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GLASS VESSELS
IN THE
SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM.

39057. Wt. B 2o3. [a]

FRONTISPIECE.

r»I ATE VIIJ

V'UICL-llt I'.rnL.ks, Day .\ ^,l(i. I. ill,.

LAM!' I ' H; V M( >so\JE.
Aiithiiin. \^lli Century. iio=,<Xt>q.)

SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT
OF THE COMMITTEE OF COUNCIL ON EDUCATION,
SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM.

A
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THS
G LA SS VESSELS
IN THE
SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM.
With an Introductory Notice
BY
ALEXANDER NESBITT, F.S.A.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
AND SOLD BY CHAPMAN Gf HALL,
AGENTS TO THE DEPARTMENT FOR THE SALE OF EXAMPLES.
i93, PICCADILLY, LONDON.
1878.
Pfice i8j.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page
List of Illustrations ... . \yii~\

Introduction

i

Glafs in Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece - - vii
Glafs in the Roman Empire - - xviii
Glafs in Byzantium and the Eaftern Empire - - lv
Glafs of that part of the Eaft not fubjeft to the Greek Emperors - lxi
Glafs in Italy - lxx
Glafs in France - - cvii
Glafs in Spain - cxiii
Glafs in the Low Countries cxviii
Glafs in Germany - cxxi
Glafs in the Britifh Iflands - - cxxvii
Glafs in China - - cxlv
Addenda et Corrigenda - - - civ
Catalogue of Glass in the South Kensington Museum Collections : —
Seftion I. Egypt and Phoenicia - - - - i
II. Glafs of Rome and of the Provinces of the Roman Empire 8
III. Egypt and the Eaft (China excepted) after A.D. 600 26
IV. Glafs of Venice and other Italian States - 41
V. Glafs of France- ... 8;
VI. Glafs of Spain - - - : - - 87
VII. Glafs of Germany, Holland, and the Low Countries - 136
VIII. England (early Anglo-Saxon Period) - 155
IX. England - •¦ 160
X. China ... - 161
Appendix. Glass of Europe of XIXth Century :—
Auftria, Bohemia, and Hungary - - - - 163
England - - l68
France - '71

[yf\ Table of Contents.

Page
Appendix. Glass of Europe of XIXth Century — cont.
Germany - .... 172
Roumania - - - - - - "'74
Ruffia - 174
Spain - - 176
Venice - - 185
Index - - - - " '95

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page

II.
III.
IV. V.
VI.
VII.
VIII. IX. X.
XL
XII.
XIII. XIV. XV.
XVI.

i. Bottle, ancient Egyptian
2. Vafe, ancient Egyptian ot Phce
nician
3. Vafe, ancient Egyptian or Phce- I
nician] - - J
Vafe, ancient Egyptian or Phceni-

)• Chromolithograph

1 . Bottle, ancient Roman
2. Saucer „
3. Bottle
1. Bottle, ancient Roman
2. Medallion „
3. Slab, a fragment „
Bowl, ancient Roman

Fragments of Mural Decoration,
ancient Roman.

\ Chromolithograph

- y Woodcut
-) \ Chromolithograph Chromolithograph Chromolithograph

Woodcut ¦

Tablet, ancient Roman
Lamp for a Mofque, Arabian
Beaker, Venetian -
Ewer, Venetian -
Ewer, Venetian -
Goblet, Venetian -
Grotefque Veffel in form of a Fifh, Woodcut
Venetian.
Tazza Bowl, Venetian
Vafe or Ewer

24

Chromolithograph Frontifpiece

Woodcut
Chromolithograph Woodcut
Woodcut

Chromolithograph
Woodcut

1. Wine Glafs, Venetian -
2, Tazza „
3. Cup „

¦ \ Woodcut

55
st
61647074
80

[viii]

Lift of Illuft rations.

XVII.

I. Pilgrim's Bottle, Spanilh
2. Vafe, Spanifh -

> Woodcut

Page 1^5

XVIII.

Vafes, Spanifh

Woodcut

128

XIX.

Wiederkom, German

Chromolithograph

153

XX.

Drinking Cups, Anglo-Saxon

Woodcut

157

XXI.

Bottle, modern Spanifh

Woodcut

- 178

I NTR 0 D UCTI 0 N.

LASS is a fubftance the principal and eflential
conftituents of which are filica and an alkali.
It may be confidered as confifting of one or more
falts, which are filicates with bafes of potafh,
foda, lime, oxide of iron, aluminium, or lead, in any of which
compounds one of thefe bafes may be fubftituted for another,
provided that one alkaline bafe be left. (Ure's " Dictionary of
Chemiftry, Art. Glafs.")
It may be divided into two clafles, native and artificial. The
firft, known as obfidian, is found in the vicinity of volcanoes,
and is an impure femi-tranfparent glafs, varying in colour from
grey to black ; it has been ufed in the fabrication of works of
art by the Egyptians and Romans, ahd in later times by the
Mexicans. The other clafs, viz., that produced artificially, has been
of infinitely greater importance to mankind ; for, though the
arts of metallurgy and of pottery miniftered more directly
to the needs of man in the earlier ftages of his exiftence on
the earth, that of glafs making conduces to his progrefs in
knowledge and art, to his comfort, and to his luxury in a moft
remarkable degree.
To it we owe our knowledge of the diftant worlds
in the heavens, and of the minute ftru&ure of all around
us ; the ineftimable advantage of abundant light in our
dwellings and worklhops, the plenty of cheap, cleanly, and
39057. Wt. 13458. a

ii Introduction.
elegant veflels for fo many of our domeftic needs, and the
frequent gratification of our tafte for the beautiful ; for glafs
prefents itfelf to our eyes on all fides, not only in windows,
mirrors, and veflels formed entirely of glafs, but as enamel and
glaze on the furfaces of metal and pottery.
Its adaptability for all thefe ufes it owes to certain pecu
liarities : it is tenacious when foftened by heat, and capable
when in that ftate of being moulded into any defired form ;
it retains on cooling the fmooth and ihining furface which it
acquires on being heated, fo that no coftly polifhing procefles
are required ; and it can be produced either wholly devoid of
colour or tinted with any hue, and either opaque or tranfparent,
without lofs of brilliancy.
Thefe qualities have made veflels and ornaments of glafs
the objects of attention and admiration of the favage and of the
man of the moft refined tafte, and have given us in the painted
windows of medieval churches objefts of almoft unearthly
fplendour, and in Mofaic, the nobleft and moft lafting means
of internal decoration.
Although it is not the object of this preface to enter into
the fubjeft of the manufacture of glafs, it is necefTary that a
few words fhould be faid as to its chemical compofition.
The following claffification of glafles, founded on their
chemical compofition, has been propofed (Ure's " Dift. of
Arts, &c, Art. Glafs ") :—
i. Soluble glafs: A fimple filicate of potafh or foda, or of
both thefe alkalies.
i. Crown glafs : A filicate of potafh and lime.
3. Bottle glafs : Silicate of lime, foda, alumina, and iron.
4. Common window glafs : Silicate of foda and lime,
fometimes alfo of potafh.
5. Plate glafs : Silica, foda or potafh, lime, and alumina.
6. Ordinary cryftal glafs : Silicate of potafh and lead.
7. Flint glafs : Silicate of potafh and lead.

Introduction.

111

8. Strafs : Silicate of potafh and lead, ftill richer in lead.
9. Enamel : Silicate and ftannate, or antimoniate of potafh,
or foda and lead.1
The proportions in which thefe are combined, fo as to form
the various kinds of glafs, are about as follows : —

Water. 12

Silicic

Potafh

Ox. of Lead

Acid.
or Soda. Lime.
or Iron.
Alumina.
Soluble Glafs
~62
26
_
""~~~

Crown „
-
63
22
12
-
3
Bottle „
-
54
5
20
6 ox. iron
—
Common window
69
1 1 foda
J3
—
7
glafs.
Plate glafs
-
72
17 »
6
2 ox. iron
2
Cryftal „
-
61
6
-
33 lead
-
Flint „
-
45
12 potafh
-
43 do-
-
Strafs „
-
38
8
-
53 do.
1
Enamel ,,
-
31
8
-
50 do.
10 ox, tin
An analyfis of plates of glafs found at Herculaneum, read
before the Academie des Sciences, Paris, on 5th May, 1862,
gives the compofition as: filica, 6g; foda, 17; lime, 7;
alumina, 3 ; oxide (of iron ?), 1 .
Analyfes of ancient Roman glafs, by Richard Phillips, fhow
the following refults: — Ox. of Man- Mag-
Silica. Alumina. Iron, ganefe. Lime, nefia. Soda.
Roman bafe (?) -70-58 i-8o -53 -48 8 trace 18-86
„ flattened glafs 71-95 trace 3-45 -57 7-33 -6o 15-30
„ lachymatory - 71-45 2-15 1-02 -17 8-14 trace 16-62
from which it appears that its compofition did not differ very
much from that of plate glafs.
Venetian glafs, like Roman, was made principally with foda,
but it appears from the receipts given in the 15th century
1 It fhould be remarked ou this bottle glafs, and that enamels vary
table that crown glafs always contains very much in their compofition ; tin
foda, that alumina and iron are acci- is not prefent in tranfparent enamels.
dental, not effential conftituents of
iv Introdu&ion.
MSS. recently printed by Milanefe (Scelte di Curiofita
Letterarie Inedite o Rare, Difp. Ii.), that a mixture of potafh
obtained from the lees of wine was ufed. In France potafh
obtained from fern appears to have been the alkali ufed
throughout the middle ages.
Although coloured glafs is made in very fmall quantities
in proportion to un coloured, this branch of the manufacture
has produced by far the greater proportion of the objects which
attraft by their beauty, and a few words may therefore fitly
be faid upon the fubjeft of colouring glafs.
The various colours are ufually obtained :
Yellow, from charcoal, antimony, or filver; a peculiar
canary yellow from uranium.
Red, from fub-oxide of copper and from gold ; brownifh
red from protoxide of iron.1
Green, from protoxide of iron, oxide of copper, of chro
mium, and mixtures of oxides of nickel and uranium.
Blue, from cobalt, alfo from iron.
Amethyftine, from manganefe.
Brown, from the fame.2
Orange, from peroxide of iron with chloride of filver ; alfo,
it is faid, from arfenic.
Black, from fcoria of iron or charcoal.
The art of colouring glafs is, however, a very fubtle and
difficult one, much depending upon the fkill of the artificer in
properly adjufting the degree of heat, and very fmall quantities
of added ingredients will often greatly affect the refult.
Mr. Bontemps, at the meeting of the Britifh Aflbciation at
Birmingham, brought forward fome very extraordinary fafts in
connexion with the colouring powers of different bodies.
1 Much interefting information as Dr. Percy's work on Metallurgy (vol. i.
to the colours produced by the pro- ed. 1875) which treats of flags.
toxide and peroxide of iron refpec- 2 This is doubtful.
tively will be found in that part of

Introduction. v
It was fhewn that all the colours of the prifmatic fpeftrum
might be given to glafs by the ufe of the oxide of iron in
varying proportions, and by the agency of different degrees of
heat, the conclufion of the author being that all the different
colours are produced in their natural difpofition in proportion
as the temperature is increafed. (Ure's " Difty. of Chemiftry.")
Manganefe, copper, filver, gold, and charcoal were all found
to produce correfponding refults ; gold, for inftance, giving a
great many tints varying from blue to pink, red, opaque yellow,
and green. M. Bontemps was of opinion that, in the cafe of
manganefe, light is the agent which produces change, and doubts
whether any change in the oxidation of the metal will explain
the photogenic effeft. He is difpofed to refer the chromatic
changes in moft, if not in all cafes, rather to fome modifications
of the compofing particles than to any chemical changes in the
materials employed. (Ure's " Difty. of Chemiftry, Art.
Glafs.") Although the general practice has been, and is, to employ
the oxide of fome particular metal to produce a particular
colour, analyfis of ancient glaffes has fhewn both that various
colours have been obtained from the fame metal, as in cafes
mentioned by Von Minutoli (" Ueber die die Aufertigung der
farbigen Glafer bei den Alten," p. 31), where Klaproth found
that oxide of copper was the colouring matter of both opaque
red and opaque green glafs, and that various metals will produce
very fimilar colours, e.g., the Roman opaque red glafs generally
contains copper, but a recent analyfis made in London fhewed
that oxide of iron and not copper was in one cafe at leaft prefent.
As regards the manipulation which the production of
objects of glafs requires, all that need be faid here is that the
conftituent materials being mixed in due proportions are fufed
together in earthen pots, and that the glafs, when in a proper
ftate, is either eaft, drawn out in rods, or blown ; the peculiar
tenacity of the fubftance allowing the latter very peculiar procefs

vi Introduction.
to be adopted. It was difcovered at a very early date, for
glafs-blowing is reprefented in paintings in a tomb at Beni
Hafan, in Egypt, dating from the reign of Ofirtafen the Firft,
at leaft 2,000 years b.c.1 The devifer of it muft have been a
man of great acutenefs and originality, for the invention of
glafs blowing is perhaps more wonderful than that of glafs
itfelf. The glafs veffel, after it is formed, has to go through the
procefs of annealing, or flowly cooling, which greatly diminfhes
its liability to fudden fracture. Annealing in oil is faid to
increafe its toughnefs in a material degree. This practice has
of late been brought prominently before the notice of the public
as if a new invention, but has really been known for fome time.
It is mentioned in the article on glafs in Ure's " Dictionary of
Chemiftry." Polifhing, as has been faid before, is not ordinarily given to
blown veflels, but is required when an objeft has been eaft, as
plate glafs, or when it has been ground, or as it is commonly
called cut.
A fketch of the hiftory of glafs making may be conveniently
divided into the following fections :
Glafs in Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece.
Glafs in Rome and the provinces of the Roman Empire.
Glafs in Byzantium and the provinces of the Eaftern
Empire. Glafs in Perfia, and other parts of the Eaft not fubjeft to
the Greek Emperors, and in Egypt after A.D. 639.
Glafs in India.
Glafs in China.
Glafs in Italy.
Glafs in France.
Glafs in Spain.

1 Wilkinfon's "Manners and Cuftoms ofthe Ancient Egyptians," vol. iii., p. 8g.

Introduction. vii
Glafs in the Low Countries.
Glafs in Germany.
Glafs in the Britifh Iflands.
Glass in Egypt, Phcenicia, and Greece.
The art of glafs making has not been, like thofe of pottery
and of metallurgy, a pofleflion of nearly all tribes of the human
race in the earlieft infancy of their civilization. It does not
appear to have been known to the Mexicans or Peruvians,
although both had made very confiderable advances in civiliza*
tion and art. Even the Chinefe did not poffefs it at any very
early time, for about 200 years b.c would feem to be the moft
remote date at which that nation even claims to have practifed
it ; glafs is not mentioned by Homer, nor do any fragments of
it appear to have been found by Dr. Schliemann upon the
fuppofed fite of Ilium.1
It is perhaps hardly too bold an affertion that the know
ledge of the art throughout the world derives from one fource,
and that that is Egypt ; certainly the moft ancient monuments
of the art are Egyptian, and we may trace channels of commu
nication by which a knowledge of it may have been tranfmitted
from Egypt to every part of the globe where it is now or has
been practifed.
One confequence of this is that objefts, though produced in
different countries, clofely refemble one another, e.g., Egyptian
and Phoenician in the earlier ages, and in the later, Egyptian and
Roman, nor in many cafes can any difference be found between
glafs made at Rome itfelf and in the provinces of the empire.
So in later times workmen from Venice imitated the produfts
of Murano in Spain, the Low Countries, France, and England.
1 He has, however, ftated that he found ornaments of doors, and a bead of the
in the ruins of Mycenas fome difks of fame material. {Times, 27 Sept.
glafs which he believes to have been 1876.)

viii Introduction.
It is therefore very often impoffible to afcribe objefts to their
place of manufacture with the confidence which can be felt
in the cafe of arts more autochthonous than that of glafs,
e.g., the ceramic. It is but exceptionally that veffels of glafs
bear infcriptions, and the afliftance which they afford towards
the precife identification of objefts is therefore ufually wanting.
The art was undoubtedly difcovered at a very early period ;
one fo early that the true hiftory of the invention is no doubt
loft to us ; Pliny and other ancient authors tell us that it was
reported that Phoenician merchants returning from Egypt to
Syria with a cargo of natron or foda, when cooking on the fandy
beach under Mount Carmel, refted their pots on blocks of
natron, and that glafs was produced in confequence of the heat
of the fire caufing the alkali to form a flux for the filicious
fand. Sir H. Rawlinfon remarks upon this (Herodotus,
vol. ii. p. 82) that fuch an accident is more likely to have
occurred in Egypt, in many parts of which the foil contains
abundance of natron (fub-carbonate of foda) as well as of fand.
But as M. Sauzay (Merveilles de la Verrerie, p. 4) ob-
ferves, a heat of 1,000 to 1,500 degrees is required in order
to make the materials of which glafs is formed enter into fufion,
and it may therefore well be doubted whether fuch a produc
tion of glafs in the open air is poffible.
However, as glafs is produced accidentally in the courfe of
fome metallurgical operations, fuch as the fmelting of certain
ores ; and as it is alfo formed when vegetable fubftances con
taining both filica and an alkali, fuch as reeds and ftraw, are
burnt in large mafles (an accident not at all unlikely to have
occurred in Egypt, where huge mafles of ftraw are frequently
piled up), the original invention may be due to the acutenefs of
fome one who noticed the fortuitous production of this remark
able fubftance.
As Mr. Franks has remarked (Art Treafures of the Man-
chefter Exhibition, Sect. ''Vitreous Art"), the legend told us

Introduction. ix
by Pliny points both to the Phoenicians and to the Egyptians
as connected with the early practice of glafs making, and it
feems very poffible that the art may have been invented in
Egypt and carried thence to Phoenicia, where, as Pliny tells us,
a fmall fpot at the mouth of trie river Belus furnifhed fand
which had fufficed to produce glafs for many centuries. As the
Venetians appear to have imported this fand in later times, it is
probable that it fupplied the filicious element of glafs in unufual
purity. Egypt fupplies us with the earlieft pofitive evidences of glafs
making. Sir Gardner Wilkinfon (Popular Account of the
Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii., p. $9) mentions that glafs bottles
containing red wine are reprefented on monuments of the fourth
dynafty, more than 4000 years ago ; and, as has already been
mentioned, in the tombs at Beni Hafan, dating from the reign
of Ofirtafen the Firft, at leaft 2000 years B.C., the procefs of
glafs-blowing is reprefented in an unmiftakeable manner.
(Manners and Cuftoms of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. iii. p. 89.)
The earlieft fpecimen of glafs bearing an infcription from
which its date may be afcertained, which has as yet been met
with, is the lion's head {vide woodcuts) now in the Slade

Collection in the Britifh Mufeum. It was found many years ago
at Thebes by Signor Drovetti, and given by him to Mrs.
Larking, the wife of J. W. Larking, Efq., then H. B. M. Con-
ful at Alexandria, and paffed from that family to the Slade
collection. It is formed of opaque blue glafs of a very bright
and beautiful colour (as may be feen from a fractured part), but
time has changed it externally to an olive green. Dr. Birch,
has informed the writer that the hieroglyphics which are on the

x Introduction.
underfide confift of, on the right fide an urceus wearing the
" hut " or white crown of the upper world or upper Egypt, and
reprefenting the goddefs Sati (Neno), on the left fide an urceus
wearing the tefhr or red crown of the lower world or lower
Egypt and reprefenting the goddefs Nat or Neith (Minerva),
while the central form the prenomen of the Monarch Nuantef IV.
ofthe nth Dynafty (Lepfius Konigfbuck, taf, lxviii. 761, taf,
xi. 160), whofe date according to Lepfius' chronology was B.C.
2423-2380. A bead found at Thebes has been publifhed by Sir Gardner
Wilkinfon (Manners and Cuftoms of the Ancient Egyptians,
vol. iii., p. 88), and by M. Sauzay (p. 7.), which bears the
prenomen of Hatafu, a queen who is conjectured to have lived
about 1450 B.C., it is of a dufky green glafs, quite tranfparent,
and is ftated to have the fpecific gravity of bottle glafs. It has
been fuggefted that the material is not artificial glafs, but
obfidian, which abounds in Egypt and is occafionally to be
found of this tint.
Many coloured fragments are found in the tombs of
Thebes, and a vitrified coating, ufually blue or green, was
given to objefts formed of earthenware and even of ftone or
granite. It would feem that a high value was attached to coloured
glafs at an early date, veflels of fine opaque blue glafs of
Egyptian manufacture are found edged with a tolerably thick
plating of gold ; glafs, if the Syrian, Greek, and Latin verfions
of the Old Teftament are correct, is in Chap, xxvii., v. 17, of
Job, placed in the fame category as that precious metal ; our
verfion renders the word, cryftal.
As the objefts of glafs of Egyptian fabrication rarely bear
infcriptions,1 it is not eafy to trace the progrefs of the art in that

1 M. Deville (Hift. de l'Art de la of a goblet with darkifh feftoons, and
Verrerie) has given engravings (p. iv) the cartouche of Thoutmes III. (circa

Introduction. xi
country, but as they are met with not unfrequently in tombs in
Egypt* it is probable that the manufacture continued to flourifh
as well during the period of the native monarchy as in that of
the Greek dynafty j1 its importance after the fubjugation of
that country to Rome was probably even increafed by the new
market thus opened for its products. Martial alludes to this
importation in the epigram (Book xii. 74) —
Cum tibi Niliacus portet cryftalla cataplus,
Accipe de circo pocula Flaminio.
Hadrian, in a letter addreffed to the Conful Servianus, when
enumerating the chief induftrial occupations of the inhabitants
of Alexandria, includes among them that of glafs-blowing.2
The manufacture was not, however, confined to Alexandria,
for we are told in the Periplus Maris Erythrasi, that among the
articles imported into various emporia on the Red Sea, weie
many forts of glafs and murrhine vafes made at Diofpolis.3
The ordinance of Aurelian, that glafs fhould form a part of
the Egyptian tribute, fhows that the manufacture in that coun
try and the importation into Rome continued in the latter part
of the third century.
That there was confiderable fimilarity between the glafs
manufactures of Egypt and of Phoenicia may be inferred,
among other circumftances, from the accounts we have of
immenfe ftatues and obelifks in both countries, faid to be of
emerald, but no doubt of green glafs. Herodotus (Lib. ii., c.

1600 B.C.?), and ofa very elegant " vaXrji; wXetova yen; kou aXki\<; iMffhift
vafe of pure cryftal glafs, bearing the " tij{ iv Awo-woXei " were among the
cartouche of Amenret. importations into an emporium in the
1 A curious illuftration of this is the territory of Zofcales, perhaps Maffo-
account given by Strabo of the body of wah. According to Dr. Vincert
Alexander having been placed in a (Commerce and Navigation of the
farcophagus of glafs. Strabo, lib. xvii., Ancients, vol. ii., app., p. 730), this
p. 705. is not Thebes, but the lower Diofpolis,
2 " Alii vitrum conflant." in Lower Egypt, on Lake Menfaleh.
3 Per. Mar. Erythr., c. 6. "Xi9/a?

xii Introduction.
44) tells us that he faw in the temple of Hercules at Tyre a
ftatue or column of emerald ; Pliny mentions, on the authority
of Apion, a ftatue of Serapis thirteen feet and a half high in the
Egyptian labyrinth, and, on the authority of Theophraftus, an
obelifk fixty feet high, compofed of four emeralds, in a temple
of Jupiter in Egypt.1 It is probably not fafe to aflume that
all glafs objefts found in Egyptian tombs were really made in
Egypt, but many fpecimens found both there and elfewhere
bear unmiftakeable marks of the art of that country (for inftance,
Fig. 1, PI. I.), and this is equally true of the manufacture of the
three or four centuries before, as of the three or four after,
Chrift. The common Egyptian glafs is of dufky green colour,2 and
fhows little mark of difintegration, partly, no doubt, in confe-
quence of the drynefs of the climate.
The analyfes made by Profeflbr John, of Berlin, given by
Von Minutoli (Ueber die Aufertigung der farbigen Glafer beiden
Alten, Berlin, 1836, p. 35), fhow that blue opaque glafs found
at Memphis owed its colour to copper ; fome other fpecimens of
a like kind contained copper, with traces of iron ; femi-tranfpa-
rent blue from Memphis was coloured by cobalt ; violet alfo
from Memphis with manganefe ; and black with iron ; the
femi-tranfparent blue alfo contained fome lime. Sir Humphry
Davy's examinations fhow like refults ; he found copper in
Egyptian blue and green paftes, but he fays that the tranfparent
blue veflels found in Magna Graecia owed their colour to
cobalt.8 "What has been faid above applies folely to glafs un
doubtedly of Egyptian origin. It would feem, however, that

1 Pliny, lib. xxxvii., c. 5, § 19. 3 See a paper by Profeffor Buckman,
2 See Wilkinfon's Manners and Cus- Archaeological Journal, vol. viii.
toms of Ancient Egyptians, vol. iii., p. 351.
p. 89.

Introduction. xiii
the fame proceffes were employed in Phoenicia and Egypt
fome centuries before Chrift, and in Phoenicia, Egypt, and
Rome, for fome centuries after. It will be more convenient,
therefore, to fpeak of the proceffes common to the two former
countries when treating of Phoenician, and of thofe common to
all three when fpeaking of Roman glafs.
Next in date to the earlier Egyptian examples mentioned
above, would appear to be the vafe of tranfparent greenifh
glafs found in the north-weft palace of Nineveh, and now in
the Britifh Mufeum. On one fide of this is engraved a lion
and a line of cuneiform characters, in which is the name of
Sargon, King of Affyria, B.C. 722. Fragments of coloured
glaffes were alfo found there, but our materials are too fcanty
to enable us to form any decided opinion as to the extent to
which the art was carried in Affyria. Many of the fpecimens
difcovered by Mr. Layard at Nineveh have all the appearance
of being Roman, and were no doubt derived from the Roman
Colony, Niniva Claudiopolis, which occupied the fame fite.
It feems probable that the earlieft products of the induftry
of Phoenicia in the art of glafs-making, are the coloured beads,
such as No. 1062. '68, which have been found in almoft all
parts of Europe, in India, and other parts of Afia, and in
Africa. The " aggry " beads fo much valued by the Afhan-
tees,1 and other natives of that part of Africa which lies near
the Gold Coaft, have probably the fame origin. Thefe coloured
beads are ufually of opaque glafs ; they exhibit great variety of
colour and pattern, and very different degrees of fkill in mani
pulation. Their wide difperfion may be referred with much

1 According to Mr. F.Boyle (Through and fomething like flowers, They are
Fanteeland to Coomaffie, p. 387) ag- faid to be found in the earth as are
grys are, on the Gold Coaft, worth alfo the beads called Popo, which Mr.
about their weight in gold ; the yellow Boyle defcribes as " blue in fliadow,
varieties are the moft efteemed, on the " yellow in the light."
ground colour are ftripes, fpots, rofettes,

xiv Introduction.
probability to their having been objefts of barter between the
Phoenician merchants and the barbarous inhabitants of the
various countries with which they traded. It is probable, how
ever, that many of the fpecimens which exift in our mufeums
date from times several centuries later than thofe in which
Tyre and Sidon flourifhed ; for, as we may learn from the
Periplus and from Strabo, glafs in various forms was an article
imported in the firft and fecond centuries, as well into the
emporia of the Red Sea, as into the ports of Britain.1 Even
at the prefent day, beads are made at Venice for export to
Africa, which bear a refemblance, doubtlefs not accidental, to
thofe which we have reafon to believe to be of very early date.
Profeffor Buckman has given in the Archaeological Journal
(Vel. VIII., p. 351) an analyfis of a bead found in an ancient
Britifh tumulus in Wiltfhire ; it was of a Pruflian blue colour
with white rings, and contained filica, potafh-, foda, alumina in
fmall quantity, traces of lime and magnefia, oxide of iron, and
oxide of copper.2
Many of the beautiful little vafes found in tombs in the
countries whofe coafts are wafhed by the Mediterranean, and
which are generally called Greek, are, there is good reafon to
think, the products of Phoenician induftry. M. Labarte,
indeed, confiders it certain that manufactories of glafs veffels
were eftablifhed, at a very remote period, in Sicily, the iflands
of the Archipelago, and Etruria. The clofe fimilarity, how
ever, of the veflels of this clafs to each other, whether found in
the Greek iflands, in Egypt, or in Italy, would lead us rather
to fuppofe that they were produced in a few contiguous cities
1 Glafs wares are often mentioned in has been fuppofed that thefe articles of
the Periplus Maris Erythraei, when the glafs were exports from Britain, but it
imports into emporia of the Red Sea is much more probable that they were
are defcribed. Strabo, when writing imports.
of the imports into Britain, mentions 2 On the fubjecl of beads, fee a
la\a a-Kevii (Lib. iv., c. 5, § 3). His memoir by J. Y. Akerman, in Archaso-
words are fomewhat ambiguous, and it logia, Vol. xxxiv., p. 46.

Introduction.

xv

than in many places widely feparated from each other. In the
latter cafe, the difference of materials within reach could fcarcely
fail to caufe appreciable diflimilarity in the products, even if the
makers were colonifts of one and the fame original flock.
^ The vafes of this clafs (fee PI. I., Figs. 2, 3, and PI. II.) have
ufually the forms of either alabaftra or amphorce ; the prevailing
colour is a deep tranfparent blue, but not unfrequently the
colour of the body of the vafe is fome fhade of pale buff, fawn,
or white (an imitation more or lefs exact of arragonite or Egyptian
alabafter), fometimes deep green, and, in rare cafes, red. In almoft
every example the furface is ornamented by bands of colour,
white, yellow, or turquoife blue,1 forming zigzag lines ; in fome
there are only two or three fuch lines, and in others the whole
furface is covered by them. Thefe lines are incorporated with
the furface of the veffel, but do not penetrate through its entire
thicknefs. Examination of the interior will, in many cafes,
fhow that it is rough and bears the appearance of having been
moulded upon a core of fand ; this, however, appears to be lefs
clearly fo when the example is of a characteriftically Egyptian
form and colouring, and has been found in Egypt. It is, how
ever, difficult to find a fufficient number of fractured fpecimens
to allow a decided opinion to be formed on this point.
By far the greater number of the veffels of this clafs which
are preferved in mufeums will be found to bear forms much
more Greek than Egyptian, as that of the cenochoe, with a trefoil
lip and a handle. No. 1047. '68 (PI. I., Fig. 1) of this collec
tion, however, affords an example quite Egyptian in character,
and in the Britifh Mufeum are feveral like fpecimens.
By the Greeks and Etrufcans they were evidently much
valued ; the amphorae have been occafionally found in tombs,
furnifhed with a ftand of gold, fimilar to that defcribed under
No. 10 in the Catalogue of the Slade Collection. In Rhodes
1 Due, it would appear, by Sir H. Davy's analyfis, to cobalt (fee ante, p. xii.).

xvi Introduction. -
and elfewhere they have been found aflbciated with objeft
which make it probable that they do not date from an
earlier period than the third or fourth century before Chrift,
and it does not appear that they are met with in tombs
later than the Chriftian era ; when coloured or ornamented
glafs veflels are difcovered in thefe laft, they are of a different
character. In Etrufcan tombs in Italy are alfo found glafs veflels of a
different character ; thefe are fmall bowls refembling in form
the half of an egg ; they are ufually of the variety of glafs
which is mentioned further on as "madrepore," the ground
green and tranfparent, the ftars yellow, patches of colour, of
gold and of filigree glafs are fometimes interfperfed. They
differ from, and appear to be earlier than the madrepore glafs,
fragments of which are fo often found in Rome. They are
alfo faid to be found in Magna Grascia. Another variety
found in tombs in the fame diftrift is of blue and opaque glafs,
with much' gold leaf, the whole twifted together ; the moft fre
quent form in which this kind of glafs has been found is that
of a bottle feveral inches long and about one inch in diameter,
without a neck, having probably had a mounting of gold. Both
thefe varieties are poflibly the product of Phenician workfhops,
though they are ufually claffed with Roman glafs. Of the
bowls, Nos. 970. '68 and 971. '68 are examples; of the other
clafs, No. 1023. '68.
The Greeks of the period anterior to our era do not feem
to have much cultivated the art of glafs-making. Herodotus
no doubt refers to the fubftance under the name xiSiva ^ura,
molten ftones, with which he fays (Book ii., cap. 69) the ears of
the facred crocodiles in Egypt were adorned, but as he does not
ufe the Greek word bakog, and writes of the emerald column
which he faw at Tyre as if it had been a real emerald, it may
be inferred that he was not in reality converfant with or well-
informed as to the real nature of glafs.

Introduction. xvii
The earlieft Greek writer who has been obferved to ufe the
word uaXos, is Ariftophanes, who, in the Acharnians (v. 74),
makes the Athenian ambafladors fent to Ecbatana affert that they
drank there from cups of gold and of glafs, and in the Clouds
(v. 758) he defcribes the effeft of a burning glafs. As, how
ever, in the latter paffage the material is faid to be a tranfparent
ftone bought in the apothecaries' fhops, it has been doubted
whether glafs was really meant. Claudian's affertion that
Archimedes made a fphere of glafs at Syracufe (Ep. in Sphasram
Archimedis) can hardly be admitted as an hiftorical proof of
the manufacture of glafs at that period in that city.
Glafs, however, was occafionally ufed for purpofes of archi
tectural decoration during the beft period of Grecian art, for
Stuart and Revett, when defcribing the temple of Minerva
Polias at Athens, give the following note 1 : — " A remarkable
" Angularity obferved in the capitals of this portico is in the
" plaited torus between the volutes having been inlaid at the
" interftices with coloured ftones or glafs." Mr. H. March
Phillips informed the .writer, when calling his attention to this
paffage, that he well remembers having remarked thefe decora
tions, and that he believes them to be of blue glafs.
An example of the employment of glafs in a like manner is
indicated by the odd ftory which Pliny tells (Nat. Hift., Lib.
xxxvii., cap. v. 2) that on the tomb of Hermias, a prince of the
ifland of Cyprus, was a marble figure of a lion with eyes of
emerald which fhone fo brightly into the fea that they frightened
away the tunnies from the adjacent fifheries, fo that it became
necefTary to change the eyes. In the great marble lion difcovered
by Mr. Newton in the ifland of Cnidus, and now in the Britifh

1 Antiquities of Athens, Vol. ii., radiantibus etiam in gurgitem ut territi
p. 73, note a. thynni refugerent, diu mirantibus no-
2 Ferunt in ea infula (Cyprus) tumulo vitatem pifcatoribus donee mutavere
regali Hermias juxta cetarias marmoreo oculis gemmas.
leoni fuiffe inditos oculos e zmaragdis ita

xviii Introduction.
Mufeum, in the place of the eyes are deep fockets which pro
bably, like thofe of the Cypriote lion, were filled with coloured
glafs (Newton, Travels, &c. in the Levant.)
Glass in the Roman Empire.
The increafing wealth and luxury of Rome which accom
panied the eftablifhment of the empire, had among their more
important effects that of ftimulating the manufacture of glafs,
and this ultimately reached a point of development which in
fome refpefts has never been excelled nor even perhaps equalled-
It may appear a fomewhat exaggerated affertion that glafs was
ufed for more purpofes, and in one fenfe more extenfive'ly by
the Romans of the imperial period than by ourfelves in the
prefent day ; but it is one which can be borne out by evidence.
It is true that the ufe of glafs for windows was only gradually
extending itfelf at the time when Roman civilization fank under
the torrent of German and Hunnifh barbarifm, and that its
employment for optical inftruments was only known in a
rudimentary ftage ; but for domeftic purpofes, for architectural
decoration, and for perfonal ornaments, glafs was unqueftionably
much more ufed than at the prefent day.
That glafs was highly and defervedly efteemed as a material
of what we fhould now call works of vertu, is evidenced by the
high prices paid for fine examples (for inftance, the 6,000
feftertii which Pliny tells us were paid, in the time of Nero, for
two fmall vafes *), and alfo by the intereft feveral emperors took
in the products of the manufacture ; among thefe we may
fpecially notice Tacitus, a man of letters' and a collector, of
whom Vopifcus tell us that " vitreorum operofitate atque
" diverfitate vehementer eft deleftatus." 2 The Portland vafe

1 Neronis principatu reperta vitri venderet. Plin. Nat. Hift., Lib. xxxvi.
arte, quae modicos calices duos, quos cap. 26.
appellabant pterotos, hs. fex millibus 2 Vopifcus, in vita Taciti.

Introduction. xix
in the Britifh Mufeum and the vafe in the Mufeo Borbonico at
Naples, to mention one kind of glafs manufacture alone, fhow
how well deferved was the admiration which was beftowed upon
fuch objefts by the dilettanti of Rome.
Thefe and fimilar veflels, fculptured like cameos, are
perhaps the moft beautiful objefts which the glaflmakers of any
period have produced, but many veflels of white glafs, or of
glafs of only one colour, fhow the greateft elegance of form,
and the ingenuity and invention which devifed fo many
modes of ornamentation and fo many fhades of colour, and
the fkill with which the manual execution is carried out, alike
deferve great admiration. This prodigious variety feems to
fhow that glafs-making was at that time carried on, not as
now in large eftablifhments, which produce great quantities
of articles identical in form and pattern, but by many artificers,
each working on a fmall fcale. This circumftance enables us
to underftand why very pure and cryftalline glafs was, as
Pliny tells us, more valued than any other kind. To produce
glafs very pure and free from ftrias and bubbles, long-continued
fufion in large veffels is required ; this the fyftem of working
of the ancients did not allow, and their glafs is in confequence
remarkable for the great abundance of bubbles and defects
which it contains.
Glafs was ufed at Rome in prodigious quantities ; even now,
after the lapfe of fome 1,300 or 1,400 years, the abundance of
fragments of coloured glafs (to fay nothing of uncoloured)
which are found in and around the city is furprifing ; the writer,
during about four months of a refidence in Rome in the winter
of 1 858-1 859, faw in the hands ofthe dealers in antiquities
fragments of at leaft 1,000 to 1,200 veffels of coloured and
ornamented glafs, for the moft part, the crop, fo to fpeak, of
that feafon. Among thefe were fragments of at leaft ten or
twelve veflels with white figures in relief on a blue ground, of

xx Introduction.
the fame kind as the Portland vafe, and in this collection are
fpecimens of a like character.
It is not, however, furprifing that coloured and ornamental
glafs fhould have been very largely ufed among the Romans for
all thofe domeftic purpofes in which a decorative effeft is defired,
fuch as table fervices, veflels for toilet ufe, and the like, when
it is remembered that porcelain was not then invented, and that
Samian ware was the moft decorative kind of pottery which was
at their command. The brilliancy of glafs as regards both
furface and colour, made it attractive, and fafhion caufed it to
be preferred even to the precious metals,1 excepting indeed by
the Emperor Gallienus, of whom Trebellius Pollio obferves as a
remarkable circumftance, that he drank from golden cups,
defpifing glafs, than which, he faid, nothing was more vulgar.2
As has been said above, the invention and ingenuity em
ployed by the Roman artisans in producing variety in glafs
veffels are moft remarkable ; almoft every means of decoration
appears to have been tried, and many methods of manipulating
glafs, which have been confidered inventions, have in reality
been anticipated by the glafs-workers of the period under confi
deration. It feems probable that many of the ingenious
proceffes of the Venetian glafs-makers were fuggefted to them
by the examination of ancient examples.
In order to appreciate fully the fkill of the glafs-makers of
the Imperial period, it is necefTary to ftudy not only the entire
veffels which have been preferved, but alfo the fragments which,
as has been ftated above, are found fo abundantly in the ruins
of Roman cities. Entire veffels of an ornamental character are
comparatively rare, for though urns of common uncoloured
glafs are frequently met with as receptacles of the afhes of the
1 TJfus vero ad potandum argenti 2 " Nihil effet eo communius." Treb.
metalla et auri pepulit. Plin. Nat. Pollio, in vita Gallieni.
Hift., Lib. xxxvi., c. 26, § 67.

Introduction, xxi
dead, it was not ufual to place precious veffels in fepulchres at
this period ; fome few, however, have been thus preferved to
us, one inftance being the Portland vafe depofited in a
farcophagus which has been fuppofed to have been that of
Alexander Severus. A certain number of ornamental vafes
have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum, and a very
few, after centuries of wreck and devaluation, have furvived
in the treafury of fome church or convent.
According to Pliny,1 glafs was originally made from fand
and natron alone ; but afterwards the " magnes lapis," pof-
fibly manganefe,2 was added, and then many kinds of fhining
pebbles, " calculi splendentes," fhells, and various fands dug
up from the earth, " fofliles arena;." In India, he fays, cryftal
was employed, and hence that no glafs was to be compared with
the Indian. During the melting " cyprium " was added, and
" nitrum," efpecially the " Ophirium." By the former copper
is generally to be underftood, but chalk or fome other mineral
1 Mox ut eft ingeniofa follertia non mifcetur tribus partibus nitri pondere,
fuit contenta nitrum mifcuiffe cceptus vel menfura ac liqueata in alias fornaces
addi et magnes lapis quoniam in fe tranffunditur. Ibi fit maffa quce
liquorem vitri quoque ut ferrum tra- vocatur hammonitrum atque hcec reco-
here creditor. Simili modo et caleuli quituret fit vitrum purum ac maffa vitri
fplendentes multifariam coepti uri dein candidi. Jam vero per Gallias Hif-
conchoe ac foffiles harenae, audlores funt paniafque fimili modo harena tem-
in India e cryftallo frafto fieri et ob id peratur. Plin. Nat. Hift., Lib. xxxvi.,
nullum compariri Indico. Levibus c. 26, § 66.
autem aridifque lignis coquitur addito 2 See Beckman's Hift. of Inventions,
Cyprio ac nitro maxime Ophirio con- Vol. iv., p. 59. "Magnes lapis" is
tinuis fornacibus ut ces liquatur maf- generally held to mean loadftone, an
fceque fiunt colore pingui nigricantes. ore of iron ; but an ore of manganefe
Ea maffa rurfus funditur in officinis greatly refembles loadftone, and it is
tinguiturque et aliud flatu figuratur poffible that the ufe of manganefe, the
aliud torno teritur aliud argenti modo foap of glafs, as it has been called, in
ccelatur. Sidone quondam his officinis removing the colours produced by iron
nobili fiquidem etiam fpecula excogi- and other metallic impurities in the
taverit. Hcec fuit antiqua ratio vitri pot-metal had been already difcovered,
jam vero et in Volturno amne Italice Pliny would feem to have attributeu
harena alba nafcens fex M pafs : litore to the magnes lapis a power of making
inter Cunias atque Liternum qua moi- glafs more liquid.
liffima eft pila molaque teritur dein

xxii Introduction.
obtained in Cyprus may be here intended. What is meant by
" Ophirium " is not certainly known, but it may indicate a
kind of nitre brought from Ophir. Such, he fays, was the
" antiqua ratio vitri," and he feems to imply that at Sidon
glafs was made in this manner. In his own time, a fine white
fand was found on the fhore between Cumse and Liternum,
which was pulverised, mixed with three parts of " nitrum,"
and twice melted. It was then called " ammonitrum," which
being again melted became " Vitrum purum ac maffa vitri
candidi." He adds, that in Gaul and in Spain fand was
fimilarly treated. The lumps of glafs fo obtained, were, it
would feem, brought to Rome, and there mixed with the colour
ing ingredients and re-melted.
A paffage in Strabo's Geography (Lib. xvi., c. 2, § 25) is
worth notice with reference to the practice of glass-making at
Rome ; he fays, that he had heard from the glafs-makers at
Alexandria, that a certain earth was found in Egypt without
which the more elaborate and many-coloured wares could not
be made ; and it was said that at Rome many things were to be
procured which facilitated both the colouring and the working,
and the giving it a cryftalline appearance ; infomuch that a cup
might be bought there for a fmall piece of copper money.
The coloured and variegated glafs and glafs veffels made in
Rome feem to have been articles much exported ; for fragments
have been found at Cimiez near Nice, at Nifmes, and in London,
of fhades and mixtures of colours, and of patterns fo precifely
the fame as thofe found at Rome, as to render it almoft certain
that they were all made at one and the fame place. We may
fee from Pliny's notice of glafs (Nat. Hift., Lib. xxxvi.,
c. 67) that many varieties were produced in his time ; he tells
us of an opaque red (totum rubens vitrum atque non tranflucens,
haematinum appellatum), of white glafs, and of glafs imitating
murrhine, jacinths, fapphires, and all other colours (album et
murrhina, aut hyacinthos fapphirofque imitatum, et omnibus
aliis coioribus). He alfo makes fpecial mention of black glafs,

Introduction. xxiii
like obfidian, which was ufed for veflels on which to ferve food
(fit et tincturae genere obfidianum ad efcaria vafa).
Of many of thefe kinds examples may be feen in this col
lection, with the poffible exception of the murrhine. The
queftion as to what the real murrhine was, has often engaged
the pens of claffical fcholars, but has never been fatisfaftorily
folved. Some light may perhaps be obtained by comparing
the defcription, which Pliny gives, with fpecimens of ancient
glafs among which we might fairly expect to difcover the
imitation murrhine. Pliny tells us that the colours of the real
murrhine were purple, white, and a third " ex utroque,
ignefcente veluti per tranfitum coloris purpura aut rubefcente
lacteo." Now among the fragments of glafs found at Rome
and elfewhere, fpecimens are occafionally to be met with of a
very beautiful tranfparent purple, mixed with veins and lines of
opaque white ; where this white has a thin covering of the
purple glafs, a colour is feen which corresponds with Pliny's
description.1 It has been thought that by murrhine the
ancients meant fluor fpar, but no glafs has been noticed which
refembles this fubftance. The kind of glafs, however, which
Pliny fpeaks of as moft highly efteemed in his time was the pure
white, imitating cryftal ; this it may have done, not only in
colour and tranfparency, but alfo in thicknefs. Pliny says,
" Maximus honos in candido tranflucentibus quam proxima
" cryftalli fimilitudine " (Lib. xxxvi., c. 67).
The Romans had at their command, of tranfparent colours,
blue, green, purple or amethyftine, amber, brown, and rofe

1 The moft probable opinion feems largely at the prefent day in India and
to be that the real murrhine was a in Germany, both with onyxes and
variety of agate (Jee King's Hiftory of cryftals, and this may explain the line
Precious Stones and Gems, p. 239), in Propertius, Book iv., c. 5, v. 26 —
containing fhades of red or purple. It " Murreaque in Parthis pocula coifta focis."
is poffible that thofe red or purple See on this fubject a paper by Mr.
fhades were produced by heat, or other Mafkelyne, Proc. of the Society of
artificial means, as it is practifed fo Antiquaries, January 28, 1869.

xxiv Introduction.
colour; of opaque colours, white, black, red, blue, yellow,
green, and orange. There are many fhades of the former as
well as of the latter, particularly of tranfparent blue, and of
opaque blue, yellow, and green. Of opaque colours many
varieties appear to be due to the mixture of one colour with
another. In any large collection of fragments, it would be eafy
to find eight or ten varieties of opaque blue, ranging from lapis
lazuli to turquoife or to lavender, and fix or feven of opaque
green. Of red the varieties are fewer ; the fineft is a crimfon
red of very beautiful tint, and there are various gradations from
this to a dull brick red. One variety forms the ground of a
very good imitation of porphyry, and there is a dull femi- tranf
parent red which, when light is paffed through it, appears to
be of a dull green hue.
The analyfes of antique glafs of this period, given by Von
Minutoli (p. 31), which were made by Klaproth, fhow the
following refults. No attempt to determine the quantities of
alkalies, it fhould feem, was made.
Opaque Red from the Villa of Tiberius at Capri.

In 200 grains.

SilicaOxide of lead

- 142 grains.
- 28 „

Do. copper -
Do. iron
Alumina -

" 15 „
5 „
2 »

Lime

3 »
J95 „

Opaque Green.

In 200 grains,
Silica Oxide of copper -
Do. lead
130 grains,
- 20 „
- IS >,
Do. iron
Lime Alumina -
7 »
J3 >,
- Ir »
196 „
Introduction. XXV
Partially Transparent Blue from Capri.
In 200 grains, Silica - - 163 grains.
Oxide of iron - 19 „
Alumina - - 3 „
Oxide of copper - 1 „
Lime - - - 0-5 „
i8_-S„
Another fpecimen of blue Roman glafs, analyfed by Pro-
feflbr John, fhowed the prefence of cobalt.
It has been afcertained that the rofe-coloured glafs owes its
colour to gold, the violet to manganefe, the white and orange
to oxides of tin and of arfenic. A fpecimen of fine opaque red
lately analyfed in London proves to be coloured by iron.
With thefe colours the Roman vitrarius worked, blending
them in almoft every conceivable combination, fometimes, it
muft be owned, with a rather gaudy and inharmonious effect.
Thefe combinations of colour were effected in two ways :
firft, by glaffes of two or more colours being combined fo as to
traverfe the entire fubftance of the objeft ; and, fecondly, by
the fuperpofition of the one colour on the other.
To the former clafs belong all thofe termed mofaic and
mille fiori, where the procefs of manufacture was the prelimi
nary union, by heat, of threads of glafs into a rod, which when
cut tranfverfely exhibited the fame pattern in every feftion.
Such rods were often placed together fide by fide, and united
by heat. This procefs was no doubt firft practifed in Egypt,
and is never feen in fuch perfection as in objefts of a decidedly
Egyptian character in defign or in colour, fuch as No. 95 of
the Catalogue of the Slade Collection. Very beautiful pieces of
ornament of an architectural character are met with, which
probably once ferved as decorations of cafkets or other fmall
pieces of furniture, or of trinkets ; alfo tragic mafks, human
faces, and birds. Some of the laft-named are reprefented with
fuch truth of colouring and delicacy of detail, that even the

xxvi Introduction.
feparate feathers of the wings and tail are well diftinguifhed,
although the piece which contains the figure may not exceed
three-fourths of an inch in its largeft dimenfion.1
The patterns were made firft on a large fcale, then the glafs
rod, when hot, was drawn out until its diameter was reduced to
the fize we fee. That fuch was the cafe is evident from a care
ful examination of fome of the pieces, as the work is evidently
more minute than human powers could otherwife accomplifh ;
e.g., in an example in the Britifh Mufeum, No. ^ in the
Catalogue of the Slade Collection, where are reprefented a fmall
human buft and head, with a lock of hair hanging over the
forehead ; this lock is not much broader than a horfehair, yet,
when examined with a powerful lens, it is feen to be compofed
of nine threads alternately of tranfparent and opaque glafs.
Although, as before noted, the fineft works of this defcrip-
tion were made by Egyptian craftfmen, many of thofe found at
Rome were probably made there, and fragments of the rods
are occafionally difcovered. One of thefe, in the pofleffion of
the writer, is quadrilateral, about -| inch fquare, and fhows a
four-leaved flower of turquoife blue, with a yellow centre, on a
ground of opaque red.
The fame procefs was ufed in the manufacture of objefts
much larger than thofe mentioned above, and plates 4 to 6 inches
fquare are met with. The execution of thefe is much lefs
minute and delicate ; the fubjefts ufually found on them are
flowers, particularly poppies, ears of corn, and the like.
A very few examples have been noticed of a procefs of the
fame nature, but fomewhat differently managed. In this the
figure does not penetrate through the entire fubftance of the
veffel, but is inlaid in a cavity hollowed out to receive it to

1 An exquifite fpecimen, a figure of Collection, and formerly belonged to
a human-headed hawk, is in the Britifh the Duchefs of Portland.
Mufeum. It came from the Townley

Introduction. xxvii
the depth of about tl Qf an inch. The only fpecimens which
have been met with reprefent fifties on a ground of opaque
turquoife blue j1 one fpecimen has the head and about half the
body of a fifh, which if entire would meafure 3 to 3^ inches in
length. It is executed with the greateft minutenefs ; the teeth,
divifions of the fins, and thofe of the eyeball and eye, being
reprefented with great truth both of form and colour.2 Thefe
figures might have been executed in two ways, either by
making a rod or cane of the required form and cutting off
tranfverfe feftions, which being placed in the cavities prepared
for them, were fixed by the aftion of the furnace, or the cavity
may have been prepared, the various colours placed in their
proper fituations in the condition of powder worked into a ftiff
pafte with fome fuitable vehicle, and an amount of heat applied
fufficient to unite them and caufe them to blend, without
producing liquefaction.
A fomewhat fimilar refult was alfo obtained by different
means, which it may be worth while to defcribe at more length,
as it may afford a ufeful hint to artifts in mofaic. The
variously-coloured glaffes were broken or cut into fragments of
fuitable fizes and forms, placed together and a mafs of heated
glafs poured or preffed on the back; thus the pieces were
united and in fome degree blended together, and a figure was
obtained with lefs of hardnefs than a mofaic, and more of the
effeft of a painting. In the poffeffion of the writer is the upper
half of the head of a female figure formed by this procefs,
which when entire muft, if ftanding, have been not lefs than
1 5 inches high. Such figures, it would feem, were then ufed
in the " opus fectile " or marquetry with which walls were
covered.

1 For fpecimens of this kind, fee writer at Rome, in 1 859. It was then
Buonarrotti, OJJervazioni Jopra alcuni in the pofleffion of a Belgian artift,
Medaglioni Mtichi, p. xvii. Mons. Briils.
2 This example was feen by the

xxviii Introduction .
A common va'riety of mofaic glafs is that which was made
by combining fquare flicks of various colours, the effeft produced
being that of teffelated work. Small cups were made of this
pattern, but only in very rare cafes of the more artiftic patterns.
In the Louvre is a mafs of this teffelated pattern, which,
being rounded at one end, feems to fhow that the flicks of
which it is compofed were placed together in a fmall pot and
there heated until they cohered.
A vaft quantity of bowls, cups, and pateras were made by
the fame means in patterns which bear considerable refemblance
oj the furfaces of madrepores {fee Nos. 970, 971, and
973. '68.), and are of the fame kind as thofe which by the
Venetians are termed tc mille fiori." In thefe, every colour
and every fhade of colour, feem to have been tried in great
variety of combination with effects more or lefs pleafing ; but
tranfparent violet or purple appears to have been the moft
common ground colour. Although moft of the veffels of
this mille fiori glafs were fmall, fome were made of large fize ;
a fragment in the poffeflion of the writer muft have formed
part of a difh not lefs than twenty inches in diameter.
The flab, No. 1077. '68, Fig. 3, in PI. IV., is an example
of this kind of glafs.
Another variety of glafs, evidently much ufed, is that in
which tranfparent brown glafs is fo mixed with opaque white
and blue as to refemble onyx. This was fometimes done with
great fuccefs, and very perfect imitations of the natural ftone
were produced ; Plate III., Fig. 3, furnifhes a kindred
example. What has been noticed above as poffibly imitation
murrhine (p. xxiii) is a variety of this kind, in which purple
or violet glafs takes the place of brown.
Imitations of porphyry, of ferpentine, and of granite are
alfo met with ; but the ufe of thefe feems to have been almoft
confined to pavements, and the decoration of walls, for which
purposes the onyx-glafs was likewife employed.

Introduction. xxix
Under this hea,d muft alfo be included the interlacing of
bands and threads both of white and of coloured glafs. Veffels
are found compofed either of bands fo placed in feftions as to
prefent a plaited pattern, as No. 969. '68 (PI. V.), or fimply
arranged fide by fide ; others, again, refemble the Venetian vitro
di trina, threads of opaque white or yellow glafs being twifted
with clear tranfparent glafs, and the veffel then formed by the
welding together of the rods fo made {fee, for inftance, Fig. 2,
Plate III.). Blue threads are occafionally intermixed, and
feveral varieties of pattern may be found ; but this branch of
the art does not appear to have been carried by the Romans to
anything like the perfection to which it was afterwards brought
by the Venetians.
Pieces of gold leaf are fometimes introduced between the
layers of glafs, and thefe are frequently feen combined with the
bands of colour which have juft been mentioned.
To the fecond branch of decoration by colour, viz., that by
fuperpofition, belong, in the firft place, the cameo glaffes, fuch
as the famous Portland vafe, in which a pafte of one colour has
been placed over another, and then carved into the required
defign ; this, no doubt, is what Pliny meant to defcribe when
he fays " aliud argenti modo coelatur." The fculpturing was,
no doubt, mainly executed by the lapidary's wheel, but the
work may have been finifhed with the help ofa diamond, or by
attrition with a file compofed of emery or adamantine fpar,
formed into a mafs with pitch or fome other refinous fubftance,
like the corundum file of the prefent day. Pliny, it would
feem, wifhed to diftinguifh between that which was merely
mechanical work executed by a wheel, and that which
required the manipulation of the fkilled artift, for he says
" aliud torno teritur, aliud argenti modo coelatur," the firft
being what we fhould call cut glafs, the fecond the cameo glafs
defcribed above.1 Roman filver, it may be obferved, was often
1 Apuleius, Met. ii. 33, ufes the expreffion, " vitrum affabre figillatum."

xxx Introduction.
ornamented by the fame method, and not always beaten out
from behind.
The few entire vafes of this kind which have been preferved
are remarkable for their exquifite beauty, and the exifting
fragments ufually exhibit traces of good ftyle. Though the
Portland vafe was found in a fepulchre believed to have been
that of Alexander Severus, yet, like the elegant amphora in the
Mufeo Borbonico at Naples, and the Auldjo vafe in the Britifh
Mufeum, it fhows marks of Greek rather than of Roman art.
They all feem to belong to a comparatively early date.
The Portland vafe is too well known to make any defcrip-
tion of it necefTary, but the following remarks upon it by
Jofiah Wedgwood will be read with intereft :
He, in 1786, wrote to Sir Wm. Hamilton (Life of Jofiah
Wedgwood, by Mifs Meteyard, vol. ii., p. 577) on the fubjeft
of his propofed copies of the vafe in queftion, and in the letter
he makes the following remarks on the original : —
" It is apparent that the artift has availed himfelf very ably
of the dark ground in producing the perfpeftive and diftance
required by cutting the white away nearer to the ground as the
fhades were wanted deeper, fo that the white is often cut to the
thinnefs of paper, and in fome inftances quite away, and the
ground itfelf makes a part of the baf-relief, by which means
he has given to his work the effeft of painting as well as
fculpture ; and it will be found that a baf-relief, with all the
figures of a uniform white colour upon a dark ground, will be a
very faint refemblance of what this artift has had the addrefs to
produce by calling in the aid of colour to aflift his relief. That
hollownefs of the rocks and depth. of fhade in other parts, pro
duced by cutting down to the dark ground, and to which it
owes no fmall part of its beauty, would all be wanting and a
difgufting flatnefs appear in their ftead. It is here that I am
moft fenfible of my weaknefs, and that I muft of neceffity call in
the engraver to my affiftance in order to produce the higheft
finifhed and clofeft copies we are capable of making. But in

Introduction. xxxi
this refource difficulties arife, and, I fear, infurmountable ones ;
for how few artifts have we in this branch whofe touches would
not carry ruin with them to thofe beautiful and high-wrought
figures; and, fuppofe one or two could be found equal to
the talk, would fuch artifts be perfuaded to quit a lucrative
branch of their profeflion and devote half a life to a fingle
work, for which there is little probability of their being paid
half fo much as they earn by their prefent employment, for I
do not think 5,000/. for the execution of fuch a vafe, fuppofing
our beft artifts capable of the work, would be at all equal to
their gains from the works they are now employed in."
It was found before 1644 in the mound called Monte del
Grano, about three miles from Rome, on the road to Tufculum,
in a farcophagus dedicated, as has been fuppofed, to the
Emperor Alexander Severus (killed A.D. 325) and his mother.
It meafures 10 in. in height by 6 in. in width ; the glafs, which
forms the ground, is dark blue.
The amphora at Naples meafures 1 ft. -f in. in height,
1 ft. l\ in. in circumference ; it is fhaped like the earthen
amphoras, has a foot far too fmall to fupport it, and
muft, no doubt, have had a ftand, probably of gold ; the
greater part is covered with a moft exquifite defign of garlands
and vines, and two groups of boys gathering and treading
grapes and playing on various inftruments of mufic ; below
thefe is a line of fheep and goats in varied attitudes. The
ground is blue and the figures white. It was found in a houfe
in the Street of Tombs at Pompeii in the year 1839, and is now
in the Royal Mufeum at Naples. It is well engraved in
Richardfon's Studies of Ornamental Defign.
The Auldjo vafe, a part of which is or was in poffeffion of
Mr. Auldjo, and another in the Britifh Mufeum, is an cenochoe
about nine inches high ; the ornament confifts mainly of a moft
beautiful band of foliage, chiefly of the vine, with bunches of
grapes ; the ground is blue and the ornaments white ; it was

xxxii Introduction.
found at Pompeii in the houfe of the Faun. It alfo has been
engraved by Richardfon.
Mr. Deville, " Hift. de l'Art de la Verrerie," has engraved
(PI. LXIII.) a very beautiful lamp of blue glafs, with a wreath,
a buft of Harpocrates, and the infcription, <c Deo qui eft
Maximus," in white cameo.1
Coftly as thefe beautiful objefts muft have been, a very
great number of them exifted, for even now fragments of ten
to fifteen may probably be met with in the hands of the
curiofity dealers in Rome in the courfe of three or four months.
The fame procefs was ufed in producing large tablets, employed,
no doubt, for various decorative purpofes. No. 1074. '68, in this
collection is a fragment of fuch a tablet or flab, the figure, a
portion of which remains, could not have been lefs than about
14 in. high.
The ground of thefe cameo glaffes is moft commonly
tranfparent blue (often lined with opaque white to throw up
the colour), but fometimes opaque blue, purple, or dark brown.
The fuperimpofed layer which is fculptured is generally opaque
white. A very few fpecimens have been met with in which
feveral colours are employed.2
At a long interval after thefe beautiful objefts come thofe
veffels which were ornamented either by means of coarfe threads
trailed over their furfaces and forming rude patterns, or
by coloured enamels merely placed on them in lumps, and
thefe, doubtlefs, were cheap and common wares. But a modi
fication of the firft-named procefs was in ufe in the fourth
and fucceeding centuries, fhowing great ingenuity and manual
dexterity ; that, namely, in which the added portions of
glafs are united to the body of the cup, not throughout, but
only at points, and then fhaped either by the wheel or by the
1 Mr. Deville does not ftate where 2 See a remarkable fpecimen in
the original is preferved. Can the en- Curiofities of Glafs-making by Apfley
graving have been made[from a drawing Pellatt, Plate V., Fig. 1, compofed of
of a piece of Wedgwood ware ? five layers.

Introduction, xxxiii
hand. The attached portions form in fome inftances infcrip-
tions, as on a cup found at Strafburg, which bears the name of
the Emperor Maximianus (A.D. 286-310) ; on another in the
the Vereinigte Sammlungen at Munich, and on a third, in the
Trivulzi Collection at Milan, where the cup is white, the
infcription green, and the network blue.1 Probably, however, the
fineft example is a fitula, 10^ in. high by 8 in. wide at the top
and 4 in. at the bottom, preferved in the treafury of St. Mark
at Venice. This is of glafs of a greenifh hue ; on the upper
part is reprefented, in relief, the chafe of a lion by two men on
horfeback acco'mpanied by dogs ; the coftume appears to be
rather Byzantine than Roman, and the ftyle very bad. The
figures are very much undercut. The lower part has four
rows of circles united to the vefl'el at thofe points alone where
the circles touch each other. All the other examples have the
lower portion covered in like manner by a network of circles
ftanding nearly a quarter of an inch from the body of the
cup. An example connected with the fpecimens juft defcribed is
the cup belonging to Baron Lionel de Rothfchild ; 2 though
externally of an opaque greenifh colour, it is by tranfmitted
light of a deep red, the colouring matter, Mr. Franks obferves,
being probably copper, but the glafs has not been brought to
the ftate in which it becomes ruby. On the outfide, in very
high relief, are figures of Bacchus with vines and panthers,
fome portions being hollow from within, others fixed on the
exterior. The changeability of colour may remind us of the
" calices verficolores," which Hadrian fent to Servianus. This
and the preceding ought, according to the fyftem of claflifica-
tion which has been adopted, to have been noticed with veflels

1 Engraved in Winkelmann, Storia 2 An engraving of this cup will be
delle Arti, i., p. 42. A fragment of a found in De la Motte's " Choice Ex-
cup of this kind is in the Britifh ampies of Art Workmanfhip."
Mufeum. G. C

xxxiv Introduction.
owing their decoration to form and not to colour, but it
feems fcarcely advifable to attempt to claffify with ftrict
accuracy. Veffels are alfo found on which coloured enamels have been
dafhed in fpots entering flightly within thejfurface (No. 1 005/6 8.) ;
thefe are but common and ordinary objefts exhibiting little
or no art, ftill they feem to have fome bearing upon the
interefting queftion whether enamel painting upon glafs was
practifed by the Romans. The above-mentioned is a coarfe
and imperfect fort of enamelling, and it was probably executed
by means of enamel liquified by heat, not reduced to a fine
powder and applied cold, the only means by which delicate
execution can be obtained. It is, however, unlikely that
when fo near an approach had been made to the art of enamell
ing, the laft ftep was not taken by artifts fo ingenious and fo
defirous of novelty as were the Roman, and feveral objefts are
extant, or have been defcribed, which bear traces of the procefs.
One fpecimen is in the Slade Collection (No. 84), on which is a
figure of a gryphon, drawn apparently in a dark enamel colour.
In the Louvre is a fmall cup of green tranfparent glafs, about
three inches in diameter, faid to have been found at Nifmes ;
on this figures of animals and foliage drawn in yellow and red
are difcernible. Von Minutoli (p. 16) ftates that Canon Gorio,
at Naples, fhewed him a fketch of a patera which was found in
the year 18 19, at Cunas, on which a landfcape was painted in
feveral colours with decorations in gold. This fhould now be in
the imperial collection at Vienna. Boldetti (p. 189) ftates that
in the cemetery of Calliftus, in the catacombs, a cup was
found, in the bottom of which the head of our Saviour was
depicted, not in gold but in feveral colours. It is not at all
furprifing that few enamel paintings have been preferved, when
it is remembered that almoft all Roman glafs is found buried in
damp places, and much corroded on the furface, and that
enamel colours corrode more readily than ordinary glafs on

Introduction. xxxv
account of their containing a greater proportion of metallic
oxides. Decifive examples, however, are two cups found at Vaf-
pelev, in Denmark, engravings of which are publifhed in the
" Annaler for Nordifk Oldkyndeghed " for 1861, p. 305.
Thefe are fmall cups, 3 in. and i\ in. high, 3f in. and 3 in.
wide, with feet and ftraight fides ; on the larger are a lion and
a bull, on the leffer two birds with grapes, and on each fome
fmaller ornaments. On the latter are the letters DVB . R.
The colours are vitrified and flightly in relief; green, blue, and
brown may be diftinguifhed. They were found with Roman
bronze veflels and other articles.
Cav. de Roffi has defcribed and figured (Boll, di Archeol.
Crift. Ann. 1873, tav. iii.) a circular plate of glafs found
affixed to the wall in an ancient fand-pit between the cemeteries
of Thrafon and of the Jordani, a mile outfide Rome on the
Via Salaria. It meafures 4J inches in diameter, but is only a
portion of a much larger plate. On it are painted birds and
fruits, not the Caveliere fays in enamel, but " fimple painting "
(femplice pittura), probably in tempera.*
In the fourth and following centuries, pictorial reprefen-
tations were made by means of gold leaf, either embedded in
the fubftance of the glafs or fixed to its furface. Some
hundreds of thefe have come down to us, in confequence of
the Chriftians of thofe times having been in the habit of
affixing the difks, which formed the bottoms of the veflels thus
ornamented, to the exterior of the loculi in which the dead
were placed in the catacombs. They offer a feries of moft
curious and interefting reprefentations, and have been well
illuftrated by Padre Garrucci in his work, entitled Vetri Ornati
di Figure in Oro (Roma, 1858). Padre Garrucci is difpofed
to attribute them to the 'period between a.d. 200 and
a.d. 400, but without ftriftly confining them within thofe limits.
The fubjefts are fometimes mythological, but moft com-

xxxvi Introduction.
monly Chriftian ; on the latter the infcriptions BIBE VIVAS
and PIE ZESES very generally occur, and it has been inferred
from them that the veffels were ufed either for facramental
purpofes, or in the celebration of agapes. When found entire,
which is rarely the cafe, the veffels are in the form of fhallow
pateras or bowls.
The procefs of making them feems to have varied : in
fome, like the medallion No. 8990. '63 (PI. IV. Fig. 2), a leaf
of gold was fixed on the upper furface of the bottom of a
veffel, the fuperfluous portions were removed, and lines traced
through the gold until the defired pattern was obtained ; a bowl
was then fuperadded, and the whole united into one mafs by fire.
In a few inftances, fmall portions of the ornaments or figures
have colour added ; red, lake, blue, white, and two fhades
of green were thus employed ; of this No. 3 1 7 of the Catalogue
of the Slade Collection is an important example.
Some of the veffels were decorated with fmall medallions,
each of which forms a portion only of the fubjeft reprefented,
fo that feveral were required to complete the defign. In thefe
the gold defign is ufually backed with coloured glafs, either
blue, green, violet, or crimfon. The remains of a fhallow difh
found near Cologne (publifhed in the Jahrbiicher des Vereins
von Alterthumftreunden in Rheinlande, heft xxxvi. taf. 3),
fhews fuch an arrangement ; of the fmall coloured medallions
with which this was ftudded about twelve remain.
In other fpecimens, fuch as the fragment No. 1 20 of the
Catalogue ofthe Slade Collection, and the remarkable difh juft
mentioned, the gold leaf feems to have been applied to the
furface of the glafs, and not protected by a fecond coating.
Such fpecimens muft have been, however, peculiarly liable to
injury. Enamelled decoration was alfo occafionally added.
A very curious example was found fome years ago at
Cologne, in this, the real cup, about 3 in, high, is ornamented
with winged genii and flowers in gold, this cup is enclofed

Introduction. xxxvii
in a network of threads of glafs, which join handles conftrufted
in a like manner, the whole ftanding on a foot. This was
lately in the pofTeffion of Herr Difch of Cologne. The threads
of glafs are in this inftance not cut.
Many examples of this procefs are to be met with in
which the drawing and execution are far fuperior to thofe
of the majority ; the firft in correftnefs, the fecond in fine
and careful fhading, in which crofs-hatching is fometimes feen
(Nos. 105 1. '68 and 1052. '68, belong to this clafs) ; one of
the moft remarkable, which is inferted in the Croce Magna
at Brefcia, has been fuppofed to reprefent the Emprefs Galla
Placidia and her fon. Some of thefe are very cleverly executed,
though ufually, according to Padre Garrucci, full of blunders as
to coftume, errors in infcriptions, &c. Many of them are pro
bably the work of the clever forgers of the Italian renaiffance,
who caught the fpirit of the antique fo ably, that the objefts
which they produced in feveral clafles of art have often deceived
the moft acute connoiffeurs. Many of them were certainly in
exiftence two or three centuries ago ; Buonaruotti (Offerva-
zioni fopra alcuni frammenti di vetro) has engraved feveral of
thefe, in the opinion of Padre Garrucci, fpurious objefts, as
genuine. That the artifts of circa 1500 in Italy were quite
capable of executing fuch work may be feen by many extant
fpecimens, of which No. 3648-56 in this collection is a parti
cularly fine example.
The proceffes which remain to be mentioned are thofe in
which decorative effeft was obtained by variety of form, and
thefe are the two which Pliny has indicated in the words " aliud
flatu figuratur," and " aliud torno teritur," the firft includ
ing blowing and moulding, the laft grinding and fhaping on the
wheel. Cameo glafs, and that later kind in which portions are
attached to the ground at points, only ought in ftriftnefs to
have been fpoken of under this head, but reafons of convenience
have led to the arrangement adopted.

xxx viii Introduction.
Variety of form was given by feveral proceffes connected
with that of blowing ; for inftance, by moulding with pincers or
other tools, by forming projecting ribs on the fides (now called
pillar moulding), as well as by the ufe of moulds, probably
of metal, into which the glafs was either blown or prefled ;
bottoms of bottles and other veffels have often fifties, dragons,
or birds thus formed. Cav. de Roffi has figured (Bull, di Arch.
Crift. 1873, tav. IX.) a cup found in a tomb near Treves,
on which are fifties, fepias, and fhells, all it would feem moulded
in very high relief and ftuck on. A very fimilar cup was
found in the cemetery of Calixtus, near Rome. Several cups
or fragments of them have been found, on which are figures of
gladiators with their names ; on one fuch found at Chavannes in
La Vendee are the names of Proculus, Columbus and Spiculus,
mentioned by Suetonius as having lived in the time of Caligula
and Nero. M. Deville has given a good example in his Plate
XLIX. Thefe cups were blown in a mould, not finifhed by
any procefs of cutting or grinding, and evidently cheap common
wares. Some beautiful examples of thefe proceffes will be found
in this collection ; among thofe blown into moulds were
bunches of grapes, dates, and human heads, of various colours
{fee PI. IV., Fig. 1.) Mafks and ornaments were likewife
often made in a mould and attached to vafes, &c. ; and one
maker has recorded his name and abode, Artas Sidon, both in
Greek and in Latin, the words appearing in relief on the
handles of cups, as if formed by the ufe of pincers on which
they had been engraved.
An elegant long-necked bottle, in the Britifh Mufeum,
feems to have been blown within a mould made by means of a
cage of wire; this procefs has given to its furface little
rounded elevations fuch as we fee in the glafs, which is now fo
common, and often called " kinkled."
A great number of veffels of various forms, whether cups,
paterae, or vafes, were, after they were blown, finifhed by the

Introduction. xxxix
wheel, and afford beautiful examples of fkill in manipulation,
portions being often much undercut. The artifans known as
diatretarii probably executed this work.1 No. 8988. '63. (PI. III.
Fig. 1 ) is a very pleaflng example of Roman glafs- cutting.
The whole furface was alfo fometimes cut, not, as in
modern times, into projecting pyramids, but into a feries
of indentations of a curvilinear form. In another clafs of
examples, figures and ornaments were engraved in fhallow
intaglio ; this was evidently done with the lapidary's wheel, and
in a few inftances {e.g., a cup in the Mufeum at Cologne)
details were added with the point of a diamond or other hard
ftone. Work of this kind is ufually bad both in ftyle and
in execution, and evidently belongs to a late date ; a frag
ment of a large patera or fhallow bowl in the Vereinigte
Sammlungen at Munich has engraved on it the labarum and
the letters Alpha and Omega ; but perhaps the moft important
fpecimen extant is a fitula of dark violet glafs in the treafury of
St. Mark, at Venice, on which a bacchanalian dance is repre
fented. The manufacture of fuch fpecimens was probably
continued under the Byzantine empire.
In the year 1868 fome very remarkable examples of this
kind of work were found at Porto, and have been figured and
defcribed by Cavaliere de Roffi (Bull, di Archeol. Crift. 1868),
the moft remarkable were fragments of a fhallow patera which
muft have been about 8 in. in diameter, on them is engraved
in fhallow incavo a ftanding figure of Chrift between two
faints, on another is a part of a figure of Chrift reprefented
in the aft of delivering a tablet, infcribed Lex Domini, to a
figure probably intended to reprefent St. Peter. Thefe Cava
liere de Roffi is of opinion probably date from the fourth
century. 1 They are mentioned in the Codex occurs in the Digeft of Ulpian. See
(Lib. x. tit. 64) in the ordinance of Facciolati, fub voce.
Conftantine II., a.d. 337. Diatretum

xl Introduction.
The figures are engraved on the under fide, fo that the
upper remains fmooth and fit for ufe, while the figures feen
from above have the appearance of being in relief. De Roffi
feems to be of opinion that they were fimply plates for domeftic
ufe, but as glafs veffels were certainly ufed in the early cen
turies of the Chriftian era for euchariftic purpofes, it feems
quite poffible that they we're patens. In the Liber Pontif. we
read that Pope Zephirinus (203-221) ordered patens of glafs
to be carried before the celebrating prieft.
One Angular method of ornamentation, which does not come
under either of the claffes mentioned above, is exhibited in a
drinking cup in the Britifh Mufeum. A filver cup was made,
the fides of which are pierced with numerous oval apertures,
blue glafs was then blown into the infide fo as to protrude
flightly through the openings, the effeft is fimilar to that of a
filver cup ftudded with fapphires.
Glafs was alfo much ufed at Rome in the manufacture of
artificial gems ; and the ftory of the jeweller who cheated the
Emprefs Salonina, wife of Gallienus, with fome falfe gems
fhows to what perfection the art of imitation was brought.
Imitations of emeralds, beryls, and other gems are frequently
found. Copies in glafs of intaglios and cameos are alfo met with in
great quantity ; many hundreds may even now be purchafed
at Rome, and they are found wherever any confiderable Roman
town exifted. As they were apparently made for thofe whofe
means did not enable them to purchafe works in real ftones,
both were probably produced, not by engraving, but by pref-
fure in a mould when the material was in a ftate of femifufion,
in the manner formerly practifed with fo much fuccefs by
Taffie; the cameos, however, were often finifhed with the
wheel. The intaglios, doubtlefs, were chiefly intended to be
fet in rings, although fome of them are too large for fuch
a purpofe. Notwithftanding, however, the great number of

Introduction. xii
fpecimens that have come down to us, there are but few of
firft-rate excellence as works of art ; the latter, having evidently
been eaft from the fineft gems of their time, have preferved to
us defigns of the greateft beauty with fuch conditions of unquef-
tionable authenticity as render them of great value to the
ftudent of ancient art.
Mr. King (Antique Gems, p. 78), however, cautions us that
of the paftes fold as antique in fuch abundance hardly one in a
hundred is genuine, and that any pafte {i.e., glafs intaglio or
cameo) appearing never (o have had a fetting may be looked
upon with the utmoft fufpicion. This is, perhaps, too fweeping,
undoubtedly vaft quantities are modern, but certainly many are
antique, although no trace of the fetting may remain.
Cameos of glafs are fometimes met with of large fize ; a
fine fragment in the Britifh Mufeum in blue opaque pafte,
imitating lapis lazuli, has the upper half of a human figure,
which, if perfect, would be about a foot high, and even larger
examples have been noticed; No. 1068. '68, fhown in PI. VII.,
is a good though fmaller example of thefe cameos made in
moulds.1 Befides human and animal figures, foliage and archi
tectural ornaments are found on them, executed notunufually in
glafs of vividly contrafting colours, fuch as green and bright red ;
many of thefe no doubt ferved as ornaments for pieces of furniture,
or for walls of rooms, {fee No. 1072. '68, etfeq. Cat. p. 19.)
Circular medallions, with a head of Medufa in cameo on
each, and of nearly 2 in. in diameter, are not uncommon {fee
No. 276. '74, Cat. p. 21) ; it has been conjectured, with great
probability, that thefe and other medallions of a like kind, were
worn as phaler<e, or military decorations, by foldiers, or on the
trappings of horfes.2
1 See Winkelmann, Storia delle Ard, on which is an effigy of a centurion,
ed. Fed., i., p. 40. furnifhing an excellent inftance of the
2 See Archasologia, vol. xxxix., pi. manner in which the phalerae were
xxiv., fig. 1. In Mus. Veronenfe, worn.
p. 121, is engraved a fepulchral ftone,

xiii Introduction.
Bufts and figures in full relief were alfo made in glafs, fome
in moulds, others were cut as if out of a hard ftone, a good
example of the laft is a buft about i\ in. high in the Britifh
Mufeum, this is cut in " haematinum," opaque red glafs, and
is of very good ftyle.
One peculiar method of employing glafs in the manufacture
of perfonal ornaments requires fpecial mention : that, namely,
in which the furface was hollowed in the form of a bird, a leaf,
a lizard, or the like, and a very fine fillet of gold made to
follow the outline and to mark out the features ahd members
of the objeft reprefented ; enamels of various colours were
then inferted between the lines of gold, and the whole fub-
mitted to the aftion of the muffle furnace. Thefe are fome
times executed with the moft exquifite delicacy. The ground
is almoft always blue tranfparent glafs, backed with opaque
white to throw up the colour. In a few inftances there is no
enamel, but the whole of the incavo is filled with gold. The
fpecimens in which enamel is ufed are peculiarly interefting, as
furnifhing early examples of that procefs of enamelling which
we are accuftomed to call cloifonne, and which was practifed
with fo much fuccefs in Byzantium in the eleventh and twelfth
centuries. Many other fmall articles were made of glafs, as fpoons,
children's toys in the form of animals and birds (v. No. 1078.
'68, Cat. p. 17), dice, knuckle-bones, and counters.
Glafs alfo played a very important part in the decoration
of a fumptuous Roman houfe ; thick pieces of coloured glafs
added to the brilliancy of the pavement, either in irregular
fragments, or in larger flabs, fo fhaped as to form parts of a
pattern.1 Of the firft method of ufing it a good example
may be feen in one of the chambers of the houfe of the Faun
at Pompeii, where many fragments of amethyftine and of
2 " Se&ilia pavimenta." Suetonius, Lib. i., cap. 46.

