YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA /^ COLLECTION OF WILLIAM ROBERTSON COE COUNTIES O K Cumberland, Jasper^ Richland, ILLINOIS. KISTOKIOAL J&.1&TD BIOGRAPHICAL. ILLUSTRATED. CHICAGO: F. A. BATTEY & CO. 1884. PREFACE. THIS volume goes forth to our patrons the result of months of arduous, unremitting and conscientious labor. None so well know as those who have been associated with us the almost insurmountable difficulties to be met with in the preparation of a work of this character. Since the inaug uration of the enterprise a large force has been employed in gathering material. During this time most of the citizens of three counties have been called upon to contribute from their recollections, carefully preserved let ters, scraps of manuscript, printed fragments, memoranda, etc. Public records and semi-official documents have been searched, the newspaper files of the county have been overhauled, and former citizens, now living out of the counties, have been corresponded with, for the verification of the information by a conference with many. In gathering from these numerous sources, both for the historical and biographical departments, the conflicting statements, the discrepancies and the fallible and incom plete nature of public documents, were almost appalling to our historians and biographers, who were expected to weave therefrom with some degree of accuracy, in panoramic review, a record of events. Members of the same families disagree as to the spelling of the family name, contradict each other's statements as to the dates of birth, of settlement in^the coun ties, nativity, and other matters of fact. In this entangled condition, wo have given preference to the preponderance of authority, and while we • acknowledge the existence of errors and our inability to furnish a, perfect history, we claim to have come up to the standard of our promises, and oiven as accurate a work as the nature of the surroundings would permit. The facts incorporated in the biographical sketches have in most cases been secured from the persons whom they represent, hence the publishers disclaim any responsibility as to their general tenor. Whatever may be the verdict of those who do not and will not comprehend the difficulties to be met with, we feel assured that all just and thoughtful people will appre ciate our efforts, and recognize the importance of the undertaking and the great public benefit that has been accomplished in preserving the val uable historical matters of the counties, and biographies of many of their citizens, that perhaps would otherwise have passed into oblivion. To those who have given us their support and encouragement we acknowledge our gratitude, and can assure them that as years go by the book will grow in value as a repository not only of pleasing reading matter, but of treasured information of the past that will become an enduring monument. THE PUBLISHERS. April, 1884. CONTENTS PAET I. HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. American Settlements Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War . Discovery of the Ohio Eiver Division of the Northwest Territory ... 65 Early Explorations _. go English Expl orations and Settlements 34 Geographical Position _ 19 Tecnmseh and the War of 1812 69 \ ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. Black Hawk, Sac Chieftain 74 Buffalo Hnnt 26 High Bridge 33 Indians attacking Frontiersmen 55 Indians attacking a Stockade 71 LakeBluff 62 La Salle Landing on the Shores of Green Bay 24 Mouthiof the Mississippi 31 PAGE. Niagara Palls 92 Perry's Monument 91 Pioneer Dwelling """" 60 Pontiac, Ottawa Chief tain ' 42 Present Site of Lake St. Bridge, Chicago, 1883 58 Source of the Mississippi _ 22 Tecuaseh, Shawanoe Chieftain.. 68 Trapping 28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITJED STATES AND ITS AMENDMENTS. PAET II. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. PASE. Organization and Development.. 91 Agriculture, etc.. 104 Churches 170 Clerks, Circuit... 146 Clerks, County _. 147 Commissioners, County 142 County's Name, Origin of the 96 Court, County 142 Courts, First 140 Early Settlers.. 110 Fair Association. 109 Geology 99 Horticulture, etc 104 Industries and Experiences of Settlers . . 110 Judges, County _ 147 Jurors, First 140 Material Resources 102 Minor Divisions 130 Officials, County 142 Origin of the County 91 Political Organization 123 Press and Politics 167 Public Buildings 136 Railroads 154 Schools 173 School Superintendents 148 Secret Organizations 175 Sheriffs, County 146 Social Development 148 Stock Raising, etc 104 ~ PAGE. Supervisors, Board of 142 Surveyors, County.. _ 143 Swamp Lands __ . 104 Topography.... """.'_' 97 Treasurers, County 147 War Record _ __ 176 Cavalry, Fifth _ ''_'_'_ 192 Infantry, Twenty-First 181 Infantry, Fifty-Ninth 184 Infantry, Sixty-First _ 196 Infantry, Sixty-Second.. _ 199 Infantry, Ninety-Seventh 187 Infantry, One Hundred and Twenty-Third 188 Infantry, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth 192 Villages of the County 201 Bradbury '_ 223 Centerville ..."".". 223 Diona ~"~ 223 Greenup 201 Hazel Dell 223 Janesville.. _ 223 Jewett __ _ ~ 211 Johnstown _ _ 210 Neoga "... 219 Rainsburg _ 223 Toledo 213 Woodbury __ _ 210 VI CONTENTS HISTORY ,OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY.— Continued. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE. Cottonwood Township - 299 Crooked Creek Township- 284 Greennp Township - 248 Neoga Township - — *M Spring Point Township.. ™5 PAGE. Sumpter Township _ 224 Toledo City 224 Union Township 346 Woodbury Township... 363 PORTRAITS. Albin, George W - J2J Green, David B. IM Hanker, Charles •J15 Monohon, Gershom.. - 179 PAGE. Neal, David 143 Voris, Franklin D 19V Votaw, Mahlon 107 PAET III. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Organization and Condition 367 Agriculture - --- 378 Fair Association. - - 381 Geology 373 Material Resources 3.6 Name, Origin of --- 369 Settlement, Early 382 Swamp Lands 378 Topography - - - 371 Political Organization - 393 Acts of County Commissioners 894 Attorneys, State's 426 Charities, County - -- 418 Circuit Clerks - 425 Coroners - 426 Courts and Crime.. 419 CourtHouse.. - - 413 Jail, The 415 Judge, County - 426 Officials, County - 422 Public Buildings 413 School Commissioners -- 426 Sheriffs, County 425 Supervisors, County '.-423 Surveyors, County 426 Townships -- ¦ 400 Treasurers, County --- . 425 Voting Precincts - • 400 Social Development - 427 Benevolent Societies -- 455 Bridges 434 Church, The - --- 449 Ferries 434 Modes of Life, Early .- .-- 427 Press and Politics 444 Railroads- 436 Roads, Early --- 431 Schools, The - -- 451 School Statistics -- - 455 Settlers, Early...- - 427 Societies, Benevolent - 455 tage. Travel, Early 431 Jasper County in the War 458 Cavalry, Fifth. 474 Infantry, Eighth 460 Infantry, Eleventh 463 Infantry, Twenty-First _ 465 Infantry, Thirty-Eighth 468 Infantry, Forty-Sixth... 471 Infantry, Oue Hundred and Thirtieth 473 Infantrv, One Hundred and Forty- Third. 473 Infantry, One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth.. 473 Village Growth ... 477 Advance _ 491 Bogota 491 Boos Station 491 Brockville 487 Buena Vista 487 Centerville 487 Constantinople... 488 Embarrassville _ 489 Falmouth.. 491 Franklin 488 Grandville .. 487 Harrisburg... 487 Haysville.. _ 48!) Hidalgo _ 490 Hunt City _ 490 Langdon 48(1 Latona ^._ 491 List _ _ 491 Mount Sidney... _. 487 New Liberty _. ...-4K8 Newton __ 477 Plainfield ._ 487 Pleasant Hill _ 488 Point Pleasant 4gg Queenstown 487 Rose Hill ." '.".'.".".".'.".'.'.'." 489 Saint Marie 434 West Liberty "."""" 488 Wheeler .'/..".'.'.'.' 491 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAGE. Crooked Creek Township 527 Fox Township - 577 Grandville Township 552 Grove Township 365 Newton Village - 492 North Muddy Township - 571 Saint Mnrie Township _ 575 Smallwood Township '.'.'.''.' 561 South Muddy Township " 574 Wade Township "" " 490 Willow Hill Township "" 510 PORTRAITS. Caldwell, A. Gallatin. PAGE. ... 411 Picquet, Joseph. PAGE. ...443 CONTENTS. PAET IV. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Vll PAGE. Organization and General Description.. 685 Agriculture 595 Agricultivral Societies _. 600 Agricultural Statistics 601 Geology.. 589 Material Resources 593 Origin of the County 585 Personal Property 601 Pioneers, The 606 RealEstate Statistics _. 602 Settlement. Early 604 Social Customs, Early.. __ 614 Topography 588 Political Organization 618 Churches, The 660 Clerks, Circuit 689 Clerks, County... 639 Commissioners, County 638 Courts and Crimes 634 Judges, County 640 Minor Divisions 619 Officials, County 638 Press, The 657 Press and Politics 656 Public Buildings 626 Railroads 645 Roads, Early 641 page. Schools, The 658 Secret Organizations 667 Sheriffs, County _ 640 Social Development 641 Superintendent of Schools, County 640 Surveyors, County ._ 640 Treasurers, County 639 The War Record 683 Cavalry, Fifth... 705 Cavalry, Sixth , 696 Infantry, Eighth 685 Infantry, Sixtieth... ... 703 Infantry, Sixty-Third.. 687 Infantry, Ninety-Eighth 690 Infantry, One Hundred and Thirtieth... 704 Infantry, One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth 695 Infantry, One Hundred and Fifty-Fourth 705 Infantry, One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth.. 695 Village Growth. 70S Claremont 721 Dundas 722 Fairview _ 722 Glenwood 723 Noble 718 Parkersburg _ .. 722 Wakefield 722 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES- PAGE. Bonpas Township 819 Claremont Township 800 Decker Township 808 Denver Township 833 German Township 824 PAGE. Madison Township _ 812 Noble Township. 794 Olney City and Township. 724 Preston Township 829 PORTRAITS. PAGE. Beck, W. F - 681 Elliott, William 603 Hall, H.M 691 Kuster, John 619 Landensberger, F 719 Radcliff, Thomas 699 PAGE. j, Arch.. 653 St. John, M. M 635 Studer, Henry 587 Wolf, John 595 Wright, H.J. B____ 709 VIEW. Residence of H. C. Sands. PAGE. ... 671 Y The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the " New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory." In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. (19) 20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New ' World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied —as all others did then— that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 21 request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these ' good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said: " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of tha Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of 22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 23 up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, •' did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefully passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- 24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a, fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans " of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors, LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OP GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians called by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 25 no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort " Crevecoeur" (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost unknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this .voy age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony 26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. in honor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen, BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene trated thus far by the route, of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adventures. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 2T The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander ings, fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brig- antines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the Portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the eighth we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : " Louis Le Grand, Roi de France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme April, 1682." The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after a salute and cries of " Vive le Roi," the column was erected by M. de LaSalle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. La Salle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis sissippi settlements in Illinois ; thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On the third voyage he was killed, through the 28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, when DTberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives " Malbouchia," and by the Spaniards, "la Palissade," from the great *$( TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY 29 the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless -Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de lTmmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." "Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced WS-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly'} was estab lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated * There is considerable dispute about this date, some asserting it was founded as late as 1742. When the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and 1702 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. 30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says : " We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all Id. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem ber 7, 1750, this same priest says: "For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings" us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at Vincennes in 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." MOUTH OP THE MISSISSIPPI. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern- part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, 32 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant, Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving -=>vNfi£\ IfK< - life HIGH BRIDGE, LAKE BLUFF, LAKE COUNTY, ILLINOIS. among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He 34 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward, Gov ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of Virginia," for which the Indians received .£200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissio'ners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French 36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." * The following Is a translation of the inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere com mander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons' have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty- ninth of July, near the river Ohio otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river,' and all its tributaries; Inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms and treaties; especially by those of RyswicK, Utrecht, and Aix LaChapelle." THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter-' mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomaxand Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties* On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- 00 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men who were THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at tho fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon *the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecceur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those 40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate relistance of more than fdrty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletre, refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was Civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly 42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 43 upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 1763. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. -He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. ' Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many yeass among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon • afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : " Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not 44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. • In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of rich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain. By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they 46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the "Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward mad? THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 "—when these observa tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following extract is made : "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to .have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these 48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near vthe east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock, Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who per formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset , even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He, saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of th# project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- 50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois ^country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives " or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort,by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, 52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having, reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cerits per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts 54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States, Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the 4th of July, 1773, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of John L. Roth, son of John Roth, one of the Moravian missionaries, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterward cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- INDIANS ATTACKING FEONTIEESMEN. tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was 56 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River ; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalachicola River ; down its center to its junc tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil, Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was clone on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once topk measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were' to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this, Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. 5.8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. 1 By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states PRESENT SITE OF LAKE STREET BRIDGE, CHICAGO, IN 1833. by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names,— the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59 square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in. Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. 60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu lated to promote the welfare of such a community." A PIONEER DWELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block - houses stood was called " Campus Martins ;" square number 19, " Capitolium ;" square number 61, " Cecilia ;" and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. Oh July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 under the first of which the whole . power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been. ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " :— " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had 62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but LAKE BLTJFF The frontage of Lake Bluff Grounds on Lake Michigan, with one hundred and seventy feet of gradual ascent. was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our -narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last "the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- 64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison elected to Congress. The Senate oonfirmed his nomination the next day. TJBDE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : " In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides : " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law 6G THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. « was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this 'narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added' twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant.," During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. 6£ THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 69 TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present city of Springfield, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre paring for the work. In that year, Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring 70 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- 'tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of Spptember, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwest. INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. 12. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory, This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its^ manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was laid out January 1, 1825. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one 74 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. ill - ¦ .-'¦'.» • -' /MB h ¦¦.¦¦/ 'nut ii h\ =tM^MT& « ^ 7W/\ -* / ' l\ Ti f «P BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 75 of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred Iowas, he waged •war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. Thai government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them anns and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Government but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox 76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived- many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites: A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri can army continued to move up Rock Rivei- toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The 78 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1836 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 79 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev eral states which may be included within this Union, according to theii respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan tations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 80 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis lature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, CONSTITUTION OE THE UNITED STATES 81 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim itations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, 6 till 1868; Johu Prather, from 1888 till 1870; Edward Bum- gartner, from 1870 till 1872; Henry W. Green, from 1872 till 1876; James A. Candlish, from 1876, and is the present incumbent. The term of office is now four years. Circuit Clerks — Under the constitution of 1848 the Recorder's HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND .COUNTY. 147 cilice was an independent one, and Otis Perry was the first, and A. K. Bosworth the second to fill this office. Under the new constitu tion the Circuit Clerk was made ex-oficio Recorder, and the inde pendent office abolished. ,The Clerks have been James Ewart, from 1843 till 1852; Edward Talbott, from 1852 till 1856; S. D. Tossey, from 1856 till 1864; Edwin S. Norfolk, from 1864 till 1872; Andrew Carson, from 1872 till 1876; W. L. Bruster, from 1876, and is the present incumbent. The term of office is four years. County Clerks. — In 1855, when the county-seat was removed from Greenup to Prairie City, A. K. Bosworth, who was then County Clerk, refused to move to the new county-seat as the law required, and was finally, upon an order of the court, removed from office, and A. G. Caldwell appointed in his place. The recalcitrant Clerk made an excellent officer, and was highly esteemed for his many good qualities as a man, but being determined to make his own villao-e the county-seat, he could not endure defeat with equanimity. In this he had the sympathies of the community of Greenup, and in 1857 was re-elected, OArer Mr. Caldwell, to his old position. Legally, he was clearly in the wrong in his opposition to the removal of the records, and yielding to the inevitable, he went to the new county- seat, where he filled the office of Clerk for the ensuing four years. The County Clerks have been John F. Holley, from 1843 till 1847; A. K- BosAVorth, from 1847 to 1856; A- G. Caldwell, appointed, from 1856 till 1857; A. K. Bosworth, from 1857 till 1861; M. B. Ross, from 1861 till 1865; M. R. Lee from 1865 till 1869; A. A. Lovins, from 1869 till 1873; W. R- Humphrey, from 1873 till 1877; L. B. Ross, from 1877 till 1882; G. M- Lemen, from 1882, and is the pres ent incumbent. The term of office is four years. County Judges. — This office was created under the Township Organization Act, but in 1843 au officer possessing similar powers was elected, and termed the Probate Justice of the Peace. E. H- Starkweather was first elected to this position in 1843. In the August election he was elected to the legislature, and J. M- Ward was elected to the Justice's position, which he continued to fill until the constitution of 1848 transferred the duties of this office to the County Court. He was then elected Judge, as before noted. As at present understood, the first County Judge was H. B. Decius, from 1861 till 1865; Reuben Bloomfield from 1865 till 1869; Wiley Ross, from 1869 till 1873; John W. Miller, from 1873 till 1882; L. L. Logan, from 1882, and is the present incumbent. Treasurers. — Abram Trease, from 1843 till 1845; S- W. Huffcutt, 148 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. from 1845 till 1850; W. L. Morton, from 1850 till 1861; John Vandike, from 1861 till 1863; Andrew Carson, from 1863 till 1871; A. J. Edwards, from 1871 till 1875; T. L. Norman, from 1875 till 1877; John W. Goodwin, from 1877, and is the present incumbent. Surveyors- — There is no record of any election to this position in Cumberland County before 1847. At this date record is made of the employment of Thomas Sconce. In 1848 the records note the employment of John W. Aleshire. In 1849 William E. Smith was elected, and served until 1853; William Jones, from 1853 till 1857; George Moreland, from 1857 till 1861; William Jones, from 1861 till 1869; W. H- Rissler, from 1869 till 1872; William Wyldes, from 1872 till 1879; George Moreland, from 1879, and is the present incumbent. County School Superintendents — This official originally had principally to do with the school lands in the county, and the distri bution of the school funds. Under the school law of 1855, and sub sequent enactments, the duties of the office Avere enlarged, and the County Superintendent of Schools established. The gentlemen who have filled this position in Cumberland County are D. C- Decius, from 1843 to 1845; J. F- Holley, from 1845— February, 1847, Will iam Freeman was appointed to fill vacancy caused by death of Hol ley; L. H. Goodwin, from 1847 till 1851; A .K. Bosworth, from 1851 till 1853; H. G Woodworth, from 1853 till 1855; Reuben Beals, from 1855 till 1857; H. B. Decius, from 1857 till 1861; L. H Good win, from 1861 till 1865; William E. Lake, from 1865 till 1873; T- G Kille, from 1873 till 1877; Henry J. Crosscup, from 1877 till 1881; W- E. Lake, appointed for 1881; Samuel G Miller, from 1882, and is the present incumbent. The term of office is now four years. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. The pioneers of Cumberland County, with limited exception, came from Kentucky. The larger number reached this point of the State after some temporary stay elsewhere, in Indiana or in Illinois. A few years later a large accession to the settlement was received from Morgan County, Indiana. In 1850 the gold excitement attracted a considerable number of men from this county to California, but the smaller part of this number found their way back to Cumberland, and to this extent the " old stock " was depleted. On the whole, however, the community found here are the descendants of original pioneers, while enough of the fathers are left to trace back the ties which bind the present to the past. With the people came the HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 149 customs and prejudices of the section from which they came. Whisky was a prominent factor in all social matters. Distilleries were found in every part of the county, and their product was seen and used in every cabin and at every gathering. A citizen of the county describ ing the difference between the product of that day and this, said that the present liquor was stupifying, and had not more than , one fight in a gallon. That of forty years ago had at least ten fights to the gallon, and was of that exhilarating sort that leads a man to think he might move mountains. A natural result of the general use of this beverage was the frequency of pugilistic encounters. At every ordinary gathering there was a tendency to quarrel, and few passed where many were brought together that a fight did not occur. Sat urday afternoons were regular holidays, in which the male portion of the community came together at the various villages, and indulged in pitching quoits, wrestling, shooting at the mark, or running their horses on a wager. In most of these contests gambling in one way or another was a prominent feature. To one accustomed to different customs, such amusements seemed to betray a vicious character and a ruinous tendency, and it would be generally conceded that, con tinued to this day, such practices would greatly retard the prosperity of the community. But these practices had their origin in the cus toms of an older society. Brought here in contact with other cus toms, transferred from other sections, new forms of amusement and new customs were developed, and with the change of circumstances and surroundings society invented new modes of amusement. The early law allowed the voter in general elections to vote at the county- seat or elsewhere in the county, and such occasions and the opening of court brought a large proportion of the male population together. Subsequent changes broke the larger community into smaller ones, where the more thoughtful ones had greater influence, and this boisterous conviviality has gradually been done away with. Another powerful influence toward the social development of a community, is its contact with others. A profitable emulation springs up, business interests become involved, and orderly habits become a necessity. In this early stage of development, therefore, the first highways played an important part. They were the great arteries that touched the lines of the various minor communities, and linked their prosperity together. The Cumberland or National road was laid out about the time, or before, of the earliest settlement here. It was subsequently com pleted sufficient for general travel as early as 1832. This was of 150 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. great influence upon the community, bringing, as it did, persons from all parts of the older settled portions of the east in contact with the community settled in the southern part of the county. From this road, at different points, the early roads led back on either side to the remoter settlements. Of the earliest wagon-ways in Cum berland County, scarcely more than trails, one led from Greenup to the Johnstown settlement; another led from Woodbury to Johns town, and a third led from Greenup to the Glenn settlement, in Coles County, by way of " Cutwood Gap." These ' were at first the only regular routes of travel. These led along the edge of the timber, as the green-head flies made it impossible for animals to pass through the prairie during the larger part of the day. These roads were not officially established, nor regularly laid out, nor worked. They were simply the routes from one point to another, which the people generally agreed, under all the circumstances, were the most direct. Streams were forded, sloughs were avoided by circuitous routes, or plunged into and through by the dint of horse power and endurance. Often the teamster was forced to relieve his team by unloading a part of the burden in the midst of the slough, if his pru dence had not led him to do so before entering, and then this portion of the load had to be transferred to the wragon again upon the shoul der of the man. Thus it frequently occurred that the clay was spent in making a comparatively short distance, and the teamster would find himself worn out with his exertions and covered with the mud in which he had been obliged to work. In 1835, the road from Greenup to Charleston was established, connecting with a road that passed southward through Jasper County. In 1839, a road from Charles ton, via Johnstown, was laid out to Louisville, Clay County, in this State; in 1846, a road from Greenup to York, in Clark County, and a little later, the State road, which runs northward through the center of the county. These Avere the principal inter-county roads. In the meanwhile, scarcely a session of the County Court passed without action was taken on some of the neighborhood roads. These at first were constructed upon the most available direct route from one neighborhood to another. As lands Avere entered, and these routes were found to interfere with private interests, they Avere changed to run on section-lines. But with all this multiplication of roads it was found difficult to reach a profitable market by means of wagons. St- Louis was the principal market for produce in this section, and the National road was a great advantage to this county, but even by this way the cost HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 151 of transportation nearly consumed the value of the load. Along the larger waterways large flat boats were constructed, laden with grain and pork, and then floated to New Orleans. The Embarrass River was available for this purpose along its lower length, and under the supposition that it could be used in Jasper, Cumberland and Coles counties, the legislature passed an act, in 1847, author izing these counties to levy a tax for clearing out the drift-wood and other obstructions from the channel and banks. This county did levy one tax, and in 1848 Wiley Ross was appointed to superintend this work. Debris was removed, overhanging trees cut away at considerable expense, but the river was never found available here. Two flat-boats started down from Coles County, only one of which got into the Wabash River. The nnmerous streams in the county added a serious difficulty to the early travel, and gave no little trouble to the County Court, which was embarrassed by a very lim ited treasury. The only important bridge in the county, until about 1880, was the bridge on the National road, built across the Embarrass by the government. This was built about 1832, and was a good specimen of workmanlike skill and patience. It served the public well, but the constant wear of travel and weather reduced it to a wreck in about thirty years. Warped out of shape and in a dan gerous condition, it was still used until its final destruction, about 1865. The destruction of this old bridge seems to have worked up a new era in the history of the Embarrass River, particularly in the locality of Greenup, for it seems the river had not been discovered to be navigable for boats, especially from bank to bank, until then. This is an epoch in the history of the Embarrass well remem bered by some of the old Boards of Supervisors, who were so persist ently assailed for ferry-boat licenses and charters, and price lists, along in 1866-67. After the destruction of the old bridge, Reuben Mattox established a ferry in 1886, at the point where the Cumber land road crosses the river. The charter of this ferry was granted by the County Board to Mr. Mattox, who run the boat until it passed into the hands of Abe Parker. This boat was first built with the intention of being kept up and sustained by the town of Greenup, but for some reason the enterprise failed and Mr. Mattox took it up. Mr. Parker was succeeded by Samuel Cisna, and he by Henson Bright. In June, 1865, Chas. Conzet, Jr. and Wm. E. Workman established a ferry at the point where the Charleston and Greenup road crosses the river. They run this boat for some time and 152 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. assigned it to Sam Cisna and Chas. Allen. The boat afterwards passed into the hands of Cisna alone, and afterwards back to Work man, who owned the boat when he died, in 1871- R. M. G. Cleghorn run the boat for some time after the death of Workman. It then passed into the hands of John Hallett, whose almost superhuman appeals to the Great Boatman, who ferries people across the river Jordan, could almost make the boat glide without any other exer cise or propellant power. It then came back into the hands of Sam Cisna, who succeeded Hallet. During the time Workman ran it, a small saloon was attached to the boat, the result of which was to make the head swim as well as the body, making a kind of double ferry and adding to the financial part of the arrangement. Although this saloon was a small affair, its liquors spoke as loudly in their workings as though drank in one of the dashing saloons of London, or New York. During Workman's last term (under a twenty years charter), he constructed a " pontoon bridge," which rendered cross ing more safe and convenient. But Workman has crossed the big ferry, and the pontoon bridge is gone. The business of conducting a ferry, even at that date, had its discouragements. This route was considerably traveled, and while the Board had granted a very liberal list of charges, especially in the case of foreign travel, it did not prove highly remunerative. People did not seem to appreciate the private character of the enterprise, aud it is said the irritated proprietor rushed before the Board, at one of its sessions, threw his hat upon the table before them, exclaim ing, " Gentlemen, I want you to do something to compel people to pay, Avhen they cross on the ferry ; for, by G — d ! I have to keep a hired hand to run the boat for me, while I stand on the bank with my coat off and sleeves rolled up, ready to flog them if they don't pay, d — d if I don't, and I am getting tired of it, and want you to do something to make them pay, without my having to flog it out of them." It is not recorded how the Board satisfied the irate ferry man, but as a memorial of Workman, and of the skill of James Eaton in the use of a broad axe, the boat remained for years, serv ing a temporary substitute for the old bridge. A ferry is still used, about two months in the year, on the road leading from Toledo to Greenup. In 1862, the Board of Supervisors contracted for a bridge across the Embarrass River at Nees' Ford, where the section-line crosses the river due east of the courthouse, and for the repair of the old bridge on the Cumberland road. The first was built at a cost of some HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 153 $650, paid by the county, and a subscription of $380 by those inter ested. The repairs on the old bridge were carried forward very slowly, and the structure was carried away before it was finished. In this year, also, bridges were constructed over Muddy Creek, on the road from Toledo to Neoga, and over the Cottonwood Creek, on the road from Toledo to Greenup. These are unimportant struct ures, and were built at a cost of about $300 each. Under the town ship organization, the county central authority has but a limited con trol of the subject of bridge building, and in this county, the unusual fact was presented, of the Board of Supervisors willing to construct, and the township backward in building. The Board had made sev eral attempts to secure a durable bridge over the Embarrass on the National road, but no practical result had followed when, in Decem ber, 1875, the following " whereas " was passed: " Whereas, the county of Cumberland is greatly deficient in bridges, and that a bridge is needed across the Embarrass River, at the National road crossing in Greenup; also, one across Muddy Creek, at the crossing west of Prairie City, in Sumpter Township; also one across Muddy Creek, at the National road crossing in Woodbury Township ; and also, one across the Embarrass River, at the Ryan Ford, in Union Township; and, whereas, our county is out of debt and amply able to build good and durable bridges on easy terms ; now, therefore, we, the said Board, would respectfully recommend to the Commissioners of Highways, that they take the necessary legal steps to build bridges at the respective places above mentioned; that we recommend the building of good iron bridges at the said crossings, and that they be placed on good iron abutments," etc. The Board further recom mended that contracts be made with the McKay & Nelson Iron Bridge Company, of Fort Wayne, Ind. This action on the part of the Board developed some activity among the township authorities, and contracts were let for three of these bridges, which were erected in the following year. The bridge at the Woodbury Ford was car ried out by high water in 1882- The repair of this bridge, including the cost of raising the grade, it is estimated will cost upwards of $4,000, and is now under consideration. The bridge at Ryan's Ford was contracted for in August, 1883, for $6,700- The three bridges con structed in 1876, cost about $20,000, of which fell to the county some thing over $17,000- There was some difficulty in settlement with the contractors, and the Board finally compromised on $16,087-95 as its share. 154 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. RAILROADS. Illinois Central Railroad. — With the application of steam to locomotion a new era dawned, and all systems of internal improvement founded upon wagon-ways, or m constant streams,were revolutionized. With the building of the railroads the great advantage of the National road was lost, and the public clamored for this new power that was to revolutionize the age. Situated, as it is, remote fromnavigable streams, and from large centers of trade, Cumberland County for years seriously felt the need of railroad facilities, and as one part after another of the State felt the invigorating influence of this new agent of civil ization, it receded by contrast until what was a leading, enterprising section, became an isolated, non-progressive community. In 1855, the Illinois Central Railroad crossed the northwestern corner. The projection of this great enterprise is a part of the history of the State. Constituting a part of* the State internal improvement sys tem of 1837, it Avas abandoned in the general collapse of the project after some Avork on the line had actually been done. A part of the line was subsequently revived by legislation, but the enterprise lacked vitality, until congress in 1850 granted to the State a tract of some three millions of acres, through the central part of the State, in aid of its construction. This act granted the right of Avay for the rail road through the public lands, of the width of 200 feet, from the southern terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, to a point at or near the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and for branches from the main line to Galena and Chicago. Privilege to take from them earth, stone and timber for its construction, was also granted, but the main grant consisted of alternate sections of land, designated by even numbers, for six sections deep on each side of its main line and branches. Land sold or pre-empted within this twelve- mile area, might be made good by selections of even sections of pub lic land anywhere within fifteen miles of the line of road. The lands in this space Avere immediately taken out of the market, and when placed on the market two years later, the price of public lands was advanced to $2.50 per acre. The complete plan of the projectors of this bill in congress, was the continuance of this line of railroad direct to Mobile. In 1852 the road was begun and carried through without any great delay. The line through Cumberland was built in 1855, and a station made, called Neoga, which has given its name to the village and toAvnship. The effect of this road upon the devel opment of the county Avas marked principally in the quickening of immigration to this point. A large proportion of the lands in HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 155 Cumberland County belonged to the general government in 1850. Some lands within the railroad grant had been purchased by settlers, and lands in lieu of these were selected by the railroad fully fifteen miles from its line in this county. By the time the railroad was actually built, there was scarcely a piece of public land in the county. The railroad lands were unsold until some years later. Saint Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad- — The location of the " Central " road made it of" little advantage to the general business of the county. It developed a thriving village about its depot in this county, but its long distance from the main business points rendered the desire for another railroad none the less keen. The region of the State between lines running east and west through Terre Haute and Vincennes, found its bestmarket at Saint Louis and the East. For these markets the Central furnished no facilities for trans portation, but on the contrary its friends were bitterly hostile to the construction of any road from either of the points mentioned to Saint Louis. The agitation for the building of the Ohio and Mississippi began in 1849, and it Avas not until 1851 that the legislature reluc tantly granted it a charter. The Atlantic & Mississippi Railroad was projected at the same time. This proposed to reach Saint Louis via Vandalia, from Terre Haute, and was popularly known as the " Brough road- " This line was considered to be in direct conflict with the interests of Alton, which then posed as a rival of Saint Louis, and in ruinous competition with the Terre Haute & Alton Road, which Avas then being built. Col- John Brough, a leading public citizen of Indiana, was at the head of the enterprise. Refused a charter in 1851, he proceeded to organize a company under the gen eral law of 1849, but after some $500,000 was subscribed it was found impracticable to proceed under that law, and in 1853 applica tion was again made for a charter and promptly denied. The deter mination of Col. Brough had brought out the full force of the oppo sition, and every attempt to charter, by individual links, a line from Terre Haute to Saint Louis was met with defeat. The survey of this line of road passed through Cumberland County considerably north of the National road, and in 1854 the people voted to take $30,000 of stock. The Brough road, however, was relinquished, and a new organization took up the project. On November 25, 1853, the lead ing men of Cumberland, Clark, Crawford, Jasper and other counties to be traversed by the proposed road, met at Salem. A vigorous address was adopted, and a committee of twenty men appointed to present it to the Governor. An extra session of the legislature was 156 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. called, and the " Mississippi & Atlantic " road was chartered. Its construction was greatly delayed. One line after another was run, and it was freely charged in many quarters that the engineers were advertising, by their actions, for bids to influence their final location of the line. In 1866, the people of Cumberland County voted to take $50,000 in stock of this company, upon the condition that the company should " locate, construct and equip a railroad " through the county in an east and west direction, and not south ¦' of the line surveyed and adopted by the Mississippi & Atlantic Railroad Com pany." A proposition was made in 1868, by the company, that the county should vote $100,000 in aid of the enterprise, provided that the road should be built within one and a half miles of Prairie City, otherwise to pay only $50,000. This seemed to be an effort to evade the conditions upon which the former subscription had been made, and when submitted to the people was defeated by an overwhelming majority. The road was finally constructed upon a line south of the one stipulated in the conditions upon which the subscription was based, and the county has not paid, nor in fact issued any bonds to this company. This road, in 1869, secured an amendment to the original charter giving the company the usual privileges, immunities and benefits for branch lines from the main track to Marshall, Prairie City, and one or tAvo other points in the State. Some agitation was set on foot to secure a branch to the county-seat. The aggregate cost of the proposed branch was placed at $9,000, and on April 5, 1873, a meeting of the citizens interested in the project was held, but the branch never made much progress in a practical way, and" the other railroad projects drove it out of the public mind. Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad- — The brilliant success of the " Central " gave rise to a general desire among certain capi talists to try this sort of speculation, and, in 1855, a road was pro jected from Mattoon to Grayville, on the Wabash River. A charter was finally secured February 6, 1857, but up to 1876 nothing had been accomplished in the way of grading. A part of the original plan was to find an outlet through Indiana, and the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad Company was the name of the Indiana division To the construction of this road the terminal county had voted a^large subscription, Avhich Avas subsequently diverted to the building of a new courthouse. The first spike had been driven on this division in the early part of 1871, and some five miles of the road graded and laid with rail, but the treacherous action of the people at the terminal HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 157 point discouraged further work in that direction. In March, 1872, the two companies were consolidated under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railroad Company, and about the same time, this new organization was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mat- toon Company, which had been formed under a charter granted in 1871. With all this activity in the transfer of franchises, and the utter absence of any apparent progress in the work, the people began to believe that the bonds A-oted at various points would be squan dered and no railroad secured. In response to some of these com plaints, the contractors of the time wrote to an influential friend of the enterprise, at Olney, 111., as follows: J. W. Beck, Esq., Olney, 111. New Yoek> July 24> 187L Dear Sir: — In answer to your favor of the 21st inst, asking information in reference to the construction of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railroad, Ave would state that since we undertook the con tract to build that road, our efforts have been applied to the work in Posey County, Ind., in order to save the charter of the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad Company, iioav consolidated with, and forming- a part of the G & I. S- Railroad, and also to the Avork on the Deca tur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, from Mattoon north to Decatur and Springfield, in order to save some valuable subscriptions neces sary to build that road, which, when completed, will be consolidated with and form a part of the G & I- S- R- R-, and give it two impor tant outlets, one to Decatur, another to Springfield. For the certainty of success in all great enterprises, it is best until everything is put upon a sure footing, to make haste slowly — and Ave do not doubt but our friends along the middle of the line of the G & I- S. Railroad begin to think our progress very slow indeed. But they must be patient, and in good time they will see the road running through their country to their satisfaction. They must realize that to build a railroad, other and sometimes more labo rious work has to be done besides shoveling dirt, building bridges and laying track. The work of negotiating the securities, getting the iron, fastenings, and rolling stock has to be done, and to that end all our energies, time and ability are iioav directed, with excellent pros pects, we are happy to say, of early success. When this shall have been accomplished, your good people shall have no cause to complain of longer delay. We shall commence work from Mattoon south to Prairie City, and from Olney both north and south. We expect to have the D., S- & M. road finished to Decatur — 40 miles — by the 1st 158 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. of October. It is now nearly completed to Sullivan — 13 miles — Avith iron laid, and the iron has been purchased for the whole road and is now being rapidly delivered. Your people should understand that it is as important to them to have the D., S. & M. road built, as any portion of the G & I- S. road, it being really a part of the latter road, extending it to Decatur and Springfield, where it will connect with other roads extending west and to the north. We are now in treaty with those connecting roads, so as to make the C- & I. S- Railroad a grand trunk line, connecting Chicago and the Northwest with the South by an almost air line. Our engineers are iioav surveying the road from Mattoon to Prairie City, and as soon as it is finished we shall put it under con tract for early completion. At Olney we shall commence the work as soon as we have the line definitely located by Col. Andrews, the Chief Engineer of the road. At Mount Vernon Ave haAre five miles of iron laid and about five more graded. We propose to contract the balance of the work out to the Wabash River, and are iioav in treaty with a responsible contractor to do the Avork and finish it in a rapid manner. We have purchased four locomotiAres. Two we have now in use, one at Mattoon and one at Mount Vernon, and two ready for work upon the road as soon as needed. Indeed, everything on the whole line is progressing as well as we could expect, considering the diffi culties we have had to encounter, and if we are sIoav in reaching your place, we are none the less sure — and surety is what is most desirable in the success of any enterprise. We have kept this enterprise intact through one of the most disastrous financial storms abroad we have ever known — occasioned by the French and German Avar, and Avhich swept many other more promising railroad enterprises out of sight. From the effects of that storm, confidence in railway securities is just recovering, and we hope now to place the success of this undertaking on a permanent foundation. As for the McCabe claims Ave Avould add — Ave have assumed their payment and they will be paid- In a short time one of our firm will visit your city and arrange the matter satisfactorily to all parties concerned. Very truly yours, J. Edavin Conant. Notwithstanding this brave talk, the word of promisewas spoken to the ear only to be broken to the heart. The consolidation was effected as noted above; one set of contractors after another failed HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 159 and the people of Cumberland County began to despair, and, in August, 1874, the Democrat, at Prairie City, declared that " several contractors have been awarded the contract to build the road, only to hold it as a matter of speculation, and allow it to expire by limi tation. Such has been the history of the road until it was virtually killed, or thought to be killed, and buried under the act of the direct ors consolidating the road with the Mattoon & Decatur road under the incorporate name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern. Railroad Company. This act, so far as it was capable of doing so, assisted by the Cleveland Iron Company, gave the enterprise its quietus, and its enemies confidently congratulated themselves that this time, for a certainty, the road slept quietly, in the Tomb of Capulets, that sleep that knows no waking, and at once commenced administering upon its effects." At this juncture, Messrs. Mclntires & Chapin, of Mattoon, began proceedings to have the consolidation set aside or dissolved. A suit was brought in the Jasper County Court, and was finally adjudicated by the United States Court for the Southern District of Illinois, on May 5, 1876, which entered a decree dissolving the com bination. Work was at once pushed upon the middle sections, and thirty of the ninety-three miles proposed were graded. Cumberland County took by far the greater interest in this road than any other that has touched its limits. All others but touch the outer edges of its territory, and are really a detriment to the growth of the business here; drawing trade out of the county business houses elsewhere. The Board of Supervisors took stock to the amount of $250 for the purpose of making preliminary surveys in 1857. In 1866, a proposition to vote a subscription of $50,000 to the stock of the company was submitted to the people, and affirmed by the elec tion of July 28, of that year. The condition of this subscription to the " Grayville & Mattoon Railroad Company " was, " that said company shall locate, construct and equip a railroad through said county, running on a line as nearly as practicable from Mattoon, in Coles County, to Prairie City, in Cumberland County, and thence to Grayville, in White County." For this subscription, on this condi tion, there was a majority of 384 votes, and in September, 1866, the' Board ordered " that as soon as either or both of said roads (Van dalia and P., D. & E-,) shall in all things comply with their part of the obligations or contracts accepted by said Board at the May special term, 1866, then by these presents, the Clerk of this Board is hereby authorized to issue said bonds in strict compliance with the 160 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. contract entered into by said Board with the railroads aforesaid, as is entered of record in this office." The county, through its represent ative, assented to all the consolidations, but stoutly resisted the sug gestion that the bonds should be deposited in Terre Haute, in trust with some person, to be turned over to the railroad authorities Avhen the contract was satisfied. There was, however, a difference in judg ment upon the subject among the members of the Board, and it is due to the stout resistance of H. B. Russell that the county did not commit this fallacy. In February, 1877, the Clerk was instructed to issue the bonds, but, inasmuch as they needed the signature of the President of the Board, who was at this time H. B. Russell, the whole matter was delayed by his refusal to sign them. He was finally deposed from his position, but the dilemma was only increased. There were just eight men, and they Avere evenly divided upon the subject; the candidate for the vacancy, too modest to Arote for himself, Avas easily defeated by the deposed faction. Day after day the fight raged, until the Board gave up the struggle, restored Mr. Russell, and left the bonds unsigned. In July, the Board unani mously rescinded the order directing the issue of the bonds. In the meanwhile the " railroad came," and was noticed by the Democrat as follows: " On Saturday, the 23d day of June, 1877, the track-layers on the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad laid the track across the street leading east from the courthouse in our city, and engine No. 8 run up into the street, and blew a long blast from her whistle, which brought a large number of our citizens to the road, accompanied by the band and a wagon-load of refreshments, for the purpose of expressing their thanks to the contractors and laborers of the road for the faithful and diligent manner they have pursued in constructing the road to this place. After the band played a piece, Clinton Woods, from the top of the engine cab, introduced Judge Decius to the croAvd, who, in a very appropriate speech, ex tended the thanks of the citizens of Prairie City to the contractors and laborers of the road, and then invited them to partake of the refreshments prepared for them. Mr. Wyith, the contractor for lay ing iron, mounted the cab, and in behalf of the laborers expressed thanks for the kindly manner in which our people had received them. Mr. Simmons was then called for, and made his appearance on the cab, and commenced his remarks by saying that speech- making was his weakest forte, but that he felt like thanking our people for the manner in Avhich they had been received by them, and stated that it was the first demonstration of any kind they had met ' lb , 3sL JL *- -, f, ,Ti', 3- V- f, , swwP ^LW^.ft^^ HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 163 with, on the whole line. He then tendered the train to the crowd for an excursion to Greenup and back, Avhich was accepted, and a jollier or happier company never boarded a train of cars than the one that went to Greenup on the first train that ever ran into Prairie City." The present name of the company arose from another consoli dation, or rather purchase. The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway Company was organized under a charter granted in 1870, and the road opened from Pekin to Decatur, 67.9 miles, in November, 1871, by its original owners. In the following year it was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western, by which it was operated until August, 1876, when it was sold under foreclosure sale. The road was subse quently extended from Pekin to Peoria, a distance of 9.2 miles, and opened for traffic March 1, 1878- This company then purchased the Decatur, SulliA'an & Mattoon, and the Grayville & Mattoon roads, and in 1880 reorganized with an Indiana organization, under its present name. The southern terminus was changed to Evansville, Ind., and that division pushed to completion in June of the follow ing year. The road from Mattoon to Grayville was in a very bad condition when sold, and so much poor work was found in its con struction that it needed, and gradually received, rebuilding. The road has been of great advantage to the county, and as it cost no money to the county at large, there is but little room for grumbling. Sumpter Township subscribed an additional $25,000, and paid the amount though the result of the suit against the county demon strates that the railroad company could not have compelled the pay ment on the contract. Danville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad. — This was a narrow- gauge railroad, the projectors of which were organized into a com pany, under a charter granted March 10, 1869- The route proposed for the road started from the north bank of the Ohio River in Mas sac County, Illinois, " thence northwardly to the city of Chicago, or such place from which an entrance may be effected by construction or connection, and the line of railway to be located on such survey as may come within the range and puiwiew of the charter of" the company, about 340 miles." Work was begun on the northern end of the road and pushed southward from Kansas, in Edgar County. The work met with a good deal of delay. ¦ In 1876, there was but eight miles of road, from Westfield to Kansas, and in 1878 this sec tion of the road was put in operation. The further construction of the road made slow progress, reaching only some thirteen miles in the following year. In 1881, there was a revival of the work and io 164 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. some fifty-seven miles completed. In the following year the gauge was changed to standard width and the road completed to Olney, thus forming a link between the Ohio & Mississippi, road on the south and the Indianapolis & Saint Louis on the north. This line of road passes through the eastern portion of Crooked Creek Township, in Cumberland County, and has a station at Hazel Dell. The town ship voted a subscription of* $18,000 to the road, but has never issued the bonds. The railroad company has instituted legal proceedings to secure an order from the court compelling the township to issue the necessary bonds, but the question is yet at issue. The township resists upon several technical grounds, as [well as a failure on the part of the company to perform its obligations under the contract. The result is likely to be in favor of the township, as some of the points have been adjudicated in other courts in the case of other counties against this company. Toledo, Cincinnati & Saint Louis Railroad- — This is a link in the system of narrow-gauge railroads, which is destined to reach across the country from the Rio Grande to the Ohio. The starting point of this road was at Dayton, Ohio, to reach the southeastern coal fields of that State. It subsequently was extended to Toledo, Ohio, and then from Delphos, Ohio, extended toward Saint Louis. Subsequently, a road known as the Cincinnati Northern was built northward from Cincinnati to Lebanon, and united with the Dayton road; hence the name. The line f'rom)Paris to Saint Louis was known as the Paris, Neoga & Saint Louis, and was surveyed in October, 1872- Neoga and vicinity raised by subscription some $60,000 to aid its construction, but it was not until 1883 that the road was in running order to East Saint Louis. This road, it is thought, will prove a boon to Neoga, as it has been powerless in the grasping administra tion of the Central Railroad. With five railroads crossing the territory of Cumberland County, it would seem that its citizens ought to be reasonably satisfied with its achievement in this direction, but while they have cost the county but little, they help the county but little. About 1871 and 1872, the Danville & Charleston Railroad was projected, to run to Flora, in Clay County, and the citizens of Cumberland were more interested in its success than in all the other projects. The Democrat voices the public feeling, in 1871, as follows : " From present indications it looks very much like the Charleston & Danville Railroad will be built, the City of Charleston itself having subscribed $200,000 towards the enterprise, which is two-thirds of the estimated amount HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 165 necessary to complete the road ready for the iron. The proposed terminus of the road is Flora, in Clay County, at which place the road will connect with the Paducah & Cairo road. If you will take a map and examine it, you Avill perceive that Charleston, Prai rie City and Flora are on an air line, and if this road is built, and runs straight, it cannot miss us. Encouraging as this may seem, we cannot expect this road to be built through our county without lay ing our hands to the work, and using our means to bring about its completion. It is estimated that $6,000 per mile will prepare the road for the iron, and as it is about sixteen miles across the county north and south, it would cost the Townships of Cottonwood, Sump ter and Woodbury, in the aggregate, $96,000- This amount may appear formidable and look like a difficult sum to raise, yet it can be done; where there is a will there is always a Avay, and thousands of dollars could be obtaiued in the way of labor, ties, teams, etc., in the construction of the road where people were not able to pay a cash subscription, and which would answer every purpose. And when we look at the importance of this road and the great benefit it would be to our farmers, and, in fact, to the entire county, the amount is insignificant in comparison. By this road we at once secure a direct and shorter route by seven miles by the way of Dan ville to Chicago than Ave have OArer the Central by the way of Mat toon, and at the same time force the Illinois Central into competi tion with this new road. " While we do not wish to disparage the importance of the Mount Vernon and Mattoon road, and acknowledge the benefits it will confer, and hope to see its early completion, — we regard the Chicago, Danville & Flora road much the more important road of the two to Cumberland County. From this fact, that it makes com peting lines east and west, of the T- H- & V- & Saint Louis, the Terre Haute & Alton, and the Great Western roads, and north and south of the Illinois Central, giving us a direct communication with all the great markets of the country, and will enable us to reach Chi cago without being robbed and plundered by the Illinois Central monopoly. This cannot be said of the Mount Vernon & Mattoon road, from the fact that every car-load of grain shipped over that line will be subject to the control and tariff rates of that grasping corporation, and they will virtually control our road and dictate its policy, as Vanderbilt and Fisk dictate the policy of the Eastern roads, and so far as its benefits in a commercial point of view are concerned, they will never amount to anything. What our farmers 166 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. and business men want is a cheap and direct communication with Chicago and the Eastern markets, and this we secure by the construc tion of the Danville & Charleston road, and without it we are at the mercy of the Illinois Central monopoly. Some persons may argue that the Fuller Bill, passed by the present legislature, regu lates the tariff rates of the various roads of the State. It is, how ever, the opinion of some of our ablest lawyers that the provisions of this bill can never be enforced against the Central road, from the fact that it is a violation of vested rights, and an infringement of the provisions of the charter under which the Central Com pany was incorporated, and not a matter within the reach of a State legislature. If this view of the matter should be entertained by the Supreme Court, then even with the Mount Vernon & Mattoon road completed, our farmers will be but very little better off than at present, from the fact that in its completion we gain access to no important commercial points. No merchant wishes to buy his stock of goods at Mattoon, Decatur, or Pekin, the points made by the Mount Vernon road, neither do these places furnish a market for grain or stock. Then we ask, aside from the matter of convenience, what do we gain ? Commercially, we gain nothing. We are still in the iron grasp of the blood suckers of the Illinois Central, who, every farmer too well knows, have for years levied their unholy tribute upon every bushel of grain, and every hoof of stock raised in this country and shipped over their road. And that, they have set like an incubus upon the industries of our people, and weighed down their energies with their unjust and outrageous exactions. We must by some means rid the people of Cumberland County of this oppress ive burthen, and the only way to do so, since this Company is beyond legislative reach, is to build competing lines, and by the force' of competition compel them to reduce their rates to a fair standard. This opportunity is offered us in the Chicago, Danville & Charleston road, and it only requires a proper effort upon the part of the people in the townships through which this road will pass to immediately secure its construction, and when completed it will be one of the most profitable and important roads in the State, and will be the means of developing the country to a greater extent than any of the roads that have yet been built. We hope our citizens will give this subject due consideration and act with energy and prompt- ness in the matter." This is the feeling in regard to the necessities of the county to day, and the Grand Continental Railroad projected from Cincinnati HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 167 and Louisville to Omaha has attracted a great interest throughout the county, and $300 has been raised by private subscription to survey the line through this section. The line, as projected, runs directly from its western terminus to Quincy, 111.; from thence via Winchester, Taylorville, and Toledo, 111., to Sullivan, Ind. At this point, the projected line has two branches, the one direct to Cincin nati and the other to Louisville. The prospects of this road, with reference to Cumberland County are yet very indefinite, but are the topic of considerable discussion and newspaper sensation. THE PRESS AND POLITICS. The newspaper is a marked outgrowth of the social develop ment of society. When once grown to that point where it feels the necessity of controlling public sentiment and uniting it upon the various common interests, the community calls in the newspaper, and through its agency solidifies its power. It Avas in response to some such necessity that Daniel Marks established the Greenup Tribune, at the village of Greenup, in 1855- The press was brought overland with an ox-team and set down in this unfledged toAvn, long before the county alone could give it a leading support. The proprietor engaged Matchett, a noted "knight of the stick," and gave his attention to working up a list. He made his excursions on foot, and wandered through the counties of Jasper, Effingham, Clark and Cumberland, soliciting subscribers to this pioneer journal of civili zation. He seems to have been admirably adapted to his business, securing a considerable list, and taking as payment a large number of coon-skins and anything that could be " swapped " into money. It was no unusual thing, it is said, to find the larger space devoted to his office occupied with these peltries. A year later, Templeton & Bloomfield succeeded to the ownership of the paper, and con ducted it under the same title for about a year, when they removed it to Prairie City, from whence it was subsequently removed, and the county was without a " voice of the people " for a short time. In 1859, James E. Mmnford came to Greenup from Ohio, and deter mined to found a paper, and on December 2, 1859, the first number of the Greenup Expositor was published to the people. The paper was published by J. E. & H. P. Mumford, and the first issue was gotten out by the junior member of the firm. In the first number he says : " It will ever be our aim, with the aid of a sufficient number of passengers aboard of our bark, in the way of subscribers, to not be vainglorious or presumptuous — nor to dive into the more scientific 168 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. researches of the hidden mysteries of nature, but skim along upon the surface of time, noticing intermediate events, and making ourselves as acceptable as possible, and as amusing and interesting as the case will permit. We wish to please all that are pleadable, and those who have a moral nature can always find in some portion of our paper enough to soothe the savage and make merry and interesting- the scientific feelings. * * * Our paper will be devoted, princi pally, to news, politics, agriculture, education, and mechanical inter ests, with humorous matter enough to give life and spice to all. * * * As to the political character of the Expositor, we would state, in order that everyone may rightly know our position, that it will be Democratic of the Douglas stamp, though only when duty calls will it be ours to obey, in supporting that gentleman for the Presidency in I860- * * * As to the local difficulty existing in the county, in regard to the county-seat, it will be ours to be mum, and to print a paper for the benefit of the whole county — for one place as well as another — and shall court the improvement of all." Under another caption, the editor remarks : " We intend, upon the return of our brother, J. E-, to make a thorough canvass throughout the county, and see every head of a family, and all the pretty girls, and make them all subscribers to the Expositor." With such good- natured frankness, it would have been remarkable if the paper had not made friends. The paper was successful from the first, but in 1860, the office followed the star of empire to the county-seat. Here J. E- Mumford continued the paper until 1867, when he sold out and removed to Danville. The Expositor was continued by Flavius Tos- sey, and the name changed to the Cumberland Democrat- Frank Bowen succeeded Tossey as proprietor, and published it until Octo ber 1, 1870, Avhen the establishment was sold to George E- Mason. The paper at this time Avas a six-column folio; a year later it was enlarged to seven columns, and September 29, 1873, W- D. Mumford was associated with the paper as junior partner. An office, twenty by fifty feet, was erected, a No. 6 Washington Hoe, and Nonpareil Jobber press added, besides some 100 fonts of type. January 20, 1875, Mason retired from the paper, disposing of his interest to. E- Gor- rell, and the firm became Mumford & Gorrell. The latter disposed of his share to Mumford, in , who continued the business alone until January, 1882, when Adolf & Leon Summerlin became pur chasers, the latter iioav being sole proprietor. In 1871 the Greenup Mail was established as a representative of the Republican element in politics. Mr. Pyle founded the paper and HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 169 conducted it alone for some three months, when he took a Mr- Davis as partner, under the firm name of Pyle & Davis. Pyle was suc ceeded by Edward Hitchcock, Davis was succeeded by Cookerly, and later Mr. Hitchcock became sole proprietor. The paper was subsequently sold to Ozier & Cooper, but it came into possession of a stock company, and in 1874 followed the inevi table current of things to the county-seat. Here the paper was issued as the Republican- Mail, with Hitchcock as editor. The plan of the company was to lease the paper by the year. A Mr. Over man succeeded Hitchcock about a year later, and he was followed by Henry Woolen, and J. & A. Caldwell, of whom the last named continued its publication until February 18, 1881. At this time J. T. Connor became a partner with the Caldwell Brothers, who had purchased most of the stock. This firm continued only some six months. Connor withdrew, as the other partners desired to give the paper a religious rather than a political character. The name of the paper had meanwhile been changed to the Toledo Republican, and in 1882 sold to Henry Woolen. The Caldwell Brothers went to Indianapolis to conduct a paper, as an organ of that sect of relig ionists who " profess Holiness." The venture did not turn out satis factorily, and in a month or two they returned and assumed control of the Republican, and proceeded at once to change its name and character. Its successor is a weekly pamphlet of some dozen or twenty pages, called the Happy Pilgrim, which is devoted to the sect mentioned. In 1881, the Cumberland Times was established at Greenup. Its editor and proprietor, W. L. Tobey, was on his way seeking a location for a Republican paper, Avhen he was referred to certain of the leading citizens of this village. On approaching the gentle men referred to, the newspaper man received but little encourage ment, but finally meeting a gentleman who took some interest in the project, some $500 worth of advertising was secured and the first issue sent out October 20, 1881. The paper has been regularly issued since then, and is well established. It is a five-column quarto, one-half of which is supplied with " auxiliary print." The office has a good patronage, and enjoys the official favor this year. The Neoga News is the third paper in the county. This was founded in 1874 at Neoga, by S- Z. Bland, an enterprising merchant of that village. It was first issued as an advertising medium of the proprietor's business, and was a single sheet under the name of the Neoga Advertiser. In the early part of the following year the paper was sold to 170 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Allison Brothers, of Mattoon, who transformed it into a six-column folio, and changed the name. In 1876, the paper was sold to Messrs. Hancock & Kelly, the latter retiring about a year later, leaving Mr. Hancock the sole proprietor. December 25, 1882, the paper was changed to a six-column quarto, the largest paper in the county, but with only two pages printed at home. The rest of the matter is supplied by the auxiliary print. The paper is Republican in politics, and has a very liberal support in the county. The political complexion of the county has always been Demo cratic. The Whigs Avere represented here early, but not in sufficient numbers to make a serious struggle for the election of candidates from their party. There was a constant growth in the relative strength of the opposition, until 1872, when taking adArantage of the partial disaffection in the ranks of the ruling party here, A. J. Lee was elected prosecuting attorney by seven votes, over James L. Ryan. In 1873, the Granger movement reached its climax, and a mixed ticket was elected over the regular Democratic ticket; A- N. Rosecrans and J. W- Miller, Democrats, and T. G Kille and W. Humphrey, Republicans, being elected. The offices of Sheriff, County Clerk, Treasurer and County Superintendent are iioav filled by Repub lican incumbents; those of Circuit Clerk, County Judge and State's Attorney, by Democratic The Republican element in politics has gradually grown in the county, so that on purely local questions the two parties are about eArenly made up of the Aoters of the county. On National questions the Democratic majority is about 200 votes. There is a large floating vote, Avhich is mainly diArerted to the " best man, '" though it also affords material upon Avhich the unprincipled demagogue plies his unholy trade. CHURCHES. The character of early society in Cumberland County Avas not such as to encourage the rapid growth of church influences. Many of these people were members of church organizations, but there were so many difficulties in the wray of maintaining regular services that it was a good many years before it was attempted. Camp- meetings were held as early as 1830, and scarcely a year passed with out them. These were principally under the auspices of the Method ist Church, though all denominations attended and gave their support. Among the early settlers there was quite a strong Presbyterian element, who early secured the services of ~Re\. Hull Towar, a Methodist, and founder of JeAvett. Among the other early preachers HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 171 in Cumberland County, were George Henson, Halfacre, W. E. Smith and William Owens. There were occasional itinerants of the pioneer order, whose manners were marked more by force than ele gance. It was probably of one of these that the following incident is related as happening within the limits of this county : In the early settlement of the county the sacred desk of the minister was often supplied from the humblest walks of life. And it was not unfrequently the case, that these impromptu speakers, made telling points, and in their rude, quaint manner, impressed upon the minds of sinners the great danger in which'" they stood, and revealed to their startled minds the frowning- face of offended Deity. But one case we have a recollection of, in which the minister attempted to draw a practical illustration of the various Christian Churches, and as the sequel will show, was himself disappointed in the result. The minister in question resided at our neighboring toAvn of Greenup (aud does so yet), and while riding to the place of wor ship Avas busily conning over in his own mind the subject he Avould select to speak from on his arrival at the house of God, and while passing through the forest, inadvertently plucked from a convenient twig a hazel burr, and at once his mind was made up as to the sub ject of his discourse. Arriving at the church, he ascended the pul pit in all the conscious pride of one inspired to speak words of truth and salvation to a sinful Avorld- Being of that faith known as Christians, or Campbellites, he was over eager to make a point in behalf of the doctrines of his faith, and after the usual prelimi naries had been gone through Avith, the speaker arose and opened his discourse in a self-possessed, confident manner, by stating that there were a great many creeds and doctrines extant in the world) and that theologians were as far apart in many of their church forms and their religious beliefs as earth was from heaven, and that all could not be right; that some of the churches, it was true, approximated to the true faith, but there was but one church that embraced the true theory and practice of the doctrines inculcated by the Savior of mankind, and that was the church he had the honor to unAvorthily represent. " For instance," said the speaker (at the same time producing his hazel burr), " this hazel burr I hold in my hand represents the church. " This," says he (tearing off the burr from the nut) " represents the ' soft shell ' Baptist, a mere outer gar ment, fallible, easily destroyed, and not capable of resistance or self-preservation — a mere nothing, without merit, and insignificant within itself". The next substance you discover," said the speaker, 172 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. "is the hull, which represents the 'old hardshell' Baptist, and is of a more durable and lasting nature, formed by nature to resist to a greater extent the warring of the elements, and the corruption of time, yet with all of its apparent strength and beautiful formation, it is only another garment wrhich hides from your view the true and only church of the living God. Beneath its solid walls is the ker nel, the spirit and life of the Christian religion, the Christian Church itself ; and to further demonstrate the illustration, and lay bare to your understanding the truth of my theory, I will remove the shell and reveal the kernel, which is the Christian Church, to your carnal eyes." And the speaker proceeded to crack the nut, when, to his consternation, and to the surprise of the audience, out rolled a hideous black-headed worm, that had eaten through the outer covering of the "soft shell" Baptist, pierced the solid walls of the " hard shell," and entered the citadel of the true church, devouring it as it went. The speaker Avas nonplussed, and amid the surprise and merriment of the audience the meeting was summarily closed, and it was not a great while before the minister also closed his ministerial career, and devoted himself to more congenial pursuits. The first church building was a hewed log structure in the southeast corner of Sumpter ToAvnshipr This was long known as the Salem Methodist Episcopal Church, and was remarkable for its powerful revivals. It was built about 1840, and ten years later was the only church in the county. It rotted down, and was only removed in 1881 or 1882. This denomination has good frame churches at Toledo, Neoga, Greenup, Jewett, Christian Run, Shiloh and Bethel. The organization at Greenup probably elates back further than any other in the county. v It was a regular station in 1839, and Avas probably organized as early as 1835- An old log schoolhouse was used as a place of worship for years, until, in 1851, the present frame structure was erected. The Protestant Methodists have a fine brick church in the west part of Woodbury Township, known as Zion Chapel. Among the earlier churches built was the Presbyterian place of worship at Neoga village, in 1854- This was organized by Rev. Joseph Wilson, who was the first person to preach in the village. This organization has had a thrifty growth, and numbers some 130 members. This denomination had a considerable membership at Toledo, and, in 1866, two lots were donated by the Board of Super visors to this organization for a building site, but it failed to use it. The Presbyterians have a church, also, at Greenup, where a HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 173 neat frame church building was erected about 1876. The Baptists have an organization at Neoga, where they built a place of worship in 1872, in Neoga Township, in connection with the Christian denomination, and elsewhere in the county. The Christian denomination has a large following in the county. Some of the early ministers of this denomination were Revs. Thos. Goodman, Battye, White, and Benj. Daree. D. S- Conner was also an early itinerant of this denomination. This denomina tion has only been noticeably present in the county since 1860, but it has organizations now at Hazel Dell, which has a frame building of its own; at Washington schoolhouse, in Crooked Creek Town ship; in Union Township; in the eastern part of Neoga Township, where a frame church is owned jointly with the Baptist; Corinth Church, frame building in edge of Woodbury Township; at Janes- ville, which worships in a frame church of its own ; at Webster schoolhouse, in Cottonwood Township; and at Plum Grove school- house, in Greenup Township. The Free Methodists, a sect better known as the " Perfection- ists," have a frame church at Toledo, erected in 1883- This sect has a considerable representation in the county, and maintains an energetic crusade in behalf of their doctrine. A large tent, known as the tabernacle, is moved about from place to place in the county, in which services are held. SCHOOLS- Schools Avere no more popular than churches at first. Much ot the delay must be accounted for on the ground of difficulties almost impossible to overcome, but early schools, above all other consid erations, requires that " there be first a willing mind." There was a school opened as early as 1828, just north of the county-line, and children attended it from miles around. It was probably 1840 before one was built in Cumberland County territory. This was known as the Owen schoolhouse, from the fact that Jephtha Owen taught singing-school here several seasons. Among the early teachers in the county was Benjamin Aleshire, Avho commenced about this time and taught more or less for fifteen years. A- J- Busick was an early teacher, also E- H- Starkweather. The latter was a native of Vermont, and Avas generally known as a " blue- bellied Yankee." He taught school in his own cabin for years. Greenup had a very early schoolhouse, perhaps earlier than 1840. It also had the first brick schoolhouse. From time to time, the 174 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. various neighborhoods erected buildings for their schools, and in 1850 there were seventeen in the county. From the reports are gathered the following statistics, which indicate the growth of this factor in the county's development: In 1867, there were 72 school houses, and 4 new ones built; 4,192 pupils enrolled, and $22,475.19 expended for school purposes. In 1871, the statistics were, 76 schoolhouses, and 8 new ones; 5,293 pupils, and $21,406.65 expended. 1872,76 old and 3 new houses; 5,610 pupils, and $24,289.09 expended. 1873, 77 old and 3 new houses; 4,234 pupils, and $25,331.10 expended. 1874, 82 old and 2 new houses; 3,827 pupils, and $21,330-03 expended. 1877, 85 old and 5 new houses; 4,198 pupils, and $21,800-91 expended; estimated value of school property, $39,881. 1878, 87 old and 5 new houses; 5,060 pupils, and $24,501-14 expended; property valued at $38,923. 1879, 76 old and no new buildings; 3,849 pupils, and $23,- 882.76 expended; value, $31,879-50- 1880, 86 old and 2 new houses ; 4,406 pupils and $23,059.62 ; value of property, $31,844 1881,87 " " 3 " " 5,525 " " 20,732.24; " " 37,955 1882,86 " " 5 " " 3,906 " " 28,650.90; " " 40,944 1883,73 " " 3 " " 3,931 " " 28,722.92; '* " 47,567 In the matter of improvement of buildings, the reports show that in 1873, there Avere 3 brick, 59 frame and 16 log schoolhouses in the county. In 1874, 2 brick, 66 frame and 14 log; 1877, 3 brick, 67 frame, 13 log; 1878, 5 brick, 66 frame, 14 log ; 1879, 5 brick, 65 frame, 16 log; 1880, 6 brick, 66 frame, 14 log; 1881, 5 brick, 70 frame, 12 log; 1882, 7 brick, 70 frame, 9 log; 1883, 7 brick, 60 frame, 6 log. In regard to these statistics it should be said that they are compiled from the Township Treasurer's reports, by the County Superintendent of Schools. There are some inconsistencies, which will be readily discovered, but they will serve to show approxi mately how the school interest has progressed. There are graded schools in Toledo, Greenup, Jewett and Neoga. The school at the county-seat occupied for nearly twenty years a two-story frame building, which is now doing service as a dwelling. In 1881, the present brick structure was erected. It has four rooms, but the school now has but three departments. At Neoga, a tAvo-story frame building was erected in 1867, and tAvo years later a wing Avas added, furnishing four schoolrooms. In 1879, a tAvo-story brick building was erected at Greenup, which supplied two schoolrooms below and one above. The latter is so arranged that a partition may be made up stairs, and so provide an additional room when necessary. At Jewett, a two-story brick house was built in 1882, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 175 and has two schoolrooms. A two-story brick building is also in process of building at Janesville, within the limits of the county. A greater liberality is being shown by the Board of Supervisors, in this public question of education, and sixty days for office work and sixty for school visiting have been allowed to the County Superin tendent. This is sixty days more than has ever been allowed here tofore, and hence the schools suffered very seriously. Since the present incumbent has held the office of Superintendent, there has been a marked improvement in the grade of scholarship, and the movement seems to be toward a still higher grade. SECRET ORGANIZATIONS. The great benevolent societies have representative lodges in all of the principal villages of the county. At Neoga, the Masonic Order is represented by Neoga Lodge, No. 279, with seventy mem bers. This lodge meets in a pleasant hall once a month, and is in a flourishing financial condition. The Independent Order of Odd-Fel lows has a representative in Neoga Lodge, No- 347, of about forty members. The insurance organizations, Knights of Honor and American Legion of Honor, have each a flourishing lodge here. At Toledo, the Order of Free and Accepted Masons has a lodge, organ ized October, 1868. It is known as Prairie City Lodge, No. 578, and has some forty or fifty members. There is also a Chapter of the Eastern Star, Prairie City Lodge, No. 179. The Toledo Lodge, No. 355, Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, also finds a home here. It was organized in 1868, and now has forty members. This Order is in a flourishing condition, and owns the hall it meets in, valued at some $500. At Greenup are lodges of both the great fraternities. Greenup Lodge, No. 125, of Free and Accepted Masons, was char tered October^, 1853, with Thomas Coulson, Charles Nisewanger and S- W. Huffcut- The lodge has increased to twenty-two mem bers. The lodgeroom is in the old building on the west end of Main Street, where the first meetings were held thirty years ago. Some twelve years ago, the lodge occupied a more modern building, but being burned out, it returned to the old building. A lodge of the Eastern Star was chartered here November 13, 1873, with Lucy P. Nisewanger, Ann M- Quinn, Elizabeth Jones, Sarah Ewart, Esther B. Tutewiler, Isabella H. Monohon, Sarah J. Shull, Martha J. Mark- well, Martha E. Starbuck, Nancy Jones, Mary J. Lee and others, as charter members. Atalanta Lodge, No. 116, of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, was chartered here October 14, 1853. The 176 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. charter members were James Ewart, Philip Wolcheimer, Warren Covell, S- M. Smith, B. G Talbott and A. N. Ward. The lodge meets in the same building with the Masonic Lodge, and own it in company with that fraternity. The lodge is in a flourishing condi tion, and has forty-four members. CUMBERLAND COUNTY'S AVAR RECORD. The people of Cumberland County were noted for their fighting qualities, from a very early clay up to a date subsequent to the war of the rebellion, and had that great contest been decided by a resort to fists, this region of the country would have contributed some of the most noted champions in the field. It was not until the era of the war that weapons began to be freely used here, in personal encounters, and hence, while Cumberland County contributed her quota to the armies of the North during the years 1860-65, there was nothing to distinguish this section from the great mass of the loyal North. The people here were largely " Douglas Democrats," and intimately acquainted Avith Lincoln. He had practiced law in the County Courts, a large number of" his relatives were residents here and in the adjoining County of Coles, and he numbered among the leading men of Cumberland some ot his most intimate friends. The political events, therefore, that led to the fatal issue of the war, were full of interest to the people of Cumberland, and, while their sympathies were principally with the " Little Giant," their belief in " State sovereignty " and the constitution as the supreme law of the land, made them supporters of the result of the election of I860- The menacing attitude taken by the South up to the commission of overt acts of rebellion was not generally condemned, as there was a strong opposition to anything like abolition or coercion; but when the echoes of the attack on Sumter reached here, the rallying to the support of the Union was practically unanimous. Prejudices in regard to negroes, in regard to candidates, or any of the agitating questions of the hour, were forgotten, and every man and party was for the Union. Political lines, however, were strictly maintained, and Seymour and McClellan received the full party vote, notwith standing the significance of their election. As the war progressed, other elements entered into the situation here, and embittered the feeling betwejen the political parties. Hot-headed men of both polit ical elements came together at public meetings, with furloughed or returned soldiers on one side, and deserters on the other, and a num ber of fatal encounters occurred. There is no evidence that HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 177 desertions were encouraged by the people here, but there was no effort made to give them up, when once here, to the authorities. A natu ral suggestion of the reason would be, that these persons were not likely to submit quietly to arrest, and the people had not the cour age of their convictions sufficiently to feel prepared to shoot old acquaintances, or be shot by them. The county gained a somewhat unenviable reputation on this account, and rumors of a premeditated attack on the county-seat by returned soldiers were common. After the unfortunate riot at Charleston, in Coles County, the citizens here were in a fever of expectation, and several times the people came rushing in from the country around to defend the county-seat from an imagined assault. On the call of the Governor for the organization of six regi ments, there was not the spontaneous enthusiasm evinced here as in many sections. While generally in favor of the maintenance of the Union, the prevailing sentiment was opposed to the war as a specific means to that end, and many who were moved otherwise went to other places to offer their services to the General Government, and some 250 men enlisted in various organizations and were credited elsewhere than Cumberland County. In 1862, Hon. Thos. Brewer became (as his Democratic colleagues express it) " rather shaky in his Democracy under this strain," and took an active part in encour aging the enlistments, making speeches in all parts of the county. It was about this time that the larger number of volunteers began to be enrolled, the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Infantry being raised at this time. The Twenty-First Infantry, raised in 1861, how ever, received a full company from Cumberland. In June, 1861, the Board of Supervisors appointed a committee of one from each township " to see to the wants and procure such necessaries as, in their judgment, shall conduce to the sustenance and support of the families of the absent volunteers." This provision, generous in its terms and boundless in its limits, suggests an appre ciative regard for the soldier and his sacrifices, but the records of the county and State nowhere show that this provision went fur ther than the records of the county, and, as a matter of fact, in the judgment of the larger part of this committee, nothing was neces sary "to conduce to the sustenance and support of the families of absent volunteers." In February, 1865, the Board offered a bounty of $400 for each person " that may volunteer in the United States service to fill the quota of Cumberland County in the draft now ordered by the President of the United States, and that for that 178 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. purpose the Board issue county orders sufficient for the purpose of procuring volunteers to fill the quota of the several towns in said county, and that this Board levy a tax of $1 upon each $100 of valuation of taxable property in said county, and $1 cap itation tax on all males between the ages of twenty-one and sixty." It was further provided that bonds should be specially issued to meet the orders issued for this purpose. But all this elaborate machinery was destined to be brought to naught. The public sentiment rebelled, and it is said that threats of hanging the members were made Avith sufficient earnestness to secure the rescinding of the order at the next meeting. No bounty was paid by the county, but under this call Union Township sent sixteen substitutes to the field at a cost of $6,500, and Sumpter Township sent two at a cost of $800. The Adjutant General's report gives the total expenditure of the county for the procuremeut of volunteers at $8,151-25. The same report gives the summary of the quotas and credits of the county as follows: Population in 1860, 8,309. First and. second class enroll ment in 1863, 903; in 1864, 985; in 1865, 906- Quotas in 1861, 233; in 1862, 159; under call of February 1 and March 14, 1864, 203; under the call of July 18, 1864, 154; a total of 749. The total credits, prior to December 31, 1864, were 880 men, which made an excess of credit of 131 men. In December, 1865, the quota of the county was 169, but diminished by the excess of credit, the actual assigned quota was only 38. The credit under this last report was 40, leaving an excess of 2 of credit, in a total quota during the war, of 918, and credit of 920; so that it appears that Cumberland County contributed something more than a full regiment to the Union armies during the years 1861-65. These men cannot all be traced through the records, but in num bers of from 5 to 20, they are found in Company E, Twenty-Fifth Infantry; Company E, Thirty-Eighth Infantry; Company G, Fifty- Fourth Infantry; Companies F and H, Sixty-First Infantry; Company C, Sixty-Second Infantry; in the Sixty-Third Infantry, in several companies; Company E, Sixty-Sixth Infantry; Company C, Sixty- Eighth Infantry; Company E, Seventy-First Infantry; Company B, Eighty-Eighth Infantry; CompaniesI and E, Ninety-Eighth Infantry; Company K, One Hundred and Forty-Third Infantry, and Company G, One Hundred and Fifty-Second Infantry; beside in larger num bers in the Twenty-First, Fifty-Ninth, Ninety-Seventh, One Hundred and Twenty-Third, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Illinois Infantry Regiments, and the Fifth and Tenth Illinois Cavalry Regiments. vf /rfanstJt&frTi^- HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 181 Twznty-First Illinois Infantry. — Company B, of this regiment, was principally made up from Cumberland County volunteers, a few members only coming from Coles County. The officers of the Com pany were: Captain, J. P. H- Stevenson, till 1863; P. Wolsheimer, till March, 1865; Austin Blake, till mustered out. First Lieutenant, P. Wolsheimer, till promoted; G L. Smeidell, till 1863; Austin Blake, from April to August, 1863; H- A- Ashmore, till mustered out. Second Lieutenant, G L. Smeidell, May, 1861, till March, 1863; Austin Blake, from March 19 till April 27, 1883; A. Y Hart, April, 1863, to September, 1864; O. Goodin, till mustered out. The regi ment was organized in the Seventh Congressional District, and ren dezvoused at Mattoon. On the 15th of May it was mustered into the State service, for thirty days, but on the 28th of June it was mustered into the United States service for three years, with U. S- Grant as Colonel. August 6, 1881, Col. Grant was commissioned Brigadier-General, and was succeeded in command of the regiment by Lieut. -Col. J. W. S- Alexander, who was killed at Chickamauga. On the 4th of July, 1861, the regiment marched for Missouri, an innovation in the usual plan of moving troops out of the State. Arriving at Mexico, Mo., after various experiences which savored of war, but without meeting an enemy, the regiment rested for two weeks, when it proceeded by rail to Ironton, Mo. Here the Twenty- First remained until October 20, Avhen it marched out and partici pated in the fight at Fredericktown, returning after the engagement to Ironton, where the regiment remained until the latter part of January, 1862. At this time it formed a part of Gen. Steele's force, which marched on Jacksonport, Ark., but here it was ordered to Corinth, via Cape Girardeau, and reached Hamburg Landing May 24, 1862. On the evacuation of Corinth, the Twenty-First was placed in pursuit of the retreating enemy, whom it followed as far as Booneville, Miss-, when it returned and formed a part of the expe dition to Holly Springs. On the 14th of August, 1862, the regi ment was ordered to join Gen. Buell's army in Tennessee, and, march ing via Eastport, Miss., Columbia, Tenn., Florence, Ala., Franklin, Murfreesboro and Nashville, Tenn., it arrived at Louisville, Ky., Soptember 27, 1862. In the ensuing campaign against' Bragg, the Twenty-First bore an honorable part, engaging in the battles of Per ryville and Champlin Hill, Company F being the first to enter Per ryville. From thence the regiment marched to Crab Tree Orchard, and Bowling Green, in Kentucky, and thence to Nashville, Tenn. On the" movement of the army from Nashville, in December, u 182 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1862, this ""regiment formed a part of the Second Brigade, First Division, Twentieth Arjny Corps, and Avas in the skirmish at Knob Gap. On the 30th of the month, "the Twenty-Sixth, in company with the Fifteenth Wisconsin, Thirty-Eighth Illinois, and One Hundred and First Ohio, had a severe engagement with the enemy near Mur- freesboro, where it charged the famous rebel " Washington Light Artillery," twelve Parrott guns, and succeeded in driving every man from the battery, when it was compelled to fall back by the advance of a division of infantry. During this battle this regiment had a fierce struggle and did gallant duty, losing more men than any other regiment engaged. From Murfreesboro to Chattanooga, the Twenty-First Avas with Rosecrans' army, and took part in the skir mish at Liberty Gap, and subsequently in the great battle of Chicka- mauga, where it lost 238 officers and men. After the latter fight, the regiment was attached to the First Brigade, Fourth Division, Fourth Army Corps, and remained at Bridgeport, Ala., till the lat ter part of 1863. The regiment was subsequently ordered to Texas, Avhere it was mustered out of the service, and finally discharged at Camp Butler, January 18, 1866. From'the publication of the society of the regiment, in 1881, the casualties of Company B are given, as follows: Allison, Lewis F-, died at Audersonville Prison, June 24, 1864; Ashmore, Thos. J., killed at Stone River, December 30, 1882 ; Ashmore, John H. , killed at Stone River, December 31, 1862 ; Ashmore, Hezekiah A-, died at Oak land, 111-, date unknown' ; Akers, Albertis, died at , UL, date unknown; Buchanan, Wm- W-, died at Neoga, 111., 1885; Benge, Lewis F- , died, place and date unknown ; Brannon,Thos. H, died at Neoga , 111. , 1878; Compton, Wm- H, died at Audersonville Prison, November 16, 1864; Collins, John G-, died in Wisconsin, date unknown; Dodds, Thos. H, diedat Ironton, Mo-, October 16, 1881; Devers, Geo.W-, died at Audersonville Prison, April 18, 1834; Furguson, Wui. E-, killed at Stone River, December 31, 1882; Gordon, Allen, died at Charleston, III.; Gilliard, Leander, died in Coles County, 111.; Hedge, Wesley, died of wounds, at Stone River, January 11, 18S3;Tiowarcl, Samuel, died in Cumberland County, UL, 1877; Kensell, Wm., killed at Stone River, December 31, 1862 ; Kensell, Ephraim, died at Ironton, Mo./November 5,1861; Kise, Edward, diedat Watseka, 111., date unknown; Lake, John, died at LouisAnlle, Ky., date unknown; Lake, Andrew J., died since discharge; LeAvis, JohnW. , died of wounds, at Stone River, February 8, 1 -il3; Miller, Hiram G, died at Columbus, Ky., 1832; Maynard, Jno., died of Avouuds, at Nashville, Tenn., February 28, 1863; McCormack, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 183 Hugh, died in Rebel Prison, Danville, Va. ; Moffat, James M., killed at Chickamauga, September 20, 1863; Potter, Francis M-, died at Iron- ton, Mo., elate unknown; Russell, Samuel D-, died at Niles, Cal., date unknoAvn; Redfern, John H-, killed at Stone River, December 31, 1862 ; Robinson, Thomas, died of wounds at Stone River, February 13, 1863; Rawsey, John G, died at Andersonville Prison, May 10, 1864; Ross, Henry, died in Illinois, place anddate unknown; Rhodes, Jacob E-, died at Corinth, Miss-, September 27, 1882; Rhodes, Franklin, died in Coles County, UL, date unknown; Sell, James, diedat Buffalo, Kan., Decem ber 27, 1878; Tefft, Jerome, died at Ironton, Mo., October 17, 1861; Williams, Daniel, died May 4, 1884; Wharton, Henry, died in Illinois, place and date unknoAvn; West, David, died at Chattanooga, Tenn., December 23, 1863; Willson, Thomas J., died since discharge. The surviving members Avere reported at the same time, as follows: Cap tain P. Wolsheimer, Neoga, 111., Postmaster ; Captain Austin Blake, Thayer, Kas-, farmer; Second Lieutenant A- Y. Hart, Paradise, UL, carpenter; Alliback, Joseph R.,'Noav York City, commercial agent; Berry, W- N-, Majority Point, 111., farmer; Benier, Chris-, Brushy Fork, 111.; Curtis, ' Thos. H-, Lovington, 111., shoe-maker ; Curtis, Edward, Tuscola, 111., painter; Condit, Jacob H-, Neoga, III., farmer; Clark, William, Great Bend, Kas., farmer ; Clark, Fred- L., Great Bend, Kas., farmer; Cain, John G-, Nashville, Tenn., R. R- postal clerk; Eggers, George, Majority Point, 111., farmer; Elliott, Aaron, Ironton, Mo.; Ewing, M. A., Neoga, 111., mechanic; Forcum, John E-, Neoga, 111., farmer; Filson, James, Mattoon, 111., laborer; Gordon, Robert S-, Mount Carmel, U1-, druggist ; Goodwin, Orville S-, Bell Air, 111., farmer; Hendrix, Samuel, Paradise, UL, farmer; Hoover, Samuel N., Xenia, UL, farmer; Hacket, } Charles R., Great Bend, Kas., farmer; Hart, Chesterfield, White's Mill, Ky., farmer; Hilder- branclt, Francis, southeast corner Twenty-Fifth Street and Cass Ave nue, Saint Louis, tailor; Jones, Wiley, Johnstown, UL, farmer; Kim- ery, Alfred W., Neoga, 111., farmer; Kiger, George W-, Whitley's Point, UL, farmer; Landsdown, Marion, Oakland, III., artist; Lands- down, James E., Oakland, UL, farmer; Martin, James, Carlton, Neb., farmer; Mundell, Robert, , Kas., farmer; Newbanks, Henry M., Effingham, 111-, laborer; Poorman, Noah, Lamed, Kas-, farmer; Pemberton, James B., Newman, III., hotel keeper; Phipps, Thomas J., NcAvton, 111., miller; Phipps, William, Shell City, Mo.; Pitt, William, Blue Earth, Minn., farmer; Rice, William; Rhodes, Edwin, Obtumwa, Iowa, farmer; Stone, John, Newman, UL, merchant; Sayre, Thomas P., Florence, Kas., farmer; Wilson, Samuel F., Neoga, UL, 184 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. druggist; Wooley, Horace F., Rattle Snake, Kas., farmer; Wright, Richard, Jonesville, Ind., farmer ; Waller, John T., Mattoon, 111-, locomotive engineer ; Waller, Franklin, Keokuk, Iowa, carpenter; Winkler, John, Oakland, UL ; Bigelow, William H- ; Davis, Eli, Jones ville, Ind. ; Ferguson, James ; Holbrooks, Columbus, Castle Rock, Colo.; Kinney, Oliver G W-; McComas, Armond S-; Ziegler, Will iam, Spring. Ranch, Neb-, farmer. Fifty-Ninth Illinois Infantry. — Of this regiment, Company F was enlisted from Cumberland County. Its first officers were Mis- sourians, and the regiment, as first organized, was knoAvn as the Ninth Missouri. The company officers were: Captains — S- W. Kel ley, till April, 1862; G- E- Currie, till December, 1862; H- W- Hall, till September, 1864; H- C- Baughman, till mustered out. First Lieutenants — John Kelley, till September, 1862 ; Reuben Maddox, till February! 1865; Philip Stump, till mustered out. Second Lieu tenants — J^ H- Maynard, till March, 1862 ; H- G Baughman, till October, 1862 ; George P. Ayres, rank to date, from December 8, 1865. The regiment was organized at Saint Louis, Mo., September 18, 1861- The companies composing the regiment had been raised in the State of Illinois, and mustered in at sundry times, in July, August and September. Three days after their organization as a regiment, they were ordered to Jefferson City, Mo. From thence the regiment moved to Booneville, via Syracuse to Otterville; via WarsaAv and Humansville, to Springfield, Avhere it arrived on the 3d of Novem ber. The brigade of which this regiment formed a part marched and countermarched about Springfield, first towards Syracuse, then Lamine Bridge, thence to Tipton, Lebanon, Cassville, Sugar Creek, Osage Springs, and thence to Cross HoIIoavs on the 22d of February. On the 12th of this month, the title of the regiment, Avhich had hith erto been known as the Ninth Missouri, Avas changed by order of the War Department to the Fifty-Ninth Illinois Infantry. On March 6, the Fifty-Ninth moved to Pea Ridge, and on the following clay was engaged Avith the enemy in that fierce fight, Avhich lasted all day. On the 8th, the regiment was a part of the force that moved to reinforce Carr and Ashboth, Avho had been forced to fall back, and were again soon engaged. The regiment lost severely in officers and men. From this time to the last of April, the Fifty- Ninth retraced much of its previous steps, marching to Sugar Creek, Cross Timbers, and Cassville; thence to Forsythe, Bull Creek and West Plains on April 28. Capt. Ellett, three lieutenants and fifty men were ordered to report to the Ram Fleet. The regiment, forming HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 185 a part of Jeff. G Davis' division, was then ordered to Tennessee, where it arrived, and was placed in reserve, on the left of Gen. Pope's army, at Corinth. After the evacuation, the regiment took part in the pursuit as far as Booneville, when it returned to Clear Creek, near Corinth. On June 27, 1862, the Fifty-Ninth started on a long tramp, marching and countermarching through portions of Missis sippi, Tennessee and Kentucky. It visited Holly Springs, Ripley, Jacinto, Bay Springs, where it had a skirmish with some rebel cav alry, and Iuka, in Mississippi; thence to Eastport, Waterloo and Florence, Alabama ; thence via Lawrenceburg, Mount Pleasant, Columbia, Franklin, Murfreesboro, and thence northward with Buell's army, to Louisville, Ky., where it arrived September 26, 1862. Octo ber 1, the Fifty-Ninth was brigaded with the Seventy-Fourth and Seventy-Fifth Illinois Infantry, and the Twenty-Second Indiana, form ing the Thirtieth Brigade of the Army of the Ohio. In the advance, in pursuit of Bragg, the Fifty-Ninth moved by Avay of Bardstown, and met the enemy near Perryville, at Champlin Hills, and in the battle of October 8, Avas heavily engaged, losing 113 killed and wounded, out of 361 going into the action. The regiment followed in the pursuit, and on the 14th had a severe skirmish at Lancaster, Ky. Thence the regiment moved forAvard, via, Crab Orchard, to Edgefield, near Nashville, Tenn. While here, the brigade received the addition of the Fifth Wis consin Battery, and, subsequently, the Twenty-First Illinois. On Christmas, of 1862, the brigade made a reconnoisance toward Frank lin, and skirmished with the enemy'all day. The Fifty-Ninth pressed down the road from Brentwood towards Nolensville. On the 26th, the Army of the Cumberland Avas put in motion for the Stone River campaign, this brigade, under command of Col. Post, taking the advance towards Nolensville. The Fifty-Ninth Avas deployed as skir mishers, and drove the enemy nine miles, until found in force at Nolensville. The regiment took part in the attack upon Nolens ville, from which the enemy was driven in confusion. The regiment was engaged in the actions at Knob Gap, and pressed the enemy closely from Triune to Murfreesboro, Avhere he was found strongly intrenched. An unsuccessful attempt Avas made during the night of the 30th to drive him from his position, and the regiment lay during the night within a few hundred yards of the enemy's works. Early on the morning of the 31st, the enemy turned the right flank of the Twentieth Corps. The Fifty-Ninth changed front to the rear, and, supporting the Fifth Wisconsin Battery, for a long time held the 186 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. enemy in check, and when withdrawn brought with it the guns of the battery, from which the horses had all been killed. It was then put in position on the Murfreesboro pike, which it held until Janu ary 2, when the brigade crossed Stone River, the Fifty-Ninth fording the river, swollen by recent rains, and took position on the extreme left of the army, where it assisted in driving back the triumphant enemy. On January 4, the enemy evacuated Murfreesboro, and the campaign ended. June 23, 1863, the Tullahoma campaign was begun. Col. Post's brigade moved to Liberty Gap, and engaged the enemy, from the 24th to the 27th, and tlience pressed the enemy to Winchester- Here it remained till the 17th of August, when it was engaged in hauling 200 wagons up the Cumberland Mountains. The brigade then made a march to Stevenson, Sand Mountain, Lookout Valley, Stevens' Gap, Crawfish^ Springs, and thence to Chattanooga, a dis tance of 122 miles from Stevenson, where it arrived on the 22d of November. During the siege of Chattanooga, the Fifty-Ninth was constantly under the fire of the enemy's batteries. November 23, the regiment started on the Lookout campaign. On the 25th, the regiment led its brigade in the assault on Mission Ridge, from which the enemy Avas driven*] n confusion, the regiment taking part in the pursuit so far as Ringgold, where it again attacked him and drove him from his position. On the 30th, the regiment was sent on to the battle-field of Chickamauga to bury the dead of the battle of September 19 and 20- In the latter part of December, the regi ment Avent to Whitesides, where, on January 12, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted and Avas mustered as a veteran organization. The latter part of January, it marched to Chattanooga, and on the 6th of Feb ruary, started for Springfield on veteran furlough, arriving on the 10th. March 19th, the Fifty-Ninth re-organized and left Springfield, via Nashville and Chattanooga, for Cleveland, Tenn. May 3, the Atlanta campaign began, the regiment taking part in the attack on Tunnel Hill and on Rock Faced Ridge, which the enemy abandoned on the 13th; on the 14th and 15th, the regiment was warmly engaged at Resaca, and thence to July 12 was engaged in the various actions and skirmishes at Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Camp-Meeting Ground, etc On the 12th, the Fifty-Ninth crossed the Chattahoochie and took position before Atlanta, and from that time until the 25th of August was under fire night and day. With the army, the regiment marched around HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 187 Atlanta in the direction of Jonesboro, and did its share in the fight ing which followed this movement. The regiment, with its brig ade, took part in the movement to head off Hood from Nashville, coming into the presence of the enemy at Pine Top. Thence, with the army, it retraced its route to Chattanooga, and on the 30th of October left for Athens, Tenn., thence to Pulaski, where it remained until November 23- Evacuating the entrenchments here, it retired to Columbia ; crossed Duck River aud attacked the rebel army in the flank as it was marching towards Spring Hill. The fight con tinued all clay, and at night the Fifty-Ninth marched twenty miles to Spring Hill. Resting here only an hour, the regiment proceeded to Franklin, and, during the afternoon, took part in the battle fought here. On December 1, the regiment reached Nashville, and com menced throwing up earthworks in its front. December 15, the battle of Nashville began. Col. Post's brigade assaulted Montgom ery Hill, and in the language of Gen- Thomas, " took the initiative in the brilliant deeds of the day." The Fifty-Ninth was in the first line of the assaulting column, and planted the first colors on the captured works. In the afternoon, it assaulted and carried the ene my's works, near the Hillsboro pike. December 16, Col. Post's brigade made the memorable assault on Overton's Hill. In this bat tle, the regiment lost, in killed and wrounded, one-third of its num ber engaged. On the 17th, the regiment started in pursuit of the retreating enemy, and continued to the Tennessee River. From Jan uary, 1865, until the middle part of June, the regiment made Nash ville its base of operations, participating in various expeditions. On the 16th of this month, the Fifty-Ninth left for NeAV Orleans, and thence to Indian oia, Texas. From thence it marched to San Anto nio, and was stationed at NeAV Braunfels, Tex., until December 8, 1865, when it was mustered out of the service and ordered home. Ninety -Seventh Illinois Infantry. — Of this regiment Company B was almost wholly draAvn from Cumberland County, a few men only being drawn from the adjoining counties of Coles and Jasper. The officers of this Company were : Captains — J. G. Buchanan, till October, 1864; G. D. Armstrong, till mustered out; First Lieuten ants— J. A. Goodell, till June, 1863; Alfred Miller, till October, 1863; G. D. Armstrong, till October, 1864; James Rollins, till mustered out ; Second Lieutenants — Alfred Miller, till June, 1863; G- D. Armstrong, till October, 1863; Christopher Bradman, rank dated from August, 1865. The regiment was organized at Camp Butler in September, 1862, and mustered on the 16th of that month. On the 3d of October the 188 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. regiment moved for Cincinnati, and on the 17th marched to Nicholas- ville, where it remained until the 10th of November. It was then assigned to Gen. A. J. Smith's division and moved to Louisville, where it arrived on the 15th of the month. Two days later the regiment embarked for Memphis, where it went into camp until the middle of December. On the 20th of this month the Ninety-Seventh left Memphis to take part in the campaign against Vicksburg, and taking transports down the river landed near Walnut Hill on the Yazoo River, occupying a position on the extreme right of the lines operating against Vicksburg. On the 1st of January, 1 863, it was moved towards Arkansas Post and participated in the battle which took place there on the 11th of that month. On the 15th the regi ment was moved down the river to Young's Point, where it remained till March, moving then on the 6th to Milliken's Bend. Thence on the 15th of April, the regiment marched to Grand Gulf; took part in the engagement at Port Gibson on May 1, and at Champion Hills on the 16th, arriving in the rear of Vicksburg on the 19th of May. From this time forward to the surrender of Vicks burg, July 4, 1863, the Ninety-Seventh was actively engaged in the work and danger of the siege. The regiment subsequently took part in Gen. Sherman's expedition to Jackson, and then returned to' Vicks burg where it remained until the 15th of August. At this date the regiment embarked for NeAV Orleans and Avent into camp at Carrolton on the 27th. This closed the active part of the regiment's service. It transferred from one point to another and found its way to Galveston, Texas, where it was mustered out of the seiwice July 29, 1865. One Hundred and Tioenty- Third Illinois Infantry. — To this regi ment Cumberland County contributed more men than to any other one in the service,save,perhaps,the Fifth Cavalry. Company B Avas the one formed entirely in this county, and was enlisted by Capt. Talbott in the latter part of June, 1862. Mr. Talbott, while a democrat and sympathizer to some extent with the general sentiment opposed to the war, still felt that the cause of republican form of government was at, stake in the issue, and deemed this the paramount interest. He was deeply engaged in business which commanded his whole time and attention and had no thought of going to the war. Enlist ments were languid; recruiting officers Avere drumming up a man here and there, but there was no general disposition to join the army. But during this time, men frequently said to Mr. Talbott, " If you Avould take out a company I would enlist." So frequently HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 189 was this said that the Captain one Sunday gave out that if a com pany could be organized promptly he would undertake it and go to the field, On the Sunday following he reached camp at Mattoon with 101 men, and all were mustered. This became Company B of the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Infantry. The officers of the company were: Captains — Edward Talbott, till April, 1864; Mahlon VotaAV, till mustered out; First Lieutenants — Lemuel Leggett, till August, 1863; Mahlon Votaw, till April, 1864; B. G Talbott, till mustered out; Second Lieutenants — Charles Conzet, till September, 1864- This regiment was enlisted principally in Coles, Cumberland and Clark counties, and was mustered into service September 6, 1862. At this time Bragg was making his famous raid through Kentucky to reach Indiana, and the Illinois regiments were hurried to Louis ville as fast as practicable. The One Hundred and Twenty-Third was ordered to this point as soon as mustered in, and was assigned to the Thirty-Third Brigade, Tenth Division, Army of the Ohio, Gen. Terrell commanding the brigade, Jackson the division, and McCook the corps. Here the regiment remained until Gen. Buell, on the 1st of October, began the pursuit of Bragg, Avho began to retire after being foiled of his main object. In the operations thus begun the regiment marched through Taylorville, Bloomfield and Mackville, and engaged in the battle of Perryville- The One Hundred and Twenty-Third virtually opened the fight. McCook, supposing from certain movements of the rebel cavalry that the enemy was re treating and did not mean to fight, instructed Gen. Terrell to move his brigade cautiously toward the creek, and if no enemy was found to alloAv the men to stack arms and supply themselves with water, for the want of which they were suffering greatly. The One Hundred and Twenty-Third was then in the lead, but, deploying in line of battle with bayonets fixed, the brigade cautiously advanced, only to discover that the cavalry movement was only a ruse on the part of the enemy, and to be met by a terrible destructive fire from the heavy line of the enemy's infantry. Gen. Terrell Avas riding near the left of this regiment, and near by a new battery advancing Avith the general line. The first fire demoralized the battery, slaughter ing the horses and stampeding the men. Terrell feeling the emer gency, but forgetting the duties of his position, dismounted from his horse, and with the aid of one or two batterymen and six men detailed from Company B, seized one of the abandoned guns and brought it into position, the General sighting and firing the gun some four rounds over the prostrate Company B. At this point the 190 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. General ordered a charge, and Companies B and D sprang forward to obey the command. The right of the regiment failed to get the word, and Company D noticing the failure halted before reaching the enemy and retired. Company B, however, rushed right on over the intervening space of some 200 yards, cleared the fence of the enemy and pushed some thirty yards beyond before it delivered its first fire. Here, finding itself enfiladed by the enemy's fire and unsupported, the company rapidly retired, preserving its order, however. Arriv ing at its original position it found the brigade broken and gone. Continuing its retreat the company formed behind some other troops and did not see much further engagement in that fight, but losing in this short fight twenty-one men in killed, wounded and missing. Here Gens. Terrell and Jackson were both killed. From this point the regiment moved with the army, passing through Danville, Leb anon and New Market to Mumfordsville, where it remained several weeks guarding the construction of a bridge which had been destroyed. The regiment then proceeded to the Cumberland River, going into camp at Ludlow Creek, about eight miles above Nash ville. In December, under command of" Gen. Reynolds, the One Hundred and Twenty-Third took part in the expedition after Gen. Morgan, returning to within a short distance of Mumfordsville when the pursuit was abandoned, and a return was made by forced marches to Nashville, arriving in the early part of January, 1863. The regiment was at once moved to the front, a little south and east of Murfreesboro, where it remained until the general advance in June. In the meanwhile the One Hundred and Twenty-Third was mounted and armed^with Spencer rifles, and scarcely an interval of ten days elapsed between the various expeditions in which the regiment was engaged. These lead to the towns of Lebanon, McMinnville, Liberty, Alexandria, etc., and involved heavy skirmishes. The One Hundred and Twenty-Third was here assigned to Gen. Wilder's Brigade of Thomas' Corps, and in the general advance of the army in the latter part of June, led the advance of its brigade. A light force of the enemy was driven rapidly back to Hoover's Gap, where followed a brisk skirmish, and pressing on, the regiment captured a company of the rear guard of the enemy at Manchester. From June 24 to 28, the brigade moved on the flank of the Fourth Division, cutting the railroad at Dec hard, and driving the enemy from the stockade. In this vicinity the brigade remained until August 16, engaged in collecting horses and mules. Company B was detached on one] occasion, and found one hundred mules gathered, HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 191 which they captured and brought in with safety. On another raid towards Columbia the Seventeenth Indiana and the One Hundred and Twenty-Third captured 1100 head of horses. On the 16th of August the regiment with its brigade crossed the Cumberland Mountains and Waldron's Ridge to Poe's tavern, forded the Tennessee River, and moved in advance of Crittenden's Corps towards Ringgold ; on the 11th struck the enemy at Tunnel Hill and on the following day moved back towards Gordon's Mills. Two days of light skirmishing were followed by two days of quiet, and and on the 17th the enemy began to feel the line of the Union forces. On the 18th the One Hundred and Twenty-Third was engaged at times pretty heavily. By a flank movement of the army the regi ment Avas placed on the extreme right and was pretty severely handled. On the 19th and 20th though placed in reserve it was brought into the fight several times and heavily engaged. On the re treat of the army toward Chattanooga, the One Hundred and Twenty- Third made a halt in the gorge of the mountain commanding the val ley and Company B picketed the point that night. After this fight the One Hundred and Twenty-Third with Wilder's Brigade proceeded to Friar's Ford. On October 1, in company with the First and Second Brigades of Cavalry, the One Hundred and Twenty-Third and its brigade, under command of Gen. Crook, started in pursuit of Wheeler. Crossing- Walden's Bridge the regiment moved through Sequatchie to the summit of the Cumberland Mountains on to Mc- Minnville and Farmington. Here the One Hundred and Twenty- Third came upon the enemy strongly posted and had a determined fight, driving the enemy from the field at last. From this point the expedition pursued Wheeler until he crossed the Tennessee River, when the pursuit was abandoned. The regiment then went into camp at Maysville, and remained several weeks. From this point, the regiment moved to Pulaski, Tenn., and thence to Moresville, where it served the army in collecting stores for the army at Chat tanooga. In the last of March, 1864, the regiment was ordered to Columbia, Tenn-, to get the advantage of the fine grazing in that country for their horses, Captain Talbott commanding the regiment while there. In April, the regiment rejoined the army at the front and took part in the Atlanta campaign. The regiment proceeded to Lafay ette, Ga., thence through a series of movements and skirmishes to Dallas; thence to Marietta, on July 3, to Cross Keys on the 17th, to Decatur, and Atlanta. In September, it took part in the cavalry 192 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. movements about Atlanta, and in October, was engaged in watching the movements of Hood. In the spring of 1865, the regiment was assigned to Gen. Wilson's command, and, on the 2d of April, took part in the capture of Selma, Ala. ; on the 9th, crossed the Alabama River and marched through Montgomery, Columbus, and entered Macon, Ga. In the latter part of May, it was ordered to Chatta nooga, and thence to Nashville, and on June 28, 1865, was mustered out of the service. One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Illinois Infantry. — Company I of this regiment was composed principally of men from Cumberland County. Its officers were: M. A. Ewing, Captain; J. T. Ewing, First Lieutenant; T. J. Matthews, Second Lieutenant. This regiment was mustered into the service for one hundred clays on June 6, 1864, and was mustered out September 28, 1864. This regiment was ordered to Little Rock, Ark., and served its term on duty there. Fifth Illinois Cavalry. — Of this regiment, Companies A and I were enlisted in Cumberland County. The officers of Company A were: Captains — E.*W. Pierson, till January, 1863; J. M. Cullers, till January, 1865; Gordon Webster, till March, 1865 ; Joshua Tuthill, rank dated from October, 1865- First Lieutenants — Chas. Nice- wanger, till July, 1862; Gordon Webster, till January, 1865; John D. Rawlins, till mustered out- Second Lieutenants — Gordon Web ster, till July, 1862; J. M. Cullers, till January 1863; Lyman Clark, till May 1.S64; Warren Harper, rank to date from October, 1865. Of Company I the officers were: Captains — BartholomeAV Junkins, till April, 1862 ; B. G.Gleun, till December, 1862; E. S- Norfolk, till March, 1863; J. A- Balch, till March, 1865; J. K Brown, till mustered out. First Lieutenants — E- S- Norfolk, till December, 1862; J. K. Brown, till April, 1865. Second Lieutenants — J. F. Smith, till September, 1862; J. K. Brown, till May, 1862; W. F. Snowdon, till December, 1863; Leander Coffman, till June, 1865; R. H. Osborne, from August, 1865, but not mustered. The Fifth Cavalry regiment was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, in November, 1861, and Hall Wilson appointed Colonel. On February 20, 1862, the regiment moved to Benton Barracks, Saint Louis, and early in the spring to Pilot Knob. On the 27th, the Fifth marched to Doniphan, where it had its first skirmish with the enemy, capturing his camp and seven prisoners. The regiment, a few days later, marched to Pocahontas, where it remained until the latter part of June. On the 27th of this month, the regiment marched for the Mississippi River, joining Curtis' army at Helena, July 13. Here the regiment did forage and escort duty HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 193 the balance of the year, losing seventy-eight men and an officer, by an attack of the enemy on one of the forage trains. In January, 1863, the regiment made an expedition to Duval's Bluff, and, in April, went in pursuit of Marmaduke, who was retreating from Missouri. In the latter part of May, under orders for Vicksburg, the regiment embarked for Snyder's Bluff, and, two days after landing, made a recon noissance to Mechanicsburg, skirmishing heavily on the way, and driv ing the enemy ten miles. Forming a junction with the forces under General Kimball, the combined command, consisting of three regi ments and eight pieces of artillery, made an attack upon the enemy, who was strongly posted, and defeated him, the Fifth losing eight men, killed and wounded. On the 6th of July, the regiment moved with Sherman's command to Jackson, and thence, with a strong detachment, made a march to Canton, where they destroyed the pub lic workshops, after some fighting, and returned to' the main army under General Sherman. In August, the regiment took part in an expedition to Grenada, capturing wagon-trains and destroying bridges along the Mississippi Central Railroad, and reached their destination on the 17th, driving the rebels under Chalmers from /the place and effecting a junction with the command under Lieutenant-Colonel Phelps. The bridge over the Yallabusha being destroyed, the rolling-stock of the road captured could not be saved, and forty engines and 320 cars were burned. Continuing their march, the force turned toward Memphis, encountering Blythe's rebel cavalry at Coldwater, in which engage ment the Union forces Avere victorious, the Fifth losing some six men. Arriving at Memphis, the regiment embarked for Vicksburg and encamped at Black River on the 29th of August. Here the regi ment remained until January, 1865, in the meantime being in a number of expeditions through Mississippi and Louisiana. In Octo ber, the regiment- moved with General McPherson's Corps to Jack son, took part in the cavalry charge at Brownsville, losing three men. In February, moved with General Sherman's command on the Meriden raid. In January, 1864, many of the regiments re-enlisted, and on March 17th the veterans were furloughed, returning May 10th. At this time eight companies were dismounted, companies A, B, C and D, being fully equipped and mounted. On July 1st this battalion, with detachments of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, Second Wis consin Cavalry, and Third United States Colored Cavalry, under the command of Major H. P. Mumford, with a brigade of infantry, Gen. 194 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dennis commanding the expedition, moved to Jackson with con tinual skirmishing. On the return march this force was attacked by a large force of the enemy, who Avas repulsed after severe fight ing. The battalion lost several men wounded and killed. On September 27 the same force of cavalry moved down the river, landing at Port Gibson, and drove the enemy from the place, the Fifth losing one man killed. From thence the expedition moved to Natchez, Avhere it was joined by the Fourth Illinois Cavalry and a battery, and moved on to Tonica Bend- Here the expedition landed and moved to Woodville, where it captured a rebel camp. During the night a force of 600 of the enemy, with one gun, advanced, but were driven in confusion by a charge of the cavalry. From this point the expedition returned to Vicksburg. November 20 the Fifth took part in an expedition sent out to destroy the Mississippi Central Railroad, over which the supplies of Gen. Hood's army were being transported. The expedition was successful, the command destroying many miles of the road. On January 24, 1865, the Fifth moved to Memphis, where it was assigned to the First Brigade of the Cavalry Division. From this point the regiment took part in an expedition to southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, returning about the middle ot February. In March the regiment took part in an expedition to Ripley, Mississippi, and on its return was assigned to the duty of guarding the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Here the regi ment remained until July, when it was moved via Red River to Texas. From Alexandria, La., the regiment marched to Hempstead, Texas, where it remained until October 6, wheii it Avas ordered home. The regiment arrived at Springfield on the 16th of October, 1865; was mustered out on the 27th, and received final payment and discharge October 30, 1865. Of the fourteen or more regiments that drew a part of their numbers from Cumberland County, though no organizations were formed here/the Fifty-Fourth, Sixty-First, and Sixty-Second are cer tainly entitled, from the number of citizens they contained, to a place among Cumberland County's interests. The Fifty-Fourth Illinois Infantry was organized in Coles, Clark and Jasper counties, and in Company G were some fifteen or twenty of Cumberland County's young men- Tlie Fifty-Fourth Avas organized at Camp Dubois, Anna, 111., as a part of the Kentucky Brigade. It was mustered into the United States service for three years, February 18, 1862. A week later the regiment proceeded to Cairo, and a few HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 195 days after reaching this point proceeded to Columbus, Ky. During the fall three companies were stationed at Humboldt, Tenn., until the middle of December, when the regiment was ordered to Jack son, Tenn. From the latter point the regiment at once proceeded to make short expeditions to various towns about, in the meanwhile guarding the line of railroad from Columbus to Jackson until the latter part of May. Two companies were stationed at Medon and two at Toon's Station during the winter, Gen. Forrest in the mean time capturing the detachments of the railroad and tearing it up some distance. May 30, 1863, the regiment proceeded to Vicksburg and took position on Haines' Bluff on the Yazoo River on the 2d of June. The Fifty-Fourth was in the Third Brigade, Second Division, Sixteenth Army Corps, under command of Gen. Kimball, and oc cupied the extreme left of Sherman's army on the Big Black when confronting Johnson. In the latter part of July the regiment took part in Gen. Steele's expedition against Little Rock, and proceeded to Helena; from thence to Little Rock and returned to Vicksburg in October. In January, 1864, three-fourths of the regiment re-enlisted, and were mustered February 9, 1864. In March the veterans left for Mattoon on furlough. Re-assembling at the expiration of their furlough, in April, at Mattoon, the regiment was thrown into a fever of excitement by the report of certain outrages committed on membors of the regiment at Charleston, in Coles County. The county, and especially the county-seat, was strongly democratic and opposed to the prosecution of the Avar. The Sheriff, with a number of hot-headed home politicians and sympathizers, got into an altercation with several members of the regiment about to join their command, and in the melee several were killed on both sides. Of the regiment Major York, the surgeon, and four privates were killed, and Col. Mitchell wounded. An hour later the regiment arrived from Mattoon and occupied the town, capturing the most prominent instigators of the riot. The regiment left for Cairo on the 12th of April, and thence proceeded to Columbus, Paducah, and Little Rock. In May it left for Brownsville in pursuit of Gen. Shelby, reaching Little Rock on the 30th, where it remained for about a month. From thence the Fifty-Fourth proceeded to. Duval's Bluff, and thence to Clarendon, Avhere it came in contact with Shelby. Returning to Duval's Bluff, the Fifty-Fourth was assigned to guarding sixteen miles of the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, having five stations with two companies at each station. In the latter part of August 196 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Shelby attacked an overwhelming force and captured one station. Six of the companies were concentrated at one station, and for five hours resisted the attack with great bravery. The breastworks, hastily constructed of hay, having been fired and destroyed by the enemy's artillery, the regiment was driven out of their defences and captured in detail. The regiment lost some fifty men in killed and wounded at this fight. Companies F and H at a distant station were not molested. The part of the regiment captured was paroled, and reached Benton Barracks, Missouri, in September. December 5, 1864, it was exchanged and returned to Hickory Station on the same'railroad, Avhere it remained on this duty until June. On the 9th of this month the regiment proceeded to Pine Bluff, thence to Fort Smith, Ark., and thence to Little Rock, where it was mustered out October 16, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler, Illinois, October 26, where it was discharged. Sixty-First Illinois Infantry. — Company H of this regiment Avas made up principally from enlistments in Coles County, Avith - many from Lawrence and Cumberland counties. Company F sub sequently contained quite a number of men from Cumberland County by transfer from the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Regi ment. This regiment Avas organized at Carrollton, 111., by CoL Jacob Fry. Three full companies were mustered February 5, 1862. On the 21st the regiment was still incomplete, and was moved to Benton Barracks, where recruits were secured to complete the organization. In March the regiment embarked for Pittsburgh Landing, Avhere it was assigned to the Eighteenth Missouri Brigade and Prentiss' Division. On April 6, 400 men of the regiment were formed into line to receive the first assault of the enemy in that memorable fight. For an hour and a quarter the regiment stood firm and then fell back under orders, only when every regiment in the division had given way. Upon retiring the regiment was com plimented by Gen. Prentiss for its gallant stand. The Sixty-First was then placed in support of the First Missouri Artillery, and at 1 P. M. was ordered to the support of Gen. Hurlbut, arriving at a very critical moment and maintaining the line until relieved by a fresh regiment, Avhcn its ammunition was exhausted. When the second line was broken, the regiment retired in good order and took up a position supporting the siege guns. On the second day the Sixty-First was placed in reserve, but its loss in the battle reached eighty men killed, wounded and missing. Early in June the regi ment moved to Bethel, thence to Jackson and to Bolivar, in Tennessee. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 199 In September the regiment moved by way of Jackson and Corinth to Brownsville, Miss., but returned after the battle of Iuka. In December a detachment of the regiment with some other detach ments took a position at Salem Cemetery and repulsed the enemy under Forrest. May 31, 1863, the Sixty-First moved from Bolivar by rail to Memphis and there embarked for Vicksburg. On the 3d of June it reached Chickasaw Bayou, and on the following day accom panied an expedition up the Yazoo River, landing at Satartia; moved thence to Mechanicsburg, Haines' Bluff, and Snyder's Bluff. July 17th, the Sixty-First moved to Black River Bridge and re turned. In August it took part in Gen- Steele's expedition to Little Rock. The regiment remained here in occupation. The regiment up to March 20, 1864, consisted of nine companies, but at this date it was joined by Company K from Camp Butler, 111. The Sixty- First was subsequently ordered to Nashville, and was mustered out of the service there on September 8, 1865. Sixty-Second Illinois Infantry. — This regiment was chiefly en listed in Clark, Crawford, and Coles counties. In Company C were a considerable number of Cumberland County men, and f'eAV in each of several other companies of" the regiment. The Sixty-Second Avas organized at Camp Dubois, Anna, 111., April 10, 1862. On the 22cl it moved to Cairo, thence to Paducah and Columbus, and in Col. Ditzler's Brigade to Tennessee, Avhere it was stationed on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, near Crockett Station, Avith headquarters at Kenton. In December the regiment was moved to Jackson, Tenn., leaving about 200 men sick and on duty at Holly Springs ; about two miles from Jackson found the railroad bridge on fire, and leav ing the train marched to Jackson and four miles beyond, skirmish ing with the enemy. On the 23d the regiment marched along the railroad as far as Toon's Station and returned to Jackson. In the meanwhile Van Dorn descended on Holly Springs and captured about 170 men of the regiment, and destroyed all the regimental records and baggage. On December 31st the regiment Avent with Lawler's Brigade in pursuit of Forrest and found him strongly posted on the opposite bank of the river. Returning to Jackson the regiment remained here until April, 1863, when it moved to LaGrange. In August the regiment Avas ordered to Memphis, Avhere it embarked for Helena, overtaking the army of Gen. Steele at Brownsville ; took part in the action near Little Rock and re mained there until April, 1864, when it moved to Pine Bluff and remained till August 12, 1864. The regiment in January had 12 200 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. re-enlisted, and at this date returned to Illinois on veteran furlough. After the expiration of their furlough the regiment returned to Pine Bluff, reaching there November 25, 1864. The non-veterans of the regiment Avere ordered to Ulinois for muster out. Under date of April 24, 1865, the remaining veterans and recruits were ordered consolidated into seven companies, and remained on duty at Pine Bluff until July 28, 1865, when it moved by river to Fort Gibson, in the Cherokee nation. It was subsequently ordered to Little Rock, where it was mustered out of service March 6, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. This sketch of the activities of regiments in which this county is principally interested was compiled largely from the Adjutant- General's report. In case of several regiments no report save the bare roster, is found in the State work, and dependence has been placed upon the memory of those who served in the different organiza tions. However imperfect the attempt, and hoAvever far short it may fall of the merits of the case, it will serve to shoAv that Cumber land County found those Avho ably represented her in the field, and that many, while politically at variance Avith the administration then in power in the general government, put loyalty to the nation above partisan fealty to a questionable policy. In the Black Hawk disturbance of 1832 the community here Avas too far removed from the actual operations to notice them, and was too feAv in num bers to spare any men save under the direst necessity. In 1847, while sympathizing Avith the object of the war, the county was too thinly settled even then to contribute to the ranks of the six regi ments enlisted in the State. There are,, however, some half dozen residents of the county now who Avere in the Mexican war, but who were enrolled elsewhere. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 201 VILLAGES OF THE COUNTY. ' I '"HERE was little at an early clay to mark any particular site as ¦*¦ especially advantageous for a village. There was a great rage in platting A'illages throughout the West during a few years preceding 1837. The system of internal improvements projected by the State gave rise to the most extravagant estimate of the immediate devel opment of the country to follow, and villages were platted in the most isolated situations on the banks of streams that now have scarcely an existence, and wherever one of these enthusiasts hap pened to have a plat of land large enough to hold the possible vil lage. At this time there seems to have been but little conception of what changes the ordinary development of the country would bring, and none at all of the wonderful influence of railroads. It was therefore natural that the first beginning should be along the National road. Greenup* — Ira B. Rose was a resident of Martinsville, and im pressed with the advantages likely to accrue from the National road secured land just west of the village of to-day, and in November, 1833, laid out the village of Embarrass. This little town consisted of thirty-eight lots, spread out on either side of the road. ' Rose was not calculated to be successful in such an enterprise, and while tem porarily promising future growth it was eclipsed by its stronger neighbor laid out in the following year. It continued for some years, however, jocosely called Roseville, or Natchez under the hill, and at one time boasted of a store by Bragg & Solenburg, a saloon by W- Stallings, and the first tavern, which was conducted by the mother of the celebrated lawyer, Usher F- Linder. The Linders be came citizens of Greenup in 1833, coming from Hardin county, Ken tucky, in a one-horse wagon. In 1834, Joseph Barbour caused the village of Greenup to be platted. It is located on the National road near the point where it crosses the Embarrass River, forty-five miles west of Terre Haute. It assumed the title of Greenup from a man of that name, who owned a large part of the land, upon which Greenup now stands, and who donated quite a number of lots to the original town, in * The editor is indebted for tlie principal matter for this sketch from a contribution to the columns of the Cumberland Democrat. 202 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. order that a town might be established here. And he it was, it seems, who laid off the first lots in Greenup. But Thomas Sconce was the first Surveyor who laid off and reported a plat of this town, which he did on the 5th day of March, A- D. 1834. Greenup and Barbour, Ewart and Austin, also Austin and Cook respectively, made addi tions to this town, by way of granting lots. The first lot that was laid off in Greenup is in Block one, now known as the " New Public Square," on the northeast corner of" said block. From the original town plat, as made out by Mr. Sconce, who was then County Sur veyor of Coles County, we obtain the following description of the original toAvn of Greenup, viz: — beginning at the east side of the new public square, the lots number respectively 1, 2, 3, 4, etc, west ward, reaching lot No. 25, Avhen they change to the north side of Cumberland Street (it being that part of the " National road " which runs through Greenup), commencing in the Avest at lot No. 26, num ber eastward to lot No. 50. There is but one tier of lots south of Cumberland Street, ou the original plat. Just north of the tier mentioned which lies north of Cumberland Street, and running east and west, is an alley fourteen feet wide. North of this alley is another tier of lots, beginning on the east at lot No. 51, running west ward to lot No. 70- Then north of these is Pleasant Street, north of Pleasant Street are four more lots, through which running east and west is another alley, except the block farthest west, known as the " Old Public Square;" the last mentioned alley does not run through this block. Still north of the last mentioned tier of blocks, running east and west, is Elizabeth Street. North of Elizabeth Street is one more block. The whole number of lots in the original plat is 102. Then commencing on the west side of the " NeAV Public Square," and running northward, is Mill Street. One block west of Mill Street and running northward is Franklin Street. One block west of Franklin Street and running northward is Jefferson Street. One block west of Jefferson Street and running northward is Washing- ton Street. This constitutes the original Greenup. But as has been stated, since this was made out several additions have, been made to the town, some of which have been mentioned. The following references appear on the original plat, as made out by Mr. Sconce, viz: 1st. The town is situated on the southAvest quarter of Section No. 2, Township No. 9 north, of Range No. 9 east, of the third prin cipal meridian, as designated on the plat. 2d. The survey of the lots was made according to the magnetic HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 203 needle, the variation at the time being considered at seArenty degrees and thirty minutes east. 3d. The length and breadth of the public square and the sev eral lots are given in feet, on some one of the lines in figures. 4th. The corners of the blocks or squares have stones firmly set in and visible above the surface. 5th. The Avidth of all the streets and alleys are expressed in feet on the plat. 6th. The lots, streets and alleys are laid down on the plat on a scale of half an inch in a chain of 100 links, or 132 feet to an inch. 7th. The number of each lot is expressed on the plat, near the centre thereof, and each is made regularly neumatical, amounting to 102 lots. This plat was recorded by J. P. Jones, on the 7th day of May, 1834, he being at that time Recorder of Coles County, and on it ap pears a certificate of Nathan Ellington, dated May 21, 1852, who was at that time Circuit Clerk and ex-officio Recorder of Coles County. For many years Greenup slumbered in the bosom of its wood land home, among the hills, in apparent solitude and oblivion, mak ing but few and small improvements. Considering- the distance to general markets, and the fact that Greenup merchants Avere com pelled to haul their goods in wagons from those far distant points; and the further fact that this country was so thinly settled, the prog ress of Greenup, from a village to a city must of necessity be slow and tedious. Away back in that early day, when Cumberland and Douglas counties formed part of Coles County, all that vast region of country was so thinly settled that there were but five voting- points in the entire county of Coles. Somewhere near Areola on Okaw River was the northwestern point of holding elections; Ash more was the northeastern, Charleston the center; Woodbury the southwestern and Greenup the southeastern. On the day of a county election the voters Avould assemble at these respective places for the purpose of casting their votes. On the erection of Cumber land County, this village was the most important point in the iioav di vision and for a number of years Avas the de facto county-seat. A store was established here and many a pound of coffee, sugar and the like were carried away from Greenup by the early settlers, Avho pur chased these articles with the pelts of the various wild animals that infested the forests of southwestern Illinois, owing to the scarcity of money, and the market value of these peltries. 204 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. As county-seat, the village drew large numbers from the vari ous parts of the county, and as Greenup could boast of no " Town Ordinances " then, or police force with which to control the fury of those who saw fit to enter into pugilistic combat, it often witnessed bloody noses and black eyes, on those election days, occasioned by supernumerary decoctions of home-made whisky. Greenup knew Jim Eaton in the prime of his manhood, and in Greenup many of his notable feats were performed, Avhich, to an ordinary man, would seem an impossibility. Greenup was a favorite point with Eaton, and often while there he has held up a barrel of whisky in his hands and drank from its bunghole. Eaton had many a combat there in early days, and was never but once unsuccessful. He disposed of some of George Wall's fingers with his teeth. But he met his fate one day in the person of a showman who struck him in the forehead with a two-pound weight. He did not live long afterwards. But the elections were not all that drew people to Greenup, for it Avill be remembered that people had to eat in those clays as well as do they at this time. And owing to the scarcity of mills then, and to the fact that Greenup afforded one, many a man made visits to Greenup for the purpose of having corn converted into meal. The mill to which we allude was built by Messrs. Greenup & Barbour in 1832, and was run by water power. It was a grist and a sash saw mill, and was located on the river bank, near where the Charleston and Greenup road crosses the river northwest of town. This remark able old mill was run respectively and successively by Messrs. Greenup & Barbour, Mr. Williams, Mr. Hellems, Mr. R. Stinson, Mr. John Snearly and lastly, by Traders. It ran on and did work until 1856. It fell down sometime afterward, and some of the old mill stones are yet to be seen about the site. In those clays it was a very common thing for a man to throw a sack of corn upon the back of an ox, and hie to the Greenup mill. Big boys, who were com pelled to wait a day or two for their grinding, were frequently seen sitting around a little fire Avith their bare feet in the ashes, eating parched corn, the while. It was in the fore-bay of this old Avater mill that James B. Freeman fell, during the time that John Snear- ley was running it. Mr. Greenup, it seems, was an engineer on the Cumberland road about the time it Avas laid out, and after the road was duly located, he took a job of furnishing the government Avith bridge timbers, and particularly for the bridges across the slough and river, west of Greenup. Mr. Barbour put up this mill, the primary object of HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 205 which was to saw out these timbers. But the mill and its builders, as well as those bridges, are now known only in the past. The greater part of the history of Greenup, up to the time it be came the county-seat of Cumberland, is pretty much the same old oft repeated story, of rough Avestern pioneer villages, such as is so well known to many of the people of the West. From this time forward the village prospered. The National road brought iicav life Avith its increasing travel, and it grew to be a noted point to travelers far and near. There is no doubt but Greenup is well remembered by hundreds of persons who were on their way to the golden hills of California, in search of their hidden treasures, whose good fortune it was to partake of the hospitalities of Greenup, on their Avearisome journey. Charles Conzet, Sr. is undoubtedly remembered as the landlord of the Greenup House. Doubtless meals obtained from his well loaded table, by the hungry traveler, thirty years ago, have helped to establish that reputation as a landlord which uncle Char ley so justly deserves. He came to this country from Philadelphia, in 1848, and located three miles east of Greenup, where he pursued the occupation of a farmer for about five years. He then bought the Greenup House from John Shiplor, and entertained the public here for years. The building was erected by Captain Ed. Talbott, who sold it to John Shiplor. It is located on the southwest corner of Cumberland and Franklin streets. Closely connected with this house is a rather laughable anec dote, for an account of which Ave are under many many obligations to its hero, Mr. J. W- Latta. The incident to Avhich Ave allude oc curred a short time before Mr. Conzet became proprietor of the house, and during the time that Simon Lyons was running it. Mr. Lyons, it seems, was entertaining a temporary boarder, Avho was at the time a citizen of Missouri. This boarder was projecting a porta ble photographic office, which was to be carried on wheels.- Some short words passed in a little unpleasantness in the bar-room, be tween the boarder and Mr. Harvey Green, who was then driving stage. Whereupon Mr. Latta said " no gentleman or Christian Avill insult me, and a blackguard shall not." At this, Mr. Green informed him that he could not step out upon the porch and say that. Out they went. But when Mr. Harvey saw hands placed upon pistols, in casing pockets, performed a series of back steps, the other the while advancing, until Mr. Lyons cried out, "Harvey! Harvey!" Whereupon the latter threw up the sponge and said, " now you quit 206 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. and I will." Of course, his prudence at this juncture was com mended. And while joked for his bravery, in apology he said: "I didn't know but the d — d old flint lock might go off." Hence the origin of " flint lock " in this locality. Among the early prominent men of Greenup, should be men tioned A. K. Bosworth. He came to this village in 1841, with a small stock of saddlery and harness, and began business here. He made the first set of harness that was ever made in Greenup, and sold them to Mrs. Robinson who took them with her to Kentucky. He was married to Miss Sarah L. Cox, a cousin of Usher F. Linder, in 1842, and for several years taught school in Greennp for eight and nine dollars a month, to Avhich we have already alluded, in another chapter. He removed to Alton in this State in 1847, but did not re main there long, and came back about the time this county was or ganized. After he went out of the office, to which we have alluded, he went into the mercantile business in a house on lot No. 15, in the old town of Greenup, and frequently sold goods for coon skins, and bought " buck horns " for 25 cents per pair. And, says he, " I lost money like blixen on them, too, at one time." He aftei'Avard bought a lot just south of the Ewart House, lot No. 10, Avhere he put up a shed and sold goods in it; afterward went in with Clark Starkweather, and sold goods in the house iioav occupied as a Lodge- room by the Masons, Avho afterAvard built the old frame house on lot No- 2, Avhich soon fell into the hands of A. K- himself. In 1860 he took sides with Mr. Lincoln, and was beaten for County Clerk by M- B. Ross. He then turned his attention to the dry goods business, and continued in the same until about four years ago, when he took in his son Ross. They run the business 'under the firm name of A- K BosAvorth & Son, until recently when they sold out to Harrison Jones and John J. Kellum. Mr. Bosworth visited the armies clurin°- the Avar. He relates many interesting anecdotes of earlier times, and particularly of things that occurred in an early day in Greenup. And when the county-seat was removed to Prairie City, the records, of course, being in Greenup, Mr. Bosworth, at that time being Clerk, entertained an idea that the records could not legally be removed, and he disputed the right of removal in some hotly contested laAv suits. But they availed nothing, and when they came over from the City Avith wagons after the records, it was indeed a fearfully ex citing time, which very nearly resulted in a battle. Mr. Bosworth refused to go over to the City to act as Clerk, but was willing to act if the records were left in Greenup. Consequently, A. G. Caldwell HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 207 was appointed to fill the vacancy, which he did. But Mr. Bosworth' s passions subsided, and he was elected to the same office afterward. In 1852, a railroad line was surveyed through from Terre Haute to Saint Louis, nearly coincident with the Vandalia line, Avhich was called' the Bruff road. This road slept on for seventeen years, during which time the citizens of Greenup and of the various points along the route were often highly elated at their prospect for a railroad, and quite as often discouraged. This line passed through Greenup, on what is known as Railroad Street, in Addison's addition to the town of Greenup, and is about four blocks north of where the railroad now is. This railroad prospect failed and the hopes of a rail road died out until the present road was surveyed, and other and bet ter men assumed the contract for its construction. It will be remem bered that the Saint Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad Avas built in 1868-9, and that the first train of cars that ever visited Greenup, was during the holiday of that Avinter. It was a proud era in the history of Greenup, and the anticipations of many of Greenup's citi zens knew no bounds. New additions were made to the town, new lots laid off, large increases of population, buildings went up daily, and Greenup for once was aroused from her long, deep slumber, and to a newness of life and activity. And as the number of trains increased and their screams echoed up and down the valleys of Cumberland and Jasper, a new disposition seemed to settle over the people, and to assume the place of the dull monotonous despondency that had so long lowered over them. New farms were cleared up, and a spirit of industry, energy and enterprise shown that had never before been manifested in this locality. Greenup has always been a good milling point, and its later busi ness has taken this direction and pioneered the Avay to steam mills. In 1854, J. & W. Madison established a saw mill in Madison's addi tion to the town. This was the first steam saw mill ever established in this part of the country. The Madisons run this mill until the latter part of 1857, when they sold it to Mr. Henry Stump. Stump ran it until 1861, when it was sold to other parties and removed to other parts. During the time Mr. Stump ran the mill, Puny Phelps at tached to it a carding machine, which (with great credit to Mr. Phelps) performed admirably, and called to Greenup considerable wool trade. This carding machine, it will be remembered, was no small enterprise, for the reason that flax hackles and spinning wheels were the principal means of obtaining clothing, and no very great attention was devoted to the raising and improvement of sheep. 208 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Hence, Mr. Phelps might very justly be denominated the hero of the new era of the clothing department in this county. But the mill and Phelps' carding machine have passed away and others have taken their places. Some time in the latter part of 1853, Captain EdAvard Talbott built what is now called the " Cumberland Mills." They are situa ted on the St. L-, V. & T. H. R. R, at the point where the Greenup and Palestine road crosses the railroad, in the south part of town. Mr. Talbott ran them himself until 1855, at which time he took in Warren Covill as a partner. This partnership continued about two years, when Mr. Covill sold his interest back to Mr. Talbott. In 1859 Mr. Talbott took in Mr. Benjamin Talbott as a partner, which part nership continued until the latter part of 1864. Mr. Edward Tal bott went into the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Regiment of Illi nois Volunteers, as Captain, in 1862. During the time the Captain was in the army, the mills were leased to William Leslie, of Mar shall, who managed them for about two years, the remainder of which time they were managed by a Mr. Stump, who ran them nearly a year. Sometime in the fore part of the year 1865, Messrs. Huffcutt and Mil ler rented the mills and managed them for nearly two years. Mr. Tal bott now runs the mills himself. For some considerable time after their construction, a carding machine was attached to the mills and did excellent work. In 1854 a saw mill was built in the northeastern part of town- This mill was built by Philip Wolchimer and Mahlon Votaw. These men ran this mill until some time in 1858, when it was purchased by Mr. Arthur. Immediately upon the purchase by Mr. Arthur, he at tached to it a carding machine, and has since then continued to run it, doing excellent work, and much of" it. A famous fishing resort in an early clay was near Greenup, and so wonderful a place could hardly be omitted in a sketch of this vil lage. Just west of the village and east of" the old bridge near the Cumberland road, is the " slough" or the " Greenup fishing rink," in which thousands of pounds of fish are sometimes left, after the abatement of high waters. An iucident is mentioned of a fishing-party to this slough, organized by Dr. Rhodabough, during the time he was a citizen of Greenup. The Doctor is very fond of fish and as fond of the sport of catching them; and is never without a seine. So the Doctor, in company with Mrs. Rhodabough, William Wylde and lady, A. Carson's lady, George Day and others started for the slough. The Doctor being affected with rheumatism concluded he HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 209 * would not go into the water (the greater part of which was mud of the worst character), and that he would look after the unlucky fish when caught. So it was arranged that Mr. Wylde and George Day do the seining (the seine being small and easily managed), so in they went and made a drag taking over a hundred very fine buffalo fish and other kinds, some of Avhich weighed thirty pounds. But before they reached the bank (the water being shallow), the Doctor beheld the fish and forgetting his ailments, plunged into the mud and water over his knees, and began slinging the fish on the bank, with an eager ness incomprehensible to any but those who have had experience in such business. And it is said that the eager Doctor slung them quite often against the excited ladies wdio stood upon the bank. After taking nearly a thousand pounds of fish from the slough, they re paired to their homes with high anticipation of the morrow's breaks fast. This fish story would not perhaps compare with those of the New Testament, but it is nevertheless affirmed to be true, and such is the oft repeated history of the "slough," by various parties, from year to year. Owing to the great increase of population in Greenup, occasioned by the establishment of Greenup as a railroad toAvn, and to the in dependent dispositions of the sons of Erin, who worked upon the road in 1868-69, it became necessary to establish a guardian of the public peace in Greenup. Accordingly ¦ on the 23d day of January, 1870, a meeting was called in Greenup, for the purpose of taking steps toward the incor poration of Greenup, as a town, and to take the vote of the people for or against incorporating. On motion of John J. Kellum, S. W. Quinn Avas elected President of the meeting, and upon motion of David Carson, Jr., Peter Shade was elected clerk of the same. Officers were then sworn who proceeded to take the yeas and nays on incor poration, which vote resulted in forty-seven yeas and four nays, giv ing yeas a majority of forty-three. It was determined at this meet ing to hold an election on the 30th of January, 1869, for the purpose of electing a Board of Trustees. On that day the following persons were elected Trustees for the town of Greenup, constituting Green up's first Town Board, Adz.: A- J- Ewart, P. Shade, Charles Conzet, Jr., T. L. Norman, and G. Monohon" This Board held its first meet ing on the 4th day of February, 1869, and elected G- Monohon, as its President, and P. Shade as its Clerk. On the following day, viz. : February 5, 1869, the first code of ordinances (seven in number) Avere drawn up and passed. On the last mentioned day it was 210 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. determined to hold an election on the 18th day of February, 1869, for the purpose of electing a police magistrate, on which day A. Cook Avas elected to that office, and shortly afterward Z. Davee was appointed police constable. The village is iioav greatly disturbed over the question of the re location of the county-seat, The constitutional requirement of a three-fifths vote seems to put it beyond the power of Greenup ever regaining the distinction of being the seat of justice, and yet its enter prise seems to be waiting for this improbable event. A large public square is left unfenced and unimproved; business is generally satis fied with rather inferior frame buildings, and the spirit of Micawber seems to have possessed the larger part of the community. Woodbury.— This village lives now only in the memory of the older citizens and in the name of the township. It Avas platted on land belonging to William C. Greenup and George Hanson, in 1835. It was named for George Woodbury, who built a cabin here as early as 1831. In 1833, Levi Beals came here, built a cabin and was soon after appointed postmaster. The mail carrier stopped at his place, and occasionally travelers. Subsequently, D. T. Wisner settled here and kept a small store and postoffice for years, but the place is no more recognized as a village. Originally, it consisted of fifty-two lots, tAventy-six on each side of the National road, and divided into five blocks by three cross streets, thirty-three feet wide, denominated First, Second and Third streets. There is some prospect now that certain railroad shops may be located at this place and the abandoned site, or the near vicinity, once more assume the importance of a village. Johnstown.* — This is one of the oldest settlements in the coun try. As tar back as 1827-28 John Tully had a little Avater-mill and distillery above Johnstown on the Muddy. To this mill the few settlers of the country repaired to get their grists ground and their jugs filled Avith whisky. About the year 1835 Tully started a horse- mill, Avhich he ran when the water was too low to run his water-mill, and he had to go out among the settlers in search of corn to grind, and David Bruster says, that when he was quite a small bo3r he re members Tully coming to his father's (Mr. Davis Bruster's) house on the old Thraldkill place in Kickapoo Point for corn. Tully staid at Johnstown until about the year 1837 or 1838, when he sold out his mill and distillery to Bob Dixon and Walter Patterson, who laid out a town and named it " Sheffield." They also opened a small * Many of the facts for this sketch are derived from a publication by George B. Mason. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 211 store, buying their goods to stock it from Bill Todd, of Charleston. Dixon and Patterson remained in Sheffield until about the year 1840, when they were closed out by Morton & Decker, of Charles ton, into whose hands the land upon which the town is located, the mill, distillery, etc., fell. The town then went down, and the peo ple moved away to other localities. About the year 1846 Alfred Alexander purchased the town site, and shortly after his son, John W. Alexander, revived the town, changing its name to "Johnstown," after himself. About the year 1851 or 1852 Deal & Johnson brought a stock of goods to Johnstown and commenced business, and from this small beginning our friend " Zay" has risen to be president of the First National Bank of Charleston, and a wealthy and influential man. Here Abe Highland also formerly cut quite a figure. At the time Deal & Johnson opened their store a postoffice was established at the place. The early days of Johnstown is replete with historic interest. It was at Tully's mill that the early settlers met to decide their differences and hear the news from the outside world. And later, it has been the scene of many fiercely contested political battles between contending candidates, and Ed Norfolk relates that in 1860 when Uncle Jimmy Cunningham and Jim Robison were candidates for congress, and Henry Rhoads and Phil Wolchimer were candidates for sheriff, he went to Johnstown on election clay and found all the " groceries " chartered by the Whigs ; so, seeing that the day was lost unless something was done to check the current against the -democracy, at once purchased several gallons of whisky and some cups, and, placing a table in the middle of the street, opened a " free grocery," and triumphantly carried the day for his party. Originally the village was platted on the northeast corner of the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 27, Township 11 north, Range 8 east. It consisted of twelve blocks of eight lots each, and a public square the size of one block. The streets were sixty feet wide, and in its beginning was planned for a thriving village. The character of modern development, however, has left the village stranded in the interior. It has a store, a few shops, and two or three members of the professions to keep up the character of a village. Jewett.*— This village dates from the old town of Pleasantville, which originally was situated on the east half of the southeast quarter of Section 24, and the east half of the northeast quarter of ?Many of the facts for this sketch are derived from a publication by George B. Mason. 212 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the same section in Township 9 north, Range 8 east. It consisted of H6 lots, three rows deep on the north side and four on the south side of the National road. Pleasantville was platted in 1844; Thomas Sconce, surveyor; plat recorded June 12, 1844; Otis Perrin, recorder. Jewett is on the Cumberland, or National road, is five miles south of Prairie City, and five miles southwest from Greenup. Hull Tower, the proprietor, an old-time Methodist preacher, lives at Oakland, Oregon, having emigrated about 1850. The town was once noted as a great stage station, stopping place, etc., when Owen Tuller had the line from Terre Haute to Saint Louis. Until recently the widow Beals occupied the old homestead a short distance from town, which was once an " ancient hostelry." After the " Brough Survey" collapsed and the T. H. A. & St. L. R. R- was built, the stage and telegraph line was discontinued, property became almost worthless, and many of the old settlers abandoned the town for more prosperous localities. Dr. L- C. Churchill, Levi Beals, Joseph Russell and John Laughter, the Lawsons, old John Gillham, Dan Marks, B. R- Russell, now in Cali fornia, Meredith and Wiley Ross, of Prairie City, were old settlers in or near Pleasantville. The Hamiltons, John Ivens, 'Squire Cullum, the Russels, Jim Morrison, W. L. Trostle, " Old Jack Pickering," John Hollinhan, Russell, Morrison and Laughter, and others are among those remembered as early citizens who abided by the old place. In the early days the surrounding country was heavily timbered, and many a buck fell beneath the unerring aim of Uncle Jo Russell, John Talbott, "old Jack Pick," and others. Pioneer sports were freely indulged in, consisting of shooting matches, horse and foot races, pitching quoits, etc., interlarded with practice in the "manly art of self-defence." The junction of the National and now Prairie City roads, on the east bank of Muddy, one and one-half miles from town, was a great stamping ground for the pioneers from all parts of the country in the olden time. Among the names of the champions in pugilistic encounters were John Kingery, Joseph Berry, Sr. (both dead), and old Dan Needham, who yet lives to re count the history of their exploits. David T. Wisner, at Wood bury, two miles southwest of Pleasantville, occupies a prominent place in the history of those times. He removed to Missouri and died there in 1872. Old Jo Kirkpatrick, who dropped dead in the streets of Charleston about 1859-'60, formerly resided about one and one-quarter miles west of town, and was burned out by his enemies HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 213 who Avere too cowardly to seek revenge by other means. The old landmarks have many of them disappeared. The Churchill build ings have lately become a wreck. The Laughter Mill, which Avas so prolific of litigation in 1859-'60, has long since disappeared, as has also the old log church and schoolhouse. Among the early business men were Daniel Mark, Colonel and Morgan Rush, Benjamin Russell, Meredith Ross, and some others, but the change of the county-seat and the development of railroads elsewhere sapped the prosperity of the place, and it was almost deserted. Up to the advent of the Vandalia Railroad everything had about flattened out and dilapidated, until its building revived things in 1869-70. In 1870 Jewett was platted; W- H. Rissler, surveyor; E. S- Norfolk, recorder. Addition (connecting the town to Pleasantville) platted 1873; recorder, Andrew Carsen. Millions of feet of lumber have been manufactured and shipped at this point, walnut and white oak being the principal kinds shipped. Until the building of the P. D. & E. R. R. this Avas the shipping point for Toledo and the Avestern portion of Jasper County, and the town rapidly took on an appearance of business thrift- This road, how ever, made some change, but Jewett is a pleasant village, Avith several good stores, churches, schoolhouse, and the usual complement of shops. Toledo- — The county-seat was platted in 1854 by Nelson and John Berry, Lewis Harvey and Wm. P. Rush. Its site covers the geographical center of the county, and was originated for the pur pose of accommodating the seat of justice. The site was not espe cially adapted for a village, but its location made it more desirable than other locations which were competitors for the distinction. The early growth of the village was rapid. The courthouse Avas erected in 1857 and the county records removed in that year. This necessitated the presence of the Comity officers at least, and the town rapidly built up. Wm. P. Rush was the first storekeeper, and Lee and Norfolk the second. Business gradually increased, but not with large strides until after the building of the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Railroad in 1877. Three years before this the village business and inhabitants are given in the Democrat as follows: "The village contains twenty business houses, namely, Bruster & Sons, two stores, dry goods, clothing, etc, and provisions and groceries; Rono Logan, groceries, etc; Miles Moore, liquors and confectionaries; Mike Barrett, dry goods, groceries, etc.; Israel Yanaway, drugs, medicines, groceries, boots and shoes, etc; Mrs. Mary Bradshaw, milliner and dress maker; Charles Hanker, furniture 214 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. dealer; Mat Hurst, saddler; E- B. Jones, drugs, medicines and groceries; D. H. Wohler, boots and shoes and boot-maker; Levi Ross, groceries, provisions, confectionaries and ice-cream saloon; R. Bloomfield, dry goods,( clothing, notions, groceries, etc; Sam Harvey, groceries, provisions, restaurant, etc; Logan & Eskridge, dry goods, clothing, notions and groceries; R. M. & G O- Ray, liquors, confectionaries, tobacco and cigars, etc. ; Dr. J. H. Yanaway, drugs, medicines, paints, oil and groceries; A- A. Lovins, hardware, tinware, farming utensils, stoves, etc; Mrs- McCartney, milliner. We have one No. 1 hotel, the ' Brown House,' two printing offices, the Cumberland Democrat and the Mail, six physicians, ten lawyers, and four preachers. We have one excellent grist mill, with as good a miller as there is in the State. There are eighty-tAvo families inside the incorporate limits of the village, namely, those of William Shaw, H- B. Decius, L. L. Logan, J. H. Yanaway, Thomas White, Rev. J. M- Baker, Charles Selby, Wiley Ross, Harris Orr, Josiah White, Lewis Brookhart, Alfred Payne, AndreAV Carson, W. H. McDonald, R. Bloomfield, Joseph Morgan, G Woods, H. T. Woolen, Henry Rhoads, J. L- B- Ellis, M. Hurst, G- E- Mason, W. D. Mum ford, A- J- Lee, A. G- CaldAvell, Amos Stead, R. Long-, Wm. Brown, Wm. Peters, M. Barrett, Mary BradshaAv, Chas. Hanker, E. B- Jones, D- H- Wolers, Levi Ross, D. Bruster, Polly White, N. L. Scranton, John Prather, A- A. Lovins, Mary Bright, John Lee, D. B. Green, J. W. McCartney, Betty McCartney, Samuel Harvey, Al Rosen- crans, Henry Green, D. Corderman, Joel Smith, W. Humphrey, Simony Lee, Wm. Logan, Flavius Tossey, Ed. Miles, Vol Clark, Chas. Akins, John Berry, F. Baichley, W. H. Shull, Anna Hannah, Bob Ray, Mary Croy, M. B. Ross, W- L. Bruster, Sam McMahon, R. E. & M. L. Mumford, 'Elias Armor, Wiley Shaw, Rev. Schlosser, Tom Brewer, Tom Shiplor, Coleman Ray, Lewis Harvey, D. B. Green, Wm. Richardson, Geo. Starger, Hays, Perry Cox, Wm. Gotten ham, Levi Brewer. On the 10th day of June, 1866, a public meeting was held at the courthouse to determine whether the toAvn should be incorpo rated or not, and a viva voce vote taken, Avhich resulted in the affirma tive. Whereupon, R. Bloomfield was chosen president of the meet ing and James E. Mumford, clerk, who Avere duly qualified to poll the legal vote of the town, Avhich resulted in the unanimous voice ' for incorporation.' The Clerk then posted up notices of election for the election of five trustees of said town, and upon the 23d clay of July, 1863, an HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 217 election was held, and the following- persons chosen trustees, viz.: R. Bloomfield, M. B. Ross, Joel Smith, J. II- Yanaway, and L. L. Logan. Upon the first meeting of the Board, which took place on the 28th day of July, I860, it was found that L. L. Logan Avas in eligible to serve as trustee on account of not having resided in the town long enough, and that R. Bloomfield Avas also ineligible on ac count of being Probate Judge of the County; whereupon a new election was ordered to take place on the 8th day of August, LSCIl. for a now Board, Avhich resulted in the election of Joel Smith, M. B. Ross, D. B. Green. James E- Mumford and A. G. Caldwell, as trus tees of said toAvn, avIio avciv duly SAVorn in as such, and on the 21st day of August the Board met, organized and elected D. B. Green, President, A. G. CaUhvell, Clerk, and M. B. Ross, Treasurer, and ap pointed C. S. Mumford, street commissioner, and Thomas White, toAvn constable. The village has been considerably embarrassed to secure a name that Avould harmonize all interests- The original name of the town. Prairie City, Avas found to conflict at the post-office department with another village in the State, and in establishing an office here hit upon the name of Majority Point as its designation. This, of course. became to the outside world the name of the village, but to the citizens there Avas a distinction Avhich legal forms required to be maintained. In the early part of 1X74, a meeting of the citizens Avas had to remedy this defect. There was a Avide difference in the choice of names, but the issue Avas finally narroAved cIoavh to a choice be tween Toledo and Majority Point, the final vote being thirty -nine in favor of the former and seventeen in faA'or of the latter. A few weeks later the postoffice of the village Mas named in harmony with the new name adopted- Subsequently Avhen the railroad was put in operation, by some grave carelessness the material for this station Avas printed Majority Point, and now the three names of Prairie City, Toledo, and Majority Point vex the citizen and confuse the stranger. In reporting this change of name, the Democrat takes pains to give the significance of the new name as folloAvs: " The Avord 'Toledo ' is of HebreAV origin, and in the original language, is pronounced ' To-lp-doth,' the interpretation or meaning of which is 'genera tions,' 'families,' 'races.' The Latin pronunciation of the Avoid \n'To-le-du:m,' the Spanish pronunciation of the word is 'Tu-la-do.' the English pronunciation of the Avord is To-lk-do, and means that the generation of men now inhabiting this town and vicinity have 13 218 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. changed the uncouth and inappropriate name of our town and post-office, to one of historical note, that is easily spelled, easily pro nounced, and will be easily adopted. " The Spanish City of Toledo is noted for its superior swords, and its famous ' Toledo Blades ' have a world-wide reputation. The Spanish Republic recently presented President Grant with one of these elegant swords, through its former patriotic President, Senor Castelar. So Ave have a name for our town not only of ancient and significant origin, but one of historical interest." The editor seems to have overlooked the special appropriateness of the name, if another legend Avhich is asserted with a good deal of assurance be true. It is said that when the " oldest inhabitant " arrived at this spot, he said to himself, as he gazed upon the heaving mass of green, emerald-gemmed, as it were, with frogs: "kNow lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, since I have seen this great country, flowing Avith mud and frogs." Suddenly addressing himself to the little frogs, Avho had been sitting on their hunkers, gazing at him in unaf fected astonishment, unable to speak a word, he said : " My children, Avhat do you call this land ? " And as he turned, each little frog flipped its hinder-parts into the air and chippered gleefully, " T " leedo ! " T " leedo !" And ever afterAvard the name of that place was called Toledo. The village is now showing evidences of rapid improvement. The business houses are disposed about the courthouse square. Thus far, frame buildings have satisfied the merchants, some of which are of a somewhat antiquated pattern, but the coming year will see con siderable improvement in this direction. One or tAvo fine brick blocks are projected, and material iioav being placed preparatory to building. The grist-mill is to be replaced by a fine brick one, near the railroad, Avith all the modern improvements. A fine iron fence about the public square Avill soon add to its attraction, and with the impetus given by a new courthouse and jail, urgently needed and certainly soon to be built, the county-seat will not only be the capi tal, but clearly the metropolis of the county. In the matter of inter nal improvements, but little has been attempted. SideAvalks have been built, and are in fair repair; the streets have been " piked " and drained by open ditches; stock is alloAved the liberty of the city. and hogs are especially numerous and annoying. There is now a movement to abate the latter nuisance, and when effected there will be at least more inducement to ornament enclosures and keep the margin of the walks in neat appearance. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 2 19 Neoga — This village is pleasantly situated on the Illinois Cen tral Railroad, upon the western confines of the county, and boasts of being the largest toAvn in population in the county, as well as one of its principal commercial centers. Situated, as it is, in the midst of one of the finest agricultural regions in the State, with an energetic, go ahead, intelligent farming population to back it, it has all the material advantages abundantly supplied to contribute to its com mercial and social prosperity. The village was platted in 1850, on land owned by the Illinois Central Railroad, and Bacon & Jennings, speculators, who had purchased the laud. The name is of Indian origin, and signifies " a deer." The station bore this name before the toAvn was thought of, but is quite appropriate to the region where deer were once so numerous. The first train of cars ran through the place August 1, 1854, and killed a bull belonging to S. Parks. It appears that the bull was of a belligerent disposition, and had learned to lock horns with everything that crossed its pathAvay. But this Avas an untried experiment, and he found himself worsted and sent to the pastures of his fathers to graze in pieces. The first dwelling-house erected in the village wTas built by Dr. G. W. Albin. The first business house was built by Wm. House, who also opened the first store; the first hotel Avas built and kept by C. D. Green, Sr.; the first postmaster was G. W. Albin; the first Justice of the Peace Avas Philip Welcheimer, the first sermon ever preached in the place Avas delivered by Rev. Joseph Wilson, of the Presbyterian Church; the first station agent was Capt. Heutig; the first church was built by the Presbyterians in 1854 ; and the first saloon ever kept in the Aillage Avas owned by T. Patterson. In 1868, the Methodist denomi nation erected a fine place of worship, and the Baptist in 1872. The following interesting sketch of the Presbyterian Church is written by RevT. Mr. Wilson, and is given place, as follows: " The Presby terian Church of Neoga originated in two parts. The first part was organized April 5, 1851, by the Rev. John H. Russ, of Alton Pres bytery, at the house of John G. Morrison, at Long Point, about four miles southeast of Neoga. The spot was central to the population, and had begun to be a center of business. The original ten members of the church Avere, Jno. G. Morrison and Eliza N. Morrison, his wife; James II. Morrison aud Sarah C- Morrison, his wife; Nathan Gould and Martha R. Gould, his wife; Sarah Morrison, Margaret Morrison, Tirzah Morrison and Maiy Ann Parkerson. Nathan Gould and John G. Morrison Avere chosen elders. The church voted to be called ' The Presbyterian Church of Long Point,' and to apply to 220 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. the Wabash Presbytery to be taken under its care. Rev- John H. Russ supplied the church for two years, one-fourth of the time; Rev. Joseph Wilson Avas supply for one-half of the time, from the Spring of 1854 till October, 1866, with the exception of a feAv months between September, 1857, and April, 1858, during which Rev. Sam uel Ward was supply for the Avhole time. During the ministry of Mr. Wilson, a church building was erected at Neoga, in size fifty-five feet by thirty-six, at a cost of nearly $3,000. It Avas dedicated April 29, 1860, during a session of Wabash Presbytery with that church. The sermon on the occasion Avas preached by Rev. W. R. Palmer, ol Danville. The Presbytery changed the name of the church to ' The First Presbyterian Church of Neoga.' The change was made because Neoga had been established as a station of the Central Railroad, and Avas the more promising church center, as Avell as business center. October 1, 1865, Rev- James B. Brandt became supply pastor. " The other part of the Neoga church Avas organized September 30, 1857, by Rev. James McDonald and Elders I. J. Monfort and David Dryden, committee of Palestine Presbytery, with these thir teen members, viz: James Wilson, Ann Wilson, Jonathan B. Dry den, Nancy F. Dryden, Hannah M. Dryden, Andrew H. Gray, Mary Gray, Joseph Gibson, Maria J. Gibson, John IL McQuoavh. Robert M. Hunter, Sarah Hunter, Sarah C Greene, James Wilson. John H. McQuoavii and Joseph Gibson Avere chosen elders. Rev- R. K. Lilly, of Champaign, supplied the church one-half the time during the first year; Rev. John Elliott, of Pleasant Prairie, one-half the time for about three years. Rev. Nathaniel Williams, of Mattoon, Avas supply Avhen this church united with the First Church. "Up to June 9, 1866, fifteen years, the First Church of Neoga, N. S-, had received 110 members, and the Church of Neoga, O- S., had received forty-eight members. At that date the Iavo churches became one, anticipating the re-union of the two branches of the Presbyterian Church by about four years. According to previous arrangements, the elders of both churches resigned; the united church voted to connect Avith Wabash Presbytery- Seven elders were chosen, four from the N. S- part of the church and three from the O- S. part. They were: John G. Morrison, Edic SteAvart, Alexan der B. Ewing, William Clark, Joseph Gibson, John R. Mitchell and James EAving. RcAr. John B. Brandt Avas chosen minister. He remained until October, 1867- Rev- Win. B. Faris succeeded him in December, 1868, and remained until his death, November 4, 1871. December 28, 1871, Rev- N. S- Dickey Avas engaged for one year. HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 221 December 31, 1872, Rev. J. M. Johnson became pastor, and still remains. The rotary system of eldership Avas adopted by the church. The present number of members is 142." The Methodist Episcopal Church of Neoga is contributed as fol lows: " The first class was formed in the village schoolhouse, about the year 1856, by Joseph Bishop, a local preacher from the Long- Point neighborhood, four miles southeast of the village, aud avIio died in 1862, and J. Wesley Turner, an exhorter from the same neighborhood, avIio is now a physician in Fairmouiit, 111. The class -Avas quite small at the beginning, but soon increased in numbers- Among the first members Avere: J. T. Waller, iioav an engineer on the Louisville & Nashville Riihvay; Fletcher Clem, Miss Maria Waller, Mrs. Wm. Bell, Miss Sarah E. Bell, Miss Hannah Bell, Mrs. Luc retia Davis and AVm. Higgins. S. T. Ailing, a physician, came to Neoga about this time, and became station agent for the Illinois Central Railroad, Avhich position he continued to hold for about twenty years. Mr. aud Mrs. Ailing Avere members of the Methodist Church, and may truly be said to have been the mainstay of the Church in Neoga for many years. " Rev. O'Neil was the first preacher in charge, and preached in the village schoolhouse every two Aveeks. After the Presbyterian brethren erected their house of worship, it Avas alloAved to be used by the Methodists for some years, but afterwards, for some reason, its use was denied them. They then used the schoolhouse, the hall and the Illinois Central Railway depot until the building of their present house of Avorship in 18b'8. The folloAving ministers, among others, have served the Neoga Methodist Church: Rev. Wm. Mitch ell, two years; Amos Woeden, one year; J. Muirhead, one year; J. T. Orr, one year; Charles Vantreese, one year; Isaiah Villars, tAvo years; Rev. Morgan, one year ; J. F. McGinn, one year; R. C- St. Clair, one year; Salem Hedges, two years; Peter Slagle, one year; J. W- Anderson, tAvo years; Uriah Warrington, one year; Frank Poormau, one year; J. O- Collins, two years. H. C- Turner is the present pastor, who is just closing up his second year. The Methodist Sabbath-school was begun in 1868, with Dr. S- T. Ailing, now of Champaign, III., as superintendent, Avhich position he contin ued to fill very efficiently for about ten years. C- D. Greene Avas his successor, and he in turn was succeeded by Hamline Jones, the pres ent superintendent. The school is in a flourishing condition. " During the pastorate of the Rev. Isaiah Villars, 1867-1869, the present house of worship was begun and completed. It is a 222 HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. substantial brick structure, situated on the west side of the village; dimensions, thirty-six feet by sixty feet, and cost $5,000- " The society numbers at the present time about seventy-five members, and is in a prosperous condition. It is only just to record the fact that in the erection of the church building, Dr. Ailing, Henry Reynolds, uncle 'Jacky' Young and others bore a leading- part in bearing the financial burdens incurred in the enterprise. The present Board of Trustees consists of the folloAving gentlemen : Joseph M. Young, G D. Greene, Win. H. Singer, Hamline Jones and Wesley Hickernell." Neoga takes the lead among the villages of the county in neat ness, in the moral tone of its community, and in business thrift. The men Avho first pitched their tents here, and Avere principally instru mental in forming the early character of the community, Avere men of culture, and the popular taste leads to the support of schools and churches, of public improvements, and to oppose those institutions that lead to a contrary result. Stock is closed out of the streets, tho sideAvalks are in good repair, and the village has a thrifty appear ance. Among the earliest citizens of the village are named: P. Welchimer, G. W. Albin, S. D. Parks. Wm. Bell, John Young, C D. Green, H. G. M. Reynolds, Thomas Templeton, James Hart, Simson Kingery, James Ewing, J- G. Morrison, Wm. Higgins, S. T. Ailing, J. R. Rogers, N. G Greene, S- D. Taylor, Samuel Dryden, Thomas Lacy, etc. Situated upon the earliest line of railroad constructed through the territory of the county, the village had unrivaled advantages to groAv, and considering that its origin Avas more of a speculation than a demand of the situation, it has made the most of its advantages. In 1875, the business of* the village was summed up as follows: " 2 drug stores, 3 dry goods stores, .1 hardware store, 2 confectionery stores, 2 millinery stores, 1 furniture store, 1 banking house, 2 grain establishments, 1 tailor shop, 2 shoe shops, 4 blacksmith shops, 1 silversmith, 1 mantuamaker, 2 Avagon shops, 2 steam flour mills, 2 hotels, 1 livery stable, 1 printing office, 3 sewing machine offices, 1 jail house, (not very often used), 3 laAvyers, 4 ministers. " Neoga can boast of tAvo as good grist-mills as there are in the country. The Neoga mill, owned by Singer, Waller & Co., is a fine establishment, and has a capacity of fifty barrels of flour, and 100 barrels of meal, per day of tAvelve hours run. It is supplied with a steam dryer for corn meal, a flour packer, and other modern improve ments. The Neoga City Mills, OAvnecl by D. W. Ragsdale, is also a HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 223 very fine mill, and is noted for its good Avork." There are iioav twelve business houses, and a grist-mill Avith a capacity of sixty barrels of flour, and 120 bushels of meal per day. It is provided Avith the roller process. The village was incorporated April 17, 1869, by an act of the legislature. Rainsburg — This Avas located near Shiloh Church, in Sumpter Township, in 1854, by Henry Williams. It consisted of eighty lots, and was projected as a competitor for the county-seat in the election of 1855, but it tailed of this notoriety and lapsed into its original rural simplicity. Centerville Avas another of the competitors for the suffrage ot the people in the county-seat contest of 1855, and was plattecl-on the northeast quarter of Section 2H, in Township 10 north, Range 8 east, in 1854. The ambitious village had its site in Sumpter Township, near the '• Muddy Bridge," and is often referred to as " Bildad," though Ichabod is written over its history. Hazel Dell — Following the chronological order mixes the living Avith the dead ; those whose existence Avas only in the records, and others that remain to this clay. Of the latter class is the village mentioned. It was platted in 1866, on the D., O. & O. R- Railroad, in Crooked Creek Township. It consisted of some sixty lots origi nally, and has in the meaiiAvhile groAvn beyond the original limits someAvhat, and is a thriving village Avith its complement of stores, shops, churches aud grist-mill. Janesville is a village on the county-line, in CottoiiAvood Town ship. It was laid out in 1879, by John Fui-ray, on the line of the railroad — P., D. & E., — on land belonging to him, in Coles County. At the same time, S- P. Reed laid out an addition in Cumberland County. Diona is another village grown up on the county-line in Union Township. Tt has never been platted, but it is one of those sponta neous growths that arise in response to the demand of an agricultu ral community for a rallying point. A post-office and store, Avith a cluster of houses, mark the spot. Bradbury is the name of a post-office in the central part of (Jot- tonAvood Township. A store, tAvo chvellings and a blacksmith shop, mark the spot. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. JOHN F. ASHWILL, farmer and deputy sheriff of Cumber land County, Avas born in Dehuvare .County, Ohio, January 11, 1855: son of Robert and Mary J. (White) AsliAvill, is the eldest in a fam ily of nine children, and is of English-German origin. The parents of Mr. AsliAvill came to Cumberland County from Ohio in 1866, remained one year, and then removed to Wilson County, Kansas. They still reside there. When the subject of this notice Avas eleven years of age he came to Cumberland County Avith his parents; he Avent to Kansas Avith them and remained until 1873, Avhen he re turned to Cumberland County, Illinois, and here helms since resided. The life of Mr. Ashwill in Kansas Avas that of a fanner. He Avas married September 25, 1882, to Miss Viola Decius, daughter of Judge II. B- Decius and Harriet Decius. Mrs. AsliAvill was born in Toledo, Illinois. Her parents Avere among the most prominent citizens of Cumberland County. To this union has been born one child, viz.: Orren. The same is deceased; died July 30, 1883. Politically, Mr. Ashwill is ?a Republican; cast his first Presidential vote for Hayes. In January, 1878, Mr. AsliAvill was appointed deputy sheriff of Cum berland County. This position he still retains; is a member of the I. O. O. F., Toledo Lodge, No. 355. Mr. AsliAvill oavus 330 acres of good land in close proximity to Toledo; he is of an industrious, enterprising spirit, in good circumstances, and one of the most in fluential young men of Cumberland County. J. B. ATCHISON, a ttorney-at-law, is a native of Ireland. From the most reliable information that can be obtained is draAvn the con clusion, that the subject of our notice Avas born in 1853. His early life is not avcII known and seems to him as legendary. When Aery young he left his native country in company Avith his parents for America. During the voyage his father died, and was folloAved in death by his mother soon after reaching New York City. After the death of his mother he was placed in the Children's Home in the Me tropolis. In the fall of 1859, he was sent as one of a large number SIM CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. 225 of friendless children from New York City to Danville, Illinois, and Avas given a temporary home in the family of Rev. Kingsberry, a Presbyterian divine. This clergyman Avas then preaching at Neoga, Cumberland County, UL, and soon succeeded in securing a home for the subject of this mention in the family of a man avIio lived about five miles from Neoga by the name of Johnson, and Avith Avhom he lived only a short time Avhen he Avent to live Avith Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Gould, and in Avhose family he stayed until he Avas eight een years of age, Avhen he began the scenes of life for himself; worked on a farnj in the summer and attended school in the log school- house during the cold months. During the Avinter of 1872-73, he taught his first school. The same Avas at Biwvn's schoolhouse in Cottonwood ToAvnship. For a number of years he taught school. In 1875, he began the study of the law at Toledo, Cumberland County, in the office of Logan & Scranton; was admitted to the Bar in September, 1876. He is now a partner in the law business Avith Judge L. L. Logan, and is enjoying an extensive practice. He Avas married July 2, 1875, to Miss Minnie M. Myler. To the marriage has been born four children, viz.: Dora B., Arthur A., Lulu C. and Jen nie I. The subject of our sketch is a thorough Republican and one of the most prominent young hiAvyers of his judicial district. HON. THOMAS BREWER, is a native of Wayne County, Indiana, Avas the fourth in a family of nine children, and was born November 15, 1819, son of William and Jane (McKuight) Brewer, and is of Scotch-English extraction. The parents of Mr. BreAvcr Avere of North Carolina birth. In 1838, they emigrated to Coles (iioav Cumberland) County, Illinois, and settled five miles north of Greenup. In this county the parents of Mr. BreAver died, mother in 1815, and father in 1874. The father of the subject of our notice Avas one of the prominent men and pioneers of Cumberland Comity. When the nineteenth birthday of Mr. Brewer came around it found him hard at Avork, and earning his oavh way through life and work ing for himself The first year he worked by the month on a farm. The marriage of Mr. Brewer was solemnized September 9, 1844, to Miss Mary Hutton. To this union Avas born nine children, viz.: George, William, Levi N-, Sarah E., John W., Mary L., Harriet J-, Melvin and Thomas. Mrs. BreAver died in November, 1865. Two years later Mr. Brewer Avas married to Mrs. Sarah E. Kirkling, avIio Avas a sister of his first wife. Four years from this time Mrs- BreAver died. In January, 1873, he was married to his present wife, a Mrs. Mary Smith, Avhose maiden name Avas Bloxom- They have had four 226 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: children, viz.: an infant, that died unnamed, Bell, Lucretia B- and Walter. The subject of our notice is a thorough Democrat. In 1816, he Avas elected Justice of the Peace. In 1848, he Avas County Coroner, and elected Associate Judge in 1849. In 1853, he Avas elected Sheriff of the county- In 1855, he began practicing LiAvat Greenup, in partnership Avith E. II . Starkweather. In 1867 he came to Toledo, and has been in active practice since, save tAvo years. In 1857, he represented the counties of Cumberland and Shelby in the Lower House of the State General Assembly- In 1872, he Avas elected to the State Senate from Cumberland, Shelby and Effingham counties. For thirty years he has been in active politics, and Avas nominated for congress in 1868. Mr. Brewer has long been known as one of the prominent men of eastern Illinois; was a avuitii personal friend of Stephen A. Douglas. He is one of the pioneers of this county. Has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for thirty-five years. History is incomplete without a notice of this noble and charitable man. His works do follow him. LEVI N. BREWER, attorney -at-law, Avas born in Cumberland County, Illinois, January ~2i<, 1850, is the son of Hon. Thomas and Mary (Hutton ) BreAver, is the third in a family of nine children, and of Scotch-English descent. Mr. BreAver began the labors of life for himself av hen he was twenty years of age, carrying on farming for a number of years. In 1873, he began the study of the law in the office of Judge H. B- Decius; avus admitted to practice at the Cumberland County Bar in 1876, and at once formed a partnership Avith Judge Decius. The partnership lasted until 1878, Avhen he formed a part nership with his father, Avhich existed until 1881, since Avhich time Mr. Brewer has been alone in the practice. He Avas married in March, 1870, to Miss Eliza A- Vandyke, daughter of John and Mar garet Vandyke. Mrs. BreAver is also a native of Cumberland County, Illinois. They have six children, three boys aud three girls, viz.: Nellie, Mollie, Carrie, John, Thomas, and Golden. Mr. BreAver is a Democrat. He has more than au ordinary education; is of an enter prising spirit, one of the, first laAvyers in Cumberland County, and one of Toledo's most prominent citizens. The prospects of Mr. BreAver as a lawyer and a politician are most brilliant. WILLIAM L. BRUSTER, Circuit Clerk, is a native of Coles County, Illinois, born December 10, 1849, son of David and Eliza beth (Glenn) Bruster, the eldest in a family of tAvo children, and is of German-Irish lineage. After the death of the mother of the subject of our notice, in 1856, he came to Cumberland County, Illinois, CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOAVNSHIP. 227 and for. a time he lived with and worked for an uncle. In 18.56, Mr. Bruster came to Prairie City (now Toledo), and for tAvo years his time was divided between attending the common district, school and clerking in his father's store. In 1871, he. became a partner in gen eral merchandising Avith his father. The marriage of Mr. Bruster oc curred June 18, 1868, to Miss Sarah E. Brewer, daughter of Hon. Thomas and Mary BreAver. Mrs. Bruster is a native of Cumberland County, Illinois. To this union has been born four children, viz.: Mollie E., Hattie M-, Nettie G- and Georgia. Of these children the two eldest are deceased. Mollie E. died in 1872, and Hattie M. tAvo years later. Mr. Bruster is a thorough Democrat and is one of the most prominent of his party in Cumberland County- In 1876, he was elected Circuit Clerk, and four years later he Avas re-elected to the same office. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity; Avas made such in 1870, and has been Worshipful Master of Prairie City Lodge for four years. In 1875, Mr. Bruster erected his present resi dence in Toledo, and the same does much credit to the toAvn. Mrs. Bruster is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In point of public spirit and enterprise there are none in the county that sur pass Mr. Bruster. For tAventy years he has been an active politician, and each year he groAVS stronger in his party. As a county official his ability and trust arc unquestioned. He .is aii honorable man and a citizen of sterling merit. JOHN E. CHAMBERS, M. D., was born in Owen County, In diana, October 8, 1850, son of Isaac and Martha A. (Dunn) Cham bers, is the second in a family of three children, and is of Scotch- English lineage. Dr. Chambers worked at home on the farm until he Avas t w enty-tAvo years of age. His literary education Avas con fined to the common district schools of Owen County, and the State University at Bloomington, Indiana. In 1874, Dr. Chambers began studying medicine in the office of Dr. J. M- Stuckey, at Gosport, In diana. In the fall of 1874, he entered the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, and attended that Institution from 1874 until March. 1877, when he graduated with honors. After his graduation he began the practice of his profession in Owen County, Indiana; practiced for eighteen months and then entered the Missouri Med ical College at Saint Louis, receiving from that Institution Marcbj 1879, the ad eundem degree of graduation- During the next year he Avas in Philadelphia preparing for an examination before the Ma rine Hospital Board, but was taken ill, and deprived of the examina tion. In the fall of 1880, he began practicing at Spencer, Indiana, 228 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: there remained until March, 1882, Avhen he came to Toledo. Here he has since resided and has succeeded in the practice. He is a Demo crat; is a member of the Masonic Fraternity and Knights of Pyth ias. He is one of the best read physicians in southern Illinois, and a most thorough gentleman. The medical outlook of Mr. Cham bers is far beyond the average, and much prominence awaits him. DANIEL F. CHAPMAN, M. D-, is a native of Cook County, Illinois, born on Lake Erie, March 15, 1844, son of G C and Nancy (Lucas) Chapman, is third in a family of seven children, and is of English descent. His parents Avere born in Massachusetts. They came to Chicago in 1844, and there resided until their death. His mother died in 1865, and his father in 1874. His father Avas a Cap tain in the Avar of 1812. The literary education of the subject of this mention was confined to the public schools of Chicago in an early day, and the W heaton Academy, at Wheaton, Illinois, graduat ing from the latter in I860- In 1863, he began reading medicine in Springfield, Illinois, in the office of Dr. Henry Wohlgarmoth. In May, 1869, he graduated from the Eclectic Medical College at Cin cinnati. Previous to his graduation he practiced his profession at Springfield, Illinois, about Iavo years. In 1867 he came to Toledo and continued his practice (save the time he spent at Cincinnati ) until 1881, Avhen he retired from the practice. As a physician he was very successful. He Avas married June 15, 1871, to Miss Kittle Miles. Mrs. Chapman Avas born in Terre Haute, Indiana. They have had three children, viz.: Charles G, Nettie andUra. The first is deceased. He is a Democrat. Owns 1,970 acres of good land- Dr. Chapman now engages himself in superintending his farm, and dealing in stock. He is one of the most enterprising men in Cum berland County, and one of its leading citizens. Mrs. Chapman is a most amiable Avoman. In 1882 she A\as a candidate before the Re publican Convention for County Superintendent of the Schools of Cumberland County. LEWIS DECIUS, attorney-at-law, and cousin of the Hon. II. 15. Decius, Avas born February 17, 1856, in Coshocton County, Ohio, and is the son of Cornelius and Catharine (Davis) Decius. His grand father, Frederic Decius, was born in Hanover, Germany. He served as a physician and surgeon in the Hessian army. The father of the subject of this mention was born in the Luray Valley, Virginia, and his mother is a native of Morgan County, Ohio- The parents of Mr- Decius left Ohio in 1881, and emigrated to Nebraska, where they still reside. The education of Mr. Decius, as far as schooling is CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOAVNSHIP. 229 concerned, was confined to the adArantages given at the academies of Roscoe and Coshocton, Ohio. He taught his first school in the win ter of 1877-78, at Walhonding, Ohio. In 1881 he came to Cumber land County, Illinois, and has since continued his profession of teach ing. He has been principal of the Toledo and JeAvett public schools, and is at present principal of the Greenup schools. In 1881, he began the study of laAV in the office of Decius & Everhart, at Toledo; was admitted to the Bar in 1883. Politically he is a Republican. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, made such in 1883. He is the third in a family of fiAre boys- As a teacher, he has been suc cessful, none standing higher in the county. As a student, he is persistent and untiring. That Avhich Mr. Decius possesses, in all particulars, he has gained through his oavii energy and efforts. The professional outlook of Mr. Decius is most promising. He is the senior member of the law firm known as Decius & Miller. WILLIAM T. DEPPEN, farmer and stock-dealer, was born in Millville, Ohio, July 30, 1853, son of Hiram and Ellen J. (Evans) Deppen, and is of Dutch-Welsh lineage. Tho father of Mr. Deppen Avas born in Pennsyhania and his mother in Ohio. AVhcn the sub ject of this notice was nineteen years of age, he began the trials of life for himself. In 1865 he came to Cumberland County, Illinois, and settled one and a half miles south Avcst of Toledo. Here he still resides- He iioav oaviis 165 acres of good land, 104 acres of which arc moderately avcII improved. Since he was nineteen years of age he has been engaged in trading in hogs, cattle, sheep, etc., and Avas one of the members of the firm of McCandlish & Company in the pork-packing business in Toledo. This firm did the first pork-pack ing in Cumberland County. Politically he is a Democrat, and has served tAvo terms as ToAvnship Collector; has taken an active part in politics. Mr. Deppen is blessed with a fair common school educa tion. He is one of the most enterprising young men in Cumberland County. What Mr. Deppen has, he has gained through his own ef forts; commenced life with nothing, and has been successful thus far. He is a prominent citizen, and a pleasant gentleman. Life prospects for Mr. Deppen are quite flattering, and he already enjoys an enviable reputation. 'Tis uncommon for one, so young in years, to possess such a charitable spirit. W- S. EVERHART, attorney-at-laAV, is a native of the Buckeye State, born November 18, 1850, at Leesburg, Highland County, is a son of Captain Phillip and Susanna (Staley) Everhart, is the elder in a family of tAvo children and comes of German blood. The father of 230 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Mr. Everhart Avas born in Jefferson County, Ohio, March 18, 1824, and his mother was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, May 6, 1827. The Everhart family has always been loyal to the cause of American Independence and perfect freedom to general humanity- His paternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary and 1812 wars, and his grandfather Staley was also a soldier in the latter. The father of the subject of this notice enlisted in the United States army in the fall of 1861, in Company C, Fifty-First Ohio Volun teers, as a private. Soon after his enlistment he was commissioned Second-Lieutenant, then First, and afterwards Captain of Company C, Avhich position he retained until his discharge in the spring of 1865. He withstood the hardships and privations of array life for more than four years; was severely Avounded at the battle of Stone River. Captain Everhart now resides at Neoga, Cumber land County, Illinois, and is one of the leading citizens of the county. He still possesses his patriotic spirit, and is in every sense a noble man. The subject of our notice emigrated with his parents in 1866, from Ohio to Shelby County, Ulinois, where the family re mained for a short time, or until 1868, when it came to Cumberland County. Mr. Everhart remained at home until September, 1871. Avhen he entered the Illinois University at Urbana, Illinois, where be remained until June, 1875, when he graduated Avith honors from the Institution, and then came to Neoga Avhere his parents lived. In September, 1875, he commenced the study of laAV in the office of Hon. H. B- Decius, at what Avas then known as Prairie City, now known as Toledo. In January, 1878, he was admitted to the Bar, and in March following he formed a partnership Avith H. B. Decius, which continued until his death, which occurred September 8, 1882. Since the death of Judge Decius, Mr. Everhart has been alone in the law business, but in the spring of 1883 he formed a partnership Avith Will iam T. Bruster, in real estate and loan business. In January, 1883, he Avas admitted to practice in the United States District Court of southern Ulinois. Politically, the subject of this notice is a stanch Republican, always advocating the principles of that party. He is an eminent man, and already stands at the head of his profession. DR. J. W. GOODWIN, County Treasurer, is a native of Putnam County, Indiana, born August 22, 1844. son of J. G and Evalina (Johnson) Goodwin, is next to the youngest in a family of seven children, and is of German extraction- The parents of Dr. Goodwin were natives of Kentucky, and left that State in childhood. They left " Old Kaintuck " with their parents and Avent to Clark County, CnY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOAVNSHIP. 231 Indiana, where they Avere matrimonially bound, and afterAvard re moved to Putnam County, Indiana. In 1855 they came to Jasper County, Ulinois. The mother of Dr. Goodwin died in Putnam County, Indiana, in 1852, and his father in Jasper County, Illinois. in 1872. The subject of our sketch Avas ghren the prhnleges of the common district schools of Illinois. At eighteen years of age he began teaching school, and about the same time began reading medicine. During the winter of 1868-69 he attended the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, and in the spring of 1869 began the practice of his profession at Greenup, Cumberland County, Illinois. He continued in acth-e and successful practice for tAvelvc years. The marriage of Dr. Goodwin took place March 27, 1869, to Miss Martha J. Davee, daughter of Z. W. and Elizabeth Davee. They have had six children, viz.: Elizabeth E., Willard L., Charles 0-, Lulu M„ Lena P. and Raymond D. Mrs. Goodwin died February 6, 1883. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and a most amiable Avoman. Dr. GoodAvin is a stanch Republican. In 1877 he Avas elected Treasurer of Cumberland County, Avas re-elected in 1879, and elected again in 1881 to serve four vears. NotAvithstanding the fact that Cumberland County is about tAvo hundred Democratic, the majority of Dr. Goodwin, in 1877. Avas 144, in 1879, 240, aiid in 1881, 137. Dr. Goodwin is one of the most energetic men of Cumber land County, and one of its most valued citizens. He is a member of the I. O. O- F., and now resides in Toledo. DAVID B. GREEN, attorney-at-law, is a native of Fairfield County, Ohio, born October 8, 1829, son of James and Mary A. (Babb) Green, is the second in a family of ten children, and is of English-Irish extraction. The father of Mr. Green Avas born in Richmond, Va., and his mother in Ohio. The great-grandfather of Mr. Green was old Nathaniel Green of Revolutionary fame. The grandfather of Mr. Green Avas a Captain in the Avar of 1812. In 1834 the' subject of this notice came from Ohio via Maysville, Ky-. Avith his father to Coles County, Illinois. His father raised blooded horses in Ohio, and brought three horses and a jack to Ulinois Avith him. From Maysville, Ky., to Charleston, Coles County, Illinois, the subject of this notice rode the jack. The father of Mr. Green died in Cumberland County in 1845, and his mother in 1882, in Toledo. In 1834 Mr. Green came to this county and has resided here ever since. In 1866 he came to Toledo, and here iioav lives. He Avas mar ried January 26, 1854, to Miss Lucy E. StarkAveather. Mrs. Green was born in Vermont. They haA?e had eight children, viz.: Anna 232 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: M-, Alice A. (deceased), Florence N, Elisha J., Lucy V., James C, Isidore N. and Harriet E- In 1858 he began the study of the law, under the instruction of Judge Hiram B. Decius and Hon. Thomas BreAver, and Avas admitted to the Bar in 1862; has been in active practice* ever since- For many years Mr. Green Avas the most ex tensive land owner in Cumberland County, and iioav oaviis about seven hundred acres, five hundred acres of Avhich arc improved. Mr. Green has made his own way in life- As an advocate he has been very suc cessful, and is yet one of the prominent LiAvyers in eastern Illinois. He is a Republican, is a man of much force of character, and an influential citizen. HENRY W. GREEN, ex-sheriff and farmer, was born in Wash ington County, Kentucky, July 8, 1827, son of James and Nancy (Warren) Green, is the fifth in a family of eleAren children, and is of Scotch descent. His father Avas a native of Maryland and his mother of Kentucky. His father died in Kentucky in 1859. His mother still resides in that State. His father Avas a soldier in the Avar of 1812- In 1847 the subject of this notice enlisted in Company I, Fourth Kentucky Volunteers, of the Avar between the United States and Mexico; Avas discharged at Louisville, Ky., in 1848. He Avas married to Miss Margaret McAllister, August 15, 1849. They had one child, viz.: Francis A. Mrs. Green died in Majr, 1851. Mr. Green Avas next married in October, 1852, to America J. White. They had three children, viz.: Adaline, Joseph B-, and Lewis. Mrs. Green died in October, 1857. His third marriage occurred in 1859 to Mrs. llulda Moore. Mrs. Green Avas deceased in October, 1870- His last marriage took place July, 1871, to Mrs. Hattie E. Munford- In 1852 Mr- Green emigrated from Kentucky to Morgan County, Indiana, and there remained six years and then came to Cumberland County, Illinois, and settled in Greenup Township, and there ho lived some time. In 1870 he came to Toledo; iioav resides here. Ho is a Democrat. In 1872 he Avas elected Sheriff of Cumberland County; was re-elected in 1877- Was deputy sheriff in 1870 and 1871. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. Mr. Green is a self-made man in CA'ery particular; iioav owns four hundred acres of Avell im proved land; has made his own way in life. Since the expiration of his term of office he has given his attention to farming. He is a leading citizen and an influential man. Success has attended him. CHARLES HANKER, furniture dealer, is a native of Witten berg, Germany, born May 4, 1843, the son of Charles W. and Christina (Thieme) Hanker, is the youngest in a family of four children, and Missing Page Missing Page CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOAVNSHIP. 235 of Gorman descent. The father of Mr. Hanker was born in Saxony, Germany, and his mother in Prussia. In 1863 his parents started to America. His mother died while crossing the Atlantic. His father settled in Saint Clair County, Illinois. There he died in 1865. In 1867 the subject of this mention came to Toledo, Cumberland County, and here has since lived. While he was in Saint Clair County he served an apprenticeship of three years at cabinet making. Upon the arrival of Mr. Hanker in Toledo he began the furniture business. Has been successful in business. Is the pioneer furniture dealer of Toledo. He was married July 10, 1889, to Miss Malonia Struz. Mrs. Hanker is also a native of Germany. Came to America when two years of age. They have four children, viz.: Lena, Bertha, William and Frederick. Mr. Hanker is a Republican; has been a member of the Town Council; is President of the Loan and Build ing Association; is a membor of the I- O- O- F-; joined in 1868, Toledo Lodge No. 855- Mr. Hanker is one of the most enterprising men of Toledo. He came to the town in very limited circumstances, but is now worth about $10,000. He is a thorough gentleman and a most honorable citizen. Mr. Hanker is building a brick block 110x80 feet, three stories high, which will cost at least $8,000- It will be the finest block in the town. Mr. Hanker is one of the most energetic men in Cumberland County, and is thoroughly known for his honesty and uprightness. F. J. HEID, railway agent at Toledo, Avas born in Pekin, UL, June 8, 1863, is the son of Conrad and Magdalena (Herring) Hoid, the eldest in a family of four children, and is of German descent. The father of Mr. Hoid was born at Heidelberg, Germany, and his mother at Worms, on the river Rhino, in the same country. In 1849 his parents came to America and settled at Pekin, 111., and here his father died December, 1880- His mother still resides at Pekin. The subject of this mention opened the scenes of life for himself by first clerking in a hardware store in Pekin, in May, 1877. There he remained more than three years. In September, 1880, he began learning telegraphy in the P., D. E. Railway office at Pekin. In April, 1881, he cams to Toledo and has since been railway agent and telegraph operator for the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail way Company; also represents the Pacific Express Company. Politically he is a Democrat. Ho is one of the enterprising young business men of Toledo; has a good business education and is an honorable gentleman; has an interest in the Cumberland County Agricultural Association, and the Cumberland County Building and o 14 236 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Loan Association. He possesses an enterprising spirit and many noble qualities. S. G HOLSAPPLE, Superintendent of the County Poor Farm, was born in Morgan County, Ind., February 21, 1846, son of John and Rebecca (Rinker) Holsapple. He is of Gorman origin. His pater nal grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier. In the spring of 1866, the subject of this sketch came to Sumpter Township, Cumberland County, UL Here he has since resided. In February, 1864, he enlisted in the late war, in Company E, One Hundred and Forty- Eio-hth Indiana Volunteers, for one year, andAvas discharged at Nash ville, Tenn., September 15, 1865. He was married, February 7, 1866, to Miss Harriet Carrel. Mrs. Holsapple is also a native of Morgan County, Ind. To this union has been born six children, viz.: Flora B-, Rebecca A-, John W., Levi F-, Mary A., and Julia A- Two are deceased. He is a Republican. In 1872, he was appointed Superin tendent of the County Poor Farm; served one year- In 1877, he again took possession of the County Farm, and in this position he has since been retained. Under his administration the farm has been successfully managed. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Toledo Lodge, No. 355- Mr. and Mrs- Holsapple are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He now owns a good farm; has a good common school education, is an honorable citizen and a highly respected gentleman. The management of the County Farm could not be placed in more competent hands. ALEX. HUGHES, manufacturer of tinware and wholesale dealer in notions, was born in Highland County, Ohio, December 13, 1842; son of Richard T. and G E. (Keys) Hughes, and is of Irish descent. Tho father of Mr. Hughes Avas born in Kentucky, and his mother in Pennsylvania. In 1852, they camo to Clinton County, UL, and there his father entered land, and in that county his mother died in 1855, and his father died in Effingham County, UL, in 1877. When the subject of this notice Avas thirteen years of age, he began the scenes of life for himself. For two years he was engaged in herding cattle in central Illinois and northern Indiana. In 1857, he began learn ing the tinners' trade at Terre Haute, Ind., in the store of G- F. and C- G Smith. Here he served an apprenticeship of four years. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company C, Eleventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, for three months- He then re-enlisted in Company F, Thirty-Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, at Saint Louis, Mo.; served three years; discharged in September, 1864- He enlisted again in Company K, One Hundred and Fiftieth Illinois Volunteer "Infantry ; CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. 237 discharged, in 1867, at Atlanta, Ga. He has held three commis sioned and three non-commissioned offices. He Avas first wounded at the battle of Chickamauga; received four other wounds. In 1875, Mr. Hughes came to Toledo. He was married May 9, 1868, to Mary E- Keys. Mrs. Hughes was born at Columbus, Ohio- They have two children, viz.: Maud S- and Flora. He is a thorough Republican; cast his first Presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Hughes is engaged in the Avholesale tinware and notion business, and manufac tures his own tinware; has employed five men. When he came to Toledo he was in very limited circumstances, but is now worth about $6,000. He has made his oavii way in life. He was a good and brave soldier, is of an enterprising spirit, and one of the leading citizens of Cumberland County. WESTERN R. HUMPHREY, druggist, Avas born at Westport, Ky., March 30, 1828, is the son of John M. and Frances (Nay) Humph rey, the eldest in a family of six children, and is of Scotch-German descent. His parents Avere born in Kentucky, and his grandparents on both sides were natives of Virginia. The Humphreys originally came from Scotland. In 1829, the parents of the subject of this notice remoAred from Kentucky to Washington County, 111. Here they remained until 1832, when they emigrated to Edgar County, 111., there remained four years, removing then to Clark County, 111. In 1858, they came to Cumberland County, and settled northwest of Toledo. Here his father still resides. In 1857, Mr. Humphrey came to Cumberland County from Livingston County, Mo., where he had resided four years. The early life of Mr. Humphrey Avas that of a farmer principally; taught school a number of winters. He is a Republican; cast his first Presidential vote for Lincoln. In 1873, he was elected Clerk of Cumberland County. The county Avas at that time 400 Democratic, but he received 124 majority. He enlisted in his country's cause, August 7, 1862, in Company H, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteers, and served until the close of the war; was promoted to the position of Quartermaster-Sergeant in 1863- This position he held until the war ended. He was married September 23, 1852, to P. Ann Daughty, of Casey, 111. Mrs. Humphrey was bom in Morgan County, Ind. They have had these children, viz.: Fannie J., Floretta A-, John M-, Rosa M., Laura A. and Charles A-W- He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. He is now engaged in the drug business, in partnership with J. A. Conner. He is of an enterprising spirit; has 245 acres of improved land. He is a citizen of sterling worth, and an influential man. Mr- and Mrs. 238 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Humphrey are members of the Christian Church. He is one of the most accurate accountants and best penmen that the County has ever had- D. D. JUDSON, firmer, was born in Delaware County, N. Y., February 5, 1832, is the son of William and Margaret (Bouk) Judson, the eldest in a family of seven children, and is of Yankee-German orio-in. His father was born in Connecticut, and his mother in the to Empire State. His mother died in 1814, and his father died in New York, in 1881. He was married, March 24, 1858, to Miss Sarah Hickle. Mrs. Judson was also born in Delaware County, Ohio- They have two children, viz.: Mary A. and William. In 1853, he came to Sumpter Township, Cumberland County, 111., and settled five miles northeast of the county-seat, where he has since resided. He first bought forty acres; now owns about 300 acres of good land; has a srood residence, built in 1883- He is a Democrat, and served two terms as Township Supervisor. Mr. and Mrs. Judson are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is one of the leading farmers of Sumpter Township, and a most honorable citizen. He was thrown upon his own resources at thirteen years of age, and since that time he has striven for himself. Through energy and perseverance he has been successful. CAPTAIN ANDREW J. LEE, postmaster, was born in Mon roe County, Indiana, June 11, 1829, is the son of John W. and Effie K- (Hester) Lee, the third in a family of nine children, and is of German- Irish origin. The Lee family has long been known in America. Mr. Lee's paternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. The father of Mr. Lee was Col. John W. Lee, Avho Avas bom in South Carolina. His mother was born in Indiana. In 1864, Miv Lee came to Cumberland County, 111., and settled in Toledo, and here he has since resided. The education of Mr. Lee is far beyond the average. It was confined, however, to the common district schools of Indiana, the Indi ana State University at Bloomington, and Asbury University at Greencastle, Indiana. He graduated from the law department of the State University in 1858- In August, 1862, the subject of our notice enlisted in his country's cause, in Company E, Fifty-Fourth Indiana Volunteers. In 1862 he was commissioned Captain of his Com pany; was honorably discharged. Mr. Lee was married October 25, 1868, to Miss Mary J. Rader, daughter of Lewis and Emily Rader. They had two children, viz. : Thomas J., and John L- (deceased). Mr- Lee is a radical Republican. He was commissioned postmaster at Toledo, in 1877. The position he still retains. He is a member of CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. 239 the Masonic Fraternity. He is a thorough gentleman and an honor able citizen. GUY M. LEMEN, County Clerk, was born in Madison County, Ulinois, June 27, 1848, is the son of Joseph L. and Caroline S- (Mar- ney ) Lemen, the fifth in a family of eight children, and is of Scotch- Irish origin. The parents of Mr. Lemen Avere born in Saint Clair County, Illinois. His ancestors were among the first pioneers of Illi nois. The father of Mr. Lemen died in Madison County, Illinois, in 1878. His mother now resides in Collinsville, Illinois. The life of Mr. Le men Avas that of a farmer previous to his coming to Cumberland County, in 1870- He was railway agent and telegraph operator at Greenup, this county, for almost twelve years. In November, 1882, he was elected County Clerk of Cumberland County. He came to Toledo in January, 1883. He was married November 12, 1871, to Miss Mary E. Peters. Mrs. Lemen was bom in Terre Haute, Indiana. They have had two children, viz. : an infant that died unnamed, and Piatt O- He is a Republican and a Mason, and also a member of the I. O. O- F. He is a prominent citizen and an influential man- The people of Cumberland County could not have imposed their trust in a more honorable or noble man. Mrs- Lemen is a most amiable woman, and is among the most prominent ladies of Toledo. WILLIAM LOGAN, general merchant, is a native of Hendricks County, Indiana, born February 5, 1843, and is the son of Benjamin and Margaret (Butler) Logan. He is the eighth child in a family of thirteen children, and of German blood. The parents of Mr. Logan were natives and pioneers of Indiana, and were deceased in that State. When the sixteenth anniversary of the birth of the subject of this mention came round, it found him engaged in learning the blacksmith trade at Clermont, Indiana. He served an apprenticeship of one year's duration, and after working for a time at Clermont, he went to Brownsburg, Indiana, and there he continued his trade until August 15, 1862, Avhen he enlisted in Company K, Seventy-Ninth Indiana Volunteers. He was at the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and a score of less important engagements. He was honorably discharged from the service June 15, 1865- After returning from the Avar, he began general merchandising at Fayette, Indiana, where he only remained a brief period, and in the fall of 1865 he removed his stock of goods to Toledo, Cumberland County, Illi nois. He is still engaged in the same business, and now is general manager for the firm known as Logan & Brother. This firm has one of the most complete lines of general merchandise ever carried in 240 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Cumberland County. The subject of this sketch was married, Septem ber 22, 1869, to Miss Elmyra Eskridge, a native of Cumberland County. Mrs. Logan was deceased, August, 1870, and three years later he was married to Miss Alice M. McCon- They had one child, viz. : Warren E., who is deceased. Mrs. Logan died in August, 1875. Mr. Logan was next married September 11, 1882, to Miss Sarah E. Prather. Politi cally, he is independent, ahvays voting for the men Avho in his judg ment are the best- He is a member of the I. O- O. F-, Toledo Lodge, No. 355- He is one of the enterprising men of Cumberland County, and one of the leading merchants. A. A. LOVINS, Township Supervisor, was born in Shelby County, Ulinois, November 27, 1833, the son of J- W- and Mariam ( Siler ) Lovins, and is of English-German descent. The parents of Mr. Lovins were born in Tennessee. His father came to Illinois in 1829, and settled in Shelby County, and there he still resides, and is eighty- three years of age. The mother of Mr. Lovins, died in Shelby County, in 1843- When the subject of this notice was twenty years of age, he began life for himself. He Avent to Missouri and settled in Grundy County, and there Avas married, December 27, 1854, to Miss Nancy George. Mrs- Lovins is a native of Clay County, Illinois; they have had nine children, viz.: Minnie E-, Mary V-, Samuel H-, Richard V., Mattie D., Sarah 0-, Ora, William M. and Maud- Of these children three are deceased. In 1868, Mr- Lovins came to Cum berland County, and the next year he came to Toledo, where he still resides. He is a Democrat. In 1869, he was elected County Clerk; served four years. He was nominated for a second term, receiving four hundred and eighty majority in the convention, but Avas defeated at the election. In 1883, he was elected Township Supervisor. He has been in the hardware business for seven years in Toledo, but is now engaged in the grocery business. He is one of the most enter prising men in Cumberland County. JAMES A- McCANDLISH, Sheriff of Cumberland County, is a native of Perry County, Ohio, born December 8, 1840, son of Will iam and Rebecca (Ross) McCandlish, the second son in a family of five children, and is of Scotch-Irish lineage. The parents of Mr. McCandlish .Avere both natives of Ohio, and lived in their native State until their death. His father died in Perry County, in 1847, and his mother in the same county, in 1874. In 1866, the subject of this sketch came West and lived in Jasper County, Illinois, one year, and then < ame to Cumberland] County and settled in Cottonwood ToAvnship. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company G, One CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOAVNSHIP. 241 Hundred and Fourteenth Ohio Volunteers, at Maxville, Perry County, Ohio, served three years, and was honorably discharged at Columbus, Ohio, August 17, 1865, aud mustered out of the service at Houston, Texas. The marriage of Mr. McCandlish took place September 4, 1869, to Miss Melcenia Johnston, daughter of William and Maria E. Johnston. Mrs. McCandlish was born in Effingham County, 111. To this marriage has been born four children, viz.: Izetta M., Lulu B., William E., and James G He is a Republican; first Presidential vote was cast for Lincoln. In 1878, he Avas elected Sheriff of Cumberland County. He was re-elected in 1880, and elected again in 1882. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and Mrs. McCandlish is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. As an officer, he has fulfilled his whole trust. As a citizen, he is enterprising and greatly respected. SAMUEL G MILLER, County Superintendent and Principal of the Toledo Public Schools, and also a junior member of the law firm of Decius & Miller, is a native of Jamestown, New York, born March 14, 1860, the son of Rev. John G. and Margaret (Trousdal) Miller, the fourth in a family of seven children, and is of Scotch- Irish extraction. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Miller was born in Scotland. His father was born in New York; so was his mother. The parents of Mr. Miller came to Illinois in 1862, and settled in Chicago, Avhere they resided until 1865, when they removed to Neoga, Cumberland County, Illinois. Here they have since re sided, the mother dying here, however, in September, 1881. The education of Mr. Miller, as far as schooling is concerned, has been confined to the public schools of Neoga, and the Northern Indiana Normal School at Valparaiso. In 1878, he entered the school at Valparaiso, and graduated in the scientific course in 1880- Cen tennial Year, Mr. Miller taught his first school in Cumberland County, five miles south of Neoga, at the White Hall schoolhouse- The year 1882-83, he was principal of the public school at Greenup. In April, 1881, he began the study of the laAv in the office of Decius & Everhart, and was admitted to practice in May, 1883. In June, the same year, he formed a partnership with L- Decius. In November, 1882, he was elected County Superintendent of the public schools of Cumberland County, for aterm of four years. He has charge of the Toledo schools. He is a Republican, having cast his first Presidential vote for Garfield. Mr. Miller is a thorough, practical man. He made his own way in life. He has more than an ordinary education, and is one of the most energetic young men in Cumberland County, having already gained an enviable prominence and reputation. 242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY. W- D. MUMFORD, general merchant, was born in Knox County, Ohio, September 13, 1844, is the son of James E. and Margaret A. (McGinnis) Mumford, the youngest in a family of seven children, five boys and two girls, and is of Irish-Scotch descent. His father was born in New York and his mother in Pennsylvania. The mater nal grandfather of Mr. Mumford was a soldier in the war of 1812. The father of Mr. Mumford left NeAV York when a young man and settled in Ohio- He died in Hardin County, Ohio, in 1850- His mother died in Cumberland County, 111., in 1872. The subject of this mention came to Illinois in 1860, and lived a short time in Crawford Comity- In 1861, he came to Cumberland County and set tled at Toledo, Avhere he has since resided, save one year. For four years he worked in the printing office of his brother, who Avas then publishing the Cumlerland Expositor. In 1865, he located at Olney, Ulinois, and published the Olney Times- He remained one year, then returned to Toledo and engaged in the hardware business. In this he continued seven years, then engaged again in the newspaper busi ness, in partnership with George E. Mason, publishing the Cumber land Democrat, and in 1878 bought the interest of his partner. Mr. Mumford continued the newspaper business until February 10, 1877, but is now engaged in general merchandising. He is the senior mem ber of the firm knoAvn as Mumford & Tossey, He Avas married May 16, 1866, to Miss Ella Fletcher, of Hendricks County, Indiana. To this union has been born three children, viz.: Fletcher, Jennie, and Scott. The last two arc deceased. Mrs. Mumford died February 10, 1877- He was next married to Miss Almyra Tossey, of Jewett, Illi nois, February 4, 1879. To this union has been born one child, viz.: Dorr O- He is a Democrat, and a member of the Masonic Fra ternity. He is one of the enterprising men in Toledo, and one of its most prominent citizens. W. W- PARK, physician and surgeon, Avas born at Carlinsville, Illinois, February 17, 1839, and is the son of Dr. E- E- and Susan M. (Wilkins) Park. He is third in a large family, and is of English descent. His parents emigrated from Indiana to Illinois about 1838, and were among the early-comers of the toAvnship in which they lived. His parents both died of cholera in 1819 — father Avhile on his way to California, and mother at Greenville, 111. In 1861, the subject of this mention began studying medicine at Greenville, 111., in the office of Dr. T. S. Brooks. He enlisted in the cause of his country in October, 1862, in Company C, First Ohio Volunteers, served until the close of the Avar, and Avas honorably discharged in CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. 243 October, 1865. In 1866, he was married to Miss Hannah Perry. Mrs. Parks was born in Posey County, Ind. They have had four chil dren, viz.: Ollie M., Edmund E-, Eva M., and William C- Eva M- is deceased. In 1867, he began practicing medicine at Loogootee, Ulinois. In 1881, Dr. Park came to Toledo, Illinois, from Mount Rose, Effingham County, where he had been for three years. He is a Democrat, and cast his first Presidential vote for Douglas. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. As a practitioner of medi- elfne he has been successful, and is an honorable citizen and a pleas ant gentleman. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. T P. PRATHER, hardware dealer, is a native of Cumberland County, 111., born May 26, 1857, and is the son of John and Many (Ribble) Prather. He is the youngest in a family of four children, and is of Scotch-German origin. When the subject of this mention was thirteen years of age, he began the trials of life for himself, work ing for some time by the month, then farming two years. In 1876, he went to Carpentersville, Ind., and for two years he clerked in a drug store. In December, 1882, he came again to Toledo. In May, he began the hardware business, having about $4,000 invested in the business, and in Avhich he has been successful. He is a Democrat, and cast his first Presidential vote for Hancock- He is of an enterpris ing spirit, advocating all movements that are for the best interests of the town and county. He has a good business education, and is a prominent young business man. I- J- PUGH, grain and stock-dealer, Avas born in Licking County, Ohio, October 15, 1839, is the son of William and Lydia (Adams) Pugh, the fourth in a family of five children, and is of Scotch-Irish extraction. The parents of Mr. Pugh were born in Virginia. When the subject of this mention was about fourteen years of age he came with his parents to Cumberland County, 111., and settled in Sumpter Township. Here his father died in 1863- Mr- Pugh remained at home, and worked for his father on the farm until he was twenty-one years of age. He was married, January 22, 1861, to Miss Margaret A. Bloxom. Mrs. Pugh was born in Clark County, Ind. They have had five children, viz.: Mary J-, Albert, "Oscar, Serena, and Medora. Of these children, Albert and Oscar are deceased. Mr. Pugh enlisted in his country's cause in August, 1862, in Company B, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer (Mounted) Infantry, and was honorably discharged in July, 1865. He was wounded October 8, 1862, at the battle of Perryville, Kentucky. Mr. Pugh has been a 244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: resident of Cumberland County ever since 1853. He is a Republican. He came to Toledo in 1881, and here he iioav resides. Mr. and Mrs. Pugh are members of the United Brethren Church. He is engaged in dealing in stock and grain; has a well improved farm, two and a half miles west of Toledo. He is one of the old settlers of Cumber land County, and is a man of just principles and fair dealing. His success in life indicates as much. A. J. REEVES, physician and surgeon, is a native of Hancock County, Inch, born June 22, 1851, is the son of B- F. and Caroline (Harlan) Reeves, the oldest in a family of ten children, and comes of English extraction. The paternal parent of Dr. Reeves was born in Ohio, and emigrated to Indiana at a very early day, and is one of the first settlers of Hancock County, Ind. He is one of the promi nent men in the township in which he lives. He has been Justice of the Peace for seventeen years. He still resides in that county. Dr. Reeves worked at home for his father until he had reached his major ity, attending school in the winter and laboring on the farm in the summer. In 1872, Dr. Reeves began reading medicine, under the instruction of Dr. R A. Smith, at Grant City, Ind. Here he remained two years. The Avinters of 1873-4 and 1874-5, he attended lectures at the Physic Medical College, at Indianapolis, graduating from that institution February 18, 1874, and in March following, he began the practice of his profession, at Grant City, Ind. Here he remained about two years, then went to Maple Valley, Ind., and there remained until May, 1882, when he came to Toledo, 111. He has been successful in the practice. He was married February 6, Cen tennial year, to Adella Farmer, of Cumberland County, UL They have had three children, viz.: Ann F., Maggie M., and Benjamin F. The eldest is deceased. He is a Democrat; is a member of the Inde pendent Order of Odd-FelloAvs. He is one of the prominent physi cians of Cumberland County, and is an honorable and pleasant gen tleman- HENRY RHOADS, farmer and hardware dealer, is a native of Muskingum County, Ohio, born January 31, 1824, the son of Abra ham and Elizabeth (Slater) Rhoads, the eldest in a family of four children, and is of German, English and Irish descent; German on his father's side, and a mixture of the English and Irish on his mother's side. The father of Mr. Rhoads Avas born in Pennsylvania, and his mother in Virginia. His father Avas a soldier in the war of 1812, and was at Hull's surrender. When the subject of this notice was five years of age, his parents left Ohio and came to Vermillion CITA" OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOAVNSHIP. 245 County, Inch, and then removed to Coles County, 111., and there the parents died, father in May, 1858, and mother in April, 1864. In 1850, the subject of this sketch came to Cumberland County, and settled at Greenup, and began clerking in the store of BreAver & Ficklin. In 1853, he began the mercantile business in Greenup, and there remained six years, and then came to Toledo; came to this town November 20, 1860, and here has lived ever since- He was married December 9, 1855, to Miss Margaret E- Shull, daughter of Michael Shull. Mrs. Rhoads was also born in Ohio. To this mar riage Avas born five children, viz.: Laura, William, John B-, Robert S-, aud Brother, of whom all are deceased except John B- Mr. Rhoads is a Democrat, and in i860, was elected Sheriff of Cumber land County. In 1863, he was elected Treasurer, and in 1866, he was elected Sheriff" for a second term. He has taken an active part in politics. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity; made a Mason about 1871. In 1881, Mr. Rhoads began the hardware business in Toledo, and this he still continues. Mr. Rhoads is one of the pio neers of Cumberland County, and one of its most respected citizens. He has many friends, but no knoAvn enemies. He is one- of those plain, common, every clay kind of men in whom the honest will always find a benefactor. LEVI B. ROSS, ex-County Clerk. Avas born in Cumberland County, 111., November 4, 1843, is the son of Meredith B- and Chris tina (Beals) Ross, the third in a family of twelve children, and is of German-English descent. The father of Mr. Ross was born in Ken tucky, and his mother in Pennsylvania. The maternal grandfather of Mr. Ross Avas-a Major-General in the Black Hawk Avar. The parents of Mr. Ross came to Cumberland County in a very early day, and settled in Woodbury ToAvnship, near the old town of Wood bury. In the spring of 1862, the subject of this mention came to Toledo, and here has since remained. The marriage of Mr. Ross took place May 20, 1866, to Miss Eliza J- Rhoads, daughter of Abra ham Rhoads. Mrs. Ross Avas born in Coles County, 111. They have had five children born to them, viz.: Nevada, Lewis B-, Lula, Minnie, and an infant that died unnamed. Politically, Mr. Ross is a Demo crat; cast his first Presidential vote for McClellan. In 1877, he Avas elected County Clerk; served five years. He has been deputy county clerk, and deputy circuit clerk, and deputy sheriff. He is a mem ber of the Masonic Fraternity. In 1881, Mr. Ross engaged in the hay business. In 1882, he shipped about 800 tons- He has a farm of 160 acres, two miles northwest of Toledo. Mr. Ross is one of the 246 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: pioneers of Cumberland County, having lived in the county contin ually for forty years. He is one of the prominent men of Cumber land County. GEORGE STARGER, proprietor of the Toledo City Mills, is a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, born February 23, 1846, the son of George W- and Dorothea Starger, the third in a family of nine chil dren, and of German descent. The parents of Mr. Starger were born in Germany. They died there, mother in 1876, and father in 1880. His father was enterprising in his nature, and one of the prominent and highly respected men in the community in which he lived. His business Avas that of" a general merchant and trader. In 1865 the sub ject of this mention came to America. After Mr. Starger came to the United States, he worked one year at his trade (that of a miller) in Syracuse, New York, then came to Ripley County, Indiana, remained one year, then went to Cincinnati and worked three and a half years for one of the greatest millers of Ohio. He then came to Effing ham County, Illinois, remaining three years and six months. In De cember, 1872, Mr. Starger came to Toledo and rented a half interest in the City Mills for three years, and at the expiration of that time he purchased the latter half. He is now sole proprietor of the Mills. Mr. Starger has begun the erection of a new brick mill, 35x40 feet, with an engine room 30x40 feet. The same will cost about $1,400. The mill will contain all the modern improvements. Mr. Starger was married September 23, 1869, to Rachel Marher. Mrs. Starger was born in Jackson County, Indiana. They have three children, viz.: William, Charles, and Mary. Politically he is a Democrat. Mr. and Mrs. Starger are members of the Lutheran Church. In addition to the milling business, he is engaged in stock dealing. He is one of the best millers of eastern Illinois, and the Starger flour is noted far and near for its excellent quality. He is one of the most enterprising men in Cumberland County, and advocates all enterprises that are for the good of the county, and general humanity. He is an honorable citi zen, and one of the leading business men of the county. In business he has been successful, and has made his oavh way through life. JOHN B. TOSSEY, dealer in general merchandising, was born in Toledo, 111., June 16, 1861, is the son of Stephen D. and Sarah (Graham) Tossey, the fifth in a family of eight children, and is of English-French lineage. The parents of Mr. Tossey were born in the Buckeye State. They came to Cumberland County, Sumpter Town ship, UL, in 1851. They were among the first settlers of the Township. The parents died in this county, father in 1873, and CITY OF TOLEDO AND SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. 247 mother in 1878. In 1881, Mr. Tossey began business in Toledo in the drug line, continued the drug business a short time, and then began the business of general merchandising. He is the junior member of the firm known as Mumford & Tossey. They keep a complete line of dry goods, hats, caps, boots, shoes, groceries, etc Mr. Tossey has a good business education. He is a Democrat and a member of the Town Board of Toledo. He has been succcessful in business, and is one of the principal business men of Toledo. Through energy and prudence he has succeeded. He is also one of the old settlers of Toledo. The father of Mr. Tossey served two terms as Circuit Clerk of Cum berland County. J. H. YANAWAY, M- D, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, August 24, 1826, is the son of Henry and Regina (Harter) Yanaway, is the ninth in a family of eleven children, and is of Dutch descent. The father of Dr. Yanaway was born in Pennsylvania, and his mother in Maryland. His father died in Ohio, and his mother iu Cumberland County, UL In 1864 Dr. Yanaway came to Cumberland County, and settled in Toledo. Here he still resides. In 1850 he began studying medicine in the office of Dr. J. F- Dolison, at West Rushville, Ohio. He attended lectures at Starling Medical College, at Colum bus, Ohio, began practicing his profession in 1853, and has been in active practice ever since. He was married July 12, 1855, to Miss Rebecca Haines, of Morgan County, Ohio- They have five children, viz.: Albert H, Mary V., Flora R-, William J., and Winnie. He is a Democrat, and has been a member of the Town Council. In 1865, he established a drug store in Toledo. This was the first regular drug store in Cumberland County. He is a member of the Masonic Fra ternity. As a practitioner of medicine, he has been successful. He is an honorable citizen and a prominent physician. In addition to his drug store and comfortable residence in the town of Toledo, he has 209 a?re& of good land, in close proximity to the town. Mr. Yana way is a man quite pronounced in his views, and unyielding in argu ment until he is thoroughly convinced of his error- 248 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: GREENUP TOWNSHIP. MRS- ROBERT ARTHUR, Greenup, was born March 4, 1816, in Baltimore, Md. She went Avith her parents to Jefferson County, Ohio, where she Avas raised in the ordinary routine Avork of a poor farmer's daughter, and received a good education, principally by home study. In 1841 she married Robert Arthur. Mr. A. soon after marriage rented a Avoolen factory in Jefferson County, but later bought a woolen factory in another part of the same county, which factory he ran until 1858, Avhen he moved to Cumberland County, Illinois, having made several trips to the county prior to that time, and in 1853 bought land Avhich he settled on in 1858. Here he interested himself in milling and farming, in which he was eminently successful. He occupied a leading position in society, and was known as a man of great determination and decision of charac ter and highly respected. At his death (when sixty-four years old) he left a large property, the result of industry and economy. Mrs Arthur is living on the homo place adjoining Greenup, and conducts the business affairs of the farm. She stands high socially; noted for her generosity and her benevolent disposition. They had nine children, viz.: Eliza A. (deceased), Joshua W-, Rebecca J., Margaret S-, John F-, Mary E-, Hannah D., Robert G-, Effie B. (deceased). Mrs. Arthur is a member of the Methodist Church. JAMES W- ARTHUR, merchant, Greenup, was born February 10, 1843, near Steuben ville, Ohio. His early life Avas spent in work ing in his father's woolen factory and attending school until eighteen years of age, when he left school and took a position in the woolen factory,- remaining there until 1872, Avhen he opened a clothing and gents' furnishing goods store in Greenup. He, started with but little capital, which was borroAved. He, hoAvever, success fully conducted the business, and later, with the assistance of friends, who endorsed for him to the full amount, he bought a $2,500 stock of general merchandise, and has since carried on a mercantile busi ness. He soon established a good business reputation, beino- con sidered reliable and prompt in business matters and energetic and enterprising. He now does an annual business of $40,000, and car ries a stock of* about $15,000- He is assisted in the store by his GREENUP TOAVNSHIP. 249 brothers, George and John. John is book-keeper, having graduated at the Terre Haute Commercial College. George oversees the advertising. He has a quantity of type and a press, from Avhich he issues a monthly paper, advertising the store. Mr. A- is a stock holder in the Greenup Bank- In 1866 he joined the I- O- O- F. and passed all the chairs, and has been a representative to the Grand Lodge of the State. He has contributed largely to all religious and public enterprises, and is an uncompromising temperance man, being a member of the various temperance organizations. Mr- Arthur has met with many losses in business, but vthe personal confidence re posed in him enabled him to continue. He carries, at present, the largest and best-selected stock of general merchandise at Greenup, and is doing the most extensive business. On June 30, 1867, he married Mrs. Minerva Houghton, of Greenup, widow of R. W. Houghton, at one time a prominent citizen and editor of a paper at Greenup. JOSEPH BATTYE, farmer (post-office, Greenup), was born in Yorkshire, England, October 31, 1819- He was given a good educa tion in England, but his occupation Avas raising market vegetables. When of age he emigrated to the United States, soon after his ar rival settling in Hancock County, Indiana, and engaging in farming. Then he went to Indianapolis and opened a meat market, and con ducted it for three years; then returned to Hancock County and resumed farming. He came to Cumberland County in 1850, bought forty acres, and now has eighty acres of well improved land, a good residence, a fine orchard of choice fruit — all the result of industry and economy. In 1868 he came to Greenup and embarked in the mercantile business. He continued in this seven years, and then re turned to his farm. He has held various offices in the township; has been school director and Township Treasurer. He is a member of the Christian Church; also his wife- JOSEPH D. BORDEN, poultry dealer, Greenup, was born Mirch 17, 1843, in Benton County, Alabama. His father was a minister in the Christian Church, and died a short time before the birth of our subject. His mother died when he was but nine years old. He remained in Alabama until he was sixteen years old, and obtained a fair education entirely by home study, at night, by the light of burning pine knots. At fifteen years old he taught school; when about seventeen he went to Louisiana, where he farmed; thence to Jackson County, Tennessee; thence to Cumberland County, Kentucky. At eighteen years of age he enlisted in Company I, 250 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: First Kentucky Cavalry, and served in that regiment two years. He was then commissioned Socond Lieutenant of Company G, Thirty-Seventh Kentucky (Mounted) Infantry, for gallant service at "DuttonHill." At the battle of Lobanon, Tenn., he was taken prisoner, and while under guard made his escape. He was several days without food, and had many narrow escapes from recapture bofore he succeeded in rejoining his company. Some time after the war he went to Coles County, 111., and run a brickyard. Then he went to Effingham, 111., managed a brickyard one year, and in 1872 came to Greenup. He first made brick, then farmed, and finally established himself in his present business of poultry and produce aud commission merchant, in which he is now doing a thriving business. He also owns some valuable land near the mineral well. He is a radical Prohibitionist on the temperance question, and has several times boen elected to the Town Board on the Anti-License ticket. He has always taken a very active, leading part in all tem perance movemouts and organizations, and was a member of the Town Board when the saloons were abolished, and to his efforts it is mainly attributable. On July 4, 1835, he married Fannie R Wheat, of Adair County, Kentucky. She has borne her husband two children — Joseph D. and Robert. H BOWMAN, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Guil ford County, North Carolina, March 15, 1815- At seventeen years of age, he began life for himself. Goiug to Morgan County, Ind., he first leased, then bought a farm. In 1851, he sold out and came to Cumberland County., 111., and entered land. He now owns 160 acres of well impioved land, on which he now resides; also, a large farm, which has just been awarded him by the Court after a protracted lawsuit, growing out of a trade made upon fraudulent representa tions. He has been married twice. His first marriage was to Lucinda Robinson, in 1838. They had ten children, only two of whom are living — Malina and James E- She died in 1859. His second mar riage was to Miss Lucinda Dabnor, of Virginia. They have five children, viz.: Peter, William T, Matilda, Samuel and Thomas. Mr. B- is a man of fixed, honorable principles, just in business deal ings, social and genial in his personal relations, and thus has the high regard and esteem of all his neighbors and acquaintances. DR. RICHARD T COLLIVER, Greenup, was born August 24, 1848, in Montgomery County, Ky., and went with his father, Sam uel, to Indiana, in 1852, and settled in Putnam County. His father was a member of the legislature of that State, in 1862, and also taught GREENUP TOAVNSHIP. 251 school for ten years. He is now Justice of the Peace, a position he has held for twelve years. Our subject remained at home until he was twenty-four years of age, attending school and working on the farm, when he went to Kansas, and there engaged in the stock busi ness; then returned to Indiana, and Avent into saw-mill and lumber business, in Putnam County. He then studied medicine in Cincin nati, graduating from the Eclectic Medical College in that city. He came to Greenup on October 17, 1882, and now has a flourishing medical practice. He is a young man of good ability and fine address, and it is fair to predict for him a brilliant future. The Doc tor secured a thorough literary education at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. WILLIAM CAMPBELL, retired farmer, Greenup, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, April 7, 1803. He remained at home until he was fourteen years old, then went to his Uncle Robert Campbell's, with whom he made his home until 1824. Prior to this time, he had worked clearing and opening a farm, and attending common school. On November 7, 1824, he married Lucinda Reed, of Frank lin County. She was born April 21, 1807. Soon after his marriage, he rented a farm for two years; then bought fifty acres, on which he lived eight years. Selling this, he bought 129 acres near Central College, Franklin County, and lived on this farm eighteen years. He then sold this, and bought 320 acres in Paulding County, also still owning 112 acres in Franklin County. Then he traded a part of the Paulding County land for property close to Central College; then left farming, and kept hotel in Central College, remaining there ten years. He also was for a long time postmaster. Then he sold out and came to Cumberland County, 111., and bought 235 acres of land on the Parker prairie, six miles from Greenup. This land he placed in cultivation, taking it when it was an unbroken prairie. He built a residence and barn, and set out a large orchard of all kinds of fruit. He now lives in town, and is worth $12,000, owning four town residences, after giving one to a married daughter — all made and saved by energy and industry. His wife is a member of the Baptist Church. His first vote for President was for Andrew Jackson. Mr- and Mrs- G are parents of eight children, viz. : Nor man, Almira, Philetus, Susan, George, Sarah, Orlena J., Mary, all married and living, and all exceptionally prosperous in life. Mr. and Mrs. G are now living in a neat cottage residence, in Greenup, in good health and very active. They are good for another decade of happy life. 15 252 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: WILLIAM H- CATEY, farmer, post-office Greenup, was born in Randolph County, Ind-, January 28, 1847. His grandfather was kidnapped, when a boy, in Germany, and brought to New Jersey, in this country, and sold out three years to a hatter to pay his ship passage. He learned the trade with him, and remained in New Jersey until 1822, when he went to Wayne County, Ind., where he died in 1851. William, the third in a family of nine children, and father of our subject, remained on the farm until of age, then went to Kosciusko County, Ind., and farmed one year. He then mar ried Sarah Davidson, of Randolph County, Ind. They were parents of six children. Our subject was the third child. He remained at home on the farm until he was twenty-two years old, and was given a common school education. At the early age of seventeen years, he enlisted in the army, and served out his term. He then enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Forty-Seventh Indiana Infantry, and remained in the service until the close of the war. His older brothers were all killed in the war. On his return home, he assumed the management of the home farm, and the support of the parents and the family until 1870- In 1872, he came to Cumberland County, 111., buying a farm, where he now lives. On September 18, 1873, he married Sarah J. Williams. To them have been born five children, viz.: Infant, Eva, Cora A., Carrie Z., Jessie E. His farm consists of 160 acres of fertile bottom land. His residence, with surrounding conveniences, is located on a high knoll overlooking the farm and the river that runs by it, presenting a picturesque appearance. He has the finest barn in the township, and equal to any in the county. It cost $1,600, and has a capacity of one hundred tons of hay and 2,000 bushels of grain. It was built in accordance with regular architectural plans, and is perfect in its convenience and arrangement. SAMUEL W. CLARK, dealer in grain and agricultural im plements, Greenup, was born under the American colors on board the " Black Star," an old sailing vessel, coming into the harbor of New York on July 19, 1843. His parents were of Scotch-Irish lineage, and settled in New York City, the father being a contractor and builder. When fifteen years old our subject ran aAvay from home, went to Ohio, and hired out by the month at farm work to Z. Hamma, with whom he remained until the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, when he enlisted in Company F, One Hmidred and Tenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He remained in the service one year, when he Avas discharged for disability. At the end of a year he again enlisted in the Army of the Potomac, and served until the close GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 253 of the war. He participated in most of the battles of the Eastern army, and at the battle of Chickamauga was severely wounded. After his discharge he returned to Ohio and to his former employer, with whom he remained until marriage. Mr. C attributes his success in life to the thorough business training- received at the hands of Mr. H-, who ahvays took an interest in him and his future prospects. Energetic, self-reliant, and naturally a shrewd, keen trader, Mr. Clark has rapidly accumulated a large property, now owning 400 acres of well improved farm land, several pieces of valuable town property, an elegant residence in Greenup, besides having a large capital invested in the agricultural implement business and in building a patent hay press, for which he owns the exclusive right to the State of Ulinois. On December 17, 1878, he married Rosanna Harner, of Ohio. They are the parents of two bright little girls — Mary E. and Ada M. CHARLES CONZET, Sr-, proprietor Conzet House, Greenup, is the only child of Peter Conzet, who was an officer in the Austrian army. He was born in Hanover, Germany, October 5, 1799, was given a very thorough literary education, completed a course of study in Materia Medica, and at the age of eighteen went to the Crimea, remaining two years in an apothecary establishment; thence to Odessa, in Beserabia, and engaged in the same business for two years; then returned to Hanover. Then with his father he went to Friesland, in the Hanovarian Kingdom, and assisted his father in the management of a theatre. Then he went alone to Amsterdam, Holland, and volunteered in the naval service for two years, doing duty along the coast of Africa, hunting down pirates. In 1825 he came to the United States, first landing in New York. He was there first employed as a barber; then as silversmith; then he taught school. He then went to Philadelphia, remaining there until 1828, when he went with a colony of seven young men to Holmes County, Ohio, and purchased 400 acres of land. He farmed there until 1848, when he came to Cumberland County, 111. Here he bought two farms, which he tended four years; then bought the present loca tion of the Conzet House, Greenup, and built the hotel which he has conducted, in connection with other business, ever since. He has also given attention to contracting and building, having con structed thirteen of the best buildings in this town. In 1854 he went to Minnesota and entered land, but did not live on the claim long enough to hold it, owing to Indian troubles. He came home, but in 1863 returned and entered and improved a farm from the fe 254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: timber. He sold out in 1876 and returned to his family in Greenup, where he has since resided. On October 5, 1825, he married Maiy Snearry, of Pennsjdvania. They have eight children, all living save one (William). JOHN CONZET, jeAveler, Greenup, was born October 23, 1845, in Holmes County, Ohio. He remained at home until he was seventeen, Avhen, July 10, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, One Hun dred and Twenty-Third Illinois Infantry, and was discharged July 10, 1865- He participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Hoover's Gap, etc. At the close of the war he went to Minnesota and farmed, and in that State learned the jewelers' trade. Then he came to Greenup, and with some associates hired a teacher and gave some time to study and self-instruction. Then he assisted his parents in keeping a hotel, then farmed, and finally opened his present jewelry store. He iioav has a large stock and a neat place of business, and a flourishing trade. It is the only store of the kind in Greenup. His store at one time was entered and $1,500 worth of goods stolen, and never recovered. As a Republican he has been elected three times as Township Collector. Mr. Conzet is a member of the I. O- O- F. and the G- A. R. On February 8, 1872, he married Miss Hannah H. Houghton, of Greenup. They have three children — Leonora B., Bertha (deceased), Jessie P. JULIUS G CONZET, confectioner, Greenup, was born April 26, 1849, in Greenup, Cumberland County, and is the youngest child of Charles Conzet, whose sketch is elsewhere given. In early life he was given a good education, and graduated from the Terre Haute, Ind., Commercial College. He began life for himself at sixteen years of age as a clerk in a grocery store; .then with a partner established a dry goods store; then a grocery and liquor store, after Avhich he retired from active business for a time. He then started his present business of confectionery, groceries, and lunch-room. He carries a large stock, and his store is neat and tastily arranged, and presents an appearance creditable to any large commercial center. He was married in February, 1874, to Hannah D. Arthur, of Greenup. They have had tAvo children, viz., Duke and Freddie (deceased). JOSEPH M. COOK, hardware store, Greenup, was born March 5, 1848, in Hocking County, Ohio. His father, James Cook, was a blacksmith by trade, coming to Cumberland County in 1857. He was a prominent citizen and temperance man, and took a deep interest in and devoted much of his time to the cause. Our subject GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 255 was given a good education and learned the tinners' trade, at which he worked in various parts of Illinois and Missouri. While in the latter State he married Alniira Smith on January 10, 1869, and the following year came to Greenup and started a hardware and tin store. He now has the only store exclusively given to that line of goods. The store is Avell stocked and has a good trade- Mr. Cook is a leading business man and has a high social standing. The parents have two children, viz.: Benjamin F. and Gladdy. They are bright children and Avell advanced in their studies, being regular attendants of the public school. JOHN G DEES, grocer, Greenup, Avas born in Randolph County, 111., October 20, 1845, Avas reared on a farm, but went south, and at sixteen years of age enlisted in the Confederate army at the com mencement of the war, and served until its close. He was in seven teen general battles, and on tAvo hundred and sixty -five days' skirmish duty, having been Avounded three times. While in the service he took prisoner his present father-in-law, AvhoAvas in the Federal army at the time, and for years after the service each was a stranger to the other. At the close of the war he Avorkedon various railroads in Missouri and Ulinois ; then he Avent to Saint Louis, Mo-, where he was a street car conductor for five years. He then came to Greenup and opened a grocery store, his present business, having a large stock and a good trade in that line- In 1872, Mr. Dees married Sarah E. Williams, of Greemup. To them have been born three children, viz.: Charles G (deceased), Cora and Oma. JOHN DUNN, farmer, was bom August 17, 1822, in Carroll County, Ky., Avas reared on a farm, and had poor educational advan tages. He left home to do for himself at eighteen years of age, earn ing $10 per .month. Then he went to Shelby Comity, Ind., where he was married, May 4, 1847, to Miss Susan Yelton,who has borne him six children, viz.: Cornelia, Robert, Louis J., Franklin, Jeremiah and William. All are married but Robert and William. Mr. D. is an old settler, and made his entire property here- He has a farm of 162 acres, welljmrproved; he has also dealt largely in cattle. He has been a school director and supervisor; is a deacon in the Bap tist Church. WILLIAM EWART, retired farmer, Greenup, was born in Butler County, Ohio, June 29, 1814. He is the fourth in a family of eight children, seven of whom are still living — in very old age. James Ewart, grandfather of our subject, came to the United States from Ireland, and^settled in Pennsylvania. His son, and father of our 256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: subject, David, was born in Ireland, and was but six weeks old when brought to this country. The maternal grandfather of our subject came, to America as a British soldier during the Revolutionary war, but deserted and served four years under General Washington. Our subject had poor educational advantages in early life, attending school a few months to an " old Revolutionary soldier, whose prin cipal qualification was in applying the rod, and avIio required all reci tations to be made in the loudest possible voice of the scholar." Mr. Ewart has always been a great reader, and is well versed in ancient history. When he was ten years old he moved with his parents to Franklin County, Ind- His father there leased a farm for eight years, and there died in 1830. Mr. E. assisted his brothers in working out the lease. In 1832 he learned the trade of black smith at Fairfield, Ind., with one John Allen, and with him went to the Tippecanoe battle ground, near La Fayette, Ind. He worked for Allen awhile there, and then started for himself, at Newtown, Fountain Co., Ind., where he remained until 1853, when he came to Cumberland County, 111., and bought a farm. In farming he has been principally engaged ever since, now owning a fine farm, and in good circumstances — the result of his own energy and industry. On March 5, 1837, he married Elizabeth Titus, who died in 1850- They had seven children, viz.: James A-, Judson, David A-, John P., Mary N-, Catherine, and an infant, all noAv deceased but James, Judson and John P. March 13, 1851, he married, for his second wife, Sarah Kirkpatrick, who has borne him four children, viz.: Eudora, Laura, William A. and Thomas K, all living. This wife died January 12, 1877. On August 2, 1881, he next married Elmira Conner, who is still living. His children are all prosperous, financially, some having good farms, others in mercantile business, and one owning a livery stable in Greenup. Mr. E. in politics is a Republican, having been formerly a Whig. He is a strong advocate of Prohibition; was a member of the Sons of Temperance, held the position of Deputy Grand Patriarch, and has since been identified with all temperance work- NEHEMIAH FANCHER, farmer (post-office Greenup), was bom in DelaAvare County, Ohio, August 28, 1833, and when sixteen years old, came with his parents to Cumberland County, 111. He was given a good education, and when he had attained his majority his father gave him eighty acres of unimproved land, which he placed under cultivation and improved and attended until 1861, when he en listed as a private in Company G, Tenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 257 and served forty months, and for merit was promoted to Corporal, and then to Sergeant. He participated in many of the hard-fought battles of the war. In November, 1864, he married Ellen LaDow, of Greenup, daughter of (now) Mrs. Chas. Nisewanger. At the close of the war he returned to Cumberland County, and re-engaged in farming. He now owns 250 acres of land in one farm, half a mile from Greenup, and all under cultivation. His improvements conj sist of a large, fine brick residence, with yard decorated with shade and evergreen trees; two large barns; a grainery; a large cow and hog stable; tool and farm implement shed; four wells, a large orchard of three acres of select fruit, etc He has shade trees set out along the lines of fences all over his farm. The farm is well stocked with the best breeds of cattle, horses, etc. He owns a steam hay press, which he operates on the farm, buying and pressing hay for the market. In general he has perhaps the finest improved farm in the county, and is himself enterprising and prosperous. He was a member of the Good Templars organization, and is a strong temper ance man. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and of the G- A. R. In all public improvements he takes an active part, and is a liberal contributor to all charitable and benevolent movements, and is highly respected by the community. JOHN GREEN, farmer, post-office Toledo, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, January 15, 1832, and when eight years old came with his parents to Cumberland County, Ulinois, his father having entered 200 acres of land near Toledo, which is still OAvned by his heirs. Our subject was raised to hard work on the home farm, shared the hardships of pioneer life, and had poor school advantages, but by home study during his leisure hours, he acquired a very fair education. On December 5, 1858, he married Ann M. Gardner, who has borne her husband four children, viz.: William, Alice F, John D-, and Lewis F. (deceased). After his marriage, he first rented a farm, then bought forty acres of land. He has always been a farmer, and been very suc cessful, now owning 400 acres of land. His prosperous condition is the result of his industry and strict economy. He is engaged in stock-raising, having every convenience for that purpose. His farms are well stocked with sheep, etc Mr. Green has held vari ous political positions, among which are Constable, Deputy Sheriff, Commissioner of Highways and School Trustee. He is public spir ited, and contributes liberally to all religious matters and benevolent institutions. JOHN GRIM, farmer (post-office Hazel Dell), was born in Stark 258 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: County, Ohio, on November 26, 1821. His parents, Joseph and Mary (Bush) Grim, were natives of Maryland, and among the first settlers of Steubenville, Ohio. They were parents of twelve chil dren, only three of Avhom survive, viz.: John, our subject, Sarah (De Witt), of De Kalb County, Illinois, and Sophia (Robb), of Roanoke, Ind. Mr. G. left home Avhen tAventy years old, married Catherine Coldsmith, of Pennsylvania, and engaged in farming, which he has always followed. He came to Cumberland County soon after his mar riage, in an early day. He inherited $300 from his father, and with this start in life he iioav owns a farm of 120 acres, well improved. Mr. Grim has given some time to the study of theology, and is licensed as a minister of the Christian Church. His wife is also a member of the same church. He is always charitable to the poor, has a high social standing, and is highly respected by the community in Avhich he resides. SILAS W- HUFFCUT was born in Geauga County, Ohio, Octo ber 10, 1831. His father, Sylvester W., was a soldier in the war of 1812, at the age of fifteen. His father having died in the war, he supported the family until he Avas twenty-two years of age, when he married Elizabeth A. Clark, who bore him seven children, only two of Avhom, Sylvester and Silas, are still living. After his marriage he went to Orleans County, N. Y. and thence to Ohio, where he remained until 1839, Avhen he came to Cumberland County, 111., and settled in Greenup. At the end of tAvo years he moved on a farm adjoining the town. He Avas a local preacher. For four years he was Assessor, also a charter member of the Masonic Fraternity. He died on December 3, 1856, but his widow is still living at the age of eighty-three years. Our subject remained at home, working on the farm and attending the common school, until 1849, Avhen he went to Indiana, and run a ferry boat on the Wabash River two years, at Clinton, then returned and learned the carpenters' trade, Avhich has been his principal business since. On December 2, 1855, he married Rachel Shull, of Greenup. To them have been born six children, viz. : Lillie, Wilson, Eddie (deceased), Grant ( deceased), Caroline and Henry. During the Avar he was a dele gate to the State Convention at Springfield, as a representative of the Union League. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Universalist Church. He is also a member of the I. O. O- F., hav ing been a representative to the Grand Lodge twice. DR. NATHANIEL G. JAMES, druggist, Greenup, was bom in Montgomery County, Inch, October 31, 1830. He acquired a good education by home study, and in improving all fhe opportunities GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 259 which the times and that locality afforded. Then he began the study of medicine in Indiana. In 1853 he went to Jasper County, 111., and remained there tAvo years ; then in 1 855 he Avent to JohnstoAvn, Cumber land County, and began the practice of his profession; also conducted a mercantile business. In 1871 he came to Greenup, and the year fol lowing opened a drug store, which he has since carried on in connec tion with his practice. As a physician he has the confidence not only of the community and local profession, but an extended favorable rep utation and high standing as a gentleman and a physician throughout southern Illinois. For the successful and skillful performance of a very difficult surgical operation, he Avas elected an honorary member of the " Esculapian Society of the Wabash Valley." As a business man, he has been eminently successful. He now owns a finely improved farm of 160 acres in Cottonwood Township, Cumberland County, a fine residence in Greenup, and a large drug store, all the result of industry, economy, and good management. He has taken an active part in building- up and improving the town, contributing largely in money from his own private resources. To his efforts is greatly due the securing of the P., D. & E. R. R. at Greenup. On November 9, 1861, he married Margaret L. Vandewort. They have six children, viz.: Jessie B., now Mrs. Peters, of Greenup, William II., Leonard, Bertha N, Edwin B. and one unnamed. William H. is uoav eighteen years old, and is aAvay attending school. JACOB JENUINE, miller, Greenup, Avas born in Columbus, Ohio, on November 30, 1845. His early life Avas spent mostly in working in grist-mills and learning the milling business, which he has followed all his life. He commenced life for himself when twenty-three years old. He rented his father's mill, at Bell Air, Crawford County, 111., and ran it for tAvo years ; then Avent into the stock business; then came to Greenup, and has since been running the " Cumberland Mills," and dealing, with his brother-in-law, in stock. They are doing a thriving business. The mill runs clay and night. On January 4, 1870, he married Miss Mary L. Matheny, of Bell Air, 111. She Avas born in New Albany, Inch, July 25, 1842, and came with her parents to Crawford County, 111., when ten years old, but later returned to New Albany. At eighteen, she learned dressmaking, and for ten years, or until the time of marriage, carried on the busi ness, having an establishment at Bell Air, 111. Mr. and Mrs. J- have four children, viz-: Fred M-, Frank, Merylin R., and Homer. CHARLES G- JONES, miller, Greenup, Avas born in Greenup Township, Cumberland County, 111., November 3, 1852. His father, 260 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Harrison Jones, was born in 1828, in Tennessee. He never had but fifteen days in school, but by home study, while farming, secured a fair education, and studied law, which he practiced in Greenup. In 1836, he came to Cumberland County, farmed and practiced law. His first wife was Rebecca Wall. They were parents of seven chil dren, Charles being the youngest. This wife died in 1858. He was next married to Elizabeth Wright. They were parents of five chil dren. At the age of eighteen, our subject was called upon to main tain the family, a responsibility he promptly and cheerfully accepted, and has continued to discharge this duty up to the present in a cred itable manner. Mr. J. had limited advantages for an education, but was always a natural mathematician and very quick in mental arith metic. He early displayed remarkable business talent, and has always been a very successful trader. His first venture Avas with $50 borrowed money, and good credit. With this he bought two car-loads of sheep, on which he realized a good profit. He has con tinued successful in stock-trading, in connection with other business ever since. He now owns several large farms, a fine country resi dence, the largest saw -mill in the county, keeping ten teams of fine, large horses busy in hauling lumber. He has capital invested in several corporate and other general business enterprises, and has just com pleted a $10,000 grist-mill in Greenup. This is all the result of his personal industry, good management and strict economy. In all his business dealings, he neA^er had a lawsuit, and in his personal con duct is gentlemanly, courteous, generous and public spirited. On May 23, 1880, he married Miss America E. Jobe. MAHLON R. LEE Avas born April 8, 1835, in Greene County, Ohio. His grandfather emigrated to the United States from Ire land, and settled in Clermont County, Ohio. His oldest son, John, married Elizabeth Husong, of Ohio. They had six children. Our subject Avas bound out at seven years of age. When his mother died, he ran aAvay, and Avent to live with a farmer, Avith whom he remained until he Avas twelve years old. Then he carried the United States mail betAveen Centerville and Jeffersonville, Ohio. At fifteen years of age, he Avalked from Jeffersonville to Westfield, Ind. Here he did chores for a farmer and attended school, then the first he had ever attended. At the age of nineteen, he learned the gunsmith trade, and at twenty he started in business in Jefferson, Clinton County, Ind., for himself, continuing until 1857, when he went to Sangamon County, 111., remained a year, returned to Indiana, cleared timber land, and by great industry and economy he saved a small GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 261 capital, and in 1861, came to Cumberland County, 111., bought 160 acres of land on credit, successfully meeting the payments. In 1856, he was elected County Clerk for two years. At the time of taking the office, he found the records in a very unsatisfactory, incomplete condition, and at his oavii expense, employed a thoroughly compe tent assistant, and revised the old and kept the neAV records under a perfect system. At the end of his term, he engaged in stock-raising and farming. He moved on his farm in 1873, remaining there three years. Then he Avas a contractor in building the P., D. & E. R. R. In 1878, he bought an interest in the Greenup Mill, and his present fine, large brick residence, and moved to town soon after- In 1880, he sold his interest in the mill. He now owns a farm of 260 acres of well improved land, besides the elegant brick residence in Greenup, all acquired by his oavii industry and economy. On June 10, 1856, he married Miss Sarah Jessup, of Indiana, who ran away from home to marry him. Their children are: Willard, Ethan A-, Cora, Boxley, John, Mary J. Cora, Ethan A- and John are the only children living. Mr. Lee had three brothers: David, Clark and Ethan A. David is now practicing medicine in Missouri; Ethan A- practicing medicine in Colorado. Clark Avas a physician Arery early in life. He went to Texas, then to the southwest part of Mexico, on the Pacific coast, and there practiced his profession. He adopted the Spanish language and Mexican customs, aud Avas not heard from for thirty years. He became very Avealthy, returned to Missouri, where he met his brothers by appointment. There, he died of con sumption. LEMUEL LEGGETT, farmer, Greenup, Avas born in Washing ton County, Ohio, December 17, 1827- His grandfather was a native of Ireland, emigrated to America and settled in Pennsylvania, where was born Alexander Leggett, the father of our subject, who was by trade a shoemaker, but mostly engaged in farming. He removed to Washington County, Ohio, where he lived until his death. He was married to Isabella Campbell, in 1800- To them were born eleven children, all of whom lived to Avell advanced years. Our sub ject remained at home until of age, when he started in life by keep ing a grocery store at Sterling, Ohio. In 1850, he came to Illinois, landing in Marshall; he went to Terre Haute, Ind., from there, and entered the employ of a surveying party, who were surveying the present route of the Vandalia Railroad, with whom he remained three years. In 1853, June 23, he walked from Terre Haute to Greenup, without a 'dew .dollars ' in tois pocket, arriving there an 262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: entire stranger. He soon opened a harness store, and made the first saddle ever made in the county. In August, 1862, he gave up his business to enlist in Company B, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Ulinois (Mounted) Infantry, as First Lieutenant. Owing to poor health he resigned after a year's service, returned to Greenup, and Avent to farming on a 200 acre tract, Avhich he bought prior to the war. In farming, as in all his business undertakings, Mr. Leggett has been quite successful, constantly adding to his farm until he owned a section of valuable land, most of which he still retains. He has built a neat cottage residence, a good barn and other out buildings, and set out an orchard of several acres of* choice fruit. His farm adjoins Greenup. On February 5, 1854, he was married to Miss Loretta A. Williams, of Greenup. They are the parents of eight children, — an infant (unnamed), Laura E. (deceased), Clark G, Florence, Anna B. (deceased), Sarah E., Joe, and Gaylitte. He is a Republican in politics. He has contributed in time and money to all public enterprises, and especially in the digging of the Mineral Well. CHAPMAN A. LEWIS, harness store, Greenup, Avas born in Rush County, Ind., January 10, 1824. He Avas raised on a farm, attend ing school in the Avinter season. Being apt in learning, he generally stood at the head of his class. His father was poor, and only afforded his children each one pair of shoes a year, and required all their time in hard work on the farm, except a few months, each winter, at school. In 1845, he married Miss Cynthia A. Earl, of Jennings County, Ind. At first he farmed for three years, then went into the gro cery business one year at West Paris, Jennings County, then bought a saddle and harness store in the same place. He carried on a large business and learned the trade of harness-making. After three years he Avent to farming, continuing until 1864, Avhen he came to Cumberland County, UL, and farmed ten years ; then came to Greenup and established his present business. He now has the largest estab lishment and the best trade in the place. He Avas reared in the Methodist faith, and is highly respected by the community. Eight children have been born to them, viz.: Oliver, David D., Elizabeth, Charity, Leroy, Martha A. (deceased), George (deceased), Jephtha (deceased). WILLIAM McCANN, shoemaker, Greenup, Avas born in Flem ington, N. J., August 18, 1884, was given a good education, and Avas taught his trade by his father. He remained at home until of age, when he went to Glen Gardner, NeAV Jersey, and engaged in business GREENUP TOAVNSHIP. 263 for himself for five years. There he married Miss Susan Fritts; then he Avent into the stock business, buying and selling and ship ping cattle, for eighteen years, after Avhich he came to Cumberland County, UL, on a visit. Seeing it was a good location for his trade, he opened a shoe shop; is a fine Avorkman, and has a large patronage. His is the leading shop in toAvn. Mr. McCann has a fine property. He is a public spirited citizen, and much respected by his associates. WILLIAM H- McDONALD, attorney, Greenup, was born March 1, 1841, in Ross County, Ohio, and is of Scotch descent- His great-grandfather was from the Highlands of Scotland. He came to the United States in 1777, settled in Pennsylvania, then went to Kentucky, and thence to Ross County, Ohio. John G, his oldest son, and grandfather of our subject, Avas born in Pennsylvania. He was a civil engineer by profession. Wrote a history of the Scioto Valley, and Indian Avars in Ohio, and was a Colonel and Paymaster in the war of 1812. His youngest son, John, and father of Mr. McD., has always been principally a farmer, but has held the offices of Sheriff and State Senator from the counties of Ross and Highland, Ohio. Our subject is the sixth child in a family of ten children; he remained at home until he Avas nineteen years old, and received a very thor ough education. In 1860, he left home and commenced to study la av with Judge Safford, and on October 2, 1862, Avas admitted to the Bar, in Ohio, Avhere he practiced for tAvo years- He then came to Illinois, located in Charleston, thence to Cumberland County, locating at Toledo, and thence to East Saint Louis, Avhere he remained a short time. He then returned to Ohio, and remained there three years. In 1880 he came to Greenup, and now has a large and groAving prac tice. In 1873 he Avas elected to the State Legislature of Ulinois, as a Democrat, from Cumberland County, and took an active part in the revision of the laws of the State. He introduced the bill, which became a law, non-exempting property from execution Avhere the debt was due the laborer or servant. He has also been Master in Chancery. On May 16, 1867, he married Miss Sarah Campbell, of Greenup. They have one child — John. REUBEN N. MATHENY, miller and stock-dealer, Greenup, was born in Dubois County, Ind-, on May 22, 1834; came with his par ents to Crawford County, UL, and remained at home on the fann until fifteen years old. He was gwen fair adArantages for an education. When he left home he went to Hutsonville, UL, and clerked in a store for three years; then Avent to Robeson, UL, and kept a saloon; then sold out and Avent to farming. In 1861, he enlisted in 264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Company E, Seventeeth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. At the battle of Shiloh he was wounded and returned home, remaining sixty days . Upon joining the regiment again, being still unable for active duty, he was assigned to an ambulance corps, and Avas ordered to Holly Springs, Miss., where he was taken prisoner and paroled. He then reported to Saint Louis, and at the end of thirty days was exchanged. Then he was detailed for duty as assistant in the Ladies' Union Aid Association, in Saint Louis, for eighteen months. He was married in Saint Louis, March 13, 1864, to Miss Ann M. Shattuck. In May, 1864, he was mustered out of service, returned to Crawford County, 111., and farmed until 1876, when he moved to Greenup, and went in the liquor business. Then he returned to Crawford County, remained on a farm one year, returning then to Greenup and engaging in mill ing and stock-trading and dealing — his present business. He has a large capital invested in the business, and is very successful. Mr. M. is a member of the Masonic Order, and of the G. A. R. His wife was born July 14, 1829, in New York. When six years old, -upon the death of her mother, she went to Addison County, Vt.; at the age of twenty-two she went to Massachusetts. She first worked in a cot ton factory, then began nursing, which she followed for thirty-five years. She Avas Matron in the Ladies' Union Aid Association in Saint Louis, Mo., for several years during the war, and won the esteem and respect of all. While there she met and married her husband. EDWIN MATTOON, retired farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Worthington, Franklin County, Ohio, September 6, 1808. His father was a native of Vermont, but early moved to Franklin County, Ohio, where he lived on a farm until his death, at eighty years of age. His Avife was Miss Thankful Stebbins, who was highly educated and accomplished, as were all her family. She had several brothers, who occupied eminent positions in various professions, especially the ministry. A history of the Stebbins family has been published. Our subject received a first-class education, attending school until he was twenty years old. Then he learned the black smith trade. He owned a shop for a number of years, at Blendon, Ohio. In 1850, he went via the overland route to California, remain ing there several years, engaging in mining and blacksmithing. In the meantime, he made one visit home by water. In 1862, he returned to Central College, Ohio, and engaged in farming and blacksmithing for three years. In 1865, he went to Charleston, then came to Cumberland County, UL, and first rented, then bought the GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 265 farm of eighty acres on which he now resides. His is one of the best cultivated and improved farms in the county. He has a neat cot tage residence, surrounded by shade and ornamental trees, flowers in their season, and everything that makes a home attractive. He was a strong anti-slavery man, and local worker in the cause, and for the Liberia colonization scheme, collecting money in its interests. He stood alone on that question for several years in his community and church. He was also a very active worker in the early temperance reform movement. Mr. M. is well read, and a thorough scholar. He has taken an active part in favor of public reform movements during all his life. In 1834, he married Naiicy B. Langdon, of Ham ilton County, Ohio. They are the parents of eight children, all liv ing, viz.: Joseph S., now fifty years old, in the custom-house in Cal ifornia; Mary E., Esteline M., Martha L., Delia M-, Caroline, Anna M. and J. Leavitt. The youngest is thirty-five years old. Mrs. Mattoon died in August, 1876- G- MONOHON, merchant, Greenup, Avas born in Montgomery County, Ind., February 10, 1830. His great-grandfather came to the United States from Ireland in the early part of the eighteenth century, and settled in New Jersey. The grandfather of our subject was a pioneer of Fayette County, Ohio. John Monohon, father of our subject, was reared on a farm in that State, and, in 1824, moved to Montgomery County, Ind., where he farmed for several years, then returned to Ohio, and resided in Madison County until 1844, when he came to Cumberland County, 111., and here farmed until his death, June 18, 1856. His first marriage Avas to Miss Nancy Stypes, of Fayette County, Ohio, who became the mother of Gershom Mono hon. Mrs. Monohon died in 1837, and subsequently the widower married Malinda Halloway. Gershom Monohon was fourteen years of age when brought by his parents to Cumberland County. His early life was spent in arduous fami work, and his school advantages were limited, but by application to study at home and by attending school after attaining his majority, he acquired a thorough business and a very fair literary education. In 1852, he entered the store of A. K. Bosworth, as clerk, remained as such until 1858, and then formed a partnership with Mr. Kelum, continuing the same until 1864, when Mr. K sold his interest to D. G Robertson. Since 1872, Mr. Monohon has been by himself. In 1874, he. built his fine brick business house in Greenup, adjoining which is his handsome resi dence. He has been eminently successful in business, has accumu lated a competence, and gained a high social standing. He is a 266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: leading Republican, and almost continuously since the organization of the Toavii Board, in 1869, he has been a member thereof, and is now its President- In 1876, he was elected to the State Legislature, as a minority candidate, from Effingham, Shelby and Cumberland coun ties, by a Arote of 12,442, and served two years. He is quite public spirited, and contributed $1,000 towards securing the building of the Vandalia Railroad. To his efforts, also, is mainly due the credit of causing the erection, in 1855, of the first brick schoolhouse in town, and later, against strong opposition, he was chief in the movement for the erection of the present fine brick structure. He is also an active temperance man, and to his influence is largely due the non- license policy of Greenup. He stands high in the Masonic Frater nity, and is a member of the Universalist Church. November 25, 1857, he married Isabella H. Robertson, of Greenup, but formerly of Ohio, and by her he became the father of six children, viz.: Hat tie G (deceased), Douglas G (deceased), John, Jennie, George G, and Mark T- CHARLES NISEWANGER, retired farmer, Greenup, was born in Gallia County, Ohio, February 15, 1805. His grandfather came to the United States from Germany, early in the eighteenth century, and Avas one of the first settlers of Marietta, Ohio, but later settled in Gal lia County. He had two sons, Jacob and John- The former settled in North Carolina, and but Arery little was ever known of him after- Avards. John remained at home, working on the farm- In 1800 he mar ried Miss Winnefred Buck. Their only child was Charles Nisewanger, oursubject. The grandfather died February 12, 1806. Mr. Nisewan- ger's early life Avas spent mostly in farm work and attending school. With his step-father he ran a ferry boat on the Ohio River, at Gallipo- lis, Ohio, several years. In 1828 he went to Fairfield County, Ohio, and contracted for excaArating a part of the Cleveland and Portsmouth Canal. After the completion of this contract in 1831, he Avas canal superintendent Avith headquarters at Newark, for ten years ; then ran a hotel for thirteen months, at Luray, Ohio ; then came to Cumber land County, in 1846, settled in the timber, and cleared part of a farm, remaining- but a year. He then moved to Greenup, and went into the mercantile business tor tAvo years. During the ensuing six years he was Assessor, Collector and Deputy Sheriff. On August 9, 1861, he organized Company A, Fifth Illinois Cavalry. He was offered the captaincy, but declined, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. He remained in the service eighteen months, but from injuries received from his horse falling on him he Avas compelled to resign. Upon his GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 267 return home he clerked a year for A. K. Bosworth. Then, in 1863, he engaged in mercantile business in Greenup, continuing ten years. He then Avent to farming, which he follows, with the assistance of his son- in-law. Mr. N. has always been, from boyhood, a tetotelar and temper ance worker. He organized the first lodge of Sons of Temperance in Cumberland County, and later the Good Templars' Order, and with his Avife was among the first to start the Blue Ribbon movement in Greenup, the result of which has been to make Greenup a prohibition town, with 1,600 signatures to the pledge. He is a Mason in good standing, and charter member of the order in Greenup; also charter member of the Eastern Star; also his wife. He has been married seven times. His first wife, Susan Gilbert, lived but a year; his sec ond, Mary Laney, lived three years; his third, Martha Smith, died soon after marriage; his fourth, Sarah Smith, sister of his third, also deceased; his fifth, Sarah Warden, lived five years; his sixth was Eliz abeth Pickering. He then married Mrs. Lucy LaDow. Mrs. Lucy (LaDow) Nisewanger, was born August 21, 1824, near Granville, Ohio. Her maiden name was Miss Lucy Philbrook. In early life she given a thorough education at the Presbyterian Academy at Granville, Ohio, then taught school until her marriage, July 11, 1845, to Jame;B LaDow, who was a prominent lawyer, and highly respected. In 1853 she came with her husband to Effingham County, UL, remained three years, and then came to Cumberland County, where, November 28, 1860, he died. After the death of her husband she taught school for a while, was then appointed Postmistress at Greenup, and served until October, 1863. On August 9, 1863, she married her present husband, and soon after resigned the affairs of the post-office, her husband, Mr. N., being appointed in her stead. With all business, social, and political acts of Mr. N., his wife has been closely identified and asso ciated. Mrs. N. occupies a high social and literary position, and has always been accorded the lead in movements and organizations among her lady associates. At one time she made the presentation speech, in the presence of Governor Yates and Owen Lovejoy, consequent upon presenting a flag to the " Wide Awakes." On another occa sion she made the presentation address upon the ladies giving a flag- to Company B, Ninety-Seventh Ulinois Volunteer Infantry. She is a charter member of the Eastern Star, and an active temperance worker. Mr. and Mrs. (LaDow) Nisewanger, are parents of one child, Charles P. (deceased). WILLIAM H. OZIER was born in Washington County, Penn., November 8,^1811. His father, Stephen Ozier, who. Avas born in 16 268 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Baltimore, Md., was by trade a shoemaker. When of age, he com menced life for himselffirst settli ng in Pennsylvani a, then in Mansfield, Ohio, where he conducted a large boot and shoe business. He married Margaret Nichols, of Washington, Penn. He died in 1834. They were parents of eight children, four of whom are living. Our subject was the oldest child, and was eight years of age when his father came to Mansfield, Ohio. He was given a good education in preparation for West Point, by request of Gov. Bartly, but prevented from entering by the earnest protest of his mother. His father then taught him the shoemakers' trade, which he has followed in connection with the boot and shoe business for a great part of his life. When of age he engaged in the bakery and confectionery business, in Mansfield, Ohio. While there he married, in 1832, Dorcas T. Goe. They had one child, Richard. His wife died in 1834. In that year he went to Cincin nati, where he conducted a boot and shoe business several years. Then he embarked in a general mercantile, produce and provision trade between Cincinnati and points along the Ohio River. In 1837 he married, for his second wife, Elizabeth Close, of Dearborn County, Ind. They had two children, viz. : Rachel and John. His wife died in 1841. In 1841 he went to Clermont County, Ohio, and there mar ried his present and third wife, Mary A. Hartshorn. He opened a boot and shoe store at Moscow, that county, continuing in the busi ness five years. Thence he went to Cincinnati, where for two years he engaged in the same business; thence to Williams County, follow ing the same business. In 1871 he came to Cumberland County, 111., and engaged for one year in the boot and shoe business in Greenup. He then traveled as salesman for a leather house, since when he has been selling nursery stock. His present wife has borne him nine children. Mr. Ozier's first vote for President was in 1836. He was a strong Abolitionist, made public speeches in favor of, and has suffered many indignities for advocating that doctrine. He was an organizer of the Republican party, and a delegate to the State Convention that first nominated Salmon P. Chase for Governor of Ohio. In 1840 Mr. O. assisted in organizing the Sons of Temperance, and held various honorable positions in that order. He has been a member of both the I. O- O- F. and Masonic orders. HARLOW PARK, cashier Greenup Bank, Avas born in Frank lin County, Ohio, July 3, 1836. His great-grandfather came to the United States in 1730, from Germany, settled in New York, and there raised a family of seven children. Amos, the fourth child, and grandfather of our subject, was reared in New York, but went early GREENUP TOAVNSHIP. 269 to Licking County, Ohio, and settled in Granville in 1805; thence to Delaware County, and thence to Franklin County, Avhere he died. His principal business was that of farming, in which he Avas emi nently successful. He won distinction in the war of 1812, through which he served. His oldest child, James, Mr. Park's father, was born in Lockport, N. Y., and was given fair advantages for an edu cation, attending school, winters, and assisting on his father's farm in vacation. He was married to Margaret Agler, of Ohio. They were parents of five children, Adz.: Horace, Harlow, Horton, Helena and Helen. They also raised four orphan children, who are now well to do and prosperous, and who live in grateful remembrance of their generous and kind benefactors. Mr. Park's early life was spent at home on the farm, where he Avas disciplined in habits of industry and economy, and received a thorbugh business and literary educa tion, attending Central College, Ohio, five years. He thus laid the foundation for a useful, active life. Leaving college at eighteen, and having chosen the vocation of farming for his business in life, for three years he applied himself to acquiring a knowledge of theoret ical farming, by study and practical application. During this time, he made several trips to the West with a view of selecting a permanent location. When of age, he began for himself, in Franklin County, Ohio, farming and stock-raising, continuing for five years, when, in 1862, he enlisted in Company A, Eighty-Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, as a private, and served until the close of the Avar. He par ticipated in the two active campaigns — one in the defense of Gettys burg, and the other in defense of Cincinnati when threatened by Kirby Smith. He was for two years Provost-Marshal at Camp Chase, Ohio, and for some time Adjutant at Lital Barracks, Cincinnati. His pro motions and responsible positions of trust were the rewards of merit. Social in his relations, punctual in the discharge of duty, and valiant in conduct, he had the respect and esteem of officers and men. At the close of the war, he returned to Ohio and resumed farming there until 1868, when he came to Cumberland County, and bought a farm of 200 acres, within three miles of Greenup. He has given great care to its improvement, and skill in its management; has made many fine permanent improvements, and placed it among the best farms of the county. Mr. Park is a charter member and cashier of the Bank of Greenup, organized June 1, 1883, and to his efforts is greatly due the credit of its establishment. The bank, at first an experiment, is now in a prosperous condition and doing a business beyond expecta tion, largely the result of his executive ability and financiering. 270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Politically, Mr. P. is a Republican and party leader. In local poli tics, he has taken a great interest, being the chief organizer and leader of the Farmers' Club, instituted, irrespective of party, for the object of keeping honorable, competent men in charge of county affairs. The effect of this has been to raise the financial standing of the county from a Ioav, depreciated state, to a sound financial basis. A prominent leading citizen, he has contributed in time, influence and money, to all public enterprises, and accomplished much for the improvement and building up of the community. In 1863, he mar ried Martha L. Mattoon, an estimable lady, of Franklin County, Ohio, where she Avas born. They are the parents of five children, viz.: James, Eva, Bertha, Oliver and Margaret. JAMES M. RICE, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Shelby County, Ind., August 27, 1846. His father was a native of Kentucky, but settled in Shelby County in an early day as a farmer. He Avas through the entire Avar of the Rebellion, being totally dis abled for Avork from a severe wound. Our subject supported his father's family until he began life for himself, at the age of nine teen, when he worked by the month. In 1869, he came to Cumber land County, and first rented, then bought the farm of eighty acres where he now lives. He has built a fine residence and outbuildings, and set out an orchard of choice fruit. On September 8, 1870, he married Miss A. E. King, of Cumberland County. Mr. R. has made his property by his energy, economy and industry. DeWITT G ROBERTSON, Postmaster, Greenup, was born in Hardin County, Ohio, in February, 1839. His grandfather was by trade a miller, but at an early day went to Kentucky, and was a companion of Daniel Boone. His oldest son, Simon, and father of our subject, Avent to Ohio in 1830, and engaged in milling at West Liberty; thence to Hardin County, and farmed until 1839, when he came to Cumberland County, UL, and entered two sections of land; but before his death, Avhich occurred in August, 1841, he owned 1,500 acres of land. At the time of his father's death, our subject was two years old; when four years old, he was taken to Kentucky, where he remained with relatives for nine years, attending school. He then returned to Greenup, and lived with sister Abigail Lyons until 1856; then Avent to Ohio for a year; returned to Greenup, and worked for Simon Lyons until 1858; then carried mail between Greenup and Charleston. In 1860, he went to Douglas County, but returned in 1861, and assisted in organizing, and enlisted as First Sergeant in Company A, Fifth Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, and served in the GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 271 army three years. After returning from the war, he engaged with G- Monohon in the mercantile business, for four years, in Greenup. Then he conducted a mercantile business by himself. During the financial crisis of 1873-74, he was compelled to suspend, but he has since settled with all his creditors to their entire satisfaction. He then farmed for two years; then he was a salesman in the store of A. J. Ewart for eighteen months. He was then commissioned Post master of Greenup, which position he still holds, and conducts in connection with a notion and confectionery store. He has always been public spirited, contributing largely to the securing of railroads and other enterprises that would benefit the public in general. Mr. Robertson is a social, honorable gentleman, and has the high regard, esteem and confidence of all, who have known him through life, or who have had social or business relations with him. He Avas mar ried, May 7, 1865, to Miss Susan Talbott, of Greenup. They are the parents of Edward T-, Simon, Ida M-, Isabella, Araniinta D., George G-, Susan D., and Dewitt C. Susan and Araniinta are now deceased. ISAAC ROTHROCK, farmer (post-office, Hazel Dell), was born January 31, 1836, in Stark County, Ohio; has always lived on a farm, but received a good education. In 1854, he came to Cumberland County, worked by the month a number of years, saved his earnings and bought the farm where he now lives. The farm consists of eighty acres, and is well improved. He has a large frame residence and com modious out-buildings. He is a radical temperance man and worker. In politics he is a Republican, and has held the office of school director for several terms. On November 6, 1864, he married Sarah Grim, of Crooked Creek Township. Two children have been born to them, Olive A-, Mary A. (deceased). Mr. and Mrs. R-, are both members in good standing of the United Brethren Church. FRANK M. SAPP, blacksmith and wagon-maker, was born in Fayette County, 111., in 1844. At the breaking out ot the war, he enlisted in Company H,Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served four years and eight months. He was in many of the severe battles, and was several times wounded. At the close of the Avar he Avent to Vandalia, 111., and learned his trade; thence to Kane County, 111., there worked at his trade, and in 1869 came to Greenup, opened a shop which he has since conducted, except a short time when he was with his father-in-law in a grist mill. On July 3, 1870, he married Arabella Talbott. Four children have been the result of this marriage. JOHN J. SEVERNS, farmer (post-office, Greenup), was born in Coshocton County, Ohio; December 14, 1814, and remained at home 272 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: on the farm and attended school until the age of seventeen, when he learned the cabinet-maker's trade. Ho went with his parents to Knox County, Ohio, where he remained until the year 1835, when he returned to Coshocton County, Avhere he lived twenty years. He then went to Fulton County, UL, then worked at the carpenter's trade four years. He then came to Cumberland County, UL, Avhere he has since resided on his farm. He now owns eighty acres of land in Cumberland County, well improved, and 160 acres of timber in Jas per County. Although nearly seventy years old, Mr. S- is able to carry on the farm in person. He is a member of the Masonic Order, and is an ardent temperance man. He is public-spirited and benev olent, and has a high social standing in the community. He has been married twice; his first marriage was to Josephine McDonell, by Avhom he had three children, viz.: Albina (deceased), Caroline, and George (deceased) ; his second to Elizabeth Lane, by whom he had four children, viz.: Emma (deceased), Josephine, Eva L., John D. (deceased). HARLOW O- SHERWOOD, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Perry County, Ohio, March 14, 1827. His early life was spent at home on the farm. He has a good education. On January 27, 1853, he married Miss Mary J. Duer, of Perry County, Ohio. He built a house on his father's farm, conducted his father's business, and supported him and his father-in-law until 1860, when he came to Cumberland County, 111., leased 100 acres of new timber land in Union Township for nine years, putting it under cultivation and mak ing other improvements. Then he bought eighty acres of new land where he now lives, cleared and put it under cultivation; then added to it thirty, then thirteen, then sixty acres, all of which he bought new, and nearly all of Avhich he now has under cultivation. His farm of 183 acres, his spacious residence, his fine young bearing orchard, a barn, etc, are the results of economy, energy and good management. On the temperance question he is a strong Prohibi tionist, and Avas an acthTe leader in the Murphy movement. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Church, in which he is a class leader. Mr. S- has contributed largely to the building of several churches in the neighborhood, and is a strong leader in and supporter of all religious movements. In all of his undertakings, whether social, business or religious, his wife has shared all, and her frugality and consistent Christian life have done much toward establishing his high, social and financial standing. They have nine children, seven of Avhom are still living. GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 273 MARK SPERRY, farmer (post-office, Greenup), was born in New Hampshire, on June 26, 1818. His great-grandfather, Israel, was a tailor by trade, went to tho Indian-French wars and never returned. His grandfather was through the Revolutionary war, in General Washington's division, and was at the battle of Bunker Hill. At the close of the war ho went on horseback to NeAV Hamp shire; made the first settlement in the county, opened a farm from timber, and male improvements. He remained on the farm until his death, in February, 1840- His father was raised on this same farm in New Hampshire, and was a Captain in the war of 1812, but his entire business in life was farming; having lived on the farm first owned and improved by his father. In 1865, he came on a visit to Mark Sperry, in Cumberland County, where, in September of that year, he died. Our subject was raised on his father's farm in New Hampshire, and was given a thorough education. He taught school and farmed until 1824, when he went to Licking County, Ohio. Here he taught school, and was elected principal of" an incorporated Acad emy, which position ho hold for nine years. He then purchased the stock and continue 1 the school for several years more. For some time he taught a large select sohool, teaching a class in vocal music at night. At one time he was in the cheese and dairy business in Ohio, and had the largest establishment at that time in the State. While in this business he made a cheese weighing 1,000 pounds, which he sold in Cincinnati for twenty-five cents per pound. In November, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company K, Seventy-Sixth Ohio Infantry. Ho was appointed a S?rgeant, and subsequently commissioned as Lieutenant of his Company. Ho participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, etc., and was discharged from the service for dis abilities. He Avas then appointed to a position in the ProArost-Mar- shal's office at Columbus, Ohio, where he remained until 1864, when he came to Cumberland County, UL, and bought the farm Avhere he now resides. Since coming to Illinois he has taught school, been engaged in farming, and taken a leading and active part in all edu cational matters in the county. Ho has a fine residence, and one of the best improve:! farms in the county, all the result of his own en ergy and industry- In October, 1843, he was married to Lucy A. Durant, who was born in Springfiold, Vt., on December 4, 1821, and who was the eldest of a family of eleven children, ten of whom are now living. Hu* mother being for many years in feeble health, the care and labor of the household very early fell upon her, and under the eyes of a judicious mother aud kind father she became an adept 274 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: in all that pertains to the management of the household. The com mon school gave her the usual facilities for mental culture till about eighteen years of age. Then a few terms at Chester Academy fitted her for teaching, which occupation she followed for some time in Vermont, and also in Ohio- In the autumn of 1842, this whole family went to Ohio in wagons. At the time of her marriage, in 1842, a large expenditure of money for house-keeping was not as imperative as at present, and with very scanty means, Mrs. Sperry was enabled, by her early training, and indomitable industry and energy, to make the inconveniences of a small house and little fur niture seem but trifles, and it was not long before her little domi cile put on the appearance of home-like simplicity and cheerful ness. The duties of home were first with her in all things, save in sickness or distress, when her sympathies were all awake, and no toil or care seemed too great. No child of want ever appealed to her in vain. In early life Mrs. Sperry became a member of the Baptist Church in North Springfield, Vt., but on her arrival in Ohio she be came a member of the Congregational Church, at Hartford, Licking County. When she removed to this county she became a member of the Presbyterian Church, of which she is a member at the pres ent time. HUBBARD F. SPERRY, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Licking County, Ohio, November 7, 1847. In early life he attended the school taught by his father, Mark Sperry (Avhose sketch is else where given), until the war, when he was placed under the tutelage of others until he was seventeen years old, when his father moved to Ulinois. Thus he secured a good education. After coming to Cum berland County, 111., he worked on his father's farm until he was of age. He then farmed for a short time, then taught school, then en gaged for four years in mercantile business in Greenup, during this time being deputy postmaster. He then married Miss Alice Snearly, and after his marriage engaged in farming, his present business. Mr. and Mrs. S- are parents of four children, viz.: Artie B-, Gratia M., Beatrice M., Lula E- Mr. S-'s farm consists of eighty acres of land, well improved, and well stocked. He has a fine two-story residence, a large barn and commodious outbuildings. Politically, he is a Repub lican, and has been Justice of the Peace. He administered the estate of Jacob Snearly; was guardian of minor heirs. He is a member of the I. O- O- F. MARSHALL STEWART, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Morgan County, Ind., April 15, 1831, and is a twin brother GREENUP TOAVNSHIP. 275 of William Stewart, whose sketch is elsewhere given. When our sub ject was thirteen years old, his father died, since which event he has supported himself. He first worked at $4 per month on a farm, then, while yet a boy, rented a farm; was very successful, and continued renting for sixteen years. Finally he came to Cumberland County, and bought 240 acres of land where he now lives. There were but ten acres of this cleared, and no improvements or fences, but he now has a finely improved farm, a good residence, barn and outbuildings. The farm is mostly bottom land, which is the most productive soil in the county. He has an orchard of 200 trees, farm all fenced, all under cultivation, and well stocked. He married Matilda Laughlin, of Morgan County, Ind. To them have been born nine children, viz.: Mary J. (deceased), Anderson, Linlan, William B., Calvin (de ceased), Harriet, Stella, Dora, and an infant. His financial standing is the result of personal energy and skillful management. He is a member of the Methodist Church, and of the I- O- O- F. He was school director six years. WILLIAM STEWART, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born April 15, 1831, in Morgan County, Ind. His father died when he was thirteen years old, since when he has supported himself. When twenty-three years old he married Mary G Stockwell, of Morgan County, Ind. They have had eleven children, three dying when in fants. The living are Eb-, Marshall, Sarah J., Emeline, Anderson, Viola, Calvin, Minnie. He first rented a farm in Indiana, and gave his attention mainly to stock-raising, in Avhich he was very success ful, and thereby obtained a good start in life. He came to Cumber land County, farmed, and then went to Missouri, bought 160 acres of land, remaining there seven years, after Avhich he returned to Cum berland County. He has now 238J acres in Cumberland County, 130 of which is rich bottom land, also still owns the farm in Missouri; has a good $1,000 residence, and a fine, large orchard. Mr- Stewart in politics is a Democrat. He is a member in good standing of the Methodist Church. While in Missouri he was three years in the State Militia, on the Federal side. He is iioav school director, which office he has held several years. MICHAEL STOCKBARGER, farmer (post-office Greenup),was born in Licking County, Ohio, December 7, 1832. He Avas reared on the home farm, fairly educated, and supported his parents in their old age. He Avent Avith them to Knox County, Ohio, farmed there, and then, in 1858, came with them to Cumberland County and settled on a farm bought two years before. He has since been engaged in farm- 276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: ing, and now owns 140 acres of well improved land, a fine residence- which cost $1,800, and other improvements in accordance. His wife was Philena Osborn, of Wisconsin. They have three children. He is a member of the I. O- O. F-, having passed all the chairs. On the temperance question he is a Prohibitionist. He is public-spirited and charitable, and highly esteemed by his associates. Mr. S- gives much attention to stock-raising, having a taste for fine breeds of horses and cattle. EDWARD TALBOTT, farmer, Greenup, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, August 3, 1820- He was reared on his father's farm until nineteen years old, and had but a few months schooling, during the coldest winter weather. At the time of leaving home he could only read and Avrite, but after he began life for himself he gave all his extra time to study, attended school for a few months, and qual ified himself for teaching. When he left home, he first came to Cum berland County, 111., and contracted for clearing forty acres of tim ber land. .He remained nine months, and then returned to Ohio and rented his father's farm,which he attended summers,and taught school during winters. In 1844 he married Mrs. Jane Wolf, and came soon after to Cumberland County, and engaged in mercantile business, and then farmed. In 1848 he was elected Sheriff of the county. At the expiration of his term of office he kept hotel and store, until 1851, when he was elected Circuit Clerk for a term of four years. In 1852 he began the building of the Cumberland Mills. He bought the machinery in Warren, Ohio, and shipped it to Terre Haute, Ind., by canal, thence by Avagon to Greenup. At the time of building the mill there was but little wheat raised in the county, it being thought that the ground Avas not adapted to its culture, but largely through the efforts of Mr. T, and the influence of the mill, it is one of the best Avheat producing sections in the State. The mill is still in opera tion, and doing a large business, though in other hands since 1872. In 1858 he was again elected Sheriff, and served one term. In 1859, in addition to his milling and stock-dealing, he again engaged in mercantile business until 1862, Avhen, July 1 of that year, he organ ized Company B, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Infantry. Within one Aveek 101 men enlisted under him. He Avas commissioned Captain, and with the Company entered at once into active service. He was first engaged in the battle of Perryville. Here the Company met their first real experience in fighting. The Regiment opened the engagement, and Company B, under command of Captain T, be came involved in an unsupported conflict Avith greatly superior num- GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 277 bcrs, and it is due to all engaged, to say that the Avhole command dis played a perfection of discipline and soldierly gallantry worthy of the oldest veterans. The Company took an active part in the battle of Chickamauga, and other* severe battles. As an officer and soldier, Captain T. was braAre, intrepid and daring, and won distinction for gallant conduct. March 14, 1864, he resigned his commission, oAving to disabilities, returned home, and gave his attention to milling and stock-dealing. In 1869 he lost $5,000 by fire. He sold the mill in 1872, since when he has principally farmed. He contracted for and built several miles of the P., D- & E. R. R., being defrauded out of consider able money. This, Avith his loss by fire, and other adverse happenings, caused a partial failure, but he has regained rapidly, and now owns a fine farm, and is again in prosperous circumstances. He has always been public-spirited- He gave $1,000 towards securing the Vandalia R. R at Greenup, also to securing the P., D. & E. R. R- He now holds the office of Supervisor, this being his seventh year. His wife died in 1857- His second and present wife is Esther Ann Reese. WILL S. TOBEY, editor of The Cumberland Times, son of Allen G- and Lovina M. Tobey, was born at Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind., November 27, 1856. He received a "fair education in the various common school grades of his native city, and when sev enteen years of age entered the freshman class of Vincennes Univer sity. Compelled by feeble health, he withdrew from College after one year's study. Having at intervals, since he was fourteen years old, been connected with various printing establishments in Vin cennes, and having a deep-seated love for the work, he soon turned his attention to developing his natural aptitude in this direction, and educating himself in the great typographical and editorial school of this country. There is scarcely a city of any importance in the Mississippi Valley, where he did not engage in the labor of his chosen profession; confines his practice, however, exclusively to the details of job-printing, in Avhich he attained an enviable reputation for skill. His career in newspaper management proper commenced in the spring of 187(5, when he located at Benient, Piatt County, 111-, and took a controlling interest in the Bement Independent, a Aveekly pub lication. Finding Bement and its adjacent territory not likely 'to yield the support essential to the existence of a live paper, he sold his interest in the Independent and removed to Danville, Vermillion Co., UL, Avhere he accepted a partnership in the Erie, one of the six newspaper publications, at that time, in Danville. His next venture was the editorial management of the Enterprise, printed at 278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Lovington, Moultrie Co., 111., Avhich he assumed in the fall of 1879, and continued until the spring of 1881. At this time being broken down in health, he withdrew, temporarily, from professional work, and repaired to his mother's home near Russellville, Lawrence Co., 111. On April 15, 1881, he married, Miss Elenora M. Gould, an estimable and highly respected lady of Palestine, Crawford Co., 111., and in the following October, moved to Greenup, Cum berland County and established The Cumberland Times, a weekly newspaper, devoted to the general good of the county, and, in a polit ical sense, guarding the interests of the Republican element of the section. In the work of placing his paper upon a firm and lucrative basis, Mr. Tobey unexpectedly encountered the most bitter and unre lenting opposition, not only from his competitors but from many individuals, long residents of the county, who seemed to consider him as an interloper, and stigmatised his journalistic enterprise as an unnecessary factor in the business of the community, and its intro duction a matter of youthful, and therefore inexcusable presumption. In addition to this he met with repeated assaults upon his private character which, however, having no foundation in fact, recoiled upon his assailants with redoubled force. The Cumberland Times, at first, experienced a severe struggle for life, but by scrupulously observing every principle of honor and good faith, and conducting its publica tion with a fearless regard for the genuine good of the community it represents, irrespective of personal prejudices or party demands, its owner has broken down and utterly destroyed its early opposi tion and won for himself and his paper the respect of the entire popu lation in and about Greenup. 1 he Times is one. of the few coun try papers in southern Illinois which affords its OAvner a comforta ble and sure living, and, at the same time, maintains a high commer cial credit. It is not only the official organ of Cumberland County, but may justly be placed among the leading journals of the Sixteenth Congressional District. NICHOLAS F. TROXEL, farmer (post-office Greenup),was born in Morgan County, Ind., October 15, 1831. His father, Daniel, and mother, Elizabeth (Bookman) Troxel, moved in an early day from Virginia to Kentucky, thence to Tennessee, and thence to Indiana. They were parents of ten children. Our subject came to Cumber land County, UL, with his parents in 1840, when he was nine years old. Early in life he Avorked on a farm, and attended school, secur ing a good business education. He has always followed agricultural pursuits, and now owns a finely improved farm of eighty acres near GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 279 Greenup. He has a fine residence, substantial out-buildings, and a good orchard of choice fruits. He has been a member of the I. O- 0. F., and is iioav a member of the Masonic Fraternity; has been a school director for several years. Mr. T.'s Avife was Harriet M. McQuiston. To them have been born four children, viz.: William D., Charles E., Margaret E. (deceased), Mary (deceased). THOMAS C. TUTEWILER was born October 13, 1813, in Fairfield County, Ohio. His father Avas a native of Rockingham County, Va.; settled in Franklin County, Ohio, in 1801, and entered there a farm, on which he lived until his death. Our subject re mained at home working on the farm and assisting his father in maintaining the large family of younger children until of age. On July 2, 1835, he married Esther B. Aleshire, after which he farmed for three years, then came to Cumberland County, 111., by wagon, in the spring of the year. Here he entered 320 acres of timber land and prairie. He is a pioneer of the county and had to endure all the inconveniences of the early settlers. He lived the first year in a log cabin with a blanket for a door. He owned 600 acres of land, which he put in fine cultivation, and built a residence and out-buildings. He lost heavily by prairie fires and by wolves killing sheep, hogs, and other small stock. He did his trading mostly in Terre Haute, Ind.; having no Avheat-flour, he had to go to a horse-mill, a distance of ten miles, to get corn ground. He sold 1,500 pounds of pork in an early day, at $1.25 per hundred, and bought salt at $8 per bar rel at Terre Haute. His entire life has been given to farming, in which he has been very successful. He has divided a large property among his children, but still retains a large farm; also owns a neat cottage residence in Greenup, where they reside. Mr. and Mrs. T. have been married nearly fifty years, and are parents of four chil dren, viz.: Jacob H-, Lydia A., Julia A-, and Rebecca J., all living, and in prosperous circumstances. They are members of the Method ist Church. Mrs. T. is charitable and generous, and is ever a frieud to the poor and the afflicted. D. G UNDERWOOD, druggist, Greenup, was born in Knox County, Ohio, November 19, 1842. His great-grandfather was from Scotland, and settled in Pennsylvania. Jesse, his son, and grand father of our subject, was born in that State, where he lived and en gaged in farming until he was fifty years old, when he Avent to Knox County, Ohio. His wife was a German lady named Julia Myers; their oldest son, Henry, and father of Mr. U., was born in Pennsylva nia, December 24, 1806. He married Eliza Huffort, of Pennsylvania, 280 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: and when twenty-eight years old he came to Ohio with his father's family, where he still lives , and is seventy-seven years ofage. Our sub ject remained at home until eighteen years old. He had but fair advan- tao-es for an education, but by home study and close application acquired a Arery thorough education, and fitted himself for teaching. When eighteen years old he enlisted in the ninety days' service — in the late war — in Company F, Third Ohio Infantry. At the expira tion of his time he re-enlisted in Company C, Thirty-Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and served three years. He first saw active service in Western Virginia, and participated in the battles of Cheat Mountain, Crab Orchard, Winchester, Mooreland Heights, etc At the battle of Harper's Ferry he was taken prisoner, after being twice wounded, Avas paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, was later exchanged, and was in Grant's army in the Mississippi Valley. He was appointed First Sergeant, and at Vicksburg Avas Provost- Marshal for two months. He won several promotions, and was assigned to many responsible positions requiring good judgment. At the close of the war he returned to Ohio, gave some time to study, and soon after came to Cumberland County, 111. Here he taught school in various parts of the county for eleven years, until 1879, when he embarked in the drug business in Greenup, his pres ent occupation. He has a large stock and a good trade. On August 3, 1867, he married Miss Lydia S. Giffin, of Coshocton County, Ohio. They are parents of five children, viz.: James, Henry W. H. (de ceased), John G, Eliza M., and Stella J. He is an acceptable mem ber of the I. O. O. F. SAMUEL WALDEN, farmer (post-office Hazel Dell), is a native of Oldham County Ky., born July 18, 1821. When a boy he was apprenticed to the tanners' trade, which he followed five years. OAving to the father's poverty and large family he had meagre advan tages for an education, but by his own efforts, with little instruction, he acquired sufficient knowledge of the common branches to enable him to properly transact business during his subsequent active life. In 1844 he went to Johnson County, Ind., bought and improved eighty acres of land, for which he gave his notes, but met the payments. In 1853 he sold out and came to Cumberland County, 111., and bought 120 of the 240 acres he now owns and lives on. He has a fine, large residence, and other improvements in keeping with it, and all acquired through his industry. On December 19, 1850, he married Cordelia E. Guyton, of Oldham County, Ky. They have six children living, four of whom are married, and three residing in the neighbor- GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 281 hood. He was in the Mexican war nine months, and discharged for dis ability. In earlier days Mr. Walden was an old line Whig and Aboli tionist, but later became, and is now a Republican. He is a strong temperance Avorker and Prohibitionist. He is an elder in, and mem ber of the Christian Church, to which his wife also belongs. THORNTON A. WARD, retired farmer (post-office Greenup), was born November 25, 1816, in Virginia. When four years old he went with his parents to Ross County, Ohio, Avhere he was reared on a farm. His education was obtained principally by working away from home doing chores for his board, and attending school; during winter and summer he either worked on the home farm, or out by the month, giving his earnings to his father. When seventeen years old he went to Avork for an uncle, and remained with him a few years. He then rented a farm, which he continued on eleven years. In 1852 he came to Cumberland County and bought 120 of the 840 acres he now oaviis and resides on, 160 acres of which are in Jasper County. On June 27, 1848, he married Elizabeth E. Cro- zier, of Chillicothe, Ohio. They are parents of eight children, viz.: James, John, Allison, Lorenzo, Robert, Franklin, Eva A. and Arminna E., (deceased). His sons are all successful business men, or prosperous farmers, and in good financial circumstances. Eva A. is highly educated, and an accomplished musician; lives in Centra lia, Mo., and is teaching music. She is unmarried. Mr. Ward resides in a fine large brick house which cost $6,000. The brick used Avere burned from clay on his own farm. The house has ten rooms, with all the conveniences and modern improvements. His large property is the result of industry, economy and skillful manage ment, he having had no assistance from others. He is a strong tem perance man and worker, and occupies a high social standing in the community. JOHN WETHERHOLT, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Essex County, N. J., September 12, 1828. When three years old he went with his parents to Franklin County, Ohio, was raised on a farm, now in the city limits of Columbus, Ohio, until he was fifteen years old, Avhen he left home and learned the trade of brick moulder, and made it his principal business for seventeen years. In 1846 he enlisted in Company F, Second Ohio Regiment, and served one year in the Mexican war. His first successful invest ment was during the late war of the Rebellion, when he bought 200 acres of timber land near Cincinnati, on credit, sold the timber off at high prices, and with the proceeds soon after came to Cumber- 282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: land County, UL, and invested them in land here. He now owns 665 acres of land, mostly in Cumberland County, 495 of Avhich are in one farm, on which he resides, within one mile of Greenup. His large accumulations are the result of good financiering, great industry and strict economy. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat, and held various positions within the gift of that party, being the first Democratic supervisor elected from his township. In February, 1857, he Avas married to Miss Mary Peffers. They are the parents of eleven children, all of whom are living, save one. Mr. W- is a generous, public spirited man, a liberal giver to chari table institutions, and much respected by his acquaintances and asso ciates. WILLIAM G WILLSON was born in Hampshire County, Va., March 31, 1807, and is of English descent. His grandfather was one of the English nobility. His father was born in London, and came with his parents to the United States when he was eight years old. He was a merchant, principally, but late in life came to Carroll County, Ohio, and farmed, and there died. He was married to Nancy Heritedge. They have had nine children. Our subject, who was the third child, remained at home until of age, Avhen he went to New York State, and there farmed and drove stage for eighteen months. Then he returned to Ohio and drove stage for five years, from Columbus, on the National road. In 1837 he came to Illinois and entered 160 acres of land. He then returned to Ohio, remained five years driving stage, then came again to Illinois, sold his land for $300 and went back to Ohio. In 1842 he came to Cumberland County and bought eighty acres of land, which he owned until 1860, when he bought his present home residence in Greenup, where he has since resided. He has always been a strong temperance man, and an advocate of temperance principles. Mr. W- has always been industrious, economical and saved his earnings. For the last num- ber of years his business has been that of loaning money. He was never married. HENRY WINSLOW, lumber and grain dealer, Greenup, was born in Guilford County, N. G, January 24, 1826. All his ancestors on the paternal side were from the same county, as far back as can be traced. When three years jold, he came with his parents to Indi ana; they settled in Rush County. His father cleared and put under cultivation the first farm of eighty acres in that county. When our subject was f< urteen years old, his father died. With the help of a brother, he maintained the family, and paid off a large debt owed by GREENUP TOWNSHIP. 283 his father at the time of his death. After leaving home, he learned the carpenters' trade, and engaged in contracting and building. He was thus employed until September 4, 1852, when he married Mary E. Brooks, of Rush County, Ind., and then went to farming, leasing for three years. He then went in debt for $3,300, for a farm and threshing machine, but paid it up in full within six years. He gave twenty-six years to farming in Indiana, both before and after mar riage, and, in 1872, came to Cumberland County, 111., with a saw mill, locating four miles north of Greenup, and went to cutting- walnut lumber. In 1873, during the general financial reverses, owing to dishonest practices of his partners in business, he failed; but he paid every cent of his indebtedness, paying one debt of $6,500 in cash. Since that event, he has been engaged in his present busi ness of buying grain, lumber, hoop-poles, staves, etc. Although he has not regained a large property, yet such is his reputation for hon esty and fair dealing, that he has a good credit. He is a strict tem perance man, and a member of the Friends' Church. Mr. and Mrs. W. have six children, viz. : Mary E., Jessie B., Sarah A. , Heber M-, John, and Anna J. ; all deceased but Heber and Anna J. The latter is now away attending school and learning music. WILLIAM WYLDE, real estate and insurance agent, Greenup, was born December 31, 1840, in Leicestershire, England. His father, Samuel, was a^farmer, emigrated to the United States in 1844, and settled near Columbus, Ohio. He then worked for Sullivan, the great Illinois farmer, until 1852, then moved to Madison County, Ohio. In 1858, he came to Cumberland County, 111. , and bought a farm near Toledo, where he died the following year. Our subject received a thorough education in early life, and graduated from the Indianap olis Commercial College in 1836- lu 1833, he attended a Normal School, and fitted himself for teaching. Then, for three years, he bought and sold cattle during summer, and taught school winter seasons. Upon his return from Indianapolis, he married Laurinda Vandyke, of Toledo, 111. They have had two children, viz.: Nettie and Daisy (now deceased.) In 1867, he engaged in farming, near Greenup, for one year; then returned to Toledo, remaining there a year; thence to Greenup, where he has resided ever since. He has been engaged in teaching school, in civil engineering, and is now in the real estate, loan and insurance business. He is a member of the I: O. O. F. 17 284 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. CHARLES J- ALLEN, farmer (post-office Greenup), was born in Cumberland (then Coles) County, 111., September 22, 1836. His early life was spent in arduous farm labor, and until he was thirty years old he supported his parents, brothers and sisters. In 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry, and served until the close of the late war, he participating in the siege of Vicksburg and many hard-fought battles, winning an enviable repu tation as a soldier, and being several times promoted for heroic serv ices. At the close of the late war he engaged in his present vocation of farming. He is now one of the " solid " men of the county, and his high financial standing he has attained through his own exertions. He was married to Rachel Whorton, October 3, 1865. To them have been born nine children — Eva M., Mary S-, Thomas W-, Nancy J., Laura C-, Charles L-, Nora M., Minnie (deceased), and Gertie 0- SAMUEL ALLENBAUGH,son of Peter and Mary E. (Houpt) Allenbaugh, was born in Cheat River Valley, Maryland, March 2, 1807. His father dying when he was five years old he went to live with an uncle; a few years later, Avhile yet a boy, he started in life for himself, first working on a farm by the month, then learning the shoemaker's trade. He early saw the advantage of self-culture, and, while working at his trade, saved sufficient means to pay tuition and other expenses necessarily incurred in his efforts to obtain an education, and by close application and home study, with a feAV terms at school, he acquired a fair literary education, which qualified him to teach school, and pursue a course of study in Theology. He was ordained a minister in the United Brethren Church, but later united with the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and was pastor for three years over a church in Madison County, Va., where his devout Chris tian life, and ability were instrumental in doing much good, and won for him the respect and esteem of all. In 1849, he came to Cum berland County, 111., and settled Avhere he iioav resides. He now oaviis 256 acres of land, and his farm is among the finest and best im proved in the county. This fine property is the result of industry, econ omy, and skillful management. His Avife was Miss Ann M. Gossard, of Franklin County, Penn-, toAvhom he Avas married August 4, 1829- To the influence of* her Christian example, and frugal assistance, he largely attributes his present social and financial standing. They CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 285 are the parents of thirteen children, only six of whom are living, viz.: John W., Victoria P. (now Mrs. SedgAvick, of Greenup), Will iam, Samuel S-, James M-, and Francis M. Mr. and Mrs. Allenbaugh are living in their ripe old age to see the prosperity and usefulness of their children. SAMUEL F ARNOLD (deceased), was born and reared in Ohio. His principal business in life was farming, in which he was always very successful. When of age he married Sarah Hocker, of Pennsylvania. In 1864, he came to Illinois and first settled in Crawford County; farmed two years, then located in Cumberland County, UL, and soon after died. Since his death, Mrs. Arnold has managed the farm, transacting all the business, with the assistance of her two sons — her only surviving children — Harvey A., and Francis G In life Mr- A. was a member of the German Baptist Church, and contribu ted largely to the building up and maintaining of all religious insti tutions, and Avas a strong supporter of the public schools. His well- improved farm, large fine residence, and other improvements, are the result of his own industry and skillful management. Mrs. A- is a member of the German Baptist Church, and is highly respected for her many amiable qualities. MARTIN BARKLEY, farmer, was born in Decatur County, Ind., March 28, 1840, came to Cumberland County, UL, when young, with his parents, was raised on a farm, and had but poor advan tages for an education. He, however, improved his opportunities, and acquired a good business education. At the age of twenty-one years he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Blinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He never missed a battle in Avhich the regiment participated, or a day's service, from sickness or other cause. He was always at his post of duty. At the close of the war he leased land for several years, but by saving and economizing has made himself the owner of a farm of 100 acres of well improved land, with a good house, bam and out-buildings, and an orchard of select fruit. Mr. B. never was married. He early espoused the cause of equal rights to all men, and united with the Republican party at its organization. The family are all Democrats. EDWARD BAUMGARDNER, retired farmer, Hazel Dell, was born October 2, 1814, in Lawrence County, Ohio. His ancestors were all natives of Virginia — served in the Revolutionary war — and were pensioned by special act of congress for meritorious service. When our subject was sixteen years old he came with his parents to 286 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Shelby County, Ind., and there engaged in farming. He made sev eral trips into Missouri and Louisiana with cattle. He was the old est child in a large family, and his father being in straitened circum stances, he remained at home assisting in the management of affairs until he was twenty-two years of age. In 1836 he contracted for- building a portion of the Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, and drove the first spike in its construction. He then successively bought and improved several farms in Indiana, until 1853, when he came to Cum berland County, UL, and bought a part of his presentfarm, then unim proved. He has now 375 acres of land, good farm residence, a large barn and out-buildings, and an orchard of choice fruit. He also owns a fine new residence in Hazel Dell, where he is now living a retired life. Politically, Mr. B. is a strong Democrat and a party leader, and was elected Sheriff one term, discharging the duties of the office with credit. He is a man of strong convictions and fixed principles, and highly respected by his neighbors. PETER BURNETT, farmer, is a native of Durhamshire, Eng land, born February 14, 1841. In the same year his parents, Thomas and Isabella (Watson) Burnett, emigrated to America, settled in Jef ferson County, Ohio, where they remained twelve years, and then located in Cumberland County, 111. The early life of our subject was spent in farm work and attending country schools, thus laying the foundation for a life of usefulness. He enlisted in the late war of the Rebellion, at the age of twenty years, in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Uli nois Volunteer Infantry and served thirty-six months, participating in the following severe battles and skirmishes, viz. : Pea Ridge, Perry ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, in Sherman's campaign in Georgia, in the summer of 1864, and Liberty Gap. He was complimented for bravery at Pea Ridge, Ark., by Col. Jeff G Davis. At the close of the war he went to Kansas, but soon returned to Cumberland County, bought and im proved a farm of 140 acres, and built a fine residence valued at $2,000- His life has been mainly devoted to farming, in which he has been eminently successful. He has always been a generous supporter of charitable and educational measures. In agricultural, intellectual and religious matters, his actions have always been characterized by energy and integrity. Oil August 28, 1866, he was married to Miss Jane Trees, of Hazel Dell. They have had four children born to them, viz.: Celia, William, Anna (deceased), and an infant. CRAVEN COPELAND, farmer, was born in Virginia, Decem ber 13, 1824. 