¦w .lOlMI linailllllrfliliiiiii jijiniiitiM r LN VEHS 1 L DHAF 1 3 9002 05350 1046 RPiELD "titfr" v«iiiUii6^i*9i»iiiViiuMi-iiiM*iviiUegt in this Colony" Bought v^rith the income of the Class of 1872 Fund iii»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirr'n'Mq!igW''<'i^'''"wr»w ^*- J A. CtARFIEIjD A S BAPJ^IES Sc GO PUE THE LIFE Gen. James A. Garfield. BY J. M. BUNDY. IIjIjXJS'X'^^^^T'EXD . NEW YORK : A. S. BARNES & CO., Ill & 113 William Street. 1880. CopyrigUted, A. S. BARNES &, CO., 1880. ^. C,i ! r.S2 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Garfield's Noble Ancestry 1 CHAPEEU II. " Four Young Saplings " in the Woods of Orange 8 CHAPTEU III. At Geauga Seminary oq CHAPTER IV. Garfield at Hiram 23 CHAPTER V. Garfield at Williams 31 CHAPTER VI. Professor, President, and State Senator 4.^ CHAPTER VII. Garfield, the Citizen Soldier 53 CHAPTER VIII. Garfield in Congress (;7 CHAPTER IX. The Currency Question 7'3 CHAPTER X. Garfield and the Tariff 11-2 CHAPTER XI. Committee Work 121 IV CONTEXTS. PAGE CHAPTEK XII. The Extra Session of 1879 135 CHAPTER XIII. The Louisiana Count and Other Matters 156 CHAPTER XIV. Occasional Speeches IGl CHAPTER XV. Garfield's Career as a Lawyer 170 CHAPTER XVI. Education 187 CHAPTER XVII. Civil Service Reform 193 CHAPTER XVIII. By way of Review 198 CHAPTER XIX. Home Life at Washington and Mentor 217 CHAPTER XX. Conclusion 228 APPENDIX. Garfield's Chicago Convention Speech 233 Garfield's Informal Acceptance 336 Garfield in the Light of Phrenology 237 THE LIFE GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD CHAPTER I. OAnPIEI.D's NOBLE ANCESTRV. " In this world all is relative. Cliaracter itself is the rosnit of innumerable influences, from without and from within, which act unceasingly through life. Who shall estimate the effect of those latent force* enfolded in the spirit of a new-born child— forces that may date back centuries and find their origin in the life and thought and deeds of remote ancestors— forces, the germs of which, en veloped in the awful mystery of life, have been transmitted silently from gener ation lo generation, and never perish ! All-cherishing nature, provident and unforgetting, gathers up all these fragments, that nothing may be lost, but that all may ultimately reappear in new combinations. Each new life is thus the * heir of all the ages,' the possessor of qualities which only the events of life can nnfo\i.^'*—GarjleZd'9 Eulogy tm General George II. Tlionia^. James Abraha.m Garfield is the natural and worthy heir of a noble lineage. It is true that his ancestors, so far as traceable, have been people of moderate, and generally lowly, position and circumstances. Their names have not been found in Court Chronicles or books of the Peerage, across the water ; nor have they, with a few exceptions, figured conspicuously ir American records, fleeting or permanent. But if virtue, courage, adven- turousness of spirit, independence, and loyalty to God, truth, and country, constitute nobility of character, and prove nobility of blood, the men and women whose strong characteristics have descended to the greatest of the Gaiflelds were people of a 2 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. " rare strain of blood," to use the expressive language of the turf, where only actual qualities of race are considered. There is nothing " lucky" or " accidental " about either the charac ter or the career of the next President of the United States. Til 3 most wonderfully developed specimen of American man hood in this country has come to his present commanding posi tion as legitimately, by the help of as favorable influences, and by virtue of as inexorable laws, as the big pines of the Yo- semite. Let us look into this as far and its clearly as dim or scanty records and traditions will en.ible us to see. It is tolerably certain that the male ancestor of the American Garflelds was one of that picked company of men, women, and children, who came over in the ship which bore Governor Win- throp to the Massachusetts shores, and it is absolutely certain that this ancestor, Edward Garfield, was one of the one hun dred and six proprietors of Watertown, now a lovely suburb of Boston, for he is so recorded in 1635. It is undou'otedly true — for all the circumstances prove it — that Edward Garfield was one of those men whose religion was so heroic and practical that they coolly and patiently encountered the dangers and priva tions and sufferings that would have appalled nine tenths of Norman William's adventurous, freebooting founders of the nobility of conquered England, and with notions as much higher than those of the Norman robbers as the heavens are higher than the earth. But in Massachusetts, in the seven teenth century, a quiet and sustained lieroism was so common that individual heroes rarely got special mention. So, all that is known of Edward Garfield is that he lived to be ninety-seven years old, thereby, according to Carlyle's m.axim, showing much virtue, and setting an example to his descendants which has been well observed. Going backward from Edward Garfield, authentic history finds little to stand on, in the pursuit of his ancestry, and speculation has been wild and vague. There is a controversy as to whether the Garfields were of Saxon origin, coming over THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 3 from Germany to England, or whether they are pure Welsh. General Garfield himself is a strong evidence of the former theory. When he talks German, as he does fluently and well, no stranger would doubt his being a pure-blooded German. He has the fair Saxon complexion and the Saxon temperament and pht/sique. But this is not conclusive, though strongly pre sumptive. Among the few ancestral facts, however, that are on record in England, are those found in the " Herald's Visita tion to Middlesex, ¦' about the middle of the seventeenth century, in which are recorded the family arms and crest of the Gar~ flelds of Middlesex, one of whom had the name of Abraham, which has kept reappearing in the family in this country, though sometimes shortened to Abram. This Middlesex settlement of the Garfields is pretty strong confirmation of the theory of their Saxon origin. Returning to Edward Garfield, he had a son Edward, who had a son Benjamin, who had a son Thomas. Benjamin showed the warlike spirit that has been natural to the race, as well as civil ability. He was a captain in the Indian wars and a repre sentative from Watertown, in the " Great and General Court of Jlassachusetts, " probably a big-hearted and big-brained man. Doubtless more of this stock were of the same sort, though recordless. At all events, five generations of the Garfields, in cluding the first Edward, are buried in and around Watertown. " Their record is on high." The sixth Garfield in line of descent was Solomon, the great-grandfather of General Garfield, of whom more presently. His brother Abraham had his chance to show Garfield blood, by risking the loss of it in the fight at Concord Bridge, which was the Sumter tocsin of our Revolutionary ancestors, and afterward was one of the signers of the curiously framed but tremendously suggestive affidavits sent to the Continental Congress, to prove that these cool-blooded heroes acted on the defensive. Of Abraham Garfield we hear no more. Solomon Garfield was, however, destined to make history. As one of the self-crowned "sovereigns" who wanted to carve his sovcr- i THE LIFE OF GEX. .JAMES A, G.VRFIELD. eignty out of the then wild and " Western" forest beyond the Hudson, he " moved " with his family into what was then known as " The Wilderness" of New York, and helped to " settle" what is now known as the town of Worcester, in this State. This was as heroic and manhood-developing a business as killing Indians or fighting " red-coats." Solomon had there in his " clearing" a son named Thomas, from whom and his wife, Asenath Hill, was begotten, in De cember, 1799, Abram, or Abraham, Garfield, the father of General Garfield. The father spelled his Christian name sometimes in one way and sometimes in the other. He never disgraced either phase of that patriarch. -l name. So much for the male line of tho family. The ascent through the lineage of General Garfield's heroic mother, Eliza Garfield, will show an equally noble " strain of blood " and greater distinction. Eliza Ballon, as she was be fore she married Abram, or Abraham, Garfield, came of that purest, highest, most intelligent and enduring race of involun tary colonists who were ever expelled for their religion from France — the Huguenot fugitives from the inconceivably foolish " Edict of Nantes." It seems as thougli God had determined that the Old World should send to America the very choicest of seed for the propagation of a nation. Among these Huguenot " settlers" was Maturin Ballou, the founder of the American family of Ballous. Coming here for religious liberty, he and his associates were naturally drawn to Rhode Island, the home of the man who had made the greatest pronunciamento of religious liberty up to that time — Roger Williams. Maturin Ballou " settled " in Woonsocket, in Rhode Island, and he and his descendants, for several generations, enjoyed there to per fection the liberty they crossed the seas to find. James Bal lou, the father of General Garfield's mother, also enjoyed the bold and adventurous spirit of his race, being taken up as a boy fnto the wilderness of New Hampshire, where his father cut out for his family a home in the forest, in Richmond, just north of the Massachusetts line. By marriage in New Hampshire this THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 5 branch of the Ballous became " connected " with the large Ingalls family, of which General Rufus Ingalls is an able repre sentative. From James Ballou and Mehitabel Ingalls was born Eliza Ballou, General Garfield's mother. She was born in Richmond, Chester County, New Hamp shire, on the 21st of September, 1801, in the same town where Hosea Ballou, the founder of Universalism in this country, and a relative, was born. The Ballous, according to all traditions, have been small in stature, and have been called a " French pony breed " — which means compactness and toughness of fibre, moral, intellectual, and physical ; great nervous energy, com bined with endurance, and a fine texture of organization throughout. Eloquence and the gift of poetry came naturally to the family. Silas Ballou, a brother of General Garfield's grandfather James, was the author of over a score of hymns in the Universalist " collection" of his time. It will be seen that the General came honestly by his oratorical powers, imagination, and finer sentiments, from his mother's side of the family, while he inherits the great physical development and strength, and the accompanying good-nature, generosity, and sense of humor that have characterized the Garfields. General Garfield's father was a man of prodigious strength. He was famous as a wrestler, and never met his match, though men would come for miles from all around to wrestle with " Abe Garfield," as they called him. His grandfather, Solomon Garfield, was offered a grindstone weighing five hundred pounds if he would carry it home. He put it on his shoulders and carried it home, a mile's distance, without even availing himself of the privilege of lean ing against a fence. This feat was performed in Worcester, N. Y., and while I was at Mentor a Worcester born man called who gave the tradition as being fresh to this day. All other stories about th"e Garfields confirm the accepted theory that they have been distinguished for their physical strength and for tlieir generosity, warm-heartedness, and dashing courage, but without much tendency to intellectual feats. General Garfield believes that he is the second Garfield who ever graduated from 6 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. a college. The dynamic forces that were to take him out of the range of all previous Garflelds lay coiled up in the fine, sensitive, religious, intellectual nature of his mother, who was most fortunately situated for the development of whatever was purest, best, and noblest in her, and prepared for the great mis sion she was to fulfil — a mission which she is far from believ ing to be ended. When Eliza Garfield was eight years old, in the wild New Hampshire " clearing," her father died, and her mother taught her a lesson of heroic faith and vigor by taking tbe four little children ¦ and moving into the newly settled community at Worcester, New York, where Heaven had ordained that the destinies of the Garfields and Ballous should form a junction. Among her playmates for five years was Abram Garfield, her future lover and husband. But her eldest brother James, after whom the General was named, had had his ideas enlarged and bis adventurous spirit quickened by service in the war of 1812, and so, when the war closed, he was wild with the notion of moving to " the new West," as forest-covered Ohio was then called. He induced his mother to take her children there, and they all went fearlessly out, to conquer a new home. It was in 1814, and their destination was Muskingum County, near Zanesville, in Central Ohio. The tedious journey took six long weeks. Now for Abram Garfield, an orphan, and bereft of the little Ballou girl, his playmate. He was " bound out " to service with a Mr. James Stone, who brought him up, but he broke his fet ters at eighteen, and, keeping the Ballou girl in his heart all the while, he set out for the Ohio wilderness, found his " better half," and made her legally such by proper ceremony, when he was nineteen .and she a year younger. The building of the Ohio Canal by the State gave a fine chance for the enterprising young giant, whose willpower, energy, and decision were as strong as his tremendous muscles. A born master of men, "smart," active, and keen-witted, he found a pl.ace as superintendent on the canal work, and soon got to taking contracts, which for THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 7 some time were profitable. A sudden rise of prices broke him, but he paid in full, and struck out for the wilderness of Orange, fifteen miles from Mentor, taking a half-brother with him. There was but one house within seven miles of them. They erected a log-cabin and both lived in it until another was built, and then went to work to cut a hole in the forest. There, on the 19th of November, 1831, James A. Garfield, the youngtist of four children, was born. CHAPTER n. "four TOUNe saplings" in the woods op orange. Judged by mere outward appearances, the advent of this robust, big-eyed, Saxon man-child, in a little log-cabin, in a small hole in the dense forest of Orange, Ohio, was not a par ticularly fortunate entrance into the world. But if my readers have sympathized with the views briefly outlined in the pre- BIRTHPLACE OF JAMES a. GARFIELD. ceding chapter, they will agree with me that such a birth, amid precisely such surroundings, was of great good omen to the child, who was to bear all the burdens and sorrows and struggles of that hand-to-hand fight for cxistonce and develop ment which is the blessed fate of nine tenths of the boys and men who make the Republic what it is. But this is only a THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 9 negative view. Positively, the being born of such a father and such a mother, in the Orange woods, at that time, was a most auspicious ordering of destiny. Not only was the daily fight for a living heroically and joyously borne by the father, but with religious cheerfulness by the mother. The whole atmos phere of life in that little " clearing" was pure, noble, and in spiring. But when the bright young boy was but eighteen months old this little home of happy labor and hope was darkened by a sudden, unexpected, and, in fact, needless, calamity, which seemed to cloud all its future. A fire broke out in the woods. which was approaching Abram Garfield's " clearing," near his wheat. With all his tremendous physical energy he fought that fire all day long, by ditching, clearing away the leaves, or other methods. By doing the work of ten ordinary men he saved his crop and diverted the Arc. He came in at night, heated and exhausted, and got suddenly chilled. For a day or two he suffered intenselv, when a quack doctor came along and said, " You are in danger, GafReld," and put a blister around his throat, which drew every particle of inflammation in his body into Garfield's throat, and the glorious man choked to death at thirty-three, in the fulness of his magnificent strength. He had fought fire like a Viking. He died like one. Immediately before his death he got up and walked across the room, looked out at his oxen and called them by name, went back and sat down on the bed, and said, " Eliza, I have brought you four young saplings into these woods. Take care of them." And he died, sitting up against the head of his bed. That is the sort of stock that James A. Giirfield comes from. But events were to prove that the Ballou stock was of a sort even more heroic, because of a finer and higher " strain." Widow Garfield's situation and that of lier "four saplings" seemed well nigh hopeless to the neighbors. Not so to her, however. Her mother had taken four fatherless children out into the wilderness of New York. She would maintain for htr four children what tho giant force of her husband h.id cut out 10 THE LIFE OF GEN'. JAMI'S A. GAKFIELD. of the Orange woods. She would not " put her children out," as the neighbors insisted. No one else .should raise that brood but herself. She was entitled by law to $120, as a "year's support," which she could hold as against any creditor. But even in her desperate situation she scorned to take this entirely just advantage. She paid off all the debts, sold fifty acres of land, which was mortgaged for purchase-money, and saved thirty acres on which to support herself and her children. Thus she began to wrestle with life, with four children to take care of — Mehitabel, aged seven ; Thomas, a boy of nine years ; Mary, seven years old ; and .lames, then, as I have said, eigh teen months old. Only those who have lived in new settlements can comprenend how the Widow Garfield got along. A few incidents, out of a multitude, must illustrate. Abram Garfield had " got in" a good crop of wheat, all secured by fences except about a hun dred rails. There were, in readiness for splitting into rails, great chestnut " cuts," and a few days after the funeral Widow Garfield took her son Thomas out to the pile of " cuts" and with his help split the needed rails herself — the plucky little woman. She was a first-rate seamstress, and would go to the shoemaker's and make clothes for his children, while he, in return, would make shoes for her children. By the time that Thomas got to be a lad of ten or twelve he was able to ride a horse to plough corn, and earned twenty or twenty-five cents a day, paid in whejt or any other "produce." He was a true " father's boy," and seemed inspired with an idea of self-sacri ficing labor, that gave him almost the spirit of a mature man and the sense of responsibility for the support of the family. The sisters also were helpful, in all ways. The widow had a feu- sheep. She and her daughters carded the wool, wove the cloth, and made all the garments that could be made of wool. So, in all sort of ways the busy little household managed not only to exist, but to live well, as they thought. But this did not s.atisfy the AVidow Garfield. She wanted mental and spiritual nurture for her children ; so, when a kg THE LIFE OF GKX. JAMES A. GAKFIELli. 11 school-house was to bo put up she tendered a little corner of her farm for a site, and so got what she desired within easy dis tance for young James, who, at the early age of three, went to school in that little log hut, not because he was sent, but be cause of his own longings. At the end of the first term he received a New Testament as a prize for being the best reader in his class of little boys. The school-house was plain and rough enough. The scholars sat on split logs, hewed a little on the top, four pegs put on the round side and supporting the benches. At first the teacher was very ordinary, but Eastern school masters or " school-ma'ams" came along and did better. Little James went to school summers and winters, loving all his sttidies, and working hard. Text-bonks were few and of all sorts, but faithfully learned, which was the main thing. .Tames, for instance, whose prodigious memory developed early, learned Webster's spelling-book almost by heart by the time he was eight years old. In fact, up to that time the main things he had learned were reading, spelling and writing — learning the language at the natural period for learning it. Even when James, with his rapid growth, at the age of ten, had become able to work, his fatherly brother Thomas insisted on the former going to school. The mother, with her intense New England spirit, was, of course, glad to see James " getting along in his books " as rapidly as possible. In fact, the feel ing of the whole family seemed to be, " Whatever else hap pens, James must go to school ;" and as for James, it is the common local tradition that even if he knew that .study would never prove useful to him he would have pursued it for the love of it. In fact, he was seeking in all directions for books to read. Of course there were few to be had in the scattered homes of Orange, but these he got at and devoured. The old " English Reader" filled him with delight, and he can now quote from it, from memory, by the page. Simultaneously with this tropical growth of intellect. Tinder circumstances not so unfavorable as might be thought, was the growth of religious faith and sensibilities, under the teaching, 15 THE LIFE OF GEX*. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. influence, and direction of his mother, who was what is called a " Campbellite." And this reqtiircs a brief digression. It is not creditable to the people of other sects that they know so little of the real char.acter of the class of Christians known as " Disciples," who number nearly three quarters of a million of good people, principally in Ohio, Indiana and the South, and are called " Campbellites." They arc mostly plain and unedu cated people, but their creed is one to which other Christians seem quite generally tending. Briefly, it is merely a protest against imposing, as a condition of church membership, any human formula of divine truth. The belief in the New Testa ment and in the divine character of Christ and his atunement, and in immersion as the proper mode of baptism, is all there is of the so-called " Campbellite" faith. In practice they are very simple and apostolic. Laymen can preach, and preaching is not regarded as an isolated and peculiar profession. As for Alexander Campbell, the founder of this sect — for it is as secta rian as any "denomination," and bigoted on the subject of baptism — he was one of the few recent great "Fathers of the Church" who have left their impress on vast numbers of people. A prodigy of learning and polemical power ; distinguished for the rare combination of a subtle metaphysical brain with keen practicality which seems peculiar to the Scottish thinkers ; bold, independent, and masterly in all ways — his grip on his large army of followers is as strong as Theodore Parker once said that of Calvin was on New England orthodoxy. But it is not " a cold clutch." It is that of a beloved and full-blooded master. The influence of this grand and powerful nature on Gar field's early career was strong and educational. It began when he was very young, coming first through his mother, who, with her husband, had been converted to the " Disciples" faith shortly before .Tames was born— -converted by the preaching of a man named Px'ntlcy, who had built a mill and :i store two or three miles from the Garfield homestead. He preached all through that country, and kept his business going all the time. There was something very primitive, plain, powerful, and convincing THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 13 about the utterances of these unordained " Campbellite" preachers. The Widow Garfield was a great Bible reader, and tauglit her children to read it. She regularly walked to her " Disciples" meeting-house, three miles away, every Sunday for years, and took the children with her. Later a church was organized in the little school-house on her land. In all ways she impressed religious truth on her children, and kept them not only from bad habits but from bad thoughts. Anything that approached impurity of life and speech, in any degree, was hateful to her beyond expression. In that household there was a sort of fiam- ing sword swinging constantly against all forms of indecency and immorality. Yet the Widow Garfield was the fa'rthest possible from what might be called the sanctimoniousness of religion. She did not bring any of its forbidding aspects into the family. She was not merely a cheerful, bvit a jolly woman, a woman of great " heartiness," an exquisite singer, and had a memory almost marvellous. It is General Garfield's belief that she could have sung for forty-eight hours consecutively, from her large repertory, if her strength could have held out that long. She knew an infinite variety of songs — hymns, ballads, and the war-songs of 1812, such as those describing the fight of the Guerriere and the Wasp and Hornet, and all those naval engagements. Whenever the children were depressed or dull she would sing and fill their hearts with vigor and cheer. She was full of life and of a cheerfill and robust morality that knew no taint. But to return to James, who kept on going to school and de vouring what story-books he could pick up. He and his cousin, Harriet Boynton, read " Robinson Crusoe" over and over again. He read and mastered " Josephus" when he was about twelve, and was wild over a story of the adventures of a man travelling down the Mississippi. When he was about fourteen he read Goodrich's " History of the United States," and so thoroughly were all its facts impressed on his plastic mind that he can now quote freely its statistics of the American and British losses in 14 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A, GARFIELD. most of the battles recorded. Having so few books, the study of them was intensified. Even a so-called poetical " History of the United States," by a fellow named Eggleston, was commit ted to memory. But the exciting romance of " Jack Hall- yard " set the boy's imagination on fire and enkindled the pas sion for the sea that was to be worked out on the tow-path of a canal, and the story of " Alonzo and Melissa" captivated bis GARFIELD AT 14 YEARS (FROM A MINIATURE). imagination. Most of this reading was done at night, a,ite\ his mother had retired, and with her permission. But all this did not interfere with rajiid and thorough work in school. By the time James was fourteen he had completed Pike's Arithmetic and got into Kirkham's Grammar. Then came Denham's Arithmetic, which he mastered, and about that time he began " declamations" at school. All this while, too. THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 1.5 hs made himself useful at home, not only by doing " chores," but by work on the farm of all sorts, including mowing. At fifteen he was a large boy. strong and athletic, inspired, too, by the traditions of his father's wrestling. He was too thoroughly good-natured to be quarrelsome, but he had imbibed the notion, not that it was a disgrace to be an orphan, but that other boys who had fathers and "big brothers" had, somehow, an ad vantage over him and were inclined to " run