Li'T.S H

ilftKS

X' ¦; Jl\'X.-

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

ACQUIRED BY EXCHANGE

ENGLISH

HISTORY

RHYME

MARY RUSSELL GARDNER,
PRINCIPAL OF SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES,
603 FIFTH AVENUE,
NEW YORK CITY.

NEW HAl'EN;
THE STAFFORD PRINTING CO.
IS84.

Entered according to Act of C""Kn.ss, in the year 1SK4, by
Mary Russell Cauhnkk,
In the Office of the Librarian of Cungres*, at W.i&hinijlori.

PREFACE,

This Metrical Summary is one of a series, pre
pared or in course of preparation for use in schools
or by those who wish to memorize in a short time
and in an easy manner the principal dates and
events of history.
Its practical value has been tested in my own
school, where I have used it in connection with a
text book. Pupils enjoy reciting it and when once
well learned it is not easily forgotten.
In the History of England I have omitted the
details of Napoleon's contest with that country, as
they are fully given in my History of France.
M. R. G.
603 Fifth Avenue,
New York City,
November 1S84.

ENGLISH HISTORY IN RHYME.

BRITISH AND ROMAN PERIOD (B. C. 55 TO A. I). 449).
From conquered Gaul, victorious Caesar crossed the belt of sea,
To meet on Britain's fabled shore. the swarming enemy.
He made no lasting conquest and a hundred years had fled,
Ere Claudius, in forty-three, another army led;
Suetonius, at Mona, laid the Druid altars low,
Agricola accomplished Southern Britain's overthrow.
In later times, the Scots and Picts, the Britons so annoyed,
The aid of Mother Rome was sought, her legions were em
ployed
In driving back invading Goths, so fair-haired Saxons came,
And kindred Angles found a home to which they gave a name;
To these untamed idolaters was St. Augustine sent,
And by him Christianity was first proclaimed in Kent

JuliusCEesar 55 B.C.

Claudius. 43 A.D.
Agricola. 78 A.D.

SAXON PERIOD (449 TO I066).
The Saxon Heptarchy comprised Northumbria, Mercia,
With Kent and Essex, Wessex, Sussex and East Anglia;
By Egbert, in eight-twenty-seven, these parts were all com
bined,
Then Ethelwolf and Ethelbald and Ethelbert we find,
With Ethelred, and in the year eight hundred seventy-one
By good, sagacious Alfred, England's glory was begun.
In fierce encounter with the Dane, their blood-red flag went
down,
And in administrative art, he won no less renown.
His son, the earliest Edward, came; the valiant Athelstan,
And Edmund the Magnificent, then Edred's rule began.
The death of Edwy's lovely wife was laid to Dunstan's charge;
Eight tributary kings were found to row King Edgar's barge.

Egbert. 827.

Alfred. 871.

Edward. 901.
Edgar. 958.

(,
Succeeding martyred Edward, (by Elfrida foully slain),
Was Second Ethelred, who fled from the avenging Sweyn;
1016. Brave Edmund Ironside divides his kingdom with Canute,
The Danish and Norwegian prince, a man of great repute.
His son, swift-running Harold, ruled, and then another Dane,
Hardicanute, the second son, who had a two-year's reign.
Edward the With Edward the Confessor came the Saxon line anew,
Confessor. 1042. Regaining its supremacy, ten hundred forty-two.
An English noble followed, Harold Second, Godwin's son,
William f. But William, Dukeof Normandy, fair Albion claimed and won.
1000. NORMAN PERIOD (1066 TO 1 1 5 4).
Twas in ten hundred sixty-six, by Hastings Battle fought,
The stern and hand Norman rule was into England biought.
The Conquerpr, with ruthless hand, all insurrections quelled,
And gave his friends estates from which the Saxons were ex
pelled.
The Feudal System soon became the law of all the land,
The Curfew tolled the evening hour, the Doomsday Book
was planned.
,,,.,,• „ When William died, in eighty-seven, both Normany and Maine
William Ru- joj, j
fns. Were ceded to his eldest son; in B'ngland was to reign
The younger, William Rufus, a severe, rapacious man;
He conquered Scottish Malcolm, — in his time crusades began.
Henry I. ^ ' 6
1100. His brother Beauclerc followed and by force of arms pur
loined,
From careless Robert, Normandy, which to the realm was
joined.
Prince William, Henry's son, was drowned; the sole inheritor
Was Maud, who married Henry Fifth, the German Emperor,
And afterwards, Plantagenet, the Earl of Anjou's son;
Stephen. gut Stephen, at the king's demise, the sceptre seized upon.
With lawlessness and civil war the country was astir;
Matilda, fighting for the crown, made Stephen prisoner.
The latter, when restored, agreed the kingdom to award,
Upon his death, to Henry Second, eldest son of Maud.*
* Maud or Matilda. 4