'While quite young, his parents removed to Indiana, CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 287 and while residing there, he attended school for eleven years. When of age he commenced life for himself. He engaged in farming in Indiana, where he remained until 1856, when he came to Cumberland County and bought a part of the farm where he now lives. He now owns a farm of 310 acres of well improved prairie land, which is entirely the result of his own financiering and industry. He is also heir to sixty-seven acres of land in Indiana, valued at $100 per acre. On April 7, 1847, he married Fanny Ribble, of Brown County, Ind. She died June 21, 1873, leaving a family of nine children, all of whom, through the influence of her pure, consistent Christian life and teach ings, have united with the Christian Church. WILLIAM H. DeBORD, farmer, was born in Decatur County, Ind., October 1, 1834. His ancestors were all from Virginia. His great-grandfather came to America with La Fayette, and served under him as a Colonel in the Revolutionay war. Our subject came with his parents to Jasper County, 111., in 1852, and assisted in the improve ment of a new farm of 240 acres. He remained principally at home until of age. He was afforded fair advantages for an education, and by close application to study, and by improving his opportunities, he prepared himself for teaching, and for ably conducting the respon sible positions he occupied in after life. When he commenced life for himself, he first taught school one year, then engaged in mercantile business for two years. At the death of his father in August, 1858, he returned home and supported the family. On August 6, 1861, he enlisted as private in Company H, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, served three years and twenty-seven days in the war, and participated in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, and other severe engagements, having- been twice wounded. He was success ively promoted to Corporal, Sergeant and Lieutenant, and was chosen one of the " Legion of Honor," a select company organized for special, hazardous service. While in command of Company G, at Chicka mauga, he was taken prisoner, and endured the hardships of Scott's, Libby and Danville prisons. He made several attempts to escape, one of which was successful, but after many adventures and much suf fering, was re-taken, thrown into a dungeon, and there confined until he was exchanged, Avhen he returned to his regiment. After the close of the war, he came to Hazel Dell, and engaged in mercantile business with M. Sanford, then moved on his fine farm in Crooked Creek Township, and has since followed farming and stock-raising. Being a strong advocate of Republican principles, he was elected from a Democratic district to the Thirty-Third General Assembly, where 288 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: by his vote he gave the organization of the House to the Republicans. He Avas appointed on several committees, among which were Militia, Drainage, Fish and Game, and the more important Committee on Executive Department, of Avhich he Avas a leading member. As a legislator he Avas punctual, quick-sighted, and effective, for which he was complimented by Gov. Hamilton and United States Senator Cul- lom. To his efforts is greatly clue the present Compulsory Education and High-license Liquor laws. He has ahvays been public-spirited, and a generous supporter of all matters pertaining to the general good. On June 4, 1865, he married Miss Eliza Sanford, of Hazel Dell. She died May 9, 1878, leaving two children, Mary and Nellie. He was next married, October 26, 1882, to Miss Elizabeth Yelton. To them haVe been born one child, Thomas. ALBERT G- DORSEY, a young and prosperous farmer, came to Cumberland County, 111., from Ohio, in 1866. A year later he bought the farm on which he now lives. It was then unimproved, but hard and constant labor and good management have placed it nearly all under good cultivation. He has built a comfortable residence, a fine barn, and added other conveniences and improvements. When seventeen years old he enlisted in Company D, Twelfth Ohio Cav alry, as a private, but for effective service Avas promoted from the ranks. He remained in the service tAvo years, or until discharged for disability received during a charge. On December 26, 1869, he mar ried Mary E. Cole, of Cumberland County, formerly from Ohio. Having no family of their oavii, they have adopted an infant to raise. JONATHAN S- FINNEY, farmer, born in Butler County, Ohio, February 26, 1819, commenced life on his OAvn account at ten years of age, by working on a farm, Avhere he remained two years, then Avorked as a day laborer until he Avas tAventy-three years of age, Avhen ' he married Rachel E. White, of Union County, Ind., and the same year came to Cumberland County, 111., settled, and farmed on the site where the town of Hazel Dell now stands. He has OAvned and Avorked several farms in various parts of Crooked Creek Township, but in 1865 moved on the farm Avhere he iioav resides. In 1862 he enlisted in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, as private, but won the promotions of Corporal and Sergeant. Mr. Fin ney has held various public offices, among Avhich Avere School Direc tor, Supervisor and Justice of the Peace. He has been a member of the Missionary Baptist Church for thirty years. His wife is also a member. In early days he Avas a strong anti-slavery man, and is noAv a Prohibitionist and temperance worker. To Mr. and Mrs. F. CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 289 have been born eight children, viz.: Josiah (deceased), Alexander, Mary E., Frances J., Milton D., Susan E, Anna and Emily. JOHN FREELAND, farmer, Avas born in Hardin County, Ohio, April 18, 1842. He came with his parents to CraAvf'ord County, UL, and remained on his father's farm until fifteen years of age, Avhen he left home and assisted in driving cattle through to Kansas. Pleased Avith the West, he remained there ten years, employed in teaming, herding cattle, and for some time was in charge of a large wagon-train on the plains. He endured many hardships in his frontier life, among which were several sanguine contests Avith the Indians. In 1867 he returned on a visit to CraAvford County, UL, Avhen he renewed a former acquain tance Avith Mary B. Jenuine, to whom he was married November 17, 1868. They are the parents of five children, viz.: Kate, Ora, Etta, Blanche and Frankie. After his marriage he moved to Cumberland County, 111., and gave his attention to farming, first renting then buying the splendid farm of 160 acres he noAv oaviis. He is a man of much physical as well as mental power; social, free-hearted and ener getic; has many friends, and is eminently successful in all his under takings. HENRY N. P. FRITTS (deceased), of German descent, was born in NeAV Jersey, July 6, 1824, and remained at home working on the farm and attending school until of age, when he went to Cler mont County, Ohio, and there married Hannah Kellogg. After his marriage he engaged in farming, first renting, then buying a farm which he cultivated until 1855, when he sold out and came to Cumberland County, UL, and bought 103 acres of new prairie land. He improved this, then sold out and bought 260 acres. This he improved, placed in a high state of cultivation, and built a large, fine residence. He again sold out and bought 180 acres, the present homestead. He built a splendid residence, and otherwise improved his farm; gave his attention to raising fine breeds of horses and cattle. His large estate Avas the result of energy and economy. He Avas a strong, active temperance man, a consistent member of the Christian Church, charitable and benevolent, and esteemed by all who kneAV him. He passed aAvay leaving a Avidow and eight children. TIMOTHY KELLY, farmer, Avas born in County Carey, Ire land, March 15, 1830, Avhere his early life Avas spent in farming. In 1852 he emigrated to the United States, landing in New Orleans, La. There Avere thirty-two deaths from cholera on board the vessel in Avhich he came, and OAving to severe storms and quarantine, he 290 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: was over two months en route. He was first employed in railroad construction work, in Louisiana, but, unable to collect his wages, he returned to New Orleans and loaded ships. In March, 1851, he went to Dayton, Ohio, and there worked on the railroad one year, then Avent to Decatur County, Ind., and hired out at farming for $180 per year. He worked eighteen months, saved all his earnings and then went to Putnam County, 111. , remained six months and then returned to Decatur County, Ind. He came to Cumberland County in about 1862. Mr. Kelly has been married twice, his first wife being Mary Griffith, his second, Nancy Lawson, both of Decatur County, Ind., the first wife being deceased. He is the father of nine children, all living but two. He now oaviis 220 acres of land, well improved, one half mile from Hazel Dell. He also deals largely in stock. JOHN A. KELLY, farmer, was born November 28, 1842, in Decatur County, Ind. He came with his parents in an early day to Cumberland County, 111. He was given poor advantages for educa tion, but when a young man, and even after returning from the war, he attended school one year, thus securing a good business education. When nineteen years old he enlisted in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Uli nois Volunteer Infantry, being offered several promotions, but always declining. He participated in eighteen general battles, and was wounded in the battle of Stone River. On April 27, 1865, he mar ried Mary B. McCash, of Cumberland County. They have four chil dren, viz.: Charlie, Clark M., Milton D., Nettie I. They have also raised one child, Sarah M. Harris. At the close of the war he engaged in farming until 1870, when he run a grist-mill for two years, in Hazel Dell, then returned to farming, which he has since followed. His deceased father left him a good farm, but he has since improved and added to until he now owns 430 acres of land. His system of farming is based upon scientific principles, and he has all the latest improved farm implements. His land is divided into farms, each having all necessary improvements, a good house, out buildings, etc. In politics he is a Republican, also a member of the G. A. R. He and his wife are both members of the Christian Church. His high social standing in the community is the result of his kind and generous disposition, strict integrity and sterling worth. MICHAEL KELLY, of the firm of Mitchell & Kelly, mer chants and general stock, Hazel Dell, is a native of County Carey, Ireland, Avhere he Avas reared and educated. In October, 1849, he emigrated to the United States on the "Judy Tower," having been CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 291 forty-three days on the water, and landed at New Orleans, La. He was first employed two years on railroad construction work, in Ala bama, then went to Indiana and worked on farms by the month, in Rush and Decatur Counties, for about five years. He then, on De cember 31, 1856, married Nancy J. McPherson, of Decatur County. A year after his marriage he rented his mother-in-law's farm of forty acres, which he conducted until 1861, when he came to Cumberland County, 111., and bought aud opened eighty acres. He noAv owns a farm of 200 acres, all fine prairie land, one-half mile from Hazel Dell; he has a large barn, three acres of orchard and a $1,000 house. His farm is mostly hedged. In 1881 he bought five acres of land in Hazel Dell, and built a fine, spacious residence, at a cost of $2,000, and moved into town. Two years prior to this, he, Avith his son-in- law, Mitchell, built a store, their present business location, a building 18x65 feet. They carry a stock of $8,000, and do a flour ishing business. Mr. Mitchell, his partner, is Postmaster. Mr. Kelly is out of debt, and worth about $25,000. He is a Catholic in religion, and contributed largely to the building of a Catholic Church in Ireland. He has always been public spirited and charitable. Mr. Kelly landed in the United States with only an English shilling in money, in his pocket, no friends, or even acquaintances. He has had no financial assistance from any one, and accumulated his present wealth by his own skillful management and his industry and economy. To Mr. and Mrs. Kelly have beeif born eight children, viz. : John, Lizzie (now Mrs. G. M. Mitchell, business partner of Mr. Kelly); Mary, William, Frank (deceased), Eddie (deceased), Maggie (deceased), Olive (deceased). John andj William now manage the farm and live at home. JAMES McBRIDE Avas born in Lancaster County, Penn., December 17, 1824. His father, James, Sr-, was of Scotch-Irish descent, and came to the United States when a boy. When oursub ject was but ten years old he was hired out to a farmer, by his father, who took his earnings. Upon the death of his father, Mr. Mc. returned home and assumed the support of the family and manage ment of his father's business, until he was twenty-eight years of age. On September 12, 1850, he married Elizabeth Zimmerman, who has borne her husband nine children, viz.: John (deceased), William I., James H., Barbara A., Samuel V., Andrew R, Sarah J., Emma E., and Mary E. In 1853, with a few dollars earned as a day laborer, he came^ to Cumberland County, 111., and bought 110 acres of new prairie land, going for the most part in debt for it. 292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: He now has 441 acres of land, 110 of Avhich are timber. His farm is well improved, with a good, substantial cottage residence, with a fine barn, a peach and three acres of apple orchard, entirely his own earnings. He Avas one of the first to raise Avheat when it was thought the prairie soil would not produce it, and during one year raised thirty bushels to the acre. He has also obtained fifty bushels of timothy seed from nine acres — the best yield ever known in the township. He has always been a strong supporter of religious and educational institutions. He is a deacon in the Dunkard Brethern Church; his wife is also a member of that denomination. He is a Republican in politics, and was always opposed to slavery. ANDREW J. McCASH is a native of Hamilton County, Ohio, was born November 30, 1843, and came in an early day to Cumber land Count}-, 111. He served in the late Avar in Company B, Second Illinois Artillery for three years and eleven months, being tAvice pro moted for meritorious conduct. Saving all his earnings, at the close of the war he bought forty acres of land, has since added to it, and noAv oaviis a good farm Avith many valuable improvements. On April 30, 1868, he married Miss Frances J. Finney, of Hazel Dell. To them have been born these children, viz.: Leota, Mylon O., Estella (deceased), Donald F., Eleanor, and Samuel J. Mr. McCash has always taken a deep interest in religious matters, having been for three years a minister of the Christian Church, and now having charge of four congregations. He'is able and consistent in his teach ings and conduct, and is a power for good in the community in Avhich he lives. By his many friends and acquaintances he is much respected. ADAM RADER (deceased) Avas born January 8, 1829; came to Cumberland County, 111., in 1851, and engaged in farming, but, in 1874, retired, moved to Hazel Dell, and lived mostly a quiet life up to the time of his death, Avhich occurred May 5, 1883. He left a well- cultivated and improved farm, and a large estate, valued at $18,000, all of which was acquired by indefatigable labor and rigid economy. He was a member of the Christian Church, and contributed liberally to its support, and Avas charitable and public spirited. February 1 9, 1 852 , he married Nancy Sarter, of Cumberland County, who still survives, living in Hazel Dell, Avith no family, and uses liberally her ample means in contributing to all charitable and benevolent movements. She is a consistent member of the Christian Church. Mr. Rader was a member in good standing of the Masonic Fraternity, and on May 6, 1883, Hazel Dell Lodge, No. 580, A. F. & A. M., passed resolutions CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 293 of respect for the memory of the deceased, and of sympathy for the bereaved AvidoAV. MARTIN J. RUFFNER, farmer, was born in Fairfield County, Ohio, November 27, 1842, and is of German descent. His great grandfather was a very early settler of Fairfield County, Ohio, and was there killed by the Indians during the Indian troubles of 1812. His father, Walter N., Avas born in Fairfield County, Ohio, August 3, 1810, and during his growth to manhood endured all the hardships of pioneer life. He lived in various parts of Ohio, and married Alvira Kelley, on April 24, 1836, in Fairfield County. They had seven chil dren, five of whom are living. In 1843, he came to Cumberland County, UL, and bought 600 acres of land, Avhere he now resides. He still owns 180 acres, after giving to each of his children sixty-six acres. Our subject was reared a farmer, Avhich has always been his business in life. When of age, he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and Avas Avith his regiment in all the battles in which it Avas engaged. He was married, in 1865, to Lutecia Fox, of Coles County. She died in 1866. His second marriage Avas to Helen V. Waters, of Cumberland County. They have had six children, viz.: Charles N. (deceased), Hugh K., Hiram B., Maggie M., Maud N., and Effie A. Mr. R now owns a farm of 146 acres, eighty of Avhich he purchased after his return from the army, Avith money he had saved from his pay while in the service. He has his farm under a high state of cultivation, with all the necessary improvements. Mr. R. and Avife are both members of the Methodist Church, and contributed liberally in money towards erecting the church edifice on their farm, besides donating the land Avhich it occupies. Mr. R. is an active temperance man, and a faithful laborer for the cause. At one time he Avas Wor thy Chief and Past Grand Master of the Good Templars. DAVID H. SANFORD, merchant, Avas born March 2, 1838, in Decatur County, Ind- His father, Joseph, and mother, Levinah (Barlow), Avere both natives of NeAV York, the father being a farmer and stock dealer. Our subject Avas given a fair literary and good business education, and remained at home until of age, Avhen he came to Crooked Creek Township, Cumberland County, 111., and began the improvement of 120 acres of new prairie land. He first erected a small frame house, but he has since built a good residence and otherwise improved the farm- He is now a grain dealer, and has dealt largely in stock. On May 2, 1861, he married Hulda Barkley, of Docatur County, Ind. They have had one child, Joseph E. , a very 294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: intelligent young gentleman, now telegraph operator and station agent for the D. , O. & O. R. R R, at Hazel Dell. Mrs. S. died April 9, 1869- His next marriage was October 2, 1871, to Frances B. Baumgardner, of Crooked Creek Township. To them have been born four children, viz.: Winnie, Maud, Lulu (deceased), and Frank H. On December 16, 1869, Mr. S. moved to Hazel Dell, and engaged in the mercantile business, carrying a general stock, valued at $8,000, and is express agent. The combination of telegraph office, express office, Avith his large trade, gives to his place of business an air of life and thrift seldom seen in larger mercantile houses. He is now Treasurer of the Masonic Order. He is an active, working Republi- 'can leader in politics, and a strong Prohibitionist; has been Justice of the Peace and held various toAvnship offices, and was an organizer in the Grange movement; is a member of the Methodist Church. GEORGE W. SARTER, farmer and stock-dealer, was born 'October 1, 1824, in Knox County, Ind., and was reared on a farm and given a fair education. At tAventy-one years of age he left home and rented a farm, but tAvo years later, upon the death of his father, and he being the oldest child, he returned home and managed his father's business, and supported the family. In 1852, he moved to Crooked Creek ToAvnship, Cumberland County, 111., and settled on a farm of 160 acres, and iioav owns 253 acres, forty of which are tim ber, all the result of his own labor and economy. In March, 1853, he married Nancy J. Rader, of Cumberland County. She died June 19, 1855, leaving two children, viz. : Clara B. and an infant (deceased). For his second Avife, on March 12, 1857, he married Sarah A. Reeds. She died August 29, 1881. To them Avere born twelve children, six of whom are deceased. Mr. S. resides in Hazel Dell, in a fine house, with tastefully decorated yard and seventeen acres of land. He is actively engaged, Avith F. M. Masey, of Jasper County, in grain and stock dealing. He has always been public spirited and generous, and during the Avar contributed largely to the general fund for the maintenance of widoAvs and orphans. Though an active business man, he never had a laAvsuit. JONATHAN J. SMITH, farmer, was born November 1, 1837, in Licking County, Ohio. In early life he worked on his father's farm, and was given a good education. When of age he left home, worked out by the month until he was twenty-four years old, when he married Harriet Spring, of Licking County, Ohio. They have but one child — Charles H, now a promising young man, attending school at Carbondale, 111. After his marriage, he engaged in teach- CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 295 ing school, in which he continued for three years, in Ohio; then Avent to Tennessee two years, Avhere he farmed and taught school; then returned to Ohio, where he remained one year, coming then to Cumberland County, 111., and locating on the farm where he now resides. Since coming to Illinois, both he and his wife have taught school in the neighborhood for many years — he farming in the sum mer, and teaching school in the Avinter seasons. He owns a fine farm, which is well improved. He is public spirited, a liberal giver to all charitable and benevolent institutions, and is highly esteemed by the community in which he resides. SOLOMON SMITH, farmer, came Avith his parents, when thir teen years old, from Ohio to Clark County, UL, in 1840, where the family remained five years, and then settled in Cumberland County, UL His early life was spent in hard routine farm labor until of age, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was with his regiment in all its battles- He was esteemed by officers and comrades for his courage and dar ing, being frequently detailed to perform special, responsible duty, which required great risk and good judgment. At the close of the war he returned home and gave his attention to farming, in which he has been very successful. He first rented for six years, but now owns 150 acres of finely improved land, and a beautiful residence, the result of his own energy and financiering. Mr. Smith is social and generous, and in consequence has many friends, and commands the respect of all Avho know him. On January 12, 1871, he married Miss Eliza Carson. They are the parents of tAvo bright, promising- little girls — Bertha and Ethel. JONATHAN^. SPOHN, farmer, was born in Perry County, Ohio, May 16, 1827. In 1840 his father came to Cumberland County and entered 160 acres of land. Our subject, the oldest of nine chil dren, was the main dependence of his father in the toils and hard ships incident to pioneer life, and when eighteen years of age, upon his father becoming blind, the burden of supporting the family, car ing for an afflicted parent, and the management of the farm devolved upon him, which duties he faithfully performed until the death of his father, and consequent separation of the family. He served three years in the late war of the Rebellion, was twice wounded, and twice promoted for valiant service. On September 11, 1851, he was mar ried to Catharine [Shivler, of Ohio. To them have been born six children, viz.: Franklin, Bianca (now Mrs. George Bartee), Samuel (deceased), Amanda (deceased), Alcina (deceased), and an infant (deceased). 296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY': CAPT. JAMES W. TRAVIS, farmer, was born in Decatur County, Ind., January 22, 1841. He came with his parents to Cum berland County, 111., Avhere he Avas reared on a farm. In 1861, he enlisted in Company H, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and served in the war four years and eight months. At the battle of Liberty Gap, Tenn-, after many ineffectual attempts had been made, and sev eral lives lost, in trying to supply an engaged regiment with ammu nition, he with one comrade successfully carried it through an open field, under a galling fire directed at them, and distributed it among the soldiers; thus saving the day. He was a member of the " Legion of Honor," and elected by his company to the successive ranks of Sergeant, Lieutenant and Captain. As an officer, soldier and com panion, he was brave, intrepid, social, and was highly esteemed by both officers and men, and still enjoys the confidence and respect of his feAv surviving comrades, who are now his neighbors and associates. After the war he engaged in farming, which business he is still fol lowing. He has a fine farm of 120 acres of prairie land, and a large, fine residence. His possessions are entirely the result of his own industry and good management. On April 26, 1866, he married Miss Frances A. Rue, of Jasper County. They have five children, viz.: Albert A., William G, James C, Bertha M. and an infant. JOHN WADE Avas born May 2, 1827. His first independent undertaking in life was at eighteen years of age, when he attended eight acres of land for one year. Then he bought on credit sixty of the 200 acres of land he now oAvns, and resides on. This well tilled farm, his fine residence, and the many improvements, have all been accumulated from active, arduous labor, and the frugal, judicious use of money. Mr. W. has acquired a fair literary education, entirely by home study. He devoted several years to the study of Theology, and was ordained a minister in the Christian Church, in which call ing he has been actively engaged up to a year since, when he retired OAVing to illness in his family. Such have been the benefits of his teaching and example, that their influence for good will live after him. On May 20, 1847 , he married Martha Featheringill, of Cumber land County. They are parents of ten children, only five of whom are living, viz.: John H., Levina (iioav Mrs. DeVall), Delitta H., Mary E., aud Hattie. SAMUEL WELKER, farmer, was born in Stark County, Ohio, May 14, 1835. When nine years old he came with his parents to Cumberland County, 111., in 1844. His father opened a farm of 160 acres. At the time of his settlement there were no neighbors within CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 297 two miles, and our subject walked four miles to school for three win ters. Church services were held at residences; assisted in building the first church erected in the township, at Hazel Dell, in 1862. The first school he attended in the county Avas in a rude log-structure without a nail in it, with greased paper for windows and slabs for seats. With these meagre advantages and home study, and close application, he acquired a good business education, as well as quali fying himself as a teacher. He taught school Avhen eighteen years old, one term; then farmed until he was of age, when he went to carpentering which he followed for tAvelve years. He had no such conveniences for fine work as are now possessed by the trade; used wooden pins in lieu of nails ; went forty-five miles for building mate rial, tools, etc. In domestic needs they also endured the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life — having Avheat bread but once a year, and until horse-mills were introduced, had to grate corn for meal to make the bread. He first broke prairie with five yoke of oxen and a wood ploAV faced with steel." His father introduced the first steel ploAV in the township, and owned the first saw-mill. In 1861, our subject gave his attention to farming, located on and improved the farm on which he now resides. He was an early Abolitionist and Old-line Whig, and now a Republican in politics. He is now Tax- Collector, and has been School Trustee and Overseer of the Poor; is an ardent temperance worker, and a member of the Christian Church. On January 1, 1861, he married Matilda DeVall. To them have been born three children, viz.: Mary (deceased), Willie (deceased), and Emma, now seventeen years old, well educated and highly accom plished in music. They are also raising a bright little girl — Rose Hosier. WILLIAM WELKER was born in Stark County, Ohio, May 10, 1840. He came with his parents to Cumberland County, UL, in 1844; secured a good business education by close application in home study. He lived on a farm until he was sixteen years of age, when he commenced life for himself. He first worked two years as a clay laborer; then learned the carpenters' trade with his brother Samuel (whose sketch is elsewhere given), and followed that trade for sev eral years, until 1861, when he went to McLean County, 111., but returned the same year, and enlisted in Company F, Fifty-Ninth Illi nois Volunteer Infantry. For valiant conduct at Pea Ridge, Ark-, he won promotion to First Sergeant, at which battle he was wounded. He participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Perry ville, Pea Ridge, Chickamauga, and many others. He was a member 298 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: of and with the brigade that fought " above the clouds " at Look out Mountain. He was mustered out December 8, 1865; returned to Cumberland County, 111., and bought his present farm of eighty acres, which is well improved, with a good house, a fine orchard, etc., his accumulations by personal effort. On April 8, 1868, he married Annie Yates, of Crooked Creek Township, a very intelligent and amiable young lady. Three children, Leslie L., Zadie (deceased), and Laura E., have been born to them. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Universalist Church, are generous and charitable, and held in high esteem by their neighbors and associates. ROBERT YELTON, farmer, was born in Covington, Ky., March 28, 1827. He began life for himself at the age of twenty-one years, and on March 21, 1850, was married to Jeannette Jerhard, of Shelby County, Ind. She has borne her husband eight children, viz. : Elias (deceased), Mahala, Jeannette, Jacob (deceased), Alexander (deceased), Susan (now Mrs. Toney), John (deceased), Hannah (now Mrs. Stevens). In 1851, they moved to Jasper County, UL, where he engaged in farming for thirteen years, when they came to Cumberland County, and bought the farm where they now reside. His entire property — his farm of 220 acres of productive prairie land; his brick residence, and the many surrounding improvements — have been accumulated and built up by a life of indefatigable energy and frugality, both of himself and wife. In all his business relations, active and industrious, yet honorable, he has won the esteem of all who know him. COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 299> COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. DAVID BEALS, farmer, was born October 6, 1846, in Cum berland County, 111. He enlisted August 1, 1862, in One Hundred in and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He took part the battle of Perryville, and received a shot which took off the first joint of the great finger of the left hand. He contin ued with his command notwithstanding his wound. He was under Gen. Buell, and consequently traversed the entire State of Ken tucky. From Perryville they went to Munfordville, thence to Glasco, thence to Castalian Springs, Tenn. The regiment proved itself very serviceable at all these points. At the latter place, on Christmas day, 1862, the regiment took the noted "rabbit hunt." The regiment would surround forty acres and then close in, some times encircling several hundred of the little animals. They returned in the evening with more than 1,700 rabbits, and it was not. a very good day for rabbits either. From there to Horse Shoe Cave, Ky., thence to Murfreesboro, Tenn., where they were mounted, and! then they scouted the State of Tennessee. In June, 1863, while mak ing his horse jump a ditch, his gun was discharged into his foot. He never returned to the regiment. For fifteen months he never touched that foot to the ground. He now draws a pension, owing to that wound. His discharge dates June 30, 1865. He was married, Decem ber 14, 1865, to Mary E. Coleman, of Coles County. These par ents have nine children, viz.: Sarah G, Minnie L., Lorin E., Phi- lyncy, Ida B., William A, Eddie A., Simon N., and Viola. Sarah G died July 13, 1870, in her fifth year; Minnie L. died December 13, 1870, in her second year; Eddie A. died August 23, 1869, in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. B. have both been members of the G P. Church for more than eighteen years. Mr. B. is a member of the I. O. O. F., and in politics he is a Republican. He is numbered among the first- class men of the county. Simon O. Beals, farmer and broom-maker, was born Janu ary 16, 1844, in Coles (now Cumberland) County, Ul. He was born and raised in the same house. His parents are Levi and Catharine A. Beals, the former from Ohio, the latter from Kentucky. The father was minister, farmer, teacher and shoe maker. He was a regularly ordained minister of the G P. Church, and preached in the Beals neighborhood at the following is 300 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: places: Goose Nest, Pleasantville, Cottonwood, Woodbury, Para dise and Dionia. He owned 200 acres of land when he died, and was a well-to-do farmer. He taught subscription schools in a number of places in different neighborhoods. He was very successful as a teacher. He Avas considered an expert in those days in making a good, neat fitting boot or shoe. His death occurred September 10, 1854, in the thirty-ninth year of his age. His wife is still living on the same farm to which they came after their marriage, forty-seven years ago. These parents had eight children, six of whom are now living- Susan, the oldest, died a few days before the father, at the age of seventeen. Matilda J. died in 1846, at the age of four years. His widow married Rev. Samuel Landers, by whom she had two children. He has been a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and was a missionary preaching to the slaves in Ken. tucky. Later, he joined the G P. Church, and preached about twenty-six years. He died in 1880. He was a private in the war of 1812. His widow now draws a pension for services he rendered in that war. Simon 0-, the fourth of the children, and our subject, attended school with a good degree of punctuality until his father's death. At the age of eight years he made two pairs of shoes from scraps. They were neat and nice. One pair exactly fitted the lady who is now his wife, and the other pair a younger brother. The remuneration for the two pair of shoes was four and one half pounds of sugar, which was exactly the price asked. From his twelfth to his eighteenth year he worked at carpentering and farming. He enlisted August 6, 1862, in the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Ulinois Volunteer Infantry. He took part in the battle of Perryville, was charging on the Rebs when a Hinder of shell struck him on the head, knocking him senseless. He fell and lay, he does not know how long. When he was restored to consciousness he was 'confronted by a Texan Ran ger, demanding that he "march." This was a physical impossibility, and so thought the T. R. The latter dismounted, threw him on his horse behind the saddle, then mounting himself, they were soon mov ing to the rear at full speed. After reaching the rear, for three days and nights they gave him no food. He was then at the court house at Harrodsburg, Ky. ; at the end of that time they compelled him to march thirty miles, which he did before receiving any food He was then transferred to Benton Barracks Parole Camp, at Saint Louis. He was absent from the command about five months, and at home about four months of this time. He then returned to his com mand. The next engagement in which he took part was at Milton, COTTONWOOD TOWNSHD?. 301 Tenn. He returned home on a furlough in February, 1864, and was married February 29, to Sarah M. Bresee. She is the daughter of E. D. and F. (Hays) Bresee, of this county. Mr. Beals returned to the army soon after marriage, but was not able for field duty after May, 1863. His discharge dates March 27, 1865. During his sick ness he was in Armory Square Hospital. Dr. D. W. Bliss, one of President Garfield's physicians, was the surgeon in charge. His signature is on Mr. Beals' discharge. Later, he returned home and engaged in farming and broom-making, in both of which occupations he has been reasonably successful. He is honored and respected as one of the responsible citizens of the county. To Mr. and Mrs. B. were born five children, viz. : Stella B., Perry, Arthur N, Leonard G, and Erva E. Perry died in infancy. Both parents are members of the G P. Church. The former has been an elder in the church for several years. He is a member of the Masonic Order, also of the I. O- O- F. In politics he is a Republican. REUBEN BLOOMFIELD, farmer and merchant, was born July 11, A. D. 1819, in Wayne County, Ind., where his father and mother, Robert Bloomfield and Mary Lewis, were married in 1818. In the spring of 1821 they moved to Crawford County, UL, which was but sparsely settled with the whites. Living there some six years, they moved to Edgar County. They had two children — Reu ben and Mahala. It was here where Reuben got his education, attending school in the log schoolhouse. He gained a fair education and taught school in the neighborhood where he was raised some five years. Reuben was married to Eliza Jane McBride, daughter of Charles McBride, who moved with his family some year or two pre vious, from Mercer County, Ky., and settled on Big Creek, in Edgar County, Ul. Reuben, after he was married some three or four years, moved to Clark County, UL, living in Marshall, the county-seat of Clark, where his wife, Eliza Jane, died, October 1, 1852. By her he had six children, only one of whom is living. Martha P. and George D. lived till they grew to be men and women. Reuben, after the death of his wife, went to live with his father and mother, who were then living in Auburn, Clark Co., 111., where he remained until the October following, when he moved to Greenup, the then county- seat of Cumberland County, where he engaged in the mercantile bus iness, and in the meantime was appointed Postmaster of said place. He then married, for his second wife, Mrs. Charlotte Beck, the widow of William Beck, late of Owen County, Ind., and daughter of Abner Goodwin, who resided and died in Mill Grove, Owen Co., 302 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Ind. Having a brother, Dr. T. H. Goodwin, who was well and' favorably known in this county, living in Greenup, 111., she was induced, after the death of her husband, to move to this county, and bought land and settled in Cottonwood Township, where Reuben and Charlotte were married, on the 11th of October, 1853. He, with his two children, Martha and George D., and her two, William and Melissa, commenced life anew, with but a small share of this world's goods, but with a determination to succeed. They have had four children, two daughters and a son, viz.: Odessa, their first born, dying in infancy; Nevada, Sonora and Robert G., still liv ing. Nevada is the wife of Thomas Warne, an attorney of Toledo, UL Sonora is the wife of Willis R. Clark, all of Cumberland County. Robert G., his youngest child and son, is now twenty-three years of age, and a young man of considerable promise. He is now attending Rush Medical College, Chicago, with a prospect of graduating at the close of the session for 1883-84. William and Melissa Beck are still living. William is living in Washington Territory, single, and in easy circumstances. Robert Scott, and his wife Melissa, are living in this township, and are in good circumstances. Martha, his daughter, married Joseph Scott, and died shortly after she was married. George D., his only child liv ing by his first wife, lives in Toledo, having married Martha A. Ross, of that place. Reuben lived here some three years and a half. Dur ing his residence in Greenup, the county-seat agitation took place, which resulted in its removal from Greenup to Prairie City. In this contest Reuben took the stand that the county-seat should remain at Greenup; but after a bitter contest was beaten. Soon after he moved to his farm in Cottonwood Township, where he worked and opened an extensive farm with his own hands. During this time he filled various offices of trust, such as Justice of the Peace and Supervisor of his township. In 1865 he was elected County Judge to fill a vacancy, and at the next election, which took place in November, 1866, was nominated for the same office by the Democratic party and was elected by something over 100 votes. At the close of this term he was re-nominated and re-elected, holding the office for four years, at the close of which he chose to retire to private life. Buying an interest in the drug store of I. & J. H. Yanaway, he engaged in the drug trade, in which business he remained for some three years, being quite successful in business. He dissolved partnership with his partner, Israel Yanaway, and bought out J. H. Morgan, who COTTONAVOOD TOAVNSHIP. 303 was carrying on a general mercantile business in Prairie City, now Toledo, where he remained selling goods some nine or ten years, during which time he did an extensive business. In the fall of 1874 he was nominated by the Independent party for State Senator, with out any solicitation on his part, receiving a large and creditable vote. Selling out his store, he again returned to private life. But being of an energetic and industrious nature, he could not remain long idle, so the next spring he again went into business with H Rhoads, of Toledo, engaging in the hardware trade, in which business he continued for some two years. Not liking the hardware business, he dissolved with his partner and moved back to his farm, in Cotton wood Township, where he has built an extensive store-room, and filled it with such goods as are suitable to the farm, and such as the farmer needs, where he has had a post-office established called Brad bury, of which he is Postmaster. He has built one of the neatest residences for himself that is in the county, where he expects to remain and end his days, now being past sixty-four years of age- JAMES A. CARRELL, farmer and stock-raiser, was born November 9, 1841 (forty-two years ago this clay), in Morgan County, Ind. His parents are John H. and Catherine E. (Laughlin) Carrell, the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of Indiana. The father was a farmer, a member with his wife of the Society of Friends, and in politics a Democrat. He is living at present with his son James; is in a helpless condition ; his age, sixty-five. The mother is still living at the age of sixty. These parents had fifteen children, five of whom are now living. James A. made his father's house his home until he was twenty-one. The following five years he spent in trav eling; was in Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Arkansas, etc. He was married in September, 1866, to Sarah A. Heddins, of this county. At this time he owned no land, but farmed near where he now lives. He bought a small farm of twenty acres in 1869, and has been adding since, until he now owns 100 acres of good land. He has been quite successful, all things considered, in his business relations. In 1874 he was elected Collector of this township. He served as Commissioner of Highways the three years following. He is at present Supervisor of his township. All the above offices he filled to the satisfaction of his constituency. He is classed among the responsible, well-to-do farmers of the county. By his first wife he had five children— Thomas G, Luther F, Eleazer 0-, Parmelia J. and Edwin I. Thomas G died at the age of nine months, in 1868. Eleazer died in 1875, at the age of four years. Mrs. G died July 29, 304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: 1876, at the age of thirty-four years. Mr. G married, for his second wife, Hepsy J. Starbuck, of this county. Their children are Letha, who died in infancy; Ross and Horra M. Mr. G is a member of the K. of H-, and in politics a Democrat. WILLIAM A. DOYAL, retired farmer, was born June 13, 1824, in Crawford County, 111. His parents are Hugh and Rachel (Eaton) Doyal, the father a native of Kentucky, the mother of South Carolina. The father was a farmer and plasterer, having done the first plastering that was done in Charleston, Coles County, UL; also cut the first timber that was cut off the site where that town now stands. He died about the year 1852. The mother is still living, at the advanced age of eighty years. These parents had eighteen chil dren, only seven of whom are now living. Our subject came with his parents from Crawford County to Clark County, where they remained but a short time, and then came to Coles County. The county was very new then, as this was in 1828. The nearest neighbor was three miles, and the next nearest three and one-half miles away. At that time, our subject states, they had no house. They lived in the woods until a cabin was built. The Indians had wigwams within a mile of their cabin. They made frequent visits to Mr. Doyal's cabin, but would leave their weapons on the outside. Our subject's maternal grandfather was killed by the Indians in Crawford County, 111. After a few years, the father bought an old blind mare, and with her they planted and attended a crop. From her they raised a colt, and then another. The first team he owned came from those colts. In this fast age that would seem a very slow way, but it is a very sure way, as our subject can testify. They made a sled, put on a box, and our subject rode that old mare,, she pulling the sled, the box filled with eggs, poultry, butter, and such other commodities as they had to spare, to the nearest markets In this way the family was supported. The mill was so far away that it took three days to go and return with the grist. In winter, many times they would boil the corn and grate it through a grater, improvised by their own hands with tin and an awl punch. It was many years before they had a mill within a few miles. From this mode of procedure, we can learn of the hardships and deprivations endured by the pioneers in the western wilds of the great State of Illinois. Mr. Doyal bought 120 acres, where he now lives, in the fall of 1852. He went to California via the overland route, in 1850. The trip lasted from the 18th of March to the 27th of August- There were 103 men started on that trip from Saint Joseph, Mo- COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 305 Several died on the way. Mr. D. teamed for several months, and then went to mining, with tolerable success; made enough to buy the above farm on his return. He returned in the fall of 1851, by water. They encountered a storm, which was the most impressive sight he ever saw. Some were praying, some drinking, others play ing cards and making light of what, to many, was a very serious mat ter. They tore out the inside of the vessel to make steam, that they might land at Savannah. He " batched " for one year, and raised his first crop. He was married February 20, 1853, to Rebecca McCord, of Coles County. Ezra L., Cordelia, Richard E., an infant, Rachel E., and James H. are their children. Ezra L. married Sallie Clem, of this county; Cordelia was the wife of R. R. Wood, of Moultrie County. Their children are: William C, and an infant, unnamed. Her death occurred at the age of twenty-four. Rachel was the wife of George W- Light, of this county. Her death occurred April 7, 1883, in her tAventy-fourth year. James H. died at the age of fifteen, September 7, 1881. Mrs. (McCord) Doyal died August 25, 1874, at the age of about forty-five years. Mr. Doyal was next married on June 23, 1875, to Jane McCord, of this county. He has been quite successful in business. He is nicely located, in Section 28 ; has a pleasant, happy home, and owns 256 acres of well improved land. He is numbered among the responsible, honest pio neer settlers of this county. He is a member of the Seventh Advent Church, as is also his wife. In politics, he is a Republican. ALONZO GRAFTON, farmer and teacher, was born October 5, 1839, in Champaign County, Ohio. His parents are Thomas and Mary (Weaver) Grafton, both natives of Ohio. The father is a farmer and carpenter, and is still living, near Olney, 111. The mother died May 2, 1877, at tue age of fifty-two. Both parents were mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They had seven children, three of whom are now living. Our subject had good school advan tages. Going to school, farming and working at the carpenter's trade were his youthful employments. He was married February 14, 1861, to Sallie Heath, of Logan County, Ohio. She is the daughter of Henry and Corinda Heath, now of Charleston, Coles County, Ul. He enlisted August 8, 1862, in the Forty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. They were for about one year mounted infantry. Mr. G. was on detached duty for about eight months after enlisting. He took part in many battles, first in the siege of Knoxville, at Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, and all the engagements of the Atlanta cam paign. He never missed any; then came with Thomas to Franklin, 306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: which Avas as hard a fought battle as he ever Ay as in; thence in a two days battle at Nashville, which drove Hood across the Tennessee River; went into winter quarters at Huntsville, thence through East Tennessee, where they were when the war closed. His dis charge elates June, 1865. He served three years lacking two months. He never had any sickness, never had a wound worth mentioning. He Avent in as private, served two years as orderly, and returned Second-Lieutenant. He was with the command all the time except while on detached duty; never was a prisoner; never had a furlough; in short, he Avas remarkably fortunate. On returning, in 1865, he came to where he iioav lives, in Section 32, and has been here ever since. He has been engaged in teaching every winter since, save one. Has taught seven terms in his home district. No one in the county, perhaps, has a better record as teacher. He does a good share of other business, such as farming, teaching music, carpenter ing, etc. To Mr. and Mrs. G- were born six children: Carrie B.} Mary G, James T., John K, Musa M., and Harry B. James T. died April 3, 1867, at the age of nine months. Carrie B. is the wife of William Judson, of this county, married December 22, 1881. Mrs. G- is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics, Mr. ¦G. is Republican. JOHN HEDDINS, farmer, Avas bom April 11, 1821, in Dela ware County, Ohio. His parents are Isaiah and Siloma Heddins. The father Avas a farmer, a volunteer in the war of 1812, and the son of a Revolutionary soldier. Isaiah died about the year 1865. He and wife were both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The mother was born and raised in the edge of New York State, married in Ohio, and is iioav living, at the age of eighty, in Coles County, UL These parents had eleven boys and two girls, four of whom are yet living. John, our subject, was raised on the farm. He had fair schooling for those days. He worked for his father until he was tAventy-one, being the oldest of the family; obedient and industrious, he was very serviceable to his father, who was an invalid. He was married April 18, 1842, to Catherine Carpenter, of Delaware County, Ohio. He stayed in Delaware County, and rented for two years, when he bought a good team and wagon, and started for the West. He landed in Cumberland County, September 29, 1844, and has been here ever since. On arriving, $45, one team and wagon, wife and baby, were all his earthly possessions. The team and wagon, valued at $130, he traded for eighty acres of land. He has been adding to that until he now owns 250 acres. He has been very COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 307 successful in business, and is counted among the best farmers in the county. He is a pioneer resident, and feAv persons in the county are deserving of more respect than he is. Terre Haute, in those days, was the place of market. In 1845, Mr. II. took five dozen of nice young chickens to market. The first dozen he sold for seventy-five cents. He worked all day selling the other four dozen, dribbing the last twenty-four out at the rate of thirty-seven and one-half cents per dozen. On coming home, he told his wife he was disgusted with the chicken peddling business. He has never been there with a chicken since. His children are: Sarah A., Isaiah, Mary J. and Eme line. The rest died under three years of age. Sarah A. was the wife of James A. Carrell, elsewhere mentioned. Isaiah married Mary A. Fletcher, of this county, December 24, 1876. Their children are: Charles M. and George E. Isaiah, the father, is the only one of his father's children living. He lives with his father on the home place, Section 11, Township 10, Range 9. Mary J. was the wife of Paris G- Carrell, of this county. Her death occurred March 17, 1878, aged twenty-nine years. Her children are: Ida G and John W. Emeline died at the age of eight years. Thus Ave see that of a large family, the father and son are all that are left. Mrs. Heddins, the mother, died November 1, 1878, aged fifty-four years. In politics, Mr. H- is a Democrat. WILLIAM E- LAKE, farmer and teacher, Avas born in Ben nington County, Vt., September 27, 1834. His parents are Elisha and Prudence (Holmes) Lake, the father a native of Rhode Island, the mother of Connecticut. The father was a farmer and teacher, having taught twenty-one years. He died in 1857, aged fifty-three. He was a member of the legislature of his State for two terms, and took an active part in the affairs of the State. In politics, he was a Democrat. The mother is still living, in Lake County, this State, at the advanced age of seventy-seven. She is a member of the Bap tist Church. William E- had good school advantages. He landed, with his parents, at Waukegan, UL, the day he was twelve years of age. He attended school and worked on the farm with his father until he was twelve years of age. He then entered and attended an academy at Wauconda, UL He remained in Lake County until 1857, when he packed his trunk and came to this county, in search of a school. His first school was taught near the town of Neoga. He attended school the summer of 1858, and taught again in the winter of 1858-59. He was married June 3, 1860, to Henrietta Kemper, of this county. Teaching was his occupation the 308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: following three years. In 1863, he was elected County Superintend ent of Schools of Cumberland County, on the Democratic ticket. He was re-elected in 1865, and again in 1869, his term expiring in 1873, making ten years of continued service as County Superintend ent. His majority at each election was very large, one township, Cottonwood, casting its entire vote for him, irrespective of party, at the first election. In this township he had formerly served as Clerk* and was well known to all who favored him with their \Totes. He continued teaching and farming until 1881, when he was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to fill the vacancy (caused by a change in the State Constitution) of County Superintendent of Schools. This term expired December 1, 1882. It will be seen that he has filled the office of County Superintendent for eleven years, and has had much to do with shaping the educational affairs of his county, which speaks well for the appreciation in which he was held by his con stituency. He owns eighty acres of land, well improved, and, as a farmer, is classed among the respectable and responsible. To Mr. and Mrs. Lake have been born eight children, viz.: George M., Ida A., Charles H, Lula, Albert, Warren, Hattie, and William M. Warren died at the age of eight months. Ida A. is engaged in teaching her third term, and gives good satisfaction. The rest of the children are living with their parents. Both parents are members of the Uni versalist Church. Mr. L. is a member of the Masonic Order, being one of the charter members of Prairie City Lodge, No- 578. In pol itics, he is a Democrat. Mr. L. is still engaged in teaching. He is now teaching in the same district where he taught twenty-three years ago. He has a very pleasant school, and in all his experience as a teacher he never applied for a school, since his first school in 1857. WILLIAM R. McCANDLISH, farmer and tile manufacturer, was born April 8, 1847, in Perry County, Ohio. His parents are Will iam B. and Rebecca (Ross) McCandlish, both natives of Ohio. The father was farmer and the cabinet-maker of the county. His death occurred in 1849. He and wife Avere members of the Presbyterian Church. In politics he was a Democrat. The mother died in 1875, at the age of fifty-five. These parents had five children: Jane, James A., Nancy, George and William. They are all living. James A. was the first Republican Sheriff ever elected in this county. He served three terms. William R. was engaged in his youthful days attending- school in the winter and working on the farm in the summer. He came West in 1866. He followed shipping poultry at first. Later, shipping stock East engaged his attention. He began farming twelve COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 3091 years ago, and it has been attended with very fair success. He now owns 130 acres, 120 of which is improved land. He is classed among the responsible, well-to-do farmers of the county. April, 1883, he engaged in the tile business. He now owns one of the three tile factories in the county. He has a lot of good, first-class tile ready for sale. His business outlook is very flattering. He was married April 8, 1873, to Emma Holsapple, of this county, a native of Indiana. Their children are, Le Roy, Minnie B., Owen R., Luke A. and Edna G Le Roy died December 1, 1876, aged two years. Mrs. McCandlish is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. McCandlish is a member of the Masonic Order, and politically a Republican. BAXTER W. McPHERSON was bom in Allegheny County, Penn., June 21, 1851. His parents are Wright and Catherine McPher son, the former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Delaware. These parents had eight children, all of whom are now living and married. They celebrated their golden wedding, October 28, 1883. These parents are now living in Neoga Township, this county, and are hav ing as good health as could be expected in those of their age. The father is a farmer. His sons Isaac and George served in the late war. The mother is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Baxter W. came with his parents to this county in 1865, and helped his father improve a farm of 156 acres. He met with an accident at the age of eighteen, by which he lost his leg. He was cutting corn in Montgom ery County, and cut his knee with the corn-knife. It began bleeding about eight hours after, and great pain was caused therefrom. He came on the train the next day with his brother-in-law, J. F Smith, to Mattoon, and remained there a week under care of Dr. Morris. He then came home and was suffering terribly. He was attended then by Dr. Richardson and brother; later, Drs. Mason and Byers were called in. Twenty days after the accident, November 10, 1869, his right leg was amputated six inches below the body. They began at six o'clock in the evening to give him chloroform, and it was near eleven o'clock the next day before the work was completed. He was so reduced in flesh, and so weak, they had to use the greatest care. He began going about, the middle of the following January. He sat up in bed on NewYear's day, at the infair of his brother Isaac. In the spring he bought a team, hired a hand, and farmed thirty acres of corn and twenty of oats. He has farmed several seasons since that, by him self, using the sulky plow. He was very successful in farming. He attended school, and later the Normal School, and has taught every winter and three summers, from 1871 until 1881. He attended the 310 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Normal School and academy several terms during that time. He had good success as a teacher, as hundreds who are his pupils and patrons can testify. His services as teacher are in good demand even yet. He has been engaged in the insurance business the past five years, and has had very good success at that also. Mr. McPherson, notwith standing his crippled condition, is a man of wonderful activity, and has the eternal grit and gimp to make a success of any business he undertakes. He is reckoned among the good, responsible, and well- to-do citizens of the county. He represents the following first-class insurance companies, viz. : The Phoenix, of Brooklyn, The Rockford, of Rockford, The American, of Chicago, The Boston Underwriters', and the Fire Association of London. He does a good business, and is worthy of the patronage of his community, being in every way respon sible. He was married February 20, 1876, to Annette Jones, of this county. Two children,Clara and Mercy, have blessed this union. Clara died October 1, 1882, aged six years. She was a most promising child, being able to read intelligently in the advance readers. Both parents are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. McPherson is a member of the I. O- O- F., and in politics a Democrat. DAVID MICHAEL, farmer, was born January 8, 1818, in Davie County, N. G His parents are David and Eva B. (Shut) Michael, both natives of North Carolina, and of German descent. The father was a farmer and died in 1862, at the age of seventy-two. He was a private in the war of 1812. Both parents were members of the Baptist Church. The mother died in 1866, at the age of seventy-six. They came from North Carolina to Tennessee; there they remained several years, thence to Indiana, later to Ulinois, where they arrived nearly sixty years ago. They landed in Coles, and later moved to Cumberland County. They were among the early settlers of Coles County. In politics he was a Whig, later a Republican who fa\Tored a vigorous prosecution of the war. They had eleven children, only seven of whom are now living. David, the fifth of the children, came with his parents to Illinois at the age of ten years. Schools were of the subscription kind in those days, and his father being a poor man, it is easy to see that his school advantages were what would be called very poor in these days of free schools. On arrirving, his father had one dollar in money, one cart, a yoke of small cattle, and bed cloth •¦ ing as much as could be carried under a man's arm. His father on arriving, worked for one half bushel of corn a day, and his son received a peck. David has cradled grain all day for thirty-seven and a half cents, and at other times has bound after a cradle an entire day for COTTONWOOD TOAVNSHIP. 311 the same amount. The father bought forty acres of land and paid for it largely in making rails at twenty cents per hundred. He entered forty acres in Cumberland after selling his forty acres in Coles County. David, our subject, was married in 1842, to. Lucy Alexander, of Ken tucky. They had twenty children, only six of whom are now living, viz.: David A., Barbara E, Charles W., Martha J., Isaac A. and Mary L. The mother died November 9, 1876, at the age of fifty. She was a member of the Baptist Church. Mr. M.'s second marriage was to Mary Oakley, of Kentucky. She had five children by a former husband, Pleasant Oakley. She died April 27, 1879- His third marriage occurred December 27, 1879, to Jane Hays, of this county, but a native of Ohio- She had two children by a former hus band, William Hays. James M. and Catharine F. are their names. Mr. M. has been reasonably successful in business, having raised a large family, and now owning 320 acres of land, the most of which is well- improved. He is classed among the Avealthy, substantial and respon sible farmers of the county. Politically he is a Republican. FRANCIS MILLER, farmer, was born December 12, 1827, in Greene County, Ind. His parents are Wyatt and Mary (Bland) Miller, the father a native of Kentucky, the mother of North Carolina. The father died in 1876, aged aboutsixty. He was a farmer, a member of the Baptist Church, and politically a Whig, later a Republican. The mother died in 1846, aged forty-six. They had seven children, six now living. Our subject attended school some in the log cabin of other days, by going several miles. He was married in 1851 to Nancy Mock, of Greene County, Ind. Her parents are David and Elizabeth Mock, natives of North Carolina. David's father was Captain in the Revolu tionary war. Mr. M. and wife remained in Indiana until 1853, when they came to the farm on which they now live in Section 9, Township 10, Range 8. He bought eighty acres on coming, and has been adding until he now owns 260 acres, all of which is improved land except what is in timber. He has been very successful in business; has a nice home and surroundings which indicate taste, prosperity and happiness. He is classed among the best farmers of his county. To Mr. and Mrs. Ml- ler are born five children; William D-, John L., Calvin C-, Cedorah and Owen G William D. died in 1857, aged about six years. John L. died in 1881, aged 25 years. He was married January, 1878, to Casandra Gillman, of this county. He left two children, Ada and Lewis. Calvin G died about the year 1859, aged two years. Mrs. M. is a member of the Baptist, Mr. M. of the Universalist Church. He is a member of the Masonic order, also of the Republican party. 312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: DAVID F. RANDOLPH, farmer, was born January 30, 1830, in Shelby County, Ind. His parents are Samuel and Nancy (Hill) Randolph, both natives of Virginia. The father was farmer, doctor and minister. Both parents were members of the Baptist Church. In [medicine he was a regular practitioner of the Botanic School. He died in 1865, at the age of seventy years. In politics he was a Dem ocrat. The mother died in 1852, at the age of about fifty-seven. These parents had twelve children, only four of whom are now liv ing. David F-, our subject, had moderately good school advantages. He averaged about a month at school during the winter, and worked on the farm during the summer. At the age of twenty-two he went with his parents from Shelby to Owen County, In'd., and settled on a farm. He worked for his father until.his marriage, which occurred September 22, 1853, to Martha A. Vaughn, of Owen County, Indj These parents have had eleven children — Isabel, Rebecca A., Mary A., John, Thomas, Samuel, Uriah, Elizabeth M-, Nancy, Louisa and Lucinda. Samuel died June 25, 1870, at the age of seven. Mary A. died in April, 1878, at the age of twenty-two. She was the wife of John Pritchett, of this county. Her child's name is Martha A. Isa bel is the wife of Abraham Icenogle, of this county. Their children are Joseph D., John G, James T-, and William W. Rebecca A. is the wife of John Sparks. Martha J., their child, died in infancy. Mr. R. came to this county in 1856, and settled on the farm where he now resides. When he came he brought $1,000, which was largely invested in land. He now owns more than 300 acres, after having given more than 100 to the children. It will be seen that Mr. R. has raised a large family, and has been very successful in business. He is beautifully situated in a large brick house, two miles southwest from Johnstown. His surroundings indicate prosperity and a comfortable, happy home. In politics Mr. R. is a Greenbacker- SAMUEL P. REED, farmer, was born March 18, 1824, in Fay ette County, Ind. His parents are Samuel and Hannah (Long) Reed, both natives of Virginia. The father died August 11, 1872, at the age of about seventy-eight. The mother'died in 1855. She was a member of the Baptist Church. These parents had nine children > four of whom are now living. Samuel P., our subject, was raised on the farm, had poor school advantages, came with his parents to Illi nois in 1836, and has been living on the farm where he now resides ever since; is consequently one of the old, respected and responsible early settlers of the county. Few men are better known for honesty and fair dealing than is Mr- Reed. He has been very successful in bus- COTTONWOOD TOWNSHD?. 313 mess, now owning nearly 800 acres of land. He was married October 30, 1853, to Emily Gill, of this State. Their children are James M., elsewhere mentioned, Commodore P., Thomas J., AdaD., William F-. Varina D., Rosa G, Sterling P., Minnie Z. and Rono R. Rosa G died inl879, aged eleven years. Minnie Z. died in 1878, aged three months. The other members of the family live with their parents on the home farm. JAMES M. REED, farmer, was born April 6, 1855, in Cumber land County, UL His parents were Samuel P. and Emily Reed, elsewhere mentioned. His minor years were spent at home on his father's farm. He attended school in winter and worked on the farm in summer, and later attended Stockton Academy, in Coles County. He thus procured an education which fitted him for teach ing. He attended school under the instruction of Supt. W. E. Lake, elsewhere mentioned. Owing to an immense amount of work at home he never taught. He is very handy with carpenter tools, and makes a good hand at rough carpentering. He began working for himself on arriving at his majority. His residence is a nice one, which he put up himself, in the suburbs of Janesville. He has been engaged at spare times during the past five years in studying veter inary surgery, and has attained a fair proficiency in that science, and has calls quite frequently which bring his acquired knowledge and skill into useful and profitable practice. He has the nucleus of a fine library, treating largely on the diseases and handling of stock, and other important topics- He farms extensively, and at present has some forty acres of wheat which bids fair to give a plentiful yield. He has been elected one of the three directors in district No. 6, the public school of which is located in Janesville, and the new building now in the process of erection speaks well for the good taste, intelligence and public spirit of the Board, the people of Janes ville and all concerned. Mr. R. was elected Commissioner of High ways more than three years ago. He is one of six who is negotiating for a bridge across the Embarrass River, between Cottonwood and Union townships. This enterprise will be a great convenience to both townships. In the latter as in the former enterprise he is acknowledged to be the right man in the right place. No man of his years in either township, perhaps, has a better record for filling his positions of trust and responsibility than has Mr. R. He was married in March, 1880, to Rosa L. Johnston, of this county. Her father was from Scotland, and died about the year I860- Her mother is still living in Effingham, the wife of Lorenzo Gloyd. To Mr. and 314 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Mrs. R. has been born one child — Harry Earl. The mother is a mem ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The father, like his grand father, belongs to the " do rights." In politics he is a Democrat. CARSON P. R. RODGERS, merchant, farmer and postmaster, was born November 1, 1840, in Coles County, 111. His parents are Isaac W- and Susannah (Porter) Rodgers, the former a native of Tennessee, the latter of North Carolina. Both parents were members of the G P. Church. The father was a farmer. He died in 1870, at the age of sixty. In politics he was an Abolitionist, belonging to that party when it only numbered three or four in the county. He was a Republican, after the organization of that party. The mother died in 1846, at the age of thirty-three. These parents had four children. Carson and Anna E. (now the wife of J. W. Carr, of Neoga Township), are the only children living. Carson had such school advantages as were to be found in the public schools of the coun try districts. Farming has been his occupation almost all his life. He taught four schools with fair success and satisfaction to his employ ers. He was married, October 30, 1866, to Catharine W. Richie, of Coles County, 111., though a native of Kentucky. Her father was Alexander Richie, a merchant of Charleston, UL, well and favorably known in that community. To Mr. and Mrs. Rodgers were born two children, Henry M. and Violet, both of whom died in infancy. The mother died April 14, 1869. She was a member of the Presby terian Church. Mr. Rodgers was next married to Martha J. Veatch, of Cumberland County, 111. Their marriage occurred March 8, 1874. Their children are Isaac W., Kate W-, Florence L., who was the first child born in the town of Janesville, 111. Her birth dates February 22, 1880. Her death occurred April 18, 1882. Mr. R. began for himself in 1866, when he was first married. Until his marriage he had worked in the interests of his father. He con tinued in the farming business as a specialty until 1877, when he began merchandising in a general store at Farmington, 111. The stock was removed to Janesville in 1879, the firm being G P. Rod gers & Co., and W. M. and R. H. Osbom made partners. Later the firm name was changed to W- M. & O P. Rodgers, the latter being Postmaster of Janesville as well. This was the first store in the town. They now carry the largest stock of dry goods and groceries, perhaps, of any firm in this part of the tAvo counties. The indica tions are they are doing a safe and increasing business, which is gained largely by strict attention to business and fair dealing. Mr. R is numbered among the responsible, well-to-do citizens of the COTTONWOOD TOWNSHIP. 315 county. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and in poli tics, a Republican. His wife, Mrs. M- J. Rodgers, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WALLACE M- RODGERS, merchant, Janesville, UL, was born March 1, 1847, in Coles County, 111. His parents are John W. and Lovisa (Balch) Rodgers. His father was a native of Kentucky, was a good, honest, well-to-do farmer; in politics a Whig, later a Republican. His death occurred May 8, 1864, aged sixty-six years. The mother died December 15, 1879, aged seventy-two. Both par ents were members of the G P. Church. They had nine children, five of whom are now living. Wallace M. worked on the farm, clerked and taught school until he was about the age of twenty-five. As a teacher he was quite successful, having An increase of wages every new term, which may be considered substantial evidence' of good success. He clerked with several different parties, and entered as partner with the last, — R H. Osbom, of Campbell, Ul. The store was at Johnstown, UL, Mr. O- leaving the entire business with his partner, Mr. R, which speaks well for the confidence placed in the honesty and integrity of the latter. This partnership lasted more than ten years, the firm name being W. M. Rodgers & Co. Mr. R. built the house and engaged in the store in which he is now partner, styled W. M. & G P. Rodgers, elsewhere mentioned. Mr. R. has been very successful in business and is classed among the responsible and respected citizens of the county. Mr. Rodgers sold the first goods in this town. He was married August 30, 1873, to Mary E. D. Bovell, born June 18, 1851; daughter of James G. and Eliza (Dryden) Bovell, of Coles County, both being natives of Ten nessee. The father of the latter was one of the first settlers in this country. Three children are bom to Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Rodgers: Gertrude L., Laurence B-, and Edith G Gertrude L. died August 7, 1882, at the age of five years. Laurence B. died August 29, 1881, at the age of fourteen months. Edith G is living, at the age of eight months. Politically, Mr. R. is a Republican. JONATHAN WILSON SHULL, physician, farmer and post master, Johnstown, UL, Avas born in Muskingum County, Ohio, July 12, 1833. His parents are Michael and Margaret (Wilson) Shull, both natives of Virginia. His father formerly owned slaves, as did also the mother, and on their marriage they freed them. One owned by the father was valued at $2,000. Another owned by the mother was valued at $1,000- They were opposed to slavery— would not take any money for the slaves, but gave them all their freedom.. 19 316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Their marriage occurred in 1826, when they moved to Ohio. They had ten childreu, all of whom are now living; are married and have families. Two of the boys served in the same command, and re turned at the close of the late war. They raised two other children, after raising their own. They are now married and have families, The father was a member of the Universalist Church,, was a Mason and I. O. O. F, and in politics a Republican of the Lovejoy type. He is still living in this county at the advanced age of seventy-eight years. The mother died March, 1871, at the age of seventy years. Jonathan W- had good school advantages for those days. He came with his parents to Illinois in 1851, and settled on a farm in the south part of this county. He worked on the farm in summer and taught school in the winter. He taught four winters in this county, and attended Normal School at Paris, three months. He studied medicine under U- N. Mallett, of Effingham, one year, then under Dr. Ewart, of this county, for one year, then began practice with him at Greenup in I860. He was married, December 27, 1860, to Mary A. Cook, of this county. He then settled in Greenup, bought property and began housekeeping. He taught two terms of school near Greenup during the winters of 1860-61, still attending to his practice. He enlisted in Company B, Ninety-Seventh Ulinois Infantry, July 19,1862, went into camp in September, when he was detailed as hospital steward, in which he served until October 19, when he was ordered to join his command in Kentucky. He went to Memphis, thence to Chickasaw Bluff, where the regiment was engaged in a battle, and "terribly bluffed;" thence to Arkansas Post, where the Union troops were victorious; thence to Vicksburg, where he was on detached service, in Young's Point General Hospital. Here he nursed a Captain of the Chicago Mercantile Battery, through a case of the small-pox, but did [not take the disease himself. This hos pital was transferred to Van Buren, seven miles up the river. Pre scribing steward was his position here- He did good service there, as many who are now living can testify. Chronic diarrhea was the prevailing disease. They were dying in that hospital from six to eight a day. The treatment formerly given was calomel, opium, camphor and quinine. Dr. S. being opposed to that treatment, changed it, using but little medicine, but attending to the diet. The result of that change was most salutary. In three weeks, his ward returned to duty. From Van Buren hospital he was transferred to Island 102, among the contrabands. While at the Van Buren hos pital he was put in charge of the pest hospital, at Milligan's Bend, COTTONWOOD TOAVNSHIP. 317 two miles up the river, where he took the confluent small-pox, was disabled about a month, but recovered and remained at the hos pital until all recovered. While among the contrabands he went to Vicksburg to draw rations for them every ten days. Recruit ing officers were there, after negroes to fill State quotas. They offered the Doctor as high as $50 for every negro he would induce to enlist for them and bring to Vicksburg. This he promptly refused to do. His father's example Avas scrupulously observed, not to traffic in human flesh. The Doctor ranked as hospital steward. He remained here about six months; thence to the contraband hospital at Young's Point. While there he was ordered back into the coun try about ten miles, to a cotton-gin, to get a cupboard and lumber to enlarge the hospital ; and while there • he was attacked by a Company of twenty-five independent scouts, who were under com mand of Captain Dishroom, of Mississippi. He would have been shot dead, as was a comrade by his side, had he not given the hail ing sign of distress, which was respected — Captain D. being a Mason. He was taken to Falmouth, La., and there incarcerated in the county- jail, with promise of exchange in a few days. He stayed thereabout a week, then went to Shreveport, as a prisoner of war, where he stayed about four months; thence to Rebel prison at Camp Ford, near Tyler, Texas. Here the Rebs put him in charge of the Union sick sol diers. He was treated with the utmost deference. They gave him entire care of the sick and allowed him to go a radius of five miles in the country. Here he remained two months, at the end of which time the war closed. He joined his command at Mobile, Ala., and at Galveston, Texas, he was mustered out. He then returned to Greenup, being the first time he was home since he enlisted. He found the pill-bags in the identical spot where he had left them three years before. Not a bottle was moved, and everything had been scrupulously cared for by his faithful wife. He resumed prac tice then, in which he has been engaged ever since, with good suc cess. He moved to Johnstown, April 5, 1872. He has a good home of twenty acres where he lives. He has an increasing practice, and is classed among the best physicians and responsible citizens of the county. His children are Kate M., James W-, Margaret A, Ulysses G-, Edna M., Dora, and Ethel E. Ulysses G- died in infancy. Kate M. is the wife of Allison Fleming, of this county, married September 18, 1881. Carrie M. is their child. Dr. and Mrs. S. are both members of the Universalist Church- In politics, he is a Repub lican, with Greenback tendencies. 318 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY! JOHN W- SNODGRASS, farmer and lumber-dealer, was born December 17, 1837, in Hendricks County, Inch His parents are John and Minerva (Douglass) Snodgrass, both natives of Kentucky. The father was a farmer, and a Democrat politically. Both parents died in 1878, the former at about the age of fifty-four, the latter at about the age of fifty; she was a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. They had six children, five of Avhom are now living. John W. came with his parents to Cumberland County in 1857, arriving October 17, and settling within a mile of where he now resides. His father bought a part of the farm on which J. W. now resides, and began opening out a farm. Mr. S- has been working for himself since he was about twenty years of age. He was married in December, 1859, to Sarah J. Fairbanks, a native of this county. She is the daughter of Samuel and Fanny Fairbanks, natives of Ohio. The mother is still living in this county, being seventy-four years of age.. Her father died in September, 1876, at the age of seventy-one years. To Mr. and Mrs. Snodgrass were born three children. The oldest died in infancy; Mary Frances and Nettie Ann, the other two, are living at home. Mr. S- had for a start $5 in money and two colts. He now owns 114 acres of land, all of which is under fair cultivation. He also owns a steam grist-mill, saw-mill and thresher, all of which are run by the same engine. Mr. S- is doing a good business in his various occupations, and is numbered among the prosperous, responsible and worthy farmers of the county. Mr. S- is a member of Toledo Lodge, No. 355, I. O- O- F. Politically he is a Democrat. Mr. S. is a good neighbor, as kind to the poor perhaps as any person in the county, and is regarded by all as a first-class man. GARRISON TATE, farmer, was born January 20, 1831, in Monroe County, Ind- His parents are John and Susannah (Carey) Tate, both natives of Tennessee. The father helped cut the timber from the ground where Bloomington now stands. He was a well- to-do farmer, and died September 7, 1864, in his seventy-first year, on his farm southeast of Bloomington. The mother died February, 1876, at the age of eighty-three. She was a member of the Old Sehool Baptist Church. The parents had eight children, two boys and two girls still living. Garrison came to Illinois, March, 1854, and settled on a farm in Cottonwood Township, Section 35, and has remained here ever since. He is one of the old settlers of the county, and has been quite successful in business, now owning 24 Y acres of well improved land. He is well-known and highly respected as one of the good citizens of the county. He was married May 26, COTTONAVOOD TOAVNSHIP. 319 1852, to Jennette Adams, of Monroe County, Ind., by whom he had six children, viz.: John A., Mary J., Susan, David J., Joseph R, and Francis M. Mrs. Jennette Tate died March 26, 1875. She was a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. She was a thorough bible-student, seldom reading any other book, and ahvays reading her Testament through three times yearly. John A. and Susan died in infancy. Joseph R. died September 17, 1873, in his fourteenth year. Mary J. died October 10, 1879, aged tAventy-five years. Mr. Tate was married a second time, September 29,1875, to Mrs. Eliz abeth McCartney, a native of Kentucky. Her children by her former husband are Ida M., Henrietta and Alice. To Mr. and Mrs. (Mc Cartney) Tate are born Hattie E., Martha E., and a third which died in infancy. Mary J., is the wife of Perry Thompson and the mother of four children — Viola, Cora, Nora and Joseph G. The latter died in infancy. Nora died at two years of age. David Avas married July 18, 1883, to Minnie Bishop, of this county. Francis M. was married March, 1879, to Mary White, of this county. This union is blessed with two children. Mr. Tate and wife are both members of the Missionary Baptist Church. The former has held the office of County Supervisor, and has been Assessor for several terms. He is now serving his second term as Township Commissioner. In politics he is a Democrat of the Jacksonian type- IZATUS WHIT ACRE, merchant, was born December 11,1845, in Frederick County, Va. His parents are Asbury and Emeline (McKee) Whitacre, both natives of Virginia. The father died De cember, 1881, at the age of fifty-eight years. He Avas a farmer and carpenter; in politics a Democrat, taking an active part in tho affairs of the county. The mother died in March, 1876, at the age of fifty years. Both were members of the Baptist Church. They had ten children, seven of whom are now living. Izatus came with his par ents to Coles County in 1857. His school advantages were good for those days. He prepared himself and taught in the public schools of Illinois fourteen winters, with an interval of two years. As a teacher he Avas eminently successful, giving good satisfaction to par ents, employers, pupils and all concerned. Aside from teaching, he has worked on tho farm, and in business he has been quite successful. Since March, 1883, he has been in the mercantile business in Janes ville, under the firm name of Brash ares & Whitacre. The firm carry the heaviest stock of clry-goods and groceries, perhaps, of any firm of the kind in this portion of the two counties. The firm man ages the grain business of the toAvn, also— an enterprise which bids 320 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: fair to increase in importance. Mr. Whitacre was married April 2, 1871, to Harriet A. Phipps, of Coles County, UL Six children have blessed this union, viz: Finnis A., John R-, Melva 0-, the next a daughter unnamed avIio died in infancy, Duley J. and James O- Melva O., died September 28, 1876, aged one year. The rest are living with their parents. Mr. and Mrs. W. are both meiiibers of the G P. Church. Mr. W. is a member of the Masonic Order, Muddy Point, No. 396. In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. and Mrs. Whitacre spent one year on a farm in Miami County, Kan. They returned to Coles County in February, 1880. HENRY WILLIAMS, retired farmer, was born November 5, 1811, in Bradford County, Penn. At the age of four years he went with his parents to Hardin County, Ky. His parents are Zabin and Lucy (Needham) Williams, the father a nephew to the Williams, founder of Williams' College. He was a mechanic and the father of six children, only one of whom is now liA'ing. The mother died at La- Porte, Ind., in 1837. Henry had no school advantages. He worked on the farm, in the still-house, in the saw and grist-mill, and at the carpenter's trade. At the age of seventeen he came to Harrison County, Ind. He worked on the farm and on the canal near Louis ville, and later in a brick-yard, and on the jail at Corydon, Ind., just after the removal of the capital to Indianapolis. He then engaged in whipsawing timber for boats for some time. He was married, March 1, 1830, to Lucretia Beals, of Crawford County, Ind., but a native of Bradford County, Pennsylvania. Her grandfather, Oliver Hays, served the entire time in the Revolutionary war, coming home only one week to get married. In 1830, Mr. and Mrs. W. came to Cumberland County, Ind. There were no county borders then. They settled one-half mile due east from Trilla, and have been liv ing within two miles of that point ever since, over fifty-three years. That neighborhood to this day is called Beals' neighborhood. Beals' church, and Beals' graveyard are still there. That family and their connections occupy that territory, the most of them owning their own homes. There was no house in the township when they came. Mr. W. is the oldest settler in the township. Mrs. W. has not been farther from home than fourteen miles in fifty-three years. She is a good wife and mother, and her husband's success in life is largely due her untiring zeal and earnestness. They have had eleven children, eight of whom lived to mature years, viz.: Mary J., Henry W., David G, David B., Lucy E., Mahala R, Jesse M., Lorinda G, Wm. F., Zabin M., and Oliver H- David C. and COTTONWOOD TOAVNSHIP. 321 Mahala died in infancy ; Zabin died at four years of age, and Oliver at twelve years. Lucy E- died October, 1865. She was the wife of Wm. Vincent. Mary J. is the wife of Josiah Goodwin; Henry W. married Nancy J. Stone. After her death he married Amanda Kelley. David B. married Phebe Landers; Jesse M. mar ried Eliza Hagey; Lorinda G married John T. Jones; William F. was married March 8, 1868, to Minerva J. Landers, of this county, a native of Crawford County, Ind. These parents have children — John E-, Essie B-, and Mary A. Wm. F, lives in Section 33, and is a well-to-do farmer. Mr. W. is a member of the Baptist and Mrs. W. of the G P. Church. He has been very successful in business. He now owns 175 acres of land. When they started from Indiana, they supplied themselves with a bed and bedding and clothes enough to last them a year. Their money consisted of $1.50. Ou the way seventy-five cents was expended for ammunition. So they landed at their new home with " nary a dollar." His taxes were six and one- fourth cents the first year; since that they have been as high as $80 a year. At that time deer and turkey could be killed almost from the door of his cabin. Coons — eighteen, full-grown — have been " taken in " in one-third as many hours. Since that time things have changed. The keen edge of the hard times has been turned, and the desert has been made to blossom as the rose. The old sickle now lays rusting in the smoky loft, and the automatic binder, drawn by horses, has taken its place. His sons rent his farm. Their corn, sorghum and wheat prospects are good for this year. Mother Will iams is a member of the C. P. Church. She is one of the original members of the G P. Church, of "the good prospect congregation,'' organized forty-four years ago. She is one of the only two still liv ing. Mr. W. had three sons ancf two sons-in-law in the army. In politics, the entire Williams family are Republicans. 322 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNT A : NEOGA TOWNSHIP. G- W. ALBIN, M. D., was born in Lawrence County, Ind., December 17, 1822, the son of Joseph and Eliza (Marsh) Albin, daugh ter of William Marsh, an officer in the war of the Revolution, and is of English-Irish extraction. His father was a native of Kentucky, and his mother was born near Philadelphia, Penn. His father emi grated to Indiana in 1816, and settled in Harrison County. He died in Putnam County, Ind., in 1863, and his mother in Lawrence County, in 1823. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. In 1843 the subject of this mention began reading medicine at Clover- dale, Ind. In the winter of 1846-7 he attended lectures at the Indian apolis State Medical College, which was then located at LaPorte. He practiced his profession for a time at Delphi, Ind. , then went to North Arm, Edgar Co., 111.; here practiced one year; then went to Coles County, 111.; there remaiued four, years. In the winter of 1851-52, he attended Rush Medical College, at Chicago; graduated February 19, 1852. In March, 1853, he came to Cumberland County, and settled four miles east of Neoga. In 1856 he removed to Neoga, and here has since lived and been in active practice. Dr. Albin erected the first dwelling house in Neoga. He was married Janu ary 10, 1854, to Miss Cynthia G Dryden. Mrs. Albin was born in Bedford County, Tenn. They have had five children, viz.: an infant that died unnamed; Mary G, Oscar W. G, May and William G W. He is a Republican. He enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-Third Regiment Illinois Infantry, in 1864, and was discharged Septem ber 26, 1864; was commissioned First Assistant Surgeon. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, I. O- O. F- ; A- L- of H., and G- A. R. Dr. and Mrs. Albin are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is the second graduate of medicine that ever practiced in Cum berland County. He is now the oldest practicing physician in the county. As a physician he has boen very successful. He is one of the pioneers of Cumberland County, and a most influential citizen. A man is known by the work of his life. JAMES M. ALBIN, a leading agriculturist and brother of Dr. G. W. Albin, of Neoga, was bora in Putnam County, Ind., July 26, 1841, son of Joseph and Rosana (Sheeks) Albin, and is the twelfth in a family of fifteen children. He was married September 4, 1862, to Miss Mary J. Goddard. Mrs. Albin is a native of Virginia. They NEOGA TOAVNSHIP. 323 have four children, viz. : Joseph L-, Charles M-, Florence R and Eugene G Mr. Albin came to Cumberland County in March, 1871, and settled four miles east of Neoga. Here he has since lived, and has a well improved farm of 198 acres. He is one of the best farm ers in Neoga Township. He is a thorough Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Albin are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a prominent and an honorable man, and one of the most successful farmers in Neoga Township. JAMES CLARK, farmer and stock-dealer, is a native of West Virginia, born September 20, 1840, the son of Cornelius and Abigail (Wright) Clark, and is of English descent. The parents of Mr- Clark were natives of Massachusetts, aud born near Boston. Iu 1856 they emigrated to Illinois and settled in Coles County, and here his father died the folloAving year. In 1880 his mother was deceased in Decatur, 111. On the 28th of November, 1866, occurred the marriage of Mr. Clark to Miss Lucinda Buchanan. Mrs. Clark is a native of Indiana- To this union have been born seven children, viz.: Mary, Rose, Carrie A-, John J., George, Charles and Robert. Mr. Clark came to Cumberland County in 1859, and three years later he remoAred to where he now resides, and Avhere he owns 430 acres of Avell improved land. The farm has many fine advantages as a stock farm, and is Avell improved. As a farmer and, trader Mr*, Clark has been successful. For a number of years he has been interested in Shorthorn cattle, and he has the finest herd of that stock in the county. Mr. Clark has a partner in the stock business. He is a Republican, Mason, and an upright citizen. Mr. and Mrs. Clark are members ot the Presbyterian Church. He has been an elder in that church for many years. DAVID A. CALDWELL, farmer,was born in eastern Tennessee, May 16, 1831, is the son of Robert W. and Sibby (Russell) Caldwell, the second in a family of eight children, and is of Irish lineage. His parents Avere also natives of Tennessee In 1837 they emigrated to Boone County, Ind. They died in that county. The subject of our mention Avas married April 25, 1860, to Miss Ann E. Mount, daughter of Atwell and Lucinda Mount, Mrs. Caldwell Avas born in Montgomery County, Ind. They have nine children, viz.: Will iam A., Frederick A-, Robert W-, Mary C, James G, Carrie R, Sibba E., Frank R. and Horace M. In the fall of 1861, Mr. Cald well came to Neoga Township, Cumberland County, 111., and made settlement four and one half miles northeast of Neoga, and there has since resided, and has 200 acres of well improved land. He is a 324 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Republican, and advocates the continued success of the Republican party. Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell are members of the Presbyterian Church. They are taking great interest in the education of their children. He is a prominent citizen and a most pleasant gentle man. The family is praised by all who know it. Frederick A. Caldwell, a son of the subject of this sketch, is one of the leading school teachers of the county, and an affable young man. He has commenced a course in Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind. Mr Caldwell comprehends the necessity of a finished education. L. M. CASSTEVENS, farmer, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., January 21, 1831, and is the son of Thomas and Hester (Massey) Casstevens. He is of Welsh extraction and the second in a family of nine children. Mr. Casstevens is one of the early settlers of Cum berland County, coming here and making settlement in 1844, in Neoga Township, and here he has since resided. The plat on which he settled is situated four and one-half miles northeast of Neoga. He was one of the first in all that region of country to begin im provements. The marriage of Mr. Casstevens took place in October, 1854, to Miss Amanda McCartney, a native of Indiana. To this marriage has been born seven children, of which only two are liv ing, viz.: Andrew T. and Joseph W. In 1866 he moved to the site of the present residence. His farm consists of 280 acres of good land, and which Mr. Casstevens has splendidly improved. The suc cess that attends him has come up through the avenues of industry and economy. Mr. and Mrs. Casstevens are members of the Baptist Church. He is a well-to-do farmer and a Democrat. MRS- MARY E. COLE, wife of William J. Cole, deceased, was born in Ohio County, Ind., May 20, 1847, is the daughter of John B. and Rebecca Baker, is the fourth in a family of six children, and is of German descent. Mrs. Cole was married February 20, 1866, to William J. Cole, a native of Indiana. In October, 1866, they came to Coles County, 111., and there remained two years, and then came to Cumberland County. To this union were born two children, viz.: Fannie R. and Wilbum A. Mr. Cole died July 9, 1872. He was a soldier in the late war ; a member of Company C, Thirty-Seventh Indiana Volunteers; served three and one-half years. He was a Republican and an honorable citizen. Since the death of Mr. Cole she has spent seven years at her native home in the Hoosier State. She now resides in Mattoon, 111. She owns 110 acres of well im proved land in Neoga Township, Cumberland County, 111. Mrs. Cole is a most amiable woman, and one of the leading ladies in Mattoon. NEOGA TOWNSHIP. 325 P. L. DeVORE, farmer, Avas born in BroAvn County, Ohio, September 8, 1843, is the son of Peter M. and Sarah (Day) DeVore, the fifth in a family of eight children, and is of Scotch-German descent. His parents were also natives of Brown County, Ohio- His father died in that county in 1876, and his mother in 1878- The subject of our notice enlisted in the United States Army, September 20, 1861, in Company B, First Ohio Zouaves, Thirty-Fourth Regi ment, as a private, but was discharged as a sergeant, March 30, 1865. He was wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill, Virginia, and was taken prisoner October, 1864. He saw the scenes and withstood the hardships of Libby Prison for five months. Mr. DeVore was mamied December, 1867, to Miss Sallie E. Parks. Mrs. DeVore is a native of Cumberland County, 111. To this union have been born six children, viz. : Alfred L-, Flora, John W., Emma, Thomas W., and Frank. In September, 1880, Mr. DeVore removed from Brown County, Ohio, to Cumberland County, UL, and has since resided one mile southwest of Neoga, on a farm that he purchased of his brother in 1878. The farm contains 137 acres, and is one of the best stock farms in Cumberland County; also one of the best improved farms in the county. He is a thorough Republican; cast his first Presi dential vote for " Old Abe." Mr. DeVore was a splendid soldier, is one of the most prominent men in Neoga Township, and an hon orable citizen. Mrs. DoVore is a member of the Christian Church. He is a member of the G- A. R. MORTON DOW, tile manufacturer, Avas born in Switzerland County, Ind., March 20, 1839, is .the son of Joseph and Augustine (Ichibaud) Dow, the second in a family of five children, and is of Scotch-French extraction. His father was born in Scotland, and his mother in France. They came to America about 1836, and settled in Switzerland County, Ind., and there they were both deceased, father in 1862, and mother in 1881. The early life of Mr. Dow was spent on the farm. He was married, December 25, 1862, to Miss A. M. Gale, daughter of A. E- Gale, formerly of Jefferson County, Ind., but who now resides in Cumberland County, Illinois. They have three children, viz.: Cora G, Charles M., and Edmond E. The sub ject of our notice came to Cumberland County, III., -in April, 1865. He has lived in Neoga since 1867, save one year. Mr. Dow first engaged in the lumber business, then changed to general merchan dising, in partnership with G D. Green. For a number of years he was in the employ of Tracy Kingman. In January, 1882, he bought a one-fourth interest in the Neoga Mill, and sold the same in January, 326 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: 1883. In February, 1883, he formed a partnership, in the manufact ure of drainage tile, Avith W. B. Phillips. He is the junior member of the firm known as' Phillips & Dow. He is a Republican- He has long been identified with the business interests of Neoga, and is loyal to all causes that are for the bettering of general humanity and the country. G* F- DOUGHERTY, M. D., was born in Lawrence County, Ind., September 24, 1855; son of Isaiah and Sarah (Harsey) Dough erty. His parents Avere born in Indiana. He is the second in a fam ily of three children, and is of Irish-English descent. His paternal grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. His parents came to Cumberland County, 111., in 1877, and settled in Neoga; came in March, and his father died here the September following. His mother now resides in Neoga. The literary education of Mr. Dougherty was confined to the common schools of Indiana and the Shoals Academy, at Shoals, Ind. In 1876, he began, reading medicine, at Shoals, Ind., in the office of Dr. D. Gaddis; remained there only a short time, aud then came to Neoga, and continued the work under the instruction of Dr. L. H. Mason. In the winter of 1878-79, he attended lectures at the American Medical College, at Saint Louis; also, the winter of 1879-80, and graduated, June 1, 1880, from that institution. Since that time, he has been practicing his profession in Neoga. In 1882, he formed a partnership with Dr. F. M. Richardson, which still con tinues. He Avas married, October 15, 1878, to Gilla Sawyer. They have had three children, viz.: Edina, Kittie, and Clyde. Kittie is deceased. He is a Democrat; is a member of the I. O- O. F. As a physician, he has been successful. He is one of the prominent young physicians of eastern Illinois, and his future as a practitioner indi cates much. JAMES EWING, pioneer, was born in Tennessee, Novem ber 3, 1804, the son of James and Mary (Thompson) Ewing, is the fourth in a family of six children, and is of Scotch-Irish extraction. The father of Mr. Ewing Avas a native of Virginia, and his mother of North Carolina, His parents were deceased in Tennessee. His father had attained to the advanced age of more than ninety years. The year 1827 dates the coming of the subject of this sketch to Edgar County, 111. There he resided until 1854, when he came to Cumber land County. He is one of the few men yet living that served as a soldier in the Black Hawk War. In 1833, he Avas united in marriage to Miss Rachel Ewing, an own cousin of his. Mrs. Ewing died in November of the year following, and he was next married, three NEOGA TOAVNSHIP. 327 years later, to Miss Mary Alexander, and to them Avere born four sons and four daughters, viz.: Milton A-, Sirus K, George F, Josiah A., Martha V., Flora E-, Linda J., and Emma C. Mrs. EAving died in May, 1864, since Avhich time Mr. Ewing has remained a widower. In 1874, he quit the farm and became a resident of Neoga, but still owns a farm, which is moderately Avell improved, and is located two miles east of* Neoga. Mr. Ewing has long been a thorough advocate of the principles of Republicanism. He is one of the men who cast their ballots in what was known as the Wabash Precinct. The Ewing family has a long line of ancestors, and was known in Amer ica many years before the war between the United States and Great Britain. Mr. Ewing is one of the first settlers of Illinois, and is one of its representative men. JAMES M. EWING, farmer, was born in Vigo County, Ind., July 31, 1825; son of Alexander and Margaret L. (McColloch) Ewing, and is of Scotch-Irish extraction. The parents of Mr. Ewing were natives of East Tennessee. In 1824, they emigrated to Vigo County, Ind., and there remained two years; then removed to Edgar County, 111., and here his father died in 1851- His mother died in Cumber land County, in 1866. In 1854, the subject of our notice came to Cumberland County, 111., and settled three miles east of Neoga, in Neoga Township, and here he has since resided. His marriage took place February 12, 1861, to Miss Prudentia T. Stone. Mrs. Ewing was born in Livingston County, N Y. They have three children, viz.: Whitney L., Norton E., and James T. He is a thorough Repub lican. In 1877, Mr. Ewing was elected Supervisor of Neoga Town ship, and served three terms. He is a Royal Arch Mason ; made a Mason in 1860. He is one of the best and most successful farmers in Neoga Township; owns 239 acres of good land. He is a prominent citizen and a most honorable man. Mr. and Mrs. Ewing are mem bers of the Presbyterian Church. He is one of the early settlers of the county, O D. GREENE, general merchant, is a native of Gallia County, Ohio; born March 13, 1838, is the son of G D. and Sarah E. (Porter) Greene, the third in a family of ten children, and is of Scotch- English extraction. His father was born in Vermont, and his mother in Ohio. In 1857, his parents emigrated to Cumberland County, 111. Here his father died in 1868. His mother now resides in Indianap olis. Mr. Greene's paternal grandfather was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. The schooling of the subject of this mention was confined to the common schools of the Buckeye State. He enlisted 328 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: first in the three months service at the beginning of the war; was in the first regiment that went to the service from Illinois. He re-en- listed in Company B, Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, January 2, 1862, for three years, and was honorably discharged January 6, 1865, at Savannah, Ga. He was at the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, Atlanta, Fort Donelson, etc. He was married October 22, 1865, to Sarah E. Bell. Mrs. Greene is a native of Indiana, To this union have been born four children, viz.: Conie B., James B., G W-, and Charles A. The first two are dead. After his marriage, he began farming. In May, 1866, he engaged in the mercantile business in Neoga, and in this has since continued. In 1882, he built the brick block he now occupies. The same is 40x80 feet, and is the best constructed and most conveniently arranged business house in Cumberland County. He is a thorough Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Greene are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is one of the principal merchants In eastern Illinois; his stock excels any thing in Cumberland County. He is a man of many fine qualities, and a most amiable citizen. THOMAS R. HANCOCK, editor and proprietor of the Neoga Weekly News, was born near Greenup, Cumberland County, 111., December 30, 1843, and when about one year of age he removed with his parents to Licking County, Ohio, where he and they remained until Thomas was about sixteen years old, when all returned to Cumberland County, and where he has since resided. The early life of Mr. Hancock was divided between attending school and work ing on the farm. Three years of his life were given to the service for the protection of the American flag, enlisting July 26, 1862, as a private in Company B, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry. He was soon promoted to the office of Corporal, and then to Sergeant. He was in thirteen hard-fought battles. After returning from the serv ice, he taught school for a time. His time for a number of years was divided by various occupations, viz.: farming, clerking in a store, and school teaching, until he purchased the Neoga printing office of J. L. & W. H. Allison. For five years, he has had complete control of the paper, and has been instrumental in elevating the standard of the News and greatly increasing its circulation and influ ence, until it now stands second to none as a local paper in southern Ulinois. The marriage of Mr. Hancock took place November 1, 1869, to Miss Vinia E. Graham, of Vigo County, Indiana. Mrs. Hancock is an intelligent and most amiable woman. He is a thorough Republican, and an influential newspaper man. NEOGA TOAVNSHIP. 329 WILLIAM H. HANCOCK, salesman for G D. Greene and brother of Thomas R. Hancock, editor of the Neoga News, was born at Hebron, Ohio, December 3, 1847, is the son of Thomas and Leah (Wiseley) Hancock, and comes of English-Irish blood. When the subject of our notice was eleven years of age he emigrated from Ohio to Cumberland County, UL, and made settlement near the town of Neoga, in Neoga Township. The early life of Mr. Hancock was spent on the farm. When eighteen years of age he began the painting business, Avhich he carried on during the summer and clerked in a store in the winter. In this way his time was divided for about four years. Since 1872 he has been a dry goods salesman, and has been clerking in the store of G D. Greene for seven years. Decem ber 22, 1868, he was united by the marriage vows to Miss Huldah J. Shore, daughter of John N. Shore, of Clay County, Ind. To this union have been born six children, viz.: Cora E., Gertrude L., Ora B., Mary A., Charles B. and William R. Ora B. and William R. are deceased. The principles of the Republican party are closely adhered to and supported by Mr. Hancock. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Hancock is one of the self-made and self-informed men of Cumberland County, and one of its most thorough and enterprising representatives. On the general topics of the day he is always well informed. Mr. Hancock is taking much interest in the education of his children. As a sales man he is unexcelled by any man in Cumberland County. He is a true and highly respected gentleman. WESLEY HICKERNELL, boot and shoe dealer, was born in Lisburn, Cumberland Co., Penn., June 10, 1832, is the son of Jacob and Sarah (Myers) Hickernell, the second in a family of three children, and is of German descent. While the subject of this notice was yet in his infancy his father was deceased, and at nine years of age he began supporting himself and making his own Avay in life. He worked on a farm until sixteen years of age, and then began a three years' apprenticeship at the shoemakers' trade, after which time he and an older brother opened a shoe shop at Andersonstown, Penn. In 1852 our subject came to Ohio and settled in Madison County, and here he was married March 17, 1853, to Miss J. E. Woods. Mrs. Hickernell was born in Madison County, Ohio. They have had six children, viz.: Hettia, Ora, L. W-, Frank M., Dollie and Delia. In 1854 he removed to Wisconsin, and there remained two years, and then came to Cumberland County, UL, and settled on a farm east of Neoga and there lived until 1873, when he came to Neoga and 330 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY. engaged in his present occupation. He now has a good stock of 'boots and shoes. He has Democratic proclivities; cast his first Pres idential vote for James Buchanan. He has taken an active part in politics. He is a Mason. Mr. H. owns 130 acres of Avell improved land, and one of the best boot and shoe stores in Cumberland County. He has made his own Avay through life, and has much pioneer experi ence that he loves to relate. He struggled against poverty for several years, but is now in comfortable circumstances. They are prominent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is one of the prominent men of Neoga. ROBERT M. HUNTER, old settler and farmer, was born in what was Morgan, but now Noble County, Ohio, January 21, 1830, son of James and Martha (Marshall) Hunter, is the third in a family of seven children, and is of Irish descent. His parents were born in Pennsylvania, and came to Ohio at a very early day. They died in that State. The marriage of the subject of our notice occurred May 13, 1857, to Miss Sarah G Bailey. Mrs. Hunter was born in Wash ington County, Ohio. They have six children, viz.: Carrie K, Lucy L., Nellie, Howard B-, Sarah E. and Anna S- Mr. Hunter came to Illinois in 1858, and settled in Neoga Township, where he still lives, and owns 200 acres of well improved land, located three and one half miles northeast of Neoga. He is a Democrat; cast his first Presidential vote for Buchanan. Mr. Hunter has been Road Commissioner in Neoga Township six years. They are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a leading farmer and an influential citizen. When he came to Cumberland County he made settlement on the wild prairie, and has improved the same. JOHN K KELLY, farmer, was born in Clark County, Ind-, October 19, 1817, the son of William and Margaret (Kelly) Kelly, the youngest in a family of thirteen children, and is of Irish lineage. His father was born in " Old Kaintuck," and his mother in Tennes see. About the year 1805, his parents emigrated from Kentucky and settled in Clark County, Ind. His father was an 1812 soldier, and one of the first settlers of Indiana. The marriage of the subject of this notice took place in May, 1850, to Miss Mary A. Manaugh. To this union Avere born four children, viz.: Margaret J., Otis M., John H. and Mary G Mrs. Kelly died September 12, 1856. Mr. iKelly was next married, January, 1860, to Mrs. Mary Neal (formerly McLain). They have three children, viz.: Martha E., William J., and Lena. Mr. Kelly came to Cumberland County, UL, in the fall of 1864, and settled in Neoga Township, three miles northeast ot NEOGA TOAVNSHIP. 331 Neoga. Here he has since lived. He owns 219 acres of well improved land, and is one of the successful and leading farmers of Neoga Township. He is a Republican, and one of the prominent men of Cumberland County. THOMAS LACY, farmer, was born in Oldham County, Ky., October 10, 1825, is the son of Jesse and Lucy (Willhite) Lacy, the second in a family of six children, and is of English-German extrac tion. His parents Avere natives of Virginia, but in youth Avere removed to Kentucky, from Avhich State they emigrated to Owen County, Ind-, when the subject of this mention was about nine years of age. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Lacy came to America prior to the Revolutionary War, and was a soldier in that conflict. Until Mr. Lacy had gained his majority, he remained at home and worked for his father on the farm; after this time, the realities of life dawned upon him for himself. His marriage took place August 20, 1837, to Miss Evaline E. Long. They had eleven children. Mrs. Lacy died February 17, 1877. He was next married, August 20, 1879, to Mrs. Mary A. Elder. To this union have been born three children. Mr. Lacy came to Cumberland County in 1856, and set tled in Neoga Township, and here he noAV resides. He owns 300 acres of good land. He is one of the many who came up through the old Whig line, and is iioav a Republican. Mr. Lacy has been trustee of Neoga Township for six years, and has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for thirty-eight years. Mr. Lacy's first wife was a member of the same church, but his present Avife is a member of the Christian Church. He is one of the prominent farmers and citizens of Neoga Township, and an honorable Christian gentleman. B. H. LAWSON, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Coles County, 111., April 26, 1851, is the son of Thomas F. and America A. (Wortham) Lawson, and is of English-French lineage. His parents were born in Kentucky. In 1840, they emigrated to Ulinois, and settled in Coles County, and were among the first settlers in that part of Coles County. In 1852, they removed to Cumberland County, and here his father died in 1854. The subject of our notice worked on the farm until he was seventeen years of age, and then he began trading in stock for Col. T. A. Apperson, his step-father. In 1872, he took a business course in the Terre Haute Commercial College, and graduated from that school in December, the same year. He was married October 28, 1875, to Miss Mary Kelly. Mrs. LaAv- son is a native of Clark County, Ind- They have had three children. 20 332 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: viz.: Lucy A-, Fonrose, and Tracy (deceased). After his mar riage, he began farming on that part of the old Lawson homestead that he came into possession of by the death of his father. He now owns 283 acres of well improved land, which is one of the best stock farms in Cumberland County. He is a Republican; has been Township Collector for three years— 1878, 1879 and 1880- In 1880, he was nominated for County Clerk in the Republican convention, but was defeated by L. W. Brewster. He has ahvays taken an active part in politics. He is one of the most prominent young men and farmers in Cumberland County. Energy and industry form largely his composition. J. W- MILLER, ex-County Judge and farmer, is a native of Clark County, Ind., the son of Martin and Susan C. (Mitchell) Miller, born December 8, 1828, is next to the youngest in a family of ten children, and comes of German blood. His parents were natives of Pennsylvania, aud Avere born near the City of Brotherly Love. They emigrated from Indiana to Cumberland County, UL, in a very early day. In this county they Avere deceased, father in 1870 and mother six years later. When the subject of this mention had gained his majority, he began life's battle for himself. He was awarded the advantages and privileges of much more than an ordinary edu cation, and Mr. Miller made good use of these blessings. For a number of years he taught school, and was considered a most suc cessful teacher. In 1852, Mr. Miller came to Cumberland County, and settled in Neoga Township, where he began improving a farm. On the 1st of January, 1852, he was united in marriage to Miss Louisa E. Ketcham, who Avas also a native of the Hoosier State. To this union have been born twelve children, viz.: Amanda J. J., Meltidas, Margaret B., America A. M., Ella, James M., Mary E., Sarah L., Cora A., Lora, Charles L-, and Ira O. Politically, Mr. Miller is known as an Independent, but of late years he has been casting his vote with the Republicans. In 1873, he was elected County Judge of Cumberland County, on the Independent ticket, and was re-elected to the same office in 1877. Mr. Miller is one of the leading husbandmen in the county, and a most prominent citizen. The family is extensively known and greatly respected. DAVID NEAL, farmer and stock-dealer, is a native of North Carolina, born June 27, 1826, son of Daniel and Letitia (Perdue) Neal, is the second eldest in a family of twehre children, and is of French-Irish blood. The parents of Mr. Neal were also natives of North Carolina and early settlers of Indiana, having in 1831 emi- NEOGA TOAVNSHIP. 333 grated to Wayne County, that State. His father was one of the most enterprising and prominent of Indiana's early men. The Dem ocratic party always had in him a true representative and earnest advocate. His death occurred in Wayne County, Indiana, in 1845- The mother of Mr. Neal now resides in Randolph County, of that State. When the twenty-second anniversary of the birth of the sub ject of this mention came round, it found him out in the sea of life for himself. February 12, 1850, he was by the holy bonds of matri mony united in marriage to Miss Martha Rainier, a native of New Jersey. To this union have been born five children, viz.: Sarah E., William R., John G, Benjamin F. and Mary A- Of these, three are living. In 1865 Mr. Neal came to Cumberland County, and settled in Neoga Township, where he has since resided. Mr. Neal now owns 200 acres of good land. His farm is one of the best improved in Cumberland County, and one of the most productive. He is one of those men that believes in the advancement of science in agriculture as much as anything else, and the condition of his farm warrants such fact. Politically, Mr. Neal has Democratic convictions, and is one of the leaders of his party in the county. In 1880 he was elected Supervisor of Neoga Township, and served one term- Mr. Neal is a man of more than ordinary qualifications, and is well-informed on all the leading issues of the day. He is Avorthy of the extensive respect that he commands. JOHN PETERS, farmer aud liveryman, was born in Switzerland County, Indiana, Jul}' 4, 1 822, is the son of Henry and Margaret (Dunn) Peters, the second eldest in a family of eight children, and is of German descent. The father of Mr. Peters Avas a native of Vir ginia, and his mother of Kentucky. His parents were among the early comers of Cumberland County, Illinois. His father died in this county, in 1875, and his mother was deceased in Coles County, in 1880- The early part of the life of the subject of this mention was spent on a farm in his native State, and then he was united in marriage April 10, 1845, to Miss Louvisia Hugle. Mrs. Peters is a native of Hamilton County, Ohio. To this marriage have been born eight children, Anz.: William H, Margaret, Napoleon B., Julia Ann, John W., James B., Ellen and Charles N- In 1865 Mr. Peters came to Neoga Township, Cumberland County, and purchased 160 acres of raw prairie, and this farm he began improving the next year. Mr- Peters now owns 224 acres of well improved land just south of Neoga. He cast his first Presidential vote for James K. Polk, and has been a life-long Democrat. In July, 1883, he engaged in the livery business 334 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: in Neoga, and the same has been successful beyond his expectation. His father Avas a soldier in the 1812 and Black Hawk wars. Mr. Peters enjoys an extensive acquaintance and commands much respect. W- B. PHILLIPS, farmer and tile manufacturer, was born in Madison County, New York, February 17, 1824, the son of Brazilla and Betsey (Heminway) Phillips, and is of Scotch extraction. The parents of Mr. Phillips were born in Massachusetts. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812, and his paternal grandfather a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His father died in New York, in 1851. In 1837 the subject of our notice came to Allen County, Indiana, and settled northeast of Fort Wayne. In 1854 he came to Illinois and settled in the northeastern part of the State. In 1857 he came to Cumberland County, Illinois, and settled in Neoga Township, and here he has since lived. He was married October 19, 1843, to Miss Nancy McCourtney, of Allen County, Indiana. They have four chil dren. In August, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Fifth Illinois Cav alry; was discharged on account of ill-health, March, 1863- For a number of years Mr. Phillips was interested in the Neoga Mill. In the fall of 1882 he began the manufacture of drainage tile. The fac tory has a capacity of making 60,000 tile (different sizes) per month; has a splendid shed 40x170 feet. There is in connection two exten sive kilns. Mr. Phillips is the senior member of the firm known as Phillips & Dow- He is a Republican and a Mason. He has been Treasurer of Neoga Lodge, No. 279, for sixteen years. He is one of the extensive farmers of Neoga Township. The tile factory is one of the best in Cumberland County. He is one of the leading men in Neoga, and one of its principal citizens. HENRY H. REX, dry goods clerk, was born in Mifflin County, Penn., December 26, 1835, is the son of Henry and (Barnhart) Rex, the youngest in a family of three children, and is of German lin eage. The Rex family came originally from Reading, Penn. In 1836, it removed from Lancaster to Mifflin Comity, Penn., and there his father was murdered, in 1836, for money that he was supposed to have had on his person. The body was never found. His mother died when he was six weeks old, and his father was murdered when he was about seven weeks old. In his infancy, he was in the care of a AvidoAv lady by the name of Margaret Haller, and was supported by Derry Township, in Mifflin County, Penn. The deformity of Mr. Rex is due to cruel treatment in infancy, previous to his being placed in the hands of Mrs. Haller. The township supported him until he Avas nine years of age. In 1854, he began clerking in a drug- NEOGA TOWNSHIP. 335 and hardware store in LewistoAvn, Penn. In 1860, he left that posi tion and came to Logan County, Ohio, and there remained until 1861, when he emigrated to Edgar County, 111. In 1866, he came to Neoga Township, Cumberland County, 111., and one year later came to Neoga, and here he still resides. He was married Septem ber 20, 1865, to Miss Harriet M. Ewing. Mrs. Rex is a native of Edgar County, 111. They have had two children, viz.: Oliver S- and Minnie B. He is a Republican. Mr. Rex has served as Township Clerk and Town Clerk for six j^ears; he is at present a member of the Town Council. He has been a salesman for twenty-one years, and is the second oldest salesman in. Neoga. Mr. Rex has more than an ordinary education, Avhich he ^obtained under the most trying- circumstances, paying his own way through college. He is a most affable and pleasant gentleman- T. J. SHORT, general merchant, Avas born in Randolph County, 111., March 11, 1856; son of Thomas E. and Sarah (Harmon) Short, and is of Irish-English extraction. His parents are natives of Ran dolph County, 111. The Short family was first known in Kentucky, and emigrated to Illinois in 1819. The subject of our notice remained at home and worked on the farm for his father until he had attained his majority. In the fall of 1879, he came to Neoga and engaged in general merchandising-, and in that he has since continued. He has been successful beyond his OAvn expectations. Mr. Short has $5,000 invested in his business, which is steadily increasing. He is a thorough Republican; cast his first Presidential vote for Hayes. He is one of the promising young business men of Neoga,, and a thorough gentleman. By energy and industry he has succeeded, and his pros pects for a prosperous life each year become more extensive. Mr. Short already has a trade that has become extensive, and his cus tomers are known for miles around. In his store you can ahvays find choice goods at prices within the means of all. W. H. SINGER, miller, was born in Wayne County, Ohio, July 24, 1841, is the son of Christian and Mary A. (Lowe) Singer, and is of German-English extraction. His parents Avere born in Pennsyl vania. In 1820 thej' emigrated to Wayne County, Ohio, and there remained until the fall of 1882 when they came to Neoga, Avhere they now reside. The grandfathers Avere soldiers in the war of 1812, During the boyhood days of the subject of this mention he worked on his father's farm. In 1858 he began learning the millers' trade at Wooster, in the mill of A- Jolliff, serving an apprenticeship of three years. He enlisted in the cause of his country in April, 1861, 336 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: in Company E, Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry- In June following he re-enlisted in the same company and regiment for three years; was in many hard-fought battles. He was wounded at the battle of the Wilderness, on the 6th of May, 1863, and discharged June 5, 1863. After returning from the service he attended school six months. In 1864 he came to Charleston, 111., and for two years was foreman in Tinkey's mill. In 1868 he went to Tipton, Mo., and for four years was foreman in the Tipton Mills. Mr. Singer came to Neoga in 1874, and leased a one-half interest in the Neoga mill for one year. He purchased a one-third interest in the mill in 1875, and one year later he owned a one-half interest. In 1882 he became the sole proprietor and OAvner of the Neoga mill. The mill (one of the best in Cumberland County) Avas built in 1863, re-built in 1881. The " roller "' system was put in in July, 1883. The mill has a capacity of fifty barrels of flour per day, and meal one hundred barrels per day. The machinery throughout is of modern improvement. The flour is equal in quality to any manufactured in eastern Illinois. Mr. Singer was married October 24,1867, to Miss Mary A. LeAvis, of Charleston,Ill. Mrs. Singer Avas born in DelaAvare County, Ohio. They have two chil dren, viz.: Minnie A. and Dollie E. He is a Republican, cast his first Presidential vote for Lincoln, and has always been loyal to the Repub lican cause. He is one of the most enterprising, and one of the sub stantial business men of Cumberland County. He Avas a good soldier, and is a most amiable citizen and gentleman. B. R. SPENCER, miller, Avas born in Carroll County, Ky., Sep tember 5, 1834, is the son of David and Rachael (Long) Spencer, and is of Scotch-German lineage. When the subject of this notice was eighteen years of age he began learning the trade of an engineer. In 1853 he began serving an apprenticeship at the millers' trade. His life, for the most part, has been that of a miller and engineer. In 1 865 he emigrated to Cumberland County, UL, and settled in Neoga, and has since resided here. For six years after coming to Neoga he was engineer in the Neoga Mills. In 1871 he began discharging similar duties in the Neoga City Mill. Since 1879 he has been the miller in the Neoga City mill, and also general manager of the mill. His marriage took place February 9, 1860, to Mss Emaline Davis. Mrs. Spencer was also born in Kentucky. They have five children, John W., James B., Ora V., William M. and Leslie W. He is a Democrat, and cast his first Presidential vote for Fillmore. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and is one of the charter members of the I. O. O- F. Neoga Lodge, No. 347. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal NEOGA TOWNSHIP. 337 Church. As a miller his reputation stands second to none in Cumber land County. He is an honorable citizen and a pleasant gentleman- MRS- A. E. STONE, dealer in millinery, fancy goods and notions, Avas born in Cincinnati, Ohio, January 12, 1844, daughter of John and Maria Bradman, who were natives of the Old English Empire. Mrs. Stone comes of pure English blood. Her father came to Amer ica in 1810, and her mother some years later. Her parents were among the pioneers of the Queen City, where they lived for a num ber of years, and moved to Kentucky where they resided until the breaking out of the late war, when they emigrated to Cumberland County, UL, and settled in Neoga, but subsequently removed to Beardstown, 111. The subject of our sketch remained in Neoga, and for a series of years taught school, at which she was most successful. The marriage of Mrs. Stone occurred November 28, 1865, to Mr. J. M. Stone, a native of the Empire State. Since 1870 Mrs. Stone has been engaged in the millinery and notion business. With a cash capital of $150 the business was commenced, but the same has increased to at least $3,000. Her stock of goods is unequaled in Cumberland County, and thirteen years of active, energetic business and practical experience places her in the front ranks of the millinery trade. Mr. Bradman is a man of much prominence and has always been a strong anti-slavery advocate, and removed north in 1861 lest his sons should be made to do service in the rebel army. After coming to Ulinois two of his sons became soldiers in the Union Army. Mrs. Stone is one of the most enterprising citizens of Cum berland County, and is one of the principal business representatives of Neoga. She is one of the leading workers in the Presbyterian Church and Sabbath school, a thorough temperance advocate, and one of the most eminent women in southern Illinois. Mr. Stone has been in ill health for twelve years, and has spent much money and traveled extensively to regain his health, but all to no avail. He is a Republican in politics. LUKE VAUGHN, farmer, Avas born in Owen County, Indiana, January 9, 1841, is the son of Thomas and Isabella (Hooley) Vaughn, the youngest in a family of five children, and is of German-English extraction. His father was born in Kentucky and his mother in Indi ana. His parents came to Cumberland County, Illinois, in 1856, and settled in Neoga Township, and here his father died in 1876. His mother still resides in Neoga Township. The subject of this notice was married December 23, 1863, to Miss Mary Groscup. Mrs.Vaughn Avas born in New Orleans, Louisiana. They have had these chil- 338 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: dren, viz.: Thomas, Isabelle, Louisa, Nancy, Lucetta, John W-, Mary E. and Florence. Mr. Vaughn now OAvns 140 acres of good land, the same being a part of the old Vaughn homestead. He is a Democrat in politics, and a leading citizen. Mrs. Vaughn died October 24, 1882. She was a most amiable Avoman and beloved by all who knew her. FRANKLIN D. VORIS, dealer in grain, hay, general farm ma chinery and live stock, was born in Bath, Summit County, Ohio, April 7, 1846, is the son of Peter and Julia (Coe) Voris, and is of Dutch- English lineage. His father was born in Pennsylvania, in 1799, and his mother in Connecticut, in 1808. They emigrated to Summit County, Ohio, at a very early day, and were among the pioneers of that county. His father represented Summit County in the Lower House of the General Assembly, of Ohio, from 1844 to 1846. In 1857 the Voris family came to Coles County, 111., and here the mother of Mr. Voris was deceased the year following, and his father died in 1880- The paternal grandparent of the subject of this brief, was a soldier in the war of 1812. At seventeen years of age Mr. Voris began learning the jewelers' trade in Mattoon. At this he contin ued to work for five years. In 1868 he came to Neoga, Cumberland County, UL, and immediately engaged in the grain and live stock business, in partnership^Avith a man by the name of Mc Andrew. The firm was then styled McAndreAV & Voris, and of Avhich Mr. Voris was the junior member of the firm and general manager. In 1876, Mr. Voris assumed sole control and ownership of the business, and has been doing a very extensive business since; has for the past five years done an average business of $100,000 annually; business increasing each year, he employing from twenty-five to thirty men- He came to Neoga in limited circumstances, but now has good credit. He Avas married at Mattoon, UL, January 19, 1870, to Miss Lockie McMum . Mrs. Voris is also a native of the Buckeye State, born in 1846. They haAre had born to them five children, viz.: an infant that died unnamed, Ray, Alvin M., Henry G, and Lovis M. He is a thorough Republican; is also a member of the Masonic Fraternity and I. O. O. F. He is a man of much force of character, and is greatly respected. Mr. and Mrs. Voris are members of the Presby terian Church. Mr. Voris had five brothers in the late war, viz.: Col. A. G, Henry, Capt. Samuel, Willis and Roswell R., Avhodiedin Andersonville prison. Two others died of injuries received in the service, and the two that are yet living were severely wounded. The Voris family has ahvays been noted for its patriotic principles and deArotion to countrv and flag. NEOGA TOAVNSHIP. 339 CAPTAIN MAHLON VOTAW, furniture dealer and under taker, was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, November 8, 1826, the son of Isaac and Susanna (Woolman) Votaw, and is of French-Scotch descent. His father was born in Loudoun County, Va., and his mother in the State of New Jersey. In 1803 his father came to the territory that now composes Columbiana County, Ohio. In that comity he died in 1851, and his mother in the same county in 1881. The subject ot this mention at the age of tAventy years began millAvrighting; worked at the trade four years in Ohio- In 1853 he came to Cum berland County, 111., and assisted in erecting the Greenup Mills. He was married January 25, 1855, to Miss Josephine Baker. They had two children, viz. : Otis and Francis M. The first is deceased. Mrs. Votaw died in December, 1858. He Avas next married October 25, 1859, to Miss Delilah Reece. To this union Avere born seven chil dren, Adz.: Lyman T-, Mary E., OranM., Susan, Alice, Alvin E. and Willie. Mrs. Votaw died April 6, 1873, and for his third wife he married, September 2, 1883, Mrs. Marcella Comstock, Avho is a native of Ripley County, Ind. In August, 1862, Mr. VotaAv enlisted in the war of the Rebellion, in Company B, One Hundred and Twenty- Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, as a private, and as such served one month, and then promoted to the position of Orderly Sergeant. He was made First Lieutenant, August 12, 1863, Captain, April 25, 1864, and Avas discharged, July, 1865, at Springfield, UL He was at the battles of Perryville, Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, the siege of Atlanta, etc. The war over, and Mr. Votaw is found at Neoga, engaged in the furniture business. For many years he has taken an active part in politics, and been one of the party leaders in Cum berland County. He has always been one of the most public-spirited, wide-awake men in the county, and has ahvays advocated and aided all public improvements that have been for the good of the county. He was one of the leaders in the movement of Neoga's sec ond railroad, in 1872 — a company known as the Paris, Neoga & Saint Louis Railway Company, of which company Mr. Votaw was president. In 1881, a neAV company, styled the Charleston, Neoga & Saint Louis Railroad Company Avas formed, and of this he was also president. Mr. Votavv Avas a brave and true soldier, and is a citizen of honorable Avorth and distinction. J. T. WALLACE, meat-dealer and fruit merchant, was born in Dearborn County, Ind., March 6, 1845, son of Thomas and Sarah (Lancaster) Wallace, is the youngest in a family of four children, and is of Scotch-German lineage. In 1863, Mr. Wallace came to 340 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Cumberland County, UL, and for five years lived and farmed in Neoga Township, and then removed to Centralia, Marion County, and engaged in growing all kinds of fruit. In 1878, he returned to Cum berland County, and has here since resided.' The marriage of Mr. Wallace to Miss Laura Stevens took place September 9, 1869. They have three children, viz.: Minnie E., Edgar, and Clarence. In Sep tember, 1883, Mr. Wallace engaged in the meat-market business in Neoga. The business of fruit-growing he is still interested in, and in which he is having much success. His orchards and vineyards at Neoga are very extensive, and each year he continues to make addi tions. Mr. Wallace is one of the most extensive small-fruit dealers and shippers in Cumberland County. In 1883, he became the pat entee of " The Common Sense Tree Protector," which has proved to be a most valuable invention. Mr- Wallace is a stanch Republican in politics. CAPTAIN A. T. WELMAN, farmer and stock -dealer, was bom in Oldham County, Ky., December 7, 1828, the son of Andrew A. and Elizabeth (Williams)Welman, andis of English-German extraction. His father Avas born in Virginia and his mother in Kentucky, and in 1845, they emigrated to Morgan County, Ind. Captain Welman re mained at home until he was nineteen years of age, when he enlisted in Company B, Fourth Indiana Regiment of the Mexican service; served about iavo years, then returned to Indiana. He was married Decem ber 18, 1849, to Miss Sarah J. Pruett. They had three children. Mrs. Welman died in 1855. He was next married in 1859, to Miss Mary Greenlee, of Morgan County, Ind. This union has had four children born to it, Captain Welman enlisted in the late Rebellion June 23, 1861, in Company A, Twenty-Third Indiana Volunteer Infantry, as a private. August 6, 1861, he was commissioned Cap tain of his Company. He resigned his command January 12, 1863, on the account of ill-health. On the 15th of June 1863, he re-en listed in Company D, One Hundred and Seventeenth Indiana Volun teers; Avas Captain of that Company. He received his final dis charge in October, 1864. In 1878, he removed with his family to Shelby County, UL, and there remained until 1882, when he removed to Cumberland County, 111., now residing tAvo and a half miles east of Neoga. He has 224 acres of good land. He is a Mason; made such in 1861. He is one of the prominent farmers and citizens of Cumberland County. They arc members of the Christian Church. CAPTAIN PHILLIP WELSHIMER is a native of Fairfield County, Ohio, born November 4, 1826, the son of Frederick and Cathe- NEOGA TOWNSHIP. 341 rine (Peters) Welshimer, and is of German lineage. His father was born in Pennsyhauia and his mother in Maryland. The Gazette and Express publishes as follows, in its issue of April 12, 1844, at Lancaster, Ohio, concerning the death of the grandparents of the Captain on his mother's side : " Died, on March 4th last, at his residence in Clear Creek Township, Abraham Peters, at the advanced age of eighty-four years, se\'en months and eight days. On the 4th inst., his aged widow followed him to the Avorld of spirits. She had attained the age of eighty-four years, one month and seven days- This departed pair were among the first settlers of Clear Creek Township, and had long endured together the privations and hardships of a pio neer life. They had been united in Avedlock sixty-four years, and left twelve children, ninety-six grand-children, and one hundred and sixty-four great-grandchildren, and one of* the fourth generation. Among all their descendants, only one had died in the last forty years." The early life of Captain Welshimer was spent in working on a farm and clerking in a store. The spring of 1848, dates the coming of this man to Cumberland County, and his settlement in Cottonwood Township, Avhere he remained two years and then removed to Greenup and engaged in general merchandising, and remained until the spring- of 1857, when he came to Neoga. In 1860 he engaged in the merchandise business, and in this he continued until his enlistment in the United States Army. He assisted in raising the first ten regiments sent out by the State of Illinois. He enlisted in Company B, Twenty-First Illinois Infantry, and soon after his enlistment he was elected First-Lieutenant of the Company. Immediately after the battle of Stone River, he was commissioned Captain of his Company on the account of meritorious conduct at that battle. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Chickamauga, and was held as a prisoner of war for seventeen months. For seven months he withstood the miseries and ills of the famed Libby Prison. He was discharged at Saint Louis, May, 1865. In 1868, Captain Welshimer was commissioned postmaster at Neoga. This position he still retains. The Neoga postoffice is one of the most completely arranged and systematically managed offices in the State. He is assisted in the office by Miss Eva Henderson. In 1856, Captain Welshimer was commissioned Justice of the Peace, and has held the office for more than a quarter of a century. He was married, in 1847, to Miss Julia Pickering. They had six children, viz.: Ellen R, Alice W., Theodore M., who Avas accidently killed April, 1865, by the bursting of an anvil that Avas used in celebrating Lee's surren- 342 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: der; Lucy A., Charles, and Frederick G. Mrs- Welshimer died March 12, 1871. He Avas next married, in 1872, to Miss Malinda McNutt. Two children have been born to them, Ariz.: Frank M., and Phillip. Captain Welshimer is a true Republican and a man of sterling merit. WILLIAM RICHARD WHITE, natural mechanic and patentee ot many inventions, was born in 1844, and is the son of B.W- and Eliz abeth White. The early life of Mr. White was one of depression, sor row poArerty and sore affliction, and Avas mainly spent in Cumberland County, 111. For two years, hoAvever, he lived Avith his parents in Coles County. At one year of age, he was deprived of the use of his eyes, and in this condition he remained for eight years. At eleven years of age, he had recovered his sight to such an extent that he began attending school. At eighteen years of age, he began teaching school, at which occupation he continued about fourteen years, and was one of the most noted pedagogues of his clay. In addition to his school-teaching, he taught singing-school and delh'- ered lectures on astronomy. In 1867, he was united in the holy bonds of matrimony to Miss H. E- Keller, daughter of Riley Keller. To this union have been born five children, four daughters and one son. In 1876, he lost his property and home. After this, he traded for a time, but, in 1878, he received the right to a patent fence, and sold about $40,000 worth of the patent, The greatest work of the life of Mr. White Avas the invention of the " Drive Gate," a few years later. This is, Avithout question, one of the best and most useful patents of the kind ever placed before the public. He has in one .year alone sold $50,000 worth. By energy and economy, Mr. White has amassed quite a large amount of property. Besides his property in Neoga, Avhich is among the best and most conveniently arranged that the town affords, he has 2,000 acres of valuable land. Mr. White of to-day is quite different from the White of fifteen years ago, as far as financial responsibility is concerned, for he is now worth at least $40,000, and at that time he was almost penniless. In addi tion to making himself and family comfortable and surrounded by luxuries, he has done much for his kinsmen. He is one of the lead ing and most public spirited men in southern Illinois, and one of the most charitable and generous. He is with his fortune the same common personage that he Avas in his poverty. He has many friends, and is familiarly called " Happy Bill White, the generous man." He has a sound education, and is well read generally. But for lack ¦of space, we would gladly publish some choice stanzas of poetry on his NEOGA TOWNSHIP. 343 [latent gate, Avhich are Avholly original and of his oavii composition, S. F. WILSON, druggist, was born in Washington County, Ind., February 10, 1840, is the son of James and Ann (Hutchison) Wilson, and of English-Irish lineage, His father was born in North Carolina, and his mother in Kentucky, and emigrated to Indiana at an early day, and were among the pioneers of the Hoosier State. In 1852 they removed to Cumberland County, 111., and settled tAvo and a half miles southeast of Neoga. There his father died in 1867, and his mother died, in Neoga, in 1882. His paternal grandfather was a noted surgeon in the Revolutionary Avar. The subject of our notice Avorked at home for his father until he had attained his majority. He enlisted in the cause of his country in May, 1861, in Company B, Twenty-First Illinois Infantry, and participated in the battles of Fredricktown, Miss.; Perrysville, Ky., and Stone River, Tenn, At the latter battle he was wounded. He was discharged April 1, 1862, and re-enlisted December 16, 1863, in Company G, Sixty- Second Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; finally discharged March 21, 1866. During his second service he was commissioned First- Lieutenant. He was married November 14, 1 867, to Miss M- J. Reed. Mrs. Wilson was born in Ohio County, W- Va- They have three- children, viz.: Ambler F., Frank R. and Lena P. He is a Republi can; is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. Mr. and Mrs. W'ilson are leading members of the Presbyterian Church. Since 1871 he has been engaged in the drug business in Neoga, and has the most exten sive line found in Cumberland County. Mr. Wilson is one of the men of true merit of Cumberland County, and one of the most patri otic meu in the State. IRA M.WRIGHT, dealer in grain and produce, Avas born in SAvitz- e'rland County, Ind., June 9, 1836, is the son of Alfred and Lucinda (Buchanan) Wright, and comes of English-Irish origin. His father was born in Maryland and his mother in Indiana, and they Avere among the first settlers of the old Hoosier State, haA'ing come there in 1821. It was not until the subject of this sketch had reached the twenty-fifth mile stone in life that he began working for himself, having worked for his father until that time. In August, 1861, he enlisted in the United States Army, in the Third Indiana Cavalry. He served three years, and was honorably discharged in October, 1864. He Avas at the battles of Gettysburg, Antietam, Fredericks burg, Second Bull Run, Wilderness and Petersburg. In January, 1864, Mr. Wright Avent to Arkansas and engaged in cotton growing for two years, at which he Avas successful. In 1867 he came to 344 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY. Neoga, and has been a resident of the town ever since. He first engaged in the grain business, and then added produce dealing, and in this connection he has been since engaged. The business, Avhich was meagre at first, has become quite extensive, and he now does at least $30,000 worth of business annually. He was united in mar riage to Miss Sarah E. Shaw, of Vevay, Ind., May 15, 1868. To this union have been born three children, viz.: Ada M., Edward G and Walter H- He is an earnest Republican; a member of the Knights of Honor and the G- A. R., and one of the principal business men of Neoga. There is not a more enterprising man in Cumberland County than he, nor a more useful citizen- JOSEPH M. YOUNG, liveryman, Avas born in Vigo County, Ind., September 22, 1821, is the son of Samuel M- and Margaret (Mc- Kashey) Young, the fifth in a family of fourteen children, and is of Irish origin. His father Avas born in North Carolina and his mother in Kentucky. They emigrated to Vigo County, Ind., in a very early day and Avere among the pioneers of that county. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812, and his paternal grandfather was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. His parents both died in Vigo County, Ind-, on the old Young homestead, where they had lived for half a century. Mr. Young was married December 4, 1843, to Miss Matilda Van Cleve. To this union have been born four chil dren, viz.: Mary E., Samuel T., William H. and Margaret J. Samuel T. died of injuries received in the late Avar. He enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-Fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, May 16, 1864, and was discharged September 28, 1864, at Mattoon, UL Mrs. Young died February 7, 1861, and Mr. Young Avas next married, December 24, 1861, to Miss Mary E. Keller. Mrs. Young was born in Jackson County, Ind. Mr. Young came to Cumberland County, UL, in September, 1854, and settled ten miles southeast of Neoga. He rented a farm for tAvo years, then bought eighty acres of prairie, and afterward bought forty acres more. In 1881 he sold it and bought 100 acres one mile east of Neoga. In 1878 Mr. Young came to Neoga, and here he has since resided. In 1878 he engaged in the livery business, and in this he still continues. tn addition to his farm he has quite a number of town lots. He has been successful in life. He is a Republican in politics, and also a Mason. He is one of the pioneers of Cumberland Coimty. W. H. YOUNG, farmer and general agent for the Howe Sewing Machine, was born in Edgar County, UL, January 7, 1829, is the son of Claybourn and Mary (Russell ) Young, and is of English-Irish NEOGA TOAVNSHIP- 345 extraction. His parents were born in Tennessee aud emigrated from that State to Edgar County, UL, in 1827, where they resided for two years, then removed to Boone County, Ind., and there lived until their death, the father dying in 1868, and mother in 1872. Mr. Young was married October 13, 1849, to Mss Margaret A. McCol- loch. Mrs. Young is a native of Tennessee. To them have been born four children, A'iz.: John A. M., Alice, Lillie M. and Claybourn H. In 1850 Mr. Young came to Illinois and settled in Edgar County, there remained three years, then removed to Cumberland County and settled in Neoga Township, three miles northeast of Neoga, where he has since resided and has a farm of 120 acres, and Avell improved. Since 1869 Mr. Young has been engaged in the sewing machine bus iness. He has sold 2,000 machines. He is a Republican, and they are members of the Presbyterian Church. They have a daughter in the Indian Territory, teaching the Choctaw Indians- Mr. Young is a leading citizen, and one of the old settlers of Cumberland County. His office is in Mrs. A. E. Stone's millinery store, in Neoga. 346 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: UNION TOWNSHIP. DENNIS BELL, farmer, Avas born March 30, 1821, in Randolph County, N. G, and is the son of William and Mary E- Bell, also born in North Carolina. Dennis was raised on his father's farm, and there remained till the age of tAventy-four, when he married Rachel Mass, Avho was born in Clark County, UL, in 1824, and died on this farm in 1854. They had four children, one living — Irena, wife of William E. Adams. His second marriage, in 1856, was toj Mary Tucker, avIio was born in 1834, in Indiana, and died in 1857. They have one son, John, now in Kansas. His third marriage, August, 1858, was to Barbara BosAvell, of Ohio. They have four children, viz.: David 0-, Vernon, AndreAv M., and Josephine. At about the age of eleven years, his parents came to Rush County, Inch, where they lived four years, then removed to Coles, now Cumberland County, Avhere his father died in 1856, at eighty years of age. This land Avas entered by Ambrose Carnej'. He now owns 154 acres, all improved, Avith one of the best houses in the township, built in 1875, at a cost of about $2,200- His barn was destroyed by fire in Octo ber, 1882; cost about $500- His brother, William, was Lieutenant in the One Hundred and TAventy-Third Illinois Infantry- He served throughout the war. SAMUEL A. BLACK, of the firm of Moore & Black, grist and saw-mill, Diona, Avas born July 19, 1847, and is the son of Samuel and Mary Black, who Avere born in Virginia, and followed farming' there. In 1835, he went to Missouri, Avhere soon after he Avas mar ried. His parents still live there, engaged in farming. The subject of this sketch left home at about the age of twenty-two, and carried on farming in Missouri till June, 1875, Avhen he moved to Cumberland County, and carried on farming four years. In 1879, he bought Mr. Hackett's interest in this mill, and has since been a member of this firm. This mill was built in 1875 ; cost about $7,000. Its capacity is about 4,000 feet of lumber, about seventy-fiAre bushels of corn, and one hundred bushels of Avheat per day. Mr. Black was married Jan uary 6, 1876, to Lizzie Gill, Avho was born in Missouri. One daugh ter, Carrie, blesses this union. NATHANIEL CARPENTER, farmer, Avas born December 10, 1831, in Delaware County, Ohio, and is the son of James and Maria Carpenter, who emigrated from New York Avhen young. He was UNION TOAVNSHIP. 347 brought up on his father's farm. When about eighteen years of age, his parents came to this locality, where he has since lived. His father entered the land where his house now stands. He died June 3, 1876, aged seventy-six. His mother died in 1842, aged forty. The subject of this sketch commenced working at $8 a month. This money he used in paying for the first land he OAvned — first buying forty acres; he has added as his means Avould allow, and now owns 360 acres. This farm is improved, with a good brick house, built in 1874; cost about $1,600; the barn cost $800. He was married April 9, 1846, to Julia A. Mann. She was born in Indiana, September 10, 1822. They had nine children, six living, viz.: Sarah J., Hezekiah, William, Deloss, Christina, and Ann. WILLIAM CLOSSON, farmer, born March 19, 1833, in Dela ware County,Ohio, is the son of Daniel and Martha Closson, natives of Pennsylvania. His parents came to Cumberland County in 1851, and located in Union Township. His father died December 26, 1 859, aged sixty-five years. The subject of this sketch was married February 12, 1860, to Lucy McMillan, who Avas born in Delaware County, Ohio. They had six children, three living, viz.: John D-, Alma E-, and Mary O.; three children died Avhen young. After his father's death he secured the homestead by buying out the other heirs. He afterAvards sold this property and bought where he now lives. He iioav owns three farms of one hundred acres each, all under cultivation. Mr. Closson became a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1864. Since this time, he has been ruling elder of this church. LEWIS COLLINS, farmer, born May 7, 1831, in Fairfield County, Ohio, is the son of James and Margaret (Driver) Collins, Avho emigrated at an early day from Maryland. His grandparents were natives of Pennsylvania. His father died in Ohio when Lewis Avas about thirteen years old. He continued to live with his mother till the age of eighteen, when he commenced to learn the blacksmith trade, folloAving this business about tAventy years. He then carried ,on farming about two years. In 1866, he came to Cumberland County, located on the DaAnson farm, and remained there one year; then moved to his present farm. He first bought sixty acres, and from time to time added other land, now owning 260 acres. This farm is located on the direct road to Casey, consequently the most traveled of any others. He married, March 23, 1859, Mrs. Collins, who is also a native of Fairfield County, Ohio. They have six chil dren, viz.: Amy F., wife of AndreAV Vankey; Soth Benson, Carrie, Magdalena, Avifeof Arthur Jennings; Semantha M., and Rebecca E- 21 348 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: S- W. CUTRIGHT, farmer, Avas born Ootober 20, 1816, in Ross County, Ohio, and is the son of William and Hannah Outright, Avho were natives of Virginia. They emigrated to Ohio in about 1790. His father served in the Revolutionary war. The subject of this sketch lived Avith his parents until about the age of twenty-two, when he worked out by the month about two years. He Avas mar ried, September 3, 1840, to Elizabeth Brown, who was born in Wheeling, W. Va., July 4, 1824. They have nine children, viz.: Aus tin, Angeline, now Mrs- Begger; Robert, iioav keeping the National Hotel at Casey; Elmira, wife of Joseph Mercer; William, Emaline, wife of Samuel Sheeks; George, Harriet, wife of Frank Lacey, and Winfield. After his marriage he rented a farm and continued farming there about ten years. In 1819 he came to Cumberland County and leased a farm at Lost Point, where he remained five years on Section 18." He then moved to Section 9, and there remained five years. On January 1, 1860, he bought forty acres where his house iioav stands, and the following February moved to this land, where he has since resided- 'He iioav oaviis eighty acres. Soon after coming here he met with the misfortune of losing three horses, which he then could illy afford, but having energy, industry and perseverance he has succeeded in clearing and improving this farm, and has placed himself in comfortable circumstances. LEVI DEVINNEY, retired farmer, was born June 24, 1818, in Berkeley County, W. Va., and is a son of David G and Mary Devinney, who Avere natives of Orange County, Va. There he learned the tan ners' trade, which he followed till the age of forty; then he moved to Licking County, Ohio, and engaged in farmimg; later removed to Miami County, Avhere he died on February 23, 1878. The subject of this sketch lived with his father in Licking County till 1851, then came to Cumberland County and bought the Fox farm, consisting of 156 acres. Two years later he sold that farm and moved to this one, buying 156J acres where their house now stands, and later other lands. They now own over 300 acres; and it is one of the best farms in the township. They are the only farmers in the toAvnship Avho deaf exclusively in fine stock, their cattle being Shorthorns, their hogs Poland China, and their horses of the Norman and Clydes dale stock. This farm is improved Avith buildings which cost over $2,000; all avcII fenced. They also have a scale and scale-house which cost about $200- Ho Avas married in January, 1851, to Mar tha J. Ryan, of Crawford County, 111. She died January 22, 1879, aged forty-nine years. He has one son, David R., avIio Avas born U.VION TOAVNSHIP. 349 March 24, 1853, in Cumberland County, and was married March 2, 1876, to Sarah L. Gill. She was born in Wayne County, Mo. They have two children — Harry G. and Eunice P. David R. Devinney now owns and manages this farm. Mr. Devinney's two brothers, Martin L. and David W., served in the late Avar. David enlisted as First Sergeant, was afterwards promoted to Captain, and later com missioned Lieutenant-Colonel. He Avas killed at the battle of Cedar Creek, in the Shenandoah Valley. ELIJAH EDWARDS, farmer, born January 31, 1829, in Dela ware County, Ohio, is the son of Elijah and Ruth EdAvards. His father was born in New York, his mother in New Jersey. In 1839 his parents emigrated to Coles ( now Cumberland) County, and settled on Section 3, and were among the earliest settlers of this locality. His father first entered eighty acres of land, but later bought eighty acres of John Outright, Sr- His father died in 1861, aged seventy--: eight years. The subject of this sketch was married July 1, 1849, to Jane Baumgartner. She was born in 1835, in Franklin County, Ohio. They have ten children, viz. : Henry, Angeline, wife of Charles Carlin; Sarah, wife of W. H. Docker; Andrew, Theodore, George, Jacob, Elijah, Jr., Harrison and Hannah J. He oaviis 160 acres, part of which is the land entered and bought by his father. He was the first Township Commissioner after the organization of the township; held the office three years. P. W. EDWARDS, merchant, Union Center, was born August 8, 1852, in Union Township, and is the son of Eli and Elizabeth Edwards, who Avere born in Ohio. They were among the earliest settlers of Union Township. His father died December 4, 1879. The subject of this sketch was brought up on a farm, where he lived till the age of twenty-tAvo, when he, with a capital of twenty dollars, started peddling and huckstering; continued at this business about eighteen months, and not meeting with any success he engaged in the show busi ness and continued this about four months. Meeting with no better success he then, September, 1876, traded his team with a spring wagon and about ten acres corn, valued at $240, for this store, going in debt at the time $90. From this small beginning he has worked into a large and flourishing trade. Ho has sold as high as $230 per day. He now carries a stock of about $6,000, and to accommodate his increasing trade he is about erecting a commodious store, 24x80 feet. This store he expects to occupy in 1884. He was appointed Postmaster in 1881. He was married in September, 1879, to Miss Flora Chancellor, of Coles County. Two children bless this union — Haiwey G and Elizabeth E. 350 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: T. and S- EMRICH are the sons of Phillip and Nancy (Red man) Emrich. They emigrated from Ross County, Ohio, to Cum berland County, UL, in the fall of 1848, where they lived about eighteen months, when they moved to Jasper County, remaining there about two years ; then returned to Cumberland County, and settled on their present farm, where their father died in March, 1875, aged fifty-nine years. This farm consisted of 300 acres; but since the death of their father it has been dividecl, and, with 'other lands added, the family now own 514 acres. Soott retains the homestead. Mrs. Emrich still resides at the homestead. They were married, April 2, 1840. She was born, December 24, 1815, in Ross County, Ohio. This union was blessed with six children, three of whom still survive, viz.: Taylor, Winfield Scott, and Benjamin F. John was drowned, June 17, 1858, aged seventeen years; Mary died in Feb ruary, 1871, aged twenty-eight years; Sarah J. died in November, 1849, aged four years. Taylor is a member of the Universalist Church and one of the Trustees. Scott is engaged in the Agricult ural business in Casey, as well as managing this farm. C. G FANCHER was born November 27, 1836, in Delaware County, Ohio, and is the son of David and Martha Fancher. In 1849, the family removed to Illinois and settled in this locality; they entered and bought various tracts of land- He has owned as high as 1,000 acres, a large part of which he has deeded to his children. They first settled on what was known as the old Smith farm, and resided there till 1853. In order to educate his children, they moved to Marshall, where they remained two years, then returned to their farm. For the purpose of further educating his children, his father, in 1857, removed to Paris, 111 . After remaining two years, he moved to Clark County, near Casey, where he bought a farm of 150 acres. There he resided till 1870- On account of ill-health he went to Denver, Col., there remained five years, and during this time was engaged in the real estate business. He then returned to his farm near Casey. He died August 22, 1876, aged sixty-eight years. The subject of this sketch at the age of twenty-one married Lydia Tute- Aviler. She was born in Fairfield County, Ohio. Seven children have blessed this union, four of whom are living — Royal, Orla, Bertie, and Pearly. After marriage he settled on his present farm. He now owns 260 acres; this is one of the oldest improved farms in this local ity. Mr. Fancher enlisted, in 1861, in 'Company E, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois (Mounted) Infantry, " Wilder's Brigade," and served to the end of the war. He participated in the battles of UNION TOAVNSHIP. 351 Perryville and Chickamauga, and was with Sherman's command dur ing their march to Atlanta and back to Nashville. He was also in the raid under General Thomas at the battle of Nashville, and the battle of Selma, Ala. This was one of the enemy's strongest forti fications, and after several hours of hard fighting, the enemy^finally gave way. He also participated in many others. JAMES GILL, retired farmer, was born February 26, 1798, in Montgomery County, Ky. In 1814, he crossed the territory, came to Illinois, and located near Palestine, on the Wabash, making tem porary quarters in the Fort. After a short stay he returned to Ken tucky, and assisted his father to move. They at once came to Fort La Motte, afterward Palestine. His father bought half a Section of land, being then the first public sale, the land office being located there. The family removed to this land and lived there about twenty years. He was engaged in flat-boating from Vincennes to New Orleans, making one trip a season. This he continued seven seasons, he making the second trip that ever Avas made on a flat-boat. He came to where he now lives in 1830. He first entered a quarter Section, afterward bought and entered other lands, and has owned as high as 1,800 acres at one time. He is one of the most enterpris ing men of this county. He built his present house in about 1850, setting an example to his neighbors by building the best one then in this neighborhood. He hauled the lumber from York, a distance of forty miles. Mr. Gill has held many important offices, viz.: Justice of the Peace, County Commissioner of Coles County, and was the first County Commissioner of Cumberland County. His father served in the Revolutionary war, enlisting as a private, and for mer itorious conduct Avas promoted to Captain, which Commission he held until his death, he draAving a Captain's pension. He was born August 27, 1757, in NeAV Jersey, and died near Palestine in 1837- Our subject Avas married, December 27, 1829, to Diadama Neal, of Kentucky, who died September 16, 1850. They had six children living, viz.: Emily, wife of Samuel P. Reed; Angeline, noAV Mrs. Conrad; Lucinda, iioav Mrs. Fulkerson; Nancy, now Mrs. Brooks; Martha, iioav Mrs. McMorris; John N-, noAV managing this farm. Hannah died May 11, 1856. Martin G served in the Confederate army and died April 13, 1865. George W. died September 27, 1847. James T. served in the Union army, and died July 3, 1864- JAMES GOSSETT, farmer, was born May 5, 1833, in Tuscar awas County, Ohio, and was the son of Luke and Jane Gossett, 352 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: who Avere born in Pennsylvania. In 1837 the family came to Coles County, and there engaged in farming. In 1857, he moved to Cum berland County, and settled on Section 30, Union Township, and there remained till 1863, when he removed to his present farm. He now owns 180 acres, mostly improved. He has a very comfortable house, which he built in 1868; cost about $2,000; also other build ings, which cost over $3,000- He was married in 1857, to Ann E. Roberts, of Delaware County, Ohio. She was bora, June 23, 1839; died in 1876. They had eight children, five living, viz.: Clinton M., Luke Lincoln, James G, Augusta J., and Sarah M. They lost one child in infancy. Julia A. died August 20, 1883, aged twenty- two; John died in 1876, aged eight months. Mr. G. is a member of the United Brethren Church in Christ. NICHOLAS HAUGHN, farmer, was bora February 7, 1845, on his present farm. His father, Nicholas Haughn, was a native of Vir ginia; his mother of Maryland. His parents were among the earliest settlers of Union Township. His father entered this land soon after coming here, it consisting of 140 acres, mostly improved. He died at the advanced age of 101 years. His mother still lives here and enjoys good health, being now in her seventy-eighth year. Nicholas was married, in 1866, to Margaret Conner, of Pennsylvania. They have six children, viz.: Mary C, Calvin V., Adaline, Daisy, Maude, and Arthur. G. S. HENDERSON, farmer, born May 4, 1820, in Perry County, Ohio; reared on his father's farm until the age of twenty-one. Up to this time, he had received but nineteen and one-half days' schooling, and eleven nights at school ciphering. He then married Rebecca Yanaway, of Fairfield County, Ohio. She died in 1879, aged sixty-one years. They had four children; three living — Mary J., wife of George Winekoop; James and Andre av. They are all living in Kansas. His second marriage was to Mrs. Elizabeth Mathena, a native of England, August 1, 1879. When he first mar ried, he rented a farm for eight years, and followed teaming several years. In 1855, he came to Union Township, and settled on this farm, at that time eighty-six acres, and has owned as high as 787 acres. He now owns 445 acres, over 300 of which are under culti vation. On November 13, 1882, G- S. Henderson and family started on a tour to relatives in East Albany, N Y. They arrived on Wednes day morning, the 15th, much worn out after so long a journey, it being some 850 miles. On Thursday, the day following, Mr. , his brother-in-law, started out to visit Albany. Mr. Henderson, in UNION TOAVNSHIP. 353 his published account of the trip, continues the narrative, as folloAvs: We first visited Archaeological Hall. Here may be seen everything imaginable that is generally found in a museum. The greatest sight which came under our special observation was, first a link of the chain that was stretched across the Hudson River, during the Revo lution in 1775, to prevent the British from sailing up the river, their intention being to blow up West Point. Second, we saw a skeleton of one of the largest elephants known. This was found in Cohoes, a small town in the State, during the excavation for the famous Harmony Knitting Mills, fifty feet below the surface. Third, was a piece of stone about the size of a large cocoanut, which has been dripping oil for the past tAventy years. I would like to give a more detailed account of this hall, but time would not permit. From here Ave crossed over to the new Cap ital, and I must not forget to note here that it far exceeded our expectations; from the ground floor we Avere carried up by a mag nificent elevator to the Governor's room, Avhich is magnificent. Next we visited the Assembly Chamber. Words are impossible to tell how beautiful it is. We examined the different corridors, and in one of them may be seen the flags of all nations and those that were prized during the Revolution; in fact, I could not begin to give a description of this famous building. A person, to comprehend such a building, and what it is like, has only to see it for himself. From here we Avalked about tAvo miles to the Albany Penitentiary, which is considered the hardest prison in the State. There Ave Avere told to register our names, and after the payment of twenty-five cents each, we were accompanied by a guide, who showed us all over the institution; the principal manufactory being shoes, of which they turn out about 3,000 pairs daily. We never saw, during our travels, such regularity as we found here. Much courtesy was shown us by the guide and guards. There are confined at the present time 830 pris oners. It being near evening, we made our way home, much pleased with our day's sport. Sunday evening, 19th, we took the boat of the Citizens' Line, called " City of Troy," for our journey to New York City, which left Albany at seven o'clock. But before going further, I must not foro-et to mention that the boats of this line are classed as some of the best^afloat. They are fitted up for the comfort of passengers, and also for the transportation of freight. We reached New York the next morning at six o'clock, and, after partaking of breakfast, proceeded to visit all the places of interest, our first place of note 354 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: being Mr. Vanderbilt's stables, which are situated on Fifth Avenue, directly in the neighborhood of his elegant mansion. The horses which we saw Avere Early Rose, Bay Dick, Small Hope, Light Handy Boy, Leander Boy and Early Puck, which were some of the finest horses we ever saAV. The stables seemed a paradise beyond descrip tion. From here we started for Central Park. We took a stroll through the museum, then to the wild animals, camels, ostriches, sea lions, bears, buffaloes, eagles and monkeys; then saw the monu ments of Scott, Burns, Shakespeare, Fitz Green Halleck and Moore, and then the Egyptian obelisk, which is eighty-two feet high, 100,000 tons in Aveight, and its age is some fifty years before Christ, which to our astonishment exceeded what we expected. The lake in this park is beautiful, and, from our personal observation, it is the largest, prettiest and best laid out park in the country. From here we made our way through the upper part of the city, saw the Grand Central Depot of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroads, Grand Central Hotel, Wallack's, Niblo's, Germania, Bowery and Globe theatres; one of the greatest attractions being the Metropoli tan Elevated Railroad, which runs in every direction of the city over head. We rode on one section of the road, and I Avill not say it is a very comfortable way of traveling. We then Avent aboard an ocean steamship of the Inman Line, and examined it all over, and were much pleased Avith the elegant and costly Avay in which the vessel was fitted up. From here Ave strolled across town to the bowery, our object being to visit the Atlantic Garden. From here we went still further cIoavii town until we reached Printing House Square, where the buildings of the New York Tribune, Times, Sun, and a large monument of Benjamin Franklin attracted our attention. Looking to our right, we saAV City Hall Park and City Hall, which is, as the rest of the buildings, a very interesting sight. We there saAV the famous Astor Library, and the massive building of the New York Post-office. From here, Ave made our way toAvard Jersey City, which is reached by way of boat across the North River. Having visited friends — it being Wednes day — we again resumed our travels in New York. Wre crossed by way of ferry-boat to the city of Brooklyn, our object being to get a good view of the new suspension bridge Avhich spans ^he East River, a sight which Ave would not have missed for anything. On our return, we started for the Earth Gardens and the Battery. This is Avhere all emigrants have to go through upon arriving in this country. There Avere a great many lying around, principally Dutch. UNION TOAVNSHIP. 355 Again Ave started up town in another direction, and examined some of the prominent buildings through Broadway — A. T. Stewart's store, etc. ; in fact, every building in the city that Avas worth seeing. They averaged from ten to twelve stories high, and are built of the best material. I would like here to give a more full account of the city and everything Ave saAV, but time will not permit; in fact, a person could write a Avhole volume, and then not think of everything. To say the least, New York City itself is one of the greatest sights I ever saw or expect to see. It now being evening Ave started on our journey back to East Albany by way of a boat called the " Saratoga" of the same line by which we came, and as I gave mention of the Hudson River, it is one of the finest and most picturesque rivers in the country. We arrived at East Albany about 7.30 on Wednesday morning, and on the following morning started by early train for Indianapolis. My trip from Indianapolis to New York, a distance of about one thousand and ten miles and return, was a journey which Avill never be forgotten. I left NeAV York for home November 23, and took in the Canada side of the famous Niagara Falls and extension bridge. The vieAV Avas beautiful — the hillsides covered Avith moss interspersed with spruce, pine and hemlock. It Avas snoAving quite briskly Avhen I arrived here — put up for the night, and in the morning as I looked out from the Cliff House I think I never saAV a finer sight. A large mass of falling nature of over a half mile in length bent in a cres cent slope, Avith the sun being reflected from it, making all the dif ferent shades of the rainbow, impressed me Avith its great beauty and grandeur. At 7.20 Ave left for Buffalo, and the snow storm still rag ing but increased in intensity as Ave crossed the MohaAvk River. A large dam Avas thrown across the river here, but the Avater was "going up stream" owing to a very high wind which was blowing' We learn that it was one of the most severe storms of this kind ever witnessed there, and houses of every description Avere almost SAvept away by the floods. As we neared Buffalo we were struck by the gale, under which the train swayed to and fro, and at times nearly capsizing us. This Continued until Ave arrived at Buffalo. From Buffalo home, the view of the towns and country along the line of the railroads was fine, and I arrived at home on November 25, and found all well, and realized that I had traveled in the round trip 2,265 miles. AMOS JENNINGS, farmer, Avas born December 16, 1833, in 356 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: TusearaAvas County, Ohio, is the son of Solomon and Catharine Jennings, who emigrated to Illinois in 1840. They settled in what is now Crooked Creek Township, Cumberland County. The fol lowing year his father died, aged thirty years. His mother again married and moved to Section 11, Union Township, in 1842, Avhere the subject of mis sketch lived till the age of twenty-five, when he married Martha Stultz. She was bom in Ohio, in 1839. Five chil dren bless this union, viz.: Frank L., John A-, Amy G, W. T. and Amos W. After marriage he managed his mother-in-law's farm about six years. He then moved to his present farm, having first bought forty acres; and from time to time, as his means would allow, added other land. He now'oAvns^.156 acres, largely improved. They are members of* the United Brethern Church. JOHN C. MILLER, farmer, born November 27, 1831, in Fair field County, Ohio, son of William and Dianah Miller. His father was born in Maryland, his mother in Ohio. The subject of this sketch was brought up on his father's farm. At the age of nine years his parents came to Union Township. On May 12, 1840, his father entered 160 acres, in what is now Crooked Creek Township, and lived on that land about eight years. He then removed to this farm, known as the Smith farm, which is the oldest settled farm in this neighborhood. Part of this land was entered by Newel Burch, of whom Andrew Smith bought his claim, and entered other lands adjoining. His father lived on this farm till his death, which occur red May 23, 1880, aged seventy-five years. The farm now consists of 350 acres, mostly improved, and stocked with six horses, sixty head of cattle, eighty hogs, fifty sheep, etc He Was married Janu ary 1, 1856, to Miss Mahala Fancher, who was born in Delaware County, Ohio, January 16, 1835; they had eight children, six living, viz.: William H., David B., Martha L., Almanette, Dollie J. and Flora E. Eva V. died in 1867, aged five years; Amy O. died Novem ber 3, 1875, in her twentieth year. She had attended the Westfield College six years, had finished a classical course, and one year later would have graduated. In order to educate his children Mr. Miller removed to Westfield in 1874; remained there three years, then returned to his farm. WTien in Westfield he held the office of Police Magistrate; here he has held the office of Justice of the Peace two terms and Township Superintendent one term. They are members of the United Brethren Church. WILLIAM M. MILLER, farmer, was born November 30, 1835, in Fairfield County, Ohio. At the age of four years he came Avith UNION 'TOAVNSHIP. 357 his parents to Cumberland County, settled in Union Township, and has since lived in this locality. He was married August 14, 1862, to Mrs. Mary A. Clauson, who was born in 1837. They had two children, Ida I., and Reason R. This farm consists of ninety-eight acres, located on the National road, and improved with a good house, which cost about $600; bam cost about $400. The farm is stocked with four horses, seventeen head of cattle, and about thirty hogs. CHARLES McMILLEN, farmer (post-office Union Center), was born February 27, 1825, in Delaware County, Ohio, and is the son of Gideon and Elizabeth McMillen; the former born in Luzerne County, Penn., and moved when young to Delaware County, Ohio. He carried on the milling business. He came with his family to Coles County, UL, now Cumberland County, settled about two miles north of where he died, March 3, 1864, aged seventy-seven years. The subject of this sketch was married in 1850, to Harriet Bennett, of the same county. After marriage he worked his father's farm two years, and then bought forty acres, where he lived a short time. April 13, 1859, he left for Pike's Peak with a party of five and three yoke of oxen, and landed where is noAV Denver, July 4, 1859. They then went into the Gregory Diggings and prospected there about six weeks ; then to Fair Play Diggings and worked there until driven out by cold ; thence to the pinery and furnished hewed logs for houses in Denver. The first house they built there was for a colored man named " Uncle " Reuben. They built a shoe shop for $100, receiving for the same four pairs of boots in payment. They continued in getting out wood and shingles till spring, and then went to Colorado City and put up two buildings,which they sold when completed; went mining in the California Gulch; worked there about four months; was taken sick, and returned to Denver. Finding no work there, he drove one yoke of oxen from Denver to his home in Illinois, arriving there Novem ber 2, 1860, occupying about three months in this journey. He then took charge of his father's farm, and raised one crop. August 31, 1861, he traded his yoke of oxen for a horse, went to Camp Butler and enlisted in Company A, Fifth Ulinois Cavalry, and served three years. He enlisted as a private and was promoted, in about fourteen months, to Quartermaster Sergeant, and was mustered out August 25, 1864, at Vicksburg, Miss. Theirs being an independent regiment, they were constantly engaged in skirmishes and scouting through the country. The first regular battle was at Cotton Plant, Ark., where he was wounded by his horse falling on him while- crossing a 358 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES— CUMBERLAND COUNTY: bridge near Trenton, Ark-, December 8, 1862. He has never recov ered from this injury. About the last of May, their command was ordered to Vicksburg. They took boats and proceeded there, land ing June 1, 1863. He was also hurt there by a horse running over him, injuring his right breast. This he has not recovered from. June 3, they were ordered to watch the enemy, and encountered him in the rear of Vicksburg, having there a skirmish, taking twenty-four prisoners ; remained in the rear of Vicksburg doing skir mishing duty, and so continued till the surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863. July 5, they crossed the Black River, on their way to Jack son, Miss., where they captured the enemy's entire picket-post, at about 9 A. M.; soon after encountering Johnson's rear-guard, skirmished with them till night. There they sat in their sad dles all night. As soon as it was light they moved on, driv ing them through Clinton. They contested every inch of the ground till they were driven to their fortifications at Jackson. There they fought about eight days, Avhen Johnson's command evacuated their fortifications. They captured their rear-guard, con sisting of 800 to 1,000 prisoners, and their pontoon bridge, with their wagons. Their regiment, with the Fourth Illinois and Third and Fourth Iowa Cavalry Brigade, started for Canton, Miss-, pro ceeding as far as Pearl River, where they were repulsed and driven back. Receiving reinforcements of infantry and artillery, they pro ceeded to, and captured Canton, taking 300 to 400 prisoners. They destroyed a train laden Avith stores and ammunition, the railroad machine shop, and tore up the railroad track; also destroyed five locomotives. They returned to Oak Ridge and went into camp, where they laid during the month of August. On August 4 he got a furlough to come home, where he remained till August 25, when he returned to his command. On account of the boat running aground he was delayed in reaching Vicksburg till about the 6th of September. The following day the regiment was ordered out on a scout, met Avith the enemy early in the day; drove them till about 2 o'clock when they made a stand on a hill, and there made a charge on them, driving them across an open field into the Avoods. There they made another stand — the enemy firing on them, Avounding a number of their men and taking one prisoner. After receiving reinforcements they drove the enemy till night, Avhenthey fell back a couple of miles and went into camp. The following morning they moved on the enemy and skirmished Avith them all day; that night a negro gave them information where they could gain an entrance betAveen the UNION TOWNSHIP. 359 main army and the picket-post, and they captured the entire post, consisting of twenty-four men and the commanding officer. The next morning they went into camp near Vicksburg, where they remained some time. They Avere then ordered to Natchez, where they skirmished several days, when their company was detached as scouts, reporting the movements of the enemy. With their com mand they remained until the enemy fell back from Natchez. They then returned to Vicksburg, where they remained during the win ter. The following spring and summer they were skirmishing with the enemy in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee, with head quarters at Vicksburg, where he was mustered out August 25, 1864, and returned to Cumberland County, where he has since lived. In October, 1864, he moved to his farm, consisting of 100 acres, about seventy-five acres improved. He built his house in 1875; cost about $500. He is a member of the G. A. R-, Post Monroe, No. 100. In closing this sketch we will further add that, in selecting a Avife, Mr. McMillen has made an admirable choice, she being of a cheerful and hospitable disposition, and having won the esteem of her large circle of acquaintances. WILLIAM NEAL, farmer and dealer in live stock, was born November 1, 1817, in Bourbon County, Ky., and is the son of James M. and Matilda Neal, also natives of Kentucky. His father carried on the shoe-making trade, afterward blacksmithing and farming. . The family emigrated to Crawford County, 111., in 1827. In the summe: of 1830, his father, in company Avith James Gill, came to this locality and entered eighty acres of land. He then returned to Palestine, where the land office was then located. He died in August, 1830, aged forty-six years. William, the subject of this sketch, in company with his mother, came to the land his father had entered. They at once commenced improving it, and soon after he entered 160 acres Avhere Diona is now situated. He also bought sixty acres where Toledo now is. This he afterward sold. He now owns 317 acres in Sections 1 and 2. Their house was built in 1853, and rebuilt in 1867. It cost in all about $2,000. His barn is 44x64 feet, is the finest in the township, and was built in 1867. It cost about $3,000. He, Avith his son, Dr. J. W- Neal, is now carrying on the drug business in Charleston. He Avas married, November, 1840, to Rebecca G Ryan, of Crawford County. She was born November 25, 1822; died in 1847. They had four children, one living— John F.; lost one in infancy; Mary M.,*died in 1880, aged thirty-nine years; George WT., died December 14, 1882, aged thirty-nine years. 