over" him, and every sign of this he resented, and fought instantly and " to hurt," no matter against what odds of strength or numbers, until he got the name of being " a fighting boy," which was a great grief to his mother. By the time he was fifteen he had absorbed a large amount of peculiar literature. Two sorts of books had a special fascina tion for him — those that had accounts of wars, especially Amer ican, and those that described sea life in any form. About that period he began to "workout" away from home, espe cially in summer. When he was fourteen or fifteen he worked at boiling "black salts," from the ashes of burned logs. He got nine dollars a month and was boarded. Then he worked in " haying" a season, and took a two-year-old colt for pay — money being rarely paid. All he earned went into the com mon stock. It was the pride and joy of all the children to get " Mother" something, if they could, but it was not much that she would suffer them to do in this way. She was very simple in her tastes and attire, although she always had the " knack" of putting on things that would look well. In the summer when James was sixteen he worked at haying at " full men's rates," a dollar a day, which was the largest pay he ever got for his manual labor. When the haying was over he went to Newburgh, now a part of Cleveland, and found that his father's brother Thomas wanted some wood chopped. James took the contract to chop a hundred cords, four-fool wood, at twenty-five cents a cord, a formidable undertaking for the most resolute boy. He stuck to it manfully until the last cord was chopped. He could " put up" readily two cords IG THE LIFE OF GEX*. JAMES A. GARFIELD. a day, so that he cleared about half a dollar a day, as he was boarded. This long and hard job was done near Newburgh, on a height whence he could see the fascinating blue waters of Lake Erie, and, in his intervals of rest, as he would straighten up, he could see that blue segment of the lake, and occasionally a steamer, and all his wild notions of seafaring life tliat the books had enkindled set his fancy on fire. His wood-chopping seemed dreadfully dull and prosaic, but he had a feeling that it was disgraceful to back out of anything he had undertaken, and he stuck to his task. As soon as it was done, however, he went to Cleveland, bent on shipping as a hand before the mast. He boarded a vessel, found some drunken sailors, and a captain who looked a drunken beast ; was shocked, and turned away and walked off — partly disillusionized, not wholly. He happened to meet a cousin whom he knew merely by sight, and who was running a canal-boat. The cousin asked him if he did not want to drive horses for him. The offer was accepted, for it flashed on young Garfleld's quick mind that he could make the canal work a primary school, the lake the academy, and the ocean the college. So began his canal-boat experience, which has been sufficiently and in some cases extravagantly exploited. It came along naturally, without accident or any merely wild notion of adventure, and James went through it rough and tumble, like the brave and lusty youth he was, for three months, when he got paid ten dollars a month and board. Not through any fault of his own, he had several fights, and invari ably came off better than his antagonist. The one feature of this singular experience which was of special value to him after- w.trd, was his leaming to steer, and something about the navi gation of the Ohio River — an experience that served him in the army, when he saved his command in eastern Kentucky from starving, by piloting a boat sent for supplies, when no profes sional on hand would underttike the perilous duty. He stood at the wheel for forty-four hours out of forty-eight, .and saved his boat from being wrecked. When he re- THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 17 turned to his command with a load of supplies his men were eating their last crackers. Until this time his wise and devoted wife was never able to understand why Providence had put her James through his canal experience. Then she said — as though everything in his life ought to have some great significance — "I see what your life on the canal meant, now." With which wise wifely view all sensible people who realize Garfield's great mission will agree. Providence having quite other ends for young Garfield to achieve than could be accomplished even on the ocean, that had been his ultimate conception of an arena for his energies, his canal experiment resulted in an attack of fever. He was carried home to his mother almost delirious, and there, for five months of illness, her wise and long-reaching love began to mould his destiny, by gentle and insidious, but holy, craft, to higher uses than he had dreamed of. She knew well enough that it would not do for her to stand right in front of that strong will of his. She did far better. She had no word or look of reproof for his having gone off and incurred a serious illness, in gratify ing what she regarded as a foolish and wicked love of adven ture. She was merely the incomparable nurse — quiet, patient, loving. As soon as James got able to read she scoured the neighborhood for books that would lead his mind into whole some channels. She got a school-teacher by the name of Bates, now a prominent preacher, to come over and see him, and the teacher would instruct him in the new problems in arithmetic, and so occupy his mind. Bates became an intellectual stimulus to the sick boy that long winter. The mother had conspired with Bates to get him to want to go to the Geauga Seminary, not far away, and both worked artfully together to that entl. Finally, as the opening of the school term drew near, the astute mother said, " James, you are not fit to go back to the lake now. You health is too much broken. You will break right down again. Thomas and I have talked it over, and we have raised seventeen dollars, which will be pretty nearly enough to pay the necessary money expenses of your going over to Chester THE LIFE OF GE.V. JAMES A. G.VRFIELD. 19 to school." She had also arranged with her sister to have two of her boys go, so as to have the three " club together" and board themselves with the supplies they could take. "But," she adroitly added, " if you feel still determined to go on the lake, why, go over there to school this year, and by that time I hope your health will be restored. Then, if you go to work in haying or carpentering" — for James had already learned the latter in building a house for his mother — " you will make enough to go in the fall term, and then I think you can teach district school ; and, if you want to, you can sail on tin; lake summers, and when the lake is frozen over you can teach school." She knew how to guide her young Viking without showing her purpose. The idea of earning something and being some body came in on him like a passion, for he had felt bitterly his dependence, and all his hard earnings had gone to pay doctors' bills, even his colt. Against this penniless dependence his whole soul revolted. And so the mother conquered, and the destiny of the son, from that date to now, has been rapidly upward. To Geauga Seminary he would go, and " Mother" Garfield's heart was full of joy. CHAPTER III. AT GEAUGA SEMINARY. Thds, in the spring of his eighteenth year, March, 1849, James and his two cousins, well provisioned, went ten miles over to Chester, to get all they could out of the Geauga Semi nary, an institution founded and supported by the " Free Will Baptists." They rented a room with a cook-stove and two beds, in a cheap old house, partly tenanted by a poor widow, who contracted to do their cooking and washing at very low rates. The academy itself was considerable of an institution for the time and place, and was enriched by the possession of a library of about one hundred and fifty volumes, which latter fact startled and delighted young Garfield. But he soon miide another dis covery in the school, the importance of which dawned on him only very gradually, and which turned out to be the greatest discovery of his life-time. He found there a modest, studious, somewhat reserved girl, of about his own age, named Lucretia Rudolph. He only met her, however, in recitations, and as he felt " green" and awkward, and she was absorbed mostly in her studies, the acquaintance was, for some time, without op portunities or provocations for anything more. When the term closed James went to work haying, and took a job with a carpenter. There was a house to be built in Ches ter, and he got the job of cutting out the siding at two cents a board. He went back to the fall term and fought his way through to the end of the year, paying all his expenses, and having a few dollars left. He then presented himself for exam ination, to get a certificate to teach school, which he readily obtained, and taught his first district school, ^Deginninn- two weeks before he was eighteen. He received twelve dollars a mimth and " boarded around." THE LIFE OF GEX''. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 21 He had some tough customers to manage in this school. There were several boys in it with more brawn than brains, who conceived it to be their chief duty and pleasure to bully the schoolmaster. He labored under the special disadvantage of teaching in the school district next to where he had been borp and brought up, and where everybody knew him as " Jim" Gar field. The winter before the teacher had been turned out by the boys — that is, his position was made so hot that he was glad to leave. There was constant skirmishing between the "big boys" and young Garfield for about a fortnight, until ono of them flatly refused to obey, and Garfield whipped him. As the mutineer was returning to his seat he caught a heavy billet of wood, and turned, without Garfleld's knowledge, when the latter heard a shriek from the scholars, looked around, and saw the big club, held in both hands, falling on his head, with a force that might well have proved fatal, had not Garfield thrown up his arm and warded it off. IIis arm was nearly broken, but with the other he threw the mutineer so that he fell on his back ; then jerked him on his feet, seized and threw him, put his knee on his breast and hand on his throat, and said, " Now, sir, I shall whip you until one of two things occurs : either till you die or until jou absolutely submit to the order." Then he gave the scholar a series of heavy blows until he surrendered. And as there were several large boys who seemed to be in conspiracy with the flogged ringleader, Gar field added, " If there is any scholar here who expects, at any time, to make any sort of disturbance, come on now and settle here." The school was quiet and orderly for the rest of the winter. It was "Jim" Garfield no longer, but "tbe master." During that winter Gai field did a good deal of reading. Pollock's " Course of Time" impressed him very much, and he learned it nearly all by heart. It was during that winter that he fell under the influence of a "Disciples" preacher who held forth in the little school-bouse. The preacher was a good solid old man, the incarnation of good sense, and had something about him that touched the voung school-master. For some 22 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. years previous the latter had been somewhat " offish" on the subject of religion ; felt the irksomeness of its pressure, and absented himself from church. A strange feeling came over him that this plain old preacher had come to get hold of a life that was likely to run to waste. The preacher touched his sympathies and moved his heart. He "came out," made a profession of religion, and was baptized in the faith of his mother. He was then a few months past eighteen. To use the General's own language : " Of course, that settled canal, and lake, and sea, iind everything." A new life, with new thoughts and ambitions, dawned on him. He resolved at once that he would have the best education that it was in the power of work to give. With this high purpose he went back to Chester and began his new life. He remained there during the spring and next fall, making four terms at Chester, and taught again the next winter, getting $10 a month. By that time the institution at Hiram, which was the product, mainly, of the educational zeal and liberality of the " Disciples," was being started, and the fresh enthusiasm it called out drew Garfield to it, as, later on, the Republican Party, in its fresh enthusiasms, called him to it. CHAPTER IV. GARFIELD AT HIU AM. Hiram, and the institution which has been known under tho successive names of the " Hiram Eclectic Institute" and " Hiram College," deserves a separate chapter. The spontane ous outgrowth from a community that was exceptionally devoted to every attainable means of intellectual and religious culture, it also largely owed its inspiration to that great-minded teacher and apostle, Alexander Campbell, who was not only an educational zealot, but whose original and powerful mind im pressed itself on all his more enlightened followers as no other mind, in recent times, that I know of, has impressed itself. Hiram, from the beginning, was more a hive of bu.sy, earnest, and co-operative workers after knowledge than a mere " insti tute," or " college." To Garfield it offered opportunities .and incitements to development of both brain and heart such as no other place would have given. He could there be V)oth pupil and teacher. An atmosphere of wholesome and cheerful relig ious enthusiasm and of pure domestic life pervaded the place. There, too, he came to know thor'mghly the hard-working and proficient student who was to be his wife. He had studied Latin two terms — that is, he had gone pain fully through the paradigms of the grammar and the rules, which he had mastered, but had not gone into any reading book. He had gone through algebra, natural philosophy, and botany, and had collected a fine herbarium. He had also pursued other studies, including a term of Greek. When young Garfield first went to Hiram, he had studied Latin grammar so far that he understood the conjugations and declensions, but had not learned the construction of sentences. He had his option between entering a primary class and going ¦24 THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. over tho work which he had already done, or of going into an advanced cl.ass, which would compel him at once to begin the translation of Cssar's Gaul. Quite naturally, he chose the more difficult task. But when he looked over the first lesson of translation, about six lines, he realized for the first time what an unknown quantily the work of translation was. But he sat down to face this diflficulty with that quiet, bull-dog tenacity and purpose which has so often pulled hjm through. Imme diately after supper he took a candle and his text-book and went up to the recitation room in an upper story, so as to wres tle alone with this new task. He had four room-mates in the room which he occupied in the basement. Sitting down in front of a table with his Cffisar, he began his attack by getting from a glossary the signification of each word. But this did not solve the problem. So he wrote out each word on a sepa rate piece of paper, and arranged and rearranged these slips very much as he might work auy other puzzle. Finding that one signification would not answer, he wrote down all the various significations of each word, which, of course, increased his difficulties in something like a geometrical ratio. But he kept sullenly and determinedly at it, and worked away hour after hour without moving or looking away from his task, until, about midnight, it was accomplished. Then for the first time he came back to self consciousness. He found that he did not know where he was or how he had come there. His candle was making its last expiring flickers. But one by one recollec tions of his home, of his journey to Orange, and of his coming to Hiram, came back to him, and he then realized that he was a student at Hiram, and that he had conquered the most appal ling task of his life. It has been said that " there are some women whom to know well is a liberal education." The truth of this has been illus trated in the biographies of many great men. It is known by every man who has had any considerable acquaintance with men of decided force and elevation of character. When this sort of " liberal education" comes at the plastic and forming period of THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 25 the life of an ingenuous young man whose nature is receptive and impressionable, and whose energies and ambitions are en kindled by the pure tuition of a noble and religious woman, of great brains and attainments, the results are such as can be attained through no other process. It was Garfield's good fortune to have such a woman as teacher, counsellor, fellow-student, and friend at the most criti cal and forming period of his life. She was so much his senior in years, had such .elevation and decision of character, and was so resolute of purpose to maintain the "maiden widowhood" occasioned by the death of her affianced before marriage, that the closest intimacy of friendship with young Garfield could not be in the slightest degree misunderstood, even by the gossips. This woman. Miss Almeda A. Booth, achieved a position in the "Western Reserve" something like that which was held by Margaret Fuller in New England, so far as regards multifa riousness of intellectual acquisitions, decision of character, and influence over intellectual men. The range of her studies and the zeal with which she pursued so many branches of knowledge were fully as notable as Jlarga- ret Fuller displayed.- The divergence in their paths was favor able to the peace and usefulness of Miss Booth, whose religious faith never wavered nor ceased to sustain her, and who found happiness in the profession of teacher, to which she consecrated her whole life, without reserve, doubts, or weariness. A few of the more ambitious and hard-working students at Hiram found themselves drawn by this noble teacher into an intimacy with Miss Booth which was in the highest degree honorable and fruitful of good to both parties. Chief among them was Garfield, whose touching and heartfelt tribute to his friend of friends— delivered at Hiram College, on the 22d of June, 1876, and covering forty pamphlet pages — is a worthy memorial, eloquent in the sincerity of its sadness, in its por trayal of a finished career, and in its allusions to his own indebt edness to the departed. The very " dedication" on the front 2G THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. leaf of the pamphlet tells the whole story so suggestively that I give it in full, viz. : To the thousands of noble men and women, whose generous ambition was awakened, whose early culture was guided, and whose lives have been made nobler by the thorough ness of her instruction, by the wisdom of her counsel, by the faithfulness of her friendship, and the purity of her life, this tribute to thb memory of ALMEDA A. BOOTH is affectionately dedicated. Garfield came to the "Eclectic," as a student, in the Yale Term of 1 Sol. lie was then nineteen years of age — large and stalwart of form, an athlete in proportions, and consumed by a general ambition to learn everything that could be learned. But he describes his own appearance, at that time, by the words " pulpy," and "green." In his eulogy on Miss Booth, describ ing his own feelings, he saj's : " I had never seen a Geometry ; and, regarding both teacher and class, with a feeling of reverential awe for the intellectual height to which they had climbed. I studied their faces so closely, that I seem to see them now, as distinctly as I saw them then. And it has been my good fortune, since that time, to claim them all as intimate friends." In the Spring Term of 1852. Garfleld and a fellow-student were appointed to aid Miss Booth in wiiting a r olloquy for the public exercises at the end of the school year. Miss Booth at once directed the work, gave all sorts of suggestive hints, criti cised the parts, trained the speakers, and put it on the stage, so that its success was marked. Says he, of this work : " J[y admiration of her knowledge and ability was unbound ed. And even now, after the glowing picture painted upon my memory in the strong colors of youthful entliusiasni has been shaded down by the colder and more sombre tints which a quarter of a century had added, I still regard her work on that occasion as possessing great merit." THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 37 Other dramatic co-operative efforts naturally followed this success, and disciplined, enlivened, and cultivated the amateur dramatists. In the Fall Term of 1852 Jliss Booth and Garfield were members of a class iu Xenophon's Anabasis, but near the close of this term both Miss Booth and himself became teachers, and could only keeji up their studies outside of class hours. " In mathematics and the physical sciences,"' says Garfield's eulogy, " I was far behind her ; but we were nearly at the same place in Greek and Latin, each having studied it about three times. She had made her home at President Hayden's almost from the first, and I became a member of his family at the begin ning of the Winter Term of 185i2-3. Thereafter, for nearly two years, she and I studied together and recited in the same classes (frequently without other associates) till we had nearly com pleted the classical course." From a diary which Garfield kept, he was able to state what Miss Booth accomplished in the classics, in the two ye.ars re ferred to above, in his eulogy. As they pursued their studies together, his statement of her achievements is a faithful record of his own. In the Winter and Spring Terms of 1853 they read Xenophon's Memorabilia entire. So zealous were some of these Hiram students that a dozen of them — of course including Miss Booth and Garfield— hired a professor for a month of the sum mer vacation, and a " Literary Society" was formed. Bearing in mind that Garfield is giving the list of his own studies at this period, we quote from his euolgy, as follows : "Miss Booth read thoroughly, and for the first time, the ' Pastorals ' of Virgil — that is, the Georgics and Bucolics entire — and the first six books of Homer's Iliad, accompanied by a thorough drill in the Latin or Greek grammar at each recita tion. I am sure that none of those who recited with her would say she was behind the foremost in the thoroughness of her work or the elegance of her translation. " Duiinn- the Fall Term of isr,:;, she read ono hundred pages of Herodotus, and about the same amount of Livy. During that term also. Profs. Dunshee and Hull, and Miss Booth and I, met, at her room, two evenings of each week, to make a joint trans- 28 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. lation of the Book of Romans. Prof. Dunshee contributed his studies of the German Commentators, De Wette and Tholuck ; and each of the translators made some special study for each meeting. How nearly we comjileted the translation I do not remember ; but I do remember that the contributions and criti cisms of Miss Booth were remarkable for suggestiveness and sound judgment. Our work was more thorough than rapid, for 1 find this entry in my diary for December 15, 1853 : ' Transla tion Society sat three hours at Miss Booth's room, and agreed upon the translation of nine verses.' " During the Winter Term of 1853-54, .she continued to read Livy, and also read the whole of ' Demosthenes on the Crown.' The members of the class in Demosthenes were Miss Booth, A. Hull, C. 0. Foote, and myself. " During the Spring Term of 1854, she read the ' Germania and Agricola ' of Tacitus, and a portion of Hesiod." It was under the peculiar circumstances existing at Hiram that Garfleld came to become what is called a " preacher." Teachers and pupils were nearly all "Disciples." They held what were called " social meetings," at which some of the " elders" or leaders of the church would open with prayer, nnd call on the young men who were church-members to speak. They early recognized in young Garfleld a sort of vigor and force of expression and facility of speech, and naturally called on him, so that it finally came to be understood that he was expected to speak on every occasion. But at first he did so with great diflidence. He felt awkward, and felt a sense of his inferiority in culture to many of those around him, but he per severed, and, what with his practice in debating societies, gradually got to think freely on his legs, and developed such power that often, when the preacher at church did not feel like speaking, he would call on " Brother Garfield." This, among the " Disciples," was entirely natural. It did not signify or im])ly any intention to recognize him even as an incipient " ])reacher," in the common ecclesiastical sense. To review the tremendous work done by Garfield at Hiram, before going to college. He began at Hiram in (he fall of 1851, with but twenty-four weeks of Latin and twelve weeks of THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 29 Greek. He taught for two winters in the district school. After the first term he taught constantly from three to six, and later, the whole six classes, so that he could only study nights and mornings. In June, 1854— less than three years after he went to Hiram — he not only had fitted himself to enter college, but had completed two years of the college course, so as to be admitted in the junior class in Williams, in full and good standing. He not only paid his way as he went, and sup ported himself, but had " saved up" about $350. If there is any precedent for such achievements I never saw or heard of it. It is impossible to overestimate the forming character of the studies thus athletically pursued, at such a period of Garfield's life, with such singular enthusiasm and in such inspiring and elevating and refining companionship. Such a combination of circiKnstances, influences, and associations was far more valua ble to the formation of the tastes, tendencies, aspirations, senti ments, and principles of the future soldier and statesman than the most famous universities of the world could have supplied. Mind and heart were simultaneously quickened and developed. The whole man was made more manly by submitting to the in fluence and instruction of a noble woman. It is to Garfield's high credit that he grows more and more proud of the education which this woman filled with her own spirit. Of her and her influence he speaks as unreservedly as did John Stuart Mill of that of his wife, as to which, in his eulogy of Miss Booth, Garfield says : " I should reject his opinion on that subject as a delusion, did I not know, from my own experience as well as that of hundreds of Hiram students, how great a power Miss Booth exercised over the culture and opinions of her friends." Note.— Certainly it was not one of the least important of the experiences of Garfleld as professor at Hiram that there rame to liiin just such a pupil as Burke A. Hinsdale, who was to become hispiottgi and intimate friend. Mr. Hinsdale thus describes the iirst acquaintance: *' To me. General Garfield is no more than he was before his nomination at Chicago. My acquaintance with him began in Xovcmbcr. 1853. Then it was thut, a gawky boy, tlie f-mell of tlie furrow u. ou my garments, I first appeal ed in 30 THE I^IFIi: OF GKX. JAMES A. GAKTIELI). Hiram. Dc EOon made the capture of my heart. At ihct time the leading Iliratn men were called Philomatlieans, from the goclety lo which they helongcd. Ill an address delivered in 1S75, epeakinjj of tho old Iliram days, 1 said : ' Henry James (an old Hiram man) speaks of the Philomathosians as " wonderful men," mentions iho^ethat he thought the •' master t^pirits," aud adds : "Then began to grow up in me an admiratiou and love for GarQcdd that has never abated, and the like of which 1 have never known. A how cf recognition, or a single word from him, was to me an inspiration." The i.