou oucht,
Befor that Hewyn and Erd wes wroucht V
Saynct Serf saed, ' In hym-self stedles,
Hys Godhed hampred nevyr wes.'
The Devel then askyd, ' Quhat caus he hade
To mak the Creaturis that he made 1 '
To that Saynt Serf answeryd there, —
* Of Creature mad he wes Makare ;
A Makare mycht he nevyr he,
But gyve Creaturis mad had he.'
The Dewyl askyd him, ' Quhy God of noucht
Hys werkis ab full gud had wroucht 1 '
Saynt Serf answeryd, ' Goddis will
Wes nevyr to mak hys werkis ib :
And als, inwyus he had bene sene
Gyf noucht bot he fub gud had bene.'
Saynt Serfe the Dewb askyd than,
' Quhare mad God Adam the fyrst man 1 '
' In Ebron Adam fowrmyd was,'
Saynt Serf sayd. And tb hym than Sathanas
Sayd, ' Quhare wes he eft that for his wyce
He wes put owt of Paradice V
Saynt Serf sayd, ' Quhare he wes mad.'
The. Devil asked, ' How lang he bade

19

114 APPENDIX.

In Paradyce eftyr hys Syne f
' Sevyn howris,' Serf sayd, ' he bad therein.'
' Quhare wes Eve mad 1 ' sayd Sathanas.
' In Paradyse mad, Serf sayd, ' Scho was.'
At Sayn Serfe the Devil askyd than,
' Quhy God let Adam the fyrst man
And Eve syne in Paradyce 1 '
Saynt Serfe sayd that ' Mony wys
God wyst wele, and wndyrstude,
That thare-of suld cum mykb gud :
For Cryst tuk fleysch man-kynd to wyne,
That wes to payne put for that Syne.'
The Devil askyd, ' Quhy mycht noucht be
All man-kynd delyvered fre
Be tham-self, set God had noucht
Thame wyth hys pretyows passyowne boucht ? '
Saynt Serf sayd, ' Thai fell noucht in
Be thame-self into thaire syn ;
Bot be fals Suggestyowne
Of the Devil, thare Fa fellowne.
For-thi he chesyd to be borne
To sauf Man-kynd that wes forlorne.'
The Devil askyd at him than,
' Quhy wald noucht God mak a new Man,
Mankynd to delyver fre 1 '
Saynt Serfe sayd, ' That suld noucht be :
It suffycyt well than, Mankynd
Anys suld cum of Adamys Strynd.'
The Devile askyd, ' Quhy that yhe
Men ar quyte delyveryd fre
Throwch Crystis Passyowne pretyows boucht.
And we Devilys swa ar noucht 1 '
Saynt Serfe sayd, ' For that yhe
Fell throwch youre awyn Inyqwyte :
And throwch oure-self we nevyr fell,
Bot throwch youre fellowne fals Counsel.
And for yhe Devilys war noucht wroucht
Of brukyl kynd, yhe wald nocht
Wyth Eewth of Hart for-think youre Syn,
That throwch yhoure-self yhe war fallyn in,
Thare-for Crystis Pa3syowne
Suld nocht be yhoure Redemptyowne.'
Than sawo the Dewyl that he cowde noucht
Wyth ab the wybs that he sowcht
Ourecum Saynct Serf ; he sayd than,
He kend hym for a wys man ;
For-thi he thare gave hym qwyte,
For he wan at hym na profyte.
Saynct Serf said, ' Thow Wrech ga
Fra. this stede, and noy na ma

ST. COLUMBA. 115

Into this stede, I hyd the,'
Fra that stede he held hym away,
And nevyr wes seen thare til this day.
Eftyr ab this Saynct Serfe past
West on til Culros als fast.
And be hys state quhen that he knewe,
That til hys endyng nere he drewe,
The wrechyd Warld he for-suke.
Hys Sacramentis thare all he tuke,
With Schryfte and full Contretyowne.
He yhald wyth gud devotyowne
Hys cors til halowyd Sepulture,
And hys Saule tils the Creature."

Of course the last word in this long quotation is to be understood in quite the
opposite sense ;— that of Creator. And in conclusion, we beg to invite some special
attention to the passage-at-arms between St. Serf and his Tempter, as a sample of
the theological speculation, which prevailed among the most cultivated men of our
country, during the first quarter of the fifteenth century. Andrew of Wyntoun
ranked among the foremost of these ; and yet, we have so little to say for his gifts
that we take his antagonist to have been a very poor — debater indeed, who had
reason to be ashamed of himself, as it would seem he was.

F— St. Columba.
Aberdeen Beeviaky, II. Prop. Sanct. pol. cm. 9th June.
The two ancient lives of St. Columba, by Cumin (or Cummene) and Adamnan,
have been incidentaby noticed above ; and they are the earbest examples of our
native bterature now extant. It is to be regretted that they are, though unequaby,
tainted with the vices of the hagiological school. The first of them, written about
A.D. 560, is full of legendary miracles, with bttle, or almost nothing, else to the
purpose ; and the other, although an exceptionally favourable specimen of its class,
and containing more than the usual amount of purely historical matter, nevertheless
comprehends ab the fables of Cuminius and some trifle more.
An exhaustive examination here, of the commemorative office dedicated by the
Aberdeen Breviary to St. Columba, is altogether inadmissible ; and brief hints, how
ever cautiously expressed, are apt to prove unsatisfactory and misleading. In im
minent danger therefore of saying either too much or too bttle, we have determined
to say nothing at all, beyond annexing a brief chronological notice of Columba's
bfe, and simply referring to Adamnan's " Vita Sancti Columbae," as it has been
admirably edited for the. " Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society " by the Rev.
Wibiam Reeves, D.D., M.R.I.A., 1857,* from which our notice is derived.
Columba was born at Gartan, a wild district in the county of Donegal, on the 7th
* The "Bannatyne Club," Edinburgh, had also copies of this work printed for the use of its members.

116 APPENDIX.

of December, and probably in a.d. 521. His father, Fedhlimidh and his mother,
Eithne, were both nearly connected with princely famibes, a fact to which the in
fluence subsequently attained by himself was no doubt partly due. He was baptized
by the presbyter Cruithnechan, tradition says at Tulacb-Dubhglaise, now Temple-
Douglas ; and to his baptismal name Colum was afterwards added cille, or " of the
church." His boyhood was chiefly passed at Doire-Eithne, afterwards cabed Cill-
mac-Nenain, and now Kilmacrenan, a parish in the county of Donegal. Having
reached a sufficient age he became a pupil of the famous bishop St. Finnian, at Movihe,
near the head of Strangford Lough, where he was ordained deacon ; thence he went
into Leinster for the benefit of being instructed by an old bard, called Gemman ;
and he subsequently entered a monastery at Clonard, presided over by its founder,
another St. Finnian. By Etchen, Bishop of Clonfad, he was ordained priest ; and
then, leaving Finnian, he entered the monastery of Mobhi Clarainech, or Berchan,
at Glas-Naoidben, now Glasnevin, near Dubbu. In a.d. 544 a violent distemper
scattered that community, and in 546 he is said to have founded the church of Derry,
being then twenty-five years old. In the course of the next fifteen years, besides
the monastery of Durrow, his principal institution in Ireland, referable to 553, he
founded many churches whose precise dates have not been ascertained.
The battle of Cooldravny, in causing which Columcille is bebeved to have been
deeply impbcated, was fought in a.d. 561, and became the turning-point of his bfe.
The accounts of what followed are very confused, but the probability appears to be
that he voluntarily retired before the storm which had been somehow raised.' In his
forty-second year, a.d. 563, he came, with twelve companions, to the west of Scot
land, and with the approbation of his relative king Conall, settled on Hy, or Iona.
The Scots of that region, his countrymen, were already Christians, in name at least ;
and therefore he directed his missionary efforts to the conversion of the northern
Picts. His success was so complete, that he may be said to have stormed the
stronghold of Craig-Phadrig, with King Brudeus and ab his fobowing. Besides, in
effect, gaining over the whole nation to Christianity, Columcille obtained from the
Pictish king a confirmation of the grant of Hy by Conab, the right to that island
being, it seems, disputable as between the two kings.
Columcihe afterwards repeatedly visited the Pictish king, who, as long as he
lived, honoured his rebgious teacher with steady friendship and protection. With
Ireland and her troubled pobtics, the ardent missionary's connection must have
been interrupted by the distance ofhis lonely island home; but it appears never to
have been discontinued. In a.d. 575 he was present at, and took an active part in,
the convention of Drumceatt, near Newton-Limavaddy, county Derry, where the
independence of British Dalriada was declared. Again he " visited Ireland subse
quently to June 585, and proceeded westwards to Clonmacnois, where he was received
with the warmest tokens of affection and respect." In 587 a battle, in which
Columcihe is said to have been an interested party, was fought at Cuilfedha, near
Clonard ; but it does not appear how far he was impbcated in the quarrel, or that
he was in Ireland at the time of the engagement.
Adamnan mentions some places where Columba founded Churches in the
Hebrides, as Ethica Irsula, or Tiree ; Elena, perhaps Elachnave, one of the Garve-
loch group, north west of Scarba; Himba, not yet identified; and Scia or Skye •
but no dates are given, and all we have the means of knowing is that these foundations

ST. ASAPH. 117

occurred between 563 and 597. It seems very strange, and it is very disappointing,
that, beyond what we have heard of his successes among the northern Picts, we
have no authentic information whatever regarding our saint's missionary operations
on the mainland of North Britain. By his disciples and admirers, his and their own
names have been stamped monumentaby on many localities in Scotland, especiaby
between the Tay and the Moray Firth ; but in the early biographies we have no
evidence to show that he ever crossed Drum-Albain or rounded the Mull of Cantire.
In A.D. 593, Columba appears to have suffered a severe illness ; and "just after
midnight between Saturday the 8th, and Sunday the 9th, of June, 597, whbe on his
knees at the altar, without ache or struggle, his spirit gently took its flight."
A sincere and ardent Christian, Columba never surmounted the perfervidum
ingenium which is said to characterize his race. Impetuous, passionate, even vin
dictive, he was a prophet rather after the type of Elias than in the spirit of the
meek and lowly Jesus.
Columba is said to have been an industrious transcriber of the sacred books
chiefly, perhaps also of some ecclesiastical documents. Many original compositions
have been attributed to him, and Irish antiquarians seem to think that, of these,
three Latin hymns and a few poems in his native dialect, may be genuine.