Introduction. xliii
opaque red glafs of the moft beautiful tint are embedded in
the pavement, in conjunction with fmall pieces of varioufly
coloured marbles fixed in a hard cement, in the manner now
called in Italy "alia Veneziana." Of the fecond kind of
pavement, called " fectile," an example formed almoft entirely
of flabs of glafs is reprefented in PI. I., Fig. 4, of Von
Minutoli's work ; the colours of the glafs were white, green,
and blue ; it was found in the courfe of excavations made by
the Duke de Blacas in the year 1820, not far from the portico
of the temple of Venus at Rome, near the Colifeum. The
room to which this pavement belonged appears to have
formed part of a private houfe of earlier date than the temple
which was built by Hadrian. Von Minutoli alfo mentions
(p. 13) that at the Ifola Farnefe, nine miles from Rome, on
the road to Viterbo, a pavement of flabs of green glafs about
the thicknefs of a tile was found. In the pofleflion of the
writer are fome pieces of black, white, and orange opaque
glafs, which were found on the fite of the palace of the Caefars
at Rome ; they are about half an 'inch thick, and have been
fhaped fo as to form parts of a pattern. The pieces ufed in
pavements are not only of fingle colours but imitate porphyry,
ferpentine, and various granites. The walls of rooms were
decorated in a like manner, and thoufands of fpecimens of the
pieces which made up fuch decorations may be found in the
hands of the Roman dealers in antiquities. Examples, how
ever, in which the original collocation of the pieces has been
preferved or can be recovered are of the greateft rarity, all that
have come under the notice of the writer are the three noticed
below. Thefe wall pieces are much thinner {fee No. 896. '75,
etfeq. Cat. p. 19) than the pavement glafs, they are often of very
fingular fhapes, and it will be frequently feen that when placed
together in pairs they form fomething like the petals of a flower.
A few fpecimens, found at Pompeii or Herculaneum and pre
ferved in the Mufeum at Naples, fhow the kind of patterns

xliv Introduction.
which may be thus produced ; fome are ftar-like, others rofettes,
and each is placed in the centre of an octagonal piece of
lavender-coloured opaque glafs ; one of the ftars is made
of eight pieces of fo-called mofaic glafs, all cut from the
fame rod. As, however, thefe wall pieces were generally
ground, fo as to fit exactly, the Romans muft have fpent
upon thefe decorations an amount which to us, accuftomed
to ornament our walls with paper or plafter, would appear
furprifing. Such decorations are, however, alluded to by
ancient authors in terms denoting that they were confidered
as marks of great luxury ; as Vopifcus {in vita Firmi, cap. 3)
tells us of Firmus, " His wealth was much fpoken of, for he is
" reported to have covered his houfe with fquares of glafs
" attached by bitumen and other cements," (" De hujus divitiis
" multa dicuntur, nam et vitreis quadraturis, bitumine aliifque
" medicamentis infertis, domum induxiffe perhibetur.") Seneca
(Ep. 86) contrafts the vaults of the bath chambers of his own
day covered with glafs,1 with the rude fimplicity which marked
the times of the Scipios. The earlieft recorded inftance of fuch
decoration is that of the theatre conftrufted by M. Scaurus
during his edilefhip in the firft century B.C. Pliny (Hift.
Nat. B. xxxvi. cap. 24) tells us that it was in three ftories, the
loweft of marble, the fecond of glafs, and the third of gilt wood,
and that it was capable of containing 80,000 fpeftators. The
glafs was doubtlefs not in folid maffes but attached to the walls
in thin plates or " cruftas." M. Deville has reproduced (PI. XIII.
and XIV.) from the Mufeo Paflieri (vol. 1, tav. Ixxvi. and
lxxviii.) a large relief, on which is Apollo between Melpomene
and Thalia, and a frieze with mafks, &c, the latter a Roman foot
long and about four inches high, both in glafs, thefe he thinks
may have formed parts of fuch works as the theatre of Scaurus.
Nos. 896 to 896,5. '75. of the Catalogue, page 8, are in-
1 " Vitro abfconditur camera."

Introduction. xlv
fiances in which the pieces compofing patterns have been found
in fuch collocation as to admit of the reftoration of the patterns,
the pieces have been firft chipped, and then ground and fitted
together with the greateft exaftnefs. They were found in the
ruins of a villa near Rome, which is known to have belonged
to Lucius Aurelius Verus (ob. 169), the fon-in-law of the
Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
Another variety of this fyftem of decorating walls, in which
higher artiftic powers were called into ufe, was that in which
not merely patterns, but fubjefts containing forms both of
animals and men, were reprefented by means of coloured
marbles and glafs ; very few examples of this defcription of
work have come down to us ; by far the moft important formed
part of the decorations of the hall of the Conful Junius Baffus,
afterwards the church of S. Andrea in Catabarbara, in Rome,
and now deftroyed. Ciampini (Vet. Mon. vol. i., pi. 21-24)
has reprefented the building and feveral portions of the decora
tions as they exifted in his time ; and Von Minutoli (pi. 4) has
given a coloured engraving of a fragment, which is preferved in
the Palazzo Albani at Rome. This is about 4 ft. 4 in. (Rhe-
nifh meafure) high, by about 4 ft. wide ; in the upper part the
ftory of Hylas feized by the water nymphs is depicted, while
the lower is occupied by a piece of drapery reprefented as if
fufpended to the wall. The upper part is chiefly compofed of
pieces of varioufly coloured marbles, fome portions only being
of blue and green glafs ; in the lower part glafs is more freely
ufed. The piece of drapery has a broad border on which are
fmall figures of Egyptian deities and priefts ; thefe are entirely
compofed of glafs, and that reprefenting the garments is of
the kind known as mofaic glafs.
In teffelated work (opus teffellatum), or what we ufually
term mofaic, glafs was more and more ufed as the defire for
fplendour increafed ; in early examples it is only found em
ployed for the parts requiring very vivid colours, the reft
being ftone, marble, and baked clay ; but in the fourth and

xlvi Introduction.
fifth centuries the mofaics which decorated the walls and roofs
were wholly of glafs.
Befides the ornamental veffels of coloured and moulded or
cut glafs which have been mentioned above, the Romans made
a prodigious quantity of veflels of the moft various forms and
deftined for every fort of domeftic ufe from uncoloured glafs ;
this has (with the exception of a very few examples, probably
of late date) a flight green or yellowifh tint, occafioned by the
prefence of fmall quantities of oxide of iron, from which fand is
very rarely perfeftly free. Horace therefore paid no extrava
gant compliment to the Bandufian fountain when he faid that
it was more bright than glafs. Engravings of thefe may be
be found in numerous antiquarian works, and Mons. Deville
(Hift. de l'Art de la Verrerie) has given many well chofen
examples, with ingenious fuggeftions as to ufes to which they
applied. Sometimes thefe veffels were of large dimenfions,
globular urns a foot high, and of correfponding diameter, are
not unfrequently met with.
Glazed pottery was not much in ufe, and as the finer fpeci
mens of ornamental glafs took on the table of an opulent Roman
the place which porcelain does upon ours, fo common glafs no
doubt ferved for many purpofes for which we employ common
earthenware. Glafs was ufed in Rome in the time of Martial
(ob. A.D, 103.) in fuch quantities that the poor (Jews ?), who
inhabited the quarter of Rome beyond the Tiber, made a living
by hawking about fulphur matches and exchanging them for
broken glafs.1 Veffels of glafs went even into the tomb, the

1 . . . " Tranftiberinus ambulator Siccabis calicem naforum quatuor
Qui pallentia fulfurata fraftis ac jam
Permutat vitreis." Quaffatum rupto pofcentem fulfura
Ep. Lib. i. 42. vitro.
In Juvenal (Sat. V. v. 46) is the It has been inferred from this and
following paffage : — Pliny's ftatement that glafs fufed with
Tu Beneventani futoris nomen ha- fulphur hardens into ftone (vitrum
bentem fulphuri concoftum ferruminatur in

Introduction. xlvii
afties of the dead were often placed in an urn of glafs, and a
great number of vafes and cups and phials of the fame material
were placed around. The greater- part of the entire veffels,
which are preferved in our mufeums, have been found in
fepulchres, twenty or thirty veffels of various fizes and forms
being fometimes found in one tomb.
For one purpofe the Romans ufed glafs much lefs than we
do, viz., the prefervation of wine, for which ufe they employed
large earthen amphoras ; but for very choice wine they fome
times ufed amphoras of glafs, for Petronius (Satyricon, cap.
xxxiv.) narrates that at Trimalchio's feaft amphora? of glafs
were brought, carefully cemented, to the necks of which labels
were affixed with this infcription, " Opmian Falernian an
hundred years old." x
The examples above referred to, as being of cryftal-like
glafs free from a tinge of green, would feem to be of rather
late date, and there is fome ground for believing that fuch were
made at or near Cologne. A fmall vafe, figured by M. Deville
(PI. LXXa.), is faid to have been found in a tomb near Rouen,
probably of the third century. He ftates that it was perfeftly
like cryftal, and that analyfis fhewed the prefence of oxide of
lead and a little tin, if the latter were prefent at all, it muft
have been in a very minute quantity as oxide of tin renders glafs
white and opaque. The vafe in queftion, in fact, approached
modern flint glafs in compofition.
There can be no doubt that glafs was ufed by the Romans
in windows, though by no means exclufively, mica, alabafter,
and fhells having been alfo ufed. Glafs, in flat pieces, fuch as
might be employed for windows, has been found in the ruins of
Roman houfes, both in England and Italy, and in the houfe of

lapidem, Hift. Nat., Lib. xxxvi., cap. genter gypfatse quarum in cervicibus
xxvi.), that the Romans mended glafs pittacia erant adfixa cum eo titulo Fa-
by means of fulphur. lernum Opimianum annorum centum.
1 Adlatse funt amphorae vitrese dili-

xlviii Introduction,
the Faun at Pompeii, a fmall pane in a bronze frame remains.1
Glafs of this defcription feems to have been eaft on a ftone, and
is ufually very uneven and full of defects, fo that although
capable of tranfmitting light, it muft have admitted of at beft an
indifferent view of external objefts. When the window openings
were large, as was the cafe in bafilicas and other public build
ings, and even in houfes, the pieces of glafs were, doubtlefs,
fixed in pierced flabs of marble or in frames of wood. The
pieces of glafs, or other tranfparent fubftance fo employed, were,
we may infer, called fpecula. The ufe of glafs for this purpofe
appears to have been familiar to Pliny, as he fays that fpecula
were invented at Sidon. Specularii are mentioned in the Codex
(Lib. x. tit. 64), in an ordinance of Conftantine IL, A.D. 337.
They probably were the glaziers of the time, working, how
ever, in other materials as well as in glafs , fpecular bearing the
meaning of window.2
In the Slade Collection, in the Britifh Mufeum, is a piece of
glafs (No. 308 of the Slade Catalogue), bent by heat, which
was given to the writer by Canon Von Wilmowfky, of the
Cathedral of Treves ; it was found with a large quantity of
fimilar pieces under the walls of that church, accompanied and
overlaid by fuch other remains as to make it tolerably certain
that they were relics of the church, burnt in a.d. 420, when the
city was pillaged by the Franks.
Whether the Romans ufed glafs for mirrors is a queftion
which has been much debated ; that they were aware that
obfidian, and confequently black glafs or common glafs
blackened on one fide, would reflect images, is certain {vide
Pliny, Hift. Nat, lib. xxxvi. c. 26), and it is equally fo that
1 On the 5th May 1862 a memoir they are faid to have meafured 70 cents.
was read before the Academie des by 40 (about i6£ by y\ inches).
Sciences, in which an analyfis is given 2 "In caldarium fuum latis fpecu-
of plates of glafs found at Herculaneum, laribus diem admiferat." (Seneca, 1. iii.
Ep. 86.)

Introduction. xlix
they had mirrors which would magnify (funt fpecula qua? in
infinitum augeant : Seneca, Queft. Nat., lib. i. cap. cxvi.), and
apparently fome large enough to reflect the entire human perfon
{id., lib. i. cap. xvii.) ; but it is by no means clear of what fub-
ftance thefe mirrors were compofed. Their glafs was fo full of
bubbles and ftrias, and, fo far as we know, their power of pro
ducing and polifhing large furfaces of glafs fo limited, that on
the whole it would appear more probable that their mirrors
were metallic. A fragment of a circular plate of glafs foliated
with a fheet of lead is faid to have been recently difcovered at
Lillebonne among Roman remains. The fact that mirrors
could be made by the application of a coating of metal to glafs
was, as will be fhown hereafter, known for centuries before fuch
mirrors fuperfeded thofe made of polifhed metal plates. To
make a really good glafs mirror two things are requifite, very
pure glafs, free from bubbles and ftrias, and a good method
of applying the metal ; and it was apparently not until the
middle of the fixteenth century that both thefe proceffes were
perfected. Undue ftrefs has been laid on the paffage in Pliny (Nat.
Hift., lib. xxxvi. c. 26), in which he fays that the Sidonians
firft invented " fpecula," for the word may mean glafs for
windows, and not mirrors only, and whoever looks into all the
paffages in Pliny's Natural Hiftory in which mirrors are men
tioned, muft be convinced that not glafs but metallic mirrors
were thofe in ordinary ufe. In the paffage, " neque eft fpeculis
" aptior ulla materia," probably windows and not mirrors are
alluded to. The whole queftion is well treated of in Beekman'
Hiftory of Inventions (Art. Mirrors).
The Romans poffefled fome imperfect knowledge of the
ufe of magnifying glaffes. Seneca ftates (Quasft. Nat., lib. i.
cap. vi.) that a ball of glafs filled with water enlarges minutely
written letters. Perhaps lenfes of glafs were made, but if fo it
is difficult to account for Seneca's having mentioned the glafs
d

1 Introduction.
ball and not the lens ; if they were not made, the reafon pro
bably is that it was difficult to procure a perfeftly pure piece of
glafs free from bubbles or ftriae, defects which of courfe
would be fatal to the efficiency of the lens.
A lens of glafs or cryftal is faid to have been found at
Niniveh, but it is altogether uncertain what was its date, as the
mounds which mark the fite of that city have been ufed as
burying places for many centuries down to comparatively
modern times. Another lens is faid to have been found at
Pompeii, but Mr. King (Ancient Gems, p. no) doubts whether
this was really anything but an imitation of a gem.
The paffage in Pliny (Nat. Hift., lib. xxxvii. cap. v.) in
which he fays that Nero looked at the combats of the gladiators
in an emerald, has been interpreted as a proof that the ufe of a
lens was known to the Romans, an emerald having been
fafhioned into one for the ufe of the Emperor ; and as it would
feem that he was fhort-fighted there feems to be much proba
bility in the fuppofition ; but it muft be obferved that the
paffage immediately follows one in which mirrors are fpoken of,
and the fame'effeft is ascribed to a flat emerald as to a mirror.
Theophraftus (cap. 30) obferves that mirrors were made
out of carbuncles (anthracion) from Orchemenos in Arcadia,
which fhows that the idea of ufing precious ftones as mirrors
was not unfamiliar to the ancients.
The effeft of a prifm in dividing the folar ray was known
to Seneca, for he fays (Quasft. Nat., lib. i. cap. vii.) that rods
were made from glafs drawn out, or with many angles like a
club with branches ; fuch, if the fun fhine through them, give
the colours of the rainbow.1
Reprefentations of the heavens and the ftarry bodies were

1 " Virgula folet fieri vitrea ftrifta vel colorem talem qualis in area videri folet
pluribus angulis in modum clavas to- reddit."
rofs, haec si ex traverfo folem accipit

Introduction. Ii
made in Rome in'glafs ; for in the Afts of St. Sebaftian (AA. S. S.
xx. Januarii), which are believed to have been written by St.
Ambrose {ob. 397), an aftrologer is introduced, who fays : "1
" have a chamber wholly of glafs, in which the whole fyftem of
" the ftars with the calculation of their movements is artificially
" conftrufted, in the making of which my father Tarquinius is
" known to have expended more than two hundred pounds of
" gold."1 This is confirmed by Claudian's epigram " In fphaeram
" Archimedis," 2 which, as tranflated by A. Hawkins, runs
thus : When in a narrow glafs Jove faw the Ikies,
He fmiled, and thus to Gods exprefled furprife :
" See how man's talents imitate our ways,
My heavenly work a fragile globe difplay s ;
An aged Syracufan, by his fkill,
Arranges poles, laws, harmony at will,
To ftars a fecret fpring gives motion true,
The parts with fteadinefs their path purfue,
A zodiac framed by hand receives the fun,
Which through the year proceeds his courfe to run,
And Cynthia feigned is feen each month to trace
The orbit o'er and fhow again her face.
Audacious art, the world with pleafure rolls,
The human mind celeftial orbs controls.
Why at Salmoneus thunder wonder feel ?
All Nature's plan thofe fingers can reveal."

1 " Habeo inquit cubiculum holo- Jam meus in fragili luditur orbe labor
vitreum in quo omnis difciplina stella- Jura poli rerumque fidem legemque
rum ac mathefis mechanica eft arte virorum
conftrufta, in cujus fabrica pater meus Ecc Syracufius tranftulit arte senex
Tarquinius amplius quam ducenta Inclufis variis famulatur fpiritus aftris
pondo auri dignofcitur expendiffe." Et vivum certis motibus urget opus.
(cap. xvi.) Percurrit proprium mentitur fignifer
2 Jupiter in parvo cum cerneret annum
aethera vitro Et fimulata novo Cynthia menfe
Risit et ad fuperos talia dicta dedit redit
Huccine mortalis progreffa potentia Jamque fuum volvens audax induftria
cura; mundum
d 1

Hi Introduction.
The curious ftory about malleable glafs which has been
told by Pliny (Nat. Hift. Lib. xxvii., cap. 26) and by Petronius
Arbiter, fhould not perhaps be paffed over without mention,
whatever importance we may think proper to attach to it.
The ftory, as told by Trimalchio at his banquet1 (Satyricon,
Addifon's tranflation) runs as follows, " There was once an
" artift made glafs veffels of fuch a firmnefs that you would no
cc more break them than gold or filver. This perfon having
" made a cup of the fineft cryftal, and fuch a one as he thought
Cl worthy none but Casfar got admiffion with his prefent. The
" beauty of the gift, and the hand of the workman were highly
" commended, and the zeal of the donor kindly received.
" When the man, that he might change the admiration of the
" court into aftonifhment and ingratiate himfelf ftill more in
" the favour of the Emperor begged the cup out of Caefar's
" hand and dafhed it againft the pavement with fuch vehemence
" that the moft folid atid conftant metal could not efcape
" unhurt. Casfar was both furprized and troubled at the action ;
" but the other fnatching the cup from the ground, which was
" not broke but only a little bulged as if the fubftance of metal
" had aflumed the likenefs of glafs, drew a hammer out of his
" bofom and very dexteroufly beat out the bruife, as if he had
" been hammering a brafs kettle. And now the fellow was
cc wrapt in the third Heaven, having as he imagined got the

Gaudet et humana fidera mente validius quam expaverit at ille fuf-
regit. tulit fialam de terra conlifa erat tan-.
Quid falfo infontem tonitur Salmonea quam vafum aeneum. Deinde martio-
miror ? lum de finu protulit et fialam otio belle
JEmala. naturae parva reperta correxit, hoc faclo putabat fe coelum
manus. Jovis tenere. Utique poftquam ille
1 Titi Petronii, Satyricon, cap. 41. dixit, Numquid alius feit hanc con-
Fuit tamen faber qui fecit fialam vi- dituram vitreorum? Vide modo. Poft-
tream quae non frangebatur, admiffus quam negavit, juffit ilium Casfar de-
ergo Casfarem eft cum suo munere collari, quia enim si fcitum effet aurum
deinde fecit reporrigere Caefari et illam pro luto haberemus.
in pavimento projecit, Caefar non pote

Introduction. liii
friendfhip of Casfar, and the admiration of all the world ;
but it happened quite contrary to his expectation ; for Casfar
afking him if any one knew how to make glafs malleable
befides himfelf, and he anfwering in the negative, the Em-
" peror commanded his head to be ftruck off; for, faid he, if
" this art be once propagated, gold and filver will be of no
" more value than dirt."
Pliny tells fubftantially the fame ftory, naming Tiberius as
the Emperor who figured in it ; but fays that the artift's work-
fhop and tools were deftroyed, not that he was put to death.
It is probable that thefe ftories originated from an exag
gerated report of a difcovery of a procefs by which the brit-
tlenefs of glafs was much diminifhed, as is the cafe by that
of annealing in oil, already referred to, which has lately excited
a good deal of attention.
We have very little pofitive knowledge of the ftate of the
art of glafs-making at Rome, during the ages which witneffed
and followed the decline and fall of the Empire ; whatever
veffels may have been produced by the workfhops were no
doubt made by the fame proceffes as thofe of earlier times,
and are probably fcarcely diftinguifhable from them, except by
imperfection of manufacture. One fpecimen in the Slade col
lection {Fig. j 2 of the catalogue), which may belong to this
period, deferves notice ; it is a vafe, the handles of which have
been loft. A fimilar example in the Britifh Mufeum, which has
preferved its handles, is of the fame coarfe blue glafs, and quite
as clumfily made. It exhibits a form clofely refembling that of
the cups which are frequently reprefented on the fepulchral
memorials of the Chriftians of the earlier ages, and which there
is every reafon to believe were intended to reprefent the chalices
ufed in the Communion. A fmall golden chalice of this form
was found fome years ago at Gourdon, near Chalon fur Saone,
France, and larger examples once exifted at Monza. Pope
Zephirinus (a.d. 197 — 217) we are told ordered the ufe of

liv Introduction.
chalices of glafs inftead of thofe of wood (Platina historia de
vitis Pontificum, in vita Zephirini).
^ A considerable quantity of glafs was, however, manufactured
for mofaics ; of thefe decorations there is a feries at Rome,
ranging from the time of Conftantine until after that of Charle
magne, chiefly or entirely compofed of glafs. Fine examples
of the fifth and fixth centuries exift at Ravenna, and there
would feem to be little ground for fuppofing that the material
was imported and not made on the fpot.
The making of glafs for windows was, it would appear,
continued throughout the dark and middle ages ; its ufe for
this purpofe is alluded to by La'ctantius 1 in the fourth century,
St. Jerome 2 early in the fifth, and Gregory of Tours 3 and
Fortunatus* in the fixth. Ifidore5 writing circa 600, when
mentioning glafs, fays, " neque eft alia fpeculis aptior materia,"
but as he is merely repeating the words of Pliny, his teftimony
is perhaps not very important. The windows of thefe times
were made of flabs of marble, or fometimes of hard ftucco,
in which were openings of various forms and of moderate fize ;
in thefe the plates of glafs were fixed ; though many of thefe
flabs remain at Rome, and in one inftance, viz., at St. Praflede,
portions of the talc with which the apertures were filled ftill
adhere to their fides, no glafs remains which can be attributed
to a very early date. At St. Sophia, however, where the ancient
method of glazing has been preferved, fome of the plates of
glafs, 7 to 8 in. wide, and 9 to 10 in. high, which feem to have
been not blown but eaft, may perhaps date from the building
of the church by Juftinian.
The ufe of coloured glafs in windows does not appear to be
mentioned before the inftance in the Lib. Pontif. where Leo III.

1 De Opificio Dei, cap. 8. 3 Hift. Franc, lib. vi. c. io.
2 Comm. on Ezekiel, chap. xii. v. 1 6. * Carm. l.
Apud Ducange, art. Vitreae. 5 Origines, lib. xvi. cap. 15.

Introduction. Iv
is faid to have decorated the windows of St. Peter's and the
Lateran with glafs of diverfe colours, but it is very probable
that it was a very early practice.

Glass in Byzantium and the Eastern Empire.
As the fplendour and wealth of Rome declined many arti
ficers no doubt emigrated to Byzantium, and whether the art
was practifed there in the time of Conftantine or not, there is
no doubt but that in later ages it was carried on there to a very
great extent ; one of the gates leading to the port took its
name, as M. Labarte has pointed out, from the adjacent
quarter in which the glafs-houfes were fituated. Glafs was alfo
made at Theffalonica.1 St. Sophia's, when built by Juftinian,
had its windows filled with glafs, fome of which, as has been
faid above, may perhaps even now remain ; and glafs was largely
ufed for works in mofaic, and probably made, or at leaft remelted
and coloured, on the fpot ; for at the commencement of the
eighth century, when peace was made between the Caliph Walid
and the Emperor Juftinian II., the former ftipulated for a
quantity of mofaic for the decoration of the new mofque at
Damafcus. In the middle of the tenth century, the Emperor
Romanus II. fent to the Caliph Abderrahman III. the materials
for the mofaics of the Kibla in the mofque at Cordova.2
We, however, know fcarcely anything of the products of
the Byzantine work fh ops as regards veffels or ornamental
works in glafs ; but it is not improbable that fome of the cups
or vafes, which bear the character of claffical art in its decline,
fuch as the cup with bacchanalian fubjects belonging to Baron
Lionel de Rothfchild, the fitulas in the treafury of St. Mark
at Venice, and two fpecimens in the Slade Collection in the

1 Johannes Cameniata de Excidio 2 Kugler's Handbook ot Painting,
Theffalonicensi, Narratio, x., p. 501. vol. i.^p. 58, note.

lvi Introduction.
Britifh Mufeum (Nos. 320 and 321 of the catalogue),
may have been made at Conftantinople ; for we may reafon
ably fuppofe that this branch of art underwent fomewhat the
fame viciffitudes which befell the arts of painting and fculpture
in the Eaftern Empire. The Byzantine painters and fculp-
tors feem to have followed claffical models with more or lefs
bad tafte and feeblenefs, until the fervour of the iconoclaftic
Emperors brought about a temporary paralyfis of all art and
the emigration of many of its practitioners. When in the
middle of the ninth century the arts were again more largely
practifed, ancient traditions had in a great meafure been loft,
and the new ftyle which we know as Byzantine, into which the
older had previoufly been in fome degree merging, became
almoft exclufively prevalent. Something of the fame kind
probably happened as regards the manufacture of glafs, but
examples which we can confidently affign to the poft-iconoclaftic
period are almoft wholly wanting.1 Almoft the only objects
which have come under the notice of the writer, and which
there is good ground for fuppofing to belong to the centuries
intervening between a.d. 800 and a.d. 1200, are fome in the
treafury of St. Mark's at Venice, which, as they differ much in
character from any other kind of glafs productions, and in fome
cafes bear Greek infcriptions on their mountings, are probably
fpecimens of Byzantine work. They are fuppofed, together
with many other objefts in the fame treafury, to have been part
of the plunder of Conftantinople, when it was taken by the
Crufaders in a.d. 1204. Five of thefe are cups and two are
fhallow bafins ; the glafs in all is greenifh, very thick and with
many fmall bubbles ; all have been cut with the wheel. One of
the cups, 1 2 inches wide and 6 high, is of a fomewhat elegant
form ; it has two handles, but is otherwife without ornament.

1 The "vafque" in the Hotel de Cluny defcribed by Labarte, vol. iv.
p. 545, is probably of Arab origin.

Introduction. lvii
Another cup has the furface fo cut away that fmall cones are
left ftanding up, and another has circles formed in the fame
manner ; a third has a very rude figure of a leopard couchant,
with outlines and fpots left ftanding up in the like fafhion.
The bafins are fhallow, about 1 1 inches wide ; one has a
fetting of gems in filver gilt, and a long handle ; the other has
circles and cones in projecting lines on its under fide, and a
fetting in filver gilt with the infcription + AriE IIANTE-
AEHMON BOH0EI TO, CO, AOTAil ZAXAPIA APXE-
IlICKfimi IBHPI AMHN, i.e., "Saint Panteleon, protect
" thy fervant Zacharias, Archbifhop of Iberia, Amen." The
moft remarkable, however, among thefe glafs veffels is a fmall
vafe 3^ inches high by 4 wide, of very dark brown glafs almoft
opaque ; the body is fomewhat globular, and the mouth widens
upwards. The body is decorated with feven circles enclofing
figures which are painted on the furface in a pale flefh-coloured
enamel with ornaments in gold and in red. Thefe figures are
evidently free copies of antique originals, and are clofely allied
in point of ftyle to the ivory boxes of Byzantine origin with
mythological fubjefts which may be feen in various collections
and church treafuries. Some of the figures are clothed and fome
nude ; one feems to reprefent Jupiter feated on a throne, and
addreffed by a figure with wings, probably intended to reprefent
Mercury ; another figure holds a trident. The circles are
compofed of rofettes of blue, green, and red enamel, each fur-
rounded by lines of gold. Above and below the points of
junction of the circles are fmaller circles of gold enclofing bufts
of men, with bands of gold in the hair. On the outer fide of
the mouth are rofettes in groups of four, with fcroll-like
flourifhes in gold between the groups. An infcription in Cufic
characters runs round the infide of the mouth, and another
round the lower part of the body below the figures. No
reading of thefe infcriptions has as yet been obtained, and it
feems probable that they are merely ornamental and without

lviii Introduction.
fenfe. In the character of the figures and the manner in which
they are drawn, in the rofettes, and in the bufts within medal
lions, there is fo clofe a fimilarity to the ivory boxes before
mentioned that we may affume them all to have had a common
origin, and this it is evident muft have been at fome place
where works of antique art were familiar objefts. The only
point of diffimilarity is the prefence of Cufic infcriptions, which
have never been met with on the boxes in queftion, and which
may, perhaps, point to Sicily, one of the countries where
antique, Byzantine, and Arab art met. The ivory boxes with
mythological fubjefts would appear to have been made chiefly
in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the beft period of the
Byzantine poft-iconoclaftic art.
Whether the vafe in queftion was or was not made at
Conftantinople, there can be little doubt that it was made under
the influence of Byzantine art. Theophilus tells us that the
Greeks ufed white, red, and green enamels as well as gold in
the decoration of glafs veffels ; and as M. Labarte has obferved,
it is to them alone that he attributes the practice of this art.
Theophilus appears to have written in the twelfth century, and
probably in Germany. We may, perhaps, with fafety accept
his evidence as to fuch things as he may have feen, for inftance,
vafes brought from Byzantium ; but he was evidently little
acquainted with what really took place there, for it is alto
gether improbable that the Greeks were forced (as he afferts)
to have recourfe to the mofaics of ancient buildings for
materials out of which to form the cups which they manufac
tured, when, at the fame period, they furnifhed glafs mofaics to
Italy, and probably to Sicily.
Another veffel which is in all probability Byzantine is the
cup preferved in the Church of St. Adalbert at Cracow, and
which is faid to have been the chalice of that faint (ob. 997) ;
it is of variegated (bunte) glafs, very maffive, and out of its
thicknefs figures of eagles and lions have been carved in a

Introduction. lix
very ftiff ftyle. An engraving of it is given by Effenwein,
(Mittelalterliche Kunftdenkmale der Stadt Krakau).
At the Abbey of Reichenau, on an ifland in the lake of
Confiance, is (or was) preferved a flab of tranfparent green
glafs, which all through the Middle Ages paffed as an
emerald ; it was 2 ft. wide by 13 in. high, and 3 in. thick.
According to tradition, it was fent, with feveral others, to
Charlemagne by Irene, mother of the Emperor Conftantine VII.
(De Blainville's Travels in 1705, vol. i. p. 321). Keyfler,
who travelled in 1730, writes of it as being really an emerald,
and gives an amufing account of the precautions taken by the
prior for its fafe keeping. (Keyfler's Travels, vol. i. p. 15.)
Theophilus also tells us that the Greeks ornamented cups
by means of gold leaf enclofed within the fubftance of the
glafs,1 and that they decorated cups and flafks of various
colours with lines and net-work of white or other coloured
glafs threads.
A fragment of a glafs veffel in the Britifh Mufeum may
very probably be of Byzantine origin ; it is very maffive, of
an opaque turquoife blue, and has been ornamented with
enamel painting in lines of red and gold.
The art of making cameos in glafs by preffure in a mould
was practifed among the Byzantines, and examples are not
uncommon in mufeums. The fpecimens are more ordinarily
opaque red, and do not generally appear to be very early in
date. Another variety confifts of medallions or counters of
light green glafs, probably ufed as teft weights for coins, fuch

1 M. Labarte obferves that the pro- pafte, and then fufed in the furnace,
cefs defcribed by Theophilus differs while in the early Chriftian veffels
from that by which the glafs veffels the protecting film was applied in the
ornamented with gold leaf, found in form of a leaf of glafs. But do we
the catacombs, were made, the firft know what procefs was really ufed
being the application of glafs ground by the manufacturers of the fifth and
into powder, applied in the form of a fixth centuries ?

Ix Introduction.
as one in the Bibliotheque Imperiale,1 at Paris, which has the
buft of a man with the legend EIII 0EOAOPOT EIIAP
" under the Eparch Theodore." Other examples are in the
Britifh Mufeum.
The famous Sacro Catino at Genoa, a fhallow difh with a
foot and handles, long fuppofed to have been formed out of a
fingle emerald, is more probably of Byzantine than of antique
origin. It is hexagonal, rather clumfily formed, with fome
flight ornament, and has apparently been finifhed with a tool.
The colour is very fine, but it contains many fmall bubbles.
It was part of the booty obtained at the taking of Casfarea in
IIOI. The cup at Monza, said to be hollowed out of a fapphire,
is perhaps alfo glafs, the writer, however, failed to detect any
bubble on a very clofe infpeftion, and it is very cold to the
touch. It is of a very beautiful blue, and about three inches in
diameter. It is said to have belonged to Queen Theodolinda
(circa a.d. 600). M. Labarte2 quotes Conftantine Porphyro-
genitus (De Caer. Aulas Byz., p. 661) as enumerating vafes of
glafs among the objefts fent by the Emperor Romanus Leca-
penus to Hugh, King of Italy, in 926.
At this period it feems to have been commonly in ufe, for
Liutprand (Relat. de Legat. Conft., cap. 63) tells us that the
Greek bifhops drank from glaffes 3 of fmall dimenfion. His
embaffy was in a.d. 968.
It is difficult to find any mention of Byzantine glafs-working
during the later middle ages, but Clavijo, in the narrative of
his embaffy to Timour Beg in 1403- 1406, ftates that in the
church of St. John Baptift at Conftantinople were many lamps
of glafs.
1 Catalogue des Camees, etc., de la. 3 "Soli menfae aflidunt nuda; paxi-
Bibliotheque Imperiale, par M. Cha- matiam fibi apponentes balneaque
bouillet, p. 61 o. (wine and water ?) tunc vitro parmodico
2 Hift. des Arts Indus., t. iv. p. 539. non bibentes fed forbillantes."

Introduction: lxi
Glass of that part of the East not subject to the
Greek Emperors,
As to the manufacture of glafs in that part of the Eaft
which was not included in the Byzantine Empire, or which
early fell under the dominion of the fucceffors of Mahomet, our
information is but fcanty. A moft remarkable illuftration of
Perfian work may be found in the cup of Chofroes I. (a.d. 53 1-
579), preferved in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. It is a
very fhallow bowl of gold, in which are fet a central medallion
of rock cryftal fculptured with an effigy of the king, and three
rows of medallions, white and crimfon alternately, ornamented
with rofettes in relief ; of thefe the white are of cryftal and the
crimfon of glafs. Between thefe medallions are lozenges of
green glafs. Both medallions and lozenges are tranfparent and
fet clear. The rofettes on the crimfon medallions have been
formed by cafting or preffing the glafs into moulds.
Little can be faid from exifting fpecimens refpefting the
manufacture of glafs in the Eaft from this period until the
thirteenth century, but that glafs was made in feveral countries
under the Arab rule, is proved by the coins, or weights,1 or
tokens of glafs which are occafionally found, and which are
ufually infcribed with the names of Fatimite Caliphs of Egypt
in Cufic characters ; one of thefe, brought from Upper
Egypt, was infcribed, " by order of Obeyd Allah, son of
" Alkhebkhab, this has the value of a fefton or twenty kha-
" rouba of weight." (Encyc. du 19 Siecle, art. Verre). Another
in the Bibliotheque Nationale, at Paris bears the name of Al-
Mo'izz, who reigned in Egypt from a.d. 952 to a.d. 975.
1 There has been fome difference of diftinftly that their ufe was "as teft
opinion as to the ufe for which thefe weights for coins, but they appear in
objefts were made ; a paffage quoted by general to be rather careleflly made,
Prof. M. I. de Goeze from El Mokad- not with the accuracy which weights
defi (v. Academy 26 Feb. 1876) ftates for coins fhould have.

lxii Introduction.
Another, publifhed by Affemani (Mufeo Cufico Naniano,
Part 2, p. 121, PI. VIII.) has on the one fide the name of
the Caliph AlAziz-Billah (975-996), and on the other, four
lions with human heads. Three examples in this collection,
Nos. 474. '75, 475. '75, and 476. '75, bear the names of a
certain Omar, the Fatimite Caliph El Moftanfer Billah, a.d. 1035
to 1094, and El Hakim, a.d. 996 to 1020.
Glafs was, however, well known in the Eaft, even in Arabia,
in the seventh century, for in the Koran (Sura XXVII.) may
be found the legend how Solomon deceived the Queen of Sheba
by paving part of his hall with glafs.
The Ortus Sanitatis (de Lapidibus, cap. cxxxix.) quotes
Aben Mefuay (who is probably the fame perfon as Abu
Maher Mouffa Ben Jaffer, a celebrated phyfician, who appears
to have written in Perfia, circa a.d. 900), as fpeaking of glafs
as being white, red, yellow, and blue, and it is alfo mentioned
by Avicenna circa a.d. iooo.
The art of glafs-making, although not wholly unknown,
would, however, seem to have been but little practifed in the
parts of the Eaft fubjeft to the Mahomedan rule until after
the year iooo; for (as has been faid above, p. Iv) at the
commencement of the eighth century, when peace was made
between the Caliph Walid and the Emperor Juftinian IL,
the former ftipulated for a quantity of mofaic for the decora
tion of the new mofque at Damafcus. In the middle of the
tenth century, the Emperor Romanus II. fent to the Caliph
Abderrahman III. the materials for the mofaics of the Kibla in
he mofque at Cordova.1
In the eleventh century it apparently was carried on in
Egypt with much fuccefs, for in the life of St. Odilo, Abbot of
Fulda (ob. 1049), a ftory is told about a " vas pretioffiffimum
" vitreum Alexandrini generis," which was placed on the table
1 Kugler's Handbook of Painting, vol. i. p. 58, note.

Introduction. lxiii
of the Emperor Henry, and having been broken by a fall, was
mended by the faint. (Vita S. Odilonis, lib. ii. cap. xii. ; AA.
SS. Ord. Ben., faec. xvi. pt. I.)
A curious paffage in the Safarnamah of Nafir Ibn Khufru
(publifhed by the Royal Afiatic Society), who vifited Jerufalem
about 1060, fhows that glafs-making in Syria was at that time
more advanced than might perhaps have been expefted. He
ftates that in the church in that city called Beytu-1-makamah,
" Portraits of Jefus reprefented as fitting on an afs, are put up
" in feveral places as well as thofe of the other prophets, fuch
" as Abraham, Ifhmael, Ifaac, Jacob, and his children (on all
" of whom be peace) and they are anointed with oil of fin-
" darus. Each picture, moreover, is covered with a large plate
" of tranfparent glafs of the fame size as itfelf, so that the
" picture may not be at all hidden, and this they place there to
" prevent the duff, from fettling on the painting, the glaffes
" being daily cleaned by fervants."
Matthew Paris (Hift. Maj.) tells us that on the 3rd June
1 191, Richard I. encountered a great galley off the coaft of
Syria carrying reinforcements to the Saracens, then befieging
Acre, and that the Saracens threw Greek fire in vafes, which in
fome MSS. are faid to have been " vitrea."
In the twelfth century we find from the travels of Benjamin
of Tudela (circa 1163) that the making of glafs was practifed
by the Jews at Antioch, where were ten glafs manufacturers of
that nation, and at New Sur, where were four hundred Jews,
" fhipowners and manufacturers of the celebrated Tyrian
" glafs." x He alfo tells us that it was faid that one wall of
the great mofque at Damafcus was formed of glafs by the
Magi, and that there were in it " as many openings as there are
1 The Rev. H. B. Triftram (Land of coloured, were found, " and by their
Ifrael, p. 52) ftates that at Tyre, in " folidity fuggefted the idea that they
the courfe of excavations, numberlefs " were the rejectamenta of the ancient
fragments of glafs, fhapeless but varioufly " glafsworks."

lxiv Introduction.
" days in the folar year, and that the fun in gradual fucceflion
" throws its light into the openings, which are divided into
cc twelve degrees." He alfo ftates that the Shah1 of Perfia,
Sinjar (1140-1157), had caufed the body of the Prophet
Daniel to be placed in a coffin of glafs at Sufa. We have,
unfortunately, no defcription of the kind of glafs then made
in Syria, nor have any examples been obferved which can be
affigned with certainty to the twelfth or any earlier century. In
the treafury of St. Mark's at Venice, there is, however, a
remarkable veffel of glafs, which is of oriental fabrication, and
probably of early date. It is 8^ in. wide by 4 in. deep, of a
turquoife green pafte, nearly opaque. On the bottom are four
Arabic characters signifying, according to Montfaucon,2
" God the Maker." The bowl is five-fided, and on each fide
is a rude figure of a hare. Thefe figures, as well as the infcrip
tion, are in low relief, and were probably cut with the wheel.
The fetting is of filigree with ftones and ornaments of cloifonne
enamels. There is a tradition that it was a prefent from a
king of Perfia, in 1470, but the fetting is of a much earlier
character, and not Perfian in ftyle.
There are, however, examples dating probably from the
thirteenth century, and particularly a bafin and a large bottle
belonging to Baron Lionel de Rothfchild ; round the latter of
thefe is an Arabic infcription, containing the name of El-Melek
El-Afhraf, a name borne by feveral Sultans of Egypt and
Syria in the thirteenth century. M. Labarte (Hift. des Arts
Induftriels) mentions a fhallow bafin in the Mufee de Cluny,
as bearing the titles of Malek Adhel, who reigned in Egypt
from a.d. 1279 to A,D- I294-
There is little difference in character between this and
examples belonging to the next century made in Egypt. All
show that the makers were tolerably expert glafs-blowers, and
1 More properly the Seljuk Sultan, 2 Diarium Italicum,

Introduction. lxv
could produce veffels of confiderable fize ; but the glafs is of
bad colour and full of bubbles and imperfections. The makers
had learnt, probably from the Byzantines, the art of gilding and
enamelling glafs, and made much ufe of it. Infcriptions in
large characters are favourite ornaments ; figures of birds,
animals, fphinxes, and other monfters, are found. The out
lines are generally put on in red enamel, the fpaces between
being often gilt. The enamels are ufed fometimes as grounds
and fometimes for the ornaments ; the ufual colours are blue,
green, yellow, red, pale red, and white.
Among the products of the Oriental glafs-works may be
particularly noticed the enamelled lamps which were fufpended
in the mofques, efpecially in the fourteenth century.1 Lamps
of this kind are ftill to be found in the mofque of Sultan Haffan
CI347-60 at Cairo. One with the name of that fultan is in
Mr. Magniac's collection. A fpecimen, bearing the name of
the Emir Sheikhoo, who built a mofque at Cairo in 1355, is in
the Slade collection (No. 333, Plate VIII.).
Three very good fpecimens of lamps, doubtlefs of Egyptian
manufacture, are in this collection, all dating from the four
teenth century. They poffefs additional intereft, as they bear
the names of the perfons who either made or decorated them,
as will be feen in the catalogue. The artift in two examples
defignates himfelf as " rafhim," a word which, like many other
Arabic words, is capable of many interpretations, the primary
fenfe, it would appear (fee Mr. Poole's obfervations in the
catalogue), is one wbo marks ; here it probably is to be
underftood, one who paints or writes. That the name of the
decorator rather than that of the glafs-maker or blower fhould
be thus commemorated is very eafily to be underftood, no
particular fkill was required to produce the veffel, for as is
the cafe with other fimilar Oriental objects neither the material
1 ^Catalogue of Works of Art on Loan, 1862, Nos. 4,965-8.
g, e

lxvi Introduction.
nor the workmanfhip is good, the merit is wholly in the
decoration. Two of the three examples (Nos. 1056. '69. and
581. '75.) would appear to date from the earlier, and one
(No. 6820. '60.) from the latter half of the fourteenth
century. In the Slade collection in the Britifh Mufeum, befides the
lamp above noticed, may be remarked a bottle of peculiar and
elegant form, diapered over with birds (No. 334, PI. IX.),
and a covered bowl of ancient though lefs rich workmanfhip
(No. 33s) probably of Egyptian origin.
Such enamelled veffels were brought into weftern Europe,
and evidently much efteemed, for we find them mentioned in
the Royal Inventories of France. In 1380 Charles V. had
" trois pots de voirre rouge a la facon de Damas. Ung petit
" voirre ouvre par dehors a images a la facon de Damas. Un
" bacin plat de voirre peint a facon de Damas, et une bordure
" d'argent efmaillee de France et de Bourgogne. Une lampe
" de voirre ouvree en facon de Damas fans aucune garnifon."
In 1399, " Une coupe de voirre peint a la Morifque."1 Our
Henry III. had a glafs cup which was prefented to him by Guy
de Rouflillon, and caufed it to be fet with a handle and foot of
filver.2 This may very probably have been a glafs of Eaftern
origin. Henry IV. had a little veffel or pot for " theriacum "
of filver gilt with a glafs of Alexandria.5
We may fee from the above, and many like cafes, that
Damafcus was fuppofed in the Weft to be a chief feat of this
manufacture, and an additional proof that it was really fo is
fupplied by what we are told by Clavijo, in the narrative of his
embaffy to the court of Timour Beg, a.d. 1403-1406, viz.,

1 Laborde, Notice des Emaux du " ovefqu'un glas d'Alifandre." Kal.
Louvre, Gloffaire, sub voce Voirre. of the Treafury of the Exchequer,
2 Rot. Claus. 29 Hen. I] I. m. 18. firft year of Henry IV.
6 '* Petit triacler d'arg ennouez

Introduction. lxvii
that in 1402 that conqueror carried off from Damafcus to
Samarcand 1 " weavers of .filk, men who made bows, glafs, and
" earthenware, fo that of thefe articles Samarcand produces the
cc beft in the world." The fame writer fays (p. 134) that at
Timour's banquets, in the camp at Samarcand, meat was
ferved " in bafins of gold, filver, earthenware, glafs, and
cc porcelain." 2
A few examples of this manufacture, which have been
preferved in the Weft from an early date, deferve mention ;
one of thefe is the cup in the mufeum of the Univerfity
of Breflau, which is faid to have belonged to St. Elizabeth
of Hungary, who died in 1231. This is a drinking cup
without a foot, of moderate fize, and its only ornaments are
lines of red enamel forming arabefque patterns. Another is
the fo-called " Verre de Charlemagne," formerly in the Abbey
of Chateaudun, now in the Mufeum of Chartres ; it has
Arabic inscriptions.3 The " Luck of Edenhall," an elegantly
enamelled cup, fomewhat oriental in pattern, but without infcrip-
tions, is probably of a like origin. It is preserved in the
family of Mufgrave of Edenhall, and is enclofed in a ftamped
leather cafe of the fifteenth century.4 Another fpecimen, alfo
with a cafe of the fifteenth century, is preferved in the Mufeum
at Douai. Two good examples are at Vienna in the Treafury
of the Cathedral, where they have been fince the fourteenth
century. The fack of Damafcus by Timour Beg's army and the
carrying away of the workers in glafs, no doubt injurioufly
affected glafs-making in that city, and the fuperiority of the

1 This is confirmed by Cherefed- 2 Edition publifhed by the Hakluyt
din, the hiftorian of Timour Beg, who Society, p. 141.
fays (book v. chap. 26.), that the ar- 3 Engraved in the Revue Archeolo-
tifans were divided among the Emirs, gique, torn. xiv. pi. 308.
to be immediately conveyed to Samar- 4 Engraved in Lyfons' Cumberland,
cand. P- ccix.

lxviii Introduction.
Venetian manufacture, then faft rifing to the excellence to which
It eventually attained, probably affifted in bringing about the
decay of the art. We hear little from travellers in the Eaft
from henceforth about the making of glafs, nor do our
collections feem to contain examples of Eaftern manufacture of
the fifteenth or fixteenth centuries. An exception, perhaps, is
a bottle with a long neck, on which are infcriptions in gold on
a blue ground, and figures of dancing girls enamelled in various
colours. This is, perhaps, Perfian, and is certainly later than
the fourteenth century ; it was a few years fince in pofleffion
of the Princefs Eleonora Corfini, at Florence. A very elegant
vase is in poffeffion of the Marchefe Alfieri, at Turin ; this
is of blue glafs, about i ft. high, enamelled with infcriptions,
birds, and other ornaments ; it is in a beautiful filver mounting
of the fifteenth century, with German infcriptions, and may
perhaps be not much earlier in date than its mounting.
Pliny tells us that the Indian glafs was the fineft, being made
from cryftal, but no examples feem as yet to have been care
fully examined which have been well afcertained to be of Indian
origin. In the tope at Manikyala, in the Punjab, opened by
General Cunningham (Ferguffon's Hist, of Arch.), which ap
pears to date from about the Chriftian era, was found a glafs-
ftoppered veffel, and veffels or fragments of fuch have been dis
covered in other topes of a later date. The fragments of glafs
in the Britifh Mufeum, found at Brahminabad, are hardly diftin-
guifhable in character from Roman glafs. Dr. Birdwood, of
the Indian Mufeum, has fuggefted that the Indian glafs which
Pliny mentions was really Chinefe. In the time of Pliny no
doubt articles of Chinefe origin might, and probably at Rome
would be, called Indian, and this fuppofition is ftrengthened
by the fact mentioned hereafter (p. cl), that the Chinefe
would feem to ufe quartz rock at the prefent day in the making
of glafs in the province of Shan-tung. The Indian enamellers
now ufe cakes of glafs or enamel imported from China, and

Introduction. lxix
as yet India has yielded few traces of the manufacture of glafs
within its borders.
Sir John Hawkins (in Purchas's Pilgrimes) indeed fays in
his defcription of the treafures of the Emperor Jehangire in
1608, that "of rich glaffes there be two hundred," but he
gives us no hint as to their character, they may have been
Perfian, or Chinefe, or even Venetian. The latter were
frequently carried by the navigators of the fixteenth century in
their voyages to the Eaft. Pigafetta, for inftance, in his
account of the voyage which he made with Magellan, mentions
that the King of Borneo was presented with a " gilded drinking
" cup and another vafe of glafs with a cover." x
Bracelets of glafs were commonly worn in the fame century
by the women of India (v. Purchas's Pilgrimes, vol. ii. lib. 10,
chap. viii. ; Voyage of John Huighen van Linfchoten) ; and
Gafpero Balbi, in 1582, fays of them, "For the voyage of
Saint Thomas to Pegu it is good to carry bracelets which they
make of glafs in Saint Thomas, for with these better than
with money you may buy victuals, and there in the city where
you buy them they are fold at a lowe price, but if they are
enamelled they fell them deare." (Purchas, vol. ii. lib. 10,
chap, v.)
In the seventeenth century we again meet with a peculiar
and charafteriftic kind of glafs in Perfia, blue with gold
ornaments, of which No. 343 (PI. XI.) in the catalogue of
the Slade collection is an example. Chardin, who was in Perfia
between 1664 and 1677, tells us that the windows of the tomb
of Shah Abbas II. (ob. 1666), at Kom, were " de criftal peint
d'or et d'azur," and these vafes may therefore very probably be
of that period. He defcribes bottles as fome cut diamond-wife,
others " a gaudrons," and others as painted ; it would appear
1 " Un bicchier dorato e un' altro vafo col fuo coperchio."

lxx Introduction.
from the context that the bottles he was defcribing were of
Venetian origin, but he does not make his meaning quite
clear. Mirrors and " belles bouteilles a prendre du tabac," pro
bably the water holders of narghilehs, were, he tells us, brought
from Venice.
Chardin fays that the ordinary glafs made at that time
in Perfia, was of bad colour and very imperfect manufacture
(vol. iv. p. 257), this he attributes to the badnefs of the fuel
which the makers employed, and to the fire not being main
tained more than three or four days ; the beft glafs, he fays, was
made at Shiraz. The manufacture had exifted, he fays for
only about eighty years, having been introduced by a neceflitous
Italian ; from that time to the prefent glafs has, it would appear,
been made in Perfia in the fame forms, and of the fame quality,
feveral fpecimens (as Nos. 2423 to 2431.— '76) of veffels have
been lately added to this collection which are ftated on good
authority to be exactly fimilar to thofe made daily in Perfia ;
fome of thefe {e.g. 2431. -'76) correfpond in form to a bottle
fhown in Chardin's engraving of the interior of the Shah's
drinking hall at Ifpahan, while in texture and quality of mate
rial they differ little from Venetian glafs of the fixteenth or
feventeenth centuries.
Glafs was alfo manufactured in this century at Smyrna ; for
Grelot (" Relation d'un Voyage a Conftantinople," Englifh
edit., p. 35) mentions glafs-making among the trades practifed
in that city ; he travelled about 1680.
Glass in Italy.
But little has as yet been afcertained refpefting the making
of glafs in Italy during the dark and earlier middle ages, the
hiftory of even the Venetian manufacture does not begin at a
very early date. As, however, during the fifth and fixth

Introduction. lxxi
centuries, many and large churches were built at Rome, and
at Ravenna, which were filled with immenfe windows, and
largely adorned with mofaics ; it feems probable, that glafs
was made, or at leaft coloured, in both cities. In Rome
mofaic was largely ufed down to the ninth century.
In the eleventh century we find that Defiderius, Abbot of
Monte Caffino (afterwards Pope under the name of Victor III.),
fent to Conftantinople for workers in mofaic ; l and this fact,
coupled with the abfence of mofaics of that period at Rome
and elfewhere in Italy, excepting Venice, feems to indicate
that the manufacture was at that period little practifed in that
country. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries mofaic work
was much ufed in Central Italy, in the decoration of monu
ments, tabernacles, and the like, where it was inlaid in white
marble. In Rome, where the family of the Cofmati have left
many monuments of their fkill, it is not uncommon to find
fuch a decoration compofed partly of pieces of antique glafs,
and partly of the manufacture of the time. As the knowledge
of the art of making coloured glafs was pretty widely fpread,
it is fcarcely likely that all the glafs was brought from Conftan
tinople, or even from Venice.
That a knowledge of the art of making both plain and
coloured glafs was pretty widely diffufed throughout Europe,
from a period at leaft as early as the twelfth century, is fhown
by the treatifes of Eraclius and Theophilus, where we find
directions for making glafs veflels as well as window glafs, and
receipts for the production of feveral varieties of coloured glafs.
The firft of thefe writers may, without improbability, be fup
pofed to have been an Italian, who lived at some period anterior
to the twelfth century ; but the work, as we now have it, feems
to have been added to by an inhabitant of the northern part of
France, in or before the thirteenth century. Theophilus would
appear to have written in Germany, and not earlier than the

1 Leo Oftienfis, lib. iii. cap. a8.

lxxii Introduction.
twelfth century.1 In thefe treatifes a diftinftion is made
between ordinary and Roman glafs, and in one paffage of
Eraclius (book iii. cap 49) Jewifh glafs, " Plumbum vitrum
" Judasum fcilicet," is mentioned. By Roman it appears clearly
that ancient Roman, not Byzantine, is meant, and it is directed
that it fhould be employed for glazing earthen veffels, and
for making artificial gems. Jewifh glafs is to be employed for
painting on glafs, and was fuited to the purpofe as containing
lead, and therefore being more fufible. In the feventh chapter
of the third Book of Eraclius, are full details as to the making
of glafs, in which procefs two "parts of fern afhes and one of
the afhes of brufh-wood are directed to be employed.
Eraclius defcribes the method of ornamenting veffels with
gold in the fame manner as thofe found in the catacombs at
Rome, but he fpeaks of it, not as an art then practifed or
having come down by tradition, but as being re-difcovered by
himfelf. Theophilus, on the other hand, defcribes various
proceffes of this ornamentation as being actually practifed by
the Greeks in his day. In each of thefe works directions for
making both window glafs and veffels are given ; but the latter
branch of the art was apparently not practifed in Europe
during the middle ages with any confiderable fuccefs, excepting,
as we fhall fee, in Venice.
Veffels of glafs of European fabrication, although doubtlefs
made and ufed for certain purpofes, efpecially perhaps for
medical ufes,2 do not feem to have been in general ufe, nor
were they fo decorated as to make them objefts of luxury,
and accordingly they are rarely noticed in inventories.
1 See Mrs. Merrifield's Ancient drugs. This writer is believed to have
Praftife of Painting, vol. i. p. 166. lived about the end ofthe twelfth cen-
2 In the curious fatirical poem by tury. In the wardrobe account (Liber
Nigel Wereker, Brunellus, or as Chaucer quotidianus Contrarotulatoris Garde-
calls it, " the tale of Dan Burnel the robae) of the twenty-eighth year of
" Affe," the hero buys at Salerno, Edward I., i.e., 1300, p. 57, mention
from one Trufator, a merchant from is made of the purchafe for the King's
London, ten " vitrea vafa " to contain ufe of " auo urinalia vitrea. '

Introduction. lxxiii
If glafs for windows was made in other parts of Italy the
other chief branches of glafs manufacture, viz., of mofaic, of
veffels, and of perfonal ornaments, were ftill more extenfively
practifed at Venice. It has been afked, What was the origin of
this manufacture ? The native writers have been dispofed to
think that it was brought to the lagunes by the refugees from
the mainland in the fifth century ; and others, that it was
chiefly or entirely learnt from the Greeks of Byzantium at a
much later date. Both monumental and documentary evidence
are almoft entirely wanting as regards the period antecedent to
the thirteenth century ; with the exception (as regards monu
ments) of the mofaics in the churches of Murano, Torcello,
and St. Mark, the earliest of which are thofe of the church of
St. Cyprian at Murano, completed in a.d. 882. We have no
evidence, however, whether thefe were the work of native or of
Byzantine artifts,. but the fact that Defiderius, Abbot of Monte
Caffino in the eleventh century, fent, not to Venice, but to Con
ftantinople, for workers in mofaic, indicates that the reputation
of Venice in that branch of art, was at that time not great.
The argument in favour of the early exiftence of the art of
glafs-making at Venice, and its traditional derivation from
Roman workmen deduced from the fimilarity of proceffes and
colour between the Venetian work of the fixteenth century, and
that of the firft and following centuries at Rome, lofes much
of its apparent force, when it is remembered that the earlieft
products of the Venetian glafs houfes with which we are ac
quainted bear a different character, and that the proceffes in
queftion, such as thofe of making mille fiori and vitro di trina,
(fo far as we know) firft came into operation at the time when
all relics of ancient art were carefully collected, and reverently
ftudied and copied.
Signor Cecchetti remarks (Monografia dell' arte Vetraria,
Venice, 1874, p. 7), that in the documents of the eleventh and
twelfth centuries, preferved in the Venetian Archives, no men-

lxxiv hitroduttion.
tion occurs of glafs or of glafs-workers, with one exception,
that of Petrus Flavianus or Flabanicus (hereafter mentioned),
and he evidently holds the opinion that it was not until the
thirteenth century that the art was practifed on a large fcale ;
he, however, does not affert that it was altogether loft during
the earlier centuries of the exiftence of Venice, nor does it
appear .probable that fuch fhould have been the cafe ; when
is remembered that (as will be fhown hereafter) it feems
certain that in France, Germany, Spain, and (poffibly) even
in England fome knowledge of the art was preferved
through the dark ages, it muft appear improbable that it
fhould have perifhed in that archipelago, where the barbarian
invaders of the Roman empire never eftablifhed their rule, and
where confequently the traditions of ancient civilization muft
have been better preferved than in almoft any other place.
The making of glafs was not carried on as now, in large
eftablifhments, but by artifans working on a fmall fcale, and it
is hardly likely that among the refugees from cities fo large as
Padua, Aquileia, and others, were none able to produce articles
of fuch conftant ufe in everyday life as were thofe formed of
glafs in the later days of Roman civilization.
Commerce was actively carried on by the inhabitants of the
islands of the lagune, the " innumerofa navigia," of which
Caffiodorus writes in his letter to the Tribunes of Venice
(a.d. 523), were probably not all mere boats, but fome of them
fea-going veflels, and where trade is active there is always a
probability that manufactures will flourifh.
It is, however, highly probable that the vaft undertaking of
covering the interior of St. Mark's with mofaic had a moft
important effect upon the manufacture of glafs in Venice ;
for if the manufacture already exifted, it would unqueftion-
ably have received a great impulfe therefrom ; if it did not
exift, the prefence of Byzantine artifts and workmen fkilled in
such matters would lead in the moft natural manner to the

Introduction. lxxv
difcovery that the lagunes, poffefling both abundance of fine
fand and of maritime plants yielding alkali, were well fitted for
the feat of a manufactory of glafs. x
The names of the earlieft artifts in mofaic who worked at
St. Mark's have not been preferved, but in the year 1159 one
Pietro was fo employed (Lazari, Notizia delle Opere d'Arte della
Raccolta Correr di Venezia, 1859, P- 9°)- Depping (Hist.
du Commerce, vol. i. p. iyi) is quoted by Mrs. Merrifield
(Ane. Practice of Painting, vol. i. p. xc.) as afferting that the
manufacture of cryftal glafs and of coloured glafs was carried
on at Venice as early as the beginning ofthe twelfth century.
The earlieft pofitive evidence of the exiftence at Venice of
a worker in glafs would, however, feem to be the mention in
the year 1090 of Petrus Flavianus, phiolarius, in the Ducale of
Vitale Falier in the Archivio Generale at Venice (Monografia
della Vetraria Veneziana e Muranefe, p. 259).
It has been conjectured with fome plaufibility that the
taking of Conftantinople, in 1204, may have afforded the
Venetians the opportunity of acquiring additional knowledge of
the proceffes employed by the Greek glafs-makers.
In 1224 twenty-nine perfons are mentioned as "friolari"
{i.e., phiolari), who had infringed the regulations laid down by
the officials of the " ars friolaria " (Liber plegiorum Comunis,
May 1224, quoted in Monografia della Vetraria). This feems
1 In later times, however, a great " in great quantity to the Venetians,
part of the materials of glafs were ob- " who equally mixing the fame with
tained from other fources. Sand is faid " the ftones brought from Pavia by
to have been brought from the mouth " the Ticino, make thereof their cry-
of the river Belus, on the coaft of " ftalline glafs " (p. 90.) Much infor-
Syria (fee Art Treafures, feci;. Vitreous mation as to the materials ufed by the
Art, by A. W. Franks), and Sandys,who Venetian glafs-makers will be found in
travelled in 16 10, fays that, "in the Neri, L'Arte Vetraria, firft publifhed
" defert between Alexandria and Cairo at Florence in 1612. Neri calls the
" is a weed called Kali by the Arabs, quartz " tarfo " and the alkali from the
" which they ufe for fuel and fell the Levant " rochetta.''
" afhes, crufhed together like a ftone,

lxxvi Introduction.
to prove that at that period the art had become one of confider-
able magnitude.
Diftinct documentary evidence on the organization of the
glafs manufacture of Venice begins in the thirteenth century,
and the earlieft portions of the " mariegole," (i.e., madre-
regole) or codes of trade regulations of the various feftions of
glafs-workers would appear to have been drawn up during that
century or towards its clofe, one regulation in the Mariegola
dei phioleri de Muran is, however, faid by the Abate Zanetti
(Guida di Murano, p. 219) to bear as early a date as 11 80.
Several of thefe " mariegole" are ftill preferved in the libraries*
or archives of Venice and Murano, but they are generally in
complete or mutilated.
The " Arte Vetraria " may, according to Signor Cecchetti,
be divided into six branches, that of the " fialai " or " fioleri "
(makers of veffels) the " verieri " or " fornafieri " (makers of
glafs in mafs), the " criftallai " (makers of glaffes for fpeftacles),
the " fpecchiai " (makers of mirrors), the " margaritai ''
(makers of fmall beads), the " perlai " (makers of large and
hollow beads), and the " venditori " or " ftazioneri " (dealers in
glafs wares).
What relates to the laft of thefe clafles does not come
within the fcope of thefe notices, but what has to be faid
refpefting Venetian glafs-making may be conveniently divided
into the feftions, ift, of veffels and window glafs; 2nd, of
optical glaffes ; 3rd, of mirrors ; and 4th, of beads.
When the branches of the art became well defined, the
matters and workmen exercifing each kind of induftry formed
themfelves into diftinct bodies with fpecial regulations fet forth
in their feveral " mariegole." Details on this fubjeft will be
found in the Monografia delle Vetraria Veneziana e Muranefe,
and in the Abate Zanetti's Guida di Murano.
The "fioleri," as has been fhown above, were in the
thirteenth century already a confiderable body, and muft have

Introduction. lxxvii
produced a large quantity of wares, we are told by the
chronicler Martino da Canale that in 1268 at the time of the
eleftion of the Doge Lorenzo Tiepolo, they exhibited " guaf-
tade" (decanters), " oricanni " (fcent-bottles), and fimilar
pretty objects, and in 1279 theY made meafures and weights of
glafs, as is mentioned in a decree of the Great Council of that
year (Monografia, p. 9).
In 1275, a Iaw was enacted by the Great Council (Mono
grafia, p. 9) prohibiting the exportation of the fand and other
fubftances ufed in making glafs, and alfo of the fragments
•of broken glafs. Mafles of glafs, on the other hand, were
allowed to be imported, as ballaft. Several other decrees were
made in the courfe of the thirteenth century by the fame autho
rity refpefting the making of glafs ; one of thefe, of the year
1279, mentions German hawkers or pedlars of glafs;(qui portant
vitra ad dorfum).
On the 8th November 1291, it was ordered by the Great
Council that the glafs furnaces fhould be demolifhed in the
" Citta di Rialto " (that is, what is now called the city of
Venice) and throughout the whole " diocefi ; " and any recon-
ftruftions were to take place without thofe limits, but neverthe-
lefs within the diftrift of Venice (distretto delle Venezie). On
the nth Auguft 1292, the feverity of this regulation was
mitigated by permiflion being granted to the makers of fmall
glafs wares (verixelli) to remain even in Rialto, provided a
fpace of fifteen paces were left between the workfhops and the
houfes. Thefe regulations were, of courfe, to guard againft
the danger of fire. It is believed that the glafs-makers then
carried their eftablifhments to Murano, where, however,
according to Lazari, there is reafon to think that the manu
facture had been practifed at leaft as early as 1255,1 one Spina-

1 Lazari, p. 90.

lxxviii Introduction.
bello, "fiolario" was " giudice " of Murano in 1285 (Mono
grafia, p. 260).
The import of glafs veffels from Venice into the northern
parts of Europe we may conclude was not begun fo early as the
thirteenth century, for the only glafs wares mentioned in the
full and copious tariff for goods imported at Damm, the port
of Bruges, enacted in 1252 by Margaret, Countefs of Flanders,
are rings of glafs : " Vas annulorum vitreorum vel cifta,
" quatuor denarios." 1
Lanterns for gallies and lighthoufes were made at this period
at Venice, one of the former in 1289, and a lantern for the
lighthoufe at Ancona in 1305 (Monografia, p. 9).
In 1295 the Great Council renewed the prohibition of the
year 1275 againft the exportation of the materials of glafs, and
increafed the fines to be levied upon glafs-makers who fhould
return to Venice after a fojourn in other ftates, a petition pre-
fented on this occafion ftates that furnaces had been eftablifhed
in Trevifo, Vicenza, Padua, Mantua, Ferrara, Ravenna, and
Bologna (Monografia, p. 10).
No veffels which can be attributed to the thirteenth or four
teenth centuries have as yet been noticed or defcribed ; but
fomething may probably be learnt as to their character by
careful examination of pictures of thofe periods. In a picture
of the Laft Supper, which formed part of the Campana Col
lection, feveral veffels of glafs were noticed by the writer : one
was a bottle of fimple but elegant forii^ ftanding on a foot,
ornamented by fpiral lines winding round it ; another was a
fmall covered cup, ftanding on three balls. This picture was
attributed to Margaritone of Arezzo (1212-1289), perhaps
erroneoufly, but it appeared to be at leaft as early as the four
teenth century.
1 Sartorius, Urkundliche Gefchichte 2e Bd. p. 63.
des Urfprunges des deutfcher Haufe,

Introduction. lxxix
Glafs-painting for windows was carried on at Venice during
the fourteenth century. In 13 17 one Giovanni " fioler di
" Murano" received from the Great Council a privilege to
make coloured glafs for windows as being fuperior in that art
to any other (melior in dicta arte aliquo alio) (Monografia,
p. 11); in 1335 Maftro Marco painted windows for a chapel in
the church of the Frari ; in 1400 Tommafino d'Axandrii, and
in 1404 one Nicolo went to Milan to work on the windows of
the Duomo.
The eftimation to which the art of glafs-makinghad already
attained is fhown by fome of the enactments of the Senate in
the fourteenth century; on the 22nd December 1376,1 it was
enacted that the marriage of a noble with the daughter of a
" vetrajo " fhould not impede the defcent of nobility to the
offspring, and on the 15th March 1383 a fet of regulations was
enacted with the view, as is expreffed in the preamble, " ut ars
" tarn nobilis ftet et permaneat in loco Muriani." Nor was
this efteem and admiration of the art confined to Venice, for we
find Bertrandon de la Brocquiere,2 in 1432, when at Venice,
mentioning Murano as renowned for its manufactories of glafs.
On September 17th, 1399, letters patent were iffued by
Richard II. in favour of Andrea Zane and Jacopo Dandolo,
mafters of two Venetian galleys then in the port of London,
which include a permiffion for the paffengers to fell their fmall
wares on the decks of the galleys, namely, glafs veffels and
earthenware plates, duty free.3
In 1441 the ftatutes of the " phioleri," the chief corpora
tion or fraternity ofthe workers in glafs, were made or revifed,
and the original is preferved in the Correr Library at Venice.
The making of windows and of veffels, as has been faid,

1 Lazari, p. 91. edited by Rawdon Brown. No. 130,
2 Travels to the Holy Land. p. 38.
3 Calendar of State Papers, Venetian,

lxxx Introduction.
were the departments of the art which belonged to this cor
poration, and much energy and fkill appear to have been dif-
played by its members during this century. Among the moft
diftinguifhed of the company were Don Paolo Godi of Pergola
and his apprentice Angelo Beroviero ; the latter, in the firft
half of the fifteenth century, had a well-known glafs houfe
in Murano, diftinguifhed by the fign of the Angel. On
his tomb, in S. Stefano di Murano, was infcribed an epitaph
in which it is faid of him " Cui patuit vitrea quidquid in arte
latebat." x
An apprentice of this Angelo Beroviero, one Giorgio, nick
named il Ballerino, is traditionally faid to have found the means
of copying the receipt-book of his mafter, and to have fold the
fecrets he fo obtained to another " vetrajo," and thus to have
gained the means of eftablifhing himfelf in the fame manufacture ;
he became the head of the houfe of the Ballerini.
Marino Beroviero, fon of Angelo, was " gaftaldo " (Prefident,
or as we fhould fay, Mafter) of the company of phioleri in 1468,
and appears to have fully maintained the reputation which his
father's furnace had obtained, Signor Lazari thinks that to
this family the vaft progrefs which the art made during the
fifteenth century in Venice, may be in great part afcribed.
Other members of both families greatly diftinguifhed them
felves as glafs-makers during the fifteenth and fixteenth cen
turies ; and both, as well as that of Miotti, and feveral other
of the ancient families connected with the art are ftill repre
fented in Murano (Guida di Murano by the Abate Zanetti,
pp. 216, 354, 355). A youthful member of the Berovier
family is now in the employment of Meffrs. Salviati & Co. at
Murano, and promifes to attain great proficiency in the art.
In 1463 a diftinftion is found to be drawn between the
tranfparent glafses, called "criftallini" and the ordinary or
1 Cicogna, Infcrip. Ven. vi. 467.