PLANTAGENET LINE (1154 TO 1485).
This first Plantagenet was heir to vast estates in France; Henry II.
With Eleanor, his wife, he had her rich inheritance. IIS4'
In 'fifty-four, when England is annexed to his domains,
He waxes very powerful, and' all the old remains
Of feudal wrong and priestly rule he tries to extirpate;
Through headstrong opposition, proud A Becket meets his
fate.
Hibernia, the "Isle of Saints," by Strongbow is subdued;
And Scotland's "Lion William'' yields a vassal's servitude.
In England, Gothic temples rise and art and learning thrive,
But in the king's unhappy home rebellious children strive.
In eighty-nine, King Henry died, his son, the Lion Heart, Richard I.
Succeeded and in Third Crusade with Philip* bore a part.
On Moslem host of Saladin they dealt tremendous blows;
But the Christian leaders quarrelled and became such bitter
foes,
That Richard, home returning, was in Austria detained,
And, till the English ransomed him, a prisoner remained.
His craven brother, Lackland, disregarded Arthur's claim, 119g.'
And, conniving at his murder, was received with scorn and
shame.
As Philip's* vassal, wicked John was summoned to explain,
But, failing to obey the call, lost all his French domain.
Pope Innocent compelled the king to bow to his decree,
And "Magna Charta" guarded well the people's liberty.
In twelve-sixteen, came Henry Third, pacific and humane; Henry III.
The kingdom suffered great distress, in this protracted reign
Contentions for the crown were rife and cruel civil wars;
The barons, growing turbulent, aspired to make the laws.
Their leader, Montfort, used the king with tyranny severe,
Convoked a parliament and called two knights from every
shire.
'Twas thus the House of Commons rose — Prince Edward's
trusty sword,
* Philip Augustus of France.

At Evesham, overthrew the Earl and Henry's power icslored.
Edward I. This Edward followed in the year twelve hundred seventy two;
He conquered Wales, and Scotland's might determined to
subdue.
The ruler, Alexander Third, had left no heirs direct;
So, one of two competitors, King Edward must elect, —
John Baliol or Robert Bruce,— the former was preferred;
But Edward grew so dominant, that Scnttisli pride was stirred.
The standard of revolt was raised, the king his wrath made
known;
He took the crown from Baliol — removed the " Chair of
Scone.''
Avenging William Wallace fled from scattered hearthstone
fires,
And summoned all the clans to guard the birthright of their
sires.
"The Bruce" was hunted like a deer from fen and forest
wide.
Till Edward, weary with the chase, and breathing vengeance,
died.
E.lward II. The father, so distinguished, had a weak, unworthy child —
1307. J
A dissipated triller, by his favorites beguiled.
The Scots, inspired by Robert Bruce were victors in their
turn,
And routed England's bold array on field of Bannockburn.
This victory, to Scotland, her enfranchisement secured;
But greater shame anJ misery the hapless king endured;
For factious nobles, Mortimer and Edward's guilty wife,
Most cruelly deprived him of authority and life.
In thirteen hundred twenty-seven succeeded Edward Third;
ard III. Base Mortimer and Isabelle due punishment incurred.
Young David wore the Scottish crown his father Robert won;
But Edward wished to give it to the former Baliol's son.
The Scots, repulsed at Halidon Hill, their king was forced to
flee—

'3=7

Then Edward, boldly claiming France, was victor at Crecy.
~'Twas there the Black Prince won his spurs, the English took
Calais,
Defeated Scots at Neville's Cross, and French at Poitiers.
Great Edward Third reigned fifty years, was able, just and
wise,
Gave England new commercial strength, by active enterprise.
The earliest literary age did then the world endower,
With men like Wickliffe, Mandeville, with Chaucer and with
Gower.
Prince Edward's son, the Second Richard, afterwards sue- R;chard
ceeds. J377
Wat Tyler's rash rebellion, which provoked such reckless
deeds,
Was kindled by a tax imposed to carry on the wars,
For Charles the Fifth and Robert Stuart, joined in common
cause.
Ambitious Henry, son of Gaunt, of fortune dispossessed,
Resolved from headstrong Richard his inheritance to wrest.
The malcontents who followed him, so gently he bespoke,
The king, forsaken and deposed, gave way to Bolingbroke.

HOUSE OF LANCASTER (I399 T0 H01)- Henry IV.
In thirteen hundred ninety-nine this crafty Henry came, !399-
But Lionel's great grandson had the highest legal claim.
The Percies, Earl of Douglas and Glendower, all combined,
And unto Edmund Mortimer the regal right assigned;
With meagre force at Shrewsbury, young Hotspur ventured all,
Foreseeing not the tragic fate which swiftly did befall. Henry V
In fourteen-thirteen, jovial Hal, of riotous renown, mh
Cast off his old associates, as he put on the crown.
Reviving England's claim to France, in shining armor dighl,
On far-famed field of Agincourt, he won a glorious fight.
Then married Catherine of France, as Regent, took the lead;
'Twas said, when Charles the Sixth should die, King Henry
should succeed.
In fourteen hundred twenty-two, both Charles and Henry died,

„ ,.. Young Henry Sixth was then enthroned, the Dauphin set
1422. aside.
War raged again. Joan. of Arc, by spirit-voices led,
To sa\e her country, sought the field, where her compatriots
bled.
The siege of Orleans was raised, and Charles,* at Rheims was
crowned,
But poor Joan, the loyal maid, a fiery death-bed found.
The wife of timid Henry Sixth was Margaret of Anjou,
As arrogant and merciless as he was meek and true;
The death of noble Gloucester,! and the loss of French es
tates,
With Henry's incapacity, such discontent creates,
That able Richard, Duke of York, Protector of the realm,
Asserted his ancestral right to govern at the helm,
Wars of the And. thus commenced a civil war which lasted thirty years,
Roses Destroyed the old nobility and drenched the land with tears.
1455-1485. J J
'Twas called the War of Roses, for the York House wore the
white
The reigning House of Lancaster, with red ones was bedight.
At St. Albans and Northampton, Henry's force was put to
rout;
While at sanguinary Wakefield, fortune's wheel was turned
about.
Edward iv. The Duke was barbarously slain, but Edward Fourth, his son,
I4'"- Soon afterwards became the king, in fourteen sixty-one.
House of Lancastrians still resisted, but by Towton's bloody field,
'461-1485. And other sad reverses, their unlucky fate was sealed.
Then Warwick changed to Henry's side and he was reinstalled;
The Earl, at Barnet, overthrown. King Edward was recalled.
At Tewkesbury, Margaret and her son fought bravely but in
vain;
The Queen was taken to the Tower — the young Prince Edward
slain.
At Henry's death, Lancastrians relinquished every hope,
And Edward, firmly seated, gave his vices fullest scope.
* Charles VII. of France, t Pro. Gloster.