FL— St. afeapk
Aberdeen Breviary, II. Prop. Sanct. fol. xcii. 1st May.
It might be inferred from his language, that the compiler of the Breviary was
disposed to claim St. Asaph for a North Briton ; and yet the parentage assigned
him by the southern traditions has an extremely Welsh aspect. " He was the son,"
says the Rev. Rice Rees * " of Sawyl Benuchel and Gwenaseth, daughter of Rhufon
Rhufoniog." He was therefore probably of Cambro-British rather than of Irish
descent ; and ab else that we hear about him appears in the legends. It seems not
to be doubted that he reaby was after Kentigern, the founder of a monastery and
bishoprick at St. Asaph's.
St. Asaph's mode of carrying fire appears to have been a favourite miracle in
Wales. Caffo, a disciple of St. Cybi, carried a burning brand from a smith to his
holy master, in his bosom, " without even the hem of his skirt being burned. "-f- The
youthful Cadoc not only brought his coals to his master St. Tathan, without harm,
" in his cloak ;" but the remaining coals, " as long as they continued preserved,
cured diseases, were cabed salubrious, and were esteemed by ab the country."^ The
same St. Cadoc, while still a boy under the tuition of Meuthi, who baptized him in
the fountain which afterwards flowed with methegbn, had another like adventure.
The pecubarity of this example is that it discloses a vindictive spirit which, though
oftenest suppressed in the narratives, appears to us to be latent in many of the
* Essay on the Welsh Saints, p. 265.
t Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853), p. 500. J Ibid. p. 587.

118 APPENDIX.

legendary mkacles. To Tidus, a servant of the holy Meuthi, who was at the time
engaged in drying oats at a thrashing floor, Cadoc applied for fire. The churlish
rustic refused " to give him any except he would carry the burning coals in his
cloak." Cadoc accepted the conditions ; but on his way home, mabciously prayed
" that this rustic by the kindling of his own firebrands, may with his thrashing
floor and corn be burned together, and that his thrashing floor be cursed by God,
so that no one after his death may use it for an age, and that his offspring be sub
ject to the heathens. The supplication being ended, and he looking back, lo ! the
thrashing floor which was cursed by him, and the foolish countryman above-
mentioned, were set on fire and altogether consumed. And in that place where the
thrashing or winnowing floor was situated, an unseemly fountain arose after the
burning, in memory of divine vengeance which, causing there a smab marsh, hither
to remains in memorv of the circumstance."*

FEE — St. Balorco.
Aberdeen Breviary II. Prop. Sanct. eol. lxiii. 29th March.
Though St. Baldred has not been left wholly without notice by other writers,
yet the substance of all that appears to have been recorded concerning his personal
history, may be found in the Lections of the Breviary. Of his origin, therefore, re
ferred vaguely by Dempster to Lothian, we know nothing whatever. But his name,
under a vulgarized form, has left a deep traditionary mark along the eastern section
of the Haddington coast. About half-a-mile south-west from Tantallon is St.
Baudron's web, and his cradle, " rocked by the winds and waves," is in a deep
fissure of the cliff at Whitberry, near the mouth ofthe Tyne. A small rock at the
mouth of Aldham Bay, — traditionaby that perilous block which Baldred floated
ashore from the mid-channel between the Bass and the coast, is still known as
" Baudron's boat." Then as to churches, let it be noted that " Cunninghame " is
clearly an error in the Breviary, —whether of the compiler or of the printer, we
have no means of knowing, — for Tynynghame. Now the church of Tynyngham
was very ancient, said to have been founded by St. Baldred, and certainly enjoying
the privbege of sanctuary prior to the time of King Malcolm IV. Aldham church,
the foundation of which also was ascribed to St. Baldred, stood on the sea-cliff to
the west of the vibage which transmits the name ; its ruins are reported to have
been visible in A.D. 1770, but have now disappeared ; and the two primitive parishes,
Auldhame and Tynynghame, have long been annexed to Whitekirk, formerly called
Hamer, — the better home of the three. Finally, the church of Prestonkirk is
supposed to have been originated by St. Baldred.-f
Of stones, serving the purpose of navigation, we may hear something under our
* Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853), pp. 318-19.
t " St. Baldred of the Bass," by James Miller, 8vo, Edinburgh 1824, — a feckless poem, with some
notes worth reading.

ST. BALDRED. 119

next article. The great feat of Baldred's life was rather a miracle of engineering ;
and from that point of view, if not exactly matched, he seems to have been at any
rate rivalled, by the Welsh Saint Teilo. This prelate had gone on a visit to Armo-
rica, and whbe there he intimated to his companions that their king, Gerennius, to
whom he had solemnly pledged himself to administer the last rites of the church,
was dying at home. An immediate return was instantly ordered. " A large ship
being therefore prepared," says the narrative* " and seven years and seven months
expired during which St: Teilo had resided in the country of the Armoricans, he
entered into it with many doctors and some other bishops, by whose sanctity the
British nation should be refreshed. * * * And then he enjoined his companions,
saying, ' Take with you this stone coffin, that the body of Gerennius may be buried
therein;' and they wondering, declared that they could not obey bis command, for,'
said they, ' ten yoke of oxen can scarcely move it from its place.' But he, trusting
in the Lord and the prayers of his bishops and people, directed that it should be
cast into the sea before the prow of the ship, and (intimated) that through the
power of God it would be brought to the bank without using an oar, which was
accordingly done. And as they sailed in the middle of the sea, another ship met
them, and the sadors coming together conversed with each other, and a bishop sent
by King Gerennius mentioned that the king was dying, but expected the arrival
and coming to him of St. Teilo. Sailing together from thence they got to a harbour
cabed Dingerein ; and lo ! immediately the aforesaid stone that had been thrown
into the sea, having arrived, appeared between the two ships, and according to the
faith of the holy pastor of Christ manifested the glory of his majesty. St. Teilo
coming to the king found him still living; and having received the body of the
Lord from his hand, (he) joyfully migrated to the Lord; and his body was carefully
buried in the aforesaid stone coffin, and by bis holy confessor committed to Cod
Even St Baldred's posthumous mircle was matched by St. Teilo ; thus,—' Un
the night ofhis (Teilo's) decease^ there arose a great dispute between the clergy of
three of his churches, each asserting its authorities and privileges for obtaining his
bodv one of which was Pennalun, and which claimed because it was there his
ancestors had been buried, and therefore the proper place by hereditary right ¦ the
second church, which was situated on the banks ofthe Towy, claimed it because it
was the place of his residence where he lived retired, and because he there gloriously
ended his life; the third was Llandaff and urged its claim on account of its having
been his episcopal See, of its privileges and dignities, its consecrations and obedience,
and of the unanimous voice of ab the diocese, and especiaby because of ite former
state, and the appointment of St. Dubricius and other fathers But at lengtn at
tending to the advice of discreet men, they had recourse to fasting and prayer, that
Christ the great Judge, who is the true authority and privilege of holy persons
should declfre by som! manifest sign,towhich of them he would be pleased to commit
the holy body of the saint. And in the morning a certain elder, looking towards
- the place where the body was, spoke with a loud voice, saying, ' Our prayer, brethren
has been heard by the Lord, who deprives no one ofhis reward. Arise and behold
what Mohave been done by ckst the Mediator between God and man, that
our dispute might be settled; and as in the hfe, so m the death of the holy Con-
* Liber Landavenis, Welsh MS. Society (1840), p. 350. t Ibid. P- 353.

120 APPENDIX.

fessor Teilo, miracles should be performed.' For lo ! they saw there three bodies
to which there were the same dimensions of body, the same beauty of countenance ;
what more 1 — they had the bneaments of the whole frame without any difference."
Men who believed these Legends might naturaby argue from them in favour
of transubstantiation ; and in our country at least, they did so.

Fffi— St. Confoall.
Aberdeen Breviary, I. Prop. Sanct. Fol. cxvii. 18th May.
The shrine of St. Conwab at Inchinnan, appears to have been a place of resort
for sick people and devout pilgrims down to the eve of the Reformation.
" Ane halie man of Scotland of great fame
That samin tyme, hecht Conwallus to name,
Discipill als he wes of Sanct Mnngow ;
In Inchannane, schort gait bewest Glasgw
His bodie lyis, quhair I myself hes bene
In pilgrimage, and his reliques hes sene." *
Though here claimed for our modern Scotland, he was undoubtedly of Irish origin.
The wonder-working stone on which he floated across the channel and up the Clyde
as far as the mouth of the Cart, or what the Paisley " bodies " quaintly cab the
" Watter-neb," is said to be still preserved and visible, within the grounds of
Blythswood. Of course anything whatever, — a cloak, a handkerchief, or such bke, — sufficed
for saintly navigation on what were deemed worthy occasions ; but upon the whole,
stones, for no reason that we can think of except their special power of sinking
seemed to have stood highest in favour with the hagiographers. Molocus, Moloch-
anus, Moloak, — there are some six or eight other ways of writing his name, — the
patron-saint of Lismore, came across from Ireland to that charming green island, on
a stone which, we suppose, may stib be seen there ; and he must have obtained
considerable celebrity in North Britain, since, next after Kentigern's, the commemo
rative Office dedicated to him in the Aberdeen Breviary is, as we apprehend, the
most complex and florid provided for the festival of any national saint.f The Welsh
saint, Brynach, also crossed " from Lesser Britain " (Brittany) to the " port of Mil-
ford," " on a piece of rock."i. Nimanauc, a disciple of St. Padarn, unable to bve in
Armorica after his master's departure, crossed over to the British coast on " a certain
stone."|| For the sake of variety we may here introduce a voyage of St. Aidus.
He had gone to visit St. David ; " and when the time came that he should again re
turn, he said to St David, ' How shab I go over the sea ?' To whom the blessed
David answered, ' Go to the sea, and whatever animal shab come to thee, go thereon
* Stewart's Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland, Edited by W. B. D. D. Turnbull (1858), vol. II. p. 294.
t Breviarium Aberdonense (1852-53).
t Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853) p. 291. || Ibid. p. 506.