Introduction. lxxxi
In 1484 mention is made of the fmall round panes
for windows, called " rulli " ; thefe were diftinguifhed, according
to fize, into " comuni " and " treperpe."
The earlieft examples of the fkill of Murano which are ftill
preferved, belong, it would appear, to the fifteenth century. A
fpecimen in the Correr Mufeum at Venice is afcribed by Signor
Lazari to circa 1440. It is a cup of blue glafs enamelled and
gilt ; the chief fubjefts are portraits of a young man and
woman in medallions, it may, therefore, very probably be a
" coppa nuziale," or marriage cup. No. 409.-54, engraved
in PI. XIII., is an example of the fame kind, but the glafs is
emerald green. This fpecimen is thought to belong to the
latter part of the fifteenth century. No. 363 in the Slade
Collection, PL XIII. of the Catalogue, is a cup of blue glafs
ornamented with a proceffion of figures, reprefenting a triumph
of Venus, and other fubjefts. Another fine example of the
enamelling of this century is a bowl of blue glafs, in the pof-
feffion of Mr. George Field.1
Other examples are fomewhat lefs elaborately ornamented ;
a fcale pattern executed in feveral colours, fomewhat refembling
peacock's feathers, is not uncommon (as No. 5492.-'59), and
portions, fuch as the projecting ribs of a cup, are gilt with a
very elegant effeft. A fprinkling of gold is alfo common,
produced, no doubt, by gold leaf having been laid on glafs,
afterwards heated and expanded.2 The glafs veffels made at
Venice at this period in general bear a refemblance in form to
the veffels of filver and other metals made in the weft of
Europe ; they are often of a fine fhape, but rather maffive.
The free ufe of enamel and gilding feems to fhow that the

1 Art Treafures, Vit. Ar., pi. ii. " Mylcentia Faftolf " when the in-
2 Examples of this procefs were no ventory of the goods of Sir John Fas-
doubt the "ii lyttyll ewers of blew tolf was taken in 1459 (Archsologia,
" glaffe powdered with golde," which vol. xxi. p. 269).
were in the chamber of "Domina '

lxxxii Introduction.
makers were familiar with the products of the glafs-works of
Egypt and Damafcus; the gilding, however, is much better
fixed upon the (Venetian than upon the Oriental veffels.
In the latter part of this century the influence of the claflical
revival made itfelf ftrongly felt in every department of art,
and we find that the workfhops of Murano began to produce,
inftead of covered cups of Gothic form, vafes and tazzas of
claflical outlines. It is probable that the end of the fifteenth
and the earlier part of the fixteenth century are the periods to
which may be efpecially afcribed thofe vafes and other veffels
whofe elegant forms have ever made them the delight of all
who have a true feeling for beauty, and which befpeak the
artift rather than the artifan.
Much, however, as we now admire thefe objefts, they ex
cited at leaft as much or more admiration at the time they
were made. Travellers who vifited Venice fpread abroad
the fame of the glafs-houfes of Murano, as Bertrandon de la
Brocquiere in 1432, and Brother Felix Faber of Ulm, who was
at Venice in 1484; the latter says, that fuch precious and
beautiful glafs wares were manufactured nowhere elfe in the
world, and tells a ftory by which it appears that the Doge and
Senate confidered a vafe of glafs a worthy prefent for the
Emperor Frederick IV. when he vifited Venice.1 Articles of
glafs for ordinary ufe were alfo made at Venice at this time.
William Wey, Fellow of Eton College, who died in 1474, in
the beginning of his itinerary to the Holy Land advifes the

1 Such, however, was not the opi- by the general verdict, of Europe. In
nion of the Emperor, who let it fall, illuftration of this it may be mentioned
and then remarked that glafs was in that in the inventory of Charles the
one refpeft inferior to gold and filver, Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1467-1477)
viz., in being fragile. The Doge took a number of vafes of coloured glafs
the hint and replaced it by a vafe of are included, and among them " ung
precious metal. The Venetian eftimate " hanap de jafpre garni d'or a ceuvre
of the value of the finer produfts of " de Venife." (Labarte, Hift. des Arts
their glafs-houfes was perhaps juftified Induftriels, t. iv. p. 572.)]

Introduction. lxxxiii
pilgrim, when about to take fhip from Venice, to provide
himfelf with " dyfches, platerrys, fawferrys, other {i.e., or)
<c cuppys of glas."
In the firft quarter of the fixteenth century the Bolognefe
monk, Leandro Alberti, vifited Murano, and fays, that there
were then twenty-four glafs-houfes at work ; among the mafters
he makes fpecial commendation of Francefco Ballerino, and
defcribes, among the remarkable objefts made of glafs, a galley
with all its tackle, a braccio in length, and an organ which
produced moft melodious founds.1
The Venetian Republic manifefted the high efteem in which
it held the art of glafs-making, by the beftowal of peculiar
privileges on thofe who practifed it. An enactment of 1490
placed the corporations of glafs-makers under the immediate
jurifdiftion of the Council of Ten, withdrawing them from
that of inferior authorities ; 2 and in 1 502 the code of law
known as the Statuto di Murano, which regulated the adminif
tration as well as the civil and criminal juftice of the ifland, was
confirmed by the Senate. This code remained in force until
the fall of the Republic.
Mention has been already made of the meafures adopted in
the thirteenth century to prevent the carrying of the art to
foreign countries. In 1547, according to Buffolin (p. 62),
the Council of Ten adopted further meafures of precaution
with the fame view ; the Inquifition of State, by the twenty-
fixth article of its ftatutes of 1454, as given by Daru,3 had
already ordered, that if a workman of any kind fhould tranf-
port his craft into a foreign country to the injury of the Re
public, and refufe to return, an emiffary fhould be commiffioned
to put him to death. Daru ftates, on the authority of a report

1 Ifole appartenenti all' Italia, ed. 3 Hiftoire de la republique de Venife,
1576, p. 95. torn. vi. p. 402.
2 Lazari, p. 93.

Ixxxiv Introduction.
preferved in the French archives, that this punifhment was exe
cuted upon two workmen whom the Emperor Leopold had
induced to enter into his ftates.1
About this period feveral foreign States procured workmen
from Murano and endeavoured to introduce the art of glafs-
making into their countries. England, Spain, and Flanders were
of the number ; in Spain and Flanders fome amount of fuccefs
was obtained, and partly, perhaps, in confequence we find that
on the 7th September 1549 (Cal. State Papers, Venetian, No.
574), at a meeting of the glafs trade at Murano the artifans
complain that they are left out of work two months and a half
at a time. At the fame time it was agreed that the Council
of Ten fhould be petitioned to take meafures to prevent the
manufacture from being carried out of Murano. Shortly after
the Council of Ten ordered that mafters and artifans in glafs
who were abroad fhould return, that recufants or thofe who
might afterwards depart fhould be fined and fent to the galleys,
alfo that no foreigners fhould be employed in the glafs-houfes.
Some of the refults of this meafure will be feen in the account
of the hiftory of glafs-making in England.
The account of the ftate of the art given by Marcantonio
Coccio Sabellico in his book " De situ Venetas Urbis," written
about 1495, is fo interefting as to deferve quotation at length:
" Murianum inde vicus, fed qui, asdificiorum magnificentia et
" amplitudine, urbs procul fpectantibus appareat ; longitudine
" ad mille paffus patet ; vitrariis officinis prascipue illuftratur.
" Prasclarum inventum primo oftendit vitrum poffe cryftalli
" candorem mentiri ; mox, ut procacia sunt hominum ingenia,
" et ad aliquid inventis addendum non inertia, in mille varios
" colores innumerafque formas cceperunt materiam infleftere.
" Hinc calices, phialae, canthari, lebetes, cadi, candelabra,

Hiftoire de la republique de Venife, torn. iii. p. 152.

Introduction. Ixxxv
" omnis generis animalia, cornua, fegmenta, monilia ; ' hinc
" omnes humanas delicias ; hinc quicquid poteft mortalium
" oculos obleftare ; et, quod vix vita aufa effet fperare, nullum
" eft pretiofi lapidis genus quod non fit vitraria induftria
" imitata ; fuave hominis et naturae certamen. Quid quod et
" murrhina hinc tibi vafa funt, nifi pro fenfu fit pretium. Age
" vero cui primo venit in mentem brevi pila includere omnia
" florum genera quibus vernantia vestiuntur prata. Atqui
" omnium gentium haec oculis maritima fubjecere negotia, ut,
" quas nemo alioquin credibilia putaffet, jam nimio ufu vilexere
" occeperint. Nee in una domo aut familia novitium hasfit
" inventum ; magna ex parte vicus hujusmodi fervet officinis."
(Lib. iii.)1
The allufion to (t murrhina vafa " in this paffage, no doubt.
has reference to the defcription of glafs called by the Germans
" fchmelz," which was probably at firft made in order to
imitate chalcedony ; it was certainly known at this time, for we
find a receipt for making it in the MS. treatife on glafs-making,
which dates from 1443, and has been lately publifhed by

1 " Thence (z. e., from Venice) Mu- hope for ; there is no kind of precious
rano, a ftreet, but which from the mag- ftone which cannot be imitated by the
nificence and fize of its edifices might induftry of the glafs-workers, a fweet
to thofe who behold it from afar, appear conteft of nature and of man. Hence
a city ; it extends a mile in length, and come vafes the equals of the murrhine,
is illuftrious on account of its glafs- unlefs coft may be a fource of pleafure.
houfes. A famous invention firft proved But confider to whom did it firft occur,
that glafs might feign the whitenefs of to include in a little ball all the forts of
cryftal, foon as the wits of men are flowers wliich clothe the meadows in
active and not flothful in adding fome- fpring. Yet thefe things have been
thing to inventions, they began to turn under the eyes of all nations as articles
the material into various colours and of export, and what no one would
numberlefs forms. Thence come cups, otherwife have thought probable by
beakers, tankards, caldrons, ewers, can- too great familiarity have become com-
dlefticks, animals of every fort, horns, mon. Nor has invention been confined
beads (?), necklaces, hence all things to one houfe or family, the ftreet glows
which can delight mankind, hence, . for the moft part with furnaces of this
whatever can attraft the eyes of mor- kind."
tals, and what we could hardly dare to

lxxxvi Introduction.
Milanefe (in Difp. LI. of Scelta di Curiofita Letterarie Inedite
o Rare), filver and oxides of iron and copper diflblved in
" aqua fortis " (nitric or muriatic acids ?) are the colouring
materials. It feems from this account that the invention, or more pro
perly, the re-invention of mille fiori was made before the end of
the fifteenth century, that of vitro di trina, lace or reticulated
glafs, appears to have foon followed, for it is defcribed by
Biringuccio in his Pirotechnia (Book II. cap. xiii., the firft
edition of which was publifhed in 1 540,) in the following words :
" rifguardinfi ancho non folo le cofe picchole ma le grandi che
" fan di vetro biancho o d' altri colori, che paiano inteffuti di
" vimine con quanta egualita e giuftezza di termini con coloro
" eparii locati " {i.e., " Regard being had not only to the fmall
" things but to the large, which are made of white or other
" coloured glafs, which feem as if woven of twigs placed with
" fo great equality and correctnefs of bounds.") It has been
already remarked that thefe two methods of ornamenting glafs
veffels were re-inventions, for there can be little doubt but that
they were fuggefted by the fpecimens of antique glafs which
were occafionally found. Biringuccio gives a lengthy defcrip-
tion of two fpecimens of antique mofaic glafs which he had
feen,1 and the like were no doubt eagerly fought for and
ftudied by the active and intelligent glafs-makers of Murano.
Thefe beautiful and diverfified productions were highly
valued at the time they were made, and were thought worthy
to appear at the feftive entertainments of the higheft clafles
of fociety, where they took very much the place which por
celain now occupies, juft as happened in the later Roman period.
In the early part of the fixteenth century Oriental porcelain was
of the greateft rarity in Europe ; majolica was then only ap-
1 Such fragments were often ufed at newly made. Examples of the twelfth
Rome by the workers in mofaic, in and thirteenth centuries may be found
conjunftion with other pieces then at Rome.

Introduction. lxxxvii
proaching its higheft point of perfection, and the other earthen
manufactures were of a very rude defcription. No wonder
that the luxurious great of the time fought variety from the
monotony of gold and filver by availing themfelves of this
beautiful manufacture, which almoft daily offered new forms
and new colours capable of pleafing the moft faftidious tafte.
It appears from the paffage quoted from Sabellico that
the practice of making veffels in the forms of animals, &c,
was fully eftablifhed in the fifteenth century ; probably, how
ever, few, if any, examples of the work of that, nor many of
even the following century, are now in exiftence, moft of thofe
preferved in collections are moft likely the work of the feven-
teenth century, during at leaft the earlier part of which fuch
veffels continued to be in vogue ; Rene Francois, Chaplain to
Louis XIIL, of France, mentions them in a curious paffage
(quoted by M. Burty, Chefs d'CEuvre des Arts Induftriels,
p. 271), in his " Effay des Merveilles de la nature et des plus
" nobles artifices," in the following terms : " Mourano de
" Venife a beau temps d'amufer ainfi la foif et rempliffant
'' l'Europe de mille et mille galanteries de verre et de chryftal
" fait boire les gens en depit qu'on en ait ; on boit un navire
" de vin, une gondole ; on avale une pyramide d'hypocras, un
" clocher, un tonneau, un oyfeau, une baleine, un lion, toute
" forte de beftes potables et non potables. Le vin fe fent tout
" etonne prenant tant de figures, voire tant de couleurs, car
" dans les verres jaunes le vin clairet f'y fait tout d'or, et le blanc
" fe teint d'ecarlate dans un vin rouge. Ne fait-il pas beau
" voir avaler un grand trait d'ecarlate, d'or, de lait, ou d'azur?"
From this we fee that thefe ftrangely fhaped veffels were
not merely objefts of curiofity or parade, but intended for at
leaft exceptional ufe.1
1 In the Englifh edition of M. Burty's " well thus play with thirft and by
work the above-quoted paffage is thus " filling Europe with thoufands and
tranflated : " Murano of Venice may " thoufands of pretty courtefies in glafs

Ixxxviii Introduction.
A curious and inftruftive inftance of the variety of articles,
and the extent to which they were employed in a royal houfe-
hold, is afforded by the inventory of effects belonging to King
Henry VIII. in 1542, which were under the cuftody of Sir
Anthony Denny at the Palace of Weftminfter.
As the greater part of the articles of glafs were no doubt of
Venetian workmanfhip, it will not be improper to notice them
here in connexion with the hiftory of the Venetian manufacture.
Nearly 450 articles of glafs are enumerated, confifting of bottles
or flagons, " layers," 2 ewers and bafons, bowls, ftanding cups,
goblets, " glaffes like pottes," fometimes with covers and fome
times with " eares," and with one or more handles, " great
glaffes like bolles ftanding upon fete," " crufes," fpice plates,
" lowe candleftickes," " great hell candleftickes," " aulter
candleftickes," trenchers, fpoons (the handles only being of
glafs), " platers, diffhes and fawcers," a " calling bottell," a
" bafkett," and a " Hollywater Stocke with a bayle."
Many of thefe were of blue glafs, or of blue glafs partly
gilt, one " leyer " is of " blewe glaffe partly gilt, the leyer
" having the Kinges Armes gilt upon it." One bafon and
ewer, feveral bowls, cups, and the " bafkett with two eares,"
are of " diaper work of fundry fafhions," probably " vitro di
trina." Many of almoft every fort are of " jafper colour,"
doubtlefs what we call fchmelz, a few are defcribed as " painted

" and cryftal force people to drink " white wine becomes fcarlet. Is it
" becaufe theypoffefs them, they drink " not fine to fee fcarlet, gold, white,
" a fhip or a gondola full of wine, they " and azure fwallowed down at one
" fwallow a pyramid of hypocras, a " draught?"
" belfry, a tub, a bird, a whale,a lion, in x Communicated by Mr. Burtt to
" fhort every fort of animal potable or the Archaeological Journal, vol. xviii.,
" otherwife. The wine itfelf is quite from the original MS. in the Record
" furprifed to find that it has fo many Office.
" and fuch different identities, fo many 2 Veffels for wafhing with covers
" colours, for in yellow glafs claret and fometimes fpouts.
" becomes as gold, and in a red glafs

Introduction. lxxxix
white galley fafhion," i.e., enamelled white, like majolica. A
few articles, among them fome fpice plates and fome crufes, are
of green glafs. Two " litle ftanding cuppes with covers chalice
fafhion," and fome glafles " like pottes," and a crufe are of
" glaffe of many colours," poffibly mille fiori. Four ftanding
cuppes were of blewe glaffe " paintid and gilt." Four glaffes
and one little glafs are defcribed as having " long fmale neckes
and great bellies." Thefe laft were probably fpecimens of thofe
ftrangely fhaped glaffes which have been fuppofed to have been
intended for alchemical purpofes.
There is one article defcribed as " oone glaffe garniffhid in
" the top with filver like a frame with belles of filver hanging
" in it," and " oone thike glaffe of chriftall with a cace of
" lether lyned with crymfen vellat."
A " lowe candlefticke," is of jafper colour, and four " leffe
bell candleftickes " of glafs, partly gilt. The expreffion, bell
candleftick, defcribes a form well known through Venetian
examples of brafs, engraved and damafcened, which exift in
collections ; but candlefticks of glafs of this period are rare.
The cafting bottle was, no doubt, of the fame fafhion as
thofe ftill ufed in the Eaft for fprinkling perfumes over guefts.
The Hollywater ftock was a fmall pail for holy water ; Mr.
Burtt fuppofes the " bayle " to be a handle, but it is probably
a ladle.1 A curious example may ftill be feen of a banquetting table,
fet out with its fervices of glafs, which probably remains, for the
moft part, as when originally arranged about this period. This
is to be found in the Sacro Monte, at Varallo in Piedmont {fee

1 Handles are repeatedly mentioned with correfponding ladles, and a ladle of
in this inventory by that name, bayle glafs is amongft Mr. Cooke's collection
only occurs in this inftance. The of Venetian glafs now in the Mufeum
highly ornamented brafs water veffels of on loan. To bale a boat is a well
the fame period, made at Venice, were known expreffion.
fometimes, perhaps always, furnifhed

xc Introduction.
Murray's Handbook for Switzerland and Piedmont), where is
an affemblage of about fifty oratories, each containing groups of
figures of life-fize, modelled in clay, with backgrounds painted
in frefco, and all the acceffories required by the fubjefts, which
are nearly all events in the hiftory of our Saviour. In that of
the Laft Supper, the table and a fideboard are furnifhed with
veffels of Venetian glafs, chiefly tazzas and cups, and as the
oratory is locked up and glazed in front, thefe articles may
very poffibly have remained uninjured from the time at which
they were firft placed there. The Sacro Monte was commenced
about i486, but the greater part of the oratories were
conftrufted during the firft feventy years of the fixteenth
century. A very curious account of the employment at banquets of
thefe ornamental veffels may be found in the' " aggiunta "
(dated Venice, 1593) to 7? trinciante of Vincenzo Cervio, in
which is a defcription of the banquet given at Mantua in May
1 58 1, at the marriage of the Prince of Mantua, in the
following words : " Vi erano oltre le ricchiffime credenze e
" bottigliarie ordinarie una profpettiva di diverfi bicchieri,
" carrafe, e giarre, e altri belliflimi vafi di criftallo di Venetia,
" che credo vi fuffero concorfe tutte le boteghe di Morano ; e
" di cio ve n'era di bifogno poiche tutte le fignore convitate
" doppo che havevano bevuto rompevano il bicchiere che
" tenevano in mano per fegno di grande allegrezza."1
This ufage of breaking the glaffes after drinking from
them will be familiar to all acquainted with the focial cuftoms
of this, as of other European countries, in the fixteenth and
feventeenth centuries. It muft have been eminently " good for

1 i.e., " There was there, befides think all the fhops of Murano had met
moft rich fideboards and ordinary glafs- there ; and of that there was need, for
ware, a difplay of various beakers, all the fignori invited, after they had
decanters, jars, and other moft beauti- drunk, broke the beakers, which they
fui veffels of Venetian cryftal, fo that I held as a fign of great joyfulnefs."

Introduction. xci
" trade," and no doubt contributed much to the profperity
of Murano. Avanturine glafs, that in which numerous particles of copper
(or of filicate of copper) are diffufed through a transparent
yellowifh mafs was, according to the Abate Zanetti, invented
about the beginning ofthe 17 th century by one of the Miotti,
that family preferved the fecret of making it, and in 1772
M. de la Lande fays that it was made in one glafs-houfe only.
Even now it is only made in two or three and fells for from
four to eight fhillings per pound. An interefting account of its
fabrication will be found in Le Verre, by M. Peligot, p. 452.
During the feventeeth century the manufacture of glafs
continued to profper at Murano, and many of the larger and
more ftriking objefts preferved in collections may be attributed
to this period.
England, during the fame period, imported large quantities
of glafs for table ufe from Venice. In the Sloane MSS.1 in
the Britifh Mufeum are copies of feveral letters addreffed, in
1667, by an Englifh glafs merchant, John Greene, of Holborn,
to Signor Aleflio Morelli, his correfpondent at Venice, fpecify-
ing the forms and colours of the veffels which were to be
fent. The Comune of Murano had the privilege of caufing a
certain number of medals or tokens to be annually coined at
the Venetian mint ; thefe were made of the same fize as the
coins known as ofelle, and bore the arms of the reigning Doge,
of the Comune, the Podefta, the Chamberlain, and the four
deputies of Murano. Thefe coins were prefented to the local
magiftrates and to fome of the higher authorities of the
Venetian Republic. When it was desired to make a present
to fome diftinguifhed visitor to the ifland one of thefe was
enclofed in the subftance of the bottom of a cup, and thus
1 Add. MSS. 855.

xcii Introduction.
formed, as Lazari remarks, a fignificant present, and a memo
rial of the fpecial induftry of the ifland and of the ample
privileges with which the fovereign ftate had honoured it.
The firft of thefe " ofelle Muranefe " which has been preferved
is of the year 1581 ; there is a lacuna in the series from thence
to 1673, from which it is nearly complete until 1796.1
The mode of enclofing a coin is illuftrated by a fpecimen in
the Slade collection (No. 682), where a mezzo zecchino of the
Doge Francefco Molini, 1646-55, is enclofed in the ftem ofthe
goblet.2 During the eighteenth century the manufactories of England,
France, and efpecially of Bohemia, had begun to compete fuc-
cefsfully with thofe of Murano ; the cut-glafs in particular
which they produced had come into fafhion, and the demand
for the peculiar productions of Venice was correfpondingly
reduced. One of the manufacturers of Murano, Giufeppe
Briati, determined to learn the new proceffes by which the
Bohemian glafs-makers were enabled to obtain fuch beautiful
refults, and accordingly worked for three years in a Bohemian
glafs-houfe in the difguife of a porter. Returning to Venice he
obtained, in 1736, a patent for ten years to manufacture glafs
after the fafhion of Bohemia ; his neighbours at Murano, how
ever, perfecuted him so much, through envy at his fuccefs, that
in 1739 he obtained permiffion to eftablifh a glafs-houfe in
Venice itfelf, which he did in the ftreet known as that of the
Angiolo Raffaelle (or, according to the Abate Zanetti, in the
Contrada dei Carmini). Here, according to Signor Lazari, he
worked for many years with very great fuccefs, particularly in
the manufacture of mirrors with frames of glafs, ornamented
1 There is a good, though not com- Palace of Whitehall, in the ftem of
plete, feries of thefe ofelle in the Britifh which is enclofed a threepenny-piece
Mufeum, commencing in 1674. of Charles II., dated 1679. The glafs
2 In the Britifh Mufeum is a drink- feems hardly, however, to be fo
ing glafs, ftated to have come from the ancient.

Introduction. xciii
either in intaglio or with foliage of various colours, and alfo on
the production of chandeliers with flowers, leaves, and bunches
of grapes. »
Briati was alfo moft fuccefsful in the making of vafes of
" vitro di trina," or " filigrana ;" thefe, fays Lazari, he made
with fuch tafte and lightnefs, and of forms so fully equal to
thofe of the beft productions of the cinque- cento period, that
the vafes of Briati are often fuppofed (particularly in England)
to be of an earlier period. The works of Briati may be dis-
tinguifhed, he thinks, by the fuperior purity and brilliancy of
the glafs ; they were fo much admired, that at the public
banquets of the Doge they were placed on the fideboards
among the gold and filver plate, and the demand for them and
the quantity made were proportionately great. M. de la Lande,
who vifited Venice in 1765-66, mentions Briati as making
objects of the greateft delicacy, and particularly luftres, 6 or 7
feet in diameter, which were known as " ciocche." x Briati died
in 1772. At the time of his vifit there were fifteen glafs-houfes
working at Murano, but only one, that of "Jean Mota"
made mirrors, the largeft of which meafured x\\ ft. (French) 2
fquare. No mirrors, he fays, were preferred to thofe of Venice,
except the French, which, however, were twice as dear.
The fall of the Republic was accompanied by the interrup
tion of trade and the decay of manufacture, and the glafs
makers had to confine themfelves to the production of beads
and of articles of a common fort for domeftic ufe. In the
year 1838 a revival of the ancient proceffes of glafs-working
was commenced by Sig. D. Bupolin, carried on by Cav. Pietro
Bigaglia, Sig. Lorenzo Radi, and others {v. Monografia, p. 52),
and in our own day Comm. Salviati and his Englifh affociates
have not only' imitated with great fuccefs the ancient models,
but have ftruck out new ideas, and great tafte, invention, and
1 Voyage en Italie: 2 4 feet 9^ in. Englifh.

xciv Introduction.
good workmanfhip have been fhown in the productions of their
furnaces. The ornamental productions of the glafs-works of Murano
are extremely varied in character, and have been well claffed by
Mr. Franks x in fix divifions, viz. : —
ift. Veffels of colourlefs and tranfparent glafs, or glafs of
fingle colours, that is, glafs coloured with metallic oxides before
being worked into veffels.
Clear white glafs is generally ufed for drinking glaffes, but
they are not unfrequently decorated with coloured glafs laid on
in threads externally, or forming part of the ornaments attached
to the ftems ; thefe laft are very commonly twifted and made
to assume the moft fantaftic forms. The coloured glaffes are
ufually blue or purple, but green, amber, ruby, and an opal
white are met with ; the laft two appear not to be of early
introduction. A few examples occur where two colours are
employed, one internally, the other externally.
2nd. Gilt and enamelled glafs. Thefe methods of decora
tion were employed on both coloured and colourlefs glafs :
fome examples of the fifteenth century have been already
noticed. The cups and vafes of this period are generally
rather maffive ; in the fixteenth century, when extreme lightnefs
and elegance of form were fought after, the drinking glaffes
were too thin to bear the heat of the enamelling furnace with
out lofing their fhape. The enamelling was, therefore, in a
great meafure, confined during this century to tazze, bowls, or
falt-cellars ; the decorations are chiefly coats of arms, the lion
of St. Mark, or merely flowers and dots, in place of the por
traits, proceffions, and other elaborate fubjefts employed in the
previous century. In late times difhes and tazze are fometimes
1 Obfervations on Glafs and Enamel, in Art Treafures of the United King
dom at Manchefter.

Introduction. xcv
found, not enamelled, but painted on their under furface in oil
colour. Numerous pieces of glafs may be noticed on the
fhrine which occupies the centre of the church of Or San
Michele at Florence (A.D. 1348-1359), which are made to
affume the likenefs of agates, and fimilar ftones, by being painted
on the under fide.
3rd. Crackled glafs. This, which has a furface rough and
divided irregularly by ridges, like ice frozen in the wind, is
fuppofed to have been made by fuddenly cooling the veffel
when half blown, and then reheating and expanding it, fo as to
increafe the diftance between the feftions into which the furface
was cracked by the fudden change of temperature ; according
to M. Peligot (Le Verre, p. 446) it is made in Bohemia by
rolling the " paraifon " or ball of glafs at the end of the tube
ufed by the glafs-blower upon fragments of glafs which adhere
to it, the mafs is then re-heated and worked in the ordinary
way. It is believed to date from the fixteenth century.
4th. Variegated or marbled opaque glafs, commonly known
by the German word fchmelz. The moft common variety is a
mixture of green and purple, which, by tranfmitted light,
appears deep red ; fometimes it refembles jafper, fometimes
chalcedony ; other varieties are imitations of lapis lazuli and
tortoife fhell, and an opaque white, fpeckled with blue and red,
is met with. Avanturine may be included in this clafs, and
patches of it are fometimes found mixed with fchmelz. Thefe
appear to belong in great part to the feventeenth century, but
the jafper colour we have feen was made in the fifteenth century.
Avanturine, as has been ftated, was invented in the feventeenth
century. 5th. Millefiori or mofaic glafs. This is made from feftions
of the canne, or rods, which exhibit patterns. Thefe wares are
clearly imitations of the ancient Roman procefs, but are not
executed with as much tafte and fuccefs. The procefs would

xcvi Introduction.
appear to have been tried in the fifteenth century, as it is
mentioned by Sabellico.
6th. Reticulated, filigree, or lace glafs ; called by the
Italians " vitro di trina," " di filigrana," " a ritorti," and
" a reticelli." Thefe varieties contain fine threads of glafs,
generally coloured, but fometimes milk-white (latticinio) in
cluded in their fubftance, and are certainly among the moft
beautiful of the products of the fkill of Murano. The idea
was, no doubt, borrowed from antique fragments, but the
Venetians far furpaffed the ancients, if we may judge the latter
by what has come down to us. M. Labarte has given an
elaborate account of the manner in which many of the patterns
were produced. The general outline of the procefs is as
follows: — Canes were prepared enclofing threads of opaque
white or coloured glafs ; thefe were placed fide by fide in a
mould, and a thin bubble of glafs blown into the midft, fo as
to adhere to the canes ; the whole was then reheated and formed
into a hollow cylinder, which was then fafhioned in the fame
manner as any ordinary glafs. An infinite variety of patterns
may, it is evident, be produced by modifications of this procefs.
A ftill further intricacy was obtained by ufing two cafes or
cylinders, the lines of which ran in contrary directions ; when
one of thefe was placed infide the other and the two welded
together, a reticulated pattern was produced. A fmall bubble
of air was left at each croffing of the canes, as each of them
would project a little above the general furface of the cylinder
or cafe of which it formed a part. An extraordinary amount
of dexterity and fkill in manipulation muft have been required
to produce works fo minute and delicate in their details and
fo perfeftly exact and regular in their patterns, as are the fineft
fpecimens of this kind.
Veffels of all fizes and forms were made of this " vitro di
trina," or lace glafs, comprifing cups, drinking glafies, ewers,

Introduction. xcvii
tazze, and circular difhes. Lazari mentions an example of the
laft, in ' the Correr collection, meafuring nearly 23 in. in
diameter {55 centimetri), as one of extraordinary fize. This
he attributes to the manufactory of Briati.
The thinnefs of Venetian glafs made it unfuitable for cutting
or engraving; but in the eighteenth century the defire to pro
duce objefts in the fafhionable ftyle of the time induced the
manufacturers, and probably Briati in particular, to make fome
effays in thofe modes of ornamentation ; one of thefe in the
Correr Mufeum, a decanter, has the arms of Fofcari with a
cypher of A and F, cut with the wheel ; this was, no doubt,
made for Alvife Fofcari, Doge of Venice from 1735 to 1741,
and probably by Briati. A few examples are engraved with
ornaments of flowers and foliage with a diamond point ; this,
however, was also done in Germany, as Matthefius,1 writing
about 1562, mentions the practice.
Very few notices of the making of glafs for mofaic are
found either in the Mariegole or other documents. In 13 17 a
decree of the Great Council granted to Giovanni di Murano
" fiolajo " permiffion to work in making " fmalti " even during
the months when the making of glafs was prohibited. In 1589
Pietro Ballarin made " fmalti " of various colours and with
gold ground, and furnifhed thefe for the mofaics of St. Mark's
church, the former coft 14 the latter 19 ducats per 100 lbs.
" fottile" (Monografia, p. 268).
The " criftallai," by which name the makers of glaffes for
fpeftacles came to be known, would appear to have owed it to
the fact that lenfes were firft made of cryftal and afterwards of
glafs. Eye-glaffes are believed to have been invented by Salvino
Armato degli Armati, a Florentine, about the year 1286.
Aleffandro Spina is fometimes credited with the invention.
Signor Cecchetti has found in a " capitolare " of the workers in
1 In his fifteenth Sermon, p. 902.
g. g

xcviii Introduction.
cryftal, under date ofthe 2nd April 1300, a prohibition io buy
or fell feveral clafles of objefts of white glafs counterfeiting
cryftal, among thefe are " roidi da ogli " and " lapidas ad
legendum," obvioufly lenfes. Before long, however, this pro
hibition was withdrawn, and in 1301 permiffion was given to
make " vitreos ab oculis ad legendum." This branch of glafs-
making continued for a long time to flourifh at Venice, Garzoni
(circa 1580) in his Piazza Univerfale names two fpeftacle
makers at Venice as being in the greateft repute, among the
many who practifed the art.
The principle of forming a mirror by backing glafs with
metal was, if not known to the Romans of the Imperial period,1
well known in the Middle Ages. John Pecham (circa 1279),
in his Treatife on Optics, fays (Prop. 7) that mirrors of glafs
are lined with lead (" fpecula vitrea funt plumbo fubdufta ") ;
and in Propofition 4 alludes to the ufe of lead. Roger
Bacon, Vincent of Beauvais, and Raymond Lully, all ftate the
fame thing. Beekman (" Hift. of Inventions," Art Mirrors,)
fays, that before A.D. 1500 mirrors were made in Nurem-
burg, by blowing into the glafs bubble, ftill hot, a metallic
mixture with a little refin or fait of tartar. The bubble was
then cut into fmall round mirrors.
The MS. treatife of the middle of the fifteenth century,
which has been already mentioned, gives a receipt,2 by follow
ing which it is ftated that a good mirror will be made ; it is
clear that the refult of the procefs would be merely to apply to
the glafs a leaf of lead flightly alloyed with tin ; as there is no
mention of quickfilver, it is evident that the author of the

1 Two ancient mirrors of glafs faid pece ifpagnuola e cola el piombo poi
to have been found in a tomb at Sak- vi metti la pegola infino che 1' furumo
kara near Memphis are in the mufeum da le vada via e poi vi metti dentro
at Turin (Peligot, Le Verre, p. 213). tanto ftagno, quanto e un granello di
2 No. LXXII. A face fpecchio. cece e poi con quefto imbratta il vetro
Piglia lib. una di piombo e one una di dell' uno de' lati et verra bello fpecchio.

Introduction. xcix
receipt had no knowledge of the modern fyftem, by which an
amalgam of lead or tin is applied to the glafs. The invention
of this modern fyftem feems to have been made in Germany
in the fifteenth century, as will be mentioned hereafter ; but for
another century metallic mirrors were evidently preferred to
thofe of glafs.
The firft mention of the making of glafs mirrors at Venice
would appear to be a petition from Nicolo Cocco and two others,
in A.D. 13 17, ftating that they had made an agreement with a
" magifter de Alemania " who knew how to work glafs for
mirrors (qui vitrum a fpeculis laborare fciebat), that he had
broken his agreement and departed, leaving on their hands a
great quantity of alum mixed with foot (aluminis gatini com-
pofiti cum fuligine1) and they afked permiffion to fell the alum in
queftion, the exportation of which from Venice was prohibited
(Monografia della Vetraria Veneziana e Muranefe, p. 11).
A document of doubtful authority {v. Monografia, p. 26)
ftates that one Vincenzo Redor or Roder introduced at Venice
the manufacture of mirrors of glafs, but there is fome evidence
that in 1498 fome attempt had been made to commence
it {v. Monografia, p. 265). Soon afterwards, viz. in 1507,
we find that two men of Murano, Andrea and Domenico
dal Gallo, addreffed to the Council of Ten a petition,
ftating that they poffeffed the fecret of making good and
perfect mirrors, a fecret which had hitherto been in the ex-
clufive poffeflion of one German glafs-houfe, which, affociated
with a Flemifh houfe, had monopolifed the trade, and afking
for an exclufive privilege for twenty-five years.2 One for

1 Soot was mixed with alum in order " noflra tandem trova el fecreto de far
that it might affift in burning the fui- " fpecchij de vero criftalin coffa pre-
phur exifting in that fait, and leave the " ciofa et fingolar, per non effer in
alkali free. Alum made bad glafs, and " tutto el mondo fe poi dir alcuno
its ufe was therefore prohibited. " habia quefto fecreto che fia bon e
2 " Con lo ingegno fatica e fpefa " perfefto falvo che una fola cafa in
g *

c Introduction.
twenty was accordingly granted. Such, probably, were the
mirrors which Pigafetta (who accompanied Magellan in his
voyage round the world between 15 19 and 1522) fays were
taken with them ; that they were of glafs is proved by his
ftatement that many were cracked (fpezzati). It would, how
ever, feem that the glafs mirrors made even in the fixteenth
century were not very perfect, for metal plates continued to
be ufed, as may be {e&n in the magnificent mirror cafe of fteel
damafcened with gold in the South Kenfington Mufeum, which
was made in 1550. The' plate of the mirror in the Louvre,
prefented to Marie de Medicis by the Republic of Venice in
1600, is faid to be of rock cryftal.
The " fpecchiai " or mirror-makers formed themfelves into
a "fcuola" or corporation, according to Sig. Cecchetti (Mono
grafia, &c, p. 27), in 1 569-1 570, and their "Mariegola"
compiled and aflented to by 60 of the trade received the appro
bation of the " Provveditori di Comun " and the " Giuftizieri
Vecchi" in 1569.
By one ofthe regulations every one claiming to be admitted
as a " capo maeftro " had to prove his ability to flatten and
polifh a piece of glafs of 17 (inches?), and to apply the
" foglia " or leaf of metal. The Venetian mirrors were formed
by blowing glafs into cylinders which were then flit, flattened
out on a ftone, and polifhed on a table. During the enfuing
two centuries mirrors were made in very large quantities at
Murano and exported to almoft all countries both eaft and
weft. In 1664 the Bifhop of Beziers, then French ambaffador
at Venice, when writing to Colbert (Peligot, Le Verre, p. 217)
eftimates the value of the mirrors sent to France at 100,000
crowns annually.

" Alemagna ; quale ha corrifpondenti " dendo a precij ecceffivi a fuo modo."
" cum un' altra in Fiandra de dove fe (Monografia, p. 36.)
" forniffe . . . tutto el mondo ven-

Introduction. ci
The efforts made in France and England during the feven
teenth century to manufacture mirrors were eventually fuc
cefsful, and as has been faid above (p. xciii) in 1772 only one
glafs-houfe at Murano continued to make mirrors.
The laft branch of glafs manufacture at Venice which has
to be mentioned is one more peculiar to that city than any
other, viz., that of bead-making, " Arte delle Conterie."
Signor Cecchetti is of opinion (Monografia, p. 13), that the
manufacture originated with the "criftaleri,'' or workers in
rock-cryftal and other hard ftones, who were led to imitate in
glafs the materials from which they made beads for rofaries or
ornament, and that were, fo to fpeak, the anceftors of the
" paternoftreri " (makers of rofaries), " margaritai " (makers
of fmall beads), and "fuppialume" (foffia-lume, thofe who
made large and enamelled beads by the help of the blow-pipe) ;
fo much was this true that the cc mariegola " of the Criftaleri
became the " Matricola Arte privilegiata de fuppialume."
This tranfition, according to Sig. Cecchetti (Monografia,
p. 266), took place about 1525.
This writer inclines to the opinion that the Muranefe owed
to Germany the invention of the art of bead-making, founding
this fuppofition upon a decifion of the Capitolo of the Art in
1510 {v. Monografia, p. 14), which he prints at length from
the Mariegole dei Verieri di Murano. This document ftates
that about twenty years previoufly the Germans had devifed
to caufe the glafs-makers of Murano to make rods of common
cryftalline and varioufly coloured glafs which they carried into
Germany, and there worked, pierced and threaded, then brought
them back to Venice, and fhipped them to the Levant, where,
it is faid, fuch merchandife is in great reputation ; it is therefore
ordered that any of the matters in Murano may work, pierce,
cut, and polifh fuch canes, and make long and fhort pater-
nofters by means of mills or of lathes, or otherwife. The

cii Introduction.
reafon affigned for this ordinance is, that the trade may remain
in Murano and not pafs into foreign lands.1
With all the deference due to the opinion of one fo capable
of coming to a correct conclufion as Sig. Cecchetti, it muft be
remarked that this document appears by no means to warrant
that at which he has arrived. The objeft to be attained is
ftated throughout, to be that of preferving to Murano an
exifting trade, not of creating a new one ; vThat had really taken
place was probably that the Germans finding that in the
mountains labour was to be had at a very cheap rate had
adopted a fyftem by which the rods were cut and polifhed in
German territory inftead of at Murano, the makers of the
rods having poffibly been prevented, from working them into
beads by privileges appertaining to the corporation of " crifta-
" leri." This decifion was probably one of the fteps leading
to the fufion of that body and the bead-makers, which took
place in 1525.
It is very unlikely that while for many centuries the Vene
tians had been carrying on an active trade with the Eaft, where
beads muft have been always in demand, and for at leaft three

1 " . . . Et acciocche fi nobile meftier veniente e neceffario proveder di op-
(i.e. of glafs-making) romagni qui in portuno rimedio ; pero l'andr a parte che
Muran . . . . et non vadino in terre cadauna bottega de verieri da Muran
aliene, effendo ftato trovato da anni et maiftri di quella poffa far far pater-
vinti in qua in circa da Todefchi una noftri curti et longhi fi in Muran come
invention de far far a noi verieri da fuori di Muran con tutte quelle mani-
Muran canne de vero comun chriftal- fatture faccie et facciate fi vorranno et
line et colorade de diverfi forti le quali farranno ordinate. Et fimiliter far et
loro Todefchi portavano in terra todefca far far cannelle etfpolette et tutte cofe che
ditte canne et quelle fcavezzade et in- poteffero in advento occorrer del meftier
filzade et lavorade le conducevano qui noftro fi de criftallini come de vero
in Venetia et navegaffe per Levante et bianco maffizzi et foppiadi a torno et a
effendo hora quefta mercadantia in muola et etiam fenza muola come a
colmo et in reputatione per il ditto noi meglio parera far del ditto meftier
viazo volendola confervor nel meftier noftro," &c.
noftro di verieri di Muran, com' e con-

Introduction. ciii
largely engaged in making glafs, they fhould be at laft indebted
to the Germans for the idea of making objefts of fo fimple a
character. Some beads may no doubt have been made in Syria, but
furely it is more likely that a large part of thofe fent to the
Eaftern market were made at Venice ; if fuch had not been the
cafe it would have been ftrange that Germans fhould have
thought of manufacturing them. In the Mariegola dei Crifta
leri {v. Monografia, p. 224), are repeated prohibitions, enacted
in the fourteenth century, directed againft thofe who made of
glafs fuch objefts as were ufually made of cryftal or other
hard ftones. Thefe prove that the making of fuch objefts
in glafs was often attempted, and very probably by fome of
thofe whofe ordinary occupation was the making of beads,
bracelets, rings, &c.
Whenfoever the art of bead-making became fully efta-
blifhed it is certain that in the fixteenth century it had be
come one of much importance at Venice. It was divided
into two branches, that of the " Margaritai," makers of final],
and " Perlai," makers of large beads; thefe laft are fometimes
called Paternoftreri. Thefe two made their products by
different proceffes ; that employed by the Margaritai {v.
Monografia, p. 125), has fince circa 1800, confifted in break
ing the tubes or rods of glafs into fmall pieces, each of which
is to form a bead ; thefe are placed in a mixture of lime and
charcoal called " firibiti," which filling the holes in the frag
ments, prevents their being clofed during the fubfequent firing.
The fragments are then placed, with a mixture of fand and
charcoal, in an iron veffel (tubo), which is fo adjufted over a
furnace that a kind of rotatory motion can be given to it. By
this means the feftions of tubes are formed into globes ; they
1 As everywhere elfe in the Middle Venice a privilege of doing certain work
Ages each trade corporation had at or of felling fuch and fuch articles,

civ Introduction.
are then fhaken in bags, by which operation the stoppings are
removed, and they are finally polifhed by being fhaken in
facks with bran. According, however, to the Abate Zanetti
(Monografia, p. 1 29), the " tubo " has only been in ufe fince
the beginning of this century, fmall beads having been pre-
vioufly made " a ferracia," a procefs defcribed as being much
lefs expeditious.1
The large beads, " perle," were made by placing the frag
ments of " canne " on an iron cylinder (fpiedo), and expofing
them to the heat of a furnace, or by twifting the glafs in a
ftate of femi-fufion round the fpiedo, and working it into a
bead either with the help of a tool or by rolling it on a flab of
marble. A feftion of the bead-makers were the " fuppialume,"
thofe who formed or ornamented beads by the help of the
blow-pipe. All thofe ornamented externally with foliage, flowers,
&c, of glafs or enamel, are made by this procefs. One Andrea
Vidaore is credited with its invention in the year 1528, but it
would appear that the fact cannot be proved documentarily
(v. Monografia, p. 266). In 1629 they were compelled to be
infcribed among the members of the " fcuola " of the " pater-
noftreri" and " margariteri," but in 1648 they partially
fevered themfelves from that affociation, and had thenceforward
a feparate council and prefident. In 173 1 this branch ofthe
art was fo extenfively practifed that it is ftated by the brothers
Bertolini that 800 lbs. of oil were daily confumed in the lamps
employed. Towards the end of the century from 600 to 1,000
workmen found occupation at the lamps.
In the eighteenth century a prodigious quantity of beads

1 Unfortunately the authors of the a bead would be formed. In 1731
Monografiia nowhere tell us what this the Margaritai made use of " certe
procefs was, it may be furmifed that padelle di rame " copper pots or cru-
a rod was heated and divided by a pro- cibles (v. Mongrafia, p. 17).
perly formed iron, by which procefs

Introduction. cv
was made at Murano. About 1764 twenty-two furnaces were
employed in that induftry, with a production of about 44,000
pounds per week, one house at Liverpool about this period
bought beads to the value of 30,000 ducats annually (Mono
grafia, p. 20).
It may be readily conceived that a vaft variety of patterns
were produced. A tariff drawn up in 1800 contains an
enumeration of 562 fpecies, and a " grandiffimo," number of
fub-fpecies of beads.
The manufacture continues to be one of great importance,
the annual export amounting in value to nearly 200,000/. per
annum (Mongrafia, p. 197).
A few words may be faid, in conclufion, upon the compo
fition of Venetian glafs. Its lightnefs and ftrength are, as is
well known, due to its not containing lead like our modern
flint glafs ; and this lightnefs enabled the makers to produce
thofe miracles of delicacy and flightnefs which we admire fo
much. As has been feen, earneft endeavours were made to
keep the proceffes of manufacture fecret, and thefe have fo far
fucceeded that few particulars of the manner in which the
manufacture was conducted have been made public. The MS.
of 1443 mentioned above, contains many recipes for making
various kinds of glafs, but they are difficult to underftand, the
words ufed being unfamiliar and their meaning obfcure, one
recipe directs 200 lbs. of the rough foda, 40 lbs. of tartar
(gromma) depofited from wine, 150 lbs. of pebbles from the
Ticino, and 7 oz. of manganefe, to be ufed to make " criftal-
lino." Alum was ufed as early as the fourteenth century, as
has been mentioned above (p. xcix), as a material fupplying
alkali, but it produced bad glafs, and its ufe was therefore
prohibited by decrees of the Great Council in 1306 and 1330
(Monografia, p. 11). Biringuccio (Pirotechnia, Lib. ii.) tells
us that the materials for glafs were alkali, obtained either from
the afhes of a " herba calida," brought from Syria or from the

cvi Introduction.
neighbourhood of Maguelonne, near Montpelier, or from thofe
of fern or of " uznea " l (mofs, or lichen, or feaweed ?) and
pebbles of white quartz,2 or if thefe were not to be had, white,
fharp fand. Two parts of the fand, or pebbles, and one of the
alkali were to be well mixed with a certain quantity of manga
nefe, and the whole melted in a reverberatory furnace. The
mafs thus obtained when broken up, he fays, was called
" fritta," and he then proceeds to give directions refpefting the
form and dimenfions of the furnaces and pots in which the glafs
was to be melted for working.
Garzoni, who wrote about 1580, in his Piazza Univerfale,
gives a very fimilar account, but fays that the glafs made with
the alkali obtained from fern afhes was yellow and weak, and
calls the plant named "uznea" by Biringuccio, "ugnea."3
The afhes brought from the Eaft or from Syria, according to
him, were the beft, but they were alfo brought from France.
It feems not unlikely that the cenere obtained from ugnea or
uznea was kelp. Iron calcined, he ftates, gave a red colour,
tin a white, copper a green, and lead an emerald hue.
Much information will be found in a work lately publifhed
(Le Verre by M. Peligot) on the chemiftry of glafs, and the
means by which various colours are produced, it however
defcribes modern rather than ancient practice.
The productions of Murano fo entirely eclipfed thofe of
other Italian cities, that it is difficult to find any mention of
their efforts in glafs making. Much painted glafs was, how
ever, produced in Italy all through the Middle Ages, and all
doubtlefs was not made at Murano ; it has been ftated above

1 " Tai cenere chi dice che la fi fa di 3 John Florio in " Queen Anna's
felceechiDuzneaqualdiqueftahorfianon " New World of Words," publifhed in
importa." (Pirotechnia, lib. ii. c. xii.) 1611, explains ugnea as "a kinde of
2 " Quelle pietre vive et bianche di " fearne of whofe afhes they make the
fiume vifta chiare e frangibile, e che " beft kinde of glafs."
hanno certo afpetto di vetro."

Introduction. cvii
(p. lxxviii), that a petition prefented to the Grand Council of
Venice in 1295 afferts that glafs furnaces exifted in feven of
the moft important cities of northern Italy, and it appears,
from an Acte Teftimonial publifhed by Mr. Filon (L'Art de
terre chez les Poitevins, &c), that in the city of Faltare
(Falletto ?), in the Marquifate of Montferrat, there were con-
fuls ofthe art of glafs making in 1495. About 1623 Sir R.
Manfel procured a " whole company of glafs makers from
Mantua" (Col. of State Papers, Dom. Series, 28 Jan. 1634),
and in the fame year Capt. Anthoine Miotti addreffed a petition
to Philip IV. of Spain, in which he afferts that Rome had two
eftablifhments for glafs making, Florence one, and that Milan
and Verona had tried to fet fuch on foot. Probably fome of
the veffels which we fuppofe to be Venetian are the produce of
fome of thefe glafs houfes. It feems ftrange to find that not-
withftanding fo much glafs-making, glafs was but little ufed
for windows, yet Sir R. Worfley (MS. Journal of Travels, at
Brocklefby Park, Lincolnfhire), wrote in 1688 "A pretty big
" town called Murano where they make yB fine Venice glafs, in
" all the great towns of Italy except Genoa and this city they
" have paper in their fafhes inftead of glafs."
Glass in France.
Pliny (Lib. xxxvi., cap. 66, 67) tells us that glafs was made
in Gaul, and there is good ground for thinking that glafs-making
was carried on there on a confiderable fcale and in many places.
In the Mufee Lapidaire at Lyons is preferved an infcription,
No. 171 (Notice du Mufee Lapidaire de Lyon, par M. Comar-
mont, p. 48), to the memory of Julius Alexander, a citizen of
Carthage and worker in glafs.1

1 " D.M. et memoriae aeternae Juli nefi omini optimo opifici artis vitriae,"
Alexfadri natione Afri civi Carthagi- &c.

cviii Introduction.
Much antique glafs has been found in Normandy and in
Poitou ; in the former country many veffels of a fomewhat
peculiar form, fimulating fmall barrels, have been found in
tombs, probably of the fecond or third century, they bear the
maker's marks, Fro, Front, Frontiniana (" Le Seine Inferieure,"
by Abbe Cochet). The name Amaranus appears on a fragment
of glafs found at Brotonne (Cochet), and Galgacus on a veffel
found in Poitou (Fillon, l'Art de terre, &c, p. 186).
It feems probable that glafs-making went on in feveral parts
of France under the Merovingian dynafty ; veffels of glafs are
frequently found in fepulchres of the fixth century. Ruricius,
Bifhop of Limoges, circa A.D. 506, writes (Lib. i., epift. 1 2)
of a Vitrarius,1 and Fortunatus, Bifhop of Poitiers (ob. 609),
in defcribing a grand banquet, fays that birds were ferved in
difhes of glafs.
About A.D. 675 Benedict Bifcop procured from France
workmen to make glafs for the church of the monaftery at
Wearmouth (Bede, Lib. i. cap. 5). In 677, according to Filiafi
(Saggio dell' antico commercio, &c), many[Greek workmen went
to France to work in glafs.
M. Fillon (p. 1 97) quotes a diploma of Louis le Debon-
naire (A.D. 825) in which a " Portus Vitrearias " is named as
a bound-mark in the "pays d'Herbauges," and (p. 198) finds
mention ofa Robertus Vitrearius in a charter of 1088. The
fame writer inftances many other glafs-makers of the thirteenth,
fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, who worked in Poitou. In
1466 twelve dozen glaffes and one dozen ewers were rendered
from the glaff- works of La Ferriere to the Abbefs of Ste. Croix
at Poitiers, for liberty to collect fern on her land (Fillon,
p. 202).
x"Vitrarium . . me deftinaffe fignifico cujus opus nitore non fragili-
tate oportet imitare."

Introduction. cix
Scarcely any examples of artiftic efforts which can be fup
pofed to have come from thefe medieval glafs houfes are now
extant; but M. Fillon has engraved a drageoir with the arms
of Charles VIII. of France (1470-1498), and foliage in gold
of a mediasval character, which may very poflibly have come
from thence. Engraved glaffes of very good ftyle exift which
date from the latter half of the fixteenth century.
In 1572 one Fabriano Salviati, " gentilhomme de Murane
pais de Venife," came into Poitou to practife his art ; and about
1588 certain glafs-makers named Sarode eftablifhed works at
Foffe de Nantes and at Vendrennes ; thefe laft came from a
place in the Marquifate of Montferrat, which in the " Acte
Teftimonial," printed by M. Fillon, is called Faltare ; the only
town to be found in the maps which refembles this in name is
Falletto. In the feventeenth and eighteenth centuries the induftry
declined, partly in confequence of the competition of the
works eftablifhed at La Rochelle and Nantes.
Some, at any rate, of the glafs-makers of Poitou appear to
have from an early date produced utenfils of glafs ; and the
fettlement of Venetians and others fkilled in the art no doubt
ftimulated this branch of induftry, and confiderable efforts
appear to have been made to produce fine and ornamental
wares. Several examples of enamelled glaffes of very good
ftyle exift, fome of which have been engraved by M. Fillon.
On one of thefe are the arms of a family of Poitou ; on a very
pretty drinking glafs are the words, " A bon vin ne fault point
" anseigne," i.e., " Good wine needs no bufh." He alfo ftates that
many vafes, cups, bottles, &c. are ftill found entire or in
fragments, both of white and coloured glafs ; of the latter he
mentions fome as opalefcent, others as marbled, or fpotted with
a fine rofe-red, blue, and fometimes green. Of the former he
mentions, as a remarkable example, x\feau, or pail, about 14^ in.

ex Introduction.
high by 14 in. in diameter, with lions' heads as handles. This
is faid to have been made in the neighbourhood of Parthenay.
There were alio glaff-houfes in Provence as early as the
thirteenth century, and thefe in the fixteenth appear to have
attained confiderable fkill. The curious drinking glafs, No.
824 of the catalogue of the Slade Collection, may with much
probability be attributed to fome Provencal manufacturer, as
the infcriptions fhow that it was made for one Jehan Boucau,
and a family of the name of Boucault exifted in Provence. It
is of yellowifh glafs, and enamelled in colours ; the coftumes
of the figures on it indicate the earlier part of the fixteenth
century. In 1338, Humbert, Dauphin of Viennois, granted to a glaff-
maker, named Guionet, a portion of the Foreft of Chamborant
to eftablifh there glafs works, on condition that he fhould
furnifh the Dauphin annually a confiderable quantity of glafs
wares amounting in all to no lefs that 3,151 pieces.1
Glafs was evidently more in ufe for articles of common and
daily ufe in France than in England, and was made at a low
price in the fourteenth century, for in a charter of the year 1309
(Hift. Dalph, t. i., p. 97) it is granted that a glaff-maker,
expofing his wares for fale, fhould give one glafs, or, if he pre
ferred it, pay a denier. In the year 1338 (Hift. Nem. t. ii.
p. 88), mention is made of the payment of feven fous (folidi)
for fifteen ewers (amfori).
1 Le Grand d'Auffy, Hiftorie de la " fans bord ; douze de pots ; douze
vie priv'ee des Francois. Paris, 1 8 1 5. " d'aiguieres ; cinq de petits vaiffeaux
T. iii., p. 221 ; who gives the follow- " nommes gottelles ; une de falieres ;
ing account : " Cent douzaines de " vingt de lampes ; fix de chandeliers ;
" verres en forme de cloche ; douze " une de larges taffes ; une de petits
" douzaines de petits verres evases ; " barrils ; une grande nef, et fix
" vingt douzaines de hanaps ou coupes " grandes bottes pour tranfporter du
" a pied; douze d'amphores ; trente- " vin." The charter is printed in
"fix d'urinals; douze de grandes Hift. Dalph., t. ii., p. 363.
" ecuelles ; fix de plats ; fix de plats

Introduction. cxi
A very large quantity of glafs was made in Normandy, and
full details upon the fubjeft will be found in the works of
M. le Vaillant de la Fieffe (Les Verries de la Normandie), and
M. Milet (Hiftoire d'un four a verre).
The furnace, the hiftory of which is written by M. Milet,
was at Bezu le Foret, department de TEure, at a fpot in the
foreft known as the Fontaine du Houx ; a fragment of a roll of
accounts in the Bibliotheque Nationale (Fonds Latin des Nouv.
Acquis, 2,017) fhows that in 1302 it was worked for account
of the King, and that the expenfe for half a year was 90 livres
16 fols 8 deniers. The alkali was obtained from fern, the
charge for collection and carriage form part of the account.
The glafs made is called " groffum vitrum," and was window
glafs. This furnace and others in the neighbourhood, in 141 6,
were worked by Robin and Lehan Guichard, " voirryers yffus
" de lignee voirryers de toute anciennete," and paffed from
them to the Le Vaillant's. Pierre le Vaillant in 1490 had from
Charles VIII. letters patent as "ecuier voirrier," confirming his
" • privileges de verrerie," which included certain rights as
regards cutting wood in the royal forefts. From that time
down to the prefent century thefe furnaces, and one at Haye
de Neufmarche, were worked by members of the Le Vaillant
family or their relations. All the workers are ftyled " gen-
" tilfhommes," and, as was the cafe in the other " families
" verrieres" in the fame country, all the proprietors — members
of the firm, as we fhould fay — learnt the art, if they did not
actually do ordinary work at the furnace themfelves.
At what time the practice of confidering the making of glafs
as an art which not only did not detract from nobility of birth,
but perhaps even conferred it, originated in France, does not
appear ; but the above shows that as early as 1490 individual
glafs-makers obtained privileges of " nobleffe."
M. Sauzay (p. 47) quotes Paliffy to this effect : " L'art de
" la verrerie eft noble et ceux qui y befongnent font nobles."

cxii Introduction.
The real ftate of the cafe is clearly expreffed by the arret of the
Cour des Aides, at Paris, in 1597 (Sauzay, p. 48) : " Sans qu'a
" l'occafion de 1'exercife et du trafic de la verrerie les verriers
" puiffent pretendre avoir acquis le degre de nobleffe ou droit
r< d'exemption comme ainfi que les habitants des lieux puiffent
fC pretendre que les verriers faffent acte derogeant a nobleffe."
In later times the glafs-works were, on this account, the
refuge of many of the impoverifhed Huguenot gentlemen ; and
M. Coquerel (Les forcats pour la Foi, p. 5 29) tells us that in
1746 more than forty " gentilfhommes verriers" of Conferans,
in Gafcony, were fent to the galleys for the crime of profeffing
the reformed religion.
The Norman glafs-works do not feem to have produced
anything but window glafs and common wares, fuch as* bottles
and other common utenfils.
In the fixteenth century Henri II. brought into France an
Italian named Thefeo Mutio, and eftablifhed him at St. Ger-
main-en-Laye.1 In 1598 Henri IV. permitted Vincent Baffon
and Thomas Bartholus, " gentilfhommes verriers," natives of
Mantua, to eftablifh themfelves at Rouen, in order to make
there " verres de criftal, verres dores emaulx, et autres ouvrages
tc qui fe font aVenife"2 (Houdoy, p. 22). In 1603 he
eftablifhed manufactories at Paris and Nevers, and it is to them
that M. Labarte afcribes a ewer and bafin of opal glafs,
formerly in the d'Huyvetter collection at Ghent, with the
infcription, vive la belle qve mon coevr aisme, 1625.
The ewer is now in the Britifh Mufeum.
Such examples are, however, of very great rarity, but it is
poffible that fome of the glaffes fuppofed to be Venetian are
really of French origin.
1 Le Grand d'Auffy. T. iii., p. 222. with blue, like the fabric of Rouen, as
2 Groffe, Beit, zur Gefch. der Gef aff- of the feventeenth century, and as being
bildnerei, &c, mentions a vafe and two in the collection in the Japanefe palace
plates, white, painted on the furface at Drefden.

Introduction. cxiii
Glafs was alfo made in Lorraine before the fixteenth century.1
In 1664 Colbert wrote to the French ambaffador at Venice
requefting him to procure workmen for a glafs houfe, but,
according to M. Sauzay (Merveilles de la Verrerie, p. 106),
the ambaffador replied that if he did fo he ran the rifk of
being thrown into the fea. In 1665 eighteen Venetian glafs-
makers were aftually obtained, and a company was formed for
the making of mirrors, which was eftablifhed in the Faubourg
St. Antoine, at Paris. Another mirror factory exifted at Tour-
la-ville, near Cherbourg, the property of Richard Lucas, Sieur
de Nehou, the art, according to a tradition mentioned by
M. Sauzay, having been brought there by certain young men
of Strafburg, who had contrived to obtain furreptitioufly a
knowledge of the manner in which it was carried on at Venice.
Colbert arranged the union of the two factories, and the manu
facture flourifhed, and produced great quantities of large plates.
Thofe of the " Galerie des Glaces," at VerfailJ.es, were, accord
ing to M. Sauzay, made under the direction of Richard Lucas,
and according to M. Peligot (Le Verre, p. 220), muft have
coft 654,600 livres ; the gallery was built between 1678 and 1683.
The nephew of Richard Lucas, Louis Lucas, is faid by M.
Sauzay to have invented, in 1688 (? 1691), the procefs of cafting
glafs, which made it poffible to produce plates of very great fize.
Many writers, however, attribute the invention to Abraham
Theyart, {v. Le Verre by M. Peligot, p. 225), who made
plates 84 in. by 50 in. In 1693 the factory was transferred to
St. Gobain, where the manufacture of glafs is ftill carried on on
a very great fcale. Glass in Spain.
As in the cafe of France, we have it on the authority of
Pliny that glafs was made in Spain in his time ; and this ftate-
1 See Beaupre Recherches fur les verriers dans Vancienne Lorraine. Nancy,
1847. c. h

cxiv Introduction.
ment is confirmed by numerous remains of glafs furnaces
which have been met with in various parts of that country.
Senor Rico y Sinobas (Del Vidrio, p. n) fays that in the
Ibero-Roman period glafs was made chiefly in the valleys which
run from the Pyrenees to the coaft of Catalonia, near the
mouth of the Ebro not far from Tortofa, alfo in Valencia, and
Murcia, in the valleys of Olleria, Salinas, Bufot, and Rio
Almanzora ; fome centuries later, he thinks, in Cuenca, Toledo,
Avila, and Segovia. The furnaces were fmall, four cubits in
diameter and fix in height, as appears from their ruins ; the pots,
truncated cones, one cubit high. Thence came the objects found
in tombs in Spain, which he enumerates as fmall jars with
handles ; cups ; vials without foot, but with a wide neck ; pateras
with gold ; difhes, thick and moulded falt-cellars, fmall ana
phoras, lacrimatories ; rings, red, yellow, and gilded ; counters
and bracelets.
The manufacture, he thinks, continued to exift under the
Gothic kings, and he goes on to quote a tranflation made in
the twelfth century of the Lapidario of Abolais, who is
believed to have written in Hebrew in the feventh century, and
who fays of it that it is of feveral colours — white, which is the
nobleft ; red, green, " xade," which he explains as the dark hue
of obfidian, and purple. Abolico alfo mentions its ufe in
windows and as a burning lens.
To this may be oppofed the opinion of M. Labarte (Hift.
des Arts Induftriels, Vol. IV., p. 548), who thinks that the art
did not furvive the invafion of the barbarians. This opinion
he grounds on the mention made of glafs by Ifidore of Seville
(ob. 636), who fays, " Olim fiebat et in Italia et per Gallias et
" Hifpaniam . . . vitrum purum et candidum." In ftrift-
nefs, however, this paffage at moft only fhows that pure white
glafs was not then made, not that no glafs at all was made.
Senor Juan F. Riano, in the Introduction to the Catalogue
of Art Objefts of Spanifh Production in the South Kenfington

Introduction. cxv
Mufeum, has fupplied much information with regard to the later
hiftory of Spanifh glafs-making. He commences the modern
hiftory of the art in Spain by ftating that Ai Makari' the
Arabian author of the Mahomedan Dynafties in Spain, copying
an Arab author of the thirteenth century, Afh-Shakandi, fays
that " Almeria was alfo famous for the fabrication of all forts
" of vafes and utenfils, whether of iron, copper, or glafs."
The making of glafs at Barcelona was probably of equal
if not greater antiquity. " In a municipal edict- of 1324 is a
" prohibition that the glafs ovens fhould be infide the city."
" In 1455 permiflion was granted to the ' vidrieros ' to form a
" corporation under the patronage of St. Bernardino, and from
" this period fome ofthe members figure as holding municipal
" charges." " Jeronimo Paulo, who wrote, in 1491, a defcrip-
" tion in Latin of the moft remarkable things at Barcelona,
" fays, they alfo fend to Rome and other places many glafs
" veffels of different forts and kinds, which may well compete
" with thofe of Venice. Marineus Siculus, who writes at the
" beginning of the fixteenth century, fays that the beft glafs
" made in Spain is that of Barcelona ; and Gafpar Baneiros, in
" his Chronographia, publifhed at Coimbra, in 1562, mentions
" that excellent glafs was made at Barcelona, almoft equal to the
" Venetian. From the beginning of the feventeenth century
" there are frequent allufions to the merit of the Barcelona
" glafs and to the vaft quantity which was exported. The
" author of the Atlante Efpaiiol, in 1795, tells us that at the end
" of the previous century they continued to make excellent
" glafs in imitation of the Venetian, at Barcelona. The fame
" author ftates that excellent glafs was made in 1780 at
" Mataro, Cervello, and Almaket, all in Catalonia."
Glafs was alfo made at Cadalfo, in the province of Toledo,
as early as the beginning of the fixteenth century. Marineus
Siculus fays, " glafs was made in many towns of Caftille, the

cxvi Introduction.
" moft important being Cadalfo, which furnifhed the whole
" kingdom." In the latter end of the feventeenth century the induftry
began to fall off, but was revived by Don Ant. Obando in
1692. This revival lafted until the middle of the laft century.
No. 395.-73 and others of this collection are ftated by Senor
Riano to be glafs of Cadalfo.
In 1546, 1590, and 1660, "vidrieros" furnifhed glafs
veffels, chiefly lamps, to the Cathedral of Toledo, as Senor
Riano has afcertained from accounts in the archives.
In 1609 there was a glafs oven at Cebreros in Segovia,
where cryftalline glafs was made; and in 1680, at San
Martin de Valdeiglefias, where Venetian glafs was imitated.
The Director was Diodonet Lambot, a native of Namur.
Other glafs works were at Torre de Efteban, Hambroz, in 1680,
which gave the moft brilliant refults ; and at Recuenco, in the
province of Cuenca, in the beginning of the fixteenth century,
and in 1722 ; alfo in the feventeenth century at Valdemaquada,
in the province of Avilo ; in a royal fchedule dated 1680,
ftating the prices at which things were to be fold in Madrid,
glafs made at Barcelona, Valdemaquada, and Villafranca, in
imitation of the Venetian, is mentioned ; and the glafs of Valde
maquada, was fold for a higher price than that made at the
other places. There was also an important manufactory at
La Granja famous for fine chandeliers, mirrors, and engraved
glafs. (Intro, to Cat. by Senor Riano, p. xxxiv.)
What we have of the products of thefe factories fcarcely
feems to fupport the affertion that the glafs rivalled Venetian,
though feveral pieces in the collection formed by Senor Riano
clofely refemble the products of Murano. One reafon of the
fuccefs of fo many factories making glafs ofthe fame character
as Venetian, and of the failures in England, (as will be feen here
after), was no doubt that the Spanifh, in the interior of a country

Introduction. cxvii
ill provided with means for the tranfport of fuch an article as
glafs, had not to fustain fo fevere a competition as the Englifh
factories. Spain is not a country very productive of fuel, and doubt-
lefs when the glafs-houfes had burnt up the wood in their
neighbourhood the manufacture ceafed to be profitable. It
would feem that, except near the coaft, the glafs muft have been
made with potafh, obtained from the lees of wine or from
burnt wood, the tranfport of foda either from Egypt, or from
the coaft on which it could be produced from feaweed, would
have been extremely coftly. At Barcelona and other places on
or near the coaft foda may, of courfe, have been ufed.
Seilor Rico y Sinobas has given a very extenfive lift of
painters on glafs in Spain, the names of great numbers of whom
have been preferved in the archives of the cathedrals. He
ftates (p. 20) that glafs for thefe purpofes was, if not made,
certainly painted in the immediate neighbourhood, in the clofes,
in fact, of the great churches, inftancing particularly Toledo.
The collection of Spanifh glafs in this Mufeum, of an earlier
date than the nineteenth century, has been entirely formed by
Senor Riano, and the attributions of dates and places of manu
facture are altogether due to him ; the articles of quite recent
make prove that in fome factories the old forms and the old
fyftem of ornamentation are ftill in ufe. The collection is
interefting as preferving a great number of examples of the
rude and ftrange veffels in common ufe. Spain is a very
unchanging country, and many of thefe may be copies of
thofe in ufe at a very remote period. The Angular drinking
veffels, fuch as Nos. 179-73, 1 52.-73, and others, recall the
cup of the cobbler of Beneventum, with its four lips, which
Juvenal mentions (Sat. V. v. 46. ; fee p. xlvi).
Elegance of form or make is not often to be found ; thofe
attributed to Cadalfo, which are fometimes thin and well made^

cxviii Introduction.
and Amply ornamented with bands and lines of white enamel,
perhaps exhibit more of that quality than any others. Of this
the jar or ewer, 1004-73 's a g°°d example.
Some ofthe examples, as No. 135-73, and others refemble
objefts of Venetian make fo clofely, that doubts have been
entertained as to their real origin ; others again, as fome of thofe
attributed to San Ildefonfo in the eighteenth century, bear very
clofe refemblance to the bottles met with in old liqueur cafes,
which are believed to be of Dutch origin.
Glass in the Low Countries.
Little would feem to have been as yet difcovered as
regards the early hiftory of glafs-making in the Low Countries ;
perhaps the earlieft mention which we have is that in an inven
tory of Charles V. of France, in 1379. " Ung gobelet et une
" aiguiere de voirre blant de Flandre garni d'argent;" but, as M.
Laborde (Notice des Emaux du Louvre, Gloffaire, p. 545) has
pointed out, " de Flandre " may merely mean glafs brought
from Venice to the Flemifh ports ; for Philip Duke of Bur
gundy, in 1394, orders a payment of four francs, " pour feize
" voirres et une efcuelle de voirre des voirres que les galeres de
" Venice ont avant apportez en noftre pays de Flandres."
M. Houdoy (Les verreries a la facon de Venife, &c. p. 3)
has, however, brought forward undeniable proof of the exiftence
of the art at Lille. From the accounts of Philip the Good,
Duke of Burgundy, in 1453- 1454, payments were made to
Gofluin de Vieuglife maitre voirrier of Lille, for a fountain of
glafs and for four plateaux.
In the poffeflion of the writer is a cup and cover of glafs of
a very fine green, bought at Amfterdam, which is of thoroughly
fifteenth century character, and may very poffibly have been
made fomewhere in the Low Countries. It is thicker than

Introduction.

cxix

Venetian glaffes of even the earlieft period ufually are, and not
quite like any that are really known to be of Venetian origin.
In 1 509, " ung hault vere de cryftal d'Anvers " is men
tioned in an inventory (Houdoy, p. 34); and in 1523 (p. 14),
in the inventory of Margaret of Auftria, mention is made of
" ung grant voire vert donne par M.S. (Monfeigneur, i.e., the
" bifhop) de Liege le couvercle et le pied d'argent dore." In
1563 Guicciardini, in his description of the Netherlands, men
tions glafs as among the chief articles of export from Antwerp
to England. In 1599 (Houdoy, p. 7) Philippe de Gridolphi had from
the Archduchefs of Auftria a continuation of the privilege
granted to Ambrozio de Mongarda to make " voirres de
" criftal a la fafchon de Venice ;" but an exemption was made
in favour of the Comte de Lallaing fo far as the making
" plats voirres a faire miroirs." M. Houdoy fuggefts that
this was the eftablifhment referred to in 1507 by the two
Muranefe as pofleffing the fecret of making mirrors. The
fecret, probably, was the ufe of amalgam in the place of
the imperfect fyftem of attaching a leaf of lead, which was in
ufe in Italy {v. ante p. xcviii) in the middle of the fifteenth
century. In the account of the conferences at Calais, in 1520, between
Henry VIII., the Emperor Charles V., and Francis I. of France,
fent to the Venetian Senate (Col. State Papers Ven.), it is ftated
that the ceiling of the temporary theatre erected at Calais was
decorated with gold ftars and planets of looking-glafs.
In 1600 Gridolphi procured an extenfion of his patent, and
the importation of voirres contrefaits a la facon de Venife was
prohibited ; but " voirres fimples et ordinaires de Boheme
Allemagne, France et Lorraine," were admitted.
Gridolphi's glafs houfe, which was eftablifhed at Antwerp,
was, M. Houdoy infers, intended to make fine glaffes only. In
1607 (p. 13) he and others complain that the merchants,

cxx Introduction.
inftead of bringing their glafs from Venice, did fo from places
nearer at hand, where the faid glaffes of Venice were fo well
imitated that it would be only with great difficulty that the
mafters themfelves could perceive the difference. Glafs works
at Liege and at Mezieres are mentioned in this memorial.
About the fame time two Frenchmen were arretted and im-
prifoned for bringing 1,400 or 1,500 cryftal glaffes from
Dauphiny, on their way to Calais.
In 1623 (p. 19) Captain Anthony Miotti (the name is
noticeable as that of a well-known family of Muranefe glafs-
makers) addreffed a petition to Philip IV. of Spain, fetting
forth that the Low Countries paid 80,000 florins annually for
glafs from Venice ; that almoft all the capitals of Europe were
" decorees " with fuch manufactories ; that Venice had four (?),
Rome two, Florence one ; and that Milan, Verona, and London
had tried to eftablifh fuch. He propofed to make glaffes,
vafes, and cups of various forms, of fine cryftal of all colours, as
well as at Venice, of the fame materials, and to fell his wares at
one third lefs than the Venetian glaffes. The privilege was
granted, and one Van Lemens joined him in the undertaking.
The cryftal glaffes were not to exceed 25 florins per 100 in
price, the " criftallin "15 florins.
In 1642 John Savonetti, "gentilhomme de Murano,"
obtained a patent for glafs-making at Bruffels, with absolute
prohibition of all import of glafs. He ftates in his memorial
that he had been banifhed and his goods confiscated for having
brought glafs-making to the Low Countries.
From fome of the glafs houfes establifhed in the end of the
fixteenth or beginning of the feventeenth century came thofe
glaffes, often of very elegent form, which are preferved in
collections, and are depicted in the paintings of Jan Steefy
Mieris, Terburg, and other painters of the time. M. Houdoy
notices a few remarkable fpecimens, which he thinks may be
fafely afcribed to the glafs houfes of Flanders or Brabant; one

Introduction. cxxi
of thefe, in the mufeum at Audenarde, bears the date of 1602.
On the one fide a ftalk of lily of the valley is enamelled, on the
other a young gentleman in a rich pourpoint, with a lady on
his lap. Another, in the Mufee de la Porte de Hal, is of
Venetian form, but with the arms of the city of Antwerp upon
it. He alfo mentions an example of the " verres au moulin,"
long glafles, the lower end of which is fixed in a mounting of
filver, on which is a windmill of filver, which the drinker is
bound to fet in motion by his breath after he has toffed off
the contents of the glafs. The example he specially mentions
is engraved near its upper end, and below this is encircled by
a thread of blue glafs between two of white ; from this triple
ring blue and white threads defcend to the lower extremity.
Glass in Germany.
The quantity, variety, and peculiarity of the glafs veffels
which have been found in the neighbourhood of Cologne, of
Treves, and other places in Germany not very distant from the
Rhine, has led to the fuppofition that glafs-making flourifhed
in thofe provinces during the Roman occupation of them.
Whether it was continued from the time that this had termi
nated does not feem to be clear. Many drinking veffels of glafs,
very fimilar to thofe found in the graves of the Saxons in
England, and in France, have been found in graves in Ger
many ; but whether they were made in all three countries by
kindred tribes, or were the produce of one, and, if fo, of
which country, are queftions yet unfolved.
Some examples of German drinking cups of this date are
engraved in Wright's " The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon,"
p. 425-426. The practice of ufing drinking cups of glafs
would feem to have been continued in Germany, for in the
metrical life of Eigilis (ob. 822), Abbot of Fulda, written by
his difciple Candidus (AA.SS. Ord. Bened, Sasc. IV. Pt. i.),
this paffage occurs in the defcription of the preparation for a

cxxii Introduction,
banquet in the monaftery : " . . . alii normaque inclita vitro
" ordine compofito mifcebant pocula Bacchi."
So in the life of S. Odilo (ob. 1049), he is mentioned as
pouring wine into a little glafs (accepto confectim parvo holo-
vitreo infudit merum). All thefe were very poffibly articles
of home manufacture ; others of more precious workmanfhip
were either brought from the Eaft, as the " vas pretioffimum
" vitreum Alexandrini generis," at the court of the Emperor
Henry, already mentioned in the section on Glafs of the
Eaft ; or as the fculptured glafs veffels (" vitrea vascula ana-
" glypho opere formata "), which are mentioned in the life of the
fame faint (AA.SS. Ord. Bened. Sasc. VI., Pt. i., lib. 2, cap.
xviii.) as having been buried in the fnow ; thefe came probably
from Conftantinople, like the cup of St. Adalbert at Cracow,
or may have been relics of Roman art.
The earlieft mention in any document of glafs-making in
Germany which has as yet been brought forward would feem
to be that which occurs in a letter addreffed about the year 758
to Lullo, Bifhop of Mainz, by Cuthbert (? Huastbart), abbot
(? of Jarrow) ; it is as follows : " If there be any man in your
" diocefe who can make veffels of glafs well, pray fend him to
" me ; or if by chance he is beyond your bounds, in the power
" of fome other perfon outfide your diocefe, I beg your frater-
" nity that you will perfuade him to come to us, for we are
" ignorant and helplefs in that art; and if it fhould happen that
" any one of the glafs-makers through your diligence is per-
" mitted (D.V.) to come to us, I will, while my life lafts,
,c entertain him with benign kindnefs."1

1 Ep. Bonifacii, Ed. Giles, Ep. " ut ad nos ufque perveniat, quia ejus-
CXIV., " Si aliquis homo in tua fit " dem artis ignoti et inopes fumus, et
" parochia qui vitrea vafa bene poflit " fi hoc fortaffe contingit ut aliquis de
" facere . . mihi mittere digneris, " vitri faftoribus cum tua diligentia,
" aut fi fortaffe ultra fines eft in poteftate " Deo volente, ad nos ufque venire
" cujusdam alterius fine tua parochia, " permittatur, cum benigna manfue-
" rogo ut Fraternitas tua illi fuadeat " tudine vita comite ilium fufcipio."

