CAMBRIDGE GREEK TESTAMENT FOR SCHOOLS AMD COLLEGES SECOND EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS ¦ w///ImW////M///W//M/j m ¦P wmm Wm/MmiM^M/MmMMBWMMMi YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE LIBRARY OF THE DIVINITY SCHOOL Camfrritiae <§mfc Testament for ^>tf)OxiXsi attti Colleges* THE SECOND EPISTLE OF PAUL THE APOSTLE TO THE COEINTHIANS. EonDon: 0. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE. CAMBEIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. LEIPZIG: F. A. BEOCKHAUS. NEW YOBK: MACJULLAN AND CO. CORINTH & THE ENVIRONS Sbudbrai Gtogh£atak Cambrtop <&vtzk Cestament for ^tftools anti Colleges. General Editor:— J. J. S. PEROWNE, D.D., Bishop of Worcester. THE SECOND EPISTLE OP PAUL THE APOSTLE TO THE COKINTHIANS. WITH NOTES AND INTRODUCTION BY THE REV. J. J. LIAS, M.A EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. CAMBRIDGE : AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1892 [All Bights reserved.] CambrtSgn PRINTED EY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. PREFACE BY THE GENERAL EDITOR. The General Editor of The Cambridge Bible for Schools thinks it right to say that he does not hold himself responsible either for the interpretation of particular passages which the Editors of the several Books have adopted, or for any opinion on points of doctrine that they may have expressed. In the New Testament more especially questions arise of the deepest theological import, on which the ablest and most conscientious interpreters have differed and always will differ. His aim has been in all such ^ cases to leave each Contributor to the unfettered ^> exercise of his own judgment, only taking care that -^ mere controversy should as far as possible be avoided. ^ He has contented himself chiefly with a careful revision of the notes, with pointing out omissions, with PREFACE. suggesting occasionally a reconsideration of some question, or a fuller treatment of difficult passages, and the like. Beyond this he has not attempted to interfere, feeling it better that each Commentary should have its own individual character, and being convinced that freshness and variety of treatment are more than a compensation for any lack of uniformity in the Series. ON THE GEEEK TEXT. In undertaking an edition of the Greek text of the New Testament with English notes for the use of Schools, the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press have not thought it desirable to reprint the text in common use*. To have done this would have been to set aside all the materials that have since been accumulated towards the formation of a correct text, and to disregard the results of textual criticism in its application to MSS., Versions and Fathers. It was felt that a text more in accordance with the present state of our knowledge was desirable. On the other hand the Syndics were unable to adopt one of the more recent critical texts, and they were not disposed to make themselves responsible for the preparation of an * The form of this text most used in England, and adopted in Dr Scrivener's edition, is that of the third edition of Robert Stephens (1550). The name "Received Text " is popularly given to the Elzevir edition of 1633, which is based on this edition of Stephens, and the name is borrowed from a phrase in the Preface, "Textum ergo habes nunc ab omnibus receptum," viii PREFATORY. entirely new and independent text : at the same time it would have been obviously impossible to leave it to the judgment of each individual contributor to frame his own text, as this would have been fatal to anything like uni formity or consistency. They believed however that a good text might be constructed by simply taking the consent of the two most recent critical editions, those of Tischendorf and Tregelles, as a basis. The same principle of consent could be applied to places where the two critical editions were at variance, by allowing a determining voice to the text of Stephens where it agreed with either of their read ings, and to a third critical text, that of Lachmann, where the text of Stephens differed from both. In this manner readings peculiar to one or other of the two editions would be passed over as not being supported by sufficient critical consent ; while readings having the double authority would be treated as possessing an adequate title to confidence. A few words will suffice to explain the manner in which this design has been carried out. In the Acts, the Epistles, and the Revelation, wherever the texts of Tischendorf and Tregelles agree, their joint readings are followed without any deviation. Where they differ from each other, but neither of them agrees with the text of Stephens as printed in Dr Scrivener's edition, the consensus of Lachmann with either is taken in preference to the text of Stephens. In all other cases the text of Stephens as represented in Dr Scrivener's edition has been followed. ON THE GREEK TEXT. ix In the Gospels, a single modification of this plan has been rendered necessary by the importance of the Sinai MS. (s), which was discovered too late to be used by Tregelles except in the last chapter of St John's Gospel and in the following books. Accordingly, if a reading which Tregelles has put in his margin agrees with N, it is considered as of the same authority as a reading which he has adopted in his text; and if any words which Tregelles has bracketed are omitted by N, these words are here dealt with as if rejected from his text. In order to secure uniformity, the spelling and the accentuation of Tischendorf have been adopted where he differs from other Editors. His practice has likewise been followed as regards the insertion or omission of Iota sub script in infinitives (as tfiv, imTi/uiv), and adverbs (as Kpvrj, \d6pa), and the mode of printing such composite forms as Siairavro's, Siarl, rovrirTTi, and the like. The punctuation of Tischendorf in his eighth edition has usually been adopted : where it is departed from, the devia tion, together with the reasons that have led to it, will be found mentioned in the Notes. Quotations are indicated by a capital letter at the beginning of the sentence. Where a whole verse is omitted, its omission is noted in the margin (e.g. Matt. xvii. 21 ; xxiii. 12). The text is printed in paragraphs corresponding to those of the English Edition. Although it was necessary that the text of all the portions of the New Testament should be uniformly con- x PREFATORY. structed in accordance with these general rules, each editor has been left at perfect liberty to express his preference for other readings in the Notes. It is hoped that a text formed on these principles will fairly represent the results of modern criticism, and will at least be accepted as preferable to "the Received Text" for use in Schools. J. J. STEWART PEROWNE. CONTENTS. I. Introduction. paqes Date, place of writing, character and genuineness of the Epistle xiii — xvii Note A. On the undesigned coincidences between the Acts of the Apostles, the First and Second Epistles to the Corinthians xvii — xix Note B. On the thorn in the flesh xix— xxiv Analysis of the Epistle xxiv — xxix II. Text 1—19 Notes 21 — 156 ^Wm, *£$*. ys PLAN OF THE ISTHMUS ~eet o too zoo 300 too aoo coo i» fcel One Furlong StnnJbrHi Gcogfc Satnb CaxakrriAGa TEoivcraicv R-o^: INTKODUCTION. CHAPTER I. DATE, PLACE OP WHITING, CHARACTER AND GENUINENESS OF THE EPISTLE. 1. Date and place of writing. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians was written not long after the First. We read that St Paul had resolved to visit Macedonia and Achaia, but that he delayed the fulfilment of his purpose for a while, sending two of his disciples, Timotheus and Erastus, to announce his intention and to prepare for his arrival1. Directly after the tumult at Ephesus, and possibly to a certain extent in conse quence of it, he set out on his journey. He arrived at Troas, and expected there to have met Titus, who had probably been sent to Corinth in charge of the first Epistle2. The non-arrival of Titus filled him with anxiety3. He found it impossible to take advantage of the opportunity there afforded him of preach ing the Gospel with success, and hurried on to Philippi, where it seems probable the long-expected tidings at last reached him, and filled his heart with conflicting feelings of joy and disap pointment. The nature of Titus' report was such that, although much encouraged by what he heard, he felt it necessary to send at once another letter of expostulation, that all might be peace and concord at his arrival4. This letter was probably written at Thessalonica, in the summer of the year 57. It is not probable that it was written at Philippi, as some have supposed, because St Paul speaks of the liberality of the Churches of 1 Acts xix. 21, 22 ; 1 Cor. xvi. 8. 2 See introduction to First Epistle, p. 14. 8 Ch. ii. 12, 13. " Ch. x. 2, xii. 20, 21, xiii. 2, 10. INTRODUCTION. Macedonia1, as though he had visited more than one of them, whereas Philippi would be the first in his way from Asia. 2. Character and contents of the Epistle. It has been uni versally remarked that the individuality of the Apostle is more vividly displayed in this Epistle than in any other. Human weakness, spiritual strength, the deepest tenderness, wounded feeling, sternness, irony, rebuke, impassioned self-vindication, humility, a just self-respect, zeal for the welfare of the weak and suffering, as well as for the progress of the Church of Christ, and for the spiritual advancement of its members, are all displayed by turns in the course of his appeal, and are bound together by the golden cord of an absolute self- renunciation dictated by love to God and man. The Epistle may be divided into three main portions. The first, con sisting of the first seven chapters, is devoted to an exposition of St Paul's principles of action in his dealings with his converts. The second, contained in chapters viii. and ix., treats of the collection for the poor saints at Jerusalem. The third, which embraces the whole of the rest of the Epistle, is an animated vindication of his Apostolic authority. There is no particular system in this outpouring of the Apostle's heart. The variety of feelings described above display themselves in the most rapid alternation. But its one object is to place himself on such terms with the Corinthian Church before his arrival, that he might be spared the necessity of exercising discipline when he came. The unsystematic character of the Epistle is due to the fact that the opposition to St Paul was to so large an extent personal. A large portion of the Corinthian community had been com- ' pletely won over by his first Epistle2. The question at least of the incestuous person had been settled according to his desires by the decisive action of the majority3. But there still remained an uneasy feeling of distrust, aggravated by the taunts and insinuations of St Paul's opponents, which it seemed necessary to dissipate. The Apostle's disposition was represented as changeable and his conduct based upon no settled principles4. 1 Ch. viii. 1. Cf. ix. 2. » Ch. ii. 14, vii. 6, 7. 3 Ch. ii. 6. * Ch. i. 15—20. INTRODUCTION. He was inclined to unnecessary self-laudation1. He was as suming an authority to which he had no right2. He was a traitor to his country and a renegade from his faith3. He was no true minister of Christ at all4, although he ventured to place himself on a level with those who were6. The violence of these accusations, and the decided effect they produced, is shewn by the fact that two centuries afterwards they were repeated by the Judaizing party, which by that time had severed itself from the Church. In the Ebionite writings which have come down to us we find similar imputations cast upon St Paul, and even when professedly assailing Simon Magus, occasional covert attacks are made upon the Apostle's person and doctrine6. There can be no question therefore of the necessity of making some reply, and the present Epistle proved so much to the purpose that we find no trace of any subsequent serious resistance to St Paul's claims, at least within the pale of the Christian community. The Corinthian Church, as we learn from the Epistle of Clement, written shortly after the Apostle's death, was still addicted to faction, but the memory of its founder was held in affectionate and unquestioning veneration. It is therefore most important to notice the way in which St Paul stilled the clamours of his adversaries. He begins by enlisting their sympathies with him in the sufferings he had undergone on behalf of the faith at Ephesus7. He proceeds to clear him self from the charge of 'fickleness8. He next explains the object he had in view in delaying his visit, and appeals to facts to shew the deep interest he took in the Corinthian Church9. Then, after a full and profound exposition of the principles on which a minister of Christ was bound to act10, he winds up this 1 Ch. iii. 1, v. 12, x. 8. 