He caused his brother's murder, died in fourteen eight} -three;
The earliest English printed book in Edward's reign we see.
Then came the little princes, basely murdered in the Tower
By their wicked uncle Gloucester, who usurped the royal power. Richard III.
But Richard's triumphing was short — in fourteen eighty-five 14 3'
He rode, all crowned, to Bosworth Field, but ne'er came off
alive.
" Long live King Henry!" was the shout which signalized his '"485
fate,
And which the haughty Tudor rule did thus inaugurate.
Although Elizabeth of York became the monarch's wife, The Sudors
Suspicion of the rival house embittered all his life. 1485-1603.
As Edward's* nephew, Simnel posed; and Warbeck, as his
son.
The "Yorkist Rose" — poor Warwick — plucked, of white
ones there were none.
This avaricious 'Henry reigned till fifteen hundred nine.
The usages of feudal times were then on the decline;
It was an age of great events: — America was found,
The Turks had foot in Europe — ancient learning spread
around;
Firearms and .printing came in use, which changed the art of
war, v
And opened founts of lore from which the rich and poor
might draw.
The " Bluff King Hall," of martial fame was emulous and Henry Vill.
1500.
vain; ,
In league with' Venice, Leo Tenth, and Ferdinand of Spain,
He fought with Louis Twelfth of France. James Fourth, on
Flodden Field,
With flower of Scotch nobility, his soul to God did yield.
When Francis First and Charles the Fifth high potentates be
came,
Each one desired upon his side inconstant Henry's name.
The king, on " Field of Cloth of Gold," to Francis seemed a
friend;
•Edward IV.

But Charles, by courting Wolsey, Hied to gain his f elfish end.
As learned "Defender of the Faith" the monarch now ap
pears,
And of his right to Catherine has pious doubts and fears.
For charming Mistress * Boleyn, Heniy quarrels with the
Pope,
And Wolsey, humbled and disgraced, renounces earthly hope.
Though England with the Church of Rome dissevers evciy tie,
This "Glorious Reformation" brings no real liberty.
The cruel monarch puts to death opponents to his views;
His wife, with More and Surrey, are condemned their heads
to lose.
Jane Seymour, homely Anne of Cleves, Kate Howard, Cath
erine Purr,
Of this " Blue Beard" in royal guise successive consorts are.

In fifteen hundred forty-seven, his little son was crowned —
F.dward V I . _ , „ , , „ . , . , , . ,
1547. Good Edward Sixth, for gentleness and piety renowned.
His uncle, Somerset, controlled with almost kingly power;
But, being charged with treason, was beheaded in the Tower.
Northumberland, who followed, gave in marriage to his son,
The Lady Grey, and for her rights became the champion.
For her, thepassive Edward set his sister's claims aside;
And when, in fifteen fifty-three, the feeble monarch died,
The modest Jane was called upon to take the vacant throne,
Mary But Catherine's daughter, Mary, seized upon it as her own.
Proclaimed the Queen, she sent her foes to prison or the
block,
And to the Holy See of Rome restored her wandering flock;
With Rogers, Ridley, Latimer, who perished at the stake,
The contrite Cramner suffered for his dear religion's sake.
The Queen's detested husband, Philip Second, King of Spain,
By Mary's help, a war with France was able to maintain;
They gained St. Ouentin's, but alas! they lost beloved Calais,
Which had been held by Englishmen since great King Ed
ward's day.
* Pro. Bullen.

13

Ere long, neglected Mary died in fifteen fifty-eight;
Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen, was then proclaimed in state.
She brought the Church of England back, — made everyone
conform.
With his Armada, Philip sought the British Isle to storm.
Brave Raleigh, Drake and Frobisher sailed o'er the Western
Sea,
And Shakespeare, Spenser, Bacon formed a brilliant galaxy.
The lovely heir of James the Fifth, sweet Mary, Queen of
Scots,
Was doomed to an inglorious fate for treasonable plots.
The Queen assisted Henry Fourth in his religious wars,
And condemning wayward Essex, as a recreant to her cause,
His tragic death so wrought upon her tenderness and pride,
That she, in sixteen hundred three, in bitter anguish died.

Elizabeth. 1558.

STUART PERIOD (1603-1714)
The Tudors ended, James the Sixth, the last of Scotland's
kings
To England called, as James the First, the House of Stuart
brings.
This>son of Mary, Ofceen of Scots, ill-mannered, but well-read,
" The wisest fool in Europe " was, as Sully well has said.
His doctrine of authority by a divine decree,
With English views of liberty did not at all agree.
His cousin, Arabella, was proposed to take his place,
And Raleigh, for complicity, fell into deep disgrace.
Guy Fawke's match did not go off, his head went off instead,
And King and Parliament were saved from consequences
dread.
Some colonists in sixteen seven, at Jamestown found a home,
And Puritans to Plymouth went, despite the winter storm.
The Bible was translated by the fifty chosen men,
ejames died in sixteen twenty-five, and Charles succeeded
then.

James I.
1603.

The folly of the father was transmitted to the son;
And " right divine to govern wrong " was still insisted on.

Charles 1625.