360 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY: His second marriage Avas to Sarah Dolap, in 1848- She was bora in Crawford County, and died in 1856. They have four children, viz.: Albert A-, James W-, Nancy J., wife of James T. Conrad, and Matilda E., Avife of John W. Conrad- His third marriage was in 1858, to Jane Hubbard, of Indiana. She died May 10, 1879, aged fifty-nine years. His mother died in Davis County, Iowa, at the advanced age of eighty-three years. JOHN F- NEAL, wagon-maker, Union Center, was bora May 29, 1845, in Union Township, and is the son of William and Rebecca Neal, of Kentucky. In 1827, they emigrated to Crawford County, 111, and in the summer of 1830 they came to this locality. The sub ject of this sketch was reared on his father's farm. At the age of seventeen he enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Infantry, and served till February 28, 1865. He participated in the battles of Prairieville, Ky., Mission Ridge, Hoover's Gap, Farm- ington, Noonday, and others. In the spring of 1866 he went to Col orado, and there followed teaming on the plains, prospecting and mining at Georgetown, CoL, seven years. He traveled through Cal ifornia, Nevada, Montana, and was absent about ten years. On return ing home he remained on his father's farm about two years, theii rented a farm, and there remained three years. He engaged in the wagon business in 1882. He was married September 26, 1879, to Lettie A. Roberts. She was born in Cumberland County. JOHN E. STALLINGS, farmer, born March 18, 1813, in Bullitt County, Ky., is the son of William and Nancy Stallings. His father was also a native of this State, his mother of Virginia. At the age of two years his parents removed to Harrison County, Ind. There they lived on a farm, Avhere they died at an advanced age. In 1844 he moved to Coles County and raised one crop. In January, 1845, he came to Union Township and bought 160 acres of land, there be ing but five acres cleared. This land is now well improved; also other lands which he has since bought and improved, now owning in all 380 acres. He first located on Section 26, and has recently moved to Section 35. His son, William H, occupies the old homestead. He married Mary E- Grosshart in October, 1840. She was born in Indiana in 1820, and died in 1853. They have five children, viz.: Mary J., wife of E- Closson; Nancy A-, wife of'L. Cooper; Sarah E., wife of James Jenkins; Tabitha E-, wife of Madison Jones, and Mi nerva A- His second marriage was to Rachel J. Grosshart, in 1854. She was born in Harrison County, Ind-, in 1830- They have four children, viz.: William II., Elizabeth, wife of F. Pennington; John UNION TOWNSHIP. 361 W- and Laura A- Since coming here, Mr. Stallings has been engaged in the wagon, wheehvright and carpenters' trade, although principally, farming, and he has succeeded in placing himself in com fortable circumstances. JOSEPH W. STROCKBINE, firmer, was born February 20, 1829, in Perry County, Ohio, is the son of Joseph and Frances Strock bine, who were natives of Virginia. His father died in 1846, a«-ed sixty-four years. The subject of this sketch was brought up on their farm, living with his mother till her death, which occurred in 1849, aged sixty-one years. He then emigrated to Illinois and settled on this land. He entered 120 acres, iioav owns 100 acres improved. He was married March 23, 1851, to Harriet Nigh. She was born July 29, 1835, in Fairfield County, Ohio. They have six children, viz.; Mary F, wife of John Luke; Christian G, Emelia C, wife of Ellrido-e McMackin; Harriet A-, wife of M. Rhue; Lewis F-, Mattie E. Lewis F. has been a student at the Westfield College two years, and contem plates finishing his studies at this college. He is now in his eight eenth year. Peter Nigh, father of Mrs. Strockbine, died February 17, 1844. Her mother died October 30, 1874, aged eighty-seven years. The family are members of the United Brethren Church. This church is located on his farm, having been built in 1881. It cost $1,200. W. G. WALLING, farmer, Avas bom April 9, 1815, in Ross County, Ohio, and is the son of James S. and Margaret Walling, he being a native of Virginia, and one of the earliest settlers of Ross County. The subject of this sketch assisted his father on their farm till his death, which occurred in 1837, in September of that year. He married Eliza A. Pennington, who was born July 29, 1820, in Pennsylvania. They had nine children, three living, four of whom died in infancy, viz. : William, died May 10, 1877, aged seventeen years; Uriah died October, 1878, aged twenty-tAvo years. The surviving children are, James, David and Mary, wife of William Stanberry. His son James has been Township Clerk. He managed his father's farm two years. In 1840 Mr. Walling came to Union Township and entered 160 acres, then bought eighty acres. He afterward traded 160 acres, and bought 120 acres in Section 9, about 100 acres of which he has improved. He has just completed a very comfortable home which cost about $400- ISRAEL YANAWAY, farmer and live-stock, was bora Janu ary 1, 1811, in Washington, Washington Co., Penn-, and is the son of Henry and Regina Yanaway. His father carried on the trade of shoemaking, in Pennsylvania, and in Rushville, Fairfield Co.,. Ohio, 362 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: and Avas Postmaster at the latter place, where he died, aged sixty- three years. The subject of this sketch worked out by the month till the age of tAveuty-two, when he married Effie Sturgeon, March 20, 1833- She Avas born [in Fairfield County, Ohio, August, 1812. They have had nine children, four living, viz.: Mary E., wife of John Strockbine ; Regina, wife of Lafayette Stultz ; Jane, wife of Plumber Sid av ell, and Samuel S. Three died in infancy; Henry died in 1867, aged twenty-three, from injury sustained by a horse falling on him; Lucinda, Avife of Jacob Rhinebolt, died Ootober 16, 1872, aged thirty-two years. In 1842, he came to Cumberland County, bought 160 acres of land where he now lives, and from time to time has bought other land, now OAvning about 1,000 acres, mostly under cultivation. When he first came here, the courts were held in Greenup, in a log schoolhouse. He opened the first drug store in the county, this being at Prairie City; continued the business about fifteen years. He then traded this store for land, and returned to his farm, where he has since remained- This farm is stocked with six horses, fifty head of cattle, he having had as high as ninety-seven head; also, about fifty hogs and seventy-five sheep, etc. S. S. YANAWAY, farmer and live stock; born March 3, 1840, in Fairfield County, Ohio, is the son of Israel and Effie Yanaway. At the age of four years, his parents came to Cumberland County, and settled in Union Township ; he was brought up on his father's farm. He was married April 14, 1863, to Mary E. Decker. Her parents emigrated to Cumberland County at an early day. They had seven children, five living, ahz.: Israel W-, Thomas R., Samuel B., William J., and Mary R, Harry A. and Charles W. died Avhen two years old. After marriage, he settled on his present farm, at that time but forty acres. He has been adding to this as his means would alloAV, and now owns over 500 acres, mostly improved. He also had charge of his father's farm during his absence of about fifteen years in Prairie City, where he was engaged in the drug business. He attended to hiring and paying off hands, disposing of stock and pro duce, and had general supervision of the entire business. They are members of the United Brethren Church in Christ. WOODBURY TOWNSHIP. 363 WOODBURY TOWNSHIP. BAZIL BROWN was born in Licking County, Ohio, on Novem ber 26, 1835. His father, B. Brown, was born in Pennsylvania, April 28, 1793, and moved to Kentucky, with his parents, and later, in 1812, to Ohio, and in 1848, to Illinois, settling in Cumberland County, where he engaged in farming. He died on May 20, 1854; his widow on March 9, 1878- They were both prominent members of the Baptist Church, he having been a minister of that denomina tion for several years. Bazil received a good common school educa tion, and taught school for ten years. He served as Justice of the Peace for sixteen years, and as Township Treasurer for six years. On October 6, 1859, he married Laura A., daughter of Levi and Mary Farmer, of Guilford County, N. G She was born on February 22, 1843. They have had seven children born to them, viz.: Almira, Lafayette, Alva N., Sonora B., Otis L., Orrin L. and Joseph W. (twins). Mr. Brown is a member of the I. O- O. F, also of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a prosperous farmer and lumber dealer, and is highly esteemed in the community in which heresides. MARTIN MOUDY, physician and surgeon, was born in Wash ington County, McL, on October 16, 1812. He remained in his native State until the age of twenty years, working on a farm and attending a common school. In 1833, he came to Greene County, Ohio, where he began the study of medicine. In 1836 and 1837, he attended the Fairfield Medical College, of New York, from which institution he graduated in 1838- Returning to Ohio, he began practicing medi cine with Dr. Martin, of Xenia. In 1841, he came to Terre Haute, Ind., and followed his profession for three years. Removing then to Danville, 111., he engaged for some time in milling and farming, then returned to Terre Haute, and resumed his old practice, which he continued for eleven years. He then removed to his present home, in Cumberland County, UL, in 1870, where he is one of the promi nent physicians of the county. In 1834, the Doctor married Marga ret McClure, of Augusta County, Va. They have had ten children born to them, viz.: John (deceased), Joseph, Martin, Hiram S-, Ellen J., Albert (deceased), George (deceased), Robert B., Daniel W., and Samuel H- J. W. BOOTH was bom in Orange County, Ind., in 1819. His father, Wade Booth, Avas bora near Richmond, Va., and came to 22 364 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — CUMBERLAND COUNTY: Indiana as one of the first settlers, living first in Orange County, and then moving to Vigo Comity, at which place he lived for thirty-five years. From there he moved to Ogle County, 111., Avhere he died in 1856, his wife dying in Saint Mary's, Inch, in 1862. Our subject spent his early days on a farm, receiving only a common school education. At the age of sixteen, he Avas apprenticed to the carpenter and join ers' trade, and followed it until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in a detachment under McClellan, commanded by Major Barker, aud afterwards became attached to the Twelfth Illinois Cav alry, in which he served his time, and Avas honorably discharged in August, 1864, at New Orleans, La. In 1867, he purchased an unim proved farm, six miles south of Vandalia, 111., Avhich, after improv ing, he disposed of, and engaged in the mercantile trade, at Auburn, 111., for tAvo years. During the past nine years, he has been engaged in the same business at Jewett, 111., and is rated as one of the most successful and enterprising business men in this section. On Octo ber 14, 1814, he married Emma Heubest, a native of* England, Seven children have been born to them, three of whom are living, viz.: Lyman W., Lavina, and Frances. JOSEPH KING was born in Washington County, Ind., on Octo ber 19, 1823, and is the son of Jacob and Frances (Shelton) King, who Avero natives of Kentucky but came to Washington County, Ind., among the first settlers, Avhere Mrs. King died. Soon after this event Mr. King moved to Morgan County, Ind., where he followed farming until his death. Our subject's grandfather was a soldier of the Revolution. In 1849 our subject came to Cumberland County, 111., and located on a farm three miles from Avhat is iioav called Toledo. In 1875 he engaged in the mercantile trade, at Toledo, which busi ness he followed until 1880, since which time he has resided at Jew ett. In 1846 he married Macy A., daughter of William and Tabitha (Edwards) Russell. She was born in Harrison County, Ind., on November 27, 1821. There were three children, now living, born to them, viz.: James T, Joseph S., and John W. For thirty-seven years Mr. King and wife have been members of the Christian Church. He has been a life-long Democrat in politics. Mr. King has a beau tiful home, and is highly esteemed in the community in which he resides. SPRING POINT TOAVNSHIP. 365 SPRING POINT TOWNSHIP. JOHN B. ADAMS is a native of Germany, was born July 1 . 1828, and was married, in his native land, in 1854, to Annie Cramer, who was born April 9, 1827. The year of their marriage the young couple came to America and located in Dane County, Wis. ; in 1 865 they came to Cumberland County, and here Mr. Adams purchased, at first, forty acres of land, which, by industry and good manage ment, he has increased to 255 acres, the greater portion well improved. Mr. Adams has had born to him ten children — Maggie (deceased), Katie, John, Joseph, Peter, Vincennes, Mathias, Henry, Annie and Clement (the last named deceased). Mr. Adams and family are members of the Catholic Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. LEMAN FAUNCE, farmer, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., July 30, 1822. He is the son of Noah M. and Lydia R. (Barton) Faunce. The former was born November 20, 1797, and spent his early life as a carpenter and millwright, and later as a farmer. He moved to Geauga County, Ohio, at an early day, and lived there some eight years. Disposing of his property there, he came to Cum berland County, UL, in 1837, Avhere he entered 300 acres of land, improving 160 acres of it. He also built the first mill in that part of the country, near Charleston, on the Amboy River. He was a strong believer in Mormonism, and a preacher of that denomination. He was with the Mormons at the time of their disbandment at Nau- voo, and then returned to Cumberland County. His wife, mother of our subject, was a native of Massachusetts, was born November 21, 1799, and died May 23, 1849. Our subject received a common edu cation, and follows farming. About 1847 he married Julia D. Garrett, who was born September 11, 1829, and died November 24, 1874- To them were born six children, Noah M., Sarah E-, Mary E. (deceased), Maria P., May C and Maggie R- Mr. Faunce is a good farmer and highly respected. He has been a life-long Democrat, but liberal in his views. In 1880 he lost his eye-sight from illness. He — as was his father — is a strong advocate of the principles of Mormonism. LEWIS SCHOOLEY was born in Columbiana County, Ohio, December 22, 1822. He is one of the seven children born to Henry and Rachel (Heston) Schooley. The former was a native of Virginia, but came to Ohio when a young man. He there engaged in farming 366 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES CUMBERLAND COUNTY. for a few years, and afterward moved to New Albany, at which place he died. The mother of our subject died when he Avas seven years of age. Our subject is a farmer by occupation, a calling which he followed in Ohio until 1 838, at which time he moved to Martin County, Ind. On April 1, 1849, he came to Cumberland Gounty 111., and bought forty acres of land, on which he now resides, for which he paid $1.25 per acre. He had the small sum of $3 left after paying for his farm; this he paid out for provisions for his family. He then went to work for fifty cents per day. By hard labor and economy he has accumulated a fine farm consisting of 305 acres, with good buildings, and all well improved. Mr. Schooley has been twice married; the first wife was Elizabeth Walker, a native of Martin County, Ind., who died about 1847. His second wife was Jennette Watson, she also being a native of Martin County, Ind. To them were born Caleb, Rachel (deceased), Cynthiana, Sarah A. (deceased), John T., Emma, Mary E., Nora (deceased). PART III. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. BY J. H. BATTLE. ORGANIZATION AND CONDITION. ACT OF CREATION. /"CRAWFORD COUNTY, one of the six counties organized in 1816, ^" originally comprised the territory included between the Wa bash and Kaskaskia rivers, and from the line oT its present southern boundaries to the northern limit of the United States. In 1819, Clark County was formed, its limits extending along the whole line of the northern bounds of Crawford, curtailing its northern limit to its pres ent line. Until 1821, the people of the vast territory thus described, transacted legal business at Palestine. In this year, Fayette County was formed, taking the territory west of the present boundary of Effingham, and in 1831, Effingham and Jasper counties were formed. There seems to have been no special effort put forth on the part of the residents of this section of Crawford County for an independent organization, but this folloAved naturally in the evolution of the Leg islative plan. Palestine, then the county-seat of Crawford County, was the center of trade as well as of legal business, and the inconven ience of the distant location of the county-seat was not so seriously felt as when a community have a nearer trading point than the seat of justice. So far as the records of the parent county show, there was no agitation either pro or con in relation to a new county, though the act of the Legislature forming the county was undoubtedly received with satisfaction as furnishing the citizens greater opportu nity of political distinction and a new impulse to the development of this section. It was in the session of 1830-31, that the Legislature passed the following act, which was approved February 15, 1831: " Sec 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois rep resented in the Genera.1 Assembly : That all that tract of country lying 367 368 HISTORY OE JASPER COUNTY. within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at the southeast corner of Section No. 22, of Township 5 north, in Range No. 14 west, of the second principal meridian, thence north Avith the sectional line to the northeast corner of Section No. 3, of Township No. 8 north, in Range No. 4 Avest; thence west with the line dividing Townships 8 and 9 north, to the northAvest corner of Section No. 6, in Range No. 8 east; thence south with the line dividing Ranges Nos. 7 and 8 east, to the southwest corner of Section No- 19, in Township No. 5 north; thence east with the section line to the place of beginning, shall constitute a county hereafter to be organized on petition of a majority of the legal voters therein, which shall bo called the county of Jasper; and the county-seat thereof, when selected and located, shall be called NeAvton- "Sec 2. (This relates to the boundaries and county-seat of Effingham County). "Sec 3- Nathan Moss, William Magill aud Asahel Heath, are hereby appointed Commissioners to locate the seat of justice for the county of Jasper, and John Haley, James Galloway and John Hall, are hereby appointed Commissioners to locate the seat of justice for the county of Effingham. The said Commissioners, or a majority of them, are hereby required to proceed to examine the said counties respectively, at any time they may agree upon, previous to the first day of November next, and Avith an eye to the best interest of said counties, shall select a suitable place for the seat of justice for each of said counties. The Commissioners respectively are hereby em powered to receive from the owner of such lands as they may select for the purpose aforesaid, a donation of not less than twenty acres, or they may receive donations in money, which shall be applied to the purchase of lands for such purpose; and in either case they shall take good and sufficient deeds therefor, granting the land in fee sim- pie for the use and benefit of said counties, as the case may be. The Commissioners if they shall select lands belonging to- government, shall purchase a half quarter section in each of said counties, for the use and benefit of such county, provided they shall receive donations in money sufficient to make such purchase or purchases. When the Commissioners shall have made the selection of land for the per manent seat of justice for the respective counties, those for the county of Jasper shall report their proceedings to the Recorder of Crawford County, and those for the county of Effingham shall report their pro ceedings to the Recorder of Fayette County, avIio shall receive and keep the same in their respective offices until the said counties shall HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 369 be organized, when they shall transmit the same to the clerks of the aforesaid new counties respectively." The balance of the act pro vides that those locating shall receive for their services $3 per clay, to be paid out of the first monies arising from the sale of lots. The Commissioners appointed for Jasper County made their report, it is probable, in due form, but it failed to find a record, or is so lost in the mass of early business as not now to be traced in the Crawford County archives. However, the Legislature became cog nizant of* their action, and in December, 1834, passed " An act to Organize the County of Jasper," as follows: " Sec 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Rlinois repre sented in the General Assembly, That on the fourth Monday in January next, between the hours of eight o'clock in the morning and seven o'clock in the evening, an election shall be held in the town of New ton, in the county of Jasper, for three County Commissioners, one Sheriff and one Coroner for said County, who shall continue in office until their successors shall be duly elected and qualified. " Sec 2. David Phillips, W. M. Richards and William Price, or any two of them, shall be judges of election, and shall be authorized to appoint two clerks, and shall be qualified in the same manner as judges and clerks of elections are now required by law, and said elec tion shall, in every respect, be conducted in conformity with the elec tion laws of this State. " Sec 3. The location of the seat of justice made by Commission ers appointed by the act creating said county of Jasper, and all their acts properly appertaining to their duties as such, are hereby rati fied and confirmed. " Sec. 4. Said county of Jasper shall be attached to the Fourth Judicial Circuit, and shall vote with the county of Crawford in the election of Representatives to the State Legislature, and with the counties of Crawford and Lawrence in Senatorial elections." This act was approved December 19, 1834, and in accordance with its pro visions an election was held at Newton, in the following month, which resulted in the election of W. M. Richards, George Matting- ley and F- W- H- Claycomb, as Commissioners; Lewis W- Jourdan, Sheriff, and Richard Watson, Coroner. ORIGIN OF NAME. In the origin of the name of the county and seat of justice, the preference of the people does not seem to have been consulted. The whole nation seems to have been absorbed iA the contemplation of 370 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. the history and memoirs of the Revolution heroes, and the publica tion which immortalized the fame of Marion's men, then being new, naturally furnished the names of Jasper and Newton. Weem's book was the early text book in the schools and the classic of its clay. The name of Jasper is a tribute to that heroic devotion which Ameri cans are glad to honor in the subordinate as well as in the chieftain. Among the garrison of Fort Moultrie, in Charleston, S- G, harbor, on the 28th of June, 1776, Avas a Sergeant by the name of Jasper. It was on this day that the British fleet, which had occupied the har bor, opened the attack upon the fort with such a heavy and well- directed fire, as to cause the observing patriots on the shore to trem ble for the outcome of the conflict. Once during the day, as the smoke from a terrific cannonading cleared away, the flag of the fort was nowhere to be seen. The shot of the fleet had carried it away, and the anxious spectators, with sinking hearts, feared the fort had struck its flag to the foe. But the ensign had not fallen willingly nor unno ticed- In face of the storm of shot and shell that fell upon the gar rison, Sergeant Jasper rescued the flag, and in a perfect hail storm of bullets, nailed it to the broken staff. At night the fleet quietly left the harbor with the fort unsubdued. Jasper Avas made the hero of the occasion, the delighted citizens of Charleston uniting to do him honor. The ladies presented him with a beautiful flag, Avhich he pledged himself to defend with his life, and true to his word he was found later in the war dead upon the field of battle, clinging to his and his country's flag. Such is the hero which this county honors. The county-seat is evidently indebted to the same source for its name. Sergeant Newton was a compatriot of Jasper, and the two were often united in deeds of daring. One of these occasions is rep resented as follows: " Like many families of that time, Jasper's was divided on the great question. His older brother took the side of" the English, and served in their army. Out of affection to his brother, and a wish to examine into the strength and condition of the enemy, he resolved, with another patriot soldier, Sergeant Newton, to pay the British a visit. His brother's position enabled him to receive his two friends without any suspicion of their being spies, and they Avere entertained for two or three days with great hospitality. While they were thus engaged, a small party of Americans were brought in prisoners, and, as they had deserted from the British, and enlisted in the American ranks, their doom would have been death. This, the brother of Jas per assured him was to be their fate. With them Avere the wife and HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 371 child of one of the prisoners . Her distress at her husband's approach ing fate touched the heart of Jasper. Confiding his purpose to his friend Newton, they bade adieu to Jasper's brother, and took their leave. They had no sooner got out of sight of the camp, than they made a detour, and stretched across the country so as to elude all suspicion should they meet Avith any British soldiers. It was the custom of the English then to send all the prisoners taken in that quarter to Savannah for trial. At a little spring, two miles from Savannah, Jasper and Newton secreted themselves, awaiting the arri val of the British escort and their prisoners. It had occurred to Jas per that, as they must pass this spot, it was very probable they might rest here for a short time to refresh themselves, and the woody nature of the spot Avould favor a rescue. After some hours' anxious sus pense, they saAV the escort, with their prisoners, approach. The guard Avas ten in number, and armed. The corporal, with four men, conducted their captives to the Avater, and told them to rest them selves for an hour, at the same time giving them provisions. The guards then stacked their arms and seated themselves. The prison ers threAV themselves upon the earth in hopeless despair. Near to the wretched man sat his Avife and child. Two of the guards alone kept their arms as sentries. As the rest of the men were filling their canteens with water, Jasper and Newton came stealthily from their ambush, seized two of the muskets that were stacked, shot the two sentries, and, rushing upon the others, stunned them Avith the butt of their weapons. Deprived of their weapons, the others abandoned the conflict and fled." It was such deeds as these that made each man in Marion's band a hero, and the names of Sergeants Jasper and Newton may be given a perpetual place in history as the names of the toAvn and county that form the subject of these pages. TOPOGRAPHY. The county of Jasper, thus organized, lies in the northeast cor ner of Avhat is arbitrarily called southern Illinois, and is bounded on the east by Crawford, on the north by Cumberland, on the west by Effingham and Clay, and on the south by Clay and Richland coun ties. It is almost square in shape, being twenty-tAvo miles long from north to south, and twenty-one and three-fourths from east to west, and contains about 484 square miles. About one-third of the county was originally timbered land, and the remainder prairie, the latter occupying the broad areas of upland between the valleys of the 372 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. streams, and elevated from sixty to eighty feet above the water courses. From Robinson to Liberty, the country is rather low and comparatively level, seldom rising more than twenty or thirty feet above the beds of the small streams. The changes wrought by the habits and cultivation of the whites have somewhat altered the pro portion of timbered land, so that timbor land and prairie are about equal in extent, a strip of each in varying Avidths alternating through the county. The general trend of the Avater courses is southward. The Embarrass, the French pronunciation having degenerated into the local name of Ambrau, traverses the Avhole extent of the county from northwest to southeast. This stream rises three or four miles northeast of" Tolono, in Champaign County, and enters Jasper about two and a half miles west of the center of the northern line- From this point, it bears a little east, until it reaches NeAvton, Avhere with a short turn nearly due east, it again follows its general course and passes into Richland County, about two and a half miles west of the southeast corner of the county. The Embarrass drains nearly the Avhole surface of the county, except the southAvest corner, which is drained by Muddy Creek, a tributary of the Little Wabash. The valley through which this river courses is a low, flat bottom, from three to five miles in width, Avith some swampy areas, though gener ally dry enough to admit of cultivation, but subject to overflow from the high water of the river. Other streams of some importance are: East Fork, heading in the southwest corner of Edgar County, enter ing Jasper near the northeast corner, extending south parallel with the east line of the county, varying only a mile or two from the east county line at any point, and emptying into the Embarrass River in Section 32, in Saint Marie1 Township ; Crooked Creek, taking its source in Cumberland and Clark counties, near the northern line of Jasper, meandering southward near the line of Wade and Willow Hill townships, until it reaches a point nearly clue east of NeAvton, where, bearing east, it finds the Embarrass River, in Section 2 of Willow Hill Township ; Law's Creek, which heads in the prairie, about five miles northwest of Newton, and runs southward and a little west, and runs into Clay County, where it joins the Muddy Creek; Sandy Creek, a mile or two west of Law's, follows a parallel course with the last named, and finds the same destination; and Big Muddy, Avhich heads in the edge of Effingham County, near the northAvest corner of Jasper, and follows along the west line of the county, until it passes into Clay County and finds an outlet into the Little Wabash. Small prairie runs are noted on the map of the HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 373' county, such as the Wet Weather, a name that indicates its origin, in Smallwood Township; Fox Creek, which gave rise to the name of the township in which it is found; Grove Creek, Turkey, Slate and Mint creeks, are also named, but are of no significance, save the lat ter, in the origin of its name, Avhich it acquired from the haunts of early counterfeiters along its banks. GEOLOGY.* Rock exposures are but rarely to be met with in the county, owing, in part, to the soft and yielding character of the sandstones and shales that form the bed rock over the greater portion of the county, and in part to the wide valleys in which the streams have their courses, seldom impinging upon the bluffs sufficiently to expose the stratified rocks. The superficial deposits of this county consist mostly of brown, gravelly clays, and a bluish-gray hard-pan, the whole aggregating from twenty to forty feet in thickness. These beds thicken to the westAvard, and are considerably heavier in the western part of the county than in the eastern. Small boulders of metamorphic rock are frequently met with in the creek beds or on the hill-sides, weathered out of these deposits, associated with those derived from the sandstones and limestones of the coal measures. From the limited exposures, and the widely separated points where the bed rock can be seen in this county, it has been found impossible to construct a general section of the strata, but enough can be seen to indicate their general character, and to determine very nearly their relative position in the coal measures. The lowest beds in the county are probably the shales and shaly sandstones outcropping on the lower courses of the North Fork and on the Embarrass, in the vicinity of Saint Marie, which probably belong to the heavy shale deposit passed in the boring at Greenup, and belong between coals Nos. 14 and 1 6 of the general section. The highest outcrops will be found in the northwest corner of the county, where the Fusulina limestone that outcrops at Churchill's place, near the county line in Cumberland County, may bo seen. At the crossing of North Fork, on rthe old Palestine and Van dalia road, a blue, sandy shale has been penetrated by a shaft to the depth of about thirty feet, in search of coal, but without success. The upper part of this shale bed outcrops in the bank of the stream at an old mill just below the bridge. About a mile further down the creek, a bed of broAvn, calcareous sandstone is found from eighteen * Compiled from State Report. 374 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. to twenty inches thick. In the bank of the Embarrass, at Saint Marie, a thin bedded micaceous sandstone is quarried at low water, but it splits into thin layers on exposure, and is of little value as a building stone. A well was sunk here at the steam-mill, to the depth of ninety feet, through sandy shales and sandstones, Avithout finding either coal or limestone. Newton, the county-seat, is located on the bluff of the Embar rass, and the outcropping beds that form the loAver portion of the bluff consists of twenty-five to thirty feet of soft micaceous shales and sandstones, extending below the river bed. About two miles southeast of town, on Brush Creek, a sandstone is found that fur nishes most of the building stone used in this vicinity. The quarry rock is from eight to ten feet thick, in layers varying from six to twelve or more in thickness. The stone is rather soft when first quarried, but becomes harder on exposure, and makes a very durable rock for ordinary use- Locally it has a coarsely, concretionary struct ure, the concretions being harder than the surrounding rock, a char acter frequently observed in the heavy bedded sandstones of the coal measures. Below the sandstone there is a variable thickness of shale that becomes bituminous toward the bottom, and forms the roof of a coal seam that has been opened, and worked to some extent at this locality. The seam was covered up by the falling in of the roof at the time of the State survey, so that neither the quality of the coal, nor its exact thickness could be ascertained, but it is said to be from two and a half to three feet thick, and has a shale parting like the seam at the old Eaton Mines northwest of Robinson. This is probably coal No. 14 or 15 of the general section. This coal prob ably underlays the town of Newton, at a depth of eight to ten feet below the bed of the Embarrass River, and might be easily mined anywhere along the bluff, by driving au inclined tunnel into the base of the hill above high water mark, down to the level of the eoal. Three miles east of Newton, on the road to New Liberty, the same sandstone is met with on the east side of the Embarrass Valley, outcropping in the base of the Ioav hills bordering the valley, and continuing in occasional outcrops to the coal bank, one mile west of New Liberty. This coal is probably the same as that on Brush Creek, a mile and a half southeast of Newton. The seam is divided by a bituminous shale, varying from six to eighteen inches in thickness, and only the lower division of the seam is mined here, the upper part being too soft and shaly to be of much value. A section ot HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 375 the beds above this coal, as seen between Newton and this point, would be as follows: Feet. Inches. Micaceous sandstone, thin bedded at the top and more massive below 30 to 30 Sandy shale, with local layers of thin sandstone 5 to 10 Bituminous shale • 1 to 3 Coal, rather soft and poor _ 1 to 1 6 Shale, parting _ -Jto 1 6 Coal, good 1 6 No fossils were found in the shale overlaying this coal on Brush Creek, but west of New Liberty imperfect examples of one or two carbonarius plants were found. South of Newton, a prairie ridge extends for several miles in a southerly direction, along which sandstone is said to be found, and this ridge probably marks the trend of the sandstone formation in this county. On Limestone Creek, in the southwest corner of the county, there is an outcrop of light-gray limestone, that is quarried for building stone and for the manufacture of lime. In the north west corner of the county, on Island Creek, an outcrop of heavy bedded sandstone and flagstone commences on Section 16, Township 8, Range 8, and may be traced northward to the county line. The sandstone is of broAvnish color and makes a fair building stone. On Mint Creek, Section 1, ToAvnship 7, Range 8, the following section was found: Feet. Inches. Silicious shale _ __ 20 Gray pyritif erous shale, passing into limestone 2 Jet black bituminous shale, with fish scales and spines 6 Coal, breaking into small cakes 6 Fireclay. _ 3 Gray silicious shale and flagstone 3 8 This thin coal was sometimes found split by hard bituminous shale, leaving only about an inch of coal in each division. The section of the Embarrass River, southwest quarter of Section 31, Township 7, Range 10, is as follows: Feet. Inches. 1. Covered slope - _ 10 2. Bluish- brown argillaceous shale - 10 3. Brown and black bituminous shale — 3 4. Fire clay. -_ 3 5. Gray fossiliferous limestone — 10 6. Blue argillaceous shale _ 4 7. Brownish-black impure limestone __ _ 3 8. Blueshale _ _. 2 9. Bluish shaly sandstones .- 10 376 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Two miles north of Saint Marie, on the west half of Section 7, Township 6, Range 11, a shaft was sunk twenty feet to the river level and some fragments of impure limestone were thrown out. About a hundred yards up the river this limestone is just at the water's edge. It is eight or ten inches thick, and is probably the equivalent of the limestone near Newton. The second bluff or terrace is about forty feet above low water. About thirty feet above low water, in the face of the bluff, there are remains of an old furnace. It is about three feet in diameter, of a circular form and walled with rock- Around it are pieces of burnt limestone, charcoal and cinders. On the top of the bluff there are a number of Indian mounds, arranged in the form of an oblong square, inclosing a court. The peculiar arrangement of the mounds, and the presence of mica in the sandstone, and also in the drift bowl ders found here, led to the bolief that silver existed in the rocks and could be extracted from them, and the existence of the mounds and the furnace led to the sinking of the shaft in pursuit of the same precious metal. On Crooked Creek, a half mile west of Brockville, the follow ing section was found: Feet. Inches. Buff -colored limestone without fossils 4 Blue argillaceous shale 3 Rotten limestone with fossils _ 6 Black bituminous shale 4 Blue argillaceous shale 2 One mile and a half southwest of Harrisburg, on Lick Creek, the following beds were found: Feet. Inches. Bluish argillaceous shale _ 10 Black bituminous shale 4 Impure limestone Avith fragmentary fossils 6 Bluish argillaceous shale 2 The water of the creek is slightly saline, and some prospecting for brine has been done in this vicinity. All these outcrops belong to the Upper Coal Measures, and range about the horizon of coals No. 14 and 15 of the general section. From the general trend of the strata it may be inferred that the lowest beds that outcrop in the county are those along its eastern border, and the highest, those upon the western. MATERIAL RESOURCES. A limited supply of coal may be obtained from the beds out cropping near Newton and New Liberty, but neither the average HISTORY OF JASPER. COUNTY. 377 thickness of the seams, nor the quality of coal they afford, would justify an attempt to Avork them save in a limited way. The main coals are here from five to six hundred feet, or more, below the sur face, and to reach the bottom of the coal measures, would require a shaft more than a thousand feet in depth. It will probably be many years before the demand for coal in this county will be such as to warrant the opening of mines at this depth. Building stone, of good quality, is not abundant; the main sup ply being from the sandstone overlaying the coal at Newton and in this vicinity. At some points this bed affords a brown sandstone of fair quality; and at others it passes into silicious shales or shaly sandstones too soft and thin bedded to be used for building purposes. On Limestone Creek, in the southwestern portion of the county, there is a bed of compact, gray limestone, in layers of a footto eight een inches in thickness, that is quarried for foundation walls, etc., for the supply of the adjacent region. The only limestone found in the county, that seemed to be at all adapted for use in the lime kiln, was that on Limestone Creek, in the southwest corner of the county, and a fair quality of lime may be made there for the supply of such portions of the adjacent region as are remote from railroad transpor tation. Sand and clay are abundant, and good brick and tile may be made at almost any point on the uplands, where they may be required. Sand for mortar and cement, occurs at many places along the bluffs of the Embarrass, and may be found in beds of most of the small streams, and in nearly every portion of the county. The chief resource, however, of the county is its soil. The bot tom lands of the Embarrass have a rich alluvial soil, and when cleared and brought under cultivation, produce large crops of corn, to which they seem best adapted. The soil of the prairie region is a chocolate-colored, clay loam, similar to that of the adjoining coun ties, and produces fair crops of corn, wheat, oats and grass. On the timbered uplands, the soil is somewhat variable. When the surface is broken the soil is thin, but on the more level portions, where the growth is composed Jn part of black walnut, sugar tree, hackberry etc., the soil is very productive and yields large crops of all the cereals grown in this latitude. The varieties of timber found here are the common species of oak and hickory, black and white walnut, white and sugar maple, slippery and red elm, honey locust, hack- berry, ash, etc- 378 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. SAVAMP LA%DS. Originally, a large part of the territory of this county came under this classification. By a general act, dated September 28, 1850, congress ceded to the several States of the Union, all the wet and overflowed lands Avithin their borders, not otherwise disposed of, for drainage purposes. The legislature of this State accepted and rati fied this act of congress, by complying with the special requirements and subsequently, in furtherance of the objects as aforesaid, granted to the counties the lands lying within their boundaries. Between the years 1850 and 1856, much of this land was entered of the general government, through the United States Land Office at Palestine, at $1.25 per acre, with "swamp land scrip," "land warrants," and cash, the commissioner of the general land office issuing patents therefor. Under the act of congress, where land was selected and paid for Avith "scrip" or "warrants," the State was entitled to receive an equal quantity of United States land, subject, hoAvever, to the approval of the department of the interior, The secretary of the interior in construing this act of congress has -decided that the land intended to be given in lieu of which was entered Avith " scrip" or "warrants," must be United States land, unoccupied, and lying within the State claiming the same, and cannot be located elsewhere. The United States lands in Illinois have long since been entered, hence the county will only receive indemnity for such swamp land as has been entered since 1850 with cash. The county has made several efforts to secure its rights under this provision, and of late has entered into contract with an attor ney to collect the indemnity due from the general government. Some 10,000 acres have been claimed and the requisite proof filed. The county has sold a considerable amount of these lands originally selected, at such prices as they Avould bring, much of which has been reclaimed and is now under cultivation. AGRICULTURE. Jasper County is strictly au agricultural county, though pos sessed of good Avater-power and timber, and situated within the region of the coal measures, manufacturing interests, beyond such mills as the local necessity demanded, have found scanty encourage ment. It is probably too early to judge of the future of manufac turing interests here, as the lack of railroad facilities, before 1876, prevented any successful attempts at manufacturing. Since the build ing of the Mattoon & Grayville Railroad, and the construction of HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 379 other lines, several rigorous manufacturing establishments have found place here, and with the construction of other roads which are promised at this date, the character of Jasper County's industries may be entirely revolutionized in the coming decades. The prevailing system of agriculture practiced here may prop erly be termed mixed husbandry. Specialties find little favor with the farmers. The practice is to cultivate the various kinds of grain and grasses, and to raise, keep and fatten stock; the latter business rapidly growing in favor with a majority of the wealthier farmers. Though organized in 1834, the development of the county was slow, and until I860 the larger part of the county was not entirely in the hands of actual settlers. The farmer, therefore, has not yet felt able to indulge in any scientific theories of cultivation. So far, the main object has been to gain a subsistence and make sufficient returns to pay for the land, and but little more than this has been accomplished. Of late, there is more improvement noted, and, while the farmino- community may be said to be in limited financial circumstances, the character of later improvements are of the best kind. Houses and barns of improved architecture and the higher order of comfort and ornament, are going up everywhere, and a new era of prosperity is marked. The need of studying the principles of such branches of learning as relate to agriculture, will be felt, and a consequent improvement in the system of farming will naturally follow. Wheat has been considered a reasonably sure and remunerative crop, and is cultivated to a large extent. Some failures in this crop, however, have admonished the farmers that this is not to be depended upon solely, and other grains are dividing the attention of the farming community. Oats and corn are prominent products, and the failure of any one crop is not counted a fatal calamity. In 1881, a drouth occurred, no rain falling between the latter part of June and the last of August, a period of sixty-eight days. The wheat and corn crops were almost entirely destroyed, and business was almost at a stand-still. Such experiences are, however, very rare, the gen eral complaint being too much rain- Most of the land in the county is low, and very much in need of" drainage. This subject is now attracting considerable attention, and two extensive tile factories have this year been put in operation, with the prospect of ample patronage. Fruit culture may safely be said to be in its infancy in Jasper County. The first settlers, deprived for a time of its use, and real izing the great demand in every family for this important article of 23 380 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. food, early set about planting orchards. But little care was exer cised, in a majority of cases, in the selection of varieties, or in the care of orchards after once well set, and, taking into consideration the value of good fruit as a substantial element of food, -as a valuable agent in preserving and promoting health, and as a luxury which all classes may enjoy, this subject has not received the attention which its importance merits at the hands of the agriculturist. The orchard culture of apples has only of late years begun to command the seri ous attention of farmers. The product is barely enough to supply home demands, but each year marks an increase in the acreage devoted to this fruit. Peaches rank next to apples in the number of acres devoted to their culture. The region is ordinarily favorable to their culture, and a good yield is generally had here. Pears, plums and cherries are found occasionally about the house enclosure, but are not cultivated to any great extent. There are one or two pear orchards recently set out. Small fruits are not yet grown to any great extent, save for private use. There is a growing market for all these products, right at home, and there will bo an improvement in this direction as soon as this demand is recognized. There are no nurseries in the county, and dependence is had chiefly upon traveling agents, who find this a profitable field. In the matter of stock, the interest of farmers is being gener- ally attracted toward the profit of stock-raising. Grass never fails, save in such an exceptional year as- 1881. The moist nature of the ground renders the crop a sure and luxuriant growth. For the cul tivation of grain, it requires a large expenditure of time and labor, and the question is being seriously discussed whether a larger pro portion of stock-raising would not yield greater returns. Cattle and hogs are already an important source of income to the farmers, and a considerable number are improving the grade of their stock by the use of thorough-bred animals. Short-horns, Jersey and Devon cattle are made a specialty by some half a dozen stockmen in the county, and their influence /m the grade of stock to be found here is quite marked. In hogs, the Poland-China and Berkshire are repre sented by several stock-breeders. Sheep, though not so generally kept by farmers as the other mentioned stock, are still found in con siderable aggregate numbers, though most of the flocks are small. Among the breeders, the Cotswold is the favorite, though the South down and Merino breeds are represented. On the subject of horses, there is considerable interest manifested. Oxen have been super seded here for some years, but the average farm-horse has not been HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 381 greatly improved over -the origiual stock. Just now, this class of farm property has felt the impulse manifested in every county inter est, and a number of fine horses are in use for breediug purposes. These are principally of the Norman and Clydesdale blood. Some interest is manifested in roadsters and speed animals, but the finan cial status of the farmers, the demands of the farm, and the condition of the roads, inclines the general favor towards such a cross with the heavy draft horses as will produce a substantial animal for all pur poses. Mules are bred and used to a large extent, and they seem to be growing into greater favor rapidly. Besides the argument used in favor of their economical keeping and hardy characteristics, they are found to be more salable at good prices than horses. Horses are found to be subject, also, to some fatal disorder which causes serious losses. This subject has not been fully investigated, but the sudden unexplained death of a good horse is frequently reported. It is believed by many that the latitude is not favorable, and such losses are generally supplied by mules. Another reason for the increased attention to stock-raising is the fact that the average farm is quite large, perhaps 200 acres. This, it is found, is too large for success ful cultivation in grains, and some stock is found necessary to utilize all the acreage. Then the question arises, whether it is not more profitable to feed the grain grown, and thus retain the offal to enrich the soil. The question is more and more being decided in the affirm ative, and there are those who -confidently predict that the future will find this a stock-growing rather than a grain-producing county. Dairying has not been attempted here, though there is some discus sion as to the subject. With increased shipping facilities and a rea sonably close market, there seems to be no reason why it should not be as profitable a source of revenue here as elsewhere in the State. FAIR ASSOCIATIONS. An effort to organize a Fair association was made about 1855. Improvement in stock had reached an advanced stage, and some of the more prominent stockmen and others, among whom were John Brooks, James Wagle, A. G. Colwell, Se., and T J. Martin, formed an association. Only two or three exhibitions were held, the O'Kean grounds being leased and enclosed for the purpose. After this, the interest failed and nothing more was done in the way of fairs until 1870. In this year, the County Agricultural Board formed an Asso ciation and held annual exhibitions until 1880. The plan of organ ization was not such as to give the highest financial results. The 382 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. State report for 1877, the only one to be obtained, speaks of the exhibition of that year as in every way a success. " Our premiums were large and hotly contested for in every department. The show of stock in the different departments was larger and finer than ever before, while Floral Hall was filled to overflowing with the choicest productions of needle-work, fine arts and staple productions of the soil. * * * The display of agricultural implements was com plete, and was within itself an exhibition Avhich could be pointed to with pride by the exhibitors. Our system of financial returns in proportion to individual tickets, but under the depressed financial condition of affairs, gives better satisfaction. "By economy in expenditures, we were enabled to pay twenty- five cents on the dollar awarded in premiums (which is twenty-five per cent- more than the society has ever paid). Our current expenses for the year also discharged[a large part of our mortgaged indebtedness." The value of the grounds and improvements was put at $2,000. It was found, notwithstanding the favorable charac ter of the above report, that the association could not make a finan cial success, and on April 5, 1880, the " Jasper County Agricultural Joint Stock Company " was incorporated. The leading men in this movement were: Wm. E. Barrett, Jas. C. Ireland, Daniel O'Donnell and Wm. L. Heath. A large number of the citizens of the county took stock, which aggregated $3,000, in shares of $10 each. This organization has made a complete success of the fairs, and now own a finely improved ground Avest of Newton, valued at some $6,000- In 1881, owing to the severe drouth, no exhibition was held. In 1882, the " Twelfth Annual Fair of the Jasper County Agricultural Board " was held under the auspices^of this company, at which pre miums were offered to the extent of [some $1,500, which were all paid in full. THE EARLY SETTLEMENT. The immigration to which thisipart^of the State is indebted for its early settlement came principally^from the Southern States by way of Palestine. The " Wabash country " began to attract settlers as early as 1811, a few families finding their way to the west side of the Wabash River, in the territory now^covered-by Crawford, Clark and Edgar counties. The war with ^Great ^Britain and the conse quent unfriendly disposition of the^Indians retarded the further increase of the settlements until [jthe close'of the war in 1815. A number of families, however, who had Jstarted for this region gath- HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. . 383 ered about Palestine, where the general government stationed a company of troops and built a palisade fort. On the pacification of the savages, the cooped-up whites rapidly spread over the country contiguous with the river, where many had made claims and built cabins before it was thought safe to remove their families from the fort. The country in this region offered every desired characteristic for pioneer settlements, and for some years absorbed the tide of incoming population, so that the outlying portions of Crawford, which are now Jasper, were little known save to the hunter and that class of persons who preferred a terra incognita. The result was that the first inhabitants of Jasper County territory were principally squatters; men who found it safer to leave the more settled parts of the older States and seek a refuge where the arm of the law could not reach. The " Dark Bend," a copse-like bottom of the Embar rass, in the southeast corner of Jasper County extending into Craw ford County, was the principal spot occupied by these characters, though at au early date it was popularly supposed that " the woods was full of them." In the nature of the case, but little can be learned of these people. The earliest permanent settlers occasionally came in con tact with them, and, in one way or another, learned something of their history. Soon after the settlement was formed at Saint Marie the fam ilies of that community were visited by half a dozen or so of* the ladies of the "Dark Bend," whose attire and general appearance con firmed the colonists in all the worst opinions they had formed of the people in that benighted region. Mr. Joseph Picquet relates that soon after his settlement at Saint Marie, he learned of a desti tute family living in this region, and, moved by his sympathy, three or four of them made a visit to the place. The man had murdered his brother and fled to this region to escape the just penalty of his deed. Here he was found, surrounded by several dirty, ill-kempt women and a dozen or more squalid, scrofulous looking children, living in a long, low shanty, like so many hogs. The man was well advanced in years, and all so ignoraut and degraded as to exhibit no distaste for their surroundings, nor desire for any change to some thing better. The party from Saint Marie went armed, as they did not like the character of the neighborhood, and at first created con siderable commotion in the conscience stricken household. This was the end of the association, however, and the family moved away some time later unheeded. Counterfeiters and horse-thieves made this section their abode for many years later, and were a constant source of annoyance to this whole region. Counterfeit money was one of 384 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. the early trials of the pioneers of Jasper and vicinity. At home much of this coin passed undetected, but it often occurred that when a farmer went to purchase a season's supplies he would find his available funds greatly reduced by the counterfeit money he held* Martin Grove relates an incident, the memory of which is perpet uated by the name given to one of the streams of the county — Mint Creek. Cornelius Taylor kept a ferry in Lawrence County, and Avas, or had been considered an honest man. He had for sometime been in the habit of loading his wagon with meat and other provisions, and start ing off with the ostensible purpose of going to Saint Louis to market. After a time Mr. Taylor was suspected of being a little crooked, and after watching a little, his neighbors became convinced of the fact. It was observed that Taylor made some trips in a remarkably short time, and at other times he would be gone for several months, and that on his return from these trips a quantity of counterfeit silver and paper money would get into circulation in the county. These indications, with other circumstances, led to his being suspected of complicity with some gang of counterfeiters, and some of the best citizens secretly agreed to watch him. On his next trip to Saint Louis, his neighbors found that Taylor suspected their intentions, and so loaded up his wagon after nightfall. In that way his absence was not noticed until he had been gone several days; but they being determined not to be cheated in that manner, gathered up a crowd and followed the Avagon tracks (it will be remembered that wagons were very scarce in those days), which soon left the Saint Louis road and struck out northwest. They followed the track then, with more zeal than ever, knowing there must be something wrong, until they came to a thicket or thick woods, almost impenetrable, about seven miles north, and a little west of where Newton now stands, near the mouth of a little creek that empties into the Embarrass River, known since that day by the name of " Mint " Creek, where they found, not the wagon, but a little cabin under the brush, in which they found a man by the name of Acre Williams, who, after being hung up by the neck two or three times until nearly dead, agreed to tell all he knew. He, after a feAV more threats from his tormenters, delivered up a lot of molds, dies and other materials for making counterfeit silver and paper money. The dies, etc., were taken to Lawrenceville and destroyed in the court house. He (Williams) claimed that he was only hired by the counterfeiters to keep house, hunt and cook for them. He said the principal man of HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 385 the counterfeiters was named Hornback. He gave other names also, but the principals all got away; but the men getting their tools and implements, it broke up their business at that place, but we have yet the creek (that took the name from the Mint that had been run there) to remember the circumstance by. This was about 1822 to 1824- The earliest permanent settler in Jasper County, probably was Benjamin Shooks. But little is known of him. It is said that he was among those who occupied the fort at Palestine, and came imme diately after the cessation of hostilities to this region. He built his cabin in 1816, on the North Fork, where Samuel Atkinson now has his farm. The exact location is not pointed out, but it was in the " bottoms " northeast of Yale and west of Bellaire, and here he lived and died a few years later. From Mr. Johnson's historical sketch, which is found to be unusually accurate, it is learned that, "About the year 1820 or 1822, a doctor by the name of Sultzer, a son, and son-in-law by the name of Jack McCann, settled near where the county line now divides this county and Lawrence County, but they were suspected of belonging to the mint business, and they left the country very suddenly on that account. "James Jordan (the father of Andrew, Joseph and William Jordan, who all live near Newton) settled on the farm now knoWn as the Boos farm, early in the spring of 1826, started a farm, sold out there, moved up and commenced the farm now owned by Joseph Cardot, and a few years after sold it, entered the land and made the farm now owned by his son Joseph, and Joseph tells us that his father and mother have told him, that when they raised their house it took all the men in the county to raise it, and Joseph is living in the same house yet, with additions that he has built thereto. Mr. Jordan raised a large family, and he and his wife lived and died on the same farm. William Price settled about the same time, where Saint Marie now stands. He lived there for several years, and sold out to Mr. Joseph Picquet; Price Precinct was named for Mr. Price. " William Lewis settled on the Evermond Mound, in Willow Hill Township, in the same year (1826), made some improvements, and sold it to William Evermond, who entered the land, since which time the mound has been known by his name. "Job Catt (the father of Uncle John, Charles and Michael Catt, and Mrs. Fithian, the mother of our present State's Attorney, who all live yet, in Willow Hill Township) settled about two miles north of Saint Marie in 1827, and the family have lived in the county 386 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. ever "since, except as they die at a good old age. About the same time, Lewis W. Jordan and Benjamin Reynolds (with their families) settled where Newton now stands. Mr. Jordan (who was no connection of James Jordan) built a cabin on the site known as the O'Kean property. Lewis W- Jordan left long since with his family; he was the first aud only Sheriff of the county for some time after its organization, but had to run off for violations of the law. Of Mr. Reynolds' family, but two or three yet remain. Old Aunt Elizabeth Burford (daughter of Mr. Reynolds) lived in the county until the death of her last husband, a few years ago, when she moved to Coles County, to live with her daughter. Richard Eaton settled on the East Fork, in Willow Hill Township, in 1837, and two years after, built a mill on the creek to saAV, and grind corn ; the mill passed through many hands, but has gone down at last Mr. Eaton went to Texas on horse-back, a few years after, and never came back. By this time, other settlers began to come in, notwith standing there were at least three different tribes of Indians camp ing or living within the limits of the county. Uncle John Catt tells us of a little circumstance that occurred about this time, that he remembers well, and is worth repeating. A report came that a lot of Indians that were camping out on Big Muddy, near the county line, were dancing around their camp-fires with their war-paint on (which meant destruction to the pale faces). The settlers called a council of their wise and brave men, and appointed Lewis W. Jor dan, Job Catt and two or three others, to slip out to the Indian camp and see if the reports were true ; but before starting out, Mr. Catt had his family bury all their cooking utensils, kettles and all heavy valuables, and be prepared to flee the country on their return. But only think of their surprise, when they arrived in sight of the Indian camping ground, and peeping through the brush, to find that the Indians had pulled up stakes and " moved out West." After tUis scare was over, the county began to settle up very fast, and in ten years there was a little town in the brush, called Newton, where Newton now stands, and it was noted far and near as being a terrible hard place." Among the earliest settlers of Jasper County was Michael Grove, who has left some life-like pictures of the early times that are well worth a place here. He writes to the editor of the Press, in 1876, as follows: " My father settled, January 14, 1817, in the north edge of Edwards County, two miles and a half southwest of where Lawrenceville now stands. There were but three families HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 387 living west of the Embarrass River in that section of the country at that time. Well, there we were in the Avoods in mid-winter, with out any roads to any place, more than Indian traces; no mills nearer than fourteen miles, and a horse-mill at that Our nearest trading place was Vincennes, but we did not visit that place often, as there was no such thing as going to the stores then to buy clothing. You could see a spinning-wheel in every cabin in the community, and a pair of cotton-cards. As soon as the farms were sufficiently ahead, you would see a flax-pack and a cotton-pack. Common domestic goods and prints were worth from thirty-seven and one-half to forty cents per yard- Coffee was seventy-five cents per pound, and other things in proportion. There Avas no such thing as young ladies wearing calico dresses to meeting in those days; they went dressed in spun cotton. Boys were not dressed in woolen drawers in winter, but were dressed in buckskin — got out of warm beds in a cold morn ing, and went to work in their cold breeches; and that is what made the boys of those days of such good constitution. But enough of this. " In 1818, Ulinois became a State, and was admitted to the Union, and, in 1820, there was a call for a new county, and Lawrence was formed out of a part of Edwards and a part of Crawford. The county- seat was donated by the heirs of Dubois, and called Lawrenceville- Land at that time was entered under the old two-dollar law, in 160 acre lots. The land-office Avas at Vincennes. If a man paid $80, it would hold his land for five years; if no more Avas paid, it then went back to the government, and if one payment of $80 was made, in four years from the first payment, a purchaser then obtained a patent. There were some who entered several quarter-sections, with a view to speculation, but times were so hard they were unable to pay for what they had entered, and a great many Avere about to lose all they had, but congress about this time passed a law called the Relinquish ing Act, which gave them a chance to withdraw a part or all if they wished, and get a certificate for the amount. Those certificates would go in payment on other land- Those who entered only one lot, and could not pay out, relinquished and sold the certificates to others who were trying to pay out. About the same time, congress reduced the price of public lands to $1.25 per acre, and subdivided the quarters into forty acre lots. Then if a man could raise $50, he could have a home, but that was very hard to get After Jackson vetoed the United States Bank in 1832, nothing but silver and gold would be received at the Land-Office, and that was not to be had 388 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. here. A number one cow, with a young calf by her side, would bring but $10; common cows brought from $6 to $7; a good pair of work cattle was Avorth from $30 to $40; a number one horse would sometimes bring $50. I have seen pork sell in Lawrenceville, after the head and feet were cut off, at $1-37 per hundred pounds, to pay a store bill. Those were times to try men's souls. Then, to make matters Avorse, there were scattered throughout the country counter feiters and horse thieves, who were so well posted that the civil law could not reach them. If two or three good men came as evidence against them, they would have ten or a dozen persons to prove an alibi. They carried this on to such an extent that the citizens of Lawrenceville held a meeting and formed a company of regulators of eighty men, elected their officers, and then went with Lynch law, and notified them to leave the place in so many days or they would have to abide the consequences. Some left, and some took the black hickory before starting. "We will now turn our attention to the first settling of Jasper County. At that time, it was called Crawford County, and there was a man by the name of Lewis, who'settled on what is now known as the Evermond Mound. The next settler was a man by the name of Sulzer, who settled on what is now called Mattingly Point, below Saint Marie. Soon after, others, some in Dark Bend — the Eulows, Crabtrees, Wilkenses, Bayards, Jobs, Jordans, Garwoods, Lambs, Richards, and the Wades, were among the first settlers. " In February of 1836, 1 came to Jasper County, and settled six miles north of Newton, on the Embarrass River. At that time, the county was very thinly settled; I don't think there were ten pieces of deeded land in the county. On the east side of the river, there were but three families living between Newton and Greenup. We had no roads, and for our groceries we had to go to Lawrenceville. There was a mill at Greenup, and another on North Fork, but no road to either. In the spring, it was so muddy that it was a hard task to get to either of the mills; in the summer, if we went, the trip had to be made in the night, on account of the horse-flies, and in the fall a good per cent of us Avere shaking Avith the ague. So you may conclude that hand-mills, hominy-mortars and tin graters were very common. The first settlers of the .county were mostly horse-men, and there was no place in the county where a man could work for a few dollars to buy groceries. His groceries had to come from the woods. BeesAvax, venison hams, deer, coon and other hides would supply the Avants, so the most skillful and industrious hunter HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 389 fared the best in that respect. When the Greenup road was first laid off in the direction of Greenup, to the county line, I was appointed supervisor to open the road. My district was the county line north to what is called the Narrows, two miles east of Newton, and I had seven hands in my district — so you will perceive the place was thinly settled. " Of the first two or three courts which were held in Jasper, it took every man in the county to form the court. There were not men enough to change jurors, so they had to be reversed. Those who were grand jurors one term had to serve as traverse jurors tho next term; thus it was the same men trying the same case each term. Although we were few and lived far apart, yet we Avere willing to help each other a great deal more than we do now. Men thought it no hardship to go seven or eight miles to a house-raising or log rolling. All met friendly and parted the same way. On public days, some would drink too much whisky; then we would have two or three Avhisky fights, but soon all avouIc! be right again. " When first I came to this county, game was quite plentiful. Bear, deer, Avild turkey and wild bees were easily obtained, Avhile the river and ponds were well filled with beavers and otters. Pan thers, wolves and wild-cats roamed at large. The hogs we raised for sale were driven to the Wabash, and they were not worth much when we got them there. I drove thirty-seven head to Vincennes, and the best I could do then was to sell on ninety days time, at $1.50 per hundred pounds, and did not get land-office money at that. Those who think they could have gotten rich if they had been here in the beginning, could not have supported a small family. Those who were not good hunters did leave. If a man brought gold and silver with him, he could get all the land he Avanted, but if he thought to make it here, he missed the mark, for it was not to be had here- "A little anecdote will illustrate the feelings of hunters in gen eral, and the good-natured pranks that were played by all in the early times. Old Hiram Wade, two of his brothers and one brother- in-law, were out on a coon hunt, and by hunting the scratched trees they caught a good-sized coon. Old Hiram having grown somewhat tired, and getting off one side, thought of a plan to get some rest. He found a large water-oak tree with a large hole in the top. He took his knife and sharpened a hard stick so as to answer his purpose, and Avent to work making bear scratches on each side of the tree as high up as he could reach. He then got a forked pole, set it up against 390 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. the tree, got upon it and continued scratching the tree as high up as he could reach. He then got down, cleared away all signs, and then raised a yell for the boys. They came with a rush. "I have found a coon tree; worse than a coon — a bear tree," said the old man. " Is it possible?" inquired the party almost out of breath. "Yes, he is up there, sure, and a large one at that," replied Hiram, hardly able to refrain from laughter. The boys were highly elated, and went to work with a will on the big tree. Hiram told them to look well to their guns and see that they were all right; that he would take the dogs out of harm's way until the tree fell, and then he would set them on. This he did. When the tree fell, all hands rushed up with cocked rifles ready for slaughter, but behold there was no coon there, and what had become of the bear? He must have climbed the tree and then jumped off, as there were no downward scratches on the tree. Old Hiram had to keep the secret for some time, but finally told the boys all about it. "This will do well to illustrate the good spirits of the people. They were generally frank, free-hearted, whole-sduled fellows, and had a hard time of it generally. The early settlers would hunt all day hard, and when night came on would find a place where there was water, build a fire by a log, roast meat, eat it, take mother earth for a bed, go to sleep with the heavens above them as a covering, and wild wolves howling around them and about them." Another old settler of Jasper County gives his experience with wolves as follows: "In the first settling of Jasper County, wolves and wild cats were very plentiful, and there were new comers from old-settled places, that had a great dread of them. For my part I had always been used to them, and often wished that they would attack me in the woods so that I might have some fun. In my hunt ing days I had a comrade that hunted and camped out a great deal with me. At those times, all the old hunters had ' nicknames.' They call me ' Uncle Mike ' now, then it was 'Lidyer.' My com rade's name Avas ' Sock.' One clay ' Sock ' had been in the woods riding his Indian pony. I think it was in the month of September, 1820, when he came to my cabin with his bristles up. He told me that he had seen more Avolf signs that day than he had ever seen before in his life, and that his pony had got scared at the scent of them so that he could hardly be controlled. The next mornino- I girded on my weapons, which included a rifle, butcher-knife and tom ahawk, and struck out for ' Sock's ' wolf signs. I got in range of them, and saw one playing with a bush. I fired at it and knocked HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 391 it over, and instantly another one came up. Everything being ready and in order, I soon knocked the second one over. Shooting in such a hurry I only hurt it. By the time I was ready for the third shot, it was on in its feet, and I shot it again. All of the three shots Avere supposed to be within one minute by those that heard them. The first wolf I shot got up and walked a short distance. So I went home, got my dog, followed it up, and got it. The scalps were $2 apiece, in the payment of State tax, and while I was skinning them the old ones attacked my clog, and I shot and killed one of them. " In the late fall of the same year, I started out one evening for a deer hunt. There was some snow on the ground, and I had not got more than a mile from home, when I saw two wolves coming towards me. When near enough for a shot, I raised my gun to my shoulder, but it missed fire and they ran off. I had not walked ten Bteps, however, when I saw two more, and I took a snap at them, and they too ran off, having a bad flint in my gun-lock that day. I had not walked more than a quarter of a mile, when I saw the last two, as I supposed, coming down the prairie some 200 yards from me. I concluded I would shoot at them anyhoAv, not expecting to hit one at that distance. So I drew high and cut away. At the crack of the gun I saw one of the wolves fall. I broke to run , and as I was coming up to it, I drew my tomahawk and struck it two or three licks. I thought I would not mash the head too bad as I wanted the scalp. Its mate had halted on the prairie, so I sat down, re-loaded my gun, laid my knife and tomahawk on the body of the one I had shot, and proceeded to ' howl ' the other nearer. I failed, and the other left when I turned to scalp the one at hand. I observed at once that the animal was still alive, and so seizing my tomahawk gave the wolf a blow to finish it. This did not seem to accomplish the purpose, and taking my ax I proposed to sink the blade in a vital part. The wolf dodged the blade and was on its feet, and in an instant was run ning off. My gun failed me again, and I followed that 'dead' wolf from ten o'clock in the morning until four in the afternoon, and I never did get his scalp. " Hunting was largely a matter of necessity with the early set tlers, some of the men making it ajspecial business during the season. One man has been known to kill and market as many as a hundred deer in one season. But there were a few who had time to indulge in hunting purely as a sport. A hunting club was organized by Joseph Picquet, Benjamin Harris and others, and wolves were hunted very much as the English follow the fox. Each hunter was mounted, 392 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. some of them on horses of good Kentucky blood, and the company drawn out in single line would advance through the prairie. The fleetest horses were placed on either wing, and on the discovery of a wolf, it was the duty of the huntsman leading the nearest wing, to lead off and attempt to enclose the wolf, driving him toward the cen tre where the dogs were held in leash. The members of the club owned several greyhounds, among which was an Irish thoroughbred. When the wolf was near enough the dogs were set off, and the whole field rushed after the game. No firearms were allowed, and the stir rup only was used to finish the victim. This sport was indulged in to a considerable extent, and as many as thirty were killed in one year. Wolf scalps were quite a source of income, but the fur-bear ing animals afforded a surer and larger revenue. Agents of the Amer ican Fur Company came to the settlers throughout this regiou, and paid good prices for all the settlers had to sell. Coon skins brought as much as seventy-five cents at times, and the successful trapper was able in this way, not only to pay his taxes, but also to provide his home with the limited supply of store goods needed. Without this adjunct of backwoods life, it is difficult to understand how the new country could have been so early settled. As it was, most of the pioneers brought to this country a love for, and skill in the sport, and thus united business and pleasure, and found an easy way to les sen the rigor of frontier privations." HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 393 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. rVTO trace of the early organization is to be found in the county rec- ¦*- ^ ords. The large tract of country comprised in the area between the western bounds of the present county of Crawford and the Kas kaskia River, originally, did all county business at Palestine. Grad ually the line of settlements following up the river, reached this territory, and Fayette County was formed. Subsequently, Effing ham and Jasper were organized. Until about 1820, the territory between the line of Fayette and Crawford seems to have had no set tled population, the tide of emigration flowing into this region along the lines of the two rivers, and gradually extending inland from these points, east and west. There was probably some sort of precinct organization, which included all this unorganized territory, but it is not until 1834, that any hint of the modern organization is found. In June of this year, the Commissioners of Crawford County, on the petition of " sundry inhabitants," established the pre cinct of Newton, with the voting place at Newton. This was done in June, 1834, aud W. M. Richards, David Phillips, and Benjamin Lamb, appointed judges of election. The first vote at this point was taken in January, 1834. This was under the administration of Crawford County. In January. 1835, the election was held here to elect the first officers for the new county, in pursuance of the organ izing act of the legislature, as noted before. County-seat. — In the absence of the report of the Legislative Commissioners, tradition must be relied upon for the facts concern ing the location of the county-seat. There was no competition. L. W. Jordan, either from shrewd foresight, or because of the natural attractions of the locality, entered, in 1831, the west half of the northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 6 north, Range 9 east, and the northwest quarter of the same section. This entry covered the geographical center of the new county, or the only available spot for a town, near that center. On the formation of the county, Jordan offered the twenty acres required by law, as a site for the new county-seat. This was accepted without delay, as the Commis sioners were only two days in settling the question. But two of them were present, and each one was paid some months later six 394 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. dollars for his services. At this time there were but one or two houses near the site of the village, Benjamin Lamb having entered land on the same section in 1832. ACTS OF THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. The County Commissioners having been duly elected, proceeded at once to set the machinery of government in motion, holding a special session in February, 1835. The following copy of their rec ords will give some idea of the routine and character of the business: first transacted: "February 2, 1835. "At a special term of the County Commissioners' Court of the County of Jasper, and State of Illinois, began and held at the house of Lewis W. Jordan, was present W. M. Richards, Geo. Mattingly and Frederick W. H. Claycomb, Esqs., County Commissioners, after taking an oath according to law, the court being regularly opened by the Sheriff, according to law, the court hereby appointed John Barnes, Clerk of said court; he filed his bond with approved security in the words and figures following (then comes the bond with pen alty of $1,000). The bond was approved, Barnes took the oath and court adjourned till court in course. " March term Commissioners' Court, first day, 1835. Commis sioners all present as above, and Lewis W. Jordan, Sheriff", and James Barnes, Clerk. The Board proceeded to lay off the county into vot ing precincts, as follows: " Newton Precinct— Beginning at the north line of the county, at the head of Crooked Creek, where the county line crosses said creek, thence down said creek to the mouth, thence due west, to the west line of said county, thence north along the Jasper county line, to the northwest corner of the county, thence east to the place of beginning, and to be known by the name of Newton Precinct. " Ordered, That the following boundaries shall compose Clay- comb Precinct; — Beginning at the Jasper county line, where it crosses Crooked Creek, thence east to the northeast corner of said county, thence south on the county line to where the county line last leaves the North Fork of the Embarrass River, thence down the North Fork to the Embarrass River, thence up said river to the mouth of Crooked Creek, thence up the same to the place of beginning, and shall be known by the name of Claycomb Precinct. " Ordered, That the following boundaries shall compose Price Precinct — Beginning at the southeast corner of the county, thence HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 395 north to the North Fork, thence down said stream to the Embarrass River, thence up the same to the mouth of Crooked Creek, thence west to the county line, thence south to the southwest corner of the county, thence east to the place of beginning, and shall be known by the name of Price Precinct " Ordered, That court adjourn until to-morrow morning, at 10 o'clock. William M. Richards, ) George Mattingly, > Commissioners. F. W. H. Claycomb, ) " March term Commissioners' Court, second day, 1835. " Court met pursuant to adjournment. Present as yesterday. " Ordered, That the place of holding the election for Newton Precinct shall be at the house of LeAvis W. Jordan, and John Garwood, Benjamin Lamb, and Levi Lee, be, and they are hereby appointed judges of election for Newton Precinct. " Ordered, That Absalom Eatoii, Jas. Miller and Benjamin Eaton, be, and they are hereby appointed judges of election for Clay comb Precinct, and that the place of holding said election, shall be at the house of F. W- H. Claycomb. " Ordered, That William Brownfield, James Jordan and Will iam Price, be, and they are hereby appointed judges to hold the elec tion for Price Precinct, and that the place of holding the election shall be at the house of George Mattingly. " Ordered, That Thomas M. Loy, be, and he is hereby appointed Surveyor, to survey tAventy acres of land for the town of Newton (for the sum of* $25, and the Commissioners furnish chain-carriers and stake-drivers), according to the plan laid down by the court, filed in the Clerk's office for Jasper Gounty. " Ordered, That Timothy Garwood, be, and he is hereby ap pointed Treasurer for Jasper County, he having filed his bond and approved security. The Commissioners then laid off the county into three road districts and appointed Supervisors for the same. " Ordered, That the following named persons be summoned by the Sheriff, as grand jurors at the first term of Circuit Court, to-wit: Absalom Eaton, James Miller, Henry Walls, Benjamin Eaton, Will iam Owens, W'illiam Chastain, John Robbins, Joseph Snider, Ben jamin Lamm, John Garwood, Luke Courtright, AndreAV Douglas, Samuel Henry, David Henry, James Jordan, Wm. Price, Job Catt, Wm. Brownfield, James Jenkins, Province RoAvlings, Wm. Davis, Jr., Benjamin Yates and L. D. Wade — total, 23. 24 396 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. " And the following named persons be summoned to serve as petit jurors at the same time, to-wit: Wm. Davis, Jr., Isaac Allison, Andrew Everman, Samuel Miller, Abbott Lee, Jas. Wheeler, Harri son Wheeler, Thomas Manning, John Harman, Abraham Snider, Wm. Peterson, Thos, Garwood, Samuel Garwood, Jesse M. Heard, Simon Cate, Moses Preston, Howard Yates, Robert Yates, Asa Hamilton, Lewis Mattingly, John Yates, Nathan Powell, William Lee, and Nathan Garwood. Court then adjourned until 10 o'clock to-morrow. " Third day — Full Board present. "Ordered, — That the following named property be subject to tax ation, to-wit: Horses of all ages, cattle of all ages, hogs, sheep, goats, watches, clocks, wagons, pleasure carriages, bureaus, desks, cup boards, town lots, stock in trade and mechanics' tools. Ordered, — That there shall be one-half per centum to the dollar on the aforesaid property. ". Ordered, — That there be an election held at the different voting places in Jasper County, UL, on the fourth Monday of March next, for the purpose of electing two Justices of the Peace and two Con stables for each precinct. Court adjourned." Special term Commissioners' Court, March 25, 1835. The fol lowing claims were presented and allowed: Thomas M. Loy, for surveying and platting of Newton. _ _ _ . $25 00 Jesse Barnes, for carrying chain for above 1 87| Benj . Vannetta, for carrying chain, etc. 1 87-J Sam'l Garwood, " " " 1121 N.Garwood, " " " __ 1 12i T. Garwood, for stake driving 3 00 Total _ $34 00 This day, Thomas M. Loy presented a plat of Newton, which was received by the Commissioners. The Commissioners appointed Lewis W. Jordan, James Jordan and Province Rowlings, viewers, to locate a road from the LaAvrence county line, where the Shelbyville State road strikes said line, to Newton, by way of James Jordan's, on Fox, thence to Coles county line, at or near the old crossing of Muddy Creek, on a direction to Charleston. (This was the first road laid out by our county authorities). Board adjourned. Special meeting of Commissioners' Court, May 2, 1835. John Barnes was appointed agent for the county, to sell and convey all the town lots in the town of Newton, and to transact all other busi ness for the county. Adjourned. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 397 June term Commissioners' Court, 1 835. First day. — Lewis Jor dan appointed Commissioner to take census of Jasper County. Ordered, — That a jury be summoned to examine a mill seat on the Embarrass River, at Garwood's shoals, and to make report at next term of Commissioners' Court, of the amount of damages sustained. Court adjourned. Second day. — Viewers that had been appointed to view the road spoken of above, reported, telling how it should run, etc Board made neAV road district (No. 4), and appointed James Jenkins Super visor for the same. Special term, June 12, 1835- John Barnes allowed $15, to be paid out for record books. Lewis WT. Jordan and James Jordan allowed $470, for building jail for Jasper County. Also, Lewis W. Jordan, James Jordan and Province Rowlings, $3 each for services as road viewers. August 5, 1835. Timothy Garwood, Treasurer, returned to Clerk (John Barnes) the amount of tax assessed by him (Garwood) in the county. Amount of property tax, $52.25f, and $11.83£ land tax — total, $64.09J, which amount was charged to the Sheriff (Lewis W. Jordan). September term bf Commissioners' Court The following accounts were alloAved: Timothy Garwood, allowed for taking^ list of taxable property in the county _ .$9 00 Same man, services as clerk of election, for three days 150 Thos. B. Loy, for clerk one day at sale of town lots 1 00 Others allowed fifty cents per day for acting as judges and clerks of election. Adjourned. Second day. Report of jury to see what damage the mill-dam at Garwood's shoals would be, reported that there would be no damage thereby, and the Board gave Mr. Thomas Garwood the privilege of building said dam to the height of five feet, and he is compelled to make a lock to said dam when the Commissioners re quire it Another Grand and Petit Jury were ordered summoned. Adjourned. December term (First Monday), 1835. Benjamin Leamon granted license to vend and sell merchandise, at his house in Jasper County, for one year from October 31, 1835 ; license fee, $5, Clerk's fee, $1. Fiscal concerns of the county of Jasper stand as folloAVs: De. Orders issued to different parties to the amount of $493 25 398 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Cr. Notes on different parties to the amount of $162 00 Luke Courtright, paid a fine of .' .- 3 00 JobCatt, " " - 3 00 Amount paid to John Barnes _ 7 00 " taxes charged to Sheriff 52 25 " sale of estray horse 75 75 " sale of estray ox _ _ 8 00 '' received of B. Harman for license 5 00 — 316 00 Total receipts _ $316 00 Balance indebtedness of county $177 25 Adjourned. Second day. — George Mattingly allowed $15, for ten days' ser vices as County Commissioner. Ordered, — That court adjourn until court in course. Wm. M. Richards, ) George Mattingly, > Commissioners. L. D. Wade, ) March term Commissioners' Court of Jasper County, held in the court-house on the first Monday of March, 1836. (This is the first time a court-house has been mentioned. The court-house was a small house that stood in the brush, on the lot known as the Dr. Walker Corner, and is now owned by Judge Gibson. The house was used for court-house, schoolhouse and church house, but the county authorities controlled it, and allowed it to be used for the above purposes). Full Board present. New Supervisors were appointed for the Fourth Road District, and the Supervisors requested to call on every able-bodied man subject to road labor, to Avork five days on the highways of their district. Viewers were appointed to view and locate a road from the public square iii Newton, UL, by Gar wood's Ferry on the Embarrass River, on the nearest and best route to the Coles County line, in the direction of Greenup, in Coles County. Viewers Avere appointed to vieAV and locate a road from our public square to the Effingham County line, in the direction of Ewington, in said county. Ordered, — That two sets of jurymen be summoned, etc John Barnes was granted license to keep a tavern at his house in Newton. License, $2.50; and to pay Clerk's fee, license to date February 3, 1836. Ordered, — That the following shall be the rates to be charged by tavern-keepers in Jasper County: HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 399 For keeping horse all night $0 25 " single feed for horse __ 121 " meals of victuals 25 " bed for man 6} " board by the week 1 50 " French brandy by the pint _ 50 " " " " half-pint _ 25 gill. 6i " " " " dramordrink 6i " Rum, same as above. " Holland gin, Same as rum. " Cordial, same price. " "Wine, same price. " American brandy by the pint 25 " " " " half-pint. 12-J " gill - - 6J " " " " dram or drink. _ 6J " Whisky, same price as American brandy. John Barnes was granted license to sell and vend merchandise at his house, to commence February 3, 1836; fee, $5 and Clerk's fee. Adjourned. Second day. — John Barnes allowed for one year as Clerk, $15; Lewis W. Jordan, for one year ex-officio Sheriff, $15; Timothy Gar wood re-appointed County Treasurer. Bond filed, with approved security ; bond approved. The Treasurer reported having received during the year $115 92-J The Sheriff pays over this day the amount of taxes due 47 80 Also, the amount received on sale of estray horses 58 37-& Total in the Treasury. $222 10 June term, 1836 — June 25, 1836. Timothy Garwood, Treas urer, returned amount of assessment, which was $91-84^ ; amount charged to Sheriff. September term, 1836. Timothy Garwood allowed $9 for list ing the tax of the county. Thomas Addison granted license to keep a tavern at his house in Newton; fee, $2.50 and Clerk's fee. Ordered, — That two sets jurors be summoned for next term of court. Second day — Rates set again for tavern charges, same as before, except board by the week left out, and cherry bounce added, at same price as rum. December term, 1836 — First day. Benj. Lamm granted license to keep a tavern at his house, in Jasper County, 111., by his paying $1 and Clerk's fee; also, license to sell and vend merchandise for one year, for $5 aud Clerk's fee. 400 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Second day — A lot of claims for acting as judges and clerks of elections, allowed at fifty cents per day, and other accounts. TOWNSHIPS AND VOTING PRECINCTS. At the June session of 1839, the county was again districted. Heretofore the three election precincts had served for all the official purposes, but in this year the Commissioners divided the county into Justices' districts, with a "whereas" as follows: " That whereas, the county of Jasper not having been divided into Magistrates' dis tricts, and it becoming necessary for it to be done, it is therefore " Ordered, — By the court that the following boundary compose a Justice's district, to be called Newton District: Commencing on the Embarrass River, at the mouth of James Jordan's branch, running up said branch to the section two miles south of the township line dividing Townships 6 and 7 ; thence a due west course to the county line; thence north along said line to the northeast corner of the county; thence east along the county line to the Embarrass River; thence down said river to the place of beginning; — and the place of holding elections in said district shall be the town of NeAvton. " Ordered, — That the following boundary compose a Magistrates' district, to be called Saint Marie District: Commencing at the mouth of James Jordan's branch, on the south side of the Embarrass River, thence up said branch to section line two miles south of the town ship line dividing Townships 6 and 7; thence running a due west course to the county line; thence south along said line to the south west corner of the county ; thence east along the county line to the Embarrass River; thence up said river to the place of beginning; — and the place of holding election in said district shall be at the house of Joseph Picquet, Esq. " Ordered, — That the following boundary compose a Justice's dis trict, to be called Crooked Creek District: Commencing on the Embarrass River, one mile north of the township line dividing Town ships 6 and 7; thence up said river to the county line; thence along said line to the northeast corner of the county; thence south along said line to a section line within one mile of the township line, divid ing Townships 6 and 7; thence west along said line to the place of beginning; — and that the place of holding elections in said district shall be at the house of Aaron Vannatta." The Avhole county was thus divided into three districts for the election of Justices of the Peace, somewhat differing in their bound aries from the precincts. But at this time the name of Price Pre- HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 401 cinct was changed to Saint Marie, and the place of holding elections transferred from Mattingly's house to that of Picquet. Crooked Creek District was also made at this time a general election precinct. By this division of the county, however, there was a portion of the county east of the Embarrass River left unprovided for, and in the following September it was ordered by the Commissioners that a district be erected to be called Eaton's District, with the following boundaries: " Commencing at the Embarrass River, one mile north of the township line dividing Townships 6 and 7; running thence east to the center of the prairie lying between Crooked Creek and the North Fork; thence north to the county line; thence east to the northeast corner of the county; thence south along the county line to the southeast corner of the cpunty; thence west along the line of the county to the Embarrass River; thence up said river to the place of beginning; — and that the place of holding elections in said district shall be at the house of W. G. Ryan." At the same time the name of the Claycomb Precinct was changed to Eaton. This legislation suf ficed until the June session of 1841, when George Dowthet presented a petition in behalf of himself and others, asking for the erection of a new precinct. This petition represented " that the people of the southwest corner of the county, which includes the neighborhood called Muddy, live at a great distance from the polling place, and are frequently prevented from attending elections," etc. It was therefore ordered by the Commissioners that an election precinct be erected and called Dowthet Precinct What its exact limits were, are not recorded. In the following June an additional Justice's dis trict was formed, commencing at the county line which divides the counties of Crawford and Jasper at a point due east of William Everman's, in said county, running from thence west to the west line of Range 11 east; thence north with said line to the county line, which line shall be the eastern line of Crooked Creek Precinct; thence east to the northeast corner of the county; thence south along the county line to the place of beginning; which shall be called Clements Precinct, and the place of holding elections in said precinct shall be at O- Clements'. At the same time, Island Grove Precinct, with the voting place at the house of Courtland Vandibee, and the North Fork Precinct, with the voting place at the house of O- Clements, were erected. The seven precincts thus erected sufficed for five years, when the county was entirely re-districted, June 1847, as follows: Saint Marie: — " Commencing at the southeast corner of the county, running thence 402 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. north with the county line to the Township line betAveen Townships 6 and 7 ; thence west with the township line to the northwest corner of Section 4, in Township 6 north, Range 10 east; thence south with the section line to the county line; thence east to the place of beginning." Newton: — "Commencing on the county line at the southeast corner of Section 20, in Township 5 north, Range 10 east; thence north with the section line to the southeast corner of Section 17, in Township 7 north, Range 10 east; thence west to the range line between Ranges 9 and 10; thence north with said line to the town ship line between Townships 7 and 8; thence west with the town ship line to the range line between Ranges 8 and 9 ; thence south with the range line to the county line; thence east to the place of beginning." * Muddy: — " Commencing on the county line at the southeast cor ner of Section 24, in Township 5 north, Range 8 east, running thence west with the county line to the southwest corner of the county, thence north with the county line to the northwest corner of Section 19, in Township 7 north, Range 8 east; thence east to the range line between Ranges 8 and 9; thence south to the place of beginning." Island Grove: — " Commencing at the northwest corner of the county, thence east to the Embarrass River; thence down said river to the township line between Townships 7 and 8; thence west Avith the township line to the range line between Ranges 8 and 9 ; thence south to the southeast corner of Section 13, in Township 7 north, Range 8 east; thence west to the county line; thence north to the place of beginning." Crooked Creek: — " Commencing on the township line between Townships 6 and 7, at the southeast corner of Section 36, in Town ship 7 north, Range 10 east, running thence west to the southeast corner of Section 32, in Township 7 north, Range 10 east; thence north with the section line to the northeast corner of Section 20, in Township 7 north, Range 10 east; thence west with the section line to the range line betAveen Ranges 9 and 10; thence north to the township line betAveen Townships 7 and 8: thence west to the Em barrass River; thence up said river to the county line; thence to the range line between Ranges 10 and 11; thence south to the place of beginning." North Fork: — "Commencing on the county line at the range line between Ranges 10 and 11, running thence with the county line to the northeast corner of the county; thence south with the county HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 403 line to the township line betAveen Townships 6 and 7; thence west with the township line to the range line between Ranges 10 and 11; thence north to the place of beginning." Five years later the population of Newton Precinct became so numerous and widely scattered, that Woodford, Gambriel and sun dry citizens, petitioned for a new election precinct. This petition was granted and the following boundaries fixed for the new precinct: " Commencing at the southwest corner of Section 22, Township 5 north, Range 8 east, on the county line, running thence east along the county line to the range line between Ranges 9 and 10; thence north with said range line to the township line between Townships 5 and 6; thence west with the township line to the northwest cor ner of Section 3, in Township 5 north, Range 8 east; thence south with the section line to the place of beginning." This was called Smallwood Precinct, and the place of holding elections established at the house of Samuel Smallwood. In September of the same year (1852), on petition of John Roberts and others, Jackson Precinct was formed as follows: " Beginning at the county line at the north east corner of the southeast quarter of Section 15, Township 7 north, Range 14 west; thence west to the range line dividing Ranges 10 and 11; thence south along said range line to the south west corner of Section 7, Township 6 north, Range 11 east; thence east along the section line to the southeast corner of Section 10, Township 6 north, Range 14 west, at the county line; thence north along the county line to the place of beginning." The place of holding elections was established at the house of Wm. Ping. At the same time Hill Creek Precinct Avas erected, its boundary " begin ning on the county line on range line betAveen Ranges 8 and 9, at the northeast corner of Section 1, Township 8 north, Range 8 east, thence east on the county line to the Embarrass River, thence down the meanderings of the river to the township line between Townships 7 and 8 ; thence Avest with the township line to the southwest corner of Section 34, Township 8 north, Range 8 east; thence in a northeastwardly direction to the southeast corner of Section 1, Township 8 north, Range 8 east; thence north to the place ot beginning." This divided Island Grove into two queerly- shaped precincts, which were suggested by the course of streams. These, though insignificant now, often prevented voters in an early day from reaching the polls, when the whole territory formed one precinct. Muddy Precinct was also reconstructed so as to form a long parallelogram on the west side of the county, extending from 404 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Island Grove to the southern boundary of the county, and three sec tions Avide. Grandville Precinct was formed at this time and com prised the same territory as at present, save that its east and west dimension was one mile shorter. In March of 1854, Mr. Bolinger and others, petitioned for a new precinct to be called Kickapoo. This petition was granted, and a small precinct of twenty-one sections, in center of which was located the village of " Brockville," Avas erected- In 1858, Muddy Precinct was divided and reconstructed, so that Township 7 north, in Range 8 east, and the northern half of Township 6, in the same range, formed North Muddy, and the balance of the range to the southern county line, formed the South Muddy. There seem to have been other considerations that the neces sity of the situation brought to bear upon many of these precinct changes. A feeling had arisen as early as 1848, that the county- seat exercised an undue amount of influence upon the affairs of the various outlying precincts, and the people of Saint Marie, especially, felt that the county-seat was thriving at the expense of its more commercial rival. Under the old regime of Commissioners aud County Court, with the Clerk and Sheriff strongly identified with Newton interests, it was not difficult for the county-seat influences to secure a majority of the board favorable to their plans. In this way Saint Marie found it difficult to secure such appropriations which she felt was due to the part she bore in the finances of the county. The result of this dissatisfaction was the agitation for " township organization," and in November, 1849, the question was submitted to a vote of the people. There Avas, of course, a decided opposition to this departure from the old customs, on the part of the ruling faction, and the question was carried by the meagre majority of 142 to 132. Anderson Arnold, George Mitchell and Joseph Schifferstein, were appointed Commissioners to divide the county into townships, preparatory to the election of Supervisors, etc. This Board reported the boundaries of six townships, North Fork, Marion, Island Grove, Polk, Muddy and Saint Marie, but here the matter ended. The Clerk at that time was noted for his reckless assump tion of authority, and was, of cpurse, opposed to the change. Some irregular technicality was discovered, the opinion of the Attorney General was had, and the whole matter quietly placed upon the shelf " among the rubbish of forgotten things." Thus the matter stood until September of 1859, when a petition, signed by one hun dred and twenty-seven citizens, praying that the question of" town- HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 405 ship organization " be again submitted to the people. In the fol lowing November the matter was brought to vote, and affirmed by a considerable majority, and in December, A. S- Harris, J. B. Den- man and Joseph Schifferstein, Avere appointed to divide the county into townships. This committee reported the boundaries of nine townships: Grove, Crooked Creek, Grandville, Willow Hill, Wade, North and South Muddy, Smalhvood and Saint Marie. The boundaries of these townships were reported substantially as they are found at present, save in the case of Saint Marie. This originally comprised the territory of Fox as well as its own. It Avas a large and unwieldy organization, and it was not long before the citizens of the western part found the size a matter of considerable inconvenience. In December, 1867, a little more than five sections of its territory was struck off to Willow Hill to equalize the burden of grading the "bottom road." In 1871, a petition was presented to the Board of Supervisors by the citizens of the Avest side of Saint Marie Township, through their attorney, asking for a division of the township. This was met by a -vigorous remonstrance, and the peti tion Avas eventually rejected. On January 15, 1875, the effort to secure a division was renewed, and a petition praying for the erec tion of a township to be called Union, or such other name as the Board might think appropriate, was granted. This was not done, however, without vigorous opposition. The case was finally adjudi cated in the State Supreme Court, and as the history of the whole matter is given in the court's decision, it is given here in full: " The Board of Supervisors of Jasper County, on the 15th of January, 1875, made an order establishing a new township from ter ritory taken from Saint Marie Township, in that county. The Board appointed plaintiffs in error judges of election of the township thus created, for the choice of town officers. To prevent plaintiffs in error from performing their duty, and holding the election, this bill was filed, and a temporary injunction granted, restraining them from acting as such judges, until the consent of the people to such division should be obtained from the majority of the electors, at an annual election in the original township. At the spring term, 1875, of the Circuit Court, a hearing was had, and the injunction rendered per petual. To reverse that decree, the record is brought to this court, and various errors have been assigned. " It is urged that the whole question in the case turns upon the construction of the tAventy -sixth section of the Township Organiza tion Law. (R. S-, 1874, p. 1069.) The section confers ample power 406 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. and jurisdiction upon the County Board to alter the boundaries ot towns, to change town lines, and to divide, enlarge and create new towns in their respective counties, to suit the convenience of the inhabitants residing therein. The section also provides for the amount of territory which the new town shall embrace, the number of voters it shall contain, for a petition to be presented, etc To this section is added this proviso: ' Provided, that no incorporated town shall be divided, except consent thereto is given by a majority of all the electors voting at a general election in said town — notice that the question of dividing said toAvn will be submitted to the legal voters thereof having been given by the County Clerk, at the same time and in the same manner as the notice of said general annual election.' " The question presented is, where and by whom is the election to be had ? Is it by the incorporated town or village, by the town ship as it was before the division, or by the electors in the territory proposed to be erected into a new township ? This proviso is not free from obscurity and doubt, as to the true meaning of the lan guage employed. It seems to be obvious that the division of an incorporated town or village cannot be had by changing township lines, by enlarging or dividing the township, or the creation of a new township, without the vote provided for by the proviso. The language seems to embrace each and every one of these contingencies. " Where the County Board proposes to enlarge a township, two of these bodies are directly interested in the division, and yet, if the proviso Avas intended to embrace such a case, but one township would be embraced by the language of the proviso, and it Avould be un known which, nor could we conjecture which Avas intended. And if the townships were intended to vote, it would have specified whether both or which one, should consent to the enlargement. So of the change of the township lines. " Again, the townships are designated as towns, but the village is designated as an incorporated town by this section. The fact that this difference in the terms employed was used, Avould manifest a design to make a broad distinction of the subjects embraced by each. Whilst the word ' town ' is sometimes employed to designate a town ship, the term ' incorporated town ' is seldom, if ever, employed to embrace such a body. According to the canons of construction, ordinary terms must be held to have been used in their general and popular sense. We must, therefore, conclude that the proviso only requires an election held in case an incorporated town or villao-e is HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 407 to be divided by the alteration of the toAvnship line, the alteration, the division, or the formation of a new township, and the words ' said town ' employed in reference to the election and notice, as used in the proviso, must be held to apply to an incorporated town or village. It then follows, that in such case the election can only be held in the incorporated town or village. It was the design of sub mitting the question, whether the incorporated town or village should be divided, to' the voters of that municipality, before the order of the County Board could become operative. No such incorporated town having been divided by the order of the County Board in this case, no election was required to be held, and the order of the Board became operative by its own force. " We are fortified in this construction from the fact that, in organizing townships, in the first place the inhabitants have no right to vote, although fractional townships may be added to others. It would, therefore, seem that the General Assembly have only pro vided that a vote shall be had when it is proposed to divide an incor porated toAvn or village, and that the voters therein shall alone vote on the question of the division. " But according to the repeated decisions of this court, the power to hold an electionis political and not judicial; hence, a court of equity has no power to restrain officers from the exercise of such powers. (Citations.) These cases fully establish this doctrine and further discussion of the rule is deemed wholly unnecessary, as we perceive no reason to overrule, modify, or change the rule. We regard it firmly settled. " From Avhat has been said, it Avill be seen that the court had no jurisdiction to decree an injunction, aud, had the power existed, the decree rendered Avould have been erroneous, and it must be reversed and the bill dismissed. Decree reversed-" This decision was ren dered in the June term, 1876, and in the following December, Fox Township completed its organization and became one of the politi cal divisions of the county. The present status of the townships taken from Johnson's historical sketch is as folloAvs: " Grandville Township, in the northeastern corner of the county, is eight miles north and south by about five and three-fourths miles east and west, and contains about forty-five square miles, about half of which is beautiful prairie and is nearly all in cultivation, with some very fine farms in the timber and some very large and fine farms on the prairie. Mr. G. W- Jeffers, who lives in the southeast part of the township, in the edge of the timber, has a fine, large farm with 408 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. good buildings thereon, and there are several large and beautiful farms west of him, on the prairie. The township is well furnished with school and church houses. The first settlers that can at present be given, were J. Shook and Adam Owry, about the year 1832, then the Leamonses, about 1837, and many others, until 1880 they had in the township 1,462 souls, with personal property valued at $47,462, real estate, $150,474, total, $197,936; their votes stood, Democratic, 138, Republican, 146, Greenback, 15— total, 299. Dr. J. M. Barlow is suppsed to be the heaviest man — his weight is 240 pounds; G- Leamon the tallest, height six feet one inch; Granny Shacklee the oldest person, aged eighty -two years; Samuel Simpson is seventy- eight years. " Going west, adjoining Grandville, comes Crooked Creek Town ship, which is seven and one-half miles north and south, and aver ages about seven and three-quarter miles east and west (the west line runs partly with the Embarrass River, which makes it crooked), and contains about fifty-seven square miles and has a fine prairie running north and south through the center of the township. It is all under fence except part of the timber land or some of the river bottom lands. There are as many, if not more, nice farms and good farmers in this, than any other township in the county. They have four church houses, thirteen schoolhouses, and in 1880 they had a population of 2,015, which voted, Democratic, 283, Republican, 151, Greenback, 24 — total, 458; had personal property valued at $79,779, real estate, $261,328— total, $341,107- Some of the first settlers were Jesse M. Herd, who settled in the toAvnship in 1834, lived there about ten years and then moved west- He was a hunter, and the county was settling up too fast. Next came the Vannettas, McCleaves and John Swick, in the years 1835-36- Mr. Swick is the only one of the above yet living in the township, the others having moved off or died. Mr- S- is now eighty years old, and has lived in the township all the time since 1836- Mr. Swick and Miss Rachel Barnes were the first couple married in the toAvnship. The first person knoAvn to die in the township was a Miss Mawk. Mr. Swick made the coffin by hew ing it out of a big log, there being no such thing as sawed lumber then. In 1837-38, the Kiblers, Hammers, Cummins, and others moved in. In 1837, Mr. F. J. Hammer commenced and built a little mill (he being a millwright) on Crooked Creek to grind corn; after ward he attached a saw to it. There are now in the township nine persons each OA'er seventy years old, and all have been in the town ship over forty years ; thirty-five persons who are over sixty years HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 409 old, and each has been in the township over thirty years; forty-two persons who are over sixty years, and each has been in the township twenty-five years. There are iioav fifty-four persons in the town ship that are each over sixty years old. The united ages of the fifty- four are 3686 years. The united time the above persons have lived in the township is, 1,680 years. There is a family of five persons living in the township, whose united weight is 1,131 pounds; the father weighs 191, the mother 225, the son 230, one daughter 210 and a little girl 275 pounds. Daniel Perrin e's daughter is eleven years old and weighs 133 pounds; John Kibler's daughter (Rosilla); who is but ten years old, weighs 141 pounds. James Poor is supposed to be the tallest person; he is six feet five inches; William Haynes is forty-tAvo years old, six feet four inches high; has tAvelve children, one pair triplets. Mr. H can stand flat-footed and kick seven feet high; he is supposed to be the highest kicker in the toAvn- ship. Mr. James Cummins is the father of twelve children, all liv ing, including three pairs of twins in succession, and yet Mr. Solo mon Cooper was the father of four children, all born at one birth; but the children only lived a short time. There are other things about Crooked Creek that we Avould like to give, but haven't room here. All the above are facts, and we put Crooked Creek against the worfd. " Grove ToAvnship, in the northAvest corner of the county, is six miles north and south by eight and one-quarter miles east and Avest, and has the finest body of prairie of any toAvnship in the county, with a fine strip of timber along the Embarrass, on the east side of the township; also, a fine body of timber on the west side, called the Island Grove. It is an elevated piece of land of about 640 acres, entirely surrounded by prairie, and can be seen for eight or ten miles around. There are two or three very large farmers in the township, namely: James L. CreAvs and A. G- Caldwell, Jr. Mr. CreAvs is probably the largest farmer and Avealthiest man in the township, if not the wealthiest man in the county. There are no towns or post- offices in the township at present, and but one store, that kept by Mr. Myers, Avho keeps a very good country store. They once had a post- office at Mr. A. G- Caldwell's, but the route being changed, the office was discontinued, since which time they have had no post-office. In 1876, Mrs. Margaret Walton died at the good old age of 103 years. She had been living in the toAvnship for thirty years, and had 136 children, grand children and great-grand children. In 1880 Grove had a population of 1,215 whites, and one colored; voted Demo- 410 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. era tic, 149, Republican, 87, Greenback, 9 — total, 245; value of per sonal property, $80,780, real estate', $191,221— total, $272,001- It is hard to tell now, just who was the first settler in the township. The Garwoods, Lees and others settled along the river, prior to 1835. In 1836, Johuf Price settled a little above the Garwood mill seat; then came the Wheelers and others, some beginning to settle near the Grove, one man .by the name of Shy (a half-breed ) built a hut of prairie sod (where Mr. Crews' garden now stands), but the first prairie fire burned his mansion, and he pulled up stakes and moved out west. " North Muddy ToAvnship, just south of Grove, is nine miles north and south by five and one-quarter miles east and west, and is about three-fourths beautiful prairie, which is almost all in cultiva tion. The timber along Big Muddy Creek (from which the toAvn- ship was named), is mostly white oak, and in places almost as fine as can be found in the county. There are four saw and two grist>mills on the creek. There are some extensive farmers in the town ship. John Mason and W. G Gillson are probably the largest farm ers in it. The township is improving very fast in real improve ments, since the S-, E. & S- E- R. R. was built through it. There are four good frame church houses in the township, and it is well sup plied with good school houses in every school district. The oldest person in the township is Mrs. Winters (William G Gillson's mother-in-law), Avho is eighty-three years old. John Fillinger is seventy-four. Grandison Clark is the heaviest person in the town ship; his weight is 265 pounds. Asbury Johnson is six feet six inches in height, and yet claims his residence in the toAvnship. The vote at the last Presidential election stood Democratic, 143, Republican, 112, Greenback, 5- The census of June, 1880, gave the township 1,255 inhabitants; value of personal property, $55,613; real estate, $173,- 588— total, $229,201. " Wade Township, named for Hiram Wade, who was so long Clerk of the county, is just east of North Muddy Township, and in the center of the county, and is about eight and one quarter miles north and south by eight and three-quarter miles east and west, and is the largest township in the county. It is a little over half prairie. about all of which is in cultivation. The timber along the Embar rass River, which runs through the township, has been very fine, but is beiug sawed up very fast. The river bottom land is the most productive that we have, yet most of it overflows, which makes it hard to keep up the fencing. The prairie is good, and generally M :>.«&,• gs, ^^ ^aA^-t^ HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 411 more rolling than some land further from the river. There are no very extensive farmers in the township, James E. Freeman being prob ably the largest. Judge Halley, or John D. Harris (one or the other, some clays one, some days the other), is the heaviest person in the township; they weigh each, from 245 to 265 pounds gross. The oldest person in the township is probably Mrs. Banta (Capt. Law rence Banta's mother), aged, July, 1882, eighty-five years; next is Uncle George Foltz, who is eighty-four. The vote of 1880 Avas, Democratic, 345, Republican, 273, Greenback, 14 — total, 632, and a population at the time (including Newton) of 4,119; value of per sonal property, $115,31*; real estate, $317,805 — total, $433,123. The township Avas first settled in or near where Newton now stands, and, Avith a few exceptions, by as bad a set of roughs as any new county ought to boast of ever having. " WilloAV Hill Township lies due east of Wade and south of Grandville, and if square would be about six and one-quarter miles north and south, and eight miles east and Avest, and is very evenly divided between prairie and timber. The prairie is about all im proved, and but little timber land that is not fenced up. Some of the land is a little flat, but can all be easily drained. There are some very nice farms in the township. John A. Merrick is supposed to be the largest farmer. The township has improved very fast since they got their second railroad, and with one or tAvo good crops, Willow Hill will be booming- The township has ten good school- houses, five church houses, and religious services held in three school- houses; also, two Lodges I. O- O- F-, one A- F. & A. M-, one Knights of Honor, and one Good Templars. The census of 1880 gives them 1,805 whites, and six colored; total, 1,811 souls. The same year their vote stood, Democratic, 226, Republican, 116, Greenback, 9 — total, 351 votes, while they have 379 registered voters. The same year their property Avas assessed: personal, $50,174, real estate, $183,049 — total, $233,223. Their tallest man is Beeler Keeler, who (when straightened out) is six feet, seven inches long. Their oldest person is John Ryan, aged eighty-two years. Abraham Cox is eighty, and Harriet his wife, is seventy-eight, and they have been married over sixty years. " Saint Marie Township is clue south of Willow Hill Township, and is in the southeast corner of the county, is about seven miles north and south, by six east and west, and is mostly timber land, as the Embarrass River runs through the toAvnship. There are some very good farms in the township, and it is mostly in cultivation, 25 412 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. except most of the river bottom lands. The township is improving very fast. It had a population in 1880, of 912, and voted, Demo cratic, 157, Republican, 49 — total, 206; value of property the same year, $176,727 real estate; $38,427, personal; total, $215,154. The township was first settled principally by the French, and afterward by Germans, but now has many Americans therein. "Fox Township, due Avest of Saint Marie Township, was cut off from Saint Marie Township, December, 1876. It is about seven and three-quarters miles north and south, by five miles east and west, and is mostly beautiful prairie, except a strip of timber on Fox Creek, that runs nearly through the township. The prairie is almost all under cultivation, and also part of the timber. The township is improving very fast, especially in good farms. The land generally lays well, and is rich. In 1880, they had a population of 782; voted Democratic, 99, Republican 65 — total, 164; had personal property to the amount of $43,010, real estate, $208,821— total, $251,831. They have some very good farmers who are noted for never failing to raise a good crop. The first settlers were James Jordan, George Mattingly, T. S- Clark, Boos, Kaufman, etc. Joseph Tade, of West Liberty, is the oldest person in the township, age ninety-one; has never used tobacco or whisky, and is quite lively, and has not an enemy in the world. The future prospects for Fox arc very promising. "Smallwood Township lies due west of Fox, and is seven miles north and south and six miles east and west; is over half prairie, which is about all in cultivation and the timber is mostly fenced. The land lies Avell and is being better improved every year. There are a few very nice farms in the township, but no railroad, and no post- office in the township at present. They had a population, in 1880, of 1,114; voted 124 Democratic and 113 Republican; had personal property amounting to $39,607; real estate, $167,778 — total $207,385. The Woods and Smalhvoods were principally the first settlers of the township, aud from them it got its name. William Tate, who is eighty-six years old, is the oldest person in the township; Martin Crouse is almost eighty-five. They are well supplied with school and church houses, and are expecting soon to get one or two railroads through the township. " South Muddy Township is Avest of Smallwood and in the southwest corner of the county, is seven miles north and south by five miles cast and Avest, and is mostty timber, and is about two- thirds in cultivation, Avith a few very large and nice farms. The largest farmer is probably George Obert. They have not at pres- HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY- 413 ent any stores, towns, post-offices or railroads in the toAvnship, but will probably have one, if not Iavo railroads through it- They had in 1880, a population of 1,003; voted Democratic, 97, Republican 82, and Greenback, 12; had personal property valued at $26,060; real estate, $118,559 — total, $144,619- The first settlers, as near as can now be told, were asfolloAvs: Jacob Witzerman and Ira Adamson, in 1839- The following parties settled in the township from 1840 to 1844: John Fields, George Dowthet, Archibald Kerl, Joshua Evans, J. Bates, John and Howard Chestnut, W. H. LeAvis; and two of Mr. Lewis' brothers, who were afterward accused of dealing too much in horses by moon-shine, and they left their country for their country's good." PUBLIC BUILDINGS- Court House- — The position of the first Board of County Commis sioners Avas not an enviable one. The whole machinery of county government was to be organized and set in motion, and there was but very little money with Avhich to accomplish it. The Court and Com missioners found their first accommodations at the house of L. W. Jordan, while the various officials kept their records at their homes. This was not for a great time, however. By the latter part of the year, a log building erected at a small cost stood on the southwest corner of Washington and Jackson streets, and Avas called by com mon consent the court house. The first mention of this building is found in the records under the date of March, 1835, and besides this record no mention is made of it. In December, 1839, the project of building a neAV court house was broached, and at this session the board decided upon the plan of the new edifice. It was to be of brick forty feet square and two stories high; the Avails of the first story to be ten feet high and thirteen inches thick, and of the second story eight feet high and nine inches thick. It was to contain five rooms, two beloAV fifteen feet square, " a hall betAveen at the entrance of the door," and "two rooms above, and the hall before mentioned.'' Above this was the attic, making the five rooms. The specification also required twenty -three windows of twenty-four lights each; Avin- doAv, door frames and shingles to be made of black Avalnut A "bal cony " was also to be constructed on the top of the building, seven feet high and five feet square, and covered by a square roof. The con tract for this structure was, in the following March, given to Benjamin Harris, for $2,875. In the following September, a disagreement arose between the contractor and board, and the plan was modified. The size was changed to thirty-two by forty feet; the dimensions of the walls of the first story were changed to thirteen feet high and eight- 414 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. een inches thick, and the second story thirteen inches thick. The attic was to be lighted by a large half circle Window and the struct ure to front to the north. Under this change the building was pushed forward and accepted in a partially completed condition, in November, 1841. It appears that there Avas a lack of funds, and for nearly a year it was without windows or furniture. In the follow ing March, the records give evidence that the building was suffering from the stress of the weather and in a decayed condition. An effort was made to have it painted but there Avas no money. Recourse Avas had to the school fund, and an attempt was made to realize $200 by the sale of school lands, but this proved abortive. In June, 1843, the records recite the same condition of affairs, and it Avas not until a year later that the building was completely enclosed. At this time it Avas decided to cover twenty-seven feet of the lower room floors with stone. During 1844, shutters were added, and yet the building was far from complete. In the records of June, 1847, sundry citi zens petition the board to allow them to contribute money enough and bring the bonds of the county sufficient to complete the court house up to par. The cost of this work was computed at $300, and the value of the bonds at fifty per cent. This left $150 to be raised by contributions, but this was not raised, as the Legislature in Feb ruary, of this year, authorized the county to raise the money by bor rowing, and a contract Avas let for $590 to put the building in com plete repair. A fence was added at a cost of $60. Even then, the build ing seems to have been in a chronic state of decay, and scarcely a ses sion passed without some appropriation for its repair. At the March session of 1866, $400 were appropriated for this purpose. With con siderable expenditure for minor repairs, the building lasted until 1876, Avhen the old building Avas decided to be unsafe for further use, and a committee appointed to inspect the new court house at Olney, aud similar buildings elsewhere, and ascertain the cost of erecting a new one at Newton. The one at Olney became the model, and bids were invited for the construction of a similar one here. In September, 1876, bids Avere examined, presented by John Bar low, of Olney, for $32,000, to which were to be added for four fur naces, $850; for furniture and seats, as Olney, $2,800, and for grad ing and paving, $800, making a total of $37,950. W. E. Gray, of Alton, 111., bid $32,064; Casper Nolte, $30,796.29; G. Gaddis, $29,500; J. I. Lagrange and Charles Eppinghowser, $32,000. The latter sub mitted drawings of the present superstructure, and called atten tion to their bid by some explanatory jiotes, "stating distinctly that HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 415 the building, as proposed, contains the following advantages over and above the Olney court house, to Avit: I. A solid stone foundation. II. Stone jambs and extra stone string corners around the entire building. III. Fireplaces in chief apartments, heavy corner piers which contain ventilating flues. IV- Four large windows in second story hall. V. The toAver is framed clear doAvn to ceiling joists of roof. VI. The dome is covered with tin and galvanized iron work, such as cornice brackets, columns, panels, etc VII- The dome is crowned with a life-size statue of Liberty cast in spelter metal, which never rusts nor corrodes. VIII. The cornice on gable is orna mented with galvanized iron panels. IX. The gable is provided Avith such scroll Avork to ventilate under the roof and ornament the gables. X. The slate roof is of the ornamental French slate in different col ored slates and patterns. XI. The front porch is provided with a floor of stone along the entire front of building." Without these " extras " the bid was reduced to $28,000. After some minor changes, the contract was awarded to the firm of Lagrange & Eppinghowser, for $34,165, which was to be paid in county bonds, the county authorities to afford them every facility to a successful negotiation of them. In the following April, how ever, the board agreed to pay the contractors cash, the latter dis counting their price $1,000- The county thereupon issued some $16,000 in bonds, which they sold to James Mason, the highest bid der. In May, 1878, the building was finished and accepted, and is a structure of which the county may well be proud. There are six large, commodious offices on the first, with a good sized court room and six large rooms on the second floor. The Avhole structure, while ornamental as Avell as substantial, is conveniently arranged and excellently adapted for the purposes for Avhich it Avas designed. In repairing the dome to stop certain leakages, the anchorage was weakened, and in 1880, the dome was considered in clanger ofbloAV- ing down in the event of a high Avind. This damage was repaired by some rather crude bracing, which detracts from the ornamental character of the dome, and gives it the appearance of a partially completed work. With this exception, the building is in good repair, and apparently but at the beginning of a long period of use fulness. The Jail — The community first gathered in the county was such as to need the salutory restraint of a place of confinement, and one of the first public buildings was a jail. Like the court house, the first struct ure erected for the detention of criminals av as a rude affair constructed 416 HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. of logs by L. W. and James Jordan, for which the county paid $370- This building stood on the west side of the public square, and con sisted of a stout log pen, with no openings in the sides save such as were needed for air. Access was gained by means of a trap-door on the top, which was reached by means of a ladder. At a later date, it is said, this door Avas held closed by sundry logs piled upon it to resist the attempts of those confined in the cell to gain their free dom. The prisoner was taken to the top and loAvered by a rope, or otherwise, to the cell, and for some years this contrivance ansAvered the purposes of a jail very satisfactorily. The building was finished in the early summer of 1835, and served without considerable repairs until 1839, when it was Aveather boarded and banked about with dirt to the Avidth of eight feet. In 1851, this building Avas reported by the grand jury as insecure. The floor timbers Avere found to be rot ten, and the whole structure sadly out of repair. It was, therefore, decided to repair it with heavy two-inch planks and otherAvise, at a 'cost of $22. In 1856, this topic again became prominent, and the Board, ris ing to the demand of the occasion, record the following high sound ing pronunciamienlo: " Whereas, it appears that the present jail, in the town of Newton, is in a very dilapidated state, and unfit for the indwelling or abode of prisoners who may be arrested for the perpe tration of crimes, etc.; and in order that a sufficient depository be provided," etc., the Board " thought proper to build a superstructure of the following description, to-Avit: To be built of stone, two stories high, the first story to be eight feet between floors, the second story to be seven feet between floors; the first story to be of large hewed stones, well fitted together Avith good lime mor tar ; to be set into the ground according to the direction of the com mittee hereinafter appointed for that purpose; the wall to be tAvo feet thick, with sufficient iron grates for light and ventilation; the wall of the second story to be one foot and six inches thick, also built of good dressed stone and mortar as before stated ; the under floor to be made of stone, one foot thick, solid stone; the second floor of hewed timber, ten inches thick, and not to be less than ten nor more than fifteen inches in Avidth; to be of good sound white or burr oak or walnut; the roof to be raftered with good durable tim ber, and covered with black walnut shingles, of sufficient thickness to make a light strong roof; the third floor to be laid of two inch oak boards, well dressed, not to exceed seven inches in width; the door to be made of good durable timber, sufficiently strapped with HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 417 iron, with a sufficient lock and key to be made by a skillful Avork- man; a trap door to be made in the center of the second floor, to be made in like manner." This structure, which embodied the principles of the first jail, was 16x20 feet in size, and was located on Jackson Street, north of the public square. There was frequent use for it, and the lock, which it was stipulated should be made " by a skillful workman," proved recreant to its trust on its first trial. A stave had been care lessly left in the upper room,Jand with this the prisoner shot back the bolt and deliberately Avalked up town. From this time until 1858, the "Stone Jail" was used as a "depository for prisoners who were arrested for the perpetration of crimes," etc., Avith varying assurance of finding them when required. In June of this year, however, the grand jury found the upper room unfit for the purpose, and filthy; the lower room, it was reported, would keep prisoners if well guarded by officers, provided the occupants had no friends outside; otherwise the stronghold and officers Avere of no avail. Upon the return of this report, the County Court forthwith ordered the building sold so as^,to bring the largest possible returns to the county. O'Kean was appointed to consummate this sale, but he reported at the next ses sion of the court that it could not be profitably disposed of, when the court ordered the structure patched up with planks. So, until January, 1872, the stone jail represented the retribution power of the county. At this date a new jail was projected, a plau agreed upon, and the contract let to John J. Rider and Charles Guthrick. The present brick structure on the southeast corner of the public square is the result of this action. It is 45x28 feet, with jailor's apartments below and four iron cells above. The orig inal cells were constructed with a quarter inch boiler iron top and bottom. These and the building, Avith eight iron bed-steads, a furnace in the cellar, etc., were contracted for at a cost of $9,500, and the whole structure accepted in May, 1873. The cells were subsequently found defective, and in 1882 two iron cells and a corridor Avere con structed by P. J. Pauley & Bro., of Saint Louis, at a cost of $3,000- The work was accepted December 22, 1882- The present jail cannot be said to bo well placed or to be in keeping with the enterprise and taste displayed in the construction of the court house. The jailor's quarters are hardly less confined than those of the prisoners, and are so placed in front of the whole town as to afford no retirement to its inmates whatever. The prison part is up to the latest improvements in its furniture and 418 HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY." arrangement, but lacks in capacity, one would think, when it is considered that the municipal authorities have the use of the cells. County Charities. — The care of the pauper population is a sub ject that taxes the best statesmanship to the utmost, and the admin istration of county boards is not always shown in a favorable light by the treatment of this subject. To relieve the worthy poor in such a way as to add no disgrace therewith, and to avoid giving encour agement to indolent indigence, is not an easy matter to put in practice by means of public charities even Avhen supported by large endowments and guided by wealthy philanthropists. In Jasper County the poor have been farmed out from the beginning. While this system is open to many serious objections, it does not seem to have resulted poorly here. At first, persons supported at public expense were contracted to the lowest bidder, and the advertised "sale of paupers" was calculated at first glance to startle the uniniti ated. The care of the poor in this way fell to various persons more or less interested in their welfare, but as the pauper class increased in numbers, and manylwho had no relatiAres in this part of the world were added, their support became more entirely a 'matter of profit and loss. Thus it occurred later, that some one with extra facilities for the purpose, contracted to care for the whole pauper charge of the county. The conditions of the contract required the contractor "to receive all paupers of the county, as well as all insane or idiotic pau pers not otherwise provided for by the county," and "to provide a secure and separate room-for such idiots and insane paupers as he may at any time have on hand; also all foreign or transient paupers, idiots and insane persons that may require assistance from the county when notified by any one or more of the supervisors of said county, and said contractor shall be responsible to the board of said county for all charges that may accrue after he shall have been notified, until he takes them under his care; also for the burial expenses of all paupers, idiots and insane persons avIio may die in the county, when notified, provided he may be so notified before said pauper or insane person or persons die." The contractor was further obliged to provide "comfortable and decent clothing," "good and proper medical attendance," and to bury such as died in a "respectable manner." For all this the contractor received two dollars and a half per week for each pauper- It can hardly be said that the results achieved Avere worthy of high praise. One contractor constructed buildings which satisfied the demands of the official interpretations of "comfort and decency," HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. 419 and so he monopolized the business of caring for the poor for a num ber of years. In September, 1880, a farm of 160 acres was purchased at a cost of $2,000- Upon this property suitable but cheap buildings have been erected, and the method is to give the contractor the use of the farm and pay a price per Aveek for each pauper varying from $1.60 some years, to $2 at other times. In addition to this, some help is rendered families who are temporarily in need, and the service of a physician is contracted for all within an area of sixteen square miles about the county-seat, at a gross sum for the Avhole. COURTS AND CRIME. The first term of court Avas held at Newton, on March 30, 1835 Justin Harlan presiding as Judge, and O. B. Ficklin attending as State's Attorney. Lewis Jordan presented his bond as Sheriff, and the court appointed John Barnes to the office of Clerk of the Court, to hold the same during his good behavior. The composition of the first juries is noted in the preceding pages. It is said that the grand jury held their session under a tree in the vicinity of Jordan's house, when the court convened. Their session was of short duration, how ever, as the record concludes as follows: "This day the grand jury came into court, and having had no business and not having a pros pect of any, were discharged." At the October term Judge Alex ander F. Grant presided. At this term indictments for "fornica tion" were returned against John Imlow and Trapheny May, and an appeal case, Lorenzo D. Skidmore against John Harmon, was decided by judgment for the plaintiff, for $3.87. The first chancery business appears in the records under date of 1836, in an action by Lott Watts, administrator of F Claycomb against heirs of F. Claycomb, deceased, to sell lands, etc The case against ImloAv Avas brought to trial and the defendant found guilty, though the case of Trapheny May was continued on the presentation of a demurrer, and was eventually never brought to trial. This one-sided justice may perhaps be explained upon the fact stated by Judge Ficklin, that the petit jury was composed of many of the indicting grand jury, who, for the sake of consistency, brought in a prompt verdict. The criminal docket for a number of years rather exceeded the civil calender in the number of cases. Among the earlier presentments are noted indictments for "rioting," "altering marks on hogs," "trespass," "larceny," "assault with intent to murder," "recognizance to keep the peace," "trespass, vi et armis," "assault with deadly weapons," "open lewdness," "riot," etc. The crimes charged appear in the records 420 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. in the above order, but too often with a scandalous frequency of repetition of " assault and indecency." If the dockets of the local magistrates could be read, this record would be lengthened and its characteristics intensified. The general testimony of records and tradition is that Newton bore the reputation of a community bordering on outlawry. It is even suggested that some of the most Ariolent here in an early day Avere some Avho had left their early homes in Kentucky to avoid the consequences of their violent conduct. At all events, the society of Newton from 1835 to 1840 was a successful organization against the encroachments of civilization. About the latter date some few rep resentatives of muscular Christianity came into the county, and a contest betAveen the two social systems at once sprang up. Between these opposing forces the courts stood the legal, but too often the ineffectual arbiter. The juries Avere too much in sympathy with the lawless majority to bring in a just verdict, and the courts strongly imbued with the free and easy spirit of the frontier did little to impress the people with the majesty of law. Out of court the judges mingled with laAvyers and jury and vied with the most expert liar in telling stories of frontier exploits. Judge Harlan, who pre sided over this circuit for several years, was respected as an upright judge and sound lawyer, but his stories, though told with all the gravity and earnestness of legal decision, were accepted Avith many grains of allowance. In court, the early judges frequently assumed powers that were extra-judicial to say the least, but Avere generally maintained by the gravity with which they imposed their dictum upon the less distinguished bar. It is related, on one occasion a lawyer was citing a recent act of the legislature in regard to some feature of the case in haud. Judge Harlan listened to the citation, and with an exclamation of disgust, said: "The legislature cannot be fool enough to' pass such an act as that," and forthwith overruled it, to the no little chagrin and dismay of the attorney. It is said that the legislature concurred iii the good sense of Judge Harlan, and repealed the act at the next session. Judge Wilson succeeded Harlan on this circuit. He is represented as a great stickler for the respect due to the court and to himself as Judge. It is related ou one occasion, while the Avhole Court and Bar was in procession, moving from one appoint ment to another, a lawyer, possessed of a spirited span of horses, tired of the sIoav jogging pace with which Wilson lead the way, turned out and soon let the dust of his team fly in the " Court's " eyes. HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. 421 A few miles beyond a town Avas reached and dinner served. Here the Judge took occasion to administer a rebuke to the presumptuous attorney, and lecture him upon the respect due the court. He could forget this dignified' bearing, however, when occasion offered. One day in Court at Newton, it is said, the lie was given by some of the contestants in a case. All was uproar in a moment, but above the din Wilson could be heard shouting: " Mr. Sheriff, the d — d lie has been given ! adjourn the Court ! adjourn the Court ! " and the fight proceeded. It is difficult to belieAre the tales of lawlessness that are related of the early days of Newton, but some are so well authenticated that it is impossible to refuse them credence. About 1840-45, a case was brought before the local magistrate, where the defendant was per mitted to carry his shot gun into the court room to guard an attempt upon his life. The gun was well loaded and placed in a corner of the room, near at hand, but becoming interested in the case and while giving evidence, the other parties to the case quietly seized the gun and were about to shoot its owner when bystanders interfered, and the load was discharged in the ceiling. These offenders were John and Samuel Pullice, noted for their reckless exploits. It required several men to overpower them and commit them to the jail. Subsequently, these men were released, when they at once set about carrying into effect the threat which they had made to kill the persons instrumental in thwarting their vengeance in the court room. Fortunately their victims "got the drop on them," and the awkwardness of the position was relieved by the retreat of the avengers. A message was sent them, however, that night, that if they did not decamp they would both be waylaid and killed before the end of another day. They left for the time, and one by one the terrorists of the day were driven out, or conquered by the only means which they feared or employed against others. The more violent forms of lawlessness ceased Avith the death or removal of the leading spirits of the ruffianly cabal that early held sway, but all forms of larceny, from a petty theft to the stealing of horses, and even houses, were unfortunately common up to the begin ning of the war. An unique case of theft was the stealing of a brick house, which occurred about this time. Bricks were Arery high in price and scarce in the county at that time, and unprotected prop erty offered a temptation that the average morals of the people could not resist. A new brick dwelling had been erected by a Mr. Wood, Avho resided in Indiana. On completing his house, Mr. Wood went 422 HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. to bring his family here, but in the meanwhile his wife died, and he was forced to modify his plans. His property was left in the care of Mr. T. J. Martin, who was astonished to soon learn that the whole end of the house had been stolen. Before spring every vestige of the house from chimney top to foundation stone Avas stolen, the material finding its way into various structures, a part finding its way, innocently, into the chimney of a church. This was done within four miles of the county-seat, and strange to say, neither the owner or agent was able to discover the despoilers of the property. Simi lar outrages were perpetrated wherever a house was temporarily abandoned, the chimneys of a house, almost Avithin the limits of the village, being stolen. COUNTY OFFICIALS- The general affairs of the county were administered at first by three Commissioners, elected for the term of one year. In 1838, this was changed by the election of three to serve for one, two and three years, respectively, the term of each one to be decided by lot. There after the term was to be three years, and but one member of the Board to be elected each year. The first election in January, 1835, resulted in the selection of Richards, Mattingly and Claycomb. The regular election occurred in the following August, when Richards, Mattingly and Wade were returned. The Commissioners of the county therefore have been as folloAvs: 1835 — William M. Richards, George Mattingly, F. W. H. Claycomb, L. D. Wade; 1836— Thomas GarAvood, Benjamin Lamb, Jesse M. Heard; 1837 — Michael Grove, Lamb and Heard; 1838 — Richards (for two years), Grove (for one year), Robert Ross (for three years); 1839 — John I. Pullis; 1840 — Stephan'us Hunt ; 1841 — William H.Stephens; 1842 — Samuel Gar- avoocI; 1843 — John Roberts; 1844 — Felix Brownfield; 1845 — John Bussell; 1846 — Richard Vanderhoof; 1846, William Hunt was elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of BroAvnfield; 1847 — Christian W. Sharrick; December, 1847, John Roberts was elected to succeed Bussell, who resigned; 1848 — Michael Grove. April 13, 1849, the Act of the Legislature, establishing a County Court in each county, passed February 12, 1849, went into effect By this act the regular election was put on the Tuesday after the first- Monday in November. This court consisted of a Judge and tAvo As sociates, Avho held their offices four years. This court was " vested Avith all the powers and jurisdictions of the Probate Court, as now (then) established by law, and appeals may be taken from and writs HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 423 of certiorari prosecuted upon its judgments, rendered under the pow ers conferred in this act, in the manner prescribed by law, in case of similar judgments render by the Probate Court. The County Court shall have concurrent jurisdiction Avith the Circuit Court in hearing and determining all applications for the sale of real estate of deceased persons, for the payments of debts of said decedents, and may make all orders and render all judgments on such applications that the Circuit Court might or could make, or render in similar cases. And the orders and judgments of said court shall have the same force, power, and effect as the orders and judgments of the Circuit Court in like cases; and final process may issue as from the Circuit Court. " Sec 14. The County Judge shall be a conservator of the peace, and shall have the same civil and criminal jurisdiction as the Justices of the Peace in this State; and shall have the same power and authority to preserve order in the court, and punish contempts offered the court Avhile in session, that the Circuit Court now pos sesses. "Sec 15. The said Judge, Avith two Justices of the Peace, des ignated and provided for, shall, in all cases Avhatever, set as a County Court; have, exercise and possess all the power, jurisdiction and authority heretofore conferred by law on the County Commissioners' Court of this State; and shall sit for the transaction of county bus iness on the first Mon; lays of December, March, June, and Septem ber, in every year, and shall continue open until all the business before them is disposed of," etc. Under this act the following Judges Avere elected, November, 1849: William Bridges, Judge, and James E. James, and H. S. Stump, Associates. In 1853, A. R. Bridges, who was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Bridges, avus elected Judge for a full term, Avith Benjamin Leaman and William Hutson, as Associates. 1857 — William S- Lee, Judge; William H- Eidson, and Armstead Ward, Associates. In 1859, township organization put an end to the County Court, and the following Supervisors have served the various townships: For Willow Hill Township— J. P. Madden, from 1860 to 1861; James Stewart, 1862; John Halterman, 1863; S. B. Parr, 1864; J. H. Brinson, 1865; J- C- Ireland, from 1866 to 1867; James Stewart, 1868; Thomas Neal, 1869; T. K. Miller, 1870; Abram Ridlen, from 1871 to 1873; George Trowbridge, from 1873 to 1874; J. H. Brin son, from 1875 to 1876; J. G Ireland, from 1877 to 1878; Milton 424 HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. Sims, 1879; C. L. Whitacre, 1880; Samuel Bowman, 1881; G L. Whitacre, 1882; G. M. Selby, 1883. Smallwood Township— Daniel T. Hinds, 1860; Philetus S- Need- ham, 1861 to 1862; John Brown, Sr., 1863 to 1865; Jesse Kellum, 1866 to 1867; J. J- Sampson, 1868; D. T- Hinds, 1869; Samuel King, 1870; John W- Hovey, Jr., 1871; Milton Monroe, 1872; Peter Jack son, 1873; Lyman Randall, 1874 to 1875; John Brown, 1876 to 1877; A- A. Hawkins, 1878 to 1880; John Breedlove, 1881 to 1882; Thomas J. Kirk, 1883. South Muddy— William Wood, 1860 to 1862; Walter Pruett, 1863 to 1865; Eli Devore, 1866 to 1867; Walter Pruett, 1868; Hezekiah Hastings, 1869; David L. Johnson, 1870; H- Hastings, 1871; Israel I. Whaley, 1872 to 1874; Robert G. Scott, 1875 to 1876; George Obert, 1877; J- W. Lewis, 1878; Lyman Randall, 1879 to 1880; W- P. Wakefield, 1881; J. H. Mahoney, 1882 to 1883. Grandville Township — Stephen Stevens, 1860 to 1862; Zimri Hunt, 1863; Israel Jared, 1864 to 1866; Henry Clark, 1867; Z- H McCubbins, 1868 to 1872; Jos. Loamon, 1873 to 1876; G F. M. Morey, 1877 to 1883- Crooked Creek Township — Reuben Carr, I860; Michael Lyda, 1861; Uriah Hunt, 1862; A. P. Broadereck, 1863 to 1865; J. L. Elder, 1866; William McElwee, 1867; Jos. Cummins, 1868 to 1869; Elijah Moore, 1870; Jos. Cummins, 1871; J. M. Melton, 1872 to 1873; William M. Jones,. 1874; J. M. Melton, 1875; William W-Hays, 1876; John M. Melton, 1877; Jos. Cummins, 1878 to 1882; Thomas J.Warren, 1883. Grove Township— A. M- Eagleton, 1860; James L- Crews, 1864 resigned and on June 21, A. H- Strode was appointed; James L CreAvs, 1865 to 1866; George Kibler, 1867; James L. CreAvs, 1868 D. P. Smith, 1869; Silas W- Wishard, 1870 to 1871; Jas L. CreAvs 1872; Lewis Epperson, 1873 to 1875; James L. Crews, 1876 to 1877; D. P. Smith, 1878; Noah D. Myers, 1879 to 1881; A. L. Newlin, 1882; A. D. Kibler, 1883. North Muddy— Thomas Foster, 1860; Ogden Monnell, 1861; S- B. Smith,; 1862 to 1866; John O. Wheeler, 1867 to 1868; Adam Halem, 1869; W. LI. Ward,. 1870 to 1871; William G. Gilson, 1872; John Mason, 1873 to 1876; William Gilson, 1877; J. W. Honey, 1878; Alexander Wilson, 1879 to 1883. Wade Township— Johu Brooks, 1860 to 1865; George W. Blair 1866 to 1867; John Dumont, 1868 to 1870; J. Q. Webb, 1871; Ful ler Nigh, 1872 to 1873; John Schaekman, 1874; S. R. Barker, 1875 HISTORY" OF JASPER COUNTY. 425 to 1878; John Dumont, 1879 to 1880; John II. Maxwell, 1881 to 1882; S. R. Barker, 1883. Saint Marie ToAvnship— Jos. Picquet, 1860 to 1862; S- B. Ctoav- ley, 1863; Jos. Picquet, 1864 to 1866; James McVey, 1867; Jos. Picquet, 1868 to 1871; Thomas Gibson, 1872 to 1873; Jesse R. Johu- son, 1874; Thomas Gibson, 1875 to 1876; Daniel O'Donnell, 1877; John J. Rider, 1878 to 1880; Jos. L. Ponsot, 1*81; J. E. Jacquet, 1882 to 1883. Fox Township — Colmore Harris, 1877; S- L. Dickerson, 1878; Joseph F. Compton, 1879 to 1880: Anthony Litzelman, Lssl to 1882; J. L. Jessup, 1883. The other officials of the county have been as follows: Sheriffs — Lewis W. Jordan, from 1835 to 1840; Si. Barnes elected but could not fill bond; the Coroner, Jonathan G Connelly, served to 1841; James Bridges, to 1846; W. J. Arnold, to 1848; Jacob L. Wagner, to 1850; Christian Sharrick, to 1852; Jacob L. Wagner, to 1854; John Kern, to 1856; J. E. James, to 1858; T. C. Melton, to 1860; William Shup, to 1862; Fuller Nigh, to 1864; Har vey Love, elected, but died; John L. Elder, to 1868; S- B. Crowley, to 1872; James Cummins, to 1874; J. W. Selby, 1879, then ran off; Eugene Hartrich, to 1880; William Trainoris the present Sheriff. Circuit Clerk — Did the business for both County and Circuit Courts. First Clerk, John Barnes, appointed in '1835, and in 1838, he ran off; Hiram Wade was appointed, and held the office until 1857, when the office Avas divided; E. W- Curtiss was elected County Clerk, and held the office until 1869, when Robert Leach Avas elected, and held the office to 1873, when H. K. Powell was elected, and is still County Clerk. William M- Jones was elected Circuit Clerk in 1857, and served to 1868, then Ogden Monell was elected, and served to 1872, then W- G. ^Williams was elected, and is the present Clerk- County Treasurers — The County Commissioner appointed Tim othy Garwood County Treasurer in 1835, and in 1837 they appointed L- D- Wade; in March , Z. S- Freeman was appointed, and in August the same year, W- J. Arnold was appointed; in March, 1839, G. S. Freeman Avas appointed; in August, 1840, W. J. Arnold Avas elected; in 1841, Charles Guthnick Avas appointed, and in January, 1842, he resigned, and March 15th, M. O'Kean was appointed and elected until 1857, Avhen William M. Jones was elected; in 1859, Mordecai Bartley *was elected; in 1861, John G Brockmau was elected; in 1865, Robert Leach was elected; in 1869, S- R- Barker; 1871, Samuel Brewer Avas elected, but left the county, and W. L 426 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Heath filled out the time; in 1873, D. P. Smith was elected; in 1875, W. L. Heath was elected, and again in 1877; in 1879, D. P. Smith was elected, and is the present Treasurer. Surveyors — There seemed to be no regular Surveyor, as the board, it appears, appointed a special one for special occasions until 1843, when William Bridges came in and held the office until 1851, when Levi Barnes was elected, but resigned, and Calvin MaxAvell filled out his time; 1853, A. W- Ball elected; 1855, John M. Love elected; 1857, Robert Leach elected, and held the office until 1863, when William Kilgore was elected, and held until 1871, when S- B. Brown was elected, and held until 1879, when William Kilgore was again elected, and is yet Surveyor. County Judges — W. S- Lee, Judge, from 1857 until 1864, Avhen J- E- James was elected, and held to 1872, when William Carter was elected, and died in 1876, Avhen R. B. Moffitt Avas elected to fill vacancy; in 1877, James W.Gibson Avas elected, and (1882) is the pres ent Judge. School Commissioners — 183S, Lawrence Hollenback appointed; September, 1839, Lewis W- Jordan; 1841, Jordan removed and James Bridges appointed; February 5, 1842, M. O'Kean was elected, and was County Treasurer at that time, aud in August, Samuel Garwood was elected School Commissioners; in 1843, M. O'Kean came in again; William Nigh, elected November, 1857, and died December of same year; Winston Mayo appointed January, 185S, to fill vacancy; 1859, 1. PL Walker, elected; 1861, Joseph Schifferstein elected; 1865, I. H. Walker again elected ; 1869, P. S. McLaughlin ; 1873, G S James ; 1877, J. F. Arnold, and appointed by the Supervisors in 1881, for one year, and re-appointed for 1882 and 1883. States Attorneys — Prior to 1872, the State's Attorneys Avere elected for several counties, or for a district; J. P. Harrah elected in 1872; G. W. Fithian elected in 1876, and again in 1880, and is the present State's Attorney. Coroners — There seems to have been no records kept of Coro ners until 1866, Avhen J. W. Williams was elected; 1872, George R. Weller was elected; 1873,Charles Yelton,; 1874, J. B. Harris; 1876, John Kern, (he died); 1877, A. B. Faller; 1878, Phillip Krebs; 1880, J. E. Stretcher (he died), and in 1881, Phillip Krebs Avas again elected, but subsequently moved to Kansas, and Jos. W. Hessler was elected in 1882. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 427 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. EARLY' SETTLERS AND MODES OF LIFE. The pioneers of Jasper County came principally from Kentucky, with a number from Indiana, Ohio, aiid the far Eastern and Southern states. Most of these families were nurtured in the older settlements of the states, and had been trained in the stern school of experience to meet and conquer the difficulties of a new country. But the prob lem here, presented difficulties which required personal ingenuity, perseverance and courage, to successfully treat. The timber Avhich skirted the margin of the numerous rivers, diAdded the country into timber land and prairie into almost equal divisions, offering to the superficial view the happiest combination for the frontier farmer. Every immigrant supplied his own means of reaching his des tined home. The pioneer from Pennsylvania, Ohio and the Southern states, betrayed his nativity and prejudice in the schooner-shaped wagon box, the stiff tongue, the hinder wheels double the size of the forward ones and closely coupled together, the whole drawn by a team of four or six horses, which Avere guided by a single line in the hands of a teamster riding the " nigh wheeler." His harness Avas of gigantic proportions. What, between the massiAre leather breeching, the heavy hames and collar, the immense housings of bear skin upon the hames, the heavy trace chains and the ponderous double-tree and whiffletrees, the poor beasts seemed like humanity in a chain gang, or some terrible monsters which human ingenuity could scarcely fet ter securely. The Eastern immigrant from New York or farther east, was marked as far as his caravan could be seen, by a long-coupled, low-boxed two-horse Avagon, provided Avith a seat, from which Avith double lines, the driver guided his lightly harnessed horses. There was about part of the outfit, evidences of the close calculation of means to an end, and an air of utility which left no room fordoubt as to the practicality of the maker in every part of it. The open country, where circumstances favored, was undoubtedly far superiorlfor farming to the timber land, but aside from the flies that infestedjthat portion of the country and the general wet condition of the soil, the settlers imbued with the logical deductions of their 26 428 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. earlier experiences, looked with distrust upon the prairie. The gen eral impression was, that only the timber belts would ever be inhab ited; the prairie swept by fires of summer, and by the piercing blasts of winter, seemed little better than a desert, and for several years there was not a cabin in Jasper County built more than a hundred yards from the timber. The necessity of the situation made the cabins similar in size, style and material. The pioneer having selected a site on some pros pecting tour, or being attracted to a certain region by the report of friends, came with all his worldly possessions on wagons, and, mak ing selection of a farm, chose a site for his cabin, and set at once to build it. Trees Avere felled, logs of the proper length chopped off and drawn to the building site, and willing neighbors for miles about invited to the raising. Rude as these structures were, it needed no little handicraft to erect them, and it was not long before the special ability of each member of the community, entailed upon him his spe cial duty on these occasions. The logs trimmed, " saddled " and prop erly assorted, Avere placed in the pen-shape of the cabin; the gable ends were run up Avith regularity, shortening logs shaped them at the ends, alloAved for the slope of the roof ; on these the long roof poles two feet apart stretched from end to end, served as foundation for the clap boards, Avhich, riven by the froe from bolts of oak, were placed and held secure by " weight poles " held firm by pegs or stones. Then fol lowed the sawing out of the doorway and windows, the chinking of the cracks with pieces of riven timber; the calking Avith a mixture of mud and chopped hay; the construction of floors and a door from puncheons, and the building of chimneys of "cat and clay." Hinges were supplied from rawhide or timber, and the Avooden latch reached from the outside by means of an attached leather latch-string passing through a hole in the door, Avas often the only protection against forcible entrance. Later experiences introduced the use of heavy wooden bars, but the proverbial expression of early hospitality was the hangiug out of the latch-string. The local characteristics of the early settlers cropped even in the construction of their ''chim neys. FeAV of the early cabins were more than one-story high, and the chimney placed on one side was constructed in the case of the Southerner or Iiidianian on the outside of his cabin, while the rest built inside, the top in all cases scarcely reaching the height of the ridge. The interior of the cabin was marked by the same general simi larity. In each the rude fireplace shed abroad its genial warmth of HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY'. 429 hospitality or aided in the preparation of the table's cheer. The " crane " hung with iron pots and kettles, and the Dutch oven half submerged in coals, were in all cabins the "eAddence of things not seen," and furnished forth under the guidance of the deft housewife, a meal which is still sighed for as the " grace of a day that is dead." The " corn pone," or when so exceptionally fortunate as to be able to use flour, the hop yeast or salt-rising bread, the " chicken fixings," the game, the fresh luscious vegetables, are memories that more pre tentious clays have not dimmed in the hearts of those who knew them. The latter-day inventions of saleratusand baking powder had their pro totype in the pearlash, which was prepared by burning the potash, so common then, upon the lid of the " bake kettle," the sputtering green ish flame produced by the process, in the meanwhile, enforcing upon the childish minds of the household the stern doctrines of the hereafter. The frontier cabin as a rule contained but one room, which served all the domestic and social purposes of the family unchanged. Curtains arranged about the beds suggested the retire ment of sleeping apartments, while the cheerful blaze of the fireplace afforded an unstinted glow to the whole establishment. The women of those days ate not the bread of idleness. They were indeed the helpmates of father, brother and husband, and no where in the world did man prove such an unbalanced, useless machine, as the unmarried pioneer in this western wild. While the man with masterful energy conquered the difficulties of a new coun try, and asserted his sovereignty over an unsubdued wilderness, it was woman's hand that turned its asperities into blessings, and made conquered nature the handmaid of civilization. The surplusproduct of the farm sufficed to supply a slender stock of tea, coffee, sugar and spices, with an occasional hat for the man and a calico dress for the woman. All else must be derived from the soil. Hoav this Avas accomplished, the occasional relics of a flax wheel, brake, spinning wheel or loom suggest. To card and spin, to dye and weave, were accomplishments that all women possessed. Housekeeping was crowded into the smallest possible space, and the preparation of linen, of " linsey-woolsey," and stocking yarn, with their adaptation to the wants of the family, became, to Arary the catechism, the chief end of woman. About these homely industries gathered all the pride of Womanly achievement, the mild dissipations of early society, and the hopes of a future competence, a social foundation, of which the proud structure of this great commonwealth bears eloquent testimony. But with all this helpful self-reliance indoors, there was plenty 430 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. to engage the vigorousactivity of the male portion of the family out o f doors. The exigencies of the situation allowed no second experiment, and a lifetime success or failure hung upon the efforts of the pioneer. The labor of the farm was carried on under the most discour aging circumstances. The rude agricultural implements and the too often inadequate supply of these allowed of no economical expendi - ture of strength, and for years rendered the frontier farmer's life a hand to hand struggle of sheer muscle and physical endurance with the stubborn difficulties of nature. The location of the cabins along the border of the lowlands that form the site of most of the timber, exposed the early settlers at their most vulnerable point. During a considerable part of the year, the almost stagnant water of the slug gish streams filled the air with miasmatic poison that hung in dense fog over stream and grove like a destroying spirit. The difficulty expe rienced in securing good water often rendered it necessary for the farmers to drink from stagnant pools. That the " fever and ague " should stalk through the land, a veritable Nemesis, was inevitable under such circumstances, and many a hardy pioneer was cowed and fairly shaken out of the country in the chilly grasp of this grim mon ster. But having withstood these discouragements and secured a har vest, the greater disappointment came in the utter lack of markets. After a year of labor, privation and sickness, the moderate crop, would hardly bear the expense of getting it to market. How this country was settled and improved under such circumstances can be explained upon none of the settled principles of political economy. Retreat, there was none, and that homely phrase " root hog, or die," was borne in upon the pioneer by his daily experience with a benumbing iter ation that must have wrought ruin to any class of people of less hardy mental and physical health. , In such a community, where "the richest were poor, and the poor lived in abundance," there was no chance for the growth of caste, and families for miles around Avere linked together as one neighborhood by the social customs of the times, which, in the spirit of true democracy, drew the line at moral worth alone. The amuse ments of a people taking their character from the natural surround ings of the community, were here chiefly adapted to the masculine taste. Hunting and fishing were always liberally rewarded, while log cabin raisings, the opening of court with its jury duty, and the Saturday afternoon holiday with its scrub horse race, its wrestling match, its jumping or quoit pitching, and perhaps a fight or two, afforded entertainments that never lost their zest. It was a common HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 431 remark, however, that " Illinois furnished an easy berth for men and oxen, but a hard one for women and horses." So long as the com munity gathered in Jasper County lacked easy communication, but little progress was made toAvard a higher civilization Avith its greater advantages and responsibilities. Indeed, not until the coming of railroads, Avhich put the community somewhat nearer the level of the surrounding communities, did Jasper lose its early reputation of lawlessness and low standard in morals. EARLY TRAVEL AND EARLY ROADS. To one who has known nothing more difficult than to follow the plainly marked highways of later days, the discouragements of frontier traveling are incomprehensible. The alternations of timber and prairie were unmarked save by the trail of the hogs that led a winding and uncertain way to their favorite places of Avallowing. The earliest thoroughfare was the Palestine and Vandalia road, which passed through the territory of Jasper County on the town ship line between toAvnships number six and seven. This was the line on which it was laid out, but the method of establishing a road at that time left its course much plainer upon paper than upon the face of the country. For a time the temporary stakes and markings served the ingenuity and skill of the early teamster sufficient to bring him to his journey's end, but a little later all certain trace had disappeared. The character of the prairie sod and the lightness of the traArel prevented the establishment of the usual wagon trail that one of to-day might expect, but there were other indices that were scarcely less sure, under favoring circumstances, to the pioneer. The concentrated travel had the effect of killing out the stemgrass, the place of which was soon occupied by a yellow blossomed, gummy, resinous weed of little height, and which thus served to mark the established trail. This trail, hoAvever, varied very considerably from the established route, each traveler, unchecked by fences or cultivated fields, marking out his own particular course along the general line. This guide, it will be observed, was an uncertain one even in a clear day to one accustomed to such experiences, but the frequent points of timber here furnished to the initiated never-failing landmarks which the settler learned to distinguish with the precision of a mod ern signboard. To strangers (and there were many such in a grow ing community) all this was not so intelligible, and once sure of a trail its various divisions and crossings were confusing and distracting to the last degree. 432 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. Travel in the daytime, however, was not attended with great risks, but the swarms of "green-headed flies" which infested the prairie practically disbarred the traveler from using the larger part of the day in prosecuting his journey. The unfortunate animal ex posed to their attack would be covered with these voracious insects from the drying of the deAV in the morning until its fall in the even ing, and such was the vigor and effectiveness of their attacks that no animal could sustain it long. Horses and cattle became frantic as when attacked by bees, and work and travel were practically , sus pended from 9 o'clock until dew-iall in the evening. The timber was free from these pests and the early trails led along its border, but even these trails were abandoned during the heat of the day. Traveling was consequently done principally at night, which gave rise to very serious experiences. Crossing the uncultivated prairie after dark was a very uncertain venture, even to the most expert. If the night was clear the stars were a reliable guide, and the pioneer became quite proficient in the simpler rudiments of astronomy. In a cloudy night and a snowy or foggy day their resources were less sure. A steady wind often proved the only guide. The traveler, getting his bearings, would note how the wind struck his nose, the right ear or the left, and then, keenly alive to these sensations, would so maintain his course as to keep the bearing of the wind always the same, and regardless of all other guides would generally reach his destination without difficulty. To do this required no little skill and a steady wind. If the latter changed gradually, the better the skill, the wider the traveler diverged from his proper course. With out these guides it was mere accident if a person succeeded in crossing even a small prairie.] An incident is related of a man, well acquainted with the prairie road, Avho set out from Saint Marie. The prairie was only seven miles long, and to make assurance doubly sure, proceeded on foot, leading his horse. In a short time he became bewildered, lost, and was forced to remain until the morning light gave him the guid ance of familiar landmarks. The tendency is to move in a circle, and when once this is begun and observed by the traveler, the only resource is to camp in the most convenient place and manner, and thus wait for the morning. It was the custom of each family living in an isolated position, when one of its members was out from home, to keep a light so placed that it might be seen and recognized at a considerable distance. It was a frequent practice to elevate a lantern upon the top of a pole, supported beside the chimney. To be lost HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 433 in the prairie or timber was an experience frequently attended Avith very serious results, and unfortunately were of frequent occurrence. One man attempted to reach Saint Marie from Newton. It was not considered a difficult or dangerous undertaking, but missing his way, he was discovered three days later, worn out with his exertions and nearly famished. Such experiences, to which every settlement could add its share, impressed the general community Aviththe neces sity for good roads, and yet such were the natural difficulties in the way that but little improvement could be effected before 1850. The great early thoroughfares lead from east to west, and in this region were the Palestine and Vandalia, Vincennes and Saint Louis, and the National or Cumberland road, leading in this region from Terre Haute to Saint Louis. The courses of these roads are now gen erally marked, for a greater or less length, by railroads. The " Pal estine road," as it was early called, was the first constructed of the National thoroughfares, and was the only one in Jasper County at the time of its organization. On March 25, 1835, a petition was pre sented to the county board by sundry citizens, asking that a road be established "from the LaAvrence County line, Avhere the Shelbyville State road strikes said line, and from thence to Newton via James Jordan's on Fox River ; thence to the Coles County line at or near the old crossing of Muddy Creek in a direction to Charleston." Wagon roads at this time Avere mapped out much upon the same principle as railroads are now — with strict reference to terminal points, connections, and surface of the route. The line projected connected the points of the judicial circuit, connected the principal parallel thoroughfares, and was subsequently varied to suit "the lay of the land." " Viewers " were appointed, and in the following June they made their report, locating this first road of the county. It is a curious record, and illustrates the simplicity of the early times, the alternations of prairie and timber, the location of many of the early settlers, and its transcription may not prove wholly uninteresting in these pages. The course led north across Lawrence County "to a stake marked 'O L.'; thence to Jordan's, the west side of his dwelling house; thence in a straight line through prairie to three hickories at edge of prairie; thence to John Barnes' lane, through said lane, and thence northwest to the line of John Gar wood's land in Township 6 north, Range 9 east, to the southwest corner of said land; thence north on a straight line to the south end of Van Buren Street in Newton; thence along said street to the public square; thence west with Jordan Street to L. W. Jordan's 434 HISTORY" OF JASPER COUNTY. fence; thence north to the mouth of Jordan's lane; thence west along- said lane to John Reynolds' house; thence northwest to a black oak at the edge of the prairie; thence to the schoolhouse, thence to the prairie in a north direction to a black oak; thence through prairie to a black oak and large hickory; thence to Abbott Lee's farm, through said farm in a north direction to a stake; thence to W. M. Richards,' between house and barn; thence north through Richards' farm, thence through prairie to tAvo post oaks; thence through tim ber to Turkey Creek ; thence to three post oaks at the east side of the point of Turkey Creek timber to four post oaks ; thence through prairie to a black and post oak on a direct course north to Mint Creek to a large white oak marked with a blaze and two notches; thence through timber to pin oak; thence to stakes to the west side of the north fork of Mint Creek to a small blazed oak; thence to the point of the post oak grove; thence to a stake at the last point of Mint Creek; thence on a north direction to the head of Marsh Creek; thence through prairie on a straight line to the last point of Marsh Creek; thence along the old trace to the Coles County line to a large oak stake marked on the south side — 'J. G line.' " From this description it would be difficult to locate the true line of road, but fortunately, later changes and surveys have modified and fixed its course in more definite terms. In June, 1836, a blazed road was laid out from Newton to Greenup; in December, a road from Newton to Effingham was pro jected; in December, 1839, from Bookman's mill west to the Van dalia road; and in September, 1844, from Newton to Saint Marie. By an act of the legislature, March 2, 1839, a road was established from Newton to John Deremiah's in Marion County, via Louisville, Clay County. This road was chopped out, graded and bridged in the course of that year and the following. The clearing Avas clone in Jasper County at $17 per acre, the whole amounting to six and three quarters acres, H. Wade being the contractor. Other con tractors on the various parts of the work were L. W. Jordan, J. I. Pullis, Silas Barnes, Benj. Harris, Sr, L. D. Wade, James Barnes and William M. Richards. The aggregate cost was a trifle less than $700- This large increase in traveling facilities, however, did not make the country an easy^one to the teamster. FERRIES AND BRIDGES. The streams reaching out in every direction, in an early day, proved very embarrassing obstacles. Fords were to be found in HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. 