ST. CONWALL. m

and pass over the sea. Then Aldus went to the sea in the country of the Britons
and he saw a large animal in the likeness of a great horse, and sitting onh^
shoulders he came across the sea to Ireland, to a place which is called Imber Crem
thram ; and the animal returned to the sea."* When it became important Jo vTn
St. David against an attempt of one of his deacons to poison him, and no sh?p was
ready, Scutinus one of his disciples, under the direction of an angel, " went to The
sea-shore and into the sea to his knees, and a monster taking him brought him to tbe
time ""to meSt/B1" T" %* ^^ Y the ^d ^tun^Lce upon a
time, to meet St. Brendan, the most celebrated of saintly voyagers in a rather sin
gular way. Barri had been on a visit to St. David, ,J befnf at a Toss fo a Tp
when desirous of returning home, he asked the holy Diwi for a loan of his own
horse, and obtained it Having received the benediction ofthe father, he went to
the harbour and into the sea, and confiding in the benediction ofthe father and the
support of the horse he made use of the horse for a ship ; for the swebing waves
were prepared as a level field; and when he had proceeded a good way St Bren
danus appeared to him on a marine animal where he led a wonderful life And
bt. Brendanus seeing a man riding on the sea, was astonished and said -'The Lord
is wonderful m his saints.' And the man on horseback got near where he was
that they might salute each other. Having saluted, Brendanus enquired who he
was and from whom he had come, and how he rode on the sea ; to whom Barri
after relating the cause ofhis journey, said,—' Because the sailing of a ship prepared
lor me by the brethren was suspended, the holy father David, that I might accom
plish what was necessary, gave me the horse on which he was accustomed to ride •
and so protected by his benediction, I have travelled in this way.' To whom
Brendanus said, — ' Go in peace, I will come and see him.' And Barri with unin
terrupted pace got to his country, and related to the brethren what had been done
respecting him ; and they kept the horse in a stab in the monastery until its death.
And after its death a picture of the horse was painted in memory of the miracle
and protected with gold is stib to be had in the island of Ireland, which also shines
with plenty of miracles.' J Nor were the privileges of miraculous navigation re
stricted to bving saints. The blessed Samson, bishop of D61 in Brittany, died
there ; ' and after the end of his bfe, bis body was placed in a coffin which moved,
and a strong wind raised it, and by divine power carried it in the softest manner to
the sea. Then it passed over the waves as a duck, and arrived like a sailing ship
safe and prosperously in the harbour of Illtyd." ||
The wonder-working properties of water which had been brought into intimate
contact with amulets, sacred stones, or charmed babs of whatever substance, is too
famibarly known to require any ibustration. The celebrated " Lee Penny" is no
more than a casually famous example of the class. Of course when the amulet or
charm was of small dimensions, the water to be medicated was simply weU stirred
with it ; but a different practice was imperative in the case of a mass so laro-e and
ponderous as Conwab's boat. Too unwieldy to be handled, its virtues were secured
by cobecting for use, water which had been poured over it. So it was, according
to Geoffrey of Monmouth,§ that Merlin explained the magical properties of those
* Lives of the Cambro-British Saints, Welsh MS. Society (1853), p. 566. f Ibid. p. 434.
X Ibid. pp. 435-6- || Ibid. p. 481. § Lib. VTII. c. xi

20

222 APPENDIX.

huge- monobths which, on Sabsbury Plain, stib laugh at antiquarians, as "The
Giant's Dance," or Stonehenge. " They are mystical stones," said the great wizard,
" and of a medicinal virtue. The giants of old brought them from the furthest
coasts of Africa, and placed them in Ireland while they inhabited that country.
Their design in this was to make baths in them, when they should betaken with
any illness. For their method was to wash the stones and put their sick into the
water, which infalbbly cured them. With the bke success they cured wounds also,
adding only the apphcation of some herbs. There is not a stone there which has
not some heabng virtue."

¥£ — St. $ allaMus.
Aberdeen Breviary, I. Prop. Sanct. fol. xxiv. 6th July.
An exhaustive and critical examination of all that has been written regarding
this saint's life, would be out of place here ; and yet the unquestionably historical
character and position of Palladius impose upon us the obligation, or the necessity,
of being, if as brief as possible, still at any rate speciaby circumspect and accurate.
It wib be observed then that, according to the first Lection in the Breviary, he was
an Egyptian of distinguished parentage ; while other productions of comparatively-
recent date speak of him as a Greek, a Galatian, and a native Hibernian. He is
moreover said to have been the writer of several works, such as a life of Chrysostom,
a treatise against the Pelagian heresy, and a book of Epistles. For ab particulars
connected with the questions thus raised, and for a conclusive refutation of every
one of these assertions, we shab simply refer to the careful and learned enquiries of
Archbishop Ussher;* contenting ourselves with a brief notice of the western tra
ditions, and the historical evidence on the subject.
Bebenden, translating Hector Boece, acquaints us with the views regarding
the mission of Palladius, which Scottish writers propagated in the centuries im
mediately anterior to the reformation. " Amang us," says that author,-}- " wer in
thay days, Pabadius qudk was send be Celestine, Pape, to confound the heresy of
Pelagius, risin than in sundry partis of Albion. This Pabadius was the first bishop
that bure authorite amang the Scottis, and was creat by the Pape. The bischoppis
afore him war creat be votes abanerbe of the monks and preistis, namit Culdeis.
This Pabadius purgit the Scottis and Pichtis of mony vane superstitionis and rites
of Gentibs, usit in thay days, and thairefore he was cabit the apostill of Scottis :
and deceissit in ane town of Mernis, namit Fordoun ; quhare his blissit body restis
yit, haldin in gret veneration amang the pepib. His banis war laitly translatit be
ane nobib man, Wilham Scheves, archbischop of Sanct Andros, and put in ane silver
cais, with mony solempne cerimonyis, fra the incarnation of God ane mccccxciv
yeris. This Pabadius maid Sanct Serf bischop, and send him in Orknay, to in-
* Works, vol. VI. pp. 351-71. f History and Chronicles of Scotland (1821) vol. I., p. 286.

ST. PALLADIUS. 123

struct the rude pepib thairof in the faith ; als he gaif the sacrament of baptem to
Tervanus, and maid him archebishop of Pichtis." Hence it is clear that these
writers, to whom John of Fordun may be added, adhered, with more loyalty than
judgment, to the fable of King Donald and Pope Victor, according to which Christi
anity was first brought to North Britain in a.d. 203. This curious fiction, invented
during the bloody contest for supremacy between the crowns of England and Scot
land in the thirteenth century, was manifestly adopted also by the compiler of the
Aberdeen Breviary, as appears in the fourth Lection of the Office prepared for the
commemmoration of St. Palladius. In our translation of that Lection we have at
tempted to imitate the rude verses, — vulgares illi versculi they are called by
Ussher, — which were composed, perhaps before the battle of Bannockburn, for the
purpose of fixing and transmitting the imaginary era of our national conversion ;
the original of them may be inserted here.
" Christi transactis tribus annis atque ducentis,
Scotia Catholicam coepit inire fidem.
Boma Victore primo papa residente,
Principe Severo martyr et occubuit."
Clearly then the writers referred to above, all of them, and they had several fol
lowers, supposed that the mission of Pabadius was directed originally and expressly
to North Britain ; — that it was superinduced on Culdee institutions traceable back
for fully two centuries and a quarter ; — that its special object accordingly, was not
the conversion of mere ethnics, but the correction of Pelagian errors and the intro
duction of a canonical episcopate ; — and that it was eminently successful among the
Northern Picts. We shall not pause here to expose the anachronisms and other
absurdities involved in these wild assumptions ;— some of them wib become obvious
enough as we proceed.
Of the Irish tradition regarding Palladius, several versions may be found on
the pages of Ussher ; * but our purpose may be sufficiently served by an extract
from the " Annals of the four Masters," since it is in substantial harmony with
everything that the learned archbishop has adduced. " The age of Christ, 430f
The second year of Laeghaire. In this year Pope Celestinus the first sent Palladius
to Ireland, to propagate the faith among the Irish ; and be landed in the county of
Leinster with a company of twelve men. Nathi, son of Garchu, refused to admit
him ; but however he baptized a few persons in Ireland, and three wooden churches
were erected by him, (namely) Ceb-Fhine, Teach-na-Romhan, and Domhnach-Arta.
At Cell-Fhine he left his books, and a shrine with the relics of Paul and Peter and
many Martyrs besides. He left these four in these Churches, — Augustinus, Bene-
dictus, Silvester, and Solinus. Palladius on his returning back to Rome, as he did
not receive respect in Ireland, contracted a disease in the country of the Cruithnigh,
and died thereof." To this quotation the following note is subjoined by O'Donovan :
— " Palladius. From the notice of this Missionary in Prosper's Chronicle, it is
evident that there were some communities of christians among the Scoti in Ireland.
His words are, — ad Scotos in Cristum credentes, ordinatus% a Papa Celestino,
* Works, vol. VI. p. 367, &c.
t Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, Edited by O'Donovan (1848-51), Vol. I. p. 129.
X Recte, ordinatur, &c, et primus, &c.

124 APPENDIX.

Palladius primus episcopus mittitur. The same writer boasts that this new
missionary to the British Isles, whhe endeavouring to keep the Roman island of
Britain catholic, had made the barbarous, — i.e., not romanized,— island christian.
Et ordinato Scotis episcopo, dum Romcmam insulam studet servare catholicam,
fecit barbaram christianam. This sanguine announcement was issued by Prosper,
in a work directed against the semi-pelagians, before the true result of Pabadius's
mission had reached him. This unsuccessful missionary did not bve to report at
Rome his failure in the barbarous island ; but, being driven by a storm on the
coast of North Britain, there died at Fordun in the district of Magh-Geirgin, or
Mearns." Prosper of Aquitaine was a contemporary of Celestine, and though not ordinarily
resident at Rome, was in frequent communication, as an eager and distinguished
controversiabst, with the papal court. When he said, as quoted above in the
original, — " To the Scoti believing in Christ, Palladius is ordained by Pope Coeles-
tine, and is sent (as their) first bishop,"* he recorded in his chronicle an occurrence
which lay within his own direct and personal knowledge. This mission, as we
have seen incidentally, is sometimes referred to A.D. 429, and sometimes to the
fobowing year ; but according to the best chronological authorities, the true date is
a.d. 431 ; and it is now admitted on all hands that Palladius was sent to the
Hibernian Scots. Of his earlier history nothing is known. He bad probably been
a deacon ofthe Roman Church; for though by several writers he is said to have
been an eastern bishop, and by one writer at least, to have been an archdeacon
somewhere, these statements are whoby unworthy of credit. The second quotation
from Prosper is undoubtedly the occasion of some perplexity. " He," that is Paba
dius, " having been ordained a bishop for the Scoti, while he strove to keep the
Roman island cathobc, also made the barbarous (island) Christian."-f- This is ex
tracted from a keenly polemical tract contra Collatorem, that is, against John
Cassian, at that time the leader of the semi-pelagians in southern Gaul. Beyond
ab question the Romana insula denotes Great Britain, and the barbara Ireland.
It is probably quite true, as O'Donovan, anticipated by Ussher, conjectures, — that
Prosper wrote the clause while stib uninformed regarding the fate of Pabadius.
But even this supposition hardly explains his language. In the context his object
is to extol the orthodox zeal of Pope Coelestine against pelagianism, everywhere
and in all forms ; that is his subject, and the allusion fo our western world is
merely incidental. But, as it seems to us, he must have known either that Palladius
had retired; — perhaps had been driven, — from Ireland into North Britain ; or that
his instructions were, should he fail of success in the barbarous island,' to carry his
missionary efforts for Roman orthodoxy into what was supposed to be the native
sob of the great western heresy. Except on the assumption of at least one, — it may
be both, — of these alternatives, we think his language inexplicable ; and even then,
though with a clear basis of truth, it is highly exaggerated. Palladius did en
deavour to make the barbarous island christian, and not whoby without success,
though he was constrained to withdraw after having founded no more than three
churches ; moreover he did enter among the Cruithnigh or Picts of North Britain,
on the enterprise of keeping the Roman island cathobc, or loyal in the points of
* Prosperi Opera, p. 744, u. Edit. Paris, 1711 f Ibid. p. 363, b.