-xactp;irallel of my own experience. Garfield, you have tauj,'ht me more than any o.her man, living or dead ; and when I recall ihose early days, when I remember that James and I were not the la^t of the boys, proud as I am of your record as a soldier and statesman, I can hardly forgive you for abandonin.: the academy for the field and the forum 1 ' And the cheers with which the old cliapcl rung as I rend the paragraph showed that a heart chord had been struck.'' The half brotherly and half fatherly affection of Garfield for Hinsdale grew with the years, and no father could have taken a more constant and affectionate interest in Hnsdale's whole subsequent 1 fe then Garfield did. But this implied no lack of independence on Hin.'-dalc's part, for it is equally creditable to both that he felt free to criticise Garfield at all tiines, and tliat Garfield rather en couraged the 01 iticisms that came from a younger man, who was not only abso lutely loyal to him, but to truth and con-ciencc. To no other human being, save his wife, has Garfield written so long, so fr quently, with such absclule freedom and with such fulness. Mr. Hinsdale — or Prc-ident Hinsdale, I should eay, for he is Garfield's worthy successor i;i the presidency of Hiram College— has pre served every scrap of paper he has received from his great friend. To his great liberality, confidence, and devotion to Garlield, I am indebted for the absolutely unrestraiued use of his whole collection of letters from Garfield, about 400 in all. They include a correspondence lasting from IS'jT to the cvc of the Chicago Con vention. Most of them Hinsdale had not looked at for many years. That he should ftarlesely pubmit them to'the scrutiny and use of a stranger is an ultimate proof cf the absolute knowledge ho had thut there was nothing in the most hasty and confidential notes of Garfield that would not bear inspection and the light. How many of our public men would be willing to have such a correspond ence exposed to even a private ¦\'iew ? CHAPTER V. GAEFIELl) AT WILLIAMS. In selecting a college wherein to pursue the last half of the usual curriculum, Garfield, as usual, acted with great care and judgment. He would naturally have drifted to Bethany, the college in Western Virginia founded by Alexander Campbell, and sustained by the " Disciples," if he had been a drifter ; the e.\act reverse of which he was, as is shown by the follow ing letter; written about that time by Garfield, which I find in Whitelaw Reid's " Ohio in the War," viz. : "There are three reasons why I have decided not to go to Bethany: 1st. The course of study is not so extensive or thorough as in Eastern colleges. 2d. Bethany leans too heavily toward slavery. 3ri. I am the son of Disciple parents, am one myself, and have had but little acquaintance with p'jopleof other views ; and, having always lived in the West, 1 think it will mnke me more liberal, both in my religious and general views and sentiments, to go into a new circle, whei e I shall be under new influences. These considerations led me to conclude lo g.» to some New England college. I therefore wrote to Ihe Presidents of Brown University, Yale, and Williams, setting forth the amount of study I had done, and asking how long it would t.ake me lo flnish tlieir course. " These answers are now before me. All tell me I can graduate in two years. They are all brief business notes, but President Hopkins concludes wiih this sentence ; 'If you come here, we shall be glad lo do what we can for you.' Other things being so nearly equal, this sentence, which seems to be a kind of friendly grasp of the band, has settled the question for ine. I shall start for Williams ne.\t week." It was a wise choice. First, because Williams was a small rural college, where a poor young man could get along and be respected, byit mainly because its whole spirit was that of the great man w|jo was then its President, JIark Hopkins, who was in the full vigor of his powers — a man unique in college history for the union of philosophic breadth, wide attainments, gener ous manhood, aad capacity to communicate. He was quick to 32 THE LIFE OF GKN. .JAMES A. GARFIELD. recognize "the making" of a great man in the awkward young Western giant who came to his care, and there sprang up between teacher and pupil a friendship that has grown to this day. In preparing this chapter in regard to Garfield's Williams experience I^gratefully availed myself of the kind offer of C'.)loncl A. F. Rockwell, an able and accomplished officer in the Quartermaster's Department of the United States Army, who was a classmate of Garfield at Williams, and has ever since been an intimate friend and correspondent. Colonel Rockwell pro posed to send, and did send, a circular letter to each of the sur viving members of the class, asking for such reminiscences as might bo interesting and appropriate for this book, The let ters which follow, fiom Garfield's classmates, all came in re sponse to Colonel Rockwell's letter. Afterw^ard, knowing the intimate personal relations between Cyrus W. Field Esq., and both ex-President Hopkins and President Chadbourne, I asked Sir. Field to write to both for such letters as they might choose to send me. These letters, taken together, present such a complete picture of Gat field, as a Williams student, that they need very little, if any, connection or comment. I give first the letters of Dr. Hopkins and President Chadbourne, as follows : REMINISCENCES BY EX-PRESIDENT HOPKINS. \Viij.iAMS College, July 17, 1883. Ma.toh Ruxdy. Dear Sir: You ask some account of the college life of Gen. Garfield. I re member no incidents worthy of note, but some characteristics may be given. Anything that may aid the people in forming a judgment of his fitness for the office to wh'ch he is nominated tliey have a right to. My fir-t remark, then, is that General Gartleld was not sent to college. He came. Thi^ often marks a distincLiou between college student-). To some, col lege is chiefly a place of aimless transiti;in through the perilous period between boyhood and manhood. Without fixed principles, and with no definite aim, with an aversion to study rather than a love of it, they seek to get along with the least possible cfEort. Between the whole attitude .nnd hearing of such, and of one who comes, the contrast is like that between mechanical and vital force. In what Gen. Garfleld did there was nothing mechanical. He not only came, but THE LIFE OF GEK. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 33 made sacrifices to come. His work was from a vital force, and so was without fret or worry. He came with a high aim, and pursued it steadily. A second rem:irk is that the studies of Gen. Garfield had breadih. As every stuient should, he made it his first business to ma!'ter the studies of the class-room. This he did, but the college furuishes facilit es, aud is lutended, cepse, and nothing turned him from that purpose. He 34 Tin; lii'e of gen. ja.mes .\. g.\.iifield. recognized the fact that the professors were placed over tho collrge to instruct and govern the studenis. He i-aii.ed fiom I hem all the good he could, and those now living rumeiuber him ls a noble man even OS a student. He then gave l)roini.u ( f what lie.has since become-that is, a man equal to any emergency, a man of strong convictions cf duty and unllinching courage. There are no stones to be tiild of him of insubordination to law, neglect of work, or indulgence in stale CO lege tricks— those tilings lie left to other men. Hard work, a genial nature, and manly spirit gave jiromise of that growth of character nnd constantly in creasing influence which all have witnessed since Gen. Garfield became p.omi- neni in public life. It is pleasant f. r instructors to fee their pupils come to honor, but vvlien, as in this case, the honors seem to be so natural a result of H Im", energetic action begun iu col'ege days, they are in duty bound to present such examples lo those just begin ing life. Few can have tlie opportunities for the kind of success achieved by Gen. Garfield, hut had no political honor ever have come to him, he would have been a power for good in the world. P. A. Cuaduouene: LETTER FROM THE HON. C. H. HILL. r,:i ScuooL Stkeet, Boston, June 5.1, 1880. I think at that tiiec lie was jiajiug great attention to German, aud devoted all his leisure time ti that language. In his studies, his taste Wiis rather for metaphysical and pliilos 'phical studies than for history and biography, which Were tlie studies most to my liking, but he read besides a good deal of poi try mid general liteiature. Tennyson was then and has ever betn bince one of his favorite autliors, and I remember, too, when Hiawatha was published, how greatly he admired it. and lio.v ho would quote almost pages of it in our walks together. He Was also greatly interested in Charles Kingsley's writings, particu larly in Alton Locke and Yeast. I first, I think, introduced him to Dickeus and gave him Oliver Twist to read, and he roared with laughter over Mr. Bumble. We belonged to the Philologian Society, one of the two great literary societies of the college, and it was at his suggestion that I attended its weekly meetings regularly, nnd almost always took part in the debate. I think he was considered our best debater, although we had several who were very good. Garfield had always been a Whig of the Seward and Wade school, and until the organization of the Republican Party, in 1856, men with his opinions, during our college days, were in a sort of political limbo, for he would have nothing to do \Aitli the Know-Nothing Party, which then seemed to be carrying everything before it, and altracted large numbers of young men, butwliose principles lie strongly condemned, and he had no liliiug. of course, for the Democracy. The great political questions of the day— the treatment of Kaufas, the dangers from the influx of foreigners and from the Roman Catholic Church, the constitutiou- i.'i:y of Pirsonal Liberty Bills, the Crimean war, and the desirability of an cleclive judiciary- were eagerly debated in the Philologian, and he invariably t,)ok part, excejit during tho period wlien he was President of the society. Two members of the Conv. ntion at Chicago which nominated him for Presi dent were active members of tlie society, Mr. \V. S. B. Ho|>kiiis, of Worces ter, Massachusetts, aud oi.r d.i-smute. General Feiris Jacob-, of Delhi N. Y. THE LIFE OF GEN\ JAMES A. GARFIELD. 35 Other prominent debaters were the lamented D--. Hammock, of Adams Academy, Quincy; ex-Senator Hitchcock, of Nebraska; E. L. Lincoln ^now deceased) ; S, B. Forbes, and Charles Marsh, of the Class of ]85r>, and Charles S. Halbcy, Edward Clarence Smitli, C D. Wilber, and others whom I do not now recall, of our own class. In all these debates, 1 should say that be was d stinguished for moderation— not always, perhaps, iu expression, but in opinion. His in stincts were conservative. I remember distinctly that he was, when he came to college, a fervent supporter of au elective judiciary, but in preparing himself to take part in a debate on that eubji.'ct, he studied himself over to the oppo^ite side of the question, and b.'gau his speech by frankly admitting that he had within a week entirely chauL'cd his opinions on this subject. In 1870, I was apjiointed Assistant Attorney-General of the TTnit' d States, and for five winters my rooms were in the same street with Garfield's house at Washington, and but a few doors from it, and cither at his house, or at the Capitol, I 8-iw him almo>t daily. I think, in coU.-ge. ha looked forward rather to a prolessioual and judicial career than loa poltical one, but! perceive! that his intellectual growth since he left college had bucn a steady and tonr-istent expansion of what he was as a young man. His political opinions, us thi-y show^ed them'-elves in our conversations, were what they appear. I think, in h.a speeches— hroad and conservative— tho?e cf a party man who. however, looks beyond party, and of a practical state-man who deals with existing facts, and does the bc^'-t with them, rather than those of a poliiical doctrinaire. His cou- s-istent and unflinching support of honcbt money, and constant enforcement of the duty of maintaining the national honor by paying the creditor according to his contract, reminds me of one trait in his character. Although a poor boy, and a very poor man iu college, aud although he has been comparatively poor ever since, I never perceived in him the slightest tincture of bitterness or envy toward tiiose who were better oT than ho was, or of dislike for tho rich because they are rich. In my long intimate companionship with him, I am cer tain he would more than once have betrayed some such fetding had he enter tained it, and I know I should have noticed and remembered it. At Washington, he was always delighted to see old college friends, and talk over college I'.ays, about which his memory ia wonderfully retentive. Two other numbers of our class, Mr. GilfiUan, Treasurer of the United States, and Colonel Rockwell, resided in Washington at the. time, and formed a nucleus for class meetings whenever an old classmate turned up ToAvard Williams College he has always entertained a most filial offi ction, and ever speaks with deep feeling of the bene fits which he derived from his two years' residence there, and especially from ih? iustruction and influence of Dr. Hopkins, the President, who during his thirty years' tenure of thit office impressed himself as strongly upon the young men under his charge as any college inetruclor the country has ever seen, and who has old pupils on the Supreme Bench of the United States, in both Houses of Congress, and in other positions of trust and influence throughout the land. I remain your obedieut servant, Clement Hugh Hill. J. M BuNDY, Esq. 1 CO THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES K. HAZEN. PRESBYTEniAN CosmiTTEE OF PUBLICATIOIT, 1001 Main Street, Richmond, Va., June 22, 1880. The warm personal regard and affection I have for Garfield lead me to respond with alacrity, though I fear I can furnish you little that will be valua ble lor the purjiose whicn you have in view. We expected much of Garfield when in college, and predicted for him a scat in Congress within less than ten ye:irs of his graduatitm (he reached it in seveni, bat, so far asl know, cur class prophecies did not point to a Presidential caudl- d".cy ; if they had, oi:r memoranda would doubtless have been very full. It was my privilege to board at the Fame table with Giirfield during our Senior year, and I have a very vi\id lecolleftlon of our daily conversations upon the various Fubjects of study that engaged oar attention, but particularly upon the Shorter Catethism. It was the custom then, and perhaps is still, in old Williums, for the Senior Chiss to devote Saturday morning to an exercise in that time honored standard of the Calvinietic faith, under the instructions of President Hojikins, and, though holding a different type of theology, none of our class entered into the ?tudy more heartily than Garfield. It suited his metaphysical turn of mind. In the discussions that followed, as we went from the class-room to our din ner-table. I was always impressed with the keenness of his criticisms, though my faith in the cl 1 Catechism and its doctrines was not shaken, and with the straightforward fa rncss and the heariy respect which he accorded to views which he utterly refused to accept. Itf cci.ra to me that in this we have a char acteristic feature of the man, which has more than once been prominently mani fested in his political career. The occurrent es of the last few days have recalled to my mind very vividly the beginning of the campaign of 18u6, twenty-four years ago. The first Pi-esi- dential candidate of the Republican Party, John C. Fremont, was nominated shortly before our graduation. A college ratification meeting was held, on receipt of the news, and, among otheis of the Senior Class, Garfield spoke. Probably this was his first Rejmblicau speech, and I can testify that it was enthusiastic and eloquent. He had turned his attention to politics before Ibis somewhat, having de livered, On the occasion of the Adclphic Union Exhibition, 1855, a poem, entitled "Sjm," which may be found in Vol. 111. > No. 1, page 25, of the }VUliam8 Quarterly. Of the hearlinessand cheerlne^s of hie manner 3= a friend and companion, I have the pleasantest recollect ions, and I can recall r.othirg whatever that in the slightest degree mars this impression. Strong, however, as was my attachment to Garfield during our college life, it has been greatly strengthened by incidents that have since occnrred. It was my fortune to be the only one of my classmates on the losing side in the late war. Going South very soon after graduation, it has been ravhome ever t-ince. In 1871 or 1872, some fifteen years from the time we t'radnated, business called me to Washington, and I found there fe\eral of my classmate* THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 37 and college acquaintances occup3'ing various positions of honor and responsi bility, but none of them recognized me as I met them, and I was under the necessity of introducing myhclf. Nut so, however, with Garfield. On the morn ing of my arrival a friend had given me a seat on the floor of the House at the opening of the session. Shortly afterward Gaifield came iu from the opposite side of the hall, and approaching hi^ desk, which happened to be just before the one I occupied, he recognized me the moment he entered and greeted me at once with my old colh'ge nickname, ''R.x.'* I meution this as indicating the possession of one of those faculties which men of high position have found it necessary to cultivate. But what I designed to mention especially in connection with this was the warm welcome I received to his home, and the many kind nesses expe'-ienced then aud on subsequent occasions, many of them prompted^ as I am disposed to think, by the very fact that I was regarded iu the light of "- an erring brother." Yours, very truly, Jas. K. Hazen. LETTER FROM THE REV. JOHN TATLOCK. HoosicK Falls. N. Y., June 25. 1880. Mr. Garfield (ii-played in college that peifect silf-possetsion, that entire command of his powers and of his mental resources, which afterward made him successful in the field and a ready and poweiful d bater in Congress. Of his boldness and facility in turning to account vague scraps of informa tion, which more timid men would fear to use, and which less able men could not use, I recall an illustration : In his Junior yenrhewas engaged in a public debate between representa tives of the two literary societies. The speaker who j receded him on the oppo site side produced an elaborate ilhisi ration from "Dim Quixote." Gaifield, in reply, raised a laugh against his opponent by comparing him to the knight at tacking the windmill. " Or rather," said he, " it would be more appropriate lo say that the gentleman resembles the windmill attacking the knight." At the supper following the debate Garfield was rallied on his extensive ac quaintance with the class-ics. He laughingly rt plied that be had never read ''Don Quixote," and had heard only au allusion to the mad knight's assault upon the flying arms of the innocent mill. . , To this I will only add that he was a man of a sweet, large and wholesome nature, and endeared himself the most to these who knew him best. Yours truly, John Tatlock, Classmate of Gen. Garfield, and Co-Editor with him. LETTER FROM MR. SILAS P. HUBBELL. CuAMPLAiN, Clinton County, N. Y , June 28, 1880. Garfield entered our Junior Class in fall of '54. He brought with him from Ohio another student, Charles D. Wilbur, who joined our class at same time, and between them there seemed to be a strong attnctiment. They roomed to gether in South College, and, as we termed it, were colleire chums. Wilbur unfor tunately was lamo aud limped badly, and requ r^d the help of ciu:ches or a 38 THE LIFE OF GEN, JAMES A. GARFIELD, stout cane. They were always together, and Garfield's kindness to his crippled chum was very noticeable. The pair in their daily walks to and from the reci tation-rooms aud about the college grounds excited the eager gaze and curiosity of their fellow-students, from their quaint nnd odd appearance and evident un- famiLarity with college ways and doings. Besides, the contrast in the apptarance of the couple was very striking— Gar field of large frame, looming up six feet high, strong and healthy, and looking like a backwoodsman, and Wilbur, with a pjle, intellectual cast of countenance limping along beside him. They made eo attempt to conform to the ways and peculiarities of college life, or to ingratiate themselves with the students. They both seemed to be in dead earnest, striving to get an education, and to be entirely engrossed in their studies and college duties. Their position at first wa.s a very isolated and pecu'.iar one, and which was somewhat enhanced by a whisper that soon circulated amor.g the ttudents that they were Campbellites. Now, what that meant, or what tenets the sect held, nobody seemed to know, but It was supposed to mean something very awful. But they continued on pursuing the even t-^nor of their way, un moved by the stares and criticisms of their companions. After a lime this feel ing passed away, and Garfield, by his successful attainments and straightforward, manly course, commanded the respect and admiration of his class and of the whole college. College life, as everybody Inows, is a world in miniature ; we had our elec tions, our debates, our caucuses, our anxieties and ambitious desires. There were two large d^ibating societies in the college, one tbe Philologians, the other the Philotechnians, and a strong rivalry existed between the two societies. Gar field joined the Philologian Society, and took great interest in its welfare. He very soon took prominence as a deba'er, and by Iiis ready wit and intimate knowledge of the subject discussed generally won his side of the case. He \uis a very hard student, and he never would speak or enter into the debate unless he had thoroughly mastered tlie subject reforehar.d. The subjects discupsed in these meetings were of a varied character, but he always spoke on 1hes!deof right and freedom, and in behalf of the people and against oppression offlU kinds. In October, 1855, iu the public debate between the two societies held in the college chapel, he was one of the persons elected to represent his society in the debate. The subject for discussion was, " Was the Feudal System Beneficial*''* The negative was supported by Garfield, and by his animated, ear nest, and convincing arguments, nnd tnthusiustic denunciation a of the oppres sions of the system, he won the hearty applause of his auditory. At the begin ning of the Senior year he was elected President oT the Philologian Society by a large majority, and won the admiration of all by his knowledge of parliamen tary tactics, and the case and grace with whieh he picsided over the assembly. At the commencement of Senior year Gaifield wa< e'ocled one of the editors of tbe WiUiamt Quarti'rlij, a periodical conducted by the students, and won an liono'-able distinction in our literary world by his contributions to the magazine. Some of his essays at the time were very noticeable, one in particular I now remember, entitled "The Province of History," which showed a depth of re- THE LIFE OF GEJT. J.VMES A. G,\.KFIELD. 39 search and broad, far-reaching views as to the province of history whieli was not e.xpectedof an undergraduate at tiillc^'C. Th s article appeared in the number for June, 185G, and placed Garfield at the front iu re;,'aid to literary attainments. Garfield early joined the Mills Theolotjical Soc'ety, which rciiresciited some of the best men in college. They held meetings every week, had a very fine libiaiy, embraced among their members a great deal of the best culture and talent in the college. It was unscctarian in character, aud wielded a powerful influence for good over tl c whole collece. Garfield successively lllled the offices of Librarian and President of the so ciety, and by his urbanily, innate iilndiiress of nature, and good sound judgment in the managcm'snt of its affairs, won the respect and esteem of ail its members. Garfield was quiet nnd undemonstrative in his leligioiis habits. There was no Clint about him. Cut he impressed all with his deep sincerity and honesty of purpose. He lived the life of a true Chtistian. 1 well remember commencement day at "Old Williams," when our class graduated. Garfield took one of the highest honors of histluss, called the nieia- jihysical oration. The subject of his oration was "Matter and Spirit." The audience were wonderfully impressed with bis oratory, and at the close there was a wild tumult cf applause, aud a showering down upon him of beautiful bouqnels of flowers by Ihe ladies, a most fitting end to his arduous, self-denying college course and a bright augury for the future. 