Introduction. cxxiii
Window glafs was alfo made in Germany from a very
early period.
Merlo (Kiinft and Kiinftler in Koln, p. 563), gives lifts of
artizans in Cologne, obtained from the ancient regifters of that
city ; among thefe occur the names of Albertus and Otto, at the
dates 1160-1170, with the addition " Uftor," and the author
fuggefts that thefe may have been makers of glafs. In 1335 is
found one " Henricus factor vitrorum (al. Mag. Henricus
" vitriator.") The earlieft inftance of coloured windows which has been
recorded appears to be that of windows given to the Abbey of
Tegernfee, in Bavaria, by a Count Arnold, in 999 j1 but it is
probable that nothing older than the twelfth century now
exifts. Obvioufly wherever window glafs was made there was a
poffibility that veffels might be made ; but little or nothing has
yet been made known as to the progrefs of the art in Germany
during the Middle Ages ; and fpecimens, if they do exift, are
very rare. Herr Grbffe mentions, as in the twentieth room of
the collection of Porcelain, &c. in the Japanefe Palace at
Drefden, a green " Weinhahn " (a tap for a wine barrel ?) in
form of a flag, with the date 1420.
No confiderable quantity of veflels, which are certainly of
German origin, are, however, to be found which probably are
of an earlier date than the fixteenth century. At that period
the German glafs-makers produced a great number of veffels of
diftinct and peculiar character ; the earlieft of thefe are the cylin
drical drinking veffels, generally called wiederkoms, fuch as
Nos. 469.-'73 etfeq. Thefe are fometimes verylarge, fome being
as much as 20 in. in height. The glafs has generally a greenifh
eaft, and they are ornamented with paintings, in enamel, of no
1 M. A. Geffert, Gefch. der Glafmalerei, Stuttgart, 1839, p. 66.

cxxiv Introduction.
great merit, as M. Labarte remarks, but with a ftamp of origi
nality. The defigns moft commonly met with are the Emperor
and Electors of Germany, or the Imperial Eagle, bearing on its
wings the arms of the ftates which compofed the Empire, or the
arms of thofe for whom they were made. The oldeft date
which has been met with is that of 1553,1 on a fpecimen in the
Kunftkammer at Berlin ; but the manufacture continued until
about 1725, and a great many imitations are made in the
prefent day.
From the woodcuts which illuftrate the chapter on Glafs-
making in the edition of George Agricola De Re Metallica,
printed at Bafle in 1561, we may gather fome idea of the pro
ducts of a German glafs houfe at this time ; wiederkoms are to
be feen ornamented like No. 243 .-'7 2 in this collection, with
fmall projections, bottles with big bellies and flender necks, and
retorts. All the operations of a glafs houfe are reprefented in
thefe woodcuts, and much information given as to the proceffes
in ufe. The author does not fuggeft that any fine glafs wares
were then made in Germany, but refers to the furnaces of
Murano as the fources of " opera multa praclara et admi-
" randa." Towards the middle of the feventeenth century paintings
of much greater artiftic merit were executed on goblets and
wiederkoms ; thefe are moft frequently painted in grifaille, and
often reprefent proceflions, battles, or like fubjefts. M. Labarte
mentions fpecimens in the Kunftkammer at Berlin, figned by
Johann Schapper, of Nuremberg,2 with dates of 1661, 1665,
and 1666; by H. Benchert, 1677 ; and Johann Keyll, 1675.
Nos. 244.-72 and others are fpecimens of this ftyle of decoration.

1 Labarte, p. 358.
2 Born at Harburg on the Elbe; he died February 3rd, 1670. See Doppel-
mayr, Nurnbergifche Kunftler, p. 233*

Introduction. cxxv
By 1600, as has been fhown above {v. Glafs in Flanders),
glafs was extenfively made in Bohemia and other parts of
Germany. From the beginning of the feventeenth century fome of
the Bohemian glafs manufacturers had fucceeded in producing
very pure cryftal glafs, well adapted to receive engraving.
Cafper Lehmann, who was in the fervice of the Emperor
Rudolph II., received from that fovereign, about 1609,1 the
title of lapidary and glafs-cutter to the court, and worked at
Prague. He had there an affiftant, Zecharias Belzer ; and a
fcholar, George Schwanhard, who obtained from the Emperor
a continuation of Lehmann's patent. Schwanhard worked after
wards at Nuremberg and Ratifbon, and died in 1667, leaving
two fons, George, who died in 1676, and Henry, who furvived
him for a good many years, dying in 1696. Thefe appear to
have worked both with the lapidary's wheel, producing en
gravings in incavo, and with the diamond point, producing
etchings.2 M. Jacquemart (Hift. du Mobilier, p. 588),
credits Johann Schapper (or Schaper), named above, with ex
traordinary talent as an engraver on glafs, afferting that he
produced fubjefts a*hd arabefques of fuch delicacy of execution,
that at firft fight they feemed merely like a cloud on the
glafs. Henry Schwanhard is believed to have difcovered
the method of etching on glafs by the help of fluoric acid,
about the year 1670. He generally employed it to eat away
the ground, leaving the figures with their original furface,
which, being fmooth and clear, contrafted with the dull
ground.3 Hermann Schwinger was alfo renowned as a glafs engraver at
Nuremberg; he was born in 1640, and died in 1683.4 One
1 Beckman's Hiftory of Inventions, Maria, and Sufanna, likewife practifed
vol. iii. p. 209 ; Doppelmayr, Nurn- the art of engraving on glafs.
bergifche Kunftler, p. 231. 3 Doppelmayr, p. 250.
2 Three of their fitters, Sophia, 4 Ibid., p. 237.

cxxvi Introduction.
of his productions is in the Slade collection, No. 883 in the
catalogue. Some of the engravings fhow very good drawing and much
fkill in execution. Dr. Pococke, who travelled in Germany in
1736, fays that fome of the large drinking glaffes made at
Rifpen, to which the Potfdam glafs works had been removed,
were fo finely cut as to fell for from 100/. to 150/., and that
the glafs was the beft in the world.1 The Bohemian glafs, he
fays, was thick and ftrong, and almoft as good as the Englifh.
It was ground into figures at Breflau, and he faw a glafs the
cutting of which coft 20/. Such ornamentation became fafhion-
able and popular, and the art was practifed in Holland, and
probably alfo in France and in England.
One of the moft remarkable productions of the German
glafs houfes is the beautiful ruby glafs, which, though it had
been already produced both by Romans and Venetians,2 was
brought to perfection by Kunckel,3 about 1679, when he was
director of the glafs houfes at Potfdam ; the fineft colour, it
is believed, he obtained from gold, though he affirmed that he
could give glafs a perfect ruby red without the ufe of that metal.
It is now well known that a beautiful ruby can be obtained by
the ufe of copper, but the manipulation is difficult, and the
refult fomewhat uncertain, a little more or lefs expofure to heat
producing very different tints.
Of the manufactory of glafs in Holland little feems to be
known. Dr. Chriftopher Merret, who tranflated and anno-
1 Pococke's Travels, vol.ii. p. 23 r. 1679 he went to the Eleftor of Bran-
Nos. 884 and 885 of the Slade Collec- denburgh to fuperintend his glafs works.
tion catalogue, may not improbably On the Elector's death he returned to
have been made at Rifpen. his own eftate; but in 1693 he entered
2 Beekman, vol. i. pp. 203, 207. the fervice of Charles XL, King of
3 John Kunckel was born at Rends- Sweden, who created him Baron of
berg, in Holftein, in 1630 ; he became Loewenftern. He died at Stockholm
chemift to the Duke of Lauenberg; in 1702.
then to the Eledlor of Saxony. In

Introduction. cxxvii
tated Neri's Treatife on Glafs,1 in 1662, gives there a defcrip-
tion of the glafs furnaces of the time ; and in the Latin trans
lation of his work, publifhed at Amfterdam in 1668, is given
an engraving of a Dutch furnace, and the tools there employed.
Etching on glafs feems to have been practifed with con
fiderable fuccess in Holland, as fhown by fpecimens in the
Slade collection (Nos. 887, 889) ; and alfo engraving on glafs,
though at a fomewhat later date {fee No. 899).
Glass in the British Islands.
A paffage in Strabo (Lib. IV. c. 5), in which u'aAa irxeur)
(glafs wares) are mentioned in connexion with the trade with
Britain, has been held to mean that fuch were exported from
it ; the paffage is fomewhat ambiguous, but the real meaning
would feem to be that they were imported.
Some obfervations, however, by Profeflbr Buckman (Arch.
Journal, vol. viii., p. 352), on the analyfis of beads found in
tumuli, are worth notice. A blue bead found in Wilts proved
to be coloured by copper and to contain no lead, whereas he
fays that Roman beads of " light bluifh-green colour " con
tained lead. The real date of beads is fo very uncertain that
thefe obfervations, perhaps, do not prove much ; but the fubjeft
feems to deferve further inveftigation. Some of the beads
found in tombs in England {e.g. fome in the mufuem at
Whitby) are of exceedingly rough and carelefs make, and it
feems not improbable that fuch may be of native origin.
Though it is very probable that glafs was made in England
by the Romans, it does not feem as yet to be quite certain
1 Neri's Arte Vetraria was publifhed into German and further added to by
in Florence in 1612; tranflated into Kunckel, Frankfort, 1678 (?) ; Nurem-
Englifh and added to by Merret, Lon- berg, 1743, &c. ; and the whole
don, 1662 ; this laft was then trans- tranflated into French by d'Holbach,
lated into Latin with further additions, who added feveral other treatifes, Paris,
Amfterdam, 1668; next tranflated 1752.

cxxviii Introduction.
that fuch was the fact. Many fragments of ornamental glafs
have been found in England, particularly in London ; and in
the Britifh Mufeum is a very curious collection of fuch, formed
by Mr. Charles Roach Smith. They, however, in moft cafes
are fo precifely fimilar to thofe found at Rome as to lead to
the fuppofition that they were imported. The glafs veffels
found in tombs of the Roman period in England are ufually
greenifh in hue, but blue veffels are not very uncommon.
Window glafs has been found in confiderable quantities in the
ruins of villas and towns. It is perhaps probable that only
the commoner glafs was made in the country, and the finer
articles imported.
Some remains of a glafs furnace were excavated in the year
i860 at Buckholt, near the Roman road from Winchefter to
Salifbury, which, if they were of the Roman period, would
prove that coloured and ornamental glafs was then fabricated in
England. Mr. A. W. Raper wrote in the " Queenwood Ob-
ferver" (vol. viii.) an account of them, from which the follow
ing is epitomized : " The furnace was of brick, about nine feet
" in diameter, with four fpurs of brick and flint, about ten feet
" long ; the bricks were cubic lumps of clay, about one foot
" each way. Many pieces of pots were found half to one inch
" thick, glazed on both fides, one or two were fluted, one
" croffed with rude lines ofa diamond pattern. Lumps of glafs
" nearly as large as an egg, fcores of drops of glafs, and many
" pieces looking like the neck of a bottle fplit vertically, were
" found. Alfo two or three tops of vafes like the mouth of a
" trumpet, with a peculiar hollow rim of the fame kind, all of .
tC impure green glafs; handles of various ftiapes, one ofa very
" elegant, decidedly claflical fhape,, and of a beautiful purple
" colour ; many pieces of flat window glafs, very impure ; a
" kind of handle of green glafs, with ftripes of white glafs
" incrufted therein longitudinally, the whole twifted like a cord ;
" alfo pieces of green glafs with ornamental white fpots inlaid ;

Introduction. cxxix
" alfo a piece of flat glafs with a fcarlet pattern, as it were,
" printed on it, fomething like a floorcloth pattern. Some
" of the glafs was of a beautiful Pruflian blue, fome was
" purple, the greater part green, and a very few fpecimens
" were quite pure and white."
It was alfo the fubjeft of a communication from the Rev.
E. Keil in 1861 (Journal of the Britifh Arch. Aflbc, vol. xvii.,
p. 55), and Mr. Syer Cuming made fome remarks upon the
objefts exhibited ; among them were a fragment of undoubted
Roman pottery and fome fragments of pottery of the time of
Elizabeth or James I., a piece of painted glafs of the four
teenth century, the bafe of a tumbler-like cup of the
feventeenth century, many pieces of window glafs, not eaft but
blown, one fragment fhowing a thick border ; and many frag
ments of veffels which, in Mr. Cuming's opinion, were not
older than mediasval times.
The fpecimens exhibited are said to have been bright green,
with white fpots on a yellowifh-green furface, white ftripes on
a dark ground, and one piece " with circles and fpots, the crofs
" lines red on a black ground." Mr. Cuming's conclufion
was that the fragments were " cullet," brought to be remelted,
and that the furnace was probably not older than about 1550.
The evidence feems fcarcely to warrant any decifive opinion.
Mr. Wright (The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 225),
mentions, on the authority of Dr. Gueft, that a lapidary at
Brighton in 1848 had feveral large lumps of glafs, in colour
amethyft, amber, emerald green, and deep maroon, which had
been found on the fhore, the largeft twice the fize of a man's
fift. Dr. Gueft himfelf found pieces on the fhore, and Mr.
Wright thinks that thefe lumps were remains of " maffoe "
made at fome Roman glafs work in the vicinity.
In graves in Kent and elfewhere, which, no doubt, are thofe
of the Saxon inhabitants before or foon after their converfion to
Chriftianity, many veffels of glafs are found. As has been faid

cxxx Introduction.
before, very fimilar veffels 'are found both in France and in
Germany ; but Mr. Roach Smith (Introduction to Inventorium
Sepulchrale, p. xiv.) thinks that a greater number and more
varieties have been found in England than elfewhere, and this
certainly gives fome ground for the fuppofition that they may
have been made here.
The greater number of thefe are elongated tumblers, and
really deferve the name, as their bafes are either rounded or
terminate in fuch fmall feet that they cannot be made to ftand ;
they are compofed of glafs without lead, and of a horn-like
appearance, and are blown very thin ; occafionally they have
a number of lobes attached to the exterior, giving them a very
singular appearance ; often they are ornamented with threads of
glafs wound round them, fometimes difpofed fpirally or in
wavy lines, whence perhaps, as Mr. Roach Smith fuggefts, the
expreffion in Beowulf (line 995), " hroden ealo-woege," twifted
ale cups ; they are often of a pale ftraw colour. So many
were found fome years ago at Wodenfborough in Kent that
they were ufed in a neighbouring farm-house as beer glaffes.
With thefe glaffes many firings of beads are found, good
examples of which are in this collection. The patterns and
colours are not unlike thofe found elfewhere, and indeed
often refemble thofe made at Murano at the prefent day,
but they appear to be in general of remarkably coarfe
execution. If thefe glaffes were really made in England the makers
would feem to have known nothing of the art of making glafs
for windows, for in about A.D. 675, when Benedict Bifcop
required workmen to make glafs for his monaftery at Wear-
mouth, he procured them from France (Hift. Abbat. Wire-
muth). Poffibly the artizans then brought over underftood the
art of making glafs and cafting it in plates for windows, but
not that of blowing it and forming veffels ; for, about eighty

Introduction. cxxxi
years later, we find an abbot of Wearmouth, or Jarrow, as has
been ftated in the feftion on Glafs in Germany, applying to the
Bifhop of Mainz to have a maker of veffels fent to him.
At what time the maufafture took root in England has yet to
be afcertained. Glafs drinking veffels were ufed by the Welfh as well as by
the Saxons, and are mentioned by the poets Llywarch Hen 1 and
Aneurin,2 both attributed to the fixth century. The Welfh
name for glafs, wydr or gwydr, is evidently derived from the
Latin vitrum, and it is perhaps not improbable that fome
knowledge of its manufacture may have been retained by the
Welfh after the departure of the Romans.
Mr. Hudfon Turner (Dom. Arch, of the Middle Ages)
afferts that there " is not a particle of evidence to prove that
" any defcription of glafs was manufactured in this country
" before the fifteenth century ;" but we find in the roll of the
" Taxacio facta in Burgo Colceftrie," in 1295 (Rot. Pari.
vol. i. p. 228), among the jurors, Robert le Verrer, and in that
of 1300 (p. 243) Matthew le Verrer; Robert le Verrer is
taxed (among other goods), in the taxation of 1300, on
" biletts pret. xviii. d. vitrum pret. iiii. s." Henry le Verrer
is alfo taxed, but no mention is made of his flock in trade.
Thefe appear, from the enumeration of their property and their
pofition as jurors, to have been among the chief inhabitants of
the town, and they probably were not merely glaziers and
glafs-painters, but glafs-makers. If not the latter, it is difficult
to underftand why there fhould have been fo many glaziers in
fuch a town as Colchefter, and thofe not petty but principal
tradefmen. Poffibly the fand of the adjacent coaft is of a kind
fuitable for glafs-making ; the fait marfhes furnifh abundance
1 " Gwin o wydr gloyw " (Elegy 2 " Gwin gloew o wydyr leftri,"
upon Geraint), i.e. wine out of the (Y Gododin, v. 629), i.e. bright wine
bright glafs. out of glafs veffels.

cxxxii Introduction.
of thofe plants whofe afhes yield the necefTary alkalies and
potafh could be obtained from fern ; abundance of wood was
in the vicinity. Colchefter, therefore, was not at all an unlikely
fpot to have been felefted as the feat of a manufactory of glafs.
It is probable that during the Middle Ages glafs was
manufactured in England, as in moft European countries,
chiefly for ufe in windows. Sufficient fkill to produce articles
of fuch elegance as to fit them for the tables of the rich was
probably wanting, and the fomewhat rough habits of life then
prevalent made veffels of wood, of leather, or of coarfe
pottery, more fuitable to the poor.
Still, as has been fhown, the idea of ufing glafs bottles to
hold drugs was a familiar one, and we find them employed to
contain relics. In the Kalendar of the Treafury of Exchequer
(vol. iii. p. 208), in the eighteenth year of Edward III.,
mention is made of " a glafs bottle in which is contained oil of
" Saint Mary of Sardenaye ;" among the relics of the church
of Durham was fome of the blood of Saint Thomas the
Martyr in a glafs bottle,1 and two lamps of glafs,2 one called
that of St. Lucia. In the Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries for 1871 (p. 116) is engraved a phial of glafs,
which appears to have contained oil of origanum, and was
found in the lower part of the wall of the church of South
Kil worth, Leicefterfhire, which dates between 1390 and 1420.
A very fimilar one was found in the wall of the church at
Lutterworth, which is of about the fame date ; recently a fmall
bottle has been found in the wall of the church of Anftey,
Herts, containing a fluid which, on analytical examination,
appears to have been blood. It is of well-made, clear glafs,

1 " In quodam ampulla vitrea." Script. Tres., publifhed by Surtees
2 " Lampas Sanftas Lucise vitrea." Society, App. cccxxii. The lift of relics
" Lampas qusedam sanfta vitrea." feems to be of the fourteenth century.
Reliq. Eccl. Dun. Hift. Dunelm.

Introduction. cxxxiii
much wafted and iridized ; an engraving of it will appear in
the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries.
Though, as has been fhown in the feftion on Italian
Glafs, the Venetian galleys brought veffels of glafs to England,
fuch objefts are but rarely mentioned in Englifh medieval
domeftic inventories, and when they do occur they are generally
defcribed as mounted in gold or filver ; one exception to this
is, however, found in the Calendar of the Treafury of the
Exchequer (vol. iii. p. 328.) in the mention of " 1 verre de
glafs," this is followed by another " verre de glafs " painted
outfide, with a cover of filver gilt and pounced, valued at
6s. %d. ; this is in the firft year of Henry IV. In the 1 2th
year of Edward III. we find in the fame repofitory a " gourde "
of glafs fupported on fnails ; this is not valued (nient prife).
Of the Englifh manufacture of glafs at this period, but
little has been afcertained. The earlieft pofitive evidence that
we have of the making of glafs in England feems to be in 1447,
when John Prudde, of Weftminfter, in covenanting to execute
the windows of the Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick, engages to
ufe no " glafse of England ;" this, however, clearly fhows that
Englifh glafs was commonly made at that time, though not
efteemed. In 1485 Englifh glafs is again mentioned in con
junction with "Dutch," "Venice," and "Normandy;"2 the
price ofthe firft was id. per quarrel, ofthe fecond x\\d., of the
third, 5^/., and of the fourth, 6d. per foot ; fo that the Englifh,
if the quarrels were of an ordinary fize, was the deareft, and
prefumably the beft.

1 In the 45th year of Edward III., Germany, named Waldchen (the little
in the fame inventories, is an entry not wood) ?
eafily explained (vol. iii. p. 272), "un a Hudfon Turner's Domeftic Archi-
" warre de wildchien, garnife de iii. teBure ofthe Middle Ages, p. 78. The
" dragons d'arg., endorre pois (? pris) glazier's bills are for the repair of a
" xviir. WWd" Does this mean a glafs houfe called Cold Harbour, in Lon^
made in fome place in Flanders or don.

cxxxiv Introduction.
We are told by Thomas Charnock1 in 1557, —
"As for glafs-makers, they be fcant in the land,
Yet one there is, as I do underftand,
And in Sufsex is now his habitation,
At Chiddingsfold he works of his occupation."
And Fuller, writing in 1662, afferts that " coarfe glafs-making
" was in this county (Suffex) of great antiquity." 2 Another
notice of the manufacture of glafs in the fame county fays,3
" Neither can we match the purity of the Venice glaffes, and
" yet many green ones are blown in Sufl'ex, profitable to the
" makers and convenient to the ufers thereof."
In the inventory of the property belonging to the Lady
Margaret, Duchefs of Richmond and mother of Henry VII.,
preferved at St. John's College, Cambridge, but one item of
glafs occurs (p. 31), " glaffery bafons," probably ornamental
difhes for fruit or confections.
Henry VIII., as has been mentioned in the feftion upon
Venetian Glafs,' had a large quantity of glafs veffels. Befides
thofe which would feem to have been of Venetian origin, he
had alfo " a goblett of glaffe with a foote of golde " (Kal.
Treas. of Exchequer, vol. ii. p. 285), "a glaffe with a cover
" garnifhed with gold (id. p. 297). In 1529 53^. x\d. were
paid for " a great glaffe " for the fame king, and in 1530 45J.
for another " glaffe " (Privy Purfe expenfes of Henry VIII.).
It would be interefting to know of what defcription thefe
glaffes were, both thofe which were deemed worthy of gold
mountings and thofe which coft fums equal to, perhaps, 20/. to
25/. of the currency of the prefent day. It is not very often
that Venetian glaffes are found to be mounted, their thinnefs
and delicacy made them rather unfuited for fuch purpofes.
1 Breviary of Philofophy, cap. i. 3 Suffex Arch. Coll., vol. i. p. 11.
2 Fuller's Worthies of Englana, vol. Paper by W. H. Blaauw.
iii. p. 242. Ed. 1840.

Introduction . cxxxv
As in the fame accounts looking- glaffes are mentioned as
fuch, it feems probable that thofe mentioned above were
veffels of glafs.
From this time we begin to find much greater quantities of
glafs- wares in inventories, as, for inftance, in the inventory of the
goods of Robert Earl. of Leicefter, at Kenilworth, in 1588
(HalliwelTs Ancient Inventories). We find " Tenne glaffe
" difhes gilte with the finque-foyle on the brims, eight graven
difhes of glaffe aboute the brim, three dozen and four difhe
" glaffes, two glafs ewers, and twelve beare glaffes, three with
" covers." This increafing ufe of glafs led to the reflection that large
fums of money were annually difburfed from England for glafs
from"abroad, and to the queftion whether it might not be made
at home; adventurers from Venice, or the Low Countries, or
France, no doubt fought their fortune by bringing before the
Englifh Government fchemes for making glafs of fuperior
quality. The earlieft pofitive evidence of an attempt to manufacture
glafs of fuperior quality in England would feem to be the peti
tion (Col. State Papers, Venetian, No. 648), in 1550, from
eight Muranefe glafs-makers in London to the Council of Ten,
a refult, no doubt, of the regulations which that council had
enacted a little earlier, and which have been mentioned in the
feftion upon Venetian Glafs. The petitioners, among whom
was one Marco Terribile and a Gracioxo, alias Difperato, ftate
that not being able to obtain work at Murano, they accepted
no fmall fum of money to go to work in Flanders and England ;
that they were feized and imprifoned in the depths of the
Tower, living on bread and water, and then taken out and
kept under cuftody and penalty of the gibbet, in cafe they
departed without having worked out the money received.
They therefore beg to be excufed from the penalties denounced
againft them. On the 13th June 1550 the Council of Ten

cxxxvi Introduction.
deliberated on this petition and agreed, in order to gratify the
King, to allow them to remain until the end of the term for
which they had engaged themfelves.
Stow, in his Chronicle (p. 1040), tells us that " the firft
" making of Venice glafles in England began at the Crotchet
" Friars, in London, about the beginning of the reign of Queen
" Elizabeth, by one Jacob Veflaline, an Italian." It is, no
doubt, to this manufacture that the author of The Prefent
State of England, anno 1683, Part iii. p. 94, alludes when he
ftates that it was in 1557 that glaffes (not glafs) firft began to
be made in England, and that the finer fort were made in
Crutched Friars ; and it may be that it was in this manufactory
that the Muranefe were engaged.
Not very long after, in 1565, we find a letter from Armigill
Waade to Sir Wm. Cecil (Cal. State Papers, Dom.), of which
the following is an extract : —
" The man " (Cornelius de Lannoy) " no doubt ys at great
charges, he thought he might have had his provifyons in Eng
land as in other places ; but that will not be. All our glaffe
makers can not facyon him one glaffe tho' he ftoode by them
to teach them. So as he ys now forced to fend to Andwarp
and into Haflia for new provifyons of glaffes, his old being
fpent. The potters cannot make him one pot to content him.
They know not howe to feaffon their fluff to make the fame to
fufteyne the force of his great fyers. The Spanyard would
make me believe that Cor " {i.e., de Lannoy) " hath finifhed his
buffynes already, the wich I fuppofe not to be true. Marry I
do perceave he hath dyverfe tymes occupyed his melting fur
nace, and alwayes in myne abfence, he telleth me he hath made
theffaye " {i.e., the trial) " of certain ewres .... he hath the
fcope of three yeares for this refpeft I would he wear putt in
fume generall cumfort of fome place to be provided for him
here in England, he liketh marveloufly well the fyte of Guide-
ford;" This letter is written from " Belfys/' and in it is inclofed

Introduction. cxxxvii
an account, from which it appears that 1 50/. had been paid to
De Lannoy for provifions, and 30/. on his coming into England,
and that he was to receive 30/. per quarter ; it appears that he
had not been very long at work, as his firft. quarter's penfion
only fell due on 25th March 1565.
From the letter it would appear that the undertaking was
rather the ornamentation than the making of glaffes, and alfo
that no fuccefsful refult had been arrived at in the firft fix
months. De Lannoy (or Launoy) was moft likely from the
Netherlands. The undertaking probably failed, for we hear
no more of it. In 1567 Pierre Briet and Jean Currie (or
Quarre) wrote to Cecil from Windfor, defiring permiffion to
erect glafs-works fimilar to thofe of Venice. They had a
recommendation from the Vidame of Chartres.
On the 9th Auguft 1567 John Quarre and Anthony
Becku, alias Dolin, "borne in the Low Country under the
" dominion of the King of Spayne," made a formal ftatement
of the conditions under which they propofed to make " table
" glaffe as is ufed here for glafing, brought hither out of
" Burgundy, Lovayn, and France," and their conditions were
agreed to. Thefe include a prohibition againft the making
of fuch glafs by others ; the privilege was to continue in force
for twenty years. In 1568 the fame perfons petitioned for
leave to cut wood and make charcoal in Windfor Great Park.
They made a contract with Thomas and Balthazar de Ha-
mezel, dwelling at the glafs houfes of Vofges, in the country
of Lorraine, to come into England, make glafs there, and teach
the art.1 In 1589 George Longe petitioned for a new patent,
and in his petition ftates that there were fifteen glafs-houfes in
England; thefe he propofes to reduce to two, and to erect
others in Ireland.2

1 Lanfdowne MS. No. 59, Art. 76, quoted in Hudfon Turner's " Domeftie
Architecture." 2 Lansdowne, MS. No. 59. Art. 72;

cxxxviii Introduction.
The manufacture muft, however, during this century have
reached a certain amount of importance, as Richard Hakluyt
included in the lift of articles which he propofed to be carried
with the expedition for the difcovery of Cathay eaftward in
1580, befides Venice glaffes, "Glaffes of Englifh making."1
In 1574 the Bifhop of Chichefter writes to Lord Burghley
that " of very late, aboute Petworth, certayne had conference
" to robbe the Frenche men that make glafse, and to burne
" there houfes, but they be apprehended and punifhed."
The Frenchmen who were the intended victims were pro
bably employed at fome furnace eftablifhed under Carre and
Becku's patent, for Carre, in 161 1, ftates that he has eftablifhed
glafs houfes in Suffex and in London.
In 1595 mention is made of one Adrien, an Italian, who
had been for five years a glafs-maker in England, in a letter
from an anonymons Jefuit (Cal. State Papers, Dom.), difclofing
a fcheme to fire the navy by " artificial fireballs, the fize of a
" fift, that will fire even though in water." The glafs-maker
was probably brought into the fcheme in order that he might
furnifh the veffels in which, as with the Saracens in the twelfth
century, the petroleum was to be contained.
Before 161 1 Sir Wm. Slingfby (Cal. State Papers, Dom.)
had obtained a patent for making glafs with fea coal, and in
1615a Royal Proclamation was iffued prohibiting the ufe of
wood in glafs-making, and ordering it to be made with fea coal
or pit coal only ; the importation of foreign glafs was at the
fame time prohibited. In 1620 permiffion was granted to the
patentees to import rare and curious glaffes.
Sir Jerome Bowes and Sir E. Zouch obtained patents for
glafs-making, but after much negotiation Sir Robert Manfel
acquired, about 1616, the exclufive property in the patents,
and fet actively to work. Many difputes enfued refpeft-
1 " Hakluyt's Voyages,'' vol. i. p. 496, ed. 1809.

Introduction. cxxxix
ing the quality and price of Sir R. Manfel's glafs ; from the
ftatements made by complainants and others, it appears that he
made both window glafs and glafs veffels of various kinds.
Some one of thefe glafs houfes was probably that which
Strype (Stowe's Hiftory of London, Broad Street Ward) men
tions in thefe words : " Here was a glafs houfe where Venice
" glaffes were made and Venetians employed in the work, and
" Mr. James Howel, in James the Firft's time, was fteward to
" this houfe." The Rev. Mr. Mayhew {vide Journal of the
Archasological Affociation, 1874, p. 204; 1875, p. io7) has
exhibited feveral objefts, faid to have been found recently on
the fite of this glafs houfe, afterwards that of Pinner's Hall, in
Broad Street. They are defcribed as a tall wine-glafs on orna
mental foot ; a fquare fcent-bottle, a ribbed fountain inkftand,
a ftem of white filigree, a flower vafe on a ferpent ftem, emerald
glafs for beads, an " engraved fpecimen of vitro d'oro," a large
calendering rubber of blue glafs and a wine-glafs with curved
lip and an air bubble in the ftem.
About 1620 an attempt .was made to fet up glafs works in
Scotland, and John Maria dell' acqua, who was fent for from
Venice, and worked for Manfel for two years, had the poft of
mafter of the works in Scotland offered to him.
In 1623 Sir R. Manfel ftates that he had erefted furnaces
in London, the ifle of Purbeck, Milford Haven, and on the
Trent, all of which had failed, but that he had eftablifhed them
fuccefsfully at Newcaftle-on-Tyne.1 In 1624 his patent was
exempted from the operation of the Aft of Parliament of that
year againft monopolies.
If he endeavoured to make glafs which would compete with

1 Glafs-making perhaps was already fold " flacketts " (fmall bottles ?) of
praftifed there. In 1570, .Bertram ftone and glafs (Durham Wills and
Anderfon, alderman of that town, had Inventories, publifhed by Surtees
ten dozen drinking glaffes. In 1577, Society, p. 336, 339.)
Thomas Liddell, alfo of Newcaftle,

cxl Introduction.
the drinking glaffes of Venice, he does not feem to have fuc-
ceeded, for they continued to be imported (vide letter of Sir
Ifaac Wake, in 1625, with note of chefts of glafs fent from
Venice to the Duchefs of Buckingham and others). In 1635
a proclamation was iffued fetting forth that divers ill-affected
perfons continue to import glafs, and renewing the prohibition
againft the fo doing.
In 1634 Sir R. Manfel again addreffed a ftatement to the
Council, in which he fays that he was out of pocket 30,000/.
before the manufacture could be perfected. In his abfence at
Algiers his patent was declared void by the Houfe of Commons.
The late King granted a patent for fifteen years, but his work
men were drawn into Scotland, and moft of the glafs ufed
here was imported from thence, and he was obliged to buy up
the Scotch patent at 250/. per annum. After his men returned
from Scotland they made fuch " ill-conditioned " glafs that he
was forced to procure a whole company from Mantua. Then,
he ftates, his clerk ran away to France, and by his procurement
the greater part of the drinking glaffes fent here was brought
from thence. This import was flopped by the order of Council
in 1632, fince when he had been at great charge in perfecting
the work of looking-glafs and fpeftacle plate-glafs plates ; but
had not raifed the price, on the contrary, had fallen his prices.
He further ftates that his men had now again withdrawn in
Scotland, and that glafs is attempted to be made in Ireland.
From about this date until after the Reftoration, nothing
concerning Manfel's glafs manufacture is to be found in the
State Papers ; but in 1660 feveral perfons endeavoured to obtain
a renewal of his patent ; Philip Howard (fon of the Earl of
Berkfhire), Sir C. Berkeley, Arundel, widow of John Pen-
ruddock, and others ; but it would feem that it was not
revived. A moft important change in the practice of glafs-making
was introduced in England at fome period during this century*

Introduction. cxli
viz., that of ufing large quantities of lead (with a proportion
of potafh) as a bafe ; the glafs fo made is known to us as flint-
glafs, to the French as " criftal." The ufe of lead in glafs-
making was not exactly a difcovery, for clear glafs of the
Roman period containing lead has been fometimes, though
rarely, met with, and, according to Klaproth's analyfis {vide
ante p. xxiv), the opaque red glafs, called " haematinum," con
tains a good deal of lead. As has been faid before (p. lxxii),
glafs containing lead was known in the middle ages as Jewifh
glafs. Heraclius gives a recipe for making fuch glafs ; but in
it is no mention of potafh, and the product would therefore be,
as M. Peligot (p. 362) remarks, not flint-glafs, but a filicate
of lead, a very fragile fubftance though fufceptible of being
moulded or blown. An oval mafs of green tranfparent glafs,
meafuring 14 inches by 12 inches, was preferved in the treafury
of St. Denis under the name of the " mirror of Virgil."1 This
when analyfed in 1789, proved to contain about half its weight
in oxide of lead (Le Verre, p. 358), whether it contained potafh
does not appear. It was probably of Byzantine origin like the
emerald at Reichenau {ante p. fix).
M. Peligot after reviewing thefe facts, comes to the con-
clufion that there is no proof that the true flint-glafs was known
to the ancients, and that "to the Englifh fhould really be
" attributed the honour of having created in their flint-glafs a
" new product, which by the progrefs made in the quality and
" feleftion of the materials ufed in its fabrication, has become,
" without difpute, the moft beautiful glaffy fubftance which we
" know, and which it may be poffible to produce " (p. 364).
To whom it firft occurred to ufe this compound on a large
fcale, and the precife period at which its ufe was introduced,
have not been afcertained. Merret, writing about 1665 (in his
edition of the Ars Vitraria of Neri), fays that glafs made with
1 Virgil, in the Middle Ages, was fuppofed to have been a great enchanter.

cxiii Introduction.
lead was not in ufe in the Englifh glafs-houfes on account of its
too great fragility, a notice which proves both that it was known
and that its compofition or management was not thoroughly
well underftood ; but very foon after, viz., in 1673, as will be
feen below, it was in full ufe at Lambeth, and produced glafs
" as clear, ponderous, and thick as cryftal."
M. Bontemps {v. Peligot, Le Verre, p. 346) argues with
much force that flint-glafs was probably firft made after about
1635 (-? l^IS>/ee ante, p. cxxxviii), when coal was ufed for
fuel inftead of wood. The ufe of coal makes it necefTary to
employ pots clofed at the top. The material to be fufed is
thus in fome degree protected from the heat and it becomes
defirable to augment the proportion of the more fufible ele
ment, viz., the alkali ; but this could not be done without
injury to the colour and quality of the glass, and oxide of lead
was therefore added and the quantity of alkali diminifhed.
It feems not improbable that Sir R. Manfel's fuccefs in the
manufacture of glafs, at Newcaftle-on-Tyne {v. p. cxxxix)
before 1623, was due to the new fyftem of manufacture.
Glafs works were carried on in London in which the Duke
of Buckingham was interefted. Evelyn (Diary, anno. 1677)
fays, " We alfo faw the Duke of Buckingham's glafs work,
" where they made huge vafes of metal as clear, ponderous,
" and thick as cryftal ; alfo looking- glaffes far larger and better
" than any that come from Venice." This glafs houfe would
feem to have been at Lambeth, as the author of " The Prefent
State of England," Anno 1683 (Part III., p.94), says that flint-
glafs plates for looking-glaffes and coach windows were made
about 1673 at Lambeth, by the encouragement of the Duke of
Buckingham. Glafs, probably for veffels, was alfo made at
Greenwich; for in Evelyn's Diary (Anno 1673) is the fol
lowing paffage: " Thence to the Italian glafs houfes at
" Greenwich, where glafs was blown of finer metal than that of
" Murano, at Venice."

Introduction. cxliii
From the Lambeth glafs house came, no doubt, many of
the mirrors with bevelled edges, ftill remaining in old houfes.
Probably fome of the drinking glaffes then made also remain,
fuch as the " flint-glafs a yard long " in which, as Evelyn
records, James H.'s health was drunk at Bromley in 1685.
The revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1685 drove a
great number of artifans from France, and among them feveral
workers in glafs ; a great impulfe was thus given to the manu
facture, and in 1736, as we have feen, the Englifh glafs was
confidered by Dr. Pococke to be fuperior to that of Bohemia,
and only inferior to that made in the Pruflian glafs-houses,
under royal patronage and with unlimited outlay.
All that was produced was, however, not of equally good
quality, for a French writer in 1760, M. Bofc d' Antic, criticifes
the Englifh flint-glafs of that period in the following terms :
" Their c criftal ' is not of a good colour, it is rather yellow or
" brown, if the red colour of the manganefe a little preponde-
" rates. It is fo ill melted that the fait breaks out, it gets
" dirty, readily corrodes, and is full of fpots and clouds."
(Peligot, Le Verre, p. 348.)
In more recent times a manufactory of glafs at Briftol
acquired a certain reputation, but its products {fee Nos. 911 to
913) are chiefly of a later date than the limit which has been
fixed for this effay.
Some knowledge of the art of glafs-working feems to
have exifted in Ireland from an early period ; for fmall pieces
of mofaic glafs J and cameo heads 2 are found in brooches,
croziers, and fhrines of Irifh origin ; the examples of mofaic
glafs difplay remarkable fkill, as may be feen on the crozier of
Lifmore, belonging to the Duke of Devonfhire. It was made
for a Bifhop of Lifmore who died in 1 1 12, but it is, of courfe,

1 In the crofs of Cong, the Lifmore crozier, the fhrine of St. Mogue, &c.
2 In the brooch called that of Tara.

cxliv Introduction.
poffible that the glafs ornaments may be of an earlier date.
Another procefs of decoration employed was that of cutting
into the furface of a piece of glafs, or more probably of impreff-
ing a pattern on the glafs while soft, and filling the cavity with
metal or glafs, or enamel of another colour. Beautiful examples
of this may be feen on the chalice, dating from the ninth or
tenth century, found fome years ago at Ardagh, in the County of
Limerick, and now in the mufeum of the Royal Irifh Academy
(v. Tranfaftions of the R. I. A., vol. xxiv., Antiquities,
Pt. IV.). The colours and patterns ufed in thefe proceffes are fo
peculiar as to render it highly improbable that the objefts
referred to were made elfewhere than in Ireland. It is a very
interefting queftion whence this art was derived ; there is no
indication that it was practifed at the time either in England,
France, or Germany ; apparently, therefore, it muft have been
learnt at a very early date, either from Rome or from Conftan
tinople, or even poffibly from Egypt. This laft origin may
appear at firft fight very doubtful, but it has been obferved
by Dr. Keller, in his remarks on the Irifh MSS. at St. Gall,1
that the ftyle of ornament and colouring which charafterifes
them has much analogy with that of Egyptian art ; and he
points out that there is direft evidence of the fojourn of Egyptian
monks in Ireland in the mention in the " Leabhar Breac " 2 of
feven Egyptian monks who were buried in Difert-Ulidh.
Many glafs beads have been found in Ireland ; fome are
identical or almoft fo with thofe found elfewhere, but fome are
peculiar, particularly thofe the ornamentation of which is com
pofed chiefly of a twirl of slear and white opaque glafs, much

1 Dr. Keller's Effay originally ap- " Ulfter Journal of Archas ology," for
peared in the "Mittheilungen der July i860.
Antiquarifchen Gefellfchaft in Zurich" 2 The original MS. is in the library
for 1 85 1, and has been tranflated by of the Royal Irifh Academy.
•Dr. Reeves, and publifhed in the

Introduction. cxlv
as Fig. 1 20, p. 163 of Sir Wm. Wilde's Catalogue of the
Antiquities in the Mufeum of the Royal Irifh Academy, where
many varieties of beads found in Ireland are defcribed and
figured. Veffels of glafs were alfo in ufe in Ireland at a very early
time. In the "Tripartite Life of St. Patrick " (feventh or eighth
century?), (cap. xxxv. p. 134) mention is made of "a certain
" ftone cave of wonderful workmanfhip, with an altar under
" ground, having on its four corners four chalices of glafs," at
Duma-Graidh, in the county of Sligo.
Glass in China.
Various affertions have been made as regards the antiquity
of glafs-making in China. If the conjecture that when Pliny
mentions Indian glafs as the beft in the world, the product in
queftion was in reality Chinefe, be well founded, the fabrica
tion of glafs in China began at a very remote period. There
•is no improbability that fuch was the cafe, as, though the
intercourfe between China and its weftern neighbours may not
have been very active, there was fome both by land and by fea,
and fome knowledge of the art may have found its way thither ;
or it may even have been independently difcovered by that
ingenious people, who in fo many arts have fhown great power
of invention. Their pottery would feem to have been glazed
from a very early period, and they have long practifed the art
of enamelling on metal ; both thefe are arts near akin to that
of glafs-making. An argument in favour of its having been
really of indigenous invention may be derived from the pecu
liarity of the objefts produced, which, until very recent times,
would feem to have been not clear glafs for windows or for
domeftic utenfils, but objefts coloured in imitation of natural
Hones, and cut like them into fomewhat maffive forms,,

cxlvi Introduction.
The native writers, at any rate, aflert its exiftence among
them at a period anterior to the Chriftian era.
According to the author of the " Remarques fur un Ecrit
de M. P." (Paw ?), &c, one of the French miffionaries at Pekin
(or perhaps one of their Chinefe converts), who wrote about
1770, (Memoires concernant les Chinois, vol. ii., pp. 463 and
477), the Emperor Ou-ti, one of the Han dynafty, which occu
pied the throne about 140 B.C., had a manufactory of lieou-li
(a fpecies of glafs, perhaps made with alkali derived from fern,
which bears the name of lieou-li-tfao, i.e., the lieou-li herb) ;
this is ftated on the authority of the annals of the Han, written
in the feventh century of our era. He alfo ftates that the
ancient dictionary Eulph-ya fpeaks of lieou-li, that the Tfi-yo
fays that falfe pearls were made from it, and that a very ancient
commentary on the Hiao-king aflerts that mirrors were made
of glafs coated with fome compofition.
The writer alfo fays that the words po-li were in ufe for
glafs at a very early time ; and he quotes from the Chinefe
annals the ftatement that in the beginning of the third century
the King of Ta-tfin x fent to Tai-tfou, of the Wei dynafty, very
confiderable prefents of glaffes of all colours, and fome years
afterwards a glafs-maker, who, by means of fire, could change
pebbles into cryftal, and who taught the art to difciples.
The Wei dynafty reigned in Northern China, and the
manufacture of glafs in Shan- tung, extenfively practifed at the
prefent day, perhaps owes its origin to the glafs-maker of the
third century. The miffionary goes on to fay that he could
furnifh many other proofs from writers of the antiquity of the
art in China ; but he confines himfelf to the mention of a vafe
of glafs prefented to the Emperor Tai-tfou (A.D. 627), which

1 The word means Great China, p. lvi.), or, according to Duhalde, for
but was ufed by the Chinefe for the India (Hiflory of China, Englifh trans-
Roman Empire (Yule's Cathay, vol. i. lation, vol. i. p. 361)1

Introduction. cxlvii
was fo large that a mule could have been put into it,1 and was
brought to the palace in a net fufpended between four carriages.
The manufacture of glafs was, however, he thinks, never carried
on extenfively; the writers who mention it fpeaking with a
kind of contemptuous pity of the falfe pearls, the mirrors, the
celeftial globes, the windows, fcreens, and great vafes made
under the Han dynafty. The ancient books, he fays, ftated
that mirrors were made from pebbles, and a material obtained
from the fea and reduced to afhes, — an evident allufion to foda
prepared from fea-weed.
Glafs-making, therefore, having been in China a manufac
ture not generally diffufed over the country, but carried on in
a few localities, it cannot be expefted that, with our fmall
acquaintance with the literature ofthe country, much fhould have
been afcertained as to its hiftory from the native writers ; one
allufion to glafs, which proves that it was known to the Chinefe
in the fourteenth century, may be mentioned ; it is from a
Chinefe writer of about the year 1350 (Yule's ed. of Marco
Polo, vol. ii. p. 311), and occurs in an account of Ceylon : " In
" front of the image of Buddha is a facred bowl, which is made
" neither of jade nor copper, nor iron ; it is of a purple colour
" and gloffy, and when ftruck it founds like glafs." This
veffel was the famous patra or alms-pot of Buddha.
Confidering how little communication took place between
China and Europe until the fixteenth and feventeenth centuries,
it is not furprifing that but very little is to be learnt from any
European writer on the fubjeft of Chinefe glafs, but one
mention exifts which is of fome importance.
In the geography of El Edrifi, written in Sicily in the year
1 1 54, the following paffage occurs in the chapter relating to

1 According to one authority, a mule palace of Pekin. (Shaw's Chemiftry
could as eafily enter it as a fly could of Pottery, p. 503, note.) No one,
enter a pitcher. It has been of late however, feems to have recently feen
afferted that the vafe ftill exifts in the it.
k2

cxlviii Introduction.
China (Firft Climate, tenth feftion, vol. i., p. 99, ofthe French
tranflation) : " From Khankou to Djankou (the diftance is
" wanting in the MS.). This is a celebrated city ....
" the Chinefe glafs is made there." Khankou is ftated by the
fame writer to be a port on the river by which one may afcend
to the greater part of the country of the Sovereign of China.
It is thought that Khankou is an error for Khanfou, the Ganfu
of Marco Paulo, which was the port moft reforted to by the
Arabs at this period, and is now reprefented by Hang chu fouth
of the Yang-tfe-kiang ; but Djankou has not been fatisfactorily
identified with any exifting Chinefe city.1
M.Xabarte (Defcription des objets d'Art de la Coll. Debruge-
Dumenil) expreffes an opinion that porcelain, not glafs, was
really what was made at Djan-kou ; but this feems to have
been formed rather rafhly ; the words meaning glafs and porce
lain differ widely, both in Chinefe and in Arabic, and neither
El Edrifi nor his informants would appear to have been likely
to have made any confufion between the two fubftances, both
of which muft have been well known to them.
At the end of the fixteenth century we get a little light,
rather negative than pofitive, upon the ftate of the glafs-making
iii China. Father Ricci, a Jefuit miffionary, who was in China
about 1 590-1 600, narrates (Purchas' Pilgrimes, vol. iii.,
lib. ii., c. 5.) that he gave a prifm of glafs to a native convert,
one Chuitaifo, who put it into a filver cafe with gold chains,
and " adorned it further with a writing that it was a fragment
" of that matter whereof the heavens confift. One was faid
" to offer him five hundred pieces of gold foon after for it,
" which, till Father Matthew had prefented his to the king, he

1 As maps of the feventeenth cen- the north of China) Xiancu and
tury (e.g., in Werdenhagen, de Rebus Xianxq, it feems poffible that Edrifi was
Publicis Hanfeaticis, and in Garzoni, mifled, and beftowed the name of the
Allgemeine Schauplatz) fpell the pro- province on fome important city in it, —
vince which we now call Chanfi (in a miftake of not unlikely occurrence.

Introduction. cxlix
" would not fell ; after that he fet a higher price, and fold it."
From this we may infer that to the Chinefe brilliant colourlefs
glafs was unknown, and in another paffage (lib. ii., c. i.) Father
Ricci ftates that the Chinefe make glafs, " but therein are ftiort
" of the Europeans."
Pere Duhalde, in his defcription or hiftory of China, firft
publifhed in 1735, fays that the kind of glafs called leou-li was
made at Yen-tching, near Tfi-nou-fou, the chief city of Shan
tung. He ftates that it was more brittle than that of Europe,.
and broke when expofed to the inclemencies of the -air (Englifh
edition, vol. i. p. 220). This account is curioufly different
from that given about forty years later, as quoted below.
About the year 1770 we have more detailed accounts of the
then ftate of Chinefe glafs-making.
The writer ofthe " Remarques fur un ecrit de M. P.," already
quoted, fays that the Emperors of the reigning dynafty paid
fo little attention to the manufacture that they had not thought
it worth while to place learners with the European glafs-makers
who had been fent out, or even to have them brought from
Canton, where were a good number. He further informs us
that in his time there was a glafs houfe at Pekin where every
year a good number of vafes were made, fome requiring great
labour, becaufe nothing was blown j1 but he adds that the manu
factory was only an appendage to the Imperial magnificence,
and fo regarded. He concludes the fubjeft with the reflexion
that the Chinefe would be better clothed, lodged, and fed, if
glafs were more common in China, — a remark which, though
true as regards lodging, does not feem equally fo as regards
either clothing or feeding. The fame writer (p. 463) gives a
curious account of the lieou-li as made in his time : it was, he

1 " Diffcrentes pieces d'un grand mentation was made by cutting, not by
" travail, parceque rien n'eft souffle," a procefs of blowing and moulding, as
meaning, probably, that their orna- in the cafe of Venetian glafs.

cl Introduction.
fays, fo thin as to be elaftic, and all forts of toys for children
were made of it, alfo trumpets and grapes, which laft were
fo like natural grapes as to deceive the eyes ; thefe objects
were extremely cheap.
This ftatement, that glafs was made fo thin as to be elaftic,
may feem fo remote from probability as to throw a doubt on
its correftnefs, and to lead to the fuppofition that the writer
confounded glafs with fome other fubftance ; it is, however, only
fufficient to read his obfervations to be convinced that he was
fully aware of the character and compofition of glafs, and very
unlikely to have made any fuch miftake. Poffibly the Chinefe
may have a knowledge of fome procefs by which the elafticity
of glafs can be very greatly increafed.
In another memoir in the fame collection, written in 1774
(vol. viii. p. 267), on the articles which might be imported
with advantage into China, veffels of glafs are mentioned, but
with the provifo that they fhould be coloured and wrought
(travailles). Little bottles for holding fnuff are mentioned as
being made in China, and the French glafs-makers are advifed
to imitate Chinefe forms if they defired to find a good fale for
their wares.
Very little has been told by modern travellers as to the
manufacture of glafs in China ; but the Rev. A. Williamfon
(Journeys in North China, vol. i. p. 131) gives the following
interefting account of it in the province of Shan-tung : " Long
" ago it was difcovered that the rocks in the neighbourhood of
" Po-fhan-hien, when pulverized and fufed with the nitrate of
" potafs, formed glafs, and for many years the natives have
" applied themfelves to its manufacture; I found them making
" excellent window-glafs, blowing bottles of various fizes,
" moulding cups of every defcription, and making lanterns,
" beads, and ornaments in endlefs variety. They alfo run it
" into rods about 30 in. long, which they tie up in bundles
" and export to all parts of the country. The rods of pig

Introduction. cli
" glafs coft ioocafh per catty at the manufactory. The glafs
" is extremely pure, they colour it moft beautifully, and
" have obtained confiderable dexterity in manipulation ; many
" ofthe articles are finely finifhed."
Po-fhan is fituated at the foot of a range of mountains, and
the " rocks " which Mr. Williamfon mentions are probably
quartz ; other parts of the province, as the neighbourhoods of
Yung-ching and Tfi-mi, he fays, yields abundance of rock
cryftal of various colours.
It appears clear that, at any rate up to the end of the laft
century, the manufacture of glafs in China was not conducted
in order to produce articles of general utility, but rather to
gratify that tafte for rarities which is fo ftrong among the
Chinefe. The cafe was the converfe of that of the Romans,
thefe laft had no fine pottery, and therefore employed glafs as
the material for veffels of an ornamental kind for table fervice
and like purpofes ; the Chinefe, on the contrary, having from an
early period had excellent porcelain, have been carelefs about the
manufacture of glafs.
Examples of Chinefe glafs of an early date — if they ever
reached Europe — have never as yet been identified as fuch ; but
one would appear to exift in Japan ; the following account of
it is extracted from the Athenasum ofthe 7th Auguft 1875 : —
" We extract the following from a letter, dated Yokohama,
25th of May : c.At Nara, an old capital of the Mikados,
c where seven of the defcendants of the Sun reigned in the eighth
c century, is an immense wooden barn, built by one of the kings,
' and where he placed all the treafures of his palace previous to
' the removal oP the Government to Kiyoto, where it has
c been ever fince. This barn has been carefully repaired

1 Two bottles or vafes, faid to be of have been lately given by Prince Kung
a very early date, and to have been to the Chev. v. Schaffer, the Auftrian
long preferved in the Imperial family, Minifter in China and Japan.

clii Introduction.
c every fixty or fixty-one years, and is now entire and found.
c The treafures have been from time to time infpected, and
( fome few additions have been made to thofe which are found
c in the original catalogue. I obferved a ewer of white glafs,
c about a foot high, which looked more modern than the
' eighth century. We were affured, however, by an antiquary
c who is engaged in defcribing the collection, that this ewer is
1 one of the objefts entered in the original lift or catalogue
* which was depofited from the firft.' "
The fame object, it would feem, is fomewhat differently
defcribed by a writer in the Pall Mall Gazette of the 7th of
Auguft 1875 > ne writes of it as " a handfome glafs vafe with a
" coloured glafs cover."
No one has as yet noticed the exiftence of any glafs-making
in Japan, and it is obvioufly more probable that this vafe was
a prefent from China than an objeft of indigenous manufacture,
if it be really of the period to which it is affigned.
Important fpecimens of more modern date are not very
common in Europe ; vafes of a femi-opaque yellow glafs are
perhaps thofe moft frequently feen, and fome fine examples
were in the International Exhibition of 1867 in Paris, one of
which bearing the name of the Emperor Kien-lung, 1736 to
1796, the produce, no doubt, of the glafs-houfe mentioned by
the writer in the Memoires is in this Collection, No. 653.-69.
Vafes nearly 2 ft. high have been noticed in China, and one
feen at Pekin, had the imitation of a crack and rivets all
executed in the glafs. The glafs objects from China, which
are more common in this country, are fmall bottles to contain
fnuff; they are fometimes blue or red, with a! coating of white,
carved into landfcapes or figures, and are often imitations of
chalcedony, agate, and other ftones ; thefe imitations are executed
with confiderable fkill and fuccefs.
Chinefe glafs deferves attentive examination, particularly
from thofe who are interefted in the manufacture of glafs, for

Introduction. cliii
the colours are in many inftances Angularly fine and harmonious,
and a good collection would probably be of great ufe in an
industrial point of view. The coloured glaffes, inftead of being
of one fhade of bright colour throughout, are ufually femi-
tranfparent and marbled, like natural ftones. Almoft every
conceivable mode of decoration of glafs except this has been
tried in Europe in modern time, but this fcarcely at all, and
there is evidently a large field open in this direction for the
tafte and fkill of the glafs-maker. One notable exception to
the remark is the faucer, of rich crimfon, flecked with a dark
colour, No. iooo-'69, made at St. Petersburg, and bought in
the laft Univerfal Exhibition at Paris, which has been fuppofed
to be a natural flone. It was, perhaps, made in imitation of
rhodonite, the rofe-coloured felfpar, found in Siberia, but is
richer and finer in colour than the native mineral. Glafs in
cakes is imported from China into India for the ufe of the
enamellers, as has been already ftated.

:lv

ADDENDA et CORRIGENDA.

Page i. Chemifts have adopted a practice of defining glafs as a colloidal or non-cryftalline
form of matter without regarding the chemical compofition, thus they include fuch fubftances
as "glafs of antimony and even jelly and barley-fugar, and ought apparently to include
flint and many other minerals, but it would feem more correct to confine the word to com
pounds of filica and alkalis, with or without other metallic oxydes, fufed together and thus
brought into a non-cryftalline condition. Such at least is the fenfe in which the word is
generally ufed.
Glafs if llowly cooled or reheated and kept long at a high temperature below the fufing point
paffes from the vitreous to the cryftalline ftate, and is then faid to be devitrified (Percy's
Metallurgy, p. 47). It is therefore fometimes defined as an amorphous filicate.
Page i, line 22. Since the paffage in which the benefits of the invention of glafs are fet forth
was printed, the writer has found that Dr. Johnfon has far better expreffed almoft the fame
ideas, and regrets that he made the difcovery too late to be able to fubftitute the one paffage
for the other. Dr. Johnfon expreffes himfelf thus when confidering from what unpromifing
beginnings the moft ufeful productions of art have arifen, " Who," he fays, " when he firft
" faw the fand and aflies by cafual intenlenefs of heat melted into a metalline form, rugged
" with excrefcences and clouded with impurities, would have imagined that in this Ihapelefs
" lump lay concealed fo many conveniences of life as would in time conftitute a great part of
" the happinefs of the world ? Yet by fome fuch fortuitous liquefaction was mankind taught
" to procure a body at once in a high degree folid and tranfparent, which might admit the light
" ofthe fun and exclude the violence of the wind, which might extend the fight of the philo-
" fopher to new ranges of exiftence and charm him at one time with the unbounded extent of
" the material creation, and at another with the endlefs fubordination of animal life, and, what
" is yet of more importance, might fupply the decay of nature and fuccour old age with fubfidiary
" fight. Thus was the firft artificer of glafs employed, though without his own knowledge
" or expectation. He was facilitating and prolonging the enjoyments of light, enlarging the
" avenues of fcience, and conferring the higheft and moft lafting pleafures ; he was enabling the
" ftudent to contemplate nature, and the beauty to behold herfelf." (The Rambler, No. 9.)
Page v. Something fhould perhaps have been faid on the fubject of the iridifation of glafs
when the means of producing colour in that fubftance were treated of. Few perfons can have
failed to obferve the wonderful beauty of the tints occafionally feen in ancient examples of glafs
which have been fubjected to a procefs of decay, certainly no other product of human art ever
exhibits fuch brilliancy and vividnefs of colour : in natural objects alone beauty of like kind can
be found. The caufe of this beautiful effect is the feparation of the furface of the glafs into
extremely thin films, which refract and decompofe the rays of light ; that fuch is the cafe may
be Ihown by dipping fuch a piece of glafs into water, this faturates the films and unites them
temporarily into one tranfparent mafs with the central undecayed portion, the colours then
difappear to appear again as foon as the water evaporates and the films again become feparated
by intervening air. It will be found that coloured glafs, and perhaps fpecially green and blue
tranfparent glafs, produce finer colours when iiidefcent than ordinary uncoloured glafs.
The iridefcence of the glafs veffels which are now fo confpicuous in the {hop windows is faid to be
obtained by the expofure of the object to the action of a much diluted acid at a regulated tem
perature in a clofed veffel. It may be furmifed that the effect of this proceeding would be to
produce on the furface of tlie object extremely minute indentations, which would reflect and

clvi Addenda et Corrigenda.
decompofe light, and iridefcence would thus be produced in the fame manner as it is on
mother-o'-pearl, in which laft cafe it is due to the prefence of a great number of extremely
minute channels with bright polilhed fides which furrow the furface.
In both thefe cafes it is poffible that extremely thin tranflucent films exift, and that light is there
fore both refracted and reflected.
Page iii, line 29, for " lachymatory "' read " lachrymatory."
„ v, „ 22, omit " die."
Page viii, line 27. The writer has in his poffeffion a lump of Impure glafs formed by the burn
ing ofa ftack of wheat in Lincoln/hire.
Page ix, line 9. Sir H. Rawlinson (Herodotus, vol. ii, p. S2) ftates that ruins of glafs furnaces
may be ftill feen at the natron lakes in Egypt.
>> x> » 3,_/m- " Neno" read " Juno."
D xi j) 7> fir " Koniglbuck" read " Kbniglbuch."
,, xi, „ IO. The Emperor Hadrian at the fame time fent to the Conful a prefent of two
cups given to him by an Egyptian prieft, which he defcribes as " alaffontes (aWaatrovrts)
verficolores.'' It has been fuppofed that thefe cups were of glafs, and that they may have
refembled the cup belonging to Baron Lionel de Rothfchild (v. page xxxiii). The Emperor's
letter will be found in Vopifcus, Vit. Saturn, c. 8.
Page xiv, line 9. Among the beads found in Great Britain are fome of remarkable fize and
beauty ; fuch have fometimes been the objects of a fuperftitious veneration, and in Wales and
Ireland they have been called Glain Neidr (adder's egg). Gleini na Droedh (Druid's beads),
ferpent ftones, Sec. Some antiquaries have confidered them to be the reprefentatives of the
" ovum anguinum," the origin of which, viz., from the faliva of a number of congregated
fnakes, is told in much the fame manner by Pliny and in the popular legends of Wales, Scot
land, and Ireland. It is, however, obvioufly improbable that thefe ideas as to the origin and
myftical virtues of thefe beads can be ofa date as early as that when they were articles of com
merce, it is more probable that they have grown up at a time when the real origin of the
objects was unknown and when like the aggry beads in Africa, they were only occafionally
found in the earth.
Page xvi, line J, for " object " read " objects."
„ „ „ 7. In the Britifh Mufeum are many pieces of glafs found at Ialyffos in Rhodes,
they are chiefly dilks, varying in fize from that of a fixpence to that of a florin, and oblong
plates about I j inch long by |ths wide ; thefe laft are divided into compartments, in each of
which is a fpiral ; the dilks bear elegant rofettes. Thefe ornaments are all in relief and have
evidently been produced by preffure from a mould or die. One plate bears a figure of an
animal, probably a lion, bearing a refemblance to the figures of lions in gold, found at
Mycente by Dr. Schliemann.
The colours are, turquoife blue, and fome others, among them apparently white or grey, but the
difintegration of the furface of many pieces makes it a difficult matter to decide what the
colour really is.
Dr. Schliemann (v. page vii) has ftated that he found in his excavations at Mycense dilks and
other pieces of vitreous paftes, which he believes to have been ufed as decorations for doors or
other like ufes. Thefe would appear to be of much the fame character as thofe found at
Ialyffos. As drops of glafs were found with thefe ornaments at Ialyffos, it would feem that all
were made there, but doubt has been expreffed whether the drops are not of later date. The
drops are chiefly or wholly of uncoloured glafs, and if the opinion of their more recent date
be founded upon their lefs advanced condition of decompofition, it may be erroneous, for un
coloured glafs is much lefs liable to decompofition than coloured containing large quantities
of iron, copper, or other metallic bafes. Dr. Schliemann has expreffed a doubt whether fome
of the dilks found at Mycense are not compofed of pottery. Some dilks in the Britifh Mufeum
brought from Egypt, which in fome degree refemble thofe found at Mycenae and Ialyffos,
would feem to be compofed of glazed pottery ; it is, however, often difficult to diftinguifli
between fome kinds of opaque glafs and pottery unlefs the object be fubmitted to careful exami
nation.

Adde?ida et Corrigenda. clvii
Mr. Newton has defcribed in the " Academy " a difcovery of articles of fimilar character at Spata
in Attica. It is difficult or impoffible to fay whether thefe various objects are to be attributed
to Greek or to Phoenician artifans ; the rofette ornamentation of the dilks feem to point to a
connexion with Egypt as dilks of pottery fimilarly ornamented have been found there ; their
probable date may be about the tenth century B.C.
Page xvii, line ii. Mr. Spencer Meade has pointed out to the writer that Paufanias (II. xxvii., 3)
tells us that at Epidaurus in Argolis was a picture by Paufias (B.C. 360-330) of Me'017, the
Goddefs of Drunkennefs, drinking out of a glafs bowl, e£ i>a.\[vt\s <pidhj]s irlvovtra, where the
bowl was reprefented as tranfparent and a female face appearing through it.
Page xvi, line, 28. The paffage in Herodotus is rather careleflly quoted and tranflated, it runs
apTTifxara KiOiva xUT^> X., ftony molten pendants.
Page xvi, line ult. Mr. Spencer Meade has favoured the writer with the following remarks on
the ufe of the vd\os by Greek writers of early date. " Herodotus ufes the Ionic form veKos for
the Attic ia.\os twice in B. iii, >.. 24, meaning fome tranfparent ftone, probably alabafter. It
was employed for enclofing dead bodies. He fays it was dug up abundantly in Egypt and eafily
worked. Diodorus Siculus, ii., 1 5, cites Ctefias, a contemporary of Herodotus, for the ufe of
ueAos, the Egyptians, he lays, melted it and poured it around a golden ftatue which contained
the afhes of the dead perfon, and adds that the fubftance abounded in Ethiopia. In Arifto-
phanes, Nubes, 769, the burning glafs is called, 7] ud\os and, 7°7» V Xi9os, fo probably a lens of
rock cryftal, the vd\iua eKn^ara of Acharn, 74, may perhaps have been of glafs, though more
likely were made of cryftal. Plato, however, in his Timseus, 61 B., clearly fpeaks of glafs,
vd\os, and diftinguifhes it from fufible ftone, xuT& ^Bri, and this appears to be the firft
example of the word fo ufed, it meant originally a ftone, fee Schol. Nub. cl. Some have
thought fiXtKTpov, amber, to be alluded to in the paffage."
It feems pretty clear from thefe paffages that the original meaning of vdXos was cryftal or other
tranfparent ftone, and that it was applied to glafs on account of its refemblance to cryftal, but
when glafs was opaque or coloured, as was probably the cafe with the ear ornaments of the
crocodiles mentioned by Herodotus, and certainly with the emerald column which the fame
writer faw at Tyre, it was not fo called by him. Ctefias apparently confounded glafs or
enamel with alabafter or fome other mineral fubftance, or his exprefBon may merely imply
that there was much glafs in Egypt, and that he not being aware that it was artificial fuppofed
that it was a natural fubftance. In the Periplus Maris ErythrEei fometimes attributed to
Arrian (v. p. xi, note) the expreffion Xi$las iahrjs occurs, but it cannot be doubted that glafs
is meant.
Page xvii, line 19, for " Phillip's " read " Phillipps."
,, ,, 29, Cnidus, though often called an ifland, (as by Strabo) is more properly a penirt-
fula, the lion was found not at Cnidus but about three miles to the northward (Newton,
Travels and Difcoveries in the Levant, B. ii, p. 214.)
Page xxi, note, line 9, for " compariri " read "compareri."
„ „ ,, 12, for " ces " read " ses."
„ ,, „ 19, for " Hcec " read " Hac."
„ „ „ 3, (2nd col.) /or "fit" read "fit."
„ „ „ 4, „ for " hcec " read " hsec."
„ In another paffage in Pliny's Hift. Nat. (Lib. xxxiv, c. 8) Lapis Alabandicus is mentioned
as an ingredient in glafs, or as a fubftitute for it (?) " liquatur igni ac funditur in ufum
vitri."
Page xxxiv, line it,, for " Cunce," read " Cumae."
Page xxxv, line 12. M. Jacquemart, Hift. du Mobilier, p. 5S I, mentions a "coupe merveil-
leuie " as belonging to Baron Guftave de Rothfchild, on which birds, perched on delicate
branches, are painted in enamel, furrounding the cup like a garland.
Page xii, line l3. Dr. Bruce (Roman Wall) ftates that many engraved gems are found about
the fite of the wall without fettings, there is little probability that thefe are modern.
Page xlvi, note. The name of the cobbler of Beneventum was Vatinius, he was a favourite of
Nero. The cup was called " nafiterna," and perhaps was the parent of the curious Spanifh

clviii Addenda et Corrigenda.
drinking veffels with four or more fpouts (fee Cat. of Spanifh glafs). Martial has an epigram
(Lib. xiv. 96) on thefe cups " Vilia futoris calicem monumenta Vatini
Accipe, fed nafus longior ille fuit."
Page 1, note, line i, for " area " read "arcu."
Page li, ,, ,, 9, for " mentitur " read " mentitus."
Page Iii, line 2, for " xxvii, cap. 26 " read " xxxvi, cap. 66.
„ note, line 2, for " tonitur" read " tonitru."
Page lix. The famous table of emerald, part of the booty of Toledo when taken by Tarik in
711, fhould have been mentioned in the text. It is thus mentioned by El Makkari, as
tranflated by Don Pafcual de Gayangos (Hift. of Mahommedan Dynafties in Spain, p. 47).
"It was there {i.e., at Toledo) that Tarik, fon of Zeyad, found the table of Suleyman. The
" table was made out of one folid emerald, and when prefented by Mufa to the Khalif Al-
" Walid was valued at one hundred thoufand dinars."
Another account given in a MS. of A.D. 1174 (App. to the above-cited work, p. xlix) ftates
that it was inlaid with precious ftones of various kinds and hues, as well as with aromatic
woods, that it was ornamented with feveral infcriptions in the Greek tongue, and that it
was made ofa folid piece of emerald, alfo that it had three golden feet.
El Makkari in another paffage (p. 286) quotes Ibn Tayyan as defcribing the table as of pure
gold, fet with precious ftones, and fays that it was found on the altar of the principal
church at Toledo, in which city it is faid to have been made. According to fome writers it
had 365 feet, according to others four, or three, or none.
It was probably either the frontal of the altar or a fuper altar, the " emerald " was no doubt a
large flab of Byzantine glafs, and if it be true that the table bore Greek infcriptions, it was
no doubt the work of Byzantine artifts.
Page lxi. In a paper which has recently appeared in the Journal of the Royal Afiatic Society,
Vol. X. pt. 1, Mr. E. T. Rogers has fhown that many of thefe dilks bear infcriptions ftating
them to be the weight of a " fils," (a copper coin) of a dirham or of a dinar, while one is
ftated to be the quarter ofa " rati," a weight which has varied in various countries and times,
this laft dilk weighs H43'3 grains, and is in the Britifh Mufeum. Mr. Rogers alfo mentions
ftamps on glafs meafures of capacity. The earlieft of thefe dilks which has as yet been
noticed is one mentioned by Mr. Rogers as bearing the date A.H. 96, correfponding with
A.D. 7 1 5. As is mentioned in page Ixxvii, the Venetians made meafures and weights in glafs
in A.D. 1279, and the Byzantines alfo made dilks probably for ufe as weights, though when
the Byzantine examples were made has not been afcertained as dates have not been found
upon them. It feems probable that the Byzantines originated the practice, and that both
Venetians and Egyptians imitated them.
Page Ixii. Mr. Derby, of the South Kenfington Mufeum, has kindly brought to the knowledge
of the writer another paffage of the Koran (Sura, 76) in which glafs is mentioned ; it runs
thus, " Veffels of filver and goblets of glafs fhall be borne round among them ; glafs bottles
" like filver whofe meafure themfelves shall mete."
Page Ixviii. If we can place faith in the Mahawanfo (the Chronicle of the Singhalefe Kings)
" Mirrrors of glittering glafs were carried in proceflion, B.C. 3o6 " (Ceylon, by an Officer, late
of the Ceylon Rifles, vol. II., p. 44), and feftoons of beads like gems, probably glafs beads.
About the fame date, " Windows, with ornaments like jewels, which were as bright as eyes,"
are alfo mentioned in the Mahawanso, this phrafe would feem to indicate windows like thofe
formerly in ufe in Europe, and more recently in the East, in which Imall pieces of glafs
coloured or uncoloured are fixed into frames of marble, ftone, or ftucco fo perforated as to
form patterns. The author of " Ceylon " ftates that the Hindus have been long aware that
glafs is a non-conduftor of eleftricity, and placed lumps of it on the tops of their temples as
a protection againft lightning. He goes on to point out that Admiral Fitzroy (Weather
Book, p. 441) ftates that " In Japan, .China, Siam, Ceylon, and other Eaftern countries a
" fyftem has prevailed from time immemorial of placing lumps of glafs on the pinnacles or
" other high points of buildings to avert lightning." An obfeure paffage in the Maha
wanfo, under A.D. 241, feems to refer to this praftice ; it runs thus : " Having placed a large

Addenda et Corrigenda. clix

" gem on the top, he fixed below it for the purpofe of averting lightning a vajira chumbata
" like a ring." Turner, who tranflated the Mahawanfo, has rendered " vajira " by glafs,
but it is doubted whether it may not mean a loadftone or an iron magnet. However this
may be, thefe paffages from the Chronicle would appear to furnilh ground for a confirmation
of the belief that the making of glafs in the further Eaft has been earlier in date and more
important in practice than has been ufually fuppofed. The whole matter certainly deferves
clofer examination than it has as yet received.
The paffage in Pliny'sNat. Hift. (Lib. xii. c. 19) in which it is faid that the Troglodytes brought
to Ocelis (now Ghella near Bab-el Mundeb) on their return voyages, objects of glafs (" contra
" revehunt vitrea ") may refer to the import of Chinefe or Cinghalefe glafs deftined forweftern
markets.
Page lxxxvii, line 3. One of the earlieft inftances of a collection of Venetian glalses is that
afforded by the catalogue of the objects of art which had belonged to Robertet, treafurer to
Charles VIII., Louis II., and Francis I. of France. He formed his collection between 1504
and 1532 when his widow drew up the catalogue, it has been printed in the 3oth Vol. ofthe
proceedings ofthe Society of Antiquaries of France, and portions quoted by M. Bonaffe, Collec-
tionneurs de l'ancienne France (p. 21). The Venetian glafses are thus mentioned, "quatre
" cens beaux verres de Venife gentillifez des plus jolies gayetez que les verriers fc^auroient
" inventer."
Page xcviii, line 15. Alexander Neckam, about one hundred years earlier, fays the lame thing
(De Naturis Rerum, cap. cliv, De Speculis) " Dum integrum eft fpeculum unica uno folo
" infpiciente refultat imago, frangatur in plures vitrum, quot funt ibi fractiones tot refulta-
" bunt imagines. . . . Sed mira res fubtrahe plumbum fuppofitum vitro jam nulla refultabit
" imago infpicientis."
Page c. Dalechamps (ob. l586), in a note on the paffage in Pliny's Natural Hiftory (L. 33,
t. 9), in which mention is made of the reflexion of an image from gold, fays, " Ut noftro
" feculo Venetiis bracteam argenteam vitreis fpeculis averfis impingunt."
Page ci, line 12. Between the words " that " and " were " injert " they."
Page cvii, line 21. In France alfo, paper oiled was commonly ufed in lieu of glafs until about
1710. M. de Foville in an article in the ^conomifte Franf^aife fays, " that not a century ago
" there exifted in France a corporation of chaflifliers who put in windows of oiled paper."
Page cxix, line 1. Examples of (probably) French glafs ofthe 13th century may be mentioned.
They confift of the tube in which the thorn given by St. Louis, King of France, as one of
thofe of the crown of thorns, is preferved in the treafury of the Abbey of St. Maurice in the
Valais, and the pieces of glafs which enclofe it (v. Aubert Trefor de l'Abbaye de St. Maurice,
p. 170). In the treafury of St. Mark at Venice is a fimilar reliquary containing another of
the thorns, alfo the gift of St. Louis, probably in this cafe alfo the thorn is enclofed in
glafs.
Page cxi, line II. Fern contains a very large proportion of potafh as compared with moft other
vegetable matter ; 1,000 parts of dried fern contain 25 of potafh, while like quantities of elm
wood contain but 3^, branches and bark of oak 2, beech wood 1, oak and fir wood ^. (Bri
tifh Indufttries; Acids, Alkalies, &c. by Prof. Church, p. 40).
Page cxv, line 6. AI. Makkari alfo ftates (page 93 of translation by P. de Gayangos) that Murcia
was renowned for the fabrication of glafs and pottery, of both which materials large vafes of
the moft exquifite and elegant fhapes were made by the Moors.
Page cxxi. Among the objects found when the Ifland of Bjork'6, in the Malar Lake in Sweden,
was explored a few years ago, were dilks of glafs about 3 inches in diameter by i£ in thick-
nefs, convex and well rounded at the fides, fuch are ftill ufed in Sweden in fmoothing linen
after it has been wafhed. The fite is believed to be that of the city of Birka, which there is
reafon to believe was deftroyed in the latter half of the eleventh century. Thefe objects of
glals may be furmifed to have been brought from Germany.
Page cxxiv. M. Max. Miffon, who began his travels through Holland, Germany, and Italy in
1687, gives a curious account (Voyage d'ltalie, &c, ed. 1743, vol. i., page 99) of the arrange
ment of thefe German drinking veffels at the time he travelled ; he fays, " You fhall alfo

clx Addenda et Corrigenda.