ST PALLADIUS. 125

ritual and doctrine to the Latin orthodoxy. But his missionary career was very
brief as web as not very brilliant ; and St. Prosper, misinformed perhaps, — more
probably carried away by controversial eagerness and sanguine expectations, —
greatly overstated its results. Pabadius died and was buried, not at Longforgan,
which is an error of the compiler or printer of the Breviary, but at Fordun, in a.d.
432, and if the day fixed for his ritual commemoration may be trusted as evidence,
on the 6th of July in that year. The whole period therefore, between his appoint
ment at Rome and his death in Pictland, was certainly not more than a year and
a half; and the assertion that he consecrated St. Serf aud baptized St. Ternan,
offers rather a bold chabenge to our power of bebef. We have heard that the
memory of the saint stib is, or not long ago was, obscurely echoed at Fordun, by
" Paddy's well " and " Paddy's fair."

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The LEGENDS and COMMEMORATIVE CELEBRATIONS of SAINT KEN
TIGERN, his FRIENDS, and DISCIPLES. Translated from the Aberdeen
Breviary and the Arbuthnott Missal, with an Ibustrative Appendix. Edinburgh:
Printed for Private Circulation. 1872.

From " The Glasgow Herald."
Anything about St. Kentigern and his contemporaries must be interesting to students of ecclesiastical
history. To the citizens of Glasgow and the surrounding districts it must be specially interesting ; and yet
few of us have any but a very hazy notion of who he was, or what he did. What is generally conceived
about him is that he founded our High Church, and lies buried under those beautiful central pillars of its
unique crypt. Most of us know him by his familiar name of Mungo — a corruption from the Welsh Mon-chu,
much-beloved ; and we tell our children about him as a fine old saint who wrought miracles. And when
they find our City Arms in their picture books, we can tell them how a queen lost a ring and the saint
found it in the mouth of a salmon, and restored it to her, and that the salmon and the ring came thus to be
represented on our Arms. Even the stories about the tree, however, and how it came there, and about the
little bird which sits on the top of it, many of us know little if anything about them ; and we are apt not
only to regard the whole as mere legends invented by the monks, but to consider St. Mungo himself as a
myth and a legend too — the whole story a fairy tale for the children, but having no place in the records of
real history. The legends we may so dispose of, though even these are interesting, for through most of these
old stories there ran a thread of truth which, if we could but untwist and extricate it from the web of ro
mance in which it is enclosed, would prove of real interest to the historian. But Kentigern, the founder of
the See of Glasgow, was no myth. He was as real in history as he was great and good— one of the pioneers
who carried the torch of religion and civilisation into a country where only heathen darkness reigned, and
who, when building his humble cell — chapel and dormitory combined — on the banks of the Molindinar, was
laying the foundations on which our great and prosperous city have arisen.
It is to elucidate the history of St. Kentigern and of that group of worthies of which he formed the
centre, and to throw light on the times in which they lived, that the highly interesting work under notice
has been compiled, and every page of it, we venture to say, will be found replete with interest. The volume
does not disclose the name of the author ; but we trust we are not taking an undue liberty when we state,
what is known to not a small circle of friends, that we are indebted for it to an accomplished scholar — the
Rev. Dr. Stevenson, till recently Professor of Divinity and Church History in the University of Edinburgh,
and formerly minister of South Leith. To appreciate what has been accomplished by Dr. Stevenson, it is
necessary to recollect that the sources from which he derives his materials are inaccessible to general readers,
and not only so, but that they are written in a language which few but advanced scholars can read with ease.
Even pure Latin not many can read with fluency ; but the media et inflma Latin of the monks, in which the
legends come down to us, requires more than ordinary scholarship to decipher.

128 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

In the Lections of that ancient missal, the Aberdeen Breviary — " the only surviving representative" —
Dr. Stevenson tells us, " in that comprehensive kind of the ritual services conducted by our pre-Reformation
Church," are contained the stories of St. Kentigern's miracles, with the legends regarding his mother St.
Thenew, of his master Servanus, of St. Columba, St. Asaph, and other old saints of the time, and these with
the responses and all other prose portions down to the rubrics, together with the hymns, have been translated
by Dr. Stevenson. Another piece — a sacramental commemoration of St. Kentigern — is translated from the
Arbuthnott Missal. Dr. Stevenson has thus presented, in a readable form, some highly interesting specimens
of the commemorative services which were ritually celebrated in our Scottish churches anterior to the Refor
mation. These form what may be called the text of the book, but the bulk of the work, and certainly not
the least valuable portion of it, the author has modestly presented under the name of an Appendix. In this,
the various miracles are examined and illustrated, and many curious and interesting particulars are given
regarding the lives and history of St. Kentigern and the other saints. Our space precludes us from giving
extracts from these, though the temptation to do so is great, for every page contains something curious. The
Compiler of the Aberdeen Breviary had drawn his materials largely from more ancient records — notably from
the " Vita," by Jocelin, a monk of Furness ; while Jocelin tells us that he himself had access to still older
manuscripts. The examination of these forms an interesting portion of Dr. Stevenson's work, and we may
return to the subject, as it calls for and deserves a more extended notice. The monk Jocelin composed his
work at the request and on the employment of Bishop Jocelin, who was appointed to the See of Glasgow in
the year 1174 ; and by that Bishop's instructions he visited the localities and sought out all the sources from
which information could be obtained. Among others, he found a missal, then, as he tells us, in use in the
Cathedral of Glasgow ; and it is curious to us Protestants of the nineteenth century to think that in our old
High Church there were read from this old manuscript to the early inhabitants of Glasgow, as portions of
divine service, such stories as those about the profligate Queen of Cadzow and her ring ; and how St. Kentigern,
having accidentally torn off a robin's head, joined the parts, and made it all well again ; and how he lighted
the Refectory fire by breathing on the frozen twig of a hedge and causing it to burst into flame ; and such
like fairy legends. It would be unsafe to conclude, however, that in these earlier records, from which the
Monk of Furness drew his materials, the legends appeared in the form in which he presented them. It is
very important, as it is singularly interesting, to note that in the preface to his work he informs us that he
found in the old missal referred to— read in the Cathedral though it was— doctrines opposed to the Catholic
faith—" quoddam sanae doctrinae et Catholicae fidei adversus." Finding besides, as he further relates that
the style and composition were defective, he sought for some better authority, and he was rewarded by dis
covering another treatise, written in the Celtic language—" Stilo Scotico dictatum." But, though containing
a more full account of the life and acts of St. Kentigern, he unfortunately found this work also to be defiled
by what he calls doctrinal error. From these statements of the old Monkish Chronicler, there can be little
doubt that the two ancient records from which he derived a portion at least of his materials belonged to the
period when the purer faith of Columba and Kentigern prevailed. We are not to confound the language in
which one of these old records was written with what we are now accustomed to conceive of theScottish
dialect It was not, as Dr. Stevenson suggests, " the vulgar or vernacular speech prevalent in the West of
Scotland, not very different from the nascent English found in Piers Plowman and the earlier romances." It
was ancient Irish-the same language in which were composed those « Carmina" or hymns known to Irish
scholars as the" Amhra,'' or Laudes S. Columbse, and in the recital of which the Irish believed such great
virtues to reside The author of these old hymns, Eochaidh Eigas, was a contemporary of Columba and
Kentigern, and the « Amhra" are described by Adamnan, who wrote within a century after Columba's death
^T r T gr " , *T "' n°ted alS° that' iu ^™Z of Places - Irela^, Adamnan, afte '
f Zfi ,m 6?T ' ^ X ^ thS Scottish-- '; the Irish-name. For example, in mentioning
TnTtlv W ^ f1 1, C°T V' Meath' h6 deSCribeS -" " ^ at a Place " W* ScotiJTrioit vocitatur."
t^t P . I ^ Ty tlm6S WaS Ireland' and the statement in Adamnan's interesting biography
iS^LXationstrt." BritaDniam" ™" ^ ^ * -ttle the point werftherfS
VuJl T ^ tlfsiSco-tish or lrish l^guage, then, that the treatise was written to which the Monk of
Fnxness refers and it was, no doubt, written by one of the Scoti Britannia, as the early Irish settles werf
termed. Kent.gern was well known in Ireland. We know that he was vi ited by Columba who was T
compamed hy a great number of his disciples, when the Glasgow saint had his unpre nofng Si nla" Z

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS 129

present Cathedral, " looo vocabulo Mellindonor," and on that occasion Columba gave a crozier to his brother
saint — not a grand, ornamented staff, such as we now associate with the name, but " virga de simpliciligno ; '¦
and Fordun, who wrote so late as the fifteenth century, tells us that in his time this relic was still carefully
preserved in the Church of St. Wilfred at Bipon. Dr. Stevenson's observation regarding Jocelin's work is
that he despised the authors whom he consulted, and that he was actuated by a literary ambition to produce
something showing his own superior scholarship. This may have been true, but there can be little doubt,
from what he says himself, that it was the doctrinal errors— what we should call the purer doctrine, which
we know Columba held, and which we may assume was held by his friend and fellow- worker, Kentigern —
that the monk chiefly objected to, and that he manipulated his materials in such a way that no one should,
to use his own words, find in them anything " Catholicce fidei adversus."
But we cannot pursue this interesting theme further, much as we should have liked to follow Dr.
Stevenson through his attractive pages. After what we have said of the work, we cannot but regret to add
that it is printed " for private circulation " only. We trust that Dr. Stevenson will reconsider it, and per
mit the reading public to enjoy what deserves a circulation far beyond the circle of a few personal friends. —
19fi December 1872.