1 remain respectfully yours, Silas P. IIueeell. LETTER FROM ME. L.WALETTH WILSON. Havehstbaw, N. Y., June 28, 1830. Mr. Garfleld even then showed that magnetic power which he now exhibits in a remarliable degree in public lite, ol surrounding lilmself h ith men of vari ous talents, and of employing each to tbe best advantage in his sphere. When questions for discussion arose in the college societies, Garfield would ^ive each of his allies a point lo investigate ; boolis and documents from all the libraries would be overhauled, and the mas< of facts thus obtained being brought to- ''ether, Garfield would analyze the whole, assign each of his associates his part, aud they would go into the battle to conquer. He was always in earnest and persistent in carrying his point, often against apparently insurmountable ob stacles, .ind in college election contests (which are of. en more intense than national elections) he was always succe-sful. He showed perfect uprightness of character, was religious without cant or ansterity.and his influence for good was widely felt, 1 never heard an iingry word or a hasty expression, or a sentene ; which needed to be recalled. He possessed equanimity of temper, self-possession, and self-control in the highest degree. What is more, I never heard a. profane or improper word or an indelicate al lusion from his lips. He was in habits, speech, and example a pure man. Arising, some may say from Ills own early sirng-les, but as I believe from his native nobility of character, wa^ his symi.aihy for tbe suffering or depresserl or humble. He would find out their wishes and desires, th. ir best points, end where their ability lay, and encourage them to advancement aud success. Not even now has he any of that inapproachability and hauteur wiiich too 40 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD, often accompany great talcnt« and high position. He is a democrat in the high est sense of the word ; iiomatter how humble a position a person may hold, how iinfashionably drcseed, how countrified in appearance, or lacking in knowledge of the u-ages of polite society, he will feel at ease in Mr. Garfield''s presence, and receive the same courtesy and probably greater attention than would the Prince of Wales. On entering Williams College, Mr. Garfield was uncommitted in national politics ; perhaps his first lesson cam'j from John Z. Gmdrich, who at that time represented in Congress the western district of Massachusetts. In the fall of 1855 Mr. Goodrich delivered a political address in Williamstown on the history of the Kansas-Nebraska struggle, and the efforts of the handful of Re publicans then in Congress to defeat the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. As Mr. Goodrich spoke, T sat at Garfield's side, and saw him drink iu every word. He said as we passed out, " This subject is entirely new to me. I am go ing to know all about it." He sent for documents, studied them till he became perfectly familiar with the history of the anti-slavery struggle, and from that hour has been the thorough Republican, the champion of right against injustice, that he is at this hour. LAVALETTii Wilson. LETTER FROM MR. ELIJAH CUTTER. Boston, June 30, 1880. He had a robust physique ard an open rr unfenaute. There was no stint in his make-up, and no "style," no assumed gent lity, but much of "nature's nobleman" about him. He was a little in advance of the average class age, and had an exuberant growth of hair, while his maturity of thonght and expression, not unmixed with " Westeruisms," challenged our attention. Yet in all youtliful feelings and im pulses he was as tru'y a Aoy as any in the class. His uusindiedand often unskil ful handling of himself was always accompanied by real delicacy of feeling and mental adroitness and aptitudes. Garfield's greatness was to our young eyes enig matical, but it wa« real. There was a. good deal of him— ho^y^ soul and spirit. Nature had not defaulted in his make-up, and his talents were of the popular order. That a serious purpose brought Garfield to college, and how bent he was on accomplishing it, ntuic who knew him in daily life could doubt. He accomplished much and aspired to more, not alone in clasM studies, but in other and varied acquirements. He rea I much of history and jfoerry. He was i)Tssonate]y fond of Shakespeare, and gave to debates and other optional literary exercises much attention. I think most if not all of our class will remember Garfield pleasantly for hia companionalile traits Not in the ordinary sense a " hail feMow well met," he h.id that genial temperament which readily drew others about him. Who among the men of ]8i6 does not recall among the picturesque memories of East Corege. that of Garfield hilling on the fence or roHing at full lengih on the cam pus, convulsed with some newly fledged joke, or apt nickname, or droll persona tion, or college yam ? There were a few fine specimens of nimble wits in the class, of which Garfield might not bo reckoned one, but none more ready to ap- THE LIFE OF GEN. .I.VMES .\. GARFIELD. 41 predate and perpetuate the college humor th:in he, and in all th;it goes to main- tiin tlie recreative and spurtii g life among young men he was piouiinent, I should like to speak of Garfield in his religious nature, and of those high moral convictions which rendered him conspicuous in college, not less than in his public career since, and of some deep struggles he went through while weighing the question of entering upon politics as a profession. Some of these experiences would exhibit Garfield in a true light, if the boy is hut the father of the man. But I fear I should trespass both upon his coniidence and your space* I am, sir, yours very respectfully, ELI.TAU Cutter. LETTER FEOM THE REV. E. N, MANLEY, Camden, N. Y., July 8, 1S80. Garfield played chess with interest and success, Tiie game becoming fas cinating, threatening study hours, and finally carrying him once or twice near to, if not over into, the small hours of niglit, he said, "This won't do," and stopped short off. We used to have an annual holiday called *' Mountain-Day." At the close of one, a Fourth of July evening, on the summit of old *" Greylock,"' seven miles from college, there was a goodly gathering of students about their camp- fire, when Garfleld, the recognized leader, taking a copy of the New Teslament from his pocket, said, "Boys, I am accustomed lo reada chapter with my absent mother every night ; shall I read aloud ?" All assenting, he read to us the chap ter his mother in Ohio was then reading, and called on a classmate to pray. I think it waj at tho breaking-up meeting of the class, at graduation, that, being called up for a speech, he said, " yap is a Greek proposition meaning for. Gar-field, for-the-field. That is whati supposel am." E, N. Manlet, Pastor Presbyterian Church. I have saved for the hist a remarkable letter from the Rev. Edward Clarence Smith, of Philadelphia, a graduate of tho Law as well as of the Divinity school, and an especial favorite with the class of 1856. As will be seen, it was written to Colonel Kockwell, and without the slightest notion th.at it would ever be wanted for publication. LETTER FEOM THE REV. EDWARD CLARENCE SMITn, 501 N. ElGBTBENTH ST., PHILADELmiA, JuUe 15, 18S0. To Colonel A. F, Rockweli,, U, S. Army, Washington, D. C, M'j Dear Old Fiiend and CI issmaU ; I thank you for yonr kind letter of the 10th inst, I joy and rejoice with you. I am glad to hear from one who so thor oughly appreciates the great power and worth of our honored and beloved Gar fleld. What you say of his m^'Utal growth and maturing powers I fully endorse. In sheer force and reach of facu.ty, in breadih of thought and culture, I believe he is the peer of the best man in America to-day. But what seems grander to 43 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. me is his unswerving loj-alty to conccience, to truth, and to his country's good ; in a word, his magnificent manliness. I sincerely believe that there are times in the history of such countries as ours when God makes special use of such men. In this scientific age, persons do not like to hear the word Providence. But there seem to be cerlain super human arrangements and adjustments that philosopliy cannot explain, and that work out righteous results. Unman ingenuity does not devise them ; human wisdom does not foresee them. I call it the insertion of a Divine factor in his tory. It does not compel the human will ; it does not destroy personal free dom, but it does achieve it.< results with resistless might, and with infallible cer tainty. What think you of a theolOfjicxt-phUosophico-maihematicol formula like this fax b=c, in which " a " is man's freedom, intact, but flnite; "b " a divine ly inserted factor, unlimited ; " c*' the providential plan of God in the issue of things. Thus freedom i? saved, and the ends of eternal rightness achieved. But, mathematics and metaphysics aside, it seems to me that our friend has often come near that holy place, where Providence touches the machinery which weaves out the plans of history, and, doubtless often, without being personally conscious of It. There are but few sincere souls that are deemed worthy of sucli honor : *^Pavci quos (equu3 amctvit ./upiter, out ardens enexit ad aelhera virf.w.''^ Thi y are never self-seekers. They work where they are placed. Like .(Eneas, in the fable, they are often covered with a cloud woven by divine flngers, and the mass do not see them. But, when they are needed, the cloud breaks away ; they are known of men, and are summoned to do God's work, sometimes against their will. Washington was such a man, Lincoln was .another, and I sincerely be lieve Garfield is a third. Such men can be known by their utter unselflshness. their inlierent nobility of character, and always by their unconsciousness of themselves. Such men invariably impress their generation with a sense of their personalitf/. To how many millions is Lincoln thoroughly known, though few have ever seen him ? The great heartof humanity recognizes such mtn, when they pass, by a kind of divinely implanted instinct, I have long felt that Gen, Garfleld was divinely intended to supply impor tant links in tlie chain of our country's history. I have therefore anticipated, with you, his election to the Presidency. One of my friends reminded me to day that just one year ago I showed him tbe photograph of Gen. Garfleld as that of the next President. I have little doubt of bis success. Y'ou have seen a storm-clond move over the earth, and gaiher all the electric forces along its course into afliniiy with it so that the lightning of the earth runs to meet the lightning of the cloud ; so in case of a divinely chosen man ; he carries in hia great heart all the instincts, hopes and aspirations of an age. When he ap pears and comes near to men, the love and acclaim of a nation rnn to meet him. There is in my opinion no doubt of our h nored friend's success. He cannot appear, but the people will know him. Did you observe this at Chicago f The machinery «as well forged, riveted, and clamped, air-tight and fire-proof. But the popular will burst Ihe bonds, as though withes of straw. To change the figure, it seemed to be a case of spontaneous combustion. The party engines THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 43 played, but the flres would burst through chink and crevice. Finally the gal leries caught fire, and everything went. Wasn't it grand to see our friend stand by Sherman, with heroic loyalty, to the last, protesting against the use of his name, and fearing notliing so much as disloyalty to manliness and friendship ? A few words of prophecy ; The gal leries at Chicago caught fire, as we know. I foresee that the flames will sweep like a prairie fire over the continent ; burning to the very edge of'the St. Law rence ; to the surges that break upon Plymouth Rock ; and even to the melan choly murmnrs of the great western sea. . , . God bles-* you, my dear fellow. Remember me afTecfionately to our honored and loved friend, when you see him ; and, 1 hough he may never hear Irom me again, inasmuch as he is now liliely to s" ing out of my horizon, yet tell him I glory in his achievements for good, and shall ever wlah him God-speed.' Cordially and affectionately yours, Edward Clahence Smith. With all the cross-lights that are thrown on Garfleld's char acter and career at Williams, by those men who knew him best under circumstances when character is most perfectly develop ed, it is needless to say much in addition. No college man needs to be told that his most critical judges are his classmates, who are the last to bow before any fictitious or unworthily won success in after life. Other letters from Garfleld's classmates — not used because more or less repetitions of those already in type— show, as those printed above all show, an enthusiasm of admiration such as I never before even heard or read of being displayed by old classmates toward one of their number, no matter how high distinction or power he may have attained. The secret is to be found in the perfect integrity, warm heartedness, great-heartedness, and magnetic power (jf the man, which has made all the sons of Williams, older and younger, proud of him, jealous of his honor, and indignantly impatient of the scandals that he frankly met, manfully exposed, and fully answered, to the satisfaction of every fair-minded and intelli gent man who has read his answers. If such stanch Democrats among the alumni of Williams — who have known Garfleld long and well — as Justice Field, late Democratic candidate for the Presidency, and as the Hon. David Dudley Field, will give the slightest countenance to these e.xploded scandals, I shall feel that there is some sort of provocation for attempting the not 44 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. difficult task of satisfying any reasonable and unprejudiced man that partisan malignity never pursued an eminent public man with less shadow of pretext than exists for ringing the varia tions on the scandals that have been perfectly answered by James A. Garfield. (Garfield lo Col. A. F. liockweU, U. S. A.) Hiram. Ohio, Aiignst 1-1, 18C6. My Dear Jarvis ; My visit to Williams has washed out the footprints of ten years ai d made me a boy again. Strolling on the shore of life it is with re luctance that 1 plunge back again into the noisy haunts of men. The noble re union has wedded my heart more than ever to the class and to old Williams. Let us not hereafter cease to pay that reverence which is due to youth. I mean to go back to Williams as often as! can. The place and its associations shall be to me a fountain of perpetual youth. If wrinkles must be written upon our brows, let them not be written upon the heart. The spirit should not grow old. (Garfleld to B. A. Mrpidale.) Washinrton. June ."», 1872. After spending all the day Monday on the law case in Cleveland. I took the train for Williamstown, which I reached in the evening ; stayed throughout the examination and until Friday morning. The exercises were very solemn and impressive. The resignation of Dr. Hopkins was a noble act, and the final speech in which he delivered up the keys to his successor was one of the rarest grand- cur and simplicity. His first paragraph was this: *'Why do I resign? First. that I may not be asked why I do not resign. Second, because I believe in the law of averages, and the average man of seve.ity is not able to bear the burdens of this Presidency. And yet I can now ber it. Many of my friends think I should continue to bear it. I think it safer to test the law of averages." I stayed with Dr. Hopkins as his guest, and it was very touching when the old President bade me good-by, saying, " You will observe that I reserved for the concluding and final act of my offic'al life, before laying down the office, the conferring upon you the degree of LL,D. I was glad to have my work thus asscciated with your name," CHAPTER YI. rROFESSOR, PKESIDENT, AND STATE SENATOR. On graduating from Williams with high honors, witli the highest college popularity, and with the unreserved confidence and admiration of President Hopkins and all the faculty, Gar fleld naturally returned to Ifiram for the beginning of his life- work as a trained and cultured man. There were his most intimate and enduring associations. There the roots of his vigorous nature had taken strong and deep hold in all direc tions. Above all, there lived Miss Lucretia Rudolph, whose fair.ily had removed to Iliram some years before, to enjoy its educational advantages. The acquaintance begun at Chester, many years previous, when both were students at the Geauga Seminary, had ripened into congenial companionship iu the studies and reading pursued together at Iliram, where he found her living near the Institute. She became Garfield's pupil, some time afterward, and recited to him in Latin, Greek, and geometry, as well as in some other branches of study. She w.as a remarkably fine scholar, with keen perceptions, quick in tuitions, and high ambitions. She sympathized with all of Garfield's strenuous struggles for a college education. She was his complement and better self. Their union was inevitable, and they were engaged in ly.")4, just as Garfield was about to set out for Williams. But with this sensible understanding, that tho marriage should not occur until he was in such financial condition that he would run no risk. It was one of those deliberate purposes whose fulfilment the lovers put far enough ahead to be prepared for it. They were married on the 11th of November, 1S,)8, by the Rev. Dr. Hitchcock, President of 'the Western Reserve College at Hudson, and a happier mar riage, in all respects, was never consummated, or one mora 40 THE LIFE OF GEK. JAMES A. GARFIELD. calculated to keep the strong current of Garfield's forceful and active life pure, sweet, uncontaminated, and within limits. Garfield became Professor of Latin and Greek iu 1856. The institution was poor and his pay was small. But, as usual, his activities burst out in all sorts of channels. He not only taught with all his might, but delivered scientific lectures, learning his science as he went along, and got considerable pecuniary returns therefrom. It was a place and time for " plain living and high thinking." He was used to both, and revelled in the jjlay of his manifold powers. He put new life into the " Insti tute," or " College," as it was successively called. He easily rose to be its President. Between his college duties, lecturing, reading of all sorts, occasional "preaching" for the "Dis ciples " around Hiram, and political speeches and orations, he " threw" off, without fatigue or fretting, work enough to wear down and out half a dozen ordinarily strong men. The im pulses set in motion by his enthusiastic and varied activities were felt all over the Western Reserve. The people there recognized a new moral and intellectual force in the young and masterful College President, whose upward growth was the rising subject of talk. With all, he was so frank, ingenuous, communicative, manly, and unconscious of his own swift self- promotion that all the " plain people" took him to their hearts. He never " condescended to people of low estate." Conde scension was a manifestation of pride or vanity which was utterly impossible to his nature. For every reason — and es pecially because Garfield had shown his equality to the new and st.trtling issues of slavery and freedom, of secession and the Union, in public speeches of extraordinary intellectual grip, clear perception of constitutional and of " the higher" law, and oratorical power — it was inevitable that the people should call him into the public service, at a period when so many of the old leaders were faint, false, blind, or living in the Past. He was elected, in 1859, by the people of Summit and Portage Counties, as State Senator. His majority was large and attested Ihe strength of his popularity. Although only twenty-eight THE LIFE OF GEN. J-lilES A. GARFIELD. 47 years of age, and new to legislation, or any other official experi ence, he speedily took lank as one of the readiest and best informed debaters iu a body containing many experienced and able men. Realizing the nature of the " irrepressible conflict" that was breaking up parties and confounding the wisdom of old leaders, he was not long in arraying himself alongside of Senator Jacob D. Cox — since General, Governor of Ohio, and Secretary of the Interior — and Senator Monroe, an Oberlin Pro fessor, and the trio were recognized as the " Radical Senators." The first report which Garfleld made as a member of a com mittee in the State Senate, was on the revival and completion of the geological survey of the State. In such subjects as this his enthusiasms have always been easy to be moved, and it would be diflScult for him even now to write a document of a dozen pages, which could more comprehensively and interestingly awaken the people of Ohio to the importance of a thorough geological survey of their State. His faculty for grouping statistics and making them eloquent and practical was well il lustrated in this effective presentation of the vast resources of his Slate. A shorter report on the subject of the education of the neglected, destitute, and pauper children, was a fitting prelude to the large and more important efl'orts in the cause of education, as to which no one of our public men has developed such a combination of philosophical thihliing, jipplied to a vast mass of statistics. Another report, on the subject of weights and measures, is a brief but comprehensive presentation of the history of English and American systems, and of the progress that has been made in approximating scientific standards. In the last part of Garfield's service as State Senator the fore- shadowings of civil war found him ready m his place to take measures of precaution worthy of a great and a border State. His speech on the 24th of January, 1861, in behalf of a militia bill, for raising and equipping 60u0 militia, is full of prevision of the coming struggle, and of the spirit which took him to the front when the storm burst. In reply to a reminder that at tbe 48 tllE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. preceding session he had opposed the bill as unnecessary, ho frankly avowed that the change in the times had changed his attitude, and that the prevailing reason with him for the pas sage of the bill was the disturbing and threatening aspect of national affairs. And he met the issue with characteristic courage and frankness as to the protest against coercion, which, at that time, it will be remembered, was very prevalent at the North. He said : " If by coercion it is meant th.at the Federal Government shall declare and wage war against a State, then I have yet to see any man. Democrat or Republican, who is a coercionist. But, if by the term it is meant that the General Government shall enforce the laws, by whomsoever violated, shall protect the property and flag of the Union, shall punish traitors to the Constitution, be they ten men or ten thousand, then I am a coercionist. Every member of the Senate, by his vote on the eighth resolution, is a coercionist. Nine tenths of the people of Ohio are coercionists. Every man is a coercionist or a traitor." In accordance with this speech was his report of a bill for the punishment of treason, which was a brief but lawyer-like pre sentation of the reasons for such a bill at such a time, with the frank avowal that " it is high time for Ohio to enact a law to meet treachery when it shall take the form of an overt act ; to provide that when her soldiers go forth to maintain the Union, there shall be no treacherous flre in the rear." Doubtless his own instincts told him that he was sure to be in the front when the hour of conflict came, and like a good soldier, as well as a true patriot, hia flrst act was to protect that rear. It is perhaps impossible to give a better illustration of the manner in which Garfield's mind, from the period of his young manhood down to the present, has worked out in all directions in order to obtain its results, than is afforded by an incident of his service in the Ohio State Senate. He had heard from a dis- linguished and veteran lawyer that the true way to study the law, in his judgment, was for a student in any State to begin THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 49 with a thorough reading of the statutes of the State. Tho beginner should familiarize himself with every effort to formu late the will of the State into law, and obtain his knowledge of legal principles from these individual illustrations of the attempt to apply principles of law to actual practice. This suggestion fell on Garfield's mind with great force ; and as in his case there is seldom any long interval between receiving a decided impression and acting on it, he determined, not to study all the statutes of Ohio, but to go through the statutes in search of some definite information with regard to a particular subject, so that he could string his acquisitions on something and have some definite limitations of inquiry. It finally occurred to him that he would take up a single dollar and follow it on its travels through all the avenues of taxation into the treasury, and of expenditure out of it until it finally returned to the pocket of the taxpayer, from whieh it started. In the pursuit of the for tunes and adventures of this peculiar sort of a hero he found out just how the law of taxation was adjusted, through what oSicers it was attained, what were the powers of those officers with regard to taxation, what were their means of enforcing it, and how the money was expended, for what purposes, by what officers, exercising what authorities, and finally by virtue of what legislation, for what object, and through what means it returned to the source of its origin. In the course of this highly original method of studying law he came upon the startling discovery that, through the negligence of the framers of an amending act of legislation, the State for some few years pre ceding had been actually without any legal method of ascer taining legal weights and measures. So that the flrst result of his law studies in this direction was the necessity of repairing a very serious legislative blunder. The mental grasp and vigor and the comprehensive sweep of inquiry revealed in this single illustration shows one of the strongest and most peculiar char acteristics of Garfield's intellectual methods, and reveals the secret of his constant preparedness for great emergencies, and of the athletic vigor and rich and abounding fulness of hi.- m'.nd. 50 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. But this is not all. Having thus, in the most unexpected manner, discovered the necessity for legislation to repair the results of legislative carelessness, he developed the same thoroughness in the discharge of his duty as legislator. He at once moved the appointment of a " select committee of one," which was the ordinary proceeding in such cases in the Ohio Legislature at that time, to examine and report on the whole system of weights and measures. The motion passed, and Gar fleld was appointed for that duty ; and this report then sub mitted and published remains to this d.ay the most exhaustive legislative report on the subject ever made in his State. (Garfleld to B. A. H nsdale.) Hiram. May 3, 1858. To B, A, Hinsdale, C. P. Bowler, H. M. James, Elizabeth Woodward, COBDIE TiLDEN, etc. Dear Fnends: Your very kind request that I should continue my lectures is received, I receive it as a pleasing testimonial of your confidence and re spect, and would willingly accede to your request were it possible. For the present it is not pos-eible, but I will endeavor to present a few more lectures on those topics before the close of the term, if circumstances will at all permit. (Garfleld to B. A. Hinsdale.) Hiram, .January 10, 1850, The Sunday after the debate I spoke in Solon on " Geology and Religion," and had an immense audience. Many Spintnalists were out. . . . The re ports I hear from the debate are much more decisive than I expected to hear. I received a letter from Bro. Collins, of Chagrin, in which he says : " Since the smoke of the battle has partially clc.red away, we begin to see more clearly the victory we have gained," I have yet to tee the first man who claims that Demon explains his position : but they are juoilant over his attack on the Bible, What 3'on suggest ought to be done T am about to undertake. I go there next Friday or Saturday evening and remain over Sunday. I am bound to carry the war into Carthage and pursue that miserable atheism to its hoie. Bro. Collins says that a few Christians are quite unsettled because Denton said, and I admitted, that the world had exi-tid millions of years, I am aston ished at the ignorance of the masses on these subjects. Hugh Miller has it right when he SMys that " the battle of the evidences must now be fought on the field of the natural sciences." I Garfleld to B. A. Hinsdale.) Coi-UMEus, January 1.5. 18f>l. My heart and thoughts are full almost every moment with the terrible reality of our country's condition. We have learned eo long to look upon the convul- THE LIFE OF GEN". JAMES A. OARFIELD. 