435 certain times of the year, but for several months crossing them Avas very uncertain. The Embarrass River was the most important, and a ferry Avas established across it at Newton at a very early date, by Garwood. At certain times in the year teams could ford the river, and the business was of more convenience to the public than profit to the owner. It was abandoned and re-established from time to time, and continued until about 1857. A ferry was established across the same river in 1848, near Saint Marie, which continued with an experience similar to the older ferry until about I860- Another, across the stream "in the Dark Bend," continued until 1880- These ferries were maintained in the simplest fashion- A rope stretched from bank to bank provided the ferryman the means to pull his boat and cargo across the stream. The boat Avas a square-end flat-boat, large enough to receive horses and Avagon. Business was never very brisk, and travelers were occasionally obliged, in the absence of the ferryman, to swim across the stream after the boat, and work their own passage. The tariff allowed at Newton and Saint Marie varied someAvhat, but is as f oIIoavs, the Newton rate being named first : — For four-horse team and wagon, 50 and 20 cents; for tAvo horses and wagon, 37 J and 15 cents; for pleasure carriage and one horse, 25 cents; for two horses, 40 cents; at Saint Marie the tariff Avas 25 cents for either; for man and horse, 10 cents, Saint Marie same; footman, 5 cents, both the same; neat cattle, per head, 5 and 3 cents; hogs, sheep or goats, per head, 3 and 2 cents ; loose horses and mules, 5 cents per head at each place. Such exactions, while apparently necessary, became at length irksome and gave rise to repeated demands for bridges. On March 4, 1837, the legislature appropriated $300 toward building a bridge across the Embarrass River at Newton, but this Avas insufficient for the purpose, and the county Avas unable to raise the balance necessary to build it. The money Avas therefore loaned at 10 per cent interest until in June, 1844, the sum of interest and principal had reached $500. The money, however, had been used in building- the brick court house, and the County Court, urged by the petition of citizens, and the consideration that unless used for the purpose for Avhich it was appropriated the amount would draw interest at the expense of the county treasury, ordered a bridge built, and appropriated the $500- Beyond the levying a tax and creating a fund, the bridge got no nearer construction, as in the following December the virtuous resolution of the court was rescinded. So the matter lingered, never finally dismissed nor actually begun until March of 1857. At this 436 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. time $4,000 was appropriated, the contract subsequently let to Brill- hart & Gaddis for $4,400, and the bridge completed and accepted, at a cost of $4,450, in August, 1858- This was an open bridge. It finally fell down, and was rebuilt in 1861, the county assisting the township of Wade to the extent of $1,000. The bridge at Saint Marie was built in 1861, by J. D. Tripp, contractor, at a cost of about $3,500- This was built by the county; the Board of Supervisors Avere temporarily restrained from proceed ing in this matter; the case was heard in the Circuit Court and dis missed, and in 1861 the county did for Saint Marie what it had done previous to township organization for Newton. These two covered wooden structures are the only considerable bridges in the county. There are some eight or ten bridges of some thirty feet in length over the smaller streams of the county, but on the whole the expense of bridges in the county may be said to be comparatively light. RAILROADS. Peoria, Decatur & Evansville- — Until 1876, Newton was an in land village, and Jasper County subsidiary to Olney. The merchants found this their nearest shipping point, and Avagoned their goods over fifteen or tAventy miles of tedious road. From this point the mail Avas carried daily on horseback to Saint Marie and Newton, and the growth of these toAvns was absorbed by the prosperity of Olney. This state of things could not fail to arouse the dissatisfaction of business and observing men, but there were not wanting large num bers who, while desiring a railroad, demonstrated to their own sat isfaction that the country could not support any more than then existed. The construction of the Illinois Central left the south eastern corner of the State unprovided for and at disadvantage in competition Avith the central portion, and there Avas an effort made for a competing line as early as 1855. About this time a line of road was projected from Mattoon to Grayville on the Wabash River. A company Avas organized under a charter granted February 6, 1857, and some effort Avas made to construct the proposed road, but up to the beginning of 1876 nothing had been accomplished. During this year matters revived, and thirty miles of road out of ninety-three proposed, was graded. The friends of the road had not been entirely idle in the meanwhile, but it was a large undertaking at that time, and many discouragements were met. Contractor after contractor undertook the construction and failed; the enterprise depended prin cipally upon local capitalists whose means hardly entitled them to HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY'. 437 the name, and the people were not easily persuaded of the advantages of such a road. The discussion had proceeded so far in 1866, that it was proposed to submit the question of taking $100,000 in stock of the road to the people at a general election, but it was discovered that the charter did not provide for this. In March, 1867, the char ter was so amended as to provide for subscription to the road's cap ital stock by county courts. In 1866, $1,000 had been appropriated for the survey of the proposed route through Jasper County, and of" this amount $722 was expended in this Avork. In the following December, in accordance with the amended charter, the proposition of subscribing $100,000 was again brought up, and in the spring of 1868 affirmed by the people. The money thus voted, hoAvever, was to be expended only on the construction of the road within the county, and the bonds to be issued as the work progressed. The first spike was driven on the Indiana division in 1871, but the work languished here until 1876. In the early part of this year the road was finally located through Newton, and late one Tuesday afternoon the work began here. Chas. Wakefield broke the first furrow for the grade, Fuller Nigh Avas the first to shovel the dirt into a wheel barrow, " Uncle Bob " Leach had the honor of dumping the dirt on the road-bed, and I. M. Shup made first payment on the work done. The payment Avas made in coin, and consisted of a silver three-cent piece which it was jocosely said he had carried since the Mexican war; and everybody helped to drink the keg of beer which Avas fur nished for the occasion. The revival of the work in this year brought the road into Newton, and for a time this place constituted the northern terminus, with round-house and turn-table. In 1878, the road reached Mattoon, and about the same time Grayville. It was a part of the original design to find an outlet through Indiana, and the Mount Vernon and Grayville Company was organ ized. In March, 1872, the two companies were consolidated under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railroad Company. The Decatur, Sullivan and Mattoon Company had been organized under a charter granted in 1871, and was consolidated with the other two roads in 1872. On May 5, 1876, these consolidations were dissolved by order of the United States Court for the Southern District of Illinois. This left the Grayville & Mattoon with thirty miles of grade and Avithout any through connection. The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway Company was organized under a charter granted in 1870, and the road opened from Pekin to Decatur, 67.9 miles, in November, 1871, by its original owners. In 438 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. the following year it was leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway Company, by which it was operated until August, 1876, when it was sold under foreclosure sale. The road was subsequently extended from Pekin to Peoria, a distance of 9.2 miles, and opened for traffic March, 1878. This road then purchased the Decatur, Sul livan & Mattoon and then the Grayville & Mattoon, the first train from Newton arriving in Mattoon on July 4 of that year. This road re-organized in 1880, under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company, then possessed the property and fran chise of the four corporations. The Mount Vernon & Grayville road existed only on paper. The subscription of Mount Vernon had been diverted to the building of a new court house, and the five miles of road which had been constructed had been "abandoned. Under the new organization new life Avas infused [into the' whole line. New bridges were constructed, new depots built; those parts of* the grade shabbily built were re-built, and the Evansville division pushed and completed to its neAV terminus. The experience of the people of Jasper County in securing this line of railroad was not such as to encourage them in building oth- ers. The work was prosecuted under the most discouraging circum stances, and those who were concerned with its construction labored without the hope of reward. To this experience was added the pang of ingratitude on the part of the road. The usual ordinances were passed to maintain a passage for vehicles along highways crossing the track, which, after repeated violation, were enforced, and the company forced to pay some $600 as fines. This enraged the management of the road and Newton was dropped as a station. The depot was closed, the telegraph facilities removed and neither freight nor passengers were taken or left at the toAvn. A spirited legal struggle was maintained, and the company, after a week or tAvo of annoyance, forced to yield. Subsequently the company achieved a victory in another contest over the payment of the bonds subscribed. An abbreviated statement of the case is as follows, taken from the decision of the United States Supreme Court: "The Grayville & Mattoon Railroad Company was incorpo rated February 6, 1857, and on the first of March, 1867, its charter was amended so as to allow counties to subscribe to the stock and issue bonds in payment, if a majority of the voters of the county, at an election called by the County Court, should vote in favor of such a subscription. The county of Jasper, through which the road of the company ran, was under township organization, and its Board of HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 439 Supervisors called upon the voters of the county to vote at an elec tion to be held on the seventh-of April, 1868, whether or not a sub scription of $100,000 should be made to the stock of the company by the county, payable in bonds of the county, to be issued as the work progressed, one-sixth of which were to fall clue annually from the time they were put out. The election was held and resulted m a majority in favor of the subscription. At a meeting of the Board of Supervisors, January 23, 1863, the chairman was authorized to subscribe the stock as soon as it might legally be done. An act of the general assembly of the State,' approved March 27, 1869 (Acts of 1869, vol. 3, p. 360) relating.to this company, and to votes which had been taken for subscriptions to its stock,' contained the following as section 3: " That all elections held for the purpose of voting said stock, and the manner in which said stock was voted, are hereby legalized in all respects, and the stock to be subscribed in the manner the same was voted." On the authority of these several acts and this election, the Board of Supervisors issued one hundred bonds of $1,000 each. The bonds fell due, some in 1877 and others in each year there after, until and including the year 1883. It nowhere appears when the bonds were put in the hands of the Trustee, but none of them bore date prior to October 19, 1876. At all the times when these several things were done there was in the county of Jasper a County Court as Avell as a Board of Super visors. * * * * Under authority of an act of the legislature, passed April 14, 1875, the Board of Supervisors called an election of the voters of the county, to be held on the third day of April, 1877, for the purpose of voting for or against funding the " bonds issued to the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad Company for the sum of $100,000, drawing ten per cent interest: said hundred bonds to be due in twenty years, and payable at the option of the county in ten years; said bonds to be payable semi-annually at the treasurer's office in Jasper County." At this election a majority of the voters were found to be in favor of the measure. Afterwards funding bonds were issued in exchange for old bonds. * ********* * After these bonds were put out the indebtedness of the county exceeded somewhat five per centum of the value of the taxable prop erty ascertained by the last preceding assessment. The plaintiff 440 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. below, and defendant in error here, being the owner of coupons cut from some of the funded bonds falling due in May and November, 1878 and 1879, which were unpaid, brought this suit to recover them. He was the holder and in possession of a part or the whole of the original bonds when the funding took place, and took the funding bonds in exchange for such of the original bonds as he then held. Upon this state of facts the court below gave judgment against the county. The case is uoav here by writ of error, and the single question is presented, whether the county made out a valid defense to the coupons sued on. In our opinion the county is estopped from setting up the alleged invalidity of the original bonds as a defense in this action. It is true the funding law only authorized the fund ing of " binding and subsisting legal obligations," " properly author ized by law," but no new bonds could be issued in lieu of old ones except on a vote of the people. All outstanding bonds were not to be taken up in this Avay, but only such ^as were recognized by the people, acting together in their political capacity at an election for that purpose, as i binding and subsisting legal obligations. After such a recognition the corporate authorities could make the ex changes, but not before. The law under Avhich the original bonds were put out was suf ficient. No complaint is made of any illegality in its provisions. The only objection is that there was a mistake in carrying it into execution. The election Avas called by the wrong corporate agency. The County Court should have brought the people together and not the Board of Supervisors. This, if there had been nothing more, would, under the rulings of the highest court of the State, made long before the vote was taken, render the bonds invalid. (Schuy ler Co. vs. People, 25 UL, 185.) It was for this reason undoubtedly that the Board of Supervisors, at their meeting at the election, authorized the subscription to be made and the bonds delivered in payment as soon as it might lawfully be clone, and that the act to legalize the election was passed in 1869. * * * As was very properly said below by the learned Circuit Judge, " there must be an end of these contests and defenses some time or other." There must be a time when the people in their political capacity are concluded by their contracts as much as individuals, and we think that where the people of a county, at an election held according to law, authorize their corporate or political representa tives to treat certain outstanding county obligations as " properly authorized by law " for the purpose of negotiating a settlement with HISTORY OF JASPER COUNIY'. 441 the holders, and the settlement which was contemplated has been made, all contests as to the validity of the obligations must be con sidered as ended. * * * When, therefore, the people were called on to vote whether the old bonds should be funded, the facts they had to consider were these: A valid laAV authorizing the subscription and an issue of the bonds had been passed. The people at an election Avhich had been irregu larly called had voted to make subscription and issue bonds bearing ten per cent interest, and all payable within six years. An act had been passed to legalize the election, and under it the subscription which had been voted was made and bonds such as Avere contem plated had been issued and were then outstanding in the hands of various parties. Whether these bonds were valid was, so far as any direct decisions were concerned, an open question, and certainly not free from doubt Under these circumstances the question was directly put to the people of the county, in a manner authorized by law, whether they would recognize these bonds as " binding and subsist ing legal obligations " and issue in lieu of them other bonds having twenty years to run and bearing seven per cent interest, instead of ten, and they by their votes said they would. There is no complaint of any illegality in this election or of fraud or imposition. So far as the record shows, the proposition to fund went from the county authorities to the bondholders, and not from the bondholders to the county. The facts were as well known to one party as the other. If the people intend to rely on their defenses to the old bonds, then was the time for them to speak and by their vote say they Avould not recognize them as being obligations. By voting the "other Avay they, in effect, accepted them as legal aud subsisting for the purpose of the proposed extension of time at reduced interest, and said to the holders if their proposition was accepted no question of illegal ity Avould be raised. Their offer having been accepted they are now estopped from insisting upon an irregularity which they have by their votes voluntarily waived, with a full knowledge of the facts. Danville, Olney & Ohio River. — This company Avas organized under a charter granted March 10, 1869, and proposed to construct a road from the north bank of the Ohio River, in Massac County, Illi nois, " thence northwardly to the city of Chicago, or such place from which an entrance may be effected, by construction or connection, and the line of railway to be located on such survey as may come within the range and purview of the charter of the company, about 340 miles." Considerable stock was subscribed to this enterprise 442 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. along its route. The townships of Grandville, Willow Hill and Saint Marie, each voted $30,000, but the construction was delayed, and June 30, 1876, there Avas but eight miles graded. In June, 1878, this eight miles of road, from Kansas to Westfield, was put in operation and the construction of the balance of the road languidly pushed. The work was subsequently revived, aud in 1881, the line was com pleted to Olney, which is the present terminus of the road. Grand ville successfully resisted her subscription on the ground that the company did not comply Avith conditions on which the subscription was made. Willow Hill and Saint Marie Avould probably have been equally successful, but they did not contest the question. This road was originally built with narrow-gauge, but in 1882, when the company had fifty-seven miles in operation, changed the gauge, and extended it to Olney. Indiana and Illinois Southern. — The " Narrow Gauge," as it is popularly known, is the result of twenty years' agitation. A char ter Avas obtained about 1857, for a road to be called the Springfield, Effingham and Southeastern. The movement got little beyond the securing a charter until 1881, when under the auspices of this organ ization the " Narrow Gauge " came to Newton. As projected, the line of road was to extend from Effingham, Illinois, to Hamilton, Ohio. The Illinois division extended from Effingham, 111., to Sulli van, Inch, a distance of seventy miles ; the Sullivan division, extended eastAvard through Indiana to the Ohio line, 165 miles, making ^a total of 235 miles. The projected line passed through the following counties in the State: Owen, Greene, Brown, Monroe, Bartholo mew, Decatur, Ripley and Dearborn, with the intention of pushing it forward to Hamilton, Ohio. In November, 1882, the Indiana and Illinois Southern Railway Company was organized " to construct a raihvay and acquire the Springfield, Effingham and Southeastern Railway." The plan of this company was to extend the road west ward in Shelby County to a point on the Pittsburgh, Chicago and Saint Louis Road, and eastward to combine with the. Bloomington road. This new company Avas formed of Boston capitalists, and the road was sold to them by the Receiver, but the court refused to con firm the sale in order to protect the rights of the creditors of the road. It Avas subsequently sold to Sturgis et al, of the con struction company and has since fallen into the hands of J. B. Lyon, of Chicago. The eastern termiuus is Swiss City, Ind., and while there have been rumors of its extension to Cincinnati and Saint Louis, there are no tangible evidences of such extension. A train each way ^^^' HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 443 on each of the tAvo divisions suffice for the traffic of the road, and while it proves a convenience for certain isolated villages, it is on the whole an aggravated disappointment Terre Haute & Southwestern. — Of late years Newton seems to be the center of the railroad cyclone. Scarcely a season passes without the regular charter, preliminary survey, and general felicitation upon the prospect of the railroad which is to bring metropolitan greatness to the quiet village of Newton. Of these transitory excitements, the T. H. & S. W. promises to be more permanent in its results. This road was originally chartered as the Terre Haute and Iron Mount ain Railway, and in 1880, after lying dormant for years, the project was revived. The Times gives its history as folloAvs: "This road was survej^ed, subsidies were voted to it, and some work done towards Terre Haute, about eight years ago, since which time it has peacefully slumbered until recently, when it Avas again revived in Terre Haute, and a new surveying corps sent out. The old survey line made Newton a point, passing on down tlirough our county in a southwest direction to Ingraham, Clay County, and to Flora, thence on to Chester, opposite Cape Girardeau, Mo., where it connected Avith the Iron Mountain road. Newton is on a direct line from Terre Haute to Chester, but since the revivication of the road meetings have been held and committees appointed to Avait on the authorities at Terre Haute, both in Robinson and Olney. Therefore, it was thought necessary for our people to hold a meeting and appoint a committee to Avait upon the moving forces at Terre Haute, laying before them our inducements, and also learning what would be expected of us, else Ave might as a county and toAvn be cheated out of a most valuable railroad line that properly belongs to us by virtue of our location, by our oavii lethargy and the enterprise of our neigh bors." The projected road is still occupying a good deal of public attention, and under date of June 18, 1883, a letter from one of those interested in the project, gives the following: " We located a line from Oblong to Annapolis, Avhich is straight, and the finest line you ever saw. We are assured of the right of way and money to make the survey and set the county to Avork. There is a splendid coal bank on the line of the road'; shaft sunk and coal being taken out. The vein is four feet thick, and choice coal only forty feet deep. We also strike the finest stone quarry in southern Illinois, both lime and sandstone. The stone and coal on this line alone Avill pay to build the road, besides being through the finest agricultural country in 27 444 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. southern Illinois. The people along the line will render the neces sary aid, and I see nothing in the way of building the road at once." Toledo, Texas & Rio Grande. — This road is projected north from Cairo, 111., passing near Kansas, in Edgar County, will continue north to intersect with the Toledo, Chicago and Saint Louis system of narrow-gauge roads. This road Avill pass through Newton, the line of track according to the present survey, crossing the line of the P., D. & E. and the "Narrow Gauge" near their point of inter section. PRESS AND POLITICS. Among the prominent indications of a community's advancement none affords a better opportunity to accurately measure the true value of the social progress as the newspaper. In the county commu nities of this land, the establishment of the neAVspaper, sooner or later, is inevitable. The enterprising spirit which leads to commercial advertising, leads the American to do the same thing for his native or adopted village, and the establishment of the press often bespeaks more approval for his public spirit than for his judgment. The mov ing influence which brought the first newspaper to Jasper County is not easily discovered. It is probable that the idea was suggested, not so much by the demand of the people or the necessity of the vil lage, as by the peculiar situation of the first editor. The early settlers came here provided Avith a political faith and a stock of political prejudices, but as the first importation came principally from one section of the Union, there was a general una nimity in political sentiment for a time. Immigration from other portions of the country succeeded and brought in other political ideas. From the first, the adherents of the Democratic organization were in the majority. In fact, so large was this majority that there was lit tle or no organized opposition in county matters. The year 1860 found the tAvo parties then opposed in general politics, still repre sented here, but in more evenly balanced rivalry. The extremists of both parties had sympathizers in the county, and the electioneer ing indulged in Avas more deeply tinged with the colors of national questions- In 1872, during the partial demoralization of the domi nant party, the Republicans elected William Carter as County Judge, in 1872, and his successor, R. B. Moffet, in 1876- At this time the "Grange Movement" was the disturbing element, and the County Treasurer, D. P. Smith, was elected by the "farmer" combination. He was elected his own successor as a personal vindication against wanton aspersions upon the honesty of his administration. Personal HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 445 popularity has again elected him, though a Republican, when the general ticket was carried by the opposition. The politics of the county is unusually characterized by its provincial scope, and the bal ance of poAver is so placed as to make the best man generally success- ' fui. The present County Clerk, a member of the dominant party, is elected without opposition upon a unanimous ¦ primary nomination. The Democratic party leaders count upon a reliable majority of about 500 in their favor, though the evidences seem to show a growing Republican strength, and the majority is such as to be available, in most cases, only for the best fitted candidate. The first newspaper Avas Democratic in its political affiliation, and was established in 1856- George E. Hoar was a lawyer by pro fession but incapacitated in later years for the practice of his profes sion by paralysis. It is probable that the success or the prospect of success — it is uncertain whether the paper Avas established before or after Buchanan's election — of the Democratic Presidential candidate, promised to make a journalistic venture here a profitable undertaking. The county then resorted to Greenup, Marshall or Robinson, for the necessary publication of legal notices and the field was clear. Mr. Hoar bought his press and material in Cincinnati and placed before the people the Enquirer. The paper ran a short career. The propri etor found difficulty in meeting the paper he negotiated for his office material, and becoming still further incapacitated for business by paralysis, the paper was bought in 1858, and Mehaffey & Odell became proprietors. Under their administration the name of the paper was changed to the Jasper County Democrat There may be something in a name, but this change did not bring prosperity, and about 1862, the material, editors and good will of the office, were transferred to Paris. The weight of its influence was never more effective than upon this journey. Six yoke of oxen attached to a heavy wagon, transported the press and material, while the editors Avith their fam ilies took passage behind a team of horses. Shortly after leaving the town the road became a bottomless bog, and it was not until the next day that the ox team relieved of part of its load, came into Effingham, the bare-legged young teamsters scarred and bruised by the thin ice that covered the road, and the poor beasts worn out and dispirited Avith the heavy progress of civilization as indicated by the press. Mehaffey & Odell were pronounced in their political views, and in a few months found themselves in the hands of the " minions of the law," for utterances that were less acceptable to the Parisians than to the people of Jasper. 446 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. In the meanAvhile the Plain Dealer was established, the first issue appearing on the first Saturday of February, 1858. It is diffi cult to learn from the numbers extant Avhat its political faith was. It was probably termed by its founder, J. H. Graham, au indepen dent democratic journal. It Avas certainly less pronounced in the expression of its sentiments, and the number of legal notices pub lished forbids the idea of its being Republican in sentiment. Its life, however, Avas brief, and was succeeded by the Democratic Watchman- This was substantially the same office and paper and continued with varying fortunes until 1865, when Dr. T. H. Walker bought the business and material, engaging a Mr. Spears as editor. The latter subsequently became a partner. The business did not prosper, more from a lack of proper management than from any inherent necessity, and the paper which had been changed to the Newton Weekly Press, was purchased by Mr. Stotler for his son. James Stotler had come into the office as a typo, and rapidly rising, became the editor. After about four months' experience his sudden death left the paper upon the hands of the elder Stotler. A. N- Walker, aided by his father, bought the paper for $300, and at once assumed the editorial function. Walker Avas a typo in the office when first OAvned by his father, and occasionally ventured on an item of his oavii selection. One day he ventured to insert an item reflect ing upon persons who had just left the village. This Avas not dis covered until the edition was all printed and the city mail delivered, but it is never too late to mend, and young Walker was required to go from one subscriber to another, shears in hand, and cut out the offensive item. On Wednesday, May 24, 1882, he announced the sale of the paper and made the following review of his editorial career: " Nearly eighteen years ago, when a mere boy we assumed the editorial man agement and control of the Newton Weekly Press, under straitened circumstances — Avithout money, knowledge or experience, with but few friends, and Avith prospects, I dare say, AvhichAvere anything but encouraging. Our father loaned us $300 Avith Avhich we 'drove' what eventually proved to be a good deal, in the purchase of the old material on which the paper Avas then printed; and with this pecu niary assistance he bade us seek our oavii Avay, and Ave accepted the situation as the only alternative. There has been wonderful changes since that memorable day, and Ave shall not attempt to recall them. Suffice it to say that many friends who then rallied to our stand ard and met us with kind words of cheer, have gone hence to return HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 447 i no more, and among that long list of names Avas that of James Foltz. It was of him Ave obtained a loan of $5 with which to pur chase our first bundle of paper, and which sum we repaid in one dol lar weekly installments." The reason for the sale is stated as fol- Ioavs: "First, we have hundreds of dollars clue us in accounts and otherwise, and feel that it is a duty we owe ourself and family to close the books for settlement. Second, we were offered Avhat we consider a handsome price for the same, and believe that we can better our condition financially." The sale at as made .to John H. Shup, Avho associated with himself F. L. Shup, as editor. Subsequently the editor became part proprietor and John sold his remaining interest to Isaac Shup, and the business is now carried on under the firm name of Shup & Shup. The paper is an eight column folio, and uses_ the auxiliary print. It is devoted to the interests of the Democratic party, and is characterized by a vigorous support of its principles. The first Republican .newspaper came to Newton about 1859 or 1860. It came about the time Avhen the forecasting shadoAvs of polit ical events began to outline in vague figures the culminations of old time antagonisms. It Avas rather in anticipation of the demand that the Western Star was established in Newton, by R. A. Conner and T. H. B. Bridges. At the breaking out of "the Avar" the pro prietors entered the army, and the, paper became the property of Frand and Sidney Wade. By the new proprietors the establish ment was moved to Marshall, Clark Co., 111., very soon after the pur chase. In December, 1866, S- P- Conner, who had been one of the attaches of the Star office, returned to Newton and issued the first number of the Jasper Union- The times seemed favorable for such a venture here, but the isolated condition of the county and lack of necessary qualities in the man proved the effort vain- The office was subsequently sold to John W- Welcher, who removed the office to Olney. After the failure of two Republican organs, a third was established in 1874, by E. B. Gorrell. It was established rather as a "grange" paper, called the Clipper, and sailed into public favor upon the political tide that brought D- P. Smith to the county treas ury. In 1876 the paper was leased to Henry Gregory, Avho conducted its publication for a year. At the expiration of this term Gorrell resumed its management, changing the name to the Jasper County Times- In April, 1882, the firm was changed by the addition of Mr. Bell, and in June, 1883, the firm was again changed by the retire ment of Mr. Gorrell to Bell and Heep. The paper was originally a seven column folio; it was temporarily increased to eight columns 448 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. under the administration of Gregory, but was reduced to its original size by Gorrell. This continued the size of the paper until January, 1883, when it Avas enlarged to a five column folio. June 13, 1883, the limes contained the following retrospection: " With this issue we begin the tenth Arolume of the Times. Nine years ago, shortly after a hot contest in which Daniel P. Smith was first elected Treasurer of this county, Mr. E. B. Gorrell had a press, a couple of hundred pounds of type and two printer's stands hauled in Avagons across the country from Effingham, and set ting the same up in the second story of the building now occupied by Hynes & Hall's planing mill, on Jordan Street, commenced the publication of this paper. * Such a thing as getting a column of local advertising at that time in Newton was an absolute impossibility. The people here, however, lived and enjoyed themselves, and the Times, then called the Clipper, lived, and by incessant, honest, continued effort, lived to prosper. * During the nine years this paper has been a part of Jasper County — it has assisted in every possible way in our present general prosperity — it has dealt some hard blows, and let us say, successful ones, too, for better county government, and as the representative and medium of the Republican party in this county, it has made a record that no neAvspaper in Jasper can but feel justly proud of. It will be our effort in the future to keep the Times in the front where it has ahvays been, in working for the prosperity of our town and county, and in the advancement of the principles of the Republican party, and we trust Ave shall merit the continued sup port of its many friends." In 1882. Charles M. Davis came from McLean County to inves tigate this point as a site for newspaper work. Lie found the papers here doing a quiet, prosperous business, and determined to establish himself in Newton. On November 3, he issued the first number of the Newton Mentor. In this number the editor outlines the princi ples of the publication as folloAvs: " What Ave have to say by Avay of an introduction for our paper may be said in a few words. It will be newsy, giving especial atten tion to what transpires in Newton and Jasper County, and a brief summary of tho news of the State, nation and world at large. Our facilities for securing the nows of the county are unsurpassed, as we have secured the services of able correspondents in every township, village and neighborhood in the county to write us the happenings and represent our paper in their respective communities. HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY". 449 " We shall aim to publish an independent paper. Having no axes to grind nor hobbies to ride, the Mentor is not intended to be the vehicle of any peculiar ideas. As a rule, its politics Avill be non partisan as its religion Avill be non-sectarian. In local affairs it Avill labor for the election to office of the most honest and capable candi dates Avithout regard to their party affiliations. It Avill oppose 'rings,' 'cliques,' 'the machine,' and all combinations that by means of trickery subvert the Avill of the many in order to further the pri vate interests of the few. As the farmers and laboring class are the great wealth-producers of the nation Ave hold their interests to be of paramount importance and shall favor such legislation, both State and national, as shall conduce to their prosperity. The condition of affairs that makes it possible for colossal monopolies to bo created, controlling millions of money and wielding absolute poAver over the price of the products of the country and to regulate rates of trans portation in their interests and to the detriment of the producers, is radically wrong and should be changed." The paper is a six column quarto with auxiliary print, and has secured a good circulation. THE CHURCH. Enough has been written in the foregoing pages to give good grounds for the inference that the early settlers of Jasper County, as a whole, were not inclined to build churches nor to encourage the preaching of the Gospel. This feature of the early settlement was an unfortunate circumstance, and acted unfavorably for the rapid growth of the great civilizing poAver of the church. The first church influence established within the limits of the county was that of the Catholic Communion, at Saint Marie. The colony planted here by Joseph Picquet was made up of devout mem bers of this church. The first priest who ministered here was Father Badin, the first priest ordained in the United States. He had been a missionary in Kentucky and was intimately acquainted with Boone, and had served in his community. Soon after the founding of the Colonie des Freters, Father Baclin Avas appointed by the Bishop of Vincennes to minister to the spiritual wants of this little frontier settlement. The priest was not settled here at first, but at stated intervals Mr. Picquet droAre to Vincennes to bring him to Saint Marie, and in the same way returned him to the city. A little later the colony was organized into a regular congregation, and about 1840 regular services were held here. About 1849 or 1850, the brick church, which still serves as a place of worship, Avas erected. This is a 450 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. good brick edifice, 35x80 feet, surmounted by a Avooden steeple, and was built at a cost of about $3,500- This church influence dominates the entire community of the village, and has established a school under the charge of an order of sisters. From this point the influence of the church has extended, establishing a church at a point a little northeast of Newton, called Saint Peter's Church, about 1848. Joseph Shedioner donated ten acres, on Avhich a log church Avas at first erected. This has given way to a large, frame building, located upon the original spot of the first structure. Father Fisher Avas the. first priest, and John Schackmann, W. Michaels and Valentine Dorn were among the earliest members. The church has been discontin ued as an independent charge, and is now connected with the Saint Thomas Church, at Newton, and now numbers some thirty families in its congregation. The church at the latter place had its beginning early, but did not have a regular place of worship until 1850, when the small, modern edifice which still serves as a schoolhouse, was erected. In 1 880, a fine, brick edifice Avas projected, Avhich was finally completed by the addition of a fine steeple, in 1883. The entire cost of this structure Avas about $7,000, and is the finest church edifice in the county. A school for children is maintained by the sisters of Saint Joseph, for wmose residence a fine brick building is now in course of construction opposite the new church building. A church of this sect exists at Island Grove, with a congregation of some ten or fifteen families, and is served by the Franciscan Fathers, of Teu- topolis. At Newton, church services were held in the court house by itinerant ministers Avho came here as missionaries or on the invita tion of members of the various denominations who lived here. The Methodists were here early and had an organization earlier than any other, saAre the Catholic, church in the county.' Daniel Doty was an early preacher of the Baptist denomination, and an early settler in the eastern part of the county. He was eccentric in his manner, rather illiterate, but master of a rude, effective oratory that com manded the respect of even the more educated. He Avas a frequent preacher in the court house, and Avas supported largely by those who Avere not members of any church. These denominations are both Avell represented in the county at present. The Methodist Episcopal Church have places of worship in the Kibler 'neighborhood, at Pleas ant Pudge, Rose Hill, Yale, at West Liberty and Newton. The latter is the older organization; has a neat, framed church building, and a strong, thriving membership. Besides the organizations rep- HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 451 resented by these church buildings, the Methodist Church has several appointments about the county in various schoolhouses. A Mission ary Baptist Church was organized in Willow Hill Township April 15, 1858. Among the original members Avere James and Sarah McConnell, James and Nerlinda Hopper, James and Elizabeth Stew art, W- G and L- A. Wilson, Jessie and Sovina BroAvn, Nancy Miller, W. F- Christie and others. A place of Avorship was begun before the Avar, but it Avas never finished. Their present structure was erected in 1875. The church numbors about sixty members. There is another organization of this denomination in North Muddy. The United Brethren in Christ have a church in Crooked Creek Township, which was organized in 1838, Avith ten members. No regular place of Avorship Avas built, however, until 1881. It numbers some sixty persons in its membership. The Christian Church has several organizations in the county; the Universalists have one at Rose Hill; the "Church of Christ" at the northern boundary of Wade Township; the Quakers or Society of Friends in Fox Town ship; and the Presbyterian Church at Newton. With the exceptions noted, the church influence was established in Jasper County about 1850. Itinerants and chance preachers held services earlier, and some more or less permanent organizations were formed here a few years earlier, but these met not only indifference but active op position from a considerable number. The change has been gradual but effective, and while the county does not appear as favorably in church statistics as some others, the improvement in this respect is rapidly progressing, and as the farming community becomes more Avealthy, more and finer edifices will be erected. THE SCHOOLS. The basis of the school system in Illinois is the Act of Congress donating a section in each Congressional township for the support of free public schools. The ordinance of 1787 declared knoAvledge, in connection Avith religion and morality, "to be necessary to the good government and happiness of mankind," and enjoined that "schools and the means of education shall bo forever encouraged." Accordingly, Congress, in the Enabling Act fortius State, April 18, 1818, appropriated three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of the public lands lying Avithin her limits, for the encouragement of learning, one-sixteenth part thereof to bo exclusively bestowed on a college or university. Tavo townships, one then and oue sometime prior, were also donated for founding and maintaining a seminary 452 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. of learning. The proceeds of the 3-per-cent fund and the sales of the seminary lands were blended in 1835, and borrowed by the State at 6 per cent, the interest to be annually distributed for school pur poses. In 1845, the receipts of the proceeds of the 3-per-cent school fund were suspended for a time, owing to the embarrassed condition of the finances. This State, like many others, had stopped paying interest on her public debt, and Congress, by resolution, ordered the 3-per-cent fund to be withheld from them and applied toward the payment of interest on bonds held_in trust by the General Govern ment The free school system entered upon in 1855, however, marks the initial movement toward the present effective system of the State. The right of the State to maintain such a system is founded upon the fact that Avhen ignorance predominates, vice and crime are its inseparable accompaniments, and that by education the masses will be elevated, society bonefited, offenses lessened and good gov ernment promoted. Under the present law there are four territorial divisions, the State, the county, the township and the district, the latter only being of variable extent. The township is identical with the Congressional township established by the Government surveys. The " district " is a term of variable meaning as to territorial extent, conveying in itself no definite idea of the amount of land embraced in its limits. It is in area just Avhat the ToAvnship Trustees see fit to make it. The officer for the State is a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, who has charge of the Avhole system, with the necessary executive powers. For the county there is a County Superintendent of S.'hools who is invested Avith the general supervision of schools and school business of the county; he examines and licenses teachers, and is a strong power in molding the character of the public schools. For the township, a board of three trustees are elected, av ho have special charge of establishing and changing school districts, and the appor tionment of the school fund. In the district a board of three direct ors are elected, who employ and pay all teachers; proAdde and furnish all schoolhouses and grounds; levy such taxes as may be necessary to support the schools and defray incidental expenses, and attend generally to all school business for their district. The permanent funds for the support of the schools are derived, besides the 3-per-cent fund above mentioned, from the Surplus Rev enue Fund, Avhich was received by the State from the Goneral Gov ernment under President Jackson's administration. This was the balance in the National treasury after the extinction of the National HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 453 debt, the share of Illinois amounting to $335,592.32; the Seminary Fund, arising from the sale of the seminary lands, amounting to $59,838.72; the County Fund, being the surplus of the State Fund divided among the counties under the act of February 7, 1835, but since repealed, amounting to $309,899; the Township Fund, being the net proceeds of the sale of the one-sixteenth, or school section in each township, amounting to something over $4,000,000; the State Tax Fund, arising from a levy of two mills on every dollar's valua tion of taxable property in the State, producing over a million dol lars per annum; District Tax Fund, arising from a special local tax in the respective districts of the State, which reaches a varying sum, between five and six millions; and from fines and forfeitures, collected by Justices of" the Peace, et. al, and amounts to a varying sum from nine to fifteen thousand dollars. The total amount of these funds reaches an amount of upwards 'of ten millions of dollars an nually. The school interests of Jasper County developed slowly, and it was not until 1876 that they began to take rank with those of the surrounding counties. The first district was established in March, 1838, and included ToAvnships 6 and 7 in Range 9, and included seventy-two square miles. The schoolhouse was then in Newton, and was used for school purposes, court and church. It Avas a little log building, and now, weather-boarded so as almost to lose its identity, serves as a marble cutter's shop. V-The early schools were of the subscription sort, Avhere the children learned the rudiments of a pioneer education, aptly described in the "Hoosier Schoolmaster" as "lickin' and larnin'." As the county settled up, and communities began to form in A'arious parts of the county, schools Avere main tained iu each neighborhood until the free school system of the present gave freer access to the civilizing influence of education. In 1855, T. J. Martin Avas one of the directors in the Newton district- Up to this time a single-storied building had served the purposes of schoolroom, and even this Avas so dilapidate;! as to create apprehen sions in regard to the safety of the children. Mr. Martin determined to secure a better building, and partly by his exertions and partly by his own money, a tAvo-story frame schoolhouse Avas secured. This was considered by a majority of the patrons as a very extravagant project. It was confidently predicted that Newton would never have pupils enough to fill it, and when tho directors Avent further and hired two la ly teachers at $25 per month each, the indignant surprise of the community could be restrained no longer. The County Super- 454 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY'. intendent of that time remonstrated with them on such extrav agance, pictured the bankruptcy that was sure to follow, and cited the fact that his Avife, when a girl, worked for 75 cents and $1 a week. But it did not convince the directors of error, and the event proved that Martin and his backers were in the right way. In the fall of 1876, the present brick structure was erected at a cost of some $6,000; it has five departments, uTider the instruction of six teachers. However advantageous the school system may be, it requires an appreciative administration to achieve the highest results. This seems to have been lacking in Jasper County up to this date, and in September, 1876, the subject was thoroughly agitated through the county papers. One writer reviews the subject as follows: "Let us find out the causes why the schools of Jasper County are not in a better condition. The county was originally settled by emigration from a section where popular education was never favored. The county has never, until the election of the present incumbent, been blessed Avith a practical teacher for the office of County Superintend ent. Our county-seat is without a^high school, and when the heart is rotten, what can be expected of the members? We have over fifty-three teachers with a second-grade certificate, and thirteen with a first-class. '* * * " We observe in the report of the State Superintendent that the number of days designated by the ^County Boards in the State are from 25 to 200 days. Our Board allows the County Seperintendent sixty days. Jasper has 95 schools in operation, 134 teachers, 4,897 school children, no libraries, and in 1874, paid the sum of $16,276 to teachers. How can the County Superintendent perform his duties prescribed by law, when the days designated by the Board are insuf ficient? He must neglect his Avork, violate his oath of office, and become liable on his official bond. ' * * * The Supervisors have the power in their oavii hands to improve and cultivate, intellectually and morally, the character of our youth. "All other counties in the State donate from $50 to $100 for the Teachers' Institute, and when our Board can furnish money to the Agricultural Fair to improve mules and cattle, Ave can not see why it cannot folloAV the example of other Boards in the State. In the dili gent visitation of the schools by the County Superintendent, lays the power to extinguish all second-grade certificates, and soon we shall find the competent teacher awakening the sympathy of the parents for our system of education, and Avithout compulsion the children regularly attending the schools." HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 455 Much has been done to improve this state of things in the county during the past seven years, but there is still room for im provement. The grade of the schools has been wonderfully improved; there are two graded schools, one at Newton and one at Saint Marie, but no high school in either place. From the reports of the County Superintendent, the following statistics are compiled: 1861 1864 1865 1866 1868 1869 Whole number of districts AVhole number of schoolhouses Whole number of schoolhouses erected Average paid male teaehers per month. Average paid female teachers per month Whole amt. ex'd for school purposes . . 6550 2 $ 22 $ 17 $ 9.373 3,081 7954 5 $ 23.19 $ 17.04 $11,084.53 3,382 7863 4 $ 27 32 $ 19.69 $12,443.17 3,846 83 74 11 8474 7 8071 2 $16,461.42 4,798 $19,276.07 4,538 $15,866.45 4,03 1870 1871 1872 1874 1880 8581 3 85 83 2 95 85 6 9486 6 t 33 83 $ 24.44 $25,200 00 4,949 2460 2 10O Whole number of schoolhouses 101 6 Whole amount expended for school purposes-- . Whole number in attendance. $ 17,292.53 3,894 38 42 1 $20,506.75 $18,509.79 1,975 823,746.56 3,732 28 54 3 $26,726.61 4,449 8 85 8 $43,366.60 Iii 1882, the statistics show two graded schools; income from distributable funds, $8,332.22; total receipts, $34,929.10; paid teachers, $15,817.26; for new schoolhouses, $3, stepped out in the road and asked the gentleman to get down, come in and treat the crowd. The stranger said he was not a drinking man, and would rather be excused. Mr. J. said it made no difference in this case; it was the custom of the town, that no stranger should pass through without treating. The stranger remarked that he had often heard of Newton, but had not thought it so bad as that. Mr. J. said it did not matter Avhat he had heard (and taking the stranger's horse by the bridle), said it was the custom here, and ' now, sir, you have to treat or fight.' The stranger remarked that he was no fighter, and supposed he would have to treat, and getting off his horse, as Mr. Jordan supposed, to treat the croAvd, he let go the bridle and started toward the door of the saloon, but as he passed, the stranger gave Mr. Jordan a ' sockdologer ' behind the ear that sent him ten or fifteen feet in the street, and while the roughs were rubbing him, and trying to bring him to life, the stranger deliberately got on his horse and rode off, and remarked to the crowd, as he rode away, that he would pass through town again in a week or two; but the 480 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. above put a stop to the stopping of strangers, as they passed this way. But the roughs had to learn other lessons, that cost them very nearly their lives, while others (Mr. Jordan, for one) had to flee the country for their country's good, and their own safety." What made the condition of affairs more unmanageable was that those who were in poAver, the officials of the county, Avere lead ers of the gang. But the law abiding people finally became con vinced that a heroic effort must be made. Benjamin Harris was finally elected Justice of the Peace, and crime began to suffer the just penalties of its deeds. It is related on one occasion, that a citi zen of the village was cited to appear in the Justice's Court, at the complaint of one of these roughs, or to appear against him, and he requested permission of "his Honor " to bring his shot-gun as a means of self-protection. The request was granted, but during the trial the gun being placed in the corner of the room, was seized by one of the opposing party who was prevented from killing the owner of the gun only by a timely interference of the- bystanders. By the order of the Court the miscreant was taken to jail. On being released the ruffian declared he would kill those Avho interfered with him. This threat only failed of execution by the nerve of one of the parties attacked, Avho, with a friend, served notice that if the offend ing party did not leave the county they would be waylaid and killed. Up to this time Jasper County had made but very little progress. Up to 1845 but little of the lands in the county had been entered. A great many of the citizens of the county were what is generally termed squatters, living on government land Avithout titles. But in the intermediate time between 1845-50-52 the public lands were principally taken up, some by actual settlers and a great portion by speculators. This had its effect upon the county-seat, but still the growth was very slow. In 1855 there Avere but a dozen families here, and in 1874 Newton Avas a town of 400 inhabitants, and all communication Avith the outside world Avas carried on by means of Joe Litzelmann's hack express, which made one trip daily betAveen this place and Olney. There Avas but one store on the east side,. Fuller Nigh's, three on the north side, Iredell Spoon, R. B. Wall and Joseph Gooppner's, one on the Avest side, Aloysius Boos, one on the south side, Dr. Andrews, David Max in the building now occu pied by George Forseman, Dr. John Franke's drug store up at the old stand, and across the street Mr. S- Johnson's store. The court house, occupying the site of the present beautiful edifioe, was au ancient, HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY'. 481 square box affair, built with very red brick, and held together Avith great iron rods. A saloon on the south side and one on the east side, not forgetting Litzelmann's hotel and Miller's hotel, and you have a fair picture of Newton in 1874. With the debut of the G. & M. railroad, in 1876, its success became assured. New life, new vigor and new people took possession of Newton, and to-day as a result of the building of that road we have our OAvn beautiful county-seat, filled with substantial, brick, business houses, as fine a court-house as there is in southern Illinois, a splendid school building, the best appointed opera house in this part of the State, mills, five factories, and an elegant and well kept class of dwelling houses. April 20, 1835, Newton was surveyed by order of the County Commissioners, by Thomas M. Loy, deputy county surveyor of Effingham County. The lines Avere run at a variation of 6 degrees, the streets being sixty feet Avide; the alleys twelve feet wide. The streets -named on the original map are Jordan, Washington, Jack son and Van Buren, and the alleys, Richard, Claycomb, Mattingly, Barnes, Ewing and Reynolds. The plat is laid out on the east half of the northwest quarter of Section 1, in Township 6 north, in Range 9 east. The lots are 80 feet in front and 100 feet deep, except fractional lots. The town thus laid out consisted of eight blocks of eight lots each beside the public square, and was bounded, north by Morgan Street, east by Clark, south by Decatur and west by Lafay ette Street. In June 1841, the town was re-surveyed by William Bridges, when its size was doubled. Beginning at the north, the streets running Avest and east were, Water Street, 20 feet wide; Saint Marie, 40 'feet wide; Marion, 60 feet wide; Morgan, 60 feet; Jordan, 60 feet; Washington, 60 feet; Decatur, 60 feet; Harris, 40 feet; and Reynolds, 20 feet Avide. Beginning on the west, the north and south streets were Perry, 20 feet wide; Lafayette, 40 feet; Jackson, 60 feet; Van Buren, 60 feet, and Clark, 30 feet wide. Since then additions have been made on the east and south, so that the village has territory enough to build up into a very considerable town. The land Avhere the town is located belonged to Benjamin Rey nolds, who donated eveiy alternate lot to the county, except the public square, which he gave in exchange for the same amount of land, out of other lots that he had given. The town at that time had but four or five families in it, no public buildings except a little saw-mill that stood where the brick mill now stands. They soon got a post-office, which Avas a large addition to the place, as they received mail once a week, if the Avaters Avere not too high. The 482 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. mail was carried on horseback from Vincennes by here and on north, and came back the next week. Lewis W. Jordan was appointed postmaster, and for want of a building (as buildings were scarce then), he used his hat for a post-office. There was little to induce the incorporation of the village early. The town was isolated and dependent upon other villages for mar kets and railroad facilities. In 1865, however, the village was incorporated under the general law of the State. The boundaries were marked by a line " beginning at the northeast corner of the west half of the northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 6 north* of Range 9 east, in the county of Jasper and State of Illinois; thence Avest with the line of the township to Avhere the same strikes the south bank of the Embarrass River; thence with the meanderings of the said river to the mouth of the hollow or branch above where the* bridge now stands; thence due south to the township line; thence west with the township line to the northwest corner of the east half of the northeast quarter of Section 2, in said township; thence south 320 poles or rods; thence east 320 roods; thence north to the place of beginning." The center of the town was further located " on a line running due south, twenty rods from the bisection of Reynolds and Perry streets." The city ordinances Avere formulated in ninety-seven sections and established the usual regulations found in villages of the sort. In the matter of stock the public sentiment has been averse to as strict control as suggested by the Town Board. Cattle, horses and clogs are restrained, but hogs have the liberty of the town and are less controlled than any other " citizen " of the village. After the incorporation of Newton, attention was paid at once to the building of sidewalks, and, from that time forward, scarcely a meet ing of the board has passed Avithout some action in relation to this feature of the municipality. The plan has been to build them gen erally at the public expense, though in case of extra width one half of the expense has been directly assessed upon the property improved. The improvement of the streets Avas taken up later, and this work has generally been confined to ordinary dirt repairs. Some grading has been done, the necessary filling being accomplished by hauling river sand and dirt from some of the higher ridges. Mud is still a great inconvenience during some parts of the year, though there has been a marked improvement in recent years. It is told by one of the old merchants, that he has had to rescue his lady customers from the mud of the streets by carrying them into the store and then go out and rescue the shoes that had been pulled off. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 483 Beyond these primary efforts the village authorities have not been able to attempt more advanced internal improArements. Some fifteen or twenty street lamps were procured in 1882, by private sub scription, and these are now maintained by public expense. There is no organized protection against fire as yet. In May, 1880, the town was visited by its most serious conflagration, which cost the sufferers some $1,600. The fire was discovered in the buildings occupied by H. M. Printz as an agricultural warehouse, and Lemay Bros', livery stable, which proved to be the most destructive one which has ever visited Newton. When discovered the fire had gained such headway that it was impossible to save anything out of the agricultural building, and the house and contents were therefore a total loss. The horses, buggies and harness belonging to J. G & G- A. Lemay were saved from the livery stable, and their loss, therefore, was confined to the building and a small amount of hay and corn. From these buildings the fire spread to the small office room owned by D. H. Birt, and until recently, occupied as a shoe shop, but which had been vacant for several days. Next came John A. Brown's blacksmith shop, stable and outbuildings together Avith their contents Avhich were entirely destroyed. By an almost super human effort on the part of the citizens avIio turned out to the res cue, the tAvo-story frame dwelling house and brick store room belongiug to Mr. Brown were saved from destruction, although both Avere damaged to a great extent by the beat and water. The gun shop and blacksmith shop above mentioned were situated between the dAvelling and store room, in fact within a few feet of the latter, and the heat from the burning buildings were so intense that it © © burned and blistered the brick very badly causing the Avails to crack and spring out two or three inches. The fire is supposed to have been the accidental work of night strollers, and was discovered by Breneman and Mason, of this place, who arose early on that morning to take a buggy for Marshall. It was through their prompt work that Lemay's teams and buggies were saved. Since this fire there has been some talk of securing a more efficient protection against a repetition of such a disaster, but this talk had ended in nothing more material than talk. The village of Newton, on the whole, has a promising future. Two railroads now pass through the central part, another has been located near their intersection, and tAvo more are talked of The country about is rapidly deAreloping, and with its prosperity the county-seat Avill surely thrive. The early drawback to its prosperity 484 HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY. is removed. With the inauguration of the "Murphy" movement, the substantial portion of the community, irrespective of political affiliations, joined in the effort to root the liquor traffic out of the town, and after successive alternations of high and higher license and total prohibition, the latter has been the accepted principle, and no liquor is sold save by the drug-stores for medicinal purposes. The closing of business houses on Sunday has just begun, and step by step the village is taking rank with the most advanced position in municipal morals. This must have its natural effect upon the pros perity of Newton, and in the next decade it seems certain to far exceed its competitors %in this section of the State. Saint Marie- — The American Revolution, followed by that in France, the Napoleonic regime, the Bourbon return, and the establish ment of the first Republic, served to direct the attention of the French people to America. Although something of liberty was enjoyed by the French, the middle class and peasantry looked to the American Republic with vague longings as the asylum for all oppressed people. This feeling was strong in the Province of Alsace, and it was a daily occurrence to see wagon after wagon conveying the household effects of such of the peasantry as were happy enough to be able to ship to the new country beyond the sea. Among others who shared this feeling were the families of James Picquet, Sr., and brothers, Schif-' ferstine and Huffman. These families were well-to-do, but desiring that their families might be reared in a freer air, determined to send some one to spy out the land. Joseph Picquet, then a lad of nine teen years, was selected, and in September, 1835, he landed in New York. Ignorant of the language and customs of the country, he went to Philadelphia and engaged in a business house for some nine months, to gain this preliminary education. In the early part of the following year, Mr. Picquet set out on his journey of investigation. He visited the various land offices at Pittsburgh, Lima, Ohio, and Fort Wayne, Ind., then following the Wabash & Erie Canal on horse back he came to Covington, and then struck across to Danville, 111., from thence went to Chicago, thence to Michigan City, Indianapolis, and Vincennes. [From this latter point he started for Vandalia through this region, but in attempting to cross the Embarrass River was nearly drowned, and finally got to his destination, attacked by a severe fever. Thence he Avent to Saint Louis, where he lay sick for some days. In October, 1836, he returned to France and made so favorable a report that in July, 1837, he came back with a colony of four families and twelve young people, about twenty-five persons HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 485 in all. A small farm Avas bought near Francisville, and here the colony rested to look about them. In October, 1837, Joseph Picquet bought some 12,000 acres of land in Jasper County, and about this time the colony pitched their tabernacle on the sight of Saint Marie. The name first adopted was Colonie des Freres, — Colony of Brothers, — which was subsequently changed to its present name. This colony, made up of Frenchmen and devout Catholics, took formal possession of their neAV home in the style of the early discoverers of their nation. Gathering on a knoll just across the railroad from the present resi dence of Mr. Joseph Picquet, the company fired a fe.AV volleys from their guns, sang appropriate songs and concluded with other appro priate ceremonies. The people who gathered here Avere largely of the farming class, but were little acquainted with the necessities of the frontier life that confronted them. None Avere Avoodsmen, and in building their cabins the young forgot what a useful labor-saving insti tution an ox-team was, and deliberately carried all their logs to the site of the cabin. Experience taught the necessary lessons, and being resolute, cheerful people, obstacles were OArercome and a thriv ing settlement founded. In 1838, Joseph Picquet started the first store, bringing the goods from Philadelphia via Evansville, and thence by wagon. Goods Avere purchased at Evansville or Louisville and wagoned across the country, save when the stage of Avater and the plying of steam boats allowed a shipment by river to Vincennes. The cost of freight ing goods Avas one cent per mile on a hundred Aveight, amounting to about $1.25 for land transportation. The early trade Avas principally barter, skins and honey being the principal articles the farmers had for exchange. Game was abundant, and the timber swarmed Avith the honey-bee. The latter Avas systematically hunted, and honey brought into the store by the wagon load. In 1839, Mr. Picquet put up the first steam saw-mill in the county, buying the machinery, second-hand, but little used, near Vincennes. A grist-mill was added at once, the machinery being purchased at Pittsburgh. This was the first steam grist-mill in all this region, and attracted patronage from an area of forty miles away. For years Saint Marie was the commercial metropolis of Jasper County, and in its early years bid fair to hold this position for all time. The founders were wealthy, the natural advantages good, and the early enterprise kept pace with the development of the country. The railroads, however, wrought unfavorable changes. These gave Newton an impetus, built up Wil low Hill and Boos' Station, all of which compete with this village 486 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. The early business men who were the life of the place either retired or removed to other places, and Saint Marie has been surpassed by more favored places. The location of the village on the river, prac tically cut off from the east country by the poor road across the bottoms, is rather unfavorable for^its present development, but it is hoped that with improved roadways the wheat-growing country beyond will find its market here and aid in building up the town. The village was platted in June, 1847, by Joseph Picquet. The lots and streets are run from north to south four and a half degrees west of south, and • from east to west they are run four degrees north of west. The lots vary in size from 34 to 50 feet front, and from 100 to 192 feet deep. The plat consisted of 220 lots, disposed in 14 blocks. The streets are designated by numerals; numbers 1 to 4 run east and Avest, and numbers 5 to 11 run east to west. Streets numbers 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are each 66 feet wide, numbers 3, 5 and 6 are 62 feet wide, and numbers 4 and 11 are 20 feet wide. One block 450 feet Avide by 1,060 feet long is left vacant, but is now divided by the railroad. *The village is located on the south bank of the Embarrass River, in Saint Marie Township, seven miles east and four miles south of NeAvton. It Avas settled by the French col onists, Picquets and others, who improved it slowly but surely. The progress of the place was seriously impeded by the destruction by fire of not one only, but the second flouring mill, yet the town grew sloAvly until 1881, Avhen the Danville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad was built through the place, since Avhich time it has taken new life. In 1851, a bridge was built across the river at the town; also a grade a mile long, to the hill on the north of the river, Avhich connects it with WHIoav Hill Township, Avhich is a great advantage to both toAvnships. The toAvn was incorporated under the village act in 1870- Its population is iioav 350 — next in age and size to Newton. Its most striking buildings area Catholic (brick) church, built in 1850, with parsonage, and an establishment of Sisters of Charity, Avho devote their time to the nursing [of the sick, raising orphans and taking care of old people. The schoolhouse, one of the first, if not the first, free school buildings erected in Jasper County, has been for the last ten or eleven years under the able direction of Mr. George Hubert, who is a noted teacher of our county. ^Their church and schools are well attended. The principal business of* the place is the saAv-mill and stave factory, which furnish employment for 25 to 30 hands, two general stores, two grocery stores, one hardware store * The following in relation to villages is copied from Johnson's historical sketch. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 487 and tin-shop, one seed store, two blacksmith and wagon shops, three carpenters, three shoe makers, one cooper and vintner. The nearness of the dark bend to Saint Marie, with its vast quantities of white oak and other timber, will be a great source of wealth to Saint Marie for years to come. Mount Sidney- — Laid out July, 1841, on Section 20, Township 8, Range 10, in Crooked Creek Township, but it soon went back, as it is not known as a town by many now living in the township. Grandville- — (Or Yale, as the post-office is called), was laid out October, 1847, is located near the center of Grandville Township on a beautiful elevated place in the prairie, has about one hundred inhabitants, two hotels, tAvo churches (almost neAv), one schoolhouse with good school six to eight months of the year, one blacksmith shop, posf>office, etc., but the Danville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad missed them about half a mile, and as the township refused to issue the bonds previously voted, the railroad authorities refuse to stop their trains near the town. Brockville. — Was laid out February, 1853 — is in the northwest corner of WilloAv Hill Township, has a very nice frame church and frame schoolhouse, church aud school well attended, and about forty inhabitants, but no post-office. Buena Vista. — Laid out October, 1853, in Section 32, in Small- wood ToAvnship- Several lots Avere sold and one or two houses built, but the toAvn went back. A- A. Hankins iioav cultivates the town as part of his farm. Centerville. — Laid out January, 1854, on Section 21, Township 8, Range 10, Crooked Creek Township. The name, or something else, was too much for the town, and it died. Plainfield. — One and one-half miles southwest of Centerville, was laid out in the next month, February, and was a little more suc cessful, as it succeeded in getting tAvo or three dwelling houses, one schoolhouse and church, but has stopped at that. Harrisburg.— One mile west of Plainfield, was laid out the same day that Plainfield was. It was not quite as successful in the way of schoolhouses and churches as its rival, but more successful in some other respects, as it succeeded in getting more dwellings, one or two stores, a blacksmith shop, etc. Queenstown. — Laid out in April, 1854, on Section 31, Township 6, Range 8, near the Avest line of South Muddy Township. The inhab itants can scarcely realize the fact now that there was once a toAvn so near them. HISTORY' OF JASPER COUNTY'. Iranklin.— Born May, 1854, on Section 16, Township 7, Range 8, on the same section that Wheeler is now located, but Franklin is long since dead and buried. Constantinople- — Laid out July, 1854, on Section 5, Township 6, Range 8, in the southwest part of North Muddy Township. It soon went back. The name was too much for it. New Liberty. — (Post-office Willow Hill), in Willow Hill Town ship, was laid out August, 1854, and is seven and one-half miles due east of Newton, and is next in size to Saint Marie. It is a lively town, as in the last eighteen months the S-, E. & S--E- R- R- and D., O. & O. R- R- R- have been built through the township, cross each other at the north edge of the town, which has given it ne\v life. The town now has three stores keeping a good general stock of merchan dise, one drug store, one grocery store, one hardware store, three restaurants, tAvo blacksmith shops, three grain and flour dealers, one stock and grain dealer, two farming implement dealers, one butcher, one shoe maker, one milliner, one hotel, one good flouring mill, one carpenter and undertaker, one house carpenter, one police magistrate, two justices of the peace, a post-office, two depots and express offices, three physicians, and three hundred inhabitants, two churches, and one nice two-story brick schoolhouse. The town has doubled its inhabitants in two years, and they say all they want now is room, and to be let alone; and where will they be in two years more? Pleasant Hill — Laid out August, 1854, two miles east of New Liberty, in Section 4. It made a failure as a toAvn, except two or three houses, a' church and schoolhouse, and all together is called Piiigtown. West Liberty. — Laid out December, 1854, near the northeast corner of Section 22, in Fox Township, but never had much town except a church, and in October, 1877, Mr. D. B. Brown and others laid out a town in the south part of the same section, on the P.,D. & E. R. R., where theD., O. & O. R. R. R- has since crossed the former road, and called it West Liberty, where they have fair prospects of a nice town. It is located on a beautiful prairie, nine and one-half miles south and four miles east of Newton, about half-way to Olney- West Liberty is in the advance, has 100 inhabitants, one dry goods store, where they keep a very good supply of general merchandise, one grocery and notion store, one drag store, one shoe shop, one wagon and carpenter shop, one warehouse and grain dealer, a post- office, telegraph and express offices, etc. They yet need a good mill HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 489 and a church in which to worship. With the railroad facilities that West Liberty has, there is no reason Avhy it may not number its inhabitants by the hundreds in a very short time. Point Pleasant. — In Section 10, or northeast part of Crooked Creek Township, was laid out October, 1855. It is in a fine neigh borhood, has one store, two blacksmith and wagon shops, and eighteen or twenty inhabitants, but has so far failed as to being en titled to the name of a city. Haysville. — Laid out February, 1858, on Section 21, in Grove Township. It might have made a town, had not Mr. A. G. Cald well, Sr-, bought the land and laid out his large farm over it. A man by the name of Hays once started a store and run it for awhile in the town. Embarrassville. — Laid out October, 1858, in Section 20, Saint Marie Township, on the west bank of the Embarrass River. They once had a saw-mill and a few inhabitants, but is not doing much at present. Langdon — -Laid out July, 1861, in Section 2, in Grove Town ship, near Island Creek. At one time they had a small store (pea nuts and crackers and a few fire-crackers), a shoe shop and a black smith shop, and they all did some business in their line, and I am told the heaviest business clone in the toAvn Avas loafing. Rose Hill — Laid out 1878, on the P., D. & E. R. R., seven and three quarter miles north of Newton. The town took its name from a post-office that Mr. A. S- Harris got established about 1839, when Mr. H. lived on a little hill in the Embarrass River bottom, west of Harrisburg. Mr. H. moved to Harrisburg in 1840, and took the office with him. Some years after, he moved to Newton, after" Avhich the post-office was knocked around the country for a mile or two, until the town (Rose Hill) was located as above. The town, including Harrisburg, has 128 inhabitants, three stores keeping a general stock of merchandise, and one or two of which are quite a credit to any country village, one hotel and boarding-house, a nice depot and ex press office, two or three grain dealers, drug store, stave factory, blacksmith shop, and all other things necessary to make up quite a lively little town- They have a new frame church that is well attended, with its Sabbath-school, that is a great credit to the com munity. There are a great many staves, railroad ties, grain, etc., shipped from the place, and should nothing happen the town, they expect to catch up with some of its older rivals soon. The following towns have never been regularly laid out, or plats 490 HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. filed for record, yet some of them think they are entitled to the name of a town. Hunt City. — (Now in Willow Hill Township) was first started in Grand-ville Township, in the year 1872, John A. Hunt owner of what is now known as the Hunt City farm, erected a storeroom on his premises, put in a general stock of merchandise, and petitioned for a post-office. Said office was granted and called Hunt City. In February, 1876, J. A. Hunt sold his store to S. B. Bowman & Co. In July, 1878, S- B. Bowman & Co. sold the store to E. W. Parks, Avho continued the business till November, 1881, when the store and post-office Avere destroyed by fire. In the fall of 1881, J. N. Huston, owner of the Hunt City farm, had a town laid out in Willow Hill Township, bordering on the north line of the same, four miles north of WHIoav Hill, and on the D., O. & O. R. R. R., and known as Hunt City. Immediately after the town was laid out, several parties com menced the erection of good, substantial business and dwelling houses. It now numbers 150 inhabitants, two stores, both doing a good busi ness, one good flouring-mill doing a large business, one hotel, one grain house, one blacksmith and wagon shop, a depot, telegraph office and express office. Parties now in business, are T. LL Week, merchant; SteAvart Brothers, merchants; W. G Parks, proprietor of hotel; Jones & Debow, proprietors of mill and dealers in grain; E. W. Parks, dealer in grain; M. L. Gettinger, M. Bilby, physicians; George Beeman, G F. Merritte and G L. Burk, carpenters; Fred Byerly, blacksmith; William Byerly, wagon maker; Isaiah Stewart, postmaster; E. W- Parks, freight and ticket agent for D., O. & O- R. R. R. and Adams Express agent; Jesse E. Parks, telegraph operator for Western Union; Bates & Buchanan, breeders of Norman horses, short-horn cattle and Poland China hogs. Hunt City is situated on a beautiful rolling prairie, surrounded by as good farming land as can be found in southern Illinois, and -inhabited by well-to-do farmers. It ships more grain over the D-, O- & O. R. R. R- than any other point on the line, and is destined in the near future to become a place of considerable importance. Hidalgo- — Three and one-quarter miles north of Rose Hill, was started in 1878, by G- D. Briggs, on the P., D. & E. R. R.; has two stores, keeping a general stock of merchandise, two blacksmith shops, post-office, depot, express office, etc., and has about thirty-five inhab itants. There are a great many railroad ties shipped from the place, and of agood season, considerable grain also. HISTORY OF JASPER COUNTY. 491 Falmouth. — Four miles north, and one mile east of Newton, on the P., D. & E. R. R., Avas laid out in 1881, by Hunt & Brooks, on a small prairie, has one store in which they keep a general stock of* merchandise, tAvo blacksmith shops, one boarding-house, post-office, express office, depot and grain house, has about forty-two inhabitants, and considerable business is done (for a small town) in ties and grain. Latona- — Eight and one-half miles west, and three-fourths of a mile south of Newton, in North Muddy ToAvnship. The first improve ment was made by S- Trexler, in 1869. They have one store, keep ing a good stock of general merchandise, one boot and shoe shop, one blacksmith and wagon shop, one drug store, two saw-mills, and one nice frame church. They have forty-four inhabitants. They also have post-office Avith daily mail. Wheeler. — (First platted as Mason), eight and one-half miles west, and three and one-half miles north of Newton, in North Muddy Township, on the S-, E. & S- E. R. R-, was laid out about a year ago, by Mrs. Nancy J. Carter (the town was named in honor of Mrs. Carter's first husband, who first improved the land on which the town is located, but Avho died Avhile in the army, in the fall of 1861). They have iioav sixty-nine inhabitants, two large two-story store houses, where is kept a large stock of merchandise, one drug store, one agri cultural implement house, one blacksmith shop, one silversmith shop, one boarding-house, one brick kiln and large flouring-mill to be put up this season. The toAvn is surrounded by as rich a soil as Ave have in the county, and if nothing happens the town, it Avill be quite a little city in a short time. List Is not a town, but a post-office on the S-, E. & S- E. R. R., six miles northwest of* NeAvton. No town laid out and no houses to put on the lots if there were any lots. Boos Station. — Five miles southeast of Newton, in Fox Town ship, on P., D. & E. R. R , has a large store and well-assorted stock of goods, blacksmith shop, post-office, depot, etc, in a good section of the county, and ought to do considerable business. Bogota- — At the cross-roads in Smallwood Township, at what is called Honey's Church, is promising fair to make a town if nothing happens it. They have about thirty inhabitants, four grocery stores, one store keeping general stock, one blacksmith shop, a schoolhouse, two churches and one mill that grinds corn. Advance. — Post-office and town started on the D.,0. & O- R. R.R., near the north line of Grandville Township, just starting in a good country, and may surprise us yet. 30 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. VILLAGE OP NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. J. F. ARNOLD, Jr., son of Fletcher and Rebecca Jane (Wagle) Arnold, was bora April 21, 1851. He was reared on his father's farm and attended school until his twentieth year, when he began teaching in order to obtain sufficient means to pay for a college course. In 1871 he entered McKendree College, near Saint Louis, from which he graduated with honors in 1874, after which he taught five terms of school. In 1877 he was chosen County Superintendent for one year, and was again elected in 1882. In 1876 he married Miss^Selah Barton, a native of Kentucky, who has borne him two children — Edward and Eugene. JOHN M. BELL, editor of the Times, at Newton, was born in that town in 1858. He received his earlier education at the common school, and at the age of fourteen went to Washington, Daviess Co., Ind., where he attended school as regularly as his health would per mit. The greater part of his education was acquired, however, by hard study at home, he being naturally inclined to literature. He partially served an apprenticeship with his father at tailoring, but in 1872 began to learn printing with A. L. Walker, then editor of the Press- In 1879 he went into the Times office and worked for E. B. Gorell until June, 1882. In 1883 he formed a partnership in the Times with John P. Heap, Mr. Bell assuming the position of senior editor. In 1878 he married Miss Serinda E. Dodd, who has borne him three children — May, Don and Vernon. W. L. BRIDGES is the sixth son of Absalom and Maria (Laray) Bridges, and was born in Rockingham County, Va., in 1841. At the age of four years he came with his parents to Jasper County, and was here reared to manhood. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, Twenty-First Illinois Infantry, and was "shortly afterward chosen Orderly Sergeant. He served until September 20, 1863, when he was captured at Chickamauga and taken to Richmond, next sent to Danville and then to Audersonville, where he was confined fourteen months. Absalom Bridges, on first coming to Jasper County, taught school, worked as a carpenter, later practiced law, and for some years filled the positions of Probate Judge and County Judge. He was born in Rockingham County, Va., in 1811, and died in thfe VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 493 county iii I860- His brother William, an early settler, helped to lay out Jasper Comity. ^W. L. Bridges was married, in 1865, to Miss L. J. Hayes, daughter of William and Elizabeth (Martin) Hayes, natives of Kentucky, and his children are two in number — Anna L. and Charles A. M. K. BUSICK,. son of George H and Elizabeth (Byerly) Busick, was born in Madison County, Ohio, in 1844, attended school until fifteen years old, then came with his father to this State and settled on a farm near Parkersburgh. At the age of seventeen (1861 ), he enlisted in the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, and after serving five months was captured by the enemy. He was released March 16, 1863, re-joined his regiment at Memphis, and was appointed Regi mental Quartermaster. At the close of the war he returned to Richland County, where his father had located in 1859. In 1864 he married Miss Mary Arnold, who died in 1879, leaving two children — George A. and Anna May. In 1881 Mr. Busick married Miss Clara, daughter of Harrie Edson, and to this marriage was born one child — Harrie (deceased). Mr. Busick is of Scotch descent from his father and Dutch from his mother. His father, George Busick, was born in 1823, and died in Richland Couuty in 1871 ; his mother, born in 1825, is still living in Parkersburgh. Her father was a native of Pennsylvania and a soldier in 1812. Mr. M. K Busick is a Knight of Pythias. J. M. CATT was born in 1838, in Jasper County, 111.; was reared a farmer, and educated in the common schools. He enlisted, August 2, 1861, in Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, commanded by William T. Carlin, and served in the Department of the Cumberland in the Atlanta campaign, and fought in the battles of Fredericktown, Mo., Shiloh, Perryville, Ky., Stone River, Mur freesboro, Nolensville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Lookout Mount ain, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Pine Mountain, where Rebel General Polk was killed; Peach Tree Creek, siege of Atlanta, Bald Knob, Marietta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Nashville and Franklin (where ten rebel Generals were killed). After a service of four years and seven months he returned home, and in 1868 was joined in marriage with Miss Margaret E Chambers, daughter of Rev. George and Mary (Perey) Chambers. The result of the union was five children, viz: Milton C, Flora, Jobe W., Martha E., and Jacob M. He is father of two other children by a former marriage — George J. and Joseph A. His father, Job Catt, was of German descent, born iii Pennsylvania, and removed to Ohio in an early day, where he mar- 494 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: ried Mary Stout, daughter of Joseph Stout. They reared a family of nine children, as follows: Margaret, Mary, John, Charles, Rachel, Catharine, Josiah, Elizabeth, J. M.; four others, not named, died in infancy. He was one of the early pioneers of Jasper County and was here when the Indians Avere yet numerous. C- M. DAVIS, editor of" the Mentor, at Newton, was born in Mechanic sburg, Ohio, in 1847. At the age of seven he came to Illi nois, and was reared on a farm in McLean County, until fifteen, when he removed to toAvn and clerked in a store until 1874. He then established the Enquirer at Le Roy, conducted that journal seven years, then came to NeAvton and issued the first number of the Men tor, November 3, 1882. It is the only paper of the name in the United States, and has been a success from the start. In 1880, Mr. Davis married Miss Belle Brewer. A. A. FRANKE, physician and surgeon, is the son of Dr. John G- and Gertrude (Fisher) Franke, and was born in Newton, this county, in 1852. He was educated in the schools of Jasper, and at Teutopolis, in Effingham County; graduating at the age of sixteen. He then served as clerk in his father's drug store in Newton until twenty-three, in the meanwhile studying medicine under his father's tutorage. In 1876, he entered the Louisville Medical College, and subsequently the Kentucky School of Medicine, from which he grad uated in 1877, and soon after began practice in his native town, where he has built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1880, he mar ried Miss Lizzie P., daughter of Fullerand Sarah (Harris) Nigh, early settlers of Jasper County. Lie is the father of one daughter — Clara B. His father, Dr. John G. Franke, Avas a native of Westphalia, Prussia, was born February 17, 1817, and died in this county, March 15, 1883. JAMES E. FREEMAN is a native of Ohio. He was born in 1842, in Preble County. While young he went with his parents to Shelby County, Ind., and came soon after to Jasper County, 111. In 1861, he entered Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, com manded by Colonel William P. Carlin. After his service he attended school, in 1864, in Indiana; after which he served as railroad agent until the fall of 1865. In 1868, he , married Miss Frances Jones, daughter of William Jones, who was one of the first settlers in this county, and for many years County Recorder, Assessor, Justice of the Peace and Supervisor of Wade Township after the township was an organization. Mr. Freeman has four children — Willie E., Guy S-, Edna, and Lulu. His father, Gustavius Freeman, was a VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 495 native of Culpepper County, Va., where he was born in 1814. While young he removed to Bedford County, that State, and at the age of nineteen to Preble County, Ohio, where he married Miss Sarah Stover, a native of Shenandoah County, Va. He removed to Shelby County, Inch, in an early day, and to Jasper County in 1852, where he entered and bought a tract of land containing some 400 acres. He reared a family of ten children as folloAvs: George W-, Esther E., Elizabeth J., Sarah, James E., William H, Joseph G (who was a soldier in the late war), Francis M-, David P., and Mary J. Mr. Freeman owns a farm of 700 acres, and is truly a representative farmer. He is a Knight Templar, and is identified with the Demo cratic party. GEORGE K. GOSNELL was born in 1827, in Harrison County, Ky. When a small boy he Avas taken by his parents to Rush County, Ind., where he was reared to manhood upon his father's farm. He Avas joined in marriage to Miss Sarah Campbell in 1851; a native of the same county, and born in 1829- A year after marriage they came to Jasper County, 111., where he entered 320 acres of land, which he improved and on which he now resides. He also owns 240 acres of land in another tract. The result of his marriage was nine chil dren, as folloAvs: Louisa A., William G, Nancy J., Larkin, John, Zelda, Mary, Richard, and Susan. The Gosnells are of German descent; both his paternal grandparents, namely, Benjamin and Susan (King) Gosnell, being natives of Virginia. Mr. Gosnell is the eighth child of his father's family. Mrs. Gosnell's parents, John and Nancy (Townsend) Campbell, Avere early settlers of Shelby County, Ind., and reared a family of eleven children, Mrs. Gosnell being the youngest. Mr. Gosnell is an enterprising farmer, and a Republican in politics. HON. JOHN H. HALLEY, Ex-Judge of the Second Illinois Judicial Circuit, is descended from an old Irish family Avhich traces its ancestrial line back to the early history of the United Kingdom. His grandparents, on both the maternal and paternal side, were early settlers in Virginia, which State was the place of his parents' birth and his own nativity. Judge Halley was born in Bedford County, July 9, 1828. His early years were spent upon his father's planta tion and in the schools of the neighborhood, Avhere he gained the rudiments of his education. At the age of twenty-three he entered Emory and Henry College, a prominent literary institution of Vir ginia, which graduated him in 1854, with honors. Having adopted the law as his profession, he entered the office of John Good, Esq., 49.6 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: a prominent attorney of Liberty, as a student. Here the young man brought such ability and industry to the pursuit of his studies that he accomplished in one year the course allotted to three, and Avas admitted to the practice of law in 1855, soon after which he removed to Lewis County, Mo., where he opened an office and began his life work. Dissatisfied with this location he remoA^ed, in 1856, to Putnam County of the same State, where he rapidly achieved an eminent success, building up a large and lucrative practice. In 1858 he was chosen to represent his county in the State Legislature. At the end of his first term the breaking out of the war summoned him to a larger and more active sphere, and he tendered his services to his State as a soldier. He was at once commissioned as Lieutenant-Colonel and assigned to the staff of Gen. John B. Clark, where he served with distinction until a year later, when he was detailed by the Confederate government as a recruiting officer, with the rank of Colonel. He was stationed at Minneapolis, Ala., at Grenada, Miss., at Little Rock, Ark., and in southeast Missouri. In this capacity his abilities had an ample scope, and he rendered efficient aid to the cause he had espoused. He was subsequently 'called to fill other positions of responsibility, the duties of Avhich he discharged with fidelity and rare ability. After serving to the end of the struggle he came to Jasper County, III., aucl resumed the practice of his pro fession. Here, in 1874, he was called by the public voice to repre sent the county in the State Legislature, and was re-elected in 1876- Resigning this position in 1877, he accepted an election to the Judi cial bench, a position more congenial to his tastes, discharging the duties with great acceptance and distinguished ability, until an act of the legislature of that year caused a change by re-districting. Judge Halley was first united in marriage to Miss Lucy Thompson, a daugh ter of John J. and Elizabeth Thompson, of Missouri, by whom he had six children. On July 21, 1883, he Avas next married to Miss Annie Howard Stuart, of Texas, a daughter of Rev. G B. Stewart, D. D., of" the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Judge Halley occupies an enviable position among the brethren of his profession in southern Illinois ; is a leading member of the Jasper County bar. In politics he is devoted to the principles of the Democratic party. He is a Knight Templar. CAPT. B. W. HARRIS is of Scotch descent. His father, Ben jamin Harris, was a native of Albemarle County, Va., and there married Miss Elizabeth Ware. He removed to Ohio about 1834, and to Jasper County, 111., in 1836, where he entered some 500 acres ot VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 497 land, on a part of which the town of Newton is noAv situated. He was widely and favorably known, having served as Justice of the Peace for several years, and built the first court house in Newton. He made a trip to California, and on his return home died in Jasper County, in 1851. His wife died in 1858- His children were as fol lows: Henrietta, Benjamin, Mary, Elizabeth, William, Samuel, B. W., Sarah and Joseph. Capt. B. W. Harris Avas bora in Virginia, in 1833, and was three years Of age when he came to this county, where he was reared, and subsequently married, in 1853, Miss Julia E. Jones, a native of Randolph County, 111., and born in 1833. The result of the union was three children, namely: Winnie, Frank and Charlie. Her father, Robert Jones, was a native of Kentucky, where he was born January 11, 1800; he also was an early settler of Jasper Gounty, Rl. He married Elizabeth Chastain, who was born in Vir ginia, October 4, 1797, and died in Jasper County, October 19, 1874. Mr. Jones died in 1875- Capt. Harris entered the service in 1861 as First Lieutenant of Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, commanded by Col. Carlin, and served until the close of the war, leaving the army with the rank of Captain. He assisted in the organization of the State militia in 1880, and is now Captain of the Newton Guards. JAMES M. HICKS, son of Ellis and Mary E (Wilson). Hicks, was born in Jasper County, May 30, 1859. He attended school at the log schoolhouse of his neighborhood until his nineteenth year, and there laid the foundation upon which he has since erected the superstructure of a thorough education. He began teaching a dis trict school at the age of nineteen, and in the meanwhile attended the Normal School at Newton. In 1880 he entered the Circuit Clerk's office as assistant to W. G. Williams. His father, Elias Hicks, was born in Kentucky in 1835, and came to Jasper County in 1850, and here married the daughter of Joseph and Nancy (Watson) Wilson. James M. Hicks is an honored member of the I. O. O- F. H. S. HINMAN, M. D., was born in BartholomeAv County, Ind., in 1847, and is the youngest of eight children born to Hon. T M. and Emily (Jetter) Hinman, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and South Carolina. At the age of five he was brought by his par ents to Richland County, 111., where, until 1865, he spent his life on a- farm with the exception of six months passed in the army during the' summer of 1864. He became proficient in music and proved one of the most successful teachers in southern Illinois. In 1867' he married Miss Rose A^ McWilliams, who has borne him the following 498 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: childreu — Ulysses G-, Rolla P., Hattie B., Pearl T., Ali (deceased Lola and Oris B. In the spring of 1867 he began preparing him self for his profession, teaching in the meanwhile until 1869. In 1870 he removed to Olney, took charge of 'a school in the vicinity and read medicine under Dr. E. BoAvyer. In 1873-74 he taught the Oak Grove school, and in the spring of 1874 took his first course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk, Iowa, and on his return taught the graded school at Claremont. In Janu ary, 1875, he formed a partnership with Dr. Battsou. He graduated in 1878, and in the spring of 1879 he removed to Rose Hill, and in 1880 to Newton. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, an active worker in the Sunday-school and a successful prac titioner. THOMAS HUNT, son of John and Elizabeth (Brooks) Hunt, natives of Ohio, was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, December 14, 1827. When a boy he went with his [parents to Rush County, Ind., where he remained until the age of twenty-one. He married, in 1849, Miss Louisa Price, a native of Kentucky, and daughter of John and Mary (Cotney) Price, natives of the same State. Soon after the marriage they came to Jasper County, where he entered ninety acres of land, on which he now resides. Mr. Hunt started out in life without a cent, but now oaviis a farm of 240 acres. He has two children, viz.: John M-, and Sarah J., wife of Frank Andre, a prom inent young farmer. John Hunt, father of our subject, was born, reared and married in Ohio. He reared the following children, viz.: William, James, Thomas, Jane, Rachel, Amaziah, Milton and Eliza beth. James Hunt, grandfather of Mr. Hunt, was an old Revolu tionary soldier under Gen. Washington. He Avas an Englishman, while the Brooks family are of Welsh origin. They were among the first settlers of Ohio. Mrs. Hunt's parents Avere natives ot Fleming County, Kentucky. They were married in that State, and removed early to Rush County, Ind., when the county Avas yet a wilderness. They reared eleven children, viz.: Elizabeth, William T., Benjamin, Louisa, Lydia, Elihu, Elisha, Lucinda, Sarah A., Frank and Eliza. Her mother died in 1848; her father in 1875. HALE JOHNSON, attorney-at-law, was born in 1847 in Tippe canoe County, Ind. He was reared a farmer, receiving his education in the common district school and the academy at Ladoga until eighteen years of age, when he went with his parents to Marion County, where he taught school in tho winter season and Avorked upon the farm in the summer. He began reading law in 1871 with W. Hubbard, of Kin- VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 499 mundy, Marion County, 111., now of Chicago. After reading for three years he was admitted to practice in June, 1875. Soon after his permission to practice he located at Altamont, Effingham County, where he remained two years. He then located in Newton, where he is a member of" the law firm of Gibson & Johnson, and Shup & Johnson in the real estate business. He entered the service in 1864 as a private, but was discharged after bearing arms six months. He married, in 1871, Miss Mary E. Loofbourow, a native of Ohio, born in 1848, and daughter of Orlando and Frances (Delaney) Loofbourow, natives of the same State, of which her grandfather was one of the first settlers. The result of this union Avas five children, viz. : Jesse, Frank, May Bell, Fannie and Ruby. John B. Johnson, father of our subject, was born in 1821. He studied medicine and graduated at two colleges, \dz-: the Alepthu and Eclectic He served as a sur geon in the Seventy-Second Indiana Regiment, and has been in con stant practice for thirty-five years. He now resides in White County, Ark. Mr. Johnson has been highly successful professionally, and is conceded to be one of the leading lawyers of Jasper County. SIMPSON JOHNSON was born in Trimble County, Ky., in 1835, and was married in March, 1856, to Barbara Campbell, daughter of William and Ellen (Pegs) Campbell, and born in Carroll County, Ky., in 1835. Two children were the result of this union, viz.: George W. aud Martha. Previous to his marriage he had been a farmer, and for six months a school teacher during the winter; he then opened a furniture and hardAvare store in NeAvton, continuing in the business for eight years; he next engaged in the banking and book business, but closed out the banking branch, and is now con ducting a book and instrument trade. He built the opera house at Newton — 40 feet front and 100 feet deep. Thomas Johnson, father of Simpson, Avas a native of Kentucky and of Swedish descent. He married Martha Wilson, who bore him the following children: Simp son, John W., Eliza, Susan, Margaret and Emeline. WILLIAM B. JONES Avas born, in 1837, in Randolph County, 111. He came Avith his parents to Jasper County in 1 849, and Avas reared upon his father's farm, Avhere he yet resides. He married, November 22,1860, Miss Anne Rogers, daughter of Marcellus and Dicey (Barret) Rogers, natives of Virginia. The fruit of this union was seven chil dren, viz. : Adelaide G, John G-, Nellie L-, Anna M., Charlie, Harry R. and Curtiss. At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, Mr. Jones entered the service as a private in Company D,'Eighth Illinois Infantry, and served in the Department of the Mississippi under 500 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: McPherson. During his service he lost a foot by a circular saw while sawing timber to repair a road leading from Vicksburg to Jackson. His father, Slaughter Jones, was a native of Virginia, where he was bora in 1802. When young, he left his native State to seek his fortune in the West, and while on his way met Lavina Kelley, in company with her parents, on their Avay West from Ken tucky. He subsequently married her in Randolph County, 111. He served as a private in the Black Hawk Avar under his brother Gabriel, who was Colonel of a regiment. After the war he entered land here, from a warrant issued to him for his services. He continued to reside in Jasper County until his death, in 1882, his wife having preceded him in 1873- They reared a family of eleven children, seven boys and four girls. Mrs. Jones' father, Rev. Samuel Barret, preached in Rush County, Ind., for forty-five jyears. He married Clarissa McComas, daughter of Col. William McComas, who served in the war of 1812, under Harrison. Mr. Jones is a Republican in politics, a Mason, and a member of the Knights of Honor. G D. KENDALL, son of Cyrus and Lucy (Aubrey) Kendall, natives of Orange County, Vt., was born in Erie, Penn., where he was educated until seventeen, when he came first to Kane and then to Fayette County, where he taught school during the years 1851, 1859 and 1860; he then moved to Clay County and read law under W-W. Bishop, who afterAvards defended John D. Lee, in the Mount ain Meadow massacre case, and then wrote a history of Lee's life. Mr. Kendall was admitted to practice, but before his diploma reached him he had enlisted in Company D, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and rapidly rose to be Second Lieutenant, when he was transferred to Company K, same regiment. In 1864, he Avas commissioned Captain and afterward detached as Quartermaster on the Staff of General L. F. Hubbard, now Governor of Minnesota. He was wounded at Corinth the night of October 3, 1862, and at Nashville, December 16, 1864. January 22, 1862, he married Miss Rivilla G Miller, a native of Ohio, and daughter of Thomas and Abby (Sparks) Miller, who died in 1875, the mother of four children — Harry Frederick, Cyrus Don (deceased), Bertie Rivilla (deceased), and Helva Aubrey. In 1878, the Captain married Mrs. Susie Barnes, daughter of Henry and Susan (McCoy) Books, and to this union were born Mary Estella and Claudia Vere. Captain Kendall, on his return from the war, engaged in merchandising a short time at Flora, 111. In 1865, he was elected County Clerk of Clay County, and served four years. He then engaged in the mercantile trade in Louisville; sold out in VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOAVNSHIP. 501 1881, and came to Newton. His grandfather, Frederick Aubrey, was a surgeon in the British navy, from which he was discharged on account of disability, when he came to America and took part in the Revolutionary war. His discharge from the English navy is still in the hands of Captain Kendall. T. J. MARTIN is a native of Floyd County, Ky., and was born February 8, 1823. At the age of fourteen he Avent to Missouri and worked in a tobacco factory; during the Mexican war he served as wagon-master in the army; after the Avar he came to Paris, Edgar Co., 111., engaged in business, and married Miss Elizabeth Blackburn, daughter of Colonel Blackburn, and to this union were born four children — Henry W., James B., John W., and William. In 1850, Mr. Martin settled in Newton. His second marriage was to Miss Mary E. Chittenden, a descendant from one of the oldest families in Vermont. Her great-grandfather, Thomas Chittenden, was the first Governor of that State, and her grandfather, Martin Chittenden, was elected Governor in 1813, and served several terms. Ireman Chit tenden, father of Mrs. Martin, Avas the eldest son of Governor Mar tin Chittenden. J. H. MAXWELL, physician and surgeon, is of Scotch-Irish extraction, and was born in this country December 26, 1835. He was educated in the common schools and the Seminary at Paris, 111., until sixteen years old, after which he Avorked on a farm in summer and attended school in winter. He read medicine for three years with Dr. S- York, who Avas a distinguished surgeon of the Fifty- Fourth Illinois Volunteers, and was assassinated at Charleston in 1864. In 1865, Mr. Maxwell entered the Ohio Medical College, finally graduating in 1871. He entered the army in 1861, as Hos pital Steward in the Thirty -Eighth Illinois Volunteers, and Avas ad vanced to the position of Assistant Surgeon. In 1864, he Avas appointed, for meritorious service, surgeon to the Army of the Cum berland, under General Thomas, but declined the office. In 1866, he married Miss Mary Hayes, a daughter of William and Elizabeth (Martin) Hayes, natives of Kentucky. BENJAMIN MILLER was born in 1814, in the State of New Jersey. When a small boy he Avent with his parents to Pennsylva nia, and soon after to Clermont County, Ohio, and from there to Hancock County, Ind., where he married, at the age of eighteen, Elizabeth Lemay, a native of Virginia, and a daughter of James and Nancy (Huggard) Lemay. The result of this union was fifteen chil dren, born in the following order: Nancy G, born January 26, 1833; 502 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY': James A., December 14, 1834; Abraham, January 30, 1837; Pollie J., January 20, 1839; William T, May 24, 1840; Susan G, June 3, 1842; Hannah A, February 5, 1844; George P., February 15, 1846; Henry F, September 17, 1848; John Wesley, September 18, 1850; Sarilda E. and Matilda F. (tAvins), February 13, 1852; Benjamin J., April 27, 1854; Theodore, November 9, 1856, and Henry F., January 5,1861. Mr. Miller has been twice married; his second marriage being to Mary J. Eagleton, of Terre Haute, Ind., daughter of John Farr, a native of Pennsylvania, and one of the pioneers of Indiana; where both parents died soon after their remoA'al from Pennsylva nia. The result of Mr. Miller's last marriage was two children, Lucy and one that died unnamed. Mr. Miller is widely and favorably known throughout the county. He owns a fine, well improved farm, the result of his own labor, he having begun life poor. He is a Republican and sent two of his sons to the army, namely, William and George. OGDEN MONELL, son of Robert B. and Parmelia (Squires) Monell, was born September 15, 1833, in Chenango County, N. Y. When quite young his parents removed to Hudson, Columbia County, where he spent his youth. He was carefully educated at Hartford, N. Y., and at Stockbridge, Mass., with a view to his entering the legal profession. In 1850, Mr. Monell, being of a somewhat roving disposition, shipped as a sailor on board the ship " Great Britain," bound from New York to China, via San Francisco. After a long and tedious voyage around Cape Horn, the vessel arrived in San Francisco Bay, and the gold excitement being at its full height, the whole ship's company deserted, and engaged in the search for the hidden treasure. After an absence of over four years, in which he made several voyages on the Pacific Ocean, he again doubled Cape Horn in the whale ship " Boston," and landed at New Bedford, Mass. After remaining at home a short time he came to Illinois, and from there went to Minnesota, Avhich was then a territory, where he acted as Sub-Indian Agent, at the Crow Wing Agency, and was after ward the first Sheriff of Crow Wing County, that State. In 1858, he returned to Boone County, 111., Avhere, December 25, 1858, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary E. Pearsall, a daughter of John and Clarinda Pearsall. Tavo children, George R. and Alber P., were the result of the union. In the spring of 1860, he came to Jasper County, 111., Avhere, in 1861, he was chosen Supervisor of North Muddy Township, which office he resigned and entered the army as First Lieutenant of Company F, Eleventh Illinois Volun- VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 503 teers, and served until the promulgation of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, when, on his return home, he was ap pointed Deputy Sheriff under Harvey N. LoAre, after Avhose death he became acting Sheriff. In 1868, he was elected Circuit Clerk and Recorder of the county; was re-elected in 1862. DANIEL O'DONNELL, Deputy Sheriff, son of Cornelius and Elizabeth (Riley) O'Donnell, natives of Ireland, was born, October, 1846, in Jasper County. He Avas reared on a farm and educated in the common schools and at Saint Mary's College, at Teutopolis, Effingham County, HI. After his college course he resumed farming until 1865, Avhen he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Fifty- Fifth Illinois Infantry. In 1871, he married Miss Pauline Ponset, daughter of Frank Ponset, natives of Ohio. She died about a year after the anniversary of their wedding, and in 1881, he married Amelia Shoenlab, daughter of Emil Shoenlab, a native of Indiana. They have one child, Alice May. Mr. O'Donnell has served as Deputy Sheriff since 1879. His father was a stone mason, and on coming to this country, first found employment on the Capitol at Washington, D.C. He came to Jasper County in 1842, and entered 120 acres of wild land near Saint Marie, where he continued to reside until his death in January, 1875. Amelia Shoenlab's father, Emil Shoenlab, was a native of Alsace, France. Wrhen a young man he came to Newton, and for a while clerked in a store. He now resides at Saint Marie, where he is engaged in the commission business. H. K. POWELL, son of John and Frances A (McComas) Pow ell, natives of Ohio and Virginia, was born in Jasper County, 111., November 12, 1848, was reared a farmer, and was educated in the schools at Newton. In 1864, he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-Third Illinois Infantry, and served until the close of the war. July 11, 1870, he married Miss Dollie A. Thompson, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Sherman) Thompson, natives of Virginia. In Novem ber, 1873, Mr. Powell was elected to the office of County Clerk; was re-elected in 1877, and by virtue of an act of the Legislature, he held the office until 1882, when he was again elected. He is the father of four children — Harrie, Julia, Hattie and Robert L. GILBERT REISNER was born in Jasper County, May 31, 1853. He was reared on a farm and educated in the district school and the high school at Newton. He began teaching at the age of" eighteen, and made it his occupation until the death of his father, since which he has been superintending the home farm. He was united in mar riage in 1882, to Miss Mary Har'rah, daughter of D. B. Harrah. John 504 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES— JASPER COUNTY': C. Reisner, father of Gilbert Reisner, was born in Virginia, Decem ber 19, 1828, and was the son of Jacob Reisner, who fought in the wars of Napoleon the Great, crossed the Alps, and was with him at Moscow. He was wounded fourteen times, through the effects of which he was discharged from the service, and afterwards came to America, first settling, it is presumed, in Pennsylvania, from which State he removed to Virginia, where he married Catharine Burtran, a native of Worms, Germany. John C. Reisner was one of the very early settlers of Jasper County, a man of the strictest integrity, and to whom many went for advice and assistance. He took a deep inter est in the church and Sunday-school, and educational affairs of the community in which he lived. He was superintendent of the Sab bath-school for many years, and although a member of the Baptist Church, he was instrumental in the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church in his neighborhood. He joined the Missionary Baptist Church in 1849, and remained a member of the same until the time of his death, February 25, 1883. He married in Jasper County, March 29, 1849, Miss Mariana Stevens, a daughter of Uriah and Mary (Gilbert) Stevens, natives of Vermont, early settlers of Jasper County, and the first to start a farm where the subject of this sketch now resides. She]died October 29, 1857, leaving two children, Gilbert, the'subject of this sketch, and Mary Ann. January 21, 1871, Mr. R. married Miss Eunice Stevens, sister of his first wife. Mr. Reisner is a member of the State Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows. FRANK RICHARDSON, farmer and fine stock raiser, of Wade Township, son of Nathan and Rebecca (Ruthby) Richardson, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in, 1840. He was reared to farming, and attended the National Normal School at Lebanon, Ohio, where he graduated in 1858. He was educated with a view to the medical pro fession, but^ declining health forbade his entering that profession. He was joined in marriage, in 1860, Avith Miss Esther Weer, daugh ter of Philip and Sarah (Roberts)aWeer, soon after which he enlisted as a private in Company M, Thirteenth Ohio Cavalry. After serving six months, he was chosen First Lieutenant of his Company, in which capacity he served with distinction under General Sheridan until the close of the war. Having a desire to raise fine stock, he came to Jas per County soon after the close of the war, where he engaged in that business. He owns a fine farm of 300 acres in Wade Township. He has had born to him two children — Annie and Jesse. B. F. ROGERS was born in 1857, in Jasper County, 111., where he was reared upon his father's farm, and educated in the district VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 505 school, and the Normal, at Newton, after which he began teaching. His father, Marcellus Rogers, a native of Clarke County, Ohio, was born in 1817, was early thrown upon his own resources, and at the age of eighteen, he went to Logansport, Ind., where he found employment in a store for three years, after which he worked as an apprentice for one year at the tailors' trade. He then went to Lafayette, Ind., where he remained two years, after Avhich he made a visit to his native State, and later, located at KnightstoAvn, Ind., where, in 1839, he was joined in marriage with Dicey Barret, who was born in Virginia, in 1822. She was the daughter of Rev. Samuel and Clarissa (McComas) Bar ret. After a residence of nearly tAventy years, in Indiana, they came to Jasper County, where he bought 100 acres of land, which he improved, and upon which he now resides. In 1861, he entered the army as Sergeant in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and served three years. His father, Henry Rogers, was an early settler of Clarke County, Ohio, where he published the Western Pioneer, the first newspaper in that county. He reared eight children, of whom Marcellus Rogers is the only survivor. Mrs. Rogers' father, Rev. Samuel Barret, was one of the settlers of Rush County, as early as 1824. He was the pioneer of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in that locality, where he preached for forty-five years. He died October 2, 1863, lamented by all who knew him in life. The fruit of Mr. Rogers' marriage with Dicey Barret, was eleven children, viz.: Commodore, born in 1840; Mary, in 1843; Ann E., in 1844; Charles H, in 1847; John E., in 1849; Valeria L., in 1851; Clara, in 1853; Marcellus, in 1855; Benjamin F., the subject of this sketch, in 1857; Eliza E., in 1859, and Amelia, in 1861. Both Mr. B. F. Rogers, and father, are active Republicans in politics. CASPER RUSH was born near New Brunswick, N. J., in 1837. While young, he was taken by his parents to Cincinnati, where .he was reared and educated until thirteen years of age, when he was apprenticed to a confectioner. In 1862, he married Miss Antoinette Fluchr, a native of Germany, and born in 1839. The following children have succeeded this union: Rosa, Harry, Ida, Walter and Leonore. Mr. Rush's father, also named Casper, came from Ger many about 1830 and bought a farm in New Jersey, but removed to Cincinnati on account of the German society there, and there died when our subject was nine years old. Mr. Rush is one of the fore most business men in Newton. His stock of goods is very large and varied, and his trade is proportionately large, and by his social, pleasing way of dealing, he has won universal esteem. He is a kind 506 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: husband, an indulgent father, a gentleman and a much valued citizen. FRANK L. SHUP, editor of the Newton Press, was born July 4, 1854, in Jasper County. He was reared a farmer, and was edu cated in the district school until tAventy years of age. At twenty- two he began to read law with Brown & Gibson, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1880, at Springfield, soon after which he Avent to Kansas, located at Kingman, and entered into practice with George E. Filley. He severed this connection May 31, 1882, returned to Newton and took charge of the Press, which he is successfully con ducting. JOHN H, SHUP, son of William and Emily (Coffin) Shup, was born in Hancock County, Ind., in 1852, but when a child, was brought by his parents to Jasper County, where he attended school until seventeen years of age, after which he worked upon his fath er's farm until twenty-one, Avhen he took a course of study at the Normal School of Newton. In 1876, he was appointed deputy County Clerk, and served three years. From 1879 to 1881, he en gaged in the real estate business, and then entered upon his present vocation of insurance agent for the following first-class companies: Burlington, of Iowa, and the Fireman's Fund and the Union, of California, in the counties of Richland, Effingham, Jasper, Crawford, Shelby, Cumberland, Clark, Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Champaign and Vermillion. In 1877, he married Miss Belle Snyder, a native of Indiana, and daughter of David and Sarah (Goodman) Snyder, and to their union have been born two children — Clella and Ethel. FRANCIS A. STEVENS, druggist, is of Dutch-English ex traction, was born October 8, 1852, in Newton, Jasper County, received his early education in the common schools and finished at Champaign, 111., after which worked upon his father's farm until the age of twenty-one, at which time he entered the drug business at Robinson, Crawford County, 111., in company with E. B. Barlow. He was joined in marriage in 1878 with Miss Anna Wallace, who was born in this county, and is a daughter of W. H. and Hannah (Moor) Wallace, natives of Pennsylvania. To this union has been born one son — William. Dr. U. G. Stevens, father of our subject, was born August 23, 1812, in Canada. While young, he removed with his parents to Vermont and afterward to Kentucky, where he was reared and educated. He had three sisters and two brothers; the latter grew to manhood and became physicians. In an early day he came to Champaign County, III., where, in 1836, he was joined in marriage with Marilla Stanfield, who was born April 8, 1820, in VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND AArADE TOWNSHIP. 507 Pennsylvania. The result of the union was as folloAvs: William, James B., Uriah L., Serena A., Harmon, Alpheus, Gilbert S-, Stephen, Francis A., Marilla E, Amelia A. and Charles, all of whom are deceased, except Francis A. (the subject of this sketch), and Amelia and Marilla E. Dr. Stevens died in November, 1881, and his wife in 1877. Mr. Stevens is a Knight Templar, an Odd Fellow, a member of the Knights of Honor and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. A. J. STROLE was born in 1827 near the Shenandoah River, Page County, Va., where he was reared to farming until tAventy-six years of age, Avhen he moved to Vigo County, Ind., and later to Jas per County and next to Edgar County, where he worked on a farm for three years. He married Miss Nancy Step in 1858, daughter of Michael and Matilda (Yager) Step, natives of Virginia. She died in 1860, leaving one child — Michael. Mr. Strole's second marriage was with Miss Wealthy Lane, who was born in Jefferson County, Tenn., in 1832 — daughter of William D. and Lucinda (Cox) Lane, natives of the same State. To them were born seven children, viz.: Lucinda V., Charles P., William D., Hiram P., Thomas J., Isaac R. and Martha. Their family circle is composed of two other children, viz.: Clara andWealthy J.Dillmore, her orphaned nieces. Jacob Strole, father of our subject, was of German descent. He married, in Vir ginia, Eva Kibler, daughter of Philip and Catharine (Snyder) Kibler. They reared to maturity fourteen children. William D. Lane, father of Mrs. Strole, was born in Tennessee in 1812, and was the son of Isaac and Rebecca (Scruggs) Lane. They settled in Indiana about 1835, locating in Union County, near Liberty; he removed to Clark County, 111., in 1865, and to Jasper County in 1879, making his home with Mr. Strole, where he died 'in 1880. Mrs. "Strole was among the first school-teachers in Jasper County, having first taught here at Island Grove, before which she taught in Indiana. Mr. Strole is a successful farmer and business man. On his arrival here his whole stock in trade consisted of an old horse, saddle and bridle, and $25 in money. He now owns a farm of 280 acres, Avell improved. He and wife are both members of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM TRALNOR, Sheriff of Jasper County, was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., in 1839, and at the age of five years was brought to this county by his father, who died 'a year after his arrival, leav ing a widoAv and eight children. On the home farm of 200 acres William Trainor was reared, alternating the hardships of a frontier farm life with brief terms at the neighboring schools. In 1864 he 31, 508 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth Illinois Vol unteer Infantry, served as private one month and was then promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant and as such served until the close of the war. In 1880 he was elected Sheriff, and re-elected in 1882. He was united in marriage to Miss Rebecca Bowen, who has borne him five children, of whom two only are living — Emma and William. John Trainor, father of our subject, was born in Ireland, and came to America when a young man. He married Jane McComas, a daughter of William McComas, and to his marriage were born the following children: Thomas, Philip, Peter, Mary, Amelia, William, George and James, all of Avhom are deceased excepting Philip and the subject of this sketch. George and James died from the effects of exposure while in the army. G V. VANDERHOOF was born February 14, 1840, and is the son of Henry and Mary (Rhodes) Vanderhoof Henry Vanderhoof was born in Stark County, Ohio, in 1812, and there married the daughter of George Rhodes. Mr. V. came to this county as early as 1839, and here his wife died in 1863. In 1861 G V. Vanderhoof entered the army as First Sergeant of Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and served- nearly five years. He afterward learned blacksmithing, which trade he followed until 1879. In 1868 he married Miss Mamie Thoijias, daughter of Elihu Thomas, a native of Indiana. Mr. Vanderhoof is one of the heaviest implement dealers in Newton, and has the agency for the celebrated Minneapolis Twine Binder, of which he sells large numbers, as it gives the most general satisfaction. W. G WILLIAMS, son of W. G. and Margaret (Knoff) Will iams, was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1840, and there received his early education, and afterward, for three years attended the Wes- leyan University at Delaware, Ohio, Dr. Thompson being president of the institution and W. G- Williams Professor of Languages. In 1859 he came to Jasper County, taught school during the Avinter of 1860, and then for eight years practiced dentistry at Vandalia, 111. In 1870 he bought and shipped grain at Saint Elmo, and then came to Newton and clerked for Fuller Nigh. In 1871 he was appointed deputy, under Sheriff Ogden Monell, and served until 1873, when Thomas Cooper was appointed to office and under him he served three months. In 1874 he was elected Circuit Clerk, was re-elected in 1876, and has served ever since. In 1865 he married Miss Mary, daughter of Ebenezer Copps, one of the first settlers of" Illinois, and to his union have been bora two children — Claudia M. and Paul. Mr. VILLAGE OF NEWTON AND WADE TOWNSHIP. 509 Williams is of Scotch and Welsh origin. His father was a nephew of Col. Williams, and was born January 1, 1801, near Wheeling, Va. He was one of the first settlers of Coshocton County, Ohio, and there married Miss Margaret, daughter of John Knoff, and born in Sussex County, N. J., in 1800. A. J. WOODS was bom in 1839, in Gibson County, Ind. At the age of five years he came with his parents to Jasper County, where he was reared on his father's farm until the age of twenty, when he returned to his native State, and at the beginning of the war, in 1861, enlisted in the Twenty-Fourth Indiana Infantry, com manded by Col. Harvey. He served until 1862, when he was dis charged on account of disability. On his return he stopped for a while at his old home in Indiana, for medical treatment. He mar ried, in 1862,- Miss Adelia Garner, a native of France. The union was blessed with the following children: Andrew F. (deceased), Neoma, Lizzie, Willie (deceased) and Octavia. Mr. Woods' father, Dixon Woods, was born in Tennessee, in lb08, and was one of the first settlers of Jasper County. He first came with his parents to Indiana, where he was reared, and married Miss Margaret Woods, the result of the union being as follows: Jane, James, Maria, Eliza beth, John, Patrick, A. J., Joseph, William and Susan. Dixon Woods was widely and favorably known throughout the county and was familiarly called "Uncle Dickey," by which distinctive name every body in the county knew him. He was of Irish descent. The Gar ners came to Ohio about 1837, and to Jasper County about 1839, where they reared a family of five children. 510 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY': WILLOW HILL TOWNSHIP. M. ALLISON, farmer, was born in EdAvards County, HI., in 1839, and is the second son of John and:Sarah J. Allison; the first a native of Kentucky, and the second of Virginia. Our subject remained in the county of Edwards until he was ten years old, at which time he was removed to Willow Hill ToAvnship, Avhich was his home until he was nineteen years of age. In August, 1861, he enlisted in the Forty-Third Indiana Volunteers, and was engaged in battle at Fort Donelson, Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, Memphis, Hel ena, Duvall's Bluff, Little Rock, and others. After returning to this township, he purchased his present farm of 240 acres, now in good cultivation. In 1857 he was wedded to Mary Messenger, a native of Indiana, which marriage was productive of five children, — John C, Sarah J., Mary E., Francis M. , and Milton. Mr. Allison is an intel ligent and grounded Republican, a member of the I. O. O- F. and of the G- A. R., and an enterprising and worthy citizen. JOHN AUSPACH, farmer, is a native of Decatur County, Ind., and is the third son of John and Lydia (Bailey) Auspach, both of whom Avere natives of Ohio. Our subject was born in the year 1834, and when ten years of age removed to Ohio, Avhere he obtained some educational training and remained until he Avas twenty years old; he then returned to Decatur County; remained about seven years, and purchased his present farm of 220 acres, which is largely improved and well cultivated. The consort of John Auspach was Mary J. Park- ison, a native of Indiana, by whom he is the father of two children — George H and Marion S- In politics he is allied with the Demo cratic element, and is an enlightened gentleman and a progressive citizen. H. G BOLLINGER, physician and surgeon, is a native of Ohio, Avas born in 1828, and is the eldest son of John and Barbara (Hiser) Bollinger; the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Ohio. Dr. Bollinger was brought up and educated in Licking County, attended Granville College, and studied medicine, chiefly at Hartford, Ind. When a young man he served in the Mexican Avar, and was stationed on the Rio Grande. His first efforts in medical practice were at Bell Air, 111., whence, after three years' experience, he removed to Brock- WILLOW HILL TOWNSHIP. 511 ville, in this township. In 1859, he bought the Evermond Mound farm, and in 1864, returned to Willow Hill, where, except for seven years in Hunt City, he has been engaged in practice successfully. In 1851, he married Mary J. Page, who died in 1856. In 1857, he married Maria Rodgers, a native of Jasper County, who also died in 1876. His third marriage was with Louise A. Jones, a native of this township, the fruition of which union was the following children — Homer, Frank, Annetta, Martha E., Jeff, Dora, Clinton and Clyde. Dr. Bollinger is a respected citizen and a grounded Democrat. S. B. BOWMAN, farmer, was born in Montgomery County, Ind., in 1844, and is the youngest son of John and Sarah (Loop) Bow man, both natives of Virginia. Our subject was reared and educated in Montgomery County. On his twenty-first birthday his father died, and he assumed care of the family. In 1863, he enlisted in the Forty-Second Indiana Infantry, was sent to Sherman's command, and was through many skirmishes and battles, including Savannah, Goldsboro and Fort Fisher; he was twice wounded, and promoted to be Major. In 1875, he came to this toAvnship and purchased a half interest in the Hunt City farm, of which he took charge for three years; afterward, he purchased 200 acres near Hunt City, with tim ber and improvements. He is a member of the A. F. and A. M., of the I. O- O- F, and the G A. R. He was vice-President of the Coun cil of Montgomery County for two years, and President of the Jas per County Agricultural Association ; he has also been representa tive of many lodges; is a liberal Democrat and a leading citizen. In 1866, he married Rebecca A. Mills, a native of Indiana; this union was productive of five children — Minnie B., Charles M., Cora M., Nellie and Washington L. WILLIAM J. CHITTENDEN, physician and druggist, was born in Shelbyville, Ind., February 13, 1841, and is the eldest living son of Lyman and Nancy A. (Castator) Chittenden; the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Kentucky. When Dr. Chittenden was five years old his father abandoned his trade of millwright, com menced farming, and later moved to Hazel Dell, 111., where our sub ject was educated, and whence he enlisted in 1861, in the Thirty- Eighth Illinois Volunteers. From Camp Butler they went to Pilot Knob, Mo., and in 1862, to Pittsburg Landing — a march of 212 miles in nine days; then followed the siege of Corinth and the battles of Perryville, and Stone River. In 1863, he was discharged, owing to an injury to his eyes. In 1864, he recruited a company for guard duty at Memphis and Helena, with which he served as Lieutenant. 512 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: After the war he taught some time; read medicine, formed a part nership with Dr. West, and began practicing. After two years he came to Willow Hill, which he has since made his home and where he built up a good practice; this, however, owing to his ailing vis ion, he was obliged to relinquish, and now devotes his time to his drug trade, having a fine store and a full stock. In 1870, he married Sarah J. McCray, of Henry County, Ind., which union was favored with four children — Ora, May, Estelle and Bertram. Dr. Chitten den is a Freemason, and Junior Warden of his Lodge; he is also post-commander in the G. A. R. ; a Republican, and was chairman of the Township Republican Convention and of the Senatorial Con vention in 1882. The Doctor once obtained a prize in a county pen manship contest. EPHRAIM COTTRELL, restaurateur and boarding-house keeper, was born in Wills County, 111., in 1840, and is the fifth son of John and Catherine (Arnold) Cottrell, natives respectively of Kentucky and Ohio. When Ephraim was ten years old the family removed to Livingston County, where he was reared and educated. After his father's death he remained with his mother until 1873, when he came to this township, and purchased ninety-seven acres, which tract is now largely cultivated. Three years later he exchanged his land for an interest in the store of Curtis & Mason, but soon after he resumed farming. In 1881, he commenced his present bus iness; he is adjacent to the depot, and is a successful caterer. Mr. Cottrell is a member of the A. F. and A. M., and the I. O. O. F., also of the United Brethren Church, and the Democratic party. In 1870, he married Matilda Lord, a native of England. They are the parents, by adoption, of one child — Letha. Mr. Cottrell is a worthy man and an esteemed citizen. ISAAC DEBOW, junior member of the firm of Jones & De- bow, owners of the Hunt City Mills, was born in Jasper County, 111., in 1847, and is the second son of Robert and Naomi (Gosnold) Debow, natives of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, respectively. Grandville Township was the location of our subject's rearing and education, where he remained until 1866, when the family purchased 117 acres in this township, ninety-seven of which are cultivated; here he lived until 1869, since which he has made several exchanges © of land. In 1883, in company with Mr. Jones, he built the Hunt City Mills, and since they opened their business, in June last, the same has steadily increased and promises gloriously. They have three "run" of buhrs, and expect to improve and add to their ma- AVILLOAV HILL TOAVNSHIP. 513 chinery. In 1866, he married Cerilda Chapman, a native of Jasper County, who died in 1870. He next married Sarah M. Parr, a native of Marion County, Ind., and is the parent of tAvo children — Emily A. and Calvin W. Mr. DeboAV is a Democrat, and an influential citizen. The firm of Jones & Debow are also grain dealers, having charge of the grain house at Hunt City. JEREMIAH DOTY, farmer, was born at Willow Hill in 1846, and is the youngest son of Daniel and Isabel (Ritter) Doty; the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of North Carolina. Daniel Doty entered the land now owned by his son, in the early days of Illinois. Jeremiah Doty was reared, educated and has done business in WilloAv Hill. Part of his farm has been platted as town lots, known as "Doty's Addition," said farm now containing seventy-five acres, all improved and under good cultivation. In 1865, he married Elizabeth Dickey, a native of Indiana, who died within one year, and in 1867 he wedded Martha J. Smith, likewise of Indiana, Avhich union gave issue to six children — Samuel O., Martha E., George F., James N, Daniel H, and William N. Mr. Doty is a lifelong Dem ocrat, a member of the Predestinarian Baptist Church, and a much esteemed citizen. W . H. EIDSON, M. D., postmaster at Willow Hill, was bora in Preble County, Ohio, in 1816, and is the youngest son of Henry and Nancy (Bunch) Eidson, natives of Virginia, where they died in 1846 and 1854, respectively. When about twenty-two, Dr. Eidson began to study medicine, under Drs. Lynaweaver & Helfenstine, and began practice at twenty-five. Soon after he removed to Indiana, and afterward to Marshall, 111., Avhere he practiced dentistry, and later moved to Willow Hill, being the second physician in the township, where he soon had a successful practice. At the time of war he enlisted in the Thirty-Second Illinois Volunteers, serving at Fort Henry, Donelson and Shiloh, and afterward as enrolling officer. He then resumed practice, but from enfeebled health, retired in 1880, and gave the business to his son, devoting his time to post-office duties, having served about one-half of twenty-nine years as post master. Dr. Eidson is a Knight Templar in the Masonic Order, and he has been Master of the local Lodge; he is also a member of the G. A. R., the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was Secretary and Director of the D., O. & O. R. R- R- He was for three years County Commissioner, Justice, four years, later Township Treasurer, and has been President of Town Trustees for several years. He was a Democrat, after 1860 a Republican, and is iioav an Independ- 514 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY': ent. In 1846, he married Catherine Coffman, of Maryland, with a result of three children — Henry A., Catherine E. and Laura J. Henry- A. Eidson, M. D., was born November 9, 1846, at Mexico, Ind., and is a son of* Dr. W. H. Eidson. He was reared and educated at Willow Hill, also taught two terms before becoming of age, served as clerk, assisted in the survey of the D., O. & O- R. R. R-, and afterAvard engaged in mercantile business and as agent for the rail- © © O road company. Having previously read medicine Avith his father, he attended and graduated from Rush Medical College in 1880, and suc ceeded to his father's practice, to which he has added considerably. He belongs to Cooper Lodge, A. F. & A. M., Newton Chapter and Gloria Commandery. He is now Master of Cooper Lodge, and Vice Grand in the I. O- O- F. He is independent in politics and an influ ential citizen. Dr. Eidson was married the day after his graduation to Anna F. Radcliff, of Ohio, who died December 28, of same year. In 1882, he married Miss Mary J. McCartney, of Neoga, 111. JOB FITHIAN, farmer, is a native of this county, was born September 7, 1840, and is the eldest son of Glover and Mary (Catt) Fithian, the former a native of Ohio, the latter of Indiana. Job Fithian was reared near Brockville, and there remained until his twenty-first year. In 1861, he enlisted in the Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and was engaged at Pilot Knob, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Perryville, Stone River and Chickamauga, where he was wounded in the right arm. He afterward re-enlisted, and was in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and after passing through Louisiana and Texas, was discharged at Victoria. In 1867, he married Eveline Dickey, a native of Indiana, by which nuptials he became the father to five children — Albert, Lizzie, George, Davy and an infant girl. Mr. Fithian has several times been possessor of the old homestead, and now has a farm on Section 30 west, consisting of ninety-six acres, all well improved and being cultivated. Mr. Fithian has long been a Democrat, but is liberal and intelligent, and stands in the foremost rank of citizenship. He is a member of the G. A. R., and has held several toAvnship offices. E. G FLINN, attorney-at-law, was born in the year 1818, in the State of North Carolina, being the third son of Josiah and Cath erine (Mozer) Flinn, both natives of the "Old North State." When our subject was nine years of age the family moved to Greene County, Ind., where he attended an old-fashioned subscription school for thirty days. In 1855, he was admitted to the bar of Greene County, under Judge McDonald. In 1861, he removed to Jasper County, AVILLOAV HILL TOAVNSHIP. 515 HI., and iii 1880, after a State examination, was admitted to the bar of that county, where he has since practiced his profession most suc cessfully. Mr. Flinn, in 1844, married Phebe Christenburg, a native of Indiana, with a result of one child, Amanda Holt. He has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church several years, and was Justice of the Peace for fourteen years in Indiana, and has been a Republican since the administration of Buchanan. Mr. Flinn is wholly a self-made man, and a valued and deserving citizen. M. L. GETTINGER, M. D., is a native of Darke County, Ohio, was born in 1858, and is the third son of Henry and Mary (Buff) Gettinger, natives respectively of Maryland and Ohio, avIio moved to Sullivan County, IncL, when the Doctor Avas about six years of age, and where he was reared. He was educated at the Union Chris tian College, at Merom, and subsequently became a student of the Eclectic Medical Institute of" Cincinnati, but graduated at the Amer ican Medical College of Saint Louis. His first location Avas at Annap olis, 111., but soon after came to Limit City, where he has since been engaged in a successful practice, and has grounded a flattering repu tation. In 1880, he married Caroline Hoskins, a nati\re of Indiana, which union has given birth to one child, Mary J. Dr. Gettinger is a member of the I. O- O- F. He has always been a Republican, and is an influential and respected citizen. W. H. HIGGINS, deceased farmer and stock-dealer, was a native of Boone County, Ky-, having been born in 1835. He was the third son of William and Nancy Higgins, supposed to have been natives of Kentucky. Our subject was reared in Kentucky until he attained his majority, when he emigrated to this township and settled on the estate now the property of his heirs. It contained originally 160 acres of improved land, of Avhich his widow now owns the home and 100 acres. October 14, 1875, he married Mary I. Ireland, a native of Illinois, with an issue of one child, James W. By a former wife, Margaret Ireland, he was the father of six children, viz.: Dora B. (Ping), Harvey A., Julius W., Mary F, Orlando A. and John I. Mr. Higo-ins died April 29, 1880- He was a member of the Masonic Order, "in politics a Democrat, a prominent farmer and a highly respected citizen. G. R- HOPPER, farmer, is a native of Hancock County, Ind., was born in 1845, and is the eldest child of James and Verlinda (Walker) Hopper. Our subject was brought to manhood and edu cated in this township, and afterward bought the farm of his father, who now resides at Oblong. This farm comprises 134 acres, all im- 516 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: proved and Avell cultivated, situated in this township, and forty acres in Crawford. In 1865, he enlisted in the Thirty-Second Illinois Volunteers, "and served six months. In political matters he has always been identified with the Republican party, and is a member of the G. A. R. and of the Missionary Baptist Church. In 1866, he married Martha J. Hurt, a native of Virginia, Avho died in 1879. He next married Elvira J. Meritt, a native of Indiana. Mr. Hopper is the parent of six children, viz.: James H., Albert W., Francis M., Estella V., George W. and Roy A. He is also a valuable and worthy citizen. GEORGE W. JONES, senior member of the firm of Jones & Debow, proprietors of the Hunt City Mills, was born in Johnson County, Intl., in 1831, and is the third son of Abraham and Mary (Parr) Jones, natives respectively of Virginia and Tennessee. Mr. Jones was educated at Greenwood, reared in his native county, and there remained until twenty years old, at which period he came to this county and purchased land in Brockville settlement. He has been a resident of Willow Hill ever since, and has been owner of various farms, in extent from 40 to 380 acres, and now is owner of two farms of 140 and 120 acres respectively, which in the main are improved and well situated. Mr. Jones taught school for ten win ters, and managed a saw-mill for five years. He is a member of the Baptist Church, was for four years Justice of the Peace, and has held other township offices. He is a Democrat, and one of Willow Hill's best citizens. July 11, 1851, he married Rachel Stretcher, a native of Ohio. Their family consists of seven children, viz.: John E., Sylman, Tylman W-, William, Otis, Allen and Lillie. J. B. McNAIR, carpenter, was born in 1839 in Rush County, Inch, and is the third son of Thomas and Pruda (Keeler) McNair, natives of New York and Indiana, who came to this township when our subject was ten years old, and entered over 300 acres of land. When J. B. McNair was twenty-tAvo years of age he enlisted in the Thirty-Second Illinois Volunteers, and served at Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, LaGrange, Bolivar, siege of Vicksburg, and others. At Natchez he re-enlisted, after which he was sent up the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, then joined Gen. Sherman's march, appearing in the grand revieAv at Washington, and thence going to Leavenworth, where he was discharged, having risen to be Second Lieutenant. He was wounded while on march, the minie-ball being yet lodged in his face, and from long and arduous service his health is permanently broken. In 1864, on the 7th of WILLOAV HILL TOWNSHIP. 517 April, he married Tempa, daughter of Dr. W. H. Eidson, and native of Ohio; they have one child, Daisy K. Mr. McNair is a Past Master and Chapter Mason, an Odd Fellow, and a member of the G. A. R. He is a liberal Republican, and an esteemed citizen. W. F. MASON, is a native of Livingston County, 111., and was born November 20, 1851. His ancestors were Virginians; his parents resided in Marshall, 111., for four years and afterward moved to Willow Hill about 1856, where our subject was reared and edu cated. When sixteen years old he began clerking with Haynie, Eidson & Co., at which he continued seven years. In 1874, with Henry Curtis, he began business for himself, having a stock of about $2,800, and has built up a good and increasing business. Mr. Curtis sold his interest, in 1877, to Mr. Cottrell, who in 1878 sold to Mr. Mason, who has since managed the business and has a well-selected stock valued at perhaps $15,500. In June, last, he purchased the stock of Stewart Bros., invoiced at $4,088, exclusive of the building. Mr. Mason's business has been a steady, groAving one, and his career has been prosperous, with no untoward current except a safe burglary, on March 14, 1883. Mr. Mason is a Republican, a rising merchant, and an esteemed citizen. J. A. MERRICK, farmer, stock and grain dealer, was born August 19, 1825, in Petersburg, Ind., where he was reared, educated and where he remained until the age of twenty-five years, at which period he commenced the dry goods trade at Hutsonville, BI. In 1868 he came to Willow Hill and purchased 500 acres; he also has 280 acres of timber in Indiana and 280 in addition to his farming land in this county, besides a partnership in other land. In 1854 he married Belle G. Huston, a native of Illinois, who died in 1856. His second wife is Lizzie Moore, also a native of Illinois, and he is the parent of four children — William J., Henry L., George M. and Ira A. Mr. Merrick has dealt very largely in stock and in grain since he came to this county. When the Whig party became defunct he joined the Republican ranks. For four years he was a director of the D., O. & O- R. Railroad, and he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Merrick is a leading and influential citizen. JOHN MILLER, farmer, is the third son of James and Nancy (Kennedy) Miller, the former a native of Ohio and the latter of Ken tucky. Our subject was born in Crawford County, 111., in the year 1831 and reared in this township, whither his father came in the early days. When twenty-four years of age John Miller married Lucy A. Ping, a native of Vigo County, Ind., who died in 1863, aiad in 1865 518 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: he married his present wife, Elizabeth A. Gold, a native of Tennes see. Mr. Miller is the father of five children — William, Elisha, James E., Mack A. and Redmond. Mr. Miller has bought and exchanged a quantity of farms since he entered his first land. His present farm comprises 120 acres, the major portion of which is ara ble and productive. Mr. Miller is a member of that most honorable of organizations — Freemasonry; he is a member of the Republican party, once having been a Whig, and is a communicant of the Bap tist Church and an enlightened and liberal citizen. CAPT. T. K. MILLER, farmer, stock and grain dealer, Avas born July 26, 1826, in Crawford County, 111., and is the eldest son of James and Nancy (Kennedy) Miller, natives of Pennsylvania and Kentucky respectively. The father of Mrs. Miller was a judge of Crawford County for more than twenty years. The father of our subject came to Indiana, then a territory, in 1816. When Captain Miller was twenty years of age his father died, leaving the family in his care, and in 1849 he entered 120 of the 600 acres that he now owns, 300 of which are improved, the land being about equally prai rie and timber, containing, also, stone and stonecoaL For the last twenty years he has been engaged in stock dealing, and has likewise dealt somewhat in grain. In 1850 he married Mary A. Gould, of East Tennessee, which union produced seven children; Rachel Mur phy, Columbus G, Sherman, Kimball, John, Gilbert and May. In 1861 Mr. Miller enlisted in the Fifty-Fourth Illinois Volunteers, of which he was made Lieutenant, and afterward Captain. They fought Forrest in Tennessee, at the siege of Vicksburg, drove Price out of service, and remained in that department until 1865, when he resigned, having served three years. In politics he has been Whig, Abolitionist and Republican. He is a member of the Baptist Church and of the G- A. R. WILLIAM H. MUCHMORE, farmer, is a native of Hamilton County, Ohio, was born in 1836, and is the eldest son of Benjamin P. and Louise (Robison) Muchmore, both natives of Ohio. The par ents of our subject removed to Indiana when he was young, and in that State he received his rearing and education. After he was four teen years of age he removed to Crawford County, 111., where he remained until he was of age, and purchased ninety acres of land, which contains some improvements, and sixty of which are under good cultivation. In 1857 he married Eliza Ireland, a native of Jas per County, which marriage gave being to six children — James> William, Leonard, Alvia, Savana and Lillie. Mr. Muchmore is a .WILLOW HILL TOAVNSHIP. 519 member of the Masonic Fraternity and of the G. A. R. He is also a grounded Republican, from which principles he never deviates except in county elections, and he is a valuable citizen. WILLIAM G PARKS, hotel and boarding-house keeper, was born July 1, 1837, in Breckinridge County, Ky., and is the third son of Seth and Mary (McCoy) Parks, natives respectively of New York and Virginia. He was reared and educated in Kentucky, remaining there until about twenty-four years of age, and worked at farming. There he attended Eldorado Seminary and taught two terms of school. In 1863 he enlisted in the Thirty-Fifth Kentucky (Mounted) Infantry, which was employed in protecting citizens from guerilla raids; he was Orderly Sergeant, and discharged in 1864. In April, 1865, he removed to Willow Hill ToAvnship and purchased 120 acres. May 27 1866, he married Amanda Layman, a native of Kentucky. She. died May 2, 1883, leaving three children — Ada, Lorena and Bertha. In November, 1881, he came to Hunt City, and built his present place of business, which is now a first-class hotel, of which Mr. Parks is the genial host and liberal caterer. He is a member of the Masonic Order, of the G A. R- and of the Presbyterian Church. He is politically a Republican, and has held various town ship offices. E. WT. PARKS, railroad and express agent, also dealer in grain, Avas born in Kentucky, in 1845, and is the youngest son of Seth and Mary (McCoy) Parks. E. W. Parks was reared until his twentieth year, in Breckinridge County, Ky. He then purchased a farm in this township, which he managed eleven years; it contained 120 acres, all cultivated and improved. This he exchanged for a store in Hunt City, having a $3,000 stock, in which he continued until 1881, when he lost, by fire, everything except an insurance of $2,000, after which he built the building now occupied by T H. Week. November 26, 1868, he married Miss Elizabeth Clemens, a native of Kentucky, with a result of two children — Jesse E. and Claude. Mr. Parks there after engaged in the grain trade,in which he has since been an operator. Since the establishment of the D. & O. R. R- he has been its ticket and express agent, and his son, Jesse E, a telegraph operator. Mr. Parks is a member of the I. O- O- F, of the Presbyterian Church, and Avas postmaster of Hunt City from the time he entered business until July, 1883. In politics he is independent, with a leaning toward the Democrats, and an enterprising and valuable citizen. I. B. PARR, farmer, is a native of Shelby County, Ind., and was born in 1 830- He is the youngest son of Matthias and Sarah C (Kim- 520 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER ( COUNTY: ball) Parr, the first a native of North Carolina, and the latter of Ten nessee. Our subject was reared, educated, and found a home in John son County, Ind., until he was twenty-three years'ofage, and at this period he purchased his farm of 250 acres. In 1849, he married Mary A. Stretcher, a native of Ohio, and his second Wife Avas Mrs. Sarah Stretcher, a native of Virginia. He is the parent of" six children — John E., Sarah M., Matthias B., Armilda J., Thomas J. and Willet L. Mr. Parr has taught in all twenty terms, and has held several township offices. He is politically a Democrat, religiously a mem ber of the Predestinarian Baptist Church, and socially an upright and deserving citizen. M. H. PERRIN, carpenter and Justice of the Peace, was born in 1838, in Breckinridge County, Ky., and is the youngest son of Will iam and Sally D. (Hardin) Perrin, natives of Virginia and Kentucky. William Perrin lived to be nearly eighty-five years of age. M. H. Perrin remained at his home in Breckinridge County, Ky., until 1864, when, haAdng learned the carpenters' trade, he came to Willow Hill, where, except for a period of two years at Mattoon, he has remained and pursued his calling. In addition to the trade, he,has contracted successfully, and employs constantly from one to six men. He is the only contractor in the place, and has increased his trade from year to year. In 1866, he married Missouri Cooper, a native of Ohio (who was so named by the editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer; her sister was also named by the said party, Virginia), with an issue of three children — Ida, Washington McL. and Henry K Mr. Perrin is a mem ber of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities, in which he has held the chief offices. He is also a member of the Mutual Aid Associa tion of Galesburg, and the Good Templars. He is a firm Democrat, and acted as Justice for two years. J. R. REESE, farmer, was bora in Pennsylvania, in 1843, and is the second son of Elias a"nd Mary (Harding) Reese, natives of Penn sylvania. Excepting an absence of three years in Virginia, our sub ject was reared and educated in Lycoming County, Penn., from which point he emigrated to this State and purchased the Evermond Mound Farm, on which he has since resided. This property is peculiar and superior, lying high, and commanding a fine view of the surrounding landscape. The base of the land is red and white sand, covered with a stratum of fine walnut loam. It embraces between 100 and 200 acres, and is nearly all improved and cultivated. In 1862, Mr. Reese enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirty-Second Regiment Pennsyl vania Volunteers, and at once moved to Arlington Heights, thence WILLOW HELL TOWNSHIP. 521 to Fredericksburg, South Mountain, Harper's Ferry, Warrenton and Chancellorsville, where he was captured, confined at Belle Isle, and later, exchanged and discharged. In 1868, he married Mary J. Moore, of'Hutsonville, 111., which marriage was productive of three children — George L., Maggie B. and Ralph I. Mr. Reese is a firm Republican, a member of the G. A. R., and of" the Methodist Episcopal Church. His father was once owner of a farm adjoining the battle-field of Bull Run. HUGH F. SANDERS, farmer, was born in Orange County, Ind., in the year 1850, and is the fifth child in the family of Wright and Elizabeth (Ashcraft) Sanders, the former a native of Indiana, and the latter of Kentucky. Our subject found a home, education and training, in Orange County, until he attained the age of seventeen, whereupon he came to this township, and in 1876, purchased his pres ent farm of 116 acres, partly improved and cultivated. In 1870, he married Mary E. DoAvney, a native of Indiana, who died in 1876. His second marriage Avas with Susan E. Shafer, a native of Illinois. He is the parent of two children — Lydia M. and Daisy A. Mr. Sanders is a grounded Democrat, a consistent member of the Baptist Church, aii esteemed member of the I. O. O- F., and one of Willow Hill's reliable and efficient citizens. G. M. SELBY, farmer, is a native of Rush County, Ind., was born in 1830, and is the eldest living son of Hasty and Rachel (Johnson) Selby, the former a native of Maryland, the latter of Kentucky. Mr. Selby was reared at home until his majority, when he Avent to Clin ton County for three years, after which he returned to Willow Hill, and one year later purchased his present farm, which contains 150 acres, the greater portion of which is Avell cultivated and improved. In 1851, he married Hester A- Baker, a native of Indiana, Avho left the world in 1858. He afterward married Elizabeth Stewart, a native of Shelby County, Ind. Mr. Selby is the parent of five children — Viola, Ann E. and John (twins), and Alvin and Calvin (twins). In politics Mr. Selby has always voted with the Democratic party, and has held several township offices. He is a member of the Odd Fel lows fraternity, and is among the township's leading citizens. FREDERICK A. SEMPSROTT, farmer, is a native of Germany, was born in the year 1829, and is the eldest son of Diedrich and Anna Sempsrott, likewise natives of Germany. Frederick received his schooling and home training in Germany, where he remained until he was seventeen years of age, at which period he removed to America, settled in the commonwealth of Indiana, and lived there 522 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: five or six years. In 1862, he removed to his present location, which embraces 215 acres of* land, well improved and mostly cultivated. In 1842, he Avas joined in matrimony to Anna Steinforth, a native of Germany; this union has given being to seven children, viz.: Charles, Henry, Carrie, Lizzie, Anna," William and John. Mr. Sempsrott is and has been long identified with the principles of the Republican party, and is a useful and respected citizen. MILTON SIMS, farmer, Avas born in Kentucky in 1823, and is the second son of Thomas and Lucinda (Hudson) Sims, both natives of Kentucky. Milton was a resident of the commonwealth of Ken tucky until his eighteenth year, when the family moved to Rush County, Ind., and about seven years later he entered his present farm of 240 acres, nearly all of which is in good cultivation, and with commodious buildings. In 1849, he married Priscilla Harlen, of Jasper County, who died in 1859, leaving eight children, viz.: Mar tha A. (Johnson), William, Marion, Richard, Ida, Georgia A., Norah L. and Docia L. Mr. Sims afterward married Sarah (Ireland) Mitchell, a native of Indiana. Mr. Sims was in former times a Whig, but since the decline of that party has been- identified with the Democrats. He has been Supervisor, and held other offices in the township; he is an enterprising citizen, and a member of the Baptist Church. S. G STEWART, proprietor of Willow Hill Mills, is a native of Ohio and was born in February, 1825- His parents, John and Mary Stewart, have traced their lineage backward for about 200 years ; they descended from the Anneke Jans, Bogardus and Weber families; the last of the Webers having been supposed to be a grand-daughter of King William IV. Mr. Stewart has a complete chart of these families. The father of our subject lived for a period in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky. S. G Stewart passed his life until his thirtieth year in Shelby County, Ind., working as a farmer and in a saw-mill. In 1877, he purchased the Willow Hill Mills, at that time the only mills existing in the township; he has two run of buhrs, and does a large business. In 1862, he married Mary East, a native of Washington County, 111., avIio died thirteen years subse quently. In 1878, he married Elizabeth Stewart, of Indiana. He is the parent of two children, James R. and Lewis G Mr. Stewart is a Democrat, a member of the Baptist Church, and a reliable, respected citizen. HENRY STEWART, senior of the firm of Stewart Bros., Hunt City, was born in this township in 1855, being the eldest son AVILLOAV HILL TOAVNSHIP. 523 of James and Elizabeth (Jones) SteAvart, both natives of Shelby County, Ind., Avhere our subject was reared and educated, and worked until of age, at which time he, in alliance with his brother, bought the Willow Hill Mills, and afterward had a store which was broken up by burglars, who took from them $1,800, and thus compelled them to sell their stock. Not discouraged, however, they pressed for ward and have now a fine store and large stock, valued at $3,000, besides a building worth $1,500, with a steadily growing trade. Mr. Stewart is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities. He is a Democrat, and a very promising young man. ISAIAH STEWART, junior of the firm of Stewart Bros., was also born in this township in 1857, where he was reared and educated until the age of eighteen, when he began business with his brother at Willow Hill. Mr. Stewart is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. He has been Township Collector and Clerk, the former of which offices he is now filling, and the money taken by the above related burglary being the funds of the township. In July last, he was made postmaster at Hunt City, and has always been identified with the Democratic party. Mr. Isaiah Stewart is a young gentle man having a strongly hopeful prospect; he is chorister of the Wil low Hill Sunday-school, and prominent in good example. ' W. J. SWOPE, grain and stock dealer, was born in Greenfield,. Ind., in the year 1846, and is the only son of Maun and Eliza J. (Chamberlain) Swope, the former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Kentucky. In 1858, after his father's death, the family moved to Prairie City, 111., where he obtained schooling and remained until of age, when he began the grocery, later the livery business, and some time after was in the merchandise trade at Grandville for four years. When the railroad was through to WHIoav Hill he com menced stock buying and grain dealing, and this has since engaged his attention. Mr. Swope, in 1866, married Emma J. Dare, a native of Shelby County, Ind., the result of which union was six children, viz.: Luna, Lee, Nellie, Lady, Birdie and an infant. Mr. Swope is a member of the A, F & A. M., also of the I. O. 0. F, of which he has taken all the degrees, and has been representative and deputy of the lodge, and was its first Noble Grand. He is a Democrat, has been Justice of" the Peace for the last six years, and is one of Wil low Hill's most prominent citizens. A. C. TERHUNE, civil engineer of the T., T. & R. G. Railway, is a native of Dearborn County, Ind., Avas born in 1850, and is the eldest son of John S. and Mary A. (Cheek) Tefhune, the former a 32 524 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: native of Kentucky, and the latter of Indiana. JohnS- Terhunewas an old settler and carpenter, and a soldier of the Thirty-Second Illi nois Regiment. He received an injury from a gunboat at Pittsburg Landing; was thereby disabled and sent to hospitals at Vincennes and Evansville, from which he was discharged. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as are all of the family. He died in 1877, and his widow and two daughters are residing on the place. A. G Terhuue was brought to Willow Hill when seven years of age, and here he received his education and training. He commenced railroading in 1872, Avith the D., O. & O. R-, then on the S-, E. & S- E. (now the I. & I. S. G), and is now with the T, T. & R. G Railway. Mr. Terhune is a member of the A., F. & A. M-, and in politics is a thorough Republican, as Avell as an enterprising and well-regarded citizen. P. A- TERHUNE, merchant, was born in Decatur County, Ind., in 1844, and is the eldest son of James B. and Martha M. (Coff) Ter hune, the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of Indiana. When our subject was about fourteen years of age, his parents moved to Wil- Ioav Hill Township, where he was reared and educated. Except one year's traAreling in Kansas and Missouri, he was at home, and worked on the farm until his twenty-seventh year. In association with his brother, he bought John Watt's stock of goods, which he sold after wards to a younger brother. He then farmed for about a year, after which he bought a $525 stock of goods at NeAvton, but soon moved therewith to his present building, where his stock has increased, 'and his business has prospered, the former aggregating $4,000, and the lat ter being one of the best of the neighborhood. He also handles grain. Mr. Terhune is a Royal Arch Mason, and has been Master of Cooper Lodge. He is also a member of the I. O- O- F. In 1876, he was a candidate for Circuit Clerk by the Republicans, to which party he has always been allied, and is one of the most enterprising and popular citizens. In 1872, Mr. Terhune married Cyrena Dearnes, a native of Mount Pleasant, Ohio — a union graced by two children — Guy, and James A. WILLIAM T. WATT is a native of Bowling Green, Ky., was born in the year 1844, and is the eldest son of Fideler N., and Hen rietta Watt, both natives of Kentucky. William T. Watt left his native town of BoAvling Green, when eighteen years of age. He then traveled through the South as far as Galveston, and upward as far as Lakes Superior and Michigan, on a tour of pleasure. In 1876, he married Alsey K. Jared, a widow, and a native of Kentucky, who AVILLOAV HILL TOWNSHIP. 525 had two children by .her former husband — Cordelia and Wilbert. Mr. Watt, our subject, has but one child — Bernice. His present farm and home, comprise in area eighty-one and a half acres, all of which are under cultivation and fair improvement. He is a member of the great Masonic Fraternity, of the I. O. O. F., of the Grange, and of the Presbyterian Church. Politically, he is a stanch and intelligent Republican, and one of the most enterprising and valued citizens. JESSE WAY is a native of Orange County, Inch, was born in 1838, and is the eldest son of Anderson and Lenna (Voris) Way, the former a native of North Carolina, and the latter of Indiana. Jesse was reared in his native county, and there remained until he reached his majority, when he began, and continued farming for himself uutil 1874, and then came to this township and purchased his present farm of 150 acres. In 1858, he married Fanny Sanders, a native of Orange County, a union sanctified by six children — Amanda O (Holt), Eliza F. (Price), Wilson L., John A., Rosa B. and William H. Mr. Way is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, also of the Odd Fellows and of the Baptist Church. He has held several township offices. Mr. Way is a constant and conscientious Democrat, and is to be regarded as one of the foremost citizens of the township of WHIoav Hill. T. H. WECK, merchant, was born in the State of Ohio, and in the year 1851. He is the eldest son of Michael and Julia A. (Booser) Week, both natives of Maryland, who came to Crawford County when the subject of this sketch was six years old, which location con tinued to be his home until he was about twenty-three years old, Avhen his father died, and he took the management of the farm until January, 1883, when he bought his present stock of" dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, grain, fowls, etc. His storeroom is one of the best in the township, and he has a well-chosen stock and a fast-growing trade. In the grain trade Mr. E. W. Parks is associated with him as partner. Mr. Week, in 1874, married Tempa Wright, a native of Jasper County, with an issue of three children — Maggie, Ida and Susie. Mr. Week is a long-standing Republican, a good business man, a Avorthy citizen, and a member of the New Light Church. THOMAS J. WISEMAN was born at Cincinnati in 1824, and is the eldest son of Judge John A., and Mary (Harrison) Wiseman, natives of Philadelphia and Cincinnati respectively. Judge John A. Wiseman was once Mayor of Cincinnati, and, with his father, Avas one of the first settlers of that city. Mrs. Wiseman was a relative of General Harrison. Thomas J. was reared and schooled in Cincin nati, where, at the age of fourteen he commenced the carpenters' 526 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: trade, and after his apprenticeship began business for himself, which he continued until 1850, when he was appointed auction inspector, remaining such until the office was abolished, three years later, whereupon he was given a clerkship in the Legislature, and after ward made editor of the Democratic organ, Tagesblatt- He after ward farmed until 1865, when he purchased his place in this town ship, consisting of 300 acres, nearly all of which is cultivated and improved. In 1848, he married Mary Remlinger, a native of Cheviot, Ohio. They are the parents of seven children, viz., John, Emma, George, William L., Lotta, Edward and Harry. Mr. Wiseman is a man of broad and independent thought, as well as intelligent action. He is a liberal Democrat and prominent citizen, CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 527 CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. ADRIAN F. ATEN, son of Aaron M. and Margaret (Demott) Aten, was born in Preble County, Ohio, on May 25, 1820- The par ents were born in Henry County, Ky., and Avere very early settlers of Preble County, Ohio, but in 1839 the father sold his land and bought a farm in Johnson County, Inch, to which he soon after moved. Our subject attended school in the pioneer schoolhouse and worked on his father's farm during his early youth. He remained on the farm until 1857. On December 25, 1845, he married Catharine, daughter of Henry Byers, of Johnson County, Inch Ten children were born to them, nine of whom are living, viz.: Aaron M., Eliza beth, Henry B. S-, Margaret, Florence, William D., Orion G, J. Franklin and Theodore. In 1857 he sold out and came to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, and purchased and settled on 328 acres in Section 6, with some improvements. He has now 540 acres in this township, nearly all of which is under cultivation. In 1870 he built a fine frame house. He is a general farmer, and raises some stock. In politics he is a Republican, and he and his wife are both members of the Presbyterian Church. The couple have just returned from the sixty-seventh anniversary of the marriage of the wife's brother, Avho resides in Johnson County, Ind. On this occasion there were gathered together more than 500 of the family con nections. AMOS BARTLEY, son of John P. and Charity (Lawson) Bart ley, was born in Adams County, Ohio, on May 16, 1825, and at four years of age moved with his father to Shelby County, Ind., where he worked on a farm. He went to school about three months in the year and labored on a farm the remainder of each year, until, in 1850, he went by the overland route to California, being six months on the road. While there he worked at farming and mining, but in 1853 he returned East and settled in Jasper County, 111., locating on 160 acres of land in Willow Hill Township, which his father had entered in an early day. While there he was married to Nancy, daughter of Aaron Harlan, of Jasper County. Three children, all deceased, were born to them. His wife also died, in 1861. He was next married on February 3, 1864, to Melinda, daughter of Harris and Margaret (Thompson) Tyner. Mrs. B. has borne her husband three children, two of whom are living, viz.: Annie and Benjamin F. After his 528 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: marriage he located for a short time on his farm near Newton, and, in 1865, he sold out and moved to Crooked Creek Township and pur chased 200 acres in Section 26, which farm he has well improved and on which he now resides. In politics he is a Democrat of liberal views. He and his wife are members of the Baptist Church. GEORGE D. BRIGGS, son of James H. and Elizabeth (Hud- dleston) Briggs, was bora in North Carolina, April 10, 1837. At. the age of two years he was taken by his parents to Tennessee, where he attended school and worked in a tobacco factory until 1852, when his parents died. He then found his way to Coles County, 111., where he learned carpentering, at which he worked until 1859; he next peddled dry goods until December, 1861, when he enlisted in Com pany K, Sixty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry. While out for aging he accidentally broke his leg, Avhich led to his discharge in August, 1862, on account of disability. After recovery he worked on a farm until 1864, then came to Jasper County and engaged in the manufacture of tobacco. May 1, 1866, he married Rhua G, daughter of John Rice, of this county. He has seven children liv ing — Charles H., Laura, Bessie, Bert and Pearl (twins), Harrie and Alta. Mr. Briggs built the first house at Hidalgo, of which town ©O © J his wife was appointed postmistress, September 1, 1879. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Rose Hill Post, No. 158, G. A. R. NATHAN BROOKS, son of Isaac and Patience (Spencer) Brooks, was born in Rush County, Ind., in August, 1833, and when about six years of age was brought to this township by his father. Here he attended school and worked on the home farm until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted, August 14, 1861, in Company H, Thirty- Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Soon after enlistment he was taken ill, and on that account was discharged in 1862, when he returned home, and after his recovery again went to work on the home farm. January 13, 1867, he married Mary E. Cummins, the daughter of John and Eliza (Kibler) Cummins, who came to Crooked Creek Township in 1838. There have been five children born to this union — Emma E., Ida, Laura, John W- and William Daniel. Mr. Brooks owns 120 acres on Section 20, and is a general farmer. In politics he is a Republican. ROBERT H. BROWN, son of John D. and Elizabeth (Brown) Brown, was born in Shelby County, Ind., September 13, 1844. John D. Brown was a farmer and wagon-maker, and when not at school Robert H. worked on the farm or in the shop. The father died in CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 529 1861, and the support of the mother fell to a great extent upon our subject. But the war broke out and he enlisted, October 21, 1862, in the Twenty-Second Indiana Volunteer Battery. He was at Ken- esaw Mountain, in front of Atlanta, at Franklin and Nashville, and in all the engagements in which his battery took part. He was discharged July 8, 1865, and returned to the support of his mother. In 1872 he came to this county, farmed about eight years, and then bought out a general stock of merchandise at Harrisburg, this town ship, and traded until 1880, Avhen he sold out to take a needed rest. He is still unmarried, and devotes his time and means to the care of his mother. He is a charter member of Rose Hill Post, No. 158, G. A. R., and his mother isa member of the Baptist Church, which he also attends. MITCHELL T. BRUSTER was born in Grayson County, Ky., March 1, 1829, and is the son of Thomas and Martha (Jeffers) Bruster, natives of Virginia. About 1835 the family moved to Coles County, 111., where oursubject attended a pioneer school, and assisted on the home farm until the spring of 1847, when he enlisted in Company G, Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for the war with Mexico, and served three years. Next he passed about seven years in and about the lead mines at Mineral Point, Wis., and elsewhere, and then returned to his father's farm. May 1, 1857, he married Eliza J. Baker, who was born in Virginia, December 15, 1833, and came with her parents, Jacob and Mary (Edmon) Baker, to Coles County, this State, in 1852. To their marriage five children were born — Jerome, John W., Martha J., Jacob O and George G Of these Martha J. and George C. alone survive. Mr. Bruster remained in Coles County, working at saw-milling, until 1868, when he came to this township and purchased eighty acres of land on Sec tion 32, to which he has since added forty acres; he resides in the village of Rose Hill, is the only survivor of Company G, and is thought to be the only survivor of the Mexican War in the county. His grandfather Jeffers was killed in the Revolutionary War, as was his wife's grand uncle, Samuel Edmoh. Mr. Bruster is a Dem ocrat, and he and wife are members of the United Brethren Church, in which he has served as Steward, Trustee and Sunday-school superintendent. AMOS P. CALDWELL, son of Andrew and Sena (Sharp) Cald well, natives of Virginia and North Carolina, was born November 26, 1839, in Clark County, 111. Three days after his birth his mother died, and at the age of five years he lost his father. He then lived 530 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: with an aunt, Jane Lowell, who sent him to school until he was six teen years of age, when she died. He then went to live with his aunt Rebecca Goodman, in Vigo County, Ind., Avhere he worked on a farm until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Com pany H, Eleventh Indiana, three months' service, and fought at Rom ney, Va. After his discharge he immediately joined Company L, Fifth Illinois Cavalry, for three years' service. He fought at Pilot Knob, Batesville and Helena, Ark., and at Vicksburg. At the last place, he was captured by the enemy, and confined in Libby Prison eight months, Avhen he was exchanged. He was then Avith Sherman from Vicksburg to Meridian, and Avas discharged in 1864. He worked at various points aAvhile and then settled on forty acres, well im proved, in this township. May 2, 1867, he married Rebecca J. Hen dricks, the daughter of Isaac H. and Nancy (Connor) Hendricks. They have had four children — Albert H., Edwin H., Lula (deceased) and Charles. Mr. CaldAvell is a Mason and a member of the G- A. R. Isaac H. Hendricks is the son of Samuel and Mary (Taylor) Hendricks, was born in Belmont County, Ohio, February 22, 1823, married Nancy Connor January 30, 1845, and came to this township in 1857; his wife died September 19, 1881, since when Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell have resided at, his house. JOSEPH CO AD, son of Joseph and Mary Coad, was born in England in 1813, was reared on the home farm, and at the death of his father, in 1841, came to America, located in Montgomery County, Ohio, Avorked in a distillery three years, then Avent to Greenville Falls, Miami County, and followed the same business. April 5, 1847, he married Mary A. Reisner, born in Augusta County, Va. , in 1824, and daughter of John J. aud Mary O Reisner, natives of Germany. In 1850, Mr. Coad brought his family to this township, bought forty acres of wild land, which he afterward increased to 110 acres, and put all under a state of high cultivation. Mrs. Coad was the first to bring currants and other small fruits to this township. Mr. and Mrs. Coad had nine children born to them, viz.: Jane, Emma (de ceased), James (deceased), Adie, George (deceased), Freddie, Kattie (deceased), George [and Eliza. Both parents are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM CONNER, son of Daniel and Rebecca (Smith) Con ner, Avas born in Fayette County, Ind., on October 31, 1814. His educational advantages were limited. In 1830, he moved with his father to Rush County, Ind., where he attended school in the log schoolhouse during three months in the year, and working the rest CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 531 of the time on the farm, until 1836, when he commenced life for him self. On March 2, 1837, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Martin Smith, of Shelby County. He continued farming until 1855, when he came to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, and pur chased some partially improved wild land in Section 6. In 1857, his wife died. Lie was next married, ou March 2, 1858, to Rose Ann Huffcut (a widow with one child, Sylvia), daughter of Isaac and Maria D. (Neely) Hedges, of Cumberland County, III. He is still living on the farm he first purchased. His farm has all the modern improvements. Since 1836, Mr. Conner has been a member of the Christian Church. His father died in Shelby County, IncL, on July 8, 1841; his mother in the same county, on December 14, 1847- His wife Avas born in Fairfield4County, Ohio, in 1837; her father died in July, 1846, in Cumberland County, 111. GEORGE S. CONNER, son of Daniel and Rebecca (Smith) Con ner, was born in Fayette County, Ind., on January 17, 1825. His parents moved to Indiana Avhen it was a territory, in 1812. George attended school some and cleared land, until he was fourteen years old, when his father moved to Shelby County, Ind., where he farmed, and Avhere his father died in 1841, and his mother in 1848- On April 2, 1849, he married Jane, daughter of Benjamin Davee, of Shelby County, Ind. To them were born nine children, only one of Avhom, Alice M-, is living. In 1855, he came to Jasper County, 111-, and purchased 120 acres of prairie land, and improved it. His' wife dying January 16, 1876, on October 26, 1876, he married for his sec ond wife Ruminta A., daughter of William W. Ballard, of Darke County, Ohio. Four children have been born to them, tAvo of Avhom, Cora E., and Nellie M., are living. Mr. Conner now owns and occu pies a fine farm of 400 acres, and as good a house as there is in the township. He is a general farmer, and deals in stock quite exten sively. In politics he is a Republican, and was a true friend to the soldier of the late war. His uncle, John Conner, was a soldier of the Revolution, his grandfather Smith, a minute-man, was killed by the Tories, and his wife's great-grandfather, a soldier in the same war. Mr. Conner and wife are both members of the Christian Church, and are very highly esteemed by all Avho know them. JONATHAN COWGER, son of Michael and Catherine (Eye) Cowger, of Kentucky, was born in Highland County, Ohio, Novem ber 4, 1807. About 1824 the family moved to Rush County, Ind., where, in Christmas week of 1830, our subject married Sarah Birt, daughter of William Birt. He farmed for a time in Crawford and © 532 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: Marion counties, Ind., then came to this county, and in 1853, to this township. He has twice been elected Highway Commissioner, and cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson. He has had born to him fourteen children — John B., James M., Mary A, Elizabeth, William T, Jonathan B., an infant daughter (deceased), Milton S., Martha (deceased), Sarah J., Charlotte (deceased), Phebe, Henry H. and David S- (deceased). Four of the sons served during the late war. Milton S. Cowger was born in Rush County, Ind., March 9, 1844, was reared on his father's farm and was educated in Marion County, Ind., until the family came to this county, where he enlisted in Com pany K, Twenty-First Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He took part ia the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Atlanta, Franklin, Nash ville, and in all the other engagements of his regiment. February 26, 1864, he Avas discharged, but re-enlisted in the same company and was appointed Sergeant. He was honorably discharged in January, 1866, and in April, 1867, he married Martha J. McDaniel, who bore him three children — Charles H. (deceased), Anna M. and Jonathan E. (deceased). October 9, 1875, Mrs. Cowger died; October 14, 1877, Mr. CoAvger married Leonora J. Stebbins, daughter of Dennis and Jane Stebbins, and to this union have been born two children — Milton O. and Flora J. (deceased). Mr. G was elected Town Clerk in 1877, and April 12, 1878, was appointed postmaster at Rose Hill, which position he still holds. In 1879, he Avas made General Agent for the P., D. & E. R. R.. and agent for the Adams and Pacific Express Companies in 1880. He is a Master Mason, is a member of the G. A. R., oaviis his home in the village and a fine farm in the vicinity. JOHN B. COWGER, son of Jonathan and Sarah (Birt) Cow ger, was born in Rush County, Inch, December 4, 1831, moved with his father to Marion County, Inch, and came Avith him to this county. He was reared a farmer and was educated in Indiana. September 28, 1856, he married Nancy A. McDaniel, daughter of John and Margaret (Freiks) McDaniel. He has four living children born to this union — Mary A., Jonathan Sherman, Ellen J. and Ollie M. After marriage he settled on his farm on Section 32, taught school in the winter of 1860, and in June, 1861, enlisted in Company K, Twenty-First Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He fought at Freder- ickstown, Corinth, Perryville, Stone RiA^er, Dalton, Resaca and Altoona Pass. Oil account of night-blindness and neuralgia, from which he lost the sight of his left eye and almost ' lost that of the right, he was discharged in September, 1864, at Springfield, 111., and CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 533 returned to his home, but is able to do very little work. He and wife are members of the United Brethren Church, and in politics he is a Republican. JAMES CUMMINS was born in Edgar County, 111., August 19, 1833, and is the son of Robert and Edith (Price) Cummins, born in Harrison County, Ky. They came to Edgar County, 111., in about the year 1830, and entered land on which he farmed; but in 1838 he moved to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, and settled on Section 34, where he died in 1844. James went to school in the primitive log schoolhouse, in the winter, and worked on the farm in the summer seasons of his early youth. On the old farm, on Janu ary 2, 1853, he married Rebecca, daughter of Alexander White, of Cumberland County, HI. To this union were born tAvelve children; three sets of twins in succession, Adz.: Joseph A., George J., Rosetta B. (deceased), Martha R., Robert R., Edith S-, Ada A. and Emma L. (twins), John F. and Francis M. (twins), James F. and William W. (twins). After his marriage he located on a fine farm of 340 acres (a portion of the old home farm), in Section 34, and in 1878 built a fine house and out-buildings. He is a general farmer, and deals largely in stock. Mr. Cummins has resided in this township forty-five years, and is well and favorably known through out the county, of which he Avas Supervisor for five consecutive terms. He is a Master Mason of the Newton Lodge, No. 216; takes a deep interest in the church and Sabbath-school and is at the present actively engaged in building a church, the means for which being mostly furnished by him. His wife is a member of the United Brethren Church; he attends. Mr. G's good old mother died on September 28, 1882. JOHN CUMMINS, son of Daniel and Dolly (Johnson) Cum mins, was born in North Carolina in 1807. He worked on the home farm until fourteen years old, when his father died. He then managed the place for his mother. In 1827 he married Mary Morgan, who bore him two children — Sidney and Cenia. In 1830 he moved to Henry County, Ind., where his wife died a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. About 1832 he married Eliza Kibler, who became the mother of eleven children- Jacob, William Daniel, Sarah L. (deceased), John F., Eva M., Reu ben (who, with one of his children, was killed by lightning while returning home from the harvest field in 1883), Mary E, Susan, Emma, Charles and Richard W. William Daniel was born in Henry County, Ind., November 19, 1837, and was brought to this county 534 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: by his father in 1838. In June, 1853, he married'Elizabeth Strong, who bore him four children, all now deceased. Mr. G was legally separated from his wife, and in 1860 married Sarah J. McGahan, who has borne one child, now dead. At the breaking out of the Avar Mr. G enlisted in the Ninety-Seventh Hlinois Volunteer Infantry, but soon after going to the front was taken ill and was discharged. He has served as Constable twelve years and has been a School Director. He is a Master Mason, a member of the Methodist Epis copal Church, and is a Democrat. He is now a clerk in a general store, and also keeps the only house of public entertainment in the village of Rose Hill. Mrs. G is a member of the United Brethren Church. JOHN F. CUMMINS, the third son of John and Eliza Cum mins, was born in Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, 111., "March 11, 1840, attended the Christman school in winter, and when but a mere youth was employed in breaking prairie, driving four yoke of oxen. At the age of twenty he went to Coles County to farm. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company E, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but, as he was quite delicate, was unable to bear the fatigues of a soldier's life, and was discharged from the hospital at Memphis after a short service. In August, 1863, he married Henrietta A. Fawcett, daughter of John H. Fawcett, an early settler of Vigo County, Inch, and settled clown to farming in Crooked Creek. To his union have been born seven children — Mary A., William M. (deceased), Emery V., Claibourne R., Frank M., John B. (deceased) and Eva E. (deceased). In 1880 he served as Census Enumerator for this township, and he is now the special agent for the Rockford ( 111. ) Fire Insurance Co. He resides upon his farm of seventy acres, but his health is too poor to admit of his performing farm labor. He and his family are all members of the United Brethren Church, of which he has been steward, class leader, Sunday-school superintendent and trustee. CAPT. ROBERT S. CUMMINS was born in Kentucky, Febru . ary 10, 1845, and is the son of Moses and Rebecca A. (Scott) Cum mins, also natives of Kentucky. He was reared on his father's farm until the breaking out of the late war. In 1862 he entered Company I, Ninth Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, Confederate States of America, and Avas commissioned Captain. At the battle of Harts- ville, Tenn., he was wounded in the left thigh and side, and at Chickamauga was badly injured in the head and neck. After his recovery he rejoined his command, remained with it until Johnston's CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 535 surrender, then came to Illinois, where, December 31, 1865, he mar ried Lena Cummins, daughter of John Cummins, of Edgar County. He then returned to his old Kentucky home, and in 1876 came back to Edgar County. Three years later he settled on Sections 28 and 29, this toAvnship, on a fine farm of 140 acres. He was elected Township Collector for 1882, is a Master Mason of Stratton Lodge No. 408, and a Democrat. He and wife are members of the Baptist Church, and parents of four children — John W-, Dora L., Lillie M. and Moses S. JAMES H. DAVISON was born in Clermont County, Ohio, December 15, 1806, and is the son of Robert and Florence (Hamil ton) Davison. Robert Davison was born in Ireland, but was brought to America when only six months old, was reared in Pennsylvania and there married Miss F. Hamilton, a native of that State. James H Davison was educated in the old fashioned log schoolhouse, and worked on the home farm until September 20, 1827, Avhen he married Elizabeth Davison, daughter of John and Isabel (Hamilton) DaA'ison. He learned coopering, and worked at that trade in and near Milford, Ohio, until 1845; then moved to Indiana, where he farmed until 1850; then sold out and came to this township where he purchased 160 acres in Section 1, where he carries on general farming and raises some stock. He became the father of eleven children, of whom five are living — Isabel, Robert H-, James F-, John and Hester L. Mr. Davison and family are all members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in politics he is a Republican. His son, Robert H Davison, was a soldier in Company E, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and after taking part in all the battles of his regiment was honorably discharged in July, 1865. He is now at the home of his parents, and is acting as general agent, teacher and examiner for Prof. G S. Rice's Lightning International Music Teachiug System, Avith a branch office at Hidalgo. DR. JAMES F. DAVISON, son of James H. Davison, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, July 12, 1840, attended the county school and after coming to Illinois, worked on the home farm until eighteen years old. He then read medicine with Dr. F. Tevis, of LaAvrenoe County, 111. He also taught school in Cumberland County, at the same time keeping up his studies Avith Dr. T. At twenty-tAvo, he commenced practice, having graduated from the Kansas Eclectic Med ical Examining Board, under Surgeon-General Winans, and being endorsed by the Illinois State Board of Health. October 13, 1861, he married'Helen M. Tevis, daughter of Dr. Fletcher and Lucy S. (Day) 536 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY. Tevis, and to his union were born eight children — Alice F., Charles E., Lillie May, John F., Albert, Robert O., Francis M. and George N. The doctor farms forty acres in this township, on Section 1, and has an extensive practice in his profession. JOHN DAVISON, son of James H Davison, was born in Cler mont County, Ohio, February 3, 1842; moved with his father's fam ily to Indiana, and to this township in 1850- He Avas here reared until about seventeen, when he went to Mattoon, where he worked in a cooper shop. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company E., Ninety- Seventh Hlinois Volunteer Infantry, and took part in the following battles: Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, and Fort Blakely, and was stationed at different posts until his discharge July 29, 1865. On his return, he Aventto cultivating his farm of" one hundred acres, on Section 1, this township. October 3, 1871, he mar ried Beersheba Bailey, daughter of James and Emily (Bartlett) Bailey, of Madison County, Ind. Two children were born to their union — Florinda (deceased) and Alfarata. Mr. Davison is a Republican in politics, is a member of Rose Hill Post, No. 158, G. A. R., and his wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HENRY LL ELDER Avas born in Rush County, Ind., February 27, 1839, and is the son of Andrew and Mary (Little) Elder, natives respectively of Tennessee and Long Island, N. Y. These parents were among the first settlers of Rush County, and the patent to the land they there entered, bears the signature of President Jackson. At the age of twenty-two, Henry H. Elder moved to Shelby County, Inch, became a barber, married Mary E. Poss, a widow Avith one child — Emma, and had born to him two children — Harry A. and Katie J. He resided in Shelby County about twelve years, then in Effingham about a year, and then came to Rose Hill, Avhere he built the first dwelling eArer erected in the village, and for a time worked in the stave factory. In 1883, he and Silas Little started the only cabinet and furniture store in Rose Hill. Mr. Elder is a member of the I. O- O- F., and of the Order of Red Men, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. In politics, he is a Democrat. DAVID HAMMER (deceased) was the son of F. J. Hammer, and was born in Preble County, Ohio, January 23, 1822. In 1838, he came to this township with his father, Avho was a millwright, and put up the first mill built in Crooked Creek. At this mill and on the farm, our subject was employed until May 11, 1845, when he mar ried Rebecca J., daughter of David and Adaline (Cooper) Fawcett, CROOKED CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 537 of Virginia. Her father joined the conference of the United Brethren Church, in 1837, was a traveling preacher, and died, October 4, 1845. Her mother died in Indiana, December 5, 1836. After his marriage, David Hammer settled in this township on a farm. He had five chil dren born to him, viz.: Albert, Mary (deceased), John G, Emma, (deceased) and Eva, and departed this life, September 25, 1859, leav ing his family well provided for. His widow was married, October 3, 1872, to Rev. Ephraim Shuey, a widoAver Avith seven children — James F., Louisa A., (now deceased) Ephraim E., John R., (deceased) Mar tha A., William H. and Walton S. Mr. Shuey was born in Virginia, January 8, 1814, and is the son of John and Catherine (Funkhouser) Shuey. John Shuey died in Vigo County, Ind., September 29, 1853, a consistent member of the United Brethren Church since boyhood. His Avidow, a member of the same church for over fifty years, died January 31, 1866. Ephraim Shuey united Avith the United Brethren Church Avhen sixteen years old, and began to preach while living in Vigo County. In 1848, he moved to Clark County, HI., and in 1852, to Cumberland County, where his wife died September 16, 1871, and after his marriage to Mrs. Hammer, settled on her fine farm on Section 28, this township. His sons, James F. and Ephraim E., were members of the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volun teer Infantry. Mr. Shuey continues to preach, and he is also a skillful farmer. WILLIAM W. HAYS was bora March 23, 1833, in Logan County, Ohio, and is the son of James and Rebecca J. (Smith) Hays, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and early settlers of Logan County. In the fall of 1840, the family came to this town ship, bought land, and William was set to work breaking up sod with a wooden mold-board plow. He was educated in a log school- house, the first built in the township, and reared on the farm. In April, 1865, he married Sarah Kellar, daughter of David Kellar, who bore him two children — George E. and John W-, and died in 1868. In March, 1871, he married Amanda Helen, a widow with one child —Charles F. She died in April, 1 877, and February 20, 1879, he mar ried Mahala J. Gunning, a widow with one child — Lola M. To this last marriage have been born three children, of whom two are liv ing — Elmer and Ezra E. Mr. Hays is a Democrat, and has served as School Director, Trustee, Township Treasurer, Collector, and in 1880, was again elected School Trustee. ELIJAH R. HEATH was born in Hunterdon County, N. J., March 12, 1835, and is the son of George D. and Mary (Heath) Heath, 538 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: also natives of Hunterdon County. Elijah R. Heath attended school nine months in the year, until eighteen, studied a year at the univer sity at Lewisburgh, Penn., taught school about a year in New Jer sey, and in 1855, moved to Montgomery County, Ohio, where he taught for twelve years. April 3, 1860, he married Louisa W. Bal lard, daughter of William W. Ballard, of Ithaca, Ohio. Two chil dren, Belle and Lillie, have been born to their union. In 1867, Mr. Heath moved to Indiana; was in a flouring-mill until 1869, then came to this township and farmed on land he had previously purchased in Section 4, sold, and purchased a farm in Cumberland County, on which he lived eleven years, and then rented out and came to Hidalgo, where he is.now keeping a general store. He is station' agent for the P., D. & E. R. R., agent for the Adams and Pacific Express Com panies, buys and ships grain, and has handled as many as thirty-five wagon loads of wheat in one day. He is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, a Republican, and has been a School Trustee. His grandfather Rich ard Heath, was a private, his grand-uncle, John Heath, a Captain, and his great grand-uncle, William Heath, a Brigadier-General in the Revolutionary War. WILLIAM HUNT, son ofStephanius and Elizabeth (Coffin) Hunt, was born in Fayette County, Ohio, on March 4, 1818- He received a common school education in a pioneer schoolhouse, worked on a farm at intervals, and in his father's blacksmith and carpenter shop, until March 13, 1836, when he was married to Margaret, daugh ter of John and Tebetha (Morgan) Timmons, They have had ten children, four of whom are Hiving, viz.; Nathan S-, Uriah E., Mary D-, and Sarah A. In 1838, he, with his father, and all of the Hunt family, the Hutsons, the Cummins, the Vannattas, the Llammers, and others, formed a colony, and settled in what is now Crooked Creek Township. They came here on September 24, 1838, entered and cleared land, and commenced the life of pioneer farmers of the then far West. Our subject, after enduring all the trials, and hardships, and privations of a pioneer life, until, on September 26, 1852, he died, veiy highly esteemed by all. He lost three'sons in the Union Army, viz.: Francis, of Company G, Fifty-Fourth Illinois Infantry, deceased; Albert, died from disease contracted in the army, of Company G, Forty-Ninth Illinois Infantry, and James, a soldier in the regular army, died in Texas. Mr. Hunt left about 400 acres of good farm land to his widow, who is still living ou the old home farm. Her granddaughter, Luzena Hunt, has the charge and management of the house for the good old lady in her declining years. CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 539 ELIHU HUTSON, son of William and Sarah (Hunt) Hutson, was born December 31, 1834, in Madison County, Ohio, the native county of his parents. In the fall of 1838, the family came to this ¦ county, and here Elihu Hutson was reared to farming. June 19, 1856, he married Elizabeth, daughter of David Kellar, and had born to him five children — Sarah J. (deceased), John W., Lydia A., Will iam D. and Andrew T. In 1861, Mr. Hutson moved to Coles County, 111., farmed there until 1867, then returned to this township, and here his wife died October 11, 1878, a member of the New Light Church. October 12, 1879, he married Sarah Carr, daughter of E. Brooks and a widoAv with four children — John 0-, Reuben E., Laura M. and Luella. To this last marriage have been born tAvo children — Anna M. and Sarah O. Mr. Hutson's father Avas one of" the earliest settlers of Crooked Creek, and was for several years a Justice of the Peace. He died June 7, 1883; his wife died February 15, 1838. The father had been a member of the New Light Church for over fifty years. OLIVER R. JACKSON is a native of Hardin County, Ky., was born January 23, 1822, and is a son of John and Sarah (Price) Jackson. Lie attended the pioneer schools of the time, and in 1839 moved with his father's family to Crawford County, 111., and after ward moved to Washington, Ind., where he learned the trade of a plasterer. Subsequently, he married Lucinda Elswae, who died Sep tember 13, 1851, having borne one child, now deceased. Mr. Jack son thereafter returned to Crawford County, 111., where he followed his trade for a livelihood, and February 16, 1855, wedded Lovina Stamm, which marriage produced ten children, of which number five are living — Alvin L., Rosa B., Franklin, Lyman E. and Stephen. In 1857, Mr. Jackson removed to Saint Marie ToAvnship, Jasper County, and later, in 1869, to Crooked Creek Township, Avhere he purchased eighty acres of timber land and cleared the same, which is now in good cultivation. He is engaged in general farming and working at his trade. Mr. Jackson is a valuable and esteemed citi es zen, and Mrs. Jackson is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JUDGE JAMES E. JAMES (deceased), the son of William and Elizabeth (McMullen) James, was born in Jennings County, Ind., in June, 1816. His parents were poor but highly respectable, and belonged to the society known as Shakers. At the age of eleven he lost his father; his mother then Avithdrew from the Shaker society, and with her children resided on a farm until her death. Mr. James 33 540 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: then went to Edgar County, 111., where, October 21, 1838, he married Jane, daughter of James and Elizabeth Duck, of Kentucky. In 1839, he entered forty acres of land in this township, and his was the fifth family to settle here. He put up a cabin, and, as it had taken all his money to pay for his land, he was' for some time with out chairs or table, but he was a man of energy and resources, and soon furnished his cabin with furniture of his own manufacture. He added to his farm from time to time, and could soon count his acres by the hundred, and built himself as comfortable a farm-house as existed in those early days. He had born to him thirteen children, of whom eight are still living, viz.: William H., Sarah P., LoA'isa A., Augustus, Mary, Gilbert, Laura and Alonzo G One son, Cyrus, was a member of the Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry, was wounded at the battle of Vicksburg, and afterward died. In 1849, Mr. James was elected Associate Judge of Jasper County, and held office most of the time until his death. He was County Sheriff from 1856 uutil 1858; in 1864, he was elected Probate Judge for four years, and was twice re-elected. He Avas taken ill in 1869, and lingered until August 29, 1872, when he expired, highly respected and dearly beloved by all. He gave to each of his children a farm, and left to his widow the homestead of 300 acres, which is being superintended by her son, Alonzo C JOHN F. KIBLER, son of Reuben and Susan (Cummins) Kib ler, Avas born in Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, 111., on December 29, 1847. In his early youth, he attended the common schools and Avorked on a farm. On November 6, 1870, he married Isadora, daughter of Reuben and Mary (Creamer) Carr, who was born in Crooked Creek ToAvnship on October 6, 1852. They have had six children, viz. : Eda Rozilla, born November 15,1871 (now in her twelfth year, and weighs 182 pounds); Mary G, born April 19, 1873; Lydia S-, November 10, 1874; John F, May 18, 1876; Reuben A., January 7, 1878, and Laura M., February 22, 1881. After his marriage he settled on eighty acres in Section 15, Crooked Creek Township, and now owns 282, the most of which being under culti- Aration. He occupies a very fine tAvo-story frame house, which is considered one of the best in the township. Besides farming, he deals largely in stock. He is a member of the United Brethren, his wife of the NeAV Light Church. In politics he is a Democrat. WILLIAM T. KIBLER, brother of John F, was born in Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, 111., on June 20, 1850- He received his education at the common schools, and worked on a farm CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 541 during his youth. On December 20, 1877, he married Nancy, daughter of Daniel Davis, of Lawrence County, 111. She was born on Jan uary 5, 1857, and she has borne her husband two children, viz.: Will iam J-, born October 8, 1X78, and EdAvard M., born November 26, 1881- In Section 16 he has a good farm of 165 acres, all Avell im proved, and occupies a fine house. Besides being a general farmer, he deals largely in cattle. The Kiblers are descendants of some of the first families that settled in this county, and are well liked and highly esteemed by all their acquaintances. William is a Democrat politically- He and his wife are both members of the United Breth ren Church, he being a steward of the same. He gives Avith a lib eral hand to all charitable and benevolent enterprises. HARRISON KILBURN was the son of Benjamin G and Pris cilla (Farr) Kilburn, the father bora in Kentucky, the mother in Pennsylvania. The father Avas a farmer, an early settler in Vigo County, Ind., and helped to build the first house ever erected in the town of Terre Haute, Inch Harrison was born on December 6, 1840, and went to school and worked on a farm until the year 1851, when his father moved to Jasper County, 111., and engaged in farming. On August 2, 1861, our subject enlisted in Company H, Thirty- Eighth Illinois Infantry. He participated in the battles of Freder- icktoAvn, Mo., Corinth, Perryville, Stone River, Knob Gap, and others. On October 22, 1863, he Avas transferred to the Signal Corps. He was then at the battles of Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Ken- esaw Mountain, Rocky Face, Atlanta, and had the honor of carrying the flag of truce demanding the surrender of Charleston; was also at the Grand Review at Washington, D. C- He Avas discharged at Saint Louis, Mo., on September 7, 1865. While at home, on May 2, 1864, he was married to Nancy McCormick, daughter of Elijah Mc Cormick, of Jasper County, 111. One child has been bora to them, viz.: Benjamin G (deceased). After his discharge he settled in Clark County, 111., and engaged in farming until 1881, when he came to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, purchased a home in the toAvn of Rose Hill, where he is now living, being engaged in the fruit tree business. Mr. Kilburn has been Township Collector and Assessor. He is a member of the G A. R., and in politics is a Democrat. His wife is a member of the Christian Church. DR. WHLLIAM M. KING was born in Harrison County, Ind., December 11, 1858, and is the son of Daniel and Elizabeth A. (Bruce) King, also natives of Indiana. He attended a subscription school three months in the year and worked on the home farm until 1868, 542 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: when the family came to this county. He attended the Normal School at Newton, and at the age of twenty read medicine with Dr. William O. Denman, studying for thirteen months, and then entered the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, studied three terms, and on his graduating stood at 91.9 per cent. He located at Rose Hill, and now has an extensive and lucrative practice. April 16, 1882, he married Mary Hunt, daughter of Amaziah and Elizabeth (Gates) Hunt. He has permanently settled in Rose Hill, where he has pur chased a home. ANDREW J. LAKE, son of Lewis and Mary (Irvin) Lake, was born in Licking County, Ohio, on January 26, 1836, and during about three months in each year of his youth he attended school, being the remainder of the time employed on a farm. When a young man, and while on a visit to Indiana, he enlisted in Company D, Thirtieth Indiana Infantry, and served until the close of the late war. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga., Chattanooga, Mission Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. At the latter place he was discharged in January, 1866, when he returned to Ohio, and in the autumn of the same year came to Jasper County, 111., and opened a general merchandise store, in the town of Harris burg, Crooked Creek Township. On September 30, 1867, he mar ried Lucinda, the widowed daughter of William Stroble. Two chil dren have been born to them, viz.: Rebecca and Hattie E. In 1871, he sold his store and purchased a farm of 160 acres in Section 9, where he is now living, as a general farmer and stock-raiser. In pol itics he is a Republican. He and his wife are both members of the Presbyterian Church. Over his right eye he has a scar, from a slight wound he received while in the army. JOHN T. LAND, son of WTilliam H. and Jance C. (Warren) Land, was born in Kentucky, January 15, 1832, and when four years of age was taken by his father to Decatur County, Ind., Avhere he. attended school and helped clear away the heavy timber until 1850, when his father sold the farm and entered land in this township. September 29, 1853, he married Nancy A., daughter of John and Sarah (Admire) Ellis, and to their union have been born eight chil dren — six now living: Francis M., Sarah J., Abraham J., Jennie B., William F. and Alfretta. After his marriage he lived on his fath er's farm until 1855, Avhen he moved to Missouri, where he Avas ap pointed a Justice of the Peace, and afterward elected for four years, but at the breaking out of the war resigned and returned to this CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 543 ¦county, where he enlisted in August, 1862, in Company E, Ninety- Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He was in battle at Vicks burg, Arkansas Post, Big Black River and Champion Hills. In 1863 he was transferred to Company E, Ninth United States Invalid Corps, and was mustered out June 27, 1865. He heard Lincoln make his last public speech and was in Washington when he was assassinated. In the spring of 1877 he was elected Justice of the Peace, and was re-elected in 1881. He is a Democrat, a member of Rose Hill Post, No. 158, G. A. R., and he and wife are members of the Universalist Church. JOHN W. LEE, son of Abbott and Belinda (Purcell) Lee, was born in Crooked Creek Township, May 6, 1838. Abbott Lee was born in Butler County, Ohio, came to Illinois in 1818, located in Lawrence County, Avhere he was married, and soon after came to this county and engaged in farming. John W. Lee attended school and assisted on the home farm until June, 1861, when he enlisted in Company K, Twenty-First Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He was at the fight at Perryville, and at Stone River, in December, 1862, was wounded in the right leg, in consequence of which he received his dis charge at Louisville in May, 1863. In October, 1864, he married Alice Stout, daughter of James Stout, of this county. Seven children have been born to him — Louisa, Laura, Perry, John WT., Albert, Martha J. and an infant girl not named. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Lee, settled on a farm of 180 acres, on Section 30, this township; this he has increased to 200 acres, and furnished with fine improvements. He is a Master Mason and a member of the G A. R., and in politics is a Democrat. His mother died about the year 1842, and his father December 15, 1863. WILLIAM H. McCOMAS was born January 3, 1842, and is the son of Henry G and Mary (Kibler) McComas, who were born in Virginia, were married in Rush County, Ind., and who came to this township in 1837, entered land in Section 19, and there resided until their respective deaths in 1855 and 1873. William H. McComas was educated at a subscription school taught in a log house, and was reared a farmer, having begun at the age of six. May 30, 1869, he married Eliza E. Carr, born in Ohio, February 6, 1844, and the daughter of Reuben and Mary (Creamer) Carr, formerly of Vir ginia but latterly of Ohio. Mr. McComas began housekeeping in a log house on part of his father's farm, but in 1875, put up a comforta ble frame dwelling. He owns 108 acres of the old homestead and does general farming and deals in cattle. His children are three in © © 544 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: number— Laura A., Mary A. and William E. In 1881, Mr. McCo mas was elected school trustee by the Republicans. He is a mem ber of the I. O- O. F., and the Methodist Episcopal Church; his wife is a member of the Christian Church. Mrs. McComas' father died in 1871, and her mother in 1875 — both church members. THOMAS McDANIEL was born in Johnson County, Ind., January 1, 1834, and is the son of John and Margaret (Freiks) McDaniel, natives of Kentucky and early settlers in the county named above. Thomas McDaniel Avas reared on a farm, and in 1852 came to this county. August 30, 1856, he married Alice Z. Robin son, daughter of William C and Frances (Walton) Robinson, and to his marriage were born six children — Jeremy E., Frances L., Henry, Zenetta (deceased), Minnie A. and an infant boy, deceased. Mr. McDaniel soon after marriage purchased a farm of nearly 200 acres, which he worked until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Company H, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He participated in the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Resaca, Atlanta, Nashville and all others in which his regiment was engaged, and served until August, 1864, when he resumed farming. Mr. McD. lost his mother February 11, 1856, and his father died the day Grant was elected President, in 1868; Mrs. McD.'s father was accidentally killed in October, 1854, by a wagon upsetting and throwing a saw-log upon him, and her mother died in 1878. JOHN M. MELTON, son of Thomas C. and Susannah (Birt) Melton, was bora in Rush County, IncL, on August 6, 1836. He went to school in a log schoolhouse, and worked on a farm until the year 1851, when he came with his father to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, 111., and where'he worked on a farm and attended school, as before, until 1858, when his father was elected Sheriff of Jasper County, when he moved Avith his father to Newton, the county- seat. On December 1, 1859, he was married to Sarah, daughter of Judge James E. and Jane (Duck) James. Six children, five of whom are living, were born to 'them, viz.: Ora J., Cyrus F., Susan L., Ira H. and Nona E. Soon after his marriage he settled in Crooked Creek Township, buying 120 acres of land, and improving the same. He now owns 160 acres of well improved land, Avith a fine house. Besides being a general farmer, he raises some stock. In politics he is a Democrat, and has held several offices of trust, viz.: Justice of the Peace, Township Assessor, Collector, and is noAV the Township Treasurer. He and his wife are both members of the Christian Church. CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 545 ROBERT W. MOORE was born in Rush County, Ind., March 12, 1854, and is the son of Elijah T. and Mary E. Moore, natives respectively of Kentucky and Maryland, and early settlers in Indiana. The parents came to this township Avhen Robert was but eighteen months old, and the father started a general store in Plain- field. Robert attended school until about fourteen, then learned harness making, and then worked at farming until he had saved money enough to farm on his own account. April 5, 1872, he mar ried Sarah G, daughter of Ezekiel Everman, of Cumberland County, 111., and to this union six children have been born, viz.: Lawrence (deceased), twin boys (deceased), Daisy, Elijah and Charles E. At the age of twenty-one he lost his father, and the support of his mother then devolved upon him. The father had served as post master at Rose Hill, and had been twice elected Justice of the Peace, in which office he died. Iu 1877, our subject purchased a blacksmith and wagon shop in Rose Hill, which he still continues to conduct, it being the only one in the Adllage. He is a Master Mason and a mem ber of the I. O- G- T- ; his Avife is a member of the Methodist Epis copal Church. CORNELIUS MURPHY, son of John and Juclah (Sullivan) Murphy, was born in Ireland on September 8, 1826. He attended school until he was about fifteen years old, then worked on his father's farm until he attained his majority. He then worked for himself as a day laborer, saved his money, and in 1849 he set sail for America. After his arrival he located for a short time in the East, then came to Ohio, Avhere he engaged in farming. On April 19, 1852, he married Elenora Curl, of Champaign County, Ohio, and two children have been born to them, viz.: Elva and Estella. In 1854, he came to Edgar County, 111. Here he farmed until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighteenth Indiana Battery. He was in seventy-two hard-fought battles, among Avhich were Hoover's Gap, Tullahoma, Chattanooga, Chickaniauga, Knoxville and others. On January 25, 1865, Avhile he Avas at the front, his wife died. In June, 1865, he Avas discharged, when he came home to his farm in Edgar County. Here he married, for his second wife, Nancy, daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth Bricley. One child has been born to them, viz.: Isaac G In 1871, Mr. Murphy sold his farm, and came to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County. Here he purchased a farm, the house thereon being, it is said, the first one ever built on the prairie in this township. He now owns 237 acres of Avell-improved land, and besides being a general farmer, he deals in fine stock. In politics 546 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: he is a Republican. He is a claim agent for the collection of sol diers' pensions. He and his wife and son are members of the Meth odist Episcopal Church. Mr. Murphy was raised in the Roman Catholic faith, but was converted to Protestantism soon after he emigrated to America. ENOCH K. NELSON, son of William K, and Mary (Edmonson) Nelson, was born in Grant County, Ky., on July 20, 1844. In 1855, he moved with his father to Acton, Marion County, Ind., and went to school and worked on a farm until July 22, 1862, When he enlisted in Company G, Seventieth Indiana Infantry. His regiment for some time Avas guarding a railroad, but was finally put into active service. He participated in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Chattanooga, Atlanta, with Sherman in his "March to the Sea," at Raleigh, N. G, at the grand review at Washington, D. C, and then, in June, 1865, received his honorable discharge. On arriving home he resumed farming. In 1866, he came to Jasper County, 111., and engaged in farming. On August 20, 1868, he married Emily Harris (a widow), daughter of William Helms. She has borne her husband six chil dren, viz.: William H., Margaret L., Laura B., Emily J., James F. aud Sarah J. Mr. Nelson is now living on eighty acres of land, leased, in Section 36, Crooked Creek Township, where he is engaged in general farming. He is a member of the G A. R., Post No. 158, Department of Illinois. He and his wife are regular attendants at church. DANIEL PERRINE was born January 22, 1813, and is the son of William and Catherine (Miller) Perrin e, natives of New Jersey and Virginia, and early settlers in Butler County, Ohio. He Avas reared to farming and also learned shoe-making, and in December, 1832, married Mary, daughter of William Huls, of New Jersey. To this union were born ten children, of whom four are still living — Joseph, DaArid, Lewis D. and Catherine. After marriage he started a shoe shop, and while eonclucting'this educated himself. Under the administration of President Taylor he was appointed postmaster at Westchester, Ohio, and held the office for many years. In 1855 he moved to Crawford County, 111., and in 1861 to Richland County, where he bought a farm. January 3, 1863, his Avife died, and the same year he married Hannah Akers, a widow Avith two children; she died in Ohio, Avhen he returned to Crawford County and married Mary C. Delzell, a widoAV with one child, and to this marriage were born two children — Daniel (deceased) and Louisa. After this mar riage he came to this township and here lost his wife by death. He CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 547 next married Isabel Benefield, who also died, and he then married Sarah A. McKinney. While residing in Crawford County he was a postmaster under Grant; in 1860 he voted for Douglas and in 1864 for Lincoln; since then he has been a Democrat. He was a volun teer nurse in the hospital at Camp Butler, 111., during the war; he is a Past Master Mason of NeAvton Lodge, No. 216, and was a char ter member of Robinson Lodge of Crawford County, and filled the chairs of Senior Warden and Master. He resides in his own house in Rose Hill, and at the age of seventy-one is strong and active — giving daily attention to running a threshing machine. He attends the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM A. POWELL, son of Hezekiah and Lucy (Ealer) Powell, was born in Boone County, Ky., in 1827, and at the age of six lost his father. His mother then did the plowing Avhile he rode the horse, until he became old enough to take the plow himself. At the age of fifteen his mother died; he then went to live on the farm of a cousin until twenty-one. He then went to Shelby County, Ind., where he was married, in 1849, to Julia A. Avey (a daughter of Peter Avey), who bore him nine children, of whom four are yet living — Abraham, Nicholas, Sarah and EdAvard. Soon after marriage he purchased forty acres of improved land, Avhich he farmed until 1858, when he sold and bought 160 acres in this township. In 1861 he enlisted in Company H, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and took part in the battles of Stone River, Chickamauga, Resaca, Atlanta, Nashville and others, serving until 1864, when he re-enlisted in the same company and served until the close of the war. Mr. PoAvell is a charter member of the Rose Hill Post, G- A. R-, No. 158, and in politics is a Republican. GEORGE W. SUTTON is the son of Israel and Susannah (Spaulcliiig) Sutton, and was born in Monroe County, Ohio, Octo ber 28, 1844, and at the age of seven was taken to Bartholomew County by his father, avIio died two years later; George then came to this county, Avas bound out to a farmer but ran away and enlisted in September, 1881, in Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He fought at Frederickstown, Mo., Perryville, Ky., Stone River, Chickamauga and in other battles, but was taken sick and confiued in hospital at Bridgeport, and Avas discharged at Quincy, HI., in April, 1864, for total disability. He returned home, recov ered, and again enlisted February 18, 1865— this time in Company D, Fourth United States Veteran Volunteer Infantry, and served on guard duty at various points until his discharge at Columbus, Ohio, 548 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: February 19, 1866- November 16, 1871, he married Viola, daughter of Robert and Harriet Ross. He has had born to him six children, of whom five are now living — Hattie A., Ida P., Charles P., Flor ence and Edgar Roscoe. In 1872 he purchased his farm on Section 30, this township, and has put it under a fine state of cultivation. He is a charter member of Rose Hill Post, No. 158, G; A. R., and in politics he is a Republican. KINESON VANATTA was born in Crooked Creek Township November 6, 1853, and is the son of Isaac and Amanda (Kellar) Vanatta, who came from Ohio to this township in 1835, and were here married. The father died in 1854 and the mother in 1877. August 5, 1875, Kineson Vanatta married Almira Cowger, daughter of William F. and America A. (Ward) Cowger, of this county. To this marriage have been born three children— William L, Charles M. and Levi G Mr. Vanatta is a general farmer, rears some stock and has a fine farm on Section 18 — a portion of it left him by his father and the balance purchased by himself — on Avhich he built, in 1881, as comfortable a one-and-a-half-story frame house as there is in the township. Mr. V. and Avife are members of the New Light Church. JOHN VANATTA was born in Jasper County, 111., October 9, 1846, and is the son of Aaron and Jane (Ray) Vanatta, whose grandparents Avere early settlers in Lawrence County, where Aaron and Jane Avere born. John Vanatta was reared on the home farm, and was educated at the old-fashioned pioneer log schoolhouse. April 3, 1872, he married Jane Coad, the daughter of Joseph and Mary A. (Reisner) Coad, and bora September 6, 1848. After mar riage he settled on his father's farm and became a general farmer and stock-dealer. In 1872 he purchased forty acres on Section 24, this township, with money saved by himself and wife; she had been granted a teacher's certificate and began teaching at the age of nineteen, and when she was married had accumulated $1,000; they have now a large farm Avith a good frame dwelling and outbuildings. There have been born to them three children — Florence, June 5, 1874, died September 25, 1875; Henry, born February 14, 1877, and Lizzie, December 29, 1881. Mr. V. is a Democrat of liberal views, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. V.'s father died February 21, 1881, and his mother July 4, 1871, members of the Christian Church. r JOSEPH E. VEST was born in Floyd County, Va., March 1, 1841, is the son of RoAvlancl and Delilah Vest, and was taken, when quite an infant, to Ohio by his parents. His mother died shortly after her arrival, and his father moved to Indiana when Joseph was about thirteen. Our subject was educated in Ohio and at Indianap olis, afterward learned shoemaking, worked at the trade until July, CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 549 1861, and then enlisted/in Company D, Eleventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, was appointed Corporal and took part at Shiloh, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg, Harper's Ferry, Winchester, and at many other points, and was mustered out at Indianapolis in 1864. He then started a boot and shoe store at Staunton, Ind. June 14, 1866, he married Laura Carter, daughter of Colin Carter, and to his union have been bora five children — Flora (deceased), Cora, Alice, Louis (deceased) aud Audra. He next moA'ecl to Bra zil, kept a shoe store about ten years, and then came to Rose Hill, established a general store and took charge of a stave factory in the interest of his mother-in-laAv. This factory, the only one in the township, he subsequently purchased, and now employs about fifteen persons. Mr. Vest is a Mason, a member of* the G. A. R., and in pol itics is independent. ARMSTEAD WARD Avas born in Bourbon County, Ky.,. March 5, 1814, and is the son of John and Nancy (Billington) Ward. His father was bora in South Carolina, and his mother in 1796, in Losantville (noAV Cincinnati), Ohio; they were married in Bourbon County, Ky. When our subject Avas seven years of age he was sent to school in Ohio, at about twelve he returned to Kentucky and attended school and worked on a farm for a time, and then moved to Indiana, where he also engaged in farming. October 17, 1837, he married Celia A. Billington, Avho bore him nine children, of Avhom four are living — John William, Sarah A., James H. and Richard M.. In 1851, Mr. Ward came to this township and settled on 500 acres he had entered the preAdous year, and subsequently dealt largely in stock. Of the 500 acres wild prairie land he has retained 200, which constitute as fine a farm as there is in the township. In 1852 his wife died a member of the Christian Church, and June 9, 1859, he married Malinda (daughter of Samuel and Mary) Hendricks, who bore him eight children, four of" whom are yet living — Mary F., Judson K, Samuel A., and Lula. Mr. Ward has been a County Commissioner, and a Justice of the Peace; he is an Odd Fellow, a Democrat and a member of the Christian Church. John William Ward, son of Armstead and Celia A. (Billing ton) Ward, Avas born in Rush County, Inch, May 19, 1841, and came to this township Avith his father. He Avas here educated and reared to farming. In 1861, he enlisted in the Twenty-First Illinois Vol unteer Infantry, Company I, and fought at Fredericktown, Mo., Corinth, Perryville, Stone River, Liberty Gap and Chickamauga, At the last named battle he Avas captured by the foe and im prisoned in the Libbv, at Danville, at Andersonville, at Charleston and at Golclsborougti. February 27, 1865, he was exchanged, and in April, 1865, was honorably discharged from the service. Septem ber 2, 1866, he married Lucinda Larrimer, of Richland County, 111., who has borne him five children— Mary A., Sarah J., Dolly V., Myrtie (deceased) and Ada E. He has a neat farm on Section 14, and isa member of the Christian Church and of Post 158. G- A. R., Depart ment of Illinois. ¦550 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: REV. JOHN T. WARREN, son of John and Tabetha (Vin- ¦cent) Warren, was born on May 7, 1817, in Madison County, Ky. The father settled in Madison County in 1800. Our subject attended school but little in the primitive schoolhouse, and labored on a farm in his early youth. In 1833, he came to Decatur County, Inch, and on February 2, 1834, he married Mary, daughter of James Arsmith, of Kentucky. She died on May 13, 1834. On September 29, 1838, he married for his second wife, Lucinda, daughter of Pleasant Mar tin, of Kentucky. Their children are, Pleasant W., Sarah O (de ceased), James P., Thomas J., Martha J. (deceased), and John (de ceased). While Mr. Warren worked on a farm he studied for the Baptist ministry, and in ] 840 was ordained as a preacher in the Mis sionary Baptist Church, and assumed charge of the Rock Creek Baptist Church, until in 1850, he came to Crooked Creek Township, and entered 160 acres of land. In the meantime he, with others, organ ized what is called the Bethany Church, of which he had charge for twenty-nine years. After a brief absence, he Avas re-called, and is iioav its pastor. On July 4, 1877, his second Avife departed this life. On May 29, 1882, he married, for his third Avife, Nancy J. Lipscomb (a widow), daughter of Jeremiah Jones. Mr. Warren now has charge of three churches — Bethany, Mount Gilead and Salem. His son, James P. Warren, Avas born in Indiana on September 25, 1842, and in 1850, came with the family to Jasper County, 111. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company D, Ninety-Seventh Illinois Infantry, and participated in the battles of Vicksburg, May 18 to July 4, 1862; Jackson, Miss., July 10 to 20, 1862, Fort Blakely, aud others. At the end of three years' service he was honorably discharged at Houston, Texas; came home, and went to farming. In October, 1867, he married Mary A., daughter of Robert and Ruth Chapman. Tavo children, both infants, deceased, were born to them. Llis wife died on July 5, 1869. On August 24, 1870, he was next married to Rebecca, daughter of Elias and Rebecca (Irons) Lefevre. Four chil dren have :been born to them, Ariz.: Clementine A., born April 30, 1871; Lucinda, May 16, 1872; John, September 24, 1873, and Cyrus V, May 11, 1880. Our subject has a fine farm of 170 acres. In pol itics he is a Democrat; has been a Constable and a Highway Com missioner. The family are members of the Baptist Church. SOLOMON S. WHITE, son of William and Amy (Woods) White, Avas born in Orange County, Inch, December 28, 1825, and was taken to Coles County in 1830, by his father, who Avas a farmer. He attended a pioneer subscription school, but was early put to the plow, as his father Avas in feeble health. He continued to aid in the support of the family until his marriage, December 4, 1X51, to Mary G Kingery, daughter of John and Sophia (Carter) Kingery, and born in Ohio, November 5, 1832. To this marriage have been born nine children, of whom seven are li\dng — Lillie E., William B., Samuel ¦S-, Lucinda G., Virginia B., Leonora O- and Charles W- Mr. White farmed in Coles County until 1843, when he sold his farm and came to this toAvnship and bought a place on Section 29. He and wife are CROOKED CREEK TOWNSHIP. 551 members of the United Brethren Church, of which, for thirty years past, he has been a class-leader, steAvard, trustee, etc. In politics he is a Democrat. REZIN WILKINS, son of Ozian and Matilda (Hines) Wilkins, was bora in Guernsey County, Ohio, on December 10, 1829. The father Avas born in Guernsey County, Ohio, on December 22, 1802, the mother in Pennsylvania, on December 24, 1805, they being mar ried in Guernsey County in 1X22. The father was a farmer and stone-mason. Our subject Avent to school in the pioneer schoolhouse and labored on a farm until he was eighteen years old, when he moved to Indiana, where he worked on a farm for different persons, some times at a compensation of only ten cents per day. He saved some money, hoAvever, and Avhen twenty-one he purchased eighty acres of land. Until he was tAventy-five years of age he was an engineer in a saw-mill, after which he Avent to Hancock County, Inch, and worked there in a saw-mill. On June 17, 1855, he married Angeline, daugh ter of Samuel and Mary (Taylor) Hendricks. Twelve children were born to them, eight of whom are living, viz.: Samuel L., Mary E., William E., Alice M., Emma J., Sarah G, Nettie and Frank. In 1857, he came to Crooked Creek Township, Jasper County, 111., and bought 200 acres in Section 10, of Avilcl land, Avhich he has well improved, and on which he has built a fine house and commodious barn. After an illness of three years, his wife died on August 12, 1883. She was a consistent member of the Christian Church, as is also Mr. Wilkins. In politics he is a Democrat; has been a Town ship Collector. He is a Master Mason of Hazel Dell Lodge, No. 580. ISAAC G WORDEN, son of Andrew and Amanda (Timpany) Worden, Avas born in Connecticut on August 24, 1829. He Avent to school till he was nineteen years old, then worked at farming until his marriage, which occurred on December 26, 1852, to Sarah, daugh ter of David and Harriet (Beach) Duryea, of Connecticut. Two children were born to them, viz.: David A. and William G In 1856, he moved to Franklin County, Inch, where he engaged in farming till August 11, 1862, when he enlisted in Company C, Sixty-Eighth Indiana Infantry, as First Sergeant. He was captured at the battle of Munfordville, Ky., but Avas paroled, and soon after exchanged. He participated in the battles of Hoosier Gap, Chickamauga, Chat tanooga, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Nashville, and others. He was discharged on June 20, 1865. Returning home he engaged in farm ing until 1869, when he traded his farm for eighty-six acres of im proved land in Crooked Creek ToAvnship, Jasper County, 111., where he has been engaged in farming up to the present time. In politics he is an active Republican, and he and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, he being an elder in the same. He is also a member of the Hazel Dell Masonic Lodge, No. 580. 552 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: GRANDVILLE TOWNSHIP. LLOYD BAILEY is a native of Fayette County, Ohio, was born Januar}^ 12, 1834, and is a son of Ludwell W- and Margaret (Skelly) Bailey, both natives of Virginia, who early settled in Fay ette County, Ohio, were there married, and lived on a farm. Lloyd Bailey was sent to the pioneer schools of the period, and also worked for his father until the year 1852, Avhen he moved to Grandville Township, Jasper County, 111., and entered a portion of land. Jan uary, 1855, he married Lucy A., daughter of Samuel and Gracie (Taylor) WeaA'er, a union which Avas enriched by twelve children, seven of whom are living, viz.: Mary M., Lloyd N., Jerome B., Lud well J., Francis T, Alta I. and George E. Mr. Bailey is proprietor of a desirable farm, comprising 200 acres, improved, and containing considerable stock; it is also embellished by a fine brick dwelling, the only one in the township. Mr. Bailey is a man who has made himself. His Avife is a member of the 'New Light Church. JAMES McCORD BARLOW, M. D., a highly esteemed physi cian of Grandville, is a native of Crawford County, 111., was born September 21, 1828, and is a son of John W. and Elizabeth S. (Gordon) Barlow, who were natives of Virginia, but settled in what is now the State of Illinois — at that time a part of the Northwest Territory — on Shaker Prairie, in 1816. Mr. Barlow was a master Mason, having joined that Order in 1825; he died October 8, 1863, and his wife October 13, 1869. Dr. Barlow attended school about one-fourth of each year, and during the remainder labored on the home farm. In 1839, he removed to Clark County, III., attended school for a time, then commenced the study of medicine under Dr. T. C Moore and Dr. Churchill at Wheatfie'ld, and in 1850 and 1851 attended the Rush Medical College at Chicago, and afterward began practice at Bell Air, Crawford County. June 29, 1851, he married Cynthia A., daughter of Lewis Bradshaw, Avith an issue of five chil dren, of whom three are living — Adrian, Ida and Edith. In 1860, he resumed lectures at Rush Medical College, Avhence he graduated in March, 1861. In 1862, he moved to Edgar County (where his wife died, October 28, 1862), and thence, in 1865, to Crawford County. July 11, 1865, he married Ellen, daughter of Judge James B. Trimble, who died July 17, 1878, leaving two children, Arthur and Ethelbert. September 29, 1881, Dr. Barlow married Mrs. Maggie Boyd. He has an extensive practice, and has had a drug store since 1864. Dr. Barlow is a Royal Arch Mason, and a liberal Democrat. JOHN BATES Avas born in Fayette County,' Ind., April 7, 1827, and is a son of John and Polly (Pelley) Bates, the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Ohio, who Avere early settlers of Bourbon County, Ky., where they were married. The Bates family GRANDVILLE TOWNMIIP. 553 moved to Fayette County, Ind., in 1824, where John Bates, Sr, owned a fine farm and had some of the best stock to be found. Our subject attended school in the house in which he was bora, and after ward worked on the home farm until December 4, 1850, Avhen he married Angeline W., daughter of Minor Thomas, of Fayette County, Ind., which union gave being to tAvo children, William O. and Emma. After marriage, Mr. Bates remained in Fayette County, and gave his entire time to stock-raising. In 1863, he began to exhibit his horses and mules, and ahvays took first premiums therefor. In 1880, he purchased, and now occupies, the Cooper mansion and lands, having now one of the finest stock farms in the county, where he breeds Norman horses, Short horn cattle and Poland China hogs, for which he has taken the ribbons at the State and county fairs. Mr. Bates is a liberal Democrat and a deacon in the Christian Church, and Mrs. Bates belongs to the Baptist Church. Mr. Bates' father died in 1871, and his mother in 1882; his daughter Emma married James A. Bu chanan, now a partner with his father-in-law. They have two chil dren, Mercy and William B. JOHN BENSON is a native of Virginia, born August 3, 1818, and is a son of James and Euphemia (Stout) Benson, the former a native of Maryland, the latter of Virginia, where they were married. James Benson was a sailor, and served in the Revolutionary war, after the close of which he settled in Virginia, became a farmer, and in 1824 emigrated with his family to Edgar County, 111., where John attended school and worked at farm work. In 1849, he married Jane Horsley, of Kentucky, Avho died in 1878, leaAdng six out of a family of eleAren born to them, viz.: William H., Robert E., Anna M., Mary E., Matilda E. and David B. Having entered land in Grandville Township, he moved thereon in 1 851 and built a large house, knoAvii as the "Yale House," and kept by him since 1878. March, 1879, he married Mrs. Anna A. Clark, daughter of Benjamin Stump, of Jasper County. Mr. Benson has a good farm of 120 acres, and a grocery at the station. While a resident of Edgar County he Avas twice elected Sheriff, also served two terms as Justice of the Peace, and sixteen years as School Treasurer of Jasper County. He is noAV a notary public, and politically a Democrat. He and wife are members of the United Brethren Church, of which he is steward and trustee. ROBERT S- BYERS, M. D., is a native of Johnson County, Inch, was bora April 10, 1851, and is a son of Benjamin and Nancy E. (Kelly) Byers, both natives of Kentucky and early settlers in Indiana- Dr. Byers, after attending subscription school and work ing for his father, commenced reading medicine with Dr. R. D. Miller, of Trafalgar, Inch, and in 1878 became a student at the Indiana Med ical College at Indianapolis, from which he graduated in 1880, and afterward' located in the village of Grandville for the practice of his profession. October 6, 1870," he wedded Caroline E, daughter of James and Emily McFadden, which marriage was productive of one child, Eva J. Dr. Byers has a large and lucrative practice, reaching 554 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY. far into the surrounding country. He owns a fine home, and is so- circumstanced as to enjoy independence and the comforts of life. He is a Republican, and now serving as Town Clerk. He is a mem ber of the Missionary Baptist, and Mrs. Byers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. DR. NORMAN COMSTOCK was born October 15, 1811, at Troy, N- Y-, was educated at Fairfield College, and in his profession at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. When nineteen years old, he located at Greenville, Ind., as a practitioner, and afterward in Dubois County. At the age of thirty he wedded Rachel Harris and moved to CraAvford County, 111., Avhere he followed his profes sion successfully, and in 1861 moved to Westfield on account of edu cational advantages for his family. In 1862, he raised a company for the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commissioned First Lieutenant and afterward Cap tain, which positions he filled with much honor until disabled while on duty, which disability compelled him to abandon the practice of medicine, so that he lived thereafter a quiet, Christian life until his death, October 28, 1882. His wife died January 22, 1880, at Paris, 111. Dr. Carl L. Comstock, son of the above, was born in Dubois County, Ind., April 2, 1845, and divided his time between farm work and school until August 14, 1862, when he joined Company E, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving at Perryville and Milton, after which battles he was discharged in December, 1862, then returned to Westfield and clerked in a drug store. In 1867, he read medicine Avith his father, later attended lect ures at Ann Arbor, Mich., and then began practice at Bell Air, 111. December 21, 1871, he married Lucre tia, daughter of Geo. W- Mitch ell, of Crawford County, Avith an issue of four children, one of whom is living, Charles M. After marriage, Dr. Comstock located at Har risburg, Jasper County, afterward in Dubois County, Ind., and in 1879 where he now is, having purchased forty acres, and is at present in the timber trade. He is a Master Mason, and was made deputy Past Master in 1883. Lie is also a charter member of Coblenz Post. G A. R. JOHN R. CRAMER is a native of Licking County, Ohio, was born June 15, 1820, and is a son of Isaiah and Mary (Reed) Cramer, the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Maryland, who early came to, and were married in Licking County, Ohio. After some education at the schools of the day, John R. Cramer worked as a farmer, saved some money, and June 15, 1843, married Elizabeth, daughter of David and Christina (Myers) Allen, both formerly of Pennsylvania. This union gave birth to ten children, seven of* whom are living — Alvin J., Reuben L., John W., Millard F., Martin H., Amos L. and Mary O In 1848, Mr Cramer moved to Grandville Township, Jasper County, 111., where he entered and improved land which has become a homestead of 220 acres, and under good culti vation. Mr. Cramer is a general farmer, with some stock, and com fortably circumstanced. He had three sons in the Union army, one GRANDVILLE TOWNSHIP. 555 of Avhom, Alvin, was killed at the battle of Farmington, Tenn. Mr. Cramer is a Republican, and an esteemed citizen, and Mrs. Cramer is a member of the United Brethren Church. WILLIAM A. GIFFORD is a son of Levi and Margaret (Free man) Gifford, both natives of North Carolina, who moved to Indi ana about 1829- Levi Gifford was a farmer. William A. Gif ford Avas born November 14, 1839. His parents moved to Coles County, 111., in 1840, and entered 160 acres in Grandville Township, where Mr. Gifford died in 1846. The grandfather of our subject, William Freeman, then removed the family to their old home in Johnson County, Ind., where William A. went to school and worked on the farm. In 1854, his mother died, when he came with an Uncle, Isaac Gifford, to Jasper County, 111., where he labored until October 3, 1858, at which period he married Emily, daughter of Rev. Henry Clark. After his marriage, Mr. Gifford located on the 160 acres entered by his father, and worked and improved the same. August 14, 1862, he enlisted in Company E., One Hundred and Twenty-Third Volunteer (afterward Mounted) Infantry. He was a Corporal, and served in the battles of Perryville, the pursuit of John Morgan, Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, and with General Sherman in the Atlanta campaign. He was discharged, July, 1865, after which he again took up the ploAV. He has now a good home and farm of 200 acres; is a general farmer with some supply of stock. He is a Republican, and served six years as Commissioner of* Highways. Mr. and Mrs. Gifford have had born to them four children — Oliver T., Cyrena F. (deceased), Lillie M. and Allie A. They are members of the United Brethren Church, of which Mr. Gifford is a trustee. He was largely interested in building the Otterbein Church, the first in Jasper County. ABRAM S. HUDDLESTUN is a son of George and Susannah (Slack) Huddlestun, natives of Virginia, and was born in Bedford County, Va., September 23, 1803. "He went to school in the old pioneer schoolhouses of those early years, and also labored at farm work until he attained his majority. April 23, 1829, he married Elizabeth Dickerson, and to them were bestoAved seven children, five of Avhom are living — Sarah J., Mary A., James A., William H, and Worden B. In 1833, Mr. Huddlestun moved to Kentucky, and there farmed for several years. In 1847, he removed to this township, entered 140 acres of wild land, some of which he improved, and here experienced the varied hardships of those early settlers. He has now 175 acres, making a fine farm and a good home. Mr. Huddlestun is a Democrat, an esteemed citizen, and a member of the Baptist Church since the year 1833. JAMES W. HUDDLESTUN is a son of Barnett G. and Susan (Winter) Huddlestun, who were natives of Virginia and early settlers in Kentucky, where James W- first saw the light, February ] 7, 1839. He attended school and worked on the home farm until 18"0, when his father removed to, and located in Grandville Township, 111. May 11, 1861, he married Miss R. Adamson, whose father, Zedekiah Adam- 34 556 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: son, settled here in 1850. Mr. and Mrs. Huddlestun have had three children born to them, two of which number are yet living — Sarah J. E., and Ira W. Mr. Huddlestun has a Avell-cultivated and im proved farm, with a fair amount of stock, and is in comfortable cir cumstances. He is politically, a member of the Democratic ranks, a very worthy gentleman, and a much-esteemed citizen. Mrs. Hud dlestun is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. CAPTAIN SAMUEL JARRE IT is a son of Wilson and Cath erine (Dowell) Jarrett, the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Kentucky, where they Avere married, our subject being a native of Mead County, and born March 1, 1837. Until his twentieth year, he attended school and worked on the home farm, after which he fol lowed boating on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In the fall of 1861, he enlisted in Company K, Third Kentucky (Union) Cavalry. His first battle was at Woodbury, Ky., but he afterwards fought at Shiloh, Corinth, Pea Ridge, Perryville, and others. June 12, 1863, he was commissioned Second Lieutenant, and detached on recruiting duty. October 5, 1863, he was commissioned Captain of Company K, Forty-Eighth Mounted Infantry, and was in various engagements, mostly with guerrillas, until December, 1865, when he -was mustered out. July 1, 1863, he married Martha A., daughter of Joel Grant, of Henderson, Ky., which union gave issue to three children — Geor gia L-, Edith and Maggie. Mrs. Jarrett died, September 8, 1872, and December 2, 1873, he married Caroline, daughter of F. N. Watt, of Warren County, Ky., and to this union succeeded four children, of whom two survive— Maud and Sarah G In 1865, after coming to Jasper County, 111., he purchased 160 acres in Grandville Township, where he resides. His farm is well-improved, Avith a very good dwell ing-house. Captain Jarrett is a Republican, and a member of the I. O- O- F. He and wife are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and highly respected by all. GEORGE^W. JEFFERS was born near Lexington, Ky., Janu ary 4, 1817, and is the eldest of the ten children of Robert and Nancy (Tapp) Jeffers, (the latter of Indian descent), Avho were natives respectively of North Carolina and Kentucky, and married Jaunary, 1816- Robert Jeffers Avas a soldier of the Avar of 1812, the land-war rant for which service he located in Kentucky, and in 1827, moved to Henry County, where George W. attended school and worked for his father. August 23, 1835, he married Elizabeth Rich, of Ken tucky, who died November 23, 1843, having been the mother of three children, all deceased. In 1836, he entered land in Crawford Couuty, III., which he improved, and on which he raised considerable stock. April 9, 1845, he married Eliza Grove, of Jasper County, 111., and after a short residence in Wisconsin, he returned to Jasper County, and located in Wade Township. By his second marriage, Mr. Jeffers became father to eleven children, of whom seven are living — Louisa L., George F., Robert P., William N, AndreAV S., Nancy J. and Thomas M. Mr. Jeffers established the first saw-mill in the county, and entered 160 acres in Grandville Township, to which he moved in GRANDVILLE TOWNSHIP. 557 1855, having now 500 acres of superior land, on which he built a very fine house in 1872. August 3, 1878, Mrs. Jeffers died, and December 27, 1880, he married Mary A., widow of Isaac Stevens. Mr. Jeffers is a stock-raiser and representative farmer, a member of the old school Baptist Church, and a Democrat. CAPTAIN WILLIAM LEAMON is a native of Virginia, was born April 11, 1817, and is the son of John and Hannah (Postlewait) Leamon, who moved to Licking County, Ohio, in 1818, and were con sequently pioneers. Capt. Leamon attended the early schools and worked on his father's farm during boyhood. In 1837 he visited an uncle in Indiana, where he worked for forty-tAvo cents per day, and saved money with which to purchase land in Grandville Township, Jasper County, 111., on which he built the first hewed log house in the county. September 28, 1840, he married Margaret A. Nevill, of Maryland, to which union were born seven children, three of Avhom are living — Samantha, Hannah J. and John. December 1, 1861, Mr. Leamon entered Company K, Sixty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, as Second Lieutenant, was promoted to First Lieutenant, and afterward to Captain. He served in the battle of Charleston, Mo., and was at the siege of Vicksburg and in the Atlanta campaign, also in the engagements at Savannah and Goldsboro, and continued in the service until the war was ended. Capt. Leamon is now living on his farm in Grandville Township. He is a general farmer, has as good a farm as the county affords, and is a generally respected citizen. JAMES LEAMON is a son of John and Hannah (Postlewait) Leamon, who were natives of Virginia, aud married in Licking County, Ohio, in 1818, Avhere our subject, James Leamon, was born February 21, 1824. He attended school and worked on the farm of his father until October 19, 1851, when he married Martha Holt, who died October 29, 1852, a member of the Christian Church. Octo ber 4, 1852, Mr. Leamon moved to Grandville Township, Jasper County, this State, and settled on 120 acres of land. August 21, 1853, he married Catherine Wheeler, with an issue of nine children — Mary 0-, Ann E., James A., William 0-, Lester, Arthur, Clarence, Adrian and Burton. Mr. Leamon is a general farmer but gives some attention to stock. He is in politics a Republican, and in 1856 was elected Justice of the Peace, as which he has served (except for four years) until the present time. He has also served as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and is possessed of a fine farm of 400 acres. WILLIAM McCAIN is a native of Coshocton County, Ohio, was born December 24, 1841, and is the son of John and Sarah (Dunn) McCain, both natives of Ireland, who moved to Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1834, where they lived on a farm. William McCain was sent to school at periods, worked on his father's farm, and there remained until December 24, 1863, when he married Mary J., daughter of Joseph W. and Mary (Dean) Porter, and born January 5, 1844- This union produced six children, of" which number four 558 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY': are living — Lewis G, Adam W., Lyman T. and Dennis. In 1864, Mr. McCain moved to Grandville, Jasper County, where he located on 160 acres of new land, Avhich had been previously entered by his father. It is iioav a Avell-improved tract, and productive and well stockedr— a good property and a desirable home. In 1874 Mr. McCain was elected Highway Commissioner, as which he is now ser\-ing his - third term. He is a Master Mason of Cooper Lodge, at Willow Hill, and he and wife are greatly respected in the community. WILLIAM MARTIN was born April 15, 1822, in Hamilton County, Ohio, and is the son of David and Elizabeth (Cole) Martin, natives of New York and early settlers in Hamilton County, Ohio. AV.iliiam passed his boyhood in attendance at school and in labor on the farm of his father. November 27, 1842, he wedded Laura, daughter of Isaiah and Mary (Reed) Cramer, by Avhich marriage they had bestowe'd upon them eleven children, of which number five only survive — E. L., Mary A., Oscar, Elizabeth Jane and Perry F After his marriage Mr. Martin moved to and entered land in Jasper County, 111-, where he engaged in farming. In 1862 he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which regiment he fought at the battles of Farmington, Perryville and Chickamauga, whereupon the regiment was mounted and followed Gen. Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and partici pated in the engagements at Selma, Ala. and Columbus, Ga. June, 1865, he Avas discharged at Nashville, after which event he returned to his home and farm, now embracing 109 acres of good land, and fairly stocked. Mr. Martin is independent in politics, and a respected and upright citizen. CHARLES F. M. -MOREY was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, June 25, 1838, and is the son of Jonathan and Margaret (Columba) Morey, the former a native of NeAV York, the latter of Massachusetts. They were early settler^ in Ohio. When Charles was a child his parents moved to Boone County, Ky., where he went to subscription school and worked for his father. About 1850 he moved to Ripley County, Ind., and in 1852 to Illinois, where he farmed until 1860. Soon after this date he went again to Indiana, and August 18, 1861, married Rachel A. Hopkins, Avhich union gave being to seven children — Frances A., EdAvard K, Ida May, Margaret C, James E, Robert B. H- and Moffit. August 13, 1862, he enlisted in Company I, Ninety-Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he Avas made a Corporal. He Avas engaged in the battles of Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, and Avhile on the Wheeler raid Avas wounded in the right hand, after Avhich event he served as company clerk until his discharge, July, 1865. He followed the plow for some time, and in 1874 came to Grandville Township, Jasper County, where he settled on 135 acres, constituting a good farm, which he purchased in 1872. This land is well improved and stocked with cattle, hogs and sheep, of which he is the largest shipper in the township. Mr. Morey is an active Republican, and in 1880 was a candidate for Sheriff, which he lost by a small majority; he has been GRANDVILLE TOWNSHIP. 559 Supervisor since 1874. Mr. Morey is a Master Mason, and he and wife are among the most respected people of their neighborhood. SILAS D. ODELL is a native of Grandville Township, Jasper County, 111., Avas born December 18, 1842, and is the son of Isaac L. and Tabitha (Cramer) O.lell, avIio were pioneer settlers of this State. Our subject received some schooling each year and remained on his father's farm until August, 1862, Avhen he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois Regiment Volunteer Infantry. He was a titer in said company and was present at the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Jonesboro, Hoover's Gap, Selma, Columbus, and the siege of Atlanta. After his discharge, July 5, 1865, he returned to farming, which he was unable to follow in consequence of the effects of a sunstroke received during the Avar. October 1, 1869, he iriarried Mary A. Matheuy, Avho die 1 September, 1874, lea-ving two children — Leota and Adrian. In November, 1876, he married Mary Finney, who likewise bore him tAvo children — LennaE. and Clara B. As an effect of the aforesaid injury he removed to Grandville, where he opened the first wood-repair shop in said place and in which he has been successful, being very generally esteemed. Mr. Odell is a Republi can and has six times been elected Township Assessor; he has also served as Sohool Director, and is a charter member and one of the founders of Coblenz Post, No. 272, G. A. R. Mrs Odell is a mem ber of the Christian Church. HENRY PURCELL is the son of Amos Purcell, and Avas born in Ohio County, Ind., July 28, 1835. When quite a child his father moved with his family to Missouri, where our subject received some schooling and worked for his father on the home farm. In 1850 he returned to the State of his birth and followed the business of a farmer. In 1857 he married Annie M. O -shorn, who died July 4, 1879, leaving four children — Franklin A., Simuel A., John W. H and Churchill E. Mrs. Purcell was a member of the United Brethren Church. In 1859 Mr. Purcell moved to Jasper County, 111., and in 18o9 purchased a fine farm in Grandville Township, which he culti vated and improved. March 16, 1881, he married Cerilda J. Ewing, who died September 20, of that year, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr Purcell is a member and trustee of the Otter- beiu United Brethren Church. ELIAS REICHARD is a son of Peter and Mary (Cramer) Reichard, the former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Mary land, who were married in Montgomery. County, Ohio. Our subject first saw the world's light August 28, 1821, iu the State of Ohio, where he attended school for a time, also worked as a farmer boy, and when sixteen years of age became a learner of the carpenters' tra le. March 26, 1843, he married Sophia, daughter of Joseph Rich ardson, of Miamisburg, Ohio— a union favored with nine children, eight of whom are living. In 1845, Mr. Reichard commenced the business of wagon-building, at which he continued many years. In 1867, he moved to this county, where he procured 160 acres of land 560 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: in Section 13, a portion of which was improved; this land he further improved with a good house and other necessary additions. He is a general farmer, also raises some stock and tobacco. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, and likeAvise an Odd Fellow. Mr. Reich ard is a self-made man, an upright citizen, and a Republican in the political arena. FRANCIS SHACKLEE is a son of Francis and Sarah (Sparks) Shacklee, the father a native of Germany, the mother of Maryland, who were married in Pennsylvania, and early settled in Wayne County, Ohio, where our subject was born, March 29, 1829. When he was two years of age his father died, in consequence of which he was privileged to obtain but little schooling at the pioneer fount ains of learning, having to assist his mother at home. In 1850, they moved to Jasper County, 111., wherein December, 1852, he mar ried Matilda, daughter of Ludwell W. and Sarah Bailey, which union was productive of six children — Lucy A., Margaret E-, Sarah M., Jerome B-, Frances L., and' Ludwell W. Mr. Shacklee is the owner of a good home and desirable farm, which contains 155 acres, and which is in a fair state of cultivation and tolerably well supplied with stock, which Mr. Shacklee manages in addition to general farm ing. He is in politics a member of the Republican party- Mr. Shacklee's mother is yet living at the age of eighty-three years, and well and useful. FENDOL P. SNIDER, is a native of Breckenridge County, Ky., was born November 13, 1822, and is a son of Henry P. andVerlinda (Dowell) Snider, both natives of Virginia, and early settlers of Ken tucky, where they were married. Our subject passed his youth in attending school and working on the paternal farm. October 22, 1849, he married Theodosia A., daughter of Jeremiah Norton, of Ken tucky. In 1850, Mr. Snider, moved to Grandville Township, Jasper County, 111., where he purchased eighty acres with the means he had saved by his labor, built a log house and commenced improving his land. He has now an excellent farm of 440 acres, with some fine stock, which took first premium at the Newton County Fair, in the autumn of 1883. In 1866, Mr. Snider built the first two-story house in his township. He is a Master Mason of Cooper Lodge, at Wil low Hill, and a Democrat in politics. Mr. and Mrs. Snider are par ents of five children — Georgia A., Minerva F., Millard F., Brecken ridge B. and Fendol G (deceased). ^^M SMALLWOOD TOWNSHIP. 561 SMALLWOOD TOWNSHIP. ABEL ARMSTRONG, farmer and stock-dealer, was born in Vir ginia, in 1818, and is a son of Thomas and Jane (Burgess) Armstrong, natives of Virginia, aud pioneers of Logan County, Ohio, whither they came in 183o, made a farm, and aftei'Avard removed to Spring field, 111., where they both died. Abel lived in Ohio until 1840, when he Avent with his parents to Springfield. In 1852 he married Miss Lucy Sells, who died one year later. After farming on land previously owned by him, he purchased and located on sixty-five acres in Shelby County, 111., and in 1857, married his second wife, Miss Julia A. Robison, who also died after three years, and in 1869 he married his third wife, Mrs. Ann Harvey, which union gave issue to one child, Frances. Mr. Armstrong has 120 acres under cul tivation and improved. His principal products are hay and corn; he also handles usually from twenty-five to forty head of cattle each year. N. BOLDREY, merchant and general store keeper, is a native of Johnson County, Ind., was born in 1840, and is a son of John Bold- rey. The school advantages of our subject were of the poorest kind. When he Avas nine years old he came to this county, where in 1862, he married Miss Lovina, daughter of Garrison Grove, and a native of Indiana. Before commencing his present business, in 1877, he sold goods for five years and managed a mill for fifteen years, be- sides'ltarming to some extent. He has now a good trade, which he has created by his tact for serving the public and his courteous man ner. Besides this he has built several buildings in addition to his own, and owns a half interest with his brother in a saw-mill, estab lished in 1878. Mr. Boldrey has served the township as Collector one term. Mr. and Mrs. Boldrey are members of the Christian Church, and are the parents of two children — James A. and Sarah M. THOMAS BROWN, farmer and teacher, was born in Jefferson County, Ind., February 9, 1835, and is the third in the family of John and Elizabeth (Jackson) Brown, the former a native of'Scotland, the latter of Tennessee. John Brown was a farmer and preacher of the Baptist Church; also, a pioneer of this county, where he located in 1851; he and his wife are yet living past their " three score and ten" years. Thomas Brown, at the age of sixteen, moved with his parents to this county, and after receiving a fair education became a teacher, which he followed about thirty years, being now one of the oldest teachers in the county. November 3, 1867, he married Miss Mary Bridges, a native of Virginia. In 1868, Mr. Brown located on forty acres purchased from his father, and which he has increased to 185 acres, Avith comfortable surroundings. Mrs. Brown died December 11, 1871, whereupon he married Miss Priscilla Bridges, sister of his deceased wife. They are members of the Missionary Baptist Church, 562 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: of which Mr. Brown is an ordained minister. He served as Justioo of the Peace one year by appointment, and was afterward elected to said office; he also served as ToAvnship Treasurer for two years, and as Clerk one year. Mr. Brown has three children — Mary (deceased), Minnie and Eddie. J. J. CALVIN, physician and surgeon, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1826, and is the second of the seven children of Hiram and Mary (Jacobs) Calvin, natives, respectively, of Ohio and Kentucky, -who moved to Wayne County, 111., in 1856- The boyhood of our subject was passed in Edinburgh, Ind., Avhere he attended school, began reading medicine, and passed seven years in study and prac tice. In June, 1856, he married Miss Catherine, a daughter of Jacob Wise, and niece of GoA'ernor Wise, of Virginia, to which union were born four children — William G, Annie M., James and Charles H After this event Dr. Calvin lived some time in Wayne County, 111., and Williamsburgh, Ind., and came to his present location in 1870, where he has since lived and practiced. For some years he traveled and practiced the treatment of chronic diseases, in which he was eminently successful, before settling on his farm. In 1861 he enlisted in the three months' service, and in 1862, in the Seventy-Ninth Indi ana Volunteer Infantry, soon after which he was injured by being run over by the cavalry; this caused his discharge, in January, 1863, after Avhich he acted as Commissary Sergeant. Mrs. Calvin is a member of the Baptist Church. Besides his home farm, Dr. Calvin is owner of 6-10 acres in Kansas, and thirty-six in Indiana. A. FLEENER, farmer, is a native of Washington County, Ind., was born in 1827, and is a son of John and Mary (Crissmore) Fleener, the former a native of Maryland, the latter of North Caro lina. John Fleener was a farmer and pioneer of Washington County, where he and wife ended their lives. His name was the first on the Land Office register, and he it was who placed a roof on the first log cabin in the State. Our subject passed his boyhood at home, and in 1849 married Miss Lydia A., daughter of Henry Greenwood, and a native of Virginia. After his marriage he rented land for one year, then purchased eighty acres of woodland, Avhere he resided two years, made considerable improvements, then sold the same, pur chased forty acres of unbroken prairie, and removed thereto in 1847. To this purchase he added by degrees until noAV he has 600 acres of as good and well cultivated soil as lies in the county. Mr. Fleener handles from ten to fifteen mules, and about 100 head of cattle every year; he also raises considerable Avheat, corn and hay. Mr and Mrs. Fleener are the parents of ten children, viz.: Margaret, Martha, Narcissus, Bruce, Isabella, Daniel, Jacob (deceased), Nora, George and Elsie. Mrs. Fleener is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHN A. HEADY, farmer, was born in March, 1815, in Switz erland County, Ind., where he was also reared, and is the second of the nine children of Benjamin and Lydia (Stewart) Heady, both natives of Kentucky and pioneers of this county, whither they SMALLWOOD TOWNSHIP. 563 removed in 1852 and located near Smallwood when the land was drear and waste, and Avhere they passed away — the father in 1870, the mother in 1872. John A. Heady married, in 1843, Miss Phebe, daughter of Abijah Grimes, a large farmer and stock raiser, who died in Vicksburg about 1868. This union produced four children, Lois, Lydia, Benjamin A. and T. G (deceased). Mrs. Heady died in 1854, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Lleady after renting land for several years, purchased, in 1852, eighty acres of his present farm, then in a wild and barren state; but he has now reclaimed and improAred 160 acres, making a home of convenience and of value. He is a practical man and a much respected farmer. B. A. HEADY, farmer, was born in Switzerland County, Ind., in the year 1822, and is the fifth of the nine children of Benjamin and Lydia Heady. In the year 1848 our subject married, in Switz erland County, Miss Margaret, daughter of Joseph and Girtzell Dow, natives of Scotland, who located and died in Indiana. Mr. Heady, after his marriage, rented his father's farm for three years, after which he purchased 160 acres of land and moved thereon in 1852, where he has since that time resided, continued to improve the farm, and is now surrounded by all the necessaries and many com forts of a farmer's life. Mr. and Mrs. Heady have been favored with a family of twelve children, viz.: Girtzell (deceased), Thomas, Joseph (deceased), David, Albert, Ann, Gilbert, Marilla, Elmer, Mary, Flora and Sarah (deceased). Mr. Heady is^a valuable and much respected citizen. PETER JACKSON, farmer, is a native of the State of Ohio, was born March 1, 1841, and is the son of John and Nancy (Flick) Jackson. John Jackson was a farmer and blacksmith, as Avell as a pioneer of Ohio. He and wife afterward removed to this county, where they came to their lives' end — the former in August, 1856, and the latter August 19, 1870. The boyhood of Peter Avas passed in this county, where he has experienced the trials of a pioneer, and where he has lived since 1851. In 1869, he married Miss Nancy J. Honey, daughter of J. W- Honey, a pioneer of this county of 1849. This union was productive of six children— Iva, Alta B., Martha, Grace, Nellie P. and Rosa. Mr. Jackson lived upon his forty acre farm after his marriage, to which possession he added until he has now 187 acres of good, arable land. Mr. Jackson has served as ToAvnship Clerk, Assessor and Supervisor each one year, and is now Collector, which he has filled for more than three years; he was also Township Trustee eleven years. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson are members of the Christian Church. J. H. KELLAM is a native of Indiana, was born in 1839, and is a son of Jesse and Charity Kellam. Jesse Kellam was a farmer and a pioneer of Rush County, Inch, where he cleared a farm and lived until 1858, at which time he removed to this county, and died April 19, 1883; Mrs. Kellam is yet living, a cripple now from having fallen upon the ice during last winter. Our subject passed his boyhood in Indiana, and in August, 1862, enlisted in Company H, Sixteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. At Richmond he was wounded and 564 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: also taken captive, held six weeks, then released, and again made captive in Louisiana and confined in Texas for nine months. He participated at Vicksburg and many other notable battles and skir mishes, and was mustered out at New Orleans. In 1861, he married Miss Hattie, daughter of John P. Havens, and a native of Indiana, which union produced five children — Rush G, Anna M., Lizzie, Bertie and Royal. Mr. Kellam moved to his present place in 1866. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. A. KELLAM, farmer, is a native of Rush County, Ind., was born April 13, 1841, and is the sixth of the seven children of Jesse and Charity Kellam. Jesse Kellam was a farmer and one of the pioneers of Rush County, where he settled as early as 1830 and cleared and made a farm, on which our subject was reared and lived until seventeen years of age, at which time he removed with his parents to this county, where he has made his home, and where he married Miss Inda, daughter of G J. R. Monroe, a pioneer of Jeffer son County, Ind., which union has been productive of two children, John W. and Edward L. Mr. Kellam began housekeeping at his present home in 1863, which covers 103 acres of prairie, and 20 of timber land, and which contains good and valuable improvements. He has served his township six years as Commissioner. Mrs. Kellam is a member of the Presbyterian Church. THOMAS J. KIRK, farmer, is a native of Licking County, Ohio, was born in 1844, and is a son of James and Keziah (Patterson) Kirk, both natives of Ohio. James Kirk was a farmer, and died in Craw ford County, 111., in 1877, where Mrs. Kirk is now living with her son, and where she has resided since 1852. Thomas J. Kirk passed his early manhood on his father's farm, after receiving an ordinary school education, and in 1868, married Miss Selina M. Holmes, a native of Crawford County, III., with an issue of three children — Lucy K, James A. and Lizzie E. O- After marriage, Mr. Kirk moved on the eighty acres of land previously owned by him. This he afterward sold, and purchased the 140 acres which comprise his present farm and home. He has also forty acres of timber, on which he located in 1880, the place being Avell-improved, and having especially substan tial buildings. Mr. Kirk was elected Township Supervisor, in the spring of 1883, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Epis copal Church, in which the former has been a steward for one year. GEORGE M. MANNING, farmer, is a native of Indiana, was born January 10, 1854, and is a sou of J. B. and Mary (Hughes) Man ning. J. B. Manning was by occupation, a harness-maker, and later in life became a farmer, but had followed his trade in Wayne County, Ind. George M. Manning passed his boyhood in Wayne County, and, with his parents, removed to Illinois, where, in 1879, he married Miss Minerva Horton, a native of this State. After his marriage, Mr. Man ning engaged in farming his present land, comprising fifty acres of prairie and twenty acres of timber. Mr. Manning has around him the comforts of life, which he deserves long to enjoy. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and parents of two children— Nellie M. and Effa B. GROVE TOAVNSHD?. 565 GROVE TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM BADGER was born in Jasper County, 111., Febru ary 10, 1839, and Avas the eldest of six children of Stephen and Sabrina Badger, the former a native of New Hampshire, the latter of Ohio. They were married in Jasper County, 111., in 1837, afterward settled in Newton, making various moves, and improving vast tracts of lands. He died in 1874, September 7. His Avidow still survives. The sub ject of this sketch was married December 20, 1864, to Samantha, daughter of Samuel and Clarissa Barrett. After their marriage, they settled on the same farm Avhere they now live. Five children have been born to them, Adz.: Minnie A. (deceased), Carrie L., Walter L., Fannie M. (deceased) and Orner R. Mr. Badger and wife are mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ALBERT GALLATIN CALDWELL was one of the largest farmers, and the most extensive stock-dealer, perhaps, in Jasper County. He was born in Vigo County, Ind., Julv 6, 1826. His parents are Robert and Jane (Watts) Caldwell, the" former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Ohio. Robert came Avith his parents from Pennsylvania to Ohio, in 1808, and settled on a half section farm, eight miles southeast of Circleville. That farm is still owned by Robert's brother, John Caldwell, now eighty-four years of age, the oldest resident, widely and favorably known in his (Pickaway) County, Ohio. Robert was married in Ohio, April 22, 1819, came to Vigo County, Inch, in 1823, and died in same county, in 1832. Rob ert and Jane Caldwell had two children — Albert, our subject, and Robert Johnston. The latter was a farmer, well educated, and was married to Hannah Crews, of Vigo County, Ind., in 1854. She died April 30, 1856. He was next married to Sallie Bright, of Cumber land County, HI., September 23, 1857. His death occurred before he was married a week, his disease being much like that of cholera, his age, twenty-nine years. Robert's avjcIoav married James Beard. She died in 1863. Robert's father, William Caldwell, Avas born in 1764. He married Jane Moore, November 28, 1786. William died March 20, 1815. Jane, his Avife, died September 1, 1823. Both had been consistent members (the former an elder) of the Presbyterian Church for many years. These parents and their youngest son, Johnston, are buried in the Mount Pleasant cemetery near Kington, Ross County, Ohio. These parents had nine children (eight sons and one daughter). .John, above referred to, is the only one now known to be living. Albert G- Caldwell, our subject, was married to Lucy A. Crews, sister of'Hannah Crews, before referred to, February 3, 1848, by whom he had six children — Robert G-, John A., Hannah G, Albert G. , elsewhere mentioned, Elizabeth J. and Jane A. Elizabeth J. died December 23, 1855, in the second year other age; James A., died August 1, 1856, in the second year of his age; Robert J., died June 30, 566 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: 1871, in the twenty-third year of his age; Hannah G, died December 13, 1872, in the twenty-second year of" her age. The last name 1, was the wife of Samuel MoElhaney, married May, 1869. One child, Albert G-, blessed this union. Sho was a member of the Methodist Episco pal Church. Lucy Ann, the wife and mother, died May 3, 1836, in her twenty-ninth year. John A. Avas married, July 14, 1882, to Anna Gordon, of Texas. Lucy Isabel is their child. Albert G, the father, was next married, September 30, 1857, to Mrs. Rebecca J. (Wagle) Arnold, of this county. She was the widoAV of John W. F. Arnold, who cliel February!, 1853. Her chil Iren are, Jonathan, Phebe, and J. Fletcher Arnold. Jonathan was married in 1871, to Sarah Clark, of Effingham County. Lillie and Fletcher are their children. Fletcher Avas married December, 1876, to Delia Barton, of Jasper County. Edward and Eugene, are their children. Phebe is at the home place Avith her mother. To Albert G. aud Rebecca J. Caldwell, were born Louisa J., Missouri G, and Lucy Ellen. Louisa died November 7, 1877, in her twentieth year. Missouri G is the wife of Philip Mason, married October 10, 1883. Albert, the father, died April 23, 1880. The latter had a good common school education. Ho was brought up on the farm, and at the age of about seventeen years, Avas put to the cooper trade. He followed this business for about five years. He then again began Avorking on the farm pur chased by his father. This farm contained 320 acres, was located on Honey Creek prairie, a few miles southeast of Terre Haute, and changed hands about the year 1876, at $130 per acre. He continued on this farm until the year 1854, when he moved to Coles County, 111., near Douglas, on a farm. He remained there about three years, then moved to Jasper County, near Island Grove, Grove Township. He traded, in partnership Avith James Crews (his brother-in-law) until 1859, when each began business for himself. Mr. Caldwell was remarkably successful in business. At his death he owned more than 1,500 acres of land, 170 head of cattle, 150 head of hogs, eight head of Avork horses, besides other stock and money. He was kind to the poor, and gave liberally to churches of all denominations, and worthy enterprises. He stood high in the estimation of the citizens of his county, and several times was urged to accept the nomination (the nomination being equal to an election) of Representative to the S'ate Legislature. Mr. C. was a man of positive convictions, scrupulously honest in all he did, kind and obliging to the greatest extreme, loved and respected by all who knew him. His was a busy, useful and suc cessful life. No one in the county, perhaps, had more friends or fewer enemies. He Avas a member of Newton Lodge I. O- O. F., and in politics a Democrat. Albert Gardner Caldwell, farmer and stock-dealer, was born in Jasper County, 111. His parents were Albert G. and Lucy A. (Crews) Caldwell, elseAvhere mentioned. Albert G., the subject of this sketch, had a good common school education. Work ing on the farm and attending school were his occupation during his boyhood days. He was married, December 2, 1875, to Alice Robert- GROVE TOWNSHIP. 567 son, of this county. She is a daughter of John and Rebecca Robertson, well and favorably known in Indiana. They now live in Texas. Robert J. and Lucy A. are their children. Mr. G has been very suc cessful in business, as he iioav oaviis 90i ' acres of land, 760 of which are well improved.) He has on hand at present writing 125 head of cattle, 42 head of horses, 16 mules and 40 head of hogs. He has a pleasant, happy home, has a flattering prospect before him and may well be classed among the wealthy, influential and responsible citizens of the county. He has an eye to business, and is ahvays ready to buy Avhen the price suits him. In politics he is a Democrat. REBECCA J. CALDWELL, (wife ot Albert G Caldwell, deceased), was bora in Montgomery County, Ky., February 15, 1827, and was the daughter of Asa and Cassandra Wagle, both natives of Kentucky. Her mother died in 1827 and her father -married Phoebe Rickman, and in 1840 moved to Jasper County, 111., Avhere he died in 1877. Rebecca was married to Fletcher Arnold, January 10, 1842, and settled in Grove Township, where he died February 4, 1853. Her second marriage occurred September 30, 1857, to Albert G. Caldwell. Her children are as follows: Jonathan A., Phoebe and John F., children of Mr. Arnold, and Elizabeth (deceased); Missouri G and Lucy E., children by Mr. Caldwell. JAMES L. CREWS Avas born near Terre Haute, Vigo Co., Ind., November 14, 1825, and Avas the son of John and Elizabeth R. CreAvs, the former a native of Tennessee, the latter of* Kentucky. The grandfather, James Crews, Avas a Revolutionary soldier, born in Virginia and settling in Tennessee at an early period, where he remained until his death. He raised a large family, among whom were six sons. His son, John, the father of our subject, came to Vigo County, Ind., about the year 1820. remaining there until his death, which occurred in 1876. His wife survives, aged eighty-six years. Their son James settled in Jasper County, 111., in 1850, pur chasing a small tract of land and commencing the business of stock- raising, in which he has been very successful, being now one of the most extensive dealers in stock in Jasper County and owning a large farm of 1,400 acres. Mr. Crews Avas married September 19, 1850, to Mary A. Green, of Cumberland County, III. Eleven children were born to this union, viz.: John (deceased), Mary, Franklin, Harriet, Alexander (deceased), David, Lucy A., Ella M., James, Maria (deceased) and Joseph, (deceased). Mrs. Crews died Febru ary 6, 1883. Mr. CreAvs is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a worthy citizen. JOHN T. HANNA was born in Fountain County, Inch, Octo ber 9, 1829, and was the son of Albert G. and Mary (Stoops) Hanna, the former a native of Indiana, the latter of Kentucky. The grand parents of the subject of this sketch were natives of North Carolina but emigrated to Indiana at an early period, locating in what is now Union County, afterwards moving to Carroll County, Avhere they died. John Hanna's father was twice married and was the father of thirteen children. The subject of this sketch was married Septem- 568 biographical sketches — jasper county: ber 6, 1858, to Catherine E., daughter of James T. and Elizabeth Morris. Eight children were born to this union, viz.: Mary E. (deceased), Emma M., Anna B., Clara A., Morris W-, Eva E. (deceased), Alvira E. and Lillie I. After his marriage Mr. Hanna resided in Carroll County, Inch, until 1860, when he moAred to Jasper County, 111., where he has since resided. C. G. HESS was born in Montgomery County, Ohio, October 5, 1829, and was the second in a family of twelve children of David L. and Ann V. (Grove) Hess, the former a native of Maryland, the latter of Virginia. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was a native of Germany and emigrated to America in an early day, settling in Maryland, where he raised his family, from which State David L. moved in 1828 to Montgomery County, Ohio. G G Hess was married September 29, 1864, to Sarah J., daughter of Robert and Nancy Dawson, a native of Brown County, 111. Five children have been born to this union, Adz.: David L., Annie L., Robert D., Ida V. and Emma E. Mr. Hess has been a resident of Jasper County, 111., since 1867, and is much respected and has an interesting family. WILLIAM G JUNIOR was born in Spencer County, Ky., October 18, 1820, and was the eldest often children of Joshua and Elizabeth (Romine) Junior, the former a native of Tennessee, the latter of Kentucky. In 1830 William came with his parents to Vigo County, Ind., where he lived several years, and Avhere he was mar ried March 4, 1844, to Margaret J., daughter of James and Jane Beard. In 1855 Mr. Junior moved to Jasper County, 111., and pur chased the same farm where he iioav lives, and has developed from wild land a finely improved farm of 180 acres. Seven children have been born to this union, viz.: Elizabeth J. born April 26, 1846, died September 3, 1848; Rebecca A. born November 1, 1849; Sarah A., December 14, 1851, died September 20, 1852; Alice B. born Jan uary 7, 1854; Martha J., born February 29, 1856, Lucy E.,born May 28, 1858, and an infant daughter unnamed, born and died September 26, 1861. Mrs. Junior died June 10, 1878. Mr Junior is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and an esteemed citizen. MATHEW MEINHART was born in Upper Austria, March 6, 1838, and was third in a family of seven children of Mathias and Turissa (Krois) Meinhart, both natives of Austria. In 1860, the family emigrated to America, settling first in Stephenson County, 111., afterward moving to Jasper County, where Mathias now lives. His wife died in 1865. MatheAV, the subject of this sketch, emigrated to America in 1857, landing in NeAV York City, where he remained until the following year, when he came to Stephenson County, 111., and in 1865 came to Jasper County and purchased land where he still resides, being now a prosperous farmer with 260 acres of land, well improved. Mr. Meinhart was married September 13, 1880, to Ann M., daughter of Joseph and Caroline Weishaar, a native of Germany. One child has been born to this marriage, viz.: Jacob F. DR. S- B. METHENY was born in Licking County, Ohio, March 22, 1830, and was a son of James and Rhoda (Bell) Metheny, GROVE TOWNSHIP. 569 the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Ohio. The grandfather of" Dr. Metheny lived in Virginia in 1770, and remained there until 1820, when he moved to Licking County, Ohio, thence, in 1846, to Jasper County, 111., where he died in 1851. Dr. Metheny's father died in 1849 in Grove Township, and his AvidoAv married Thomas Wisemore, and died in 185L The subject of this sketch Avas appren ticed in 1849 to the carpenters' trade, which business he pursued for several years. He was married March 29, 1849, to Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Mary Soven, and a native of Hancock Co., Inch In 1855, Mr. Metheny began the study of medicine with Dr. Norman Com stock. After reading three years, he commenced the practice of his profession in Harrisburg, Jasper County, remaining there until 1871. He then moved to Grove Township, where, he successfully prac tices his profession. Ten children have been born tohim, viz.: Nor man, Joseph H. (deceased), Heman S-, Mary J., George W., Jona than G, James A-, Nancy A. (deceased), Samuel K- and Sarah E. PETER MYERS Avas born in Fountain County, Inch, December 24, 1835, and was a son of John and Catherine Myers. He remained with his parents until twenty-six years of age, Avhen he began life for himself. Mr. Myers was married August 6, 1861, to Susan, daughter of John and Mary Krout, of Fountain County, Ind., in which county he resided, working at the blacksmiths' trade until 1873, when he removed to Jasper County, 111., settling on a farm, where he now resides. Ten children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Myers, viz. : Ephraim, infant son unnamed (deceased), Austin (deceased), infant daughter unnamed (deceased), Nettie V., Charles 0-, Rosie A., Stella L., Harry G and Clara G Mr. and Mrs. Myers are members of the Lutheran Church. DR. N. D. MYERS was bora in Fountain County, Ind., Feb ruary 17, 1843, and was a son of John and Catherine (Fine) Myers, the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of North Carolina, and of* German lineage. His grandfather emigrated from Germany to America before the Revolutionary war, and participated in that struggle, dying in 1792. The father of our subject came to Fountain Comity, Inch, iii 1829, and engaged in farming, also devoting some time to mercantile pursuits and "saw-milling. Here he married, and with his wife now resides in Jasper County, 111., they having lived together fifty-one years. Dr. Myers, after availing himself of all the advantages of the district school, entered Harmonia College, Rus sell ville^ Inch, where he remained three terms, after which he entered the State University at Bloomington, Inch, taking a scientific course. He afterward engaged in teaching, and in the spring of 1868 began the study of medicine Avith A. T. Steele, of Waveland, Ind., reading two years. He then entered Rush Medical College, Chicago, but that 'institution being burned he went to Cincinnati, Avhere he received his diploma March 1, 1872. He practiced medicine first in Veedersburg, Inch, afterwards in Brownsville, Ind. His marriage occurred at Crawfordsville, Ind., March 13, 1873, to Mattie J., daughter of Samuel and Sarah A. Ward. Three cliildren have been 570 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY: born to this marriage, viz.: Bessie L., Minnie M. and Lulu P. i Dr. Myers has resided in Jasper County, III., since 1874, and is an esteemed citizen and skillful physician. JOHN SOWERS was a son of Noah and Catherine (Griffith) Sowers,both natives of Page County, Va.,Avh ere they were married, and from whence they moved in 1844 to Licking County, Ohio, going thence, in 1849, to Jasper County, 111., where the father died in 1853. The mother still survives. John was the eldest of nine children. He was married February 2, 1853, to Mary E-, daughter of Reuben and Mary Carr. He lived in Crooked Creek Township on a farm of his father-in-law's until 1865, when he moved on the farm he now owns and occupies, consisting of 160 acres of land under good cul tivation. Nine children have been born to them, viz.: James W. (deceased), an infant son unnamed (deceased), Mary J., John H, Martha G, Christian G, Reuben H-, William T. and Owen. Mr. Sowers is one of the progressive and energetic men of Jasper County. ALEXANDER WALLACE was born in Orange County, Ind., June 23, 1836, and was one of ten children born to James H and Serena Wallace, the former a native of Kentucky, but moving with his parents to Indiana, where his marriage occurred, and thence in 1850 to Jasper County, 111-, where he died. The son, Alexander, was married April 2, 1857, to Clarinda J., Avidow of Elisha Wilson and daughter of John E. and Eveline Goodwine. Since his mar riage he has lived in Jasper County, 111., all the time except one year. Nine children have been born to this marriage, viz.: John, J., Millard F., Ellen (deceased), Charles (deceased), Alvin (deceased), Theodore (deceased), Warren (deceased), Effie and Byron. NORTH MUDDY TOWNSHIP. 571 NORTH MUDD7 TOWNSHIP. ANDERSON BURNSIDES was born in Jackson County, Ohio, January 17, 1839, and came to this county in 1859. In 1861, he enlisted in Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, served until 1863, and was wounded at Stone River. December 20, 1866, he mar ried Miss Rachel Foster, daughter of Thomas and Mary (Trexler) Foster. This lady died in 1868, and December 8, 1869, Mr. Burn- sides married Rebecca E. Smith, daughter of Benjamin E. and Anna E. ( English) Smith, and born in Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1849- To this union were born Merritt, September 13, 1870; Winnie and Minnie (twins), August 6, 1872, and Rachel N, August 18, 1875. John Burnsides, father of our subject, was bora in Virginia in 1811, went to Jackson County, Ohio, at the age of four, and in 1835 mar ried Rachel Jacobs, born in 1814, and daughter of John and Susan (Trexler) Jacobs. This couple reared to maturity the following children: Susannah, born in 1836; Anderson, in 1839; J. T.,in 1841; Hugh, in 1844; S. G, in 1846, and Filena, in 1849. John Burnsides came to Jasper County in 1856, and settled on 420 acres, and entered another tract in 1863, and the father of the wife of our subject, Ben jamin Smith, came here in 1838- DR. J. C. CHAPMAN, physician and surgeon, of Wheeler, was born in this county October 19, 1855, and here reared on a farm until the age of sixteen. His determination to become a physician was formed in childhood, and when but twelve years old he began to prepare himself by study for the responsibilities of that profession. At the age of sixteen, he began teaching school, still devoting his leisure hours to the study of medicine. He took a teacher's course at the college of Valparaiso, attended Merom College, and read med icine with Drs. J. H. Walker, Maxwell and Faller, all eminent prac titioners of Newton. He next entered the American Medical Col lege at Saint Louis, and graduated, after a three years' course, in 1879. He practiced at Island Grove, and at Dieterich, and then, in 1882, came to Wheeler, where he has an extensive patronage and is also interested in the drug business. He is a member of the Centen nial Medical Society and also of the Society of Physicians of Jasper County. May 1, 1880, he married Miss Frances, daughter of W. J. and Elizabeth (Ireland) Madden, and to their union have been born two children, Eva and Nellie. H. LI. DIETZ, the second of four children, born to Benjamin and Phebe (McLin) Dietz, is a native of Fairfield County, Ohio, and was born February 13, 1847. He was educated at Pleasantville, and May 5, 1864, married Miss Sarah Beery, daughter of G M. and Bar bara (Hubs) Beery; to this marriage have been born four children — Beery B., Cora B., Perdie C and Harley G. Mr. Dietz came to Jasper County in the fall of 1870, bought 200 acres of land which 35 572 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY': he farmed until 1882, when he entered the mercantile business at Wheeler, where he is now doing a prosperous trade. Mr. Dietz's father was a native of Pennsylvania, and G M. Beery, father of Mrs. Dietz, was born in Ohio in 1813. CAPTAIN WILLIAM G GILLSON is a native of Calcutta, was born in 1835, and came to America when ten years of age. He was reared and educated in Ford County, 111., and April 25, 1861, enlisted in Company K, Seventh Illinois Infantry, and served as private until 1863, when he was promoted First Lieutenant, and in September, 1864, promoted Captain. He took part in seven severe battles and was wounded at Pittsburg Landing, Follow Bluff and Altoona. He was mustered out at Springfield, 111., after which he went to Kentucky, where he married, in 1865, Miss H. A. Winter, daughter of William and Nancy (Segman) Winter, born respectively in England and Philadelphia, and in the same year, 1799. Mrs. Nancy Winter is still living, and makes her home with our subject. Mr. and Mrs.Gillson have had born to them seven children — Nancy J. (de ceased), Neonia D., Thomas W., William E., Edward A., Mary N. and Aaron D. CAPTAIN W. G HARNED was born in Bond County, HI., was reared a farmer and attended school until 1861, when he enlisted in Company D, Twenty-Second Illinois Infantry, served one year, was discharged on account of disability, returned home and re-en tered the army in July, 1862, as Second Lieutenant of Company E, One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment. He took part in the battles of Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, siege of Vicksburg and the campaign after Jackson. He was captured, with the rest of his regiment, April 8, 1864, and was held prisoner at Camp Ford, Texas, until June, 1865. He Avas promoted First Lieutenant in Feb ruary, 1863, and Captain while prisoner of war. In 1867, he mar ried Miss Isabel McKenzie, who died February 14, 1868, leaving one child — George. In 1871, he married Miss Isabel File, a native of Indiana, whose parents settled in Bond County in 1818- Her grand father, Henry File, established the first distillery in Bond County in 1819. By his last marriage the Captain became father of six chil dren — Julia, Matilda, Nora, Jennie, William and one that died un named. John W. Harnecl, father of the Captain, was born in Texas while it yet belonged to Mexico, and moved with his parents to Mad ison County about 1830. In January, 1842, he married Mary Matilda Nelson, daughter of William and Mary (McLain) Nelson, and to their union were born nine children, all of whom reached maturity. L. S- LOLLAR was born in 1858, in Clay County, 111., where he was reared to farming and educated in the common schools until seventeen years of" age. In 1881, he married Miss Denia Ward, daughter of W. H. and Susannah (Burnsides) Ward, natives of Ohio. There has been born one child to this union — Lola Mabel. G. H. MERCER was born in Jackson County, Ohio, in 1846, was reared a farmer and Avas educated in the common schools until seventeen years old; he then went with his parents to Adams County, NORTH MUDDY TOWNSHIP. 573 Ind., resided there four years, returned to Ohio, and in 1863, came to Jasper County. In 1864, he enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty- Third Illinois Infantry and served six months; he then returned to this county, but after a short stay visited Ohio; in 1866, he came back and purchased sixty acres and is now engaged in farming. In 1872, he married Margaret E. Varvil, who was born in Indiana in 1851, and who was but one year old Avhen she came to this county with her parents, John and Nancy (McColloughj Varvil, natives of Kentucky. Mr. Mercer is now the father of five children — Annie A-, James A., Henry B., Louisa J. and Mary E. Joseph Mercer, father of our subject, was a native of Pennsylvania, and married Annie Day, a native of Kentucky, who bore him thirteen children — Louisa, J. M., Mary J., Comfort, Rebecca, Robert, Marion F, John A., G. W., Winfield, Portlier, Hannah and William S- JONATHAN TREXLER Avas born in Jackson County, Ohio, November 23, 1840, and at the age of twelve came Avith his parents to this county, where he was reared to farming and educated in the common schools until nineteen. In 1861, he enlisted in Company K, Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and fought at Corinth, Perryville, Stone River, Knob Gap, Liberty Gap and Chickamauga; he was four times wounded, and was honorably discharged at Spring-field, Illinois, in 1864. He married, August 23, 1865, Miss S- A. Cather, daughter of N. T. and Cynthia (Fields) Cather, natives of Indiana, and North Carolina, and early settlers of Jasper County. Mr. and Mrs. Trexler have had born to them four children, namely, Lillie M., Minnie O., Merritt and Vernon G The father of our subject, John Trexler, was an early settler of this county, was born in Jackson County, Ohio, in 1816, and in 1837, married Mary Dixon, born January 28, 1817, and daughter of Eli and Elizabeth (Graham) Dixon. She died January 29, 1860, the mother of eight children, our subject being the second. Mr. Trexler next married Polly Ann Dobbins, who bore him five children and died May 26, 1883. ALEXANDER WILSON, Township Supervisor, was born in 1831, in Washington County, Ind., but was reared a farmer in Put nam County. In 1851, he married Miss Emily G, daughter of Nich olas and Susannah (Gatan) Coiiett, and born in Montgomery County, Ohio, in 1835. Ten children followed this union — Julia A., Sarah J., Susan G, Abel A., Fenton E., Phebe, Eliza, Orlena, Lucy, and one deceased. Abel 'Wilson, father of our subject, was born in Kentucky, and was a son of Alexander and Sarah (Lucas) Wilson— the former a soldier of the war of 1812. Abel Wilson mamed, in Washington County, Ind., Julia Holsapple, daughter of George and Phebe (Hubbard) Holsapple, and to their union Avere born six chil dren—George W., William, John, Lucy, Sarah J., and Alexander. Our subject came to this county in the spring of 1872, and bought 216 acres of land, which he has since increased to 416 acres. He has served as Supervisor of his township since 1879, has never sued a man nor been sued, is a member of the Masonic Fraternity and the Christian Church, and is a conservative Democrat. 574 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: SOUTH MUDDY TOWNSHIP. ISAAC JOHNSON is a native of Ohio, was born in Guernsey1 County, July 3, 1834, and is the son of David and Elizabeth (Eng lish) Johnson, also natives of the Buckeye State. David Johnson having died in Ohio, his widow moved to Iowa, and thence to Kan sas, where she also died. Isaac Johnson was reared to farming by his parents, and in Pennsylvania, June 19, 1854, he married Esther, daughter of Enos Gallaway, a physician, farmer, and miller. He farmed on rented land in Ohio, until about 1867, when he came to his present farm, rented it fon two years, and then purchased it. He now owns 150 acres of superior land, and is a very successful farmer. He has ten children living, as folloAvs: Mary E., Lucinda J., Ruth M., Lona, Rosalie, H. Annis, Albert H, Eva, Smith E. and Della E. JOHN H. MAHANEY, Supervisor, was born in Page County, Va., June 24, 1850, and is a" son of Ezra and Ann Eliza Mahaney, also natives of Virginia. Our subject spent his early boyhood in Indiana, until the fall of 1862, when he came with his parents to Illinois, and was here reared a farmer. In December, 1871, he mar ried Rachel D., daughter of John and Nancy Ward. Mr. Ward, a native of" Virginia, was a farmer and a pioneer of Jackson County, Ohio, but died in Illinois. Mrs. Ward was a native of Ohio, and died in that State. Four years after his arrival in Illinois, John H. Maha ney resided in North Muddy, and then came to his present farm in this township. In April, 1872, the mother of Mr. Mahaney was killed by the fall of a two-story frame dwelling, which was blown down and torn to fragments in a wind storm. His father was severely injured, and a ten-year-old brother cut on the head, but Mr. Mahaney and a sister, both in the house, escaped uninjured. The children born to Mr. Mahaney are six in number: Eliza E, Rachel O., Dolly A., Bessie P., John H. and Mary F. CHARLES MASON, a native of Rensselaer County, N Y., was born in February, 1814, and is the son of Stephen and Hannah Mason. The family first came West to NeAV Albany, Ind., then moved to Posey County, Ind., thence came to Illinois, where the father died in Tazewell, and the mother in McLean County. At the age of seventeen, Charles Mason began life for himself, laboring by the month at from $5 to $15. January 5, 1837, he married in Lawrence County, 111., Miss Rhoda Travis, and began housekeeping in Clay County on rented land. Five years later, he purchased sixty acres, improved, on which he lived seven years, and then came to his present farm in this township, where he owned 300 acres, but has given his children about 100 acres, and possession of about 120 acres beside. Mrs. Mason is a member of the Christian Church, and of her children, there are living — William M., Sarah, Roxina, Mary L. and Alice G LYMAN RANDALL was born in Oxford County, Maine, in SOUTH MUDDY TOWNSHIP. 575 1838, and is the son of" Esek and Edith (Pickens) Randall, natives of Massachusetts. Lyman Randall had the advantages of a high school education, and on coming West in 1858 engaged in school teaching in winter and farming in summer until 1861, when he enlisted, Septem ber 4, in the Eleventh Missouri Infantry and served until January 26, 1866. Among the many engagements in which he took part were those of Fredericktown, Mo., Island No. 10, Corinth, Miss., Jackson, Vicksburg, Nashville, Spanish Fort and a number of skir mishes. In 1867 he married, in Ingraham, Clay Co., III., Miss Mary E. Ingraham, a native of Missouri. Mr. Randall first owned four acres of land at Ingraham, which he disposed of* during the war, and at its close purchased 140 acres in Clay County, 111., on which he lived five years and then came to Smallwood Township, this county, pur chased 120 acres and resided thereon five years. In the fall of 1875 he came to this township and settled on his present farm of 160 acres, all under good cultivation and supplied with comfortable buildings. Mrs. Randall owns 112 acres in Clay County, mostly under cultivation. Mr. and Mrs. Randall are members of the Chris tian Church, and have tAvo children living — Winfield and Edith. WILLIAM N. STUART, a native of Guernsey County, Ohio, was born in June, 1835, and is the son of John and Charity (Larne) Stuart, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Virginia and pio neers of Ohio. Both parents died in this State. William N. Stuart came here in 1860 and here he and sister own a farm of 350 acres, of which 190 are improved and constitute one of the finest farms in South Muddy Township ; the products, grain and stock, are divided between them. Mr. Stuart is a thoroughgoing farmer, is serving his second term as Justice of the Peace, and is recognized as one of the progressive men of his township. JAMES E. WORTHEY, farmer but formerly a blacksmith, was born in Coshocton County, Ohio, and is the son of James F- and Charlotte (Odor) Worthey, natives of Virginia and pioneers of Jas per County, HI., where the father died ancf Avhere the mother is still living, at the age of about eighty. The marriage of the latter, the second time, took place in her seventy-sixth year. James E. Wor they was reared in his native county until twenty-one, served three years as a blacksmith's apprentice, and came to this county in the fall of 1855. March 6, 1856, he married Mary E. Warren, a native of Kentucky, and daughter of William Warren, a farmer and a native of New York State. For about twenty-one years our subject fol lowed his trade in this State — principally in this toAvnship, where he lived on the farm where he first began housekeeping, and which com prises eighty acres. Mr. Worthey served as Constable here for three years and then resigned. He and wife are members of the Mission ary Baptist Church, of which he has been a licensed preacher for the past fifteen years. He has had born to him nine children- Julia G, Lucinda A., Harriet E., Mary E, Rosie E. (deceased), George (deceased), Theodosia (deceased), William F and Nathan iel J." 576 SAINT MARIE TOAVNSHIP. SAINT MARIE TOWNSHIP. JOSEPH PICQUET was born on March 17, 1816, in lower France, and came to America about the year 1835, landing in Phila delphia; thence he went to Pittsburgh and from there, by canal and over the inclined plane,to Steubenville, Ohio ; thence he went to Lima,Ohio, visiting all the land offices along the line, inasmuch as he had been sent here by his father and other relatives for the purpose of locating lands for them. He went as far as Saint Louis, and next went to Chicago, then a place with but few houses. Finally he reached Jasper County, where he entered 1,200 acres, soon after which his father came over, and he, in turn, was followed by the rest of the family, with the exception of one sister, Louise — a lady of the Sacred Heart. Mr. Picquet has since made several visits to his native land, and was there married, in 1840, to Miss Rosa Mulier, who died in November, 1844. She was the daughter of Charles and Rosine (Hartrick) Mulier, natives of Alsace. In 1850 Mr. Picquet married Caroline, a sister of his deceased wife, and to this union have been born eight children, of whom only two survive— Louise and Marie. JAMES PICQUET, physician and surgeon, was born in Hague- neau Province, France, in 1824, and at the age of nineteen came to this country in company with his mother, two brothers and three sisters, his father and brother Joseph having preceded him, and set tled on 1,200 acres of land in this county. A year after his arrival he went to Saint Louis to study our language and customs; later, he studied medicine for two years under the eminent Dr. Battey, of Vincennes, Ind., after which he returned to his native land and studied for three years in the University of France. In 1854 he returned to this county and established himself in practice in Saint Marie, where he at once made his mark. At the breaking out of the Avar he was appointed surgeon in the government hospital at Vincennes, where he did efficient work until the cessation of hostil ities. He next established himself at Evansville, Ind., Avhere he was engaged in active practice until 1868, when he returned to Saint Marie, where he enjoys an enviable reputation and an extensive pat ronage. In 1854, in France, he married Miss Victoria, a daughter of Joseph and Louise (Blum) Shefferstine, and to this union have been born six children — Mary, Pauline, Annie, Cecile, Edward and Raymond. FOX TOWNSHIP. 577 FOX TOWNSHIP. JOSEPH BOOS was born in Alsace, Germany, in 1839, and is the second son of J. and Elizabeth Boos, both natives of Alsace. When our subject Avas a few months old, he came Avith his parents to Saint Marie, and was here reared and educated. His father bought the present Boos estate. It contained at one time 3,600 acres. Mr. Boos has always lived on the farm. Boos Station is situated on the Boos estate. For the last three years Mr. Boos has been dealing in grain and merchandise, and has a fine brick store, the best in the township. He does the sole grain trade in this part of the town ship, and is the only merchant. He was made post-master about three years ago. He has rented all his land (1,200 acres, mostly cultivated and improved), and devotes his attention to his present business. In 1868, he married Magdalene Litzelman, a native of Saint Marie. His present wife (formerly Magdalene Horn) is a native of* Effingham County, 111. He has four children — Francis, Joseph, Aloyous Odilo and Estella- Mr. Boos is a Democrat, and a prominent citizen. THOMAS CAHILL was bora in 1833, in Ohio, and is the third son of J. R. and Elizabeth (Creston) Cahill, natives of Ohio and Canada respectively. Thomas Cahill was reared and educated in his native State. After attaining his majority, he farmed until thirty- five years of age. He then came to Fox Township (then part of Saint Marie) and continued farming until 1878, when he began the dry goods and grocery trade in West Liberty. At present he is engaged in the sale of his stock to J. R. Gilman. He has been post master and express and freight agent ever since the creation of West Liberty. He has been collecting and pettifogging for over twenty years. He is a strong Republican. Mr. Cahill was married in 1854 to Rachel A. Moore, a native of Ohio; that lady died in 1876- His present wife (who was the widow of Mr Stewart), is a native of Indiana. He has seven children living, viz.: Fernando, Forrest, Squire D., John L., Ira, Ernest and Rolley. Mr. Cahill is one of our most influential citizens. JAMES F. COMPTON was born in Simpson County, Ky., in 1842, and is the fifth son of William S. and Nancy M. (Mayfield) Compton, natives of Kentucky and North Carolina respectively. He was reared and educated in his native county. He enlisted in the Sixth Kentucky Volunteers (Confederate Infantry), and served at Franklin, Nashville, Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, Mont gomery, Knoxville (Tenn.), Stone River, Chattanooga and Dallas. At that place he was wounded and fell into Federal hands, went into hospital, and as soon as he was able made his way back to Montgom ery and Mobile, into the Confederate lines, and was made a cavalry eoldier. They moved into North and South Carolina, thence back 578 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: to Washington, Ga., and at the close of the war he returned home. He engaged in the saw-mill business until he came to his present farm, which contains 146 acres of Avell improved land. In 1866, he married Susan W. Hill, a native of Kentucky. They have seven children, viz.: Alonzo, Clarence, Mary, Virgil, James, Josie and Nora. Mr. Compton is a member of the Universalist Church. He has been Assessor, and Supervisor tAvice, and is now Collector for the township. Politically, he is a liberal Democrat, and is one of our prominent citizens. THOMAS GIBSON is a native of Maryland, was born in 1821, and is the son of John and Ann (French) Gibson, natives of the same State. The family moved to Ohio about 1832, and there Thomas was reared to farming. In 1854, our subject came to Jasper County and bought his present farm of 180 acres, all well cultivated. He married, in 1845, Emily E. Wilson, a native of Kentucky, who has borne him three children — Robert W., Mary E. (Tritt) and John W. In politics, Mr. Gibson was for a time a Whig, then a Free- Soil Abolitionist, and is now a Republican. He was a member of the County Board of Supervisors for a number of years, and is a most influential citizen. In religion he is a Methodist. DR. C HARRIS was born in Nelson County, Ky., in 1829, and is the fourth son of Edward and Sarah (Wells) Harris, both natives of Kentucky. When ten years old our subject moved to Louisville, where he remained until about twenty-five. He was educated at the Louisville University, and when nineteen attended lectures. At twenty-two, he commenced to practice. He soon went to Washing ton County, Ind. He was a partner in a general store (including drugs) in Hardin County, Ky. He then came to Clay County, 111.; was afterward in Shepherdsville, Ky.; also in Saluda, Ind., where he remained about five years. He next came to Mattoon, 111.; then to Richland County, and in 1864 he came to what is now Boos, and bought his present farm, containing 258 acres, mostly cultivated and improved. He has practiced ever since his arrival, and has been very successful. He married, in 1853, Nancy Rickerdson, a native of Kentucky; that lady died in 1858- His present wife (formerly Elena Consley) is a native of Indiana. The Doctor has six children, viz.: Martha F. (Richardson), Laura Loy, Colmore, Oliver P., IdaB., and Anna J. The Doctor is a member of the Universalist Church, also of the I. O. O- F. He was the first Supervisor of the township, also School Treasurer for ten years. He is a Democrat, and one of our most influential citizens. PAUL HARTRICLI was born in Saint Marie Township (iioav Fox) in 1854, and is the third son of Theodore and Francesca Hart- rich, both natives of France. Our subject Avas reared and educated in Saint Marie ToAvnship until 1871, when his father died- The three brothers farmed the old homestead until the fall of 1882. The homestead contained about 800 acres. In 1882, it A\ras divided; Mr- Hartrich sold his part to his brother, and now has charge of the Boos farm. In 1879, he married Monica Faller, a native of Evans- FOX TOWNSHIP. 579 ville, Ind. They have one child, Francis X. Mr. Hartrich is a mem ber of the Catholic Knights of America, also of the Catholic Church. He is a Democrat; was Township Collector for one term, and is a respected citizen. Eugene Hartrich was born in Fox Township in 1849, and is the second son of Theodore and Francesca Hartrich. He was reared and educated in this township until he attained his majority. After his father's death, he, with his brothers, farmed the homestead until 1882, when he bought his brothers out. He now owns 230 acres of land, mostly cultivated and improved, and has an interest in some undivided homestead land. In 1880, he married Pauline Picquet, a daughter of Dr. Picquet, of Saint Marie. Mr. Hartrich is a member of the Catholic Knights. He served the unexpired term, as Sheriff, of John Selby; has also been Township Collector. He is a Democrat, and an esteemed citizen. J. Q. HITCH, a member of the firm of Hitch & Dickerson, mer chants and grain dealers, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, in 1856, and is the eldest son of Nelson A. and Lottie Hitch; both natives of Ohio. Mr Hitch was reared and educated in Ohio, and when twenty j^ears old came with the family to Richland County, and engaged in farming and stock-raising, continuing four years. The corn failure of 1881, led him to ship and sell corn at West Lib erty, through the season. He sold forty car loads; a remarkable sale for so small a place. He then began the grocery business at West Liberty, and continued alone until 1882, when he was joined by Mr. Dickerson, who added grain-dealing and agricultural implements. They were the first firm of the kind, and sold nineteen machines of the Dorsey manufacture, this year. They are the only firm in the place who make a specialty of groceries and provisions. They carry about $1,500 worth of groceries, and have a large and increasing trade. They shipped last year 125 cars of grain. Mr. Hitch is a member of the A. O. U W. He votes the Republican ticket at the National elections, but in other elections is independent. He is an influential citizen. Wilmer L. Dickerson, of the firm of Hitch & Dickerson, Avas born in Jefferson County, Ind., in 1856, and is the eldest son of John and Nancy T (Swan) Dickerson, both natives ot Indiana. The parents came to Fox Township, when it was in its primitive state, and our subject grew up on the farm until sixteen years old, when he entered the Olney High School. He spent two years there, preparing himself for teaching; in which he has been very successful. With the exception of one winter spent in Arkan sas, Missouri, Indian Territory and Texas, he has taught school every winter since, farming in the summer. He does not expect to teach in the future. Shortly before his father's death, in 1881, he bought his present farm of 200 acres, mostly cultivated and improved. In the fall of 1881, he married and moved on the farm. In 1882, he became a partner in the firm of Hitch & Dickerson. He married Emma Hitch, a native of Clermont County, Ohio. Mr. Dickerson is a member of the A. O. U. W.. He is a Republican, and has been 580 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — JASPER COUNTY': Township Clerk. He is one of the most enterprising of our citizens. John Dickerson (deceased), was born in Jefferson County, Ind., in 1827, and was the second son of Wilmer and Margaret (Snodgrass) Dickerson; natives (probably) of New Jersey and Kentucky. John Dickerson was reared and educated in his native county, and lived upon the farm until eighteen years old, when he began the black smiths' trade at Madison, Ind. After serving a three years' appren ticeship, he worked at his trade in the county until 1858, then came to the farm now owned by his widow. He continued his trade, in conjunction with farming, until his death in 1881; since which event, his second son, Thomas, has managed the farm. Mr. Dickerson was married in 1851, to Nancy Swan, a native of Indiana, by which union they had six children: Wilmer, Thomas, Margaret (Yong), Manie, Grace and Henry. Mr. Dickerson was a member of the A., F. and A. M., and a Republican. He was a respected citizen. J. W. HUGHES was bora in Dubois County, Inch, in 1855, and is the youngest son of John H. and Elizabeth (Gatmore) Hughes, both natives of Ohio. Our subject was reared and educated in his native county. When eighteen years old (having learned the carpen ters' trade), he came to Crawford County, 111., and began business for himself". After about five years, he came to West Liberty, and has since been engaged as a carpenter and building contractor. He employs four or five men at a time, and has been very successful. In 1876, he married Nancy J. Gilman, a native of Virginia. They have two children — Irena and Hugh. Mr. Hughes is at present Consta ble for the township. He is a Republican, and an enterprising citizen. REV. J. L. JESSUP was born in North Carolina, in 1821, and is the eldest son of J. and Rachel (Jackson) Jessup, both natives of North Carolina. When our subject was three years old, he removed with his parents to Hendricks County, Ind., and was reared and edu cated in that county. On attaining his majority he commenced farm ing for himself, and continued until 1881. He then came to his pres ent farm, containing 200 acres, mostly cultivated and improved. In 1845, he was married to Melinda Kellum, a native of Indiana. Five children blessed this union — -Amanda Chawner, Oswald, W. Kel lum, Roscoe C. and Cora G Rev. Mr. Jessup was Township Trus tee in Indiana for seven years, and is at present Supervisor of Fox Township. He has been a minister of" the Friends' Church for the last twenty years. Politically he is a Republican, and is a respected citizen. , JOSEPH KAUFMANN was born in Saint Marie Township, in 1844, and is the eldest living son of Cyriac and Magdalene (Ebb) Kaufmann, both natives of France. He was reared and educated in Fox Township, up to twenty-three years of age, and then bought his present farm, containing 220 acres, nearly all cultivated and im proved. In 1868, he married Catherine Kessler (a native of Jasper County), who died in 1872. His present wife, Miry La Motte, is a native of Ohio. Mr. Kaufmann is a member of the Catholic Knights, and is school treasurer of this township. In National and State FOX TOAVNSHIP. 581 affairs, he is Democratic, but in other elections, he votes for the best man. Mr. Kaufmann is a prominent citizen. ANTHONY KAUFMANN was bora in Saint Marie (now Fox) Township, in 1847, and is the second son of Cyriac and Magdalene (Ebb) Kaufmann; both natives of Alsace. Our subject was reared and educated in Fox Township. When about twenty-six years old, he bought his present farm, which contains 250 acres, improved, and in good cultivation. In 1873, he married Mary Kessler, a native of Jasper County. They have five children — Felix, Albert, Paul, James and Glotildie. Mr. Kaufmann is a member of the Catholic Church. He is a Democrat, and one of our influential citizens. A. LITZELMANN was born in Alsace, in 1833, and is the young est son of Joseph and Frances Litzelmann, both natives of Alsace. He was reared and educated in Saint Marie Township. His father died when our subject Avas sixteen years old; he then lived Avith his step-mother until about twenty-four years old- He inherited eighty acres of the old homestead, aud has since lived upon the place; and has increased it to about 860 acres, most of which is Avell cultivated and improved. In 1858, he married Josephine Boos, a native of this township. That lady died' in 1879. His present wife (formerly Christina Horn) is a native of Illinois. Ho has six children— Eliz abeth, Charles, Mary, Helena, Aloyous, and Aggie- Mr- Litzel mann was Supervisor of Fox ToAvnship for two years. He is a mem ber of the Catholic Church. He is a Democrat, and one of our ol rl p^i" oi *f*i 7 ("*n ^ ALBERT M. PHILLIPS was born in Richland County, in 1853, and is the eldest son of Austin R. and Mary C- (West) Phillips, natives of Illinois and Tennessee respectively. Albert M. Phillips was reared and educated in his native county. When twenty years old he began farming for himself, and continued until 1880- He then came to West Liberty and soon began as salesman for Johnson & Son, and Hitch & Dickerson. In the spring of 1883 he began the insurance business, as agent for the Burlington Insurance Co., and has met with good success. In 1873 he married Jane Waggy, a native of Ohio. They have three children — Lowell, La Roy and . Owen. Mr. Phillips is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a Republican and an enterprising citizen. WILLIAM SHRYOCK (senior partner of the firm of William Shryock & Son, merchants at West Liberty) Avas born in Ken tucky, in 1827, and is the eldest son of John and Sarah Shryock. William Avas reared and educated near Shelbyville, Ind. When about twenty-seven years old he came to Richland and Jasper counties, 111., and bought his present farm, containing 255 acres, nearly all cultivated. In 1861 he enlisted in the Sixty-Third Illi nois Volunteers. He went to Cairo, Jackson (Tenn. ), Holly Springs, Oxford, Vicksburg, Memphis ; then toward Chattanooga, where he was taken sick and went to Nashville hospital, thence to Cincin nati, Washington, Alexandria and Point Lookout, Md. There ho was discharged and returned home. He then dealt chiefly in stock 582 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY: up to 1881, when he began his present general merchandise busi ness. The firm carry a heavy stock and have a flourishing trade. In 1851 Mr. William Shryock married Elizabeth A. Wood, a native of Indiana. They have five children — John J., William H, Martha, Carrie B. and Charles E. Mr. Shryock is a member of the Mis sionary Baptist Church, is a Republican and a prominent citizen. John J. Shry'OCK, the junior partner, was born in Richland County, 111., in 1858, and is the eldest son of William Shryock. He was reared and educated in his native county, and took a course of book-keeping at Olney. He farmed exclusively until the fall of 1882, and then entered the mercantile business as his father's part ner. He is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church, a Republican and a respected citizen. J. SHRYOCK was born in Shelby County, Inch, in 1832, and is the second son of John and Sarah Shryock. Mr. Shryock was reared and educated in Shelby County, Ind., until seventeen years old and was afterward engaged in farming and stock-raising until 1854. He then came to his present farm of 449 acres, in Saint Marie Town ship, and Richland County. He farmed and dealt in stock up to 1880 (except a few months when he dealt in grain at Olney); then commenced the grain trade in West Liberty. He has shipped and dealt in stock, and almost controlled the trade here for the last fif teen years. In 1849 he married Martha E. Morris, a native of Shelby County, Ind. They have seven children — John W., Valentine, Frank lin, Arminta Stewart, Halleck, Grant and Colfax. Mr. Shryock is a member of the Baptist Church. He was a Whig and Know Noth ing, and is now a Republican. He is the founder of* West Liberty and one of its most influential citizens. WILLIAM P. SPRAY was born in Hendricks County, Ind., in the year 1853, and is the only son of Wilson and Sarah (Furnas) Spray, natives of Ohio and Indiana respectively. Our subject was educated chiefly at Earlham College, Richmond, Ind., and was reared in his native county. He engaged in stock-dealing in Hendricks County until 1879, then was a partner in a general store and in grain dealing at Bridgeport, Ind. After two years he began the stock business in this township, also in Hendricks County, Ind., and now has the principal part of his business here. The firm is Wilson, Spray & Son. They own 350 acres in this township. Mr. Spray was married, in 1875, to Ella Jessup, a native of Hendricks County, Ind. That lady died in L88L They had one child, also deceased. Mr. Spray is a member of the Friends' Church. He is a Republican, and one of our enterprising citizens. JAMES H. TANGUARY, M. D, was born in Wabash County, 111., in 1856, and is the third son of James W. and Elizabeth (Buchanan) Tanguary, both natives of Illinois. His father is a large farmer and prominent citizen of WTabash County. The Doctor was reared and educated in his native county until seventeen years old. He then went to the National Normal School, at Lebanon, Ohio, also the Normal School of Carbondale, 111. During this time he FOX TOWNSHIP. 583 taught some time, and altogether taught about thirty months. He then began the study of medicine at Mount Carmel, 111. He took a course of lectures at the Chicago Medical College, and graduated at the College of Physiciaus and Surgeons, at that place. Dr. Tan- guary is the only physician practicing in West Liberty and has good prospects of success. He was married, in 1880, to Miss M. J. Rigg, a native of Wabash County, 111. Mrs. Tanguary was educated at Lebanon, Ohio. The Doctor is a Democrat and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a young man of refinement and ability, and an earnest student of his profession. J. N. THRAPP was born in Wayne County, Ohio, and is the third son of Thomas and Mary (Kernes) Thrapp, natives of Ohio and Pennsylvania, respectively. Our subject was educated at Canaan Center College, Ohio. He came with the family to Olney, where his father built the first grist-mill in Richland County. Li 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Regiment. He re-enlisted in the Sixty-Third Illinois Regiment and went to Cairo, Jackson (Tenn. ), Lagrange, Oxford (Miss.), Memphis, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Atlanta, in Sherman's "March to the Sea," then on the north march to Washington, and took part in the grand review. He was promoted to Orderly Sergeant. After his discharge he returned to Olney; next traveled in Iowa and Nebraska about six months, then went into the grocery and provision trade at Olney, continuing until 1877. He then bought his present farm of 160 acres, which is well cultivated and improved. He married, in 1867, Anna Combs, a native of Illinois. They have three children — Alonzo Mc, Nellie A. and Pearly M. Mr. Thrapp is a Republican, and a prominent citizen. He is one of the few men who have kept a diary regularly for over twenty years, in which he keeps an account of weather, temperature, etc., as well as personal facts. Dr. S. R. YOUNGMAN was born in Mason County, Ky., in the year 1813, and is the secondson of Jesse and Amy (Dicks) Youngman, natives of Virginia and Pennsylvania, respectively. Dr. Young- man was reared and partly educated in his native county; when he was seventeen years old the family removed to Putnam County, Ind., where the Doctor finished his education, and remained at home until he attained his majority. After studying medicine for six years (during which time he supported himself), he began practicing his profession at Cloverdale, Ind., where he practiced four years. The following four years he practiced at Greencastle, Ind., then moved to New Lebanon, Ind., where he remained between four and six years. He next established himself in the West Liberty vicinity. In 1881 he settled in the township, and wishing to retire from active practice he turned the practice over to Dr. Tanguary and began the drug business. He carries a line of drugs, paints, oils, tobaccos, etc Dr. Youngman was married, in 1834, to Lorana B. Mark, a native of Fleming County, Ky. He has ten children — Lydia Stephens, George, Hattie Bicknell, James, Nancy E. Tipitt, Mary Adams, Flora Garrett, Edward, Emma Sandifur (deceased) and Elmer. Dr. 584 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES JASPER COUNTY. Youngman is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, also of the A-, F- & A. M., and has been a member of temperance^societies. He Avas Census Officer for Fox Township, in 1880. j|He2is*a[Repub- lican, and an influential citizen. PART IV. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. BY J. H. BATTLE. o ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION. ORIGIN OF THE COUNTY. N November 28, 1814, the Territorial Legislature organized the ' county of Edwards. White County was formed at the same ses sion, and the line between them has remained unchanged. This line, extending from the Wabash to the Third Principal Meridian, was the southern boundary of a county, the limits of which extended north ward to the international boundary. In 1816, Crawford was formed from the northern territory of Edwards, leaving within the limits of the latter a magnificent territory, from which eight counties, entire, or in part, have been formed. In 1819, the counties of Jefferson and Wayne were formed; in 1821, Lawrence County; in 1823, Marion, and in 1824, Clay and Wabash, leaving Edwards with its present restricted area. The Little and Big Wabash rivers naturally attracted the greater part of immigration and the early seats of justice were founded at an incomrenient distance from the interior settlements, which, from 1818 to 1835, began to be quite numerous. The precedent set of forming small counties in the case of Wabash and Edwards, was not lost upon the people of this interior region, and an agitation for the erection of an independent county of the outlying portions of Clay and Lawrence, was begun as early as 1838. The first vote was unsuc cessful, but in 1841,the effort culminated in an act of the Legislature which resulted in the provisional erection of Richland County, as fol lows: "Beo-inning on the south line of Crawford County, where the range line, between Ranges 13 and 14 west, strikes the same; thence south, with said range line, to the south line of Lawrence County; thence west, with said county line, to the line dividing Law rence and Edwards counties; thence north, with the last mentioned 586 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. line, to the south line of Clay County; thence west, with said line, to the center of the Little Wabash River; thence up the middle of said stream, to the mouth of Muddy Fork thereof; thence up the center of the Muddy Fork, to the line dividing townships Nos. 3 and 4; thence east with said line to the range line between ranges 8 and 9; thence north, with said range line, to the south line of Jasper County; and thence east, with said line, to the place of beginning, shall constitute a new county, to be called the county of Richland. " Sec 2. The county aforesaid is constituted upon the follow ing conditions: The people of the counties of Lawrence and Clay, as they are noAV organized, shall meet at the several places of holding elections for senator and representatives to the General Assembly, in said counties on the first Monday in June next, and proceed to vote in the same manner of voting for senator and representatives to the General Assembly whether said county shall be constituted or not. The judges of elections in said counties, shall give twenty days' notice of the time and place of holding said elections, by posting up notices thereof, at six of the most public places in each of said counties; and on said day shall open a poll book at each election precinct in said counties, in which they shall cause to be ruled two columns, in one of which they shall set down the votes given for the formation ot said new county; and in the other column, the votes given against the same, and said judges shall conduct said election, and make returns thereof, to the clerks of the county commissioners' courts of Lawrence and Clay counties, as is now provided by law in the case of elections for senator and representatives to the General Assembly,' and said returns shall be opened and counted in the same manner as required in such elections, and if a majority of all the votes given in each of said counties at said election shall be in favor of the formation of said new county, a certificate thereof shall be made by the clerks of the county commissioners' courts of said counties of Lawrence and Clay, under the seals of said courts, and transmitted by them to the office of the Secretary of State of Illinois, to be filed in his office as evidence of the formation of said county of Richland, and said clerk shall make a like certificate to be filed in their respective offices, which shall be made a matter of record at the next succeeding term of the county commissioners' court of each of said counties, which certificate shall be sufficient to prove the fact therein stated, after which said county shall be one of the counties of the State of Illinois. " Sec 3. If said county of Richland shall be constituted as ~jw§T4 • * - S- HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNl'Y'. 587 aforesaid, the legal voters of said county shall meet on the third Mon day of June next, at the several places of holding elections in said new county, and vote for the place where the county-seat of said ¦county shall be located, on which day persons proposing to make dona tions for the several places proposed to be voted for, shall file with the judges of election of the several election precincts in said new county, their written propositions, which shall not be for less than ten acres of land at the place the seat of justice shall be located, and upon the person or persons offering the donation at the place receiv ing the greatest number of votes, making to the said county of Rich land a good and sufficient conveyance for the donation proposed to be given, such place shall be the permanent seat of justice for said county, and said donation shall be disposed of by the county commis sioners of said county, in such manner as they may think proper, reserving necessary public grounds; and the proceeds arising from said donation, shall be exclusively used [and] for the erection of pub lic buildings in said county. " Sec 4. Should said county of Richland be constituted accord ing to the provisions of this act, said county shall, on the first Mon day of August next, elect all county officers for said county, to be ¦commissioned and qualified as in other cases. " Sec 5. Said county of Richland shall make a part of the fourth judicial circuit, and so soon as said county shall be organized, the clerk of the county commissioners' court of said county shall notify the judge of the said circuit, and it shall be his duty to appoint a clerk, and hold courts in said county, at such times as said judge shall ap point, or shall be provided by law; said courts to be held at such place as the county commissioners of said county shall provide, until public buildings shall be erected. " Sec 6. The school funds belonging to the several townships in said county, and all notes and mortgages pertaining to the same, shall be paid and delivered over to the school commissioner of the county of Richland, by the commissioners of the counties of Lawrence and Clay, so soon as the said county of Richland shall be organized, and the commissioner of school lands shall be appointed and qualified according to law; together with all interests arising out of said money that may not have been expended. " Sec 7. That, until otherwise provided by law, that portion of Richland County taken off Lawrence, and that portion taken off Clay shall continue to vote with the counties they were taken- off of, for senator and representatives to the General Assembly. 36 588 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. "Sec 8. That the passage of this act shall in no wise alter or affect the assessment of property, or the collection of taxes in the counties of LaAvrence and Clay, as the same are now organized for the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-one. But should the said county of Richland be organized in pursuance to the proArisions of this act, the county commissioners' courts of the counties of Lawrence and Clay shall immediately, after the settlement of the collectors of their respective counties, order that portion of taxes collected from citizens residing in that portion of Richland County taken off their respective counties after deducting- a proportionate amount for the assessment and collection of the same, to be paid into the county treasury of Richland County. "Sec. 9. The returns of the election for county officers to be held on the first Monday in August next, and the returns of the election for the purpose of fixing the permanent seat of justice of said county, shall be made to Samuel R. Lowry, James Laws and Joshua L. Johnston, who are hereby authorized and required to open the same and make returns thereof, in the same manner as Clerks of county commissioners' courts and justices of the peace, called to their assistance in ordinary cases, are required to do." The only opposition to the formation of a new county was based upon the natural hesitation to curtail the extent of the old county's area, but so determined Avere the people to be benefited by this change that the project received its most material aid from those about Lawrenceville. It was feared in this region that if the pro- ect failed the county-seat Avould be moved to a more central point, and hence their support to the new county. In Clay County there was but little or no opposition, and the vote under the provisions of this act was in favor of the division by a good majority. The name is due to the influence of Rev. Joseph H. Reed, who was a Methodist minister, a resident of the county, prominent in the agitation for a new county, and subsequently a member of the State Legislature. He wished to call the county-seat Calhoun, but in deference to his efforts, and as a compromise, the county was named after Richland County, in Ohio, from whence Reed had emigrated. TOPOGRAPHY'. The county thus formed and named is in the eastern part of southern Illinois, and embraces a superficial area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Jasper and Crawford counties, on the east by Lawrence, on the south by Wabash, Edwards and HISTORY" OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 589 Wayne, and on the Avest by Wayne and Clay counties. This county forms a part of the upper valley of the Little Wabash, though a rise of ground extending north and south, contributes a portion of its drainage through the Embarrass, and Bonpas. The Embarrass, in one of its eccentric bends, cuts the northern line of German ToAvn ship, and receives some small tributaries, known as Elk Horn, Calf Killer, Elm Slough, Muddy Creek and Bugaboo. Bonpas takes its origin in Claremont Township, and Aoavs in a nearly due south course in two branches, which unite in the toAvnship of Bonpas, and joins the larger Wabash at Grayville. It has no important affluents in this county, Sugar Creek being the only one reaching the dignity of a name. The Little Wabash, taking its rise in Shelby and Coles counties, flows a southeasterly course and enters the larger Wabash on the southern line of White County. In its course, it forms the boundary of the southwest corner of Richland County, and receives its main affluent, Big Muddy, at this point. The latter stream receives Harrison and Sugar creeks from Denver Township, and forms a part of the western boundary of the county. Fox River, rising in Jasper County, flows southerly, dividing the western half of Richland County, and joins the Little Wabash in Edwards County. The Fox receives a number of unimportant streams from either side, among which are found the names of Sugar, Big, Little Fox and Gentry creeks. The surface of the county is generalty rolling, and its area is nearly equally divided into prairie and timbered land, the latter forming belts along the courses of the streams from one to three miles in width, and the prairies occupying the higher or table lands between the main water courses. The elevation of the prairies above the beds of the principal streams ranges from fifty to about a hundred feet. The southeastern portion of the county, on the head waters of the Bonpas, is quite broken, and is underlaid by the heavy beds of sandstone and sandy shale, intervening between coals twelve and thirteen, which attain here a thickness of seventy to eighty feet, or more. In the central or western portion the surface is seldom so broken as to render it unfit for cultivation. *GEOLOGY. The geological formations of this county comprise a moderate thickness of drift clay, sand and gravel, that is everywhere found immediately beneath the soil, except in the creek valleys, where this superficial material has been removed by corroding agencies; and a * Taken from the State Report. 590 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. series of sandstones, shales, etc, embracing an aggregate thickness of 250 to 300 feet, which belongs to the upper coal measures, and include the horizon of three or four thin seams of coal. The drift clays are somewhat thicker in this county than in Lawrence, and the bowlders are more numerous and of larger size. Below the brown, gravelly clays that usually form the subsoil on the uplands, and range from ten to twenty feet in thickness, there is in many places a bed of hard, bluish-gray, gravelly clay, or " hard pan," as it is frequently termed, and below this at some points there is an old soil or muck bed, underlaid by from one to five feet or more of quicksand. Limbs and trunks of trees are frequently found imbedded in this old soil, in which they probably grew, or in the bluish-gray hard pan imme diately above it, but to the present time no authentic specimens of animal remains have been found in them in this State sufficiently preserved for identification. Some small fresh water and land shells have been found in the quicksands in other portions of the State, but they did not prove to be specificalty distinct from those now living. From the meagre outcrops to be seen on the small streams in this county, it would not be possible to construct a continuous section of all the beds that should be found here, but fortunately a boring has been made at Olney which renders material assistance in ascer taining the general character of the formations that underlay the southern and eastern portions of the county to the depth penetrated by the drill. This boring was made for coal, and from the report of the boring the following section is compiled: feet. ins. feet. ins. 1. Soil and drift clay 13 10. Hard rock(probably sandstone) 36 2. Yellow sandstone 28 11. Clay shale 22 3. Gray sandstone 2 6 12. Black shale and coal (No. 12). 2 4. Black shale(horizon of coal Nol3) 4 13. Clay shale 31 5. Clayshale.. 29 14. Limestone 4 6. Hard rock (probably sandstone) 48 15. Shale, partly calcareous 23 7. Clay shale, with black slate 25 16. Limestone 3 8. Hard sand rock 3 17. Hard rock (probably sandstone) 36 9. Clay shale _ 28 — Total.... 337 6 Two and a half miles south of Olney, in the vicinity of Boden's mill, located ou the southeast quarter of Section 15, Township 3; Range 10 east, there is an outcrop of a thin coal in the creek bed, over laid by the following strata: HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 591 feet. feet. ins. Brown sandstone 10 to 12 Hard silicious limestone, withbroken Black shale, with concretions of plants 2 blue septaria 4 to 6 Clay shale, with concretions of lime- Blue clay shale 5 stone _. 3 Coal (No. 13 of general section) _ 6 The black shale in this section is probably identical with No. 4 of the Olney boring, and the thin coal below was wanting there, or else was passed without observation. The band of hard silicious limestone found at this locality is a very durable stone, and has been quarried for building purposes. It is a refractory stone to work, but may be relied on for culverts and bridge abutments, where an ordinary sandstone would yield to atmospheric influences. One and a half miles south of Claremont, there is an outcrop of the following beds, probably representing the same strata seen at Boden's mill, south of Olney. feet. 1. Shale lto2 2. Hard calcareous sandstone _ _ 4 to 8 3. Blue shale, with calcareous nodules 3 to 4 4. Black laminated shale, extending to creek level 4 The quarry here belongs to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and an immense amount of stone has been quarried from the calcareous sandstone No. 2 of the above section, to be used in the construction of culverts and bridges on that road. This quarry is near the center of Section 16, Township 3, Range 14 east. On Mr. P. Berry's place, on the southeast quarter of Section 11, Township 2, Range 14 east, coal has been mined for several years, in a limited way, by stripping the seam along its outcrop in the valley of a small stream, a trib utary of the Bonpas. The coal is about eighteen inches thick, and of good quality, and is overlaid by a few inches of soft bituminous shale, and an argillaceous shelly limestone. This coal is also mined on the northeast quarter of the same section. This is probably coal No. 12 of the general section, and must have been passed through in the boring at Olney, and may be represented by No. 12 of the boring at that point. About five miles northeast of Oluey coal has been found on the open prairie, at a depth of about twenty-two feet below the general surface level. It was first discovered in digging a stock well, and subsequently an inclined tunnel has been driven down to the coal and preparations made to work it in a systematic way. The roof of this seam consists of clay shale with some limestone, in bowlder-like masses, though it is possible the limestone masses thrown out in 592 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. opening the tunnel may belong to the drift clays and not to the roof shales of the coal. This coal is found on the adjoining farm, and on a farm a little farther to the west, on Section 18, Township 4 north, Range 10 east, a double seam is reported to have been passed through in a bore but a short distance below the surface, the upper one two feet and the lower one three feet in thickness, Avith a space of about fifteen feet between them. These coals, if there are really two dis tinct seams here, must be about the horizon of No. 15 of the general section, and this is probably about the southern line of outcrop for these coals, as no indications of their presence Avas found in the boring at Olney or in sinking wells about the city, and from the topography of the surface it is believed the surface level where these coals have been found is at least forty or fifty feet above the level at Olney. A previous survey notes the following section at the quarry on Section 34, Township 4, Range 10 east. 1. Soil and drift, eight feet. 2. Soft buff sandstone, three feet. 3. Hard gray building-stone, four feet. The gray sandstone is very hard and takes a good finish, stands well but is somewhat marred by carbonaceous spots. At the quarry two miles west of Olney, the quarry rock is overlaid by eight feet of buff silicious shale, beneath which is a heavy bedded buff sandstone that was quarried for the masonry on the Ohio & Mis sissippi Railroad at the time of its construction. On Section 18, Township 3, Range 10, on Big Creek, occurs the following section: 1. Covered slope, twenty-five feet. 2. Shaly sandstone, five feet. 3- Heavy bedded sandstone, ten feet. 4 Black bituminous shale, three feet. A quarter of a mile down the creek a soft buff sandstone in heavy beds from four to ten feet thick alternate with thinner beds of hard bluish sandstone. On Section 34, Township 3, Range 14, in a well near the Higgins mill, sixteen feet of sandstone was passed through and a coal seam below it reported to be twenty inches thick. Shaly sandstone and clay shale were seen, overlaying the heavy bedded sandstone a few hundred yards above the mill. The hills along the Bonpas are from tAventy to sixty feet high, com posed of drift deposits consisting of yellowish clay with gravel and small bowlders, the latter seldom exceeding five or six inches in diameter. At the coal bank on Section 16, Township 2, Range 14, the section is as follows: 1. Soil and drift, ten feet. 2. Buff sandstone and shale, five feet. 3. Bluish gray limestone, tAvo feet. 4. Shale, two inches. 5. Coal, one foot eight inches. The shale over the coal was filled Avith fossil shells, corals, etc The limestone over this coal was also seen three miles northAvest of the coal bank HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 593 where it was formerly quarried and burned for lime. A quarter of a mile below the Big Creek bridge, south of Olney, is found the fol lowing section: 1. Soil and drift, fifteen feet. 2. Coarse irregu lar bedded sandstone, fifteen feet. 3. Black marly shale, thirteen feet. The lower part of the black shale was slaty and contained numerous fossils. Four and a half miles southwest of Olney a black shale outcrops in the banks of Sugar Creek, about five feet thick, underlaid by a thin coal. A quarter of a mile beloAV, at the bridge, is seen the same conglomerate sandstone that occurs on Big Creek, underlaid by the same black shale, which is sometimes marly and contains numerous fossils. It also contains large nodules of impure limestone. This bituminous shale and thin coal represent coal No. 13 of the general section, and the same group of fossils is found in Montgomery County. MATERIAL RESOURCES. Sandstone of a fair quality for ordinary use is quite abundant, and there is probably not a township in the county where good quarries could not be opened at a moderate expense. Many of these localities have been indicated in the foregoing lines. The quarries south of Claremont, belonging to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, afford a very hard and durable rock, and although the bed is only about six feet in average thickness, it is, fortunately, so situated as to require no great expenditure in stripping, and the rock has been removed over a considerable surface. .The rock is a very hard, gray, micaceous sandstone, and seems to be but little affected by long exposure, and hence affords a desirable material for culverts, bridge abutments, etc. The sandstones in the northern_and western por tions of the county are for the most part rather soft, but locally they afford some very good building stone, as at the quarry northeast of Olney, and at the quarry tAvo miles Avest of the town. The stratum of hard, silicious limestone outcropping on Big Creek, two miles and a half* south of Olney, is a durable stone but is not to be obtained in sufficient quantity to be of much importance as a building stone. There are two coal seams cropping out in this couuty that prom ise to be of" some value in supplying the local demand for fuel, and the upper one, if the thickness had been found persistent over any considerable area, would have furnished all needed supplies for the county for many years to come. The lower seam, Avhich out crops on the headwaters of the Bonpas, in the southeastern portion of the county, and has been referred to as No- 12 of the general section, 594 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. ranges from sixteen to twenty inches in thickness, and has only been worked by stripping in the creek valleys where it outcrops. It affords a coal of good quality, but unfortunately is generally too thin to be mined profitably in a systematic way. The other seam, five miles northwest of Olney, is about three feet in thickness, and an inclined tunnel has been carried down to it, but the preparations which were made for carrying on the work systematically for the supply of the home market have not resulted advantageously te the projectors, as yet. This is probably the Shelbyville seam, No. 15, of the general section, Avhich is the thickest seam in the upper coal measures and usually quite persistent in its development. In Shelby County this seam affords a semi-block coal, of fair quality, hard enough to be handled without much waste and tolerably free from sulphuret of iron, but showing thin partings of selenite on the transverse cleavage. The thickness of the sandstones, shales, etc., intervening between coals twelve and fifteen in the valley of the Okaw, is about 235 feet, but in this county it is probably somewhat less, though this point could only be determined approximately, from the lack of continuous outcrops of the intervening strata. The main coals of the lower coal measures are probably from 600 to 1,000 feet below the surface at Olney, and it would require an expenditure of capital to open and work them that the present demand for coal Avould not justify. If the seam northeast of Olney should be found to retain an average thickness of three feet over any considerable area, it could be worked profitably and supply the home market. At present the chief supply is derived from the coal fields of Indiana. No limestone is found especially adapted for use in the lime kiln, though some attempts have been made to use the rock overlying coal No. 12, on the Bonpas, for that purpose. It is usually toa argillaceous to slack freely when burned, and at best, would only produce a very inferior quality of lime. The soil is, however, the chief resource of the county. The prairies are generally small and possess a rich, productive clay-loam soil that seems practically inexhaustable, and will seldom need ferti lizing if properly cultivated with a judicious system of rotation in crops. On the timbered lands the soil is less uniform in quality, and its character is generally well indicated by the Ararious growth of timber. Where this is mainly composed of two or three varieties of oak and hickory the soil is thin and poor, and requires frequent applications of fertilizers to keep it up to the ordinary standard of" -HfL~ mm "llL IHHHfefe, ¦.;>" ' i v'-tV?" -'-i1- ' - ' ,. it J ,. ¦ mmmm wRSSh s^Czs And yet it was a joyous life; no jealousies, no striving for wealth, generous and liberal. The traveler was always welcome, and no one thought of charging for food or lodging. Ignorant and coarse as many were, there was less licentiousness than now. Preaching was rare; now and then, about once in two months, an itinerant would preach, when all the settlement would assemble. A baptizing was a great event; for twenty miles the people assembled, when the old preacher, clad in homespun and leather, with panta loons rolled above his knees and a long stick in hand, waded and felt about in the pond or creek until he found sufficient depth of water to immerse the neophyte, or generally two or three of them. These old preachers of the Baptist persuasion were generally farmers, and received no pay or compensation for their services. Frequently illiterate, they were earnest and sincere. 618 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. THE formation of the county, as noted elsewhere, Avas accom plished Avithout much effort, the interests of the three counties conspiring to aid in the division. This being fixed, the organizing act of the Legislature provided that on the third Monday in June, just two weeks later, the people should meet at their various polling places and vote for a site for the county-seat. On this subject there was a wide diversity of opinion, and the two Aveeks intervening be tween the elections were spent by a considerable number of the citi zens of the neAV county in electioneering for the various sites proposed. Matthews' Mill, or Fransonia, was proposed by T. J. Decker, an influ ential citizen and first collector of the county. Fairview Avas pre sented by James Ruark; the old village of Watertown, by Amos Bul- lard; Olney, just west of the site of the present village of that name, by Judge Aaron Shaw, and a site by Benjamin Bogart, just east of the present county-seat. The places thus offered in competition had little to offer save a fair plat of ground, and the influence of the friends of the situation. It was not long before the general senti ment found expression in favor of" a central locality, and Fairview and Fransonia never stood equal with the others in the race. In pushing the interests of his site on the east side of the Fox River, Judge Shaw was indefatigable. He had large posters printed, the town named Olney, and the advantages of the location concisely placed before the public. Watertown, Avhile making less of a figure in the, canvass, was really the strongest candidate for the coveted honor. It had been platted early, and lots disposed of to various indi viduals all over the county. In this contest, every lot owner was an active partisan for the selection of this village, and in the end only fell short of victory by a narrow vote. All this became apparent to many citizens before the vote occurred, and considerable effort was put forth to avert the location of" the county-seat so far to the west of the center, and in the vicinity of the river where it was thought the village might prove unhealthful. Bogart, in the meanwhile, desiring to limit the number of places to be voted on, lest by some accident one of the more remote points should be selected, agreed to submit the advantages of his site, with those of Olney and Water- town, and withdraw, if a committee of three should so decide. After an examination, a majority of the committee selected, decided against ¦ r**$$^ ' Jpcri^i^ <&%<^TljZs>^- HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. 