4 Ch x 7 xi. 23. Ch. xi. 5, xu. 11. • The Clementine Recognitions, and still more the Clementine Homilies, writings forged in the name of Clement, the first Bishop of Rome repeat all these accusations, and reflect very strongly, although indirectly, upon the presumption of St Paul in venturing to place himself on a level with St Peter. . rch.i.3-14. »Ch. J.. 15-22. 9 Ch. ii. 10 Ch' 1U--T1- 11. COR. " INTRODUCTION. portion of his Epistle by an earnest and affectionate entreaty that they will open their hearts as freely and frankly to him as he has done to them1. He next turns to the collection for the poor saints at Jerusalem, which was one of the objects he had in view in writing. He exhibits great anxiety lest the Corinthians should come short in any way of the character he has given them among other Churches, and urges them to be prepared beforehand, lest they should be taken by surprise when he comes2. And lastly he enters into an elaborate vindication of his claims to the obedience of the Corinthian Church. Desirous as he is of appealing to a higher standard, he feels that to many of those whom he is addressing such an appeal would be thrown away. There is nothing left to him but to descend to their level, and to shew that even from their own point of view they had no right to withhold their allegiance from him. He first remarks, not without a touch of sarcasm, that he at least does not build upon another man's foundation, nor intrude into any other man's sphere of labour to take credit to himself for what that man has done3. With many apologies for boasting 'according to the flesh,' he shews that whether in Hebrew extraction and patriot ism, or in genuine labours for Christ's sake, he has as much right, if not more, to describe himself as a minister of Christ, as any other teacher can possibly have4. He distantly hints at the sublime visions of things unseen which God has vouchsafed to him6, and then condescends to defend himself from the coarse charges of deceit and roguery ^ And after a final assertion of his Apostolic authority, and of the power he has received from Christ to carry it out, he concludes with a brief and touching exhortation and benediction, and thus brings to a close the most remarkable revelation of an Apostle's mind and an Apostle's work which is handed down to us in the New Testament. 3. Genuineness of the Epistle. The contents of this Epistle are the best guarantee of its genuineness. Not only do they fall in with what we know from other sources concerning the history of St Paul7, but the animation of the style, the earnest- 1 Ch. vii. z Ch. viii., ix. s Ch. x. * Ch. xi. E Ch. xii. 1—12. « Ch. xii. 13—18. 7 See Note A. INTRODUCTION. ness of the appeals, the variety and minuteness of the personal details with which the Epistle abounds, place it beyond the reach of a forger. But external testimonies are not wanting. Besides several quotations made from the Epistle, without naming it, by Ignatius1 and the author of the Epistle to Diognetus2 in times immediately succeeding those of the Apostles, we have the distinct authority of Irenaeus, who not only attributes it to an Apostle, and that Apostle St Paul3, but refers in two different places4 to the 'visions and revelations' spoken of in ch. xii. as well as to the thorn in the flesh spoken of in the same chapter6. Prom the time when TertuUian (about the year 208 a. d.) introduced an elaborate analysis of the Epistle into his treatise against Marcion, its genuineness has never been doubted in the Church6. Note A. ON THE UNDESIGNED COINCIDENCES BE TWEEN THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, THE FIEST AND SECOND EPISTLES TO THE COBINTHIANS. The subject of the coincidences between the Acts of the Apostles and the two Epistles to the Corinthians, which cannot by any possi bility be attributed to design, is treated of exhaustively by Paley in his Sorae Paulinae. Such coincidences are among the most decisive arguments for the genuineness of all these three books of Holy Scrip ture, though they are too often overlooked by student and critic alike. A brief summary is here given of the more important of Paley's argu ments, for the sake of those who have not the opportunity of con sulting the book itself. The rest will be found touched upon in the notes. 1 See Ep. to Trallians, c. 3. 2 The Epistle to Diognetus is usually supposed to have been written by some anonymous author in the early part of the second century. Attempts have been made of late to prove it to have been a forgery of the 16th century, but the arguments adduced in favour of the theory are very slight. 3 Adv. Haer. rv. 26, 28. * n. 30, and v. 5. J v. 3. _ 6 TertuUian also makes copious extracts from this Epistle in his Treatise on the Resurrection, and enters into a minute investigation of the case of the incestuous person as recorded in both Epistles in his De Pudicitia, while it is continually quoted as the work of St Paul in the rest of Tertullian's writings. 62 INTRODUCTION. 1. St Paul refers at the opening of this Epistle to some great trouble and danger which had befallen him, though he does not men tion what it is. On consulting the Acts of the Apostles, a book by a different author, and written at a different time, we find1 that he is referring to the violent tumult stirred up at Ephesus by Demetrius and the craftsmen. 2. St Paul says in his First Epistle2, that he purposes passing through Macedonia. In the Acts, we find3 that St Paul does leave Ephesus for Macedonia. In the Second Epistle4, we find him in Macedonia. 3. In the Second Epistle St Paul refers to a change of purpose on his part. He had originally intended to go to Corinth first, and to return to Asia Minor by way of Macedonia6. But the Acts of the Apostles leads us to believe that when he sent Timothy to Greece he had intended to visit Macedonia first6. Consequently we draw the conclusion that his purpose had been already changed before the mis sion of Timothy. It is in remarkable, but most undesigned agree ment with this conclusion, that not only is there no mention of the former plan in the First Epistle, which waB sent off soon after Timothy's departure7, but we learn from 1 Cor. xvi. 5, that the change of purpose had already taken place. 4. In the fifth chapter of the First Epistle, mention is made of a private wrong inflicted by one member of the community upon another. In the Second Epistle8 there is another mention of a private wrong to which St Paul had formerly referred. In the First Epistle he bids the community inflict punishment upon the offender. In the Second9 he bids them restore him upon repentance. None of these things lie upon the surface. They were clearly not put in to lend a plausible colour to the idea that the Epistles were by -St Paul. This strengthens materially the evidence we have that St Paul himself, and none other, was their author. 5. In 1 Cor. xvi. 1, St Paul gives directions to the Corinthian Church to be prepared to supply him with contributions for the poor saints at Jerusalem. But he gives his directions in such terms as to make it clear that they had been already informed that it was to take place. Accordingly we read in the Second Epistle, written a few months after the former, that Achaia was ' ready ' and ' forward ' in 1 Ch. xix. 2 Ch. xvi. 5. 3 Ch. xx. 1. 4 Ch. ix. 1—4. 5 2 Cor. i. 15, 16. 6 Acts xix. 21. 7 1 Cor. iv. 17. 8 Chap, vii, 12. 9 Ch. vii. INTRODUCTION. the previous year1. Again, the amount, as we find from the Second Epistle, had still to be collected". On turning to the First Epistle, we find that this was because the Corinthians had been exhorted to lay by at home every week3, so that the sums they had at their dis posal might be handed over when St Paul arrived. Such minute instances of agreement could not possibly be intentional ; they there fore afford the surest proofs of the genuineness of the Epistles. 6. Paley thinks that there is another instance of this kind of coin cidence in the fact that St Paul does not disclose the reason of the change of purpose mentioned above until his First Epistle had pro duced its effect4. His object, he declares5, was to make proof of their fidelity to him, as well as to avoid the necessity of harsh measures when he came. Nothing could be in more entire harmony with this express declaration than his entire silence in the First Epistle about the reasons of his change of plan, as well as the brief sentence in which he announces the change of plan itself6. Note B. ON THE THORN IN THE FLESH. The interpretations of 2 Cor. xii. 7 are so numerous that it demands more space than an ordinary note. The ' thorn in the flesh ' of which the Apostle speaks has been supposed to be every possible infirmity or temptation to which man is liable. We can but remark on the most probable suggestions that have been offered. 1. It is to be remarked that the word translated ' thorn ' in the A. V. has also the meaning 'stake.' The latter is more common in Classical Greek, the former seems to be more usual in the Alexandrian Greek of the LXX. It is obvious that the latter word suggests the idea of a more grievous affliction than the former, speaking as it does of an actual impalement of the body by a stake thrust through it, while the former gives the idea rather of irritation and annoyance, of a visitation painful indeed, but not serious in its nature. It is obvious that our view of the nature of the affliction must depend largely upon which of these two translations we decide to adopt. The Vulgate, as well as the ancient Latin translator of Irenaeus, who is supposed to have done his work at the beginning of the third century, translates by stimulus, a prick or goad, but TertuUian renders by sudes, 'stake.' 1 Ch. viii. 10, ix. 2. 2 Ch. ix. 5. 3 Ch. xvi. 2. • Ch. vii. 6, 7, 11. 5 Ch. ii. 9. 6 1 Cor. xvi. 5. INTRODUCTION. 2. We find from the New Testament as well as the Old, that Satan was supposed to be permitted to exercise considerable power over the bodies of men. Not only was he called the ' prince,' or ' ruler ' of this world1, but we find him, in the book of Job, inflicting, with God's permission, the most grievous calamities on Job and his family2. We also find our Lord Himself giving His sanction to the view that all temporal evil, including pain and disease, has Satan for its author, in the case of the woman whom ' Satan had bound '3. A similar idea meets us in Rev. ix. 2 — 10. 3. This power, however, was sometimes permitted to be exercised for the amendment of the offender, as we find from 1 Cor. v. 5 (where see note) and 1 Tim. i. 20. TertuUian4 enlarges much on the reme dial aspect of Satan's visitations as evidenced by these three passages. Not that it was imagined that Satan could in any way be intentionally an instrument of good, but since all evil, physical as well as moral, was attributed to his agency, as the enemy of mankind, the physical evil was sometimes permitted to exist, that the graver moral evil might be prevented. In the present instance the object of the punish ment is distinctly specified. It was lest the Apostle might be uplifted with pride, in consequence of the many signal tokens of God's favour he had received. 4. We now proceed to consider the nature of the temptation. The first point to remark is that the words 'in the flesh' cannot be restricted to the idea of bodily suffering. The word ' flesh,' as used by St Paul, refers to man's unregenerate nature as a whole5, and not to the bodily organization alone. It may therefore fitly be interpreted of that " infection of nature " which, we are told6, " doth remain, yea, even in them that are regenerated." An infirmity of that kind is far more likely to have proved a serious trouble to the Apostle than any mere physical ailment, and it is probable that a solution of the difficulty may be looked for in that direction rather than any other. We will, however, review the interpretations which have found most favour with interpreters, and having placed the evidence before him, will leave the student to decide for himself. 1 St John xii. 31, xiv. 30, xvi. 11 ; 2 Cor. iv. 4 ; Eph. vi. 12. 2 Job, Chapters i. and ii. 3 St Luke xiii. 16. 4 De Pudicitia, 13; Be Fuga in Persecutione, 2. Cf. Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. v. 3. 6 See for instance Bom. vii. and viii. 1 — 13, and especially Gal. v. 19—21. Cf. also 1 Cor. iii. 3, 4. 6 Art. ix. on Original Sin. INTRODUCTION. a. The idea of temptations in the flesh of the nature of suggestions to impurity, which has found great favour with Roman Catholic writers, need only be noticed to be rejected. There is not the slightest hint in any of St Paul's writings that he ever experienced such temp tations. There is one passage in which he appears to assert the con trary1. The idea finds no support in early tradition. TertuUian, for instance, in his remarks on this passage2, enlarges on the contrast be tween the incestuous person, and the soul of the Apostle, entirely un stained by such suggestions, and only uplifted on account of his superior sanctity and innocence. The idea that the Apostle refers to struggles with such sins in the seventh chapter of the Romans can only arise from the contracted notion of the word 'flesh,' which has just been shewn to be incorrect. In fact this interpretation is entirely the growth of an age which, by the exaggerated regard paid in it to ceUbacy, brought such struggles into special prominence, and made them almost the sole test of saintliness3. 6. We have no tradition on which we can depend for the nature of the affliction. The earliest writers, Clement, Ignatius, Justin Martyr, and others of that date, are sUent concerning it. Irenaeus, to the special nature of whose information we have referred in the notes on ch. xii. 2, 4, contents himself with speaking of St Paul's infirmity as a proof that God does not despise the flesh of man as the heretics sup posed. The first writer who goes so far as to specify the nature of the complaint is TertuUian, in the passage cited above, who supposes it to be "a pain in the ear or head." He speaks of this, however, only as a matter of common report. And Chrysostom rejects the idea with an emphatic ' God forbid.' Nearly every possible kind of pain or disease has been suggested. It seems hardly probable, however, that the Apostle should speak of mere bodily ailments in terms so strong. Other writers, therefore, have suggested that the Apostle was subject to epileptic fits. And if we are to suppose that the passage refers to bodUy ailments at all, we must suppose something of this sort, or at least some kind of bodily infirmity sufficiently serious to prove an actual hindrance to the Apostle in his work of evangelizing the world. Dean Stanley mentions several instances of 1 1 Cor. vii. 7. Cf. v. 9 and ch. ix. 5. 2 Be Pudicitia, 13. 3 The passages cited by Estius from St Jerome as favourable to this view wiU not bear examination, and one of them, that from his letter to Eustochium, explains the passage quite differently. It was in a stiU later age that this view seems to have originated. INTRODUCTION. great men such as Alfred the Great and William HI., struggling against severe physical infirmities while discharging the most onerous duties of pubUc life, and it is by no means impossible that St Paul's thorn in the flesh may have been of this kind. See also 1 Cor. ii. 3 ; 2 Cor. x. 10, xi. 30 ; Gal. iv. 13, 14, vi. 17. c. There is one kind of bodily infirmity, however, which is made so much more probable than aU others by certain passages in the Acts of the Apostles and in St Paul's Epistles, that it deserves special con sideration. Many have thought that a defect of sight, consequent on the dazzling light which shone upon him at his conversion, resulting in a three days' blindness, was the physical defect under which he laboured, and have seen in such passages as Gal. iv. 14, 15 and vi. 11 (the latter passage being supposed to imply that St Paul's defective vision obUged him to write with characters unusuaUy large)1 a confir mation of this view. This opinion is deserving of consideration, but when it is sought to confirm it by such passages as Acts xiii. 9, xxiii. 1, it must be remembered that the same word precisely is used of St Peter in Acts in. 4, of the councU in Acts vi. 15, of St Stephen in Acts vii. 55, and would seem to imply an intent and piercing gaze, the very opposite of that caused by defective vision2. Such a gaze we might weU suppose the Apostle to have possessed, capable of rivetting the attention of his hearers, in spite of a weak voice, an unstudied manner, and considerable personal disadvantages. d. It is very characteristic of Martin Luther, with his terrible mental struggles and temptations to suicide, that he should have imagined in the mental history of a man in some respects not unlike himself, the direct suggestions of the enemy to blasphemous and un believing thoughts and acts. But it is hardly possible to suppose that one whose leading characteristic, both before and after his conversion, was an ardent and undoubting faith, should have been troubled with misgivings like these. Nor is there in any of St Paul's writings, whatever cares and anxieties (as in ch. xi. of this Epistle) he describes as weighing upon him, the sUghtest hint at even the most transient shadow of doubt concerning Him to the ministering of whom He had devoted his whole life. e. Many of the Greek commentators suppose St Paul to be refer- 1 St Paul says ' with how large letters,' not ' how large a letter ' as in A. V. 2 Cf. also St Luke iv. 20, xxii. 56 ; Acts i. 10, iii. 12, &c, as well as ch. iii. 7, 13, of this Epistle. INTRODUCTION. ring to the opponents of his Apostolic authority, supposing that there was one of these antagonists speciaUy prominent1. But this seems hardly reconcUeable with the manner in which St Paul speaks of the visitation. Chrysostom thinks that he was referring to aU the adversaries of the Word, including Alexander the coppersmith, Hy- menaeus and Philetus and the like. But beside the objection just mentioned there is the additional one that the persons to whom he refers had not been brought into contact with the Apostle until far later in his ministry. /. Our last alternative must be some defect of character, calculated to interfere with St Paul's success as a minister of Jesus Christ. And the defect which falls in best with what we know of St Paul is an infirmity of temper. There seems Uttle doubt that he gave way to an outbreak of this kind when before the Sanhedrim, though he set him self right at once by a prompt apology2. A simUar idea is suggested by St Paul's unwillingness to go to Corinth until the points in dispute between him and a considerable portion of the Corinthian Church were in a fair way of being settled. His conduct was precisely the reverse of that of a person who felt himself endowed with great tact, persuasiveness, and command of temper. Such a man would trust little to messages and letters, much to his own presence and personal influence. St Paul, on the contrary, feared to visit Corinth until there was a reasonable prospect of avoiding aU altercation. In fact, he could not trust himself there. He ' feared that God would humble him among them 3. ' He desired above all things to avoid the necessity of 'using sharpness,' very possibly because he feared that when once compeUed to assume a tone of severity, his language might exceed the bounds of Christian love. The supposition falls in with what we know of the Apostle before his conversion4. It is confirmed by his stern language to Elymas the sorcerer5, with which we may compare the much milder language used by St Peter on a far more awful occa sion6. The quarrel between St Paul and St Barnabas makes the sup position infinitely more probable. The passage above cited from the Epistle to the Galatians may be interpreted of the deep personal affec tion which the Apostle felt he had inspired in spite of his occasional irritability of manner. The expression that he ' desired to be present with them and to change his voice7,' would seem to point in the same i The & ipxbinevos of ch. xi. 4. 2 Acts xxiii. 2 — 5. 3 2 Cor. xii. 21. " Acts vii. 58, ix. 1. 5 Acts xiii. 10. 6 Acts v. 3, 9. 7 Gal. iv. 20. INTRODUCTION. direction. And if we add to these considerations the fact, which the experience of God's saints in all ages has conclusively estabhshed, of the difficulty of subduing an infirmity of temper, as well as the pain, remorse, and humUiation such an infirmity is wont to cause to those who groan under it, we may be inclined to beUeve that not the least probable hypothesis concerning the ' thorn ' or ' stake ' in the flesh is that the loving heart of the Apostle bewailed as his sorest trial the misfortune that by impatience in word he had often wounded those for whom he would wiUingly have given his Ufe1. CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OE THE EPISTLE. Paut I. St Paul's Principles of Action. Ch. I.— VII. Section!. Salutation, i. 1, 2. Section 2. The mutual interdependence of St Paul and the Corin thian Church, i. 3 — 14. (a) Suffering a dispensation of God, bringing with it (i) Divine consolation for oneself, (2) the power to comfort others 3 — 7. (b) St Paul's trouble in Asia and the mode of his deUverance from it, namely, God's mercy as in voked by the Church of Corinth 8 — 11. (c) St Paul consoled in his afflictions by the testi mony of his conscience 12 — 14. Section 3. St Paul's reason for putting off his visit, i. 15 — 22. (a) St Paul's original resolution 15,16. (6) The accusation of fickleness brought against him in consequence of his change of purpose 17. (c) Assertion of his consistency 18 — 22. 1 When this note was written, the Bishop of Durham's note on this subject in his " Epistle to the Galatians " had not been consulted. It confirms what has been written above, except on the last head, but adds from Pauli's Life of Alfred a striking parallel between the ex pressions used of the great English king and those used by St Paul, expressions the more remarkable in that there seems no ground to suppose that the former were suggested by the latter. INTRODUCTION. Section 4. St Paul's only object the spiritual advancement of his converts, ch. ii. (o) Reason for his alteration of plan 23,24. (6) His object not to pain the Corinthians, but to dis play his love for them 1 — 4. (c) For the offender had not only pained St Paul, but the Corinthian Church itself 5. Sd) It was now time to forgive him 6 — 8. e) Beside manifesting his love, he wished also to test their obedience 9. (/) He desires to associate them with himself in the work of forgiveness 10,11. (g) Proof of the genuineness of his affection for the Corinthian Church 12,13. (h) Outburst of praise at the thought of the good God had wrought by his hands ; 14. (;') Christ's doctrine Ufe to those who accept, death to those who reject it 15,16. (&) If St Paul be insufficient in himself for so great a work, he is at least sincere 17. Section 5. St Paul's ministry no self-assumed task, but the communication of the Spirit, ni. 1 — 6. (a) St Paul and his companions had no need to be re commended to the Corinthians 1. (6) The Corinthian Church itself was their recom mendation 2, 3. (c) Its existence proved them to have been endowed with a power from on high to communicate life in the place of proclaiming death 4 — 6. Section 6. The Ministration of the Spirit superior to that of the Law, iii. 7—18. (a) If the Law, which ministers death, were glorious, how much more the Spirit, which gives life? ... 7 — 11. (6) Contrast between the reticence of Moses and the free utterance of the preachers of the Gospel ... 