From the " Scotsman."
The lives and legends of the early Scottish saints are less generally known and appreciated than they
deserve. It is true they are not lively reading, and that besides their prolixity and pietism, they nauseate
by the frequency of their demands on the reader's credulity in the matter of miracles. But the lives and acts
which they record are inseparably interwoven with the early history of our country, and we are sometimes
indebted to their incidental notices for nearly all that we know of the leading events of the period. As il
lustrations of local history they are invaluable, for owing to the change in the direction of the current of
popular veneration at the Reformation, the traditions are no longer kept up on the spot, and must be ob
tained from other sources. Even the connection of particular saints with particular localities is often but
scantily indicated by a chance remnant of a chapel with a forgotten dedication, a hermitage, or a well with
a far-off suspicion of having once been " holy ; " while sometimes the feast-day of the saint alone survives as
the day of the local fair. The legends of St. Kentigern and his mother St. Thenew, with those of St. Ser
vanus, St. Columba, St. Asaph, St. Baldred, St. Conwall, and St. Palladius, are given in " The Legends and
Commemorative Celebrations of St. Kentigern" translated from the Aberdeen Breviary and the Arbuth
nott Missal, and followed by an appendix (which is the best as well as the bulkiest part of the book), in
which the legends are subjected to a critical examination by the light reflected on them from extraneous
¦sources. The ability with which the editor (as he modestly styles himself) has performed his task adds to
the regret with which we read in the preface that he had at one time proposed to prepare a complete calendar
of the Scottish saints, but that the exigencies of a heavy charge compelled him to abandon the idea. Re
cently, however, the want of the general work has been supplied by the " Calendar of Scottish Saints "
edited' by the Bishop of Brechin, and the group of saints more immediately connected with Fife and the
Lothians is now specially illustrated by the present volume. St. Kentigern, better known locally as St.
Mungo, was bora at Culross, in Perthshire. His mother, St. Thenew, had been first hurled down the steepest
front of Trapraine Law, as a punishment for " being as nuns ought not to be," and thereafter she was sent
adrift from Aberlady in a coracle, " the fishes all following her as if she had been their queen." The coracle
with its precious freight was peacefully floated up the Firth to Culross, and there she gave birth to her son,
who was baptised by St. Serf, at that time living and combating the devil in his cave at Dysart. The
principal points in the life of the saint, his fame attracting disciples from Ireland, his labours in Clydesdale,
his exchanging pastoral staves with St. Columba, his visit to Wales, his journey to Rome, and his many
miracles are all referred to and critically examined. His connection with Glasgow as St Mungo is illus
trated at some length from the Glasgow records. The notices of St. -Serf also give occasion for an examina-

21

130 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

tion of the stories of the Dragon of Dunning, and the disputation with the devil in the cave at Dysart. St.
Baldred is another of the early saints of whom we have had interesting local associations. He is believed to
have been a native of Lothian, and his greatest miracle is associated with an outlying rock on the seaboard
of East Lothian. The lections in the Breviary say that he lived at one time on the Bass as a hermit, that
he preached in the churches of Aldhame, Cunnynghame, and Prestoune, and that he took his seat on the top
of an outlying rock which impeded the navigation between the Bass and the mainland, and caused it to be
towed by some invisible agency close in-shore. " Even at this day," says the Breviary, " this rock is called
the tomb, or the cockboat of the blessed Baldred." Such a rock lies off the north-east corner of the bay of
Aldhame. A few years ago, a dog scraping in a rabbit hole in the little plot of grass which occupies its
summit, threw out some bones and shells and bits of old-world crockery. The place was then thoroughly
explored by Mr. Laidlay of Seacliff, a member of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries. It was found that a
rude building of irregular rectangular form, with dry-built walls, had stood on the sheltered side of the rock,
and a large accumulation of bones and shells represented the refuse of the food of the occupants. A quern,
a number of rude bone pins and bodkins, a comb, ornamented with eliptical figures very neatly incised, and
a great quantity of broken crocks, among which were the fragments of an amphora, apparently of the
Roman or Romano-British period, gave such an assemblage of relics as might lend countenance to the belief
that the rock was inhabited in St. Baldred's time, and, along with the cave some time previously explored
there, was probably an occasional resort of the saint himself. — 20th December 1872.

From the " Edinburgh Courant."
We have been favoured with a sight of a work printed for private circulation, but well deserving of
public notice — " The Legends and Commemorative Celebrations of St. Kentigern, his Friends and Disciples ¦
Translated from the Aberdeen Breviary and the Arbuthnott MissaL" For this valuable contribution to our
knowledge of the Middle Ages and the Church ofthe Middle Ages in Scotland, we believe we are indebted to
Dr. Stevenson, an antiquary of high reputation, although in the present instance he withholds his name.
The work, however, is in every way worthy of the highest praise which can be bestowed upon any work of
the kind. It exhibits in an English translation, but in the original form, the services used in the Boman
Catholic Church of Scotland on the festival of St. Kentigern or St. Mungo, and of some other saints  St.
Thenew (St. Kentigern's mother), St. Servanus, St. Columba, St. Baldred, St. Asaph, St. Conwal, and St.
Palladius. From what absurdity and folly we have been delivered by the Reformation we may here clearly
see. It is melancholy to read such devotional services as the following, with which the services of St. Kenti
gern's day begin : —
" At the special vespers, where a church has been dedicated to him, may be said &c. 
Ana. — Let children praise the Lord ; a child like them,
With saints in heaven has won eternal fame.
Ps. — Sing praises, ye children.
Ana. — All nations, tongues, and people, lift your voices,
For holy Serf to rear our saint rejoices.
Ps.— Praise ye the Lord.
Ana.— 0, Kentigern, praise God, thou spirit blest,
Thy country's patron saint by His behest.
Ps.— Praise the Lord, 0 my soul."
And so on to " Cpm.— Behold a great priest ; " and then there is a hymn in praise of St. Kentigern re
counting his royal ancestry, and calling on the whole Scottish nation, and specially Glasgow to rejoice under
his protection. Then follow such versicles as this : —

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 131

" Invit. — Be now one true God, in three persons, praised,
Who to Himself in heaven St. Mungo raised ; ''
and lessons or lections, recounting the history of the saint, as we have afterwards of the other saints already
named. We give a specimen and one is enough. It is the second lesson in the service of St. Kentigern : —
" But the blessed Serf, knowing through evangelical revelation that the boy had been prevented by the
grace of God, educated him honourably at Culross, and instructed him in the virtues and the learning of the
Christian faith, so that while he was still a boy, he was already greatly distinguished by the miracles which
he performed. For when a certain little bird, which is called a redbreast, was accidentally killed in the re-'
rectory of St. Serf by Kentigern while he was yet merely a little boy, he took the body of the bird, along
with its head, and joining the head to the body, began to fit and arrange them together. When this was
done, the bird directly returned to life, and flew to St. Serf, carolling its song."
Let us imagine this read in a church instead of a chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, and we have
Scotland before the Beformation contrasted with the Scotland of the present day. We are much indebted to
the editor and translator of the Aberdeen Breviary for making us acquainted with its contents. His appendix
is very valuable, rich in antiquarian information of the most curious kind. In it also we find " The Legend
of St. Thenew " — St. Kentigern's mother — in good English verse ; an amusing poem, somewhat in the style
of the Ingoldsby Legends, and not such as we might expect to find in an antiquarian book. But the book
is one which we are glad to see — an important contribution to the history of Scotland in the middle ages,
an addition to the materials from which historians may draw. — l&th February 1873.

From the "Dumfries-shire and Galloway Herald and Register."
This learned, and to ecclesiastical antiquarians interesting volume, published in Edinburgh for private
circulation, is, we understand, believed to have proceeded from the pen of a distinguished emeritus Professor
in the University of that city. It exhibits no small amount of the curious research and recondite lore for
which the supposed author has long been celebrated. It appears that at one time the author, or, as he jocu
larly wishes his readers to regard and style him, « the editor, translator, or compiler," had contemplated the
arrangement and publication of a " complete calendar of the Scottish saints," but " the exigencies of a heavy
charge" prevented him making much progress towards the accomplishment of " his adventurous plan," and
at length compelled him finally to abandon it. Still, he says, although the project was given up, the subject
has never ceased to retain its peculiar charm to his mind. And accordingly, when he found leisure, he re
solved to make what may be called a contribution to the great undertaking he had once designed, by selecting
from the materials he had accumulated those interesting legends "forming a group, in which St. Kentigern
is the central figure." These legends, he informs us, are all translated from the ritual celebrations contained
in what is known to antiquarians as the Aberdeen Breviary, with the exception of one, the sacramental
commemoration of St. Kentigern, which is taken from the Arbuthnott Missal. And m presenting these
leeends to the public, or rather to the circle of friends for whose amusement they are published, the author,
or translator, as he prefers to be considered, not only gives an account of ancient superstitions and fables
that once found credence, but he exhibits specimens of the services « which were ntually celebrated m our
Scottish churches, anterior to the Reformation." Andthis is the most mterestinglightin which we regard them
It cannot be said that, as devotional services, they are distinguished by much hterary grace or spiritual
unction ; but they show to us the kind of teaching which in those ante-Reformation times was provided by
the Church of Borne for the people of this country, and was apparently acceptable to congregations, if it
was not even also supposed to be profitable. The first, and in all respects the most interesting ; of the , «*.
vices " given in the book before us, as containing a group of legends, is the one of which St. Kentigern
himself is the subject, and which appears to have been designed for celebration "at the spec.al vespers,
Tele a church has been dedicated to him." It consists of a lengthy series of charts and responses inter
mingled with hymns, prayers, and lections, all bearing on the history and virtues of the saint. The lections,

132 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

as might be expected, are to us the most instructive parts of the service, embodying, as they do, the legend
ary narratives 'of Kentigern's life and miracles. In the first lection we have an account of the birth of St.
Kentigern, which is said to have been on this wise : Thenew, daughter of Loth, King of Lothian, having
fallen with child — in a miraculous manner, as she alleged — her father, enraged at what he thought the de
gradation of his house and family, sent her forth to sea on board of an old boat, intending that she should
be drowned ; but, by Divine Providence, the boat was preserved and carried against the waves of the sea till
it reached the land at Culross. There, with angels attending her, Thenew brought forth her son, and St.
Serf, warned by heavenly admonitions, baptised him in the sacred font, giving him the name of Kentigern,
which is lord-in-chief. The lectious that follow describe the various miracles which at different periods of
his life Kentigern is reputed to have performed. The miraculous power was indicated at an unusually early
period in his case. Having accidentally, while merely a little boy, killed a " certain small bird, which is
called a red-breast," he took the head, which had been cut off, and joined it to the body, whereupon " the
hird directly returned to life, and flew to St. Serf, carolling its song." Later on we find him credited with
having raised a dead cook to life — when the somewhat harsh alternative was set before him of either doing
so or turning cook himself. We cannot give in detail all the rest of his pretended miracles ; but one of the
lections, the seventh in number, we shall quote entire, on account of its bearing on the origin of the arms of
the City of Glasgow, which it will be remembered consist of the picture of a tree, a bell, and a fish with a
ring in its mouth.
"It happened that the Queen of Caidzou was ill reported of concerning the love of a soldier whom the
King took out with him to hunt. When he was asleep, from his pocket the King drew out a ring which the
Queen had given him, and threw it into a river which is called the Clyde. On his return home the King de
manded the ring from the Queen, threatening her with death unless she restored it. She sent a servant to
the soldier, but did not obtain the ring. Then immediately, by a messenger, she communicated the whole
affair to the blessed Kentigern, promising that she would do suitable pennance ; and St. Kentigern, piously
commiserating the said Queen, sent one of his people to the river with a hook to fish, and enjoined that the
first fish which was taken should be brought to him alive. This was done accordingly, and the saint, having
extracted the ring from the mouth of the fish, transmitted it to the Queen, who restored it to the King, and
thus escaped death."
While the lections, as may be inferred from the above quotation, are written in prose, the chants and
hymns, on the other hand, appear in verse in the original Breviary, and the translator has endeavoured to
exhibit the form of the whole service as closely as possible by rendering these into rhyme. Not because the
rhyme is poetry, and worthy of quotation on the score of its merits, but very much for the opposite reason,
and in order to give our readers a notion of the kind of litanies that were chanted at special services in the
times before the Beformation, we give the following passages as samples, premising that the capital letters
at the commencement of the several lines and stanzas indicate who are the speakers. After Lection V. the
following is chanted : —
R. — The pangs of gout the tyrant's limbs afflict,
Who with his dastard foot God's servant kicked.
Vs. — Posterity can still the limping wretch depict.
The pangs of gout, &c.
After LectiOn VTI., R. — The contrite queen feels, of her fault, the Sting ;
The bishop, by a fish, restores the ring,
Vs. — From infamy escapes the wondering king.
The bishop by a fish, &c.
Af'er Lection IX., Ii. — Of life, nine scores and five years he had ended,
Before to God, from Glasgow, he ascended.
Vs. — And now above the starry spheres,
In rest and bliss the saint appears.
Of life, nine scores, &c.
Glory be to the Father, &c.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 133