" know that glaffes are as much refpefted in this country as wine is loved ; they are paraded
" everywhere. Moft of the rooms are wainfcoted for about two-thirds of their height, and
" the glaffes are arranged all round on the cornice of the wainfcot, like the pipes of an organ.
'' They begin by the little ones and end by the great, and thefe great are melon-glaffes
" (cloches a melon), which one is obliged to empty without paufing when any health of
" fpecial importance is to be drunk."
Page cxxxi. The ftory told in the Hiftoria Brittonum, attributed to Nennius, of a tower of glafs
which appeared off the coaft of Ireland j alfo fhows that glafs was well known among the
Romanifed Britons. This legend poflibly fugg^fted the curious ftory of the defcent of
Alexander the Great into the fea in a houfe of glafs (v. Hift. Brit., ed. Rev. W. Gunn,
Preface, p. xxx).
Page cxxxii. Doubt has been thrown upon the antiquity of the bottles found in or near the
walls of churches, and it has been fhown that a fuperftitious practice has exifted in England of
burying in churchyards blood, hair, or like fubftance, proceeding from fick perfons, with the
hope of thereby obtaining relief to the patient. A forthcoming paper in the Archeologia
of the Society of Antiquaries, by Mr. Fowler, will probably throw confiderable light on this
fubjeft.
Page cxxxiii, line i5. In the church of Lingfield, Surrey, is an effigy of one of the Cobham
family, circa i38o, in armour, with the large belt in ufe at that period, the links of this were
inlaid with pieces of blue glafs, but during a " rcftoration " which took place fome years ago
thefe were abftracted.
Page cxxxvi. It fhould have been ftated in the text that Armigill Wade was Clerk of the Council.
He lived at Eelfize, near Hampftead, which houfe belonged to him.

CATALOGUE OF GLASS

IN THE

SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM COLLECTIONS.

*#* The Numbers at the head of theje defcriptions are thofe of the Regijler
in the Mufeum.

SECTION I— EGYPT AND PHCENICU.
1035. '68.
OTTLE. "Alabaftron." Glafs. Black ground,
with yellow, blue, and green zigzag lines. Pro
bably ancient Egyptian. H. 4 in., W. if in.
16/.

1026. '68.
BOTTLE. "Alabaftron." Glafs. Turquoife ground,
with reddifh brown and yellow zigzag lines. Probably
ancient Egyptian. H. 3% in., W. i£ in. 1 il.

1028. '68.
BOTTLE. "Alabaftron." Glafs. Dark blue, with
yellow wavy lines. Probably ancient Egyptian. H. 3I in.,
W. \\ in. ill.
39057. Wt. I3458- A

2 Glafs.
1029. '68.
BOTTLE. "Alabaftron." Blue glafs. With yellow
and white waved lines. Probably ancient Egyptian.
H. 3 in., W. \\ in. 14/. 1047. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. For holding cofmetic paint, blue
ground, ornamented with yellow and white lines, the
mouth lotus-fhaped. Probably ancient Egyptian. H. 3\ in.,
W. ii in. 5/.
(See Plate I., fig. 1.)
986. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Oviform, with two fmall handles,
dark blue ground, with yellow and white zigzags,
pointed bafe and circular foot. Ancient Egyptian or Phoeni
cian. H. 5 in., W. if in. 22/.
1030. '68.
BOTTLE. "Alabaftron." Glafs. Cylindrical, with
broad lip and two fmall ears, green, with yellow and
white wavy lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 7^ in.,
W. 2 in. 28/. 1021. '68.
BOTTLE. "Alabaftron." Glafs. Dark blue, with
yellow and white wavy lines. Ancient Egyptian or
Phoenician. H. 5 A in., W. 2 in. 1 il.
102,2. '68.
BOTTLE. "Alabaftron." Glafs. Dark blue, with
yellow and white wavy lines. Ancient Egyptian or
Phoenician. H. 5f in., W. if in. 24/.

Egypt and Phoenicia.

\o2\- '68.
BOTTLE. " Alabaftron." Glafs. Brown, with white
and yellow wavy lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician.
H. 4 in., W. \\ in. 14/. 994. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Blue, with three handles on the neck.
Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. i\ in., W. if in-
10/.

JJ J

1002. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, dark blue, with
yellow, turquoife, and white wavy lines. Ancient
Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 4f in., W. 2f in. 16/.
1003. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, dark blue, with
white and yellow wavy lines. Ancient Egyptian or
Phoenician. H. 4f in., W. 3 in. 16/.
1004. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, dark blue, with
fmall white zigzags, and yellow, white, and light blue
lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 4 in.,

W. 2f in. 21/.

J

1007. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, with white zigzags
and fpiral lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H.
3\ in., W. i\ in. 14/.

J J

Glafs.
1008. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, one handle, dark
blue, with yellow and turquoife wavy lines. Ancient
Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 3\ in., W. 2-J in. 14/.
1009. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, blue with white and
yellow fpiral lines and zigzags. Ancient Egyptian or
Phoenician. H. 3\ in., W. 1 \ in. 21/.

987. '68.
JUG (CEnochoe). Glafs. With trefoil lip, blue ground.
with opaque amber and white zigzags and circles.
Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 3\ in., W. 2 in.
8/.

J

1018. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Trefoil lip, blue, with yellow
fpiral lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 2 in.,
W. if in. 5/.

1027. '68.
. Glafs.
lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. x\\ in.,

T ACHRIMATORY. Glafs. Blue, with yellow wavy

W. \\ in. 12/.

73- S3-

VASE, " Amphora." Blue glafs. With waves or zigzags
of turquoife and yellow glafs. Ancient Egyptian or
Phoenician. H. 3% in., diam. if in. 8/. Ss.

Egypt and Phoenicia.

984. '68.
VASE, "Amphora." Glafs. Dark blue, with yellow
and turquoife zigzags ; oviform, on foot. Ancient
Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 5 in., W. i\ in. 14/.
985. '68.
VASE, "Amphora." Glafs. Oviform, with handles,
opaque white ground, with dark claret-coloured zigzags.
Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 4^ in., W. i\ in. 31I.
(See Plate I., fig. 2.)
988. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Glafs. Dark blue, with white
zigzags and fpiral lines. Ancient Egyptian or Phoe
nician. H. 3\ in., W. 1 in. 16/.
989. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Glafs. Of flattened fpherical form,
purple ground, with white wavy lines; two pierced
bofles at the bottom. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician.
H. 3\ in., W. i\ in. 21/. 991. '68.
VASE, "Amphora." Glafs. Pointed bafe; dark blue
ground with turquoife and yellow zigzags. Ancient
Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 3 in., W. 2-§ in. 14/.
(See Plate I., fig. 3.)
gg2. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Glafs. Oviform ; with pointed
bafe, opaque white ground, with ruby-coloured zigzag
ornament. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 3^ in.,
W. 1* in. 16/.

6 Glafs.
995- '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Opaque white glafs. Pointed bafe ;
dark brown zigzags and circles. Ancient Egyptian or
Phoenician. H. i\ in., W. i^ in. 14/.
996. '68.
VASE, "Amphora." Glafs. Pointed bafe; amber-
coloured ground, with yellow and opal zigzags. Ancient
Egyptian or Phoenician. H. i\ in., W. \\ in. 5/.
ggy. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Semi-tranfparent glafs. Oviform
with pointed bafe ; dark green, with yellow zigzags
edged with turquoife blue. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician.
H. 3 in., W. if in. 14/. 1001. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Dark blue glafs, with pointed bafe.
Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 3 in., W. i\ in.
8/. 1006. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Glafs. Of flattened fpherical form ;
turquoife, with alternate dark blue and yellow wavy lines ;
blue handles. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 4^ in.,
W. 3% in. 25/. (See Plate II.)
1010. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Glafs. . Spherical, on a foot ; tur
quoife ground, with yellow, white, and a blue wavy
belt ; dark blue borders ftriped with white. Ancient Egyptian
or Phoenician. H. 2f in., W. i\ in. 1 61.

Vincent Brogks. Day & Sun. t.itn.

VASE.
Ancient Egyptian <¦> !''ta,:u um . ii'-ot'- fj.S.)

Egypt and Phoenicia.

IOII

'68.

VASE, " Amphora." Glafs. Opaque blue ground ; white
zigzags edged with yellow ; three handles. Ancient
Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 2-^ in., W. 2 in. 30/.

912. 7$.
VASE. Dark blue glafs, with ftriped ornament in green
and yellow enamel. It has one handle and a pointed
bafe. Ancient Egyptian or Phoenician. H. 2-|in., diam. if in.
3l-

SECTION IL— GLASS OF ROME AND OF THE
PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

1049. '68.
Glafs. Blue. With fpiral white ftripes,

ALL decreafing in breadth upwards,
Diam. i\ in. 5/.

Ancient Roman.

1063. '68.
BEAD. Glafs. Cylindric coats of white, blue, and red,
cut to form a ftriped pattern. Ancient Roman ? 2 in.
by \\ in. 8/.
Beads of this pattern have been found in many countries, and in
fome inftances are in a ftate of remarkable prefervation, apparently
inconfiftent with great age. It feems poffible that the pattern has been
copied for many centuries. In the Britifh Mufeum is a rod nine inches
long of a very clofely allied pattern, which has the appearance of being
Venetian. (See Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries, Second Series,
vol. ii., p. 334, and Catalogue of the Slade Collection, p. 10.)

B

40. '67.
EAD of a Necklace, many fided. Green glafs, overlaid
with various coloured paftes. Ancient Roman. Diam,

ii in.

Given by the Rev. Greville J. Chefter.

Rome and Provinces.

1062. '68.
BEADS (thirty-one). A firing, variegated glafs, with
mafks and ornaments in relief. Ancient Phoenician or
Roman. Length of firing 17 in. 12/.
The central bead, which is cylindrical, has rude mafks formed by
pellets of yellow, white enamel, &c. ; beads of this kind, which are not
uncommon, have been thought to be of Egyptian manufacture. Thofe
on each fide are of a like character, though without mafks. Many
varieties both of pattern and method of execution will be found in the
firing, fome clofely refemble thofe found in Anglo-Saxon graves,
others thofe made at the prefent time at Venice.

B

1056. '68.
OSS. Glafs. Circular. With pattern in white on amber
ground. Ancient Roman. H. f in., W. 1 in. 3I.

1057. '68.
BOSS. Glafs. Hour- glafs fhape, black ground, with
pattern of white ftripes. Ancient Roman. H. 1 J in.,
W. f in. 3/,

B

1058. '68.
OSS. Glafs. Circular. With pattern in white on black
ground. Ancient Roman. H. f in., W. 1 J in. 3I.

1023. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Cylindric. Green ground, with wavy
ftripes of gold bordered with white and blue lines.
Ancient Roman. H. ff in., W. if in. 65/.
Veffels of this kind are very rare, one fine example very clofely
refembling this, though larger, is in the Britifh Mufeum (Slade Collection).
They have been thought to be of Egyptian origin.

i o Glafs.
1 019. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Blue, with handles connected by a
blue and white cord continued round the lower part.
Ancient Roman. H. 2 in., W. if in. 8/.
1030. '68.
BOTTLE. Amber glafs. Four-fided. Moulded with
mafks and annulets. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in.,
W. if in. 12/. 1 03 1. '68.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs. Bell-fhaped. Iridefcent furface.
Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in. 5/.
1032. '68.
BOTTLE. Bell-fhaped. Purple, with iridefcent furface.
Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in. 5/.
1033. '68.
BOTTLE. Moulded glafs. Bafket-work pattern, of light
green colour, iridefcent.. Ancient Roman. H. 2-| in.,
W. if in. 3/. iooo. '68.
BOTTLE (with handles). Blue glafs. Mould in form of
a bivalve fhell. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in.
8/. 990. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Dull ruby, mould in fcrolls and
flutings. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in.
16/.

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Rome and Provinces. 1 1
1013. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Brown, with white ftripes and iridefcent
furface (injured by fire). Ancient Roman. H. 2f in.,
W. 2f in. 61. 1 01 4. '68.
BOTTLE. Opaque white glafs. Moulded in the form
of a double face. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in.,
W. if in. 14/. 1016. '68.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs. Moulded in form of a fir-cone.
Ancient Roman. H. 3f in., W. if in. 15/.
1017. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Light pink, with circular ridges.
Ancient Roman. H. 3 in., W. if in. 15/.
2875- 'S3-
BOTTLE. Glafs of various colours. Ancient Roman.
(Bandinel Collection.) 8988. '63.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Spherical. Engraved with interfering
circles. Roman. Probably of the 2nd or 3rd century.
H. 4f in., W. 4 in. il. 1 is.
(See Plate III., fig. 1.)
1015. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Probably ufed for effences, of hexagonal
form, ornamented with implements ufed in the bath,
covered with iridefcence. Ancient Roman. H. 3f in., W. if in.
30/.

i 2 Glafs.
998. '68.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Brown, with wavy ftripes of blue,
green, and white, in imitation of onyx. Ancient Roman.
H. i\ in., W. 2 in. 14/.
(See Plate III., fig. 3.)
ggg. '68.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs. Moulded in form of two female
heads. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in. 20/.
(See Plate IV., fig. 1.)
1037. '68.
BOTTLE. Brown glafs. In form of a dried date.
Ancient Roman. H. 3 in., W. 1 in. 7/.
1036. '68.
BOTTLE. Blue glafsy with projecting ribs. Ancient
Roman. H. 3f in., W. if in. 7/.
1039. '68.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, of globular form. Ancient Roman.
H. 2 in., W. if in. 61.
1299. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Square. Green, with neck and
ftriated handle ; at the bottom, between four concentric
circles, the letters NE. Romano-Britifh. H. 8 in., W. 4f in.
(Gibbs Bequeft.) 1300. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Circular, light green, with fhort neck
and fpreading ftriated handle. Romano-Britifh. H.
8f in., diam. 4f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

Rome and Provinces. 1 3

1 30 1. 70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Circular, light green, with fhort neck
and fpreading ftriated handle. Romano-Britifh. H.
8f in., diam. 3f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

1302. 70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Square form, green, with concentric
circles at the bottom on the outfide. Romano-Britifh.
H. 5 in., W. 2f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

1303. 70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Light green, with long neck and
bulb-fhaped body. Romano-Britifh. H. 5f in., diam.
3 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.) 1304 . '7.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Light green, with long neck and bulb-
fhaped body. Romano-Britifh. H. 4f in., diam.
2f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.) 13°S- '7<>.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Light green, with long neck and
bulb-fhaped body. Romano-Britifh. H. 5f in., diam.
2f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

1307. 70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Colourlefs, of unufual fhape; long
neck, the body of irregular bulbs, expanding in fize

i4

Glafs.

downwards, the loweft having a foot. Romano-Britifh. H. of in.
(Gibbs Bequeft.)

1668. '68.
BOTTLE (a fragment). Glafs.
ruby, green, and yellow canes.
by 3\ in- 8/.

Made of fections of
Ancient Roman. 4 in

970. '68.
BOWL. Gfafs. Made up of fections of canes, of green
grounds with yellow lines, forming a ftar pattern ; the
centres blue ; the edge a twifl of white, yellow, and green ; a
few canes have a blue ground and white ftars. Ancient Roman.
H. 3f in., diam. 5f in. 40/. 971. '68.
BOWL. Glafs. Made up of fections of canes, of green
grounds with yellow lines, forming a ftar pattern ; the
centres ruby ; a few canes have a blue ground and white ftars ;
the edge black and white twifted. Ancient Roman. H. 3 in.,

diam.

5f in.

30/.

B
40/.

OWL. Glafs.
of fardonyx.

gj2. '68.
Brown, ftreaked with white, in imitation
Ancient Roman. H. 3 in., diam. 51 in.

973. '68.
BOWL. Glafs. Made up of fections of canes, blue,
white, yellow, and ruby ; in the lower part the fections
have been more extended than is ufual ; fome of the canes fhow
ftars, fome fpirals; edge blue and white. Ancient Roman.
H. 3f in., diam. 5 in. 70/.

B

Rome and Provinces. 1 5
974. '68.
OWL. Glafs. Ribbed, brown or fard colour. Ancient
Roman. H. 2f in., diam. 5 in. 28/.

976. '68.
BOWL. Glafs. Amber-coloured ; cut with horizontal
lines. Ancient Roman. H. if in., diam. 5f in. 20/.
983. '68.
BOWL. Tranfparent glafs. Ornamented with a circle
of triple blue bofles. Ancient Roman. H. 2 in., diam.
3f in. 5/.

B

1311. 70.
OWL. Glafs. Light green. Romano-Britifh. H. 3 in.,
diam. 7 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

1312. 70.
BOWL. Glafs. Ornamented on the exterior with flightly
raifed ribs; fomewhat refembling pillar moulding.
Romano-Britifh. H. 3f in., diam. 7f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)
969. '68.
BOWL. Glafs. On a foot, ribbed outfide ; the pattern
formed by canes of yellow, red, white, and blue,
apparently interlaced. Ancient Roman. H. 4f in., diam.
6f in. 1 25/. (See Plate V.)
1074. '68.
CAMEO (a fragment). Ground of black glafs, on which
is a portion of a draped human figure in low relief.
Ancient Roman. 7 in. by 5f in. 61.

1 6 Glafs.
This is a very remarkable example of the fame procefs as that by
which the Portland vafe was made, the figure of which we have here a
part could not have been lefs than about fifteen inches high, probably
very few examples exift which have belonged to works of this clafs of
equal fize.
The drapery is beautifully modelled and executed.
9l6. '55.
CUP or Patera. Clear glafs, with a flight green tinge.
Ancient Roman. Diam. 6f in. 1/. oj. 3d.

1041. '68.
CUP. Glafs. Light blue, with lines marked by the lathe.
Ancient Roman. H. 3f in., W. 2f in. 26/.

c

1042. '68.
UP. Glafs. Blue, with lines marked by the lathe.
Ancient Roman. H. 5 in., W. 2f in. 22/.

1048. '68.
CUP, Glafs. Flat, bafin-like form. Made up of canes
of blue, opaque white and pale ruby. Ancient Roman.
H. 1 in., W. 3f in. 8/. 1071. '68.
CUP (two-handled). Green glafs. With iridefcent furface ;
one half wanting. Ancient Roman. 4f in. by 2f in.
12/.

D

1053, io54- '68.
ISKS (two). Circular. Blue tranfparent glafs _ mixed
with opaque white. Ancient Roman. Diam. if in. 61.

Rome and Provinces. 1 7
1064. '68.
FIGURE (a fragment). The fore part of a bull-dog,
preffed glafs. Ancient Roman. 2f in. by if in. il.
The glafs is unufually pure in colour, and free from bubbles, it may
perhaps be doubted whether it is not of more recent date.

1078. '68.
1 IGURE of a Bird. Blue glafs. On a white ftand. Ancient
Roman. H. if in., L. if in. 5/.
6044 to 6093. 'sg.
FRAGMENTS (50) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. il. 10s.
6094 to 6143. 'S9-
FRAGMENTS (50) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. il. 10s.
6144 to 6193. 'sg-
FRAGMENTS (50) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. il. 10s.
6194 to 6243. 'S9-
FRAGMENTS (50) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. il. 10s.
39057. B

1 8 Glafs.
6244 to 6343. '$g.
FRAGMENTS (100) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. 5/.

6344 to 6$g3, '$g.
FRAGMENTS (50) of ancient Roman glafs of
many varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to
the 4th century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes.
il. 10s.

6394 to 6443. '59-
FRAGMENTS (50) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. il. 10s.

6444 to 6496, and 6477a to 6496a. 'gg.
FRAGMENTS (73) of ancient Roman glafs of many
varieties. Dating probably from the 2nd to the 4th
century. Cut into various fhapes and fizes. 3/. 8j.

896 to $. '75.
FRAGMENTS of mural decorations, &c, faid to have .
been found in the ruins of a villa about two miles
from Rome, which belonged to Lucius Verus. They com-
prife :
{a.) Six plafler flabs fhowing varieties of patterns compofed
of fhaped pieces of glafs. 896 to ^. '75.

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Rome and Provinces. 1 9

890 '--
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{k) Twenty-four pieces of fhaped glafs of various colours,
{c.) Two fragments of veffels of opaque white glafs. 896 '- -
{d.) Seventeen fragments of glafs of various colours. 896 '- -
• 9 • lb-
{e.) Twenty-four pieces fhaped as bands of glafs of various
colours. ^. '75.
(/.) Fragments of glafs of various colours.
Roman. 3rd or 4th century. 20/.
[See Plate VI.)
1072. '68.
FRAGMENT of Frieze. Blue glafs, with a Cupid in relief,
from a mould. Ancient Roman. 2f in. by 2 in. 61.

1073. '68.
FRAGMENT of Frieze. Blue glafs. With a griffin
and a vafe in relief, from a mould. Ancient Roman.
2f in. by if in. 61. 1066. '68.
FRAGMENT of Cornice. Blue glafs. Moulded, leaf
pattern. Ancient Roman. 2f in. by 1 in. 4/.
1067. '68.
FRAGMENT of Frieze. Blue glafs. With the fkull of
an ox, a feftoon, &c, from a mould. Ancient Roman.
2f in. by if in. 61.
The frieze when entire muft have been of confiderable fize.

20 ' Glafs.
1070. '68.
FRAGMENT of Bottle. Glafs. Brown, with white
circles in imitation of oriental onyx. Ancient Roman.
3f in. by 3 in. 8/. 1034. '68.
HANDLE of a Vafe. Glafs. In form of a duck's head,
of amber colour, with white feftoons, iridefcent.
Ancient Roman. H. 4f in., W. 1 in. 10/.

1069. '68.
fe. Glafs. ]
fcent. Ancient Roman. 6 in. by 2 in. 8/.

TT ANDLE of a Vafe. Glafs. Fluted, beautifully hide-

J

1005. '68.
UG (CEnochoe). Glafs. Claret-coloured, with white fpots.
Ancient Roman. H. 3f in., W. 3f in. 16/.

1035. '68.
LACHRIMATORY. Glafs. Covered with opal iride-
fcence (injured by fire). Ancient Roman. H. 4 in.,

W. if in. il.

T ACHRIMATORY. White glafs. Partly covered with opal

1038. '68.
White glafs
iridefcence. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in. 4/.
1050. '68.
MASK. Opaque green glafs. A tragic mafk in relief;
impreflion from a mould. Ancient Roman. L. i\ in.,
W. 2 in. 61.

Rome and Provinces. 2 1
8990. '6s-
MEDALLION. Blue glafs. With a figure of a youth
etched on gold leaf, covered with white glafs. Ancient
Roman. Diam. f in. il. $s.
1051. '68.
MEDALLION. Circular. Light green glafs. With a
boy's buft etched on gold leaf. Ancient Roman.
Diam. if in. 3I.
This and the following number belong to the clafs mentioned in
page xxxvii of the Introduction, as to the. antiquity of which doubt has
been expreffed.
1052. '68.
MEDALLION. Circular. Blue giafs. With a portrait
of a male figure etched on gold leaf. Ancient Roman.
Diam. if in. 10/. 27S- '74-
MEDALLION. Blue glafs (imperfect), moulded in
relief with a Roman buft, poflibly of the Emperor
Tiberius. In gold frame. Antique Roman. Diam. iT9-g in.
(Webb Collection.) 10/. 280. '74.
MEDALLION. Pafte, with a buft in high relief,
probably of a Roman emperor. Antique Roman
i-j^-in. by 1 in. (Webb Collection.) 10/.
2j6. '74.
MEDALLION. Blue glafs, moulded with a mafk of
Medufa. Antique Roman. Diam. 2f in. (Webb
Collection.) 10/.

2 2 Glafs.
1043. '68.
MOD.EL of a Hand (fico). Blue glafs. With fhaded
green ftripes, like the Venetian Schmeltz. Ancient
Roman. H. i\ in., W. 1 in. 1 5/.
1055. '68.
ORNAMENT. Blue glafs. In form of a leaf. Ancient
Roman. H. 2 in., W. if in. 4/.
975. '68.
PATERA. Glafs. Of uniform green colour. The fur
face ground into fhape. Ancient Roman. H. if in.,
diam. 6f in. 40/. 977. '68.
PATERA. Glafs. Made up of fections of canes of green
and yellow, purple and white, both having red centres,
the edge black and white. Ancient Roman. H. 1 in., diam.
5f in. 40/. 979. '68.
PATERA. Glafs. Made up of fections of canes, green
ground with a yellow fpiral line, the edge of blue and
white. Ancient Roman. H. if in., diam. 5 in. 20/.
1040. '68.
PATERA. Glafs. Opal-coloured iridefcent furface.
Ancient Roman. Diam. 4 in., H. | in. 61.

Rome and Provinces. 2 3
978. '68.
SAUCER. Glafs. The bowl made up from canes con
taining twifted threads of opaque white glafs ; the edge
brown. Ancient Roman. H. if in., diam. 5f in. 20/.
From fuch examples the Venetians doubtlefs took the idea of their
"vitro di trina," i.e., lace glafs. Fragments of antique glafs thus made
are not uncommon, but entire veffels are rare.

980. '68.
SAUCER. Glafs. Made up of canes having a fpiral line
of white on a brown ground, and of pieces of opaque
white, yellow, and green, and fections of coloured canes cut at
various angles ; the edge brown and white. Ancient Roman.
H. if in., diam. 5f in. 40/. 981. '68.
SAUCER. Glafs. Amber- coloured, compofed of fections
of coloured canes cut at various angles, and pieces of
white, yellow, and lavender opaque glafs ; the edge brown and
white. Ancient Roman. H. if in., diam. 5f in. 40/.
982. '68.
SAUCER. Glafs. Amber-coloured, compofed of fections
of canes with a fpiral line on an amber ground cut at
various angles, and pieces of opaque yellow and white glafs.
Ancient Roman. H. 1 in., diam. 4f in. 30/.
1061. '68.
SLAB of Glafs. Compofed of canes of two fhades of
green cut in fections. Ancient -Roman. 6 in. by 2f in.
si-

24 Gla/s.
1065. '68.
SLAB (a fragment). Glafs, mofaic, ground of red glafs,
with black, yellow, and white lozenges. Ancient
Roman. 3 in. by 2 in. 61.
1.075. '68.
SLAB of Glafs (a fragment). Black ground, with yellow
circles, iridefcent furface. Ancient Roman. 8 in. by

,1 ;.

8/.

T076. '68.
SLAB of Glafs (a fragment). Made of canes of large
fize with red centres and lines of white and green on a
dark ground. Ancient Roman. 3f in. by 2§ in. 61.
This is executed by the procefs defcribed in Introduction, p. xxv,
rods of glafs being prepared and then joined together.
1077. '68.
SLAB of Glafs (a fragment). With a pattern of flowers,
ftars, &c, on blue ground. Ancient Roman. 3 in. by
2 in. 8/.
1060. '68.
TABLET. Opaque lavender-coloured glafs. Bacchanalian
figure, with lion's fkin, holding a thyrfus, in low relief,
made in a mould. Ancient Roman. H. 5 in., W. 2f in. 10/.
(See Plate VII.)
1012. '68.
VASE, "Amphora." Dull claret-coloured glafs, prefled
into facets. Ancient Roman. H. 2f in., W. if in.
14/.

Plate VII.

- ,. ., JJ_,L-»«-l' 'ymj^m.».m^^nr,,ji

TABLET.
Ancient Roman.
(1060. '68.)

Rome and Provinces. 2 5
2427. '56.
VASE. Glafs. Surrounded with tranfverfe flutings.
Ancient Roman. H. 5f in., diam. af in. il. ior.
An example of the clear pure white glafs mentioned in page xlvii ot
Introduction, probably of late date.
993. '68.
VASE, " Amphora." Green glafs. Moulded with a male
and a female head. Ancient Roman. H. 3f in., W.
if in. 8/.

V

1044. '68.
ASE. Blue glafs. With broad lip and foot. Ancient
Roman. H. if in., W. if in. 61.

1308. '70.
VESSEL, fragments of. Glafs. The upper part and
bottom only; olive green, the lower part of the neck
and the body ribbed. Romano-Britifh. Diam. of bafe, 3f in.
(Gibbs Bequeft.) 1310. '70.
VESSEL, a fragment. Glafs. The neck and ftriated
handle only. Romano-Britifh. H. 5 in. (Gibbs
Bequeft.)

SECTION III.— EGYPT AND THE EAST (CHINA
EXCEPTED), AFTER A.D. 600.

1891a. 'SS-
IOTTLE. Glafs. Square, with iris and other
flowers in relief, gilt and enamelled. Perfian.
H. 5f in., W. 2f in. (Bernal Collection.)
4/. I 2.5'. 6d.

14. '67.
BOTTLE. Enamelled dark blue glafs. Four-fided.
Painted .on two fides with feated figures ; on the other
fides with flowers in natural colours. Perfian. 17th or
1 8 th century. The filver mounting of the neck is European.
H. 4f in., W. 2f in. (Marryat Collection.) 1/. 10s.

15. '67.
BOTTLE. Enamelled dark blue glafs. Four-fided.
Painted on one fide with a ftanding female figure ; on
another with a feated male figure; and on the two remain
ing fides with flowers in natural colours. Perfian. 17 th
or 1 8th century. The filver mounting of the neck is
European. H. 5f in., W. 2f in. (Marryat Collection.)
j I. 10s.

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 27

16. '67.
BOTTLE. Enamelled green glafs. Four-fided. Painted
on two fides with female [figures ; on the other fides
with flowers in natural colours. Perfian. 1 7th or 1 8th century.
The filver mounting of the neck is European. H. 5f in.,
W. 2f in. (Marryat Collection.) il. 10s.
17. '67.
BOTTLE. Enamelled clear glafs. Gilt. Four-fided.
Painted on one fide with figures of a man and a fawn ;
on another with muficians. The other fides apparently intended
for infcriptions. Perfian. 17th or 1 8th century. The filver
mounting of the neck is European. H. 5f in., W. 2f in.
(Marryat Collection.) 1/. 10s.
585- '74-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with long tapering neck. Rhodian.
1 6th century (?). H. 7f in., diam. 3f in. Given by
Rev. Greville J. Chefter. 586. '74.
BOTTLE. Yellowifh glafs, with long tapering neck.
Rhodian. 1 6th century (?). H. 9f in. 1/.

587- '74-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs ftreaked with red, with long taper
ing neck. Rhodian. 16th century (?). H. 9! in.,
diam. 3f in. \l.

28 Glafs.
588. '74.
BOTTLE. Red ftreaked glafs, with long tapering neck.
Rhodian. 16th century (?). H. 9 in., diam. 3f in. \l.
589. '74.
BOTTLE. Claret-coloured glafs, with long tapering neck.
Rhodian. 1 6th century (?). H. 8f in., diam. 3f in. il.

590. 74.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with long tapering neck. Rhodian.
1 6th century (?). H. 8f in., diam. 3f in. il.

59*- 74-
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with long tapering neck, fpirally
twifted. Rhodian. 16th century (?). H. 7f in.,
diam. 3f in. 1/. 592. '74.
BOTTLE. Brown glafs, with fhort neck. Rhodian.
16th century (?). H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. 1/.

S94- 74-
BOTTLE. Yellow glafs, with fhort neck. Rhodian.
1 6th century (?). H. 6f in., diam. 2f in. 1/.

S9S- '74-
BOTTLE. Yellow glafs, with fhort neck and flattened
fides. Rhodian. 1 6th century (?). H. 5f in., diam.
4f in. 1 1.

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 29
1056. '75;
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with remains of painted ornament ;
bulbous body and long tapering neck. Rhodian. 16th
century (?). H. of- in., diam. 3f in. il. gs. 6d.

*°S7- 75-
BOTTLE. Red ftreaked glafs ; bulbous body and long
tapering neck. Rhodian. 1 6th century (?). H. 7 in.,
diam. 3f in. \l. is. 1891. '55.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Circular, enamelled with flowers in
proper colours, filver top. Perfian. H. 5f in., diam.
2f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/. 11s. 6d.

2421. '76.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, the body fomewhat pear-fhaped,
moulded in relief with gadroons, and with a band of
ornament like pine cones or cyprefs trees, feparated by a double
row of dots ; long ftraight neck, fpirally twifted, ending in a
wide round mouth ; balufter ftem, and plain foot. Acquired
in Perfia. H. i5f in., diam. 5f in. 10s.
This bottle and the following ten bear confiderable refemblance in
the character of the glafs and of the manufacture to the products of the
Venetian glafs-houfes ofthe 17th century, and thofe with round mouths
have the fame form as one which may be feen in the plate in Chardin's
Travels in Perfia, which reprefents the interior of the Shah's drinking
hall at Ifpahan. In fuch bottles, according to that author, wine was
commonly brought to table, the bottle being fealed. The form of the
mouth is one well adapted to receive a feal. As Chardin informs us that
glafs was made fpecially at Shiraz by thofe who had been inftructed by

30 Glafs.
an Italian about 1590, thefe bottles might very reafonably be fuppofed
to be examples of the 1 7th century ; but it is ftated on excellent autho
rity that precifely fimilar bottles are made in Perfia at the prefent day,
and it is obvioufly much more probable that fuch flight and fragile
veffels fhould be modern than that they fhould be two centuries old.

2422. '76.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, the body fomewhat pear-fhaped,
moulded in relief with gadroons, and with a band of
ornaments like cyprefs trees or pine cones, feparated by a double
row of dots ; long curved neck, fpirally twifted, ending in an
upturned mouth, narrowed at the top as a fpout ; balufter ftem,
and plain round foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. i6f in., diam.
5 in. 1 Of.
Thefe bottles with narrow mouths were evidently fo formed in order
that a thin' ftream of liquid might be poured from them ; they may
ferve as veffels from which wine or water may be poured into the mouth
without contact with the lips, or poffibly as oil veffels from which the
fmall glafs cups of lamps could be conveniently filled.
2423. '76.
BOTTLE. Greenifh glafs, with plain pear-fhaped body,
long curved neck, fpirally twifted, ending in an upturned
mouth, pinched in the middle and narrowed at the top as a
fpout; plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. 14! in.,
diam. 4-I in. 6s. 2424. '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, the upper
part fpirally twifted ; long curved neck, fpirally twifted,
partly flattened, and ending in an upturned mouth, narrowed
at the top as a fpout ; plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia.
H. i3f in., diam. 4f in. 6s.

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 3 1
2425. '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, the upper
part fpirally twifted ; long curved neck, fpirally twifted,
ending in an upturned mouth, narrow at the top as a fpout ;
plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. i2f in., diam.
4f in. 6s. 2426. '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, and long
curved neck, fpirally twifted, partly flattened, and end
ing in an upturned mouth, narrowed at the top as a fpout;
plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. i2f in., diam.
4f in. 6s.
2427. '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, and long
curved neck, fpirally twifted, partly flattened, and end
ing in an upturned mouth, narrowed at the top as a fpout ;
plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. i2f in., diam.
3$ in- 6s-
2428. '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, and long
curved neck, fpirally twifted, partly flattened, and end
ing in an upturned mouth, narrowed at the top as a fpout;
plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. nf in., diam.
4f in. 6s. 2429; '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, and long
curved neck, fpirally twifted, partly flattened, and end-

32

Glafs.

ing in an upturned mouth, narrowed at the top as a fpout ;

plain rim foot.
6s.

Acquired in Perfia. H. ii-;

in.,

diam.

4f in

2430. '76.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, and long
curved neck, fpirally twifted, partly flattened, and end
ing in an upturned mouth, narrowed at the top as a fpout ;
plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia. H. 11 in., diam.
4f in. 6s. 24-31- '76-
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, with pear-fhaped body, long
ftraight neck, fpirally twifted, and ending in a wide round
mouth, and plain rim foot. Acquired in Perfia, H. iof in.,
diam. 4f in. 6s.

BOTTLE. Perfian.

1539- '76-
Blue glafs, the mouth rimmed with white.
H. 4f in., diam. 3f in. 8s.

1532. '76.
BOTTLE. Purplifh-brown glafs, fquare, with moulded
foliage and birds, on the fides a diaper pattern. Perfian.
H. 9f in., W. 3f in. 6s.

1533- '76-
BOTTLE. Glafs, fquare, with white enamelled fpiral
lines. Perfian. H. 7f in., W. 3f in. 6s.

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 33
1534- '76-
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, ribbed with white and red. Perfian.
H. 6f in.,W. 2f in. 6s.

iS3S> lS3S<*- '76-
BOWL and Saucer. Amber- coloured glafs, with white
rims. Perfian. Bowl, H. 4f in., diam. 5f in. ; faucer,
diam. 7f in. 1/. 5J. 1536, iS36a- '7&-
BOWL and Saucer. Blue glafs, with white rims. Perfian.
Bowl, H. 3f in., diam. 5f in. ; faucer, diam. 7f in.
1/. 1540. '76.
CROOK. Green glafs, fpirally ribbed. Perfian. L. 3 ft.
6 in. 4c

c

474- 75-
OIN or Weight. Yellowifh glafs, ftamped with Cufic
characters. Egypto-Arab. Diam. 1 in. Given by
Rev. Greville J. Chefter.
The infcription has been read and tranflated by Seiior Riano as
follows : — -kc Jac *-*-j The work of Omar.
475- '7S-
COIN or Weight. Green glafs, ftamped with Cufic
characters. Egypto-Arab. Diam. iTV in. Given by
Rev. Greville J. Chefter.
39057. c

3 4 Glafs.
The infcription has been read and tranflated by Senor Riano as
follows : — y\ Jjt* *LU! The Imam Moad Abu.
j^iwtJl *.mJ Temim El Moftanfer.
^jJUiytJI -j.*! dJJ'o Billah, Prince ofthe Believers.
(Khalif in Egypt, A.D. 1036-1094.)
476. '7S-
COIN or Weight. Green glafs, ftamped on both fides
with Cufic characters. Egypto-Arab. f in. by f in.
Given by Rev. Greville J. Chefter.
The infcription has been read as far as legible, and tranflated by
Senor Riano as follows : —
jWl AJ\ - The Imam El Hakim.
(Khalif in Egypt, A.D. 996-1021.)
584. '74-
CUP Stand or Drinking Glafs. Bluifh glafs, bulb-fhape.
Rhodian. 16th century. H. 6 in. Given by Rev-
Greville J. Chefter. 2433- '76-
FIGURE of a Moufe(?). Dark amber glafs. Venetian
or Perfian. L. about iof in. x\s.
583- '74-
FLASK. Smoke-coloured glafs, flat. Rhodian. 16th
century. H. 9f in., W. 4f in. Given by Rev. Greville
J. Chefter. 1 541. '76.
GLASS. Nine fragments, of various colours. Found in
the ruins of the city of Rhages. Ancient Perfian.
Given by Mons. Richard.

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 35

68ao. '60.
LAMP (for fufpenfion). Glafs. Enamelled in colours and
gilt, and with Arabic infcriptions in enamel. Originally
hung in a mofque at Cairo. Arabian. Not later than the
14th century. H. iof in., diam. 6f in. 200/.
It has three loops for fufpenfion, and is very richly decorated with
coloured enamels and gilding, the latter is very much better preferved
in this than in the other examples.
The ornament appears to have been traced in fine lines of red
enamel, and the fpaces between the lines filled in fome cafes with
coloured enamels, in others with gilding. The whole work is careleflly
executed, but very effective. On the neck is a broad band in which
are three infcriptions in blue on a ground of gold, thefe are divided by
three medallions, the centres of which are occupied by a fexfoil flower on
a red ground. Such devices would appear to have fome analogy with
European coats of arms, and have been met with on many objects
which were made in Egypt.
On the body of the vafe are three infcriptions, originally gilt on a
blue ground, feparated by the loops for fufpenfion.
On the under fide of the body the devices in medallions are repeated,
feparated by floral ornament, chiefly gilt on a blue ground ; on the foot
are three twelve-foiled medallions in blue, in which are arabefques in
blue, white, yellow, green, and red, on a gilt ground.
The glafs, as in all thefe lamps, is badly made, full of bubbles, of a
fmoky tinge, and rather horny texture.
Mr. Stanley Lane Poole, of Corpus Chrifti College, Oxford, has
examined the Arabic infcriptions on this and the other two lamps, and
furnifhes the following tranfcriptions, tranfliterations, and tranflations of
the infcriptions : —
" The lamp numbered in the Catalogue 6820. '60 bears on its
neck the following infcription, divided into three parts by three medal
lions :
Mimma 'amila rafim el-jenab el-'alee el-mawlawee 
" The work of [lit., of what he made] the artift of the refuge, the
noble, the follower ....

3 6 Glafs.

" (The word following el-mawlawee is evidently a proper name (with
the relative termination), and may be Et-Telee, &c. ; but it is im
poffible at prefent to decide which of the poffible combinations is the
correct one.)
" The infcription on the body of the lamp is alfo divided into three
parts by the loops for fufpenfion. It runs thus :
Bedr El-melikee Es-Salihee 'Izz-es-Sarah, Katbor Er-Rookee El-H.
" Thefe are of courfe the names ofthe emeer who prefented the lamp
to the mofque. Es-Salihee fhows that he was at fome time a memlook
or flave of El-Melik Es-Salih, and this is the only clue the infcriptions
give as to the date of the lamp. I think, of the feveral kings of the
name of Es-Salih who reigned in Egypt, we may difmifs the firft, Es-
Salih Nejin-ed-deen Ayyoob, as too early ; but among the Bahree Mem-
looks there were four Es-Salihs very near together, all reigning between
the years 740 and 790 ofthe Hijreh, or 1342 and 1393 of our era, and
I do not doubt that the emeer to whom the lamp belonged was a mem
look of one of thefe four, efpecially as there was a lamp in the Loan
Collection with the name of the wezier of one of thefe four kings on it.
The date of the lamp may therefore be broadly laid down as the latter
part of the fourteenth century." 1056. '6g.
LAMP for a Mofque. Glafs. Ornamented with circular
difcs and infcriptions in white, red, and blue. Attached
are three fufpending chains of filver. Arabian. Probably 14th
century. H. 13 in., diam. 8f in. (Meymar Collection.)
(See Plate VIII., Frontifpiece.)
This very fine fpecimen refembles the preceding very clofely as
regards the character both of the glafs and of the ornamentation.
On the neck three medallions divide three infcriptions in blue
enamel. In the centre of the medallions is a device, a lozenge in white on a
band of red, the ground of the circle being white.
On the upper part of the body are eleven fexfoil medallions formed
by a blue line, the grounds within which were probably gilt. On thefe

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 37
are lines very careleflly fketched in red, fome of which fhow fome
refemblance to the outlines of birds.
There were fix loops for fufpenfion, one is broken, between
each is an infcription in blue characters with red edges, on a gilt
ground. On the under part of the body the medallions with devices are
repeated, between them are fpaces filled with arabefque ornament in
white, red, green, yellow, and blue, on a gilt ground.
It has three cords of plaited filver wire, which unite into one at the
top. Mr. Stanley Lane Poole comments on the infcriptions on this lamp
as follows : —
" The lamp numbered 1056. '69 bears on its neck an infcription
(divided by three medallions) ; viz.,
jjjillj I^jJ <sl ^w xUm\ \^jSj£1>j £>f jjl *1J1 ^31 eu^ ^
Fee buyootin adhina-llahu an turfa'a wa-yudhkara feeha Ifmuhu yufeb-
bjjjU lahu feeha, bi-1-ghudoo.
" In the houfes which God hath permitted to be raifed, and that
his name be commemorated therein, men celebrate his praifes in them
morning [and evening]. — Koran, xxiv. 36.
" On the body of the lamp is the following infcription (broken up
into fix parts by fix loops) : ^UJI JU\ A^lji! Jotc l^J
Mimma 'amila rafim el-jenab el-'alee el-mawlawee el-Emeer-el Ke-
beeree el-Bedmee (?) ibn Seyf .... 'abd-el- Wahid el-Melikee en-
Nafiree. " The work of the artift of the refuge, the noble, the follower of
the great emeer, el-Bedmee (?), the fon of Seyf  the
fervant of the One, the meemlook of El-Melik En-Nasir.
" There are two proper names in this infcription which I have been
unable to decipher on account of the abfence of diacritical points. Nor
do I know who is intended by the Emeer-el-Kabeer. The title or

3 8 Glafs.
furname El-Melikee En-Nasiree muft, I think, refer to El-Melik En-
Nasir Mohammad, who reigned through the greater part of the earlier
half of the fourteenth century." 58o. '7S-
LAMP for fufpenfion. Glafs ; the body widening down
wards and the neck upwards, decorated with infcriptions
in Arabic characters, and a floral diaper ornament, in enamel
colours and gilding ; on the neck are three medallions, on
which are reprefentations of fcimitars ; on the body are fix
loops for fufpenfion. Defcribed as having been brought from
the Mofque Devi Saidenaya, Cairo, but no fuch edifice would
appear to be known to fome well acquainted with that city.
Near Damafcus is a convent (?) called Deir Saidenaya. Arab.
14th century. H. nf in., diam. 10 in. 166/.
This is rather better and more carefully made than the others, and
the enamel is in excellent prefervation.
On the neck three infcriptions in gold on a blue ground alternate
with three medallions ; the device in the centre of thefe has a red ground,
a gilt band, and upon it what appears to be intended to reprefent a fabre
in white and black enamel.
On the body are fix loops for fufpenfion, and between each an in
fcription in blue on a gold ground. On the lower part of the body the
medallions are repeated, the fpaces between are filled with arabefque
ornament, in the centres blue enamel on a gold ground, on the fides
lines of red on gold, and three fmall ornaments in white, blue, red, and
green enamel.
Mr. Stanley Lane Poole comments on the infcriptions on this lamp
as follows : —
"The lamp numbered 580. '75 has the following neck infcription
(divided by three medallions) :
„ fi -° w _ " »
Innama ya'muru mefajida-llahi men amana bi-llahi wa-l-yomi-1-
akhiri wa-akam a-s-Salah.

Egypt and the Eaft [China excepted). 39
" He only fhall vifit the mofques of God who believeth in God
and in the laft day and payeth the alms. — Koran, ix. 18.
" On the body of the lamp is the infcription (divided by fix
loops) :
urjA=s' ** JxW .... J\ M ^U." t^iai1 AaJ! <toijl U Ua>
Hadha ma, awkafahu el-'abd-el-fakeeree ta'ala-llah  el-
Kereem Kahlees El-Melikee En-Nasiree.
" This is what El-'Abd-El-Fakeeree made. Bleffed be God, ....
the beneficent. Kahlees (?), the memlook of El-Melik En-Nasir.
" This lamp is probably of about the fame date as the preceding,
for both were in the poffeffion of memlooks of El-Melik En Nasir,
unlefs they were memlooks of two feveral kings bearing the fame
name, which is juft poffible."

S8i- '75-
VESSEL for Oil. For placing infide a glafs lamp. Green
glafs, partly gilt. It has three irregular- fhaped handles
for hooks. Arab. 14th century. H. 6f in., diam. 5f in.
yl. 6s. 6d.
This was bought with the lamp which precedes, and may probably
be the veffel which belonged to it.
2108. 'ss-
SCENT Bottle. Semi-opaque pale blue glafs. Mounted
in filver-gilt filigree work, bulb-fhaped. Turkifh or
Perfian. H. 7f in., diam. 3 in. (Bernal Collection.)
7/. 1 or.
IS37- '76-
SCENT Bottle. Pale blue opaque glafs. Perfian. 17th
century. H. 8f in., diam. 3f in. 9^.

4-o Glafs,

1538. '76.
SCENT Bottle. Opaque glafs, imitation of jade, with
wings of pinched work. Perfian. 2 in. by if in. is.

V

V
1 1. IS.

S93- 74-
ASE. Yellow glafs, with wide mouth. Rhodian. 1 6th
century (?). H, 6f in., diam. 2f in. 1/.
1058. '75.
ASE. Blue glafs, with long neck and wide mouth.
Rhodian. 16th century (?). H. 6f in., diam. 3f in.

Plate IX.

BEAKER.
Venetian, 16th century.
(5o54. '58.)

SECTION IF.— GLASS OF VENICE AND OTHER
ITALIAN STATES.

848. '64.
IE AD. Blue glafs. With white enamel ornament.
Venetian (?). 1 8 th century. L. fin. Given by
the Rev. R. Brooke.

7S39- '61 •
BEAKER. Enamelled glafs. Ornamented with tritons
fupporting fcrollwork, furmounted by fpread eagles in
colours. Venetian. 1490-1520. H. 5 in., diam. 3f in. 5/.
5954- '58.
BEAKER and Cover. Clear glafs. With tranfverfe fillets
in opaque white glafs, decorated with fix mafks in
moulded and gilt glafs, ftanding on three gilt feet. Venetian.
Early 16th century. H. 8 in., diam. 3f in. 10/.
(See Plate IX.)

18. '67.
BEAKER and Cover. Clear glafs. Enamelled with two
fhields of arms, one barry argent and gules, the other

42 Glafs.
argent, a lion rampant gules ; a gilt and jewelled band round
the lip. The cover of fcale pattern gilt, and jewelled in enamel.
Venetian. About 1550. H. 8f in., diam. 4f in. (Marryat
Collection.) 61.
407. '54.
BEAKER. Glafs. With alternating columns of latticinio
and gold avanturine. Venetian. 1 8th century. H.
6 in., diam. 4 in. 18/.
408. '54.
BEAKER. Frofted or crackle glafs ; margin gilt, three
lions' heads gilt, alternating with fmall boffes round the
middle. Venetian. 17th century. H. 1 if in., diam. 7f in. 14/.
1883. 'S5-
BEAKER. Clear glafs, with bands of reticulated latticinio.
Venetian. 17th century. H. nf in., diam. 4f in.
(Bernal Collection.) il. lis. 6d.

1912. 55.
BEAKER with Cover. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di trina,"
reticulated, a fmall bubble of air enclofed in each inter-
fection. Venetian. 17th century. H. I3f in., diam. 4f in.
(Bernal Collection.) 5/. ioj. 1820. 'ss-
BEAKER. Clear glafs. With vertical columns of filigree
latticinio work. Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 6f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) il.

Venice , &c. 43

1 82 1. '5S-
BEAKER. Glafs. Enriched with bands of latticinio
arranged fpirally. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 7f in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 1/. x\s.
1822a. '$$.
BEAKER or Tumbler. Glafs. Vertical columns of pale
ruby alternately with yellow and white filigree. Vene
tian. 16th or 17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal
Collection.) 14J. 1822&. '35.
BEAKER or Tumbler. Glafs. Vertical columns of pink,
blue, and white latticinio filigree work. Venetian.
1 6th or 17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 3 in. (Bernal Collec
tion.) 14J. 1864. '5S.
BEAKER. Glafs. With blue, white, and red oblique
fpiral ftripes. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H.
6f in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/. 10s.
1886. '55.
BEAKER. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di trina, a reticelli,"
i.e. interfecting. Cylindrical. Venetian. 16th cen
tury. H. 3 in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collection.) il. 10s.
1887. '55.
BEAKER. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di trina." Venetian.
1 6th century. H. 5 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Col
lection.) il. 15J.

44 Glafs.
4066. '^S.
BEAKER. Clear glafs. Supported on three ball feet,
and furrounded with raifed fpiral fillets of white and
blue glafs. Venetian. 16th century. H. 3f in., diam. 3 in.
1 1. 4J. 4394- 'S7-
BEAKER. Glafs. Of a blackifh tint, a tall cylindrical
veffel, raifed on a hollow foot of about if inch;
fludded with fquare boffes in relief, feparated by vertical lines
of gilding on which are dots of white enamel, round the lips
are two lines of white dots bordering a gilt line. On one of
the boffes near the bottom is a character in white enamel,
apparently the Hebrew Samech reverfed. Italian (Venetian?).
1 6th century. H. 13! in., diam. 4$ in. 61.
9013. '63.
BELL. Clear glafs; with bows and flower at top; the
clapper of filver filigree work. Venetian. 16th cen
tury. H. 5f in., diam. 4 in. 1/. ys. gd.
270. '74.
BOTTLE. Blue enamelled glafs, double-bodied and ribbed.
Venetian. 15th or 16th century. H. if in., diam.
if in. (Webb Collection.) 20/.
368- '74^
BOTTLE. Variegated glafs, fquare. Venetian. 15th or
1 6th century. H. 4 in., if in. fquare. (Webb Col
lection.) 10/.

Venice^ &*c. 45

1624- '54-
BOTTLE. Pale green glafs. Bulb-fhaped, with two
handles. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 7fin.,
diam. 4f in. 15^. 1823. '55-
BOTTLE and Cover. Lace-work glafs, "vitro di trina;"
cylindrical. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 6f in.,
diam. if in. (Bernal Collection.) ioj. 6d.
1831- '55-
BOTTLE. Semi-opaque fprinkled glafs. Barrel-fhaped,
with boffes of blue glafs. Venetian. 16th or i"th
century. L. 4f in., W. 3 in. by 2f in. (Bernal Collection.)
3l- 3s- 1863. '55.
BOTTLE. Clear glafs. With vertical flutings and tranf-
verfe bands of blue and white glafs ; fquare. Venetian.
1 6th century. H. 5f in., W. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.)
1/. is. 1893- 'SS-
BOTTLE, with Handle. Brown glafs. Globular. Vene
tian. 1 6th century. H. 7 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal
Collection.) gl. 10s. I9X3- 'SS-
BOTTLE. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di trina ;" oviform ;
a band of animals in relief round the centre, mounted on
open-work ormoulu ftem. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 10 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 5/.

46 Glafs.
19* 3a- 'S5-
BOTTLE. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di trina," in bars of
various colours; fquare. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 4f in., W. 4 in. (Bernal Collection.) \l. 13s.
2435- 'S6-
BOTTLE. Clear glafs, with moulded applique boffes and
lion's head mafks in clear blue and red. 17th century,
H. 6f in., W. 5f in. by 2f in. 1/. 4^.
The body is flattened with a fmall perforation in the centre, it is
very thick and clumfy, and the mafks are very ill-formed. It may very
poffibly be an example of the attempts made to copy Venetian glafs in
England or elfewhere, and not really of Venetian origin.
4629. '58.
BOTTLE or Flower Holder. Purple glafs. Venetian.
1 6th century. H. 5 in., diam. 3f in. 15J.
5^- 'S3-
BOTTLE. Opaque white glafs. Ornamented in blue.
Venetian. 17th century. H. 5f in., diam. af in.
(Bandinel Collection.) S69- 'S3-
BOTTLE. Clear glafs. Bulb-fhaped, with vertical
columns of waved latticinio. Venetian. 17th century.
H. 6| in., diam. 3 in. (Bandinel Collection.)
1871- '55-
BOTTLE. Dark purple glafs. The furface frofted;
fluted. Venetian. 17th century. H. 7f in., diam. 5f in.
(Bernal Collecftion.) 5/. $s-

Venice. &c.

47

1903^- 'SS-
BOTTLE. Schmelz avanturine glafs. Bulb-fhaped.
Venetian. 18th century. H. 2f in., diam. 3 in. (the
neck broken off). (Bernal Collection.) 1/.

36S7- '56.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Blue ground, with fplafhes of gold
avanturine. Venetian. 18th century. H.
diam. if in. 1/. iu. 6d.

3* in-

SS*7- S9-
BOTTLE. Blue glafs. Elliptic, with oblique pattern in
latticinio, and raifed ribs and boffes in opaque white
glafs. Venetian. 17th century. H. 3 in., W. if in. by if in.
(Soulages Collection.) il.

55i8. '59-
BOTTLE. Millefiore glafs. Bulb-fhaped.
17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in.
Collection.) il.

Venetian. (Soulages

1273. 7^-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, round, with flattened fides. On
the centre of each fide is a bofs like a rafpberry, from
which ridges, more or lefs raifed, radiate towards the circum
ference, and are decorated with yellow dots. Each ridge is

48 Glafs.
capped at the circumference with a raifed band of plain or
yellow glafs. Italian (Venetian ?). 17th century. Diam.
3-| in. 1 1.

4319- '58-
BOWL Tazza. Opaque. Turquoife blue glafs, furrounded
by a wide band of gilt and enamelled imbricated work.
The under part of the tazza decorated with a pattern of inter
lacing ribbons and foliated work in red, yellow, and black, the
foot furrounded by enamel white moulding. Venetian. About
1490. H. 6 in., diam. 9 in. 9/. 13s.

1 8 19. '55.
BOWL. Glafs. With oblique radiating ftripes of red
and white glafs. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 2 in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 1/. 10s.

2463. '56.
BOWL or Tazza. Clear glafs. With gilt fpiral gadroons
on the lower part of the bowl ; the margin furrounded
with a gilt zone, ftudded with fpots of blue and white in enamel.
Venetian. Early 16th century. H. 5f in., diam. iof in.
5/. lys. yd. 5487- 'S9-
BOWL. With two rings of blue glafs enclofing a band
fprinkled with gold. Glafs. Venetian. Firft half of
1 6th century. H. if in., diam. 5f in. (Soulages Collection.)
5/. I Of.

Venice, &C. 49

5494- 59-
BOWL. Glafs. With blue and white enamel and gilding.
Venetian. 16th century. H. 2f in., diam. 6f in.
(Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
5492. '5g.
BOWL. Glafs. Enamelled with fcale pattern and partially
gilt. Venetian. Early 16th century. H. 6 in., diam.
10 in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
5502. '59-
BOWL. Glafs, with fpots of blue and white enamel on a
gilt ground. Venetian. Firft half of 16th century.
H. 2f in., diam. 7f in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
5574- 'S9-
BOWL or Bafin. " Schmelz" or femi-opaque mottled
glafs. Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 4f in., diam. 1 2 in.
(Soulages Collection.) 3/.
A very fine example of Schmelz. 1219. '64.
BOWL or Bafin. Opalized glafs. Splafhed with dark
blue. Venetian or Flemifh. 18th century. Diam.
6f in. Given by Mr. Sedgwick. 910. '64.
BOX. Minute bead work. White ground, coloured floral
pattern. Venetian. 18th century. H. if in., L.
21 in., W. if in. Given by the Rev. R. Brooke.
39°57' . D

50 Glafs.
398. '73.
CAMEO. Red, opaque glafs, moulded in relief with part
of a battle fcene, probably a eaft from a carving in
ivory; oblong. Italian. 1 8th century. H. 4f in., W. iff in.
(Webb Collection.) 15/. SS7$- 'S9-
CHANDELIER. Clear glafs. Pendent, with fockets
for twelve lights, ornamented with rofettes or flowers in
coloured glafs. Venetian. 17th or 1 8th century. H. 5 ft,
6 in., W. 3 ft. 2 in. (Soulages Collection.) 50/.
5946. '59-
CHANDELIER. Clear glafs. Pendent, with fconces to
hold eight lights. Venetian. 17th or 18th century.
H. 3 ft. 9 in., W. 2 ft. 6 in. 16/.
93- 'S3-
CRUET. Pale green glafs. With waves of latticinio.
Venetian. 16th century. H. 7 in., diam. 4f in. by
31 in. ior. 568- '53-
CRUET. Clear glafs. With a waved pattern in latticinio,
and with blue handle and borders. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 6 in., W. 3f in. (Bandinel Collection.)
1825, 1835a. 'SS-
CRUETS (a pair). Opal glafs. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th
century. H. 3f in., W. 3 in. (Bernal Collection.)
8/. 1 5 j.

Venice, ^ca 51

1895- 'SS-
CRUET. Glafs. Blue ground, marbled with opaque
white, green, and red, with handle, fpout, and raifed
boffes in blue. Venetian. 16th century. H. 5f in., W-
4f in. by 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 61. ios.
2464. '56.
CRUET. Clear glafs. With fpout and handle, decorated
with applique boffes of green glafs, and mafks of clear
glafs gilt, and yellow and red bands. Venetian. 1 6th century.
H. 4-f in., W. 3 in. il. 3s. 3d.
19J4«- 'S5-
CRUET or Ewer. With fpout and handle. Lace-work
glafs, "vitro di trina." Venetian. 17th century. H.
4f in., W. 3f in. by 2f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3I. 15s.
1890. '55.
CUP. Clear glafs, with rings and flame-like ornaments in
_ gilding, and fpots of various coloured enamels, imitating
pearls and precious ftones. Venetian. H. 4f in., diam. 3^ in.
(Bernal Collection.) 9/. $s. 410. '54.
CUP. Purple glafs. Globular, with chafed filver cover,
the cup furrounded with a band or fringe of foliated
ornament in white enamel. Venetian. About 1500-20.
H. 4f in., diam. 4f in. 12/. 19. '67.
CUP or Vafe. Green glafs. Elliptic, mounted in gilt
metal, with two ferpent handles. Venetian. About

5 2 Glafs.
1560(F). H. 6 in., L. 9 in., W. 51 in. Much broken.
(Marryat Collection.) 1/. 20. '67.
CUP or Vafe. Schmelz avanturine glafs. Elliptic.
Mounted in gilt metal. Venetian. H. 3f in., L. 5 in,,
W. 4 in. (Marryat Collection.) il. 10s.
1808. '55.
CUP or Beaker. Glafs. Cylindrical, with tranfverfe fillets,
involuted handles, and lion's head mafks in moulded
glafs. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 3 in., W. 4 in.
by 2f in. (Bernal Collection.) il. 15s.
1827. 'SS-
CUP. Brown opaque glafs. Sprinkled with colours in
imitation of porphyry, and gold avanturine. Venetian.
1 8th century. H. 2f in., W. if in. (Bernal Collection.) 3I.
1872. '5S-
CUP. Ruby glafs. Fluted, mounted on metal ftand.
Venetian (?) 1 6th century. H. 2f in., diam. 3f in.
(Bernal Collection.) il. us. 6d.
1872a. '55.
CUP. Ruby glafs. Engraved with feftoons of flowers ;
the foot mounted" in metal. Venetian (?). 1 6th century.
H. 2f in., diam. 2 in. (Bernal Collection.) il. 11s. 6d.
1910. '55.
CUP. Millefiore glafs. Venetian. 16th century. H.
if in., diam. 3$ in. (Bernal Collection.) 7/.

Venice, &c. 53

I9H- SS-
CUP, with Cover. Greenifh-white glafs. With vertical
columns of lace-work glafs. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 14 in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 5/.

3^55- 'SS-
CUP (two-handled). Semi- opaque white glafs. Venetian,
16th century. H. if in., W. 4f in. by 3f in. il. 10s.

1888. ^55.
CUP and Cover. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di trina ;"
cylindrical. Venetian. 17th century. H. 8f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3I. 13s. 6d.
(See Plate XVI., fig. 3, p. 80.)

1889. '55.
CUP or Hanap, with Cover. Lace-work glafs, " vitro di
trina" interfering. Venetian. 17th century. H.
iof in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 9/. ior.
72, 72a. '53.
CUP (two-handled) and Tazza or ftand. Lace-work glafs,
"vitro di trina." Venetian. 17th century. Cup,
H. 2f in., W. 6 in. by 4f in. Tazza, H. if in., diam. 8f in.
7/. 7-r.

c

419. '54.
UP. Clear glafs. Sprinkled with variegated colours.
Venetian. 1 8th century. H. 2f in., diam. 3f in. il.

54 Glafs.
2996. '56.
DISH or Tazza, Clear glafs. In the centre an enamelled
efcutcheon of arms, furrounded by radiating emboffed
gadroons ; imbricated margin in gold. Venetian. About 1500.
H. 2f in., diam. nf in. 4/. 16s.
4067. '56.
DISH or Tazza. Clear glafs. With raifed fpiral fillets of
blue glafs. Venetian. 1 6th century. Diam. i6f in.
1 1. 4s. 1824- 'ss-
DRINKING Glafs. Lace-work glafs, or " vitro di trina."
Bell-fhaped, without ftem ; mounted in filver. Venetian.
1 6th century. H. 7f in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.)
il. is. 1856. '55-
DRINKING Glafs. Moulded reticulated furface, with
filver mounting; to which is attached a fmall bell.
Venetian. About 1550- 1600. H. 7f in., diam. 4 in. (Bernal
Collection.) il. ior. 1885. '5S-
DRINKING Glafs. Lace-work glafs, "vitro di trina."
With emboffed bowl. Venetian. 16th century. H.
5f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/. 10s.
1814. '5S-
DRINKING Glafs. Bell-fhaped. Clear glafs, with verti
cal columns of latticinio work; lower part of bowl
ornamented with cluflered bulbs. Venetian. 17th century.
H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/.

i't.\i i:x.

\ mconl Drools, Day & S"i', l.iill.

kwkk,
I'nii'liini, i$//i Cnilinv. (275-74.)

Venice, &c. 55

1822. '55.
DRINKING Glafs. Spiral bands of white latticinio alter
nating with blue ftripes. Venetian. 17th century.
H. 5 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 14J.

*73- 74-
EWER. Blue glafs, painted in enamel with flowers and
figures of Tritons and Nereids. Venetian. 16th
century. H. 8 in., diam. 5 in. (Webb Collection.) 60/.
(See Plate X.) 241- 'S3-
WER. Clear ribbed glafs. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 9f in., W. 5f in. by 4$ in. il. 5s.
S67- 'S3-
EWER. Opaque white and blue marbled glafs. Venetian (?).
17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Bandinel
Collection.) 1809. '55.
EWER or Burette. Clear glafs, the foot added in bronze
gilt. Venetian. 16th century. H. 5f in., W. 3 in.
by 2f in. (Bernal Collection.) 7/.
1828. '55-
EWER or Burette, with fpout and handle. " Schmelz "
glafs. Venetian. 16th century. H. 12 in., W.
j 5. in. by 6 in. (Bernal Collection.) 10/. ior.

5 6 Glafs.
1832, 1833*. '55.
EWER and Bafin. Pale ftraw-coloured frofted glafs ; the
ewer with fcroll handle. Venetian. 1 6th century. H.
of ewer, y\ in., W. 8f in. by 4f in. ; H. of bafin, \\ in. diam.
14 in. (Bernal Collection.) 16/. 5-r. 6d.
Thefe are fine examples of frofted glafs.
1897- 'SS-
EWER. Mill efiore glafs. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century.
H. 8f in., W. 4f in. by 3f in, (Bernal Collection.)
57'- (See Plate XI.)
SS^S- 'S9-
EWER. Blue glafs, oviform. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 2f in. (Soulages Collection.) il.
SS*6- 'S9-
EWER. Opaque white glafs, oviform. Venetian. 1 6th
century. H. 5f in., W. 2f in. by 2f in. (Soulages
Collection.) il.
S57S- '59-
EWER. " Schmelz " or femi-opaque mottled glafs. Vene-
1 tian. 16th or 17th century. H. 8f in., W. 6f in.
by 5f in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/.
2456. '56.
EWER or Flafk, with fpout and handie. Clear glafs, with
five rofettes in relief, in coloured glafs, on each fide.
Venetian. 17th century. H. iaf in., W. 10 in. 1/. 15J.

Plate XI.

EWER.
Venetian, i6t& or ijti century.
(1897. '55.)

Venice, &c. 57

1851- 'SS-
FLASK. Enamelled glafs, bulb-fhaped, with elongated
neck. On the bulb are two fhields of arms, with inter
laced arabefque work in brilliant colours ; on the neck ftripes
or flutings of blue and white enamels. Venetian. About
1520. H. 8f in., diam, 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 33I.

1892. '55.
FLASK or Pilgrimes Bottle. Pale green glafs, fplafhed
with opaque white and red glafs ; two fmall handles of
green glafs. Venetian. 16th century. H. 9 in., W. 6f in.
by 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 27/.

1894- 'ss-
FLASK or Pilgrim's Bottle. Blue glafs, flat-fided, fprinkled
with gold avanturine. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century.
H. iof in., W. 6 in. by 2f in. (Bernal Collection.) 21/.

3658. '56-
FLASK. Tranfparent greenifh blue glafs, fplafhed with
gold, red, and blue avanturine. Venetian. 16th cen
tury. H. 3f in., W- 2f in. by if in. 1/. iu. 6d.

4795- '58-
FLASK. Glafs. Blue, fprinkled with gold avanturine.
Venetian. 16th century. H. 8f in., W. 4f in.

5 8 Glafs.
6869. '60.
FLASK. Ruby glafs, fluted, oviform, mounted in gilt
copper, with flopper. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 1 if in., W. 4f in. by 3f in. il. lis.
7445. '61.
FLASK. Green glafs, mounted in gilt bronze, with chain
attached. It is very thick and heavy, and is perhaps
more probably of German than Venetian origin. 16th century.
H. 9f in., W. 6 in. by 3f in. Given by Sir J. Hudfon, K.C.B,
77- 'S3-
FLOWER Glafs or Bouquet Holder. White glafs. Edged
with green, bulb-formed foot. Venetian. 17th cen
tury. H. 9 in., diam. 3f in. il. is.
78- 'S3-
FLOWER Glafs or Bouquet Holder. Edged with blue
glafs, bulb-formed foot. Venetian. 17th century.
H. y\ in., diam. 3 in. il. is.
SS11- 'S9-
FLOWER Vafe. Moulded glafs. The body in the
fhape of a pecten fhell, with funnel-fhaped neck and
two fcroll handles in blue glafs attached. Venetian. 17 th cen
tury. H. 8fin.,W.3f in.by3f in. (Soulages Collection.) il.
SS1*- '59-
FLOWER Vafe. Moulded glafs. The body in the
fhape of a pecten fhell, with funnel-fhaped neck, and

Venice, &c. 59

two fcroll handles in blue glafs attached. Venetian. 17th
century. H. 8f in., W. 4 in. by 3f in. (Soulages Collec
tion.) il. SSl3- '59-
FLOWER Vafe. Moulded glafs. The body in the
fhape of a peden fhell, with funnel-fhaped neck, and
two fcroll handles in blue glafs attached. Venetian. 17th
century. H. 8f in., W. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.) il.
75- 'S3-
FLOWER Glafs. Clear glafs. With green edgings and
enrichments. Venetian. 17th or 18th century. L.
iof in., diam. 2f in. 1/. is. 86. '53-
FLOWER Glafs. Clear glafs. Bulb-fhaped bowl, and
involuted mounts. Venetian. 17th century. H. 7f in.
diam. 4f in. igs. yd. 87- 'S3-
FLOWER Glafs. Clear glafs. On low ftem, the bowl
comprefled quadrilaterally ; ornaments in blue glafs
on the lower part of the bowl. Venetian. 17th century.
H. 6 in., diam. 4f in. 1 gs. yd.
100. '5S-
FLOWER Glafs. Balloon-fhaped. With flender invo-
luted handles. Venetian. 17th century. H. 7f in.,
diam. 2f in. \l. iar.

6 c Glafs.