12, 13. (c) This reticence has produced its natural, though temporary, effect on the Jews 14—16. (d) The Spirit, which has superseded the Law, is none other than the Spirit of Christ Himself, and is a Spirit of liberty and spiritual progress 17, 18. Section 7. Entrusted with so glorious a mission, the ministers of Christ shrink from neither difficulty nor danger, iv. 1 — 15. (a) St Paul's ministry a true and genuine one 1,2. lb) If it fail in any given case, this is in consequence of no reserve on the part of those who proclaim it, but is the fault of those who reject it 3 — 6. INTRODUCTION. (c) The weakness of the minister does but set off the power of his doctrine 7 — 15. Section 8. They are moreover sustained by the hope of a future life, iv. 16— v. 10. (a) They are animated in their weakness by the hope of eternal life 16—18. (b) They hope hereafter to add to their present life in Christ, the possession of a body as suited, as their present one is unsuited, to the needs of that Ufe v. 1 — 5. (c) Though as yet absent from the Lord, they are never out of His sight 6 — 9. (d) But He wUl one day pass judgment on aU their deeds 10. Section 9. The Christian ministry one of reconciliation, v. 11 — 21. (a) The fact of the coming judgment being admitted, St Paul strives to win men to the lifeof the Spirit, not for his own sake, but for theirs 11 — 13. (6) The love of Christ, who died as our representative, that we might partake of His life, is the motive which animates the true ministers of the Gospel 14, 15. (c) Union with the Divine Humanity of Christ is a new creation of man 16,17. (d) God is henceforth reconciled to theworld in Christ, and has bidden His ministers proclaim the fact, and urge mankind to act upon it 18 — 21. Section 10. How God's ministers carry on the work of reconcilia tion, vi. 1 — 10. (a) They urge men to accept the reconciliation with out delay 1,2. (b) They engage in a spirit of self-abnegation in the work 3 — 10. Section 11. Such a ministry demands a suitable response from those on whose behalf it is exercised, vi. 11 — vii. 1. (a) Appeal to the Corinthians to receive such a minis try in a spirit of affection 11 13. (6) Advice to withdraw from society with the impure 14 — 18. (c) And to preserve real inward holiness vii. 1 . Section 12. Exhortation to set aside suspicion and to trust St Paul, vii. 2—16. (a) St Paul's conduct free from reproach 2. (b) His language not of bitterness but of affection ... 3, 4. (c) This proved by bis anxiety whUe waiting for the tidings from Corinth, his joy when it reached him 5 — 7. INTRODUCTION. (d) The First Epistle written, not to give pain, but to produce reformation 8 — 12. (c) His delight that this end had been attained 13 — 16. Part II. The Collection for the poor Saints at Jerusalem. Ch. VIII., IX. (a) Conduct of the Macedonian Churches viii. 1 — 5. (b) Mission of Titus to Corinth, to urge on the work there 6—15. (c) Character of Titus and his companions 16 — 23. (d) Exhortation to liberality 24 — ix. 11. (e) Result of deeds of love 12 — 15. Part IH. St Paul's Vindication of his Apostolic Authority. Ch. X.— XIII. Section 1. St Paul's intention of overcoming aU opposition, x. 1 — 6. (a) St Paul meek and gentle in conduct 1. (6) But possessed of supernatural power 2 — 6. Section 2. Caution not to trust to external appearance, x. 7 — 18. (a) The Corinthians would be deceived if theyimagined from St Paul's absence of self-assertion that he possessed no authority derived from Christ 7, 8. (6) He means to exert that authority when present, and not by letter only 9 — 11. (c) He keeps within his own limits, and does not challenge comparison by intruding himself with in the sphere of other men's labours 12 — 18. Section 3. St Paul's defence against his accusers, xi. 1—17. (a) Appeal to bear with him if he descend for a mo ment to the level of unspiritual men 1 . (6) On account of his anxiety for the purity of his converts' faith 2,3. (c) It is no question of a new Gospel, in which case to abandon St Paul might be reasonable, but of his authority to preach the Gospel he had preached, about which there ought to be no doubt 4 — 6. (d) His desire not to cast the burden of his mainten ance upon them could hardly be regarded as an offence 7 — 11. («¦) For he only acted thus to prevent the Corinthians from being misled by the affected disinterested ness of dishonest men 12 — 15. (f) His reasons for descending- to the level of his ac cusers 16, 17. INTRODUCTION. Section 4. St Paul permits himself to enumerate his labours on be half of the Gospel, xi. 18—33. [a) He will take the purely human view of things, since it is the only one recognized by some 18. (b) For the Corinthians have so large a toleration for the foUy of others that they may be expected to bear with his 19, 20 (c) And he has actually been reproached with weak ness for not imitating this foUy, to which he will now, to a certain extent, condescend for the moment 21. (d) His equaUty with his opponents on the score of race and nationality 22. (e) His vast superiority to them in the true qualifica tions of the minister of Christ (1) in labours, (2) in affection and sympathy 23 — 29. (/) These boasts are not unbecoming, for his qualifica tions are not what he has done, but what he has undergone .-. „.. 30. (g) His escape from the hands of Aretas 31 — 33. Section 5. St Paul's Visions and Revelations, xii. 1 — 6. (a) He most unwillingly hints at higher qualifications for his task 1. (6) His being caught up to the third heaven and Para dise 2 — 4. (c) Yet though he might glory in this, he prefers not to dwell on it „.. 5, 6. Section 6. The Thorn in the Flesh, xii. 7—10. (a) It was sent him to preserve him from seU-exalta- tion 7. 16) He besought that it might be removed 8. c) But he was told that God's power was most mani fested in the weakness of His ministers 9. (d) And this is why he boasts of his infirmities 10. Section 7. Continuation of the Defence, xii. 11 — 21. (a) St Paul's foUy rendered necessary by the folly of the Corinthians 11. (b) They had had every needful proof of his Apostolic authority, save his casting his maintenance upon them 12, 13. (e) He intends to persist in refusing all support attheir hands, in order to demonstrate the disinterested ness of his affection 14, 15. {<; rj' eavTois dXX' iirl to} 6eS to) iyeipovTi tovs veKpov<;, "09 e'« ttjXi- kovtov OavaTov ippvaaTO r)/j,a<; Kal pi/aerai, el? ov rjXir'iKafiev oti Kal ere pvaeTai, n crvvvirovpyovvTcov Kal vp,o3v virep r)p.S>v ttj Beijaei, iva iK iroXXwv irpoaoiirmv to eh tffia? %apiia o~apKiKrj dXX" iv ydpuri deov avetTTpacprip,ev iv tw Koo-pqi, irepiaaoTepa)<; Be 77-009 Vfjids. ov yap aAAa ypacpofiev vp,iv aKX f) a avayivwaKeTe rj Kal iiriyivoia-KeTe- eXiri^co Be oti eo>9 TeXoi/9 iiriyvw- creo-de, 14/ca^e»s Kal iireyvcoTe rj/ia? dirb pepovs, oti Kav^fia vp,wv icrp,ev KaOdirep Kal vp,el<; r}/j,wv iv tt} r/fiepa, tov Kvpiov 'Itjctov. Kat TavTy ttj ireiroiOr/o-et iftovXofirjv irpoTepov 77-009 vp,d<; iX0eiv, iva BevTepav %dpiv ayfjTe, 16Kal Bi vfiwv BieXdeiv els MaKeBoviav, Kal irdXiv diro Ma/ce- Bovias iXOeiv 77-009 vfids Kal vv irpoirefiqbOrjvai eli Trjv lovBaiav. "tovto ovv fiovXopevos fJirjTi dpa rrj eXav Trj yap iria-Tei ecrTtjKaTe. 2 1eKpiva Be ip,avT

Xvirw vp,as, Kal Tts 6 evv p.e el p.r) 6 Xvirovp,evo<; ef ipiov ; 8 Kal eypayfra tovto aiiTO iva p.r) eX0cbv Xvirrjv o-^w dob' Sv eBei p.e yaipeiv, ireiroi0w<; iirl irdvTa<; vp.d<; '6ti r] ipvrj yapa irdvTWV vp,wv iaTiv. 4e« yap iroXXr]<; OXbyjreca'i Kal avvo^fjt; KapBlayp,evri<; iv Kvpitp, "ovk eo-%i)Ka aveaiv t& irvevp,aTi p,ov tw urn evpeiv p,e Titov tov dBeX vdpi irdvTOTe 6piap,fievovTi r)p,a<; iv too Xoto-TcS A2 EnilTOAH II. 14 Kal Trjv ocrpbrjv Trjs yvwaeas avTov avepovvTi Bi r)p,wv iv iravrl TOirtp' 15'6ti XpiaTOv eicoBla iapiev Tip 0ea> iv Toh aroo^opevoi*; Kal iv Toh diroXXvp,evoi<;, leoh piev bcrpjrj e'/c Oavdrov eh OavaTov, oh Be 60-p.r) e'« %u>rj<; eh l^oir/v. Kal 7T009 TavTa rt9 iKavoo-Kop,evT] Kal dvayivmo-Ko- p,evr\ virb irdvTwv dv8pc6ira>v, s' rjp,oov, ivyeypap,- p,evn ov p,eXavi aXXa irvevp.aTi 0eov £p,evr) Xi0oi<; iyevr/Or) iv Bbtjr], &p,eOa, i3Kal ov Ka&direp Mmvo-rj<; iTiOei KaXvp,p,a iirl to irpocrcoirov eavTov, 77-009 to p.rj dreviaai toi/9 viovs IcrparjX eis to TeXo? tov Karapyovp,evov. 14dXX' iircopwOw Ta vorjp,ara avTwv. d%pi ydp T779 crrjpepov r)p,epao-K7)Tai Mcovcrrji; KaXvppa iirl Trjv KapBiav avT&v Kel/rai- wr)viKa S1 dv iirio-Tpeyjrrj 77-00? Kvpiov, irepiaipeiTai to KaXvp,p,a. "o Be Kvpio? to irvevpLa itTTiv ov Be to irvevp,a Kvpiov, eKevOepia. Kr)p,eh Be iravTes dvaKeKaXvp,p,ev

ov- peda dirb BbSjrjs 649 Bb^av, KaOdirep dirb Kvpiov irvev- p,aTo<;. 4 'Atd tovto eypvTes Tr\v BiaKovlav TavTVV, KaOux; r)Xer)8vp,ev, ovk iyKaKOVpiev, 2dXXd direiirdp,eOa Ta KpvirTa Trj<; alayyvvs, p,rj irepiiraTovvTes iv iravovpyia prjSe BoXovvTes tov Xoyov tov Oeov, aXXa Trj (pavepoocrei T779 dXnOelas crvvia-TavTes eavTovs 77-009 irdaav crvvei- Brja-iv dvOpcoirwv ivwiriov tov Oeov. 8et Be Kal eaTiv KCKaXvp,pievov to evayyeXiov r)p,wv, iv tor airoXXvp,evoi<; io-Tiv KeKaXvp,p,evov, iiv oh b debs tov alwvos tovtov iTvo-ev Ta vorjp,aTa tS>v dirio-Ttov eh to p.r\ avyacrai tov Tiv Bid 'Irjo-ovv. 6oti b Oebs b elirwv 'E* o-kotov; (f>m Xdp-^ei, o? eXapityev ev Tah KapBiai? r)p,&v 77-009 <; rj tov Oeov, Kal p,rj ei; r)p,S>v, "eV iravTi 6XijSbp.evoi dXX' ov aTevo^m- poiip-evoi, airopovp,evoi dXX ovk i%airopovp.evoi, *8io>k6- p,evoi aXX ovk iyKaTaXeiirbp,evoi, KaTa{3aXXbp,evoi dXX' oi"c airoKA.vp.evoi, iravTOTe Trjv veKpcoaiv tov xyaov ev Tip awp,ari irepiipepovTes, iva Kal rj for) tov 'Iwaov iv tw crmpM-Ti r)p,d>v ijyavepcoOfj. ndel ydp rjp,eh 01 £d)VTe<; 649 OavaTov irapa8i8bp,e0a Bid 'Iwaovv, 'iva Kal r] £corj rov 'Irjaov (pavepcoOfj iv Trj OvwTrj aapKi rjpd)v. v'&aTe 0 OdvaTOS iv rjpJiv ivepyeiTai, rj Be %corj iv vpiiv. 13eyov- T69 Be to avTO irvevpa t^9 ir'iaTews, KaTa to yeypap,p,e- vov 'KiriaTevaa, Bib eXaXwaa, Kal rjp,eh iriaTevop,ev, Bto Kai Xa\ovp,ev, 1464o"ot69 on b iyeipas tov Kvpiov Irjaovv Kai r]p,a aKrjvei aTevd^o- V. 19 TTPOZ KOPIN0IOYZ B 7 piev /3apovp,evoi, e'ob'

aiap,aTi iKBr]p.ovp.ev dirb tov Kvpiov' ''Bid irlaTeoas yap irepi- iraTovp.ev, ov Bid el'Sou?" s0appovp.ev Be Kal evBoKovp.ev pMXXov iKByp,rjaai iK tov ad>p.aT0<; Kal ivSr)p.rjaai 77-009 tov Kvpiov. "Bib Kal cpiXoTip.ovp.e0a, etVe ivBr/p.ovvTep.a- to? irpbs d eirpa^ev, etVe dyaObv elVe ipavXov. "EtSoVe? ovv tov (pbfiov tov Kvpiov dv0pd>irovi irei0op.ev, 6 em Be irecf>avepa>p.e0a' iXiri^co Be Kal iv Tat? avveiBrjaeaiv vp,&v ire(pavepo3a0ai. ov iraXiv eavToiis avviaTavop.ev vp.lv, dXXd dv, iva exfre 77-009 tov9 ev irpoacoirm Kavyiopikvovs Kal p.rj iv KapBia. ene yap ij;eaT7)p.ev, Oem' e'he aa>cppovovp,ev, iip.lv. urj yap dydirr] tov XpiaTOv avve^ei rjp,ds, KpivavTas tovto, '6ti eh virep irdvTcov aireOavev apa 01 irdvTes aire- Oavov lsKal virep irdvTwv aireOavev 'iva 01 £&VTe<; p,r)KeTi eavToh %&aiv aXXd tw virep avT(Sv airoOa- vovti Kal iyepOevTi. ma>aTe r)p.eh dirb tov vvv ovBeva o'lSapev KaTa adpKa' el Kal iyvo)Kap.ev KaTa adpKa XpiaTOV, dXXd vvv ovkcti yivoiaKop,ev. "SaTe e'i T49 iv XpiaTW, Kaivrj KTiais' Ta ap^ala iraprjXOev, IBov yeyovev Kaivd. ,8ra Be irdvTa iK tov Oeov tov KaTaX- XdgavTOS rjp.9 oti 0eb<; rjv iv EniZTOAH V. 19 XpiaTcb Koap.ov KaTaXXdaacov eavTv dp,apTiav iiroiwaev, iva r)p,eh yevcop.e0a BiKaioavvv Oeov ev avTW. Q lH,vvepyovvTe<; Be Kal 1rapaKa.X0vp.ev p.rj eh Kevov Trjv %dpiv tov Oeov Be^aaOai vp,as' — "Xeyei yap' Ka40&> BeKTip iirrjKovad aov Kal iv r]p,epa aa>Tvpiav Kai apiaTepiSv, s8id 80^779 Kal aTip,ias, Bid Bvacprj- p.ia9 irXdvoi Kal dXyOeh, 9&)9 d- yvoovpevoi Kal iiriyivwaKop.evoi' 0)9 diroOvrjaKovTes Kal IBoij %wp,ev, t«9 irai8evbp,evoi Kal p.rj OavaTovp,evoi, 10g>? Xvirovp.evoi del Be %atpoi'Te?, a>? irTCD^pl iroXXovs Be irXovTi&VTes, &>9 p.vBev e%pvTe<; Kal irdvTa KaTe%ovTe<;. "To aTop.a rjp.wv dveayev 71-009 iip.d<}, KopivOioi, rj KapBia rjp,wv ireirXaTWTai' 12ov aTevoyaspelaOe iv rjp!iv, aTevoywpelaOe Be iv T049 airXdyxvoi? vp,wV i3Trjv 8b avTrjv avTip.iaOl.av, 019 TeKvois Xeyco, irXaTvv8r)Te Kal vp,eh. p.n yiveaOe eTepo^vyovvTes diriaTois' rh ydp VII. 8 TTPOI KOPINOIOYZ B 9 pieTo^fi BiKaioavvy Kal dvop,ia; rj Tt? Koivcovia a>Ti 7T/309 o-/toT09,-- ,5T49 Be avpfywvyais XpiaTov 777)09 BeXiap, rj Tt9 p.eph iriaTip p,erd diriarov ; 16T4? Be avyKaTaOeais vaq> Oeov p.eTa elScoXtov ; rjpeh yap vaos Oeov iap.ev ^ooVto?, KaQa)<; elirev b Oebs oti 'JZvoiKrjaeo iv avToh, Kal ivirepiiraTrjaco, Kal eaop.ai avTwv Geo? Kal avTol eaovTai p.ov Xabs. "Bib 'EfeX#aTe e'« p,eaov avT&v Kal dOel,pap.ev, ovBeva iirXeoveKTrjaap.ev. 3irpb<; KaTaKpiaiv ov Xeyco' irpoeiprjKa ydp '6ti ev rah KapBiaw rjp.wv iare eh to avvairoOavelv Kal avvtyjv. *iroXXrj poi irappyaia irpbs vp,ds, iroXXrj p,oi /eai/%770-49 V7rep vp.cbv ireirXrjpcopai Trj irapaKXrjaei, virepirepiaaevop.ai Ty xapa iirl irday Trj OXi^rei rjp.mv. sKal yap eX- ObvTcov rjp,a>v eh MaKeSovlav ou8ep.iav eaxVKev aJ/e~ aiv rj adpg rjp.mv, dXX' iv iravrl 0Xif3bp.evof egcoOev p.dyai, eacoOev b/3oi. 6dXX' b irapaKaXcov tovs Ta- ireivov<; irapeKaXeaev rjp.d<; b Oebs iv Trj irapovaia, Titov' 7ov p.bvov Be iv tjj irapovaia avrov, aXXa Kai iv Trj irapaKXrjaei fj irapeKXrjOy i vp.lv, dvayyeXXcev rjp.lv Trjv vp.wv iiriirbOyaiv, tov vpcSv 6Svpp,bv, tov vp.x oti iXvirrjOyTe, dXX' OT4 iXvirrjOyre eh p.eTavoiav iXvirr/OyTe ydp KaTa Oeov, 'iva ev p.yBevl K,yp,icoOrjTe e£ r ~ 10 f \ \ zl \ -\ ' ' ' ' yp.cov. y yap KaTa veov Xviry p.eTavoiav eis acorypiav dp.eTap.eXyTov ipyd^eTai' y Be tov Koap.ov Xviry Oava Tov KaTepyd^erai. "IBoii ydp avTO tovto to KaTa Oeov XviryOrjvai irbayv KaTeipydaaTo vp.lv airovBrjv, aXXa a-rroXoyiav, aXXa ayavaKTyaiv, aXXa cpof3ov, aXXa iiriiroOyaiv, dXXa ffiXov, dXXd iicBiKyaiv. iv iravrl avveaTyaare eavTovs dyvovs elvai to> irpdyp,aTi. 12dpa el Kal eypatya vp.lv, ovy^ eveKev tov dBiKrjaavTos ovBe eveKev Toil dBiKyOevTOS, aXX' eveKev tov cpavepcoOrjvai Trjv airovBrjv vp,ccv Trjv virep yp,wv irpbs vp.ds ivcoiriov tov Oeov. 13Bid tovto irapaKeKXrjpeOa. iirl Be tt} irapa KXrjaei yp,cov irepiaaoTepcos p.dXXov i%dpyp,ev iirl Ty Xapa T4T0U, on avaireiravTai to irvevpa ovtov dirb irdvTcov vp,wV 14ot4 ei ti avTip virep vp,cov KeKavxVH'al' ov KaTyayyvOyv, dXX cos irdvTa iv dXyOeiq, iXa.Xyaap.ev vpiv, o'vtco Kai y Kavyrjais yp.cov y iiri T4T01/ aXyOeia eyevyOy. 