Civil Wai

'4
So, when the Parliament refused to grant the king's demands,
He used most arbitrary means to carry out his plans.
He forced on Scots and Puritans the English liturgy;
The former signed their Covenant — the latter crossed the sqa.
Long Parliament was then convoked, and' Strafford, Lau'd im
peached; \&
To civil wai, in forty-two, the grievous quarrel reached^ '
"io4=-4s'. For six long years the contests rage and CromweU fiercely
guides
To victory, at Marston Moor, his famous Ironsides. ,, ¦ ,
In vain Prince Rupert and the king at Naseby hotly fought, i
And when, still later, from the Scots, security was sought,
They sold him to the Parliament. By "Pride's Purge" this
w«s cleared
Of Presbyterian members, so derided "Rump " appeared,.
The fifty Independents rule, their fallen king arraign,
Decree his death, and with his blood their country's a^rijals'*
stain. , »'
• tt " • - »•
In sixteen hundred forty-nine the Commonwealth arose;
As Lord Protector, Cromwell ruled, and silenced all hisjocs;
Rebellious Ireland was subdued; at DunbAr, Scots were beat;
And young Prince Charles, by them proclaimed,, at '""Worces
ter met defeat; - ^
He fled and wandered in disguise; one day the Royal Oakjf'.
Concealed him from the searching eyes of the pursuing. folk,.
L'pon the sea, by Blake's success, proud England rode' as
queen; ^ •
And not Van Tromp's defiant broom could sweep the Channel .
clean. *•
Though Cromwell raised his country's fame to such exalted
state,
Renewed conspiracies and plots revealed the common hate.
He dies in sixteen fifty-eight — his eldest son succeeds,
But abdicates in fifty-nine and Monk the army leads —
Subdues contending factions, and a Parliament is called;
The " Restoration " follows, Charles the Second is installed.
* Pro. Wooster.

Cr.„uwell. i''49.

15

This rn^rry, lazy vicious'.king^is well described as one
"Who never foolish'thing had said, nor ever wise one done."
The too exultant people found theirfetaifidence abused;
The pjfodigal, to feed his purse, the meanest measures used,
A's selling Dunkirk; with the-iL\rjtch was fought, at his com-
•y*mand, . "%r- " .
(A war, in whicli the Duke of York obtained New Netherland.
By ".plague jjpas London visited and also by the flames,
Trie navy wastpeglected, sq the Dutch sailed up the Thames;
'"When,, Clarendon was banished'^came the bold Cabal's in-

r4r.

tngu&:

Charles II.
1660.

'Triple
" Rye ! House
throne' de-

g "League." _. ,,
The "Habeas Corpus Act" wasvpassed,the
Plot " deviseA!» '
Charles diedjri, sixteen eighty-five,', to James the
rhised. .-«»>*,
In Chiles' tijme were Buriyaii,, Boyle, and Locke, and New
ton wise; ,¦¦
And Milton, jgropjhg in the dark, discovered 'Paradise.

From James,.' tmapfclaimant Monjnouth begged the life that James II.
fljSedgemoor spare'd, t > ,y * 5'
While: " Laijfbs of Kirke" and "Tiger Jeffreys" feasts of
^bl£od nrepared. • ,,
The.ki'jl^ displeased the pop'ulace by giving papists power,
And the btshdpsfor r.ebe]Iion sfcere imprisoned" in the Tower.
The. keen-eyed Prince of Orangfe, (who was James' son-in-
law), •'¦ . ^''\ ''
In all the spreading disccjdtent his own advantage saw.
Invited by the -Enalish, Wjlliam landed at Torbay;
And James, deserted by his friends, escaped in haste away.
This " Glorious Revolution ".was in sixteen eighty-eight; William and
According to the " Bill of !R*ghts " must William ministrate. M!^'
Thfthanished James, with * Louis' aid, returned to push his
^cause,

*fr

,ouis XIV. of Frajice.

i6
And first aroused the Irish, who received him with applause.
He lost the " Battle of the Boyne " and fled to France again;
The Scotch and Irish were subdued, the Glencoe clan was
slain.
The naval battle of La Hogue decided James' fate;
But not till Peace of Ryswick did the Frerch war terminate.
Till sevcnteen-two King William reigned, a brave, sagacious
man;
Then James' second daughter came— the heavy, good Queen
Anne.
Anne.
1702. The long "Succession War" which filled this memorable
rfign.
Secured to Louis' grandson the disputed crown of Spain.
Gieat genius did the Prince Eugene and Marlborough dis
play.
At Ramillies and Oudenarde, Blenheim and Malplaquet.
Gibraltar's frowning fortress fell, by Brilish sailors won;
The " Peace of Utrecht" made with France, announced the
contest done.
In seventeen thirteen this was framed, thejfjueen soon after
died; M
The name "Augustan Age" has been to Anne's reign ap
plied.
Swift, Addison, Steele, Bolingbroke and Pope adorned their
time,
With stinging wit, and pungent thought, and cultivated
rhyme. HOUSE OI' 1!RUNSWI(JK, I714.
In reign of Anne the act was passed which Scotland closely
bound
To England, with one parliament; and at her death was
crowned
George I. The stolid George of Hanover, who true succession claimS,
Through being by the younger branch the great grandson ol
James.
The Chevalier St. George appeared to lead the Jacobites,