51 Bions of European States as thini^s wholly impossible here, that the people are slow ill coming to the belief th^r tlieic miiy be any breaking up of our institu tions, but stem, awful certainty is fasrening upon thu hearts of men. I do not see any way, outside a miracle of Give to speculate on so painful a theme. ... I am chosen to respond to a toast on the Union at the State Printers'' Festival hero next Thursday cven.ng. It is a sad and difficult theme at this time. {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) Columbus, February 16. IRfil. Mr. Lincoln has come and gone. The rush of people to see him at every point on the route is astonishing. The reci'ption-here was plain and republican, but very impressive. He has been raising a respectable pair of dark-brown whiskers, which decidedly improve his looks, but no appendage can ever render him remarkable for beauty. On the whole, I am greatly pleased with him. He clearly chows his want of culture, and the marks of Westurn life ; bui there ia no touch of affectaiion in him, and he has a peculiar power of impressing you that he is fi-ank, direct, and thoroughly honest. His remarkable good sense, simple and condensed style of expression, and evident marks of indomitable will, gi^e me great hopes for the country. And. after the long, dreary period of Buchanan's weakness and cowardly imbecility, the people will hail a strong and vigorous leader. I have never brought my mind to consent to the dissolution peaceably. I know it may be aaked, Is it not better to dissolve before war than after ? But J. 52 THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. ask. Is it not better to fight before dissolution than after ? If the "North and South cannot live in the Union without war, how can they live and expand as dissevered nations without it ? May it not be an economy of bloodshed to tell the South that disunion is war, and that the United States Governi^ent will pro tect its property and execute its laws at all hazards ? I confess tbe great weight of tho thonght in your letter of the Plymouth and Jamestown idea«, and their vital and utter antagonism. This conflict may yet break the vase by the lustiness of its growth and strenglh, bnt the history of other nations gives me hope. Every government has periods when its strength and unity are tested. England has passed through the Wars of the Roses and tbe days of Cromwell. A monarchy is more easily overthrown than a republic, be cause its sovereignty i,^ concentrated, and a single blow, if it be powerful enough, will crush it. Burke, this is really a great time to live in, if any of us can only catch the cue of it. I am glad you write on those subjects, and you must blame yourself for having made me inflict on you the longest letter I have written to any one in more than a year. {Oarfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) Cleveland, June 14, 1S61. The Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the Twenty-fourth Regiment has been tendered to me, and tho Governor urges me to accept. I am greatly perplexed on tbe question of duty. I shall decide by Monday next. {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) HiKAM, July 12.' 1861. I hardly knew myself, till the trial came, how much of a struggle it would cost me to give up going into the army. I found I had so fully interested myself in the War that I hardly felt it possible for me not to be a part of tbe movement* But the consideration that theie wtre so many who conld fill the office tendered to me and would covet the place, more than could do my work here perhaps, that I rould not but feel it wonld be to some extent a reckless disregard of the good of others to accept. If there had been a scarcity of volunteers I should have ac cepted. The time may yet come when I shall feel it r.ght and necessary to go ; but I thought, ou tbe whole, that time had not yet come. CHAPTER VII. GARFIELD, TUE CITIZEN SOLDIER. General Garfield's military record covers only a little over two years, but it was so full of peculiar incidents and achieve ments that it might well form the sole theme of a volume by some such accomplished military student aud writer as General J. Watts DePeystcr — '• Anchor" — who.se thorough appreciation of Thomas would qualify him largely for writing of a man who was after Thomas's own heart, as a soldier and as a man. But the plan and limits of this book forbid anything like a detailed account of Garfield, the soldier. The truth is, that there is so much of him that tlie faithful biographer is dismayed at the im possibility of even the mcst condensed review of his manifold aud diverse achievements, in a ^.ingle volume. For this reason I rejoice at tho multiplicity of his biographers. There is material enough for each of them to work up into a valuable and interesting " Life." But Garfield was only a soldier, as fifteen hundred thousand other patriotic citizens were soldiers. He was a living, and the ablest, representative of the class whom Quincy Ward has so nobly typified in enduring bronze, in the " Seventh Kegiment" monument that adorns Central Park— the citizen soldier of ability, culture, enlightened patriotism, and readiness for any duty required by the State ; who does not love nor follow fight ing as a profession and for a livelihood, but who promptly adopts fighting as a duty, when the State can only be saved by the self-sacrifice of its citizens. Of this class Garfield was a great representative, in many respects. lie was a splendid specimen (if stalwart manhood ; lie had wonderful capacity to master any new science ; he had won mastery over men and the art of com manding them, through purely intellectual and moral methods ; Oi THE LIFE OP GE>r. JAMES A. GARFIELD. he had come to fill a large place of beneficent influence among his fellows, with widening opportunities daily opening before him in the parallel paths of duty and ambition, at home, and had much to sacrifice in seeking another field of action ; his very success as a teacher and as a public man had so put him under bonds that he could not lightly accept even afield officer's commission, without that cool, deliberate, solemn sense of over powering duty which ennotled and dignified the sacrifice ht final ly made, without a lingering qualm or compunction. At first he was inclined to refuse the commission offered him by Governor Dennison, who knew his powers and capacities, and had in trusted him with an important mission to the Governor of Indiana, from whom he obtained the loan of oOOO stand of arms for the swarming crowds of Ohio volunteers. But it was inevi table from the nature of the man that he should finally take the position where service involved the greatest danger and respon sibility. He set about raising recruits for the Forty-second Ohio Yol- untoers among the men who had been inspired by his patriotic appeals ; among liis students and constituents. It was mainly by liis efforts that the regiment was filled up ; to a good degree, by "Disciples," whose patriotism was consecrated by religious zeal. He was first commissioned, in August, 1801, as Lieuten ant-Colonel, and soon promoted to be Colonel, to the universal satisfaction of his men. On tho ITth of December, 1861, he took his well-drilled regiment from Camp Chase to the front. In the short time allowed him he had gained as much military knowledge as most of our volunteer colonels would have been able to acquire in years. Throwing the whole energy of his in comparable working powers into his new profession, he forgot everything but the one duty of transforming a mass of untrained patriots into a military machine. His success was as marvellous as it was natural. When he reported to General Buell, iu Louis ville, that able soldier and keen judge of men at once saw that his new reinforcement meant more than a fresh regiment of rav/ troops ; it was the acquisition of a gieat brain, inspired with THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 55 COLO^EJ. biUllELD. 5G THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. the highest moral courage and resolve, and sustained by the body of an athlete. The new colonel was not to be put on guard duty and subject to the drill and instructions of a West Point martinet ; he was to have free scope for his resources in an independent command, and to be given a task not laid down in the books, nor taught at West Point, that of clearing out of Eastern Kentucky a large force of rebels, who outnumbered his own command, from a vast tract of wild, difficult, and naturally defensible country. Nor did Buell tell him how to do this tremendous job. He asked Garfield to make his own plans, and when they were made and reported Buell saw at a glance that he had not mistaken Garfleld's genius fur fighting. Let 11.5 take a brief glance at the big job which Buell in trusted to a fresh volunteer colonel, both in the planning and in the execution. Humphrey Marshall, obese but able, had invaded Eastern Kentucky witli 5000 men ; had fortified a natural stronghold at Paintville, and was overrunning the whole region with small detachments, recruiting for tlie rebel forces, discouraging, persecuting, and robbing L'nion men. The area of his operations was larger thau that of Massachusetts ; inhab ited by about 100,000 poor and ignorant white men and a few thousand negroes. Marshall was acting more as a politician than as u soldier. His scattered but effective operations were part of a general plan to wrest Kentucky from the Union. To Garfleld was assigned the formidable task of defeating a pro ject that would have been well-nigh fatal to the Union cause, had it succeeded. To accomplish it ho had only four regi ments of infantry and COO cavalry— in all about 2500 men — di vided by large stretches of mountain country that was harried by guerill.as and full of disloyal people. He had to send com munications to his scattered forces, to insure a co-operative movement, and then run the risk of being defeated in detail before his troops could be massed ; and, after all that was safely accomplished, he had to attack twice his own force, strongly intrenched in commanding positions. He succeeded in getting his dispatches carried to his sepa- THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 57 rate forces, through his judgment in selecting a " native" scout, John Jordan, whose adventures, expedients, and hair breadth escapes in getting through the guerilla bands have been the subject of a most romantic story. After a lide of a hundred miles, the fearless and keen-witted scout took to Col onel Cranor, at Paris, at midnight, au order to move his com mand, the 40tli Ohio, 800 strong, to Prestonburg, and to trans mit an order to Lieutenant-Colonel Woolford, at Stamford, to join him with three hundred cavalry. The scout encountered like perils on his return, but got safely to Garfield's tent, on the Cth of January, at midnight. So far all went well. Garfield at once prepared to move his own column of 1400 men on Marshall's intrenched 5000 — known to be that number from an intercepted letter wiiich G.arfleld had in his pocket, and prudently kept secret. Before this Garfleld h.ad sent false scouts into Marshall's camp, who made him believe that the Union force was m.any times its actual size. There were three roads to Marshall's position. Garfield manceuvrcd so as to deceive the enemy as to his real line of attack, drove in Mar shall's pickets along the river, and lured Marshall into detach ing 1000 infantry and a battery to resist a supposed attack on Paintville. Then he is led to apprehend danger from another quarter, .and transfers these troops to the western road. Two hours later the picket line on the centre is driven in, Mar shall is confused, and Paintville abandoned. On the 8th of January Marshall learns from a spy that Cra nor, with 3300 men (I), is within half a day's march to the westw ard. On this the statesman-soldier gets utterly discour aged, breaks up his camp, abandons most of his supplies, and seeks safety in summary retreat. When Cranor's command ar rives, it is utterly exhausted and unfit to move. But G.arflelfl is full of fight, takes 1100 volunteers, 400 of them from Cranor's command, and on the 9th moves toward Prestonburg, sending his cavalry to harass the retreating enemy. Near Prestonburg he hoars of Jlarshall three miles further up the stream, and sends back to Lieutenant-Colonel Sheldon, at I aintville, to bring up 58 THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. all the av.ailable men for a fight the next morning. All night long he is getting full knowledge of Marshall's positions and of the topography. Again he sends John Jordan into the enemy's camp, to learn his exact position. Breaking camp at 4 A.M. he skirmishes aggressively and successfully till noon, when he reaches the main line, and then fiercely charges 5000 men, with twelve pieces of artillery, finely placed on a steep and rocky hill, with his 1100 heroes, all animated by his own spirit, but unprovided with a single cannon. It was a desperate h?nd- to-hand fight for five hours, with charges and repulses, and fresh charges, till at sunset the 5000 are about ready to swoop down on, envelop, and destroy the heroic 1100, or what was left of them. It was a straining crisis for Garfield, who was jiraying for Cranor and Sheldon, as Wellington prayed for " night or Blucher." At the same time a rebel major, from a l)igh elevation, saw the advancing blue-coats, and turned rap idly and gave the word. In a moment Marshall's demoralized force was whirling awaj', in full retreat, and Garfield was the victor in the most important small engagement of the war. Pursuit of the flying foe was instant, and the cheers of the " Boys in Blue" made the valley ring. Soon the reports of the brief and brilliant campaign cheered loyal hearts that had not felt the solace of victory since the disaster at Big Bethel. Within ten days Thomas had routed ZoUikoffer, and Kentucky was saved to the Union. Buell had virtually made Garfield a Brigadier, by giving him a brigade to command, and had given him an independence of planning and execution such as many corps commanders never enjoyed. Lincoln gave him a Brigadier's commission, dated on the day of the fight I have briefly sketchecl. But the fight ing was the smallest part of his achievement. (See note.) XoTE,— General Buell recognized both the brilliancj' and importance of Gar field's operations in a general order, which contained the following : "They have overcome foimidablcdifilculties in the character of tbe country, the condition of the roads, and the inclemency of the season ; and, without ar- lillery, have In several cngiigemente. terminating in the bntilo of Middle Creek on Ihe 10th inst. (January), driven the enemy from his intrenched positions and THE LIFE OF GEX. JA.MES A. GARFIELD. 59 Having cleared out Humphrey Marshall's forces, Garfleld moved his command to Pikcton, one hundred and twenty miles above the month of the Big Sandy, from which place he cov ered the whole region about with expeditions, breaking up rebel camps and perfecting his work. Finally, in that poor and wretched country, his supplies gave out, and, as usual, taking care of the most important matter himself, he went to the Ohio River for supplies, got them, seized a steamer, and loaded it. But there was au unprecedented freshet, navigation ¦was very perilous, and no captain or pilot could be induced to take charge of the boat. Garfield at once availed himself of his canal-boat experience, took charge of the boat, stood at the helm for forty out of forty-eight hours, piloted the steamer through an untried channel full of dangerous eddies and wild currents, and saved his command from starvation. In the middle of March he made the famous Pound Gap ex pedition, which deserves a separate chapter. Briefly, Marshall had retired to this narrow pass in the Cumberland Mountains, easily made impregnable, and a most admirable position from which to swoop down, with plundering parties, into Kentucky. No direct attack could have dislodged the 500 rebels left con stantly on guard in the Gap, defended by breastworks and quartered in log huts. So Garfield made a sudden forced march of two days, reached the foot of the Gap at night, and the next morning made the rebels believe that he meant a direct attack, while he marched the most of his command through a narrow and tortuous mountain path, led by a faithful guide in a blind ing snow storm, and suddenly pounced down on the astonished rebels in the rear of their fortifications. The surprise and the victory were complete ; the nest and stronghold of the plun derers was captured, a large number of them were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, and Mars-hall's campaign was forced him back into the monntains with the loss of a large amount of baggage aud stores, and many of hi- men killed and captured. These services have culled into action the highest qaalUiea of a soldier— fortitude, perseveranee, and cour age." 60 THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. brought to a ridiculous close, whereupon Garfield marched back his command to Pikcton, which he reached iu four days from his departure, having taken his command about a hundred miles over a rough .and difficult country. On his return he was ordered to report to Buell in person. The latter was moving to join Grant at Savannah, but Garfleld overtook the army, was assign ed to the commanel of a brigade, and took part in the second day's fight at Shiloh. He was in all the operations in front of Corinth, rebuilt and guarded the bridges on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and did his share in erecting fortifi cations. He fell a victim to the malariousness of that region and was prostrated during the months of July and August. When he became convalescent he was ordered to Washington, where his then recognized ability was needed on the Fitz John Porter court-martial, the most impartially constituted, ablest, and fairest court of the sort ever organized in this country. On its adjournment, in January, 1863, he was sent to Rosecrans, who was at first somewhat prejudiced against Garfield, regarding him as a " political preacher." But a few days of intercourse revealed the absurdity of this apprehension ; Rosecrans saw the prodigious resources and frank manliness of Garfield, and made him " Chief of Stdfif," in the full European sense of the word, the first appointment of that sort made in our aimy. It was a high, responsible, difficult position, only second to that of the commander of the Army of the CumBerland. Such rapid pro motion, won without pressure or influence, proceeding from the recognition of demonstrated qualities by two such able sol diers as Buell and Rosecrans, the very opposites in temperament and natural predilections, shows that Garfield only needed time and opportunity to have become one of the great commanders of the Union Army. Acting as the counsellor, adviser and executive ofiicer of Rosecrans, Garfield's vigorous nature found active employment in all the operations in Middle Tennessee. He was everywhere felt. He grew daily in the confidence of Rosecrans. The crown ing epoch of his service as Chief of Staff came with the great THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 01 battle of Chickamauga. The test of his moral courage and individuality had come before. Rosecrans, with his passion for completing all details, had delayed the advance which Stanton was impatiently urging. Finally Rosecrans asked the written opinions of his seventeen generals as to the advisability of an advance. Every one was opposed to it. But Garfleld prepared a masterly paper, reviewing all the written opinions, analyzing their objections and answering them. His argument was irre sistible. With such a paper on file Rosecrans could no longer delay, and the array moved, but it was commanded, for the most part, by officers who felt mortifieel over the powerlessness of their protests. One of them. General Crittenden, said to Gar fleld, as the army began to move : " It is understood, sir, liy the general officers of this army, that this movemeul is your work. 1 wish you to understauel Ihat it is a rash aud fatal niiive, for which j'ou will be held responsible." Garfield resolutely took the responsibility that was thrown ou him. Then followed the fight for the objective point of tho advance, Chickamauga. That the battle was not a great and decisive Union victory, the best military critics now agree, was due to the misunderstanding of a hastily written order to Gen eral Wood, commanding the right wing. All the other orders were written by Garfleld. This was written by Rosecrans him self. Obeying this fatal order too literally. Wood opened a gap in our line which the rebels quickly saw and entered, breaking the right from the centre and sweeping Rosecrans and his chief of staff with a mass of demoralized troops toward Chattanooga. Rosecrans thought that all was lost. Brave to desperation, so far as his own life was concerned, he was easily " stampeded " when his command seemed broken. But Garfleld's resources rose with the emergency. He implored Rosecrans to let him seek the centre and make it a rallying point from which to jire- vent utter rout, by well-directed fighting. His instinct told him that Thomas, commanding the centre, was holding his own with stubborn sturdiuess. With the help of "The Rock of 63 THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Chickamauga," the proud name won by Thomas on that trying day, he could prevent defeat from becoming utter rout and destruction. Rosecrans bid Garfield God-speed and has tened back to the river, to prepare for throwing up works at Chattanooga, behind which to save the swarming fugitives from the front. Garfield, with a few orderlies, set out on the perilous ride, which was far more momentous aud trying than Phil. Sheridan's famous "Ride to Winchester. " Through the forest and over hills ; not knowing where the rebels picket lines might be ; an orderly wounded near him and his own horse shot under him ; with chaos in his rear and the unknown in front — rode Garfield, carrying in his head all the plans of battle and the latest news from the doubled-up right. His arrival at Thomas's headquarters was like the reinforcement of a corps. He aided Thomas by his in telligence and advice, and supiilemented the old veteran's stanchness by a fresh and aggressive enthusiam. He won nobly that day a Major-General's commission, and, what he valued far more, the heart of " Old Pap Thomas." After Chickamauga, Garfield was sent to Washington, to reconcile the differences between Rosecrans and Stanton, and to state to Mr. Lincoln the condition and needs of the Army of the Cumberland, which he did with such clearness and vigor that Mr. Lincoln told him he bad never before understood so per fectly the actual situation of any aimy in the field. In Decem ber, 1863, Garfield, very reluctantly, resigned his commission, in order to perform the duties to which his constituents had called him, nearly fifteen months before. During all of his phenomenally active military career he had constantly kept up his literary culture. He took with him several small volumes of Harper's edition of the classics, and read them whenever he could steal a few moments of leisure. He read a little Latin every day. He rather settled down on Horace as his favorite, regarding him as " the most philosophic of the pagans." He also kept up his interest in all home mat ters, wrote often to his wife and to his friend Hinsdale, and in THE LIFE OF GEN". JAMES A, GAKFIELD. 03 all ways did what he could to nourish his affections, to retain his culture, and to keep up a realizing sense of his citizenship, in the broadest and highest sense of that noble word. In his oflQcia] report of operations in Middle Tennessee, General Rosecrans p-ys Gurficld the following high but deserved t'ibute ; " All my ftafi' vieHted my warm approbation for ability, zeal., and devotion. to duty : but I am sure they will not consider itinxldious if I especially menlio/i Brigadier- General Ga/field, ever active, prudent and sagacious. I feel much indebted to him for both counsel and assistance in the administration of this army. He ]x>ssesses the energy and the instinct of a great commander.^'' General Rosccrana has lately given his opinion of General Garfield to a California reporter. He said : "Garfield was a member of my mililary family during Ihe early part of the war. When he came lo my headquarters I must confess that 1 had a prejudice againi^t hira, as I unders-tood he was a preacher who had gone into politics, and a man of that cast I was naturally opposed to. The more I saw of him the better I liked him, and finally I gave him his choice of a brigade, or to become my chief of staff. He cho^e the latter. His views were large, and he was possessed of a thoroughly comprehensive mind. Late in the summer of 18(i3 he came to me one day, and said that he had been asked to accept the Republican nomination for Congress from ihe As-htabula (O.) district, and asked my adiice as to ivhelher he ought to accept it., and whether he could do so honorably. I replied thai I not only Viought he could accept it with honor,, but that I deemed it to be his duty to do so. * The war is not yet over,' I said, * nor will it be for some time to come. There will be many qutstions anting in Congress which require not alone statesmanlike treatment, but the advice of men having an acquaintance with military affaire will he needful ; and for that and several other reasons, you would, I believe, do equally as good service io this country in Congress as In the field.' 1 consider Garfield head and shonld'jrs above any of the men named before the convention, and far superior to anv of the political managers opon the fioor.'" {Garfi£ld to B. A. Hinsdale.) MunFREESEononcH, Tenn., Feb. 16. 1863, My horses and part of my staff were delayed on the Cumberland by the attack on Fort Donelson, and did not reach here until a few days ago. I have been the guest of Gen. Rosecnns since my arrival, and I have never been more acquahited with the interior life of any man in the same leneth of time in my life. He wants me to stay with him as chief of staff instead of taking com mand of a division. I am greatly in doubt which to choose. He is one of the fe-v men in this war who enters upon all his duties with a deeply devout religious feeling, and looks to God Jis tlie disposer of the victory. His very able report of the late battle here ends with this fine sentence from the Catholic Church ser vice, which he does not quoti; with any cant or affectation : " Non nobis, Domi- ne, non nobis, sed tuo nomine di gloriam." G4 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. (Oarfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) llEADQUARTEKS, DEPARTMENT OP THB CUMBERLAND, MURFKEE.«B ROUGH, May 26, 1868. Tell all those copperhead students for nie that, were I there in charge of the school, I would not only dishouoiably dismiss them from the school, but, if they remained in the place and persisted in their cowardly treason, I would apply to tien. Burnside toenforeeGeneral Older No. 38 in their cases, . . . If these young traitors are in earnest they should go to the Southern Con federacy, where they can receive full sympathy. Tell them all that I will furnish them passes through our lines, where they can join Vallandigham and their other friends till such time as they can destroy us and come back home as conquerors of their own people, or cm learn wisdom and obedience. 