55*3- 59-
FLOWER Vafe. Clear glafs on bulbed and winged
ftem, and containing a blue and white flower, fupported
on a bent rod. Venetian. i6th or 17th century. H. 9f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collection.) il. 10s.
9046. '63.
FOOT of a Vafe. Schmelz glafs. Venetian. 18th or
1 9th century. Diam. 4f in. Given by Meffrs. Litch
field and Radcliffe. 160. '65.
FORK. Glafs. With twifted and curved ftem. Vene
tian. 1 6th century. L. 6\ in. Given by E. Kaul-
bach, Efq. 7894. '61.
FRAGMENT of a glafs Veffel. Etched on gold leaf, with
an angel's head. Italian (?). 13th century (?). if in.
by | in. 266. '74.
C"* OB LET with Cover. Dark blue glafs, enamelled and
JT gilt foot and cover powdered with gold. Venetian.
15th century. H. 9f in., diam. 3f in. (Webb Collec
tion.) 30/. 5SOS- '59-
GOBLET. Glafs. The bowl enriched with vertical
gadroons in relief and gilt ; a gilt band jewelled in
enamel colours near the margin ; the foot fluted. Venetian.

Plate XII.

IBS

ifes
IwHHf
Wmk
£ © * '0#:: 9|
GOBLET.
Venetian, 1480 fo l5oo.
(409. '54.)
Venice, &C 61

1480 to 1500. H. 8f in., diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collec
tion.) 10/. 409. '54.
GOBLET. Green glafs. Enamelled with arabefque fcroll-
work in gold and colours, and with profile portraits of
a lady and a gentleman, in medallions, foot powdered with
gold. Venetian. 1480101500. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. 30/.
(See Plate XII.) 5542. '59.
C~~* OBLET. Glafs. Funnel-fhaped, the lower part of the
JT bowl decorated with arabefque ornament of dolphins,
fcroll foliage, &c. in enamel colours ; the margin of the glafs
enriched with gilded zones. Venetian. About 1 500-1 520.
H. 5f in., diam. 4 in. (Soulages Collection.) 10/.

i9°9- 55-
GOBLET and Cover. Clear glafs. Fluted or puffed,
ftem involuted. Venetian. 15th or 16th century.
H. I2f in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 8/. 5J.
4^59- '57-
GOBLET. Glafs. The bowl ribbed, the margin ena
melled with fpots of white and green enamel. Venetian.
15th century. H. 6 in., diam. 4 in. 9/. io.r.
108. '53.
(""* OBLET. Clear glafs. On lofty ftem, ornamented with
JT projecting flalks or branches and rofettes of opaque white
and red glafs. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. iof in.,
diam. 4f in. yl. 10s.

62 Glafs.
7 S36- '6i-
GOBLET. Glafs. The ftem blue, powdered with gold ;
the bowl diamond-moulded and enamelled with rofettes,
&c. Venetian. Probably 15th century. H. 6f in,, diam.
3f in. 8/. 15J. 1815- '55-
GOBLET. Clear glafs ; with bars or canes of latticinio
work projecting in relief from the furface of the piece.
Venetian. 16th century. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal
Collection.) 61. 15s. 1 81 8. '55.
GOBLET. Lace- work glafs, " vitro di trina." Funnel-
fhaped. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 6f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) il. $s.
1829. '55-
GOBLET or Flower Glafs. Opal glafs ; with bell-fhaped
bowl and curved margin, folded over to refemble the
calyx ofa flower. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 7f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 13/.
1869. '55.
GOBLET. Glafs. Spiral fluted bowl in purple glafs, and
moulded ftem in white. Ornamented with mafk,
gadroons, garlands, &c. in relief. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 3% in. (Bernal Collection.) 13/. ioa
5S°7- '59-
GOBLET or Tazza. Clear glafs. Oval or boat-fhaped
fluted bowl, on raifed balufter ftem. Venetian. 16th

Venice, &C. 63

century. H. 8f in., W. 8f in. by 5f in. (Soulages Col
lection.) 5/. 5509- '59-
GOBLET. Clear glafs. Of grotefque form, with a
fyphon apparatus, furmounted with the figure of a flag
in full relief. Venetian. 16 th or 17 th century. Goblet,
H. 8f in., diam. 4f in. ; flag, H. 9f in. (Soulages Col
lection.) 3I. 55 !°- '59-
GOBLET Dark blue glafs. Funnel-fhaped, on low
balufter ftem ; the bowl diamond-moulded. Venetian.
Firft half of 16th century. H. 9 in., diam. 6f in. (Soulages
Collection.) 61. 5543- '59-
GOBLET. Clear glafs. The ftem ornamented with
mafks; bafe of bowl ribbed. Venetian. 1 6 th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. 5.1.

5564- '59-
GOBLET and Cover. Pale flraw-coloured glafs. On
bulbed ftem. Venetian. 16th century. H. iof in.,
diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. 10s.
488. '53-
GOBLET and Cover. Clear glafs. Etched with Baccha
nalian figures and foliage ; on the cover is the figure
of a fwan in green glafs. Venetian. 17th or 18th century.
H. iof in., diam. 3f in, il. us. 6d.

64 Glafs.
1861. '55-
GROTESQUE Veffel. Lace glafs, or " vitro di trina,"
in the form of a fifh. Venetian. 16th or 17th
century. H. 5 in., L. 7 in., W. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.)
7/. 5s.
(See Plate XIII.)
74- '53-
GROTESQUE Veffel. In clear glafs, the lower part re-
fembling a guitar, the upper extremity formed by a
fpiral twifted tube. Venetian. 17th century. H. i2f in.,
W. 3 in. by 2f in. 1/. is.
335- '54-
ICE-CUP and Stand, or Saucer. Glafs. Schmelz avanturine.
Venetian. 1 8th century. Cup. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in, ;
ftand, H. if in., diam. 4f in. 3I.

J

1609. '55.
UG or Cruche. Opaque red glafs, oviform and ribbed.
Venetian. 16th century. H. 7 in., diam. 4f in. 7/.

1859- 'SS-
JUG or Cruche, with handle. Clear glafs, raifed mounts,
and tranfverfe bands and ornaments in blue. Venetian (?)
17th century. H. 6f in., W. 5f in. by 4f in. (Bernal
Collection.) 61. 15s.
This is a good example of ornament produced by pinching the glafs
while hot. It is much clumfier than Venetian glafs ufually is, and
poffibly is really a product of one of the manufaftories establifhed in
the 17th century, in England, the Low Countries, and elfewhere, in
rivalry of Venice.

Plate XIII.

1 ^';t >ffiXX^XX:-v

GROTESQUE VESSEL.
Venetian, 1 6th or I jti century.
(1861. '55.)

Venice, &c. 65

1870. '55.
KNOB or Ornament. Orange-coloured glafs, on bulb
ftem, filvered in the interior, Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 8^ in., diam. 31 in. (Bernal Collection.)
5/. ss. 5988. '60.
LAMP (for fufpenfion). Globe-fhaped. Glazed, with
fmall quarries in hexagonal compartments. Venetian.
16th or 17th century. 17 in. by 11 in. 1/. 5J.

1873- '55-
LIQUEUR Glafs. The bowl and foot in opal glafs, the ftem
in ruby. Venetian. 16th century. H. 4f in., diam.
2f in. (Bernal Collection.) 5/. is. 6d.
**7 3": 'SS-
LIQUEUR Glafs. The bowl and foot in opal glafs, the ftem
in ruby. Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 3f in., diam.
if in. (Bernal Collection.) 5/. is. 6d.

io7- 'S3-
LIQUEUR Glafs. Clear glafs, with twifted ftem and wing
mounts. Venetian. 1 6th or 17 th century. H. 6fin.,
diam. 3f in. 1 is.

L

79- 'S3-
IQUEUR Glafs. Opalifed glafs, twifted ftem. Venetian.
17th century. H. 4f in., diam. af in. i9j. 6d,

39°57-

66 Glafs.
ZS3- '74-
MEDALLION. Glafs, moulded with a mafk of Medufa.
From a Roman Antique. Diam. 2^ in. (Webb
Collection.) 8/. 4227. '57.
MEDALLION. In moulded blue glafs, Circular, with
group in relief of a cupid trampling on a fatyr.
Italian. 1 6th century. Diam, 2f in. 8.r.

3988. '56.
MIRROR and Frame. The plate has bevelled edges,
the frame bevelled fillet mouldings and cut ornament,
the whole of glafs. Italian (Venetian). 17th century. H.
5 ft. 6 in., W. 3 ft. 6 in. 57/.
1896. '55.
MUG or Tankard (with handle). Clear glafs, fplafhed
with white, red, and blue. Venetian. 16th or 17th
century. H. 6 in., W. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) il. ss.
5869. '5g.
)APER Knife. Clear glafs, with twifted handle. Venetian.
17th or 1 8th century. L. g\ in. 15J.
3648. '56.
PLAQUE. Opaque black glafs, on which is a fuperimpofed
layer of white glafs, enclofing an etching in leaf gold of
the Virgin and Child under Gothic canopies, with various Latin

Venice, &C 67

infcriptions (irregular oval fhape, much broken). Italian.
15th century. 5 in. by 4 in. 5/.
Over the canopy the infcription REGI N A CELLI ; on the
crown ofthe Virgin SALVE REGI N A ; on the border of the nimbus
in reverfed characters AVE MRIN (?), then fome indiftinct charac
ters, probably GRATIA PLENA) DOMIN VS TECVM, and fome
others undecipherable. On the edges of the robe AVE MARIA,
and an infcription which is in part illegible, but the following may be
diftinguifhed . . . LILE dARCA . . . F(orE)IV. . .
On the edge of the nimbus round the head of the infant FILIVS
MARIA  AMEN 

1876. ^55.
PLATE. Deep orange-coloured glafs, with fluted border.
Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 1 in., diam. 8f in. (Bernal
Collection), il. is.
55°°- '59-
(LATE. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled. Venetian. 16th
century. Diam. i if in. (Soulages Collection.) 61.

igioa. 55.
PLATE or Saucer. Venetian glafs. Imitation of the
antique ; vertical canes of femi-opaque yellow, red, and
blue glafs inferted into a body of tranfparent purple glafs.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. f in., diam. 41 in.
(Bernal Collection.) 7/. 1867. 'SS-
PLATE. Dark purple glafs. The border etched with
arabefque ornaments. Venetian (?). 17th century. H.
.jf in., diam. 7f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3I. 3s.
E 2.

6 8 Glafs.
2554- '56-
PLATE. Blue glafs. With funk centre, the margin
decorated with gilt arabefques. Venetian. 17 th century.
H. if in., diam. 9 in. 1/. 16s.
490. '54.
SALVER. Clear glafs. With waves of white glafs.
Venetian. 16th century. H. if in., diam. 7f in.
ys. 6d. 1866. '55.
SALVER. Lace-work glafs, or " vitro di trina." Venetian.
16th century (?). H. if .in., diam. 16 in. (Bernal
Collection.) 11/.
A very fine example of the variety of vitro di trina, in which the
canes are made to interfect, often called "a reticelli." This may
perhaps be of the manufadure of Briati (Circa 1 760-1 770). See Intro
duction, p. xcii.
5490. '59. •
SALVER. Glafs. With gilt and enamelled imbricated
pattern ; a coat of arms in the centre. Venetian. 16th
century. H. 2f in., diam. i4f in. (Soulages Collection.) 61.
344- 'S3-
SALVER or Plateau. Blue glafs. Venetian. 17th
century. H. if in., diam. 2of in. 3/. 3s.

915- '55-
Q CENT Bottle. Millefiore glafs. Venetian. 1 8th century.
v^J/ H. 31 in., diam. 1 in. 11s. id.

Venice, &c. 69

159. '70.
SCENT Bottle. Schmelz glafs. Bought for one penny
in the ftreet at Vicenza. Venetian. 1869. H. 2f in.,
W. 2f in. Given by the Rev. Greville J. Chefter.
267. '74.
SEAU or Bucket. Mottled glafs with fwing handle.
Venetian. 15th or 16th century. H. 3 in., diam. 3 in.
(Webb Collection.) 15/. 1817- '55-
SEAU or Bucket. Glafs. Made up of canes of white,
blue, and green, and clear red, white, and green alter
nating, placed diagonally ; gilt metal handle. Venetian. 1 6th
or 17th century. H. 7 in., diam. 6f in. (Bernal Collection.)
20/. 436°- '57-
SEAU or Ciflern. Clear glafs. Circular, with two handles
formed of interlaced cords, and ftudded with mafks in
relief; the handles and mafks gilt. Venetian. Firft half of
16th century. H. 7f in., W. 16 in. 10/.
89- '53-
SEAU or Bucket. Clear glafs. With blue margin and
twifted handle. Venetian. 17th or 18th century.
H. iof in., diam. 10 in, by 9f in. 1/. 14s. id.
90- '53-
SEAU or Bucket. Clear glafs. With projecting hoops or
bands in blue glafs, and a movable handle in plain

70 Glafs.
twifted glafs. Venetian. 17th or 18th century. H. 7 in.
diam. 5f in. by 4f in. \l. 14J. id.

9t- S3-
Q^ EAU or Bucket. Clear glafs. With fcale pattern vertical
vj ribs and twifted handle. Venetian. 17 th or 18 th
century. H. 6f in., diam. 5f in. by 4f in. 1/. 14J. id.
549i- '59-
TAZZA Bowl, Glafs. Gilt and enamelled. Venetian.
Latter part of 15th century. H. 5f in., diam. 1 if in.
(Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
(See Plate XIV.) 537- '64
TAZZA. Glafs. The foot and bafe of bowl of Schmelz
glafs, the body and edge decorated with foliage in gold
leaf, and fpots of coloured enamel. In the centre is a fhield,
bearing the arms of Vifconti and Riario of Savona. Venetian.
About 1480. H. 2f in., diam. 9f in, 70/.
26g. '74.
TAZZA. Schmelz glafs, with open ftem. Venetian.
15th century. H. 3% in., diam. 3f in. Bought (Webb
Collection). 10/. 5504- 'S9-
TAZZA. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled ; a fhield of arms in
the centre. Venetian. About 1500. H. 2f in., diam.
9f in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.

I

X rw> " ¦ . ¦ ¦•¦'¦ -¦' "•

X

Venice, &c. 71

5498. '59-
TAZZA Bowl. Glafs. On blue ftem, gilt and enamelled.
Venetian. Firft half of 16th century. H. 6 in., diam.
8f in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
5499- '59-
TAZZA Bowl. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled. Venetian.
Early part of 16th century. H. 2 in., diam. 5f in.
(Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
55oi- '59-
TAZZA Bowl. Glafs. With medallion in the centre con
taining the figure of a dragon. Venetian. Firft half of
16th century. H. 3f in., diam. 9f in. (Soulages Collection.)
5/. ior. 55°3- '59-
TAZZA Bowl. ' Glafs. Gilt and enamelled, arabefque
ornament in the centre. Venetian. 16 th century.
H. 2f in., diam. iof in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
5553- '59-
TAZZA. Clear glafs. On twifted ftem, ringed with blue
round bafe of cup. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 5f in., diam. 5f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. ior.
5496. 'sg.
TAZZA. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled ; a medallion in the
centre with the figure of Lucretia. Venetian. Latter
part of 15th century. H. if in., diam. 9f in. (Soulages
Collection.) Sl- los-

7 2 Glafs.
1830. '55-
TAZZA. Glafs. On low ftem ; the bowl fprinkled with
opaque white, yellow, and red glafs. Venetian. 16th
century. H. 3 in., diam. 8f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3/. 5-r.
1 860/ '55.
TAZZA. Lace glafs. " Vitro di trina," on raifed balufler
fhaped ftem. Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 5 in., diam.
6f in. (Bernal Collection.) 12/. ior.
3656- '55-
TAZZA. Clear glafs. Diamond moulded, with enamelled
imbricated ornaments ; in the centre an interlaced fret
work ornament in blue and white enamel, the margin enamelled
with blue and white fpots and partly gilt. Venetian. 16th
century. H. 2f in., diam. 9f in. 3/. ior.
3<>54- '55-
TAZZA. Glafs. On balufler-fhaped ftem, the bowl
decorated with leaves and flowers in green and yellow
enamel, a full-faced mafk in the centre in white enamel. Vene
tian. 1 6th century. H. 5f in., diam. 6f in. 8/.
2585- '56-
TAZZA. Clear glafs. On fluted balufler ftem, the bowl
moulded. Venetian. 16th century. H. 5f in., diam.
6\ in. il. 8 s.
5488. 'Sg.
TAZZA Plate. Glafs. Enamelled and gilt. Venetian;
1 6th century. H. if in., diam. 9f in. (Soulages Col
lection.) 5/. ior.

Venice, &C. 73

5489- '59-
TAZZA. Glafs. Enamelled and gilt, and with coat of
arms in the centre. Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 2fin.,
diam. 9f in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ior.
5493- '59- ,
TAZZA. Bowl. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled. Venetian.
16th century. H. 6f in., diam. 9f in. (Soulages Col
lection.) 5/. ior.
5495- '59-
TAZZA. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled. Venetian. 16th
century. H. 2f in., diam. 9f in. (Soulages Collection.)
5/. IO.T.
5497- '59-
TAZZA. Glafs. Gilt and enamelled ; a fhield of arms in
the centre. Venetian. 16th century. H. 2f in., diam.
9 in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/. ioj,
55^5- '59-
TAZZA. Glafs. On bulbed ftem. Venetian. 1 6th cen
tury. H. 5f in., diam. 6f in. (Soulages Collection.)
1 1, ss-
5S62- '59-
TAZZA. Glafs. With imbricated ring round bafe of
bowl. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 5 in.,
diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. 10s.
5S67- '59-
Hp AZZA. Clear glafs with a blackifh tinge. On tall,
A fluted, balufler-fhaped ftem ; the bowl with raifed circular

74 Glafs.
boffes and radiating gadroons. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 6 in., diam. 6f in. (Soulages Collection.) 5/.
(See Plate XVI., fig. 2, p. 80.)
242- 'S3-
TAZZA, on ftem. Clear glafs, with radiating ftripes of
latticinio. Venetian. 17th century. H. 4f in., diam.
6 in. il. 10s.
489. '54.
TAZZA. Clear glafs. With waved latticinio pattern.
Venetian. 17th century. H. if in., diam. 7f in.
ys. 6d. 3649. '56.
TAZZA. Clear glafs. On balufler ftem, ornamented with
moulded lion's head mafks, garlands of pearls, and ga
droons ; the bowl diamond-moulded and frofted. Italian
(Venetian.) 17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 6 in. il. 10s.
1623. '55-
TAZZA. Semi-opaque blue glafs, imitation of lapis lazuli,
with patches of gold introduced in imitation of avan
turine. Venetian. 18th century. H. if in., diam. 5f in.
3I. ior. SS°f>- '59-
VASE or Ewer. Clear glafs of a fmoky tinge ; with
handles and cover. Venetian. Probably of the latter
part of the 15th century. H. i6f in., W. 6 in. by 5f in.
(Soulages Collection.) 10/.
(Ste Plate XV.) 487. 'S3-
VASE or Cup and Cover. Clear glafs ; with raifed flutings
and gadroons, pardy gilded. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 8f in., diam. 5 in. 1/. i». id.

Plate XV.

VASE OR EWER.
' Venetian, late lSth century.
(55o6. '59.)

Venice, &c. 75

1826. '55.
VASE. Opal glafs ; with involuted fcroll handles. Vene
tian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 6f in., W. 5f in.
by 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) gl.
1862. '55.
VASE or Ewer. Glafs ; with vertical columns of opaque
pink, white, and blue glafs. Venetian. 16th or 17th
century. H. 8 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/. 14J.

V

1874- 'SS-
ASE. Ruby glafs. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 9 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 61. 5-r.

1902. '55.
VASE. Clear glafs ; with two handles ; infide, feated on a
bulb of blue glafs is a figure of a boy with a wine flafk
and a glafs, in opaque white glafs. Venetian. 16th or 17th
century. H. 9 in., W. 8f in. by 6f in. (Bernal Collection.)
20/. 5«r.
4706. 'sg.
VASE. Blue glafs. Oviform, with bronze gilt mounts.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 5f in., W. 2f in.
by 2f in. (From the Mufeum ofthe Collegio Romano.)
1543- '56-
VASE. Blue glafs. Sprinkled or powdered with gold.
Venetian. 1 6th century. H. 8f in., diam. 3^ in. 4/.
This is a good example of a procefs of decoration probably employed
as early as the fifteenth century. (See p. Ixxxi., of Introduction, note 2.)

76 Glafs.
3001. '56.
VASE. Blue glafs. Oviform. Mounted with foot and
handles in ormoulu. Venetian. 17th century. H. 5f in.,
diam. 2f in. 7/. 1911- '55-
WINE Glafs. On tall involuted cord ftem, with dark
blue wings. Venetian. 15th century. H. 13 in.,
diam. 4 in. (Bernal Collection.) 16/. ior.
80. '53-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. Bell-fhaped, tall ftem, with
blue and white mounts. Venetian. 1 6 th or 17 th
century. H. 7f in., diam, 3f in. 1 gs. 6d,
8^. 'S3-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. The bowl fluted and laterally
compreffed into an oval fhape, the ftem enriched with
a bead of dark blue glafs. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 6f in., W. 3f in. by 2f in. 19J. yd.
1812. '55-
WINE Glafs. Clear'' glafs of a greenifh tint, on a tall
ftem, with a knob of open-work. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. nf in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Col
lection.) 5/. 1813. '55-
WINE Glafs. On a tall involuted cord ftem, with twifted
fillets in blue and white glafs, crefled with blue. Vene
tian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 14 in., diam. 5 in. (Bernal
Collection.) 17/.

Venice, &*c. 77

1816. '55.
WINE Glafs. Lace glafs or "vitro di trina."- Funnel-
fhaped, on a foot. Venetian. 16th century. H. 12 in.,
diam.. 6 in. (Bernal Collection.) 5/.

1841. 'SS-
WINE Glafs. On a tall involuted cord ftem, with twifted
fillets in green, blue, and white glafs ; the upper part
of the ftem forming two ferpents' heads crefled with blue glafs.
Venetian. 16th century. H. I4f in., W. 5f in. by 4f in.
(Bernal Collection.) 20/.
A good example of ornament produced by the ufe of pincers.
1884 '55-
WINE Glafs. Tazza-fhaped, the bowl diamond-moulded,
the ftem twifted, with two rofettes in opaque white
glafs. Venetian. 16th century. H. 5 in., diam. 2f in.
(Bernal Collection.) 3/. io.r.

2467. '56.
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs ; with blue mounts, the lower
part of the bowl gadrooned. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. 3I. 15J. 3d.

55l9- 59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted balufler ftem, with blue fillet.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam.
3f in. (Soulages Collection.) \l. 5-r.

7 8 Glafs.
84- 'S3-
W'INE Glafs. Clear glafs. With blue rim, beaded ftem.
The margin of the bowl folded into a quadrangular
form. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 8 in., diam,
4f in. 1 9 j. yd.
85- 'S3-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. With octagonal bowl re-
fembling the calyx of a flower. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 8 in., diam. 3f in. 19^, yd.
92- 'S3-
WINE Glafs. Funnel-fhaped, formed of vertical columns
of latticinio filigree work. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 7f in., diam. 2-| in. 5-r.
98. 'S3-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. Bell-fhaped, with beaded
ftem, partly of blue glafs, ornamented with fcroll
mountings. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 7 in., diam.
3fin. iss. ioi- '53-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. On twifted balufter-fhaped
ftem. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. nfin.,
diam. 3f in. 1 5J. 102. '53.
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. With marginal band and
ornaments of ftem in ruby glafs. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. si in-, diam. 3f in. 1/. ior.

Venice, &c. 79

106. '53.
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. Involuted ftem and blue
wing ornaments. Venetian. 16th or 17th century.
H. 10 in., diam. 4 in. 15J. 1810. '55.
WINE Glafs. On a tall involuted cord ftem, with twifted
fillets in green, blue, and white glafs. Venetian.
1 6th century. H. I2f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 7/,
1811. '55.
WINE Glafs. Moulded ftem, with lion's head mafks,
the bowl furrounded with two tranfverfe beaded bands,
the margin and ftem gilt. Venetian. 16th century. H.
iof in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3I.
5528. '59.
WINE Glafs. Wide bowl. Clear glafs. Ornamented
with latticinio. Venetian. 16th century. H. 7f in.,
diam. 6f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. 10s.
5530- '59-
WINE Glafs. Quatrefoil bowl. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages
Collection.) 1/. 5J. 5531- '59-
WINE Glafs. Balufter-fhaped ftem. The bowl bulbed,
reflexed, and edged with blue. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 7f in., W. 4f in. by '31 in. (Soulages
Collection.) 1/. ss-

80 Glafs.
5534- '59-
WINE Glafs. Tall bulbed ftem. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 7f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages
Collection,) 1/. ss.
SS33- '59-
WINE Glafs. Ribbed and twifted ftem, with fmall orna
ments refembling handles. Venetian. 16th or 17th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.)
1 1, ss. (See Plate XVI. fig. 1.)
553%- '59-
WINE Glafs. Encircled with lines of blue. Venetian.
1 6th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages
Collection.) 1/. ss-
5539- '59-
WINE Glafs. Tall narrow bowl and fmall winged orna
ments. Venetian. 16th century. H. 9f in., diam.
2f in. (Soulages Collection.) il. ss.
5541- '59-
WINE Glafs. Wide ribbed bowl. Venetian. 16th or
17th century. H. 5 in., diam. 4f in. (Soulages
Collection.) 1/. ss-
5544- '59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted ftem. Bafe of bowl ringed with
blue, the rim with white. Venetian. 16 th or 17 th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collection.)
1/. ior. *

•¦3 ^

Venice, &?c. 81

5545- 59-
WINE Glafs. Bulbed and twifted ftem. Venetian. 16th
or 17th century. H. 8f in., diam. 4f in. (Soulages
Collection.) 1/. io.r. 5546. '59-
WINE Glafs. Undulating ring of blue round the bowl.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 8f in., diam.
4 in. (Soulages Collection.) il. 10s.
5547- '59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted ftem. Bafe of bowl ringed with
blue. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 5f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collection.) \l. ior.
5548. '59-
WINE Glafs. Waved ring of blue round the bowl.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam.
4 in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. ior.

5549- 59-
W'INE Glafs. Gadrooned ring on bowl, and blue wings.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. iof in., diam.
3 in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/: ior.

555*- '59-
WINE Glafs. Open-work ftem, with winged ornaments.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam;
3f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. io.r.
59057. F

8 2 Glafs.
5552- '59'
WINE Glafs. Open-worked corded ftem, with winged
ornaments. Venetian. i6th or 17th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 4 in. (Soulages Collection.) il. 10s.
5554- '59-
WINE Glafs. The bowl tulip-fhaped and ribbed. Vene
tian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 7f in., diam. 3f in.
(Soulages Collection.) 1/. 10s.
5555- '59-
WINE Glafs. Short ftem. Venetian. 16th or 17th
century. H. 7§ in., diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collec
tion.) 1 1, ss.
5557- '59-
WINE Glafs. Bowl with octagonal lip, and with fmall
wings. Venetian. 16th century. H. 7f in., diam.
4f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. ior.
5558- '59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted open-work ftem, with winged
ornaments. Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H.
7f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. ior.
5559- '59-
WINE Clafs. Purple bowl. Stem bulbed and twifted,
with ornaments refembling wings, partly of blue glafs.
Venetian. 16th or 17th century. H. 5f iii., diam. 3f in.
(Soulages Collection,) 1/. ior.

Venice, &c. 83

556°- '59-
WINE Glafs. Hemifpherical bowl. The ftem containing
an oval difc, with imbricated margin. Venetian. 16th
or 17th century. H. 7f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collec
tion.) 1 1. 10s. 556i- '59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted ftem. Venetian. 16th century.
H. 7f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.)
1 1. 10s. 55^3- '59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted open-work ftem with dark blue
winged ornaments. Venetian. 16th or 17th cen
tury. H. 7 in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. ior.
5573- '59-
WINE Glafs. Twifted balufler ftem. Bowl bulbed and
winged. Venetian. 1 6th or 17th century. H. 7f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collection.) 1/. 13s. x\d.

1608. '55.
WINE Glafs. On a tall involuted corded ftem, with twifted
fillets of gold-coloured and clear glafs. Venetian.
17th century. H. iof in., diam. 4f in. 8/.
2465. '56.
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. On balufler ftem, with
handles, and two tranfverfe bands of blue glafs.
Italian (Venetian). 17th century. H. 5 in., diam. 3f in.
il. 3s. 3d, r 2

84 Glafs.
2466. '56.
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs ; with white handles or mounts.
Italian (Venetian). 17th century. H. 5 in., diam.
3f in. il. 16s. 5529- '59-
WINE Glafs. Short bulbed ftem. Venetian. 17th
century. H. 6f in., diam. 4 in. (Soulages Collec
tion.) 1 1, ss. S536- '59-
WINE Glafs. Wide bowl on balufler ftem. Venetian.
17th century. H. 7f in., diam. 4f in. (Soulages
Collection.) il. ss. S571- '59-
WINE Glafs. Bulbed ftem. Venetian. 17th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Soulages Collection.)
\l. 13s. x\d.

555o- 59-
fled ftem.
,,.,.., diam. 4f in. (Soulages Collection.)

WINE Glafs. Twifted ftem. Venetian. 17th century.
H. 6f in.,
1 1. 10s.

463- '73-
WINE Glafs. Plain glafs, the bowl fhallow, engraved
and gilt, the ftem open, widening downwards, and
ending in a circular foot. Venetian. 17th century. H. 3f in.,
diam. of bowl 1^ in. 1 5-r.

SECTION V.— GLASS OF FRANCE.

544 to 544b. '68.
OMB, three portions. Glafs, with figures of chil
dren at play ; etched on gold leaf. French.

17 th century.
il. 1 6s.

Late
Each 2f in. by f in. Bought,

5569- '59-
DRINKING Glafs. Blue glafs. Engraved with birds,
foliage, &c. French (?). 17th century. H. if in.,
diam. if in. (Soulages Collection.) il. 13s. x\d.

2570. '56.
DRINKING Glafs. Clear glafs.
feftoons of flowers, and birds.
H. 7 in., diam. 3'f in. 1/. 12J.

Engraved with vafes,
French. 1 8th century.

473- 75-
FLASK or Scent Bottle. Blue glafs, moulded on one fide
with a crown above three fleurs-de-lys between laurel
branches, and, on the other, with three hearts alfo between
branches. The neck is mounted with lead for a fcrew ftopper.
French. 17th century. H. 3f in., W. if in. Given by
Rev. Greville J. Chefter.

86 Glafs.
818. '64.
SCENT Bottle. Blue glafs. Cut and gilt, with filver-gilt
cap. French (?). 18th century. H. 3f in. Given
by the Rev. R. Brooke. 1853. '55.
WINE Glafs. Cut and engraved with arabefques, and a
motto " Mon fort le fignera." French or Bohemian.
17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.)
il. is.

SECTION VI— GLASS OF SPAIN.
395> 395a- '73-
ALL and Stand. Glafs ; the infide of the ball
fplafhed with various colours, the ftand of a
greenifh tint. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century.
Diam. of ball, 4§- in. ; H. of ftand, 5f in. (Riano
Collection.) 1/. i2.r.

396- '73-
BALL. Glafs; the infide fplafhed with various colours.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. Diam. 4f in. (Riano
Collection.) lys.
397- '73-
BALL. Glafs; the infide fplafhed with various colours.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. Diam. 7f in. (Riano
Collection.) il. is. 380. '73-
BARREL. Plain glafs, with ferrated hoops, four feet and
fcrew metal bung. Said to be ufed at the confecration
ofbifhops. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th century. H. 4f in.,
L. 5f in. (Riano Collection.) 17J.

8 8 Glafs.
2^3 '73-
BASKET. Green glafs. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Maria).
17th century. H. 9f in., diam. 6 in. (Riano Collec
tion.) il. 1 5 j.
214- '73-
BASKET. Green and opaque white glafs. Spanifh
(Cadalfo or Maria). 17th century. H. 7 in., diam.
4f in. (Riano Collection.) il. is.
2*5- '73-
BASKET. Plain glafs. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Maria).
17th century. H. 8f in., diam. 4f in. (Riano Col
lection.) il. is.
2l6. '73.
BASKET. Green glafs, with applied ornament round the
body, and a tube on the handle. Spanifh (Cadalfo or
Maria). 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) il. is.
2^7- '73-
BASKET. Amber-coloured glafs, with applied ornament
round the body. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Maria). 17th
century. H. 5 in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.

219. '73.
BASKET. Plain glafs, with ferrated border and ribs.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
9f in. (Riano Collection.) il. is.

Spain. 89
218. '73.
BASKET. Pink glafs with two twifted handles. At the
bottom a fleur-de-lys is ftamped. Spanifh (San Ilde-
fonfo?). 1 8th century. H. 3f in., diam. 8f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) 1/. 1 5 s. 293 to 293b. '73.
BEAKER, with Cover and Plateau. Plain glafs, cut and
engraved. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18 th century.
H. iof in., diam. 5^ in., diam. of plateau, iof in. (Riano
Collection.) 4/. 384- '73-
BEAKER. Plain glafs, cut and engraved. Spanifh (San
Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. 7f in., diam. 5f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) 1/. is. 277- '73-
BOTTLE or Decanter. Plain glafs, engraved with fes
toons, ftars, etc., gilt, and with handle and flopper.
Spanifh* (San Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. 13 in., diam.
6f in. (Riano Collection.) il. 11s.
278. '73.
BOTTLE or Decanter. Plain glafs, engraved with flowers,
gilt, and with handle and flopper. Spanifh (San Ilde
fonfo). 1 8th century. H. 11 in., diam. 6 in. (Riano Col
lection.) il. ys. 279- '73-
BOTTLE or Decanter. Plain glafs, engraved with fe{-
toons, ftars, and flowers, gilt, and with handle and

90 Glafs.
flopper. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th century. H. I3fin
diam. 6f in. (Riano Collection.) il. us.

247- 73-
BOTTLE with Stopper. Plain glafs, engraved with a
coronet and fhield of arms. Spanifh (La Granja).
H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) i/. 3s.
248. '73-
BOTTLE. Purple glafs, mottled white, with metal fcrew
flopper. Spanifh. H. 5f in., diam, 3f in. (Riano
Collection.) 17^.
249- *73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and other
ornament in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th century.
H. 7f in., W. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) lys.
250- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and other
ornament in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th century.
H. 7f in., W. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 17^.
251- '73-
BOTTLE. Opaque white glafs, enamelled with flowers
and parrots in colours. Spanifh (Cataluna). 18 th
century. H. 6f in., W. 3I in. (Riano Collection. ) 17J.
252- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and other
ornament in colours, with metal fcrew flopper. Spanifh

Spain. 9 1
(Cataluiia). 18th century. H. 7 in., diam. 3f in. (Riano
Collection.) I7r. 253- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers, a rampant
animal, and other ornament in colours. Spanifh (Cata
luiia). 1 8th century. H. 6f in., W. 3 in. (Riano Collec
tion.) 1 7 j. 254- '73-
BOTTLE. Opaque white glafs, enamelled with flowers, a
bird, and other ornament in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia).
1 8th century. H. 5f in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
11s. 255- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and a
rampant animal in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th
century. H. 5f in., W. i\ in. (Riaiio Collection.) 11s.
256- '73-
BOTTLE. Opaque white glafs, enamelled with flowers
and other ornament in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia).
1 8th century. H. 5f in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
11s. 257- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and other
ornament in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th century.
H. 6 in., W. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 17J.
258- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers, a rampant
animal, and other ornament, in colours. Spanifh (Cata-

92 Glafs.
luiia). 1 8th century. H. 4f in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) us.
259- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and birds
in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia). i8th century. H.
4f in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) us.
260. '73.
BOTTLE. Blue glafs, enamelled with flowers in colours.
Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th century. H. 5f in., diam.
2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 17.1.
261. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and a
rampant animal in colours. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18 th
century. H. 4f in., W. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) i2.r.
262. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers and other
ornament in colours, with metal fcrew flopper. Spanifh
(Cataluiia). 1 8th century. H. ff in., W. af in. (Riano
Collection.) I2.r.
263. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, octagonal, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 9f in., diam. 5 in. (Riano Collection.) il. 13s.
264. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, triangular, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 9f in., W. 5f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/. 8.r.

Spain. 93
265- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, triangular, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 9f in., W. 5f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. %s.
266. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, four-fided, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 8f in., W. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. 3s.
267. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, four-fided,' engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 8f in., W. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. 3s.
268. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, hexagonal, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 9f in., W. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/. 8j.
26g. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, four-fided, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th
century. H. 9 in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) lys.

270. '73.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, four-fided, engraved. Part of a
travelling fet of eight. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 9 in., W- 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) xys.

94 Glafs.
235- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with flat body and long neck.
Spanifh. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
IIS. 236. '73.
BOTTLE with Stopper. Plain glafs, engraved with flowers
and leaves, gilt. Spanifh. H. 1 2f in., diam. 6f in.
(Riano Collection.) il. 13s. 237- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, gourd-fhape, with ferrated bands.
Spanifh. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
I2J-.
238- '73-
BOTTLE with Stopper. Plain glafs, with bulbous body.
Spanifh. H. iof in., diam. 5I in. (Riano Collection.)
1 1. 13s. 239- '73-
BOTTLE or Vafe. Plain glafs, pine-apple pattern. Spa
nifh. H. 7 in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) lys.
240. '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, hexagonal, with plain and blue
ferrated ribs. Spanifh. H. 4f in., diam. if in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 1 is.
1005. '73.
BOTTLE. Green glafs, externally appearing blue, with
flattifh body and fhort neck. Spanifh. 17th century.
H. 5f in., diam. 6f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/.

Spain. 95
184. '73-
BOTTLE. Green glafs, in two lobes, with four ferrated
handles. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/. 15^.

242- 73-
BOTTLE. Green glafs, gilt, with long neck. Spanifh.
H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) 17^.

243- 73-
BOTTLE. Dark amber glafs, mottled red, with flattened
fides. Spanifh. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) lys. 244- '73-
BOTTLE. Pinkifh glafs, with flattened body and long
neck. Spanifh. H. 9f in., diam. 6f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) 1 1. 3s. 246. '73-
BOTTLE with Stopper. Plain glafs, engraved with flowers
and leaves, gilt. Spanifh (La Granja). H. 4f in.,
diam. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) 17J.

274- 73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with long neck and trefoil mouth,
furrounded by latticinio lines, and with long fpout.
Ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh. 18th century. H. 9f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) lys.

96 Glafs.
275- '73-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with bulbous body fpirally orna
mented, and fhort neck. Spanifh (Cartagena). 18th
century. H. 6 in., diam. 6f in. (Riaiio Collection,) i2.r.
276. '73.
BOTTLE or Decanter. Plain glafs, cut and engraved,
with handle and flopper. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo).
1 8th century. H. i2f in., diam. 6 in. (Riaiio Collection.)
il. is. 290. '73.
BOTTLE or Decanter. Opaque white glafs, engraved
with flowers, gilt. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th cen
tury. H. 8f in., W. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/. ior.
1002. '73-
BOTTLE. Frofted glafs, gourd fhape. Spanifh. 18th
century. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
ior. 1003. "73.
BOTTLE for Scent. Dark coloured glafs, with flattened
fides, ferrated. Spanifh. 17 th century. L. 3 in.,
W. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) ioj.
367- '73-
BOTTLE for Scent. Plain glafs, with fpiral ribs and
metal flopper: Spanifh. 17th century. H. 3f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) 11s.

Spain. 97
389- '73-
BOTTLE for Scent. Blue glafs, in form of a dove, with
fcrew metal flopper. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 18th century.
H. 4f in., L. 7f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/.

39o- 73-
BOTTLE for Scent. Opalifed glafs, in form of a dove,
with eyes of red glafs, metal mouth. Spanifh (Ca
dalfo). 1 8th century. H. 4f in., L. 7f in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.) 1 1. 379- '73-
BOTTLE for Scent. Blue glafs, in form of a piftol, with
metal flopper. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 18th century.
L. i2f in. (Riano Collection.) lys.
*99- '73-
BOWL. Green glafs, with ferrated handles, and trailed
ornament round the lower part of the body. In the
centre is a fluted pedeftal, upon which is a roughly executed
figure of a bird. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th century.
H. 3f in., diam. 7f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.
200. '73.
BOWL. Plain glafs, with handles defigned to reprefent
chain work. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th cen
tury. H. 4f in., diam. 6f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. 15J.
201. '73.
BOWL. Plain glafs, gadrooned, with curved handles. In
the centre is a blue glafs fhell, placed on end. Spanifh
39057. G

9 8 Glafs.
(Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 4! in.
("Riaiio Collection.) il. 15J.
' 385- '73-
CASE for Knitting Needle. Green glafs, with open applied
ornament around the upper part, the lower part fpirally
ribbed. Spanifh (Maria). 17th century. L. 10 in. (Riano
Collection.) 17*. 386. '73.
CASE for Knitting Needle. Plain glafs, with an open
bofs on the upper part, the lower part fpirally ribbed.
Spanifh (Maria). 17th century. L. 8fin. (Riano Collection.)
12/. 998. 73.
CHANDELIER. Opaque white glafs. Spanifh (San Il
defonfo.) 1 8th century. H. 23 in,, W. 20 in.
(Riano Collection.) 10/. 366. '73.
CITRON. A model in yellow glafs, with flower on the
ftem. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 16th century. L. $\ in.
(Riaiio Collection.) 1/. 398- '73-
CRUET Stand. For two cruets. Plain glafs, with
three feet and two wide handles. Spanifh. 1 8th cen
tury. H. 3f in., W. 6f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/.
399- '73-
CRUET, double. For oil and vinegar. Green glafs, with
internal partition ; with two necks, two fpouts, and a

Spain. 99
ferrated handle. Spanifh. 1 8th century. H. 6f in., W. be
tween fpouts, 5f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il.
273- '73-
CRUET. Double. Two plain glafs flafks, on balufler
ftem, with circular foot. Spanifh. i8th century.
H. 9f in., diam. of foot 3f in. (Riano Collection.) lys.
401. '73.
CRUET. Plain glafs, with twifted handle and narrow
fpout. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 5f in., diam.
3 in. (Riaiio Collection.) 17J. *
362. '73.
CUP. Green glafs, with applied ornament and broad
circular foot. Spanifh (Almeria). 16th century.
H. 6f in., diam. of foot, 5f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/.
I36- '73-
CUP. Plain glafs, the upper part of the bowl expanded
and having nine lips, the lower part frofted or crackled ;
the ftem globular and the foot circular. Spanifh (Maria).
1 6th century. H. 7f in., diam. 8f in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.) 10/. ior. 349- '73-
C"* UP. Opalifed glafs, ftreaked and mottled with blue.
<s Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
3f in. (Riano Collection.) i2.r.
35°- '73-
CUP. Blue glafs, enamelled with vine leaves, grapes, and
flower fprigs, in white and gold. Spanifh (Cadalfo).

ioo Glafs.
17th century. H. 5 in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collec-
tiorj. ) 1 ys.
351* 35™- '73-
CUP and Saucer. Opalifed glafs, mottled with blue.
Spanifh (Cadalfo*). 17th century. H. of cup, if in.,
diam. 2f in.; diam. of faucer, 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 11s.
352- '73-
CUP. Blue glafs, with wreaths and feftoons in white and
gold. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in.,
diam. 3 in. (Riaiio Collection.) i2.r.
343- '73-
CUP. White opaque glafs, with painted mouldings.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3 in., diam.
3 in. (Riaiio Collection.) i2.r.
344- '73-
CUP. White opaque glafs, with pineapple mouldings.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
2f in. (Riaiio Collection). i2r.
345- '73-
CUP. White opaque glafs, with red band round the
mouth. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 2f in.,
diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1 is.
346. "73-
CUP or Bafin. Opalefcent glafs, with flreaks of red and
blue and fpiral ribs on the outfide. Spanifh (Cadalfo).
17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
lys.

Spain. ioi
347- '73-
CUP. White opaque glafs, fplafhed with red, yellow, ane
blue, with fpiral ribs on the outfide. Spanifh (Cadalfo)
17th century. H. 2f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 11s
348. '73-
CUP. Opalefcent glafs, fplafhed with red and blue
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
3f in. (Riaiio Collection). i2.r.
gg6, gg6a. '73.
CUP and Stand. Green glafs ; the cup having two handles
and the ftand a waved rim and trailed ornament
Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century. H. of cup, 2f in., diam
5f in. ; diam. of ftand, 7f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il.
997- '73-
CUP. Amber-coloured glafs, with two handles, ane
moulded at the bottom. Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th
century. H. 4 in., diam. 6f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. ior
340- '73-
CUP. Red opaque glafs, decorated with gold. Spanifr
(Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 3f in,
(Riaiio Collecaion.) 11s.
341, 341a. '73.
CUP and Saucer. Opaque white glafs, the cup with twe
handles. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. o]
cup, if in., diam. 3f in. ; diam. of faucer, 5f in. (Riaiio
Collection). 1 is.

I o 2 Glafs.
342. '73.
CUP. White opaque glafs, plain. Spanifh (Cadalfo).
17th century. H. 3f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Col
lection. ) 1 is.
324- '73-
CUP. White opaque glafs, barrel-fhape, with red hoops.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
2f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/.
3^3- '73-
CUP. Green glafs, with five lips. Spanifh (Almeria).
17th century. H. 3f in., W. 3f in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.) 17^.
325- '73-
CUP. Blue glafs, mottled with colours, barrel-fhape, with
white hoops. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H.
2f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/.
326. '73.
CUP. Blue glafs, barrel-fhape, with white hoops. Spanifh
(Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 2f in. diam. 2§ in.
(Riano Collection.) il.
327- '73-
CUP. Blue glafs, barrel-fhape, with white hoops. Spanifh
(Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 2f in., diam. 2 in.
(Riaiio Collection. ) il. 202. '73.
CUP. Greenifh glafs, gadrooned in the lower part of the
body, with handles defigned to reprefent chain Work.

Spain. 103
Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th century. H. if in., diam.
3f in. (Riano Collection.) il. ss.

203. 73.
CUP. Amber-coloured glafs, with pineapple ornament
and fluted projections as handles. Spanifh (Cadalfo or
Caftril). 17th century. H. 2f in., diam. 5f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 1/. ys.
336- '73-
CUP. Opalifed glafs, painted with flowers in imitation of
Oriental porcelain. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th cen
tury. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) jot.
369- '73-
CUP. Plain glafs, lobed, cut, with one handle, engraved
with flowers and gilt. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. if in., L. 5f in. (Riaiio Collection.) ys.
1001, 1001a. '73*
CUP and Saucer. Opalifed glafs, painted to imitate Ori
ental porcelain. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th century.
H. of cup, if in., diam. 2f in. ; diam. of faucer, 3f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 15J.
355- '73-
CUP. Plain glafs, oval bowl with lip, engraved with a
chateau and trees, with winged handle, ending in a
shell ; balufler ftem and circular foot. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo).
1 8th century. H. 6f in., L. of bowl, 5f in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.) il. is.

1 04 Glafs.
358- '73-
CUP. Blue glafs, with lobed ftem and circular foot.
Spanifh. 18th century. H. 4f in., diam. 3 in.
(Riano Collection.) 13^. 403- '73-
CUP for Sweetmeats. Plain glafs engraved with wreaths
of foliage, gilt, with two handles. Spanifh (San Ilde
fonfo). 1 8th century. H. if in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio
Colle&ion.) 7.1. 404. '73.
CUP for Sweetmeats. Opalifed glafs, engraved with
flowers, gilt, with two handles. Spanifh (San Ilde
fonfo). 1 8th century. H. 2 in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) I2J-. 354- '73-
CUP or Chalice. Plain glafs, cut and engraved. Spanifh
(San Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. 7f in., diam. of
foot, 4^- in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.
337- '73-
CUP. Opalifed glafs, painted with flowers in imitation of
Oriental porcelain. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th century.
H. 2 in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) ys.
338- '73-
CUP. Opalifed glafs, painted with flowers in imitation of
Oriental porcelain. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th century.
H. if in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) 5.1-.

Spain. 105
339- '73-
CUP. Opalifed glafs, painted with flowers in imitation of
Oriental porcelain. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th cen
tury. H. if in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 5.1.
394, 394a. '73.
DISH for Sweetmeats. With cover and ftand. Plain
glafs, with fpiral ribs. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H., including cover, 4f in., diam. 7 in. ; diam. of
ftand, 8f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 1/. 17^.
1068. '71.
DRINKING Glafs. White glafs, the upper part in form
of the Spanifh veffel called "bucaro," ribbed, and
ftreaked with colours ; the ftem of Venetian character, pine
apple fhape, with remains of gilding ; the foot plain. Spanifh
(Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 8f in., W. of mouth, 3f in.
12/.

373- 73-
FLASK. Purple glafs, with curved and ribbed neck, and
a waved handle on one fide. Spanifh. 18th century.
H. 6f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 13s.
i35- '73-
GOBLET. The bowl is plain glafs, enamelled with rows
of white, blue, red, and green dots, and with red fpirals
on gold ground, and is ferrated round the bottom ; the ftem
and foot are blue glafs with fpiral fluting. Spanifh (Cadalfo).
1 6th century. H. iof in., diam. 7f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
10/. IO.T.

106 Glafs.
356- '73-
GOBLET. Blue glafs, the bowl lobed, engraved and gilt.
Spanifh. 1 8th century. H. 6f in., L. of bowl, 3f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) lys.

375- 73-
glafs.
century. H. 5f in., diam 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.)

TTAND Bell. Blue glafs. Spanifh (Cadalfo). i8th

us.

402. 73.
HOLY- WATER Veffel. Plain glafs, the upright back
ornamented with trellis pattern and fpiral twifts.
Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. iof in., W. 4f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) 13s.
37°- '73- .
INKSTAND with Cover. Green glafs, with four holders
for pens, and applied ferrated ornament. Spanifh (Cadalfo).
17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 6 in. (Riano Collecaion.) 1/.

J J

376- '73-
AR with Cover. Blue glafs. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 18th
century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
13^.
377- '73-
AR with Cover. Sugar-fifter (?) Blue glafs. Spanifh
(Cadalfo). 18th century. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in.
(Riano Collecaion.) 13^.

JJ

Spain. 107
286. '73.
AR with Cover. Greenifh glafs ; cylindrical. Spanifh.
17th century. H. iof in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) 11s. 287. '73.
AR with Cover. Greenifh glafs, cylindrical. Spanifh.
17th century. H. iof in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Col
lecaion.) IIS.

l79- 73-
JUG. Green glafs, with wide mouth and five lips, ribbed ;
the foot gadrooned. Spanifh (Cartagena or Biar). 16th
or 17th century. H. 8f in., diam. 5f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) 3/. 3 j. 180. '73.
JUG. Greenifh glafs, with interlacing trails on the neck
and body; the handle ferrated. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 8f in., diam. 3^ in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
3l- 3s-
185- '73-
JUG. Smoke-coloured glafs, with wide mouth and five
lips, ribbed. Spanifh (Cartagena or Biar). 16th or 17th
century. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
il. is.
186. '73.
JUG. Smoke-coloured glafs, with wide mouth and five
lips, the mouth horizontally ribbed, the body fpirally.
Spanifh (Cartagena or Biar). 16th or 17th century. H.
6 in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il -is.

108 Glafs.
187- '73-
JUG. Plain glafs, with wide ribbed mouth and five lips.
Spanifh (Cartagena or Biar). 16th or 17th century. H.
5f in., diam. 4 in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 1/. us.

194- '73-
JUG. Green glafs, the body fpirally fluted, the neck and
mouth ribbed, and the handle ferrated. Spanifh. 16th
or 17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) 1 1. 1 5 s.

JJ

183- '73-
UG. Smoke-coloured glafs, with wide ribbed mouth, and
gadrooned foot. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century. H. 8 in.,
diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.
190. '73.
UG. Greenifh glafs, with wide ribbed mouth and five lips.
Spanifh (Cartagena or Biar). 16th or 17th century.
H. 4f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il. is.

1004. 73.
JUG. Plain thin glafs, with one handle, the upper part of
the body ornamented with two white enamelled bands, the
lower part fimilarly decorated with upright lines. Spanifh
(Cadalfo or Barcelona). 17th century. H. i2f in., diam.
6f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. 10s.

J

191- 73-
UG. Green glafs, with wide mouth and four lips. Spanifh
(Cartagena or Biar). 17th century. H. 4f in., diam,
3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. is.

J

Spain. 109
181. '73-
UG. Green glafs, the neck and body ribbed, with fpout.
Spanifh. 17th century. H. 7f in., diam. 4 in. (Riano
Collection.) il. is.

182. '73.
JUG. Green glafs, with bands of latticinio; the foot
gadrooned. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Barcelona). 17th cen
tury. H. 8f in., diam. 4f in. (Riano Collecaion.)
il. is. 334- '73-
JUG with Cover. Blue, mottled on the furface with white,
with one handle. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century.
H. 8f in., diam. of foot, 3^ in. ! (Riaiio Collecaion.)
il. Ss.

JJJ

400. 73.
UG. Plain glafs, with wide mouth, five lips, and narrow
fpout. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) 1/. 5^.
271. '73.
UG or Bottle. Plain glafs, with lip, handle, and flopper.
Spanifh. 1 8th century. H. 7f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) lys. 272. '73.
UG or ^Bottle. Plain glafs, with lip, handle, and flopper.
Spanifh. 1 8th century. H. 7f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano
Collection.) lys.

no Glafs.
2$5- '73-
JUG with Cover. Plain glafs, with dotted ornament, the
cover furmounted by an expanded flower. Spanifh (San
Ildefonfo). 1 8th century. H. i if in., diam. 6f in. (Riano
Collecaion.) il. us.
291- '73-
JUG. Opaque white glafs, painted in imitation of Oriental
porcelain, and gilt in parts. Spanifh (Cataluiia). i8th
century. H. g% in., diam. si in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
il. ios.

J

292. 73.
UG. Plain glafs, ribbed. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 8f in., diam. 5 in. (Riano Collection.)
1 7 s.

L

37i- 73-
AMP. Green glafs. Spanifh (Almeria). 17th century.
H. 5f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 13s.

L

372. 73-
AMP. Pale amber-coloured glafs. Spanifh (Almeria).
17th century. H. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) ys.

289. '73.
LAMP. Pale amber glafs, in form of a candleftick fup-
porting a refervoir with two fpouts, and ferrated orna
ment. Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century. H. 9f in., diam.
of bafe, 5f in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. ss.

Spain. in
288. '73.
LAMP. Plain glafs, in form of a candleftick with a handle,
furmounted by a globe. Spanifh (Cartagena). 1 8th
century. H. iof in., diam. of bafe, 4f in. (Riano Collec
tion.) iys. 212 to 212/. '73.
LIQUEUR Stand. With bottle and five cups. White
opaque glafs, edged with blue. Spanifh. 1 8th century.
Diam. of ftand, 5f in. ; H. of bottle, 4f in. ; of cups, if in.
(Riaiio Collecaion.) il. is. 357- '73-
LIQUEUR Glafs. Plain glafs, engraved and gilt. Spanifh
(San Ildefonfo). 1 8th century. H. 4f in., diam. if in.
(Riano Collecaion.) ys. 392- '73.
MODEL of a Hat. Dark amber-coloured glafs. Spanifh
(Maria). 18th century. H. 3f in., L. of brim,
6f in. (Riano Collection.) il.
i95- '73-
MUG. Green glafs, the body fpirally ribbed. Spanifh.
1 6th or 17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in.
(Riano Collection.) il. 15J. 196. '73.
MUG or Vafe. Greenifh glafs, ribbed round the neck.
Spanifh. 16th or 17th century. H. 4f in., diam.
if in. (Riano Collecaion.) 1/. 15^

ii2 Glafs.
^97- '73-
MUG. Pale amber glafs, fpirally ribbed. Spanifh. 17th
century. H. 2f in., diam. if in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.) 1 is. 198. '73.
MUG. Green glafs; the fpirals round the neck, the
handle, and the outer coat of the body and foot
being purple. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Barcelona). 17th century.
H. 3f in., diam. 2 in. (Riaiio Collection.) 15J.

188. '73.
MUG. Green glafs, ribbed on the upper part. Spanifh.
16th or 17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 4 in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 1/. 5^.

193- 73-
MUG. Greenifh glafs, ribbed. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collec
tion.) 1 1, is.

M

189. '73.
UG. Green glafs, fpirally ribbed. Spanifh. 17 th cen
tury. H. 5 in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 1/.

193. 73.
MUG. Green glafs, fluted, and ribbed round the mouth.
Spanifh. 17th century. H. 4f in., diam, i\ in.
(Riaiio Collecaion.) 1/. is.

Spain. 113
229. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with two handles.
Spanifh (Caftril or Maria). 17th century. H. 5 in.,
W. 4 in. (Riano Collecaion.) 1/. 15J.
230. '73-
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with two handles and
applied ornament of dark colour. Spanifh (Caftril or
Maria). 17th century. H. 4f in., W. 3f in. (Riano Col
lecaion.) 1 1. 1 5 j.
231- '73-
PILGRIM'S Bottle or Flafk. Green glafs, with two
handles, and applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caf
tril or Maria). 17th century. H. 4f in., W. 2f in. (Riano
Collecaion.) il. 10s. 232. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle or Flafk. Green glafs, with two
handles. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria). 17th century.
H. 3f in., W. 2f in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. 3s.
233- '73-
PILGRIM'S Bottle or Flafk. Green glafs, with two han
dles, and applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril
or Maria). 17th century. H. 3f in., W. 2f in. (Riano
Collecaion.) il. 3s.
234- '73-
>ILGRIM'S Bottle. Amber-coloured glafs, with two han
dles, and applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril
39057. H

114 Glafs.
or Maria). 17th century. H. 6 in., W. 4f in. (Riano
Colledion.) 1/. 13J.
223. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Greenifh glafs, with two handles, and
applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria).
17th century. H. 5 in., W. 5f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
il. is.
224- '73-
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with two handles, and
applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria).
17th century. H. 5f in., W. 5f in. (Riano Collecaion.)
il. is.
225. '73-
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with two handles, and
applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria).
17th century. H. 6f in., W. 5 in. (Riaiio Collection.)
il. is.
226. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with two handles, and
applied ornament in fimilar and in darker colour.
Spanifh (Caftril or Maria). 17th century. H. 6 in., W.
3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.

227- 73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle or Flafk. Green glafs, with two
handles, and applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril
or Maria). 17th century. H. 5f in., W. 3f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 1/. 15^.

Plate XVII.

PILGRIM'S BOTTLE.
Spanish, I 'Jth century.
(222. '73.)

VASE.
Spanish, I jth century.
(333- '73-)

Spain. 115
228. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Greenifh glafs, with two handles, and
applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria).
17th century. H. 4f in., W. 5 in. (Riaiio Collection.)
il. 1 5 j. 220. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with outer coating of
claret-colour, with two handles and applied ornament in
relief. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria). 17th century. H. 6f in.,
W. 6f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.

221. 73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Green glafs, with two handles, and
applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril or Maria).
17th century. H. 6f in., W. 5 in. (Riano Collecaion.)
il. is. 222. '73.
PILGRIM'S Bottle. Amber-coloured glafs, with two
handles, and applied ornament in relief. Spanifh (Caftril
or Maria). 17th century. H. 5f in., W. 5f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) il. is.
(See Plate XVII. fig. 1.) 405- '73-
PLATE. Opaque white glafs. Spanifh. 17th century.
Diam. 1 if in. (Riano Collecaion.) il.
994- '73-
PLATE. Amber-coloured glafs. Spanifh. 17th century.
Diam. %\ in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 1/. ior.

n6 Glafs.

995- '73-
lafs. Spani
6f in. (Riaiio Collection.) i/.

T)LATE. Greenifh glafs. Spanifli. 17th century. Diam.

295- 73-
POCKET Glafs. Greenifh glafs, with flattened fides,
ribbed, and two plain handles. Spanifh (Almeria). 17th
century. H. 3f in., W. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) 10s.

2g6. '73.
POCKET Glafs. Green glafs, with flattened fides, ribbed
round the upper part and reticulated below. Spanifh (San
Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. 4f in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 1 5J.
297. '73.
POCKET Glafs. Blue glafs, with flattened fides. Spanifh
(San Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. 4 in., W. 3f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) 15J.

298. '73.
POCKET Glafs. Blue glafs, mottled, with flattened fides.
Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th century. H. 4f in., W.
3f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il.

299. 73-
POCKET Glafs. Blue glafs, with imbricated ornament in
white, with flattened fides. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo).
1 8th century. H. 4f in., W. 3 in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/.

Sp

ain.

117

POCKET Glafs.
flattened fides.
H. 3fin.,W. 2fin.

300. 73.
Green glafs, splafhed with white, with
Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th century.
(Riano Collecaion.) 1/.

301. 73-
POCKET Glafs. Green glafs, mottled with blue, buff and
white, with flattened fides. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo).

1 8 th century.

H. 3f in., W.

(Riaiio Collection.) 1/.

302. 73.
POCKET Glafs. Plain glafs, with fpiral latticinio lines,
with flattened fides. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th
century. H. 3 in., W. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion,) 1/.

393- 73-
S ALT-CELLAR. Green glafs, with a band of open ribs
round the bowl. Spanish (Cartagena). 17th century.
H. 4f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) lys.

368. '73-
SALT-CELLAR. White opaque glafs, on tripod bafe.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 2f in., diam.
(Riano Collection.) ys.

2f in

283- '73-
SALT-CELLAR. Plain glafs, with four fhell-fhaped
receptacles, balufler ftem, and three feet. Spanifh (San

Ildefonfo).
Collecaion.)

1 8th century.
iys.

H. 6f in.

W. 5f in. (Riano

1 1 8 Glafs.
365- '73-
SHOE. Model in violet-coloured glafs, with white ftripes
and applied ornament. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 16th cen
tury. L. 6f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 11s.
387- '73-
SMOOTHING Implement. Amber-coloured glafs, in
form of a difc with ribbed handle. Spanifh (Maria).
17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 4f in. (Riano Collec
tion.) 11s. 353- '73-
STANDING Glafs, with Cover. Plain glafs, richly cut.
Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th century. H. i8fin.,
diam. of mouth, 5 in. (Riaiio Collection.) 5/.
1082- '71.
TAZZA Bowl. Plain glafs, the lower part of the body
fpirally waved, and decorated with fcale pattern in gold
and coloured dots, the foot fluted. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 16th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 1 1 in. 10/.

204. 73.
TAZZA. Of vitro di trina; in the central part of the
bowl the lines interfect, and a fmall bubble is in each
fpace between them, as in many Venetian examples. Spanifh
(Cadalfo?). 1 6th century. H. 3f in., diam. i4f in. (Riaiio
Collecaion.) 61. 6s.
This is the only example in the collection of glafs from Spain in
which this principle of ornamentation is fully carried out, and doubts may
perhaps arife whether it is not really of Venetian origin.

Spain. 119
iooo. '73.
TAZZA. Pale green glafs, with trailed ornament on the
under furface. Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century.
H. 3f in., diam. 10 in. (Riano Collecaion). il. 10s.

2ii. 73.
TAZZA. Greenifh glafs, with trailed ornament under the
plateau. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 3 in., diam.
11 in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il. 15J.

205- 73-
TAZZA. Plain glafs, with blue rim, the foot of amber
glafs with pine-apple ornament. Spanifh. 17th cen
tury. H. 3 in., diam. 11 in. (Riano Collection.) 4/. 4_r.
206. '73.
TAZZA. Plain glafs, gadrooned, with moulding round
the rim. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 2f in., diam.
9f in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. 15.1.

207. 73.
TAZZA. Plain glafs, with blue rims and reticulated
ornament. Spanifh. • 1 7th century. H. 2f in., diam.
iof in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il. 15J.
208. '73.
TAZZA. Plain glafs, the under part of the plateau
engraved with flowers, gilt, the foot alfo engraved with
a garland of ^leaves, gilt. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 18th

120 Glafs.
century. H. 4f in., diam. iof in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
3l- 3s- 209. '73.
TAZZA. Plain glafs, the under part of the plateau
frofted. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 3f in., diam.
iof in. (Riano Collection.) il. 15J.

2io. 73.
TAZZA. Cream-coloured glafs. Spanifh. 1 7th century.
H. 3 in., diam. 9f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il.

374- 73-
TAZZA. Blue glafs. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 18th century.
H. 2f in., diam, 8f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/. 11s.
381- '73-
TOY, Amber-toned glafs, with applied ornament, intended
to reprefent an ox, Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th
century. H. 4f in., L. 7f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 17J.

3g2. '73-
TOY. Green glafs, with applied ornament, intended to
reprefent a flag. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th
century. H. 5f in., L. 5f in, (Riano Collection.) 17*.

383- '73-
TOY. Purplifh and greenifh glafs ; intended to reprefent
a dog. Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th century.
H. 2f in., L. 4 in. (Riano Collecaion.) i2.r.

Spain. 121
39i- '73-
TOY, or Ornament for Sufpenfion. White opaque glafs, in
form of a dove flying. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th cen
tury. L. 6f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/.
384- '73-
TOY. Plain glafs ; intended to reprefent a moufe.
Spanifh (Cadalfo or Caftril). 17th century. H. if in.,
L. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 5.1.
3°7- '73-
TUMBLER. Greenifh glafs, with irregular flutings.
Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century. H. 4f in., diam.
3f in. (Riano Collection.) 1 is.
3°8- '73-
'HT^UMBLER. Amber-coloured glafs, with curved flutings.
JL Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century. H. 4f in., diam.
3f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 1 is.

999- '73-
TUMBLER. Green glafs, with raifed diamond pattern
on the outfide. Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century.
H. 3f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) ior.
329- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, with white lines round the
mouth. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 17th century. H. 4fin.,
diam. 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 15s.

122 Glafs.
328. '73.
TUMBLER. Violet coloured glafs, with white lines round
the mouth. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 17th century. H.
3f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 1/.
306. '73.
TUMBLER. Greenifh glafs, with moulded zigzag and
diamond patterns in relief. Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th
or 1 8th century. H. 4f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collec
tion.) 1 2 j. 3J9- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, bell-fhaped, engraved with
flowers, gilt. Spanifh. 1 8th century. H. 3f in., diam.
3 1 in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) I2J.
3^3- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, ribbed, enamelled in colours
with birds and flowers. Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th cen
tury. H. 3f in., diam. 3 in. (Riaiio Collection.) i2j.
3H- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, enamelled in colours with the
arms of Spain, and the infcription, " Viva el Rey de
Efpana." Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th century. H. 3f in.,
diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 11s.
3i5- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, engraved with a coronet and a
fhield of arms with keys as fupporters. Spanifh. 1 8th
century. H. 4f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il.

Spain. 123
3l6- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, engraved with trees, an acute
pyramid, and birds with garlands. Spanifh. 1 8th cen
tury. H. 3f in., diam. i\ in. (Riaiio Collection.) ' 1/.
3i7- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, bell-fhaped, engraved with
garlands, gilt. Spanifh. 18th century. H. 5f in.,
diam. 4 in. (Riano Collection.) 15J.
3!8- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, bell-fhaped, engraved with
flowers, gilt. Spanifh. 18 th century. H. 4f in.,
diam. 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) i2.r.
3°3- '73-
TUMBLER. Opalifed glafs, enamelled in colours with
flowers, the arms of Spain, and the infcription " Viva el
Rey de Efpana." Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th century. H.
5f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 1/.
323- '73-
TUMBLER. White opaque glafs, enamelled with blue
flowers. Spanifh. 18th century. H. 3f in., diam.
2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 15 s.
3°4- '73-
TUMBLER. Opaque white glafs, enamelled in colours
with flowers, the arms of Spain, and the infcription,
" Vivat el Rey de Efpanna." Spanifh (Cataluiia). 1 8th century.
H. 5f in., diam 4f in. (Riano Collection.) 1/.

1 24 Glafs.
322. '73<
TUMBLER. Opalifed glafs, bell-fhaped, engraved and
gilt. Spanifh. 1 8th century. H. 4f in., diam. 3f f in.
(Riano Collecaion.) 15^. 3°5- '73-
TUMBLER. Opalifed glafs, enamelled in colours with
flowers, the arms of Spain, and the infcription, " Vivat
el Rey de Efpanna." Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th century.
H. 4 in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collecaion). 15J.

3°9- 73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, fluted and engraved. Spanifh
(Cartagena). 18th century. H. 4f in., diam. 3f in.
(Riaiio Collecaion). 12J. 3IQ- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, fluted and cut. Spanifh
(Cartagena). 1 8th century. H. 3f in., diam. 3f in.
(Riano Collection.) 11s. 311- '73-
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, with remains of painted flowers.
Spanifh (Cartagena). 17th century. H. 4f in., diam.
3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) ior.
3^2. '73.
TUMBLER. Plain glafs, enamelled with flowers in colours.
Spanifh (Cataluiia). 18th century. H. 5f in., diam.
4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 15J.

Spain. 125
^37- '73-
VASE. Plain glafs ribbed, with four large and four fmaller
handles, covered with green glafs and ferrated. Spanifh
(Maria). 16th century. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano
Collection.) 61. 6s. 138- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with bands of applied threads and
four large and four fmaller handles, ferrated. Spanifh
(Maria). 16th century. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) 4/. 4J. ^39- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, ribbed, with four ferrated handles.
Spanifh (Maria or Caftril). 16th or 17th century. H.
6f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) 3I. 3s.
i59- '73-
VASE. Pale green glafs, the neck ribbed, with ribbed
handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century. H. 6f in.,
diam. 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. is.
160. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, with wide ribbed mouth and four lips,
and two ferrated handles. Spanifh. 1 6th or 17 th century.
H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 3/. 3s.
161. '73.
VASE. Very pale yellowifh glafs, with wide ribbed neck,
gadrooned foot, and two ferrated handles. Spanifh.
16th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Col
lection.) il. 1 5 s.

126 Glafs.
169. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, with applied ornament on the body,
fix flaples holding rings of brown glafs (two of which
are miffing), and two ferrated handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 3/. 3s.
146. '73.
VASE. Plain glafs, with ribs and a ferrated band of applied
glafs, and four plain handles. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril).
1 6th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 2f| in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) il. 1 5 j.
147- '73-
VASE. Plain glafs, with four ferrated handles. The foot,
the ribs round the neck, and the ferrations on the handles,
are brown glafs. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril). 16th or 17th
century. H. 4f in,, diam. 2 in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. 15^.
i^o- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with four ferrated handles, and ribbed
foot. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril). 1 6th or 17th century.
H. 4 in., diam. 2 in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il. ss.
148. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, with ribs and trails of applied glafs,
and four ferrated handles. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril).
1 6th or 17th century. H. 4f in., diam. if in. (Riano Col
lection.) il. 5 j. J49- '73-
VASE. Pale amber glafs, with four ferrated handles, the
foot alfo ferrated. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril). 16th or

Spain. 127
17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2 in. (Riano Collection.)
il. ss-
163. '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with wide mouth and five lips, ribbed
with black, and two handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
il. 10s.

V

164 '73.
ASE. Greenifh glafs, with ribbed mouth, fluted foot,
and two ferrated handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 6 in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.)
il. ior.
165- '73-
VASE. Greenifh glafs, with wide ribbed mouth and four
lips, fluted foot, and ferrated handles with wings. Spanifh.
1 6th or 17th century. H. 6 in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Col
lection.) 3/. 3 J.
140. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, ribbed, with four ferrated handles.
Spanifh (Maria or Caftril). 16th or 17th century. H.
6f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) 3I. 3s.
141- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, ribbed, with four ferrated handles, and
applied ornament. Spanish (Maria or Caftril). 16th
or i7th*b^itury. H. 7f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.)
3l> 3s-

1 2 8 Glafs.
H2- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with ribs and trails of applied glafs,
and four ferrated handles. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril).
1 6th or 17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Col
lection.) 3/. 3s.
H3- '73-
VASE. Amber glafs with ribs and trails of applied glafs,
and four ferrated handles. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril).
1 6th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Col
lection.) 3/. 3s.
- 144- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with ribs and trails of applied glafs,
and four ferrated handles. Spanifh (Maria or Caftril),
1 6th or 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Col
lecaion.) 3/. 3s.
151- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, ribbed, with eight ferrated handles.
Spanifh (Maria). 16th century. H. 7f in., diam.
3 in. (Riaiio Collection.) 61. 6s.
(See Plate XVIII., fig. 1.)
152. '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with wide ribbed mouth, and four lips,
ferrated band and applied ornaments on body, and two _
plain handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century. H. 8f in.,
diam. 5f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 3/. 3s.
153- '73-
VASE. Pale amber glafs, fluted and ribbed, with two
fcroll handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century.
H. 8 in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 3I. 3s.

Plate XVIII.

VASE.
Spanish, 16th century.
(i5i. '73O

VASE.
Spanish, 1-Jtk century.
(162. '73.)

Spain. 129
154- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with applied ornaments on the plain
body, and two ferrated handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 8f in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collection.) 3I. 3s.

!55- '73-
VASE. Plain glafs, with wide ribbed mouth and four lips,
applied ornaments on the plain body, and two ferrated
handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century. H. 7f in., diam.
4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 3/. 3s.
156. '73-
VASE. Plain glafs, with wide ribbed mouth and five lips,
leaf pattern on foot, and two winged handles. Spanifh.
1 6th or 17th century. H. 7 in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Col
lecaion.) 3/. 3s.
168. '73.
VASE. Smoked glafs, with gadroons on the body and
foot, and two green handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.
175- '73-
VASE. Plain amber glafs, with two handles. Spanifh.
1 6th or 17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio
Collecaion.) 1/. Ss-
*57- '73-
VASE. Plain glafs, the mouth ribbed, the upper part of
the body and the feet gadrooned, and with two winged
handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century. H. 7 in., diam.
3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. 15J.
39057. 1

130 Glafs,
176. '73.
VASE. Pale amber glafs, gadrooned on the body and foot,
with two handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th century.
H. 3f in., diam. if in. (Riaiio Collection.) 15J.

294- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with blue lines round the neck, and
blue ferrations on the remaining handle. Spanifh (Car
tagena). 17th century. H. s{\ in., diam. 3 in. (Riano
Collection.) 17J. 364- '73-
VASE. Plain glafs, with red and white bands and ribs.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H, 4f in., diam. of
mouth, 2f in. (Riano Collecaion. ) 17J.

335- 73-
VASE. Blue glafs, fpirally fluted, with two handles. Spa
nifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 2f in., diam. 2f in.
(Riaiio Collection.) ior. 331- '73-
VASE. Gros-blue glafs, with white handles and white foot
with blue rim. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century.
H. 8f in., W. at handles, 7 in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. ior.

332- 73-
VASE. Blue and white mottled glafs, without handles.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H.' 7f in., diam. of
foot, 3! in. (Riano Collecaion.) il. ss.

Spain. 131
333- '73-
VASE. Blue and white mottled glafs, with two handles.
Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century. H. 6f in., W. at
handles, 5f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. ss.
(See Plate XVII., fig. 2, p. 115.)
170. '73.
VASE. Plain glafs, with ribbed neck and two handles.
Spanifh. 17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio
Collecaion.) il. 11s.
*7i- '73-
VASE. Pale amber glafs, gadrooned on the body and foot,
with two handles. Spanifh. 17th century. H. 4f in.,
diam. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) iL 11s.
172. '73.
VASE. Pale amber glafs, gadrooned on the body and foot,
with two green handles. Spanifh. 17th century.
H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) il. 11s.
i73- '73-
VASE. Pale amber glafs, gadrooned on the body and foot,
with remains of enamel painting, and two handles. Spa
nifh. 17th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Col
lecaion.) 1 1, lis. 174- '73-
^ J ASE. Greenifh glafs, with ribbed neck, gadrooned foot,
V and two ferrated handles. Spanifh. 16th or 17th
century. H. 3f in., diam. 2 in. (Riaiio Collection.)
1 1. 11s.

132 Glafs \

33°- 73-
VASE. Bleu-du-roi glafs, with white handles and white
foot with blue rim. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 17th century.
H. 8f in., W. at handles, y\ in. (Riaiio Collecaion.)
il. ior. *71- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with applied ornament on the body,
and two handles, from one of which a loofe ring depends.
Spanifh. 17th century. H. 3^ in., diam. if in. (Riano
Collecaion.) 15.1. 178. '73-
VASE. Green glafs, ribbed, with two handles. Spanifh.
17th century. H. 2f in., diam. if in. (Riano Collec
tion.) 11s. 158- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with two plain handles. Spanifh.
17th century. H. 7 in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.) il. is. 388. '73-
VASE. Plain glafs, with central mouth and four others
tapering upwards, and ornament of wings and loops on
the body. Spanifh (Barcelona). 17th century. H. 8fin.,
diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) 1/.
145- '73-
VASE. Green glafs, with ribs, trails, and fhells of applied
glafs, and four ferrated handles. Spanifh (Maria or
Caftril). 17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio
Collection.) il. 15 J.