17
And beacons burned and pibrochs shrilled on Scotland's
craggy heights;
But though the Highlanders were roused, the English barely
stirred,
While those who favored James' cause sore punishment in
curred.
Discomfited, he fled to France, which pledged itself to peace.
In twenty-seven, from German George, the English had re
lease.
The son, a little, hasty man, succeeded to the throne; George II
But Caroline, his brilliant wife, with greater splendor shone. I7=7'
Though peaceful Walpole ministered, he could not stop the
war
In which George helped Theresa gain the crown of Austria. w*r "f. tlle
The valiant King won Dettingen, but Cumberland, his son, Succession.
By Marshal Saxe, at Fontenoy, was signally outdone.
Charles Edward, Young Pretender, came to press his father's
right,
And moving south from Preston Pans, filled London with af
fright. '* ¦
The battle at CuWoden was the last on British soil,
And after it the Stuarts ceased the country to embroil.
A treaty closed the Austrian War, but French and English
fought
For boundaries in America, by each contestant sought;
To France was Nova Scotia lost and part of Canada,
While Pitt was rising into power— the mighty Commoner.
In Seven Years' War, for Prussian Fred, the English stood Sev'n Years'
alone, __Yar
And French control in India, by Clive was overthrown;
The splendid Plassy victory and Pondicherry's fall
To English rule surrendered the Carnatic and Bengal.
In seventeen sixtj-, Farmer George, a dull, but kindly man, George III
His reign of sixty fruitful years auspiciously began.
In sixty-three, by Paris Peace the Seven Years' War was
closed;

1756-1763.

And on her well-earned laurels England thankfully reposed.
But her restrictive policy in all colonial trade.
And the taxes in America which she unjustly laid,
Provoked another seven years' war: in seventeen eighty-three,
Th' United States from British rule became entirely free.
In seventeen eighty-nine broke out the great revolt in France;
All Europe joined to hold in check its wild extravagance.
And when poor Louis was no more, and Bonaparte aspired
To universal sovereignty, the English heart was fired.
Though younger William Pitt controlled, affairs went ill on
land;
But England's might upon the sea no rival could withstand.
Trafalgar and the Nile were won: the first cost Nelson's life,
And while the continental powers fell helpless in the strife,
Undaunted England stood alone, protected by the sea,
And was throughout Napoleon's reign his bitter enemy.
At last, in eighteen fifteen, thedisturber of the world
By Wellington, at Waterloo, was from his empire hurled.
While England's peace by foreign foes so grievously was
vexed,
Rebellious Ireland was subdued, to England was annexed.
In eighteen twenty died the King — deaf, sightless and insane,
George IV. And George the Fourth, his heartless son, commenced a
1820-1830. troubled reign.
In speech of fiery eloquence, Lord Brougham tried to screen
From his unprincipled attacks, the injured Caroline.
The English helped the Greeks to rise against the Turkish
yoke,
And Navarino's victory the hated thralldom broke.
O'Connel and Sir Robert Peel relieved the Catholics
From laws restrictive, which forbade their share in politics.
William IV. In eighteen thirty, George's brother, William Fourth, sue-
l83°-1837' ceeds;
The need of change in franchise law, my Lojd John Russell
pleads.

19

A bill is passed by which the right of voting is to lie
More widel)' with the middle class, and portioned equally.
Throughout the British colonies the slaves are all set free.
In eighteen thirty-seven is raised to regal dignity,
Victoria, the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent;
She could not rule in Hanover, which to her uncle went.
The union of the Canadas was ultimately sealed;
Through Richard Cobden's influence, the Corn Laws were
repealed.
The Chartists clamored for reform, the hated opium trade
Was forced by war on China, ^and the Nankin Treaty made.
The English, threatened at Cabul, soon left Afganistan,
Defeating Sikhs, they gained control of all of Hindostan.
The French and English draw the sword in eighteen fifty-four,
To make the Russian Nicholas his Turkish spoils restore.
Against mail-clad Sebastopol a weary siege is laid,
O'er Balaklava's valley sweeps the fated Light Brigade,
The fortress Malakoff, is stormed, in eighteen fifty-six,
To Paris Peace the warring powers their signatures affix.
In India, in fifty-nine, broke out a fearful war,
And Meerut, Delhi, Cawnpore, scenes of horrid slaughter saw.
At Lucknow, Havelock was relieved by Campbell's gallant
men,
Insurgent Sepoys were subdued, and order reigned again.
In sixty-one Prince Albert died, but still Victoria reigns,
And holds a wise, impartial sway o'er all her vast domains.

Victoria. 1837-

Crimean War.
1854-1856.

Sepoy Re
bellion. 1859.

SAXON LINE.
Egbert (827-838).
Ethelwolf (838-857).
I

DANISH LINE.
Sweyn.
Canute (1017-1035).
I 

Ethelbald (857-860). Ethelbert (860-866). Ethelred (866-871). Alfred (872-901)
Edward the Elder (901-925)
I 

Harold (1035-1039). Hardicanute (1039-1042).
Earl Godwin.
Harold II. (1065-1066).

William the Conqueror (1066-1087)
 I 
Robert. William II. Henry I. Adela.
(1087-1100). (1100-1835). |
Stephen.
(1135-1154).

Matilda. I "
Henry II. (1154-1189).
I 

Richard I.
(1189-1199).

Geoffrey.

Eldr.

Athelstan (925-941). Edmund (941-948). Eldred (948-955)
Edwy (955-959)- Edgar (959-975)

Edward the Martyr (975-978). Ethelred II. (078-1016)
Edmund Ironside (roi6-ioi7). Edward the Confessor (1042-1065)
Edwardthe Exile.
I 

Margaret. Edgar Atheling.
Matilda.

John.
(1199-1216).

Arthur of Brittany. Eleanor.

John (1199-1216)
Henry III. (1216-1272)
Edward I. (1272-1307)
Edward II. (1307-1327)
Edward III. (1327-1377)

Edward ill. (i327-r377)-

Edward, Black Prince.

William of'Hatfield, Lionel, Duke of John of Gaunt, Duke

(died young).

Clarence.

of Lancaster, i

Edmund Langley,
Duke of York.