Besides this Office, dedicated to the memory of St. Kentigern, there are also in the book offices in honour of
St. Thenew, St. Servanus, St. Columba, St. Palladius, &c. &c, all of them curious to read at this time of
day, and all equally valuable as pictures of the religious thought and life of the fifteenth and previous cen
turies. To these translations there is added a long appendix, comprising three-fourths of the volume, and
devoted to an elaborate biography of each of the fore-mentioned saints, and an investigation of all legends
and disputed questions associated with their names. Much information of its own kind will be found here,
and no one who peruses this portion of the book will doubt the research and learning of the author. — 2ith
May 1873.

From " Notes arid Queries."

This carefully compiled and equally well edited volume is a welcome addition to legendary collections, and
also to the stores of testimony as to how the intercession or intervention of saints was relied upon, and how the
worship of saints was shown to have inestimable value. The volume is " for private circulation," and that, too,
is well. Readers may be somewhat startled by the account of fraud and brutality by which St. Thenew became
the mother of St. Kentigern, especially when they subsequently come to this prayer : " Oh God, Who hast
willed that by interpositions of divine grace, the blessed Kentigern should be born of the blessed Thenew,
grant, in Thy mercy, that they who worship her with sincere minds, may be able to be freed from the perils
of hell." The whole book including the exhaustive illustrative Appendix teems with most curious matter
in connection with old times, and the teaching of the church of the early period.— 26th July 1873.

E. SYME AND SON, PRINTERS, HANOVER STREET, EDINBURGH.

22

antiquarian ant* m&tovicnl Boofcg,
WITH OTHEE UNCOMMON LITERAEY CURIOSITIES,
CHIEFLY PRINTED AT PRIVATE EXPENSE,
SELECTED FROM THE UNIQUE STOCK OF
THOMAS GEORGE STEVENSON,
^ttttqnartan anb Historical bookseller,
22 SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
(At the sign of Sir Walter Scott's Head.)
. se #hop is roelU-knotrjn, or ought to be so, bg all the true loners of curious little olb
smoke--bneb oohtmes."— flThambera's Illttstrattons of trjc Author of fflte»erle».
L— KNOX (John, The Celebrated Reformer of Scotland) The Works or, now First Collected, and Edited with Bio
graphical and Bibliographical Notices, Notes, and Illustrative Papers, by David Laing, L.LD. Illustrated with Fine Facsimiles
Portrait and Woodcuts, in Six Volumes, 8vo, cloth boards, Price Three Guineas.
,..,.. ^ .1P?S ^DIno\ IS TSE ONLY COMPLETE And most valuable one extant. It ia enriched with Notes and Illustrations concern!™
which it is difficult to say what ought most to be esteemed— the superlative regard to historical truth, the research, the erudition or the imuarti
ahty everywhere pervading them. Mr. Laing is an eminent Antiquary, and the greatest living benefactor to the Literature'of the Scottish
*,* "This is the first attempt to Collect the Works of the great Eeformbr. The Writings of Knox may be divided into four
classes, viz., Historical, Admonitory, Devotional, and Letters. Well may Scotland be proud, of such a man as Knox, and of the sreat ami
noble work he was instrumental in achieving I His character rises superior to detraction, and will ever stand forth worthy of admiration ¦ stem
and resolute in his purpose ; zealous in his endeavours to correct existing abuses ; undaunted in his opposition to all false doctrine and id'olatrv
and heroic in his incorruptible integrity." •''•
IX— PASQUINADES, &c— THE SEMPILL BALLATES : A Series of Historical, Political, and Satirical Scotish
Poems, ascribed to Robert Sempill, M.D.LXVII.-M.D.LXXXIH., pertaining to "Mary Queen of Scots, Henry Lord Darnley
The ' Good' Regent Murray, Kirkcaldy of Grange, and Patrick Adamsone, the Archbishop of St. Andrews, &c." Now first
Collected with a Preface and an Appendix, consisting of Poems by Sir James Semple of Beltrees, 1598-1610 (now first
printed), and Allan Ramsay, 1724. Sm. 8vo, boards. 31s. 6d. Large Paper, 8vo, boards. £2, 12s. 6d.
ig" " These curious reprints of rare ' Ballates ' of the Sixteenth Century have historical as well as poetical interest. Many of
the ' Ballates ' are so rare as to be found only in ' unique ' copies, and thus the volume is a remarkable collection of what cannot be procured else
where. The ' Ballates' give very curious pictures of the state of society in Scotland during the troublous times of the last half of the sixteenth
century, concerning the Eegent Murray, the fiery Knox, the unhappy Darnley, aud the ever famous Mary Queen of Scots. The volume is an
edition de luxe, daintily printed in capital style, and being intended only for limited circulation is necessarily costly, and will soon be locked up in
the libraries of the curious, and be reported ' rare.' As an example of the rarer literature of Scottish History, the volume is an acceptable addition
to all choice libraries, and is, certainly, as to form and style a very charming work of the Scottish press."
*„* " The Sempill Ballates now for the first time given to the world in a collected form, are a series of political poems originally pub
lished as broadsides or small tracts between the years 1567 and 1583. They have reference chiefly to the events that occurred in Scotland during
the stormy times that succeeded the death of Darnley, and if they are not calculated to throw much new light on Scottish history, they are interest
ing as bringing vividly before the reader the sentiments and opinions of the dominant party in Scotland during that eventful period. It is rather
A SINGULAR COLLECTION, OF WHICH ONLY THREE HUNDRED COPIES WERE PRINTED.
TTT. — SINCLAIR'S (George, Professor of Philosophy, &c, Glasgow), Satans Invisible World Discovered ; or A
Choice Collection of Modern Relations proving evidently that there are Devils, Spirits, Witches, and Apparitions
from Authentic Eecords, Attestations of Famous Witnesses, and Undoubted Verity. To all which is added that Marvellous'
History of Major Weie and His Sister. Beprinted from the Original Edition issued in 1685. With a Supplement
containing Additional Notices oe Major Weir, the Witches op Galloway, Benprew, Pittenweem, Kinross, and West-
Calder. Edited with a Bibliographical Notice, and an Account of William Mitchel, " the Tincklarian Doctor," Edinburgh.
Sm. 8vo, with a fine frontispiece, boards. 21s. Large Paper, 8vo, boards. 31s. 6d.
tzg° " This Reprint, of which the Impression is extremely limited, is from the First Edition of one of the most curious Books ever written by a
learned Professor, and one of the most popular circulated for many years in Scotland, and which continued to be reprinted as late as the year
1814. The First Edition is of extreme rarity. It is here carefully produced in facsimile, under the Editorship of the worthy Publisher, who has
made it for all literary purposes vastly superior to the original by an interesting Biographical and Bibliographical Introduction, by printing with
it the Additional Belations which appeared in the Edition issued in 1764, and some very curious Supplement Notes."
IV.  AULD BALLAD POETRY : Four Books op choice old Scotish Ballads, viz. — I. A Ballad Book, 1823. 
II. A North Countrie Garland, 1824. — III. The Ballad Book, 1827. — IV. A New Book op Old Ballads, 1844. Edited
originally by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, James Maidment, and George Ritchie Kinloch. Now first collected, with an
Introductory Notice. Sm. 8vo, with woodcut portraits of the celebrated Antiquary, Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, and
Charles Leslie, alias " Mussel-Mou'd Charlie," the eccentric Ballad Singer in Aberdeen, *-c. Boards. 36s.
%* " The series of Ballad-Books contained in this collection was originally issued at private expense chiefly for presentation to the
particular friends of th-ir respective editors. The Impression printed was exceedingly limited in number, and, consequently, soon became very
scarce. Now they are iu the language of Bibliopoles ' EXCESSIVELY rare.' Their Value, both in a literary and financial point of view, was known
to be great ; and where by chance any of them was exposed for sale on the dispersion of some eminent collector's Library, the competitors were
many, and the prices realized extravagant in almoBt every case." — One of them — " A Ballad Book," was very recently priced in a London Book
seller's Catalogue at the sum of Five Pounds and Fifteen Shillings.