Spain. 133
162. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, with black handles, the ribs on the
neck and the outer coat of the foot alfo black. Spanifh.
17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il. is.
(See Plate XVIIL, fig. 2, p. 128.)
166. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, with ribbed neck and two handles.
Spanifh. 17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 2f in.
(Riano Collection.) il. is. 167. '73.
VASE. Green glafs, with ribbed neck, a ferrated band
round the body, and two handles. Spanifh. 17 th
century. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collection.) il. is.

V

378. '73-
ASE. Blue glafs. Spanifh (Cadalfo). 18th century.
H. 4f in., diam. of foot, 2f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 1 is.

280. '73.
VASE with Cover. Plain glafs, with two handles, engraved
with flowers. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th century.
H. 15 in., diam. 5f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 3/. 3s.
281. '73.
VASE with Cover. Plain glafs, with two handles, engraved
with flowers, gilt. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th cen
tury. H. 1 2f in., diam. 4f in. (Riaiio Collection.) il 1 is.

134 Glafs.

282. 73.
VASE with Cover. Plain glafs, with two handles, engraved
with flowers, gilt. Spanifh (San Ildefonfo). 1 8th cen
tury. H. 8 in., diam. 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 1/. I2j.

320. 73.
VASE. Greenifh glafs, plain, without handles. Spanifh.
1 8th century. H. 6f in., diam. 3f in. (Riaiio Collec
tion.} 11s.
321- '73-
VASE. Greenifh glafs, with fmall mouth, without handles.
Spanifh. 18th century. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in.
(Riano Collection.) 11s.
245- '73-
VASE or Bottle. Opaque white glafs, ftreaked with red
and blue, with curved and ferrated handles (imperfeca).
Spanifh. H. 5f in., W. 4f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 17*.

V

241- '73-
ASE or Bottle. Amber-coloured glafs, facetted. Spanifh.
H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 11s.

361. '73-
WINE Glafs. Green glafs, the ftem frilled and the foot
gadrooned. Spanifh (Caftril). 17th century. H.
4f in., diam. 2f in. (Riaiio Collecaion.) 13J.

Spain. 135
359- '73-
WINE Glafs. Plain glafs, with lobed bowl, gilt with
flowers and a band round the mouth. Spanifh. 18th
century. H. 3f in., L. of bowl, 3f in. (Riano Collecaion.) 11s.
360. '73.
WINE Glafs. Plain amber- coloured glafs. Spanifh
(Almeria). 17th century. H. 4^ in., diam. 3f in.
(Riaiio Collecaion.) lys.

SECTION VII.— GLASS OF GERMANY, HOLLAND,
AND THE LOW COUNTRIES.

187;. '55-
EAKER. Clear glafs. Enamelled with an elaborate
coat of arms and the infcription, " Hof Kellerei
(Court Cellarage) Drefden." German. Dated
1687. H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Col
lection.) gl.
The glafs of which this is made is remarkably clear, and the whole
has a verv frefh and modern look.

1878. '55-
BEAKER and Cover. Clear glafs. On ball f&et, with
birds and flowers in gold and white enamel. German.
17th century. H. 5 in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collection.)
5/. ior. i9°4- '55-
BEAKER, with Cover. Glafs. Ornamented with emblems
in medallions, and with flowers and fcroll-work, enamelled
in brown and white. German. 17th century. H. 6f in.,
diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 1/.

1906. '55.
BEAKER. Glafs. With rude vertical columns of latticinio,
and enamelled with two German fhields of arms, one of

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 137
which is the efcutcheon of Saxony, and German infcriptions.
German (Drefden). Dated 1623. H. 6f in., diam. 3 in.
(Bernal Collecaion.) 12/.

i9°7- 55-
BEAKER. Glafs. Enamelled. A woman embracing
a boy who flands upon a ladder; with infcriptions.
German. 17th century. H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal
Collection.) il. 8j. 4293- '57-
BEAKER. Cut glafs. With hunting fcenes in gold etched
work, the glafs furmounted with filver-gilt rim, handles,
&c. German. About 1690. H. 3f in., W. 4f in. by

2f in.

yl.

1846. '55-

T3 EAKER.

Blue

glafs. Enamelled

with an

interlaced

O

cypher

in white,

, German. Dated

1678.

H. 5f in.,

diam.

4i in-

(Bernal Collection.) il.

1852. '55-
BEAKER. Clear glafs. With cover furmounted by a
double eagle. The veffel and cover diamond moulded.
German. 17th century. H. 2if in., diam. 6 in. (Bernal
Collecaion.) 36I. 1849- '55-
BEAKER or Tumbler. Engraved glafs. With red and
green circular facet cut pafles inferted, and mafks of
lions' heads, gilt ; a band of gilding round the lip. , Bohemian.
17th century. H. 4% in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 4/.
1 3 8 Glafs.
1855- '55-
BEAKER. Glafs. Oviform. Engraved with landfcapes,
hunting fubjecas, &c. French or Bohemian. 17th
century. H. 4f in., W. 3\ in. by 2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.)
7/. ior. !5i7- '55-
BEAKER or " Wiederkom." Glafs. Enamelled with
the Imperial eagle, bearing on his wings the arms of
the Ele<aors, free cities, and other conftituents of the German
empire, and the date 1594. German. H. 17 in., diam. 5f in.
10/. 1848. '55.
BEAKER or Tumbler. Cut glafs. With an etching of
a landfcape and .chamois hunt on gold leaf, enclofed
between the two layers of the glafs. German. 1 8th century.
H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) il. is.
901 1. '63.
BELL. Dark blue glafs. With mounting of chafed filver,
and three external clappers. German. 16th or 17th
century. H. 6f in., diam. 3 in. il. 10s. 3d.
9012. '63.
BELL. Moulded clear glafs. Mounted with an enamelled
female figure and gilt clapper. German. 17th century.
H. 4f in., diam. 2f in. il. ys. gd.
69. '52.
BOTTLE. Semi-opaque white glafs. Enamelled in red,
blue, and yellow, with fcroll work. In front a woman

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 139
carrying pails. Dutch (?). 17th or 1 8th century. H. 5f in.,

W. 2f in. ior.

67- 'S3-

BOTTLE. Blue glass. Enamelled with flowers and
birds, mounted in pewter. Dutch (?). 17th century.
H. 6f in., W. 3f in. by 2f in. 3s.
572- '53-
BOTTLE with Handle. Purple glafs. With emboffed
ribs. Dutch (?). 17th century. H. 8 in., diam. 5f in.
Given by Mr. Fairer. 1850a. '55.
BOTTLE or Carafe. Clear glafs. Oval, engraved with
arabefques, and with medallion containing a Chinefe
landfcape fubjeca ; underneath the foot is infcribed the artift's
name, "Maverl." Bohemian. Dated 17 19. H. 10 in.,
W. 5f in. by 3f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 8/. ior.
467- '73-
BOTTLE. Glafs, hexagonal, enamelled with flowers, the
Imperial Eagle, and a double row of dots; it has a
pewter fcrew cap. German. Early 18 th century. H. 6 in.,
diam. 3f in. 15J. 1836. '55-
CUP with Cover. Dark green glafs, cylindrical. With
etched arabefque ornaments. German. 16th century.
H. 9 in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3/.

i4° Glafs.
1837- 'SS-
CUP. Brown glafs. Elliptic, the margin folded over,
with German infcriptions in white enamel. German.
17th century. H. 5 in., W. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/.
471- '73-
CUP. Plain glafs, with broad foot and fhort ftem, fpirally
gadrooned ; on the body are two handles, and eight
flaples fupporting loofe rings. German. 16th or 17th century.
H. 3f in., diam. 3f in. Bought, il. 10s.
77- '72-
CUP. Green glafs, with wide mouth and cylindrical ftem,
the body with wreaths and arms ; the arms of the feven
United Provinces, apparently drawn with a diamond point and
gilt, the ftem irregularly thickened in parts, the foot mounted in
gilt metal. Dutch or Flemifh. 17th century. H. 5f in.,
diam. top, 5 in. Bought, with No. 78, 3/. 15 J.
3- '71-
CUP with Cover. Glafs, engraved with dancing amorini
holding vine branches laden with grapes ; the handle of
the cover of gilt metal enamelled ; the interior button enamelled
with the arms of an archbifhop of Treves, with the infcription,
« Joan. Hvgo. D. G. Arc. Trev. PR. EL. EP. SP." (1676-
17 1 1.) German. H., including cover, 6f in., diam. 3f in.
21/. 3349- 'S6-
CUP. Purple glafs. Painted with flowers, &c. in white
enamel. French or German. 1 8th century. H. 2 in.,
diam. 3f in. 5J.

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. T41
464. '73.
DRINKING Cup. Glafs, opalifed ; the bowl white, the
ftem (which is balufler fhape) and foot of a bluifh fhade.
German. 17th century. H. 8f in., diam. of mouth, 3f in.
il. \os. 241. '72.
DRINKING Glafs. Plain glafs, cylindrical, tall, with
expanded foot, enamelled with two coats of arms, a gilt
infcription, Jerg Spaifer, Felizita Schneeweifin, and the date
1568. One of the coats of arms has a wolf with a joint of meat
in his mouth, canting heraldry for the name " Spaifer," i.e.,
Eater. Bohemian. H. iof in., diam. bafe, 5f in. 61.
244- '72-
DRINKING Glafs with Cover. Plain glafs, painted in
dark brown with a double fhield of arms and landfcapes.
Initialled " I. L. F.f." and dated 1680. German. H. 6f in.,
diam. top, 3f in. 4/. 54- '72-
DRINKING Glafs. Painted in black with a burning
heart upon an altar within a medallion, flowers, and a
quotation from Solomon's Song. German (Nuremberg). 17th
century. H. 2f in., diam. top, 2f in. 1/. ss-
i9°3d- '55-
DRINKING Glafs. Painted in brown, with landfcape
and buildings. German. 17th century. H. 2f in.,
diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 1/.

D

!9°3f- '55-
RINKING Glafs. On ball feet. Painted in brown,
with medallions, in one of which a figure of Mars, in

142 Glafs.
the other of Law and Art, and the infcriptions, " Mars will
jezund triumphiren, Lex und Ars die exuliren," i.e., Mars will
now triumph, (and) exile Law and Art. German. 17th
century. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collection.) 1/.

1879- '55-
DRINKING Glafs. Enamelled. With coloured flowers
and German infcriptions. German. 17th century.
H. 2f in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 3I. 5J.
18790. '55.
DRINKING Glafs. Enamelled. With birds and flowers
in white enamel, outlined in black. German. 17th
century. H. 2 in., diam. if in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 3I. Ss.
1 88 1. '55.
DRINKING Glafs. Cylindrical. With two efcutcheons
of arms enamelled in colours, and with gilt imbricated
margin. German. 17th century. H. iof in., diam. 4f in.
(Bernal Collection.) il. is. 1903- '55-
DRINKING Glafs. On ball feet. Enamelled in brown,
with a figure of St. Bartholomew, and background of
buildings and infcriptions. German. 17th century. H. 3fin.,
diam. 3 in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 1/.
1903a. '55.
DRINKING Glafs. On ball feet. Enamelled in brown,
with claflical landfcape. German. 17th century. H.
3f in., diam. 3 in. (Bernal Collection.) il.

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 143
i903h- '55-
DRINKING Glafs. Enamelled in brown, with the fubject
of Mofes and the burning bufh. German. 17 th cen
tury. H. 2f in., diam. 2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 1/.
l9O30- '-55-
DRINKING Glafs. Enamelled in brown, with a fox-hunt
ing fcene. German. 17th century. H. 2f in., diam.
2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) il.
95- 'S3-
DRINKING Glafs. Enamelled in various colours. With
portraits of a miner of the Hartz foreft and his wife,
and with a German infcription relating to the perils and
achievements of a miner's calling, and date 1671. German.
H. 9f in., diam. 5 in. il. 1 is. 6d.
5^5- 'S3-
DRINKING Glafs and Cover. Light green glafs. En
amelled with a coat of arms and the date 1 6 1 9. German.
H. 6f in.^ diam. 2f In. (Bandinel Collection.)
1857- '55-
DRINKING Glafs. Bell-fhaped glafs mounted in filver.
The mounting reprefents an armillary fphere, which
enclofes a die, and is furmounted by a fmall ftatuette of Fortune.
German (?). 17th century. H. 8f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal
Collection.) 8/. •466. '73.
DRINKING Glafs with Cover. Plain glafs, the body
girded by two fnake-like bands, and provided with

144 Glafs.
concavities to receive the fingers, the cover having three raifed
ornaments refembling rafpberries, and a balufter-fhaped handle.
German. 1 8th century. H., including cover, i if in., diam.
of body, 5f in. i/. ior.

1271. 72.
DRINKING Glafs. Tumbler fhape. It is formed by
two layers of glafs, one of which is etched in gold leaf
with a group of S. George and the Dragon, foliated fcrolls,
feftoons, and arabefques. The bottom is coloured red, and
etched in gold with the facred monogram, I.H.S., and the
legend, " Benedictum fit nomen domini." The outfide is cut
perpendicularly in facets. German. Early 18th century.
H. 3f in., diam. at mouth, 2f in. il. ior.
1272. '72.
DRINKING Glafs. Tumbler fhape. It is formed by
two layers of glafs, between which is gold leaf etched
with men firing at deer in a landfcape with claflical ruins. The
bottom is coloured red, and etched in gold with a running hare.
The outfide is cut perpendicularly in facets. German. Early
1 8th century. H. 3f in., diam. at mouth, i\ in. 1/. ior.
1330. '72.
FLASK. Blue glafs, moulded, with raifed figures of
animals and trees on both fides. German. 18 th or
19th century. H. 7f in., W. 4 in. x\s.
1350. '72.
FLASK. Clear glafs, barrel fhape, with notched hoops,
four feet (pierced for cords to pafs through), and a fcrew

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 145
metal bung. German. Early 1 8th century. L. 8f in., diam.
4f in. 5/.
911. '64.
FLASK. With fcrew flopper. White glass, with blue and
red flowers. A travelling flafk. Dutch. 1 8th century.
H. 5 in., W. 2f in. Given by the Rev. R. Brooke.
242. '72.
GOBLET with Cover. Green glafs, engraved with wreaths
and the queftion " Vita quid eft hominum ? " with
filver-gilt openwork foot ; on the cover is a filver-gilt figure of
a dog ftanding on his hind legs, on whofe collar are the initials
I. A. V., and the date 1656. Bohemian. H. 10 in., diam.
bafe, 3f in. 10/. 1835- '55-
GOBLET and Cover. Glafs. The bowl painted with land-
fcapes and archite<aural fubjecas in black, among them two
rows of cedars ; below, in very fmall figures, the date 1690. In
front an oval medallion with the motto, Die Cedern dauren
allezeit, fo ihren Glukk in Leid und Freud ; i.e., The cedars laft
for ever, fo may your good luck in woe and joy. German.
17th century. H. 1 2f in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 3I.
9021. '63.
GOBLET. Glafs. On three feet, with cover, ornamented
._ r with landfcape in brown etching, by John Schaper.
German. Dated 1668. H., with cover, 7 in., diam. 3f in.
5/. i6r. <\d.
355- '76-
GOBLET with Cover. Clear glafs, facetted, with an
etching in gold leaf of a bear-hunt, and floral fcrolls,
introduced between two furfaces of glafs. Dutch or German.
Second half of 17th century. H. 9f in., diam. 3f in. 5/.
39057, K

146 Glafs.
igoi. '55.
C OBLET and Cover. The bowl and foot in green glafs,
_ T the ftem, &c. in white. The bowl engraved with a
frieze of dancing cupids, perfonifying the four elements, with
infcriptions. German. 17th century. H. I5f in., diam.
5f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 3I. 3s.
1899- '55-
GOBLET and Cover. Cut glafs. In front is engraved
an efcutcheon of arms furmounted by a coronet ; ftem
and margin of the bowl and cover enriched with gilded bands.
Bohemian. 17th century. H. 13 in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal
Collection.) 1/. 1834- '55-
GOBLET and Cover. Glafs. With engraved and gilded
arabefque ornaments, and a medallion furmounted by a
coronet, and containing an interlaced cypher ; at the back a
German infcription. German. 17th century. H. i2f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 3/. Ss-
1900. '55.
GOBLET and Cover. Cut glafs, engraved with ara-
r befques. Bohemian. 17th century. H. I2f in.,
diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/. ior.
6898. '60.
(""* OBLET and Cover. Clear glafs, on tall ftem, the whole
JT furface cut into hexagonal facets. Bohemian. 18th
century. H. 14 in., diam. 6 in. 14J.

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 147

6899. '60.
C~"* OBLET and Cover. Clear glafs, on tall ftem, facet-cut,
JX and engraved. Bohemian. 1 8th century. H. i4fin.,
diam. 5f in. 14J. 6903. '60.
GOBLET and Cover. Clear glafs, elliptic form, on
circular foot, engraved with rococo fcrollwork, flowers,
fruit, &c, with a German infcription, the rims enriched with
gilt bands. German. 1 8th century. H. 9f in., diam. 3f in,
1/. 8 j. 66. '53-
C~~* OBLET and Cover. Cut and engraved cryftal glafs,
.X fome red fpiral lines in the ftem. Bohemian or Dutch.
1 8th century. H. 8f in., diam. 3f in. 6s.
572. '72.
GOBLET. Plain glafs, decorated with a fhield of arms
and the initials G. S., flower fcrolls, and a German
infcription, in black and white enamel. German. Dated 17 11.
H. 5f in., diam. at top, 4f in. 4/.
The infcription is badly fpelt, and in parts hardly legible. It begins
(tranflated). " If a good friend comes in here I fet before him a bit of
bread and a glafs of beer."
520. '72.
GOBLET with Cov^r. White glafs, cut with groups of
children playing mufical inftruments and gathering
grapes ; on the cover a wreath of flowers and fruits. German (?).
1 8th century. H. 8f in., diam. at top, 4! in. 4/.

148 Glafs.
6901. '60.
GOBLET and Cover. Clear cut glafs, with red latticinio
work in the top of the cover and in the ftem. German.
1 8th century. H. iof in., diam. 4f in. i6.r.
1875- 'SS-
GOBLET and Cover. Cut ruby glafs. Bohemian. 18th
century. H. 13 in., diam. 4 in. (Bernal Collecaion.)
il. is. 71- 'S3-
GOBLET and Cover. Old Bohemian cut glafs. Within
a cartouche is engraved a view of Breflau, and on the
oppofite fide is a fhield of arms furmounted by a coronet.
German. Firft half of 18th century. H. nf in., diam.
4 in. 10/.
Probably engraved at Breflau (Introduction, p, cxxvi.)
6900. '60.
GOBLET and Cover. Clear glafs, engraved with a fhield
of arms, and a German infcription on riband fcroll.
German. 1 8th century. H. 12 in., diam. 4f in. igs.
Ein jeder Singt dein Lob preift deine Redlichkeit.
Ich ftimme auch mit ein, warum der aufpruch mich erfreut, i.e.,
" Every one fings thy praife, commends thy integrity. I join in becaufe
the expremon (i.e. of fuch fentiments) delights me."

J

243. '72.
AR or Drinking Veffel. Green glafs, with wide mouth,
pointed lobes of glafs attached to the body. German.
1 6th century. H. 7f in., diam. 4 in. 4/.

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 1 49
1908. '55.
JUG. Glafs, with pewter cover, enamelled in various
colours ; in the centre a man and woman holding up an
efcutcheon and infcriptions, among which the name
Hanns Neithart and date 1661. German. Dated 1661.
H. 9f in., W. 5 in. by 4f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 5/.
1843- '55-
JUG. Light green glafs, with cover, enamelled with the
fubject of Chrift and the Woman of Samaria. German.
Dated 1652. H. i2f in., W. 6f in. by 6 in. (Bernal
Collecaion.) gl. 15J. 1880. '55.
JUG. Enamelled glafs, in various colours, with floriated
ornaments, an " Agnus Dei," and infcription, " Siehe
dafs ift Gottes Lamb dafs der Weld finde dregt " (?),
i.e., See, this is the Lamb of God which taketh away the fins
of the world. German. Dated 1668. H. 7f in., W. 5f in.
by 5 in. (Bernal Collection.) 5/. ior.
1882. '55-
JUG. Enamelled glafs. A cavalier pledging a lady, with
the name Hans Gafman, and the infcription, " Drinck
" mich aufs und flurtz mich umb dafs ich bait an zinn
" andern komm," i.e., Drink me out and turn me up, fo that
I may quickly come to another. German. Dated 1655.
H. 10 in., W. 6f in. by 5f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) gl. ior.

J

571- 72-
UG. Plain glafs, enamelled with coloured decoration;
¦ German. 17th or early 1 8th century. H. 6f in., diam;
4 in. 4/. io.r.

150 Glafs.

47°- '73-
JUG. Glafs, the neck and foot ribbed, the handle carried
into the infide and forming a fyphon ; on the top and
the handle is applied ornament. German. 1 8th century.
H. 8f in., diam. 4 in. il. 10s.

1847- 'ss-
MUG or Tankard and Cover. Glafs, engraved with ftrap-
work, arabefques, &c. Bohemian. 17th century.
H. 8 in., W. 5f in. by 4 in. (Bernal Collection.) 1 1/.
A very good example of work of this defcription.

I898. '55.
MUG or Tankard. In femi-opaque white glafs. Ena
melled with cartouche work, &c. in red and black ;
medallion in front with Cupid afleep ; filver-gilt cover.
German. 1680. H. g% in., W. 5f in. by $\ in. (Bernal
Collecaion.) 4/. ior.

6938. '60.
PANE. Clear glafs, cut in intaglio with a bear ; in the
centre the date 16 19 furmounted by a crown and
monogram. German. H. 9 in., W. 7f in. Given by H.R.H.
the Prince Confort.
This and the two following numbers were probably made to be filvered
like mirrors ; many examples may be found both in Germany and in
Italy about this period, particularly in the latter country at Naples,
generally the art fhown in fuch works is remarkably bad. Thefe are
very far fuperior to the average.

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 151

6g3g. '60.
PANE. Clear glafs, cut in intaglio, with a tree and
various animals, and the date 1620. German. H. 9 in.,
W. 7f in. Given by H.R.H. the Prince Confort.

6940. '60.
PANE Clear glafs, cut in intaglio, with the fubjeca of
Perfeus and Andromeda. In the upper part are two
fhields of arms bearing initials. German. 17th century.
H. 9 in., W. 7f in. Given by H.R.H. the Prince Confort.

1868. '55.
PLATE. Dark purple glafs, etched with bouquets of
flowers, and two coats of arms, with initials. German (?).
Dated 1613. H. 1 in., diam. 9 in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 3I. ys.

568. '72.
STAFF of Commander. Opalifed glafs, fpirally fluted,
furmounted by the arms of Imhoff (a winged orb, on
which refls a monfter, half lion, half fish), in filver-gilt; in
leather cafe. German. 1 8th century (?). L. i8fin. 10/,

465- '73-
TANKARD. Opalifed glafs body and handle, of bluifh
green fhade, with pewter lid, engraved with the initials
B. M., and the date 1670 within a wreath. German. 17th
century. H. 8f in., diam. at bottom 5 in. 1/. ior.

152 Glafs.

97- S3-
TANKARD and Cover. Dark purple glafs. With
margin and lateral bands of arabefque ornament in
white enamel and gold. German. 18th century. H. 7 in.,
W. 5f in. by 4f in. ys. 6d. 245' '72.
TUMBLER. Formed of two layers of glafs, with ornament
between them of bands of leaves etched in filver, and
fcenes from the chafe in gold. German. Late 17th or early
1 8th century. H. 2f in., diam. top, 2f in. il.
468. '73.
TUMBLER. Glafs, enamelled with military trophies, the
arms of Auguftus King of Poland, and Elector of
Saxony (1670-1733), garlands, and the letters F. A. R. P. E. S.
German. Early 1 8th century. H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. 1/. ior.
1858. 'SS-
VASE and Cover. Glafs. Globular, with raifed boffes in
blue, green, and purple glafs, which project both ex
ternally and internally, etched with two coats of arms. German.
Dated 1643. H. 7f in., diam. 3f in. (Bernal Collection.) 8/.

469. '73.
WIEDERKOM (i.e., a large goblet which could not be
drained at one draght, and therefore obliged the
drinker " wieder kommen," to come again). Cylindrical body,
enamelled with the Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire, bear
ing on its pinions the fhields of various German states, cities,

I., VIE -MX

WIKDr.RKOM.
German. 1616. (X42X5.J

Germany, Holland, and Low Countries. 153

&c, an infcription, and the date 1673. German. 17th
century. H. 9f in., diam. 6f in. 15/.
1839- 'SS-
WIEDERKOM. Clear glafs. With raifed lateral bands,
and with German infcriptions, wreaths of leaves, &c,
in white enamel. German. 17 th century. H. 12 in., diam.
5f in. (Bernal Collection.) 4/.
Vivat, trinck in gefund heit mein und dein,
Sollen die Pafs aus getruncken fein,
Aus treuen herzen trinck frifch herrumb.
i.e., Vivat, drink to my health and yours, let the meafures be drunk
out, with a true heart drink quickly around.
1842. '55.
WIEDERKOM. Clear glafs. Enamelled with a repre-
fentation of the cooper's trade in compartments.
Infcribed " Hieronymus Fiffcher." German. Dated 1 6 1 6.
H. 12 in., diam. 5f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 8/. 15^.
(See Plate XIX.) 1844- 'SS-
WIEDERKOM. Glafs. Enamelled with the name
Roccho Grasl and merchant's mark. German.
Dated 1603. H. iof in., diam. 4f in. (Bernal Collecaion.)
1 1. 15J. 1845- '55-
WIEDERKOM. Dark blue glafs. Enamelled with a
huntfman fhooting a flag; at the back a lily, in
proper colours. German. Dated 1601. H. 6f in., diam;
4f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 4/.

154 Glafs.
574- '54-
WINE Glafs. Engraved with emblems in medallions,
accompanied with infcription. German or Bohemian.
17th century. H. I3f in., diam. 4f in. ss- id.

575- 52-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs. Engraved and infcribed " Van
Grenadiers Vrycorps, Rotterdam." Dutch. 1 8th
century. 5.1. 1838. '55-
WINE Glafs. Green glafs. Cylindrical. Studded with
knobs. German. 16th century. H. 9 in., diam.
4f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) ior.

SECTION VIII— ENGLAND (EARLY ANGLO-SAXON
PERIOD.)

1314. 70.
OWL. Glafs. Amber colour. The upper part of
the exterior furrounded by flightly raifed threads,
on the lower a wavy corded pattern. Anglo-
Saxon. H. 4f in., diam. 5 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

13*5' 7°-
BOWL. Glafs. Green. Wide mouthed and footlefs,
flightly ribbed, the bottom covered with a raifed crofs
and pellets. Anglo-Saxon. H. 3f in., diam. at top, 4f in.
(Gibbs Bequeft.)

BOWLS (two).
Saxon. H.
Bequeft.)

1316, 1317. '70.
Portions. Glafs. Greenifh olive. Anglb-
diam. 3f in. and 3f in. (Gibbs

H m

1327. 70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Green, wide mouthed. Anglo-Saxon.
H. 3 in., diam. of top, 2 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

1328. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Iridefcent furface, wide mouthed.
Anglo-Saxon. H. 3 in., diam. of top, 2 in. (Gibbs
Bequeft.)

156 Glafs.
1329. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Iridefcent furface, wide mouthed
Anglo-Saxon. H. 3 in., diam. of top, if in. (Gibbs.
Bequeft.) 1330. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Iridefcent furface, wide mouthed.
Anglo-Saxon. H. 2f in., diam. of top, 2 in. (Gibbs
Bequeft.) 1331. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Waved furface, wide mouthed (cracked).
Anglo-Saxon. H. 2f in., diam. of top, if in. (Gibbs
Bequeft.) 1332. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Waved furface, wide mouthed (cracked).
Anglo-Saxon. H. 2f in., diam. of top, if in. (Gibbs
Bequeft.) 1333* '7°-
BOTTLE (portions of, much broken). Glafs. Olive,
with iridefcent furface, and concentric threads round
the neck, wide mouthed. Anglo-Saxon. H. 3 in., diam. of top,
2 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.) I322, 1322a. '70.
BOTTLES (two). Glafs. Blue, wide mouthed, globular,
with concentric threads round the neck. Anglo-
Saxon. H. 3 in., diam. of tops, if in. and 2 in. (Gibbs
Bequeft.) * !323> ^323a- '7°-
BOTTLES (two). Glafs. Blue, wide mouthed, globular^
plain. Anglo-Saxon. H. 3 in. ; (a) 3! in. ; diams;
1 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

Plate XX.

ANGLO-SAXON DRINKING CUPS.
(1319, i3zi. 37o.)

England. 157
1324- '70-
BOTTLE. Glafs. Blue, wide mouthed, plain. Anglo-
Saxon. H. 2f in., diam. of top, if in. (Gibbs Be
queft.) I325> 1325a- '7°-
BOTTLES (two). Glafs. Green, wide mouthed, waved
furface. Anglo-Saxon. H. 3f in. and 3f in., diam.
in. (Gibbs Bequeft.) 1326. '70.
BOTTLE. Glafs. Iridefcent, wide mouthed, globular,
with concentric threads round the neck. Anglo-Saxon.
H. 3f in., diam. of top, 2 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)
I3I3> l3l3a- !7°-
CUP (and fragments of another), Glafs. Small, narrow,
opaque blue ftreaked with white feftoons, with narrow
white bands at top and bottom. Analogous to Saxon, but
probably late Roman. H. 3f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)
1334- '7°°
CUP. Glafs. Olive, waved and iridefcent furface, wide
mouth. Anglo-Saxon. H. 3 in., diam. of top, if in.
(Gibbs Bequeft.) 1335- '7°-
CUP (top and bafe of). Glafs. Green, with concentric
threads round the upper part; broken. Anglo-Saxon.
Diam. of top, 3 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

158 Glafs.
1306. '70.
CUP. Glafs. Light green, with wide mouth, the bowl
expanding and contracaing downwards to a fmall foot.
Anglo-Saxon. H. 3f in., diam. of top, 3f in, (Gibbs
Bequeft.) 1319. '70.
DRINKING Cup (portions of). Glafs. Olive colour,
footlefs ; covered externally with a kind of network
pattern, furmounted by a broad, irregular band. Anglo-
Saxon. H. 5f in., diam. at top, 4 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)
(See Plate XX., fig. 1.)
1320. '70.
DRINKING Cup. Glafs. Green ; with fpiral threads at
the top. Anglo-Saxon. H. 5f in., diam. at top, 2f in.
(Gibbs Bequeft.) 1321, 1321a. '70.
DRINKING Cups (two). Glafs. Ornamented by rude,
jagged bands running from near the mouth to the
bottom, where they converge. They are footlefs, and muft
have been emptied before being relaid upon the table. Anglo-
Saxon. H. 8f in. ; diam. at mouth, 3f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)
(See Plate XX., fig. 2.)
1336 to 13366. '70.
DRINKING Cups (fragments of). Glafs. Blue, green,
and olive, covered on the exterior with hollow funnel-
fhaped boffes. Anglo-Saxon. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

England. 159
^337 to l337j- '7°-
DRINKING Cups and Bottles (fragments of). Glafs.
Some with concentric threads round the necks ; of
various colours and dimenfions. Anglo-Saxon. (Gibbs Be
queft.) 1338. '70.
DRINKING Cup (fragments of). Glafs. Conical;
smoke coloured. Anglo-Saxon. Diam. of mouth,
4 in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

D

1318. '70.
RINKING Cup. Glafs. Footlefs. Anglo-Saxon. H.
2f in., diam. 4f in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

l339- 7°-
OD (portion of). Glafs. Opaque, fpiral ; poflibly part
of a hair-pin. Anglo-Saxon. L. 2f in. (Gibbs

R
Bequeft.) 1309. '70.
VESSEL, a fragment. Glafs. The lower part only, light
green and ribbed. Anglo-Saxon. Diam. of bafe, 2f in.
Gibbs Bequeft.)

SECTION IX.— ENGLAND.

694. '68.
OTTLE (broken). Dark blue glafs. Cut in quatre-
foil diamond fquares. Englifh (Briftol). Late
1 8th century. H. I3f in., diam. 7f in. il. 10s.

1340. 70.
DRUG Bottle. Glafs. Small, fquare, and narrow-mouthed,
probably an apothecary's. Englifh. Mediaeval (?). H.
if in., diam. if in. (Gibbs Bequeft.)

J

573- '54-
UG. Green glafs, with waves of latticinio.
17th century. H. 6f in., diam. 4f in. 11s.

Englifh.

SECTION X.— GLASS OF CHINA.

302. '64.

OWL. Opaque, pale yellow glafs.
and margin. Chinefe. H. 3 in.
11/. 1 u.

With red bafe
, diam. 6f in.

359- 54-
CUP (two-handled). Green glafs. In imitation of jade
Chinefe. H. if in., W. 4 in. ior. 6d.

2160. '55.
CUP (two-handled). In marbled crimfon and green glafs ;
moulded with ornaments in relief. Chinefe. H. i\
W. 5f in. by 2f in. (Bernal Collecaion.) 1/. iu, 6d.

f m.,

On the fides is the character " Foo," Happinefs.
on next page.

See illuftration

7. '71.
SCENT Bottle. Semi-opaque white and red, the upper or
red ftratum carved in grotefque animal forms, with red
glafs flopper. From the Summer Palace, Pekin. Chinefe.
H., including flopper, 3 in., W. i\ in. Given by Mrs. Frances
J. Broadley. 39057. L

162

Glafs.

653. '69.
VASE, yellow, femi-opaque glafs, defcribed as pure porcelain
enamel, fuch as is ufed in the Imperial Manufacaory.
Chinefe. H. 8f in., diam. 5f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.)
48/. On the bafe is incifed the mark of the period, Keen-lung, A.D.
I736" J795-

io3- S3-
-opaque g
on three legs. Chinefe. H. 3f in., diam. 3f in. 14J.

"1 J ASE. Yellow femi-opaque glafs. Globular ; fupported

V

104. '53.
ASE or Bottle. Yellow femi-opaque glafs. Chinefe.
H. 4f in., W. if in. 14J.

APPENDIX.

GLASS OF EUROPE OF i9th CENTURY.

AUSTRIA, BOHEMIA, AND HUNGARY.
617. '6g.
OWL. Cut glafs. With gilt ornamental border ;
bought as an example of cheapnefs of manufacture.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. 5 in., diam. iof
in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 1/. Ss.

614, 614. '69.
CANDLESTICKS, a pair. Engraved glafs and gilt metal ;
bought as an example of cheapnefs of manufacaure.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. 9 in., diam. of bafe, 4f in. (Paris
Exhibition, 1867.) il. 16s. 627. '6g.
DECANTER and Stopper. Glafs. Cut and engraved;
bought as an example of cheapnefs of manufacture.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. nfin. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.)
1 1. 1 6s. 612. '6g.
DISH on Stand. Engraved glafs and gilt metal ; bought
as an example of cheapnefs of manufadure. Auflrian.
H. 7f in., W. ijf in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 4/.

164 Glafs.
613. '69.
DISH. Engraved glafs. Four-lobed, mounted in gilt
metal ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of manu-
facaure. Auflrian. About 1865. H. i2f in., W. i4f in.
(Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 5/.
616. '69.
DISH, with Cover and Plate. Cut glafs. With gilt
ornamental border ; bought as an example of cheapnefs
of manufacture. Auflrian. About 1865. H. 9f in., diam.
7f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 1/. 15^.
618- '6g.
DISH. On foot. Cut glafs. With gilt ornamental border ;
bought as an example of cheapnefs of manufacture.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. i\ in., diam. 8f in. (Paris
Exhibition, 1867.) 14J. 7937- '62-
DISH. Glafs, circular. The lower furface crackled and
luftred, the outer rim gilt. Hungarian. About i860.
Diam. I2f in. (International Exhibition, 1862.) 1/. iu.
611, 61 ia. '69.
DRINKING Glaffes, a pair. On the front of each is an
heraldic device, at the back a flower, painted in em
boffed colours. Auflrian. About 1865. H. 9f in., diam. of
bafe, 4 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) il.
628. '6g.
GOBLET. Glafs. Cut and engraved. Bought as an
example of cheapnefs of manufacaure. Auflrian. About
1867. H. 4f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) i2.r.

Appendix. 165

631. '69.
("""* OBLET. Glafs. Engraved. Bought as an example of
f* cheapnefs of manufa&ure. Auflrian. About 1867.
H. 5 in., diam. at bafe, 2f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 14J.

^39- '69-
GOBLET. Glafs. Lobed and engraved. Bought as an
example of cheapnefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About
1867. H. 5f in., W. 3 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) gs.

623. '6g.
INKSTAND. Cut glafs, engraved, with gilt metal mount
ings ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of manufacaure.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. 8 in., diam. of plate, 7f in.
(Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 2^- los-

610. '6g.
JUG and Cover. Glafs. The front painted with an eagle,
on which are medallions with the heads of the kings of
Poland from 550 to 16 14, (perhaps a copy of an earlier
original), and Latin infcription. Auflrian. About 1865. H.
22f in., diam. of bafe, 5f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 3^-

624. 'dg.
MATCH Stand. Cut glafs. Engraved and mounted in
gilt metal ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of
manufacture. Auflrian. About 1865. H. 5f in., diam. of
plate, 5f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 1/. Ss.

1 66 Glafs.
620. '6g.
PLATE. Cut glafs. With ornamental border in emboffed
gold ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of manufacture.
Auflrian. About 1865. Diam. 8f in. (Paris Exhibition,
1867.) 1/. is. 621. 6g.
PLATE, with Cover. Cut glafs. With ornamental border
in emboffed gold ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of
manufacaure. Auflrian. About 1865. H. with cover, 6 in.,
diam. 9f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 3/. 4J.

622. '6g.
PLATE, with Cover. Cut glafs. With gilt ornamental
border ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of manu
facaure. Auflrian. About 1865. H. with cover, 5f in.,
diam. 9f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 1/. iij. id.

625. '6g.
SCENT Bottle and Stopper. Cut glafs. Engraved and
mounted in gilt metal ; bought as an example of cheap
nefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About 1865. H. 5f in.
(Paris Exhibition, 1867.) il. 11s.

626. '6g.
SCENT Bottle. Cut glafs. Engraved and mounted in
gilt metal ; bought as an example of cheapnefs of manu
facaure. Auflrian. About 1865. H. 7 in- (Paris Exhibi-
tionj 1867.) il.

Appendix. 167
632- '6g.
TAZZA. Glafs. Cut and engraved; bought as an ex
ample of cheapnefs of manufacaure. Auflrian. About
1865. H. 4f in., diam. 4 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) i6j.
633. '6g.
TAZZA. Glafs. Oval, cut, and engraved ; bought as an
example of cheapnefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About
1865. H. 4f in., W. 4f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 7J.
634. '6g.
TAZZA. Glafs. Lobed, cut, and engraved ; bought as
an example of cheapnefs of manufacaure. Auflrian.
About 1865. H. 5f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 6j.
638. '6g.
WINE Glafs. Ovate, lobed on twifted foot ; bought as
an example of cheapnefs of manufacture. Engraved.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. 5 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.)
3s- id. 640. '6g.
WINE Glafs. Engraved; bought as an example of
cheapnefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About 1865.
H. 5f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 4J.
62g. '6g.
WrINE Glafs. Cut and engraved ; bought as an example
of cheapnefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About 1865.
H. 5f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) i2j;

1 6 8 Glafs.
630. '6g.
WINE Glafs. Cut and engraved ; bought as an example
of cheapnefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About 1865.
H. 6f in., W. 2f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) I2J.
636. '6g.
WINE Glafs. On twifted ftem. Cut and engraved ;
bought as an example of cheapness of manufacture.
Auflrian. About 1865. H. 5f in., W. 2f in. (Paris Ex
hibition, 1867.) 6s. 637. '69.
WINE Glafs. Six-lobed, engraved ; bought as an ex
ample of cheapnefs of manufacture. Auflrian. About
1865. H. 5 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 4J. lod.

ENGLAND.

532- '54-
BOTTLE. Glafs. Double handled, gilt, and engraved ;
imitation of 17th century work. Englifh. 19th cen
tury. H. iof in., diam. 6f in. il. 15J.

14 '65.
BOTTLE. Glafs. For water ; painted with a wreath of
flowers and aquatic plants, called the " Well-fpring "
bottle. Defigned by R. Redgrave, R.A. Englifh. (Sum
merly Art Manufacaures, 1847.) H. 6f in., W. 4I in. Given
by H. Cole, Efq., C.B.

Appendix. 169

238. '66.
CHANDELIER. Glafs. Spirally fluted and ornamented
with ruby and green leaves ; alfo with bell-fhaped and
other pendants. Old Venetian ftyle. Englifh. (Meffrs.
Powell and Son.) About 1865. H. 4 ft. 4 in., W. 2 ft. 2 in.
24/. IOJ. 372- '54-
DECANTER. Enamelled glafs. Defigned by R. Red
grave, R.A. ; manufacaured by Richardfon, of Stour
bridge. Englifh. (Part of the Summerly Art Manufactures,
1847.) H. 1 if in., diam. 5f in. Given by H. Cole, Efq.,
C.B. 37o. '54-
C"* OBLET. Enamelled glafs. Defigned by R. Redgrave,
T R.A., and manufacaured by Chriftie, Lambeth. (Part
of the Summerly Art Manufacaures, 1847.) H. 7f in., diam.
4 in. Given by H. Cole, Efq., C.B.

1 193- '54

^L^6- £4-
GOBLET. Ruby glafs ; cut and engraved. Englifh.
About 1850. H. 7f in., diam. 4 in. \l.

62. '52.
TV /T ILK Ewer. Clear glafs ; plain, blown, and polifhed.

V

Englifh. About 1850. H. 3 in., W. 5f in. 6s. 6d.

369 '54-
ASE. Enamelled glafs. Defigned by R. Redgrave,
R.A., and manufacaured by Chriftie, Lambeth. (Part

170 Glafs.
ofthe Summerly Art Manufacaures, 1847.) H. iof in., diam.
6 in. Given by H. Cole, Efq., C.B.

374a- 54-
WINE Glafs. With metal-wire leaf mounting to ftem.
Defigned by R. Redgrave, R.A. (Part of the Sum
merly Art Manufactures, 1847.) H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. Given
by H. Cole, Efq., C.B.

578. '54-
ir glafs. E
About 1850. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. is.

UHNE Glafs. Clear glafs. Englifh. (Bacchus & Co.)

579- 54-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs, with engraved wreath. Eng
lifh. (Bacchus & Co.) About 1850. H. 5 in.,
diam. 2f in. is. gd. 58i. '54-
WINE Glafs. Clear glafs, with engraved bowl. Englifh.
(Bacchus & Co.) About 1850. H. 4f in., diam.
3f in. 1 2J. 6d. 105. '70.
WINE Glafs for Champagne. Green glafs. Spirally
ribbed, ftriped and flaked with white. By J. Leicefter.
Prize objeca from the Society of Arts' competition, 1869-70.
Englifh. 1869. H. 8fin. il. ss.

Appendix. 171

FRANCE.
718. '6g.
BOTTLE on Foot. Glafs. Green, with gilt and coloured
ornament, the handle and head of flopper in white
glafs. French. About 1865. H. with flopper, i3f in.,
diam. of bafe, 4f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 4/.

2718. '56.
BOX or Bonbonniere. Glafs. With encrufted floral
decoration in filver, " Procede intercriftal." French
(Grichois, Paris). About 1855. H. 2 in., diam. 6 in. (Paris
Exhibition, 1855.) *>/. i6j. 2719. '56.
SAUCER. Glafs. With encrufted arabefque decoration
in filver, " Procede intercriftal." French (Grichois,
Paris). About 1855. Saucer, diam. 5f in. (Paris Exhibition,
1855.) 717. '69.
VASE. Glafs, green. With gilt and coloured enamel
ornament. French. About 1865. H. 5f in., diam.
7f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 3I. 4s.
719. '6g.
VASE. Glafs. Tazza-fhaped, with moulded ribbed orna
ment and openwork ftem. French. About 1865. H.
7 in., diam. 7f in. (Paris Exhibition, .1867.) il. 11s.

172 Glafs.
720. '6g.
VASE, with Cover. Glafs. Dark green, with gilt and
coloured ornament, the handles and foot of gilt metal.
French. About 1865. H. 1 ft. 4f in., W. 9f in. (Paris
Exhibition, 1867.) 10/. 1777. '6g.
VASE. Glafs. Enamelled in interlaced defign of gold and
colours. By M. Brocard. French. About 1865. H.
7f in., diam. of bafe, 6f in. 7/. 4J.
56. '44.
VASE. Semi-opaque white glafs. Enamelled and gilt,
with a band or wreath of natural flowers in proper colours,
ormolu handles, &c. French (La Roche & Co.). About 1840.
H. 1 ft. iof in., W. i7f in. by I3f in. 34/.
57- '44-
VASE or Amphora. Semi-opaque white glafs. Cylindrical,
enamelled with a wreath of wild flowers. French. About
1840. H. 24 in., diam. 8f in. 17/.
504. '6g.
VASE. Glafs. Bottle-fhaped, painted with graffes, water,
and infects, to imitate an aquarium. French. About
1865. H. 7f in., diam. of bafe, 3f in. 1/.

GERMANY.
9020. '63.
DRINKING Glafs. Bowl of white glafs ; foot of green
with moulded ornament. German. 19th entury.
Defigned by Schwanthaler, H. 11 in., diam. 5f in. 3s. iod.

Appendix. ¦ l73

2679. '56.
EWER. Cut glafs. Enriched with circular boffes with
gilt fillets. German (Steigerwald, Munich). About
1855. H. 10 in., diam. 6 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1855.) 1/.
2674. '56.
FLASK and Stopper. Frofted glafs, with bands of cut
and gilt vine leaves. German (Steigerwald, Munich).
About 1855. H. 8f in., diam. 3^ in. (Paris Exhibition,
1855.) is. 2672. '56.
GOBLET or Cup (on tall ftem). Cryftal glafs. The
bowl in coated blue and white glafs, elaborately en
graved with a bacchanalian proceflion of cupids in intaglio.
German (F. Steigerwald, Munich). About 1855. H.
I2f in., diam. 8 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1855.) 14/. i6j. gd.
9024. '63.
f~~^ OBLET and Cover. White glafs, with moulded green
VJT foot and knob. German. About i860. H, with
cover, 8f in., diam. 4 in. 2j. sd-
2680. '56.
GOBLET. Cut glafs. Enriched with circular boffes with
gilt fillets. German (Steigerwald, Munich). About
1855. H. 4f in., diam. 3f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1855.) ioj.
2681. '56.
GOBLET. Cut glafs. Enriched with circular boffes with
gilt fillets. German (Steigerwald, Munich). About
1855. H. 4f in., diam. 3f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1855.) IOS-

174 Glajs.
9022, 9023. '63.
VASES (a pair). Opaque white glafs. Bottle fhaped,
with flowers and leaves relieved in blue and green.
German (Silefian). About i860. H. nf in., diam. 3f in.
4/. 1 j. x\d.
2675, 2676. '56.
WINE Glaffes (a pair). With frofted ruby bowls and
green Hems. German (Steigerwald, Munich). About
1855. H. 5f in., diam. 2f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1855.)
1 2 j. lod.

ROU MANIA.

M

949. '69.
UG (two-handled). Glass. Pale blue. Roumanian.
About 1865. H. 5f in., diam. 3f in. (Paris Exhi

bition, 1867.) 1 j. yd.

RUSSIA.
997a. '6g.
CANDLESTICK. Glafs. White and gold ornament and
imitation gems in glafs. Ruffian. About 1865. H.
9 in., diam. of bafe, 4 in. (Paris Exhibition, 1 867.) 1/. 5J. 3d.
99 Sa- '69-
VASE. Glafs. White enamel and gold, with three
coloured borders. Ruffian. About 1865. H. 7f in.,
diam. 3f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 15J. sd.

Appendix. 175

1002a. '6g.
VASE. Glafs. Ornamented with flowers and geometric
defigns in gold and coloured enamel on opaque white
ground. Ruffian. About 1865. H. 1 ft. 7f in., diam. 5 in.
(Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 14/.
iooo. '6g.
TAZZA. Red opaque glafs, perhaps an imitation of
rhodonite, or rofe-coloured felfpar. Ruffian. About
1865. L. 5f in., W. 4f in. (Paris Exhibition, 1867.) 4/. 4J.

SPAIN.
183. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with double neck and partition
throughout, two handles, and two necks ; ufed to hold
oil and vinegar. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 7f in.,
W. at bottom, 3f in. 6d. 184. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with handle and curved fpout.
Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 7f in., W. at bottom,
2f in. x\d. 149. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H.
10 in., W. at bottom, 3f in. is. id.
150. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 12 in., W. at bottom, 3f in. is. 6d.

176 Glafs.
151. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H.
8f in., W. at bottom, 3f in. lod.

203. 71.
BOTTLE. Glafs, covered with bafket work ; ufed for
brandy or vinegar. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H.
14 in., W. at bottom, 6f in. is. 6d.

177. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with long fpout;
ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 7 in., W. at bottom, 4 in. 6d.
178. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with long fpout ;
ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 7 in., W. at bottom, 3f in. 6d.

179. 71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with long fpout;
ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 6f in., W. at bottom, 3f in. 6d.
180. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with long fpout ;
ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 6f in., W. at bottom, 3f in. x\d.

Appendix. 177
181. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with double neck
and partition throughout, and curved fpout; ufed lo
hold wine and water. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 9 in.,
W. at bottom, 5f in. id. 182. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with ring handle and wide fpout ;
ufed for oil. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 7 in.,
W. at bottom, 3f in. 6d. 171. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with curved neck
and long fpout ; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 8f in., W. at bottom, 4I in. lod,
172. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with curved neck
and long fpout ; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 7 in., W. at bottom, 3f in. 6d.
*73- >•
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with wide mouth
and long fpout ; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 9 in., W. at bottom, 4f in. id.
174. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with wide mouth
and long fpout ; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 7f in., W. at bottom, 3f in. 6d,
39057. ¥

178 Glafs.
^75- >•
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with wide mouth
and long fpout; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 8 in., W. at bottom, 31 in. 6d.
176. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with wide mouth
and long fpout ; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 6f in., W. at bottom, 3f in. x\d.
165. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines and applied
ornament, funnel-fhape, with waved lip and long
fpout; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 10 f in., W. at bottom, 5 in. u. id.
166. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, bulbous
body, with wide mouth and long fpout; ufed for
drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 10 in.,
W. at bottom, 6 in. ij. id.
See Plate XXI. 167. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, bulbous
body, with wide mouth and long fpout ; ufed for
drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 10 in.,
W. at bottom, 5f in. is. id.
168. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, funnel-
fhape, with wide mouth and long fpout; ufed for
drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 8^- in.,
W. at bottom, 5f in. u. 3d.

Plate XXI.

BOTTLE.
Modern Spanish.
(166. '71.)

Appendix. 1 79
169. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines funnel-fhape,
with curved neck and long fpout ; ufed for drinking
wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. iof in., W. at bottom,
6f in. u. id. 170. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with curved neck
and long fpout ; ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 9f in., W. at bottom, 5 in. is. 3d.
158. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, decanter-fhape, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 9fin.,
W. at bottom, 31 in. nd.

i59- 7'-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, decanter-fhape, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. loin.,
W. at bottom, 3f in. 1 id.

160. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, decanter-fhape, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 8 in.,
W. at bottom, 2f in. 6d. 161. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, decanter-fhape, with ring handle
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 1 if in, W. at bottom, 3! in. is. 3d.
M 2

180 Glafs.
162. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, fluted, decanter-fhape, with ring
handle and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. iof in., W. at bottom, 3f in. is.
163. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, decanter-
fhape, with ring handle and curved fpout. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 1 1 in., W. at bottom, 4f in. ij. id.
164. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines and applied
ornament, funnel-fhape, with waved lip and long fpout ;
ufed for drinking wine. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. iof in.,
W. at bottom, 6f in. is. id.

152. 71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with ring handle and
curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. nfin.,
W. at bottom, 4f in. is. 6d.

153- '71-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, bulbous body, with ring handle and
curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 6 in.,
W. at bottom, 2f in. 6d. 154- '71-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs. with fpiral white lines, bulbous
body, with ring handle and curved fpout. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 12 in., W. at bottom, 4f in. is. id,

Appendix. i 8 r

*5S- '7i-
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with perpendicular bands of vitro
di trina, bulbous body, with ring handle and curved
fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia), 1870. H. nf in., W. at bottom,
4f in. 2J. id. 156. '71.
BOTTLE. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, bulbous
body, with ring handle and curved fpout. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 1 if in., W. at bottom, 4f in. is. id.
*57- '71-
BOTTLE. Pale green glafs, with white ftripes and applied
ornament, bulbous body, with ring handle furmounted
by a cock, and tapering fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 14 in., W. at bottom, 4f in. is. id.
200. '71.
CANDLESTICKS, a pair. Plain glafs, with waved
bands round the nozzle. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1 870.
H. 8 in., W. at bottom, 4! in. is.
201. '71.
CANDLESTICK. Pale green glafs, ribbed, with waved
bands round the nozzle. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 10 in., W. at bottom, 4f in. is.
202. '71-
CANDLESTICK. Pale green glafs, ribbed, with waved
bands round the nozzle. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870*
H. 8f in., W» at bottom, 3f in. u*

i 8 2 Glafs.
i95- '71-
CRUET. Green glafs, with double mouth and partition
throughout; for oil and vinegar. Spanifh (Catalonia).
1870. H. 5f in., W. 3f in. id.
187. '71.
DECANTER. Plain glafs, with white bands. Spanifh
(Catalonia). H. 10 in., W. at bottom, 4f in. is. 6d.

142. '71.
JUG. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth, handle,
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 5fin.,
W. at bottom, 3f in. 3d.

J J

J

^43- 71-
UG. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth, handle,
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 5fin.,
W. at bottom, 3f in. 3d.

144. '71.
UG. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth, handle,
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 5fin.,
W. at bottom, 3f in. 3d.

146, 146a. '71.
UGS, two fmall. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth,
handle, and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. i\ in., W. at bottom, 2 in. id.

Appendix. 183

J

J

147. 71.
UG. Green glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth, handle,
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870 H. 6 in.,
W. at bottom, 4f in. 3d.

148. '71.
UG. Green glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth, handle,
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 5 in.,
W. at bottom, 3 in. 3d.

J

J

145- 7l-
UG. Plain glafs, funnel-fhape, with wide mouth, handle,
and curved fpout. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 4fin.,
W. at bottom, 3 in. id.

198. '71.
AR. Plain glafs, ribbed. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 5f in., W. at top, 4f in. id.

188. '71.

LAMP. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, pear-fhape ; for
fufpenfion. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 14 in.,
W. 10 in. u. 6d.

197. 71.
LAMP. Plain glafs, with projecaing band and wide mouth,
for ecclefiaftical ufe. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
H. 4f in., W. at top, 4f in. id.

184 Glafs.
189. '71.
LAMP. Plain glafs, with fpiral white lines, pear- fhape ; for
fufpenfion. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 7 in.,
W. 4f in. \d. 190. '71.
LAMP. Plain glafs, bottle-fhape. Spanifh (Catalonia).
1870. H. 5f in., W. at bottom, 3 in. id.

196. '71.
MODELS (ten). Glafs; in the forms of veffels ufed by
the peafantry of Spain. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870.
Various dimenfions. is. 6d,

194. 71.
PEPPER Cafter. Plain glafs, decanter-fhape. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1870. H. 4 in., W. at bottom, 2f in. id.

193- 71-
PEPPER Cafter. Plain glafs, decanter-fhape. Spanifh
(Catalonia). 1 870. H. 4f in., W. at bottom, 2f in. id.

185. '71.
SALT-CELLAR. Pale green glafs; for fufpenfion.
Spanifh (Catalonia). 1 870. H. 5 in., W. 5f in. 4A.

186. '71.
SALT-CELLAR. Pale green glafs; for fufpenfion.
Spanifh (Catalonia). .1870. H. 4 in., W. 3f in. id.

Appendix. 185

191. 71. •
HOLY- WATER Veffel. Plain glafs, with reticulated
back, furmounted by a crofs. Spanifh (Catalonia).
1870. H. 9 in., W. 4 in. 6d.
192. '71.
VESSEL. Plain glafs, fpirally-ribbed, with three narrow
fpouts. Spanifh (Catalonia). 1870. H. 9 in., W.
4f in. 6d.

VENICE.
7251. '60.
BOTTLE. Schemelz glafs. Oviform. Venetian. (By
Lorenzo Radi.) i860. H. 4 in., diam. 3f in. Given
by Count Cornaro, Venice. 164. '6g.
BOWL. Glafs. Ruby-coloured, with white glaze infide.
Venetian. (Salviati & Co.) About 1868. H. 3fin.,
diam. 7f in. 1 2j.
898. '68.
BOWL. Opal glafs. Lattice-patterned with flower and
leaves on the outer rim. Venetian. H. 3f in., diam.
iof in. 1 1. 5 j. *'•
9041, 9042. '63.
CANDELABRA. A pair, each for fix lights, in white
moulded glafs, with glafs ornaments of various colours4
Venetian. About 1860. H. 2 ft., W. 1 ft. 6 in. 16/.

1 86 . Glafs.
9043- '63-
CHANDELIER. For fix lights. White glafs, with
coloured ornaments and pendants. Venetian. About
i860. H. 2 ft. 3f in., W. 1 ft. 5 in. 10/.
1 189. '73.
CUP. Millefiore and fchmelze glafs, with two handles.
" Roman " ware. Made by Salviati & Co. Vene
tian. 1872. H. 2f in,, W. at handles 5f in. 3/. 3s.
84. '70.
DISH. Glafs. With network of white latticinio lines.
Venetian (Salviati & Co.) 1869. Diam. i3f in.
3'- 3s- 83. '70.
EWER. Glafs, with network of white latticinio lines.
Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. i7f in.,
diam. of bafe, 6f in. 5/. 165. '6g.
Es WER. Glafs, with fpiral ftripes of opaque white, blue,
^ and avanturine. Venetian. (Salviati & Co.) About
1868. H.i3f in., W. of foot, 4$ in. 1/. 8j.

1191. '73.
EWER. Purple and millefiore glafs, with long neck,
waved lip, and upright handle. " Roman " ware.
Made by Salviati & Co. Venetian. 1872. H. 9 in.
diam. f in. 5/. 5J.

Appendix. 187

68. '70.
FLOWER Vase. Glafs. Spiral latticinio thread pattern
with clear and ruby fcroll ornaments on the ftem.
Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.) H.r9f in., diam. of bafe,
2f in. ioj. 6d. 75- '70-
F LOWER Vafe. Opalifed glafs. With three handles and
openings for cut flowers, blue collar round neck, and
mafks on handles. Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.)
H. iof in., diam. of bafe, 4 in. il.

77- '70-
FLOWER Vafe. Schmelz glafs of various colours.
With three handles and openings for cut flowers.
Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. 6f in., diam. of bafe,
2f in. 1 7 j. 6d. 882. '68.
GOBLET. Ruby glafs bow, with vafe- fhaped ftem,
fupporting a circular open ornament of various colours
enclofing ruby globe. Venetian. About 1865. H. i3f in.,
diam. of ornament, 4f in. 3/. 13J. 6d.
880. '68.
GOBLET. Ruby glafs, with involuted ftem and flowers
in various colours. Venetian. About 1865. H.
1 if in. il. 14J. 6d. 881. '68.
GOBLET. Glafs. Bowl ftriped with avanturine on ftem,
with twifted, coloured, and gold ornament and flowers,
Venetian. About 1865. H. nf in. il. 11s. 6d.

1 88 Glafs.
1 66. '6g.
GOBLET. Glafs. The bowl and foot pale blue on tall
ftem of tranfparent open-work, with three blue flowers.
Venetian. About 1865. (Salviati & Co.) H. I2f in.,
diam. of bowl, 3f in. il. is.
79- '7o-
(""* OBLET. Glafs. The bowl with alternate bands of
J white and red interlaced latticinio, clear foot and
balufler ftem, furmounted by open-work ornament enclofing a
blue flower. Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. nfin.,
diam. of bafe, 4f in. il. 1 is. 6d.
81. '70.
C""* OBLET. Glafs. Clear bowl and foot, twifted
J balufler ftem with wings, furmounted by a circle
of open fcroll-work with flowers of various colours. Venetian.
1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. 15^ in., diam. of bafe, 5f in.
3l- 3s- 82. '70.
GOBLET and Cover. Glafs. Clear bowl and foot,
twifted balufler ftem with blue wings, furmounted by a
circle of blue and clear open fcroll-work with red flowers. On
the cover fimilar flowers with twifted blue handle. Venetian.
1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. 2if in., diam. of base, 5f in.
7/. 7J. 893. '68.
GOBLET. Blue glafs. Bowl lattice-patterned, ftem of
ruby boffes and mafks. Venetian* About 1865. H,
7f in. 1 2J. 6d.

Appendix. 189
887. '68.
GOBLET. Opal glafs. Bowl with fpiral lines, ftem
ornamented with mafks and boffes. Venetian. About
1865. H. 7f in. 12J. 6d.
7252. '60.
ICE Cup and Saucer. Schmelz glafs, with patches of gold
avanturine glafs inferted. Venetian (Lorenzo Radi).
i860. Cup, H. 3f in., diam. 2f in. ; diam. of faucer, 4f in.
Given by Count Cornaro, Venice.

J

891. '68.
UG. Glafs. Opal and ruby, fprinkled with avanturine ;
neck and body with vertical ribs. Venetian. About
1865. H. 1 if in. 1/. ss-

889. '68.
T UG. Glafs. Green glafs fprinkled with avanturine, the

J

body lattice-patterned. Venetian. About 1865. H.

i2f in. il. 1 j

890. '68.
JUG, Glafs, with twifted handle. Ruby and dark blue
body fprinkled with avanturine and crackled. Venetian.
About 1865. H. 13 in. il. us. 6d.
goo. '68.
NECKLACE of thirty-five white corded glafs beads with
blue lines, and two bracelets to match of eleven beads
each. Venetian. About 1865. Diam, of bead, ff in. 15J.

1 9 o Glafs.
goi. '68.
NECKLACE of thirty-eight beads and two bracelets of
twelve beads each. Glafs, black, with gold bands, fet
with imitation rubies, pearls, and cryftals. Venetian. About
1865. Diam. of larger bead, 1 in., of fmaller bead f in.
13J. 902. '68.
NECKLACE of forty beads, and two bracelets of twelve
beads each. Glafs, gold, fet with imitation rubies,
pearls, and cryftals, in lines. Venetian. About 1865. Diam.
of bead, f in. 13J. 6d. 903. '68.
NECKLACE of forty-nine beads, and two bracelets of
thirteen beads each. Glafs, gold, (et with imitation
emeralds and rubies between filigree work. Venetian. About
1865. Diam. of bead, f in. i6j. 6d.

357 to 357 m- '72-
SPECIMENS of Venetian Glafs, Millefiore, Avanturine, &c.
Knife and cane handles, fcent bottle, needle cafe,
brooches, &c. Forty fpecimens. Manufactured by Meffrs.
Franchini & Son, of Venice. Venetian. 1846. Given by
Meffrs. Franchini & Son.

67. '70.
TAZZA. Glafs. The bowl opalifed, with waves of red
and avanturine, avanturine ferpent ftem, and clear foot.
Venetian, 1869. (Salviati or Co.) H. 6 in., diam. y% in. il.

Appendix. 191

17. 71.
TAZZA. The bowl of aquamarine glafs, with waved
edge, and plain balufler ftem and foot. Made by
Salviati & Co. Venetian. 1870. H. 5f in., diam. 7f in.
1 5 j.
899. '68.
TAZZA. Green glafs. With figures and birds, painted
in white, holding feftoons of flowers in gold. Venetian.
About 1865. H. 2f in., diam. 6f in. il. is.

72. 70.
TAZZA. Glafs. The bowl with interlaced ftripes of
latticinio and avanturine, with green margin, avanturine
ferpent ftem, and clear foot. Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.)
H. 5f in., diam. of top, 5f in. 1/. is.

73- 7°-
HHAZZA Vafe. Clear glafs. Lobed bowl with interlaced
J. ftripes of white, blue, and avanturine, and balufler ftem
with raifed mafks. Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.) H.
5f in., diam. of bafe, 3f in. 17 J. 6d.

74. 70.
TAZZA Vafe. Glafs. The bowl lobed, fplafhed with
colours and avanturine, avanturine ferpent ftem, and
clear foot. Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. 6| in.
diam. of bafe, 4f in. il. is.

192 Glafs.
8037. '62.
VASE. Schmelz glafs, in imitation of jafper. Silver-
gilt open-work mounting. Venetian. (Dr. A. Salviati.)
About i860. H. i3f in., W. 8f in. by 5f in. (International
Exhibition, 1862.) 14/. 8038, 8039. '62.
VASES (a pair). Schmelz glafs, in imitation of jafper.
Silver open-work mounting. Venetian. About i860.
H. i8f in., diam. 9 in. (International Exhibition, 1862.)
Manufactured and given by Dr. Antonio Salviati.
878. '68.
VASE. Green glafs. Sprinkled with avanturine, with
mafks and boffes between two bands of white involuted
glafs. Venetian. About 1865. H. iof in. 1/. 5J.
884' '68.
VASE, two-handled. Clear aqua marine glafs. Mounted
with mafks and ornaments in blue. Venetian.. About
1865. H. 15 in., diam. iof in. il. 15J.
885. '68.
VASE, funnel-fhaped. Opal glafs. On ftem, encircled
with blue ornament fupporting a dolphin. Venetian.
About 1865. H. iof in. il. 11s. 6d.
892. '68.
VASE. Glafs. Goblet-fhaped, green fprinkled with avan
turine, and lattice-patterned, ftem ornamented with a band

Appendix. 193

of involuted glafs and ruby boffes. Venetian. About 1865.
H. 7 in. I2J. 6d.

894. '68.
chmelz gl;
green foot. Venetian. About 1865.

VASE, flat-fhaped. Schmelz glafs, in various colours and
avanturine, on

H. 12 in. il. is. 895- '68.

VASE, bowl-fhaped. Clear glafs. With gilt and coloured
ornaments.

on amphora ftem. Venetian. About 1865.

H. 6f in. 1/. ioj.

896. '68.
VASE, with twifted handles. Schmelze glafs, in various
colours, and avanturine. Venetian. About 1865. H.
7f in. 7J. 6d.
897. '68.
VASE, amphora- fhaped. Opal glafs. With blue mafks.
Venetian. About 1865. H. 6f in. ys. 6d.
904. '68.
VASE. Schmelz glafs, in imitation of agate in various
colours, and avanturine. Venetian. About 1865. H.
I7f in., diam. I3f in. 50/.

905. '68.
fhed with rei
Venetian. About 1865. H. 9f in. 1/. is.
80. '70.

T J ASE. Glafs. Splafhed with red, yellow, and avanturine.

VASE or Goblet. Glafs. The bowl opalifed, clear foot,
and balufler ftem with wings and flowers on the top, fur-
39057. N

194 Glafs.
mounted by a circle of open-work enclofing a ball. Venetian.
1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. 11 in., diam. of bafe, 4f in.
il. 11s. 6d.
70. "70.
VASE or Goblet. Glafs. Ruby bowl and foot, and twifted
ftem of fpiral ruby and clear ornament. Venetian.
1869. (Salviati & Co.) H. 9f in., diam. of bafe, 3f in.
il. IOJ.
71. '70.
VASE. Clear glafs. Of antique form, with twifted ftem and
open-work ornament. Venetian. 1869. (Salviati & Co. )
H. 7f in., diam. of mouth, 4f in. ioj. 6d.
1188. '73.
VASE. Green and millefiore glafs, with two handles ;
" Roman " ware. Made by Salviati & Co. Venetian.
1872. H. 4f in., W. at handles 4 in. il. 11s. 6d.
1 190. '73.
VASE. Millefiore glafs; "Roman" ware. Made by
Salviati & Co. Venetian. 1872. H. 4f in., diam.
if in. il. 15J.
886. '68.
WINE Glafs. Ruby. On opal ftem in the form of a
fwan. Venetian. About 1865. H. 8f in. il. 10s.

TABLE OF REFERENCE

AND

GENERAL INDEX.

i97

TABLE OF REFERENCE FROM THE REGISTER
NUMBERS* OF THE SPECIMENS TO THE PAGES
ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.
Cup with cover

Page.

Regifter
Number.

Objed.

Page.

3- '71

140

86. '53

Flower glafs .

59

7. '71

Scent bottle .

161

87. '53

Do.

59

14. '65

Bottle .

168

89. 'S3

Seau or bucket

69

14. '67

Do. .

26

90. '53

Do.

69

i5. '67

Do. .

26

91. '53

Do.

70

16. '67

Do. .

| 27

92. '53

Wine glafs

78

17. '67

Do. .

27

93- '53

Cruet .

5o

17. '71

Tazza

191

95. '53

Drinking glafj

143

18. '67

Beaker .

4'

97. '53

Tankard and cover

iSz

19. '67

Cup

5'

98. '53

Wine glafs

7»

20. '67

Do. .

51

100. '53

Flower glafs .

59

40. '67

Bead

8

101. '5-j

Wine glafs

78

54- '7»

Drinking glafs

141

102. '53

Do. .

78

56. '44

Vafe .

172

io3. '53

Vafe .

162

57- '44

Do.

172

104. '53

Do. .

162

62. '52

Milk ewer

169

105. '70

Wine glafs

170

66. '53

Goblet and cover

'47

106. '53

Do. .

79

67. '53

Bottle .

i39

107. '53

Liqueur glafs .

65

67. '70

Tazza

190

108. '53

Goblet .

61

68. '70

Flower vafe

187

135. '73

Do. .

io5

69. '52

Bottle .

138

136. '73

Cup

99

70. '70

Vafe .

194

i37. '73

Vafe .

125

71. '53

Goblet and cover .

148

i38. '73

Do. .

125

71. '70

Vafe .

194

i39. '73

Do. .

125

72-72*. '53

Cup, &c.

53

140. '73

Do. .

127

72. '70

Tazza .

191

141. '73

Do. .

127

73- '53
73. '70

Vafe .
Tazza vafe

4
191

144. J '

Jugs .

182

74- 'S3

Grotefque veffel

64

142 tol>73
144. J

Vafes

128

74. '70

Tazza vafe

191

75. '53

Flower glafs .

59

145. '71

Jug

i83

75. '70

Flower vafe .

187

145. '73

Vafe

132

77. '53

Flower glafs .

58

146-46". '71

Jugs

182

77. '70

Flower vafe .

.87

147. '71

Jug

i83

77. '72

Cup

140

148. '71

Do. .

i83

78- '53

Flower glafs .

58

,4*»},7,

Vafes .

126

79- 'S3

Liqueur glafs .

65

79. '70
Goblet .
188
149-150. '71
Bottles .
i75
80. '53
Wine glafs
76
i5i. '71
Bottle .
176
80. '70
Vafe .
193
81. '70
Goblet .
188
%*}¦»
Vafes
128
82. '53
Wine glafs
76
82. '70
Goblet and cover .
188
%:}^ .
Bottles .
180
83. '70
Ewer
186
84. '53
Wins glafs
7»
I54tol'73 '57- J 7i
Vafes
129
84. '70
Difli .
186
85. '53
Wine glafs
7»
i55-57.'7i
Bottles .
181
* The numbers attached to the Specimens are thofe of the Mufeum Regifter; the two
following figures refer to the year when they were acquired.
ig8

Table of Reference.

RegifterNumber.

i58-6r.'7i 158. '73
159. '70
160. '65
i59toX 161. J 7i
162 to 1 ,
.64. } 7I
162. 73
¦164. 69
i63-65. 73
i65. '69
. 166. '69
165 ~ "1,
168. / n
166-67. '73
168. '73
169-70. '71
169. '73
170. '73
171 to 74. '71
•71-74- '73
175-76. '71
i75. '73.
176. '73
177 t°l >
180. J 7I
177-78- '73
179-80. '73
181-82. '71
181-82. '73
183-84. '71
183. '73
184. '73
185-86. '71
185-86. '73
187. '71
'87. '73
188. '71
188-89. '73
189-90. '71
190-91. '73
191. '71
192. '71
192-93. '73
193-94. '71
194. '73
195. '71
196. '71
195-96. '73
197. '71
197. '73
198. '71
198. '73
199. '73
200. '71
200. '73
201. '71
aoi. '73

Bottles .
VafeScent bottle
Fork
VafesBottles
Vafe Bowl
Vafes EwerGoblet
BottlesVafes
VafeBottles
VafeVafe
Bottles Vafes Do.
Vafe Do.
BottlesVafes Jugs Bottles
Jugs Bottles
Jug Bottle
Salt cellars
J"gs Decanter
Jug LampMugs
Lamps .
JugsHoly water veffel
VeffelPepper carters ,
Mugs
Jug Cruet
Models (ten)
MugsLampMugJar • .
MugBowl Candlefticks
BowlCandleftickBowl

125180

202. '71
202. '73
203. '71
203. '73
204- '73
205. '73
2o6. '73
207. '73
208. '73
209. '73
2IO. '73
211. '73
212-12.'. '73
2i3. '73
214. '73
2i5. '73
216. '73
217. '73
218. '73
219. '73
220. '73
221. '73
222. '73
223. '73
224. '73
225. '73
226. '73
227. '73
228. '73
229. '73
23o. '73
231. '73
232. '73
z33- '73
234- '73
235. '73
236. '73
237. '73
238. '66
238. '73
239. '73
240. '73
241. '53
241. '72
241. '73
242. '53
242. '72
242. '73
243. '72
243. '73
244. '53
244. '72
244. '73
245. '72
245. '73
246. '73
247. '73
248. '73
249. '73

ftand

CandleftickCupBottle
Cup
Tazza Do.
Do.Do.Do.
Do.Do. Do.
Liqueur :
Bafket Do. Do.
Do. Do.Do.
Do.
Pilgrim's bottle
Do.Do.Do.
Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.
Do. Do.
Bottle .
Do. with stopper
Do. .
ChandelierBottle with stopper
Do. Do. .
Ewer
Drinking glafs
Vafe .
TazzaGoblet with cover
Bottle .
J" . .
Bottle .
SalverDrinking glafs, etc.
Bottle .
Tumbler
Vafe
Bottle with stopper
Do.
Bottle .
Do. .

Table of Reference.

199

Regifter
Number.

Object.

Page.

Regifter. Number.

Objea.

Page.

250. '73

Bottle .

90

300.

73

Pocket glafs .

117

251. '73

Do. .

90

3oi.

73

Do.

117

252. '73

Do. .

90

302.

64

Bowl

161

253. '73

Do.

91

302.

73

Pocket glafs .

117

253. '74

Medallion

66

3o3.

73

Tumbler

123

254. '73

Bottle .

91

304.

73

Do.

123

*55- '73

Do.

9i

3o5.

73

Do.

124

256. '73

Do. .

91

306.

73

Do.

122

257. '73

Do. .

9i

307.

73

Do.

121

258. '73

Do. .

9i

308.

73 •

Do.

121

259. '73

Do. .

92

309.

73

Do.

124

260. '73

Do. .

92

3io.

73

Do.

124

261. '73

Do. .

9*

3n.

73

Do.

124

262. '73

Do.

92

312.

73

Do.

124

263. '73

Do. .

92

3i3.

73

Do.

122

264. '73

Do.

.9s

3i4.

73

Do.

122

265. '73

Do. .

93

3i5.

73

Do.

122

266. '73

Oo. .

93

3i6.

73

Do.

123

266. '74

Goblet with cover

60

3i7-

73

Do.

123

267. '73

Bottle .

93

3i8.

73

Do.

123

267. '74

Seau

69

3i9-

73

Do.

122

268. '73

Bottle .

93

320.

73

Vafe .

134

268. '74

Do. .

44

321.

73

Do. .

134

269. '73

Do. .

93

322.

73

Tumbler

I24

269. '74

Tazza

70

323.

73

Do.

123

270. '73

Bottle .

93

324.

73

Cup

102

270. '74

Do. .

44

325-

73

Do.