15Kal rd airXdyyva avrov irepiaaoTepcos eh vp.ds eaTiv avap.ip.vyaKop.evov Trjv irdvTcov vp.cov vira- Korjv, 009 p,eTa OT4 iv iravn Oappco ev vp.lv. o 1Tva)pl£op,ev Be vp.lv, dBeXcpol, Trjv ftdpiv tov Oeov Trjv BeBop,evyv iv Tals iKKXyalais Trjs Ma/eeSo- vlas, 20T4 ev iroXXrj 8oKip,fj OXtyecos rj irepiaaeia Trjs X\apas avTcov Kal y KaTa ftdOovs iTTCOxeia avTcov iire- piaaevaev els to itXovtos Trjs dirXoTyTOs avTioV soti KaTa Bvvap,w, p.apTvpco, Kal irapd Bitvap.iv avOalpeToi, p,eTa iroXXrjs irapaKXyaecos Bebp,evoi rjpmv Trjv ydpiv Kai Tyv Koivcoviav Trjs BiaKovias Trjs eh tovs dyiovs, VIII. 19 nPOZ KOPIN0IOYI B 11 Kai ov KaOcbs yXirlaap.ev, dXXd eavrovs eBcoKav irpcb- tov too Kvpico Kal yp.lv Bid OeXrjpaTOS Oeov, 6els to irapaKaXeaai rjp,ds Titov, 'iva KaOcbs irpoevrjpljaTO ovtcos Kai eiriTeXeay eh vp.ds Kal Trjv %dpiv ravTyv. aXX coairep iv iravrl irepiaaeveTe, iriaTei Kal Xoycp Kai yvcbaei Kal irday airovBrj Kal Trj i£ vp.cov iv yp.lv ayairy, iva Kai iv TavTy Trj yjapiTi irepiaaevyTe. "ov KaT eiriTayyv Xeyco, aXXa Bia Trjs eTepcov airovBrjs Kai to Trjs t//x6T6pa? dydirys yvrjaiov 8oKip,d£cov' yivcoaKeTe yap T777/ -ydpiv tov Kvpiov rjp,cov \yaov XpiaTov, oti 81 vp,ds iiTTibyevaev irXovaios cov, 'iva vp.eis Ty eKeivov irTcoyeia irXovTyayTe. Kai yvcop-yv iv tovtco Sl8cop.i' tovto ydp vp.lv avp,cpepet, oiTlves ov p,bvov to iroiyaai dXXd Kal to OeXeiv irpoevyp^aaOe dirb irepvaf "row Be Kal to iroiyaai iiriTeXeaaTe, oircos KaOairep rj irpo0vp,ia tov OeXeiv, ovtco Kal to iiriTeXeaai iK tov e^eiv. ™el ydp rj irpoOvp,la irpo- Kenai, KaOb idv eyrj einrpbaBeKTOS, ov KaOb ovk ey^ei. lsov yap iva dXXois dveais, vp.lv OXityis, 14dXX' if; laoTyTos' iv too vvv Kaipco to vp.cov irepiaaevp.a 64? to iKeivcov vaTepyp.a, 'iva Kal to eKeivcov irepiaaevp.a yevyTai eh to - vp.cov vaTepyp,a, 'bircos yevyTUi laoTys, 15KaOa>s yeypairTai' 'O to iroXi) ovk iirXebvaaev, Kai b to oXiyov ovk yXaTTOvyaev. 16^dp4? Be too Oecp to) BiBovti, Trjv avrrjv airovBrjv virep vp.mv iv Trj KapBia, TitoV, "'6ti Trjv p.ev irapaKXyaiv iBegaTo, airovBaio- Tepos Be iiirdpxcov avOalpeTOS i^yXOev irpbs vp.ds. K avveireptyapiev Be p£T avTov tov dBeXcpbv, ov 0 eiraivos iv too evayyeXlco Bid iraawv tcov eKKXyaiSv, 19ov p.bvov Be dXXd Kal x^pOTOvyOels virb twv eKKXy- ai&v avveK,Byp,os ypioov aw Trj %dp4T4 TavTy Trj Bia- 12 ETTISTOAH VIII. 19 KOvovp,evy iicp' yp.cov irpbs Trjv avTov tov Kvpiov Bb^av Kal irpo9vp.lav rjp.cov, 20 aTeXXbpevoi tovto, p,y tis ypias p.copyayTai iv Trj dBpoTyTi TaiiTy Trj BiaKovovpuevy vcp rjp,cbv' ilirpovoovp,ev ydp KaXa ov p.ovov ivcoiriov Kvpiov dXXd Kal ivcoiriov dvOpcbircov. "2 avveirep.yfrap.ev Be av- toIs tov dBeXcpbv rjp.cbv, bv i8oKip.daap.ev iv 7roXXo4? iroXXaKis airovSalov bvTa, vvvl Be iroXv airovBaioTepov ireiroiOrjaei iroXXfj Trj eh vp.ds. weiTe virep T4T0U, koivcovos 6/X09 Kal els vp,as avvepybs' e'ire dSeXcpol yp,cbv, airbaToXoi iKKXyaicov, Bb^a XpiaTov. 2iTyv ovv evBei^iv Trjs dydirys vp,cov Kal yp,cov Kavyr)crecos virep vp.wv 649 avTovs ivBeiKvi>p.evoi els irpbacoirov twv iK KXyaicov. 9 1irepl p.ev ydp Trjs BiaKOvias Trjs els tovs ayiovs irepiaaov p.01 iarlv to ypdcpeiv vp.lv' *ol8a ydp Trjv irpoOvp.iav vp,cbv fjv virep vpicov Kavx<£- pai MaKeBbaiv, oti 'A^ata irapeaKevaaTai dirb irepvai, Kai to vp,wv £17X09 ypeOiaev tovs irXelovas. 3eirep,y]ra Be T0O9 d8eXoSov9, 'iva p.y to Kavyr)^ rjp.mv to virep vp.wv KevcoOy iv too p,epei tovtco, 'iva KaOcbs eXeyov irapeaKevaapievoi yTe, ip.y ircos iav eXOcoaiv aw ip.ol M.aKeSbves Kal eijpcoaiv vp.ds dirapaaKevdaTovs KaT- aiayyvOcop.ev yp.els, 'iva p,y Xeycop,ev vp.els, iv Trj iiiro- ardaei TaiiTy. 6 dvayKalov ovv rjyyadp.yv irapaKaXeaai tovs dBeXcpovs "va irpoeXOcoaiv els vp,ds Kal irpoKaTap- Tiacoaiv Tyv irpoeiryyyeXp.evyv evXoyiav vp,cov, Tainyv eTOip,yv elvai ovtcos <«9 evXoyiav, Kal p,y cos irXeove^iav. eTOVTo Be, b aireipcov cpeiBopAvcos, cpeiBop,evcos Kal Oepl- aei, Kai 0 aireipcov iir evXoyiais iir evXoyiais Kal Oepiaei. ' eKaaTos KaOcbs irpoypyTai Ty KapBia, p,rj iK Xvirys y e'£ dvdyKys' iXapbv yap BoTyv dyaird b Oebs. sBvvaTel Be b 0ebs irdaav ydpiv irepiaaevaai eh vp.ds, X. 6 nPOI KOPINOIOYI B 13 iva ev iravTi iravTOTe irdaav avTapKeiav eyovres irepia- aevyTe eh irdv epyov dyadbv' s KaOcbs yeypairTai, 'E- aKopiriaev, eBcoKev toIs irevyaiV rj BiKaioavvy aiiTov p.evei 64? tov alcova. 106 Be iiviyopyycov aireppa too aireipovTi Kal dpTov els fipcoaiv ¦ypprl'i'Va'el Kc*l vXy- Ovvel tov airbpov vp,cov Kal aiigrjaei Ta yevrjpaTa Trjs SiKaioavvys vp,cov' 11eV iravTi irXovTi£bp.evoi els irdaav airXoTyTa, tjtis KaTepya^exai 81 yp.cov evyapiarlav too Oecp. '6ti rj BiaKovia Trjs XeiTOvpyias TaiiTy s ov p.bvov eaTiv irpoaavairXypovaa Ta vaTepyp,aTa tcov ayicov, aXXa Kai irepiaaevovaa Bia iroXXcov evyapiaTicov too Oecp' lsBia Trjs SoKip.fjs Trjs SiaKovlas Tavrys Bogd^ovTes tov Oeov iirl Trj viroTayy Trjs bp,oXoyias vp.cbv eh to evayyeXiov tov XpiaTov Kal airXoTyTi Trjs Koivcovias 64? avrovs Kal 649 iravTas, uKal avTcov Berjaei virep vpicbv, iiriiroOovvTcov vp.as Bid Tyv iirepjBdXXovaav Xapiv tov Oeov i\-\~ ' " A « r / ov yap ToXp.cop.ev evKpivai rj avvKpivai eavTovs Tiaiv tcov eavTovs avviaTavovTcov' aXXa ovtoi iv eavTols eavTovs p.eTpovvTes Kal avyKpivovTes eavTovs eavTols ov avvidaiv. nrjp,els Be ovk eh Ta dp,eTpa Kavxyab- peOa, aXXa KaTa to peTpov tov Kavbvos, ov ip,epiaev rjp.lv b Oebs p.eTpov, icpiKeaOai dxpi Kal vp,cbv. uov ydp cos p>y ecf>iKvovp,evoi els iip,as virepeKTeivop.ev eavTovs, dxpi yap Kal vpcov icpOdaapev iv too evayyeXlco tov XpiaTov, 1bovk els Ta dp.eTpa Kavxcbp,evoi iv aXXoTpiois kottois, iXirlSa Be exovTes avljavopevys TJ79 iriaTecos vp.cov iv vp.lv p,eyaXvvOrjvai KaTa tov Kavova rjp.cov eh irepia- aeiav, 16eh Ta virepeKeiva vp,cov evayyeXlaaaOai, ovk iv dXXoTpico Kavbvi eh Ta eroip.a KavxvaaaOai. "b Be Kavxcbp.evos iv Kvplco KavxdaOco' 18ov ydp b eavTov avv- laTavcov, iKelvos eaTi BoKip,os, dXX' ov b Kvpios avvi- aTyaiv. 11 lVOcpeXov dvelxeaOe p.ov p.iKpbv ti dcppoavvys' dXXd Kal avexeaOe p,ov. 2 £77X07 ydp vp.ds Oeov %yXco, yppoaap.yv yap vp,ds evl dvBpl irapOevov dyvyv ira- paaTrjaai tco XpiaTcp' scpof3ovp.at Be p.rjircos cos b ocpis XI. 17 nPOZ KOPINOIOYI B 15 e^yiraTyaev JStvap iv Ty iravovpyia aiiTov, 0apy Ta voypiaTa vp,cbv dirb Trjs dirXoTyTOS Trjs eh tov XpiaTov. 64 pev yap o ipxbpievos aXXov lyaovv Kypvaaei ov ovk eKypi^apev, y irvevp.a eTepov Xap./3dveTe b ovk eXd- /3eTe, y evayyeXiov eTepov b ovk iBe^aaOe, KaXcos dveixeaOe. 5Xoyl£op,ai ydp p,yBev vaTepyKevai tcov virepXlav diroaToXcov. 6el Be Kal ISicoTys tco Xbyco, dXX ov Ty yvcoaei, dXX' iv iravTi cpavepcoaavTes iv irdaiv eh vpds. 7y ap,apTiav iiroiyaa ip.avibv Ta- treivcbv 'iva vp.els vyjrcoOrJTe, 'oti Bcopedv to tov Oeov evayyeXiov evyyyeXiadp.yv vp.lv; 8aTl{,eTai els ayyeXov cpcoTOS. 1Bov p,eya ovv el Kal 01 Biokovoi av- tov p.eTaaxi]P'aT&pvTai cos BiaKovoi BiKaioavvys' cw to TeXos eaTai KaTa Ta epya avTcov. ^irdXiv Xeyco, p,rj T49 pie S6%y dcppova elvaf el Be p.yye, Kav cos dcppova SeijaaOe p,e, 'iva Kaycb piKpov ti Kavxvacop.ai. "b XaXcb, ov KaTa Kvpiov XaXcS, dXX' 079 iv dcppoawy, iv TaiiTy Trj viroaTaaei T779 Kavxwea)'>' 16 ETTIZTOAH XI. 18 18'Ett64 77-0XX0I Kavxcbvrai KaTa adpKa, Kayco Kav- yrjaop.ai. ^rjBecos ydp avexeaOe tcov acppovcov cppovip.01 bvTes' 20 avexeaOe ydp ei tis lipids KaTaBovXol, ei tis KaTeaOiei, ei T49 Xap,j3dvei; ei tis iiralpeTai, el tis eis irpbacoirov vp.as Bepei. 21KaTa aTip.lav Xeyco, cos 0V4 rjpiels rjaOevrjKap.ev iv co 8' dv tis ToXp.a, iv acppoavvy Xeyco, ToXpico Kayco. i2'Ej3paloi elaiv ; Kcbyco. lapayXl- Tai eiaiv; Kayco. aireppa Appaap, eiaiv; Kayco. 01a- kovoi Xpiarov elaiv ; irapacppovdov XaXco, virep eyo) • iv koitois irepiaaoTepcos, iv cpvXaKals irepiaaoTepcos, iv irXyyals virepf3aXXovTcos, iv OavaTois iroXXaKis' 24 7)77-0 'lovSatcov irevTaKis TeaaepaKOVTa irapa p.iav eXajSov, 25Tp49 ipafiSiaQyv, diratj eXiOdaOyv, Tpls ivavayyaa, vvxOvfAepov iv tco jSvOcp ireiroiyKa' xbSoiiropiais iroX XaKis' KivBvvois iroTap.mv, kivBvvois XyaTcov, kivBvvois bk yevovs, kivBvvois e£ iOvwv, kivBvvois iv iroXei, KivBiivois iv ipyp,la, kivBvvois iv OaXdaay, kivBvvois iv yjrevSaBeXcpois, 2' koitco Kal p,bxOco, iv dypvirvlais iroXXaKis, iv Xipcp Kal Siyjrei, iv vyaTeiais 7roXXd- kis, iv yjrvxei Kal yvp.V0TyTi. 28^;oop4? to5V 7rap- eKTos y eiriaTaais p.01 y KaO ypiepav, y p,epip.va iraacov tcov eKKXyaiwv. i9Tis daOevel, Kal ovk daOevcb; ' £ -v H* \>>\ « SO' « T49 aKavoaXii,eTai, Kai ovk eyco irvpovp.ai; ei Kavxaa- Oai Bel, Ta tt}? daOeveias p.ov Kavx^jcrop,ai. slb Oebs Kai iraTyp tov Kvpiov 'lyaov oiBev, b cbv evXoyyTos els tovs alcovas, oti oil \jreiiBop,ai. S2ev Aap,aaKtp 0 iOvdp- XV1* ApeTa tov j3aaiXecos icppoiipei Tyv iroXiv Aap.aa- Kyvcov iridaai p.e, 33koi Bid OvplSos iv aapydvy e'vaXdcr- Oyv Bid tov Teixovs Kal igecpvyov Tas xe^Pa<> aiiTov. 12 1KavxdaOai Se4, ov avpicpepov pev, eXevaopiai Be els biTTaalas Kal diroKaXiiyjreis Kvpiov. *ol8a dvQpco- XII. 14 TTPOI KOPIN0IOYS B 17 Troy e^ XpiaTco irpb iTwv BeKaTeaadpcov, elVe ev acbp.aTi ovk oiBa, 64T6 iKTOS tov acbpaTos ovk olSa, b debs dlBev, apirayevTa tov toiovtov eoo? TpiTov ovpavov. 3Kal oiBa tov toiovtov dvOpcoirov, 64T6 iv acopaTi e'lTB %O)04? tov acopuiTos ovk oiBa, b 6ebs oiBev, 1'6ti ypirdiyy els tov irapaSeiaov Kal rjKOvaev dppyTa pypiaTa, a ovk if;ov dvOpcoircp XaXfjaai. virep tov toiovtov Kavx1]- aop,ai, s virep Be ip.avTov ov Kavxvaopai el p/rj iv tcus aaOeveiais p.ov. 6idv ydp OeXyaco Kavx^aaaOai, ovk eaop.ai acppcov, aXyOeiav ydp ipcb' cpelSop,ai Be, p.y tis els e/x6 XoylayTai virep b pXeirei pe rj aKov'ei eg ip.011. 7K.al irj virep/3oXrj T00V diroKaXvyjrecov 'iva pr) iiirep- aipcopMi, iBbOy p.01 aKoXo\jr Ty aapKi, ayyeXos XaTavd, 'iva p.e KoXacfii^y, 'iva p/rj inrepaipcop,ai. svir6p tovtov Tpls tov Kvpiov irapeKaXeaa, 'iva diroaTy air ip.ov. " Kal eipyKev p.oi' 'ApKel aoi y %vap.is tov XpiaTov. 10Sib eiBoKcb iv aaOeveiais, iv i)(3peaiv, iv dvdyKais, iv Bicoypiols, iv aTevoxcopiais, virep XpiaTov' oTav yap daOevco, tot6 BvvaTos elpi. "Yeyova acppcov' vpels p,e yvayKaaaTe. eyco yap cocbeiXov vcj> iip,cbv avviaTaaOai' oi/Sev yap vaTepyaa tcov virepXiav diroaToXcov, el Kal ovSev elp,i. Ta p.ev ayp.ela tov diroaToXov KaTeipyaaOy iv vp.lv iv iraay viropovy ayp.eiois Kal repaaiv Kal Bvvap.eaiv. ti yap iaTiv b yaacbOyre virep tx "va WW SoKip.01 cpavcop,ev, aXX iva iipiels to KaXbv iroiyTe, ypiels Be cos dBoKi- p.01 iop,ev. 8ov ydp SvvdpieOd ti KaTa Trjs aXyOeias, dXXa virep t^9 aXyOeias. "xatpofiev ydp OTav yp,els daOevcbpiev, iipiels Be BvvaTol r/Te' tovto Kal ei>xbp.eOa, \ e ~ t 10 S> ^ " r. 1 \ ft Trjv vp,cov KarapTiaiv. 01a tovto Tavra aircov ypacpco, 'iva irapcbv p,y diTOTopcos XPr)°~a>lla'1 KaTa tt)!' egovcriav fjv 0 Kvpios eBcoKev poi els olKoBop,rjv Kal ovk eh KaO- aipeaiv. "Aoiirbv,_ dSeXcpol, xaipere, KarapTi^eaOe, irapaKa- XelaOe, to aiiTO cppovelTe, elpyveiieTe, Kal 0 Oebs Trjs dydirys Kal elpyvys eaTai p,eO' vp,wv. "'AairdaaaOe dXX7;Xoii9 ev dryicp cpiXyp,aTi. aaira'CpvTai vp.ds 01 ayiol irdvTes. 13y %dp49 tou Kvpiov 'lyaov XpiaTov Kai y dydiry tov Oeov Kal y Koivcovia tov dylov irvevpiaTOS p,eTa irdvTcov vp,cbv. B'i NOTES. CHAPTER I. 1. XpioTOv 'Ii](roii. Eec. 'Iijo-oO Xpurrov. 