Thomas, Duke of
Gloucester

Richard II.
(1377-1399).

Philippa, m. Edm. Mortimer,
Earl of March.
I .
Roger Mortimer,
Earl of March.

Henry IV.
(1399-1413)-
Henry V. (1413-1422),
mar. Catherine of France,
who mar. 2, Owen Tudor.
I 

John Beaufort,
Earl of Somerset.
John Beaufort,
Duke of Somerset.

Richard, Earl of Cam
bridge, afterwards
Duke of York, mar.
Anne Mdrtimer.

Edmund Mortimer
Earl of March,
d. 1424.

Anne Mortimer,
m. Richard, Duke
of York.
Richard, Duke of York.

Henry VI.
(1422-1461).

Edmund Tudor, mar. Margaret
Earl of Richmond, Beaufort.

Edward, m. Anne Neville.
Killed after Tewkesbury.

Henry VII. (1485-1509).

Edward IV.
(1461-1483).

Rutland.

George, Duke of Clarence, m. Isabella,
daughter of Earl of Warwick.

I

Richard III. (1483-1485),
Duke of Gloucester, m. Anne Neville,
widow of Edward, son of Henry VI.

Edward V

Richard, Duke
of York.

Elizabeth, mar. Earl of Warwick executed
Henry VII. hy Henry VII.

I

Margaret, Countess of Salisbury,
beheaded 1541.

CLAIM OF E'DWARD III. TO THE CROWN OF FRANCE.

Philip IV. (1285-1314)-

Louis X. (1314-1316).
leanne m. Philip, King of Navarre
I
Charles, King of Navarre.

Philip V. (1316-1322).

Charles IV. (1322-1328)

Isabella m. Edward II.
of England.
Edward III. of England.

to

Henry VII. (1485-1509),

Arthur, Henry VIII., (1509-1547).
Ry Catherine, By Anne Boleyn, j By Jane Seymour.

Mary, m. Philip II.
of Spain, (1553-1558).

Henry, (died 1612).

Charles II.
(1660-1685).

Margaret.
By James IV. By Earl of
nf Scotland. Angus.

Elizabeth.
(1558-1603).

Edward VI,
(1547-1553).

James V.

Margaret Douglas,
m. Mathew Stuart,
Earl of Lennox.

Mary. mar.
ist, Louis XII. of France ;
2d, Charles Brandon,
Duke of Suffolk.
I
Francis Brandon,
m. Henry Grey, Marquis
of Dorset.
Lady Jane Grey.

Mary, Oueen nf Scots.
mar. Lord Darnley.
1 

Henry Stuart,
Lord Darnley.

James VI. of Scotland, or James I. of England.
THE STUART FAMILY.
James I. (1603-1625).

Charles I. (1625-1649).
 l 

James II.
(1685-1688).

I

Henry,
(died in 1660)

1

Mary, (1688-1694). Anne,
married* to (1702-1714).
William III.

f

Charles Stewart.
Arabella Stuart.

.1

Elizabeth,
mar. Frederick, Elector Palatine,
 l 

Mary, | |
mar. to Prince Rupert. Maurice.
William of Nassau.
William III.
James Francis < ^--^a). _
Edward, the ( Married his cousin,
Pretender. Mar>'>-

Sophia,
(Married to the
Elector of Hanover).
George I

Charles Edward,
the young Pretender.

Henry Benedict, Cardinal of York,
(last of the Stuarts,) died 1807.

THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK.
George I. (1714-1727).
 1 

George II. (1727-1760).

Sophia, (Queen of Prussia).

Frederick, (died in 1751).
1

William, Duke of Cumberland.

Six others

George III. (1760-1820). Edward Augustus, William Henry, Henry Frederick, Augusta mar. Caroline Matilda
Duke of Kent. Duke of Gloucester. Dnke of Cumberland. Duke of mar. Christian VII.

Brunswick- King of Denmark.
Wolfe nbuttel.

Frederick, King of ^3
Denmark.

Charles Frederick William, Charlotte, m.
Duke of Brunswick, fell Duke of Wurtemberg.
at Ouatre-Bras.

Caroline, m. George IV.
died 1 82 1.

Charlotte, Queen of
Wurtemburg.

George IV. Frederick,
(1820-1830). Duke of York.
Charlotte, Princess of Wales,
(lied 1817). Married Leopold, afterwards King of Belgium.

William IV.
(i83o-)837).

Edward,
Duke of Kent.

Victoria (1837),
1

Ernest, King of
Hanover.

1 -+
Victoria. — .. Adelaide.

Albert Edward,
Prince of Wales.

Alice. Alfred. Elear

Louisa. Arthur. Leopold, Beatrice

29

NORMAN LINE (IO66-II54).
William the Conqueror, married Matilda, daugh
ter of Baldwin V., Earl of Flanders.
Issue. — Robert, surnamed Courthose ; Richard ;
William Rufus ; Henry Beauclerc ; Adela, mar
ried to Stephen, Count of Blois ; Cecilia, a nun ;
Constance, married to the Duke of Brittany ; and
two other daughters.
William II. , surnimed Rufus, or "The Red,"
was never married.
Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc, or the Scholar,
married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. of Scot
land, and niece of Edgar Atheling. In 1121 he
espoused Adelais, daughter of Godfrey, Duke of
Louvaine, by whom he had no issue.
Children. — William, who was drowned, and Ma
tilda, who married, first, Henry V., Emperor of
Germany ; afterwards, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count
of Anjou.
Stephen', Earl of Blois, second son of Stephen,
Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William I.
He married Matilda, daughter of Eustace, Count
of Boulogne.
Children. — Eustace, who died before his father ;
William, Count of Boulogne ; and other children,
none of whom survived him.