ii ANTIQUARIAN AND HISTORICAL BOOKS.
V— NAPIER (Mark, Advocate) : Memoirs of John Napier of Merohiston, his Lineage,' Lif e, and Times : with a
History of the Invention of Logarithms, and an Appendix of Original Letters and Illustrative Documents from the Family
Papers. 4to, embellished with fourteen fine portraits, plates and facsimiles, boards. 21s.
*3- " The Domestic History of the Illustrious Philosopher is now, for the first time, fully recorded, and every fact of interest regarding the
great Napier, exhibited so as to connect him with the Political and Eeligious History of his Country, no less than with the history of Science. —
A VERY VALUABLE WORK, TOO MUCH NEGLECTED.
VI.  _, Memoirs of James -Graham,, First Marquis of Montrose, from 1612 to 1650; Illustrating
from Domestic Papers of the Montrose Family, and other latent and Original Documents, his Life, Actions, and Death, with
Blustrative Notes. 2 vols. 8vo, embellished with fine original portraits and facsimiles, fy-c, boards. 36s.
* * " To this New and Very Complete Biography of the Illustrious and much maligned Montrose there is appended a large collection of
Illustrative Papers of great importance and interest, and which are now for the first time printed .—including his Poems — Notices ofthe various
Original Portraits of himself and some of his Family Circle — Defence written in the interval between his Last Victory and First Defeat — Story of
Montrose's Heart  Ceremony of Collecting his Remains, with the true Funerals thereof, Ac."
lS3" " Montrose ? who does not like Montrose? even though believing that he spent his genius on the wrong side, for lie was truly a man of genius,
with a noble brilliant, romantic, brave mind. The ' Life of Montrose; by Mark Napier, though it is a peculiar book, and though it is fierce, I might
Bay ferocious, in its Anti-Presbyterian feelings, is a most valuable contribution to Historical Literature, and throws a great flood of light upon that time,
iu Scotland." — Prof. Masson.
* * " Mr. Napier's new and recently published Edition, of ' The Memoirs of Montrose,' is the only one upon which any reliance can be placed
and of any value as an authority or reference to the historian, antiquary, or eoen tlie general reader"
VXI.  Memorials and Letters Illustrative of the Life and Times of John Graham of Claverhouse,
Viscount Dundee, from 1643 to 1689, Compiled from Original and Unpublished Documents, with Illustrative Notes. 3
vols. 8vo, embellishedwith fine portraits and facsimiles, boards. £2, 12s. 6d.
^gj" " Dundee was a remarkable man, whose name can never be forgotten while military skill and prowess, and the most loyal and active
fidelity to an almost hopeless cause, shall challenge attention."
*»* ll Dundee was the most heroic genius, the most clear -minded statesman, the most accomplished and humane captain, that Scotland
had known since the murder of Montrose."
ISST " Professor Aytoun, in his ' Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers,' remarks, that ' it is very much to be regretted that ho competent person
has as yet undertaken the' task of compiling a full and authentic Biography of Lord Viscount Dundee. His memory has consequently been left at
the mercy of writers who have espoused the opposite political creed, and the pen of romance has been fully employed to pourtray as a bloody
assassin ' one of the most accomplished men and gallant soldiers of his age.' This want has now been fully supplied by the ' Historian of the
Marquis of Montrose,' in his highly interesting and most valuable collection of original and hitherto unpublished state papers and other documents,
recently discovered among the l Queensberry Papers,' now in the possession of the Duke of Buecleuch."
Vni. — RABELAIS (Dr. Francis), The Romance of Gargantua and Pantagruel, translated from the French by Sir
Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty. New Edition. Edited with an Introductory Notice and Life of Rabelais, by Theodore
Martin. 4to, fine front., by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, boards. 31s. 6d.
*-* This reprint of the Best Translation of Rabelais forms a handsome volume in 4to, uniform with the works of Sir Thomas Urquhart,
lately published by the Maitland Club. The genuine text of Urquhart, which has been corrupted and destroyed iu the later editions, is given
from the Original Rare Edition printed at London in 1653, &c. The impression of this curious and entertaining volume having been limited to
One Hundred Copies, only a very few now remain for sale.
TX.— SEMPLLLS OF BELTREES : The Poems of the " Renfrewshire Poets," viz. : I. The Packman's Paternoster ;
or, a Picktooth for the Pope  H. The Life and Death of Habbie Simpson, Piper of Kilbarchan. — HI. Epitaph on Sanny
Briggs. — IV. The Banishment of Poverty. — V. A Discourse between Law and Conscience. — VI. The Blythsome Wedding.—
VH. She raise and loot me in. — VHJ. Maggie Lauder. Now first collected, and Edited, with Notes, Biographical Notices of
their Lives, and an Appendix of Illustrative Documents, by James Paterson. Sm. 8vo, boards. 12s.
£& " The Sempills of Beltrees are distinguished by a kind of hereditary affiance to letters aud the muses ; and various eminently successful
effusions have been ascribed to individuals of the family. There can be no doubt that a careful collection of their poetical writings, accompanied
with memoirs of the writers, would prove highly acceptable and useful to Scottish literature."
*%* u A deserved compliment is thus paid to a family distinguished for genius. And valuable as a contribution to the general literary
history and biography of the country, for which the reader of Scottish poetry, especially the lover of what iB old, cannot fail to be grateful."
X. — SMITH (Eobert, Schoolmaster at Glenshee, Perthshire), Poems op Controversy Betwixt Episcopacy and
Presbytery: Being the Substance of what past 'twixt him and several other Poets; as also Several Poems and Merry
Songs on other Subjects : with some Funeral Elegies on several Noblemen and Gentlemen, never before published. Re
printed from the Original Edition issued in 1714. Edited, with an Introductory Notice. Sm. 8vo, boards. 12s.
XI. — SMITH (Robert, Schoolmaster at Glammis, Coupar-Angus, Forfarshire') The Assembly's Shorter Catechism
in Metre. Reprinted from the Edition issued in 1729. Edited, with an introductory Notice. Sm. 8vo, boards. 6s. 6d.
Igg*" " Supplementary to the " Poems of Controversy betwixt Episcopacy and Presbytery, 1714."
XH. — ANALECTA SCOTICA: Collections Ulustrative of the Civil, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of Scotland,
chiefly from Original Manuscripts. Edited, with Illustrative Notes, by James Maidment. 2 vols. 8vo, boards. 63s.
%* "These volumes contain a great variety of minute facts, which in vain would be sought for elsewhere, and which are of much import
ance to the investigator of Scottish History ; especially the literary department. The Notes by which they are elucidated are replete with laborious
accuracy of research." — It is a very valuable work, of which only one hundred and twelve copies were printed.
XHL— AUCHINLECK CHRONICLE : Ane Schort Memoriale of the Scottis Croniklis, 265-1449, with a Short
Chronicle of the Reign of James the Second, King of Scots, 1436-1460. Edited by Thomas Thomson. Sm. 4to, stitched. 5s.
XIV.— LITHGOW'S (William, the Celebrated Traveller) POETICAL REMAINS, 1618-1660, viz.— I. The Pilgrimes
Farewell to his Natiue Countrey of Scotland. — H. Scotland's Teares in his Countreyes behalf , 1625.— HI. Scotland's Welcome
to her Native Sonne, and Soveraigne Lord, King Charles, 1633. — IV. The Gushing Teares of Godly Sorrow, 1640.  A Briefe
and Summarie Discourse upon that lamentable and dreadfull disaster at Dunglasse, 1640. — VI. Scotland's Paranesis to her
dread Soveraign King. Charles the Second, 1660. Now first collected, and Edited, with Biographical Notices, by James Maid
ment. Sm. 4to, boards. 30s.

ANTIQUARIAN AND HISTORICAL BOOKS.

m

* -^ XV.-BIOGRAPHIA PRESBYTERIANA : Containing the Lives of Peden, Semple, Welwood, Cameron, (Will, and
Smith, by Patrick Walker, the Packman. James Renwick, by Alexander Shields, with some of his Letters and Dying
Testimony, &c. ; and others who rendered themselves conspicuous as Leaders of Tender Consciences during the Troubles in
Scotland, 2 vols. sm. 8vo, boards. 18s. 6d.
„ . ,. J®" ."Sir Walter Scott expressed great satisfaction on seeing the Lives of the Covenanters-Cameron, Peden, Semple, Wellwood, Car/rill
Smith, Renwick, &c, reprtnted without mutilation in the ' Biographia Presbyteriana."— Lookhart's Life op Soott, Vol. iv. p. 186. '
*»* " A great desideratum in works of this class and period of Church history."
XVI.— AYRSHIRE BALLADS AND SONGS, Illustrated with Sketches, Historical, Traditional, Narrative, and Bio
graphical, by James Paterson, and with Remarks by Captain Charles Gray. 8vo, boards. 5s. 6d.
g%- " The selection is curious and good, and no lover of Scottish Songs ought to be without a copy. The illustrative Notes and Sketches
are highly interesting, and serve to throw considerable light on the ballad lore of the West. In the Introduction there are some interesting Notices
of the modern Musicians and Composers of Ayrshire." r 0
XVLL— DALYELL'S (Sm John Graham) MUSICAL MEMOIRS OF SCOTLAND, with Historical Annotations and
Notes niustrative of the Manners and Customs of Scotland. 4to, embellished with forty-five plates, boards. 42s.
*„* " This singularly curious and highly interesting work treats chiefly of those Instruments which are recognized in Scotland : with
Dissertations on the 'Bagpipe,' Ecclesiastical Ornaments, Modern Performance, The Organ, Wind Instruments, Springs, Bells, Stringed Instru
ments, Guitar, Lute, Harp, Instruments with Keys, <fcc."
rgT " Mr. Laing in his ' Introduction to Stenhouse's Hlustrati ons of the Lyric Poetry and Music of Scotland,' remarks, that ' The Title of
this Volume furnishes no very distinct notion of its Contents, which exhibit the result of a long-continued and laborious investigation into the
History of Music in Scotland, selected from copious collections on the subject of Scottish History, the accumulation of many years, and accom
panied with plates of the various Musical Instruments in use from the earliest times.' "
XVHL— HAMILTON (William, ofBangour) POEMS AND SONGS OF, Collated with the MSS., and containing
several pieces hitherto unpublished ; including -the Original Prefaces by Dr. Adam Smith and Lord Eskgrove. Edited, with
an Introductory Notice, Illustrative Notes, and an Account of the Life of the Author, by James Paterson. 12mo, portraits,
boards. 5s.
*** " The Poems of the elegant and amiable Hamilton of Bangour, display regular design, just sentiments, fanciful invention, pleasing
sensibility, elegant diction, and smooth versification. The truly beautiful ballad of ' The Braes of Yarrow," has been almost universally acknow
ledged to he one of the finest ever written, and would alone have immortalised his name."
iKf" "He may be reckoned among the earliest of the Scotch Poets who wrote English verse with propriety and taste. We. think, thereforei
that Mr/Paterson has done good service in producing a new edition of a Scottisn Poet, who can still please or interest his countrymen. No pains
have been spared to perfect the work. Mr. David Laing has contributed to its pages from his manuscript collections : and Mr. Charles Kirkpatrick
Sharpe has drawn upon his memory to enrich its notes and illustrations."
• XIX.— HAY'S (Father Richard Augustine, Prior of St. Pieremont) THE GENEALOGIE OF THE HAYES OF
TWEEDDALE, including Memoirs of his own Times, Edited, with Illustrative Papers, Notes, &c, by James Matdment.
Sm. 4to, vignette, boards. 10s. 6d. — Large and thick paper, ito, boards. 30s.
%* " These Memoirs are of considerable importance, arising from the minute Genealogical researches of the author, and also the Histori
cal details which he has preserved of Scottish affairs, from the period of the Restoration to the Revolution, which are extremely curious. In the
appendix will be found some very interesting particulars relative to the Families of Hay, Spottiswoode, <fcc— Meetings of the Estates of Scotland.
— Trial of Lord Balmerino. — Ceremonial of Burning the Pope, 1689. — John Chiesly of Dairy.— The Misfortunes of Lady Grange, &c, <fcc."
XX.—  THE GENEALOGIE OF THE SAINTCLAIRES OFROSSLYN, including the Char'tuxary op
Rosslyn. Edited, with Hlustrative Papers, Notes, &c, by James Matdment. Sm. 4to, Seven fine views of Rosslyn Castle and
its beautiful Chapel before they were destroyed in 1770, now for the first lime engraved with great accuracy from the Pen and
Ink Di a.wings, boards. 18s. 6d. — Large and thick paper, 4to boards. 42s.
I^"* " These Memoirs will be esteemed interesting by all those whose pursuits lead them to minute inquiries into the History and Antiqui
ties of the country, and the manners and customs of the inhabitants. To the Genealogist they are perhaps still more valuable, from the numerous
charters which they comprehend."— Dr Dibdin says, " Of all publications, this is one of the most curious and interesting."
XXI.— KINLOCH'S ANCIENT SCOTTISH BALLADS, recovered from Tradition, and never before published; with
Notes, Historical and Explanatory, and an Appendix containing the Airs of several ofthe Ballads. Sm. 8vo, boards. 10s. 6d.
%* " The Editor of this Collection has judiciously abstained from all conjectural emendations, and presented to the public, in the shape
he received them, a considerable number of Traditionary Ballads, principally obtained from recitation in the Northern Shires."— 7W-m. Motherwell.
r|gf= " Various valuable Collections of Ancient Ballad Poetry have appeared of late years, some of which are illustrated with learning and
acuteness : those of Mr. Motherwell and Mr. Kinloch intimate much taste and feeling for this species of literature."— Sir Walter Scott.
XXII.— MALDMENT (James, Advocate) : SCOTTISH BALLADS AND SONGS, not to be found in any other Collec
tion. Edited, with an Introductory Notice and Notes. 12mo, boards. 10s. 6d.
*.* " This interesting collection consists of curious, old, rare, and unique Ballads and Songs, which are not to be found in any other collec
tion, with a few from MSS., now for the first time printed. The Introductory Notes afford much valuable information."
XXLTI.— BORTHWICK'S (of Crookstown) ANTIQUARIAN TRACTS, viz. : I. An Inquiry into the Origin and Limit
ations of the Feudal Dignities of Scotland ; H. Remarks on British Antiquities, viz. : The Origin and Ceremony of Judicial
Combats ; the Solemnities of Ancient Writs ; The Ancient and Modern Use of Armorial Figures ; the Form of Funeral
Service, with Notes, &c. In one vol. 8vo, boards. 5s.
Ǥ- " This collection contains many important facts relative to the Peerage and Antiquities of the Kingdom, which never have appeared in print