6. etre TrapaKaXoiip-eSa k.t.X.. There is much variety in the order here. Eec. places Kal ¦>) iXirls q/iun> /9e/3a(a birtp i/j.wv before elS6res. Tischendorf does the same, but places efre TapaKa\ovp.e0a...irapa- nXiJcrews (omitting the second nal awr-qplas) before ttjs ivepyoviiivqi k.t.X. with XAC Peshito. The text follows Lachmann and Tregelles here, who follow BDE Vetus Lat. 10. pvds. He is sometimes caUed Timothy in the A.V., and sometimes, more fully, Timotheus. So we have Luke and Lucas, Mark and Marcus, Silas and Silvanus. Beside this Epistle, his name is found associated with that of St Paul in both the Epistles to the Thessalonians, in those to the Philippians and Colossians, and in that to PhUemon. We may remark on the undesigned coincidence here. Timothy was absent from St Paul on a mission when the first Epistle was sent. See 1 Cor. iv. 17. Therefore he is not associated with the Apostle in the salutation. The mission was to Macedonia (see Acts xix. 22), and to Corinth (see 1 Cor. xvi. 10). It is probable that he never got beyond Macedonia, as Titus, not he, brings the tidings from Corinth (see note on 1 Cor. xvi. 10). This Epistle is written from Macedonia (ch. ii. 13, vii. 5, ix. 2). And Timothy, as in so many other cases, is associated with the Apostle in the salutation. xfj oiio-T| 4v Kop£v6». A Hebraism for the simple b> Kopivdip. Similarly rois offow below. See also Eom. i. 7; 1 Cor. i. 2; Eph. i. 1; Phil. i. 1; 1 Thess. ii. 14. In Gal. i. 2; Col. i. 2; 1 Thess. i. 1 ; 2 Thess. i. 1 the Apostle adopts a different construction. civ tois d^Cois irdo-iv rots oSciv Iv SXt| ttj 'A\atij. Chrysostom remark's that it is not St Paul's custom to address the Churches thus in circular letters, and that the two Epistles to the Corinthians, that to the Galatians (which however was addressed, see ch. i. 2, to a region, not to a city), and that to the Hebrews (if it be St Paul's) were the only exceptions. But this statement is not exactly accurate. If the Epistle to the Ephesians be identical with the Epistle to Laodicea (and there are many reasons for supposing it to be so — see Col. iv. 16) the Epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians must be added to the list. It is probable that Corinth was the only Christian Church of any note in Achaia, and that the few scattered Christians to be found elsewhere in that province were regarded as a part of that community. See notes on 1 Cor. i. 2. 'Axata. We are to understand by this HeUas and the Pelopon nesus, which, with Macedonia, made up the whole of Greece. Mace donia, however, was scarcely recognized by the Greeks in their best days as forming a part of their land. See Articles Achaia and Hellas in Smith's Bictionary of Geography. 2. x^P'S' See note on 1 Cor. i. 3, and below, v. 12. ritird itov iraTpds. See notes on ch. in. 18 and vii. 13. It is important theologicaUy to note that while atro may be used of the Father, iK could not be used of the Son. Therefore we have djrd here as denoting a source, but not of necessity the ultimate source. The controversy between Greeks and Latins on the Double Procession of the Holy Ghost, has arisen from failing to observe the difference between ttKiropeieadat. and procedere. I.4.J NOTES. 23 Kai Kvpiov TqcoB XpioroO. Here, as in 1 Cor. i. 3 (see note there), Jesus Christ is associated with the Father as the source of grace and peace. 3 — 14. The mutual Interdependence of St Paul and the Corinthian Chukch. 3. Ev\o-yT|Tds d 0€os Kal irari^p tov K-upCov r\y.av "It]ctov XpurroO. Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. So B.V. See John xx. 17; 1 Pet. i. 3, and note on 1 Cor. xv. 24. We must supply etij or #Vtw before d 0ms. See Winer, Gr. Gram. § 64, 26. Two feeUngs rise at once in the Apostle's mind. The first is an over whelming gratitude for his deliverance from his distress, the second the keen sense of his entire unity of heart and soul with the Corinthian Church, and his desire to impart to them whatever blessings he had received from God. 6 iranjp tuv oiKTip|ioJv. We may either (1), with Chrysostom, explain this to mean the God whose most inherent attribute is mercy— the gen. of specification as in Col. i. 5, 1 Thess. ii. 5, or (2) we may interpret it as pointing to Him as the source of all kinds of mercies, the gen. being the 'whence case,' Winer, Gr. Gram. p. 232. The analogy of James i. 17, and the succeeding clause, would make the latter interpretation preferable. If the expression be a Hebraism, it is at least stronger than 'merciful Father.' So Estius, 'valde mul- tumque misericordem et beneficum.' 8eds irdci)S irapaKXijo-cws. The Apostle has spoken of the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. He goes on to teU us that He is a Father in His mercifulness, and that as God He is the author of all that is calculated to cheer and encourage His creatures. For the con struction see last note, and Eph. i. 17. Trap&K\r) and 0\l\j/is four times. The original sense of the English word comfort (derived from the late Latin confortare) involves the idea of strengthening. For irapaKaXdu in the sense of calling in, see Arist. Nic. Eth. ix. 11, of awakening or arousing, ib. x. 4. 4. 6 irapaKaXwv tyas. Comforts or encourages us. The present is used, according to Chrysostom, 6V1 oix mraf, oili 6ls, aXXi. Siijve/cws tovto 71-oiei. was refers to the Apostle and his feUow-workers. See v. 19. eirl irdcn ttj 8\(i|rei. eV! here denotes the ground on which the con solation rests. See 1 Thess. iii. 7, 8. Translate in, or in regard to. eXCtl/ci. Tribulatio, Vulgate. ¦ This word, translated tribulation in A.V., is rendered trouble in the next clause, and in the Vulgate by 24 2 CORINTHIANS. [I. 4— pressura, and is derived from a word signifying to, squeeze, press. The EngUsh word tribulation is derived from the Latin tribulo, to thresh. See Trench, Study of Words, Lect. n. els to. Compare our English ' to the end that.' SvvacSai i]|xds irapaKaXtiv tovs ev wdcfl OXtyci. St Paul represents affliction (1) as a school of sympathy, (2) as a school of eomfort..(o(, rather encouragement), v. 5, (3) as a school of assurance, v. 10. — Bobertson. 8id ttjs irapaKXijcews i]S irapaKaXovueOa avTol vird tov Beov. Chris tianity is everywhere represented as the gift of a common life. In the Church, the body which possesses this common Ufe, aU gifts are common. That is they are to be shared by their possessor with aU who stand in need of them. No one may keep any of them ex clusively to himself. - See notes on First Epistle, especially on ch. vi. 12, viii. 13, x. 24, xiv. 4, 19. Also John xv. 1 — 17 ; Bom. xiv. ; 1 Cor. iii. 9, iv. 7, and especiaUy Eph. iv. 16 ; Col. ii. 19. ?;s by attraction for j. 6. oti KaOois irepurcevei Ta ira8i}u.aTa tov Xpiorov els T)p.as. Translate, superabound unto us. All the principal English versions (E.V. of course excepted) render in us, and thus many commentators have been misled, rrcpuraeiw means to exceed, be over and above (Matt. v. 20, xiv. 20). So Chrysostom : SeiKviis on ov novov rd iKelvov, dXXd Kal wXetova rovroiv, ou ydp oaa £ira0e, fpwalv, iirafioaev iraJ0rj, dXXd Kal Trepiaaa. Thus the meaning of the passage is that the sufferings of Christ over flow to us and that thus we are made partakers of them. See Matt. xx. 22; Mark x. 38; Gal. ii. 20; Heb. xiii. 13. For (see notes on ch. iv. 11, 12) our sufferings for Christ's sake arise from the same cause as His, namely the opposition of darkness to light, of death to the Ufe that is imparted by Him to His members. Such passages as ch. iv. 10 ; Col. i. 24, carry the idea a step further, and represent Christ as suffering in His members, by virtue of His union with them. So also Matt. xxv. 40, 45; Acts ix. 4; Gal. vi. 17; PhU. iii. 10. irepurcevei Kal r\ irapaKXijcis. Chrysostom says ou ydp ulivai avrtp- poiros i) TapaKXT)cris tuv iraffij/idroiv , dXXd irepitrrrefai i) irapaKXrjtTts. 6. Are Se 8Xi.pdp.e8a, virep Ttjs v|i£v irapaK\i]ceos. The same may be said of every kind of suffering endured for the cause of God and of truth. It is not merely, as in Heb. xn. 6 (cf. Deut. viu. 5), that 'whom the Lord loveth, He chasteneth' for his own sake, but that the sufferings one man endures for a good cause are the source of profit to others. Cf. ch. iv. 15, 16; Eph. iii. 13; 2 Tim. ii. 10. o-wrqpCas- Safety; the condition of one who has recovered from disease, or escaped any serious danger. See note on o-ufw, 1 Cor. i. 18. ttjs e'vep-yovjjiviis Iv virop.oV(i ™v o^twv ira8rjp,dTv marks the reference to be to St Paul's suffer ings, which are the same in character as those of other Christians. 8. ov 7ap 8eXop.ev vpxis d-yvoeiv. A favourite expression with St Paul. Cf. Bom. i. 13; 1 Cor. x. 1, xii. 1; 1 Thess. iv. 13. irepl rfjs BXtyews Ttjs Yevop.e'vr|S Iv ttj 'Ao-ta. Some have referred these expressions to the tumult at Ephesus, Acts xix. Others have supposed, in consequence of the very strong expressions here, that some other trouble, a grievous sickness perhaps, is referred to, especiaUy as St Paul says in Asia, not in Ephesus. But Dean Stanley's remark that 'here, as elsewhere, we may observe the under statement of St Paul's sufferings in the Acts' (see also ch. xi. 24 — 27 and notes), suggests the inference that the tumult at Ephesus was far more serious than it would appear to be from St Luke's account. We can hardly suppose that the mere 'dismissal of the assembly' by the 'town-clerk' entirely appeased the multitude. And it is quite possible, since St Luke's object in the Acts was rather a vindication of St Paul's ministry than a glorification of his person, that he omits to mention a determined attempt upon St Paul's life made by Deme trius and the craftsmen, as afterwards (Acts xxiii. 12 — 15) by the Jews at Jerusalem. Others think that the distressing tidings from Corinth are meant, See ch, ii. 26 2 CORINTHIANS. [I. 8— "AcCa. By this is meant Asia Minor. So also Acts ii. 9. But it seems (see Acts xvi. 6) not to have included the whole peninsula usuaUy known by that name. epaprj8T|p.ev. We were weighed down. Gravati, Calvin ; greved, Wiclif, where the translation is reaUy literal, but the words grieve, grief, have changed their signification. Ka0' imepfSokriv virep dvva/iiv ifSap-ii- 0ri/j.a> is certainly a very strong expression, but not too strong to refer to prolonged anxiety for life, to which the words that follow would seem to point, though no doubt the opposition to which the infant Church was exposed would also be a cause of grave soUcitude. ¦ raS' iircp^oXi)v, as Dean Plumptre remarks, only occurs in the Epistles written at this period of the Apostle's life, those to the Eomans, Corinthians and Galatians. It occurs once in each of those Epistles, twice in this one. See ch. iv. 7, 17 &c. l|airopT|6TJvai,. Was utterly at a loss for means to preserve life. This marks the deliverance as God's work. 9. dirdKpip.a. This word does not occur elsewhere in N.T. The more usual word is airbKpuns. It is variously translated answer and sentence in the English versions. The Vulgate renders by responsum, the Syriac by a word which signifies sentence or decree. Chrysostom explains by i/rijCa o-apKiKTJ. Not in fleshly wisdom. Cf. 1 Cor. i. 17, ii. 1, 4, 13. These passages shew that there existed among the Co rinthians a tendency to exalt the wisdom of this world, i.e. acquire ments such as those of dialectic skill and rhetoric, above the spiritual enlightenment obtained by the submission of the intellect and wiU to the direction of God. dXX" Iv \a.pvn Beov. But in the grace of God. For iv see last note but one. The Apostle lives in a perpetual sense of God's favour to him, in endowing him with gifts from above. The word grace, like the Latin gratia, originaUy signifies favour, kindness. Cf. xdpiv elSu, I recognize a kindness, I feel grateful, Xen. Oec. xi. 1. dvecTpddVtiuev. See E. V. The middle voice of this verb signifies to be engaged in. Hence in N. T. it signifies to pass one's Ufe in a certain way. irepiertroTe'pws 8e irpds vuds. The Apostle writes iv rip Koapup but irpos vp.as. And more especially (or exceedingly) in our conduct towards you. No Church had had better opportunities than the Corinthian of forming a judgement on St Paul's possession of the qualities he claims to have displayed. He had stayed longer than usual among them, and he had stedfastly refused to exercise the right among them which he had exercised elsewhere, of claiming his main tenance from the Corinthian Church. 13. ov -ydp dXXa 7pdou.ev vy.lv. For we are not writing to you about anything but that on which you have quite sufficient informa tion to enable you to form an opinion. dXX' i]. Other than. See Winer, Gr. Gram. p. 552, note. dva-yivtocKeTe fj Kal eirvyivwcKeTS. It is impossible to give the full sense of this passage in English. In the first place, there is the play upon words, and next dvayivwrKia has a double meaning, (1) to recognize fully (see Xen. Anab. v. viu. 6) and (2) to read. iwiyivuo-Koi signifies to know thoroughly, either (1) by examination and comparison, or (2) by intuition. Here of course the first is meant. »; Kal is rendered ' or even ' in E.V. Meyer renders ' or also ' and explains it of understand- T- 150 NOTES. 29 ing independently of any written communication. But the trans lation ' read ' hardly gives the fuU sense of dvayivtio-Kere here. 'We write nothing but what you read' is a mere truism. Perhaps the best rendering is than what you recognize, or indeed are fully aware of. £ or the play upon words see note on ch. iii. 2. ems tIXovs. I trust that no change wiU ever take place in our conduct or in your appreciation of it, but that you wiU always be fully convinced of our singleness of aim and purity of motive. 