30
PLANTAGENET LINE ( I I 54~I 399)-
Henry II, surnamed Curt, or Shortmantle,
eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of An
jou, by Matilda, daughter of Henry I. Married
Eleanor, the divorced queen of Louis VII. of
France. Issue. — William, who died an infant ; Henry,
who married Margaret, daughter of Louis VII.,
and died before his father ; Geoffrey, killed at a
tournament ; Richard and John, both of whom
succeeded to the crown ; Maud, married to Henry,
Duke of Saxony ; she became the ancestress of
George I.; Eleanor, married to the King of Spain ;
and Joan, married to the King of Sicily.
Richard I., surnamed Cceur de Lion; married,
at Cyprus, Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez, King
of Navarre. They had no children.
John, surnamed Sansterre, or Lackland, born
1 166, married three times. His last consort was
Isabella, daughter of the Count of Angouleme, by
whom he had : Henry, who succeeded him ; Jane,
married to Alexander II. , King of Scotland ;
Eleanor, married to Simon de Montfort ; Isabelle,
married to the Emperor Frederick II. ; and Rich
ard, elected, 1257, King of the Romans.
Henry III., surnamed Winchester, born 1207.
Married Eleanor, daughter of Raymond, Count of
Provence.

3i
Issue. — Edward ; Edmund, Earl of Lancaster ;
Margaret, married to Alexander III. of Scotland ;
Beatrice, married to John, Duke of Brittany ; and
other children who died young.
Edward I., surnamed Longshanks, born, 1237.
Married, first, Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III.,
of Castile ; secondly, Margaret, sister of Philip III.
of France.
Issue. — By his first wife he had four sons and
eleven daughters. His son Edward succeeded
him. By Margaret, he had Thomas, Edmund and
Eleanor. Edward II. , surnamed Caernarvon ; born 1284.
Married Isabelle, daughter of Philip IV. of France.
Issue. — Edward ; John, who died young ; Jane,
married to David II. of Scotland ; and Eleanor.
Edward III., surnamed Windsor; born 1311.
Married Philippa, daughter of William, Count of
Hainault and Holland.
Issue. — Edward, called the Black Prince, who
married Joan, Countess of Kent, and died in 1376;
William of Heathfield ; Lionel, Duke of Clarence ;
John of Gaunt, or Ghent ; Edmund, Duke of
York ; Thomas, Duke of Gloucester ; Isabelle, mar
ried to the Earl of Bedford ; Joan, married to the
King of Castile ; Mary, married to the Duke of
Brittany ; Margaret, married to the Earl of Pem
broke.

32
Richard II.; born 1366. Married, first, Anne of
Bohemia, daughter of the Emperor Charles IV.;
secondly, Eleanor Isabelle, daughter of Charles
VI. of France. He had no children by either wife.
Henry IV., surnamed Bolingbroke ; born 1366.
Married, first, Mary de Bohun, daughter of Hum
phrey, Earl of Hereford ; secondly, Isabella Joan,
daughter of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre,
and widow of John V., Duke of Bretagne.
Issue. — By his first wife only, Henry ; Thomas,
Duke of Clarence ; John, Duke of Bedford ; Hum
phrey, Duke of Gloucester ; Blanche, who married
the Duke of Bavaria ; Philippa, who married the
King of Denmark.
Henry V., surnamed Monmouth ; born 1387.
Married Catherine of France, daughter of Charles
VI. After the death of the King she married Owen
Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, by whom she had a
son, Edmund, Earl of Richmond (whose son,
Henry VII., of the House of Tudor, came to the
throne), also Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, and Owen.
Issue of Henry V. and Catherine, one son,
Henry. Henry VI., surnamed Windsor; born 142 1 ;
crowned King of England and France in 1429, at
Westminster, and at Paris in 1430. Married Mar
garet, daughter of Rene, Duke of Anjou.
Issue. — Edward, killed by Richard, Duke of
Gloucester, brother of Edward IV.

33
Edward IV., Earl of March, born 1442 ; son of
Richard, Duke of York, and Anne, daughter of
Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Married Lady
Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Sir Richard Wood
ville, and widow of Sir John Grey.
Issue. — Edward ; Richard, Duke of York ;
Elizabeth, who married Henry VII.; Cicely, Anne
and Catherine.
Edward V., born in the Sanctuary, at West
minster, 147 1 ; reigned two months and twelve
days of the year 1483. Although proclaimed king
a few days after his father's death, he was never
crowned. Richard III., surnamed Crookback, born in 1452.
Married Anne Neville, daughter of the Earl of
Warwick,, and widow of Edward, son of Henry VI.
Issue. — Edward, died 1484. After his death,
Richard declared the Earl of Lincoln, son of John,
Duke of Suffolk, his successor.
Henry VII., surnamed Tudor. He was the son
of Margaret, daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of
Somerset, and Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond ;
he was born 1457. Married Elizabeth, daughter
of Edward IV.
Issue. — Arthur, married 1501, Catherine of Ar-
ragon ; he died 1502 ; Henry ; Margaret, married
to James IV. of Scotland ; Mary, married to Louis
XII. of France, afterwards to the Duke of Suffolk.