1 know this ajiparenliy is a small matter, hut it is only apparently small. We do not know what the developments of a month may bring forth, and, if such things be permitted at Hiram, they may anywhere. The Rebels catch up all such facts as sweet morsels of comfort, aud every such iufluence lengthens the war and adds to the bloodshed. MAP OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Scile of Miles 10 15 SO 25 Loiigituiit!. Wtst iruui Grf the country before I made my second speech greatly relieved ray apprehensions, and I felt less for the result April 4th than I did March snth, though the Democracy had not abandoned their scheme, nor have they done so 5'et. Third. —Your analysis of the elements that make up the ppirit of the Re publican party is certainly ju^t in the main. It would not be possible for any party to be the chief actor in the events of the past twenty-five years without being influenced by the spirit of the events themselves. Our recent history has developed a war-horse type of Republican which I agree with you in despising as a permanent element ; but I do not agree with you that the present agitation is an outcome on the part of Republicans to get np a new cry. We do not get up the cry, wc do not bring in this ncw issue. My analysts of the situation is this : Two Democratic leaders, Tildcn and Thurman, are engaged in a desperate etruggle for the next Presidenc}'. Tilden hopes to be elected on the reminis cences of 1876. The Potter Committee was appointed to infuse the belief that Tilden had been counted out by fraud. Tilden had been gaining ground as a candidate, and if Thurman'nicrely joined in this cry of fraud he carried coals to Tilden's cellar and did not helphiln^elf. He therefore raised a new issue to rally the party around him. His cry was: "No military interference with elections!'* *' Down with the bayonet at the polls !'' " Down with national intcrferenre with elections." The only way that he and hi^ associates conld elevate this issue into prominence was by threatening to stop the government if his aggravations are not redressed. Not to have resisted this scheme would have been criminal on our part. It is true that in resisting it the war-horse type of Republican has found new emi)loyment, and many of tbe undesirable elements of our party are delighted that this issue has been raised. This could not be otherwise; but it ia not just to say that Republicans have raised the issue to feed their taste for gore. I note with great interest what you say about the recent history of my mind and the effect of stump-speaking upon my modes of thinking. I have no doubt that it induceao loosenessnnd superficiality of thought, and an extrava gance of expression; but, on the other hand, it has some compensations. A man addressing n great and mixed audience composed of friends and enemies ia certainly impelled to be more careful in his stiitcments of facts than one who has his audience all to himself. He is much less liable to become cpigrammati- cal and self-confidontin his own views than those who have a friendly audience, where nobody opposes or puts questions. I should be grieved indeed if I felt that politica] speaking was weakening my love of study and reflection in other THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 155 directions. I thank you for the suggestions, and shall keep watch of myself all the more in consequence of them. But it occurs to me I have made more epeeches o^ the kind you approve within the last six months than of the kind you disapprove. For example, the Heury speech, the speech on the Relation of the Government to Science, the Sugar Tariff speech, the speech on Mr. Schleicher, the Chicago speech, and the two articles in the North American Re view. {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) Wasuington, July 7, 1879. The sessioTi has been a mo>t uncomfortable one ; but, on the whole, it has been valuable in the new class of topics it hia brought into discussion. The Democrats completely abandoned the main ground which they at first took, and the most sensible among them do not hesitate to admit privately that it was wholly untenable. Instead of withholding $45,000 000 of appropriations to com pel the redress of grievances, ihey withheld only $fiOn.OOO, and they did not carry as many points of legislation as were tendereri them at the close of ihe last Con gress. The course of justice can only he kept by the marshals advancing the necessary money and run the risk of Congress paying them hereafter; but their powers and official authority are not impaired. . Partywise, the extra session has united the Republicans more th^n onything since 18U8, and it bids fair to give us 1880. CHAPTER Xni. THE LOUISIANA COUNT AND OTHER MATTERS. Rome attempt has been made to asperse Garfield on account of his going dowuto New Orleans asoneot the " visiting states men," after the Presidential election of 1876. The attempt is utterly futile, but it may be well to refer to the actual facts with regard to tliis visit. At the request of President Grant he went to New Orleans, and when Mr. Potter afterward came there with his investigating committee, after full inquiry he found no fault whatever with Garfield's conduct in his report. Nobody before the committee charged that he did or said any unjust or unfair thing, What he did, and all he did, was to examine very carefully the testimony in relation to the election in one parish. West Feliciana, and to write out a careful, brief, and judicial statement of the official testimony as to the con duct of the election there, and bring out his own conclusions, wiiich formed a part of the general report ; but his report on West Feliciana was written separately. In it he analyzed the Ku-Klux Rifle Club movement in that parish which broke up the election, and confined himself to that. He is perfectly will ing to stand on everything he did there as being straight and true and fair. When the "visiting statesmen" returned, and the question of counting the electoral votes came up, an effort was finally made to constitute the Electoral Commission, on the assump tion that the Vice-President had not the right to count the vote, but that Congress had the exclusive right to count it. He made a speech on this subject on the 28th of January, 1877, in which lie took the ground tliat the Vice-President had the right under the Constitution to count the vote ; that Congress would be committing a usurpation if it undertook to count it ; that Con- THE LIFE OF GEX. J.VMES A. GAKFIELD. 157 gress was only present as a witness of a great, solemn ceremony, and not as an actor, and he voted against the bill establishing the Electoral Commission. He was opposed to it on principle. The bill itself was due largely to suggestions from the Demo cratic members— not of a majority, but of a few influential men. It was also supported by prominent Republicans. The Demo crats joined heartily in sustaining it, and defended it as from high and patriotic principles. It afterward appeared that they believed that Judge Davis of the Supreme Court, who had be come almost if not quite a Democrat, would hold the casting vote and count in Mr. Tilden. Mr. Henry B. Payne, of Ohio, afterward admitted, in a speech in Cleveland, that he and his Democratic colleagues would not have passed the Electoral bill had they not supposed that Judge Davis would be a member of the committee. Garfield had voted against the Electoral bill, »nd spoken against it, yet when it was, by common consent of tome of the ablest aud most patriotic members of both Houses of Congress, decided that the Electoral Commission .should be constituted, and that the Republicans should have two members of the Commission from the House and the Democrats three, when the Republicans met they first and unanimously selected Garfield as the man to represent them, and then chose Mr. George F. Hoar, now Senator, and lately the chairman of the Chicago Convention. Garfield accepted the appointment to serve, but regarded it as he would service ou a committee. He did not believe that the Electoral Commission was a constitutional body, but merely a select committee appointed by Congress to make a report, which was subject to rejection by both Houses of Congress ; and it is singular that the Democrats who sus tained Mr. John Bigclow's able argument in favor of the abso lute power of Congress to count the votes have forgotten, or failed to see, that it is entirely immiaterial whether or not the Electoral Commission was either a constitutional body or a just and conscientious committee. It was the action of Congress on the report of the Electoral Commission which made the count effectual and constitutional, and on any theory whatever 158 THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. this action gave to Mr. Hayes a title as valid as has been pos sessed by any President. Ou the inauguration of Hayes to the Presidency the Repub lican party was considerably divided and demoralized. It was reunited and vindicated by the report of the Potter Committee, which, having .set out to authenticate Democratic scandals, ended by the discovery of scandals of a much more serious na ture affecting their own candidate. At that period Garfield held the difficult position of a leader who was trying to protect his party from divisions, which he only succeeded in doing by keeping the minority for six months from having a caucus, ex cept to meet and choose officers or to do some unimportant and unexciting business. There was no caucus in this period held for the purpose of declaring party principles or policies. In this connection it is well to state, as showing the recogni tion of Gai-fielcVs leadership by his party associates in the House, that after ^Ir. Blaine went to the Senate Garfield was unani mously voted for as their candidate for Speaker. He was thus sustained three successive times— once after Kerr died, during his term as Speaker, and Randall was elected for the short term ; tlicn when Randall was first elected, and again when he was re-elected Speaker. There was a strong tendency in 1877, on the part of some of the Republican leaders in both Houses, to assail President Hayes as a traitor who was going to Johnsonize the party. At first the defenders of the Administration were comparatively few ; but there was perfect agreement between them that they would prevent any serious division in the party, so far as possi ble, and there was no party caucus of the Republican members of the House on any important question until Jlr. Potter made his motion for an investigation of the title of President Hayes. That had the effect to bring all the Republican members to gether. A caucus was held which denounced the Potter Inves tigation as revolutionary, and worked together with perfect harmony ; and on this nucleus of support to one of the cleanest, purest, and ablest administrations of the Government in all its THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 159 history, was gradually developed a Republican support of the administration which has been all the more notable that it has come from a quiet and .steadily growing recognition by Repub licans of the ability, fidelity to duty, and statesmanship with which the President and his constitutional advisers have ful filled their duties and met their responsibilities. Garfleld's work as a paciflcator of the party was very effective. He is a natural conciliator, having no selfish or personal ends in view, absorbed entirely in strengthening his party, and leading it, through honorable paths, to lasting successes. His ready abandonment of minor causes of difference, his generous .spirit, his inspiring devotion to the true interests of the party have made him its most helpful leader, the one who has aroused the fewest antagonisms, and who has won for his party its most honorable triumphs. (Garfl Id to B. A. Hinsdale.) Washington, Nnvembrr 11, 1876. Last evening the President telei^raplied mc from Philadelphin. roqiieatin!? mc to go to New Orleans and remain nntil tlie vote is counted, acting as a wit ness of the count. Twas a good deal embarrassed liy the request for eeveral reasons. First, the I'rcsidcnt lias no power in the case, and I could only act ia n personal aud irresponsible way, with the danger that I might be considered an intcrmeddler ; second, I did not know who else was going, and I might find myself associated with violent partisan Republicans, who mean to count our Bide in per fas or nefas. In that case I should be called upon either to assent Io the injustice or to make a report which would call down npon me all the passion of this passionate hour. Of course neither of these situations is plojisant to con template. I might escape from both by declining to go, but it niay he a duty of the very highest sort, which I have no right to decline on any person il ground. 8.30 P.M.— At four o'clock this afternoon 1 called on tbe Pre..-ident. He showed roe n list of gentlemen whom he h:id invited to go to New Orleans. I have concluded to go, and shall leave at midnight. I go with great reluctance, but feel it to bo a duty from which I cannot shrink. (Garfljtld to the Hon. C. C. Hdl, Boston, Mass.) New Orleans, La.. November IS, 1876. The present polilical situation is a very grave one, and some of its aspects flll me with solicitude. I think it is the duty of all good citizens to discourage all violent feeling. The day of choice is past. Neither yon nor I have any longer any right to push onr preferences. That effort was ended on the 7tb ^n- IGO THE LIFE OF GEK. JAMES A. GARFIELD. Ffant. Onr cliicf concern Phmilrt now be to ascertain what the choice was, and then to insist th.-it tlic choice shall be our law. It iaIno^-t unfortunate that the resnlt should turn npon the vote of a State 80 peculiarly and delicately situated as Louisiana. The whole stress and strain of public passion thus presses upon the weakest and wo^^t place. The official report of the State Board of Canvassers cannot be completed in ie^s than ten days. They begin their work to-day, and will invite a delegation of both politi- r,i] pnrtics to jt>in as spectators. I shall try to pet excused from being on the di'lc'ffiition if possible, for T want to go home. Bnt it now appears probable I shall be compelled to remain until the count is complete. T (started for this place on the urgent request of the President. I have been so depressed in spirit by the loss of our precious little boy that I have hardly had the heart to write at al!. (Garfield toB. A. Hinsdale.) Washington, January 4, 1877. When T reflect tbat it is now more than sixteen years since I have been for a moment free from the responsibilities of public life, I seem to have become the slave of others, and hardly at all free to follow the plans of personal culture of which I once dreamed and hoped ; and so I join you in much dissatisfaction with ray past, and yet I suppose we should feel the same in any course of life we might liave pursued. I appreciate what you say of the political situation. I have no doubt that whatever man is inaugurated President will go in wilhacloud npon his title, in the estimation ot many men, but the behavior of a great nation in the adniinis- trafiou of its laws at a critical moment is more important than the fate of any one man or party. We have reached tbe place where the road is marked by no footprint, aud we must make a direct line to be fit to follow after wc are dead. It i- only at such times that the domain of law is enlarged and the safeguard of liberty is increased. I confess to you that I do not feel adequate to the task ; but I shall do my best to point out a worthy way to the light and the right. {Gaifield io B. A. Hinsdale.) Washington, March 10, 187~. It is due to Hayes that wc stand by him and give his policy a fair trial. I understand he wants me to stay in the House. I shall see hira this evening aud if be is decided in hia wishes on that point, I shall probably decline to be a can didate for the Senate. On many accounts I would like to take that place, but it seems to lall to my lot to make the sacrifice. It is probable, though not certain, that I could be elected if I ran. CHAPTER XIV. OCCASIONAL SPEECHES. It is wonderful, considering all of his other activities and with his multifarious studies, that Garfield has found the time to deliver so many addresses of a non iiolitical character. It is impossible to consider even a small proportion of these efforts, all of which are interesting, many of which are important, and some of which deserve to be ranked among the first class of productions of their soit. His oration on the first great occasion of dccor.ating the graves of Union soldiers is a type of one class of purely patriotic efforts. It was delivered at Arlington Heights, to a most distinguished audience, consisting of the President, his Cabinet, a large num ber of members of Congress, and eminent citizens from all parts of the country, and amid surroundings peculiarly calculated to inspire any speaker as susceptible and impressible as Garfield. It was the first considerable memorial service of the sort ob served anywhere in the Union, occurring on the 30tli of May, 1868. At the very opening, he admitted that he was oppressed with a sense of the impropriety of uttering words on such au occasion. Said ho : " If silence is ever golden, it must be here, beside tho grave.? of fifteen thousand men, whose lives were mure signiBcant than speech, and whose death was a poem the music of which can never be sung. With words, we make promises, plight faith, jiraise virtue. Promises may not be kept ; plighted faith may be broken ; and v.aunted virtue maybe only the cunning mask of vice. We do not know one promise these men made, one pledge they gave, one word they spoke ; but we do know they sum med up and perfected, by one supreme act, the highest virtues of men and citizens. For love of country they accepted death ; 163 THE LIFE OF GEX. .TAMES A. G.V.RFIELD. and thus resolved all doubts, and made immort.al their p.atriot ism and their virtue. " For the noblest man that lives there still remains a conflict. He must still withstand the assaults of time and fortune ; must still be assailed with temptations before which lofty natures have fallen. But with these, the conflict ended, the victory was won, when death stamped on them the great seal of heroic character, and closed a record which years can never blot." One oratorical passage in this beautiful tribute to the gallant dead will be appreciated by all those who have beheld the im pressive scene which is spread out in front of the visitor to Ar lington Heights. Said he : ' ' The view from this spot bears some resemblance to that which greets the eye at Rome. In sight of the Capitoline Hill, up and across the Tiber, and overlooking the city, is a hill, not rugged or lofty, but known as the Vatican 'Mount. At the be ginning of the Christian Era, an imperial circus stood on its summit. There, gladiator slaves died for the sport of Rome, and wild beasts fought with wilder men. In that arena, a Gal ilean fisherman gave up his life a sacrifice for his faith. No human life was ever so nobly avenged. On that spot was reared the proudest Christian temple ever built by human hands. For its adornment the rich offerings of every clime and kingdom had been contributed. And now, after eighteen cen turies the hearts of two hundred million people turn toward it with reverence when they worship God. As the traveller de scends the Apennines, he sees the dome of St. Peter rsing above the desolate Campagna and the dead city, long before the Seven Hills and ruined palaces appear to his view. The fame of the dead fisherman has outlived the glory of the Eternal City. A noble life, crowned with heroic death, rises above and outlives the pride and pomp and glory of the mightiest empire of the earth." Probably the memorial effort that gave him the greatest de gree ot thought and labor, and even apprehension, was the eulogy on General George H. Thomas, which he delivered to his comrades of the Army of the Cumberland, at Cleveland, on the 25th of November, 1870. No man had a deeper apprecia tion of the massive and majestic character of Thomas than Gar- THE LIFE OF GEN. JAJIES A. G.^RFIELD. 163 field, for he had been associated with Thomas in the closest officiiil aud personal relations, and between them there had sprung up a friendship of extraordinary strength. It is gen erally conceded that this eulogy upon Thomas is by far the ablest, the justest, and the most eloquent tribute ever paid by an orator to tlie great Virginia soldier. As a review of Thom as's personal and military career, as a defense against malignant accusations from treasonable sources, .and as a rhetorical picture of a character of singular individu.ality and grandeur, it is with out blemish, and comes up to the highest st.andard. His por trait of Thomas will go down to history as a masterly descrip tion of a magniflcent specimen of manhood. Said he : " I know that each of you here present sees him in memory at this moment, as we often saw him in life : erect and strong, like a tower of solid masonry ; his broad, square shoulders and massive head ; his .ibundant hair and full beard of light brown, sprinkled with silver ; his broad forehead, full face, and features that would appear colossal but for their perfect harmony of propor tion ; his clear complexion, with just enough color to assure you of robiust health and a well-regulated life ; his face lighted up by an eye which was cold gray to his enemies, but warm, deep blue to his friends ; not a man of iron, but of live oak. IIis attitude, form, and features all assured you of inflexible firmness, of inexpugnable strength, while his welcoming smile set every feature aglow with a kindness that won your manliest affection. If thus iu memory you see his form and features, even more vividly do you remember the qualities of his mind and heart. His body was the fitting type of his intellect and character ; and you saw both his intellect and character tried again and again in the fiery furnace of war, and by other tests not less searching. Thus, comrades, you see him ; and your memories supply a thousand details which complete and ,idorn the picture. I beg you, therefore, to supply the deficiency of mj work from these living phototypes in your own hearts." His description of the secret of Thomas's success is to so large a degree applicable to his own career that it has an autobiogra phical interest. Said he : " Thomas's life is a notable illustration of the virtue and 104 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. (jower of hard woik ; and in the last .analysis the power to do hard work is only another name for talent. Professor Church, one of his instructors at West Point, says of his student life, that ' he never allowed anything to escape a thorough examina tion, and left nothing behind that he did not fully comprehend-' And so it was in the anny. To him a b.attle was neither an earthquake, nor a volcano, nor a chaos of biave men and frantic horses, involved iu vast explosions of gunpowder. It was rather a taim rational concentration of force against force. It was a question of lines and positions ; of weight and of metal. and strength of battalions. He knew that the elements .and forces which biiiig victory are not created on the battle-field. but must be patiently elaborated in the quiet of the camp, by the perfect organization and outfit of his aimy. His remark to a captain of artillery while inspecting a battery, is worth re- membeiing. for it exhibits his theory of success : ' Keep every thing in order, for the fate of a battle may ttirn on a buckle or a linchpin.' He understood so thoroughly the condition of his army, and its equipment, that when the hour of trial came, he knew how great a pressure it could stand, and how hard a blow it could strike." Without much changing of words, this terse characterization of the sources of Thomas's adequacy to every emergency might be applied to Garfield's own readiness to meet the numerous criti cal occasions to which he has always and invariably shown his equality. As is well known, each State of the Union has the right to place in the .sculpture gallery of the old Senate chamber two statues representing distinguished citizens of the Common wealth. Their reception by Congress is always the occasion of memorial speeches by those members who arc supposed to be best fitted for such discourses. On the "19th of December, 1876, an occasion of this sort occurred in the House, in regard to the reception of the statues of John Winthrop and Samuel Adams from the State of Massachusetts. Garfield's speech was a brief one, but it was marked by its felicity of historical allusion and patriotic sentiment. Nothing, for instance, could be more graceful, in the way of a compliment to two great States, than this passage : TUE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 101 " I can well understand that the State of Massachusetts, em barrassed by her wealth of historic glory, found it difficult to make the selection. Aud while the distinguished gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. Hoar] was so fittingly honoring his State by portraying that happy embarrassment, I was reflecting that the sister-State of Virginia will eucountur, if possible, a still greater difficulty when she comes to make the selection of her immortals. One name I venture to hope she will not select ; a name too great for the glory of any one State. I trust she will allow us to claim Washington as belonging to all States, for all time. If she shall pass over the great distance that separates Washington from all others, I can hardly imagine how sLe will in iko the choice from her crowded roll. But I have no doubt that slij will be able to select two who will rep resent the great |)liases of her history as happily and worthily as Massachusetts i-i represented in tho choice she has to-day announced. It i.s dirticult to imagine a happier combin.ation of great and beneficent forces than will be presented by the rep resentative heroes of these two great Stages. " Virginia and .Ma.ssachusetts were the two focal centres from wlilch sprang the life-forces of this ]{epublic. They were, in many ways, complements of each other, each supplying what (he other lacked, and both uniting to endow the Republic with ils noblest and most enduring qualities." Nor could there be given better reasons for going back to Winthrop and Adams as the especially honored representatives of Massachusetts in the Congressional Pantheon than the following : " Indeed, before Winthrop and his company landed at Salcin, the Pilgrims were laying the foundations of civil liberty. While the Mayflower was ])as.sing Cape Cod and seeking an anchor age, in the midst of the storm, her brave passengers sat down in the little cabin aud drafted and signed a covenant which contains the germ of American liberty. How familiar to the American habit of mind are these declarations of the Pilgrim covenant of 1630 : " ' That no act, imposition, law, or ordi.ianco be made or im posed upon us at present or to come but such as has been or shall be enacted by the consent of the body of freemen or asso ciates, or their representatives, legally .a.ssembled.' " The New England town was the model, the primary cell, 106 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. from which our Republic was evolved. The town meeting w.as the germ of all the p.arliamentary life and h.abits of Americans. " John Wintlr.