102

271. '73

Jug

109

326.

73

Do.

102

272. '73

Do.

109

327.

73

Do.

102

273. '73

Cruet

99

328.

73

Tumbler

122

273. '74

Ewer

55

329.

73

Do.

121

274. '73-

Bottle .

95

33o.

73

Vafe .

132

275. '73

Do. .

96

33i.

73

Do. .

i3o

275. '74

Medallion

21

332.

73

Do. .

i3o

276. '73

Bottle .

96

333.

73

Vafe

131

276. '74

Medallion

21

334.

73

Jug

109

277. '73

Bottle .

89

335.

54

Ice-cup and ftand

64

278. '73

Do. .

89

335.

73

Vafe .

130

279. '73

Do. .

89

336.

73

Cup .

103

280. '73

Vafe .

i33

337.

73

Do.

104

280. '74

Medallion

21

338.

73

Do.

104

281. '73

Vafe .

133

339-

73

Do.

io5

282. '73

Do. with cover

i34

340.

73

Do.

IOI

i»3- '73

Salt-cellar

117

34i-4ia

¦ '73

Cup and faucer

101

284. '73

Beaker .

89

342.

73

Cup

102

285. '73

Jug with cover

no

343.

73

Do.

IOO

286. '73

Jar Do.

107

J44.

'y3

Do.

IOO

287. '73

Do. Do.

107

345.

73

Do.

IOO

288. '73

Lamp

111

346.

73

Do.

IOO

289. '73

Do. .

no

347-

73

Do.

IOI

290. '73

Bottle .

96

348.

73

Do.

IOI

291-92. '73

Jugs

no

349-

73

Do.

99

293-93b. '73

Beaker, cover and

89

35o.

73

Do. .

99

plateau

35i-5i»

• '73

Cup and faucer

IOO

294. '73

Vafe .

i3o

352.

73

Cup

IOO

*95- '73

Pocket glafs .

116

353.

73

Standing glafs .

118

296. '73

Do.

116

354.

'73

Cup

104

297. '73

Do.

116

355.

'73

Do.

io3

298. '73

Do.

116

355.

•76

Goblet with cover .

'45

299. '73

Do.

116

356.

'73

Goblet .

106

200

Table of Reference.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

357_57nn -72i
357. '73
358. '73
359. '54
359. '73
36o. '73
361. '73
362. '73
363. '73
364. '73
365. '73
366. '73
367. 'fl
368. '73
369. '54
369. '73
370. '54
37°- '73
37i. '73
372. '54
372. '73
373- '73
374- '73
374". '54
375- '73
376. '73
377- '73
378. '73
379. '73
3 80. '73
38i. '73
382. '73
383. '73
384, '73
385. '73
386. '73
387. '73
388. '73
389. '73
390. '73
39i. '73
392. '73
393. '73
394-94"- '73
395-95". '73
396. '73
397. '73
3g8. '72
398. '73
399. '73
400. '73
401. '73
402. '73
403. '73
404. '73
4°5. '73
407-8. '54
409. '54

Specimens of Vene
tian and other glafs.
Liqueur glafs
Cup .
Do.Wine glafs
Do.
Do.
Cup
Do.
Vafe .
ShoeCitron .
Bottle for fcent
Salt-cellarVafe .
CupGoblet .
Inkftand LampDecanter Do. .
Flafk .
Tazza .
Wine glafs
Hand bell
Jar with cover
Do. Do
Vafe .
Bottle" for fcent
Barrel .
Toy Do.
Do. Do.
Cafe for knitting needle
Do. Do.
Smoothing imple
ments.
Vafe .
Bottle for fcent
Do. Do.
ToyModelJ(hat)
Salt-cellar Difh, etc.
Ball and ftand
BallDo.Cameo .
Cruet-ftand Cruet .
Jug Cruet .
Holy-water veffel
Cup for fweetmeats
Do. Do. .
Plate .
Beakers .
Goblet .

Page.

190 III
104161i35
i35.34 99
102130
118 98
96
117 169
io3
169
106 no
169noio5
120 170
106106106i33 97«7
120120120
121 98
98
11S
132 97
97
121in
H7io5 8787
«7 5o
98
98
109 99
106104
104 n5 42 61

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

410. '54
419. '54
463. '73
464. '73
465. '73
466. '73
467. '73
468. '73
469. '73
470. '73
471- '73
473- '75
474- '75
475- '75
476. '75
487. 'S3
488. '53
489. '54
490. '54
504. '69
520. '72
532. '54
537- '64
544-44^. '68
565. '53
566. '53
567. '53
568. '53
568. '72
569. '53
571. '72
572. '53
572. '72
573- '54
574. '54
575. '52
578. '54
579. '54
58o. >7S
58i. '.54
58i. '75
583. '74
584. -74
585-7. '74
588. '74
S89. '74
5go. '74
59i. '74
S92. '74
593. '74
594. '74
5g5. '74
610. '69
611-11". '69
612. '69
613. '69
614-14". '69
616. '69
617. '69
618. '69

Cup

5l

Do.

53

Wine glafs

84

Drinking cup .

141

Tankard

i5i

Drinking glafs, &c. .

i43

Bottle .

i39

Tumbler

152

Wiederkom .

152

Jug

i5o

Cup

140

Flafk .

85

Coin

33

Do. .

33

Do. .

34

Vafe and cover

74

Goblet and cover

63

Tazza .

74

Salver .

68

Vafe .

172

Goblet with cover .

147

Bottle .

168

Tazza .

70

Comb (portions of)

85

Drinking glafs, &c. .

i43

Bottle .

46

Ewer

55

Cruet .

5o

Staff, &c.

i5i

Bottle .

46

Jug

149

Bottle .

i39

Goblet .

147

Jug

160

Wine glafs

1 54

Do.

154

Do. .

170

Do. .

170

Lamp

38

Wine glafs

170

Veffel for oil .

39

Flafk .

34

Cup ftand

34

Bottles .

27

Bottle .

28

Do. .

28

Do. .

28

Do. .

28

Do. .

28

Vafe

40

Bottle .

28

Do. .

28

Jug and cover

i65

Drinking glaffes (pair)

164

Difh on stand .

i63

Do. .

164

Candlefticks (pair) .

163

Difh, &c.

164

Bowl

163

Di/h .

164

Table of Reference.

201

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page

620. '69

Plate .

166

9i5. '55

Scent-bottle .

68

621. '69

Plate and cover

166

916. '55

Cup

16

622. '69

Do.

166

949. '69

Mug

174

623. '69

Inkftand

i65

969. '68

Bowl

i5

624. '69

Match ftand .

i65

970. '68

Do. .

14
625. '69
Scent-bottle, &c.
166
971. '68
Do. .
14
626. '69
Scent-bottle .
166
972. '68
Do. .
J4
627. '69
Decanter and ftopper
i63
973. '68
Do. .
•4
628. '69
Goblet .
164
974. '68
Do. .
i5
629. '69
Wine glafs
167
975. '68
Patera .
22
63o. '69
Do.
168
976. '68
Bowl
i5
63i. '69
Goblet .
i65
977. '68
Patera .
22
632. '69
Tazza
167
978. '68
Saucer .
23
633. '69
Do. .
167
979. '68
Patera .
22
634. '69
Do. .
167
980. '68
Saucer .
23
636. '69
Wine glafs
168
981. '68
Do. .
23
637. '69
Do.
168
982. '68
Do.
23
638. '69
Do.
167
983. '68
Bowl
i5
639. '69
Goblet .
i65
984. '68
Vafe .
5
640. '69
Wine glafs
167
985. '68
Do.
5
653. '69
Vafe .
162
986. '68
Bottle .
¦j.
694. '68
Bottle, broken
160
987. '68
Jug
4
717. '69
Vafe .
171
988. '68
Vafe .
5
718. '69
Bottle .
171
989. '68
Do.
5
719. '69
Vafe .
171
990. '68
Bottle .
10
720. '69
Vafe with cover
172
991. '68
Vafe .
5
818. '64
Scent-bottle .
86
992. '68
Do.
5
848. '64
Bead .
41
993. '68
Do.
25
878. '68
Vafe
192
994. '68
Bottle .
3
880. '68
Goblet .
187
994- '73
Plate .
n5
881. '68
Do. .
187
995. '68
Vafe .
6
882. '68
Do. .
187
995. '73
Plate .
116
884. '68
Vafe .
192
995". '69
Vafe .
174
885. '68
Do.
192
996. '68
Do.
6
886. '68
Wine glafs
194
996-96" '73
Cup and ftand
IOI
887. '68
Goblet .
189
997. '68
Vafe .
6
889. '68
Jug
189
997- '73
Cup
IOI
890. '68
Do.
189
997". '69
Candleftick
174
891. '68
Do.
189
998. '68
Bottle .
12
892. '68
Vafe
192
998. '73
Chandelier
98
893. '68
Goblet .
188
999. '68
Bottle .
12
894. '68
Vafe .
i93
999. '73
Tumbler
121
895. '68
Do.
i93
iooo. '68
Bottle .
10
896. '68
Vafe
i93
iooo. '69
Tazza .
i75
896 to]
896 ^'75
J" Fragments. Mural
\ decorations.
18,19
iooo. '73
1001. '68
Do. .
Vafe .
119 6
10 J
1001-1". '73
Cup and fauce
r
io3
897. '68
Vafe .
i93
1002. '68
Jug
3
898. '68
Bowl .
185
1002. '73'
Bottle .
96
899. '68
Tazza .
191
1002". '69
Vafe .
'75
900. '68
Necklace
189
ioo3. '68
Jug
3
901. '68
Do.
190
ioo3. '73
Bottle for feen
t
96
902. '68
Do.
190
1004. '68
Jug
3
903. '68
Do.
190
1004. '73
Do.
108
904. '68
Vafe .
i93
ioo5. '68
Do.
20
905. '68
Do.
i93
ioo5. '73
Bottle .
94
910. '64
Box
49
1006. '68
Vafe
6
911. '64
Flafk .
i45
1007. '68
Jug
3
912. '75
Vafe .
7
1008. '68
Do.
4
202

Table of Reference.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

1009. '68

Jug

4

1068. '71

Drinking glafs

io5

1010. '68

Vafe .

6

1069. '68

Handle of a vafe

20

ion. '68

Do.

7

1070. '68

Fragment of bottle .

20

1012. '68

Do.

24

1071. '68

Cup

16

ioi3. '68

Bottle .

1072. '68

Frieze (fragment) .

19

1014. '68

Do. .

1073. '68

Do.

19

1015. '68

Do. .

1074. '68

Cameo (fragment) .

i5

1016. '68

Do. .

1075. '68
Slab (Do.)
24
1017. '68
Do. .
1076. '68
Do. (Do.) .
24
1018. '68
Jug
4
1077. '68
Do. (Do.)
24
1019. '68
Bottle .
10
1078. '68
Bird, figure of a
17
1020. '68
Do. .
£
1082. '71
Tazza bowl
118
1021. '68
Do. .
2
1188. '73
Vafe .
194
1022. '68
Do. .
2
1189. '73
Cup
186
1023. '68
Do. .
9
1 190. '73
Vafe .
194
1024 '68
Do. .
3
1191. '73
Ewer
186
1025. '68
Do. .
1
1193. '54
Goblet .
169
1026. '68
Do. .
1
1219. '64
Bowl
49
1027. '68
Lachrimatory .
4
1271. '72
Drinking glaff
H4
1028. '68
Bottle .
1
1272. '72
Do. .
144
1029. '68
Do.
2
1273. '72
Bottle .
47
io3o. '68
Do. .
10
1299. '70
Do.
12
io3i. '68
Do. .
10
i3oo. '70
Do. .
12
io32. '68
Do. .
10
i3oi. '70
Do. .
i3
io33. '68
Do. .
10
i3o2. '70
Do.
13
1034. '68
Handle of vafe
20
1303. '70
Do. .
i3
io35. '68
Lachrimatory
20
1 304. '70
Do. .
i3
io36. '68
Bottle .
12
i3o5. '70
Do.
i3
1037. '68
Do. .
12
i3o6. '70
Cup
i58
io38. '68
Lachrimatory
20
1307. '70
Bottle .
i3
1039. '68
Bottle .
12
1308. '70
Veffel (fragments)
25
1040. '68
Patera .
22
1309. '70
Do.
•59
1041. '68
Cup
16
1 3 10. '70
Do. (fragment)
25
1042. '68
Do.
16
i3ii. '70
Bowl
i5
1043. '68
Model (a hand)
22
1312. '70
Do. .
iS
1044. '68
Vafe .
25
i3i3-i3". '70
Cup and fragments
i57
1047. '68
Bottle .
2
i3i4-i5. '70
Bowls .
i55
1048. '68
Cup
16
1316. '70
Bowl
i55
1049. '68
Ball
8
1 3 17. '70
Do.
i55
io5o. '68
Mafk .
20
i3i8. '70
Drinking cup
i59
io5i. '68
Medallion
21
1319. '70
Drinking cup (por
i58
io52. '68
Do. .
21
tions of.) .
io53-54- '68
Difks .
l6
1 320. '70
Drinking cup
i58
io55. '68
Ornament
22
1321-21". '70
Drinking cups (two)
i58
io56. '68
Bofs .
9
1322-22*. '70
Bottles (two) .
i56
io56. '69
Lamp
36
1323-23*. '70
Do. (Do.) .
1 56
io56. '75
Bottle .
29
1324. '70
Bottle .
i57
1057. '68
Bofs
9
1325-25". '70
Bottles (two) .
iS;
1057. '75
Bottle .
29
1326. '70
Bottle .
i57
io58. '68
Bofs
9
1327. '70
Do.
i55
io58. '75
Vafe .
40
1328. '70
Do.
i55
1060. '68
Tablet .
24
1329. '70
Do.
i56
1061. '68
Slab X
23
i33o. '70
Do.
i56
1062. '68
Beads
9
i33o. '72
Flafk
144
1063. '68
Bead
8
i33i. '70
Bottle
i56
1064. '68
Figure (fragment)
17
i332. '70
Do.
i56
io65. '68
Slab (fragment)
24
i333. '70
Do. (portions of) ,
1 56
1066. '68
Cornice (fragment) .
19
i334. '70
Cup
i57
1067. '68
Frieze Do.
J 19
1335. '70
Do. (por
tions of) .
i57
Table of Reference.

203

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

Regifter Number.

Objea.

Page.

i336-36b. '70

Drinking cups (frag

1839. '55

Wiederkom .

i53

ments)

i58

1841. '55

Wine glafs

77

1337-37'. 70

Drinking cups, &c. .

i59

1842. '55

Wiederkom

i53
i338. '70
Drinking cup (frag
•
1843. '55
Jug
149
ments)
.59
1844. '55
Wiederkom
1S3
i339. '70
Rod (portion of)
i59
i845. '55
Do.
i53
1340. '70
Drug bottle
160
1846. '55
Beaker .
i37
1350. '72
Flafk .
144
1847. '55
Mug
i5o
1S17. '55
Beaker .
i38
1848. '55
Beaker .
i38
i532. '76
Bottle .
32
1849. '55
Do. .
i37
1533. '76
Do. .
32
1850". '55
Bottle .
1 39
i534. '76
Do. .
33
i85i. '55
Flafk .
57
1535-35* '76
Bowl and Saucer
33
18.52. '55
Beaker .
i37
1536-36*. '76
Do. Do.
33
1853. '55
Wine glafs
86
1537. '76
Scent bottle
39
i855. '55
Beaker .
i38
i538. '76
Do.
40
i856. '55
Drinking glafs
. 54
i539. '76
Bottle .
32
1857. '55
Do.
i43
1540. '76
Crook .
33
i858. '55
Vafe and cover
152
1541. '76
Ancient Perfian glafs
34
1859. '55
Jug with handle
64
(fragments) .
i860. '55
Tazza
72
i543. '56
Vafe
75
1861. '55
Grotefque veffel
64
1608. '55
Wine glafs
83
1862. '55
Vafe .
75
1609. '55
Jug
64
i863. '55
Bottle
45
1623. '55
Tazza
74
1864. '55
Beaker
43
1624. '54
Bottle .
45
1866. '55
Salver
68
1668. '68
Do. (fragment)
H
1867. '55
Plate
67
1777. '69
Vafe .
172
1868. '55
Do.
i5i
1808. '55
Cup
52
1869. '55
Goblet
62
1809. '55
Ewer
55
1870. '55
Knob
65
1810. '55
Wine glafs
79
1871. '55
Bottle
46
1811. '55
Do. .
79
1872. '55
Cup
5*
1812. '55
Do. .
76
1872*. '55
Do.
5*
1813. '55
Do. .
76
1873- '55
Liqueur glafs .
65
1814. '55
Drinking glafs
54
1873*. '55
Do.
65
i8i5. '55
Goblet .
62
1874. '55
Vafe .
75
1816. '55
Wine glafs
77
1875. '55
Goblet and cover .
148
1817. '55
Seau
69
1876. '55
Plate .
67
1818. '55
Goblet .
62
1877. '55
Beaker .
i36
1819. '55
Bowl .
48
1878. '55
Beaker and cover
i36
1820. '55
Beaker .
42
1879- '55
Drinking glafs
142
1821. '55
Do. .
43
1879". '55
Do.
142
1822. '55
Drinking glafs
55
1880. '55
Jug
149
1822". '55
Beaker .
43
1881. '55
Drinking glafs
142
i822b. '55
Do. .
43
1882. '55
Jug
149
1823. '55
Bottle and cover
45
i883. '55
Beaker .
42
1824. '55
Drinking glafs
54
1884. '55
Wine glafs
77
1825-25". '55
Cruets (pair) .
5o
i885. '55
Drinking glafs
54
1826. '55
Vafe .
75
1886-87. '55
Beakers .
43
' 1827. '55
Cup . . .
52
1888-89. '55
Cups and covers
53
1828. '55
Ewer
55
1890. '55
Do.
5"
1829. '55
Goblet .
62
1891. '55
Bottle .
29
1830. '55
Tazza
72
1891*. '55
Do. .
26
i83i. '55
Bottle .
45
1892. '55
Flafk .
57
1832-32*. '55
Ewer and bafin
56
1893- '55
Bottle with handle .
45
1834. '55
Goblet and cover
146
1894. '55
Flafk .
57
i835. '55
Do.
i45
1895. '55
Cruet . . _ .
5i
i836. '55
Cup with cover
139
1896. '55
Mug . .
66
1837. '55
Cup . . .
140
1897. '55
Ewer
56
i838. '55
Wine glafs
1 54
1898. '55
Mug
•
•
150
204

Table of Reference.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

1899. '55
1900. '55
1901. '55
1902. '55
I9o3. '55
1903". '55
i9°3b- '55
i9°3c- '55
i9o3d. '55
r9°3f. '55
190311. '55
!9°4- '55
1906. '55
1907. 'ss
1908. '55
i9°9-. '55
1910. '55
1910". '55
1911. '55
1912. '55
1913. '55
1913*. '55
1914. '55
1914*. '55
2108. '55
2160. '55
2421. '76
2422. '76
2423. '76
2424. '76
2425. '76
2426. '76
2427. '56
2427. '76
2428. '76
2429. '76
2430. '76
2431. '76
2432. '76
2435. '56
2456. '56
2463. '56
2464. '56
2465. '56
2466. '56
2467. '56
2554. '56
2570. '56
2585. '56
2672. '56
2674. '56
2675. '56
2676. '56
2679. '56
2680. '56
2681. '56
2718. '56
2719. '56
2875. '53

Goblet and cover
Do. Do.
Vafe .
Drinking glafs
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. Do.
Bottle .
Beaker and cover
Beaker .
Do. .
JugGoblet and cover
CupPlate .
Wine glafs
Beaker with cover
Bottle Do.
Cup with
Cruet
Scent-bottleCup
Bottle Do.
Do. Do.
Do.Do.
Vafe
Bottle Do.
Do.
Do.Do.
Figure (n
Bottle
Ewer
Bowl Cruet
Wine glafs
Do. . .
Do.
Plate .
Drinking-glafs
Tazza .
Goblet .
Flafk and ftopper
Wine glafs
Do.
Ewer Goblet Do.
Box
SaucerBottle

moufe)

Page.

146
146146 75
142142H3
'43141141 47
i36 i36
i37149 61
5267 76
42
4546 535i 39
161 293°3o 3o
3i3i
25 3i3i3i
3232
34
46 56
48 5i83 84
7768 85
72
173i73174
174
173 173
173
171171 II

Regifter
Number.

2996. '56
3001. '56
3349. '56
3648. '56
3649. '56
3654. '55
3655- '55
3656. '55
3657. '56
3658. '56
3988. '56
4066. '56
4067. '56
4227. '57
4^59- '57
4^93- '57
4319. '58
436o. '57
4394- '57
4629. '58
4706. '59
4795. '58
5487- '59
5488. '59
5489- '59
549°- '59
5491. '59
5492. '59
5493- '59
5494- '59
5495- '59
5496. '59
5497- '59
5498- '59
5499- '59
55oo. '59
55oi. '5g
55o2. '59
55o3. '59
55o4. '5g
55o5. '59
55o6. '59
5507. '59
5509. '59
55io. '59
55n. '59
55i2. '59
55i3. '59
55i5. '59
55i6. '59
55i7. '59
55i8. '59
5519. '59
5523. '59
5528. '59
5529. '59
553o. '5g
553i. '59
5533. '59

Objea.

Page.

Difh .

54

Vafe .

76

Cup

140

Plaque .

66

Tazza .

74

Do. .

72

Cup

53

Tazza .

72

Bottle .

47

Flafk .

57

Mirror and frame .

66

Beaker .

44

Dim .

54

Medallion

66

Goblet .

61

Beaker .

137

Bowl tazza

48

Seau

69

Beaker .

44

Bottle .

46

Vafe .

75

Flafk .

57

Bowl

48

Tazza plate .

72

Tazza .

73

Salver .

68

Tazza bowl

70

Bowl .

49

Tazza bowl .

73

Bowl .

49

Tazza

73

Do. .

71

Do. .

73

Tazza bowl

71

Do.

71

Plate .

67

Tazza bowl .

7'

Bowl

49

Tazza bowl

7i

Tazza .

70

Goblet .

60

Vafe .

74

Goblet .

62

Do. .

63

Do. .

63

Flower vafe .

58

Do.

58

Do.

59

Ewer

56

Do. .

56

Bottle .

47

Do. .

47

Wine glafs

77

Flower vafe .

60

Wine glafs

79

Do.

84

Do.

79

Do.

79

Do.

80

Table of Reference.

205

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

Regifter
Number.

Objea.

Page.

5534. '59

Wine glafs

80

6194 to'
6243. .

Ancient Roman glafs

17

5536. '59

Do.

84

¦ '59

(fragments of).

5538. '59

Do.

80

6244 to

5539. '59
Do.
80
6343. } 59
Do. do.
18
554I- '59
5542. '59
Do.
Goblet .
80
61
%3to}'»
Do. do.
18
5543- '59
Do. .
63
6394 to'
,
Do. do.
18
5544- '59
Wine glafs
80
6443- J "
5545. '59
Do.
81
6444 to
5546. '59
Do.
81
6496,
5547. '59
Do.
81
and
Do. do.
5548. '59
Do.
81
6477"
>¦ 59
18
5549. '59
Do.
81
to
555o. '59
Do.
84
6496".
555i. '59
Do.
81
6820. '60
Lamp
35
5552. '59
Do.
82
6869. '60
Flafk .
58
5553. '59
Tazza
71
6898. '60
Goblet and cover
146
5554. '59
Wine glafs
82
6899. '60
Do.
147
5555. '59
Do.
82
6900. '60
Do.
148
5557- '59
Do.
82
6901. '60
Do.
148
5558. '59
Do.
82
6903. '60
Do.
147
5559. '59
Do.
82
6938. '60
Pane
i5o
556o. '59
Do.
83
6939. '60
Do. .
i5i
556i. '59
Do.
83
6940. '60
Do. .
i5i
5562. '59
Tazza .
73
7251. '60
Bottle .
i85
5563. '59
Wine glafs
83
7252. '60
Ice cup, &c. .
.189
5564. '59
Goblet and cover
63
7445. '61
Flafk .
58
5565. '59
Tazza .
73
7536. '61
Goblet .
62
5567. '59
Do. .
73
7539. '61
Beaker .
41
5569. '59
Drinking glafs
85
7894. '61
Veffel (fragment)
60
557i- '59
Wine glafs
84
7937. '62
Difh .
164
5573- '59
Do.
83
8037. '62
Vafe .
192
5574- '59
Bowl
49
8038-39. '62
Vafes
192
5575- '59
Ewer
56
8988. '63
Bottle .
11
5576- '59
Chandelier
5o
8990. '63
Medallion
21
5869. '59
Paper knife
66
9011. '63
Bell
138
5946. '59
Chandelier
5o
9012. '63
Do.
138
5954- '58
Beaker .
4i
9013. '63
Do.
44
5988. '60
Lamp
65
9020. '63
Drinking glafs
172
6044 to "1 ,
60^3. } 59
Ancient Roman glafs
J7.
9021. '63
Goblet .
145
(fragments of).
9022-3. '63
Vafes
174
^t} *»
Do. do.
9024. '63
Goblet and Cover .
i73
17
9041-42. '63
Candelabra
i85
?,;}'» t
Do. do.
17
9043. '63
9046. '63
ChandelierFoot of a vafe
186 60
207

GENERAL INDEX.

Abbas II., Shah, windows in his tomb at Kom,
lxix.
Abderrahman III., Caliph, lv, lxii.
Aben Mefuay, lxii.
Abu Maher Mouffa Ben Jaffer, lxii.
Abolais, Lapidario tranflated, cxiv.
Abolico, quoted, cxiv.
Adalbert, S., of Cracow, cup of, lviii, cxxii.
Adder's eggs, Add", clvi.
Adrien, Italian glafs-maker, concerned in a
plot for deftroying the Englifh navy with
fire balls, cxxxviii.
Agricola, George, quoted, cxxiv.
Alberti, Leandro, vifits Murano, lxxxiii.
Albertus and Otto, glafs workers at Cologne,
cxxiii.
Alexander the Great, defcent into the fea in
houfe of glafs, Add*, clx.
Alfieri, Marchefe, his glafs vafe, lxviii.
AI Makari, Arab author quoted, cxv, fee Add*.
clviii, clix.
Almaket, glafs made at, cxv.
Almeria, glafs manufaaure of, cxv.
AI Walid, Khalif, Add", clviii.
Amaranus, glals maker's name on frag
ment found at Brotonne, cviii.
Amphorae found in tombs, xiv, xv, xvi, xxxi.
Anderfon, Bertram, alderman of Newcaftle,
cxxxix (note).
Aneurin, Welfh poet, cxxxi.
Annealing in oil, vi, liii.
Anftey, glafs phial found in the church wall
at, cxxxii.
Antioch, glafs made at, lxiii.
Antwerp, glafs houfe eftablifhed by Gridolphi
at, cxix.
Arabian countries, glafs making in, lxi, lxii.
Archimedes, xvii.
Ardagh, chalice found at, cxliv.
Ariftophanes, firft Greek writer mentioning
glafs, xv'n,fee Add", clvii.

Armato, Salvino, invents eye-glaffes, xcvii.
Artas, maker's name on glafs, xxxviii.
Arte Vetraria, six branches of, lxxvi.
Afh-Shakandi, Arab author, cxv.
Affemanni quoted, lxii.
Atlante Efpariol quoted, cxv.
Audenarde, enamelled glafs in mufeum at,
cxxi.
Auldjo vafe, xxx, xxxi.
Aurelian, ordinance of, xi.
Avanturine, fee Glafs.
Avicenna quoted, lxii.
Avila, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.

B.

Bacon, Roger, quoted, xcviii.
Balbi, Gafpero, quoted, lxix.
Ballarin, Pietro, mofaic worker, xcvii.
Ballerino, Francefco, mafler of Venetian glafs-
houfe, lxxxiii.
Baneiros, Gafpar, quoted, cxv.
Barcelona, glafs-making at, cxv, cxvi, cxvil. »
Bartholus, Thomas, "1 Mantuan glafs makers,
Baffon, Vincent, J fettle at Rouen, cxii.
Beads, see Glafs.
Beaupre, quoted, cxiii (note).
Beauvais, Vincent of, quoted, xcviii.
Beekman, quoted, xcviii, exxv (note), exxvi
(note).
Becku (alias Dolin), Anthony, petitions for
leave to make a glafs-houfe at Windfor,
exxxvii.
Belzer, Zecharias, glafs-worker at Prague,
exxv.
Benchert, H., glafs paintings figned by, cxxiv.
Benedia Biscop procures glafs-workers from
France for his monaftery at Wearmouth,
cviii, exxx.
Beneventum, cobbler of, cxvii. Add", clvii.
Beni HafTan, tombs at, vi, ix.
Beowulf quoted, exxx.
Berkeley, Sir C, feeks the renewal of Manfel's
patent, cxl.
Berlin Kunftkammer, Wiederkom of the
earlieft date in, cxxiv.

208

General Index.

Bernardino, St., patron faint of a glafs-making
corporation, cxv.
Beroviero, Angelo, Venetian glafs-worker,
lxxx.
,, Marino, mafter of the company of
Venetian glafs-workers, lxxx.
„ family, member of, now in the em
ployment of Salviati, lxxx.
Bertolini, Brothers, quoted, civ.
Bezu-Ie-Foret, glafs furnace at, cxi.
Bezieres, Bifhop of, French ambaffador at
Venice, letter to Colbert, c.
Bibliotheque Nationale, roll of accounts re-
fpeaing glafs-making, cxi.
Bigaglia, Car. Pietro, carries on revival of glafs-
making at Venice, xciii.
Birch, Dr., quoted, ix.
Birdwood, Dr., quoted, Ixviii.
Biringuccio quoted, lxxxvi, cv, cvi.
Birka, city of, Add*, clviii.
Bj'orko, glafs found in Island of, Add*, clviii.
Blaauw, W. H., quoted, cxxxiv.
Blacas, Due de, difcovers pavement at Rome,
xliii.
Bohemian glafs manufaaure, xcii, exxv.
Bologna, glafs furnace at, lxxviii.
Bonaffe, quoted, Add", clix.
Boniface, Ep. ed. Giles, quoted, exxii.
Bontemps, M., quoted, iv, ¦/, cxiii.
Borbonico, Mufeo, vafe in, xix, xxx, xxxi.
Bofe d'Antic, M., quoted, cxliii.
Boucau, Jehan, his name on infcription on
drinking-glafs, ex.
Bowes, Sir Jerome, obtains patent for glafs-
making, exxxviii.
Boyle, Mr. F., quoted, xiii.
Brahminabad, glafs fragments found at, Ixviii.
Brefcia, Croce Magna at, xxxvii.
Breflau, glafs cup in mufeum at, lxvli ; glafs
ground at, exxvi.
Briati, Giufeppe, introduces Bohemian method
of glafs-making at Venice, xcii ; excels in
' mirrors, chandeliers, &c., xcii, xciii, xcvii.
Brief, Pierre, writes to Cecil for permiffion to
erea Venetian glafs-works in England,
exxxvii.
Brighton, lumps of coloured glafs found on
fhore at, exxix.
Britifh Mufeum, drinking-glafs in, xcii (note) ;
glafs ewer in, cxii ; glafs veffel in, lix ; Mr.
Roach Smith's colleaion of glafs fragments,
exxviii ; glafs difks in, Add", clvi.
Brocquiere, Berlrandon de la, vifits Murano,
lxxix, lxxxii.

Broken glafs at Rome, xlvi.
Brotonne, glafs fragment found at, cviii,
Bruffels, glafs made at, cxx.
Buckholt, remains of glafs furnace, excavated
at, exxviii.
Buckingham, Duke of, glafs works of, cxiii.
Buckmann, Profeffor, analyfis of beads found
in tumuli, xiv, exxvii.
Buddha, alms-pot of, cxlvii.
Bupolin, Signor D., begins revival of glafs-
making at Venice, xciii.
Burghley, Lord, letter from Bifhop of Chi-
chefter, exxxviii.
Burtt, Mr., quoted, lxxxviii (note).
Burty, M., quoted, lxxxvii, and note.
Bufot, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.
Byzantine glafs, lv.

Cadalfo, glafs made at, cxv, cxvi, cxvii.
Calais, glafs decorations of the theatre at the
time of the conference between Francis I .
Charles V., and Henry VIII., cxix.
Calliftus, cemetery of, xxxiv, xxxviii.
Cameo glaffes, xix, xxix, xxxii, lix.
Candidus, quoted, exxi.
Carre, glafs-maker, eftablifbes glafs houfes in
Suffex and London, exxxviii.
Cafiiodorus, letter to the Tribunes of Venice,
lxxiv.
Caefarea taken, Ix.
Cebreros, glafs made at, cxvi.
Cecchetti, Signor, his Monographia quoted,
lxxiii, Ixxv-lxxix, xciii, xcvii, xcix-cv.
Cervello, glafs made at, cxv.
Cervio, Vincenzo, quoted, xc.
Chardin quoted, lxix, lxx.
Charlemagne, glafs fent to, lix ; Verre de,
lxvii.
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, inventory
of, lxxxii (note).
Charles V. of France, glafs mentioned in his
inventory, lxvi, cxviii.
Charnock, Thomas, quoted, cxxxiv.
Charter for glafs-makers in France, ex.
Chartres, mufeum at, lxvii.
Chaffiffiers, Add*, clix.
Chateaudun, abbey of, lxvii.
Chemifts' definition of glafs, Add", x, civ.
Cherefeddin, hiftorian of Timour Beg, lxvii
(note).

General Index.

209

Chinefe glafs, cxlv-cliii ; faid to be elaftic, cl ;
fnuff-bottles, cl, clii.
Chofroes I., lxi,
Cicogna, quoted, lxxx.
Clavijo, quoted, lx, lxvi.
Claudian, epigram of, li.
Cocco, Nicolo, petitions for leave to fell alum,
xcix.
Cochet, Abbe, quoted, cviii.
Colbert writes to ambaffador at Venice for
glafs-workers, cxiii ; unites two mirror fac
tories, cxiii,
Colchefter, glafs probably made at, cxxxi,
cxxxii.
Cold Harbour, glazier's bills for repair of,
cxxxiii (note).
Cologne, glafs made at, xlvii, cxxiii ; ancient
glafs found at, cxxi ; windows made at,
cxxiii.
Comarmont, M., quoted, cvii.
Conftantine VII., lix.
Conftantine Porphyro-genitus, lx.
Conftantinople taken by Crufaders, lvi.
Cooke, Mr., colleaion of Venetian glafs,
lxxxix (note).
Coquerel, M., quoted, cxii.
Cordova, mofque at, lv.
Correr Mufeum, fee Venice.
Corfini, Princefs Eleanora, her glafs bottle,
Ixviii.
Cofmati, family of, their fkill in glafs-making,
Ixxi.
Cour des Aides at Paris, arret refpeaing glafs-
makers, cxii.
Cracow, S. Adalbert at, glafs vafe' at, lviii.
Criftaleri, corporation of, fufed with the bead-
makers, cii.
Criftallai, lxxvi.
Crutched Friars in London, Yenetian glafs firft
made there, cxxxvi.
Cuenca, glafs furnace at, cxiv.
Cufic infcriptions on glafs, lvii, lviii, lxi.
Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, cxxix.
Cunningham, General, opens the tope at Ma-
nikyala, Ixviii.
Currie (or Quarre), Jean, writes to Cecil for
permiffion to ere£t a Venetian glafs-houfe at
Windfor, cxxxvii.
Ctefias, quoted. See Add", clvi.
Cuthbert (Husetbart), Abbot of Jarrow letter
to the Bifhop of Mainz, cxxii, exxx

D.
Dalechamps, quoted, Add*, clix.
Damafcus, glafs manufaaure at, lxvi ; city
facked by Timour Beg, lxvii.
Dandolo, Jacopo, mafter of Venetian galley,
obtains leave from Richard II. to fell glafs,
lxxix. -
Daru, quoted, lxxxiii.
Davy, Sir H., quoted, xii, xv.
De Blainville, quoted, lix.
De Lannoy, Cornelius, glafs-maker, cxxxvii.
Deville, M., quoted, x.
Denis, S., treafury of, oval mafs of green
glafs, called the Mirror of Virgil, cxii.
Denny, Sir Anthony, lxxxviii.
Depping, quoted, Ixxv.
Derby, Mr., quoted, Add", clviii.
Defiderius, Abbot of Monte Caffino, fends to
Conftantinople for workers in Mofaic, lxxi,
lxxiii.
Deville, Mr., engraving of lamp, xxxii.
Diodorus Siculus, quoted, Add*, clvii.
Doppelmayr, quoted, exxv (note).
Douai, mufeum at, lxvii.
Drageoir with the arms of Charles VIII., cix.
Drefden, Japanefe palace at, vafe and plates of
the Rouen fabric, cxii (note) ; glafs Wein-
hahn, cxxiii.
Drovetti, Signor, quoted, ix.
Duhaldc, quoted, cxlvi (note), cxlix.
Duma-Graidh, chalice of glafs at, cxiv.
Djankou, Chinefe glafs faid to be made there,
cxlviii.

Eaftern glafs, Iv.
Edenhall, luck of, lxvii ; Mufgrave of, lxvii.
Egyptian glass, vii, ix, lxi, lxii.
Egyptian monks buried in Difert Ulidh, cxliv.
Eigilis, Abbot of Fulda, metrical life of, cxxi.
El Edrifi, quoted, cxlvii, cxlviii.
Elizabeth, S., of Hungary, lxvii.
Emerald table taken at Toledo, Add*, clviii.
England, Venetian glafs imported into, xci.
„ glafs manufaaure in, xcii, exxvii,
cxiv.
Epidaurus, piaure at, Add", clvii.
Eraclius, treatife of, lxxi, lxii.
Effenwein, quoted, lix.
Eulph-ya, ancient Chinefe dictionary, quoted,
cxlvi.

39°57.

210

General Index.

Evelyn's diary, quoted, cxiii.
Eye-glafTes, xcvii. F.
Faltare, confuls of the art of glafs-making at,
cvii, cix.
Fatimite Caliphs of Egypt, lxi, lxii.
Felix Faber, of Ulm, brother, lxxxii.
Ferguffon, quoted, Ixviii.
Ferrara, glafs furnace at, lxxviii.
" Fialai," or " Fioleri," lxxvi.
Filiafi, quoted, cviii.
Fillon, M,, quoted, cvii, cviii, cix.
Firmus, houfe of, fee Glafs wall pieces.
Fitzroy, Admiral, quoted, Add*, clviii.
Flint glafs created by the Englifh, cxii, cxiii.
Florio, John, quoted, cvi (note).
Fond, M., quoted, cxi.
Fontaine du Houx, cxi.
"Fornafieri," lxxvi.
Fortunatus, liv.
Fortunatus, Bifhop of Poitiers, cviii.
Fofcari, Alvife, Doge of Venice, xcvii.
Foffe de Nantes, glafs-works, eftablifhed by
Saroda, cix.
France, glafs manufaaure in, xcii, cvii-cxiii.
„ under Merovingian
dynafty, cviii.
Francois, Rene (chaplain to Louis XIII.)
quoted, lxxxvii.
Franks, A. W., quoted, viii, lxxv (note) ; claffi-
fication of Murano glafs, xciv.
Frenchmen, two, imprifoned for bringing
French glafs into the Low Countries, cxx.
Frederick IV,, Emperor, glafs vafe prefented
to, lxxxii (and note).
Fro, Front, or Frontiniana, glafs-maker's mark,
cviii.
Fuller, quoted, cxxxiv.

Galgacus, glafs-maker's mark, cviii,
Gallo, Andrea and Domenico dal, petition for
the exclufive right to make glafs mirrors,
xcix.
Garucci, Padre, quoted, xxxv, xxxxvii.
Garzoni, quoted, xcviii, cvi.
Gayangos, Don Pafcual de. &e Add*, clviii.
Genoa, Sacro Catino, lx.
Germany, glafs in, cxxi-cxxvii,
Geffert, M. A., quoted, cxxiii,
GheUa, Add*, clix.

Giorgio (11 Ballerino) Venetian glafs-worker,
lxxx.
" Giuftizieri Vecchi," c.
Glain Neidr, Add*, clvi.
Glafs, ancient, furnaces at Avila, Bufot, Olleria,
Rio Almanzora, Salinas, Segovia, To
ledo, Tortofa, cxiv.
„ antique, found in Normandy and Poitou,
cviii.
„ Arabian, lxi, lxii.
„ architeaural decorations in, ufed by
Greeks, xvii.
„ at Herculaneum, analyfed, iii.
„ at Memphis, analyfed by Profeffor John,
xii, xxv.
,, Avanturine, xci, xcv.
„ bead-makers, Venetian, two clafles of,
ciii-cv.
„ beads, xiii; at Venice, ci-cvj found
in tumulus, analyfed, xiv ; found in
Ireland, cxliv ; in Syria, ciii ; pierced in
Germany, ci, cii ; procefs of making,
ciii, civ.
„ Bohemian, fee Bohemian.
„ bottles found in walls of churches, cxxxii ;
Add*, dx.
„ bracelets, made in St. Thomas, lxix.
„ bufts and figures in relief, xiii.
„ cameos, xl, xii, cxliii.
„ chemical compofition of, ii, iii.
„ Chinefe, Ixviii, cxlv-cliii.
„ circular medallions with Med ufa's head,
xii.
„ clafles of, two, i.
„ claflification of, ii.
„ coffin of prophet Daniel, lxiv.
„ coloured, iv, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, lxxi, cliii.
,> ,i Bontemp's remarks on, iv, v.
» » Klaproth's analyfis of, v, xxiv.
„ „ on fhore at Brighton, cxxix.
i, » Pliny's notice of, xxii, xxiii.
„ colours of, whence obtained, iv.
„ conftituents of, i ; defcribed by Pliny,
xxi, xxii ; by Strabo, xxii.
„ cover, green, from Amfterdam, cxviii.
„ crackled, xcv.
„ cut, xxxix, xcii ; found at Porto, xxxix ;
defcribed by Cav. de Roffi, xxxix, xl.
„ different countries, of, refemblance in,
vii. .
„ difcovery of, Pliny's legend, viii,
„ dilks, Add", clvi, clvii, clix.
„ drinking, in Britifh Mufeum, with three
penny bit in the ftem, xcii (note).

General Index.

211

Glafs, Egyptian, fee Egyptian.
„ enamelled, xxxiv, xciv, cix.
„ „ cup of, xxxiv, xxxv.
,. Englifh, fee Englifh.
,, „ lead ufed in, cxii.
„ engraved, exxv, exxvii.
„ filigree, xcvi.
„ flint, fee Flint.
„ foreign, importation into England for
bidden, exxxviii, cxi.
„ French, xcii, cvii-cxiii.
„ gourd, fupported on fnails, exxxiii.
„ houfe of Alexander the Great, Add*, cix.
„ Indian, fee Indian.
„ infcribed, earlieft fpecimen of, ix.
,, intaglios, xl, xii.
„ iridefcent, Add*, dv.
,, Italian, fee Italian.
,, Japanefe, fee Japanefe.
„ Jewifh, fee Jewifh.
, lace, fee filigree.
„ lamps, lxv, cxvi, exxxii.
lanterns, for gallies and lighthoufes,
lxxviii.
„ lens, found at Nineveh, 1 ; at Pompeii, 1.
„ low price of, in France., ex.
„ lumps to avert lightning, Add*, clviii.
., malleable, Petronius Arbiter's ftory about,
Iii ; Pliny's do., Iii.
„ manipulation of, v ; Pliny on, xxix.
„ marbled, fee Schmelz, cix.
„ measures, lxxvii. Add*, clviii.
„ millefiori./ee Millefiori.
„ mirrors, xlviii, xlix, lxx, xcii, xciii, xcviii,
xcix, c, cxiii, cxvi.
,, „ in the Louvre, c.
„ „ made at Murano, xcix, c, ci ; at
Nuremburg, xcviii ; in England,
ci, cxi, cxiii ; in France, ci,
cxiii ; in the Low Countries,
cxix.
„ „ value of, fent to France, ...
„ „ Venetian, xcix, c.
„ mirror-makers of Murano, form into a
corporation, c.
„ Mofaic, fee Mofaic.
„ moulded decorations on, xxxviii.
„ CSnochse, xv.
,, opalefcent, cix.
„ green, oval mafs of, in the Treafury of
S. Denis, cxii.
„ pail with lions' heads, engraved by Fillon,
cix, ex.
„ pavements, xliii ; teffelated, xlv.
39057. '

Glafs, Perfian,/e<; Perfian.
„ Phalera, xii.
„ Phoenician, fee Phomician.
„ piaorial, procefs of making, xxxvi.
„ „ Padre Garucci on, xxxv,
xxxvii.
„ reticulated, fee Filigree.
„ rings imported at Damm, lxxviii.
„ Romance Roman.
,, faucer of crimfon, made at St. Peters
burg, cliii.
„ farcophagus of Alexander the Great, xi
(note).
,, Spanifh, fee Spanifh.
„ Syrian, fie Syrian.
„ tower off coaft of Ireland, legend of, fee
Add*, cix.
„ Venctian,/ee Venetian.
„ veffels at a banquet at Mantua, xc ; in
the form of animals, Ixxxvii.
veffels found in graves, exxix, exxx.
„ wall of mofque at Damafcus, lxiii.
„ wall-pieces, xliii, xliv.
„ earlieft inftance of, in theatre
of M. Scaurus, xliv.
,, in the houfe of Firmus, xliv.
,, „ in the houfe of Junius Baffus,
xlv.
„ weights, lxxvii ; Add", clviii.
„ windows, xlvii, xlviii, I, liv, lv, lxxi,
lxxii, cxii, cxxiii, exxx, exxxii.
„ coloured glafs in, liv, cxxiii.
Glafs-blowing, reprefented in painting, vi, ix.
Glaffes holding relics, exxxii.
„ magnifying, ufed by the Romans, xlix.
„ tranfparent, diftinaion between " cris-
tallini " and " communi," lxxx,
lxxxi#
Glafs-makers in France in France obtain privi
lege of nobility, cxi.
Glafs-makers' marks, xxxviii, cviii.
Glafs-making in Arabia, China, England,
Egypt, Flanders, France, Ger
many, Holland, Ireland, Italy,
Perfia, Scotland, Spain, Syria.
See under each.
,, MS. treatife on, publifhed by
Milanefe, lxxxv, lxxxvi, xcviii,
cv.
Glafs-painting for windows at Venice, lxxix ;
in Germany, cxxiii ; in Spain, cxvii.
Glafs-workers, Venetian, corporation of, placed
under the jurifdiaion of the Council of
Ten, lxxxiii.

212

General Index.

Glafs-works in Almaket, Almeria, Antioch,
Antwerp, Barcelona, Bezu-le-Foret, Bologna,
Briftol, Bruffels, Burgundy, Cadalfo, Cebre-
ros, Cervello, Colchefter, Cologne, Cuenca,
Damafcus, Djankou, Faltare, Ferrara, Flo
rence, Fofl'e de Nantes, Greenwich, Haye
de Neufmarche, La Ferriere, La Granja,
Lambeth, La Rochelle, Liege, Lille, Lon
don, Lorraine, Mantua, Mataro, Mezieres,
Milan, Milford Haven, Murano, Nantes,
Nevers, Newcaftle-on-Tyne, New Sur, Nor
mandy, Nuremberg, Padua, Paris, Par-
thenay, Pekin, Poitou, Potsdam, Prague,
Provence, Purbeck, Ratifbon, Ravenna,
Recuenco, Refpin, Rome, Rouen, St. Ger-
main-en-Laye, St. Gobain, San Ildefonfo,
San Martin de Valdeiglefias, Shan-tung,
Shiraz, Smyrna, Suffex, Theffalonica, Torre
de Efteban, Tour-la-ville, Trevifo, Valde
maquada, Vendrennes, Venice, Verona,
Vicenza, Villafranca, Vosges, Windfor. See
under each.
Godi, Don Paolo, of Pergola, Venetian glafs-
maker, lxxx.
Goeze, Profeffor, quoted, lxi (note).
Goffuin de Vieuglife, glafs-maker of Lille,
cxviii.
Gourdon, chalice found at, liii.
Gracioxo (Difperato), Muranefe glafs-maker
in London, petitions the Council of Ten,
cxxxv.
Greek fire thrown in vafes by Saracens, lxiii,
exxxviii.
„ workmen fent to France to work in
glafs, cviii.
Greene, John, of Holborn, glafs-merchant,
xci.
Greenwich, glafs made at, cxiii.
Gregory of Tours, liv.
Grelot, quoted, lxx.
Gridolphi, Philippe de, obtains leave to imitate
Venetian mirrors, cxix.
rofse, Herr, quoted, cxxiii.
Grbfse, quoted, cxii (note).
Gueft, Dr., quoted, exxix.
Guicciardini, quoted, cxix.
Guichard, Robin 'and Lchan, glafs-makers in
Normandy, cxi.
Guionet obtains part of the foreft of Cham-
borant for glafs-works, ex.
Guy de Rouffillon, prefents glafs cup to
Henry III., lxvi.

H.
Hackluyt, Richard, Englifh glafs on expedition
to difcover Cathay, exxxviii.
Hadrian, letter to Servianus, xi ; fends him two
cups,7«e Add*, clvi. .
Halliwell, quoted, cxxuv.
Hamezel, Balthazar and Thomas de, from
Vofges, teach glafs-making in England,
cxxxvii.
Haffan, Sultan, mofque of, Ixv.
Hawkins, Sir John, quoted, lxix.
Haye de Neufmarche, glafs furnace at, cxi,
Hemifphere and ftars in glafs, 1, 11.
" Henricus faaor vitrorum " at Cologne,
cxxiii.
Henry III. of England, his glafs cup, lxvi.
Henry IV., his glafs of Alexandria, lxvi.
Henry, Emperor, his glafs of Alexandria, exxii.
Henry IV. of France, permits two glafs-
workers to fix themfelves at Rouen, cxii ;
eftablifhes glafs-works at Paris and Nevers,
cxii.
Henry VIII., glafs articles in his inventory,
lxxxviii, lxxxix, cxxxiv.
Heraclius, recipe for making glafs, cxii.
Hermias, tomb of, xvii.
Herodotus, quoted, xi. See Add", clvi.
Holland, glafs-making in, exxvi.
Houdoy, M., quoted, cxviii, cxix, exx,
Howard, Philip, feeks renewal of Manfel's
patent, cxi.
Howell, James, fteward to Venetian glafs-houfe
in London, cxxxix.
Hugh, King of Italy, lx.
Huguenot gentlemen take refuge in glafs-
works and are fent to the galleys, cxii.
Humbert, Dauphin of Viennois, grants part of
the foreft of Chamborant for glafs-works, ex.

I.

Ibn Tayyan, quoted, Add", clviii.
Indian glafs, Ixviii.
Intaglios and cameos of glafs, xl. xii.
Inventory of Charles the Bold, lxxxii (note).
„ Charles V. of France, cxviii,
„ Henry VIII., lxxxviii.
„ Margaret of Auftria, cxix.
„ Margaret, Duchefs of Richmond,
cxxxiv.
„ Robert, Earl of Leicefter, cxxxv.

General Index.

213

Ireland, glafs made in, cxi, cxliii, cxliv.
Irene, Emprefs, lix.
Ifidore of Seville, quoted, liv, cxiv.
Ifc-la Farnefe, glafs pavement at, xliii.
Ifpahan, Shah's drinking hall at, lxx.
Italian glafs, lxx-cvii.
Ivory boxes, lviii.

J-

Jacquemart, M., quoted, exxv ; Add", clvii.
Japanefe glafs, cli, ciii.
Jean Maria dell' acqua is offered the poft of
mafter of Scotch glafs-works, cxxxix.
Jehangire, Emperor, treafures of, lxix.
Jerome, St., liv.
Jerufalem, glafs over piaures at, lxiii.
Jewifh glafs, lxxii, cxii.
John, Profeflbr, analyfis of glafs, xii, xxv.
Johnfon, Dr. Samuel, quoted, Add*, civ.
Julius, Alexander, of Carthage, glafs-worker,
infcription to him at Lyons, cvii.
Junius Baffus,y« Glafs, wall-pieces.
Juftinian I., Iv.
Juftinian II., Iv, lxii.
Juvenal, quoted, cxvii.

K.
Kalendar of the Exchequer Treafury of Ed
ward III., mention of glafs bottles
and lamps in, exxxii, exxxiii.
„ of the Exchequer Treafury of
Henry IV., lxvi (note).
Keil, Rev. E., quoted, exxix.
Keller, Dr., quoted, cxliv.
Keyll, Johann, glafs painting figned by, cxxiv.
Keyfler, quoted, lix.
Khankou, cxlviii.
Kibla, mofaics of the, lv, lxii.
Kien-lung, Emperor, glafs bearing name of,
ciii.
King, Mr., on genuinenefs of intiglios, xii.
Klaproth's analyfis of glafs, 1, cxii.
Kom, windows in tomb at, lxix.
Kugler's Handbook of Painting, quoted, lxii.
Kunckel, John, brings ruby glafs to perflation,
exxvi (and note).

Labarte, quoted, xiv, lv, lvi, lviii, lix (note), lx,
lxiv, lxxxii (note), xevi, cxii, cxiv, cxxiv,
cxlviii.
Laborde, quoted, lxvi (note), cxviii.
Laaantius, quoted, liv.
La Ferriere, glafs works at, cviii.
La Granja, manufaaory of chandeliers, mirrors,
engraved glafs at, cxvi.
La Lande, M. de, quoted, xci.
Lallaing, Comte de, obtains leave to make
plates of glafs for mirrors, cxix.
Lambeth, glafs-works at, cxiii.
Lambot, Diodonet, director of glafs-works at
San Martin de Valdeiglefias, cxvi.
Lamps, enamelled, in mofques, lxv ; other, cxvi,
exxxii.
Lapis Alabandicus, Add*, clvii.
La Rochelle, glafs-works at, cix.
Lazari, Signor, quoted, Ixxv, lxxx, lxxxi, lxxxiii,
xcii, xcvii.
Le Grand d'Auffy, quoted, ex (note), cxii.
Lehmann, Cafper, lapidary and glafs-cutter to
Rudolph IL, exxv.
Leicefter, Robert, Earl of, inventory of, cxxxv.
Leo III., liv.
Leopold, Emperor, lxxxiv.
Le Vaillant de la Fieffe, M., quoted, cxi.
„ Pierre, obtains letters patent from
Charles VIII., cxi.
Liddell, Thomas, of Newcaftle, fells flacketts
of glafs, cxxxix (note).
Liegej glafs-works at, cxx.
Lieou-li, Chinefe glafs, cxlvi, cxlix.
Lille, glafs-works at, cxviii.
Lingfield church, Add", cix.
Linfchoten, John Huighen van, voyage of,
lxix.
Liutprand, quoted, lx.
Llywarch Hen, Welfh poet, exxxi.
London, glafs-works in, exxxvi, exxxviii,
cxxxix.
Longe, George, petition for new patent for
glafs-making, cxxxvii.
Lorenzo Tiepolo, Doge, lxxvii.
Lorraine, glafs-works in, cxiii.
Louis le Debonnaire, his diploma quoted, cviii.
Louvre, mofaic glafs in the, xxviii.
Low Countries, glafs made in the, exviii-exxi.
„ importation of Venetian glais
forbidden, cxix.

214

General Index.

Lucas, Louis, faid to have invented the procefs
of cafting glafs, cxiii.
„ Richard, Sieur de Nehon, owner of
mirror factory at Tour-la-ville, cxiii.
Lullo, Bimop of Mainz, cxxii.
Lully, Raymond, quoted, xcviii.
Lutterworth, glafs phial found in the church
wall of, exxxii.
Lyons, " Mufee Lapidaire" at, infcription in,
cvii.

M.
Magellan, voyage of, lxix, c.
Magniac, Mr., lamp in the colleaion of, lxv.
Magnes lapis, xxi (note) .
Maguelonne, materials for Venetian glafs
brought from, cvi.
Mahawanfo, the, quoted, Add", clviii, clix.
Manikyala, tope at, Ixviii.
Manfel, Sir R., procures glafs-makers from
Mantua, cvii. cxi ; obtains patent for glafs-
making, exxxviii, cxxxix, cxiii.
Mantua, glafs-works at, lxxviii, cxi.
Marco, Maftro, paints windows for church of
the Frari at Venice, lxxix.
Marco Terribile, Muranefe glafs-maker in
London, petitions the Council of Ten,
cxxxv.
Margaret of Auftria, glafs articles in her in
ventory, cxix.
„ Countefs of Flander6, tariff for im
ported goods, lxxviii.
„ Duchefs of Richmond, inventory of,
cxxxiv.
" Margaritai," lxxvi, ci, ciii, civ (and note).
Margaritone of Arezzo, piaure by, lxxviii.
" Mariegola dei phioleri de Muran," quoted,
lxxvi, xcvii, c, ci.
Marineus Siculus quoted, cxv.
Martial, quoted, xlvi. Add", clviii.
Martino da Canale, quoted, lxxvii.
Mataro, glafs-works at, cxv.
Matthelius, quoted, xcvii.
Matthew Paris, quoted, lxiii.
Mayhew, Rev. Mr., glafs objeas exhibited by
him, cxxxix.
Meade, Mr. Spencer, quoted, fee Add*, clvii.
Meafures, lxxvii. Add*, clviii.
Medicis, Marie de, mirror prefented to her, c.
Memphis, glafs found at, analyfis of, xii, xxv.
Merrett, Dr. Chriftopher, tranflates Neri's
Treatife on Glafs, exxvi, cxii.

Merrifield, Mrs., quoted, lxxii, lxxv.
Merlo, quoted, cxxiii.
Mezieres, glafs-works at, cxx.
Mieris, glafs depiaed in his piaures, cxx.
Milan, glafs-works at, cvii.
Milanefe publifhes MS. treatife on glafs-
making, Ixxxvi.
Milet, M., quoted, cxi.
Milford Haven, glafs-works at, cxxxix.
Millefiori glafs, procefs of making, lxxiii,
Ixxxvi, xcv.
Minutoli, Von, quoted, v, xii.
Miotti, Capt. Anthoine, petitions Philip IV.
of Spain for leave to make Venetian
glafs, cvii, cxx.
„ family, invent Avanturine glafs, xci.
Mifson, M. Max, quoted, Add*, clix.
Molini, Francefco, Doge, his coin inclofed in
the ftem of a goblet, xcii.
Mongarda, Ambrofio de, glafs-maker, obtains
the privilege of imitating Venetian mirrors,
cxix.
Montfaucon, quoted, lxiv.
Monza, fapphire cup at, lx.
Morelli, Signor Aleflio, Venetian correipondent
of an Englifh glafs-merchant, xci.
Mofaic glafs, fee Millefiori.
„ work in Central Italy, lxxi.
Mofaics at Murano, lxxiii.
„ St Mark's, lxxiii, lxxiv, lxxv,
xcvii.
„ Torcello, lxxiii.
Mota, Jean, the only glafs-maker at Murano
that made mirrors, xciii.
Murano, archives at, lxxvi.
,, commune of, has privilege of coining
medals, xci.
„ Giovanni di, glafs-worker, is per
mitted by the Great Council to
make coloured glafs for windows,
lxxix ; and " fmalti,'' xcvii.
„ glals beads made at, c-cv.
,, glafs, claflification of, xciv.
„ „ made at, lxxvii, lxxix, lxxx,
lxxxi, lxxxiii, xciii.
„ mirrors made at, xcix, c, ci.
„ mirror-makers, form themfelves into
a corporation, c.
„ ftatuto di, lxxxiii.
Murcia renowned for glafs, &c ., Add", clix.
Murray's Handbook for Switzerland and Pied
mont, xc.
Murrhine, defcribed by Pliny, xxii, xxiii.
" Murrhina vafa," Ixxxv.

General Index.

215

Mufgrave of Edenhall, lxvii.
Mufee de la porte de Hal, glafs having the
arms of Antwerp, cxxi.
Muteo, Thefeo, glafs-maker eftablifhed at St.
Germain-en-Laye by Henry II., cxii.
Mycenae, glafs found at, vii (note) . Add*, clvi.

N.
Nafiterna, Add", clvii.
Nafir Ibn Khufru, Safarnamah of, lxiii.
Nantes, edia of revocation, drives glafs-workers
to England, cxliii.
Nara, glafs ewer in treafury at, cli, ciii.
Neckam, Alex., quoted, Add*, clix.
Nennius, quoted, Add*, cix.
Neri's Treatife on Glafs, quoted, lxxv (note),
cxxvii (and note).
Nero, his ufe of an emerald as a lens, 1.
Nevers, glafs works at, cxii.
Newcaftle-on-Tyne, glafs-works at, cxxxix.
New Sur, glafs made at, lxiii.
Newton, Mr., quoted, xvii, fee Add", clvii.
Nicolo goes to Milan to paint windows for the
Duomo, lxxix.
Nigel Wereker, fatirical poem by, lxxii (note).
Nineveh, lens found at, 1.
„ vafe found at, xiii.
Nuremberg, mirrors made at, xcviii.

o.
Obando, Don Ant., revives glafs-making at
Cadalfo, cxvi.
Obfidian, i.
Odilo, St., Abbot of Fulda, life of, quoted, lxii,
cxxii.
Olleria, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.
Ofelle Muranefe, xci, xcii (and note), enclofed
in glaffes, xcii.
Ofirtasen I., vi, ix.
Ou-ti, emperor, his manufaaory of glafs, cxlvi.

P.
Padua, glafs furnace at, lxxviii.
Painters on glafs in Spain, cxvii.
Paliffy, quoted by Sauzay, cxi.
Paris, Bibliotheque Imperiale, lx.
,, ,, Nationale, lxi.
Paris, Faubourg S. Antoine, company for
making mirrors eftablifhed at, cxiii.

Paris, Matthew, fee Matthew.
Parthenay, glafs works at, ex.
" Paternoftreri," ci, ciii, civ.
Paulo, Jeronimo, quoted, cxv.
Paufanias, quoted, fee Add*, clvi.
Paufias, pic t im- by, fee Add", clvi.
Pecham, John, on mirrors, xcviii.
Pekin, glafs-works at, cxlix ; vafe with crack
and rivets imitated at, ciii.
Peligot, M., quoted, xci, xcv, c, cvi, cxiii, cxii.
Penruddock, Arundel, widow of John, feeks a
patent for glafs-making, cxi.
Periplus Maris Erythrsi, xi, Add*, clvii.
" Perlai," lxxvi, ciii.
Perfian glafs, lxi, lxix, lxx.
Petrus Flavianus (or Flabanicus) glafs-worker,
lxxiv, lxxv.
Philip, Duke of Burgundy, payment for glafs,
cxviii.
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, payment
for glafs, cxviii.
Phillips, R., analyfis of glafs, iii.
Phoenician glafs, vii.
Pigafetta, voyage with Magellan, glafs mir
rors taken on, lxix, c.
Pinner's Hall, Broad Street, London, fite of
Venetian glafs houfe, cxxxix.
Plato, quoted, Add", clvi.
Pliny, quoted, viii, xii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxix,
1, Iii, liii, Ixviii, cvii, cxiii, cxiv. Add*, clviii.
Pococke, Dr., quoted, exxvi, cxliii.
Poitiers, Abbefs of Ste. Croix, glafs tribute paid
to, cviii.
Poitou, glaff-making in, cviii.
Pompeii, houfe of the Faun at, xiii, xlviii.
„ pavement at, xliii.
Poole, Mr., quoted, lxv.
Portland vafe, xviii, xxi, xxix, xxx, xxxi.
Porto, engraved glafs found at, xxxix.
" Portus Vitreariae," a bound-mark in " Pays
d'Herbauges," cviii.
Po-fhan-hien, modern glafs works at, cl, cli.
Potafh, i, ii, iii, xiv, cxvii, exxxii, cxii. Add*.
clix.
Potfdam, glafs-works at, exxvi.
Prague, glafs-works at, exxv.
Prifm, effea of, known to Seneca, 1.
Provence, glafs works in, ex.
" Provveditori di Comun,'- c.
Prudde, John, of Weftminfter, covenants to
execute windows of Beauchamp chapel at
Warwick, exxxiii.
Purbeck, glafs-works at, cxxxix.
Purchas' Pilgrimes, quoted, lxix, cxlviii.

2l6

General Index.

R.
Radi, Signor Lorenzo, carries on revival of
glafs-making at Venice, xciii.
Raper, Mr. A. W., his defcription of glafs
furnace excavated at Buckholt, exxviii.
Ratifbon, glafs works at, exxv.
" Rafhim," meaning of, lxv.
Ravenna, glafs-works at, lxxviii.
Rawlinfon, Sir H., quoted, viii.
Recuenco, glafs works at, cxvi.
Redor (or Roder) Vincenzo, introduces manu
faaure of mirrors at Venice, xcix.
Reichenau, abbey of, glafs-flab in, lix, cxii.
Rhodes, glafs found at Ialyffos in, fee Add*, clvi.
Riaiio, Senor Juan, quoted, cxiv, cxvi, cxvii.
Ricci, Father, gives a glafs prifm to the
Chinefe, cxlviii.
Richard II. allows fome Venetian fhips to fell
glafs in the port of London, lxxix.
Rico y Sinobas, Seflor, quoted, cxiv, cxvii.
Rio Almanzora, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.
Rifpen, Potsdam works removed to, exxvi.
Robertet, Add*, clix.
Robertus Vitrearius, cviii.
Rogers, Mr. E. T., quoted, Add", clviii.
Roman glafs, xviii.
„ for mirrors, xlviii, xlix, fee Glafs,
„ for windows, Jee Glafs.
Romanus II. , lv, lxii,
Romanus, L., lx.
Rome, Palazzo Albani, glafs, Mofaic, in, xlv.
„ S. Andrea in Catabarbara, xlv.
„ S. Praffede, windows in, liv.
„ Rouen, vafe found in tomb near, xlvii.
Roffi, Cav. de, quoted, xxxviii, xxxix, xl.
Rothfchild, Ba^on, Byzantine cup, lv ; glafs
veffels in colleaion of, xxxiii, lxiv. Add".
clvii.
Rouen, glafs-works at, cxii.
Rudolph II., Emperor, exxv.
Ruricius, Bifhop of Limoges, quoted, cviii.
S.-
Sabellico, Marcantonio Coccio, quoted, lxxxiv,
lxxxvii, xcvi.
Sacro Monte at Varallo, oratories there, Ixxxix,
xc.
St. Germain-en-Laye, glafs-works at, cxii.
St. Gobain, mirror faaory removed to, cxiii.
St. John Baptift Church, Conftantinople, lx.
St. Louis, Add", clix.
St. Lucia, glafs lamp of, exxxii.
St. Mark, Venice, treafury of, lvi, lxiv. Add*.
clix.

St. Mary of Sardenaye, glafs bottle containing
oil of, exxxii.
St. Maurice, Abbey of, Add", clix.
St. Sophia, windows of, liv, lv.
St. Thomas the Martyr, his blood in a glafs
bottle, exxxii.
Salinas, Ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.
Salonina, Emprefs, cheated with falfe gems, xl.
Salviati, Comm., introduces modern imitations
of ancient Venetian glafs, xciii.
„ Fabriano, praaifes glafs-making in
Poitou, cix.
Samarcand, Timour Beg's camp at, lxvii.
Sandy's travels, quoted, lxxv (note).
San Ildefonfo, glafs made at, cxviii.
San Martin de Valdeiglefias, Venetian glafs,
imitated at, cxvi.
Sarode, glafs-makers in France, cix.
Sartorius, quoted, lxxviii (note).
Sargon, King of Affyria, xiii.
Sauzay, M., quoted, viii, cxi, cxiii.
Savonetti, John, obtains patent to make glafs
at Bruffels, cxx.
Schaffer, Chev. v., Chinefe glafs vafes given
by Prince Kung to, cli.
Schapper. Johann, of Nuremberg, glafs-paint-
ing figned by, cxxiv; engraving on glafs,
exxv.
Schliemann, Dr., quoted, vii. Add*, clvi.
Schmelz, Ixxxv, xcv.
Schwanhard, family of glafs-workers at Prague,
Nuremberg, and Ratifbon, make engraved
glafs, &c, and difcover procefs of etching
by fluoric acid, exxv.
Schwinger, Hermann, glafs engraver at Nu
remberg, exxv.
Scotland, attempt to eftablifh glafs works in,
cxxxix, cxi.
Seneca, effea of a prifm known to, 1.
Segovia, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.
Shan-tung, glafs-making in province of, Ixviii,
cxlvi.
Shaw's Chemiftry of Pottery, cxlvii (note).
Sheikhoo, Emir, his mofque at Cairo, lxv.
Shiraz, glafs made at, lxx.
Sidon, fpecula invented at, xlviii, xlix.
Sinjar, Shah of Perfia, lxiv.
" Siribiti," ciii.
Slade Colleaion, ix, xv, xxv, xxvi, xxxiv,
xlviii, exxvii.
„ blue glafs cup in, lxxxi ;
blue Perfian glafs in, lxix.
„ bottle diapered with birds iri,
lxvi.

General Index.

217

Slade CoUection, coin enclofed in goblet in,
xcii.
„ Egyptian lamp in, lxv.
„ enamelled lamp in, lxv.
„ glafs engraved by Schwinger
in, exxvi,
„ Provencal drinking glaffes
in, ex.
Slingsby, Sir W., obtains patent for making
glafs with fea-coal, exxxviii.
Smith, Mr. Roach Smith's colleaion, quoted,
exxviii, exxx.
Smyrna, glafs made at, lxx.
Soda, i, ii, iii, xiv, cv, cxvii.
Solomon, legend of, in Koran, lxii.
South Kilworth, glafs phial found in the
church wall at, exxxii.
Spain, glafs-making in, cxiii-exviii.
Spata, glafs found at, Add", clvii.
Specchivi, lxxvi.
Speaacles made at Venice, xcviii.
Spina, Aleffandro, xcvii.
Spinabello, " Giudice " of Murano, lxxvii,
lxxviii.
Statutes of corporation of glafs-makers at
Venice, lxxix.
" Stazioneri," lxxvi.
Steen, Jan, glafs depiaed in his piaures, cxx.
Stow's Chronicle, quoted, exxxvi.
Strabo, quoted, xi (note), xiv, exxvii.
Strype, quoted, cxxxix.
Suleyman, table of, Add*, clviii.
" Suppialume," ci, civ.
Suffex, glafs made in, cxxxiv.

Tai-tsou, Emperor, coloured glafs prefented to,
cxlvi.
Tarik, Add*, clviii.
Tegernfee, Abbey of, windows given to it by
Count Arnold, cxxiii.
Terburg, glafs depiaed in his piaures, cxx.
Theodolinda, Queen, lx.
Theophilus, treatife of, lviii, lix (note), lxxi,
lxxii.
Theophraftus' remarks on ftones ufed as mir
rors, 1.
Theffalonica, glafs-works at, lv.
Thevart, Abraham, faid to have invented the
procefs of cafting glafs, cxiii.
Timour Beg, Damafcus facked by, lxvii.
Toledo, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv.

Toledo, glafs lamps in cathedral of, cxvi.
„ painted glafs in cathedral of, cxvii,
,, table found at, Add", clviii.
Tommafino d'Axandrii paints windows for the
Duomo at Milan, lxxix.
Torre de Efteban, Hambroz, glafs made at, cxvi.
Tortofa, ancient glafs furnace at, cxiv,
Tour-la-Ville, mirror faaory eftablifhed at, cxiii.
Treves Cathedral, burnt by the Franks, xlviii.
„ glafs found at, xlviii.
Trevifo, glafs works at, lxxviii.
Triftram, Rev. H. B., quoted, lxiii.
Troglodytes, Add*, clix.
Tudela, Benjamin of, quoted, lxiii, lxiv.
Turner, Hudfon, quoted, exxxi, exxxiii (note),
Tyre, lxiii (and note). u.
Ugnea, or Uznea, cvi (and note),
Ure's Dictionary, i, ii, v, vi.
v.
Valdemaquada, glals works at, cxvi.
Van Lemens joins Anthony Miotti in copying
Venetian glafs, cxx.
Varallo, Sacro Monte at, lxxxix.
Vatinius, Add", clvii.
" Venditori," lxxvi.
Vendrennes, glafs-works eftablifhed by Sarodi
at, cix.
Venetian glafs, compofition of, cv, cvi.
„ different clafles of, lxxvi.
„ imported into the north of
Europe, lxxviii.
„ manufaaure of, lxxiii ; its
revival, xciii.
,, manufaaure of, trade regula
tions of, lxxvi, lxxvii, lxxxiii,
lxxxiv, c,
Venice, archives at, lxxvi.
„ Correr Mufeum at, lxxix, Ixxxi, xcvii.
„ Council of Ten, glafs works under
fpecial jurifdiaion of, lxxxiii.
„ Council of Ten, petitioned by eight
Muranefe glafs-workers in London,
cxxxv.
„ Council of Ten, prohibits the art of
glafs-making being introduced into
foreign countries, lxxxiii, lxxxiv.
,, glafs firft made in England, exxxvi.
„ Great Council of, enaaments with
regard to the marriage of glafs-
makers, lxxix.

2l8

General Index.

Venice, Great Council of, grants the privilege
for making coloured glafs, lxxix,
xcvii.
„ Great Council of, orders that glafs fur
naces ihould be demolished in the
city, lxxvii.
,, Great Council of, petition to, lxxviii,
cvii.
„ Great Council of, prohibits the expor
tation of materials for glafs-making,
lxxvii, lxxviii,
„ St. Mark's, glafs in treafury of, lv, lvi,
lvii, lxiv.
„ St. Mark's, mofaics in, lxxiii, lxxiv,
lxxv, xcvii.
,, St. Mark's, mofaics in, artifts employed
in, lxxv.
"Verieri," lxxvi.
Verona, glafs-works at, cvii.
" Verre de Charlemagne," lxvii.
Verrer, Henry le \
„ Matthew le Lp»>»My glafs-makers of
„ Robert le J Colchefter, cxxxi.
" Verres au moulin," cxxi.
Verus, L. A., his houfe ; fee glafs wall pieces.
Veffaline, Jacob, firft maker of Venetian glafs
in England, exxxvi.
Vicenza, glafs-works at, lxxviii.
Viaor 111., fee Defiderius.
Vidaore, Andrea, firft ufes a blowpipe for bead-
making, civ.
Vienna, glafs in treafury of the cathedral of,
lxvii.
Villafranca, glafs-works at, cxvi.
Vincent, Dr., quoted, xi.
Virgil, quoted, cxii (note) ; mirror of, cxii.
" Vitro di filigrana," xcvi.
" Vitro a ritorti," " a reticelli," fee " di trina."
" Vitro di trina," lxxiii, Ixxxvi, xciii, xcvi.
Vopifcus Vit, Saturn, quoted, Add", clvi.
Vofges, glafs-works at, exxxii.

w.
Wade, Armigill, letter to Sir W. Cecil about
glafs-making, exxxvi, cxxxvii, fee Add*, cix.
Wake, Sir Ifaac, letter about glafs fent from
Venice to the Duchefs of Buckingham, cxi.
Waldchen, exxxiii. (note).
Walid, Caliph, lv, lxii.
Warwick, windows in Beauchamp chapel at,
exxxiii.
Wedgewood, Jofiah, Remarks on Portland
Vafe, xxx, xxxi.
Welfh glafs, cxxxi.
Wereker, Nigel, fatirical poem of, lxxii (note).
Wey, William, Itinerary, quoted, lxxxii.
" Wiederkoms," cxxiii, cxxiv.
Wilde, Sir W., quoted, cxiv.
Wilkinfon, Sir Gardner, quoted, ix, x.
Williamfon, Rev. A., account of modern
Chinefe glafs-works at Pofhan, cl, cli.
Windfor, glafs-works at, cxxxvii.
Wodenfborough, glaffes found at, exxx.
Wood, ufe of, prohibited in glafs-making,
exxxviii.
Worfley, Sir R., MS journal of, cvii.
Wright, German drinking cups engraved by,
cxxi ; quoted, exxix.

Yen-tching, Chinefe glafs made at, cxlix.
Yule's Cathay, quoted, cxlvi, cxlvii.

Zane, Andrea, obtains leave to fell Venetian
glafs in the port of London, lxxix.
Zanetti, Abate, lxxvi, lxxx, xci, xcii, civ.
Zephirinus, Pope, xl, liii, liv.
Zouch, Sir E., obtains patent for glafs-making,

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