14. diro pipovs. Either in part, or to a certain extent. Better, per haps, the latter. iK p.4povs answers more completely to our ' in part. ' See 1 Cor. xm. 9—12. For dird uipovs see Bom. xi. 25, xv. 15, 24. Also ch. n. 5. It is here delicately hinted that all members of the Corinthian Church had not duly recognized the possession by St Paul of these qualities. Ka8direp. 'St Paul connects the future for which he hopes, with the past of which he knows.' Meyer. KavxT|ua. Literally, ground of boasting, though (see note on Kaixw above, v. 12) St Paul uses it interchangeably with Kaixv"", which is Uterally the act of boasting. The word is variously translated in A. V. by 'boasting,' 'glorying,' 'rejoicing,' 'whereof to glory.' See Bom. iv. 2; 1 Cor. v. 6, and ch. ix. 3. vjieis tjp.i3v. See notes on v. 11, and also on ch. iii. 1. The identity of feeling and aim between aU true Christians is a special feature of the Apostle's teaching, and he takes care to insist upon it before he proceeds to more controversial matter. Chrysostom remarks on the Apostle's humility in thus placing himself on a level with his converts. Iv tjj tjolpa tov Kvp(ov'Ir|rov. See 1 Cor. in. 13, iv. 3, 5, and notes. IB — 22. St Paul's Season for puttinq off his Coming. IB. Kal Tavi-rj tjj ireiroiSijcei. It was on this community of feelings and interests that the Apostle reUed when he proposed to come to Corinth. It was the consciousness that all the Corinthians did not share his sentiments on the point which made him desirous of trying the effect of a letter first. See v. 23, ch. ii. 3, vii. 8—12, and notes. For ireirolBr\ an& Theodoret, with one or two MSS., reads xaP&v- 16. Kal 8i* vu.6s elpu., otre 6i;vpp6irovs e'xw rds ri)s yvibpris /tera/JoXds, Theodoret. To this one purpose all minor plans and resolutions must give way. The position of 9 strengthens this interpretation. If the Apostle meant to say he was not obstinate, he would surely have written tva irap' ip.ol rb val 5 val k.t.X. 18. irio-rds Be d Beds. See 1 Cor. i. 9, x. 13. oti. Several explanations have been given of oti. following upon an affirmation of this kind. See Meyer and Winer, Gr. Gram. § 53. But perhaps that of De Wette is the simplest and most satisfactory. 'It is as true as that God is faithful, that our word toward you is not yea and nay.' He refers to ch. xi. 10, and Bom. xiv. 11. Meyer dis putes the relevancy of the quotations, but not very convincingly. ovk fen-iv val Kal ov. There was no more infirmity of purpose in the Apostle's words than there is untruth, or rather, unfaithful ness, in God. ' Word ' here means speech, discourse, as in 1 Cor. i. 5, not speciaUy preaching. 19. 6 tov 8eov ¦ydp vids. St Paul now labours to impress the Corinthians with the weight of the commission with which he had been entrusted to them. It was nothing less than Jesus, the Promised and Anointed One, the Son of God, Whom he had preached. 8t ijadiv. Observe the Apostle's own explanation of the plural here. Ki)pvx6c(s- LiteraUy, proclaimed, as by a herald. The word has come usuaUy to mean an exposition of God's Word in the Christian congregation. It means always in N.T. a proclamation of Christ to those who have not before heard of Him. 32 2 CORINTHIANS. (I. 19— StXovavov. Called Silas in the Acts. He was sent with Paul and Barnabas, as ' a chief man among the brethren,' to guarantee the authenticity of the Apostolic letter which the former brought back with them from Jerusalem to Antioch after the discussion recorded in Acts xv., since, had Paul and Barnabas returned alone, their oppo nents might not improbably have disputed its genuineness. See Acts xv. 22, 25, 27. He was a prophet, Acts xv. 32 (see 1 Cor. xiv.), and was chosen by St Paul, after his dispute with St Barnabas, as his feUow-traveller, by the advice of the Churches. Some have thought that he was the brother mentioned in ch. viii. 18, xu. 18. He is mentioned by St Paul with himself in the opening of each of the Epistles to the Thessalonians. He was with the Apostle at PhUippi (Acts xvi. 19 — 40), at Thessalonica (xvu. 4, 10), at Berea (xvii. 10), at Corinth (not at Athens, xvii. 15, xviii. 5). He is not mentioned again in Scripture save by St Peter in his first Epistle (ch. v. 12), in which he speaks of him as one with whom he has Uttle personal acquaintance, but in whom he has much confidence. Silas is con tracted from the fuller form Silvanus as Lucas from Lucanus. The similar signification of the two words Lucas and Silvanus has led some to suppose that Luke and Silas were the same person. But a perusal of the narrative in Acts xv. — xvii., especiaUy ch. xvi. vv. 4 — 8, 10 — 17, 19, 20, will shew that they were two distinct persons. See Alford, Prolegomena to Acts of the Apostles, for a fuller investiga tion of this point. We may observe that not only does St Paul, in his humility, identify himself with the Corinthians (v. 14), but he takes care to associate his subordinates with him as feUow-labourers in a common work. Paley, Horae Paulinae, remarks on the undesigned coincidence between this verse and Acts xviii. 5. The two books are not written by the same person. There is no particular stress laid on the fact of Silas and Timotheus having been with the Apostle in either book, but the reference to them slips out quite accidentally. But both declare in this accidental way that Silas and Timotheus were with the Apostle at Corinth. Such minute agreement is beyond the power of the compiler of fictitious narrative. See a fuUer discussion of this subject in the Introduction. ovk 1-ylveTO val Kal ov, dXXd val Iv avriS ye-yovev. In God ' is no variableness, neither shadow of turning.' Numb, xxiii. 19; James i. 17. How then could the change of purpose in His minister be ascribed to the capricious infirmity of the mere human wiU? He, the Eternal Yea of love, had but one purpose, the restoration and per fection of man. Hence His minister could but have one purpose, to carry out His loving WiU. Cf. Bom. xv. 8; Heb. xni. 8. iv airy yiyovev should probably be interpreted of the Eternal and unchange able purpose of God. Jesus Christ hath been, and is, a changeless Tea in (i.e. by virtue of His Unity of Substance with) God. But it is possible that St Paul may have unconsciously changed the con struction, and made yiyovev depend on Xd-yos understood. In that case iv airy would refer to Christ. See Meyer in loc. Observe the aorist of the temporary aspect, the perfect of the eternal fixedness predicated here. I. 22.] NOTES. 33 20. Scai ydp lirayyeXCai Beoii, Iv avr$ to vat. For how many soever he the promises of God, in Him is the yea. Whatever pro mises God has given are given through Jesus Christ. He is the Eternal affirmation of Divine love. Whatever His servants do, they can but minister Him, and the unchanging WiU and purpose which He has come to reveal. Or iv airip may refer to God. Whatever promises He has made, the fulfilment of them rests with Him. See next note. Bid Kal 8i' avrov to dp/tjv. Either (1) 'By.Christ aU things consist.' Wherefore as by Him came the revelation of the promises, by Him also is their ratification. He wUl set His seal to the promises pro claimed by His work in the hearts of those who believe in Him. See Eev. hi. 14. Also Heb. vi. 12—18, vii. 20, 21. Or (2) the words may refer to God, and in that case must be thus explained — Wherefore by His means, i.e. by His sending His Son, have we the ratification of His promises. t& 6ecp irpds 8d£av 8i* ijuuv. These promises are made known by human instrumentaUty. But the result of their proclamation is the glory of God. These words strengthen the interpretation which would refer airos to Christ. 21. d 8e (3e(3aiuv rjpds civ vutv els Xpurrdv. The connection of thought is very difficult to follow here. This verse seems once more to strengthen the idea that the airos of last verse is Christ. He is the Yea, and He the Amen, and it is God who stabhshes us (or makes us stedfast) with you unto (or upon) Hun. For from God ultimately must aU things proceed, whether it be the Mission of Christ, or of the Spirit. And we minister to His glory according to His Will, because (1) He stabhshes us, (2) He hath anointed us, (3) He hath given us the earnest of His Spirit. Thus have we been thoroughly equipped for our work. These considerations add immense force to the per sonal appeal the Apostle makes in the passage which begins with v. 23. els Xpurrov refers to the reliance on Christ which comes by faith. See Heb. vi. 19. Also Matt. xvi. 18; 1 Cor. iii. 11; Eph. ii. 20. Kal xp'°"as riV&S' Observe the change of tense. God is always stabUshing us. But His anointing and seaUng are past acts. The anointing was given to high functionaries, as king or priest. It is as ministers of Christ, the Anointed One, that they claim to have received it. See 1 Cor. iv. 1. Also Acts x. 38. Beds. From none but Him did their commission proceed, and in none other but Him were their ministerial acts performed. 22. d Kal ccjtpayic-ducvos. The words refer to the attestation God gave to his calling and anointing by the manifest signs of His presence with His ministers. See ch. Ui. 1—3, xii. 12. Also Bom. xv. 15 — 19 ; 1 Cor. ix. 2. A seal (see note on 1 Cor. ix. 2; cf. Bom. xv. 28) is used to attest and confirm a legal document, which, according to our present legal custom, derived from the practice of past ages, 34 2 CORINTHIANS [I. 22— when but few were able to write their names, must be 'sealed' as weU as 'signed,' before it is 'delivered' to another person to act upon. For the expression 'sealed with the Spirit,' see Eph. i. 13, iv. 30, and also, for a similar expression, John vi. 27. dppaBuiva. The Apostle here, as in ch. v. 5 and Eph. i. 14, uses the Hebrew word arabon, which, derived from a verb signifying to plait or interweave, and thence to pledge or be security for (as in Gen. xlin. 9), came to have the meaning of earnest. An earnest is to be distinguished, however, from a. pledge (see Bobertson in loc.), in that the latter is ' something different in kind, given as assurance for something else,' as in the case of the Sacraments, whUe the former is a part of the thing to be given, as when 'a purchase is made, and part of the money paid down at once.' Schleusner translates into German by handgeld or angeld. The Hebrew word, however, has also the meaning of pledge, as in Gen. xxxviu. 17, 18. The word is found in the Greek and in a modified form in the Latin language, and exists to this day in the French ' arrhes, ' a sum paid down to clinch a bargain, and was no doubt derived by Greeks and Latins 'from the language of Phoenician traders, as tariff, cargo, are derived in English and other modern languages from Spanish traders.' — Stanley. See his whole note, and cf. Bom. vin. 23. Our own word earnest comes from a root signifying to run, to follow after eagerly. The use of dppafitbv is due to the custom, common in aU countries, of giving some pledge of being in earnest. The words 'in earnest,' in our sense of meaning what we say, occur early in our Uterature. See Chaucer, Legende of Good Women, Queen Bido, line 1301. There is a valuable note on this word by Dean Plumptre in the Speaker's Commentary on Prov. vi. 1. tov irvevp.aTos. The genitive is one of apposition, or specification, not possession. The Spirit is that of which an earnest is given. He wiU be poured out in fuller measure (1) upon each individual, (2) upon the Church at large as time goes on. Iv tois KapSfais TJp.wv. The heart was regarded by the Jews as the seat of the moral qualities, as being that part of the human frame in which moral emotions are wont chiefly to manifest themselves. CHAPTEB I. 23—11. 17. H. 10. S Kexdpicpai NABC Vetus Lat. Bee. ip. Also in Eec. ei n Kexapto-pia.1. precedes tp Kex. 16. Ik 8avdTov...eK ijowjs. So NABC. The Eec. which omits ix in each place, is also strongly supported. Not only are DEFG in its favour, but the Vetus Lat. and Vulgate, as weU as Chrys. and Theod. and the early translator of Irenaeus. Ch. I. 23 — H. 17.' St Paul's only Object the spiritual Advance ment of his Converts. 23. 81. A. V. moreover. E. V. but, with Meyer. The adversative sense however seems doubtful. See note on v. 21 d Si (Sej3at.S>v k.t.X. II. 1.J NOTES. 