-3p brought with him the more formal organi zation of New England society ; and, in his long and useful life, did more than perhaps any other to direct and strengthen its growth. " Nothing, therefore, could be more fitting, thnn for Miissa- chusetts to place in our jMcmoiial Hall the statue of the first of the Puritans, representing him at the moment when ho was step ping on shore from the ship that brought him from England, and bearing with him the charter of that flrst political society which laid tho foundations of our country ; and that near him should stand that Puritan embodiment of the logic of the Revo lution, Samuel Adams. I am glad to see this decisive, though tardy, acknowledgment of his great and signal services to America. I doubt if any man cqu.alled Samuel Adnms in formulating and uttering the fierce, clear, and inexorable logic of the Revolution. With our present habits of thought, we can hardly realize how great were the obstacles to overcome. Not the least was the religious belief of the fathers — that alle giance to rulers was obedience to God. The thirteenth chapter of Romans was to many minds a b.arrier against revolution stronger than the battalions of George III. : " 'Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. Ffjr there is no povi-er but of God . the powers that be .are ordained of God. Wliosoevcr theiefore resistcth the power, resisteththo ordinance of God.' " Ancl it was not until the people of that religious age wore led to sec that they might obey God and still establish liberty, in spite of kingly despotism, that they were willing to engage in war against one w'ho called himself ' king by the grace of God.' The men who pointed out the pathway to freedom by the light of religion .is well as of law, wore the foremost pro moters 01 American Independence. And of these, Adams was unquestionably chief." His concluding paragraph might well be emblazoned in some conspicuous place in the halls of both houses of Congress. Said he : "Mr. Speaker, this great lesson of self-restr.aint is taught in the whole history of tho Revolution ; and it is this lesson that to-day, more, perhaps, than any other wo have seen, we ought THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. CAIIFILLD. Km to lake most to heart. Let us seek liberty and peace, under the law ; and, following the pathway of our fathers, preserve tho great legacy they have committed to our keeping." On the 10th of J.anuary, 1878, General Garfield introduced into the House of Representatives n resolution thanking a very liberal, patriotic aud philanthro])ic lady of New York, Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson, for the presentation to Congress of Carpenter's great painting of President Lincoln and his Cabinet at the time of his first reading of the iiroelamation of emanci pation, and accepting of her gift. On the 12th of February the formal presentation and acceptance of the painting by Congress occurred. General Garfield was selected by the joint order of the Senate and the House, and on behalf of ]\Ir3. Thompson, to make the speech of the occasion. It w-as lo him a welcome task, because ot his friendship for the artist, his natural love for all works of art, particularly those which illustrated the history of our own country, and because of his reverent admii;;- tiou of jNlr. Lincoln. His speech was not only appropriate to the peculiar occasion which gave it birth, but contained au estimate of the greatness of Lincoln and of his place in history which is singularly just, truthful and appreciative ; and there in, without intending it, he forecast, with considerable simili tude, the ])Osition which he was to occupy among the leading men of his own jiarty. ]\Iuch that he said in this passage, of Lincoln and his c arcer, will be found applicable lo himself and his own cai'CLr : " Let us ])ause to consider the actors in that scene. In forcp of ch.aracter, in thcn-oughness and breadth of culture, in ex perience of public affairs and iu national reputation, the Cabi net that sat around that council-board has had no superior, perhaps no equal, iu our history. Seward, the finished scholar, the consummate orator, the great leate.- of the Senate, had come to crown his career with those achievements which placed him in the first rank of modern diplomatists. Chase, with a culture and a fame of massive grandeur, stood as the rock and pillar of the public credit, the noble embodiment of the public 108 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. faith. Stanton was there, a very Titan of strength, the great organizer of victory. Eminent lawyers, men of business, lead ers of States and leaders of men, completed the group, " But the man who presided over that council, who inspired and guided its deliberations, was a character to unique that he stood alone, without a model in history or a parallel among meu. Born on this day, sixty-nine years ago, to au inheritance of extremest poverty ; surrounded by the rude forces of the wilderness ; wholly unaided by parents ; only one year in any school; never, fol' a daj, master of his own time until he reached his majority ; making his way to the profession of the law by the hardest aud loughest road ; yet by force of uncon querable will and persistent, patient woik, he attained a fore most place in his profession, And, iuoviiiif rp from bi<:h In lliglicr, bt'caaii', an fontini'V cruMiiiiig ilopc, 'JMie pilhii- of :i i cople'* hope. Till; ceiiltT o. a voj-IU'k detiru. " At first, it was the prevailing belief th.at he would be only the nominal head of his administration ; that its policy would be directed by the eminent statesmen he had called to his council. How erroneous this opinion was, may be seen from a single incident : " Among the earliest, most difiicult, and most delicate duties of his administration, was the adjustment of our rela tions with Great Britain. Serious compbcations, even hostili ties were apprehended. Ou the 21st of May, 1861, the Secre tary of State presented to the President his draught of a letter of instructions to Miuister Adams, iu which the position of the United States and the attitude of Gieat Britain were set forth with the clearness and force which long experience and great ability had placed .at the command of the Sccietary, '• Upon almost every page of that oiiginal draught are eras ures, additions, and marginal notes in the handwriting of Abraham Lincoln, which exhibit a sagacity, a breadth of wis dom, and a comprehension of the whole subject, impossible to be found except in a man of the very first order. And these modifications of a great state paper were made by a man who, but three months before, had entered, iov the first time, the wide theatre of Executive action. " Gifted with an insight and a foresight which the ancients would have called divination, he saw, in the midst of darkness and obscuritv, the logic of events, and forecast the result. THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 109 From the first, in his own quaint, original way, without oslicn- tation or offense to his associates, he was ))ilot and commander of his administratit duly to iiiqiine whether the t«o patents thit extend into ihis pa\emeiii "ere \alid patents iliat could properly be snslained. I made that examination as the ^ rvuin involved, namely, $400,000. Nobody would criticit-p that as iin i xtravagant foe iiudet the circumsruncofs ; and yet, the amount involved wa^ i.tile more thau one half of that involvedin thePartou'w fee If I had had any rea?t)n to suppose that the parties were employing anybody else, 1 would not have helped Parsons. They gave Parsons no intimation that they were employing anybody besides him. {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) WAsnisoTON, January 7, 1876. J hardly know w hut to say of the last year. For many reasons it has been very unlike it.s predcccftsoru. To me it has been full of work, of sickncf-s and THE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. 185 changes. It has brought to me the wonders of the Pacific cnast. It has biought tome some good books and hirge thoughts. It has brought a revolution in political parties. It has brought me for the first time into a legislative minority. It has brought me to confront more seriously than ever the proposition to retire from public life, aud enter upon work for myself. Move than niiy other year of my life, it has brought to me a conviction that I have possibly so far sinned against my health hy overwork that I shall never again have the capacity for work formerly enjoyed. 11 has brought the fit &t death into the small and select circle of my Iliram friends i.i depriving us of Almeda. It is not a Utile surpris ing that ¦^o few deaths have occurred In our circle for twenty-two years , but the shaft will fall thicker and faster hereafter. 1 ought to have added, the last few months have awakened in me au in creased interest in the law, and 1 think the year haT! witnessed considerable in crease in my power as a lawyer. I have followed this [rule ; whenever I have had a case, I have undertaken to work out thoroughly the principles involved in it ; not for the case aloue, but for the sake of comprehending tlioroughly thut branch of the law. And my cases have foiMunately coveicd a wide range. I send you a couple of briefs which I have wrji:[en within the last ten days, aud which will, iu part, illustrate my meaning. {Garfield to B. A. lAnsdale.) Alliance, Ohio, June 13, 1877. You know that my life has abounded in crises and difiicult siiuations. This trip has been, perhaps, not a crisis, but certainly has placed me in a situation of extreme ditiiculty. Two or three months ago, W. B. Duncan, a prominent busi ness man in Kew Y'ork, retained me as his lawyer in a huit to be heard in the United States Court in Mobile, and sent me the papers in the case. I studied them, and found that they involved an import antand soniewhat dilticultquestion of law, and I made myself sufticiently familiar with it, so that when Duncan tele" graphed me to be in Mobile on the first Monday in June, 1 went with a pretty comfortable sense of my readiness to meet anybody who should be employed on the other side. But when I reached Mobile I found there were two other Buits connected with Ihifl, and involving the ownership, bale, and complicated rights of several parties to the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. After two days' skirmishing, the Court ordered the three suits to be consoli dated. The question I had prepared myself on passed wholly out of sight, and the whole entanglement of an insolvent railroad, twenty-five years old, and l}in acioss four States, and costing $20,000,000, came upon us at once. There were seven lawyers in the case besides me. On one side were John A, Campbell, of >iew Orleans, late member of the Supreme Bench of the United States, a leadiug New York and a Mobile lawyer. Agaiust us were Judge Hoadley,orCincinnatii aud several Southern men. 1 wasnssigned the duty of summing up the case for our side, and answering the final ai-guuient of the ojjposition. I have never felt myself in such danger of failu.e before, all had so much better knowledge of the facts than I, aud all had more experience with thatchiss of litigation ; but 1 am i'ery sure no oue of them did to mnch hard work, in the five uiglils and six da^'S ISO THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GAKFIELD. orthe triiil, as I did. I am glad to tell you that I have received a dispatch from Mobile that the Court adopted my view of the case, and ga\e us a verdict on all point-" As yL u may imagine, I am good deal used up. {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) Washington, November 2, 1878. Last evening I called on Judge Black fit the Ebhelt House aud found Inm with a Bible in his hand. lie said : " I don't know any one v ho I.as properly appreciated the parabka of Jesus. 1 don't believe that the man c\ cr livid whrt could have written any one of them, even the least of them. They tre unliUe anything in literutuie or philos<)phy iu their spirit, purpose, and charatter. I tlicy were all that Je>us had left us, they would be conclusive proofs of his divinity.'' What do \on iliink of this ? The Judge Ihen went on to tay (hat he had that mormng asked a lady friend to lend h.m tome books for Sunday read ing, and, among others, she hid senthimavohimo entitled '"Alone with Jetus."' " And," said he, " the lille repelled me for iwo reasons: fir-^t, it is a piece of Bpnutaneous egoism for any man to aseume tliut ho js of so much consequence in the universe that Christ would shut out all Ihe rest of the world and attend in liim ; and, second, I knew a bank cashier who stole e\prytliing he could lay his hands on, and then ran away in the night. He left behind him a diary full of the most pious ejaculations, and the last entry he made in it was this: ' Spent au hour of sweet communion alouc with Jesus.' This nmcmbrance spoiled the book for me, and so I have not lead it." I spent several hours with him, and found him more than usually brilliant. He said he was inclined lo believe that a man rarely, after he wasforty yearaokh fell in love with a new poet. For his own partno one later than Byron had taken much bold on him. Coleridge, Sonlhey, nnd Wordsworth he had read but littlci jjiobably because Byron bad sosa\agely denounced them as the lakers. Ho has no admiration for T* nnyson, and says he never had Ihe patience to wade through " In Memornmi." He was greatly pleased wiih my plan of going into the law, and i)roposed to form asoit of sptrcial partnership m Ihe ( ases that he and \ might have m the Supreme Court here. This may be of much service to m*e. CHAPTER XVI. EDUCATION. In the addresses which at various times he has delivered on the subject of education, he has disclosed the methods mid workings of his own mind, with an unconsciousness nt that fact which is perfectly characteristic. For instance, in an address delivered before the Literary Societies of the Eclectic Institute at Iliram on the 14th of June, 1867, he covered the whole ground of the disputed educational questions of tho day, and brought out very strongly many of the theories of education wiiich he had evolved from his own experience and reading. Take, for instance, his classification of the kinds of knowledge that should be the objects of a liberal education. This con forms largely with the classification of Herbert Spencer ; but it is broader and deeper by far than Herbert Spencer's, for in giving his final definition, which is made comprehensive and sweeping, he says that " the student should study himself, his relations to society, to nature, and to art, and above all, in all, and through all these, he should study the relations of himself, society, nature, and art to God, the Author of them all." Having started in his education with a passionate love of the classics, he had finally reached the point of enlargement by a study of the physical sciences, where he began to believe that the share of time alloted to classical studies by our colleges was too great in proportion, and not arranged in the right order of development. To illustrate his views by his own language, what he suggested as to the order of study was "that the stu dent shall first study what he needs most to know ; that the order of his needs shall be the order of his work." " Now," said he, "it will not be denied that from the day that the child's fool first presses the green turf till the day when, an did 1S8 THE LIFE OF GEX. J.\..ME.S A. GAUFIELD. man, he is ready to be laid under it, there is not an hour in which he does not need to know a thousand things in relation to his body, ' what he shall eat, what he shall drink, and where withal he shall be clothed.' If parents were themselves suflS- c'iently educated, most of this knowledge might be acquired at the mother's knee ; but, by the strangest perversion and mis direction of the educational forces, these most essential elements of knowledge are more neglected than any other." Further on he said : "It is to me a perpetual wonder that any child's love of knowledge survives the outrages of the .school-house," and added, " I, for one, declare th.-it no child of mine shall ever be compelled to study one hour, or to learn even the English alphabet, before he has deposited under his skin at least seven years of muscle and bone." Alluding to the then common college course of study, he said : " A finished education is supposed to consist mainly cf literary culture. The story of the forges of the Cyclops, where the thunderbolts of Jove were fashioned, is supposed to adorn elegant scholarship more gracefully than those sturdy truths which are preaching to this generation in the wonders of the mine, in the flre of the furnace, in the clang of the iron-mills, and the other innumerable industries which, more than all other human agencies, have made our civilization what it is, and are destined to achieve wonders yet undreamed of. This generation is beginning to understand that education should not be forever divorced from industry ; that the highest results can be reached only when science guides the hand of labor. AVith what eagerness and alacrity is industry seizing every truth of science and putting it in harness 1" Reviewing the extent and variety of knowledge, scientific and practical, which the farmer needs in order to reach the full height and scope of his noble calling, he asks, " What has our American system of education done for this controlling majority of the people ?" Which question he answers with the single fact that " notwithstanding there are in the United States 120,- 000 common schdols, and 7,000 academies and seminaries ; not- THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 189 witlistanding there are 375 colleges where young men may be graduated as Bachelors and Masters of the liberal arts, yet in all these the people of the United States have found so little being done, or likely to be done, to educate men for the work of agriculture, that they have demanded, and at last have secured, from their political servants in Congiess, an appropriation suffi cient to build and maintain, in each State of the Union, a college for the education of farmers. This great outlay would have been totally unnecessary but for the stupid and criminal neglect of college, academic, and common school Boards of Education to furnish that which the want of the people require. The scholar and the worker must join hands if both would be successful." But it was not the lack of titility in the common courses of educational training which most awakened Gaifield's indigna tion. He was more aroused by the neglect to provide text books for instruction as to the nature of our own Government, and as to the history of its development and progress. Said he : " For this defect I have neither respect nor toleration. It is far inferior to that of Persia three thousand years ago. The uncultivated tribes of Greece, Rome, Libya, and Germany sur passed us in this respect. Grecian children were taught to reverence and emulate the virtue of their ancestors. Our edu cational forces are so wielded as to teach our children to admire most that which is foreign and fabulous and dead. Our American children must know all the classic rivers, from the Scamander to the yellow Tiber, must tell you the length of the Appian W.ay, and of the canal over which Horace and Virgil sailed on their journey to Btundusium ; but he may be crowned with baccalaureate honors without having heard, since his first moment of Freshman life, one word concerning the 122,000 miles of coast and river navigation, tho 6000 miles of canal, and the 35,000 miles of railroad, "which indicate both tho prosperity and the possibilities of his own country." Without undertaking to give the full scope of this vigorous outline of what he regarded as a style of education ad.apted to the unprecedented conditions of American youth, there is one 190 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. passage which is so profound and lofty in its intelligent Ameri canism, that it must be giveu without regard to its length or the lack of space : " It is well to know the history of those magnificent nations, whose origin is lost in fable, and whose epitaphs were written a thousand years ago — but if w cannot know both, it is far better to study the history of our own nation, whose origin we can trace to the freest and noblest aspirations of the human heart — a nation that was formed from the hardiest, purest, and most enduring elements of European civilization— a n.ation, that by its faith and courage has dared and accomplished more for the human race in a single century than Europe accom plished in the first thousand years of the Christian Era. The New England township was the type after which our Federal Government was modelled ; yet it would be rare to flnd a college student who can make a comprehensive and intelligible state ment of the municipal organization of the township in whicli he was born, and tell you by what officers its legislative, judi cial and executive functions are administered. One half of the time which is now almost wholly wasted, in district schools, on English Grammar, attempted at too early an age, would be sufficient to teach our children to love the Republic, and to be- some its loyal and life-long supporters. After the bloody bap tism from which the nation has arisen to a higher and nobler life, if this shameful defect in our system of education be not speedily remedied, we shall deserve the infinite contempt of future generations. I insist that it should be made an indis pensable condition of graduation in every American college, that the student must understand the history of this continent since its discovery by Europeans, the origin and history of the United States, its constitution of government, the struggles through which it has passed, and the rights and duties of citizens who are to determine its destiny and share its glory. " Having thus gained the knowledge which is necessary to life, health, industry, and citizenship, the student is prepared to enter a wider and grander field of thought. If he desires that largo and liberal culture which will call into activity all his powers, and make the most of the material God has given him, he must study deeply and earnestly the intellectual, the inoral, the religious and the £Bsthetic nature of man ; hia rela tions to nature, to civilization, past and present ; and above all, his relations to God. These should occupy, nearly, if not fully, half the time of his college course. In connection with the THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GAUFIELD. 191 philosophy of the mind, he should study logic, the pure mathe matics, and the general laws of thought. In connection with moral philosophy, lie should study political and social ethics, a science so little known either in colleges or Congresses. Prominent among all the rest, should be his study of the won derful history of the human race, in its slow and toilsome march across the centuries — now, buried in ignorance, superstition and crime ; now rising to the sublimity of heroism and catch ing a glimpse of a better destiny ; now turning remorselessly away from, and leaving to perish, empires and civilizations in which it had invested its faith and courage and boundless energy for a thousand years, and plunging into the forests of Germany, Gaul, and Britain, to build for itself new empires better fitted for its now aspirations ; and at last, crossing three thousand miles of unknown sea, and building in the wilderness of a new hemisphere its latest and proudest monuments. ' ' CHAPTER XVII. CIVIL SERVICE KEFORM. It has generally happened to political parties to have at least one question that was peculiarly troublesome. The slavery question was the death of the old 'Whig party, whose composi tion was such that it was impossible that it should stand any thing like a chance of success iu a competition with the Demo cratic party for the favor and support of the South. Time has broug'ht its revenges, however, and since the war the various phases of tho slavery question and of the constitutional doctrines which were invented to buttress slavery against external assaults, have been, at various times, very ugly things for the Democratic party to deal with, and the currency question has been still fuller of dangers and disasters. But the question of Civil Service Reform has been the peculiar difficulty of the Republican Party. It is a party which, as a matter of recog nized fact, contains within itself a large proportion ot the best educated, the most intelligent, and politically the most consci entious and independent people in the country. While, in some of the States of the Union, twenty years of continuous power have given to what are known as tho " party machines"' a per fection of organization, a thoroughness of drill and discipline, and a steadiness of grip, unequalled, perhaps, in the political history of the country, there is no State in which the whole fabric of organization is not liable to be swept away at any time by an uprising of the disinterested intellectual and moral forces within the party, on sufficient provocation and with proper direction. And yet, although the party convention in Cincin nati four years ago adopted an unequivocal Civil Service Reform platform, which was received with approbation by pretty much all Republicans who were not cither running political THB LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 193 "machines" or expecting favors and offices therefrom, it h.as required three years of excellent, pure, successful, and, in some respects, magnificent administration, for President Hayes to secure from his party the unquestionably general honor, respect, and support which he now enjoys. But it would be very un.'iafo to suppose that, with all tho human nature there is in any great political party, the Republican Party is anything like a unit on the subject of Civil Service Reform. It is one thing to be will ing to fight for freedom in the Territories, or for emancipiition in all the old slave States ; it is quite another thing to fight for purity of a'Iministration and the abolition of patronage for political purposes, when there are so many good people in the country who, for themselves cr for their fiiends or relations, are entertaining great expectations from the distribution of a hun dred thousand Federal offices. The tendency of the party un questionably is toward Civil Service Reform ; and while the Chicago platform, for leasons needless to mention here, ignored 'this question in the way of any direct treatment, the convention unanimously nominated a man for the Presidency whose record on the subject of Civil Service Reform is, in itself, a platform ; and that record, if it is not known of all men, easily can be. I am sure that General Garfleld will not shrink from its minutest scrutiny, or from the implied pledges that arc contained in his various public declarations on this subject. So far as his career as a politician is concerned, from first to last, he has been, not so much antagonist to, as distinct from, that class of leaders whose power has been strengthened, continued, and perpetuated by tho creation and preservation of " machines" and the judicious disposition of patronage. Garfield has maintained his hold on the affections and confidence of the people of his own distiict and of tho State of Ohio by virtue of what he has been, and said, and done. He never managed a convention or a caucus in his own interest, or for his own purposes. He never attempted to do so. Even in his contest for the United States Senate, when his opponent was a man of such large national reputation and deserved personal pcpulaiity, he not only did not go near the 194: THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. sceneof the contest, ho did not have there any " headquarters ;" kept no " grocery ;" made no pledges, bargains, or concessions ; authoiized and made no personal attacks on his great competi tor. Judge Thurman, and quietly and without excitement awaited the result. He has been repeatedly and continuously honored by his f ellov/- citizens with their confidence, not because of what ho has done directly to insure that support, but by virtue of what he has uni formly said and done in the interests of his party aijd of his coun try. Ho theiefore has, and can have, no sympathy with those who oppose Civil Service Reform, because it is inconsistent with the maintenance of despotic political " machines, " run for their own benefit. But ho is also an exceedingly practical man. As a member of Congress unusually familiar