619 Bogart's place, and the latter was withdrawn, though much to the dissatisfaction of a large number of the voters, and it was freely hinted that it was not an unbiased judgment. Determined not to be thwarted in that way, certain of the people of the county approached William Elliott to offer a site, and to Barney and Lilly. The latter persons made up their minds very soon, and thirteen acres were offered as a donation to the county in case the seat of justice was placed here — the present site of Olney. Just before the clay of election, Judge Shaw, observing that the real contest was between Watertown and the Barney-Lilly donation, Avithdrew his site, and these two, with Fairview and Fransonia, entered the final contest. There were but three polling places for this election, the west precinct voting at John Jefford's, near Watertown, the south precinct at Fairview, and the north- precinct at Brinkly's, in the present township of Claremont. It was decided very early in the clay, that Fairview and Fransonia were out of the race, and a good deal of interest was manifested by certain of the citizens. Messengers were sent on fleet horses to ascertain the vote of the various polling places, and in the afternoon it was dis covered that Watertown was developing unexpected strength. John Wolf was one of the active ones in this election, and riding to Fair- view, he explained the situation, and secured the votes of the clerks and judges for the Barney-Lilly donation. This, with other votes- secured at the last moment, defeated Watertown by barely nineteen votes. The next important question to decide, was the name of the new county -seat. Messrs. Samuel R. Lowry, James Laws, and Joshua L. Johnston, the temporary County Commissioners appointed by the organizing act, were confused by the number of names presented and pushed for recognition. The decision finally lay between Farming- ton and Olney, the name adopted by Judge Shaw for his site. The Commissioners, unwilling to decide, left it to the crowd that had assembled, and Olney was fixed upon, and became the name of the new county-seat. Minor Divisions. — Until the following regular August election, the affairs of the county remained in statu quo, the temporary Board of Commissioners having authority only in canvassing and providing for the vote on the county-seat and the election of county officers. In August, however, the following list of county officers was chosen: County Commissioners, - Lot Basden, Amos Bullard, and Hugh Cal houn, Jr. ; Recorder, M. B. Snyder, Probate Justice of the Peace, R. B. Marney; Treasurer, W. H. Reed; A. F. David, Surveyor, and J. F Reed, School Commissioner. The first records appear as follows: 38 620 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. "At a County Commissioners' Court, begun and held at the house of Benjamin Bogard, county of Richland, and State of Illinois, on Mon day, the 23d of August, A. D., 1841, were present Lot Basden, Amos Bullard, and Hugh Calhoun, Jr., Esquires, County Commissioners, who after having been duly qualified, proceeded to business. Ordered, there .beino- no Sheriff, that Lewis SaAvyer, a Constable of said county, act as Sheriff to this court. Ordered, that Morris B. Snyder be appointed Clerk pro tem to this court. It being determined by lot, Lot Basden is to serve three years, Amos Bullard, two years, and Hugh Calhoun, Jr., one year, as County Commissioner. Morris B. Snyder, who had been elected Clerk (probably Recorder) of this court, now here pre sented his bond for the acceptance of the court, which was ordered to be received and spread upon the records of this court, and in open court he was qualified as the Law directs, etc (Here follows his bond in the sum of $100, with S. R. Lowry and John Snyder, Jr., as securities). Ordered, that the lots in the town of Olney, Richland County, be sold on the 20th of September next, and that the Clerk give notice that the said lots on that day will be offered for sale, and sold on the following terms, to wit: purchasers will be required to give bonds with approved security, payable, one-third in six months, one-third in twelve months, and one-third in eighteen months. Adjourned to court in course. " September term,l 841. At a County Commissioners' Court began and held at the house of Benjamin Bogard, in Richland County, on Monday, the 6th day of September, A. D., 1841, when present Lot Basden and Hugh Calhoun, Jr., Esquires, County Commissioners. Ordered, that Lewis Sawyer act as Sheriff* to this court. Ordered, that the county of Richland be laid off into Justices Precincts as fol lows, to wit: First, to begin at Fox River, two miles north of town line between Townships 3 and 4, thence north to Fox River; thence with Fox River north to the county line; thence east with said county line to the northeast corner of the county; thence south with said county line to the southeast corner of Section 24, Town ship 4 north, of Range 14 west; thence west with said section line to the place of beginning, to be called Troy Precinct. Second, to begin at the northeast corner of Section 25, Township 4 north, of Range 14 west, thence running south with the county line to the southeast corner of said section; thence due west with said section line to Fox River; thence up Fox River to the southwest corner of Troy Precinct, to be called Olney Precinct. Third, beginning at the northeast corner of Section 25, in Township 3 north, of Range HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 621 14 west, thence with the county line to the southeast corner of the county; thence with the county line to Fox River; thence up said river to the southwest corner of Olney Precinct, to be called Parker Precinct. Fourth, to begin at Watertown, on Fox River, thence west with the State road to the county line; thence north with the county line to the northwest corner thereof; thence east to Fox River; thence with Fox River to the place of beginning, to be called North Precinct. Fifth, beginning at Fox River on the State road, thence Avest with the State road to the county line; thence south with the county line to the southwest corner thereof ; thence east with said county line to the Fox River; thence north up Fox River to the place of beginning, to be called South Precinct. Ordered, that the above precincts be general election precincts. Ordered, that all elections for Troy Precinct be held at the house of John Allen; for Olney Precinct, at the house of Benjamin Bogard; for Parker's Precinct, at Fairview; for North Precinct, at the house of Wright Mash; for South Precinct, at the house of William Holbrook. Ordered, that the judges of election shall be for North Precinct, James Nelson, James Coghill and Arvin Webster. For South Pre cinct, James Elliott, J. R. Lewis and Henry Taylor. For Trov Precinct, John Allen, John Lamb and Mclntyre Ryan. For Olney Precinct, Joseph Bunch, William Tarbox and William Elliott. For Parker Precinct, George Higgins, J. H Reed and George Mason. Ordered, that the following trustees of school lands be appointed: For Township 4 north, Range 9 east, Arvin Webster, James Cog- hill and John Graham. For Township 4 north, Range 14 west, Thomas Utterback, John Allen and Charles Stuterville. For Town ship 4 north, Range 10 east, Richard Phillips, Joseph Bunch and George McWilliams. For Township 3 north, Range 14 west, J. H. Reed, Canada Clubb and Stephen Gardner. For Township 3 north, Range 10 east, J. L. Johnson, John Nelson and Erastus Ruark. For Township 2 north, Range 10 east, Elcana Richards, John Walker and James Parker, Jr. For Township 2 north, Range 14 west, William Higgins, Thomas Spencer and Daniel David. For Township 3 north, Range 11 east, Henry Calhoun, James Thrapp, Sr., and William Perry. Ordered, that the Overseers of the Poor in the various precincts shall be as follows: Troy Precinct, John Cot- terell; Olney Precinct, Bryant Bullard; Parker Precinct, James Parker; North Precinct, James Nelson; South Precinct, Joseph Gardner, Sr. Ordered, that a scrawl be adopted as the seal of this court. Ordered, that the town of Olney be laid off into lots, accord- 622 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. ng to the plat of Lot Basden. [The first money order was made in this term in favor of* the judges and clerks of the previous election. Then followed the selection of grand and petit jurors and provision for the first jail, and besides the location of a road and the granting of a few licenses, this covers the business of the first year of the County Commissioners' Court of the new county.] The precincts of Richland County have been subject to com paratively few changes. In March, 1844, the original precinct of Olney was extended to a north and south line, three miles west of Fox River, beginning at the southwest corner of Section 17, thence west with said line to the southwest corner of Section 13; thence north six miles; thence east to the Fox River. In December, 1852, Claremont Precinct was formed with the following boundaries: Beginning at the northwest corner of Section 30, Township 4 north, of Range 14 west, thence east to the county line between Richland and Lawrence counties; thence south six miles; thence west six miles to the southwest corner of Section 19, Township 3 north, Range 14 west; thence north to the place of beginning. In June of the following year, a mile off the west side of this precinct was added to Olney, and in September a mile was added off the south side of Troy Precinct. In September, 1853, on petition of Lemuel Truitt, Noble Precinct was formed, beginning on the section line at the northwest corner of Section 30, Township 4 north, Range 9 east, thence on said line east to the northeast corner of Section 26, Town ship 4 north, Range 9 east; thence south to the southeast corner of Section 14, Township 3 north, Range 9 east; thence west to the county line; thence north Avith said line to place of beginning. There were thus seven precincts when Jacob May and a large num ber of other citizens of the county petitioned that the matter of township organization be submitted to the people. The matter came up at the election of November, 1858, and was adopted by a vote of 838 to 376, out of a total of 1,280 votes. According to the provis ions of the general law, Messrs. John M. Wilson, O. P. Heisland and Sylvester Utter back were appointed commissioners to divide the county into townships. The county embraces about ten sections in Range 8 east, and the entire Ranges 9, 10 and 11 east, the latter con sisting of but a single fractional section in width, and Range 14 west. Of these ranges, Townships 3 and 4 are found entire, with five tiers of sections in Township 2, and two tiers of sections in Township 5. Township 2, in Ranges 8 and 9 east, has but three tiers of sections. The width of the county covers nineteen sections, HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 623 and in the division into townships the committee, Avith the design of making the outlines of each township as regular as possible, ran north and south lines on the line between Ranges 9 and 10 east, and between Ranges 11 east and 14 west. Of the east and west lines, the upper one goes due west through the county, six miles from the northern boundary. The second one forms the southern boundary of Olney and Claremont townships, "seven miles south of the upper line. The division line between Noble and Decker townships was placed a mile further north. The county was thus divided into nine toAvnships, and were first named as the precincts had been, beginning in the northwest corner and proceeding from north to south, as fol lows: Boone, Noble, Jackson, Douglas, Olney, Madison, Troy, Clare mont and Bonpas. Parker Precinct had been changed in 1848 to Fairview, and South or Brown's Precinct to Southwest, and North to Northwest Precinct. Under the new nomenclature, Parker appears as Madison, the South as Jackson, and the North as Boone, while Douglas and Bonpas were new. This list was further modi fied by the Board of Supervisors, by changing the name of Boone to Denver, Jackson to Decker, Douglas to Preston, and Troy to German, which leaves the townships as they are now found. In 1878,there was manifested a strong dissatisfaction with the way county affairs had been managed, and on petition the question of returning to the old form of organization was submitted to the people, and township organization was annulled. The County Commissioners elected, divided the county into six assessment districts, but left the voting precincts unchanged save the Olney was divided into two, East and West precincts. In 1880, however, a return to township organization was made, and the old arrangement was maintained. Denver Township contains just the area of a Congressional township, thirty-six sections, but made up from Townships 4 and 5, in Range 9 east. This township forms the northwest corner of the county, and was originally principally prairie land, with some open timber skirting Sugar and Harrison creeks. Since prairie fires have ceased to run, the young growth has rapidly sprung up, and this township is now well wooded. Onion Hill, in this township, is the highest point in the county, and a land-mark for some distance about. The upper end of Fox Prairie and Ten Mile Prairie are the names of the open lands, the latter being largely settled by Germans. The settlement of this region was not early, Harrison Graham, in 1842, being about the first in the township. During the succeeding ten years others gathered in, among whom were Jesse Toliver, Peter 624 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Wachtel, Joseph Spencer, Wesley Nelson and William McCarty. It is a good agricultural section, and is not subject to overflow, the streams being very small. Wakefield, in the northwest corner, and Wilsonburg, close to the southern border, are small hamlets. Noble ToAvnship, next south of Denver, in the western tier of toAvnships, contains about forty-two sections, six of which are in Township 3, Range 8. The surface of the township was originally high, rolling prairie, with timbered bottoms along the Fox and Big Muddy rivers. The Evans family were the earliest settlers, who came here in 1818. L. L. Allender, who had a ferry across the Muddy on the old "trace road," Avas an early settler, and Gilmore, the Sheriff of Clay County in 1841, was another. Lemuel Truitt, James Braughton, Alvin Webster, William Elliott and Owen Coats were among the early and prominent citizens of the township. Wheat and corn, upon the prairie and bottom lands respectively, are sure and profitable crops. Noble village is the second village in the county. Glenwood is the name of a village that once caused some excitement, but was never more than a paper toAvn. Decker ToAvnship forms the southwest corner of the county, and is composed of some thirty-five sections. Five sections are in Township 2, Range 8, and form the irregular western boundary along the Little Wabash and Big Muddy. The Fox Prairie covers about ten sections in the central part of the township, the rest of which is covered with heavy timber. The bottom lands are extensive and subject to overflow, some of them being comparatively worthless. Among the earliest settlers were Eli Craft, David Bates, Taylor, George Poff, Hughs, Jordan, and Thomas J. Decker, after Avhom the township was named. The latter was the first Collector of taxes, and an influential citizen. An early grist mill was built near Fransonia by John Matthews, and gave name to an early polling place, and a competitor for the location of the seat of justice for the county. Jeremiah Lewis, a local preacher, introduced the experi ment of silk raising in this township, but the worms did not thrive, and the effort finally failed. Fransonia is a hamlet on the Fox River, in the northeastern part of the township. Preston Township embraces the area of a Congressional toAvn- ship in Range 10 east and six sections of Range 11 east. It is six miles north and south by nearly seven miles east and west. It is bounded by Denvor on the Avest, by Jasper County on the north, German on the east and Olney on the south. Fox River flows southward through the central part, and the timber skirting its banks and those of its HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 625 tributaries, covers the larger part of the township. The Grand Prairie extends into the township on the eastern side, and has an area here of some fifteen square miles. It is a well improved and well-to-do farming region, and produces the usual cereals equal to any other township. Among the early families were those of James Quales, Wheeler, John Underhill, George McWilliams, Henry Swal- len and John Phillips. These families were principally from Ken tucky and Tennessee. In 1838, a considerable emigration from Ohio settled here, and occupy the eastern side. Dundas is the name of the railroad station and post-office in the northern central part. Olney is located in the center of the county and has the largest area of any township in the county. Fox River runs from north to south along the western part, while its branches cross the township from the eastern side. The timber Avhich skirts these streams divides the surface of this part of the county into little prairies of a few miles square. The country is under a good state of cultivation, and all im provements are in an advanced state. The interest of the township, however, centers in the city, which occupies a position a little north of the center. Among the earliest settlers Avere Morehouse, Bogard, Elliott, Nelson, and others already mentioned elseAvhere. Madison Township occupies a place in the central tier of town ships, south of Olney. The central part of this precinct was occu pied by the Sugar Creek Prairie, some twenty square miles in extent, while the rest is covered with the timbered bottoms of Fox River and Sugar Creek. George Ward and William Richards were early settlers. James Parker, Sr., a comrade of Daniel Boone, and an old Indian fighter, was also one of the early settlers. Among others were William Nash, Daniel Williams, John Rogers, MattheAv Duck- ery, James Sharp, James Enson, Curtis Rose, Abraham Morrell, Thomas Mason, Lloyd Rawlings, John Wolf, and others. Shadrack Ruark first projected the village of Fairview. He was the pioneer of Ohio emigration to this county, and a man of considerable influ ence. Parkersburg is a small village in the southeastern part of the township, and Fairview is another on the northeastern corner. German Township forms the northeast corner of the county, and embraces an area of thirty-six square miles. Grand Prairie ex tends into the western side, and Stringtown Prairie into the eastern side of the township. The central part of the toAvnship is high and was originally covered with timber, but much of this has been cleared off and replaced by good farms. Among the first settlers were Samuel Butler, John Cotterell, J. H. Jones, Thomas Utterback, 626 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Joseph Tague, William Crabtree, and John May. The latter was a veteran of the war of 1812. John Bush and J. L. Allen were a little later in the settlement. About 1840, the German emigration from Stark County, Ohio, began to fill up this township. Among this inflow of population were the families Clepper, Haus, Spitz, Snider, Stirchi, Jaggis and Eyer. This nationality has increased until it is the largely predominating element there and gave name to the township. This township is one of the most prosperous agri- ricultural toAvnships in the county. Claremont is next south in the eastern tier of townships. It is one of the later precincts formed, but was one of the earliest set tled. William Laws,- Willis Blanchard, Bryant Bullard, Richard Brinkley, Lot Basden, Canada Clubb, Jacob and William Coanour, and the Calhouns were among the early residents of this part of the county. Cristy Prairie extends into the northeastern part and is divided by the Bonpas Creek from the Calhoun Prairie, which extends southward along the western side of the township. The two branches of the Bonpas rise here, and mark the site of the timbered portion. A blue-limestone quarry is found in the township, just south of the center. The village of Claremont ranks third among the towns of the county, and is situated on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, just north of the center of the township. Bonpas ToAvnship forms the southeast corner of the county, and was originally heavily timbered. It is Avatered by the river from which it takes its name, and the surface, somewhat broken in places, is generally rolling, and is especially adapted to growing wheat and clover. It is now generally well settled, and cut into small farms, which are under agood state of cultivation. It was the site of one of the earliest settlements, but when the prairies became better understood, the more open townships attracted the immigration, and Bonpas suf fered considerable neglect. During recent years this has somewhat changed, and this township is well settled and is rapidly being cleared up. The first settlers were William and George Higgins, Reason Ruark, Joseph Spencer, Medad, Simmons, Beard, Benjamin Bunn and others. The first water mill in the county was built here, and before the building of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, this town ship furnished the coal and stone for the county principally. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The duty of providing a place for the County and Circuit Courts to do business in, was an early and pressing one. Although it was HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 627 provided by the organizing act that the proportion of the current tax levy derived from Richland County should be paid into the treas ury of the new county, the amount thus made available Avas very small, not reaching over $200, a sum wholly inadequate for the building of such modest structures as satisfied the tastes and business of even that day. The money to be derived ' from the sale of the property donated was subject to an indefinite delay, and the amount was in a still more perplexing doubt. The first Commissioners met in the nearest available cabin, that of" Benja min Bogard, located just east of* the present village of Olney, on the " trace road." Here the regular Commissioners held forth until the latter part of 1842. The west room of Bogard's cabin was obtained for the use of all County and Circuit Courts, for a rental of $1 per month, the county furnishing the stove for heating purposes. In September, 1842, the Board of Commissioners and the leaders of the Methodist Church just formed here, got together and agreed upon another substitute for a court house." It was agreed upon and recorded that " lot No. 4, in Lilley's donation in the town of Olney, be granted to the Methodist Church on condition that the superin tendent appointed, or who undertakes for said church, shall have erected on said lot a meeting house, to be of" hewed logs, 20x24 feet square, nine rounds high, to be finished by the third day of November next, for the use of the county to hold all the courts of the county in until the county builds a court house, for which use the county will make a deed for said lot to said church, and it is expressly under stood that the said church is to keep the said house in good repair, and the county is to repair all damages that may be done in holding courts in said house." This cabin was constructed aud served the various needs of the community, as meeting house, court house and schoolhouse, and still stands neglected and going to ruin opposite the depot of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad Company. The church seems to have fulfilled its part of the contract, save perhaps in the " rounds high," which now appear to be oniy eight, instead of the nine stipulated. Two small windows on either side, admit the light, while a single door in the end admitted the people who were wont to gather here for business or worship. It is yet in condition to last for many years with some judicious care, and it would seem no more fitting tribute could be paid to the memory of the pioneer and his times uthan to preserve so long as possible this ancient landmark. In December, 1843, a new court house was projected by the 628 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Board to be forty feet square and two-stories high. The contract, which is very explicit and covers several pages of the record, stipu lates that the building shall be a frame building, the first story twelve feet high and the second the same; "the foundation to be well laid with solid rock, one foot under ground and half a foot above the ground, making a wall eighteen inches high and one foot thick;" to be weather-boarded Avith poplar plank, seven inches wide, and one- half inch thich; to have three outside doors and thirty-two windows of twenty-four lights, 10x12 inches; for Avhich the contractors were to receive orders on the county treasury, to be paid out of the pro ceeds of the "donation lots, moneys from Lawrence County, or else where." Asa H. Beard and W. H. Reed were the contractors, and the sum agreed upon for the work Avas $3,025. This structure was erected on the public square, but it was the middle of 1847, before it was finished. The first contractors failed and a new contract was made with Beard and Henry Spring to finish it. When finished the building was of the pattern very common at that time, a sample of which may still be seen in the court house at Toledo, Cumberland Co., 111. The lower story was devoted to the court room, which was entered at doorways on the east and west sides of the building. The Judge's seat and desk was in the center of the south side, with benches at right angles on either hand, and seats parallel with the judicial bench in front, for the bar. A row of posts supported the upper story, and a balustrade to divide the sacred precincts of the court from the audience. The separation between these two parties was further marked by broad aisle leading from one door to the other. A doorway in the north side led to an enclosed entrance from which the upper story Avas reached by a flight of stairs. The upper story was divided on the east side into three equal rooms, and the west side into two equal rooms, with a hall ten feet wide between the two sides, running north and south. These were occupied by the county officials. A cupola, twelve feet square, and twelve feet high sur mounted the structure. Two windows on a side lighted the court room and twenty-four were disposed above, all of which were sup plied with green " Venetian shutters." The building was painted white and when first constructed was an ornament to the town which early gained a wide reputation for its neat appearance. In 1854, a bell was added to the court house fixtures, at a cost of $70- In the following year the public square was enclosed by a " paling fence," in style, strength and finish similar to some citizen's fence which had attracted the Commissioners' eye. The court house thus pro- HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 629 vided served the county over thirty years. It was repaired at a cost of something over $1,000, during this time, and in 1859 was sup plemented by a fire-proof building for the offices of record and the Treasurer. By this time the records of the county had grown to a large bulk, and that such important papers should be left to the un certainties of a frame building was considered too hazardous. The Board accordingly let the contract for the construction of the fire proof building to Quarterman and Jobs for $1,535. This was a one story brick building, about 15x40 feet, provided Avith iron shutters and doors, and Avas situated on the public square, a little north of the present east gate. This building is still serving for office pur poses on the corner of the square immediately south of its original position. With this addition, the old court house served with gen eral acceptance until 1873. In this year a new building was pro jected and the whole cost fixed at a sum not to exceed $40,000, but this sum was subsequently reduced to $25,000- In March, 1874, the Board of Supervisors examined the plans of" various architects, seven competing plans being presented. Con siderable care was taken to select a plan that could actually be car ried out with the proposed outlay of money, and architects were called in to examine the specifications, and lawyers to examine the arrangements of offices, etc. The plan of J. O Cochrane, of Spring field, was adopted, and the contract subsequently let to Barlow and Gaddis. On the 18th of July, 1874, the corner stone was laid with impressiA^e ceremonies- The fire department, city officials, Masonic and Odd Fellows Fraternities, and large numbers of the citizens united in a procession, and on reaching the site, the corner stone was laid, according to the ritual of the Masonic Order, by John Gunn, Esq., assisted by William Newell, chairman of the Board of Super visors of the county. Addresses were made by Gen. E. Bowyer, Judge Shaw and Mayor J. M. Wilson. In this stone a variety of documents were deposited. A remarkable feature of the structure is the foundation, which is five feet thick and composed of short plank laid up with cement. Upon this foundation, at the surface of the ground is laid the brick which narrows in ten courses to the thickness of the walls. The general style of architecture is Italian, and that of the details, Tuscan. The material is brick, with stone trimmings, the roof covered with slate and tin and the cornice of galvanized iron. The form of the building is that of the Greek cross, the extreme length, east and west, or the main street front, is 106 feet and 65 feet in the north and south direction. A portico 630 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 46 feet long, finishes the north front; the roof of which is sup ported by eight stone columns in couplets, standing on solid stone pedestals. This portico stands twenty-four , feet high, is crowned with a classic balustrade, and projects fourteen feet from the wall- line. At each of the corners of the buildings are pilasters, three feet wide, with Tuscan caps supporting the main cornice. The cor nice of the main part of the building is described as [the cantilever style,fand that of the wings, modillion. The building is surmounted by a dome seventeen feet square, with massive base, and on each of the four sides are projecting porticos, with two pilasters of the Corinthian order. Upon the summit of this dome is a flag-staff twenty-two feet high. The height of the walls of the main build ing is fifty-two feet, to the top of the dome, 122 feet, and to the top of the flag-staff, 144 feet. The entrances are from the north and south, where admittance is gained by double doorways to large cor ridor, ten feet wide. Another corridor of the same width crosses this at right angles, in the center where a rotunda, twenty-six feet in diameter, is formed. From the east and west corridor, on either side of the building, are flights of stairs, five feet wide, leading to the second story. The first story contains the offices of the county officials. The west wing affords a room 18x38 feet, which is occu pied by the County Clerk. This is supplied with a fire-proof vault, 10x15 feet, and two stories high, affording a floor space equal to 20x30 feet, and is lighted by a small square window. This is off the south east corner of the office. At the northeast corner of the room is a private passage way, used as a toilet room, and affording access to the Treasurer's office, a room eighteen feet square, and provided with a vault and the common furniture of a bank. On the south side of the east and west corridor, an office corresponding in size and general location to the Treasurer's office, is a room assigned to the County Surveyor. The east half of the building is arranged simi larly. The Circuit Clerk occupies the large office in the wing, and the smaller offices are occupied by the Sheriff and County Superin tendent of Schools. Each of these offices is supplied with fire proof vaults, the smaller offices are each lighted by windows from two sides, while the larger offices are lighted from the three sides. The court room 'occupies j the second story of the main building, extending north and south. This room is lighted by three large windows at either end, and is entered from the landing at the head of each flight of stairs, by double doorways. The room is 43x62 feet, and is twenty-six feet high, furnishing an auditorium capable of HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 631 seating 300 people. The Judge's seat and bar is in the south end, with ample provision for jury, witnesses and professional attendants upon the court. Behind the Judge's seat is a screen, ten feet high, the center of which is a large panel of dark wood, while the wings are paneled with figured glass. This softens the glare of the light admitted by the three windows in the south end. The upper story of the west wing is occupied by rooms for the grand and petit juries and witnesses. The.three rooms over the Circuit Clerk's office are assigned to the Board of Supervisors, library and consultation room and the Judge's private room. This division is only theoretical, however. The Library consists of a few volumes of State reports, seldom consulted, if the dust affords any criterion, and the room is chiefly used as a lumber room for the storage of sundry political paraphernalia. The other rooms are occupied by the various juries, the Board of Supervisors using the ample quarters of the County Clerk for its sittings. The offices are neat, convenient and attractive in appearance, and the court room and retiring rooms might be so, if the same care and taste had been expended upon them. The walls of the first story rooms are neatly calcimined, while the upper rooms are left in their original state, while seamed with many a crack and disfigured in places by the vandal work of the unscrupulous scribbler. The retiring rooms are scantily furnished and the floors uncovered. The cellar, provided with furnace and piping, at a cost of $829, is left in the unfinished condition the builder left it. In 1878, a clock was placed in the dome at a cost of $500, the city pay ing one half of the expense. The entire cost of the building, ex clusive of the fixtures last mentioned, was something over $37,000, the specifications of the original plan calling for wood being replaced by stone, which was undoubtedly a valuable modification. The pub lic square is now nicely graded and sodded, the old practice of rais ing hay having given way to the more enlightened method of lawn cultivation. The whole is surrounded by an iron fence, upon a stone foundation, presenting a tout ensemble equaled by the public of few county-seats in southern Illinois. A jail Avas evidently considered a necessity much earlier than a court house, or a substitute was much less easily found. Accord ingly, in September, 1841, a jail was projected by the Board of Com missioners, to be located on the lot which is now occupied in part by the engine house. The plan was unique and can only be properly given in the language of the record. It was provided: " the founda tion to be seventeen feet square, by digging out the earth eight 632 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. inches deep, which is to be next laid with solid rock, sixteen inches deep, eight inches above the surface of the ground ; floor to be laid on the rock, the full size of the jail, of hewn timber one foot thick ; wall to be composed, first story of three thicknesses, second story of one thickness, of hewn timber ; to be two-story, of eight feet each story, the inner thickness to be of hewn timber one foot square, to be eight feet long, the outside wall to be of timber of the same thickness, and three walls to be seventeen feet long, and two walls to be twenty-five feet long, the vacancy between the walls to be filled Avith square timber put in perpendicularly ; second floor to be laid with square timber one foot thick, and dovetailed in half through the outer wall; third floor to be laid with timber eight inches thick, all the timbers to be of good, solid white oak, the roof to be put on with joint shingles in a workmanlike manner. The intention of the long timbers is for an additional jailor's room, all to be done in a workmanlike manner. Two doors to be cut as the building is raised, two and a half wide, six and a half feet long, and to be cased; the windows to be put on the outside, two in each room ; eight bars of iron for the windows, two in each window, let into the center of each log, to be squared equal to the case of the window ; doors to be cased with three inch timber ; the size of windows in lower room to be 6x8 inches, in debtor's rbom, 6x10 inches." This description without the aid of punctuation or capital letters was the text by which the first stronghold of the county was built. The jailor's room was never built, and as constructed it was just a two- storied box with an ante-room from which entrance was gained to the lower room, and the upper story reached by a flight of stairs. Otherwise the specifications were followed, and a reasonably secure jail built. Wood, however thick, does not seem to be adapted to the retention of determined prisoners and escapes were not unheard of here. Some cut their way through to the debtor's room above and thence through the roof. Others tunneled through the bottom, and one, less fortunate, attempted to get through the small opening in the door used to pass food through, and only failed after getting his head and one arm through. At this juncture he lost his support, and was found in this awkward situation, half dead, by the jailor in the morning. In March, 1856, a new jail was projected, to be of brick, about 20x40 feet, one-half to be devoted to the prison, and the other as a jailor's or sheriff's residence. This still remains on the corner of Market and Mulberry streets. The cells were formed of brick, lined with wood, and this sheathed with sheet iron. This HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 633 proved a very insufficient restraint to prisoners, and criminals charged with heinous crimes were chained to make them secure. Digging out through the floor was frequently successful, and dig ging a hole through the brick wall under the window sills, another easy means of escape. In December, 1868, a committee was appointed to correspond in regard to iron cells, and in the following year, two of these improved boxes were placed in the upper apart ment, at a cost of $1,458.20. The building was originally con structed by Lutz & Cain, a firm that changed to Cain & Hayward before the building was completed at a cost of $3,790- The care of the poor has been a prominent question before the executive board of the county, and has taken on all the various phases common to the smaller counties. Up to 1859, sundry indi viduals cared for the poor persons in their neighborhood and were paid by the county as it saw fit. This was carried to the extent in some cases that a man was occasionally paid for the care of his poor relation. On the change of organization, the Board of Supervisors passed the following order : "That the keeping and taking care of the poor and paupers of Richland County, 111., be let to the lowest responsible bidder, for the term of one year commencing on the first day of January, 1860, the contracting parties to have the sole care and attention of boarding, clothiug, nursing, medical attention, and, in fact, all charges of every description, chargeable to the county for said poor or paupers; the party contracting to take said poor or paupers' property or effects, the poor or paupers to be delivered to the contracting parties at their place designated in the contract, and the contracting party to pay the expense incurred in the delivery by any overseer of the poor in any of the townships in the county; the contracting party to receive pay by the year, let the number be what ever it may, more or less, the price to be no more nor less than the amount agreed upon for any number that may come to his charge from said overseers of the poor, and remain in said charge as poor or paupers, and shall receive quarterly payments as per said con tract." It Avas further provided that the contracting party should give a bond with approved securities for the faithful performance of his duties under the contract, and that one bid should be reserved for the county. John D. Richards Avas the first purveyor to the poor under this arrangement, and received $586.50 for his services. The price paid was subsequently reduced as low as $360 and $397, but this was the lowest point. In 1865, the price paid was $750, and $1,000 in 1866, $801 in 1868, and $1,200 in 1869. In 1868, after the 634 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. regular committee had examined the condition of the poor, they included in their report a recommendation that a farm be purchased for the care of the poor. The prospect seemed to be that the num ber would so increase that the plan in operation would prove- impracticable. A special committee was appointed to consider the matter and the result was that in March, 1869, a farm was purchased The land is situated four miles east and a quarter of a mile north of Olney City, and consists of 167 acres. It was purchased of Nicholas Sterchi, at $27 per acre. The farm had a fair story and a half frame house on it and out buildings, and these have served the purposes of the county until now. A keeper is appointed each year at a salary of $1,200 per annum, and the product of the farm accrues to the benefit of the county. COURTS AND CRIME. The lack of anything like caste in the early days robbed the early courts of much of the moderate dignity that now attaches to them. The surroundings were of the " homespun " character of the whole society here, and the easy way in which the official rank was worn made everybody "free and easy," save when within the actual clutches of the law. Of this Mr. J. M. Wilson writes : " Circuit Court week Avas the great holiday for the men, and the court and bar of fifty years ago had vastly more of consequence iii the eyes of the backwoodsman than it has to their successors. Trav eling on horseback over a wide, extended circuit, extending from Gallatin, including White County, on the south, and Danville on the north, to the center of the State on the west, their progress was somewhat after the fashion of the early English judges. At each county-seat, judge and lawyers, some three or four, put up at the same hotel and held a grand reception on the first evening of their arrival; were called on by all the leading men of the county, and were all eminent in their profession. The old lawyer was ever a man of education and a gentleman, and the old judges, such as Wil son and Breese, have no superiors since their day. There were no pettyfogging shysters at the bar; self-interest never swayed them from the truth. Bat. Webb and Gen. John Robinson, U. F. Linder and O. B. Ficklin, and Charles Constable, together traveled the cir cuit. Each had their peculiarities, but all were able lawyers. There were but few cases of murder. In 1833, one Ledbetter was hung in Carmi for the murder of his brother in Gallatin County, whence a change of venue was taken to White County. An immense con- r--%m rt HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. 637 course from all the adjacent counties witnessed the execution. Most of the criminal cases were for counterfeiting and hog stealing. There were some peculiarities in the old judges aud court proceed ings that, to say the least, would be novel iioav; as instance: Once, in 1830, during the progress of a trial at old Maysville, a chap filled Avith whisky and fun galloped on all fours across the courtroom in front of the Judge, Wilson, kicking and neighing like a horse. The Judge ordered the Sheriff to put that horse in the stable. The Sheriff, after a struggle, captured the Avould-be equine, telling the Judge there was uo jail, Avhen the Judge said they must build one. The Sheriff swore he would not hold him till that Avas done, and turned the felloAv loose. On one occasion during the progress of a trial, whilst an eminent attorney was addressing a jury, a man breathless with haste, rushed into the court house and proclaimed aloud that two celebrated bullies were going to fight, and Avere then stripping for the contest. Off helter skelter went the crowd, jury, witnesses and lawyers, followed by the Judge, calling, ' Sheriff, adjourn the Court!' The Sheriff yelled, ' Court is adjourned ! ' as he leaped out the court house door. This Avas in Hamilton County; El tic Grant ¦ Avas the Judge, and a good one, too. On a certain occasion in Rich land, Avhen court was holden in the little old log house nearly oppo site the depot of the P., D. & E. R. R-, one Wilson Nash persisted in wearing his coon-skin cap regardless of the repeated cry of" ' Hats off in Court,' av hereupon LeAvis SaAvyer, the Sheriff, made a sweep ing stroke with his cane to knock the cap off, but striking too Ioav, knocked Nash heels over head. " There have been but few executions in southern Illinois in the last fifty years, one in Wabash, one in Lawrence; and one man, Jeff White, Avas hung by a band of lynchers, in Richland. We, as a rule, have ahvays had a law-abiding people, who are innocent of the blood-curdling atrocities Ave read of in other parts of the country." It should be added that Richland County has not been free of murders. At an early day one Gatewood got into an altercation with one Brimberry. In the course of the wrangle, GateAvood threw up his gun to shoot his opponent, Avhen Brimberry rushed betAveen the men and received the fatal shot. Gatewood fled, and Avas never brought to justice. More recently, a caso of indefensible homicide brought out the only "manifestation of " lynch justice " the county has ever known. Two farmers had had some difficulty, when they met on the farm of the aggressive party. After ordering the man off the premises, where he Avas engaged in threshing, the proprietor 638 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. of the farm went to his house and returned with a gun, and without further parley killed the man. The murderer was arrested and brought to the jail, where he remained two or three days. In the meanwhile the report became general that a prominent attorney had taken his case to defend, and that he felt confident of securing his acquittal. This brought out a mob from the country, neighbors and friends of the murdered man, and the criminal was taken to a tree in the court-yard and hung. Others charged with murder have been disposed of by the courts in the county, but none have been judicially hung. The early crimes were principally counterfeiting, horse stealing, hog stealing, and assault and battery. The machinery of justice was set in motion in the fall of 1841, the first grand jury being composed of the folio Aving citizens: John Cotterell, Thomas McCarty, Daniel Wheeler, Samuel R. Lowry, Carnahan, J. F. Reed, George McWilliams, Stephen Gardner, Thomas Lewis, Thaddeus Morehouse, Joseph Bryan, George Hig gins, Thomas Parker, Elcana Richards, Enoch Stites, John Heep, John Matthews, John Brown, Henry Taylor, L. L. Allendar, Elijah Nelson, Arvin Webster, Orran Coats. The first petit jury was composed of Mclntyre Ryan, Samuel Butler, John Allen, Thomas Ellingsworth, Daniel Ripple, T. W. Lilley, Hiram Barney, Jr., William Perry, Matthew Elston, William Coanour, William Leath ers, William Lampkin, David Walker, John Price, Andrew Britton, William i McWilliams, James Nelson, John Jeffords, F. B. Parker, James Cheek, S- W. Graham, George Smith, Wright Mash and James B. Shields. COUNTY OFFICIALS. The Commissioners elected in 1841 were Lot Basden, Amos Bullard and Hugh Calhoun, Jr. By lot it was decided that the length of term of each one's office should be in the order named, the longest first. In 1842, Hugh Calhoun, Jr., was re-elected; 1843,' Elijah Nel son; 1844, Samuel R. Lowry; 1845, Canada Clubb to succeed Lowry, resigned, and Elcana Richards for regular term; 1846, James Cheek; 1847, Joseph Harmon; 1848, John D. Richards. In the following year the new constitution was framed and adopted, the election changed from August to November, and the County Court established. This court consisted of a County Judge and two assistants, who were ex-officio justices of the peace. Upon this court was conferred all the powers of the county commissioners, and upon the county judge, the probate business formerly devolving upon the probate justice of HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 639 the peace. The members of the court held office for four years, and were all elected at the same time. In 1849, A. Kitchell was elected County Judge, and N. D. Jay and S- R- Lowry, associates. In 1851, Elcana Richards was elected to succeed Jay, deceased. In 1852, J. D. Richards was elected County Judge to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Kitchell. In 1853, the following members were elected for the regular term: J. D. Richards, County Judge; Miles R. Yocum and D. W. Blain, associates; 1857, John D. Richards, County Judge; D. W- Blain and Henry Peebles, associates. In 1857, township organization was voted by the people, and the following Board of Supervisors elected: D. W. Blain, from Olney Township; James Adams, from Boone (Denver); H. L. Carson, from Jackson (Decker); W. R. Williams, from Noble; Jacob May, from Claremont; T. S. Smith, from Bonpas; Christian Jaggi, from Troy (German); James Kinkade, from Douglas (Preston); Milton Eckley, from Madison. The records of the county are not sufficiently explicit to add to the list of supervisors of the county. But one place in the records of twenty-five years does the name of the supervisors appear with the names of the townships which they represented, and the task of ¦deciphering this relation is of a more extended nature than the im portance of the result would warrant. The Treasurers of the county have been, W. H Reed, elected in 1841; M. C- McLain, in 1845; Jonas Notestine, appointed December 10, 1846, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of McLain; M. Stauffer, elected in 1847; Joshua Smalley, in 1849; William T= Shelby, appointed March, 1852, in place of Smalley, deceased; T. L. Stewart, elected in 1855; R. B. Marney, 1857; T. T. Smith, 1859; D. D. Marquis, 1865; John Kuster, 1869; George D. Morrison, 1873; John Kuster, appointed in 1874 to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Marney; Frank Gillaspie, in 1877, who is the present incumbent. The Circuit Clerks have been, J. M. Wilson, appointed in 1841; M. B. Snyder, elected in 1849; John Wolf, appointed March, 1859, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Snyder; G- W. Mor rison, elected November, 1859, to serve out the unexpired term of Snyder; John Wolf, elected in 1860; G W. Cullen, in 1864; Aden Knoph, in 1868; Thomas Tibbett, in 1880, and is the present Clerk. The county clerks until 1849 were elected recorders and were appointed clerk to the County Court by the county commissioners. M. B. Snyder was the first and only Recorder of the county and Clerk of the County Court from 1841 to 1849; Jacob Hofman, from 640 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 1849 until 1861; W. T. Shelby, from 1861 until 1865; J. R. John son from 1865 until 1869; W. T. Shelby, from 1869 until 1882; John Von Gunten from 1882, and is the present County Clerk. The Sheriffs of the county have been: LoAvis Sawyer, appointed in 1841, and subsequently elected until 1848; J. H. Parker, elected in 1848; R. B. Marney, in 1850; J. H. Parker, in 1852; Mclutyre Ryan, in 1854; Horace Hayward, appointed to fill the vacancy occa sioned by the death of Ryan, May, 1855; J. H. Parker, elected in 1856; W. T. Shelby, in 1858; T. L. Stewart, in 1860; William Cov entry, in 1862; T. L. Stewart, in 1864; Archibald Spring, in 1866; M. M. St. John, in 1868; Hiram Sharp, in 1872; J. J. Richey, in 1878; Archibald Spring in 1882, and is the present incumbent. The office of county judge, as at present constituted, dates back to 1857 for its origin. Previous to 1849, the somewhat similar offi cial was the probate justice of the peace, and from 1849 to 1857, the county judge acted also as county commissioner, and has been classi fied elsewhere. R. B. Maine}' Avas the first and only Probate Justice of the Peace for Richland County, from 1841 until 1849. In 1857, John D. Richards was elected and served until 1865; James Wright, from LS65 to 1869; John D. Richards, from 1869 to 1873; LI. Hay ward, from 1X73 to 1882; F. D. Preston, from 1882, and is now the Presiding Judge. The Surveyors of the county have been: A. F. David, elected in 1841; John Wolf, in 1846; A. B. Webster, appointed in March, 1849, to fill vacancy occasioned by resignation of Wolf; John Wolf, elected in 1851; John Reasoner, in 1853; Isaac Barnes, in 1855; A. Jenkins, in 1865; I. Barnes, in 1869; Thomas Humbert, in 1875; J. H. Clark, in 1879, and is still in office. The office of county superintendent of schools dates its origin to 1865. Before this, the corresponding official, with somewhat less duties, Avas the School Commissioner. The gentlemen who have filled this position are: J. F. Reed, elected in 1841; A. L. Byers, in 1847; Daniel Cox, in 1849; A. H. Baird, appointed in 1850 to fill vacancy; J. H. Gunn, elected in 1853; William Warfield, in 1861; Jacob Hofman, in 1864. As County Superintendent of Schools, W. H. Williams, elected in 1865; J. C Scott, appointed October 19, 1867, in place of Williams, removed; W. W. Carnes, appointed March 23, 1872, in place of Scott, resigned; J. J. Coons, elected in 1873; R. N Stotler, elected in 1882, and is the present official. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 641 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. The social development of a community is the true measure of its progress. Individuals may acquire Avealth and renown without virtue, but the community has a longer life, and success iu the end depends upon the moral sentiment, and the culture which is a nec essary outgrowth of such sentiment. The relation of the physical features of a country to such development is an important one, and he Avho would learn the hidden causes that make or mar a nation must seek in these " the divinity that shapes our ends." In these physical features are stored those potent industrial possibilities that make the master and the menial in races. From the fertile soil comes fruit-ladened, peace-loving agriculture; from the rock -bound stores of mineral Avealth springs the rude ciA'ilization of the early days on the Pacific slope, or the half-savage clashing of undisci plined capital and labor in the mining regions; from the rivers rises, fairy-like, the commercial metropolis, which, "crowned with the glory of the mountains " and feci Avith the bounty of the plains, stands the chosen arbiter betAveen the great forces that join to make a nation's greatness. The influence of this subtle poAver is felt every where. Here it spreads the lotus plant of ease and binds the nation in chains of indolent effeminacy; here among the bleak peaks of a sterile land, "The heather on the mountain height Begins to bloom in purple light," a type of a hardy and unconquered race; there it strews the sand of desert Avilds, and man, Avithout resource, becomes a savage. This factor in society is marked even in the smaller divisions of society, and stamps the mark of destiny upon the single community. The early people of Richland County Avere fortunate in two respects. Here Avere brought together emigrants from all sections of the nation. The native of Kentucky, Tennessee and the States further south met the descendants of the pioneers of Ohio, New York and New England. The social customs of either section modified the other, and while the amusements and incidents of public occasions took on much of that boisterous character common to southern Illi nois, they lost much of the most objectionable features earlier than many surrounding communities. EARLY' ROADS. Another influence in this direction Avas the fact that through Richland County lay the great thoroughfare in this section of the 642 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. State from east to west. This gave facilities for coming in contact with the outside Avorld, and brought the habits and customs preva lent here in sharp comparison with more advanced communities else where. In this way roads became mighty agencies in the problem of civilization, and railroads, by cheapening the cost of travel and stimulating the industry of a community, foster the best elements of development. The thoroughfare referred to was the regular successor of the old Indian trail which led from Bear Grass, now the site of Louis ville, Ky., to Cahokia, on the Mississippi River, near Saint Louis. Indian trails were the only certain guides to the earliest travelers in this country, and soon became marked by the wagon tracks of the whites. This trail followed the most direct and available route between the two points, so that there was little inducement for the early settlers to change its location, and for some time it was made a mail route for the settlements that gathered near it. About 1835, however, the road was regularly laid out and worked by the general government between Vincennes and Saint Louis, and at this time was varied somewhat to enter the villages or nuclei of settlements that were growing into importance a little off the old line. Through this county the original trail passed a little south of Olney and Claremont, and the government survey brought it north so as to pass through these towns. Up to 1824, the mail was carried along this route on horseback, but at this time this primitive method was superseded by two-horse vehicles, Messrs. Mills and Whetsel being contractors. In 1828, these were succeeded by the regulation four- horse stages, which continued to ply the road until the location of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad in 1852, marked the approach of a new era in traveling. These stages were fitted out with all the lux- uriauce of the time. The winding horn announced the approach of "the mail," the horses' plumes touched the romantic hearts of the young, while the dexterity of the various drivers and the gossip of the travelers afforded the issues for the wordy wars which took place about the fire-place of the tavern or elsewhere. But with all these accessories " staging " was rather a prosaic matter to both driver and passenger. During a large part of the year the travel was slow and laborious, and it was no infrequent thing that the stage was fixed in the mud and abandoned, the trip being completed in some farmer's wagon which the driver secured. Horses were changed every ten miles, and one stage made the trip from Vincennes to this county, where it Avas met by another vehicle, which made another third of HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 643 the distance between the two terminal points. The end of this Vin cennes division Avas at different points in the county at different times, sometimes at the Fox River, at Olney, or just east of town. In addition to the stage line, there was a large traffic on this road which brought considerable revenue to the county. Saint Louis was the great market for all this region, and the trace road was crowded with teams, at certain seasons, hauling produce to market. There were certain market days on Avhich teamsters planned to reach the city, and the caravan approaching this destination would stretch out for miles on the road. It was- no uncommon thing to find from fif teen to fifty teams resting at some of the early taverns along the road, and subsequently large numbers would " put up " for the night. This gave a good market for all the surplus corn in the neighbor hood, and a sale for other products, for many of these teamsters were hucksters on their own account. The early roads, running north and south, were a road extend ing via Palestine to Terre Haute, one running to Carmi and one via Newton to Charleston. Local roads, some laid out by regular process and others by general use, united the various settlements in the county. Road-making Avas a large part of the business of the early commissioners, and vacating and re-locating roads was as frequent as the establishment of neAV ones. Most of the early roads ignored section lines and ran the most direct route that was available from point to point. When the country became more thickly settled this plan was found to interfere with the convenience of farmers whose lands were purchased according to the lines of survey. It was con sequently easy to get the requisite number of signers to a petition for a change of road. This has been continued until,, with few exceptions, the roads are all run on the section lines and are found a mile apart, running each way. A few are found to wind about to reach the most available ground, and some are yet but lit tle more than the woodman's trail through certain timbered por tions of the county; but in the main the roads are regularly on sec tion lines. In quality the roads of the county are poor. The soil is especially adapted to the retention of water, and mud places an embargo on traffic for several months in the year. The cost of bridges in the county is not large when the number of streams is considered. The Fox requires four, one of which is upwards of a hundred feet long. There are some dozen bridges, over thirty feet long, in the county, and all are constructed of wood and uncovered- The settlement of the country and the increased amount of labor 644 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. expended on the highways has greatly improved them over what they Avere thirty years ago, but the scarcity of good, road-making material has obliged the Road Supervisors to resort to corduroy plan. Small poles are cut and laid closely together across the track. These become bedded and are not so rough as a stranger to them would suppose, and they have the merit of keeping the vehicle on the surface. In 1850, a plank road was talked of, and the County Court passed the folloAving resolution on the subject: " Whereas, by an act of the General Assemby of the State of Illinois, entitled, 'an act to provide for the construction of plank roads', by general law, approved February 12, 1849, it is provided that the County Court may agree to the use of any public highway in the county by any plank road company for the construction of a plank road; and Whereas, it is represented to this court that steps have been taken for the formation of a plank road company to construct such roads in this county, and it is probable that such companies Avhen formed Avill be desirous of using some of the public highways; therefore, Resolved, that deeming it of importance to the county to encourage internal improvements by private enterprise of whatever character, and especially the construction of plank roads, and that every aid should be extended by the County Court within its jurisdiction, and Avithout involving tho comity in debt for the success of the improve ments Avhcreby the property of the county, real or personal, Avill be greatly enhanced in value, and the county revenue consequently increased, the industry and enterprise of our people stimulated to neAV life, their condition bettered and the markets and goods' prices brought nearer home by the aid of these roads, emigration to the county encouraged, and the discontent of our present population allayed, this court, therefore, cheerfully invites the enterprise on foot, and hereby cheerfully tenders to them the use of any public road within the county, over Avhich this court has any jurisdiction, for the construction of plank roads in accordance with the act above named." It Avas further proAdded, that written permission would be given Avhen a formal request Avas made. This action Avas pub lished in all the papers near at hand, and the county assumed the intense attitude of " Barkis is willin'," but no one ever came for ward to claim any rights under this pronunciamiento. It is quite probable that something might have been accomplished in this Avay had not the subject of railroads been agitated very soon after this, and a road actually located through the county. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 645 RAILROADS. The general improvement system of the State in 1837, included the building of sundry railroads, but with a short sighted vieAV the system contemplated the improvement of State cities to the exclu sion of foreign towns. The natural laAvs of trade, however, were not to be trammeled by such prejudices, and several roads Avere pro jected to cross the State from East to West and to terminate in Saint Louis. Among these was the Ohio & Mississippi Rail road. The application of this company for a charter Avas stoutly resisted and several times defeated. In June, of 1849, a railroad convention Avas held at Salem, to take into consideration the griev ances of the people in the counties to be benefited by its construc tion, and at least four thousand earnest men assembled, over a thou sand of Avhom were delegates. Judge Kitchell and others represented Richland County. Au address Avas adopted, and a committee appointed to present it to the Governor. A special session of the legislature was called, and after strong opposition, a charter was granted, in 1851. The larger part of the capital invested was from the East, though Page, of Saint Louis, Avas an important member of the syndicate and a heavy loser in the final construction of it. In 1852, the line Avas located and the County Court proposed to submit to the voters of the county the proposition of subscribing $50,000 to the capital stock of the company on several conditions, viz.: " 1. No bonds to be issued to the company until the company has expended in the construction of the road in the county an amount of money equal to the amount of bonds asked to be issued. 2. The county not to issue more than one third of the amount of subscrip tion each year. 3. The railroad company to issue to said county stock equal in amount to the bonds issued, said company to pay to the county six percent interest on said stock, to be paid half yearly. 4. The rate of taxation for county purposes is not to be increased for the purpose of paying interest on1 said bonds, and the County Court is not to issue any bonds to said company if any higher rate of tax than is iioav assessed for county purposes should be required to pay the interest on the county bonds. 5. The County Court shall have authority to make any arrangements they may think proper and for the best interests of the county with either the rail road company or individuals, for the payment of the county bonds, and the interest, or either, without using any funds or revenues of the county, and in doing so, said County Court may dispose of the railroad stock, but never at less than par value, and only so as to 646 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. save the county from all loss." Such " ironclad " conditions are rarely accepted by railroad corporations and these were promptly rejected and were never submitted to the people for acceptance. In October, however, a proposition was made to subscribe $50,000 of stock to the road, the bonds of the county to run thirty years at seven per cent., to be expended only on the construction of the road in the county, and the company to pay six per cent, interest upon the stock or such other rate in lieu of cash, as might be agreed upon. This was ratified by the people, on December 6, 1852. The road was rapidly pushed through, the line passing just south of Olney. Judge Kitchell was a director of* the road at that time, and he offered to the contractors a one-half interest in his first and second additions to the city and $3,000 in cash, if the line was deflected north suffi cient to pass through this ""property. This arrangement was made and the variation begins at Claremont village and ends just west of Noble. The road was completed from Vincennes to Saint Louis, in 1855, the first through train passing through Olney on the 4th of July, in that year. This road was a valuable acquisition, but the course of the company's practice has been of the most arbitrary and tyrannical. For years it was the only outlet for the county's product, and the company did not hesitate placing a tariff that almost shut the business men in from the markets of the country. After rail roads reached Vincennes from other points the dealers were in the habit of using the Ohio & Mississippi to that point, and thence east ward on other lines. At first, this road refused to deliver freight to competing lines, and then raised the local tariff to such an exorbi tant rate as to force the shipper to submit to the high through rates, but this was met by the other lines by a reduction of their rate in proportion to the Ohio & Mississippi's raise. The people became clamorous for another road to compete with the "O. & M.," and car rates to New York dropped from $80 to $40 at once. The manage ment of this road in Richland County has been marked by a grossly tyrannical and arbitrary spirit, and its whole course in the matter of locating its line and doing business throughout the State has been such as to justify the bitterest opposition. The county paid nothing toward its construction, however, which may be a small solace to their feelings. There was such a demand for the stock that the company did not need the assistance of the county in disposing of it, and so no call was made for the bonds subscribed. The road passes from east to Avest through the county, crossing the townships of Claremont, Olney and Noble. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 647 Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad. — About the time of the completion of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, a new road was pro jected from Mattoon to Grayville, on the Wabash River. A char ter was not secured, however, until February 6, 1857, and up to 1876, little more than the preliminary surveys had been accomplished. A part of the original plan was to secure an outlet through Indiana, and the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad Company was the name under which this part of the road was incorporated. To the construction of this road the terminal county had voted a large sub scription, which was subsequently diverted to the building of a new court house. The first spike had been driven on this division of the road in the early part of 1871, and some five miles constructed and ironed, but the action of the people with regard to the subscription caused the work to be discontinued there. In March, 1872, the two companies were consolidated under the name of the Chicago & Illi nois Southern Railroad Company, and about the same time this new organization was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mat toon Company, which had been formed under a charter obtained in 1871. With all this activity in the transfer of franchises and change of names but little or no progress was made toward the realization of the desire of the people. From time to time many flattering statements and satisfactory promises were made. In 1874, finding that the last consolidation had so involved this part of the road with the other parties to the consolidation as to probably defeat the construction of the line, proceedings were brought in the Jasper County Court, and thence to the Federal Court, to annul the consolidation, and on May 5, 1876, sucha decree was granted. Work was at once begun on this middle section of the Grayville & Mat toon Railroad, and thirty of the ninety-three miles proposed were graded in this year. In the following year the road reached Mat toon, and the whole line completed from Grayville to the proposed northern terminus. The people of Richland County were very much interested in the building of this road, and as early as 1857, appropriated $250 to pay for the preliminary survey through the county, but this not being used, $300 was appropriated in May, of 1866, and subsequently the county voted $150,000 to aid its construction. _ In 1868, $50,000 more Avas voted for this purpose, making a total sum of $200,000 which the county proposed to invest in the capital stock of the company. It is not necessary to rehearse the record on this point; the conditions were much easier than those proposed to the "O. & M."road, as the people 648 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. having had experience Avith "King Stork," desired a quick relief. It was provided, ho Ave ver, that the subscription should be paid only as the road was built through the county. The distance through the county was divided into four parts, and when one part was finished and laid with iron of a certain weight, then the proportional part of the subscription Avas to be paid in bonds of the county as agreed upon. One of the prime considerations in the minds of the people in voting for the subscription, and especially so large an amount, was to secure its early completion and thus free them from the grasp of the rail road monopoly Avhich existed. In 1871, tired of the delays, the Board of Supervisors appointed a committee to investigate the Avhole matter and report to the Board. In November, this commit tee reported as follows: " It is no discourtesy to those gentlemen to say that their information Avas meagre and unsatisfactory in the extreme to both them and us, and the conduct of the contract ors compelled your committee to the conviction that the Board of your county had been pledged to parties whose responsibility was wholly uncertain, from Avhom no sufficient guarantees have been received and upon Avhose pleasure alone depended the timely com pletion of the roach" It was further estimated that owing to the decline in prices the subscription of the county was sufficient to build twice the distance required, and it was recommended that action be taken in reference to the prevention of issuing and paying any bonds to the roach The Board took prompt action upon this report and formally voted to rescind the subscription. It is impossible to scrutinize the action of the county's executive Board in this matter Avithout indulging in the suspicion that there was a lamentable lack of Avisdom. The Board was constantly in that attitude of "voAving they would ne'er consent, consented." As early as 1868, committees had been appointed to inspect the road, and another to sign and issue bonds, and iii 1870, an agent had been appointed to vote with the directors of the road. After rescinding the subscription, these officials would of course be voted out of being, but in June, 1872, the Board is found formally assent ing to the consolidation. In April, of 1875, the matter of Avith- drawing from the subscription to the road, was submitted to the people, and aid to the road .Avas withdrawn by 700 majority. In June, 1875, the Board, Avith strange inconsistency, ordered blank bonds prepared, as one division of the road Avas nearing completion, though it Avas provided that they should not be issued until the committee of inspection should report. In the following January HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 649 the Board gave notice that the county Avould issue no bonds to the road until obliged to do so by the court of last resort, whereupon they Avere sued in the Lawrence County Court, defeated, and refused to appeal it. The second division was finished September, 1876, the third division in the spring of 1877, and the fourth in the following June. For the first three diA'isions after the decision of the court, the bonds Avere issued without protest. On receipt of notice of the completion of the fourth and last division of the road in the county, the Board examined the road and passed the following order: "The Board of Supervisors, as a committee, having inspected the fourth and last division , through the county, of the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad report the same constructed as per contract and provisions of the vote for stock subscribed and recommend the issuing and delivery to the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad Company the $50,000 worth of county bonds as provided heretofore in said vote," etc. This report SAvept away the last leg that resistance had to stand on, and yet at the next meeting, September 11, 1877, the Board declared, " Whereas, the $50,- 000 of Richland County bonds issued for capital stock of the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad were illegally procured, the same being obtained through fraud and misrepresentation," therefore, the vote taken at the last meeting be rescinded, etc. In the following January, fearing, doubtless, that this last named action did not cover the whole ground, the Board attempted to Avash their hands of the whole mat ter by another sweeping fulmination, as follows: "Be it ordered by the Board of Supervisors of Richland County, that this Board rescind all orders heretofore made authorizing the issuing of bonds to aid in the construction of the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, if any such order has heretofore boon made; and they hereby repu diate any action of any officer of said county who has received the stock of said railroad in payment for said bonds, if any such stock has been heretofore issued by said railroad to said county, and it was further declared that the county disoAvned all stock and disclaimed all privileges under any of these repudiated transactions. An agree ment was at once entered into by the Board with Messrs. Wilson and Hutchinson, attorneys, to fight the payment of the bonds issued, prin cipal and interest. It should be said in this connection, that from first to last there has been great changes in the membership of the Board, and that the presumption of dishonest dealing on the part of certain of those who have been members, is so strong that expatriation has been deemed necessary. Every device has been resorted to in order to avoid the payment of the bonds, and the matter 650 HISTORY OF .RICHLAND COUNTY. has finally been adjudicated in the United States Supreme Court. In October, 1883, the committee appointed to take this matter in charge, report the result of the contest through the papers as fol lows: " In view of the fact that the people of Richland County will sooner or later be compelled to make arrangements to pay off some of the railroad bonds, and are now on the point of being compelled by the courts to pay certain judgments rendered for accrued inter est on these bonds, we take this method of addressing our people, and impressing upon them the necessity of using their best judgment as to what is best to be done in the premises. We will state as briefly as possible the history of the litigation of these bonds. " George W. Ballou & Co., after about three years of litigation, obtained a judgment against the county, which was finally affirmed in the Supreme Court of the United States. There were three other suits against our county in court at the same time. These were brought by J. I. Case, Joseph Curtis and the Bank of Montreal. To save the costs of taking all of these cases to the court of last resort, it was agreed by our attorneys (Wilson & Hutchinson) that the Bal lou case alone should be taken up, and that the others should abide the decision in that case. The consequence is, that final judgments were rendered against us in these four cases, amounting to about $19,200. These are absolutely final, and further litigation concern ing these cannot be had. Since that time other interest coupons have become due, and within the last month final judgments have been rendered against us in the Circuit Court, in favor of George W. Ballou, for about $29,000, and six other cases in favor of J. I. Case, James Curtis, John F Zebley, Thomas B. Slaughter and the Bank of Montreal. These judgments aggregate, including Ballou's new judg ment, about $60,000- The interest now due on all these bonds amounts to a little over $117,000- And these judgments are all for portions of that interest. All the coupons are for $35 each, and bear six per cent, interest after due. "In July last, a suit was commenced against the county in the name of the United States of America, on complaint of Ballou, to compel the levy and collection of a tax to pay Ballou's first judg ment, and a peremptory writ of mandamus was awarded in that case. Three other mandamus suits were commenced on petition of the other creditors, with the same result. They did not get service on these writs on the Board of Supervisors. And now a new manda mus case has just been commenced to compel the Board to meet and HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 651 extend a tax to pay Ballou's new judgment of $29,000, and a writ of injunction has been issued and served on the County Clerk, restrain ing him from turning over the tax books till the further order of the court. This means that he must hold the tax books until this tax is extended on the books. " From the above it will be seen that the affairs of the county are becoming very complicated. And the Board of Supervisors left it with the Judiciary Committee to appoint an agent to go in person and consult as many of the bondholders as could be found, and ascer tain upon what basis, if any, a compromise could be effected; and after a few weeks of negotiation, most of the bondholders agreed to meet a committee of the Board of Supervisors, and confer as to the matter. The Board appointed the undersigned for that purpose, and on the 4th inst., that meeting took place at Springfield, Illinois. "D. T. Littler and J. G Robinson, who represent about $177,800 of the bonds in question, were present, and after ascertaining the very lowest figures that would be accepted, the committee agreed to it, on behalf ot the Board of Supervisors, subject to a vote of the people of the county. These first judgments for accrued interest amounts to about $19,000. " The $19,000 of Supreme Court judgments must be paid in full, as no concession could be obtained as to them. As to the balance of the debt, they agreed to accept refunded six per cent, coupon bonds, for the face of the old bonds, which they now hold, payable in twenty years, or all or any part of them after a lapse of five years; the new bonds to bear interest after January 1, 1884. The interest to be payable July 1st of each year, commencing July 1, 1885. This will save to the county nearly $100,000, and stop the accumulation of costs, the payment of which would otherwise be a large amount. " The Board has been called together for next Monday, October 15, and will, no doubt, order an election to vote on refunding the bonds upon the above terms." The action of the Board has the endorsement of the majority of the people, and the opinion of the leading men is that Richland County can afford to pay these bonds for the benefit that has been derived from the railroad. The present title of the company is derived through a purchase of the road. The Pekin, Lincoln and Decatur Railway Company, was organized under^a charter granted in 1870, and the road opened from Pekin to Decatur, 67.9 miles in November, 1871, by its original owners. In the following year it was leased to the Toledo, Wabash and Western, by which it was 652 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. operated uutil August, 1876,Avhen it was sold under foreclosure sale. The road was subsequently extended from Pekin to Peoria, a dis tance of 9.2 miles, and opened for traffic, March, 1878. This com pany then purchased the Decatur, Sullivan and Mattoon, and the Grayville and -Mattoon railroads, and in 1880, reorganized with an Indiana organization under the name of Peoria, Decatur aud Evans ville Railroad. The soutliern terminus was changed from Mount Vernon to Evansville, and that division pushed to completion in June of the folloAving year. The road from Mattoon to Grayville was in poor condition Avhen sold, and so much poor work had been done, that the line needed and gradually received almost an entire reconstruction. Danville, Olney and Ohio River Railroad- — This road was pro jected as a narrow gauge railroad, and the company was organized under a charter obtained March 10, 1839. The route proposed for this road, proceeded from the north bank of the Ohio River in Mas sac County, 111-, " thence northwardly to the city of Chicago, or such place from Avhich an entrance may be effected by construc tion or connection, and the line of railway to be located on such sur vey as may come Avithin the range and purview of the charter of the company, about 340 miles." Work Avas begun on the northern end of the road and pushed south from Kansas toward Olney. The work met Avith a good deal of delay. In 1876, there was but eight miles of road from Westfield to Kansas, and in 1878, this section of the road Avas put in operation- The further construction of the road made slow progress, reaching only some thirteen miles in the fol lowing year. In 1881, there was a revival of the Avork and some fifty-seven miles completed. In the folloAving year the gauge was changed to the standard width, and the road completed to Olney. This road passes through the toAvnships of Preston and Olney, and runs parallel a few yards distant from the P., D. & E. Railroad in this county. At Sidell, in Edgar County, this road reaches and uses the Grape Creek Railroad to Danville, Avhere it forms close con nections with the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad- Richland County Avas hardly in a mood to give much aid to railroads at this time, but the city gave the right of Avay through the corporation and by private subscription fifteen acres were purchased and given for its use. There is some reason to believe that the road will soon be further extended north and south of the present termini, but there is at present little activity in this direction. The three railroads now possessed by the county does not so far ¦IP ^&0i • ¦¦•' ¦'•¦¦'-¦•¦ A #«s '^1 I "yIcolumn folio, with co-operative inside pages, and is a lively Republican paper Avith a constituency that numbers more than one-half of the newspaper subscribers in the county. In August," 1858, James Wright established the Olney Weekly Press, and supported the principles of the Democratic party. He conducted the paper until June 1, 1860, when he sold it to R. F. Steiger and J. H. Graham. The paper soon passed into the hands of W. D. Mumford who added a part of the material of a confis cated office in Arkansas. In 1864, the office was broken up by a mob of soldiers, whose enmity the paper had gained by some radical language, when its publication was discontinued. Soon after, F. C- Carel began the publication of the Olney Democrat, which was sold to E. B. Barnard, and the name changed to the Olney Weekly Times- The Times, on the death of Barnard, was sold by his executors to W. F. Beck, in April, 1882, and is still published under the same title by Mr. Beck. This paper is the organ of the dominant party in politics. There are but these two papers in the county, and political interests are so divided that each has a good, living patronage, and can do itself and the public justice. THE SCHOOLS- The first school taught in Richland County was taught in an old log building erected for a tavern, on the old " trace road," two miles west of Olney, in what is now Olney Township, in 1822 and 1823, by John I. Chauncey. The schoolroom was partitioned off from one end of the tavern, and was furnished with slab seats, and board desks. Uncle Elijah Nelson attended that school for four days. This first teacher of Richland County, John I. Chauncey, died at the home of Elijah Nelson, in the spring of 1824; his was the first death within the limits of what is iioav Olney Township. After his death the question arose as to what they should do for a casket; at that time there were no saw-mills in the country. John Evins HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 659 had just erected a cabin in what is now Noble Township, of Richland County, in which he had laid a very nice puncheon floor. It was proposed to take some puncheons out of the floor of this cabin with which to construct the coffin. The suggestion was acted upon, and John Evins, John Jeffries, John Mathews, John Nelson, and Elijah Nelson constructed the coffin. ^Thus, in a rude casket made of slabs, was one of the first teachers of Richland County, 111., consigned to his last home. In 1841, there were four schools held in the county — one at Fairview, one in the Baptist Church near old Claremont, one in the Richard Philips neighborhood, four miles north of Olney, and the other at the Morehouse Schoolhouse, two miles east of Olney. These were all subscription schools, the State fund being so meagre that the people refused to organize under the school law. On the platting of Olney, Mrs. PoAvers became a resident of the village and opened her house for the puispose of teaching school. It would be difficult in any case to trace the growth of the common schools from this small beginning to the present advancement. In 1866, Judge Kitchell having donated the ground, a public school building was erected in Olney, and occupied the following year. This structure is an object of pride to every citizen and is well Avorthy of their admiration. It originally contained twelve rooms, and with the furniture cost over $33,000. It has since been enlarged by the addition of two rooms, and the number of children to be accommo dated is rapidly outgrowing its capacity. The average of the county schools is not of the highest. The county has been unfortunate in some of its County Superintendents, and the policy of the Board of Supervisors has never been^of the most progressive character. No time is allowed for Adsiting schools, but Avhen it becomes necessary to adjudicate some difficulty, then the Superintendent is allowed for this extra service. There are no reports preserved in the office, save for 1883, Avhich renders it impossible to compile the statistics set ting forth the development of the school interests. For the last school year the report places the number of persons of school age in the county, at 5,455; the whole number enrolled, 4,574; the num ber of graded schools are four, one each at Olney, Noble, Clare mont, and Parkersburg ; there are in addition, seventy-eight ungraded schools. Of the eighty-two schoolhouses in use, five are brick, seventy-five are frame, and two are log structures. Four dis tricts have libraries valued at an aggregate value of $483- The total value of school property in the county is $84,935; the Olney prop erty alone being estimated at $40,000- The entire apparatus of the 660 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. county is put down at $1,559. The average monthly wages of male teachers is $35.95; of female teachers, $24.49. The amount of dis trict tax to support schools is $21,306.50; $6,400 of this being raised in Olney. There is a bonded school debt of $4,162. The total receipts for the year were $47,683.79; total expenditures, $33,025.54, of which $21,975.34 was paid to teachers. THE CHURCHES. It is characteristic of the settlement of Richland County that the church influences early made their way here. The earliest denomination was the Baptist, of what is popularly termed the "Hard-shell" variety. They built the first place of worship in the county, as early as 1822. This was a log structure called "Antioch" and situated five miles east of Olney on the "trace road." This served for school purposes, as well as a place for worship and attracted the devout for miles about on preaching days. William Martin, of Kentucky, was the preacher usually in attend ance here. The second church building Avas erected soon after the first by the same denomination. Its site was on the Fox Prairie, two miles southwest of the present village of Fransonia. This was known as the " Union " Church and was served by a Rev. Mr. Rob erts. A few years later, " Shiloh " Church was erected five miles west of Olney on Andrew Evans' property on the " trace road." This was a log structure and was built by the Baptists, Champion Maden being the earliest minister here. During the early history of the church influence, the Baptists were the largely predominating denomination, and some of the leading early preachers were fre quently here. Among these may be noted such men as Richard M. Newport, Richard Gardner, Benjamin Coates, Joel Humes, Jerry Hol- combe, and Charles Whiting. The Methodists were but little later in the field. The first church edifice of this denomination was not erected until 1842, but their itinerants were found throughout the county much earlier. Among them was the famous Lorenzo Doav, who was here in 1820, and again in 1830. He was remarkable for the force and rude eloquence of his sermons and the eccentricity of his manners. Elijah Nelson relates an incident of his preaching at "Antioch" Church, September 2, 1830. A large number had gath ered to hear him. Arriving at the spot, he gravely went to the door of the building, and giving several distinct raps, repeated in a solemn tone the passage of Scripture: "Behold, I stand at the door HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 661 and knock, if any man hear my voice and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me." Seating himself a moment after in the door, he began an affecting and powerful dis- ' course from the text: "Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated." The Christian Church, then known popularly as " New Lights," were somewhat numerous, though at an early date there were no houses of worship erected by this sect nearer than Spring Hill, in Lawrence County. The first house of worship built by the Methodist Episcopal Church was the log structure in Olney, used for awhile in a triple capacity — as schoolhouse, court house, and place of worship. The first society was organized in November, 1841, by William Cummins, of Mount Carmel circuit, Illinois Conference. The persons composing this primitive church were: W. H. Reed and wife, B. S- Thrapp and wife, Mrs. E Jay, and J. Notestine. Judgej R. B. Marney and wife joined soon after the organization. Of these original members, only Mr. Notestine survives. The society has been prosperous, and now occupies a fine brick structure erected in 1854 and 1855, at a cost of $2,800. This denomination is the most numerous in the county, having some sixteen places of worship, and several appointments not provided with church edifices. At Olney, there are representative churches of ten denominations, nine beside the Methodist, all of which have sister churches in the country about. These are the Baptist, Moravian, Lutheran, Congregational, Presbyterian, Ger man Evangelical, Roman Catholic, German Reformed, and Christian. The first does not have the large numbers in the county that it once had, but it is represented by several organizations. The same is true of the present status of the Moravians, Lutheran, and German Evangelical churches. The Congregational and Presbyterian churches were originally together, but divided on doctrinal questions. They represent the greater strength of their respective denominations in the county. The Catholic Church has a sister organization on Grand iPrairie, where a church edifice was built in 1844. The Christian denomination, though latest represented in the county-seat, has a .growing strength in the county, and is represented by several vigor ous congregations. In the county-seat of the ten organizations, but one has a regular pastor and services, • at the present writing. With several, this is accidental, but too many seem to have effected :an organization without counting the cost. The German population gave rise to a number of church organ izations peculiar to this nationality. Of these the earliest was the 662 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Evangelical Association, for a sketch of which this volume is in debted to the kindness of Rev. Schleucher, as follows: Evangelical Association. — In the year of 1842, this part of the country was for the first time visited by a preacher of the Evangelical Association, in the person of Christoph Augenstein, sent by the Ohio Conference. He preached in the houses, but the outlook was not very encouraging. In the year 1843, the Illinois Conference took up a mis sion, embracing the counties of Wabash, Clark, Owen and Richland. Christ Lindner and Nickolai were sent as missionaries. This year Mr. Henry Zwahlen Avas converted and joined the church. In 1844, A* Nickolai and G. G. Platz were sent by the Conference, and their effort was croAvned Avith success. In 1845, the above Mission ^was divided in Dubois and Mount Carmel. Philip Prech, was sent to Mount Carmel, to which Richland County belongs, where he had good suc cess on the Grand Prairie, six miles north of Olney; a few families were converted who organized themselves into a class and chose H Zwahlen as their class-leader. The names of the original members were: H. Zwahlen and wife, P. P. Bauer, George Yelch and wife, W. Ameter and wife, Fred. Launer, A. Bushany, G- P Zimmerly and wife, J. Staely. In 1846, G. Mueller and J. Trometer were sent pastors to work on the Mission. In 1847, 1848, 1849 and 1850, Christ Glaus, Samuel Dickover and H- Ragaty were the missiona ries sent by the Conference, during these years, in which the mem bership was steadily growing. In the year 1850, the first church was built, six miles northeast of Olney, and called the Grand Prairie Church. In 1853, the Indi ana Conference Avas organized, which Conference took Grand Prairie up as a Mission, and sent Rev. P. Burgner as missionary. This year there was another class organized in the town of Olney, with P. P. Bauer as its leader. There was also a church built in the town of Olney, 32x45— cost $700. From 1854 to 1873, the Revs. B. Ruh, Joseph Fisher, J. Fuchs, J. M. Kronmueller, Charles. Wess- ling, C. C- Kohlmeier, W. Wesseler, G. Shmall, H. L. Fisher, Job Berger, Christ Glaus, J. M. Kronmueller and J. Kaufman, were pastors. Rev. J. Kaufman being three years on the Mission,. and in his three years Olney Avas made a Station. In 1873-75, Rev. C- Tramer was sent by the Conference to Olney Station, and labored with good success; 1875-78, W- G. Braeckly was sent by the Con ference to Olney Station, who also worked with good success, and under his charge the new church was built — a fine brick building 45x75— cost $9,000; 1878-79, Rev- M- Speck, was sent on the HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 663 Station; 1879-81, Rev. J. C. Young was pastor in charge of the Olney Station; 1881-84, Rev. H- Schlencher was sent by the Confer ence. The present membership numbers 190- The Grand Prairie class is still served from the pastor of the Olney Station and the local preacher; its membership being twenty-five. Olney Station has a Sunday-school scholarship enrolled of about 200 scholars. Church of Christ — There are ten congregations of this denom ination in Richland County. Two are in Madison Township, at Parkersburg ['and Fairview, each of which has a membership of about seventy-five persons. In Decker Township there are congrega tions at Fransonia and Green Hill, with a membership of about fifty each. In Noble Township there is one, at " Brushville," with a membership of about 100 members under the pastoral charge of Rev. H. M. Sanderson. In Denver Township there aretAvo, with a membership of about 100. There is also one in German Town ship, " Prairie Hall," which -has a : membership of upAvards of 100; one in Claremont ToAvnship, "Eureka," with 110 mem bers, and one in Bonpas Township, "Shiloh," having a membership of 100, under the pastoral charge of Rev. F. M. Sheik. The church at Olney was organized in the year 1867, by W- B. F. Treat, with thirty members. The congregation met in the court house as they had no place of worship of their own, until about 1874, when they secured a hall. In 1878, the church purchased a small frame build ing and fitted it up at a total cost of about $1,200. The pastors succeed ing Mr. Treat have been Revs. Erastus Lathrop,- G. W. Morrell, J. F. James, and John Mavity. The church has been Avithout a regular pastor occasionally, and has enjoyed the services of a large number of ministers who were not regularly employed. The membership now reaches to the number of 125 persons. Of the other churches no reliable data can be given. The Baptist denomination number some seven or eight congregations in the county, and the Moravian, two organizations. St- Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church — As far as is known,. Rev. Seacrist Avas the first Lutheran minister who preached the gos pel to the scattered Lutherans in Richland County, 111. Rev. Daniel Scherer succeeded Rev. Seacrist, and labored faithfully among the people, preaching the gospel and ' administering the sacraments, his field, however, being so large, he called his son Jacob from Get tysburg to his assistance. He preached several years in the log church, in the Schlichenmyer neighborhood, and various other places Rev. C- Kuhl succeeded the Scherers, and organized the Saint 664 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Paul's in 1851-52, two]miles southwest of Olney; he labored but a few years, and was succeeded by Rev. Hunderdasse, who remained but six months or a year. Rev. Swaney was the next Lutheran min ister who supplied the Saint Paul's with the preaching of the gos pel for a year or two. Rev. George H. Schnur became his successor in 1861-62, and continued pastor for several years, when he resigned. The congregation next invited Rev. J. M. Hurkey, from Mount Car mel, to preach for them as a supply until they could obtain a regu lar pastor. In the month of October, 1869, in obedience to a regu lar call, Rev. J. M. Hurkey became the pastor of the church, and remained so until the fall of 1874. During the pastorship of" J. M. Hurkey, the Saint Paul's resolved to^change the place of worship from Schlichenmyer Schoolhouse, to the city of Olney. On the 23d day of September, 1873, the Saint -Paul's laid the corner-stone of their house of worship, according to the ceremonies of the Evangel ical Lutheran Church. The building is a brick 36x65 in size, and was erected at a cost of $4,500- Rev. J. M. Long, succeeded Rev. J. M. Hurkey, in the spring of 1875; Rev. J- P- Schnur, succeeded Rev. J. M. Long in the fall of 1876; Rev. E. A. Best, succeeded Rev. J. P. Schnur in the spring of 1878; Rev. E. Schwartz, present pastor, succeeded Rev. E. A. Best in the spring of 1883. The original membership was as follows: Males. — John Schlichenmyer, Jacob F. Schlichenmyer, Chris tian Schlichenmyer, George Steffy, William Schaffer, Philip Steffy, Fredrick E. Schonart, Lorenzo Krippner, Franklin Krippner, Henry Steffy, Jacob Schlichenmyer, Daniel Schlichenmyer, Daniel Kaltrei- der, Gottlieb Heintzelmann, Henry Krippner, John Sager, George Kaltreider. Females. — Sarah Schlichenmyer, Catharine Schlichenmyer, Mary Schlichenmyer, Eveline Steffy, Susanna Kaltreider, Sarah Steffy, Catharine Mempel, Fredrica Schonart, Elizabeth Krippner, Lydia Kaltreider, Catharine Heintzelmann, Esther A. Sager, Catharine Schaffer. The present membership is seventy. Saint Pauls Evangelical Lutheran Church of Preston. — The Rev. G- H Schnur had been preaching for some time in the neigh borhood of the present Saint Paul's Church, but without any organ ization. In the spring of 1869, Rev. J. M. Single accepted a call from the Claremont Pastorate and commenced preaching at this point. On October 30, 1869, he organized the Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, with the following eleven mem- HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 665 bers, viz.: John Zirkel, Levi Kesler, G- W. Dozer, Socrates Dozer, Henry Stang, Nancy Zirkel, Mary Kesler, Eliza A. Dozer, George Stang, Elizabeth Stang aud Catharine Stang. The Rev. J. M. Sin gle was succeeded by Rev. W. Friday, who served the congregation from February, 1871, to April, 1872. Rev. W. Friday was succeeded by Rev. A. Leathers, who took charge of the congregation in the fall of 1873. The next minister in charge of this church was Rev. J. P- Schnur. He commenced his services on the 10th of Decem ber, 1876- Rev. J. P. Schnur was succeeded by Rev. E- A. Best, who took charge of this congregation, in connection with Olney, in the spring of 1878, and served them until the spring of 1883, when Rev- E- SchAvartz, the present pastor, took charge of the congregation. The present membership of the congregation is fifty- four. The first officers of the church were Levi Kesler, elder, and George W. Dozer, deacon. They were also the first trustees. A Sunday-school, not very large, but in good running order, is kept up during the whole year. The church house in which the congregation worships is a frame building, and Avas erected^in the year 1871, and cost about $1,100. Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church- — This church was organized in 1843, by Rev. Sechrist as pastor. The first edifice was erected in the same year in what is now Olney Township. There were forty-one orig inal members. The second edifice was erected in 1862, in Claremont Township, and the name changed to Saint James Evangelical Luth eran Church. It now has 149 members. The following have been pastors: Revs. D. Scherer, J. Scherer, G Kuhl, G Hunderdasse, D. D. Swuney, G- H. Schnur, J. M. Hurkey, C. L. Luner, and J. Hursh, present incumbent. German Reformed Church-— J-The German Reformed Church at Olney was established and erected by a few families, about ten in number, and mostly all of Swiss emigration. At a meeting on the 24th of June, 1860, the congregation organized itself, and the fol lowing members Avere elected as trustees to manage and facilitate the building of the present church: John Von Gunten, Christian Bohren, J. J. Feutz, John Schilt and Jacob Miller. Operations were immediately commenced by the said trustees; the building site — about one acre of ground, worth $300 — was deeded by Mr. T. W. Lilley, gratis, and the church was erected during the same year, 1860, at a cost of $2,000- A few years after, a fine bell, the best in Olney, was put in the cupola at a cost of $325. In 1874, the par sonage, near the church, was built by the congregation at a cost of 666 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. $1,200; the best parsonage in Olney. The first pastor was Rev. G. F. Launer, an ordained theologian from Switzerland. In 1874, the congregation, through the management of its pastor, Rev. Fr. Judt, an old graduate of Basel, Switzerland, associated itself with the Ger man Reformed Synod of America. The present membership amounts to about sixty, and its present pastor is Rev. Eichen. The German Reformed Church at Grand Prairie — This church Avas established by about twenty families, mostly all of Swiss emigration. In the same settlement there were living a number of families knoAvn as Lutherans, and the two branches, Reformed and Lutherans, were supporting together one church and one pastor in common, for a number of years, but matters did not work all right together; the Lutherans being too orthodox for the liberal minded Reformed, and they separated. At a meeting then held by the Re formed members on the 5th day of February, 1852, a resolution was unanimously adopted to establish and form a church of their own. A few of the prominent members then, such as Peter Ingzi, Chris tian Ingzi, Christian Sterchi, Henry Sterchi, John Jacob Hauck, Philip J. Zimmerle and others, now all dead, took the matter in hand purchased a tract of land of twenty -four and a half acres for a build ing site, and the present church was then erected at a cost of $800. In 1876 or 1877, a very handsome parsonage was also erected near the church; the first pastor, Rev. G- F. Launer, a theological grad uate of Berne, Switzerland. In 1874, the congregation associated itself with the German Reformed Synod of America, through the management of Rev. Fr. Judt, a graduate of the Basel Missionary Society, Switzerland, of many years ago. The present membership is large, amounting to about 100, and its pastor is Rev. Kiper. Olney Presbyterian Church. — This church was organized Janu ary 8, 1858, by a committee of the Palestine Presbytery, Avith these members: Mrs. Mary Knight, Mrs. Elizabeth Darling, Mrs. Mary McClure, Mrs. Milla Burrell, Mrs. Rebecca A. Wilson, Mrs. Harriet N Crozier, John Boyd, James Crozier, Mrs. Jane Wilson, John Henderson, Mrs. Jane Henderson, Miss Mary A. Henderson. Elders of the church, since chosen: George W. Cone, D. Marquis, David Smith, John L. Campbell, James W. Beck, Horace Hayward, Will iam H. Wallace, L. M. Parker, E. Bowyer, J. G Allen, J. H. Mor gan, John Horner, J. P. Wilson. Ministers, since the organization: John Crozier, H. E. Thomas, A. H- Sloat, Solomon Cook, R. J. L. Mathews, John Stuart. The church building is a neat frame structure, erected in 1860, HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 667 at a cost of about $3,000- A parsonage was built in 1864, at a cost of about $1,500. The church and parsonage are on the same lot. The church is out of debt and has a membership of a little over one hundred. In the history of this church the Rev. John Crozier is entitled to special mention, as he was really the founder of the church and has done more since to build up its interests than any other one man. On account of the health of his family he has recently removed to Minnesota. First Congregational Church. — This church was organized in June, 1873, by Rev. Robert West, of Alton, PL, with a membership of twenty-six persons. The first pastor was Rev. Edward Anderson, of Boston, Mass. The first officials of the church were G. W. Frit chey and Prof. David Edmiston, deacons; Horace HoAvard, president, Andrew Darling, J. M. Wilson, Gary Gaddis (Robert Byers, secre tary), trustees; Mrs. M. V. Byers, treasurer; Mrs. Sarah Edmiston, clerk; David Edmiston, Sunday-school superintendent. The pres ent church edifice, a handsome structure in the Gothic style and one of the finest in the city or county, was erected in 1875, at a cost of $8,000. The church has a membership of about sixty persons and is in a flourishiug condition. The pastor is the Rev. D. G McNair. Roman Catholic Church- — The Catholic Church is represented in Richland County by two congregations, one at Stringtown, Ger man Township, and the other at Olney. The first, as noted above, was organized in 1844 as an off-shoot of the church in Saint Marie, in Jasper County. It is served by the officiating priest at Olney, and is in a vigorous condition. A Catholic school was organ ized and a'builcling for this purpose erected in 1879, at a cost of about $300. The membership is composed entirely of Germans, and num bers about fifty families. Saint Joseph's Catholic Church of Olney. — This church was organized about 1855. Before the erection of their present place of worship, in 1859 or 1860, mass was celebrated at the house of Mr. McDonnell. The Redemptionist Fathers have a mission here, and a school. The membership nutnbers about forty-five families. SECRET ORGANIZATIONS. The Masons. — The Masonic Fraternity is the most important of these societies in Richland County, and is represented by Olney Lodge, No. 140, Noble Lodge, No. 362, Parkersburg Lodge, No. 509, F & A. M., Richland Chapter, No. 38, R. A.M.; Olney Council, No. 55, R. & S. M., and Gorin Commandery, No. 14, K. T. The fol- 668 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. lowing sketchof this society is from the pen of G. H. B. Tolle, K. T.r thirty-two degrees, S- P- R- S- : As in almost all other energetic and progressing communities so has in Richland County the Fraternity of Free andAccepted Masons taken a "strong foothold, and has, in the most unmistakable manner, made her beneficiary influence felt. She has taken into her folds not only men from all spheres of life but es pecially have the most prominent and influential men of the county been closely identified with the institution, and, like the "Father of our Country," prided themselves in being one ot the mystic tie, thus gladly assisting in the faithful but unostentatious discharge of the self imposed duties of Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth, the happy and lasting effects of which, upon the society, the scrutinizing eye of the close observer of social and private life can not fail to dis cern nor deny. On the 24th day of August, 1853, Messrs. E. B. Page, H. Clark, T. M. Hinman, F. D. Preston, S. M. Hinman, Joseph Yocom, William Combs and Samuel McClure assembled as Masons, and after due deliberation concluded to and did petition E. B. Ames, Esq., Grand Master of Masons, of Hlinois, for a dispensation to form and open in Olney a regular Lodge of Masons, which prayer was promptly granted, and on September 10, 1853, Olney Lodge, U. D. (under dispensation), A. F. & A. M., held its first regular meeting, with E. B. Page as the first Worshipful Master, and F. D. Preston as the first Secretary. Many Masons, especially from Hutsonville, 111., where the nearest lodge was then located, prominent among whom was the late Hon. Jesse K. Dubois, well known as one of the foremost men of the State, actively participated in the exercises. Mr. John H. Gunn, the well known dry goods merchant of Olney, had the honor of being the first to recieve Masonic light, in the young Lodge. At the session of the Grand Lodge of Masons of Illinois, I. S. Anderson, Grand Master, held October 2, 1854, Olney Lodge, U. D., as a reward for well conducted and faith fully performed work, was duly chartered as Olney Lodge, No. 140, A. F & A. M., with E. B. Page as Worthy Master; and ever since, Olney Lodge has enjoyed not only a happy existence but also the honor of ranking to-day among the best working lodges in the State. On February 14, 1 854, for the first time, the Masons of Olney were called upon to perform the solemn rites of burial over the remains of a departed brother. Mr. John McCollough, the father of Mrs. E. J. Hayward and Mr. John L. McCollough, of Olney, a member of Venus Lodge, No. 8, located at Mansfield, Ohio, had died. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 669< at his residence in the city of Olney. Hea-vy, indeed, has the hand of death rested upon the members of the order, and often can one see the mourners go about the streets. Only two of" the charter mem bers remain among the living — Judge T. D. Preston and Dr. Samuel McClure.. Yet notwithstanding the ranks are rapidly closing our young men take the place of the fallen heroes. Numbered amon» the many who now inhabit the silent city of the dead are Judge Horace Hayward, of whom it may be justly said that he was by far the best posted and most influential Mason in this section of the State. The loss which the craft in Olney has sustained in his death is almost irreparable. The Rev. S- A. Blair, William Cliffe and G. W. Eaton, Coh M. O'Kean, Maj. J. S. Campbell, for many years postmaster in Olney, Jacob Hoffman, E. B. Page, J. P. Cullen, W. H. Cobbs and Father John Knight, who served for over twenty years faithfully as Tyler of Olney Lodge, No. 140, are, with many others, resting from their labors here on earth. But, notwithstanding these heavy losses, the craft grows stronger, and on October 3, 1857, Richland Chapter, No. 38, R. A. M-, was duly chartered, by E. M. Clark, M- E. G- H. Priest of Illi nois, and this move was followed by the charter of Olney Comman dery, No. 14, K. T., dated October 4, 1865, and issued by N. F Pren tice, then Grand Commander of Illinois. The Commandery subse quently changed her name to Gorin Commandery, No. 14, K. T., in honor of the Hon. Jerome R. Gorin, Past Grand Commander, a most prominent citizen and Mason of this State and especially of the city of Decatur, where he still resides. In order still better to supply the wants of the rapidly growing fraternity in Richland County, Maysville Lodge, No. 362, located at Ingraham, Clay County (chartered October 29, 1861), was moved to the town of Noble, on October 5, 1864, continued its labors under the name of Noble Lodge 362, and under the able management of the late Henry Palmer, for many years its Worshipful Master, it attained to the well merited place in the craft and which it contin ues to occupy under the rule of" David Anderson, Esq., its present Master, who also holds the responsible position of Supervisor of the county. All this, however, was not yet sufficient to accommodate the members, especially in the south and southwest part of the county. Grand Master Gorin granted on June 30, 1866, a charter to Messrs. George Mason, M. L. Howe, J. B. Jolly, and others, to form and open Parkersburg Lodge, No. 509, at Parkersburg, 111. This Lodge, as its sisters at Olney and Noble, is in a very prosperous 670 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. condition; and in order to have the American rite Of Freemasonry: fully represented in the county, a council of Royal 'and Selected Masters was organized at Olney and a charter granted to Thomas R. Austin, D. D., and others, by W. H Levanway, M. P. G. M., on October 23, 1872, thereby giving Olney a full representation of all the different bodies constituting the American rite of Freemasonry. (The members being strongly imbued with the principles of mutual' relief, are also largely interested in Masonic Mutual Insurance, rep resented by the Illinois Masons' Benevolent Society, of Princeton,: 111., and especially by the Masonic Benevolent Association of Central niinois, of Mattoon, with G. H. B. Tolle, Esq., of Olney, as their special agent for Southern Illinois and Indiana). Special mention deserves the splendid and substantial building which the Masons of Olney have selected for their home, and while it is surpassed by many others as regards [the elegance and expense of its furniture, yet it is second to none of those it has been the good fortune of the writer to visit, as regards adaptation to the work, and especially as regards ventilation. The building, owned by Messrs. Frank Powers and Charles Schulz, is situated on the corner of Main and Fair streets. On the first floor are two storerooms with a sixteen feet ceiling. The second floor is used as a public hall, finely finished, well ventilated, has an eighteen feet ceiling, and will seat 550 persons comfortably. Access to the second and third stories is gained at the middle of the west side of the building by a stairway, the steps of which are seven feet wide. The third story has been leased by the Gorin Commandery, No. 14, K. T., for a term of twenty years; sub-let to Olney Council, No. 55, Richland Chapter, No. 38, and Olney Lodge, No. 140, and is divided into such rooms and apartments as are needed for a full exemplification of all the degrees conferred by the above named bodies. The lodge-room proper is 40x40, the banquet hall 30x25, the hall of the west 25x16, the parlor 15x15; the remaining rooms are of proportionate size, and all ceilings are fifteen feet high: The body of the building is of brick; the front of the first story is of iron, with four magnificent windows twelve feet high. The second and third stories are of pressed brick with galvanized iron window caps and cornices. The height of the building from the ground is sixty feet.. The structure is the most imposing and by far the most sub stantially built one in the city of Olney. Nothing has been spared to make it strong and durable, and for ventilation, it is, as said CITY RESIDENCE OF HENRY C.SANDS, OLNEY ILL. OWNER OF MEADOW BROOK TRAI N I N6 FARM . HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. 673 before, second to none. It Avas erected under the immediate super vision of H. M. Hall, Esq., superintendent of buildings and bridges of the O- & M. Railway. The corner stone of the building Avas laid with the proper Masonic ceremonies, by Rev. W. H Scott, Most Worshipful Grand Master of Masons, on thefirst.of June, 1880, who, on the evening of the seventh of February, 1881, dedicated the hall to the service of Freemasonry, with the impressive and solemn cer emonies of the craft, in the presence of many distinguished Masons from abroad and about 250 ladies and gentlemen of the city. The membership of these bodies is approximately as follows: Symbolic Lodges, 190; Capitular Masonry, 85; Cryptic Masonry, 37; Chivalric Masonry, 120- The Odd Fellows — Richland Lodge, No. 180, I. O. O- F, of Olney, HI., was organized by James E. Starr, G. M., July 27, 1855. Charter members: William NeAvell, George W. Leaf, John Banks, Thomas J.'Rusk, George W. Haynie. First officers: William Newell, N. G.; Thomas J. Rusk, V. G; G W. Haynie, Secretary; John Bank, Treasurer. Past Noble Grands: William Newell, G- W. Hay nie, G. W. Heap, J. Banks, N. Whitney, R Byers, E. Kitchel, I. C Upton, G. W. Carothers, E. Bowyer, I. S. Robinson, A. Martin, D. Kieffer, S. W. Gunn, S. Baird, W. T. Shelby, James Cochran, John Tagart, K. D. Horrel, W. C Rickard, William Wilson, L. M. Parker, George Kipp, Asher Gaslin, D. T. Clark, Levi Notestein, Henry Marshal, J. R. Johnson, R. G- Fowler, J. H Roberts, W. E. Robin son, J. A. Bourrell, John Gaddis, J. D. Chauncy, W. H. Wallace, William Rhode, A. A. Allbright, G. H B. Tolle, A. J. Goetz, James Bourrell, R. A. Kinney, H. J. Sheets, R Ginther, H. McClurg, O- Jones, J. J. Chastine, E. W. Ridge way, S- S- Millner, M. Froelich, George Hill, H. L. Ince, J. N. Eggleston, John Gruber, A. H. Knost, C Hasler, J. M. Price, N. S- Marshal, W- A. Cope, J. S- Jinkins, F. M. Bourrell, B. E. Betebenner, W. F. Rolan, A. J- Finch, S- J. Baker. In the year 1862, the membership was thirty-nine ; and the finances were Ioav, consisting of Hlinois " wild cat " money worth 12 cents on the dollar. At the close of the war the membership increased to 109 members, in the year 1867, with finances $1,500 ; 1871, cash on hand, $2,309 ; 1883, cash, $226, with $1,300 invested in real estate. The cause of decrease in finances was on account of paying a sick brother benefits for a period of eight years, amounting in all to $1,600. From January 1, 1883, to June 30, 1883, sick .and funeral benefits Avere paid to the amount of $326.25. Mem bership at July report, 1883, sixty-six. Present Officers: W. 41 674 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. A. Cope,N. G.; N. Niblo, V. G-; J. C Herron, Secretary; G. E- Gaddis, Treasurer. List of deaths: John Banks, J. H. Cartwright, L. M. Parker, Charles Wetzlau, Henry Palmer, John Palmer, H. J. Sheets, Will iam Calvert, Alexander Steward, A. J. Goetz, J. G Armstrong, O- Armstrong, George W. Heap, James Cochran, Jacob Blackford, W. E. Robinson, I. S- Robinson, S. S. Burnett, J. M. Brown, Will iam Cobbs, J. B. Gharst, David Holms, J. H. Parker, Henry Seibert, W- W. Wise, A. W. Brewster, F. S. Benton, E. Kitchel, M. Chaplin, A. J. Finch. Sick and funeral benefits paid, $4,375. Olney Encampment, No. 61, I. O- O. F., was organized April 5, 1866, by Dr. Samuel Willard, G. G P., of Chicago, 111. Charter members: J. H. Cartwright, J. R. Hargrave, E J. Hinman, Asher Gaslin, J. Brillhart, J. Oldendorf, P. Hires. First Officers: G P., J. H. Cartwright; H. P., F J. Hinman; S. W., J. Brillhart; J. W., J. R. Hargrave; Scribe, J. Oldendorf; Treasurer, P. Hires. Past Chief Patriarchs: J. H. Cartwright, J. Brillhart, Asher Gaslin, Will iam Newel, W. G Richard, J. R. Johnston, O. Armstrong, J. D. Chauncy, A. A Allbright, John A. Bourrell, G. H- B. Tolle, A. Martin, J. S. Armstrong, Joseph Bourrell, J. H. Roberts, O. Jones, R. Ginther, M. Froehlich, H. L, Ince, S. Sr Millner, J. Gruber, C Hasler, M. Mantz, A- H. Knost, W. A. Cope, W. F. Rolen. Total membership at last report, eighteen. Present officers: G P., John Balmer; H. P., H. L. Ince; S- W., B. E. Betebenner; J. W., W. A. Cope; Scribe, A. Martin; Treasurer, John Gruber. Financial con dition at present, $400. Deaths since organization: John Brillhart, G. W. Heap, J. H. Cartwright, O. Armstrong, J. S. Armstrong, John M. Brown. Sick and funeral benefits since organization, $278. Noble Lodge, No. 482. Charter granted March 12, 1872. Char ter members: I. S- Armstrong, George Ellis, W. E. Alcorn, Henry Cox, and N. Fryburger. James G Beeler was the first man initiated. I. S- Armstrong was the principal mover in the institution of the Noble Lodge. George Ellis and H. Friburger are the only surviv ing charter members. First officers: I. S- Armstrong, N. G. ; W. E. Alcorn, V- G-; N. Fryburger, Secretary; H. Cox, Treasurer. Present officers: Ira P. Jones, N. G-; John Shields, V. G.; Harry C Falconer, Secretary; George Ellis, Treasurer. Since the institution of the Lodge, there have been sixty-seven members initiated. The Lodge now has twenty-eight active members. Property worth at least $400, and $300 in the treasury. The Lodge is in a most pros perous condition. HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 675 Knights of Pythias — Marmion Lodge, No. 52, Knights of Pythias, Avas organized and instituted September 30, 1874, by D. G. O, J- V. Swarthout, of Centralia, 111., with the following charter members: N- S. Marshall, W. F. Beck, Jacob Carter, William Rat- cliff, O- G Moorhead, H. V. Fulton, Ed. F. Ridgway, G. G Ridg way, A. Chaplin, L. Johnston, D. J. Parish, H. Marshall, W. M. Rob inson, George Passmore, J. W. Phillips, IL. G Sands, F. P. Borden, T. Tippit, A. Tippit. The first officers were, Jacob Carter, P. C-; N. S- Marshall, G G; W. F- Beck, V. G; J- W. Phillips, Prelate; Thomas Tippit, M- of E-; G. G Ridgway, M. of" F; O. G Moorhead, K. of R. and S-; W. M. Robinson, M. at A.; Lon. Johnston, I. G.; A. Chaplin, O. G. From that time the Lodge has progressed stead ily, taking a front rank among the benevolent orders in our city. Its membership is composed mostly of young men, and among its ranks you will find the County Clerk, Circuit Clerk, County Super intendent of Schools, City Clerk, the editors of both of the county papers, many merchants and influential citizens of Olney. They have lost but three members by death, viz.: Ed. F. Ridgway, John 0. Ebert, and Jonathan Mills. They occupy an elegantly fitted room in Wisshack's building, and have property aud moneys amount ing to nearly $1,200. Its present membership is seventy-five, among whom are ten Past Chancellors. The Lodge has one member who is an officer of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, in the person of W. F Beck. There is also the Endowment Rank of the K. P.'s Avith a membership of twenty, who carry an insurance on their lives of $40,000. The present officers are as follows: P. G, T. M. Richard son; G G, R. N. Stotler; V. G, J. B. Newman; Prelate, H. B. Wheeler; M. of E., J. T. Ratcliff; M. of F, O. G Palmateer; K. of R. and S-, N. A Lough; M. at A, Ed. Von Gunten; I. G, C. Wei- land; O. G, A. Ensey; Trustees: W. F Beck, R N. Stotler, T. M. Richardson. G. A. R. — Olney Post, No. 92, G. A. R., Department of Illinois, is one of the largest and most flourishing Grand Army posts in the State of Illinois. Comrades Robert Sims and William Mattoon took the initiatory steps for its organization. Gen. Rowley Page, of Galesburg, 111., mustered the Post on April 7, 1881. There were twenty-four charter members, viz. : Eli Bowyer, David Edmi ston, John J. Coons, Theodore Sohifferstein, William Bower, Oris G Palmateer, I. P. Cope, James M. Bradford, Beriah Bicknell, J. A. Sdisbury, E. M. Cummins, J. T. McGinnis, Robert Sims, J. G Rush, John E. Jones, Philip Heltman, Chris. Hasler, William H. 676 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Myers, George Hall, O- H. Clark, H. Bolinger, Jonathan Mills, T. O. Besley and William Mattoon. The Post selected its first offi cers as follows : Post Commander, Gen. Eli BoAvyer ; Senior Vice Post Commander, David Edunston ; Junior Vice Post Commander, John J. Coons ; Surgeon, Theo- Schifferstein ; Officer of the Day, John G Rush ; Chaplain, Rev. O. H- Clark ; Adjutant, T- O- Bes ley ; Quartermaster, William Rhode ; Officer of the Guard, Robert Sims ; Sergeant-Major, William Mattoon ; Quartermaster-Sergeant, William T. Prunty. Memorial Day, May 30, 1881, was duly observed by the Post, whose membership at this time had s welled to one hundred. The Olney Cornet Band and the different societies of the city, in full uniforms and regalias, assembled at the schoolhouse yard, where the vast crowd listened to music and to speeches by Comrade William Mat toon and Gov. John P. St. John, of Kansas; thence proceeding to the cemetery in the presence of 5,000 people, the ritualistic serv ices of the G. A. R. for Decoration Day were held in an impressive manner. Memorial Days, May 30, 1882, and May 30, 1883, Avere observed by Olney Post in a like solemn and impressive manner. Speeches were delivered by Hon. J. C- Allen and by Hon. E. Callahan, of Robinson, 111., to immense throngs, who came in delegations from a distance. William Mattoon, for the year 1882, and J. H. Sense- man, for the year 1883, were elected and served as Commanders of the Post. , Among those who are deserving of special mention for their gen erous and untiring work in promoting the welfare of Olney Post, we mention p]li Bowyer, J. G Rush, Theodore Schifferstein, J. A. Berry and David Fleming. Our Post has enrolled about 250 mem bers, of whom 150 comrades are at this writing in good standing. We have lost but two members by death since our organization, viz. : Comrades H. J. Sheets and Jonathan Mills. Olney Post has been instrumental in the organization, and actually mustered sixteen new posts of the Grand Army at places as folloAvs : Newton, Mount Carmel, Sumner, Fairfield, Enfield, Xenia, Noble, Jeffersonville, West Salem, Louisville, Ingraham, Bible Grove, Bone Gap, Bird Station, Willow Hill and, Rose Hill. This Post is also entitled to the credit of having successfully planned and managed the grand Soldiers' Reunion, held at Olney, 111,, on October 10, 11 and 12, 1883. Major H. M. Spain, Commander of the Camp, Captain H. M. Hall, Chairman of the Executive Committee, and Philip Heltman, HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 677 Quartermaster, performed faithful and invaluable services. Captain John S- Cochennore, the one-legged soldier, mounted on his dash ing steed, in the sham battle, achieved great honor for his chivalry in the charge, and final victory, amid the roar of cannon and the din of musketry. All the State officers but one were present. Gov. Hamilton, Old Dick Oglesby, Gen. Cullom and others, de livered able addresses, that were listened to with deepest interest by the great multitude of 20,000 people. Olney Post has alw ays been free from political dissension, and her charities have relieved many soldiers and their widows and orphans in distress. During the late Soldiers' Reunion, October 10, 11 and 12, 1883, held at Olney, 111., through the efforts of" Mrs. Dr. Rowland and others, a fine silk banner worth forty dollars was procured and presented to Olney Post, No. 92. The present officers, elected December 7, 1883, are as follows : H. M. Spain, Commander ; J. C- Rush, S. V. C ; George Hall, J. V. G ; J. A. Berry, O. D. ; I. O- "Wolf, O. G ; Dr. E. Rowland, Surgeon ; H. I. Ince, Chaplain ; W. H. Wolf, Quartermaster. I. O. M. .A— -Olney Lodge, No. 95, of I. O. M. A, of Illinois, was organized October 5, 1880, with thirty-five members, by M. L. Ross, D. G. P-, of Quincy, 111., (since deceased). Original members : Fletcher T. Phillips, Fred. Sterchi, William Allen ,'Samuel P. Herron, J. M. Price, S- S. Millner, William Voigt, John Balmer, Frank Boon, L. - Gossman, LL J. Hahn, A. E. Stamm, Simon B. Reinhard, Austin F. Struble, Alex. Tennyson, N S- Marshall, W. J. Wolfe, J. J. Coons, S- Y. Pearson, Chris. Balmer. D. Bryan, Albert Rat cliff, Peter Dietrich, S- A. Whitney, John T. Shaw, Peter Brillhart, William A. Thompson, F. M. Bourrell, H. H. Kingsbury, G. H. B. Tolle, J. L. Randel, L. A. Warren, W. H. H To oley, Jonathan Mills, (deceased), John Gries. Joined since, up to November 30, 1883 : G. W. Armsey, G W. Sparr, J. F. Runyen, F. E. Schonert, Charles Fletcher, Martin Mantz, W- A. Cope, Chris. Launer, B. E. Beteben- ner, John Krieg, David Jones, John Robards, H. G. Fahs , A. H. New- sum, D. H. McGahey, William Rhode, William Ferriman, L. W. Palmateer. The officers at organization were : Past President, J. J. Coons ; President, S- S- Millner ; Vice President, H. H Kingsbury ; Record ing Secretary, W. J.Wolfe ; Financial Secretary, J. M. Price ; Treas urer, F. M. Bourrell ; Trustees, N. S- Marshall, J.J.Coons, S. P. Her ron ; Conductor, A. Tennyson ; Inside Guardian, P. Brillhart ; Out side Guardian, J. Balmer ; Chaplain, J. T. Shaw. Present officers : 678 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. President, B. E. Betebenner ; Vice President, J. F. Runyen ; Record ing Secretary, N S. Marshall ; Financial Secretary, J. M. Price ; Trustees, Fahs, McGahey, Runyen ; Conductor, W. A. Cope ; Inside Guardian, John Balmer ; Outside Guardian, P. Dietrich. The Lodge is in a flourishing condition, financially and otherwise. Catholic Knights of America — -Olney Branch, No. 173, Catholic Knights of America, was chartered March 31, 1881, with the fol lowing charter members : Rev. John W. Muscher, Thomas Brassie, John T. Dolan, Richard Lewis, Maurice Buckley, Felix Brassie, William Steed, Sebastian Gast, William Harget, Frank P. Gilles pie, Isadore Brassie, Augustus Brassie and L. J. Schifferstein. Char ter received and organized, Ambrose Schneider being admitted as member with card from Trenton Branch, No. 50, G K. of A., and the following officers Avere elected to serve until last meeting in December, except two trustees, which were to serve, one for one year following from last meeting, and second for two years follow ing from last meeting in December; following officers were elected : Rev. John W. Muscher, Spiritual Director ; Frank P. Gillespie, President ; William Harget, Vice President ; Anabrose Schneider, Recording Secretary ; John Thomas Brassie, Financial Secretary ; Felix Brassie, Treasurer ; William Steed, Sentinel ; Isadore Brassie, Sergeant-at-Arms ; L. J. Schifferstein, Maurice Buckley, A. Brassie, Trustees. The Branch is in a flourishing financial condition, and has a membership of thirteen. Following are the present officers (December, 1883) : Rev. John W. Muscher, Spiritual Di rector ; William Harget, President ; William Steed, Vice Pres ident ; Ambrose Schneider, Recording Secretary ; John Thomas Brassie, Financial Secretary ; Sebastian Gast, Treasurer ; Isa dore Brassie, Sergeant-at-Arms ; Richard Lewis, Sentinel ; Isa dore Brassie, Trustee for one year ; Rev. John W. Muscher, for two years ¦ Maurice Buckley, for three years. A. 0- U- W- — This is a fraternal organization which combines with it a feature of insurance, which guarantees to the legatees of the member the sum of $2,000 upon his demise. Olney Lodge, No. 76, was organized May 3, 1877, by W. LL McCormick, of Beards town, III., Deputy Grand Master, with the following officers and charter members : P. M. W., J. M. Longenecker ; M. W., W. F. Beck ; F-, T- H Johnson ; O., J. J. Coons ; Recorder, W. H.Wolfe ; Fin., J. H- Roberts ; Receiver, J. B. Gharst ; Guide, N. S- Marshall ; I. W., H. G. Fahs ; O- W-, S- G Wilson. Members : J. G Brock- man, O- B. Morehouse, S. Bacharach, G Launer, D. Scott, J. S- HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 679 Johnston, M. Froehlich, R. H. Harrison, W. A- Campbell, M- E. Bacharach, John Fleming,] G F. Fleming, G S. Mitchell, L. J. Schifferstein, Henry Godeke, Aden Knoph, P. Shepherd, G N., Payn, J. P. Wilson, Chris. Eggler, S. T Wells, H. M. Hall, J. Carter, D. B. Ridgley. This Lodge has been exceedingly prosper ous, and to-day has a membership of one hundred. It has lost by death four members, J. B. Gharst, W- H. Richey, Chris. Burgener and E. B. Barnard. They formerly occupied the hall of the Knights of Pythias, but in October, 1882, they rented their present hall, leasing the hall for twenty years. They were partially burnt out November 8, 1882, by the burning down of the Von Gunten building. It was with difficulty that the building was saved, but its trustees be ing practical business men, had their property insured, thus meet ing with no financial loss. The Lodge has been very prosperous since its organization, and to-day has a handsome cash surplus in the treasury. The Lodge has-been honored by having its first Master Workman, W. F. Beck, elected to the second highest position in the Grand Lodge, that of Grand Foreman. The Lodge is composed mostly of business men, and comprises among its members many prominent citizens, viz. : the Sheriff of the County, the Mayor, City Clerk, and City Marshal. They meet regularly every Tuesday night, in their hall opposite the court house, and where visiting brethren are cordially invited. The present officers are as follows : P. M. W., William Rhode ; M. W., W. H. Wolfe ; F., F. Bohren ; 0-, J. H. Roberts ; Guide, G. P. Kaley ; Recorder, F. H. Fisk ; Fin., O. C. Palmateer ; Receiver, J. H. Shepherd ; I. W-, C Egg ler; O. W., A Ensey. Olney Legion, No- 18, Select Knights- — This Legion was insti tuted October ilth, 1882, by Deputy Grand Commander John L. Hundley, of Fairfield, 111., with thirty-eight members. This is a higher grade of the order of Ancient Order of United Workmen, and is a semi-military organization, and is beneficiary in its objects. A person to become a Select Knight must be a Master Workman in good standing. First Officers : H. Godeke, S. G ; S. Fishback, V. G ; O. G Palmateer, L. C. ; R. R. Byers, Recorder ; H. Mehmert, Treasurer ; E M. Spring, Recording Treasurer ; F. Bohren, Chap lain ; W. L. McFarland, S- B. ; J. G Van Allmen, S. W. ; W. P. Shepherd, J. W. ; J. J. Coons, M. ; John Schaar, Sr., G. ; James Hollister, William Rhode and F. Schmadel, Trustees. Present officers : H. Godeke, S. C ; W. F. Beck, V. G ; O. G Palmateer, L. C. ; G. P. Kaley, Recorder ; G. Gaddis, Treasurer ; E M. Spring, 680 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Recording Treasurer ; F. Bohren, Chaplain ; F H- Fisk, S. B. ;: J. G Van Allmen, S. W. ; John Bohren, J. W. ; Arch. Spring, M. ; Jacob Schiet, G. ; W. F. Beck, G F Fleming and G. R. Kaley, Trustees. Meet first and third Thursday evenings of each month. Calhoun Lodge, No. 166, A- 0- U- W-, of FairvieAv, Madison Township, Richland Co., PL, was instituted in April, 1880, by W. F Beck, D. G. M. W., with some eighteen or more charter members, whose names, as well as those of the first officers, are to the writer unknown. At this date (January, 1884), the Lodge has a mem bership of some fifty or sixty, and is in a flourishing condition, both financially and otherwise. The Lodge contemplates the erection of a new and elegant hall during the coming summer. The first or charter members Avere : Warren Frazee, J. E. Will- son, F. M. Heath, S. S. Canby, R. A. Hunt, James Dodds, D. W. Pritchett, F. M. Kent, J. H. Deem, J. P. Soliss, J. R. Roberts, Cable Hauser, Levi Williamson, R. F. Crandell, M. Von Cong- don. Officers : M. Von Congdon, P. M. W. ; J. P. Soliss, M. W. ; Levi Williamson, F. ; Warren Frazee, O. ; R. A. Hunt, Financier ; J. E. Willson, Receiver ; S. S- Canby, Guide ; James Dodds, G. W. ;. F. M. Heath, O. Wr. ; J. H. Deem, R. F Crandell and D.W. Pritchett, Trustees. Opened with fifteen members ; now have forty-eight; have lost two by death. Our first assessment was $15. The first Finan cier's Report was $6.50, and the Receiver's Report $7.50. We now have over $200 in notes, in the hands of the Trustees, and the last re port of the Receiver was $77.50. The Financier's Report of No vember 24, was $63.75. J%S<3^ HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 683 THE WAR RECORD. ' I "HE period of the Avar of the Rebellion is a memorable one in ¦*¦ every community of the whole country. It marks an epoch in our local as well as national history, and the traces of its influence are found in a thousand forms. This sudden termination of the political agitation which had preceded, brought men face to face with an emergency that they were hardly prepared to meet. Most of the people of" Richland were equal to the occasion; some wavered for a time, and some became embittered. The changes in political senti ment was, in many cases, radical and inexplicable. Some earnest, old time Whigs became bitter opponents to the prosecution of the war, and many determined Democrats who opposed the Republican programme up to the first fields of the war, became ardent support ers of the administration. There was a good deal of intemperate partisan spirit manifested by both parties in Richland County during this period, and some rather serious clashing occurred. Enlistments early began to take place here, and a large number of volunteers from this county was found in the Eighth Infantry Regiment. While the preponderance of sentiment was largely in favor of sustaining the government, there was not that overwhelming power which led the Unionists to calmly listen to the vaporings of the opposition. Occasionally a man whose discretion was overruled by the effect of liquor would disturb the equilibrium of the community by shouting for Jeff. Davis or the Southern Confederacy, and the result was, too often, a disgraceful brawl. A United States Marshal and a few troops were stationed at Olney some part of the time, and some col lisions occurred that were unfortunate. On one occasion the Democratic paper was attacked and destroyed by a'jmob of the soldiery. While such acts were clearly indefensible, the sentiment of the community palliated the offense on the ground that sufficient cause had been given to enrage the soldiers, and there was no redress known to the machinery of the law. It would have been desirable to prevent the outrage, but to attempt to punish the offenders would have involved evils which were worse than the complaint. Deserters found in this section of the State sympathy and refuge, and Avere the occasion of much of the disturbance. On one occasion the Marshal had several men under arrest, and the Sheriff of Jasper County Avith a large posse of men from that and CraAvford County came to Olney for the to 684 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. avowed purpose of securing their release. ", Reports of this raid came to town. The court house was garrisoned by a number of armed citizens and preparations made to inaugurate war right here if the proposed attack was made. Some 300 or 400 men did approach the town, but a good many had by that time had opportunity to consider the nature of the expedition. They argued very pertinently that if they killed any one it was murder, but if any one of them were killed it would be justifiable homicide, and thus arriving at the conclusion they had nothing to gain but everything to lose, their ardor cooled and the larger proportion of the mob never entered the city. A very considerable number, however, did march into the town, but they met with such a determined set of, men that their expedition proved similar to that kind of the nursery rhyme, who " marched up a hill with twice five thousand men, aild then marched them back again." It is said that a body of men laid in ambush in the ceme tery to waylay the invaders when they returned, but that they escaped by umvittingly taking another route. Whatever the truth may be, there was no blood shed on this occasion, and there was no possible chance of the mob effecting anything 7they sought. It was a miserable fiasco and only serves to show how the excitement of the time obscured the judgment of the people. An incident is related which, laughable as it is, in the light of the issue, might have been a very serious matter. It is said that some of the boys got the idea that in case of war, in the event of killing a man, the marksman obtained the horse of his victim, and it is further stated that boys were found in possession of loaded pistols, " marking their man," and only waiting for the firing to begin to secure their share of the trophies. Under such circumstances it is marvelous that a serious affray was not precipitated, and may be explained jirobabry on the theory of an " armed reconnoissance." There were frequent rumors of other raids, but it proved in each case to be " sound and fury, meaning nothing." Two companies of troops were raised early in 1861, by Cap tains Livingston and Byers, and in May, the Board of Supervisors appropriated money to uniform them, but this action was subse quently found to be illegal and it was rescinded. The Board subse quently appointed the Supervisor of each township a committee to supply the wants of needy families of volunteers, and in 1863 a levy of a half-mill was made for this purpose. There seems to have been no disposition to withhold any aid that could be properly given, and they thus expended some $2,500. One or two attempts were HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 685 made to provide bounties for volunteers, but the majority of the Board opposed the expense. On January 31, 1865, under the threat ened draft, the Board was moved to offer a bounty, and recorded their action as follows : " Whereas, the Board of Supervisors of Richland County, from motives of patriotism, and desire of furnish ing men to fill the quotas demanded by the government, it is there fore ordered by the Board of Supervisors of Richland County that a bounty of $100 be paid to each of eighty-six volunteers on their being mustered into the service and credited to Richland County." Provision was made for securing the money for this outlay, and it was subsequently provided that such as had put substitutes in the ;army, had served, or families who had lost a member in the service, should be relieved of the tax imposed to pay this bounty. Only some twenty-seven men Avere paid this bounty at first, but claims were subsequently made and allowed which made the aggregate expense of the county for bounties reach the sum of $3,400- The total expenditure from the county treasury in relation to its volun teers reaches only $5,900- The Adjutant-General's report gives the summary report of the quotas and credits of Richland County as follows: Population in 1860, 9,709. First and second-class enroll ment in 1863, 1,492; in 1864, 1,483; revised enrollment, January, 1865, 1,403. Quotas, 1861, 272; 1862, 186; under the call of Febru ary 1, and March 14, 1864, 336; under the' call of July 18, 1864, 231. The total quotas up to this time Avas 1,025, and the total credits, 1,523, making an excess of 498 to the credit of the county. On December 31, 1865, the net quota of the county was 495, just equal to the excess to its credit; it had an additional credit, however, of 54, making a total credit of 1,577, an excess of 54 above the total quota for the war. It would be impossible to trace the citi zens of Richland County in the army if attempted; a considerable number found their way in Missouri regiments, and in numbers of from two to twenty in a number of Illinois regiments. A feAV names are foundon the rolls of Company D, Eighteenth Illinois Infantry ; of Company F, Forty-Sixth Illinois Infantry; companies H and K, For ty-Eighth .Illinois Infantry; Company D, Forty-Ninth Illinois Infantry, and Company I, Sixty-Sixth Illinois Infantry. Eighth Illinois Infantry. — In Company D, of this regiment, Richland County was represented by nearly a full company. It was not the first raised here but it got into the field first, and was mustered "in the second regiment that Illinois sent out. The company first enlisted for the three months' service, but subse- 686 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. quently enlisted for three years. The first officers of the company were; Captain, John Lynch, who was soon afterward promoted and succeeded by William S. Marshall; First Lieutenant, L. M. Starts- man; Second Lieutenant, J. H. Roberts. During the three months' service it was stationed at Cairo, 111., Avhere it was mustered out at the expiration of its term of enlistment. It was reorganized on July 25, 1861, with the folloAving officers : L. M. Startsman, Captain ; J. W- Robards, First Lieutenant ; J. B. Jones, Second Lieutenanti Lieutenants Robards and Jones were subsequently promoted regu larly to the captaincy, Albert W. Birch being commissioned First Lieutenant subsequently, and Augustus E. Barrett and Daniel Bows holding the commission of Second Lieutenant successively, in the company. The reorganized company contained a number of men from Jasper County, and while an extended sketch of the regiment will be found in another part of this volume, it will not be out of place to give a concise sketch of the regiment's career. The regi ment remained at Cairo, 111., after its reorganization, until October, 1861, Avhen it was ordered to Bird Point, Mo. From this point in February, 1862, the Eighth embarked for the Tennessee River and took part in the attack on Forts Henry and Donelson. In March, it proceeded to Savannah on its way to Pittsburg Landing. In the engagement at this place, the regiment was severely handled, and out of 478 officers and men, it lost 132 killed, wounded and missing.. This great loss is partially accounted for by a charge which the Eighth made in company with the Eighteenth Missouri on a Rebel battery. The battery was captured, but the fearful fire of the guns told in the list of casualties. After the fatigues and dangers of the siege of Corinth, the regiment proceeded to Bethel and subsequently to Jackson, where it remained till November 10, 1862, when it was ordered to Lagrange, Tenn. Here the Eighth remained until early in January, 1863, the monotony of post life being varied by an expedition to Water Valley. On moving from Lagrange, the regi ment proceeded to Grand Junction and thence to Memphis. From thence it embarked for Lake Providence, and subsequently to Milli- ken's Bend ; in May, took part in Sherman's campaign about Jack son, and followed the enemy up to his lines about Vicksburg. Here on the 22d, the regiment took part in the terrible assault on Fort Hell, and during the siege the line of the regiment was within 300 yards of Fort Fisher, and in the vicinity of which Grant and Pemberton arranged the terms of surrender. The regiment remained here until February 3, 1864, when it commenced the Meridian Cam- HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 687 paigu, under General Sherman. The regiment re-enlisted and was veteranized March 24, 1864, and returned to Illinois for veteran fur lough. On its return to the field it was consolidated with another fragment, and remained at Vicksburg, taking part in various expe ditions until October, when it embarked for Memphis. On January 1, 1865, the regiment left for NeAV Orleans, and Avas stationed some fifteen miles above the city. _ The Eighth took part, subsequently, in the campaign against Mobile, and then returned to New Orleans. May 31, it started for Texas, arriving at Marshall in June. Here it was stationed until the early part of 1866, when it was ordered back to Baton Rouge and was mustered out May 4, and arrived at Spring field, 111., some nine days later Sixty-Third Illinois Infantry. — In this regiment Richland County was represented by nearly four full companies. The first Colonel, Francis Moro; the second Lieutenant-Colonel, Henry Glaze, Avho went out as Major, were both from Richland, as was also the Chaplain, Stephen Blair. The companies from this county were mustered into the service as Companies A, C, E, and I. The officers of Company A, were: Richard McClure, Captain; First-Lieutenants, C E. Cartwright, until June 30, 1863, and V- E. Phillips; Second Lieutenants, V. E. Phillips, until June 30, 1863, and Simeon Myers. Of Company C, the officers Avere: W- M. Bougan, until|April 9, 1865, and John Snuffin, Captains; Alfred Laws, until February 24, 1864, John Snuffin until June 6, 1866, and J. N. Carlisle, First Lieuten ants; Jacob Lewis, until April 10, 1865, and James N. Pope, Sec ond Lieutenants. Of Company E, the officers were: Captains, H. E. Gilbert, H. H. Walser and W. C. Keen; First Lieutenants, H. H. Walser, W. G Keen, Charles Drennan; Second Lieutenants, W. G Keen, J A. Jordan, Henry Donely. Of Company I, Captains, J. B. Craig, G- F. Glossbrenner, J. H. C- Dill; First Lieutenants, G- F. Glossbrenner, J. H. G Dill, Peter Kelley; Second Lieutenants, J. H. C. Dill, I. S- Robinson. This regiment was organized at Camp Du bois, at Anna, 111., in the month of December, 1861, by Colonel Francis Moro, and mustered into the United States service April 10, 1862. On the 27th instant, it was ordered to Cairo, and from thence, in the middle of the following month, to Henderson, Ky., but returned to Illinois in a few days. In the early part of August, the Sixty-Third was ordered to Jackson, Tenn., and assigned to the Fourth Brigade, Seventh Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, Colonel Stevenson, of the Seventh Missouri, commanding the brigade, and General John A. Logan commanding the division. In September, 688 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Colonel Moro resigned, and Lieutenant-Colonel McCown took com mand of the regiment. On November 10, the regiment moved with the army to La grange, and on the 28th marched with the advance against Pember ton, compelling his retreat to Grenada, Miss., when the force returned to Lagrange. Here the regiment remained until the latter part of January, when it was assigned to the proAdsional Division of General Veach, but did not move until May, 1863. The Sixty-Third then proceeded to Vicksburg, and went on picket at Young's Point until May 21, when it crossed the river at Warren ton, and completed the- investment of the city on the extreme left. Three days later the regiment was ordered to report to Gen. Logan, on the right cen ter, and on the same night was relieved by the Forty-Sixth Illinois, which lost five companies captured that night. On the following day the regiment reported to Logan and was assigned to duty. In June the regiment was assigned to Mower's Brigade, Seventeenth Army Corps, and moved to Milliken's Bend, to protect the place. On June 16th, the Sixty-Third took part in the fight at and destruction of Richmond, La., and returned to Young's Point, where it remained until after the surrender and then went on post duty at Vicksburg, July 5, 1863. In the same month it was assigned to the First Brigade, Seventh Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, Col. J. J. Alexander, of the Fifty-Ninth Indiana, commanding the bri gade, Gen. John E. Smith commanding the division. September 12, the regiment moved to Helena, Ark., from thence in the latter part of the month to Memphis, and in the following month toward Chattauooga. On the 7th of October, the division was assigned as Third Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps. The regiment reached Chattanooga via Bridgeport, Ala., on the 20th, and participated in the battle of Mission Ridge on the 23d and 24th of November, 1863. On the defeat of the enemy the Sixty-Third took part in the pursuit as far as Ringgold, Ga., when it returned to Bridgeport, Ala., and subsequently moved to Huntsville to go into winter quarters, arriving there December 26, 1863. On January 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans, and on April 3, were ordered home on furlough, arriving at Centralia on the 10th of the month. May 13, the furlough having expired, the regiment left Centralia and reported at Huntsville, Ala., on the 21st of the month. Two days later the regiment moved to Triana, on the Tennessee River, and on the 15th of the following month returned to the army, and moved thence to Kingston via Chattanooga, where it was assigned HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 689 to railroad guard duty till November 11, when the command was ordered to join General Sherman. From this time on it participated in the march to the sea, leaving Atlanta, on the 15th of November and arriving at the defenses of Savannah, December 10; participated in the attack on the Ogeechee Canal, and on the 12th moved to Miller's Station, on the Gulf Railroad, where it kept up a strong picket line on the approaches until December 21, when the city sur rendered. The Sixty -Third was then assigned to guard duty at Forts Wimberly, Beaulieu, Bonaventure and Rose Dew. January 19, 1865, the regiment started under orders through the Carolinas. At Sisters Ferry, the high water forced the brigade to return to Savannah, from whence it proceeded by water to Beaufort, and from thence rejoined its corps at Pocotaligo, S. C, January 30, 1865. From this point forward the Sixty-Third took part in the Car olina campaign, losing one officer and twenty-five men by the explo sion of the arsenal at Columbia, S. G The regiment shared in the battles and skirmishes of this campaign, losing five men at Lynch's Creek, and Lieut.-Coh Isaminger, commanding Division Pioneer Corps, who was captured not over 300 yards from the head of the column. On March 21, the regiment took part in the battle of Ben- tonville, and on the 24th entered Goldsboro. Here the regiment remained until April 10, and while here was complimented by the Inspector General of the Army of the Tennessee, for the appear ance of the camp and the soldierly bearing of the men. The non- veterans were mustered out on the 9th, and on the following day the regiment moved to Raleigh, and on the 25th, the Third Division, Fifteenth Army Corps, being discontinued, the Sixty-Third was transferred to the Second Brigade, Fourth Division, Fifteenth Army Corps. In the latter part of April, the regiment moved to Rich mond, and from thence to Alexandria, taking part in the grand review at Washington, on May 24, and going into camp three miles north of the city. In June, the regiment moved via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad to Parkersburg on the Ohio River, and thence to Louisville, Ky., where it encamped on the Woodlawn Race Course. July 13, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and left for Camp Butler, Illi nois, where the regiment arrived July 16, 1865. A summary of the regimental statistics is as follows: Original aggregate, 888 men. Present when re-enlisted, 322 men. Two companies were not eligi ble as veterans, but of the eight remaining companies, 272 re-en listed. Arrived at Camp Butler with 272 men. Distance traveled by rail 2,208 miles; by water, 1,995 miles; by marching, 2,250 miles — a total of 6,453 miles. 690 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. Ninety-Eighth Illinois Infantry. — This regiment was organized of men drawn from the counties of Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Clay, Effingham and Marion- Of the regimental officers, Richland County contributed the first Lieutenant-Colonel, Edward Kitchel, who subse quently was promoted to Colonel and Brevet-Brigadier-General; D. D. Marquis, originally Captain and promoted to Major and Lieu tenant-Colonel; F. D. Preston, Quartermaster. Companies B and G were principally drawn from this county, and a considerable num ber in H. The officers of Company B, were: Captains, D. D. Marquis, W. E. Hoffman; First Lieutenants, W. E. Hoffman, W. G Rickard, Austin Jenkins; Second Lieutenants, W. G Rickard, T. W. Scott, Austin Jenkins, Milton Chaplin. The officers of Company G, were from other counties, save the original ones. These were: Frederick A. Johns, Captain; L. D. Laws, First Lieutenant; William Jobes, Second Lieutenant. Of Company H, Richland furnished the Captain, Thomas Johnson, and Ephraim Martin, First Lieutenant. T.W- Scott of Company B, was subsequently Captain of Company K, of the same regiment. The Ninety-Eighth Infantry, Illinois Volunteers, was organized at Centralia, Illinois, September, 1862, by Colonel J. J. Funkhouser, and mustered into the United States service on the 3d of the same month. On the 8th instant, the regiment proceeded under orders to Louisville, Ky. At Bridgeport, Hh, while en route, the train was thrown from the traek by a misplaced switch, and Capt. O- L. Kelley and seven men killed, and seventy-five wounded. On the 9th the regiment moved to Jeffersonville and went into quar ters at Camp Joe Holt. On the 19th it moved to Shepherdsville; on the 30th to Elizabethtown, and from thence to Frankfort, where it arrived on the 9th of October. On the 11th, it moved in quest of an enemy to Versailles, from which the rebels retreated, leaving some 200 sick in the hospital. The regiment at this time was in the For tieth Brigade, which was made up of the Seventy-Second and Sev enty-Fifth Indiana Infantry, Ninety-Eighth Illinois Infantry and Thirteenth Indiana Battery, Col. A. O. Miller, of the Seventy-Sec ond Indiana, commanding. This brigade was assigned to the Twelfth Division of the Army of" the Ohio. Returning to Frankfort after the expedition to Versailles, the regiment with its brigade marched via Bardstown, Munfordville and Glasgow to Bowling Green, where it arrived on the 3d of No vember. On the 10th the brigade and division moved to Sco ttsville, thence to Gallatin on the 25th, to Castilliaii Springs on the 28th, and to Bledsoe Creek on the 14th of December. Here Gen. Rey- S HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 691 nolds took command of the division. The Seventeenth Indiana In fantry was also assigned to the brigade, Col. Wilder of that regi ment assuming the brigade command, and on the 26th of Decem ber the march was begun northward in pursuit of Morgan, reaching Glasgow on the 31st. From this point, on January 2, 1863, the bri gade proceeded to Cave City, and from thence to Nashville and Mur freesboro. Here the regiment was assigned to the First Brigade, Fifth Division of the Fourteenth Army Corps, the brigade being composed of the Seventeenth and Seventy-Second Indiana, One Hundred and TAventy-Third and Ninety-Eighth Illinois Infantry. In the latter part of January, the brigade made an expedition to Bra- dyville and returned to do guard duty for forage trains and scouting. Early in March the Ninety- Eighth was ordered to be mounted, and 350 men were provided with horses by the 15th. Soon afterward the whole brigade was mounted, and on the 1st of April moved out on an eight days' scout, going to Roan, Lebanon and Snow's Hill and return. On the 13th, the brigade moved to Lavergne and Frank lin, returning to Murfreesboro. On the 20th, the brigade again moved out to McMinnville, and destroyed a cotton factory and capt ured a railroad train; on the 22d and 23d, moved by way of Lib erty to Alexandria and joined Gen. Reynolds' command; on the 27th raided to Lebanon, capturing a large number of horses and mules ; and on the 29th, returned to Murfreesboro. May 6, the One Hundred and Twenty-Third Illinois was assigned to the brigade and mounted in stead of the Seventy- Fifth Indiana, and in the latter part of the month, the brigade made a reconnoissance to the front, driving in the enemy's pickets with some loss. On the 31st the Ninety-Eighth was armed with the Spencer repeating rifle, which proved an effective arm. In June the command moved out on the Liberty road, and attacked the First Kentucky and Eleventh Texas Cavalry, capturing tAventy pris oners and five Ava°-ons. June 16, it moved to Dark Bend, on the Ten- nessee River, and on the 10th attacked the enemy at Liberty, driv ing their rear guard of 150 men to Snow's Hill. On the 24th of June, the Army of the Cumberland moved out on the Chickamauga campaign, the Ninety-Eighth occupying a position on the right flank. At Hoover's Gap the regiment came in contact with the enemy, repulsing them, and suffering a loss of one man killed and five wounded. The brigade then moved on the flank of the Fourth Division, cutting the railroad at Decherd, driving the enemy from the stockades, and returning to the army at Manchester on the 1st of July. From this time to the 16th of August the regi- 42 692 HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY. ment was in the vicinity of Wartrace and Decherd foraging for horses and mules, capturing about 1,000 head. The brigade was about this time further augmented by the addition of the Ninety- Second Illinois, and moved Avith the general advance of the army in August, over the Cumberland Mountains and Waldron's Ridge to Poe's Tavern, and September 9, forded the Tennessee and moved in advance of Chittenden's Corps, toward Ringgold. Onthellth, it moved to Tunnel Hill, skirmishing with Forrest; 12th, moved to Gordon's Mills; 13th, laid in line of battle, skirmishing with the enemy, and on the 14th, moved to Stephenson's Gap. On the 17th, moved to Alexander's bridge, and on the 18th the battle of Chicka mauga began. The Ninety-Eighth did good service in this action and lost five killed and thirty-six Avounded, Col. Funkhouser being wounded. During the remainder of the month the regiment marched to Stevenson, guarding prisoners, and returned. On the 1st of Ootobor, this brigade, with the First and Twenty-Fifth brigades of cavalry under Gen. Crook, started in pursuit of Wheeler. On the 2d, the command, crossing Waldon's bridge, moved through Sequat chie Valley to the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, and on the 3d, the Ninety-Eighth Illiuois and Seventeenth Indiana came upon a brigade of the enemy, left as a rear guard, and attacked it, defeating the enemy and inflicting a loss of fifteen or twenty men. Pushing forward, the expedition drove the enemy from McMinnville, on the 4th, and on the 7th came up Avith the enemy near Shelbyville, charged him and captured fifty prisoners, losing only two wounded in the engagement. The Ninety-Eighth was engaged in the suc ceeding fight at Farmington, and Avas engaged in the pursuit of Wheeler until the 19th instant, when he crossed the Tennessee and escaped. The brigade then went into camp at Maysville until the 21st of November, when it proceeded to Chattanooga and was num bered Third Brigade, in the Second Division of Cavalry, Gen. Crook commanding; the Ninety-Eighth regiment had 200 effective men, mounted. The Second Division proceeded at once across the Chickamauga on pontoons, and marched up the Tennessee River to Bly's Ferry, and thence to Tine's Station, cutting the railroad and telegraph lines in sight of Bragg's camp fires. On November 24, the command capt ured a wagon train of sixty wagons and moved into Cleveland. On the 26th, the Ninety-Eighth had a slight skirmish with the enemy, losing two men wounded. On the 28th of November, 1863, the regiment numbered 150 men, mounted, the dismounted portion HISTORY' OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. 693 returning to Huntsville under command of Major Marquis. On December 1, the regiment was in the advance of Sherman's army, came in contact with the enemy and drove him as far as Loudon. Thence the line of march led across the Little Tennessee, to Knox ville; thence to Maysville and Murphy, and going into camp on the 15th, at Calhoun, on the Hiawassee River, the regiment numbering- at this time only 111 men and officers. On the 28th of December, the regiment was engaged in a skirmish with Wheeler's cavalry, driving them some distance, and capturing the Inspector General of Kel- ley's rebel division. The regiment recuperated in camp during the winter, and in the early part of February was reinforced by the balance of the reg iment Avith Col. Funkhouser. In the meantime, also, the brigade had been assigned to the Second Division of Cavalry. On the 23d and 24th of February the command was engaged at Buzzard's Roost, losing twelve men wounded, and on March 1, moved to Cleveland. Subsequently the regiment moved to Ringgold, and went on picket duty, extending the line toAvard Nickajack. About the middle of April the regiment moved, under orders, to Columbia, marching via Bridgeport, Battle Creek, Decherd and Shelbyville. In the latter part ot the month, the Ninety-Eighth, 400 strong, moved to the front, arriving at Lafayette, Ga., on the 9th of May. On the 11th, the regiment marched to Villanon; on the 14th, toward Rome; 16th, to Lay's Ferry; 19th, marched through Kingston; 23d, crossed the Etowah and moved toAvard Van Wert, and on the 24th, through Van Wert to within two miles of Dallas, where the enemy was met and driven into Dallas. Here, after a day's skirmishing, the command moved toward Powder Springs. On the 28th, the regiment occupied a position on McPherson's right, where it dismounted and repulsed a charge of the enemy; on the 29th, it moved to Burnt Hickory. June 9, it made a reconnoissance beyond Big Shanty; dismounted and drove the enemy five miles, and on the 19th and 20th, moved out to Noonday Creek, where it had a brisk skirmish with the enemy. On July 3, it marched through Marietta, skirmishing heavily on the following day, and on the 5th, moved toward Roswell factory and became engaged with a light force of the enemy, finally taking possession on the 9th instant. Passing the Chattahoochie to Cross Keyson, the 17th, the command struck the Atlanta & Augusta Rail road, sixteen miles east of Atlanta, destroying several miles of track and on the 19th returned to McAffee's bridge; moved to Decatur, on the 21st, and thence to Oxford and Covington, capturing a rail- 694 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. road train and sixteen prisoners, burning the railroad bridge and returning on the 24th to Decatur. The command immediately moved in support of Stoneman, in the movement on Atlanta and Mobile Railroad, the division at one time being entirely surrounded by the enemy, but cutting its way out, it returned to the rear of Atlanta. On the 1st of August, 1864, the division was ordered to occupy the works vacated by the Twenty-Third Corps, which it held until the 15th, when it moved out, and on the 20th, joined Kilpatrick on the- reconnoissance to Decatur. The regiment participated in Sherman's flank movements to Rough and Ready, and went on picket at Jones- boro, from the 4th to the 8th of September. From this point the Ninety-Eighth moved to Decatur, thence to Blake's Mills, and on the 19th, went on a scout towards Lawrenceville; on the 21st, moved to the support of Kilpatrick via Atlanta, Dry Pond and Sand Town; crossed the Chattahoochie, on the 24th, and reconnoitered toward Campbelltown, and thence moved to Lost Mountain and Ackworth. On Hood's departure for the North, the division was detached to watch his movements, and on October 4, camped near Kenesaw moving thence to Rome, Adairsville, Snake Creek Gap, Chattooga- ville, Gaylesville, and on the 21st attacked and routed Wheeler, at Rudd's Farm, near Little River. On November 1, the Ninety-Eighth turned over its horses and equipments to Kilpatrick, and on the fol lowing day moved to Calhoun. Thence the regiment proceeded to Nashville and Louisville, where it laid in camp until December 26, waiting for horses and equipments. The regimentlwas then ordered to Bardstown, to intercept the enemy under Gen. Lyon, and on the 31st, moved to Elizabethtown. On the 12th of January, 1865, the command passed through Nashville, Tenn., and marched via Colum bia and Mount Pleasant to Gravelly Springs, Ala., remaining in camp at that place until March 13. The regiment moved thence to Waterloo and Chickasaw Landing. On the 22d of March, it com menced the spring campaign, with the First, Second and Fourth Cav alry Divisions, 12,000 strong, General Wilson in command. On the 31st, Montrevalle was reached, Roddy's rebel command being driven out by Gen. Upton. On April 1, the enemy made a stand at Ebenezer Church, but were driven by four companies of the Seven teenth Indiana. On April 2, the regiment participated in the capture of Selma. In this engagement the Fourth Division haAring failed in their assault, 1,600 men of the Second Division made the attack, and carried the works. The loss of the Ninety-Eighth, in this action, was nine killed and two mortally wounded, six officers wounded and HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 695 twenty-one men. The number of the regiment engaged was only 172. On the 9th, the division crossed the Alabama River, and on the 15th, entered Montgomery. Thence the line of march led through Columbus to Macon, Avhich was entered without opposition. The Ninety-Eighth was detailed for provost duty, and served in the capacity of provost guard until May 23, when it started for Chatta nooga and thence to Nashville, where it went into camp near Edge field. Here it Avas joined by Maj. Marquis, Avith the balance of the regiment which had been detached. On the 27th of June, 1865, the regiment was mustered out, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty-First Illinois Infantry. The Ninety-Eighth reached Spring field, HI., on the 30th of June, and was finallv discharged July 7, 1865. One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth Illinois Infantry. — This regiment was organized in 1864, in response to the urgent demand for troops for special duty, through the especial influence of Col. Johns. Of this regiment companies C and G were largely formed in Richland County, though there was perhaps not more than one full company in all. The officers of Company C were : Joseph Berry, Captain; E. G Compton, First Lieutenant; C H. Robinson, Second Lieutenant. Of Company G the officers were: James St. Clair, Captain; J. H. Carsin, First Lieutenant; Peter Brillhart, Second Lieutenant. The regiment was organized at Centralia and mustered into the United State's service for 100 days, on June 1, 1864. The regiment was ordered to Columbus, Ky., where it did post duty for some time, varying the monotony of garrison experience by an expedition to Maysville, Avhere it had a light skirmish with Price's force. The One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth was subsequently ordered to Chi cago and from thence to Saint Louis, Avhere the regiment found comfortable quarters in Benton Barracks, for two or three weeks. The regiment was then ordered to Alton and thence to Springfield, 111., Avhere it was mustered out, October 22, 1864. One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth Illinois Infantry. — Company E, of this regiment, was drawn from Richland County and was officered by Captain, I. O- Leger; First Lieutenants, Ephraim Beasley, until May 31, 1865, and Samuel Mitchell; Second Lieutenant, Samuel Mitchell, until June 14, 1865, aud the vacancy thus made was not filled. The One Hundred and Fifty-Fifth Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, by Col. G. A. Smith, and mustered into the service February 28, 1865, for one year. On March 25, the regiment, 904 strong, moved via Lomsville and Nashville, to Tullahoma, Tenn., and 696 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. reporting to Gen. Milroy was assigned to the command of Gen. Dudley. On June 17, the regiment was divided into detach ments of twenty or thirty men each, and assigned to guard duty, on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, occupying the block houses from Nashville to Duck River, a distance of fifty miles. On September 4, the regiment was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, Lib, where it received final payment and discharge. Sixth Illinois Cavalry — This regiment drew its material from a wide area of territory in the State, Company E being chiefly derived from Richland County. John Lynch, the Colonel of* the regiment, Avhen mustered out, having gone out as First Lieutenant of Company E, rose through the ranks of Captain, Major and Lieu tenant Colonel to that position. The officers of the company were : Captains, Isaac Gibson, John Lynch, Edward Ball, H. W- Stewart; First Lieutenants, John Lynch, Edward Ball, H. W. Stewart, Joseph Frazier; Second Lieutenants, E. G. Tarpley, H. W. Stewart, Sylvanus Gard, T. M. Shields. This regiment was organized at Camp Butler, 111., November 19, 1861, and six days later moved to Shawneetown, where it encamped until the following February. It then proceeded to Paducah, Ky., and from thence to Columbus, where the regiment was divided, five companies going to Trenton, Tenn., five going to Memphis and two remaining at Paducah and Bird's Point. During the spring and summer of 1862, the several detachments operated against the guerillas and were in several minor engage ments, the more important of which were at Dyersburg, Tenn., and Olive Branch and Coldwater, Miss., in all of which the detach ments of the regiment were successful, suffering an aggregate loss of two killed, six wounded and one taken prisoner. Early in the fall of 1862, the detachments were again united at Memphis, and on November 26, 1862, the regiment formed the advance of Gen. Sher man's Army Corps, in its movement toAvard Grenada, Miss. In the latter part of December, it was engaged, Avith others, in the pursuit of Gen. Van Dorn, after his raid upon Holly Springs, engaging him for seven consecutive days. In January, 1863, the regiment returned to Lagrange, Tenn., where it went into winter quarters, and operated against the numerous bands of partisan rangers. While thus engaged, the regiment, on one occasion, surprised and routed Richardson's command, near Covington, Tenn., capturing their entire camp equipage, ammunition, books, papers, etc. Again, on the 29th of March, a detachment of the regiment was attacked, at midnight, by a superior force, and although, in a manner, surprised HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY. 697 by a murderous volley poured into them Avhile still sleeping, the command repulsed the enemy with effect. For the gallantry dis played a special order was issued by Gen. Smith, complimenting the officers and men. In this engagement Lieut. Wilson and .eight men were killed, and Lieutenants Baker and Anderson with twenty- nine men Avere Avounded. In April, 1863, the "Sixth Cavalry was engaged in Grierson's famous expedition through Mississippi and Louisiana. In this expe dition the regiment traveled about 800 miles, was engaged a num ber of times Avith the enemy, destroyed a vast amount of property and arrived safely at Baton Rouge, La., May 2, 1863, after a continu ous march of seventeen clays. In June and Jul}', 1863, the regiment operated under Gen. Banks, in the siege of Port Hudson. On June 2, the Sixth Cavalry formed a part of Col. Grierson's expedition to Clinton, La., and on the following clay had a heavy engagement with the enemy, returning to or near Port Hudson, La., June 4, with a loss of tAvo killed, four wounded and three taken prisoners. Port Hudson having capitulated, July 8, 1863, the regiment embarked, on the 19th, for Memphis, where it arrived in the latter part of the month. In August, the regiment marched to Germantown, Tenn., where it encamped until November 28, 1863, when it participated in Col. Hatch's expedition to Covington, Tenn.; then to Lagrange, there encountering Gen. Forrest's forces. A sharp engagement ensued, but discovering the enemy was flanking around in the direc tion of Moscoav, the expedition was ordered to Moscow, Avhere it had a heavy engagement, the Sixth Cavalry sustaining a loss of five killed, six wounded and twenty taken prisoners and two missing. The enemy was finally routed and driven fifteen miles, the regiment returning to Germantown, Tenn., to its old camps, where it contin ued operating against Generals Forrest and Chalmer's forces, until February 17, 1864, Avhen it formed a part of Gen. William S. Smith's expedition to West Point, Miss. At this point the regiment took part in a three days' engagement with Gen. Forrest's command and returned to Germantown, where it remained in camp until March 30, 1864, Avhen the regiment re-enlisted as veterans and was ordered home to Illinois on furlough. May 11, 1864, the furlough having expired, the regiment rendez voused at Mattoon, III., and moved thence to Memphis, Tenn., where it encamped until July. Seven companies were ordered at this time to Collierville, Tenn., to guard the railroad until Gen. A. J. Smith's expedition could move on and capture Guntown, Miss. This detach- 698 HISTORY OF RICHLAND COUNTY'. ment subsequently rejoined the regiment at Memphis, having suf fered, while on special duty, the loss of Lieut. E. Ball, killed, and two men captured while on patrol duty at Collierville. In August, 1864, all the effective part of the regiment joined in Gen. A. J. Smith's expedition to Oxford, Miss., engaging the enemy under Gen. Forrest at Hurricane Creek, Miss., and suffering a loss of three men killed, and six men Avounded. The detachment that was left at the camp, at Memphis, participated in the fight with Forrest when he made a raid on that place. Col. M. H. Starr was mortally wounded and one man slightly Avounded, and Lieut. Miller and one man captured in this engagement. The regiment then returned to White Station, Tenn., where it encamped until the 1st of October, 1864, when it composed a part of Gen. Hatch's expedition to march through West Tennessee to Clifton on the Tennessee River. There it joined Gen. Washburn's expedition of infantry. The infantry dis embarked and moved in the direction of Lawrenceburg, Tenn. Gen. Hatch's division of cavalry composed the advanced guard. After two days' march the infantry returned to Clifton, and the cavalry moved on to Lawrenceburg, thence to Savannah, Tenn., and returned to Clifton, where it remained for a few days. The infantry embarked on steamers and returned to Memphis. Gen. Hatch's division of cav alry moved rapidly to Pulaski, Tenn., Avhere it encamped for a few days. On its arrival, the Sixth Illinois Cavalry was ordered back on a two days' scout, on the Clifton road, and returned to the com mand at Pulaski. It then marched Avith the division down on Shoal River, near Florence, Ala., where it skirmished daily with Gen. Hood's forces, while they Avere crossing the Tennessee River. The division fell back in advance of Hood, to LaAvrenceburg, where it had a five hours' engagement with the enemy, and then fell back to Columbia. After crossing the Duck River the command halted for a few days, when the Sixth Cavalry was ordered to move rapidly to Shelbyville, Tenn., then cross Duck River and move twenty miles down the river and cross at Pike Ford, and return to the command at Columbia. After two days' march the regiment arrived at Shel byville, and on the third day reached Pike Ford. On arriving there it was ascertained that Gen. Forrest's entire command had crossed the river, six miles below, the day before. By this time the rebel scouts Avere discovered in every direction. The regiment being then almost in the rear of the entire rebel forces, the only chance to escape capture or annihilation was to SAvim the river and cut its way through, which was clone Avith entire success. After crossing- the fo. m n vv^*;- r^it£t^vas appointed Sergeant at the organi zation of his Company. With this regiment he served in all its marches, and engagements until July 30, 1864, when he was taken prisoner, being surrendered by Gen. Stbneman. He was confined in the Andersonville prison until the spring of 1865, when he was removed to Florence, S. G, thence, with others, further north, with the hope of keeping them out of the way of Gen. Sherman's army. Finally, they were paroled at Goldsborough, N. G He was then a mere skeleton, weighing only from sixty-five to seventy pounds, and unable to walk. When he reached home his parents did not recog nize him. He was mustered out with his regiment at Indianapolis, 774 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY: in July, 1865. In the following fall he came to Olney, 111., where he bought and operated a bakery, until the spring of 1881, when he retired from active business on account of failing health. He was married, in 1867, to Mattie Clark, a native of Richland County, 111. Six children blessed their union, five of whom are still living. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is also a member of Olney Post, No. 92, G. A. R. In politics he is a Repub lican. MATTHEW M. ST. JOHN, farmer, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 25, 1826, and is the second of the six children born to Samuel and Sophia (Snell-McClain) St. John, natives of Orange County, N. Y., and of French and Scotch-English descent respect ively. The ancestors of both were early Puritan colonists at Bos ton, Mass., and some of them were hearty participants in the Revo lutionary war. One branch settled in Pennsylvania and were nearly exterminated at the Wyoming massacre. Samuel was edu cated in his native State, and in 1816, removed to Brookville, Frank lin Co., Ind., descending the Alleghany and Ohio rivers on a raft. He married here, and in about 1825 removed to Cincinnati. In 1827 he returned to Franklin County, bought a tract of wild land, built a cabin, and finally sold his farm, in 1832, went to Brookville one year and in 1833 moved to Marion ToAvnship. Here he was engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1837, he went to Johnson County, Ind., and lived upon a farm until 1848, then removed to Olney and lived here until his death, on July 19, 1855. Mrs. St. John died June 28, 1851. Matthew M. was poorly educated, in the log schoolhouses of Indiana, and worked on his father's farm until his nineteenth year, when he went to the West on horseback and alone. He arrived here in 1846, and has lived in this place ever since. He worked for his board and schooling, then engaged in stock-raising and trapping. In 1848 he leased eighty acres, on a part of Avhich the Olney Driving Park is now situated, and afterward bought the same. He has lived upon this place ever since, but has added more land from time to time until his farm consists of 1,200 acres, in Jasper and this county. He also owns valuable residence property in this city. From 1854 to 1861, he was traveling purchasing agent for the American Fur Company, in Southern Illinois. From 1859 to 1868, he was engaged in butchering, and also in shipping stock, and for the past six years in the pump business. He has served two years as Sheriff of the county, having been elected in 1868, and was Marshal of the city. He also followed the livery business. Mr. St. John has been married three times. On March 21, 1847, he married Phenicia Cobleigh, of Vermont. To this union succeeded one daughter, Emeline (now Mrs. George Glossbrenner), Mrs. St. John died August 25, 1855, and Mr. St John married, on October 23, 1856, Emeline D. Cralle, of Posey County, Ind. Three children were born to them, of whom one, Mary (Fleming), is living. Mrs. St. John died May 27, 1863. For his third wife Mr. St. John married Mariah L. Cralle, also of Posey County, on April 10, 1864. Five children bless the last OLNEY CITY AND TOWNSHIP. 