35 It is inconsequence of the character of St Paul's mission that it was impossible for him to have had any object in his change of purpose but the profit of his converts. !iriKaXov|Mu. This word is not used in Scripture in a bad sense, but occurs (1) in the passive in the sense of to have a surname as in Acts i. 23 ; (2) in the middle to appeal, as in Acts xxv. 11 ; and (3) to call upon, as here, and in Acts xxii. 16 ; 1 Cor. i. 2, &c. Iirl tijv luijv <|'vx1iv• Either (1) with Calvin and Grotius, against my soul, i.e. to avenge my perjury; or (2) with Meyer, on behalf of my sonl, i.e. as a witness of my sincerity, to support my assertion. Vulgate renders iirl by in. See ch. xi. 31. Also Eom. i. 9, ix. 1 ; Gal. i. 20; Phil. i. 8; 1 Thess. ii. 5. For the expression piiprvpa im- KaXetff0at see Plato Legg. n. 664 tov re Tlaiava iirt.KaXoip.evos puprvpa twv Xeyo/iivoiv. Augustine and other commentators have remarked that it is lawful for a Christian to take an oath upon proper occasion. Cf. Matt. xxvi. 63. pa(vav p.e; The apparent selfishness of this pas sage, in which St Paul appears to think that the grief he has caused is amply compensated for by the pleasure he receives from that grief, is explained by the words in the next verse, ' having confidence in you aU, that my joy is the joy of you all.' See note there. The meaning would seem to be that St Paul wished not to come to Corinth in sorrow, but in joy, and that this end was attained by the result of the rebukes of his Epistle, which produced pain, and pain reformation, and reformation a pure and heavenly joy on the part of all, of St Paul, of the Corinthian community, and of the offender himself, conditions obviously the most favourable to an ApostoUc visit. Cf. ch. vu. 11, 12, where the same idea is more fuUy ex pressed. Kal is rendered in A. and B.V. by then. It seems intended to emphasize the idea St Paul has had in mind all along, that the end he had in view is the restoration of the offender and the joy of that offender, and all connected with him. See Hartung, Partikel- II. 4.] NOTES. 37 lehre, i. 130. ' For if I pain you, who is it, again, who causes me to rejoice? Why, the very man to whom I gave pain.' !£ epov. ' toiovto). See note on 1 Cor. v. 3 — 5. The discipline of the Apostolic Church, which had as its main object the restoration of the offender, was content when this object was attained. As soon as the offender renounced his sin, the end of the discipline was reached, and there was no further need of punishment. It was no desire of the Church in the Apostle's time, however much that important principle may have been lost sight of afterwards, that the offender should be ' swallowed up with overmuch sorrow.' ' A plan diligently to be observed, for it teaches with what equity and clemency the discipline of the Church should be tempered, lest its rigour should exceed proper bounds.' Calvin. iKavbv here is used substantively. See Winer, Gr. Gram., p. 649. The Apostle refuses here, as in 1 Cor. II. 9.] NOTES. 39 v. to denote the offender by anything more definite than a peri phrasis. em-ripta. Objurgatio Vulg. The Peshito renders by a word which involves the idea of blame. The word only occurs here in N.T. It signifies both rebuke and punishment. ' Simple objurgatio it is not.' Meyer. Penalty would perhaps express the meaning best. See Wisd. iu. 10. Certain it is that a rebuke, under the circumstances indicated in the first Epistle, the separation from the Christian community and formal delivery over to Satan (1 Cor. v. 5), was itself a punishment of no ordinary kind. virb twv irXeidvav. By the majority. We can hardly, with some commentators, suppose a formal debate and division. But no doubt some refused to take part in the rebuke, for the latter part of this Epistle shews that St Paul's Apostolic authority was still contested by many. See note on dirb p.ipovs above, v. 5. 7. xoP'CXb- o-o iavrdv XBC. Lachmann places these words after XoyloacBal n with ADE Vetus Lat. Vulg. Eec. places them before d' iavrwv. 7. Iv ypdppaciv. Lachmann, foUowing B and Peshito, reads eV ypdp/ian here. IB. r\viKa av dvayivcdcKijroi NABC. Eec. omits dv with D and reads dvayiviiffKerai with FG. Ch. HI. l — 6. St Paul's Ministky no self-assumed task, but THE COMMUNICATION OF THE SpIBIT. 1. 'ApxdpeBa. Are we beginning 7 irdXiv. A charge had been apparently brought against St Paul that he had before (probably in 1 Cor. U. 16, iU. 10, iv. 11—14, ix. 20 — 27, xiv. 18) indulged in unseemly self-laudation. He supposes III. 2.] NOTES. 47 that the same charge will be brought against him for his language in ch. U. 14—17. i)' prj, or is it the fact that? pa) suggests that the answer wUl be in the negative. cSs Tives. The A. V. others is not neoessary. B. V. as do some. St Paul here foUows his usual habit of indicating, instead of naming, the persons to whom he refers. They had no doubt come armed with letters of recommendation from some Apostle (as the Judaizers in Gal. ii. 12) or Church, and some of them had received similar letters from the Corinthian Churches on their departure, with a view to their reception by some other Church. St Paul appeals to the nature of his work among them as rendering such a proceeding on his part not only unnecessary but absurd. cvo-totikcov liricToXwv. A. V. and E. V. epistles of commendation. Better, with Tyndale and Cranmer, letters of recommendation, the word from its derivation signifying rather introduction than what we now understand by commendation, i.e. praise, though it would seem to have come to bear this meaning in New Testament Greek, as in the case of trvvurrdveiv above. Instances of such letters com mendatory are to be found in Acts xv. 25 — 27, xviii. 27 ; Eom. xvi. 1 ; Col. iv. 10. They became a common, almost a necessary, feature in the life of the early Church, and were known as literae formatae. They are happUy becoming common once more. 2. ii liricToX'rj ijpcov vuets IcTe. Both r) iirnrroXr) and vp.e7s are emphatic, especiaUy the former. 'The epistle of recommendation in our case is yourselves.' See last note. If St Paul needed any recommendation, it was to be found in the existence of the Co rinthian Church. Ivyeypapuevi]. Written and published. Written in our hearts; pubbshed throughout the world. See yivoi'its own nature, but accidentally, in consequence of man's corruption,' Turretin. So St Paul explains in Bom. vii. 12—14; Gal. iii. 23; and 1 Tim. i. 8—10. Cf. also Heb. xii. 18—21 and note on v. 7. iroXXco pdXXov irepico-evei ij SiaKovfa, ttjs 8iKaiocvvt|s. The lan guage of St Paul is slightly modified here. He speaks of Kard- Kpitns rather than of Sdvaros, the immediate rather than the ultimate effect. On the other hand righteousness, the end of the SiaKovla tov irveiparos, takes the place of Him by Whom it is brought about. See Eom. iU. 21, vni. 1—10; 2 Thess. ii. 13. Also vv. 3, 6, and ch. v. 21. 10. Kal ydp ov SeSd£acTOi to Se8o£arp.!vov. For even that which has been glorified (i.e. the Mosaic dispensation) has not been glorified in this respect (i.e. in comparison of the New Covenant. The Geneva Version renders 'in this point' — see ch. ix. 3, where the expression occurs again, also Eec. in 1 Pet. iv. 16) on account of the glory (i.e. of the New Covenant) which surpasses (it), Kara rbv ttjs avyKpfoews Xbyov. Chrysostom. Other explanations of the passage have been given, but Bp Wordsworth, who places this passage and the LXX. of Exod. xxxiv. in parallel columns, shews how St Paul throughout this chapter is using the very words of the LXX., which must therefore be the index to his meaning. He para phrases thus: 'that was glorified, but, glorious as it was, it was not glorified in one respect — that is, it was not glorified relatively to and in comparison with the Evangelical Ministry, which far transcends its glory, and absorbs it.' The oi indicates that the glory of the Old Covenant cannot be considered as glory at all ('has lost aU its glory,' Dean AUord), in comparison with that of the New. 11. el ydp Td KaTapyovpevov. For if that which is (or was) being done away. Sid 8d(jT|s. Was through glory, i.e. accompanied by it. The signs of Divine power which occurred at the giving of the Law were the means whereby it was recognized as the work of God. Iv 8dfjT|. In glory, i.e. as a permanent attribute. Some, however, think that the Apostle often uses different prepositions (see last note) to express the same meaning. The passages, however, to which they refer, though they render this view probable, do not establish it as a fact beyond the reach of doubt. 12. fcxpvTes ovv ToiavTTiv IXirCSa, i.e. the hope that the Christian covenant is one of which the glory is permanent. iroXXfj irappi)c£a xp"rtE^a- irappno-la means originaUy (1) fulness or frankness of speech. Hence it comes to mean (2) openness, frank ness generaUy, and hence (3) boldness, intrepidity. The former is the meaning here. St Paul contrasts the fulness and frankness of the Gospel on all matters relating to the future of man with the mysterious sUence of the Law (i.e. the books of Moses), which hardly HI- 13.] NOTES. 53 in the most distant manner aUude to a future Ufe. It may be remarked that even Jesus Christ himself used much reserve (Matt. vui. 4, ix. 30, xii. 16, xui. 10—13, xvi. 20, xvii. 9) untU His work on earth was finished. Then (Matt, xxvui. 19; Mark xvi. 15) He decreed that this reserve should cease for ever. p.er iXev0eplas irav- raxov tp6eyybp.e0a, oiSiv vTrotrreXXbpevoi, oudiv diroKpvirTbpevoi, oiSev i(popdipevoi, dXXd (xaus Xiyovres. Chrysostom. 'A ministry whose very life is outspokenness and free fearlessness — which scorns to take a via media because it is safe in the eyes of the world.' Bobertson. 13. Kal ov KaOairep Mcoucrrjs. We do not put a veil on our faces as Moses used to do. So Winer. Meyer adds that when a verb ought to occur twice, it was the fashion of the Greeks to put it in the apodosis. «?T£6ei KaXvppa. Used to put a veil. The meaning is, 'We have no reserve. Our condition is not like that of Moses, who could not let the chUdren of Israel know that the glories of the Mosaic covenant were transitory.' irp&s Td u.TJ. This denotes the reason why Moses did so. It is not implied that he knew why he did so. The Apostle is putting an aUegorical interpretation on the act. drevCcai tovs vlovs 'IcpaijX els Td tIXos. The Greek implies that Moses placed the veU on his face after speaking to the people that they might not see the glory on his face fading. The LXX. of Ex. xxxiv. 33 implies the same thing, and the Vulgate still more explicitly. The Hebrew is ambiguous, from the want of a pluperfect tense in that language. But the LXX. in vv. 34, 35, as weU as the Hebrew, imply that Moses veUed his countenance on account of the terror with which its brightness inspired the Israelites. The latter says expressly that he kept his face unveUed until he came forth from speaking to God. So St Paul seems to imply himself in v. 7. The fact seems to be that St Paul, as is extremely common with him, and as occurs several times in this chapter (as in v. 3 and v. 18 — see also U. 15) gives the simile he is employing another direction. He has been contrasting the glory of the Mosaic with that of the Christian dispensation. He adduces the latter as a reason for the transparent sincerity of which he had boasted in ch. ii. 17. He proceeds to contrast that absence of reserve with the reticence of Moses in the law. The figure of the veU once more occurs to him as an illustration of the fact that the Jews, for reasons which are obvious enough, were not encouraged to look upon the Law as a transitory dispensation (though sometimes hints of this kind were vaguely thrown out, as in the celebrated passage in Deut. xviu. 15, 18, 19);— not aUowed to see the gradual extinction of that glory which had seemed to them so great, and whose greatness was the surest guarantee of their obedience. Many commentators have supposed here an aUusion to Christ as the end of the law (Eom. x. 4). But Olshausen per tinently asks, 'How could St Paul say that Moses covered his countenance in order that the Israelites should not behold Christ?' 54 2 CORINTHIANS. [III. 13— tov KaTOpyovpivov. Of that which was passing away; i.e. the Mosaic dispensation. See note on v. 7. 14. dXX' lirovpe8a. This word is rendered transfigured in Matt. xvii. 2; Mark ix. 2, and no doubt the idea of the gradual beaming out of the inner glory which dwelt in Christ, producing a metamorphosis which excited the wonder and awe of those that beheld it, was in St Paul's mind in this passage. He uses the word in another place, Eom. xii. 2, where the idea of the Transfiguration and that suggested in this passage are combined, in order to express the marveUous inward change which takes place in the man who offers his heart to the transforming influences which flow out from Christ. See Bp Lightfoot's note on p.op