XXJV.— LAWSON'S BOOK OF PEBTH, an Illustration of the Moral and Ecclesiastical State of Scotland before and
after the Reformation ; with Introductory Observations and Notes. 8vo, front., a view of Perth before the Reformation, and
plates of seals, boards. 7s. 6d.
* * " This interesting volume contains Notices of the Monasteries of the Dominicans or Black Friars, the Carmelite or White Friars, and
the Carthusians, the Church of St. John the Baptist and its Chapels, the Religious Houses and Chapels, the Demolition of the Monasteries : with
Extracts from the Kirk-Session Registers, &o."

iv ANTIQUAEIAN AND HISTOEICAL BOOKS.
XXV.-CARRIC EARLDOM : Some Account of the Ancient, by Andrew Carric, Esq., M.D (in a Letter to George
Chalmers^ Author of- Caledonia"), to which is prefixed Notices of the Earldom after it came into the Families of De Bruce
and Stewart. By James Maidmbnt. Sm. 8vo,-" only slxty coptes printed, —boards, 6s. bd
«T " An interesting work, which will be found of considerable service to those *»&&**?&*',$$£$ *e°™S*™™- S°me "»"
portant obSrvations will be found in it on the curious point of the illegitimacy of the sons of the titular King of Ireland.
XXVL-ELEGIAC VEBSES on the Principal Nobility and Gentry of Scotland from 1629 to 1729 Edited with in
teresting Biographical Notices, Notes, and an Appendix of Illustrative Papers, by James Matdment. Sm.Svo, boards. 10s. 6d.-
large paper. Boy. 8vo, boards. 15s.
V " The Funeral Poems collected in this Volume, although deficient ^vof^r^tj^e^^t^^^^^o^e^
unimportant additions to our store of Historical and Biographical information They have been printed from copies MANY OF THEM unique.
Ijj- A CURIOUS AND INTERESTING COLLECTION, DESERVING OF EVERY NOTICE.

XX VH —IONA CLUB : Collectanea de Rebus Albanices.— Original Papers and Documents relating to the History
of the" Highlands and Islands of Scotland; also, the Transactions of the Iona Club. Edited, with Notes, by Donald
Gregory and William Forbes Skene. 8vo, (in Four Parts, forming one Volume), sewed. 31s. 6d.
V This highly interesting coUection contains amongst other valuable Papers, " Documents illustrative of the History^of Icolmkill and the
Bishopric! of the Isles! of the Custom of Fosterage in the Highlands ; Genealogies of the Highland Clans; Extracts from the .Norse Sagas, muta
tive of the Early History of the North of Scotland, and of the influence of the Norwegian Pirates on its inhabitants ; Contracts i of Friendship Bonds
of Manrent ; History of the Fisheries in the West Highlands and Isles ; State of Religion Education, and Moral in the Dioceses of .the Mes »nd
Argyle ; History of the Clan Gregor ; Succession to the Estates possessed by W. M'Leod of Dunvegan, who died m 1553 ; the general mtercourse of
Trade between the Highlands and Lowlands, and more particularly the Trade of Cattle-dealing m the Highlands and Isles ; Preservation of Game,
Wood, &c. in the Highlands and Isles : History of the Macdonalds ; Notices of the Highland Dress and Armour. „„,„„ , „
[ST THIS VOLUME, WHICH WAS NOT PRINTED FOR SALE, COST THE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY FIVE GUINEAS.
XXVHL— KELLY (Thomas, Sixth Earl of) : MINUETS, SONGS, &c. Composed by, now for the first time published,
with an Introductory Notice by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe. 4to, portrait and plates, boards. 10s. 6d.
V " His Lordship was one of the finest Musical Composers of the age, and esteemed by the cognoscenti as the first man of taste in the
musical line of any British subject, and ranked all over Europe in the first musical form." . .„ ,.
rSr " The Compositions of this very eminent musical genius were celebrated by his contemporaries, and ought still to be esteemed aB an
honour toScotland." XXIX.— RELIQUIiE ANTIQU2E SC0TIC2E, Illustrative of Civil and Ecclesiastical Affairs, from Original Manu
scripts. Edited by Ktnloch and Baxter. 8vo, — " only sixty coptes printed, chiefly for private circulation," — half-bound
morocco, uncut. 10s. 6d.
*** Ll This interesting collection contains, amongst other articles, an account of the Families of the name of Paterson, in Denmark and
Norway ; Documents anent the Preceptory of St. Anthony at Leith ; Papers relating to the Families of Kinloch of that Ilk ; Trials of the Witches of
Forfar, 1661 ; Extracts from Kirk Session Records ; Royal Letters and State Papers ; Charters and Bonds of Friendship ; Testimonial of the Suffer
ings of the Episcopal Clergy of Scotland in 1708," &c. &c.
XXX. SETOUN FAMILY : Maitland (Str Richard, of Ledington), The Genealogy and Surname of the House of
SetOun, with the Chronicle of the House of Setoun, compiled in Metre, by John Kamington, alias Peter Manye ; Edited, with
a curious Preface, Notes, &c, by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe. 4to, portrait and plates, boards. 10s. 6d.
XXXI. — TURNBULL (William, B. D. D., Advocate) Memoranda of the State of the Parochial Registers op Scotland,
whereby is clearly shown the imperative Necessity for a National System of Regular Registration, with Introductory Remarks.
8vo, boards. 6s.
XXXH.— WILSON'S ANNALS OF HAWICK, from a.d. 1214 to a.d. 1814 ; with a Supplement, containing the
Proceedings of the Circuit Courts of Justiciary held at Dumfries and Jedburgh in 1623, now for the first time printed, and an
Appendix of Illustrative Documents, Ancient Charters, and Biographical Sketches, including those of Gavin Douglas, Douglas
of Drumlanrig, Rev. W. Fowler, Bev. A. Orrock, Rev. R. Cunningham, Rev. W. Crawford, Rev. Dr. Somexville, Rev. Dr.
Charters, Rev. Dr. Young, &c. Sm. Svo,front., §-c, boards. 5s.
(gr " Contains a mass of highly interesting matter, illustrative of the habits and modes of thinking that prevailed among the worthy
burghers two or three centuries ago. Mr. Wilson has executed his task with great care and taste, and produced a useful and pleasing volume,
which, to those connected by early associations with the spot or its neighbourhood, we doubt not will prove acceptable."
XXXIH. — ANDERSON'S Historical Account of the Family of Frisel, particularly Fraser of Lovat, with Notices of
other Scottish Families, Blustrated details of National Customs and Manners, the Original Correspondence of Simon Lord
Lovat, &c. 4to, Genealogical Tables and Plates of Arms and Seals, boards. 7s. 6d.
XXXIV.— STEWARTIANA : Containing the Case of Robert H. and Elizabeth Mure, and Questions of Legitimacy
of their Issue, with Incidental Reply to Cosmo Innes.— New Evidence Conclusive upon the Origin op the Stewarts, and other
Stewart Notices, &c, to which are added, Critical Remarks upon Mr. Innes's Prefaces to his recently Edited Seotch Chartularies,
interspersed with divers Antiquarian Matters, &c, including the New Abercrombie Peerage Case, or Claim in 1738-9.—
Evidence of the Status and Connections of Sir William Douglas, of Liddesdale, the " Flower of Chivalry," and Excerps from
the Family History or Memoirs of the Murrays of Abercairney, &c, &c, with Notes by John Riddell, Advocate. 8vo,
boards. 7s. 6d.
V "Mr. Riddell was well known as an erudite and industrious Lawyer, distinguished for his antiquarian learning, and particularly for
his great experience in Peerage Practice. In this department, he acquired a reputation which is attained only by a favoured few, and his opinions
upon this abtruse subject are entitled to the greatest weight."
. 1ST " No one should profess to write on Scottish Peerages without, at least, consulting the works of this Eminent Lawyer." Notes and

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