34
Henry VIII., born 1491. Married, 1, Catherine
of Arragon, widow of his brother Arthur ; 2,
Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn ; 3, Jane
Seymour; 4, Princess Anne of Cleves ; 5, Cath
erine Howard, niece of the Duke of Norfolk ; 6,
Catherine Parr, widow of Lord Latimer.
Issue. — By his first queen, Mary, also three sons
and a daughter who died in infancy ; Elizabeth, by
Anne Boleyn, and Edward, by Lady Jane Sey
mour. Edward VI., born 1537. He was never married.
Mary I., born 15 16. Married Philip II. , son of
Charles V., Emperor of Germany.
Elizabeth, born 1593. She was never married.
James I., born 1566. Married Anne, daughter
of Frederick II. of Denmark.
Issue. — Henry, died 1612, aged 19; Charles;
Elizabeth, married to Frederick of Bavaria, after
wards King of Bohemia ; the descendants of their
youngest daughter, Sophia, who married the Duke
of Brunswick, formed the Hanoverian dynasty.
Charles I., born 1600. Married Henrietta Maria,
daughter of Henry IV. of France.
Issue. — Charles ; Mary, married to William,
Prince of Orange, father to William III.; James,
Duke of York, afterwards James II.; Henry, Duke

35
of Gloucester ; Elizabeth ; Henrietta, who married
Philip, Duke of Orleans.
Oliver Cromwell, born 1599. Married Eliza
beth, daughter of Sir J. Bourchier of Essex.
Issue. — Richard, Henry, and four daughters.
Charles II., born 1630 Married the Infanta
Catherine, daughter of John IV. of Portugal, by
whom he. had no issue.
James II. , born 1633. Married, first, Anne,
daughter of Hyde, Earl of Clarendon ; secondly,
Maria d'Este, or Beatrice, daughter of Alfonso
d'Este, Duke of Modena.
Issue. — By his first wife, Mary, married to the
Prince of Orange ; Anne, married to Prince
George of Denmark, and sjx other children. By
his second wife he had James Francis Edward,
called the Pretender, and other children who died
in infancy.
William III. and Mary II. William was the
posthumous son of William, Prince of Orange, by
Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I. The period
between Dec. 11, 1688, and Feb. 13, 1689, when
William and Mary commenced their reign, was
called " The Interregnum." Mary was the eldest
daughter of James II. They had no issue.
Anne, second daughter of James II., born 1663.
Married George, Prince of Denmark, second son

3&
of Frederick III. He was not allowed to assume
the title of king, but was styled " His Highness,
Prince George."
Issue. — A family of seventeen children, all of
whom died in infancy, except William, who lived
to be eleven years old.
George I., born 1660, surnamed Guelph, eldest
son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, by
Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. Married his
cousin, the Princess Sophia Dorothea, daughter
of George William, Duke of Brunswick.
Issue. — George Augustus ; Sophia, married to
the King of Prussia. She became the mother of
Frederick the Great.
George II.; born 1683. Married Caroline Wil-
helmina, daughter of John Frederick, Margrave of
Anspach. Issue. — Frederick, Prince of Wales, married to
.the Princess Augusta, of Saxe Gotha, died 1751,
leaving nine children, the eldest of whom became
George III.; Anne married the Prince of Orange ;
William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland ; Mary,
married to the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel ; Louise,
married to Frederick, King of Denmark ; Amelia;
Caroline. George III.; born 1738. Married Charlotte
Sophia, Princess of Mecklenburg Strelitz.
Issue. — George ; Frederick, Duke of York (had
no children); William Henry, Duke of Clarence,

37
afterwards William IV.; Charlotte Augusta, mar
ried the Duke of Wurtemberg ; Edward, Duke of
Kent, married Princess Victoria of Leiningen, sis
ter of Leopold, husband of Princess Charlotte ;
Augusta Sophia, unmarried.
Elizabeth married the Prince of Hesse Hom-
burg ; Earnest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland,
afterwards King of Hanover.
Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge ; Mary
married her cousin, the Duke of Gloucester ;
Sophia ; Octavius ; Alfred ; Amelia.
George IV. married Caroline of Brunswick.
Issue. — Charlotte, married Prince Leopold of
Saxe-Coburg, afterward King of the Belgians.
William IV. married Adelaide, daughter of the
Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
Issue. — Two daughters, who died in infancy.
Alexandrina Victoria, only daughter of Edward,
Duke of Kent ; born May 24, 1819, succeeded to
the throne June 20, 1837, crowned June 28, 1838 ;
married, February 10, 1840, her cousin, Francis,
Albert, Augustus, Charles Emmanuel, Duke of
Saxe, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ; born
August 26, 1 819 ; died December 14, 1861.
1. Issue. — Victoria Adelaide, Mary Louise, Prin
cess Royal. Married Prince Frederick William of
Prussia, 1858. Issue — William, and five other
children.

2. Issue. — Albert Edward, Prince'bf Wales, Duke
of Saxony, Duke of Cornwall and Rothsay, Earl of
Chester, Carrick and Dublin, Baron of Renfrew and
Lord of the Isles ; born November 9, 1841 ; mar
ried Princess Alexandra of Denmark (born Decem
ber 1, 1844), March 10, 1863. Issue. — Albert Vic
tor ; George ; Louise ; Victoria ; Maud ; Alexan
der John (died 1871).
3. Alice Maud Mary ; married Prince Louis
(since Grand Duke) of Hesse-Darmstadt ; died
1878. Issue. — Victoria, and five other children.
4. Alfred Ernest, Duke of Edinburgh ; married
Arch-Duchess Marie of Russia. Issue. — Alfred ;
Mary; Victoria; Alexandrina.
5. Helena Augusta Victoria ; married Prince
Christian of Schleswig Holstein. Issue. — Chris
tian, Victor, etc,
6. Louise Caroline Alberta ; married John, Mar
quis of Lome.
7. Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of Con-
naught, Earl of Sussex, and Strathearn ; married
Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.
8. Leopold George Duncan Albert, Baron Ark-
low, Earl of Clarence and Duke of Albany ; Died
March. 1884.
9. Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore ; born 1857.

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