775 union. He is a member of all the Masonic bodies in Olney, viz.: A. F. & A. M., R. A. M., R. & S. M., and K. T. Our subject is a brother of Gov. J. P. St. John, of Kansas, and his mother was second cousin to John Q. Adams. Mr. St. John is a Republican, an old settler, and a respected citizen of the county. HENRY G SANDS, breeder and trainer of trotting and pac ing horses, and owner of " Meadow Brook " stock and training fami, near Olney, was born in Lawrence County, 111., October 31, 1848, and is the elder of two living children born to Elbert and Susan A. (Gadd) Sands, natives of Long Island, N. Y., and Mary land, respectively, and of Scotch and English descent. Elbert and his brother were showmen Avhen very young, being accrobats and wire-walkers, and Elbert was engaged in various companies for more than twenty years. Mr. Sands was the first bareback rider in the United States. He retired in 1843, and was engaged in farming until 1860, then Avent to NeAV York City, and followed the real estate business. In 1865 he came to Olney, and followed the same until 1880, at which time he retired from business, but still lives here. Henry G graduated from the New York Academy, in 1866. In 1863 he was employed in the United States secret service for two or three months, and was stationed then at Richmond, Va. During the last of his academic course Mr. Sands read laAv with Judge Cardja and J. J. Morrin, of NeAV York City. In 1866 he came to Olney, studied for a time, and in 1869 was admitted to practice law. He practiced here until 1875, when he began his present business, and breeds fine horses very extensively. In 1879 he bought the " Meadow Brook " stock and training farm, and now owns some thirty or more of the finest bred Hambletonian and Mambrino trotters in southern Illinois. Mr. Sands married, in 1875, Amelia T. Hoover, of Olney, 111. They have had four children, of whom three, two sons and a daughter, survive. Mr. Sands belongs to the K. of P., the I. O- O- F. and the Democratic party. AMBROSE SCHNEIDER, book-keeper, was born in German Township, Richland Co., 111., January 12, 1851, and is the second of six living children born to Joseph- and Theresa Schneider, of Ger man ancestry. Joseph was reared and married in Germany, and followed agriculture. In about 1847 or 1848 he came to the United States, settling at the place of our subject's birth. In 1853 he went to Saint Marie, Jasper County, and followed the brewery business until 1878, when Ambrose took charge of the brewery for two years. Joseph, the father, was in mercantile trade and saloon. In August, 1882, he visited Germany, and returned in March, 1883, to Saint Marie, and is now a grocer. He is a member of the Catholic Church. Ambrose received a good common school and academic education, and in 1874 he engaged in the saloon business at Saint Marie for one year. He then came to Olney, and was railroading for a time. In February, 1877, he was engaged by Scott & Brock man as salesman, and then as book-keeper, which position he .still holds. Mr. Schneider was a tax-collector three terms in Jas- 776 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY: per County and two in Richland. He was married in October, 1874, to Anna B. Brockman, who died on January 16, 1876, leaving one child — Edith L., and departing in the Catholic faith. In Octo ber, 1878, Mr. Schneider married Caroline Brockman, sister of his first wife. Two children bless this union — Anna and Caroline. Mr. and Mrs. Schneider are faithful communicants of the Catholic Church. He belongs to Olney Branch, No. 173, G K. of A., being one of the first members. He belonged originally to Branch No. 50, at Trenton, 111. G. SCHNEPPER was born in Baden-Baden, Germany, March 26, 1836. He served in the war in 1848-49, in his native country, and was in many of the hardest-fought battles. In - 1854 he came to America, and first settled at Evansville, Inch, where he remained two years. In 1858 he moved to Clay County, 111., where he began farming, and by hard work he has come in possession of a fine farm of 200 acres in that county, and forty acres in Jasper County, although he has at times Avorked for wages as low as thirty cents per day. He married, in his native country, Anna A. Martin, born in 1838 ; she died at Lanesville, Iud., in 1860 ; she was the mother of four children — Frederick, John, Elizabeth and Gottfried (de ceased). He next married, in 1862, Margaret Rhuppert, born in Germany, in 1838. By this union there were born six children — Charles, Barbara, Louis, Henry, Lena and Maggie. Mr. Schnepper is a member of the I. O. O. F., Lodge 162, at Noble ; also of Olney Lodge, 141, of Masonry, and in politics he is a Democrat. JOHN SCHWEBEL, farmer, was born August 28, 1838, in Prussia, and there he followed teaming ; in 1858 he came to New Jersey, there worked at the blacksmiths' trade, and in 1861 he moved to Olney, folloAving his trade about four years, and then opened a grocery, and, with the exception of six years, continued this business till 1883, when he sold out and moved to a farm which he owns, consisting of seventy-four acres, which joins the corporation. He also owns two store buildings in Olney. He was married, in 1861, to Minnie Bohren, who was born in Switzerland, and at the age of eleven she came with her parents to Richland County. DAVID SCOTT, Mayor of Olney, was born in County Ar magh, Ireland, February 7, 1833, and is one of nine children born to James and Jane (Lyster) Scott, both natives of Ireland. James Scott was educated and married in his native land, where he learned the carriage makers' trade, and followed the same until 1847, when he emigrated to the United States, first settling in New York City, where he was employed at his trade until the fall of 1850, when he removed to Terre Haute, Ind. Here he continued to follow his trade until his death, which occurred in 1857. He was a member of the Congregational Church,, and was also a prominent member of the Masonic Fraternity, having advanced to the degree of Knight Templar. David Scott received a fair education in Ireland. Soon after the arrival of the family in the United States, he clerked in a. OLNEY CITY AND TOAVNSHIP. 777 dry goods store in New York City,' where he remained for three years, when he was employed in a store at Terre Haute for a time. In 1881 he Avent to Newton, 111., where he Avorked in the same capacity in a store there for some five years, Avhen he opened a general store for himself at the same place, and remained there until the spring of 1862, when he went into the army. He Avas a sutler, and served as such until the close of the war. In May, 1866, he came to Olney, and engaged again in the general mercan tile business, which he has continued Avith excellent success ever since. For a time the firm name was D. Scott & Co., but since 1875 the firm name has been Scott & Brockman. Mr. Scott was married, April 16, 1856, to Mary E. Harris, a native of Jasper County, 111. To this union were born six children, two of Avhom are yet living. Mrs. Scott died January 31, 1868. Mr. Scott next married, January 4, 1881, Mrs. Lizzie (Clubb) McLean, a native of this county. She is a member of the Congregational Church. In April, 1883, Mr. Scott was elected Mayor of the City of" Olney, and still holds that office. He is a member of Olney Lodge, No. 140, A. F & A. M., and also of Olney Lodge, A. O. U. W. AARON SHAW, of Olney, was'born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811 ; he was educated at Montgomery Academy, NeAV York, and subsequently studied law with Judge Morrell at Goshen. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He was a delegate to the first Internal Improvement Convention of Illinois ; Avas elected State's Attorney by the Legislature of Illinois ; was three times a member of the Illinois State Legislature ; Avas elected Circuit Judge of the Fourth Judicial District of Hlinois, and served six years ; was elected to the Thirty-Fifth Congress, and was elected to the Forty-Eighth Congress, as a Democrat, receiving 14,557 votes against 13,689 votes for Green, Republican, 471 votes for Turney, Prohibitionist, and 129 scattering. The Sixteenth Congressional District of Illinois, of Avhich he is the present Representative, con sists of the counties of" Clark, Clay, Crawford, Cumberland, Ed wards, Jasper, Lawrence, Richland, Wabash and Wayne. PARMENAS SHAW, jeweler, was born in Alleghany County, Md., on June 22, 1822, being one of the ten children born to John and Charity (Ricketts) Shaw, natives of Maryland, and of English and Scotch descent respectively. John was brought up in Mary land, there married, and there farmed until 1832, in Avhich year he came to Knox County, Ohio. Here he was engaged in farming for some time, but during the last year of his life kept a hotel at Danville. He died on August 2, 1842. He was Justice of" the Peace for more than forty years, and Avas a soldier of 1812. Parmenas' education Avas not very thorough, and at sixteen he began learning the tailors' trade, at Avliich he Avorked for twelve years. In 1850 he opened a jewelry store at Sarahsville, Noble Co., Ohio, and has been engaged in that business since that time. In 1852 Mr. Shaw came to Olney, and opened the first jewelry store here, for several years combining the book trade with it. On August 29, 1843, he 47 778 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY' : married, in Loudoun County, Va., Nancy Morrison, of English- German descent. Mr Shaw and his Avife have been for more than forty years consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Shaw is highly esteemed and respected. JOHN T. SHAW, grocer, Avas born in Alleghany County, Md., May 18, 1832, and is the youngest of ten children born to John and Charity (Ricketts) SImav, both natives of Maryland, and of* English descent. John Shaw Avas educated and married in his native State, Avhere he was engaged in agricultural pursuits for several years. In 1833, he removed to Knox County, Ohio, where he bought a farm, upon Avhich he resided until 1839, when, he sold the farm and removed to Danville, Ohio, Avhere he Avas engaged in the hotel business until his death, which occurred August 28, 1842. Both he and his wife were members of the Christian Church. For several years he Avas a Justice of the Peace, in Knox County, Ohio. John T. Shaw, the sub ject, received his early education in .the primitiA^e log schoolhouse of the early day. At the age of fifteen, he went to learn the har ness-makers' trade, serAdng an apprenticeship of three years, after which he folloAved the trade at Aarious places in Ohio for about four years- After this he Avas employed in his brother's boot, shoe and clothing store, at Coshocton, Ohio, until 1857, Avhen he removed to Olney, 111., Avhere he opened a clothing store, but sold the same about one year afterward, and engaged in the boot and shoe trade. In 1860, he entered a dry goods store as a salesman, where he remained about seventeen years. He then removed to Casey, 111., Avhere he had the management of a general store for two years. In the spring of 1880, he returned to Olney, where he was employed for a time in a dry goods store. In December, 1881, he opened a grocery and proArision store at Olney, where he has since been doing a good business. Mr. Shaw was married January 10, 1858, to Clara Beck, daughter of Aaron Beck, one of the pioneers of southern Bli- nois. To Mr. and Mrs. Shaw, seAren children have been born, only tAvo of Avhom are living. Mr. Shaw and Avife are consistent mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Avhich church he has held various official positions. He is also a member of I. O- M. A., and the I. O. G. T. In politics, he is a Republican, and is one of the enterprising business men of the county. JOHN H. SHEPHERD, City Marshal, was born in Mercer County, Ohio, July 23, 1843, and is third of* ten children born to Henry L. and Catherine (Perry) Shepherd, natives of Maryland and Ohio, and of English and Irish descent, respectively. Henry L. was educated in Ohio, and Avhen a young man moved to Mercer County, Avhere he afterward married. In 1844, he went to Warren County, Ind., settling near Walnut Grove, Avhere he entered and bought 120 acres of wild land, and improved a farm. He lived" there until the fall of 1852; then sold his property, came to Preston ToAvnship, this county, and bought a farm of 160 acres, known as the Dickey Phillip's farm. In the spring of 1862, Mr. Shepherd enlisted in Com pany A, Sixty-Third Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was soon after to OLNEY CITA' AND TOAVNSHIP. 779 appointed Commissary of* the regiment. After the siege of Vicksburg, in which he took part, he received leave of absence, but died on the way home, at Memphis, September 19, 1863. John H. was fairly educated, and Avas employed on the home farm until he attained the age of twenty-two years. After the death of his father, the care of the family devolved upon him, and in 1865, he commenced farming for himself on shares in this county. In 1867, he removed to Olney, and engaged in the butcher business for nine years, when he fol lowed the stock business until the winter of 1882. In April, 1880, he Avas elected Constable, and in April, 1883, was made Marshal of the city of Olney, Avhich office he iioav fills. He was married on June 15, 1865, to Sarah McWilliams, of this county. They have had six children, of Avhom five survive. Mr. Shepherd is a member of Olney Lodge, No. 76, A. O- U. W., in which helias held the office of Overseer two terms. He has been Trustee oue term and is now Receiver. In politics he is a Republican, an early pioneer, an enter prising and valued citizen of the citv. CHARLES SHULTZ was born in Prussia, June 28, 1838, and is the youngest of ten children born to Christian and Dorothea (Housel ) Shultz, both natives of Prussia. Christian Shultz was a soldier in the Prussian army during the latter part of the Napoleonic Avars, participating in the battle of Waterloo, and in the occupation of Paris, in 1813. In 1852, he emigrated Avith his family to the United States, landing at NeAV Orleans. He died of cholera, near Memphis, Tenn. Charles Shultz, our subject, received a fair common school education in his native land. After his father's death, the family settled at Evansville, Ind. In 1853, our subject came to Olney, 111., where he was employed for two years on a railroad. In the fall of 1861, he went South, in the capacity of sutler, with the Thirty- Eighth Illinois Infantry, remaining until the fall of 1863, when his stock was captured by Gen. Wheeler's command, he being at home at the time. By this he sustained a loss of $11,000- In 1864, he came back to Olney, erected a store building, and put in a stock of groceries and provisions in company with Mr. A. Klinsworth, under the firm name of Shultz & Klinsworth. Nine months later the firm was dissolved. Mr. Shultz then engaged in the dry goods trade, at which he has since been doing a good business. He carries a large and well selected stock in his line, amounting to from $10,000 to $20,000. He is also extensively engaged in the grain and avooI trade. His annual sales, in all departments", aA-erage $75,000. Mr. Shultz was one of the city Aldermen for four years, and a member of the County Board of Supervisors for three years. He was married, in March 1861, to Sarah E. Gaddey, a native of Lawrence County, 111. Nine children were born to them, seven of whom are living. Mr. Shultz is a member of Olney Lodge, No. 140, A. F. & A. M., and also of Richland Lodge, No. 180,1. O. O. F. HERMAN H. SHULTZ Avas born in Richland County, HI., January 30, 1858, and is the only living child born to Henry and Fredricka (Wisherop) Shultz, both natives of Prussia. Henry 780 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : Shultz was a soldier in the German army three years. In 1852, he emigrated to tho United States, first settling at Evansville, Inch, and afterward, bought 160 acres of Avild land in Echvards County, 111. This he commenced to improve, but soon sold out and bought a farm in Olney Township, Richland Co., 111., Avhere he has since resided. His wife died May 16, 1858. Herman H. Shultz, the sub ject, received a good common school education in youth. At the age of seventeen he left home and was employed as a laborer on a farm in the northern part of Illinois for three years. He then returned to Olney, and was employed as a salesman in a dry goods store for some eighteen months. He then farmed on shares in the northern part of the State, for two years, when he again returned to Olney and clerked in the same store for six months. In April, 1883, he opened a grocery and provision store, at Olney, Avhere he is doing a flourishing business. He was married, October 16, 1879, to Lizzie E. Black, a native of Pennsylvania. Two children have blessed their union. Mr. Shultz is a member of the Lutheran, and Mrs. Shultz of the Presbyterian Church. In politics he is a Democrat. MAJOR HARRISON M. SPAIN, real estate and war claim agent, was born in Gibson County, Ind., December 24, 1834, and is the sixth of the ten children born to Archibald and Sarah (Garwood) Spain, natives respectively of Virginia and Kentucky. At the age of fifteen, in 1813, Archibald Spain moved with his parents to North Carolina, and two years later to Indiana Territory, settling near Vincennes. He was married in 1819, and soon after removed to Gib son County, entered land and resided thereon until 1867, when he moved to Patoka, same county, Avhere he died, October 3, 1869, in his seventy-second year. Harrison M. Spain remained on the home farm until July, 1862, when he recruited part of a company for the Sixty-Fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and afterward Company E, Eightieth Indiana Infantry, of Avhich he was commissioned Captain. In April, 1864, he was appointed Provost-Marshal of the Second Division (same corps), under Gen. H. M. Judah, and served as such until the close of" the Avar. May 1, 1865, he Avas promoted Major, and under that title was mustered out in June, 1865, at Salisbury, N. G During his service, he took part in the battle of Perryville, Ky., Burnside's East Tennessee campaign, the Atlanta campaign, the bat tles of Franklin and Nashville, Tenn., and many other lesser engage ments. At the battle of Franklin the Major captured Capt. W. Wirt Thompson, of a Mississippi regiment, avIio reluctantly gave up his sword, saying that he would rather leave his dead body on the field than surrender it, as it was a present from his company and had never been dishonored. The Major generously promised that if both lived until the close of the war he would return the sword. In 1874, Capt. Thomp son, having been elected a member of the Mississippi Legislature, wrote the Adjutant-General of Indiana for Major Spain's address'. A correspondence ensued, and in February or March, 1874, the promise made on the battle field Avas fulfilled. Just before he was mustered out the editorof the Salisbury Banner gave theMajor a very OLNEY CITY AND TOWNSHIP. 781 high compliment. After his return from the army, the Major engaged in the drug trade at Princeton, Gibson Co., Inch In 1873, he retired from the drug business and has since been engaged as a real estate and war claim agent. In March, 1882, he came to Olney, 111., where he still resides. The Major was married in December, 1866, to Mary A. Wallace, a native of Gibson County, Ind. Three children have been left to them, one son and two daughters. Major Spain is a member of Olney Post, No. 92, G A. R.; he is a Republi can, and is one of the enterprising business men and respected citi zens of the city and county. JONAS SPANGLER, farmer, was born May 25, 1817, in Mifflin County, Penn. When two years of age his parents moved to Wayne County, Ohio, and there he was reared on his father's farm. His father died in 1844, aged sixty-seven years. In 1839 the subject of this sketch came to LaAvrence (now Richland) County. When in Ohio he learned the carpenters' trade ; this business he continued here about twenty years ; he then removed to his present farm of seventy-one acres, located Avithin the city limits ; he also owns 440 acres of land in Preston Township ; all of this property he has acquired by hard Avork and strict attention to business. He Avas married, in 1841, toPhilora E- Barney, a native of Vermont, by Avhom he has had five children, of whom there are living one son and two daughters. His son, Nelson, enlisted, in 1863, in the Sixteenth Illinois Cavalry, Avas soon after taken prisoner, and con fined in Audersonville prison, where he died. ARCHIBvvLD SPRING, Sheriff of Richland County, 111., was horn in Edwards County, October 28, 1839, and is the eighth in a family of nine children born to Sydney and Hannah (Prichard) Spring, both of English nativity. Sydney was Avell educated. In 1*20 he came to the United States, and settled at Albion, Edwards Co., 111. Lie was the first naturalized in this State. He soon after married, and afterwards started a nursery ; the first in the State. He was Surveyor of Edwards County, and held office for many years. He Avas Justice of the Peace also for years. Mr. Spring died in 1879, at the age of eighty years, in the communion of the Epis copal Church. ^ His wife also belonged to the Church. Archibald received an ordinary education, and at the age of fourteen went into a drug store at Grayville, 111., remaining one year, also clerking in a dry goods store tAvo years. In 1858 he came to Olney, clerked for three years, and in April, 1861, enlisted in Company D, Eighth Illinois Infantry. Mr. Spring served for three months, then re turned home, and in August, 1862, re-enlistecl in Company B, Eighty-Seventh Illinois Infantry, and was made Second Lieutenant, and in August, 1863, was promoted to First Lieutenant. He had command of his company, however, during most of the war. He participated in many engagements, and was mustered out at Spring field, Ilh, July 4, 1865. He was engaged for one year, here, at the dry goods business, and in 1866 was elected Sheriff of Richland County. Mr. Spring again engaged in the dry goods trade, which 782 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY : he folloAved for eight years, and in 1875 Avent into the livery bus iness. He was made Sheriff again in 1882, and is filling that office now. He also breeds fine stock, and owns Norman English draft and thoroughbred horses and Alderney cattle, beside owning the white mare " Maggie Webb," a noted and beautiful animal. Mr. Spring was married on November 23, 1871, to Lillie KleinAvorth, of* Albion, EdAvards Co., 111. . They have had four children, but only two are living — Clyde and Ella. Mr. Spring is a member of the A. O. U. W., of the G. A. R.,and in politics is Republican. WILLIAM A. STARTSMAN, confectioner, was born in Olney, 111., on September 7, 1862, and is the oldest of three children born to Luther M. and Sarah R. (McWilliams) Startsnian, the former a native of Maryland, and the latter of Ohio. They were of German and Scotch-English descent respectively. When a young man Luther M. Startsnian came to Olney, Richland Co., 111., where he was married, and Avhere he was engaged in the manufacture of furniture for many years. At the breaking out of" the late civil Avar he recruited Company D, Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which company he was chosen Cap tain, He served with his regiment in all its marches and engage ments until the fall of 1864, when he resigned on account of failing health. After his return from the army he resumed the furniture business at Olney, continuing the same until 1869, when he removed to Missouri, and from thence to Kansas, where he resided until his death, which occurred in October, 1873. William A. Startsnian, the subject, received a fair education at the common and graded schools of his native city. At the age of fourteen he went into a drugstore, at Olney, as a salesman, remaining two and a half years. After this he was employed as book-keeper in an agricultural store for about one year. In 1880 he accepted a position as traveling salesman for a wholesale notion and gents' furnishing house in Saint Paul, Minn., and continued in that business for two years. In January, 1883, he returned to Olney, and engaged in the music business, but continued it only a few months. In June, 1883, he opened a confectionery and ice cream parlor, on Main Street, in company with George D. Johnstone and George F. Wisshach, under the firm name of Johnstone & Co. Theirs is one of the finest establishments of the kind in southern Illinois, and they are doing a flourishing business. They are also extensively engaged in the sale of all kinds of musical instruments. During the first eight months of 1883 they sold over one hundred pianos and organs. WILLIAM STEWARD was born February 8, 1813, in Gibson County, Ind., and at the age of ten, came with his parents to Law rence (now Richland) County, and settled two miles east of Olney; there he lived on his father's farm till his marriage in 1834, to Pris cilla Bullard, also born in Gibson County, Iud. ; they then moved to their present farm of 130 acres, where they haAre ever since lived, and which place is one of the old land marks of this locality. They have a family of three children — Mary M., Lucinda, and James C. OLNEY CITY AND TOWNSHIP. 783 THOMAS L. STEWARD was born in Gibson County, Ind., December 18, 1818. At the age of" six he moved with his parents to Lawrence (noAV Richland County). They first entered eighty- three acres of land Avhere his house is iioav situated, and were among the earliest settlers of the county, and now own 206 acres, which are well improved, Avith a comfortable house, barn and other out buildings. Mr. SteAvard has held many important offices, both county and local; he was one of the first Constables after this county was divided from Lawrence, and served about tAvelve years ; also part of this time was Deputy Sheriff. He held the office of County Treasurer one term, and ex-officio Assessor. He Avas afterwards elected Sheriff, holding this office four years, and has held the office of Justice of the Peace almost constantly. He married, January 26, 1843, Catharine Stites, of Tennessee; she died February 14, 1858, aged thirty-two, the mother of these children — Alfred J. , Enoch J., Levi M, George W., Melvina D., Susan G, William T. (died September 4, 1879, aged thirty-two). July 15, 1858, Mr. Steward married Mary A. Smalley, of Ohio. She died in March, 1860, aged forty years. She bore him one son — Solomon P. His third marriage, November 6, 1860, was to Martha Finley, of Ohio, born June 22,"l822. They have three children — Eli F., Jonathan P., Addie J., and lost Violet by death, in infancy. His sons, Alfred J., Enoch J., and William T, served in the late Avar. A. J. STEWARD Avas born November 27, 1843, in Olney Town ship, and here reared till the breaking out of the war ; he then en listed in Company E, Sixth Illinois Cavalry, as private, Avas pro moted to Commissary Sergeant, and was honorably discharged November 5, 1865. He participated in the battles of Grierson's raid, siege of Port Hudson, battles of Franklin, Tenn., Nashville, Tenn., and others. He then returned and Avorked on his father's farm till 1867, when he bought a farm of seventy acres; he noAV owns 140 acres, mostly improved. He was married November 1, 1866, to Emily Craig, who was born in Lawrence County, Bh They have four children— William G, Edgar N, Agnes G. and Arthur R. Mr. Steward is a member of the A. O. U. W. ROBERT N. STOTLER, Superintendent of the County Schools and cashier of the First National Bank, was born in Clinton County, Ohio, April 22, 1850, and is the fifth of a family of nine children born to Isaac and Mary A. (Skimming) Stotler, natives of Alle ghany County, Mch, and of Scotland, and of German and Scotch descent, respectively. Isaac Stotler was reared and married in his native State. Soon after his marriage, in 1836, he moved to Clinton County, Ohio, where he was engaged in agricultural pursuits until 1858, when he came to Preston ToAvnship, in this county, and bought a farm, where he resided until his death, in 1877. He was not a member of the church, but was an earnest temperance man. Robert N. received a good education at common schools, at the State Nor mal School of Illinois, and the National Normal of Lebanon, Ohio. He was engaged from 1869 until 1881 in teaching most of the time, 784 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY' : in this and Jasper County. In 1881 he was appointed Deputy Cir cuit Clerk at Olney, and held this position until May, 1883, since which time he has been cashier of the First National Bank at this place. In 1877 he was the Democratic candidate for Superintendent of Schools in this county, but was defeated. In 1882 he again ran for the same office, Avas successful, and still holds that position. Mr. Stotler is a member of Marmion Lodge, No. 52. K. of P., in politics he is a Democrat, and is one of the rising young men of Richland County. LION. HENRY STUDER, retired, was born in Switzer land, March 1, 1823, and is the youngest of eight children of Peter and Margaret (Ruby) Studer, natives of Switzerland. Peter lived in his ii alive land during his lifetime and there was engaged in agri cultural pursuits. He died in April, 1843. He Avas in the French army for two years, being one of the Swiss recruits, in the army of Napoleon I, and during the famous Russian Campaign in Germany, he was a sharp-shooter, and the rifle used by him at that time is still in the possession of his son. He and Avife belonged to the German Reformed Church. Henry received a fair education and during his youth was engaged in agriculture .and teaming; he was for a while a guide for tourists among the mountains, and in December, 1849, came across the Atlantic to NeAV Orleans. He then camedirectly to what is now German Township, in this county, and farmed on shares for a time, then Avent to Madison County, and Avas there fore man in a stave and cooper shop until 1855. Mr. Studer then worked at the cooper's trade, at butchering, and Avas in a drug store and grocery as clerk, continuing in the grocery and drug business for four years. In 1861 he enlisted as a member of J. G Fremont's body guard, as First Lieutenant. When Gen. Hunter succeeded in command, he was mustered out, and was appointed Deputy Pro vost-Marshal of the Thirteenth District of Illinois, He also at the same time was engaged in the wholesale grocery trade at Olney, and built some seven or eight residences in the city. In 1878 he Avas appointed one of the Commissioners to the Vienna Exposition by GoAd-nor Beverage- He has lived retired since. He Avas for two years Street Commissioner, a member of the Board of County Sup ervisors ; City Marshal for six years ; and also Deputy Sheriff and City Collector. Iu 1882 he A\ras elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature from the Forty-Fourth District, consisting of Rich land, Clay, EdAvards and Wayne counties, then receiving a large majority over other candidates. In 1847 Mr. Studer was married to Elizabeth Von Aim en, of Swiss descent. They belong to the Ger man Reformed Church. He belongs to the A. F. & A. M., R. A. M., R. & S. M., K. T., and of Peoria Consistory S- P. R. S. He is a stanch Republican and helped organize that party in 1856, HEXRY SWALLEN, Jr., was born in the Canton Berne, Switzerland, October 16, 1813, and is the oldest of three children born to Henry and Anna (Savior) Swallen, both natives of Switzer land. Henry SA\rallen, Sr, was educated and married in his native OLNEY' CITY AND TOAVNSHII'. 785 land, Avhere in early life he learned the cabinet makers' trade, Avhich he followed for several years. For some twelve years he was an officer in the Swiss army. In 1829 he emigrated with his wife and family to the United States, and settled 'in Stark County, Ohio. Here he bought unimproved land and subsequently improved a farm, upon which he resided until 1866, after which he made his home with his children until his death, which occurred iu 1870. Henry Swallen, Jr., the subject, received an ordinary education in the common schools of his native land. He Avas employed on his fath er's farm until he was twenty-one years old, then on various public works in Ohio and Pennsylvania for five or six years. In 1839 he came to«what is now Preston ToAvnship, Richland Co. 111., where he entered 120 acres of land, erected a log cabin, and subsequently improved a farm. In 1845 he sold this farm and bought another in the same township, where he resided until April, 1860,Avhen he rented the place and came to Olney. Here he Avas engaged in teaming for some seven years. He then engaged in the coal trade, and has con tinued that business ever since. In 1881 he formed a partnership with William Newal, under the firm name of Swallen & Co- They are the most extensive coal, wood, and grain dealers in the city. He has held the office of Alderman and Street Commissioner of the city, and was also a member of the County Board of Supervisors. Mr. Swallen was married in April, 1838, to Mary Muflej'-, a native of Pennsylvania. Eleven children Avere born to them, only six of whom are living. Both Mr. SAvallen and Avife are members of the Evangelical Association, or Albright Church. He is also a member of Olney Lodge, No. 180, I. O- O- F. In politics he is a Republican, and is one of the old pioneers of Richland County. WILLIAM A. THOMPSON, M. D., was born in New Haven, Conn., April 8, 1845, and is the ninth of ten children born to Will iam S. and Nancy J. (Eaton) Thompson, the former a native of New Jersey, and the latter of New York. They Avere of English-Scotch and Holland-French descent, respectively. William S- Thompson, Avas educated and married in his native State, where he Avas engaged for many years in the manufacture of malleable iron and hardAvare, at Newark. In about 1840, he removed to NeAV Haven, Conn., where he was engaged iu the same line of business, for many years. In 1879, he came to Olney, 111., and has since made his home with his son, the subject of our sketch. William A. Thompson, the sub ject, received a good education at the common schools and at Rus sell's Commercial and Collegiate Institute, and Military Academy, of his native town, which is a preparatory department of Yale Col lege. At the age of twenty he went into his father's factory as superintendent of the pattern-making department, Avhere he remained several years. In the meantime he commenced the study of medi cine with Dr. J. T. Halderman, of Columbus, Ohio, and in 1867, at tended a course of lectures at the Starling Medical College. He still continued the hardware business for several years. In 1874, he came to Olney, 111-, which has been his home ever since. In 1878, he 786 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : graduated from the Ohio Medical College, of Cincinnati, after a course of three years. Since that time he has practiced his profes sion at Olney with signal success. The Doctor was married, 1869, to Mary L., daughter of Rev. Jesse B. Locke, of Bourbon County, Ky. To this union was born one daughter, viz. : Lula J. Mrs. Thomp son died in 1870- She Avas a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Doctor was next married in 1874, to Mary L. Ridway, a \ native of Olney. Two children have blessed this union, viz. ; Edna R. and Sarah B. Both the Doctor and Avife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is also a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the I. O. O. F, K. of P. and I. O. M. A. In politics he is a Republican and one of the prominent professional meti of the citv- THOMAS TIPPIT, Circuit Clerk, was born in this county on June 6, 1851, and is the sixth of seven children born to Matthew L. and Sarah (EllingSAvorth) Tippit, natives, respectively, of Tennessee and Ohio. When three years old, in 1820, Matthew L. Avas car ried by his parents to Avhat is now Edwards County, 111., then an unbroken wilderness. He received only two Aveeks of schooling in one of the primitive log buildings of the frontier. When he was four or five years old, his father died, and a feAV years later his mother moved to Richland County. He afterAvard married here, and here he entered some 1,000 acres at different times, a part of which land he finally sold. He erected a log cabin and made improvements on the farm, and resided in the same place until his death, which occurred September 13, 1871. At this time he owned about 600 or 700 acres, in well-improved farms. Thomas received a good education and was employed on his father's farm until he reached the age of tAventy-one, when he began farming for himself on a small farm of fifty-seven acres, Avhich his father had left him. This farm is in Olney Township, and to this he has added from time to time, until he has 140 acres in the limits of the city of Olney. Iu 1876, Mr. Tippet Avas the Democratic candidate for Circuit Clerk of Richland County,but was defeated. In the folloAving year he was elected a member of the Board of Supervisors. In January, 1880, Mr. Tippit was appointed Circuit Clerk to fill a vacancy, and in the fall of the same year Avas elected to the office, and still holds that position. Mr. Tippit Avas married on March 15, 1877, to Eva Loaf, a native of Richland County. Three children bless this marriage, viz.: George M., Mabel A. and Albert. Mr. Tippit is a member of Olney Lodge, No. 140, A- F- & A. M., Richland Chapter, No. 38, R. A. M., ancTOlney Council, No. 55, R. & S- M. In politics he is a Democrat, and a prominent citi zen of the county. GUSTAVE H. B. TOLLE, special agent for the Masonic Benev olent Association of Illinois, Avas born in Hanover, Germany, Octo ber 26, 1840, and is the youngest of six children born to George H. W. and Louise (Veerkamp) Tolle, natives of Germany. The father Avas in the civil service of the government of Llanover, and advanced until he became Director of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering for the OLNEY CITY AND TOAVNSHIP. 787 district of the Kingdom. He died in 1859, in his sixty-sixth year, in the communion of the Lutheran Church, and his wife died in that of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Tolle was a Mason for over forty years. Gustave H. B. was well educated in the land of* his birth, graduating from the College Georgianum at Hanover, in 1858. Iu the same year he entered the Hanoverian army, and after three months' service was commissioned Second Lieutenant and assigned to the First Regiment of Infantry, or Body Guard of the late King- George V- In September, 1863, he resigned his commission, and after a short stay in Amsterdam, returned to Germany, and in the latter part of the year came to the United States. He came imme diately to Terre Haute, Ind., and was employed for a short time as shipping clerk in a Avholesale grocery store. He then went to Vin cennes, and was again engaged as salesman. In 1869, Mr. Tolle came to Olney and opened a leather store, under the firm name of William Baker & Company. In 1879, he closed out this business, and accepted a position as traveling salesman for a wholesale leather house in Cincinnati, continuing in this until the spring of 1883, when he was appointed Special Agent for the Masonic Benevolent Association of" Illinois. In September, 1875, he married Hattie R., daughter of the late Hon. Horace Heyward, of Olney. They have two sons, George H. W. and Gustave H. A. Mr. Tolle is a Lutheran, and his wife a Congregationalist. He belongs to the A- F. & A. M., R. A. M., R. & S. M., and K. T., Olney Masonic bodies, of the Ohio Grand Consistory, of Cincinnati, S. P. R. S. 32ddeg.; belongs to both branches of the I. O.-O- F, and of A. O- U. W. He was W. M., of his Lodge in 1877, D. D. G. M., in 1878 and 1883, H. P. of his Chapter from 1879 to 1883, G. M. of his Council from 1878 until the pres ent time. Since 1880, he has been G- G of the Grand Council of Illinois, and from 1878 to 1881, was E. G of his Commandery; in political fields, he is under the Republican colors, and is a prominent citizen of the county. BERNHARD E. VOIGT, merchant tailor, was born in Prus sia, April 27, 1857, and is the eighth of ten children born to Carl and Frederike (Muench) Voigt, Prussians. He was a shoemaker by trade. In 1874, he emigrated to the United States, coming to Olney. He soon purchased a farm near the city, and he and his wife reside here and are adherents of the Evangelical Association. Bern- hard E. received a good education in Prussia. At fourteen years of age he Avas apprenticed to the tailors' vocation, and served three years. He Avas then a journeyman in Illinois, Missouri, Iowa and Kansas. After the arrival of the family to this country, he was em ployed by a firm in Olney for a period of three years. In 1880, Mr. Voigt returned to Olney, and went into business for himself. He is proprietor of the only merchant tailoring establishment in this place, and his trade is excellent. He Avas married, April 27, 1880, to Adeline A. Fessel, of Wabash County. Tavo daughters bless his marriage, Clara P. and Olga A. He is a Republican, and a rising man in every respect. 788 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY': WILLIAM VON ALLMEN & SON, boarding house and saloon. William was born in Switzerland; March 31, 1823, and is third child in a family of eight children born to John and Elizabeth (Balmer) Von Allmen, natives of Switzerland. John Avas educated in his native land, learned the shoemaker's trade, and folloAvecl it to some extent through life. He was engaged some in farming, and during the wars of Napoleon I. Avas a soldier in the Swiss army. In 1851, he came to the United States, settling in German ToAvnship, in this county, where he lived until death claimed him, October, 1872. He and wife were members of the German Reformed Church. William Von Allmen received a fair education in his native land, and was apprenticed to the carpenters' trade, and in 1846 came to the United States in company with his employer. They worked for a month in New Orleans, and finally, William came up the river to Louisville, Ky., landing with only $1.25 in money. He worked for some months in a dairy, then went to Terre Haute, Ind., was employed on a canal and in a slaughter house. He was then employed in various ways at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Terre Haute, Ind., until in 1857, when he came to German Township, farmed for five years, then came to Olney, and engaged in the saloon and boarding house business. Lie was married, in 1855, to Margaret Rue, a native of New Albany, Ind. Ten chil dren Avere given them, seven of Avhom, three sous and four daugh ters, are living. The family belongs to the German Reformed Church. Henry Von Allmen is oldest of the ten children born to Wil liam Von Allmen , and was born June 11,1 856. He received an excel lent education. At the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to the gun smiths' trade. He served for two years with his brother-in-law, ' Henry Goedeke, and then followed the trade at Fairfield and Olney for some three years. He then entered the saloon business with his father, remaining there some three years. In 1882, in company with C. Eggler, he engaged in the same business, aud since then has con tinued in the position. He is a member of the German Reformed Church, of the A. O. U. W., and is very highly esteemed by his associates. J. G VON ALMEN, dealer in lumber, doors, sash and blinds, Olney, was born June 4, 1843, in SAvitzerland. His father followed the stone-mason trade till 1847, when he emigrated to America and located in Preston Township, where he noAV lives, engaged in farming pursuits. The subject of this sketch Avas reared on the farm, and at the age of twenty he commenced to learn the coopers' trade; this he worked at about eighteen months. He enlisted, in 1864, in Company G, One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth Illinois Infantry, served about six months and returned home. He then continued the coopers' trade during that winter; the following spring he engaged in farming; this he continued four years. In the spring of 1869, he removed to Olney and followed the carpenters' trade several years; in 1879, his present business was established, which has since been rapidly increasing, the transactions running from $18,000 to $20,000 a year. He was married, in 1868, to Mary Yelch, who was born in Clark OLNEY CITY AND TOWNSHIP. 789 County, 111. This union has been blessed with three sons and one daughter. ' GOTTLIEB WEISS, brick-maker, was born January 6, 1857, in Olney. He is the son of Gottlieb Weiss, who Avas born in Switz erland and there learned the carpenters' trade; in 1848, he emi grated to America, and located in Olney; here he died, January 17, 1880, aged fifty-three years. On coming here he followed the" car penters' trade; but his last twenty years he was engaged in the man ufacture of brick. Gottlieb, the subject of this sketch, has Avorked at this business since a boy, and his yard turns out about 600,000 in a season. He Avas married April 5, 1883, to Rosa Weiland, Avho was born in Jefferson City, Mo. _ GEORGE F. WISSHACK, confectioner, was born in Cincin nati, Ohio, June 17, 1863, and is the oldest of four living children born to Adolph G. and Matilda (Bagley) Wisshack, the former a native of Wurtemburg, Germany, and the latter of West Virginia, but of English descent. Adolph G. Wisshack was educated in his native land, and Avhile yet a young man he emigrated to the United States, first settling at Cincinnati, then removing to Wheeling, W. Va., where he Avas married. He soon returned to Cincinnati, then opened a grocery store at Covington, Ky., but in 1880 went back to Wheel ing, W. Va., where he still resides. George F. Wisshack, our sub ject, received a good common school and academic education and also took a commercial course at Los Angeles, Cal. At the age of eight years he Avent into a stationery and confectionery store at Coving ton, Ky., as an errand boy, and at the same time went to school. In 1877, he came to Olney, 111., where he was employed part of the time in his uncle's confectionery store, and at the same time attended school for four years. In 1881 he went to Los Angeles, Cal., where he was employed in a confectionery for eight months, taking his commercial ' course at night. In the fall of 1882 he returned to Olney and Avent into a drug store as a salesman, remaining until June, 1883, when he, in company Avith George D. Johnstone and William A. Starts- man, bought the confectionery store of his uncle, where they are doing an excellent business. JOHN M. WILSON was the first official of Richland County, being appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court June 17, 1841, whilst the other officials Avere not elected until the first Monday in August fol lowing; he was born in Prince William County, Virginia, within two miles of Thoroughfare Gap, at the old Bull Run church, on March 13, 1811. His father, Jacob Wilson, of Scotch-Irish descent, was a Pennsylvanian by birth. His grandfather Wilson fought in the Revolutionary war, and was wounded and taken prisoner at the massacre of Paoli. His uncle Silas fought and was Avounded at the battle of Brandywine. His father, J. Wilson, was at Harper's Ferry in 1798, under Col. William Washington; in the Avar of 1812 served at the White House, in the neighborhood of Washington and Bal timore. His mother, Margaret King, a most exemplary woman, was, by her mother's side, a Kearney, and a relation of Gen. Phil Kear- 790 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY: ney, avIio was a second cousin. The subject of this sketch was one of ten children, and until the age of twelve remained at the place of his birth and for six years went to an old field school. His family, in 1824, moved to Jefferson County, Va., Avithin eight miles of Har per's Ferry, where they farmed. On October 27, 1828, they left Vir ginia for Illinois, and on the 17th of December following, by steady traveling in a four-horse wagon reached their destination, White County, and at the home of" Chief Justice William Wilson, a cousin, Avhere they passed the winter. In the spring of 1829, removing to the Skillit Fork, eight miles northwest of Carmi, where they engaged in stock-raising and farming, the nearest neighbor being three mile distant; being dense woods; Avolves plenty, with deer and turkeys by the hundred, and a few bear and panthers. On more than one occasion John M. was treed by Avolves. In 1832, being then twenty- one years of age, John volunteered in service as Second Sergeant in the Black Hawk campaign, in Captain Thomas' company; Colonel Eubank's regiment of White County volunteers, forming part of General Posey's brigade. He served through the campaign and was mustered out of service at Rock River. Returning home he resumed the occupation of farming, and continued that occupation — except at short intervals — after the death of his elder brother, William; with his brother, James, purchased a one-half section farm southAvest of Carmi, where, Avith his parents, two brothers and three sisters, he resided until 1839, when he surrendered his interest in the farm and stock to his family and studied law at Carmi Avith E. B. Webb; was admitted to the bar in 1848, and in the first great Whig demonstra tion at Carmi in the opening of the celebrated Harrison campaign in 1840, acted as one of the^Marshals of the day. Being appointed Circuit Clerk of Richland County, at the age of thirty, on the 5th day of July, he came to the County of Richland where Olney now stands. On the 31st of March he was married to Harriet A. Pow ers, whose family had, the preceding fall, moved from Vermont. Mr. Wilson soon became prominent as a lawyer and a Whig leader, and so continued until the disorganization of the Whig party; Avhen he took a_ like position in the Democratic party until 1860, when he took sides Avith the Republican party, Avith Avhich he has ever since acted on party questions. In 1847 he resigned his position as Clerk, and devoted his attention to the practice of laAv, in which he was thought invincible. In 1849 he bought of Daniel Cox his newspaper office; an old Ramage press — the first used in Vincennes — and on which the first paper in Olney (the News) was printed. For sev- eralyears he published a paper and during the first year of the Re bellion published two — one in Vincennes, and one, the. first, in Flora. He also published a paper in Salem (the Gazette) where, for a short period, he resided. Mr. Wilson suggested the incorporation of Olney as a village in 1848, and drew up the ordinances. During the Rebel lion he took a most active part, and by a suggestion in his paper at Vincennes advising volunteers on furlough to practice pistol firing at the butternut breast-pins of the rebel sympathizers in that city OLNEY' CITY AND TOAArNSHIP. 791 removed in a single clay all those secesli ornaments. When the O. & M. Railway was first surveyed, a direct line ran near Fairview, seven miles south of Olney. The O- & M. Railroad company, as a condition to come to Olney, required a subsidy from the county of $50,000. As editor of the only paper in Olney and the most active politician and best knoAvn attorney, Mr. Wilson at once began an active canvass of the county, and with the aid of John Wolf, Will iam Shelby and some others, had the $50,000 voted, and though never called for, it was the primo agent in bringing that road to Olney and making it what it is. In 1867 Mr. Wilson'suggested the incorporation of Olney as a city, dreAV up the charter and ordinances, and by the aid of Dr. Bowyer, had it passed by the Legislature, and after an active canvass against most bitter opposition, had it adopted by the people, and was elected the first Mayor and at once com menced a system of city improvements. In 1873 Mr. Wilson was again elected Mayor, and by his casting vote gaA^e Olney its fine brick pave ments, lighted the city and made it Avhat it is — the best paved city in Illinois. Mr. Wilson's last forty years of his life has been largely devoted to public interests and public good, and he is iioav, at the age of seventy-tAVo, City Attorney, actively engaged in the city interests of his beloved Olney, of which he claims to be the first citizen; hav ing been appointed Clerk before the county-seat was located, and when located on Lilly & Barney's donation, there being no one liv ing on it. Mr. Wilson is as active as most men at fifty, with mind and memory wholly unimpaired; perfectly familiar Avith the world's • history and geography. He has not an enemy, and eA^ery man, woman and child, in Olney eArer greets Avith a smile and kind Avord, " Uncle John." Mr. Wilson was for nine years stock agent and attorney for the O. & M. Railway. After the G & M. RailAvay had beeii chartered for ten years and almost defunct, Mr. Wilson, in 1867, suggested the voting of a subsidy. His Avife is a cousin of the cele brated sculptor, Hiram PoAvers, and a sister of Frank Powers, one of Olney's most energetic citizens, and is herself a most exemplary Christian worker. Mr. Wilson has five children living — John F., Phil, Alice (married to William Ferriman), Ida aud Ada, tAvins, at home with their parents. ROBERT B. WITCHER, attorney and master in chancery, Avas born in Upshur County, Texas, April 15, 1855, and is one of three living children born to Benjamin W. and Sarah (Bledsoe) Witcher, natives of Georgia. Benjamin W. married in his native State where he was brought up, and some three years after removed to Texas and engaged in cotton planting until he died, September 3, 1863. He Avas a Mason. His wife died January 31, 1860, a member of the Baptist Church. Robert B. Avas well educated in the com mon schools and Drury College at Springfield, Mo., graduating there in 1876. At that time prizes Avere offered for oratory, and he drew the first prize. After graduation , Mr. Witcher went to Sain t Joseph, Mo., where he was employed on the Saint Joseph Gazette, the old est paper in the State. In April, 1877, he came to Olney, and 792 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : entered the office of James P. Robinson as a law student, and in 1879 was admitted to practice by the Supreme Bench, in the courts of Illinois. He has since been practicing here Avith good success. In January, 1882, Mr. Witcher Avas appointed Master in Chancery for Richland County, and was reappointed in 1883, and is still fill ing that office. He belongs to Marmion Lodge, No. 52, K. of P., and is a Democrat. JOHN WOLF was born in Cumberland County, Penn., Jan uary 31, 1817, and is the third of ten children born to John and Mary (Hawk) Wolf, both natives of the same county and of Ger man descent. John, senior, Avas educated and married in his native State Avhen, in 1831, he removed to Richland (now Ashland) County, Ohio. He bought, a- farm and resided there until his death in April, 1833. Mr Wolf and wife Avere both members of" the Lutheran Church. She lived upon the old place until 1850, when she went to live with her children. She died in February, 1866, living at the time Avith her daughter in Rome, in this county. John Wolf, Jr., received a common school education, and after his father's death, worked upon the old place until 1839, when he came to Illinois and entered 400 acres of land in the northern part of Sugar Ridge Prai rie, in what is iioav Madison Township in Richland County. He erected a rude log cabin and improved a farm, then, in 1843, built a two-story frame dwelling; the first in the, neighborhood. In 1845 and 1846 Avhile employed at farm work, he studied mathematics and surveying. Mr. Wolf was appointed County Assessor and in 1845 took the census of this county. He has also been Deputy Surveyor, and Avas elected in 1846 County Surveyor, being re-elected in 1848. In 1849 Mr. Wolf, in company Avith eleven others made the over land journey to California, experiencing great hardships in the undertaking. They arrived in Sacramento August 8, 1849. Mr. Wolf returned to this county in July, 1850, after having some suc cess in Avork at the mines. In 1851 he Avas again elected County Surveyor, and in 1853 remcwed to Olney where he has lived ever since. In 1855 heAvas elected Sheriff of the county, and in 1857 Avas made to transcribe records of lands relating to Richland County, from records of Clay and Lawrence counties. In 1859 was made Circuit Clerk to fill a vacancy, was elected in 1860 to that office for four years, in 1857 Avas elected Secretary of the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, iioav the P., D. & E. Raibvay, and held this office for more than tAventy years. From 1865 until 1871 Mr. Wolf followed mercantile pursuits; since that he has not been actively engaged in business. He is a Director of the First National Bank, Avhich he helped to organize in 1866, and in which he is a stock holder. Mr. Wolf has been twice married. In 1837 he wedded Margaret Snivcly, of Ashland County. To this union Avere born three children, all iioav living. Mrs. Wolf died on May 15, 1878, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Wolf was next married on May 10, 1880, to Mary E. Butz, of Monroe County, Penn., and Avho is a devout Lutheran. Mr. Wolf has since early OLNEY CITY AND TOWNSHIP. 793 youth been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is a Dem ocrat, and after passing a very eventful and active life, is now respected and appreciated by the people, as a prominent citizen and pioneer of this county should be. HENRY J. B. WRIGHT, M. D., was born in Rush County, Inch, March 18, 1851, and is the youngest of the five children born to Ephraim and Polly (Buckley) Wright, natives, respectively, of Pennsylvania and New York. The father of Ephraim was for about twenty-one years Judge of the Common Pleas Court of Fayette County, Ohio, and from early years until his death, in June, 1866, Ephraim was an itinerant minister of the Gospel. Henry J. B. Wright was reared on the home farm until twenty-one years old, when he began the study of medicine Avith Dr. S. J. Voris, of Edin burgh, Ind. He took his first course of lectures at the Ohio Medi cal College, and graduated from the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery in 1875. From 1876 until the fall of 1880, he prac ticed at Odin, 111., and then attended Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, from which he graduated the next spring and came to Olney, where he has since been in successful practice, in partnership with Dr. Johnson. Both he and his partner hold appointments as examining surgeons of the Pension Department. In October, 1875, Dr. Wright married Kate E. Phillips, a native of Switzerland County, Inch, and to this union has been born one daughter, Han nah L. Mr and Mrs. Wright are members of the Methodist Epis copal Church, and in politics he is a Republican. W. M. WYATT, grocer, was born February 13, 1857, in Edwards County, 111.; he is the son of Ballard S. and Avalina (Compton) Wyatt, the former a native of Ritchie County, W. Va., the latter a native of Wabash County, 111. In 1855 his father emigrated to Edwards County and there engaged in farming pursuits till his death, Avhich occurred in 1879 at the age of fifty-seven. He enlisted, in 1861, in Company G, Ninety-Eighth Hlinois Infantry, served three years, and was mustered out as Commissary-Sergeant. He also held the office of Constable several years in Edwards County. The subject of this sketch was reared on his father's farm ; at the age of twenty he had earned sufficient to buy a farm of eighty acres; this he improved and occupied for six years; he then sold this farm and in the fall of 1883 removed to Olney, and in company with Mr. Reinhardt opened a general grocery store. This partnership con tinued four months, when Mr. Wyatt bought the entire business. He carries a well selected stock worth about $1,200, and is doing a constantly increasing business. He was married May 29, 1879, to Allie R. jenner, of Richland County. She died January 14, 1880, aged nineteen years. His second marriage, March 11, 1881, was to Sarah S. Chapman, of Richland County. One bright son gladdens their home. 48 794 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — -RICHLAND COUNTY': NOBLE TOWNSHIP. PETER BILLINGS, a leading farmer of this township, is a native of Tennessee, Avas born in 1825, and is the son of William and Mary (Davis) Billings ; the former a native of Tennessee, the latter of Wales ; they Avere engaged in farming. Grandfather Billings was a Captain in the army of the Revolution, and once, in a severe personal encounter, had his horse shot under him. SAVords Avere used, and Captain Billings, having broken that of his antagonist, knocked the second one from his hand. Peter Bil lings Avas married, November 24, 1842, to Miss Mary, daughter of Timothy Murry, and a native of LaAvrence County, Ind.; this union Avas productive of five children — Timothy, John W. (deceased) Catherine (deceased), Louis E. and James M. Mr. Billings has served his township as Justice of the Peace. He located here in April, 1852, and entered 182£ acres of Government land, on which he lived about six years ; he afterward entered an additional forty acres, and about 1857, purchased another forty acres, to which he moved in October, 1858, and on Avhich he has since lived. To these he has added by times, and iioav owns 479 acres, well culti vated, and improved, which contains perhaps the finest residence in the county, together Avith 105 acres of orchard. He is also a con siderable dealer in produce, as avcII as all Ararieties of stock, and is an esteemed citizen. W- B. BOLDING, postmaster at Noble since November, 1880, is a native of Hardin County, Ky., born in 1819, and is the sixth of the eight cliildren of William and Elizabeth (Alphiu) Bolcling ; the former a native of Virginia, the latter of South Carolina. William Bolding Avas a Methodist minister, and died in Coles County, .11]., in 1840 ; Mrs. Bolding died in this county, about 1858. Our subject remained in Kentucky until he was thirteen years old, at which time his parents came to this State, and settled in this county ; he received but very little education. In 1840, in Coles County, 111., he married Miss Nancy, daughter of Daniel Drake, a pioneer farmer of said county. Some time after his marriage, Mr. Bolding engaged in merchandising in Iowa. He was a school teacher from 1838 to 1847. He remained in Iowa twenty-six years, when he removed to Crawford County, 111., and engaged in the management of a grist-mill for two years, then, in 1875, located in Olney, Avhere he embarked in the hotel business, then farmed for a time, and finally located in Noble, and gave his attention to merchandising. Mr. Bolding has given much attention to politics; he served three terms as Justice of the Peace in Iowa, and as Supervisor of Crawford County one year ; he was also in the Government service in Ioavu, as Postmaster, from 1853 to 1857, and as deputy Marshal, in I860. Mr. and Mrs. Bolding are members NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 795 of the Universalist Church, and the parents of eleven children — Elizabeth J., William R., John L., Parmelia, James M. (deceased), Charles W. (deceased), Daniel D., Alice M., Erastus M., Clara E. and S- Dora. W. O. BOYLE, saloon keeper, is a native of Brown County, Ohio, Avas born in the year 1853, and is a son of William and Elizabeth (Hix) Boyle.- William Boyle Avas an attorney-at-law, at Georgetown, Ohio, came to Illinois in 1861, and engaged in merchandising at Noble, and also managed a large farm, which he owned, in connection with his practice. Mr. Boyle read law with Gen. Hamer, and Avas a soldier of the Mexican war. W. O. Boyle, our subject, came to Noble with his parents Avhen he was eight years old, and here he has since resided. NoA'ember 18, 1882,^he married Miss Annie Milton, a native of the State of Indiana, by which union Avas vouchsafed to them one child, which is named Harry E. Mr. Boyle is a generally respected citizen. JAMES N. CHAILLE is a native of Kentucky, Avas born in 1827, and is a son of John and Jane Chaille. John Chaille was a native of Maryland, and a shoemaker by occupation, who emi grated to Kentucky Avith his family, and there resided until about 1831, when they removed to Indiana, and there ended their lives. James N. is the youngest of the seven children comprising his father's family, Avas reared on the home farm, and received some education from the common schools. In January, 1849, he married Miss Sarah, daughter of Thomas Stribling, of Jefferson County, Inch, Avho died in 1880, leaving four children — Uriah, Jessie, John and Jennie. His second Avife Avas Miss Jennie Stott, by which marriage he is the father of one child, Bertha E. The first land <>Avned by our subject Avas 340 acres in Tennessee, which he occupied in 1852, and for three years thereafter. His next purchase was forty, and then 120 acres, in Indiana; later he purchased 156 acres in BartholomeAV County, Ind., on Avhich he lived twelve years ; this he likewise sold, and finally purchased his present farm, in 1880, comprising 320 acres ot prairie land, Avhich is under a good condition of cultivation and improvement, making a desirable property and comfortable home. DR. J- A. CLUTTER, physician and surgeon, Avas born in Bourbon County, Ky-, March 1, 1847. When he was seven year ¦- old his parents emigrated to Greencastle, Inch, where he received the major part of his education. In 1863, said parents removed to Indianapolis, Avhere he attended school six months before he entered the store of J- E. Marott, 233 East Washington Street, as salesman. In this engagement he Avas active and successful, and after one year and a half the proprietor offered him an interest in his business, his salary being $75 per month. Our subject, how ever, demanded something more permanent, and read medicine Avith his brother, Dr. W. H. Clutter, Surgeon of the Sixty-Fourth United States Volunteer Infantry. Subsequently he attended the Rush Medical College of Chicago, in 1866-67, and completed his 796 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY". professional course at the Missouri Medical College, Saint Louis. Dr. Clutter, on June 20, 1869, married Christena, eldest daughter of Dr. H. M. Sanderson, and a native of this toAvnship, to which union Avere vouchsafed three daughters — Flora M., Mollie H. and Jessie. Dr. Clutter has served several terms as member of the Town Council and as Health Officer ; he was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of this county, and is a member of Noble Lodge, No. 482, I. O. O. F. ¦MICHAEL C DONOVAN, farmer, is a native of Ireland, Avas born in 1842, and is a son of Patrick and Mary C. Donovan, both natives of Ireland, Avhere the former died, aged sixty-five years. The latter came to America, about 1863, and died in Craw- fbrdsville, Inch, aged nearly eighty-seven years. Michael C. Don ovan came to America when fifteen years old, and served an appren ticeship to the carpenters' trade, at Crawfordsville, which he fol lowed about fifteen years, and thereafter purchased forty acres of unimproved land in Montgomery County. This he cultivated, and in the spring of 1883 sold the same and purchased 140 acres of his present farm, Avhich is situated about one and one-fourth miles from Noble, and which is a most desirable property. This pos session is Avholly due to the energy and thrift of our subject. In 1875 he married Miss Susan, daughter of William Bressie, of Wash ington County, Ind. Mr. Donovan is a generally respected citizen, and a prosperous farmer. D. C. EDMONDSON, of the firm of Edmondson & Co., grocer ies, provisions, notions, etc., is a native of Vincennes, Ind., was born March 26, 1853, and is a son of" Joseph and Miriam (Mitchell) Ed mondson, natives respectively of Virginia and Tennessee. Our sub ject's early education was such' as could be secured in the common schools. At the place of his nativity he learned the machinist trade, and followed the same until 1882. March 15, 1876, at Olney, he married Miss Tillie, daughter of Dr. Sanderson, and a native of Hills- boro, Ohio. This union has been favored Avith one child, Bertie. Mrs. Edmondson is a member of the Christian Church. The firm of Edmondson & Co., has been established since January 1, 1883. Their promise of patronage is as large as their stock of goods, and as a consequence of their urbanity and energy are destined to success and prosperity. R. N. McCAULEY, attorn ey-at-law, was born in this county, October 19, 1843, and is the seventh of the ten children of Daniel and Mary A. (Jeffreys) McCauley, the former a native Kentucky, the latter of Maryland. Daniel McCauley followed the profession of school teacher until he was twenty-seven years of age, after which he devoted his time to farming in this county, Avhere he located in 1836, and where he now resides at the advanced age of eighty-one, his wife being seATenty-one years of age. The boyhood of our sub ject was divided between farm Avork and schooling; he was a great lover of learning, and was notably proficient in mathematics, the most so of any one in the county. He afterward read law with Mr. NOBLE TOAVNSHIP. 797 Longnecker, prior to entering the law school at Ann Arbor, Mich., from which he graduated in the spring of 1880, since which time he has lived at Noble, and practiced in this,Clay and other counties,with much satisfaction and profit, being the only licensed attorney in the town ship. In 1870, he married Hattie E., daughter of Ira Mendenhall, of Peru, Ind., to which union were born four children — Myrtle B., Mattie G, Edward and William. Mr. McCauley was a candidate for judgeship in 1882, also Commander of Noble Post, G. A. R. Mrs. McCauley is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. J. L. McMURTRY, merchant at Noble, is a native of Warwick County, Ind., was born January, 1848, and is the third of the five children of J. U. and Elizabeth G (Angel) McMurtry, the former a native of Kentucky, the latter of Ohio. The father of our subject was a pioneer farmer of this county, where he located about the year 1851, rich in the experiences of trials and privations so common to those early comers. Both parents now reside in Noble — the father aged seventy, the mother, fifty-seven. J. L. McMurtry was reared on the paternal farm, on which he labored in the sum mer and went to the common schools in the Avinter, and by which he acquired a good education for the times. In 1880, at Noble, he mar ried Mrs. Stewart, a native of Ohio, a union which has been cemented by the birth of tAvo children, named Lettie and Clyde. Mr. Mc Murtry was Collector for two years, and has served several terms on the Town Board. He commenced the general merchandise business in April, 1883, and carries a stock of about $6,000- He is an active tradesman and an esteemed citizen. J. D. NICHOLS, of the firm of J. D. Nichols & Co., grocers, was born at Malone, Franklin Co., N. Y., in 1828, and is the second of the family of John S. and Maria (Smith) Nichols. John S. Nich ols was a pioneer farmer of northern New York, and is yet in appar ently active life at the age of eighty-one years, and his wife at the age of seventy-eight, both residing in this county. J. D. Nichols received an academical education, and afterward taught the higher branches for four terms. In 1858 he married Miss Esther A. Curtis, a native of New York. After an engagement of two years in Saint Louis, at telegraphy, he removed to Clinton County, 111., where he purchased fifty-tAvo acres and remained thereon for tAvo years; this he afterward sold and purchased 320 acres, near Noble, where he resided from 1862 to 1881, when he rented said farm and moved to the toAvn. Mr. Nichols is a successful business man; he commenced his present business in 1881, and took a partner in December, 1882; they have a large stock and promise to do well. Mr. Nichols has served one year as Township Supervisor, and is a member of the I. O. O. F. Mrs. and Mrs. Nichols have had five children — William (deceased), Mary (deceased), Frank (deceased), John and Nellie (deceased). J. F. PALMER, M. D., Avas born in Neville, Clermont Co., Ohio, February 9, 1829, and is the sixth of" the eleven children of Jacob and Polly (Stark) Palmer, natives of New York. Jacob Pal- 798 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY: mer was a physician and came to Ohio in 181 7, removed to Richland County, 111., in 1866, and died in 1876, aged eighty-two years, and Mrs. Palmer, August 6, 1883, aged eighty-five. Our subject received such advantages of instruction as the schools of that day afforded, and began reading medicine in 1852, under Dr. Weaver, of high repute in Brown County, Ohio, for two years, after wdiich he attended lect ures in Cincinnati, Ohio, and graduated there in 1868, having prac ticed some years previously. He first practiced in Ohio, then came to Noble, Richland Co., 111., August, 1856, where he has since re mained, and is the oldest physician and surgeon in this region, being now associated Avith his son, Dr. E. L. Palmer, who attended three terms at McKendrie College, and graduated from the Eclectic Medi cal College of Cincinnati, in 1877, a native of Ohio, born July 13, 1855, and, in 1881, in Saint Louis, married Miss Mary E- Flanders. Dr. J. F. Palmer, married Miss M. G Danbury, a native of Ohio, October 23, 1853, a union to Avhich were born four children — E. L, Charles E., Lillie M. and Franklin E. (deceased). Our subject has been Trustee of* the township for the past tAventy-three years, and for the first twelve years after the incorporation of the town.' CHARLES E. PALMER, counselor-at-laAV, is a native of this township, was born October 14, 1859, and is a son of J. F. and M- C. Palmer. His early education Avas obtained at the common schools, which he attended until the year 1879, Avhich gave him the advan tage of a good education. In the autumn of 1881, he made a visit to California, and remained there until the spring of 1882, Avhere he was engaged in various employments, a portion of the time being in a drug store. After his return from California he was elected Town ship Assessor on tho Republican ticket, having to overcome a Demo cratic majority of forty, which bespeaks his popularity. On his twenty-first birth day he was made a Mason, and is at present secre tary of his Lodge, No. 362; he is also a member of the I. O- O- F. In May, 1883, he married Miss Mollie Philhower, a daughter of J. B. Philhower, by Avhich union he became the father of one child, Beulah M. _ J. ROBERTS, merchant, of the firm of J. Roberts & Son, deal ers in hardware, staple and fancy groceries, provisions, etc., was born in Ohio in 1829, and is the third of the ten children of John and Sarah (Sargent) Roberts, the former a native of Wales, the latter of Virginia. John Roberts was in early life a sailor, later a farmer; he died in Ohio at the age of eighty-three, his wife being yet alive, aged seventy-nine. Our subject resided at home until he was twenty-five years of age. In 1855, he married Miss Zimrode, daughter of Nehe- miah Bicknell, and a native of Ohio. After marriage, Mr. Rob erts purchased 170 acres in West Virginia, on Avhich he remained nine years; this he then sold and removed to Noble ToAvnship, pur chased 320 acres and remained two years; he afterward removed to Ohio, where his wife died in 1870, leaving three children — Arthur B., Z. Ella and Albert. He next married Miss Fannie V., daughter of N. R. Nye, and a native of Ohio. This union gave issue to four NOBLE TOWNSHIP. 799 children— Alma, Frank H., Willie G and Charlie N After this marriage Mr. Roberts returned to Richland County, and lived on his previously occupied farm until he began his present business, which he managed in connection Avith farming, having a good farm of 320 acres. Mr. Roberts was toAvnship Supervisor in 1872, and has been school trustee for five years. He is a Knight Templar Ma son, and he and Avife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. J. SLATE, of the firm of Slate. & Fay, general merchants, is a native of Massachusetts, and a son of Henry and Sylvia (Halej Slate, also natives of Massachusetts. Henry Slate was a farmer, and lived on the homestead which had been in the family 125 years. Grandfather Slate was a Revolutionary soldier. Llenry Slate is yet living on the family farm, aged seventy-one years, Avhere his wife died in 1849. Our subject had a regular course of study and gradu ated at Powers' Institute, in his native State, in 1862, after which he became a teacher in the East, and later taught six months in Warren County, and six months in Richland County, 111. In 1871, in Cin cinnati, he married Miss Clara L-, daughter of L- Fay, a Baptist minister, and a native of Athol, Mass.; this union was graced by three children — Fay, Ernest and Bertha. Mr. Slate commenced his business in 1878; the firm carries a stock of $10,000, the trade rang ing from $35,000 to $50,000 a year. Mr. Slate has served as Supervi sor, Collector, Postmaster and Trustee. He is a member of the Town Council, of the I. O. O- F., and he and wife belong to the Baptist Church. W. G. TOLIVER, farmer, is a native of Lawrence County, Ind., was born December 25, 1837, and is a son of William and Delana (Burton) Toliver. William Toliver was a farmer, who emi grated from North Carolina to Indiana, in his early life, and where he resided until his death. W. G. Toliver received a good education in youth, and was reared to his father's business of farming; he also taught school for a time, and in 1858, came to this State, where he began teaching, and found a wife among his pupils — Miss Eliza A. Scott, whom he married in 1859; she Avas a daughter of Robert and Margaret Scott, Avho located in this county in 1840, and a portion of Avhose land was given to Mrs. Toliver by her father. After mar riage, Mr. Toliver gave his attention to farming and continued so to do until his death, January 15, 1874, having increased his farm and estab lished for his family a comfortable independence, the farm now em bracing 460 acres. Mr. Toliver left five children — William R. John A., Margaret D., Clara and Charles H. February 11, 1876, Mrs. Toliver was married to Mr. F. G Madding, Avho died August 15, 1880, to which union succeeded one child, who is named Louanna. Mrs. Madding is a member of the Christian Church. & 800 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY': CLAREMONT TOWNSHIP. N. B. ALLEN, M. D, was born November 8, 1852, in Owensboro, Ky., and is the son of N. B. Allen, Sr., also a native of Owensboro, and, since 1862, in the employ of the United States Government as gauger, in his native town. The subject of this sketch came to Olney in 1873, and commenced the study of medi cine with Dr. E. Boyer ; in 1874-75 he attended his first course of lectures at the Medical College of Ohio; March, 1877, he came to Claremont, where he has since been actively engaged at his pro fession ; in the spring of 1878 he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Keokuk, Iowa. He was married, Sep tember 1, 1874, to Cecelia, daughter of the Rev. W. E. Ravenscraft, of Olney ; two sons bless this union. The Doctor's mother was a niece of Gen. Joseph H. Daviess, who Avas a prominent lawyer of Owensboro, Ky. He Avas killed at the battle of Tippecanoe, in 1814. EARLY BEADLE was born February 22, 1848, in Lawrence County, 111., and was the son of Amos Beadle, who came to Law rence County Avhen a boy. He first followed stage-driving, contin ued this for several years, and later took up farming, which he con tinued till his death, which occurred May 27, 1880, aged fifty- four years. His father, William, when young joined the Method ist Church, and engaged in preaching. This profession he followed through life. The subject of this sketch enlisted in 1864 in Company E, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and served to the end of the Avar. He participated in the battles of" Tupela, Tenn., Nash ville, Tenn., siege of Mobile, and others. At the close of the war he returned here, and has since been engaged in farming. He owns one hundred acres of land, which he inherited from his father's estate. Mr. Beadle was married, in 1870, to Maria E. Fenis, of Indiana. WILLIAM E. COLVIN, farmer, was born October 8, 1848, in Highland County, Ohio, and was the son of Peter Colvin, also a native of" Ohio, and in 1854 the family came to Richland County and bought Thomas Gardner's farm, which is the oldest settled of any farm in that locality. On this place William E. was reared, and at the age of twenty-tAvo he married Lydia J. Jackson. She was born in 1857, in Clinton County, Ohio. Four sons bless this union. Soon after marriage, Mr. Colvin bought a farm of forty acres in Section 18. He afterwards traded farms, and in 1881 removed to his present farm, consisting of eighty acres, and improved with a very comfort able house, good barn and other improvements. In 1879 he was elected Commissioner of Highways, and still holds this office. ELIJAH CONNER, general merchant, was born November 12, 1824, in Spencer County, Ind., and when quite small lost his CLAREMONT TOWNSHIP. 801 father. In 1831 the family emigrated to Illinois and located in what was then Lawrence County. There he Avas reared. Since then, he has lived Avithin four miles of this locality, and is one of the oldest settlers of the county. In 1844 he was married to Jane Utterback, a native of Kentucky. They have four children, one son and three daughters. In 1856 he was elected Constable, and attended the first and second courts held in Richland County. Soon after, he moved to Claremont, and opened a general store. This he con tinued till 1862, when he enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Thirtieth Illinois- Infantry, and Avas promoted to Second Lieutenant. This commission he held till the close of the war. He then returned to Claremont, and has since been engaged at merchandising. Mr. Conner holds the office of Justice of the Peace, having been elected in April, 1867. A. W. FRITCHEY, druggist, was born June 4, 1839, in Dau phin County, Penn. At about the age of seven he lost his father. He Avas then taken and reared by his uncle, Benjamin Brightbill. At the age of sixteen he commenced to learn the carpenters' trade. This he followed there till the age of twenty-one. In 1859 he came to Richland County, and continued this business until he enlisted, in April, 1861, in Company D, Eighth Illinois Infantry. He served three months, then enlisted in Company A , Twenty-Sixth Mis souri Infantry, and was promoted to First Lieutenant, in 1862. He served in this capacity till the end of the war, and was hon orably dischargedat Saint Louis, June 15, 1865. He was taken pris oner at the battle of Mission Ridge, November 26, 1863, and confined in Libby Prison till May 7, 1864, then taken to Danville Prison, and there confined till June, 1 864. He AA'as then shipped to Mac on, Ga., from there he made his escape, and unfortunately Avas recaptured at Lexington, N. G, by the bloodhounds, and returned to Macon, Ga. He was then sent to Charleston, S. G, and there placed under the fire of our guns. After remaining there about four months he was shipped to Columbus, S- G, Avhere he again escaped. After being out about six weeks he was again recaptured, at Fayetteville, N. G, and shipped back to Libby Prison, Avhere he was held till April, 1865, when he was released and honorably discharged. He t hen returned to Richland County, continued the carpenters' trade till May, 1881, when he opened a drug store at Claremont. This business he still continues. He was married, in 1867, to Mary J. Taylor, of Ohio. Two children bless this union, one son and one daughter. ISAAC FRITSCHLE was born, April 8, 1844, in Richland County, 111., and Avas the son of Jacob Fritschle, an early settler of Olney Township. Isaac was reared on his father's farm, and in 1869 he married Susanna Mason. She was born in Richland County, and died in 1877, aged tAventy-six years. She left two children, one son and one daughter. Mr- Fritschle's second mar riage took place in the spring of 1878, to Mrs. Hagerman, a native of Richland County. They have two sons. She has one son by 802 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: her former marriage. The couple own 200 acres of land, which is well improved. G. W. FULK was born March 5, 1833, in Washington County, Ind., and was the son of Jacob Fulk, who was born in North Carolina. When he was about the age of eighteen years, Jacob moved to Indiana, where he followed farming, and in 1838 the family came to Clay County, 111. George, in 1849, returned to Indiana, and there was married to Catharine Boss, Avho was born in Indiana. She died in 1861, aged twenty-six years. This union was blessed with three children, two daughters and one son. Mr. Fulk's second marriage took place in 1862, to Sarah Harmon, who Avas born in Richland County. They have nine children, five sons and four daughters. In 1857 Mr. Fulk returned to Illinois, and settled in Claremont Township. When in Indiana he learned the trade of blacksmith and wagon-maker, and this trade he has since followed. Mr. Fulk owns thirty acres of land where he resides. He enlisted, in 1862, in Company H, One Hundred and Thirtieth Illinois Infantry, and served till June of 1864. He par ticipated in the battle at Saint Joseph's Lake, also the siege of Vicksburg and others. JOEL GARDNER, farmer, was born December 18, 1825, in (then) Lawrence County, 111., and now lives Avithin a quarter of a mile from the spot on Avhich he was born. Joel is the son of Thomas and Frances (Calhoun) Gardner. His father was born in Georgia, and his mother in South Carolina. Thomas moved to Indiana, where he engaged in farming, and in about 1822 emigrated to Illinois, and entered ninety-three acres of land known as the Peter Colvin farm, and there he died, January 9, 1864, in his seventy- second year, His wife died October 10, 1855, aged sixty years. She Avas the daughter of Hugh Calhoun, from Avhom Calhoun Prairie derived its name. The subject of this sketch was born aud reared on this farm, and when he reached the age of tAventy-one, his father gave him sixty acres, Avhere he has since lived. He at first built a log cabin 16x18 feet, and there five of his children were born. In 1858 he built his present residence, Avhich cost about $1,000- He has two barns, one built in 1857 and one in 1874, at a cost of about $700. His fruit house, 12x24 feet, cost about $300, and he has an orchard of about three acres, inclosed with a very substantial wire and hedge fence. Mr. Gardner has added other lands since coming here, and now owns 200 acres, and his is one of the best improved farms in this locality. In August, of 1862, he entered the service as First Lieutenant of Company H, One Hun dred and Thirtieth Illinois Infantry, served about one year, then resigned on account of ill health. Mr: Gardner has been Justice of the Peace about sixteen years, and has been several terms Supervisor. He was elected one of the three County Commissioners this election, which Avas to fill a vacancy on the County Board. When his father first came to this county, their nearest post-office was Lawrenceville, a distance of twenty miles. Our subject was CLAREMONT TOWNSHIP. 803 married in 1846, to Rachel E. Heap, who was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, January 10, 1827. She died January 24, 1873. This union was blessed Avith nine children, three sons and six daughters. His second marriage was to Mrs. Sarah E. Edwards, November 26, 1874. She Avas born in La Rue County, Kentucky, June 23,1838. They have one sou. She has five children by her former mar riage, four sons and one daughter. ' TLIEODORE GHARST was born January 19, 1840, in Lan caster County, Penn. His father carried on the shoemaking trade there, and with him Theodore learned that business. In 1863 he came to Claremont, opened a shop, and has since carried on his trade. He bought a farm of fifty acres in the spring of 1882; this land joins the village of Claremont, and this he cultivates, as Avell as carrying on his other business. He enlisted in 1861 in Company B, Six teenth Ohio Infantry, and served three months. He was married in the fall of 1861 to Adaline Greenwood, of Pennsylvania. Eight children have blessed this union,five sons and three daughters. Mr. Gharst is now school director and Commissioner of Highways. HENRY HARMON, Jr., was born November 23, 1853, in Greene County, Ind., and Avas the son of Henry Harmon, who was born March 11, 1812, in Byron County, Ky., and in 1836 came to Richland County, Bh, and settled about three miles south of Olney, on Congress land. He there lived several years, but finally returned to Indiana, Avhere the subject of this sketch was born. In 1855 Henry came with his parents to Richland County, where he has since lived. He owns sixty acres land upon Avhich he lives in Section 15, and has just completed a very comfortable house, which he occupies. He was married in 1875 to Mary Graff, avIio was born in Richland County. They have four children, two sons and two daughters. SAMUEL R. JONES (deceased) wasa native of Orange County, N. G, born in 1823. He was reared a farmer, and he died at his home in Claremont April 8, 1876. January 8, 1848, he enlist ed in the Mexican war; after serving about seven months he re turned to Orange County, continued farming and also ran a distillery there several years. In the fall of 1858 he came to Richland County and located in Claremont; he first worked for the railroad company, attending the tank; also farmed. He enlisted in September, 1862, in Company E, One Hundred and Thirtieth Hlinois Infantry, and served to the end of the war. On account of wounds received at different battles he was transferred to the Invalid Corps at Spring field, 111., in 1864, where he remained till 1865, Avhen he was hon orably discharged. In 1866 he returned to Claremont, bought a farm of twenty acres about one mile Avest of the village, and there lived several years. He then removed to the poor-farm, having been appointed Superintendent, held this position four years, and durino- his stay bought the hotel now known as the Jones House. December 25, 1874 he removed to this house, Avhere he remained till his death. He was married, August 15, 1849, to Elizabeth G. Jones, who was born in Orange County, N. C Five children blessed this union, four sons and one daughter. 804 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: CHRISTIAN E. MILLER was born October 16, 1853, in Claremont Township. He is the son of Christian Miller, Avho was born in witzerla nd and came to Richland County in 1845, where he finally died. The subject of this sketch was brought up by his step-father. Mr. Miller owns 100 acres land upon which he lives, and mostly improved. He was married in 1875 to Sophia Hostettler, who was born in Ohio, and died in March, 1878, aged twenty-eight years. They had one daughter. Mr. Miller's second marriage occurred in March, 1879, to Rachel E. Gardner. She was born in Claremont Township. Two sons bless this union. ISAIAH J. MOWRER, fanner, was born March 3d, 1832, in Ashland County, Ohio, and was the son of Henry Mowrer, who was a native of Maryland, and carried on the stone mason trade in his younger days. He afterwards engaged in farming. In 1836 he came West Avith a view of finding a desirable location to settle with his family. He then entered three quarter-sections, which land he afterwards deeded to his sons, George W., and the subject of this sketch, Isaiah J., who, in 1854, came to this farm and has since resided here. He noAV owns 420 acres which is improved with a comfortable stone house. The stone used in its construction was taken from a quarry on the farm, and the foundation of his barn and other out buildings are also built of stone. Mr. Mower has about eight acres of orchard and about 200 acres in improvement. He Avas married in 1853 to Julia Ann Cliffe, who was born in Ashland County, Ohio. They have had nine children, eight of whom are now living, six sons and tAvo daughters. Our subject's farm is situated two and three quarter miles east of the village of Claremont, and the residence is in Section 12. _ B. M. NEASE, teacher, was born October 27, 1852, in Meigs County, Ohio, the son of Gideon and Eliza J. (Jewett) Nease. They were also natives of Ohio. At the age of 10 years he lost his parents; he then lived with his uncle about two years, and later with his grandfather till the age of eighteen years. In the spring of 1863 they removed to LaSalle County, Illinois; he lived there in all about eight years, after which he returned to Ohio, re maining there about two years. In 1873 he came to Richland County. After teaching about three years, he was engaged in the drug business about tAvo years. The past three years'he has been engaged in teaching. Since the fall of 1883 he has had charge of the school in the village of Claremont. He was married in the spring of 1878 to Miss Essie Ravenscroft, of NeAv Albany, Indiana. They have had two children, one living — Stephen G- Louisa May died September 7, 1883, in her second year. Both -parents are mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHN PEER was born January 20, 1834, in Richland County, Ohio, and at the age of five years came Avith his parents to Richland County, Illinois. They settled in the locality where the subject of this sketch now resides. His father died September 7, 1859, aged forty-six years and three months. On the breaking out of the CLAREMONT TOWNSHIP. 805 Avar John Peer enlisted in Company E, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and served about eighteen months. He then returned to the farm which he owns, consisting of 120 acres, and where he has since re sided. Mr. Peer has held the office of Constable seven years, and school director fourteen years. He Avas married in 1860 to Eliza beth Stockwell, who was born January 28, 1836, in Jasper County, Illinois. They have four children, one son and three daughters, having lost Winfield S-, in infancy. Mr. Peer's mother died July 12, 1879, aged sixty-eight years and three months. JOHN F. PERRY was born December 24, 1831, in Wayne County, Ohio, and in 1838 came Avith his parents to Richland County\, 111. His father, John Perry, died December, 1839, aged forty-six years. John F. enlisted in 1861 in Company E, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and was promoted to Second Lieutenant, and mustered out in January of 1866. He was Avounded at the battle of Iuka, Miss. Mr. Perry after being mustered out returned to this farm Avhich he oaviis, consisting of 150 acres, mostly improved. He was married in 1854 to Charity Stockwell. She was born in Ken tucky. Mr. Perry's mother died in 1882, aged seventy-seven years. DAVID L. M. RICHARDSON was born May 7, 1836, in Perry County, Penn., and was the son of Joseph Richardson who was born in England. Joseph emigrated to America in 1810, settled in Penn sylvania, engaged in farming, and died in the spring of 1882, in his eighty-third year. David L. M. moved to Highland County, Ohio, in 1853, and there engaged at farming. On June 21, 1857, he came to Richland County, and settled in Claremont Township. Here he oaviis one hundred acres of land where he iioav resides. Mr. Rich ardson enlisted April 17, 1861, and Avas mustered into the service at Springfield, 111., April 21, in Company D, Eighth Illinois In fantry. Ex-Governor Oglesby Avas Colonel of this regiment. Mr. Richardson is with one exception the only resident soldier who enlisted from this county at the breaking out of the war on the call of President Lincoln for 75,000 men for three months. He, after serving this enlistment, at once re-enlisted in the call for 300,000 men for three years' service. His second enlistment Avas at Cairo, HI. Lie participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Tenn., Fort Donelson, Shiloh, — and there received a wound in his right thigh by a limb falling from a tree, — of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Miss., Champion Hill, charge at Vicksburg, and there received a severe wound in the right shoulder. He was then trans ferred to a company in the veteran reserve corps by special orders, and was mustered out as Corporal at the close of his service. He was married in 1867 to Susanna G Miller. She was born in SAvit zerland, and at the age of five years came with her parents to America. They have four children, two sons and two daughters. He is a member of the G. A. R. and A. O. U. W., and amember of the Christian Church. ELI G ROBERTS was born September 19, 1817, in Sullivan County, N. Y., was reared in Ontario County, and was the son of 806 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY' : Hezekiah and Hannah (Clason) Roberts. Hezekiah in his younger days worked at the cabinet-making business, and also served in the war of 1812, but on account of ill health contracted in the service, he went to the Hot Springs to regain his strength and there died. The subject of this sketch removed to Noble County, Ind., in 1845, and there engaged in farming. In 1872, in company with his son Charles, he came to Richland County, 111., there bought his farm of 157 acres, and then returned to Indiana. In the following year he returned, bringing his family. Here they have since resided. His farm has been improved with a comfortable house built in 1879, at a cost of $1,200, and a barn built in 1877, costing about $800- He has also planted about four acres of orchard. He was married in LS47 to Abigail Allen, he was born January 16, 1828, in Vermont, and died in 1859. They had five children — four living, all sons. His second marriage took place in the fall of 1861, to Elizabeth Miller. She Avas born in Ohio, and died in 1867, aged thirty years, and his third marriage was in 1868, to arah Miller. She was born July 23, 1845, in Ohio. They had four children — three living, two sons and one daughter. ^ IRA O. SNAVELY Avas born July 6, 1857. in Crawford County, Ohio, and in 1867 came Avith his parents to Richland County, Uh; they settled on this farm, Avhere the father died in Sep tember, 1881, in his fifty-third year. This farm consists of 120 acres, mostly improAred, also a very comfortable dwelling, a barn and other out-buildings. Ira O. was married in 1879 to Ida M. Har mon. She Avas born in Bonpas ToAvnship, Richland County. This union is blessed with one son, Roger. D. S- SHOEMAKER was born November 25, 1839, in Perry County, Pennsylvania, and Avas the son of John Shoemaker, who was born in Germany and reared in Pennsylvania, where he engaged in farming. The subject of this sketch, Avhen a boy, learned the tanners' trade, worked at this business for about three years. In December, 1859, he came to Richland County, Avhere he oaviis 120 acres land. Mr. Shoemaker enlisted in 1862 in Company B, Ninety- Eighth Illinois (Mounted) Infantry, and served to the end of the war. He participated in the battles of Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, Parin- ington, Atlanta, Selma, and others. Mr- Shoemaker Avas married June 10, 1860, to Amanda E. Richardson. She Avas born in Perry Comity, Penn- They have had four children, tAvo sons and two daughters. He is a member of the Urica Christian Church. E. J. STEWARD, of the firm of Beaird & Steward, general mer chants, Avas born June 5, 1845, in Richland County, and is the son of Thomas L. SteAvard, avIioso sketch appears else av here in this work. E. J. enlisted in February, 1864, in Company F, Forty- Eighth Illinois Infantry, and served to the end of the Avar. He par ticipated in the siege of Atlanta, was Avith Sherman during his march to the sea, and was in many severe engagements. At the close of the war, he returned to Olney Township, where he remained about two years ; in 1867 he Avent to Clinton County, Mo. ; Juue, CLAREMONT TOWNSHIP. 807 1868, he extended his travels to Cheyenne City, W. T., also to Colo rado; he returned to Olney Township in 1869 ; in March, 1870, he, Avith his father and brother, opened a general store in Claremont, under the firm name of T. L. Steward & Sons ; the following year his brother retired from the business ; in September, 1871, he sold out his interest in the business, and engaged in farming ; this he continued till the spring of 1882, when he returned to Claremont ; November, 1882, the partnership of Beaird & SteAvard was formed, which still continues. Mr. Steward has been Township Supervisor one term ; member of the County Board one term ; Township Assessor one year; in 1880, he was appointed United States Census Enumerator; he was three years Commissioner of Highways, and he is at present Treasurer of Town 3, Range 14, He was married in October, 1871, to Emma GreenAvood, of Richland County, Ohio ; they have one daughter living, and lost William L. in September, 1883, in his seventh year. 808 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY I DECKER TOWNSHIP. DAVID H. ANDERSON, farmer and stock-dealer, a native of Decker ToAvnship, Richland Co., 111., Avas born on August 16, 1854, is the son of Isaac and Jemima (Brown) Anderson, and is of German extraction, and natives of Kentucky and Tennessee respect ively. They came to Richland County almost half a century ago, and settled in Decker Township, Avhich was then one vast wilder ness. Mr. Anderson has long been one of the prominent men of the ToAvnship and still resides there. Our subject attended the early schools of Decker Township during the winter, worked on the farm in the summer, and remained at home and assisted his father on the farm until his majority, when he began life for himself. In Octo ber, of the centennial year, he was united in marriage to Ella, a dauo-hter of Abner Combs, and a native of Clermont County, Ohio. To this household has been born three children — Claude A., Roscoe K., and Myrtle. Immediately after the marriage, Mr. Anderson moved to his present place of residence tAvo and one-half miles sonth of Noble. He is a Democrat, and his first Presidential vote Avas cast for Hancock. He has been Clerk and Supervisor of Decker ToAvnship, and in 1880 he Avas made a Mason, and is now Master of the Noble Lodge, No. 362. He is a leading citizen of the county and a thorough gentleman. ABSALOM BROWN, pioneer of Richland County, was born in Franklin County, Tenn., August 27, 1822, and is the son of John and Phoebe (McCoy) Brown, is the third of seven children, and is of German-Scotch lineage. The parents of Mr. Brown were natives of North Carolina, and in early childhood Avere taken to Tennessee, and were there married and lived until 1828, when they emigrated to Edwards County, 111., and remained tAvo years and then came to Richland County, 111., and settled in Decker Township, and here our subject has ever since lived and has been a resident of the township for more than half a century. When he came to the county, deer Avere quite numerous, the Avolves and bears trcmblesome, and the sio-ht of" Indians a common occurrence. Mr. Brown is one of five men who killed an old bear and assisted in catching four cubs in the northeastern part of Decker Township in 1833. The paternal grand father and the father of Mr. Brown Avere both soldiers in the war of 1812. Mr. BroAvn Avas married, December 23, 1849, to Lucinda Smith, a native of Kentucky. To this union have been born seven children- Our subject has been a life-long Democrat, and has served as Justice of the Peace, of Decker ToAvnship, for a number of terms. In 1866, he lost by fire his residence, a good two-story frame. Mr. Brown has long been one of the enterprising men of his neighbor hood and is one of the frontiersmen of the county. OSBERN HENRY, farmer and stock dealer, is a native of Craw- DECKER TOWNSHIP. 809 ford County, 111., born February 10, 1843, son of R. A. and Sarah A. (Lackey) Henry, is the third in a family of eleven children, and is of German-Irish extraction. The father of Mr. Henry was born in Tennessee, and in early manhood came to Crawford County, 111. He was one of the pioneers of that county. He died in Arkansas in 1868. Osbern Henry worked at home until twenty-two years of age. His marriage took place December 28, 1865, to Miss Elvira Goff, daughter of Mason and Elizabeth Goff. To this marriage were born five children, viz. : Laura E., Ivra M. , Emery E., Mason G- and Hester A. Mrs. Henry died October 3, 1874, and four years later he was married to Miss Nannie F. Carson, a distant relative of the famous Kit Carson. To this union were born three children, viz. : Fred. H, Tillie B. and Nannie G Mrs. Henry died October 11, 1883- In 1866, Mr. Henry came to Decker Township, Richland County, and settled where he now resides and owns 279 acres of well-im proved land. In 1883, he erected one of the best barns in Decker Township. Mr. Henry is a Democrat, though in all local matters he always supports the best man. He was made a Mason in 1864, and is a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. N. L. McCAULEY, farmer, was born in Jefferson County, Ky., October 26, 1833, is the son of Daniel and Mary Ann (Jeffrey) Mc Cauley, is the second in a family of nine children, and is of Scotch- Irish extraction. Mr. McCauley is one of the early settlers of Rich land County, having come to the county from Kentucky in 1835, in company Avith his parents, and settled in what is now Decker Town ship. The father of Mr. McCauley was born in Jefferson County, Ky. ; his paternal grandfather, in Virginia, aud his great-grandfather in Ireland. The marriage of N. L. McCauley, occurred December 24, 1857, to Miss Mary J. Rusk, daughter of Thomas Rusk. Mrs. Mc Cauley is a native of Clay County, 111., the Rusk family coming originally from Virginia. Mr. McCauley cast his first Presidential vote for Millard Film ore; at that time there were only three Whigs in Decker Township. He is now a Republican, and in 1859, was elected Assessor of Decker Township; he also served as Justice of the Peace for four years, and is now Commissioner of Highways. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company H, Ninety-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and was honorably discharged in February, 1863, on account of disability. Mr. McCauley now owns 153 acres of well- improved land, three miles southwest of Noble. In addition to the farm, Mr.M cCauley has been engaged iu running a saw mill for a number of years. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., Noble Lodge, No. 182, and is a man of public spirit arid enterprise. NATHANIEL MILLER, farmer, was born in Gibson County, Inch, March 27, 1847, is the son of Nathaniel and Lucinda (Mont gomery) Miller, is the youngest of seven children and is of Dutch- Irish extraction. The father of Mr. Miller was born in Kentucky, and his mother in Indiana. In the spring of 1852, the subject of this mention, in company with his parents, came to Richland County, 111., and made settlement in Decker Township. His father died in 49 810 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : November, 1868, and here Mr. Miller has since resided. His mar riage took place January 13, 1867, to Sarah C. Williams, a native of Richland County, III. To this union have been born seven chil dren, viz.: Sarah L., Jacob N., John M. (deceased), Jane, Margaret E., George W. and Charley T. After the death of his father, Mr. Miller came into possession of the old Miller Homestead, four miles southeast of Noble. This land was entered, in 1839, by John Clark, and the first log cabin is still standing. Our subject is a true Dem ocrat. His maternal grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was at the battle of Tippecanoe. Mr. Miller has been Town ship Collector, Clerk and Commissioner of Highways in Decker Township. Mrs. Miller is a member of the Methodist Episcopal, Church. He is a leading citizen and an influential man. R. H. RUNYON, farmer, was born in Highland County, Ohio, February 26, 1840, is the fifth of thirteen children and is of Irish- German descent. His parents were born in Rockingham County, Va., and in 1834, emigrated to Ohio and there remained nineteen years, or until 1853, Avhen they removed to Richland County, 111., and settled in Decker Township, and here the father died in 1855, and the mother in 1883. AVhen R. H., Avas seventeen years of age he began the battle of life for himself, and two years later found him teaching his first school. He taught in the Gray District, and was paid $27.50 per month, for a term of three months. For thirteen years he continued in this profession, teaching during the winter. His marriage occurred July 14, 1867, to Sarah A. Jonican, a native of Highland County, Ohio. They have had three children, viz.: Jason S-, Alice and Albert R. In 1856, Mr. Runyon came into pos session of that portion of the real estate inherited from his father that he now owns. It was not improved until I860. Mr. Runyon is a Democrat and cast his first Presidential vote for McClellan. In 1861, he was elected Township Assessor of" Decker Township, and held this position for six consecutive years, and was then elected Su pervisor and held this office one year, when he was again elected Assessor and remained in office for thirteen years. In 1880, he was appointed to take the census of Decker Township. Mr. Runyon is one of the pioneers of the township, and has long been one of its principal men. JOHN SONNER, farmer and fruit grower, was born in High land County, Ohio, May 6, 1826, is the son of Jacob and Christina (Ambros) Sonner, is the third in a family of six children, and is of German descent. The parents of Mr. Sonner, were born in Virginia. They emigrated to Highland County, Ohio, in childhood, and were among the pioneers of that county. His grandfather Sonner was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and drew a pension until his death. The parents of Mr. Sonner died in Highland County, Ohio, at a ripe old age. The subject of our notice remained at home and worked for his father until he Avas twenty-six years of age- He was married, March 30, 1851, to Miss Amelia Caley, daughter of Fred erick and Mary Caley, natiAres of Virginia. To this marriage have DECKER TOWNSHIP. 811 been born eight children, viz.: Allen M., William F., Sarah L, Levi, Emma R., John G, Ada S. and Cora E. In 1855, Mr. Sonner , came to Decker Township and settled four miles southeast of Noble, and here has since lived. He first bought 101 acres, but now owns 290 acres of well-improved land. Mr. Sonner has made a specialty of growing fruit for many years. His apple orchard contains forty- nine acres, and is one of the finest in Richland County. He has made his own way through life, and by hard labor, energy, and economy he has been successful. He is a thorough Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Sonner are members of the United Brethren Church, and their ancestors were among the founders of that church. He is a prominent farmer and an influential citizen, and is one of the early settlers of Decker Township. M. L. TAYLOR, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Rich land County, February 16, 1848, is the son of William and Amelia (Williams) Taylor, is eldest of six children, and is of Scotch- German extraction. William Taylor was a native of Kentucky, and his wife of Ohio. The Taylor family has long been known in Richland Couuty. Their ancestors came to the county almost half a century ago. M. L. Taylor is a distant relative of President Taylor. Mr. Taylor began working for himself when twenty-four years of age. He went to Iroquois County and there clerked in a clothing store for a short time, then went to Fairfield County, 111. In 1870 he returned to Richland County, and here has since re sided. In November, 1870, he was married to Sarah L., daughter of John and Hulda Given, and a native of Cincinnati, Ohio. They have had five children, viz: Dora E. (deceased), Ida A., William O., Lillie E. (deceased) and Hulda A. Mr. Taylor isa true Republican. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and owns a good farm of 120 acres in the northern part of Decker Township. He has a good practical business education, and is one of the most prominent men in Decker ToAvnship, being one of its pioneers. 812 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: MADISON TOWNSHIP. JOHN BROWN was born July 10, 1819, in Hamilton County, Ohio. When eight years ,old, his parents moved to Kentucky, where he remained until 1855, when he came to Madison Township, Richland County, and settled on the farm where he now lives. He owns 160 acres of land, well improved, with good buildings and five acres of orchard. Mr. Brown was married, in 1 840, to Elizabeth Serren, also of Hamilton County, Ohio. Tavo children have been born to them. DR. S. S. CANBY was born June 27, 1848, in Logan County, Ohio. At the age of fourteen years he moved with his parents to Kansas, where he attended school until the spring of 1863, when he came to Olney, 111., and commenced the study of medicine, with Drs. French & Lemen, continuing one year. In 1869 he began practicing his profession in Louisiana, going to Clay County, 111., the following year, and continuing to practice medicine. In 1876 he went to Saint Louis, and attended the Missouri Medical College, graduating from that institution in 1878. He is the father of three bright children. O. P. HEISTAND was born in Fredericks County, Md., Febru ary 12, 1815, and at the age of twenty-five years removed to Rich land County, Ohio, where he carried on a blacksmiths' shop until 1839, when he. moved to Fairview, Richland Co., 111., still pur suing his former occupation until 1868. For the last eighteen years Mr. Heistand has been Justice of" the Peace. He has been steward of the Methodist Episcopal Church the past thirty years. Mr. Heistand has four children living, viz. : Emily L. wife of Rev. D. C English, pastor of the 'Methodist Episcopal Church at Albion, Hester A. (wife of ReAr. O. H. Clark, presiding elder of the Olney District), Mrs. George G Moore and Norman A. (a carpenter in Fairview). Another son, Bently N., enlisted, in 1864, in the Elev enth Missouri Infantry, was wounded December 16, 1864, and died from amputation of his limb, in January, 1865. JOHN P. HIGGINS was born in Wabash County, HI., March 30, 1825, and at the age of thirteen years engaged in flat- boating on the Ohio and Mississippi, extending their trips from Bonpas, 111., to New Orleans, and continuing this pursuit nine years. Mr. Higgins and his father were successful hunters, he having killed in one year as many as sixty deer, and his father 120, besides large numbers of turkeys and small game. In 1859, the subject of this sketch went to California, with an ox-team, remain ing about two years. While there he killed a grizzly bear. Mr. Higgins was married, in 1849, to Mary K. Key, also of Wabash County, HI. He first bought forty acres of land, adding to it as his means would allow, until he now owns 357 acres, with comfort- MADISON TOAVNSHIP. 813 able buildings, ten acres of orchard, and seventy head of cattle and three teams. Mr. Higgins is largely engaged in the live stock business, and is one of the most enterprising men in the county, and one of its oldest settlers. TITUS HILL was born in Richland County, Ohio, April 20, 1824, and came with his parents to LaAvrence (how Richland) County, October 1, 1840. Boy as he was, he signed the first petition dividing Richland from Lawrence County. His father settled in Calhoun Prairie, and bought 165 acres of land, and engaged in farming. He worked with his father till the age of forty-one, their interests always being identical. He then married Catharine M. Wilson, a native of Indiana, who died May 30, 1868, aged twenty-five years. They had one daughter, Mary G His second marriage took place November 14, 1876, to Flora M. Bolinger, of Fairview. They had four children — two living — David S- and John L. After his marriage his father bought him a farm of eighty-five acres, where he lived till his wife's death, when he sold this farm and came to Fairview and lived with his father till his death. They were always happy in each other's company. Mr. Hill's great-grandfather served in the Revolutionary war, and was buried alive by the British on Long Island. He was taken a prisoner and placed on board the ship Jersey, and fed with bread mixed with lime, and he being about dead, they buried him alive. The Tories in the neighborhood made their brags that they "buried one damned Yankee alive," and so handed the story down from one generation to another. J. S- HOWE is a native of Fleming County, Ky. His father, having served in the Mexican war and being entitled to a land grant, entered 160 acres where they now reside, coming to Madison Township in 1865. Mr. Howe has held the office of Assessor one term. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. He is also a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and President of the Richland County Sunday-school Association. I. N. MARTIN was" born in Kenton County, Ky., and came to Madison ToAvnship, October 24, 1853, Avhere he has since resided, with the exception of three years he served in the late war. He enlisted in 1862, as Sergeant of Company H, Ninety-Eighth Illi nois Mounted Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He participated in the battles of Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Buzzard's Roost and other lesser engagements, and Avas mustered out in July, 1865. Mr. Martin's marriage occurred July 2, 1868, to Virginia R. Powell, of Covington, Ky. They have seven children — six sons and one daughter. WILLIAM PARKER is a native of Madison Township, Richland Co., 111. His grandfather was one of the1 earliest settlers, having come to that locality from Kentucky in 1823, and entered a large tract of land including the site where Parkersburg is now situated. William's father laid out the town, and was one of its prominent men, holding the office of Sheriff three terms. He was 814 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : also a member of the Constitutional Convention. Mr. Parker, the subject of this sketch, in 1868, with Mr. Althouse, built the grist and saw mills, which they operated five years, then sold to other parties, and engaged in merchandising three years, carrying on a farm also. He now deals extensively in stock and grain and owns tAvo large farms of 400 acres under cultivation. AMOS B. SNIVELY was born in Richland County, Ohio, When he was three years old his parents came to Richland County, 111., and in 1843 his father entered eighty acres, where the homestead now is. In 1838, he had visited the same region and located 160 acres. At the time of his death he owned 450 acres, 240 of which Avere under cultivation. His death occurred June 22, 1883, at the age of eighty-one years. Amos, the subject of this sketch, enlisted in 1862 in Company B, Ninety-Eighth Illinois Mounted Infantry, and served to the close of the war. In 1868 he was married to Sarah E. Parker, of Madison ToAvnship. Three children, two sons and a daughter, have been born to them. DR. J. P. SOLISS was born in De Witt, Clinton Co., Iowa, December 10, 1848, and lived there with his parents until he was fifteen years of age, when he went to Johnson County, Nebraska, afterward attending the State Normal School at Peru three years. He then studied medicine with Dr. M. G Roe, of Beatrice, three . years. He then entered the Eclectic Medical College in Cincinnati, from which institution he graduated in 1874, after two years' study. He at once settled in Calhoun, Richland Co., 111., where he is suc cessfully practicing his profession. JACOB SOTZEN was born April 15, 1823, in Switzerland. His childhood was spent there upon a farm, and in the spring of 1844 he came to America, locating in Richland County, Ohio, re maining there a few months, when in the fall of 1845 he removed to Richland County, 111., and entered eighty acres of land. He now owns' 230 acres, 130 of which is well improved. His house cost $1,200, and barn and other out-buildings $550. In the spring of 1849 Mr. Sotzen was married to Susan Ellsworth, of Indiana. "Six children, five sons and a daughter, have been born to them. _ S. M. THOMSON was born November 5, 1824, in Posey County, Indiana, and came to Madison Township, Richland Co., Illinois, in February, 1845, where his father had entered 800 acres of land and deeded 200 to him, which he has since owned and improved, and it is now one of the finest farms in the township. Mr. Thomson has 150 acres under cultivation, three in orchard, and raises horses and cattle extensively. He also owns and operates a sugar mill, which has a capacity of 2,000 gallons a year. For twenty years he has been director of the Agricultural Association ; has* been vice president, and is now president. Mr. Thomson was married August 22, 1844, to MaryE. Knight of Mount Vernon, Ind. Ten children have been born to this marriage, seven of whom are livinc One son, Jonathan F, served six months in the late Civil war. Mr. Thomson has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church MADISON TOWNSHIP. 815 forty-five years ; also an active worker in Sunday-school. He has also been Supervisor of the township and is a friend of education and has done much to improve the common school. JAMES B. THOMSON was born August 28, 1826, in Posey County, Ind., and there lived until thirty-two years of age, when he came to. Richland County, 111., and settled on land his father had entered in 1836. He now owns 560 acres, part of Avhich is im proved, with a good house, barn and other out-buildings, and twelve acres of orchard. Mr. Thomson has been school director several years. Ten children have been born to him, six of whom are living, viz. : Anna, Mary, Horace, Grant, Lincoln and Eva. 816 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY BONPAS TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM B. BOLEY was born in Bedford County, Va., July 16, 1811. He was reared on a farm where he was born. Hia father, Elijah Boley, was a soldier in the Avar of 1812, and died on his return home. When about nineteen years of age our subject moved to Greenup County, Ky., and followed farming there about four years and then commenced to work at the tanners* trade, which he followed about seven years. He then worked on the farm four years, and also engaged in teaming. In 1856 he came to Fairview, Richland County, remaining only a few months, then settled on Calhoun Prairie, remaining there about fourteen years; thence to the farm which he now owns and occupies, consisting of 210 acres, 120 acres of which are improved. In 1837 he was married to Nancy A. Huckworth, who was born in Bedford County, Va. Six children have been born to them. Their son, Thomas E, is now teaching school and residing here. Their son Elias, at the age of twenty-one, enlisted in the Thirteenth Illinois Cavalry in 1868, and died at Camp Douglas, Chicago, on February 22, 1862, from measles contracted in the service and in the line of duty. At the time of his death the loss was deeply felt, as at the time he was the parents' only sup port. A. J. BRITTON was born in Hampshire County, Va., on January 29, 1829, and removed with his parents to Ohio, in 1832, when a great portion of the southern part of the State Avas wild and unsettled. He assisted in the clearing of two farms in Ohio. When twenty years of age he joined the Christian Church, and assisted in carrying forward the good work in the erection of meeting houses. On January 20, 1853, he was married to Anor M. Barrow, of Hillsboro, Ohio. She Avas born on February 4, 1831. Six children have been born to them, viz. — Charles A., Amelia J. (now Mrs. H. A. Colvin), Benjamin F., Ollie M., Lydia A., Alexander H. In 1864, Mr. Britton removed to Richland Comity, 111., and engaged in farming. He was instrumental in building the church at Fairview, and still continues to be an active worker in the church. Lie was engaged in Olney, Richland County, a considerable time in the mercantile trade, but depreciation of values and the panic of 1873 caused him to fail in the sum of $16,000. He has since paid this indebtedness, principal and inter est. Mr. Britton is emphatically a working man, and, as a Chris tian gentleman and worthy citizen, is highly esteemed by the community at large. W. B. BUNN was born in Wayne County, Ohio, June 3, 1838, and was one of ten children of Rev. Benjamin and Margaret (Hyatt) Bunn, who were natives of Virginia, but emigrated in 1804, soon after their marriage, to Ohio, where they lived until BONPAS TOWNSHIP. 817 the fall of 1838, Avhen they moved to Illinois, settling in Richland County. During the war of 1812, a fort was erected on Rev. Bunn's farm to protect them from the Indians. The first steam flouring mills in Richland County were built by Rev. B. Bunn, who owns 600 acres of land in this locality. In 1859 he deeded one hundred acres to his son, the subject of this sketch, who erected a cabin upon it. In 1860, W. B. married Sarah J. Smith. One daughter has been born to them. He now owns 200 acres of land, 180 acres improved, with fine dwelling, commodious barns, and other out buildings. Mr. Bunn has been Supervisor of the township two terms, and is now school treasurer, Mr. Bunn has great skill as a hunter, hav ing killed as many as a hundred deer in one year, proving a source of considerable revenue. JOHN BYERS, farmer, was born in Rush County, Ind., on January 8, 1827. He worked on his father's farm and was engaged largely in teaming, during his minority. At the age of seven years he moved with his parents to Hamilton County, 'Ohio, Avhere they remained until the spring of 1845, when they removed to Knox County, Ind., twelve miles from Vincennes, where his father bought a farm of 130 acres, on which he worked until he had attained his majority. His father gave him nothing but good advice when he commenced life for himself, and, following his parent's counsel, his life efforts have resulted in pleasant surroundings and a comfortable and happy home. He first leased a small quantity of land and engaged in farming and flat-boating. In the autumn of 1852 he came to Rich land County and entered 137 acres of land, then a wilderness, but now a farm which will compare favorably with any in the town ship, as to buildings and improvements. A fine house, which he built during the war, on January 25, 1880, was entirely destroyed by fire. The house cost $1,800; insurance $900. His present resi dence cost $1,600; his barn, 40x58, cost $700; machine-house and other buildings cost $150. His farm is stocked with seven head of horses, twenty-five head of cattle, thirty sheep, etc Mr. Byers has held the office "of Justice of the Peace lor twelve years; Avas on the County Board of Supervisors from 1863 to 1866- During the war he was appointed one of three commissioners to raise the bounty war fund, and go to Springfield and pay the soldiers Avho were mus tered into the service. On September 28, 1854, he was married to Rebecca Boyd, of Knox County, Ind. Six children have been born to them, viz.: Mary M. (now Mrs. Curry) Harriet E. (now Mrs. Clodfelter) John B., Clara A., Mattie L. and Luther P. Mr. Byers is a man who keeps himself well informed in the affairs of the day; and as to honesty and integrity, no man in the county has a better standing. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episco pal Church. In politics he is a Democrat. JOSEPH EAGLESON was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, on August 14, 1833, and was raised there on a farm. In 1854 he went to California, and returned to Ohio in 1859, coming in the 818 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : autumn of that year to Bonpas Township, Richland Co., 111., where he purchased ninety-four acres of land and built a house, 24x56. This house he has since remodeled, and it is now one of the most attractive residences in this section of the country. Its cost was about $1,500. His barn was built in 1865, and cost about $800. He now owns 174 acres of land, about 125 acres of which are under cultivation. He was married on June 26, 1860, to Martha A- Spen cer, who was born on November 27, 1840, in Guernsey County, Ohio. They have nine children, three sons and six daughters. LORENZ FRIEDLY was born April 23, 1828, in Switzerland, and is the son of Lorenz Friedly, who came to Richland County, Ohio, in 1844, remaining there about eight years, and in 1852 came to Richland County, 111., and settled about nine miles north of Olney. They lived there six years, when his father died, in 1859, aged seventy-three years, and his mother in 1873, aged eighty-three years. In 1858 he came to this farm, consisting then of seventy acres, but he now owns 107 acres, about seventy acres of which is improved. Mr. Friedly enlisted in August, 1861, in Company D, Eighth Illinois Infantry, and served three years and seventeen days. He participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Tenn., Shiloh, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Miss., Champion Hill, charge at Vicks burg and others, and Avas mustered out as Corporal- He was mar ried on January 30, 1858, to Margaret Abbuhl, who was born iu Switzerland, July 28, 1839. They had tAvo children, one living, Gilbert L. J. They lost Margaret J. in 1872, in her eighth year. They are members of the Reformed Church. MICHAEL FORNEY Avas born in Somerset County, Penn., on January 14, 1811. When five years of age he moved with his father to Brother's Valley Township, where the latter owned about 200 acres of land, and he assisted his father on this farm until he attained his majority, Avhen he took up the coopers' trade, which he followed about twelve years, working at the trade during the winter, and on the farm the summer seasons. He purchased a farm of 283 acres, and in the autumn of 1835 he moved to this farm. In 1857 he traded this land for the farm he now occupies; coming to Richland County in 1858, he built his house, which cost about $1,000; in 1859 he built his barn, 84x40, which also cost about $1,000; in 1861 he built a cider-press, and during that year made over 3,000 bushels of apples into cider. On February 16, 1834, he was married to Rachel Horner, who was born May 2, 1817, and who died March 4, 1871. Mr. Forney is a German Baptist preacher, having commenced this work in September, 1857, and has since been actively engaged in it. The first communion service was held in his barn, in 1859, there being twenty-seveu communicants. Their membership here now is about sixty. Ten children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Forney. Eight of these are living, viz.: Mary (now Mrs. Smoker, living in Pennsylvania) ; Samuel M.(now in Nebraska) ; Edward (living in Ogle County, 111.); Sallie (now Mrs. Snoveley, living in Nebraska) ; John M. (managing the old farm ) ; Susanna (now n BONPAS TOAVNSHIP. 819 Mrs. Rothrick, living in Nebraska); Catharine A. (now Mrs. Frim- mon, of McLean County, 111.) and Amanda, also of McLean County, 111. HENRY H. HARMAN was born in Daviess County, Ind., on April 21, 1833. When about nine years ot age he Avent Avith his parents to Missouri, remaining there two years ; then, in 1844, they came to Richland County, and settled in Olney ToAvnship. He assisted his father at farming till the age of twenty- four, Avhen he married and settled on his present farm, consisting of 160 acres. His first purchase was forty acres, adding to this as his means would alloAV. He had nothing when he commenced here, but he now has a comfortable house, built in 1880, which cost him about $1,100, and a barn, 40x56, built in 1873, which cost about $700. He first made his start by working in a mill four miles west of Olney, owned by Sylvester Utterback. After his day's Avork was finished, on Saturdays, he Avalked home, a distance of fourteen miles. During this time his wife was ill, Avhich illness cost him, for medical attendance, over $200. Mr. Harman is a thriving, indus trious farmer, and very much respected by the community. J. D. HUNDLEY (deceased) Avas born in Virginia, on June 24, 1827, and died on March 25, 1881. When a child his parents removed to Highland County, Ohio, where he received his early training. In the spring ot 1858 he came to Richland County, 111., and purchased a farm of one hundred acres, in Olney To avu ship, where he lived five years. In 1863 he sold this farm, came to Fairview, and engaged extensively in the mercantile trade, continu ing in this business seven years. It was principally his efforts which induced the P., D. & E. R. R, Co. to come to Fairview. He held the office of postmaster there for several years. In 1870 he bought the Reed farm, consisting of 300 acres, 200 acres of which are in a high state of cultivation. On April 16, 1858, he was married to Amy Harris, of Highland County, Ohio. She was born November 9. 1833. Five children have been born to them, viz. : Jesse, Charles H, Martha J., Mary and Melissa. J. S- KIMMEL was born September 30, 1827, in Crawford County, Ohio, and when J. S- Avas about one year old, his father died. He then was taken by his grandfather who reared him. There he remained till the age of fourteen, when he worked by the month about two years, and Avas then apprenticed to the carpenters' trade, which he followed about twelve years. At the age of twenty-two, Mr. Kimmel Avas married to Rebecca Chilcate, vrho was born Janu ary 24, 1830, in Crawford County, Ohio. Nine children bless this union — Jane (now Mrs. Jackson), Eliza A. (now Mrs. Simons), Mary (now Mrs. Kissinger), William F. Henry G, Charles, James, George, and Alice. Mr. K. continued the carpenter trade in his native State one year, then removed to Allen County, Inch, and there carried on farming about eighteen months. In 1853 he moved to Iroquois County, 111., and farmed there three years, then moving to De Kalb County, Inch, where he remained one summer, and returned 820 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: to Allen County, Ind., farmed there two years, then moved to Willis County, Ind., where he ran a grist mill about two years, then moved to Huntington County, and bought a mill site and carried on that business there about three years. In 1866, Mr. Kimmel came to Richland County, first bought 160 acres and now owns 365 acres of land, about 230 of which are improved. His house, which is one of the best in the Township, was built in 1877, and cost about $2,000. He also built a large and commodious barn in 1872, which cost about $1,000. When raising the frame of this barn, a timber slipped from the mortise causing the frame to fall, injuring two men who were assisting at the raising. One of these men, Peter McNair, is a near neighbor, now in his eighty-fourth year, and still enjoys ¦PXCfMiPll't' nPfll til CAPTAIN E. R. LINDSEY is a native of Clermont County, Ohio, born in November, 1830- He was raised there on a farm. From the time he was sixteen to the time he was nineteen years of age, he worked at the blacksmiths' trade. In 1853 he went to Cali fornia, but returned to Ohio in 1857, and engaged in farming until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Company M, Fifth Missouri Cavalry, and served about one year in that regiment. He was wounded near Grand Junction while on picket duty. After his return from the hospital, he was promoted Captain and transferred to Company G, Seventh Ohio. This company was. recruited by Sapt. Ferguson, who resigned on account- of physical disability. Capt. Lindsey returned to Ohio in 1864, and engaged in teaming and handling coal. In 1869 he came to Richland County, 111., and pur chased fifty-three acres of land, Avhere he now lives. In the spring of 1875 he went to Cincinnati, and was engaged Avith the Cincinnati Transfer Company, but returned to his farm iu the spring of 1883. He held the office of Supervisor from 1871 to 1873; was also Town ship Treasurer two years. J. R. LINDSAY is a native of Bonpas Township, Richland Co., 111. After attending the district schools in his locality, he went to Olney and attended the Normal School there. He iioav holds four certificates for teaching school, aud is at present teaching in District No. 1, Bonpas Township, being now on his second year. His father, Milton G Lindsay, served in the late war and died, in 1873, from disease contracted in the army. His mother, Mrs. Benninger, is now a resident of FairvieAV, this county. JOHN W. MATTOON, M. D. (deceased), was a native of Ver mont, born in 1801. Llis parents removed to Franklin County, Ohio, in 1806. His father being a physician, he studied medicine with him, and graduated from the Worthington Medical College, Ohio, on April 4, 1834. He then practiced in different places in Ohio, also in CraAvford County, 111., where he also examined appli cants for teachers' certificates. In 1857 he came to the farm which the family noAV occupies. He first bought eighty acres, but they now own 158 acres, 120 of which are under cultivation. He died on October 3, 1879. In 1833 he was married to Charlotte Penney, who BONPAS TOAVNSHIP. 821 was born on October 5, 1807, in Worthington, Ohio. Nine children were born to them, seven of whom are living; Eugene and Charles Edwin now manage the old farm. Eugene has been Township Collector and School Director. HENRY D. RIDGELY was born on May 8, 1813, in Virginia. When a child he came to Wabash County, 111., with his parents, and was raised there on a farm, assisting his father till the age of twenty- one. He then took up the coopers' trade, which he followed for several years, after which he purchased 240 acres of land, selling it after wards, and in 1838 coming to this section. On his arrival here he bought 160 acres of land, and during the war he owned over 1,600 acres. He has probably handled more land than any other man in the county. In 1839 he Avas married to Irena Harrison, who was born in Wabash County, in 1822. Ten children, eight of whom are living, have been born to them — two sons and six daughters — as fol lows, to wit : Robert (now a merchant at Parkersburg, this county); John (an assistant on the farm); Sarah E., Mary (now Mrs. James Parker); Ellen (now Mrs. Talley) ; Hannah (iioav Mrs. Michaels); Nancy Ann (iioav Mrs. Smith); Elsie J. (now Mrs. Staninger). Mr. and Mrs. Ridgely are members of the Christian Church. T J. ROUSH was born in Richland County, Ohio, on August 29, 1841, and when a child came Avith his parents to Richland County, 111. Here he received his training, and assisted his father on the farm. At the breaking out of the late war, he enlisted in Company K, Twenty-First Illinois Infantry, and served about three years. He participated in the battles of Corinth, Stone River, Per ryville, and others. At the battle of Stone River he Avas wounded by a minie ball in the thigh. Since his return from the army he has been engaged in farming. He owns 180 acres of land, fifty acres of which are "improved. In March, 1865, he married Elizabeth E. Key, of Fairview. Five children have been born to them, viz.: George, Mattie, Luella, Ada and Chester. GILBERT R. SLOVER was born on January 13, 1815, in Gib son County, Ind. When he was about eight years of age his parents removed to Warrick County, Ind., where they lived six years. In 1829 they came to Coles County, 111., lived there one year then removed to Wayne County, Avhere they lived three years, thence to Wabash County, where his father died, in the autumn of 1833, aged fifty-six years. His father served in the war of 1812, holding a Cap tain's commission. During his later years he taught school, being unfit for active business in consequence of long-continued illness. After his father's death, Gilbert worked to support the family, and in 1839 came to his present locality, settling on this land, but hav ing no means. He soon earned sufficient money to enter forty acres, and he added to it, from time to time, until he had accumu lated 200 acres, 120 of which he has given to his children. He retains the homestead with eighty acres, sixty-five of which are under cultivation. For many years after they came here they liAred on game and corn meal. The meal he received as compensation for 822 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : labor performed at the mill. On January 2, 1837, he Avas married to Sophia BroAvn, Avho Avas born in Wabash County, 111., August 28, 1816. They have had six children born to them, four of whom are living. Mr. Slover and wife are both members of the Christian Church, he having been an elder in the church several years. MRS. EUPHEMIA TOMBAUGH is the daughter of Reason Ruark (deceased), who was the first settler on Bonpas Creek. Com ing here in 1824, he entered and bought considerable land, and engaged in farming, though his time was principally occupied in hunting, having killed as high as 160 deer in a year. His earlyasso- ciates in hunting are long since dead. In 1861 he sold his farm, and with Mrs. Ruark removed to the Tombaugh farm, where she died, in 1863, aged sixty-seven years. He resided here with his daughter about ten years. He then re-married, and returned to his old farm. being compelled to take it back on mortgage. He died there in 1874. Lewis Tombaugh, husband of Mrs. Euphemia Tombaugh, died on January 31, 1881. Mrs. Tombaugh has three children by for mer marriages, viz.: George Butler, a Methodist minister, now residing in Florida ; Elizabeth J. (now Mrs. Berry) ; H. A. Kimmel, a graduate of the Carbondale Normal School, in 1879, and now teaching school in Fairview. George Butler served three years in the late war. Mrs. Tombaugh's house was built in 1878, and cost $2,000- It is one of the finest structures in this locality. Her farm consists of 200 acres of well improved land. WILLIAM WALDEN was born in Jefferson Rounty, N. Y., on January 25, 1820. At the age of ten years he went with his parents to Chautauqua County, N. Y., and assisted his father on the farm. In 1843 they moved to the town of Homer, Licking Co., Ohio, and in 1853 to Richland County, 111., where he has since resided, engaged in teaching school, he having taught ten years in Ohio, previous to coming to Illinois. He continued teaching here until 1880, since which year he has been engaged in farming. Be fore he engaged in teaching, he attended different sessions of the Normal School. In 1845 he was married to Virginia O- Hurd, who was born in Orange County, Va., in 1825. Eight children have been born to them, viz. : Cephas L., Oliver L. (now in Kansas), Clarissa E. (now Mrs. Miller), Norton E., Lawrence E., a resident of Kansas; Myron T., Cordelia E., and John O- Mr. Walden is largely engaged in the manufacture of sorghum sugar and syrup. He has made as high as 3,000 gallons of syrup per year. L. D. WHITAKER was born in Posey County, Ind., on April 8, 1829- He was there raised and educated, and taught school there five terms. On July 15, 1855, he was married to Martha J. Thomson, also of Posey County. After his marriage he came to Richland County, 111., and purchased 160 acres of land, where he now resides. He came here with nothing, but he has now a very comfortable home, with about 110 acres of his land well improved. He has probably the finest private library of any in this part of the county. Mrs. Whitaker has borne her husband three children, viz.: BONPAS TOAVNSHIP. 823 Eda (now Mrs. Jackson); Mae (now teaching school), and Page, at tending school. Mr. Whitaker has taught four terms in the school where his daughter is now teaching. He was the first Township Collector, afterward Assessor and Collector, and for several years Township Trustee. He and his wife are both members of the Method ist Episcopal Church. 824 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY \ GERMAN TOWNSHIP. ABRAM COTTERELL was born July 31, 1834, in Hart County, Ky., and when an infant his parents took him to now Rich land County, and settled in German Township, where he was raised. He enlisted in July, 1861, in Company E, Eleventh Missouri In fantry and served his enlistment of three years. He participated in all the battles in Mississippi, Tennessee, Red River — in all number ing sixteen. Our subject was married in 1864 to Sophia Beckwith, of Crawford County. She died June 16, 1872, aged forty-one. They had four children — Asa, Aden, Etta and Ella. Mr. Cotterell was next married to Mrs. C. Bryan in the fall of 1872. She was born in 1833, in Canada. They have one son, Orner L., and Mrs. Cotterell has one daughter by her former marriage. On Mr. Cotterell's return from the army he lived on his father-in-law's farm two years, but he noAV owns a farm of 320 acres, Avhich is improved with the best house in the township. The house cost about $2,000. Mr. Cotterell Avas ToAvnship Collector in 1860. WILLIAM DISHON was born December 15, 1825, in Perry County, Ohio. In 1860 he came to Richland County and settled in G-erman Township. He enlisted in 1861 in Company A, Sixty-third Illinois Infantry and served three years and four months, participat ing in the battles of Mission Ridge, siege of Vicksburg, and Avith Sherman on his "March to the Sea," and others. Mr. Dishon owns one hundred acres land where he iioav resides. He was married July 6, 1864 to Mrs. Thomas Cotterell. She was born in Hardin County, Ky. They have four children, three daughters and one son. Mr. Dishon has six children by a former marriage, two sons and four daughters, and Mrs. Dishon has two children by a former mar riage, one son and one daughter, GEORGE HANES was born on March 12, 1836, in Portage County, Ohio, and was the son of Anthony Hanes, who Avas born in Pennsylvania and died in Ohio. The subject of this sketch was raised by his uncle Daniel Hanes. They emigrated to Illinois in 1842, since which time he has resided in this locality. In 1854 he bought thirty acres of land and added by purchase other land as fast as his means would allow. Mr. Hanes now owns 100 acres which is improved Avith a comfortable brick house, built in 1877 and which cost about $1,500. His barn was built in 1873 and cost $600- He also has an orchard of about three acres, and other improvements. Our subject was married, January 1, 1857, to Sarah A. Garber. .She was born in Pennsylvania. This union has been blessed with two daughters, (twins). Mr Hanes has been Township Clerk six years and Collector four years, Supervisor four years and School Director sixteen years in succession. HENRY LATHROP was born May 17, 1817, in Franklin GERMAN TOWNSHIP. 825 County, Vt., and was the son of Russell and Cynthia (Powell) Lathrop, natives of the same county, June 4, 1837. Henry emigrated to Decatur County, Ind., and after a residence there of two years, he bought a pony, saddle and bridle, for which he paid $55, giving his note for $30 in part payment. Having then $30 in cash he pro ceeded to Illinois and located in Lawrence County, and not far from where he now resides. He then secured a position as teacher of a subscription school, and after following this five months he had saved $100, when he returned to Indiana, and after assisting his father to take care of his crop, they rigged up a covered wagon and drove to Lawrence County. His father entered eighty acres and soon after returned to Indiana. Henry bought eighteen rods, on which he built a carding mill. This he ran two years, and traded it for 120 acres, which is part of his present farm. On March 4, 1841, his father returned from Indiana, and built a house on the land he had entered, and there lived several years. Henry's next purchase was eighty-seven acres near Claremont, ,on which he in tended erecting a carding mill, but failed to make the necessary arrangements. He continued purchasing from time to time, as his ?deans would allow, and has owned at one time as high as 1,100 acres, and has paid the highest tax of any one in the township. He has given his five sons each a good improved farm of 160 acres, and to his three married daughters each $1,100 in cash, besides he noAV owns 240 acres with the homestead. His house was built in 1867, and cost about $2,000, and his barn cost about $800- He has been five years Township Supervisor. Mr. Lathrop was married Sep tember 1, 1844, to Rachel Laws. She was born in Lawrence County, 111., November 8, 1824. They had ten children, nine of whom are living — Samantha (wife of David M. Roney); Ann (wife of James K. Roney); Elvira (wife of John H Fee); Albert, Charles, George, Henry, Jr., Gilbert and Martha. Mrs. Lathrop is the daughter of Wm. Laws, Sr., who was born in North Carolina, and emigrated to Lawrence County, 111., in 1820- JACOB LEWIS, Jr., was born June 7, 1830, in Lawrence County, 111., and is the son of Jacob L. Lewis, Sr., who was born in North Carolina on January 27, 1802, and was reared in Kentucky. At an early day he emigrated to Hlinois and settled in Lawrence County, where he has since lived and where the subject of this sketch was born and brought up. In 1862 he was commissioned Lieutenant of Company C, Sixty-Third Illinois Infantry, but on account of physical disability resigned in 1864, when he returned to his farm in Lawrence County. In 1865 he sold that farm and removed to Richmond County, where he had bought and improved a farm of 160 acres on the prairie. This he afterwards sold and, in 1874, moved to his present farm of 200 acres, 160 acres of which is improved. Mr. Lewis was married, November 8, 1855, to Angeline Kyger. She was born in Lawrence County, 111., and died in October, 1857, aged twenty-one, leaving one daughter, Mary A., now wife of B. A. Mountz. His second marriage took place 50 826 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: May 20, 1858, to Appia Laws. She was born May 10, 1837, in Law rence County, 111. Three children have blessed this union, two of whom are living, both sons. WILLIAM F. MUSGROVE. The gentleman whose name heads this sketch is one of the oldest settlers in Richland County, coming here with his parents in 1820. He was born July 13, 1816, in Jefferson County, Ky., aud when he was about two years old his parents brought him to Lawrence County, Ind., and two years later removed to Lawrence County, 111., and settled on what is known as the Stringtown Prairie. Here William was reared, and when a boy, drove team from Louisville, Ky., and Evansville, Ind., for John C Riley, of Lawrenceville, HI., working for him in this way for about five years. He afterwards teamed for Steward about two years, and since that time he has been engaged in farming. In about 1838 he entered forty acres of land, adding from time to time by purchasing as he was able to do so, until he now oaviis 300 acres, 160 acres of Avhich he has under improvement. Flies in the early time Avere so numerous, that on riding a horse across the prairie, he would drop instantly and roll; the rider would hurriedly dismount, and as the horse would rise, he would as quickly remount and pro ceed a short distance, when the horse would again fall, continuing in this way to the end of the journey. Wheat was hauled to Evans ville at 37f cents a bushel, and pork sold at $1.50 per 100 pounds. A good cow could be bought at that time for $6.00. Mr. Mus- grove has been Township Commissioner and School Treasurer. He also packed the mails from Mount Carmel to Lawrenceville, String- town, St. Marie, Newton, and to Greenup in Cumberland County. He was about two years engaged in this work. He was married in 1839 to Martha Bullard, of Illinois; Mrs. M. died in July, 1854, aged thirty-eight years. Six children blessed this union, five sons and one daughter. He was next married January 22, 1855, to Mrs. Sophia Burnell, daughter of" Benjamin Sumner, in honor of whom the toAvn of Sumner was named. She was born July 21, 1826. They have four children, two sons and two daughters. His son, John B., served in the late war. S- A. POWELL was born on July 11, 1819, in Richford, Vt., and was the son of Horace Powell, also a native of Vermont. He fol lowed the trade of carpenter, and also that of farming, and in 1840 the family removed to Hambden County, Mass. After a residence there of about ten years, they removed to Schoharie County, N. Y., and in 1854, the subject of this sketch came to Richland County, and settled on this farm. His first purchase was eighty acres, where he now lives, and he at once commenced improving this land, and as his means would allow, bought other lands in addition. He now owns 240 acres, largely improved. He was married April 13, 1849, to Susan Parsons. She was born April 16, 1825, in Sharon, N. Y. This union has been blessed with four children — Dewitt P., Clarissa M. and Charles J. Henry died in 1867, in his sixteenth year. Mr. Powell has been Overseer of the Poor two years. His son Dewitt P. has been, for the past two years, Postmaster at Amity. GERMAN TOWNSHIP. 827 L. D. RONEY was born September 17, 1840, in Coshocton County, Ohio, and in 1856, the family emigrated to Illinois and set tled in Richland County. His father died December 31, 1880, aged sixty-seven years. L. D. enlisted, in July, 1861, in Company E, Eleventh Missouri Infantry, and served to the end of the war. He participated in the battle of Island No. 10, siege of Corinth, battle of Iuka, second battle of Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, Spanish Fork and others. On his re-enlistment in December, 1864, he was com missioned Lieutenant, and later was promoted to Captain, which commission he held till mustered out at the close of the war. He then returned to German Township, where he has since followed farming; he now occupies the farm formerly owned by his father, and which consists of 152 acres. He married in September, 1871, E Hart. She Avas born in West Virginia. Two sons bless this union. JAMES K. RONEY was born July 4, 1844, in Coshocton County, Ohio, and is the son of John Roney, who was born in Harrison County, Ohio. The family came to German Township, Richland County, in 1856, and James K. assisted on his father's farm till the breaking out of the war. He enlisted, in 1861, iu Company A, Six ty-Third Illinois Infantry, and served to the end of the war. He participated in the battles of Mission Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Florence, S- G, with Sherman on his " March to the Sea," and others. He then returned home and has since been engaged in farming. Mr. Roney was married in 1867, to Ann Lathrop. She was born in Ger man Township. They have two sons and two daughters. D. S. STIFF was born December 22, 1822, in Sussex County, N. J., and at about the age of thirteen came with his parents to Perry County, Ohio, where his father died in 1848, aged sixty-two. Iu 1851, the subject of this sketch, came to Richland County. He lived on a rented farm two years, and in 1853, he bought forty acres of land, adding other lands by purchase as his means would allow. He now owns a farm of ninety acres, which is improved. He has a very comfortable house built in 1883, and which cost about $800, and his barn built in 1876, cost about $500. He has also an orchard of about two acres, and otherwise pleasant surroundings. Mr. Stiff has held the office of Constable about seven years, and School Direc tor about twelve years. He was married January 28, 1844, to Sarah Stoltz. She was born in Fairfield County, Ohio. They have seven children, three sons and four daughters. Lewis M. and William W. served in the late war. SAMUEL STOLTZ was born April 10, 1835, in Richland County, and was the son of" Samuel Stoltz, who Avas born in Penn sylvania, and came to Lawrence County, in 1846, and removed to the Stringtown Road in 1826, where he died in 1852, aged sixty- three. Samuel, Jr. Avas brought up on his father's farm, and enlisted in 1862, in Company H, One Hundred and Thirtieth Illinois Infantry, He served to the end of the war, and participated in the battle of Fort Gibson, Champion Hill, Black River and siege of Vicksburg; there they fought forty-seven days and nights, and Mr. Stoltz was 828 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES — RICHLAND COUNTY! taken captive April 8, 1864, at the Sabine Cross Roads, and held a prisoner of Avar at Tyler, Texas, till the close of the struggle; he then returned and here engaged in farming ever since. In 1854, he bought forty acres of land,which he went in debt for, but he now owns 311 acres, which is improved; he built a house and barn, Avhich cost about $1,300, and other improvements. Mr. Stoltz married, in 1854, Susan Gillaspie. She was born in Indiana. They have five chil dren, four sons and one daughter. PRESTON TOWNSHIP. 829 PRESTON TOWNSHIP. ELIZABETH COMBS is the widow of Abner R. Combs. He was born April 2, 1810, in Clermont County, Ohio, and learned the boot and shoe trade. This he followed winters, carrying on the brick-making business during summers, which he continued to do till his marriage, which occurred August 8, 1841, to Elizabeth Smyzer, of Clermont County, Ohio. She was born August 12, 1817. They had ten chil dren, four of whom are living, four of these children died in infancy. JohnW. died April 15, 1867, in his twenty-second year; Malissa A died February 23, 1879, aged thirty-one years, and their surviving chil dren are Mary J., Alex. Jackson, Percival P. and Elma. Mr. Combs still continued this business till 1865, when he came to Preston Township, bought tAvo farms of about 400 acres, and made extensive improvements, consisting in part of a very comfortable two-story house, which cost $2,000; a barn, costing $1,000, and a granary, cost ing $400, making this one of the finest farms in this locality. He died October 26, 1882, in his seventy-third year, and respected by all- FREDERICK GRUNEISEN was born in Switzerland, May 10, 1844. His father, Jacob Gruneisen, was born in Switzerland, February 14, 1804, and in 1848 emigrated to America and settled in Richland County, 111., and began farming on a rented farm, but soon saved enough to buy 100 acres, and at his death OAvned a fine farm of 200 acres, where our subject now lives. His death occurred Sep tember 15, 1880. The mother of our subject died in Switzerland, in 1846. Mr. Gruneisen has been twice married; on June 18, 1864, to Louisa Faitz, a native of Switzerland. She was born in 1848, and died March 12, 1869. They had one child, Louisa. He was next married, in 1871, to Susanna Burgner, who was born September 28, 1854. Five children have been born to them — Mattie, Jacob, Ma tilda, Caroline and Rosinia. Mr. and Mrs. Gruneisen are members of the Reformed Church, and Mr. Gruneisen is a Democrat. W- W. KERMICLE, Dundas, Postmaster and merchant, was born in Harding County, Ky., March 7, 1828, and is the son of Sam uel and Mary J. (Trainer) Kermicle, the father a native of Kentucky, and the mother of Virginia. Mr. Kermicle, our subject, was raised on a farm in Kentucky until a man grown, receiving a limited com mon school education. In 1849, he married Sarah McDowell, a na tive of Hart County, Ky., and in 1853, they moved to Richland County, and settled on a farm near the town of Dundas. He improved the land, and in 1877, removed to Dundas, where he embarked in the mercantile business, with a Mr. Sumner. This firm continued standing till 1880, when it became Kermicle & McWilliams. Mrs. Kermicle died in 1875, the mother of seven children, of whom only two are living — Peter and Maggie. Mr. Kermicle's present wife, Mary A. Crow, is a native of Bullitt County, Ky. He is a Republican. 830 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: GEORGE W. LEAF was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1829, and is the son of Henry and Mary (Turner) Leaf. George W. was reared on a farm, receiving a common school education. He began life for himself at twenty-one years of age; his vocation being that of a farmer. In 1854, Mr. Leaf removed to Richland County, and settled on land he had bought in that year. He now owns one of the finest farms in Preston Township, consisting of 450 acres, with good buildings and the land well improved, and under a high state of cultivation. January 18, 1852, he married Nancy, the daughter of James and Elizabeth (Smith) Moore. She was born in Clermont County, Ohio, January 24, 1832. Seven children have been born to them, four daughters and three sons, viz.: Albina (McWilliams), Sarah E.(Phillips), Eva L. (Tippit), Jennie(Roland), James H., Isaac and Henry. Mr. Leaf 's daughters have all married well-to-do and highly respected gentlemen of Richland County; and for himself, he is respected by all who know him, and is one of the substantial farmers of the county. THOMAS LEAF, farmer, was born in Hamilton County,Ohio, Oc tober 25, 1834, and is the son of Henry and Mary (Turner) Leaf. The father Avas born in 1800, and married when he was twenty-one, his wife being seventeen years of age, and a native of Clermont County, Ohio. She died June 3, 1850, and her husband about the year 1871. Mr. Loaf, our subject, came to Richland County in 1855, where he began life for himself as a farmer, and by industry and economy has accumulated a fine farm of 405 acres. On September 9, 1858, he mar ried Mary E., daughter of Peter and Abigail (Farris) Colvin. She Avas born in Highland County, Ohio, April 5, 1839, and died March 10, 1869. To them were born five children: Henry, Peter, Will iam, John (deceased), and Albert. Our subject married again Sep- ember 30, 1869, choosing Nancy A., daughter of William and Eliza (Bates) Shepherd. She was born in Clarke County, Ohio, on April 1, 1840. To them were born five children — Charles, Robert, Laura, Clements and Hugh. Mr. Leaf is a most substantial farmer, a godd citizen and liberal in politics. WILLIAM McWILLIAMS was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, December 30, 1819, and is the eldest in a family of eight children born to George and Jane (Hawkins) McWilliams, the father a native of Saint Clair County, Ohio. In 1839 the family moved to Richland County, 111., Avhere they entered land and began to build a home. Mr. McWilliams died in the forty-fourth year of his age, and his Avife in the sixty-fourth year of her age. They were both members of the Methodist Church. Our sub ject at the age of tAven ty-two years began farming for himself on forty acres of land given him by his father. By hard labor and with the help of an industrious wife he has accumulated a farm of 305 acres. He was married, in 1841, to Matilda H., daughter of Richard and Sarah (LaAvrence) Phillips, who are old and respected citizens of the county. Mrs. Phillips was born May 7, 1823, and came to this county with her parents in 1826. To this couple have PRESTON TOWNSHIP. 831 been born nine children — Richard, who served in the late rebellion, George, Catherine (Mrs. Fleming), Hugh, Mary (Mrs. Zirkel, de ceased), Wrilliam, Martha (Mrs. Kyle), Lu (Mrs. Mathews) and Matilda. Mr. and Mrs. McWilliams have been industrious people. Her mother being an invalid, Mrs. McW. performed most of the house hold duties. She also did the spinning when so small that she was obliged to stand upon a block of wood in order to do so. Mr. Mc Williams split rails for $3 a thousand, and also had to take his wheat to market a distance of eighty-five miles, where he sold it at 50 cents per bushel in trade. They are both members of the Methodist Church, and highly respected. He is a Repub lican. T. G. PHILLIPS was born in White County, Tenn., Novem ber 24, 1815, and is the son of Richard and Sarah (Lawrence) Phillips, the father a native of Virginia, and the mother of Ten nessee. In 1826 they moved to Richland County, HI., and settled on what is known as " Calhoun Prairie." Their children were — Thomas, James, Nancy (deceased), John (deceased), Matilda, William, Austin, David (deceased), Polly, Lucetta (deceased). Our subject at the age of twenty-one years began life for himself, working on land entered from the Government. After years of hardships and toil he has accumulated a fine farm consisting of 172 acres. On December 9, 1840, he married Margaret, daughter of George and Jane (Hawkins) McWilliams. She was a native of* Guernsey County, Ohio, and was born on August 22, 1823. She was a devoted wife and mother, and a mem ber of the Methodist Church until her death, which took place December 8, 1876. To them were born — Martin L., Lavina, Thomas T, James, Ettie J. and John R. Mr. Phillips joined the Methodist Church at the age of twenty years, and is still a member. He is a highly esteemed man and Republican. A. R. PHILLIPS was born in Richland County, 111., oh Feb ruary 22, 1827, and is the son of Richard and 'Sarah (Lawrence) Phillips. Mr. Phillips is a farmer by occupation. At the age of twenty-three he began farming for himself on eighty acres of land, for which he paid $500, and by industry and economy he has bought a farm near the old homestead, consisting of 228 acres, which is un der a fine state of cultivation. January 3, 1850, he married Mary G, a daughter of Thomas L. and Annie (Cheek) West, who were among tne first settlers of the county, having come here in 1826. Mr. West served in the war of 1812, and was shot by the Indians in the battle of Tippecanoe. The wound came near proving fatal, and by it he lost part of his tongue and his upper teeth, also receiving a wound in the shoulder. During the war he served under Gen. Har rison. The latter part of Mr. West's life was passed as a Methodist exhorter, and he died December 5, 1849. Mrs. Phillips was born in Gibson County, Ind., May 4, 1823. To Mr. Phillips and wife have been born the following children — McKendree (deceased), Sarah E. (deceased), Albert M., Elizabeth A. (deceased), Ida J, Edwin 832 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: A., Allison T. and Ina G The parents are both members of the Methodist Church, Mr. . Phillips having joined the church at the age of sixteen; they are highly esteemed in the community in which they live. ADAM SHERER was born in Germany, on May 22, 1832, and is the son of John A. and Louisa (Ketring) Sherer, who emi grated to Ohio iu 1836, and settled in Stark County, where they lived four years, and in 1840 came to Richland County, and bought seventy acres of unimproved land, and by hard work and economy they owned at the father's death, in 1870, 500 acres of well improved land. Adam began life for himself in 1854, and he has a fine farm of 400 acres, with good buildings and farm well improved. He has been twice married. In 1854 he married Annie Von Allman, who was born in Switzerland, in 1833, and died in 1863. Two children were born to them, Elizabeth and John F. In 1864 Mr. Sherer married Elizabeth Deitrick, who Avas born in Switzerland, in 1843. Five children have been born to them — Annie, Henry, Thomas, John A. and Robert. Mr. Sherer and family are members of the Reformed Church, and Mr. Sherer is a Democrat. DENVER TOWNSHIP. 833 DENVER TOWNSHIP. SILAS CLOUD, farmer and school teacher, was born in Clin ton County, Ohio, on January 7, 1833, is the son of Henry and Anna (Laymon)' Cloud, is next to the youngest of seven children, and is of English-German lineage. Silas' parents were born in the Buckeye State, and lived and died in Clinton County, in that State. Heiiry Cloud died when oursubject was about two years of age, and his wife was left in meagre circumstances, Avith her large family; but Silas remained at home and helped support the family until he had attained his majority. His education was very limited in youth. After he had reached his twenty-first year he attended school about three years, two of which he spent at the South western Ohio State Normal School, and after finishing here, he began teaching. Mr. Cloud's first school was taught near Fayette ville, Ohio. In all he has spent twenty-eight years in school-teach ing. His marriage took place in 1861, to Mary E. Montgomery, a native of Ohio. To this union there have been born six children — Ida, J. L., William H, Albert, Thomas W. and Wylie L. Of these children four are deceased. In 1864 Mr. Cloud came to Richland County, 111., and settled in Denver Township, and in 1875 he came to the place where he now resides. He is a radical Republican, cast his first Presidential vote for John G Fremont, and is a member of the I. O. O. F. Mr. and Mrs. Cloud are members of the Method ist Episcopal Church. He advocates all public interests, and has been one of the most successful school teachers of his time. REV. HENRY COEN was born in Franklin County, Inch, April 22, 1835, is the son of Thomas and Katherine (Lawrence) Coen, is the second of the five children, and comes of Irish-German extraction. His father was born inv Ohio, and his mother was born on the wide Atlantic. Thomas Coen now resides in Missouri, and his wife died in Indiana, in 1842. Our subject remained at home and assisted his father on the farm until his twenty-fourth year, when he married, March 24, 1859, Lettie Jones. To this union was given one child. Mrs. Coen died in August, I860. Rev. Mr. Coen was next time united in marriage to RuthO V. Osburn. To them have been born six children. The life of Rev. Coen in Indiana was that of a farmer and cooper, and in the fall of 1870 he emigrated to the northeast part of Denver Township, Richland Co., HI., and set tled on the open prairie, about one-half mile north of the site of his present residence. He erected a log cabin in which the family liA^ed until the fall of 1873, when they moved to their present residence. Mr. Coen now owns 400 acres of good land, and is one of the lead ing farmers in the township. He is a Republican, cast his first Presidential vote for Fremont, and is at present Commissioner of Roads for Denver Township. Our subject is a minister in the 834 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY: Methodist Church, and received his license to preach in that body in the fall of 1872, being ordained the next year, and given Pleas ant View Circuit. He has preached at the following places: Oak Forest, Pleasant View, Blair and Wakefield. He is a self-made man, possesses a vast fund of knowledge, and has much influence over the flock of which he is pastor. While he has retired from the itineracy, he does a good deal of preaching, and spends much of his time in assisting other ministers. W. H. DAVIS, M. D., is a native of Mitchell, Lawrence Co., Inch, was born.November 3, 1850, and is son of Rev. A. and Frances (Tolliver) Davis, of English-German lineage. His parents were also natives of Lawrence County, Ind. They emigrated to Denver Township, Richland Co., 111., in the spring of 1851, and settled south west of Wakefield, and in 1876 they removed to southwest Missouri, where they now reside. The earliest education of Dr. Davis was acquired at the common district schools of Denver Township, and in the winter of 1870-71, he taught school. In September follow ing, he entered Shurtleff College, at Alton, 111., and attended that institution two years, and the fall of 1873, he began reading medi cine in the office of Dr. J. L. Fuson, in the old toAvn of Wakefield. In the spring of 1876 Dr. Davis went to Wright County, Mo., and began practicing his profession, and in 1878-79 attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keokuk,Iowa, and on Feb ruary 25, 1879, graduated from that institution. Immediately after his graduation he came to Wakefield and began the regular practice. As a physician he has been very successful. He was married, January 26, 1881, to S. E. Clark, a native of Wayne County, HI. Dr. Davis has one of the best residences in the village of Wakefield, and is a man of much enterprise. He is a Repub lican and a prominent young man. JOHN N. DELZELL, farmer and school teacher, was born in Blount County, Tenn., December 29, 1818, is the son of Robert and Dorcas (Davis) Delzell, and of Irish descent. The parents of Mr. Delzell were Southerners, and about 1850 emigrated to Richland County, 111., settled, lived and died in this township. Robert was a soldier in the war of 1812, was a prominent man in the country, and was universally known and respected for his honesty. When our subject was about fifteen years of age, he entered the Theological Seminary at Maryville, Tenn., and in 1836 taught his first school. In 1839 he removed from Blount County to McMinn County, and there taught school in Avinter and farmed in the summer for a number of years. Mr. Delzell's marriage took place on August 31, 1841, to Nancy Jane LaAvrey, a native of Tennessee. To this union has been bequeathed eleven children. In 1861 Mr. Delzell and family came to Richland County, 111., and settled in Denver Township, where they still reside. Mr. Delzell spent six months of each year for thirty years in teaching school, and was one of the most successful in the profession. He was formerly a Whig, but is now a Democrat, but generally supports the best men. He DENVER TOAVNSHIP. S35 is a Mason, and has been a member of the Presbyterian Church more than fifty years. Mrs. Delzell is also a member of that church. A. B. FARQUHAR, farmer, was born in Fayette County, Penn., January 5, 1841, is the son of William and Sarah (Moss) Farquhar, is the youngest of six children, and of Scotch descent. Our subject's parents were also born in the old Penn Common wealth. His father died in that State in 1856. At sixteen years of age A. B. determined to become the architect of his own fortune, left his native State and came to Knox County, 111., where he remained about one year, then returned to Pennsylvania and began the study of dentistry under the instruction of Dr. James Cope, at Fayette City. Here Mr. Farquhar practiced his profession until 1862, when he went to California and there for tAvo years con tinued the practice, and then returned again to the State of his birth. He enlisted in Company H, First Battalion, Eighteenth United States Infantry, and Avas discharged in March, 1867, at Fort Phillip Kearney, Dakota Territory. In February, 1870, he came to Denver Township, Richland County, and settled where he now resides. His married life dates from January, 1870, Avhen he was united by the marriage vows to Maria Eckard. To them have been born four children, viz. : an infant that died unnamed, Frankie, Eunice and Dessie B. Mr. Farquhar is one of the leading Republicans of Den ver Township, and one of its representative men. Since 1874 he has been school treasurer of the township, and is a member of the I. O- O. F., Olney Lodge, No. 180. No man in Denver Township possesses a greater degree of enterprise than Mr. Farquhar, nor has the place a more worthy citizen. SETLI W. GARD, pioneer of Denver Township, was born in Wabash County, 111., August 6, 1829, is the son of Justus and Anna (Oman) Gard, eldest of fourteen children and is of Irish-German extraction. His father was born in Ohio, and his mother in the Empire State. The maternal grandparents of Mr. Gard were born in Ger many, and came to America previous to the Revolution. Justus Gard. came with his parents to the territory that now composes the State of Illinois, when seven years of age. They were among the first settlers of Illinois, having settled there in 1814- The father, died in Wabash County in 1870, and the mother in 1854. In June, 1852, the subject came to Richland County, 111., and entered 160 acres of land, upon a part of which his present residence now stands. He came to Denver Township Avith only 85 cents in money, and now owns 380 acres of good land, 220 acres of which are improved. He is one of the best farmers and stock growers in the county. Mr. Gard's marriage took place February 6, 1853, to Sarah J. Ulm, of Clay County. To this household were born seven chil dren. Mrs. Gard died April 1, 1870- Our subject Avas re-married the same year, choosing Eliza J. (Helpman) Conklin. Mr. Gard Avas formerly a Whig, but now is a Republican, and cast his first Presidential vote for Scott- He has been a Mason since 1859. Mr. 836 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY : and Mrs. Gard are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Gard served as Assessor of Denver Township for the years 1860 and 1861, and in 1872 Avas elected Justice of* the Peace, and four years later was re-elected. He is one of the leading farmers of the township, and the last ten years has marketed about $500 worth of pork. ORLANDO W. GRAY, pioneer farmer of Richland County, Avas born near the toAvn of Weston, Vt., August 27, 1833, is the son of Abel and Betsey (Pettingill) Gray, is next to the youngest of twelve children, and is of English descent. The parents were natives of New Hampshire. When Orlando W. was three years of age he emigrated with his parents from Vermont to Richland County, 111., and after a journey of eight weeks, settled one mile east of the present site of Olney. Our subject's grandfather was born in Eng land, and came to America about a century and a half ago. When Orlando W. was eighteen years of* age, he was compelled to begin the world for himself. He first worked at constructing a line of tel egraph extending from Louisville to Saint Louis, and in 1854 came to where he iioav lives, first entering forty, then eighty acres, then forty again, and now owns 480 acres of good land, 320 acres of which are improved. His first house was a frame, and was one of the first of the kind in that section. Mr. Gray was married January 18, 1855, to Emaline Ulm, a native of Wabash County, HI. To this union have been born twelve children. He is a thorough Republican and a member of the Masonic Fraternity since 1869. Mr. and Mrs. Gray are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Our subject has long been one of the leading farmers of Richland County, and is one of its first settlers and prominent men. He is in all particulars a self-made man and his wife is also one of the pioneer women of the State. Mr. Gray was appointed postmaster of Boot Post-office in 1857. RICHARD HALL, farmer, was born in Jefferson County, Ind., August 4, 1827, is the son of John and Elizabeth (Llouse) Hall, is the twelfth of thirteen children, and of Irish-German extraction. The father of" Mr. Hall was one of the pioneers of Jefferson County, Ind., and entered land where the town of Madison iioav stands. He Avas a soldier in the war of 1812, and a Republican; he and ten sons having at one time voted the Whig ticket, at the same precinct. He died on the morning of Lee's surrender at the close of the late war. Richard faced the cares of life alone at twenty-one years of age, and Avas married February 24, 1850, to Elizabeth Hankins, who has borne him ten children. They came to Hlinois in 1853, settled in Jasper County, and there remained till seven years ago, then removed to Denver Township, Richland County, and reside there now, near Wakefield. Mr. Hall is a Republican, and in 1860, was elected Jus tice of the Peace, and held that office tAvelve years. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Hall's grandfather Avas a soldier in the Continental army, a comrade of Daniel Boone, and lived to be one hundred and eight years of age. For many Denver township. 837 years our subject was one of the most extensive land traders in south ern Hlinois. J. A. McKNIGHT, general merchant and produce dealer, was born in Orange County, Ind., on August 7, 1829, is the son of Joseph L. and Elizabeth (McColloch) McKnight, and is of German-Irish descent. His father was a native of the Empire State, and his mother of Maryland. In 1862, J. A. McKnight came to Hlinois, settled in Clay County, and there engaged in the milling business; in which he is still engaged; the work being carried on by two of his sons. In 1880, our subject came to Wakefield and engaged in general mer chandising, and keeps on hand a complete line of dry goods, boots, shoes, groceries, etc. ^ He has been successful in business. Mr. Mc Knight married on November 8, 1851, Susan Lewis, a native of Ken tucky. To this union has been born nine children. He is a Demo crat and deposited his first Presidential vote for Franklin Pierce. Our subject received a fair common school education, and by practice has acquired a good business knowledge. He had two brothers in the late war, one of whom died at Nashville, Tenn. Mr. McKnight is a prominent aud successful citizen of Denver Township, and a man of extended enterprise and energy. R. G LOUGH, pioneer and farmer, is a native of West Vir ginia, was born November 21, 1820, is the son of Rev. Peter and Prudence (Gibson) Lough, and is the eldest of fifteen children, seven sons and eight daughters; parents of German-Irish lineage, and natives of West Virginia. In 1839, they, with fourteen children, emi grated to Edwards County, 111., aud there remained five years, when they removed to Clay County, and there the father died in 1860, and the mother in Richland County, in September, 1883. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Lough, Avas a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and his father was a prominent man and one of the pioneers of Clay County, HI. The marriage of Mr. Lough, our subject, occurred on September 28, 1841, to Mary Ann Courtrecht, a native of Wabash County, 111. To this union were "born four children, viz.: Benjamin P., Samantha G (deceased), Martha L. (deceased) and Norman A. Benjamin P. died near Vicksburg, Miss., during the late war. He was a member ot Company A, Fifth Hlinois Cavalry, enlisted at Olney in 1863, and died in 1864, a brave and true soldier. Mrs. Lough died in June, 1869, and Mr. Lough was married again in the following November. He chose Jennie Bradshaw, a native of Wayne County, BI. In 1845, they settled where they now reside, and have been here for thirty-nine years. He built the first house about fifteen rods from the site of his present residence, a cabin sixteen feet square, constructed of poles, after the fashion of the early pioneer dwellings. At the time of the marriage of Mr. Lough, he only possessed an ax and a gun, and borrowed money to get his marriage license. He now owns 364 acres of good land, 264 acres of which are improved. His residence is one of the best in Denver Township. It was erected in 1861, and cost $2,000. Mr. L. is a thorough Republican, and cast his first Presidential vote for Henry Clay. He has been Township Asses- 838 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES RICHLAND COUNTY': sor, and served as Justice of the Peace four years. He has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity since 1855, and of the Method ist Episcopal Church for forty-eight years. Mrs. Lough is also a member of that church. Our subject is one of the enterprising men of Richland County and is a thorough Christian gentleman. He is now the oldest living settler in Denver Township. HAYS B. MILLER, farmer and stock dealer, was born at Rising Sun, Ohio Co., Ind., July 1, 1850, is the son of John G and Mary (Turner) Miller, is the youngest of three children, and is of German-Irish lineage. The parents of Hays B. were natives of the old " Penn State," but in early life emigrated to Ohio County, Ind., and there his father now resides, and there his mother died in 1851. John Miller is one of the prominent men of that county, and has been County Treasurer for a number of years. In the fall of 1868 our subject left his native home, Avent to Bureau County, 111., and there remained eighteen months. He then returned to his native county, in Indiana, aud remained one year, next coming to Denver Township, this county. The first year he farmed with S- G Wilson, then rented a farm for three years, and in 1877 moved to that place where he now lives. Mr. Miller was married in the centennial year, to Alice O., a daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Gray, and a native of Keokuk, Iowa. To this marriage has been born three children, viz.: Albert M. (deceased), an infant (deceased, unnamed) and Mary E. Mr. Miller is a radical Republican, cast his first Presidential vote for Hayes, and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mrs. Miller is a member of the Baptist Church, fie is one of the successful young men of Denver Township, a prominent citizen and a thorough gentleman. He has a good common-school education. For a number of years Mr. Miller has been engaged in raising fine stock, his cattle having several times taken first premiums at the Richland County Fair. JOHN MONTGOMERY, farmer, was born in Gloucester County, N. J., November 19, 1829, is the son of William and Mary A. (Extel) Montgomery, is the eldest living of ten children, and is of English- Irish descent. The father was born in the old " Penn State," and his mother in New Jersey. When the subject was nine years of age, he emigrated with his parents to Clinton County, Ohio, and there his father died in 1869; and when he was twenty-two years of age he 4>egan the struggle of life alone. He married on December 25, 1858, Belinda Simmons, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, and was born May 14, 1838. To this union has been born eleven children. In March, 1863, Mr. Montgomery came to Richland County, 111., set tled in Denver Township, and in 1866 settled where he now resides. He is a stanch Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Montgomery are members of" the Methodist Episcopal Church, to Avhich body he has belonged since 1848. In 1876 he was elected Assessor of Denver Townsnip, has served in that office three terms, and two terms as Township Collector. GEORGE R OSBURN, farmer, was born in Franklin County, DENVER TOAVNSHIP. 839 Ind., September 26, 1828, is the son of James T. and Ruth (Nelson) Osburn, is the fifth of eleven children, and is of English-Welsh descent. The parents came to the territory that now composes Indiana as early as 1801, being among the first settfers of Indiana. The father died in Franklin County, in 1858, and the mother two years previously. The paternal grandfather of our subject was one of the first men in Kentucky, and Avas accidentally drowned in the Ohio River near the mouth of Big Sandy, about 1796. George R.. remained at home and superintended his father's farm until 1867, when he came to Denver Township, Richland County, in this State, and settled where he now lives, and where he now owns 300 acres of good land, which he redeemed from the wild prairie. Mr. Osburn's marriage occurred in 1866, to Martha F. Sutfin, a native, of Franklin Comity, Ind. They had nine children, all deceased, save one. Mr. Osburn enlisted on January 1, 1862, in Company B, Fifty-Second Indiana Infantry, and was discharged on September 10, 1865, at Montgomery, Ala. He participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Nashville, Mobile and others. He noAV votes as he shot, in the Republican field. Mr. and Mrs. Osburn are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. MORTIMER PHILLIPS, pioneer of Denver Township, was born in West Virginia, July 30, 1830, is the son of William and Mehetable (Gould) Phillips, is the fourth of twelve children, and is of Scotch extraction. His parents were born in Massachusetts, but when young, emigrated with their parents to West Virginia, where the paternal grandfather of Mortimer Phillips died at about one hundred years of age. His father died there in 1860, and mother about ten years later. Our subject remained at home until his twenty-first year, and worked for his father, having the privilege of attending school a few days during each winter. Mortimer was married in 1853 to Lydia (Lough) Douthit. They had seven children. Mrs. Phillips died in 1875, and our subject was married in the same year to Ellen Clark. They have six cliildren. In 1852 Mr. Phillips came to Richland County, and settled where he now lives, entering at the time eighty acres of land. Mr. Phillips enlisted on November 1, 1861, in Company H, Twenty-Sixth Illinois Infantry, took part in many battles, and was discharged on July 20, 1865. He and wife belong to the Method ist Episcopal Church, with which he has been identified for thirty years. He is a Republican, and has been Clerk of this township for eight years. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 04090 8072