with the wants and tue relative merits of his constituents, he has long acted as their friend, their mouthpiece, and their mediator, with the appoint ing power. He knows how utterly impossible it is for exeentivc officers in Washington to understand, unaided by Congressional advice, the relative merits of competing applicants for office, all over the vast extent of this country ; and yet he has a constitu tional aversion to acting as an intermediary between office- seekers and the Executive. Even the slightest glimpse into the activities of a public character which have distinguished him ever since ho took his seat in Congress would show any one how he must begrudge every moment of time given to the mere details of providing constituents with offices, no matter how fit they may have been for Executive favor. But it is far better to allow General Garfield to define his own views on a subject so delicate, difficult, and important. He has done this in a contribution to the Atlantic Monthly iov 3\i\j, 1877, which IS, perhaps, as clear and comprehensive a statement of the views of an enlightened and practical statesman, who has been in thorough accord with the spirit of the Hayes Admin istration, while he has opposed or criticised many of its methods, as could possibly be found. TUE LIFE OF GLN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 195 " This btings me to consider the present relations of Congress to the other great departments of the Government, and to the people. The limits of this article will permit no more than a glance at a few principal heads of inquiry. " In the main, the balance of powers so admir.ably adjusted and distributed among the three great departments of the Govern ment have been safely preserved, it was the purpose of our fathers to lodge absolute power nowhere ; to leave each depart ment independent within its own sphere ; yet, in every case, responsible for the exorcise of its discretion. But some danger ous innovations have been made. " And first, the appointing power of the President has been seriously encroached upon by Congress, or rather by the mem bers of Congress Curiously enough, this encroachment origi nated in the act of the Chief Executive himself. The fierce popular hatred of the Federal party which resulted in the ele vation of Jefferson to the Presidency led that officer to set the first example of removing men from office on account of politi cal opinions. For political causes alone he removed a consid erable number of officers who had recently been ap])ointed by President Adams, and thus set the pernicious example. His im mediate successors made only a few removals for political rea sons. But Jackson made his political opponents who wore in office feel the full weight of his executive hand. From that time forward the civil offices of the Government became tho prizes for which political parties strove ; and, twenty-five years ago, the corrupting doctrine that ' to the victors belong the spoils ' was shamelessly announced as an article of political failh and practice. It is hardly possible to state with adequate force the npxious influence of this doctrine. It was bad enough when the Federal officers numbered no more than eight or ten thousand ; but now, when the greiwlli of the country, aud the groat increase in the number of public offices, occasioned by the late war, have swelled the civil list to more than eighty thousand, and to the ordinary motives for political strife this vast patronage is offered as a reward to the victorious party, the magnitude of the evil can hardly be msasured. The public mind has, by de grees, drifted into an acceptance of this doctrine ; and thus an election has become a fierce, selfish struggle between the ' ins ' and the 'outs,' tho one striving to keep aud the other to gain the prize of office. It is not possible for any President to select, with any degree of intelligence, so vast an army of office-holders without the aid of men who are acejuainted with the people of the various sections of the country. And thus it has become the 190 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. habit of Presidents to make most of their appointments on tho recommendation of members of Congress. During the last twenty-five years it has been understood, by the (Congress and the people, that offices are to be obtained by the aid of Senators and Representatives, who thus become the dispensers, some times the brokers of pationage Tho members of State Legis- liitures who choose a Senator, and the district electors who choose a Representative, look to the man of thoir choice for ap pointments to office. Thus, from the President downward, through all the grades of official authoritj% to the electors them selves, civil office becomes a vast corrupting power, to be used in running the machine of party politics. " This evil has been greatly aggravated by the passage of the Tenure of Office Act of 1867, whose object was to restrain Pres ident Johnson from making removals for political cause. But it has virtually resulted in the usurpation, by the Senate, of a large share of the appointing power. The President can remove no officer without the consent of the Senate ; and such consent is not often given, unless the appointment of the successor nomi nated to fill tho proposed vacancy ia agreeable to the Senator in whose State the appointee resides. Thus it htis happened that a policy, inaugurated by an early President, has resulted in seriously crippling tho just powers of the E.xecutive, and has placed in the hands of Senators and Representatives a power most corrupting and dangerous. " Not the least serious evil resulting from this invasion of tho executive functions by members of Congress is the fact that it greatly impairs their own usefulness as legislators. One third of the working hours of Senators and Representatives is hardly sufficient to meet the demands made upon them in reference to appointments to office. Tho spirit of that clause of the Consti tution which shields them from arrest ' during their attendance on the session of their respective houses, and in going to and from the same,' should also shield them from being arrestetl from their legislative work, morning, noon, and night, by office- seekers. To sum up in a word : the present system invades the independence of the Executive, and makes him less responsi ble for the character of his appointments ; it impairs the effi ciency of the legislator by diverting him from his proper sphere of duty, and involving him in the intrigues of aspirants for office ; it degrades tho civil service itself by destroying the per- semal independence of those who are appointed ; it lepels from tho service those high and manly qualities which are so neces sary to a pure and efficient administration ; and, finally, it dc^ THE LIFE OP GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 197 bauehes the public mind by holding up public office as the re ward of mere party zeal. "To reform this service is one of the highest and most impera tive duties of statesman.ship. This reform cannot be accom plished without a complete divorce between Congress and the Executive in the matter of appointments. It will be a proud day when an administration Senator or Representative, who is in good standing iu his party, can say as Thomas Hughes said, during his recent visit to this country, tliat though he was on the most intimate terms with the members of his own adminis tration, yet it was not in his power to secure the removal of the humblest clerk in the civil service of his government. ' This is not the occa-sion to discuss the recent enlargement of the jurisdiction of Congress in reference to tho election of a President and Vice-President by the States. But it cannot be denieel that the electoral bill has spread a wide and dangerous field for Congressional action. Unless the boundaries of its power shall be restricted by a new amendment of the Constitu tion, we have seen the last of our elections of President on the old pLan. The power to decide who has been elected may be so used as to exceed the power of electin.'r. "I have long believed that the official relations between the Executive and Congress should be more open and direct. They are now conducted by correspondence with the presiding offi cers of the two Houses, by consultation with committees, or by private interviews with individual members. This frequently leads to misunderstandings, and may lead to corrupt combina tions. It would be far better for both departments if the mem bers of the Cabinet were permitted to sit in Congress and par ticipate in the debates on measures relating to their several de partments, but, of course, without a vote. This would tend to secure the ablest men for the chief executive offices ; it would bring the policy of the administration into the fullest publicity by giving both parties ample opportunity for criticism and de fense." CHAPTER XVIII. BY WAY OF REVIEW. The reader will have realized before reading this chapter, how hard it is to grapple with all the aspects of Garfield's pub lic career, to illustrate which adequately half a dozen volumes would be needed, it will only be possible to deal in general ities, withafew salient features of Gaifield's public activities and private life since he entered Congress. His record as a party leader, to begin with, has been exceptional. At every stage of his rapid, and yet steady, advance toward the culmination and crowning of his leadership, by the spontaneous and unanimous action of the assembled lepiesentativesof his party, at Chicago, he has developed, in growing measure, the rare combination of powers and qualities that made him the most honored and pop ular studeut at Williams, then President at Hiram College, and State Senator, and afterward the Chief of Staff of the Aimy of the Cumberland. The reasons for his success have been in him, and not in his circumstances or in any adroit scheme to capture it. His courage, inherited on both sides, developed by his early life, and under fire and amid disaster, in the army, has been of that high moral order that dares the censure or criticism of as sociates or constituents, when his clear intuitions of right and justice have commanded his action, as they always have. His unreserved, confidential letters to Hinsdale and Rockwell and other intimate friends, which he never dreamed would see the light, show this with the utmost clearness. From his first entrance on public life until the Chicago Convention, these let ters show him to have been almost continually acting on con victions not shared by some of his best friends in Congress, and unpopular with many of his constituents and with politicians. When President Lincoln, in the terrible winter of 1863-4. wanted THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 199 Congress to pass an cificient draft law, and beggcel members to pass it, as the only means by which our armies could even be kept in the field, there came au occasion when Garfield stood up, solitary and alone, and voted in accordance with Lincoln's entreaties. When, in the heat of tho despefate conflict between the majority in Congress and President .lohnson, there w.as exhibited, on the part of the former, .some disregard of the spirit of the Constitution, Garfield, the Representative of the most radical, anti-Johnson district in the country, called a halt. When some Republican Congressmen failed to sec that justice and policy demanded that the South should have a fair chance to show its acceptance of the results of the war, he was not afraid to use the langu.age of prudence, moderation, and wisdom. And then, when tho " solid South," whose " Brigadiers" ruled the Democratic C'ongres.sional caucus, had determined to " starve tho Government" unless the Executive should surrender his con stitutional prerogatives, ho was the leader of the fight that re quired tho highest degree of moral courage ever demanded of a party leader in Congress. In all the sectional and p.artisnn discussions which have afforded chances for the display of his jiowers in Congress, he has retained the esteem, confitlence, and personal good-will of the best and ablest of his antagonists. Among his warmest friends are to be found some of the most pronounced represent atives of extreme Southern and Democratic sentiment. They know the man, and so transparent, ingenuous, and outspoken a man is easily known. They know that he has no political ptissions whatever. They know that there is not a legitimate Southern interest which would not be certain of justice and liberality at his hands ; that sectional hates have no plv;e in his generous heart, nor sectional ideas in his broad nature. It is impossible to conceive of his enduring for a day the misery of a grudge or a jealousy. Least of all, is it possible for him to cherish ill- feelings or suspiedons toward party associates who have sought the same ends that ho has, by different methods. The feeling of '.' comradeship" with party associates in public life wlio 200 THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GAUFIELD. are actuated by any high sense of tho mission and duties of the p what either is or may become useful, which would render the collection of priceless value to tho library of any first-class newspaper establishment — are so peifectly arranged and indexed that their owner, with his all-retentive memory, can turn in a moment to the facts that may be needed for almost any conceivable emergency in debate. These are supplemented by diaries that preserve Gar field's multifarious political, scientific, literary and religious in quiries, studies, and readings. And, to make the machinery of rapid work complete, he has a large box containing sixty-three different drawers, each properly labelled, in which he places newspaper cuttings, documents, and slips of paper, and from which he can pull out what he wants as easily as an organist can play on the stops of his instrument. In other words, the THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GARFIELD. 203 hardest aud most masterful worker in Congress has had the largest aud most scieutiflcally arranged of workshops. Having been entirely contented with the congenial activities and pleasant social relations and warm friendships of his career as member of the House, he has not exerted himself for official promotion. Tho position of United States Senator would have been congenial to liiiu, for the reason that it would have given him greater leisure for study and culture, anel opportunity for more preparation in the way of speech- making. But he not only never did anything to secure it — intriguing for it would have been impossible for him —he declined to accept the candi dacy for it, when it was within his reach, because President Hayes and others urged on him the duty of remaining in the House, wheie he was most needed. When his election to tliej. Senate did come, it was the spontaneous and unforced result of nearly twenty years of good aud great service, for liis party and his country, of which every detail was known to the people of Ohio. His great antagonist, Judge Thurman, who, two years before, had publicly testified his deliberate judgment as to tho baselessness of the now revived slanders and scandals, was so fairly beaten, and by such an overpowering sentiment in favor of Garfield, that his supporters, nioveel by his own lofty spirit, joined in support of the motion to make Garfield's nomination unanimous, and he was elected without a dissenting vote. By this uupreccdeuted vote, the State of Ohio, which knows Gar field from the beginning, and has sifted all the slanders that malice and ignorance have combined to invent and keep alive, has east her broad aud protecting mantle over the greatest of her sons. The prophet that is thus honored " in his own country" must have a record that will stand tho minutest scrutiny, and those who know less of him than his own fellow " Buckeyes" should ioarn all the facts known to Ohioans about Garfield, be fore attempting to reverse Ohio's judgment. Note —A wccli afiev liis election, G.irricld liaela reception in tlie House of Representatives, nt Ooluuibiia, and, before tbe asseiuliied Legi.'iiature and a large number of otlier citizens, dclivLruJ a speecli whieh was a model of 204 THE LIFE OF GEN. JA.MES A. GAUFIELD. Which inevitably brings me to a few allusions to the only por tion of Garfield's public career which has ever giveu him serious aunoyauce. It was that in which arose the wholly inadequate foundations for what are known as the "Credit Mobilier," " De Golyer," aud " Back Pay" scandals. As to them, he has made the fullest aud most satisfactory explanations to thf^se who were most directly interested in ascertaining the exact degree of his culpability, if any at all existed. His defences were published and widely circulated at the time when our newspa pers aud people were iu the liabit of contlemning public men as soon as the latter were accused, and then considering whether the condemned could " prove themselves innocent,"' which neither the Itiw nor the everlasting principles of justice require any man to do. But after epidemics of official corruption there always follow epidemics of piomiscuous censure and flaming eloquence. It contained one paragraph wiiich would not have been spoken by any man, nnder the eircunietaiues, to men of both parties who had known liim his whole lile-tiine, Lad he not enjoyed " a conscience void of offence." Said he : " And now, g< lit enien of the General Assembly without distinction of party, I recognize this tribute and compliment made to me to-night. Whatever my own course may be in the future, a large share of the inspiration of my future public life will be drawn from this occasion and these surroundings, and I shall IV el anc^w ihe sense of obligation ihiit 1 feel lo the State of Ohio. Let mc venture to point il single sentence in regard to that work. During the tweiily years that I have been in public life, almost eighteen of it in the Congress of the United States, I have tried to do one thing. WTiether I was mistaken or otherwise, it has been the plan of my life lo follow my conviction at whatever personal co^t to myself. I have represented for many years a district in Con gress whose approbation I greatly eksired ; but though it may seem, perhaps, a little egotistical lo say it, I yet desired si ill more the approbation of one person, and his mime was Garfield. [Laiij;hter and applause ] He is the only man that lam comi>elled to sleep with [laughter], and eat with, and live with, anel die with ; and if 1 could not liave his approbation, I should have bad companion- thip. [Renewed laughter and applau.•^e.] Aud in this larger constitui ncy, which has culled me to repre..;{;iit them now. I can only do what is true to my best self, apijlying the same rule. And ii I should be so unfortunate as to lose tho confidence of this larger coiii-tiiuency, I must do what every other fair- mincled man has to do— carry Ins political life in his hand and take the con- sceiucnci's But 1 must follow what seems to me lo be the only safe rule of my life ; and wiih Ihal view of Ihe cate, and wilh that much personal relereuce, I leave that subject." TIIE LIFE OF G1;N. JAMES A. GAUFIELD. 205 virtue. Tho drift-wooel of a wave of fierce anel ill-considered newspaper comment ou Garfield is still preserved and displayed by malignant partisan organs, probably to the annoyance of tho respectable journals that have seen and admitted how unjust were their hasty ceinteniporary criticisms. Thus the very dregs of the Past are cliciisheil anil thrust into the living waters of the Present. There is nothing new or strange about these reiterations of charges that have been fully met and answered, even to tho satisfaction of so independent, critical, and almost cynical a judge of public meu as the Nat'wn. The charges against Gar field are mild, tame, and colorless compared with those that were persistently brought against Washington, JetTersoo, the two great Adamses, Jtickson, anel Clay. Even without tho con clusive testimony of the man who knew all about the facts on which these charges rest, and who has always been a biUer polit ical foe of Garfield, Judge Jeremiah S. Black ; without the testimony of Judge Poland, tho chairman of the committee that investigateel tho " Credit Mobilier" scandals ; without the com prehensive defences luailu by Garfield himself, which satisfied a most extictingand enlightened constituency ; without the testi mony in his behalf of such an able reprcseutative of tho most aggressive Democracy of the South, Henry AVatterson ; no man who knows Garfleld well — his liistory, his opportunities for making fortunes by the und'iscovci'ablo and uupuiiishable exer cise of his official opportunities as chairman of the Committee ou Appropriations ; tho coustaut narrowness of his means for a plain though generous stylo of living ; his struggles with debt ; the ingenuousness of his nature anil its utter freedom from guile, craft, or deceit — would listen with patience, mucli less with credeuce, to tho stale scandals that can no more affect the people's judgment of his character for integrity, tluan would any sort of scandals as to the courage of Grant or Sheridan, the honor of Bayard, the truthfulness of Washington, or the purity of Channing, affect the people's judgment as to the traits assailed. Whoever knows Garfield knows that corruptionism could no 20G THE LIFE OF GEN. JAMES A. GAUFIELD. more taint his blood than cowardice could have blanched the cheeks of Sir Philip Sydney. And if I have succeeded in im parting to my readers any tolerable conception of the sort of man that he, by his ancestry, breeding, habits, life, and trials, Jias become, they would be offended by any elaborate defence of his character against scandals that cannot be made to stick to it. [Mr. George William Curtis, in Harper''s Weikly, has pierced the heart of the " Credit Mobilier" slander with a single arrow from a full (piiver. Says he : ** The aut hors of the report— [the Poland Report]— may have thought it necessary loshowlheir impartiality by sacrificing some of their own party friends. But whatever the reason of their action, the whole case, eo far as Mr. Garfield is con cerned, is a questiou of veracity between liim and Cakes Ames. Comparing Ames's testimony regarding Mr. CJarfield wilh that in reference lo others, it will l)c seen that when he testified from memory, lie acquitted Mr. Garfield entirely, and afterward, in every case except that of Mr. Garfield, he produced some doc umentary evideuce, certificates of stock, receipts of money or di\ide]ids, checks lieaiing Ihe full names or the initials cf the persons to whom Ihey purporici! to have boeii paid, or entries in his diary of accounts, marked 'adjusted and closed.' No such e\ idence, or any other but Mr. Ames's assertion and his diary was pro duced in Mr. Gai^field'a case, and i obody ever pretended or supposed that such evidence ccists or ever existed. The lidinitted facts of the transaction, and the character of Mr. Garfield, never before or since impeached by fiiend or foe, anel impeached in this case only by a man engnged in bribery, but who confesses that lie may be mistaken, who can ot e::plaiti why he did not give Mr. Garfield the stock which he said Mr. Gai^eld had paid for, and wl.o does not pretend lo eay why Mr. Garlield did not ask for the rest of the mone-y which was due to him. have already completely acquitted Mr. Garfield in every caudid mind."] (Garfidd lo B. A. mtudale.) HiRiM, October 26. 1865. I do not remember to liave claimed Ihat St. Cyril was tinctured with Nee>- platonism ; but I did say that the Church at Alexandria was considerably influ enced by the doclriiioa of that sect. 1 have looked into it a tittle and find a con siderable variety of opinions among different authors. Gibbon speaks of it as an attempt lo reconcile the doctrines of i'lalo and Aristollc, and says that as a philosophy it is nnworlhy of notice. It ia only important as connected with Christianity. The bigotry and folly of the Church persecuted il. Gibbou'scom- mentator says the Neoplatonists wire not at war with Christianity, but desired to aiiply their philo-oiihy to the leligion of Christ. Gibbon speaks of il also as an attempt to revive Paganism. See also his inlcresting acconntof Julian the Ajiostate, wtio wasaNeoplatonist for a while. ' TIIE LIFE OF GEX. JAMES A. GAUFIELD, 207 {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) ¦Washington. Februarys, 1871. I appreciate all the difficulties of the Governorship question as you present them. I have answered our friends in the Legislature by posilively refusing to be a candidate, and have tried to explain to them the grounds of my refusal. I think there is great danger of my giving offence by this course, but I can not help it. I may see the case differently hereafter, but I think not. {Garfield toB. A. Hinsdale.) WA.sniNGTON, January 1, 1872. In regard (o the authenticity and puritj- of the Shakespeare text I have made some considerable study, and with what I have already done, I hope to be able to gut something for you at tbe library either in the way of a loan or of refer ence, and I will attend to it soon. Have you seen the new book on Physical Geography by the French writer Reclua? A translation has ju'*t been published in New York, 1 have looked over it, and think it a remiirkably valuable book. The Evening I^st has said of it within the past two or three days that it is the completest work extant on that subject. (Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) Wasdington. January 11, 1872. The Senalorship went as I expected it would. I may say tc> you, however, that the Democrats tendered to me their unauimous vote, and enough Republi cans to elect with the help of the Democrats expressed themselves ¦willing to bolt from. the caucus nomination. It was, T confess, some temptation with some risk. A position obtained in that way would have been an independent one. But, on the whole, though the Democrats did not demand any conditions, I felt I would be considered as placed under obligations, and therefore declined. What eay you, was it wise or otherwise ? {Garfield to B. A. Hinsdale.) Washington, February 32, 1872. Yonrs of the 16th instant is received. I am glad to know that somebody has related the subject of the Holy Iloman Empire in an intelligent way. It has al ways been to me one of the dark points in European history. I shall get the book without delay, and read it as soon as I can steal time enough from work and sleep. Since I wrote you last I found a book which, interests me very much. Tou may have seen it ; if not, I hope you will get it. It is entitled '* Ten Great Re ligions," by James Freeman Clarke. I have read the chapter on Buddhism ^vith creat interest. It is admirably written, in a liberal and philosophical spirit, and . I am sure will interest you. What 1 have read of it leads me to believe that we have taken too narrow a view of the subject of religion. 208 THE LIFE OF as its flag and based it upon the sacred faith of Ihe people. It threw its protecting arm around our great industries, and they stood erect, as with new life. It filled with the spirit of true nationality all the great functions of the Goveruuieut ; it con fronted a rebellion of unexampled magnitude, with slaveiy be hind it, and, under God, fought the final battle of liberty until the victory was won. Then, after the storms of battle, were heard the sweet, calm words of peace spoken by the conqueriiiii' nation, and saying to the conquered foe that lay prostrate at its feet : ' This is our only revenge, that you join us in lifting into the serene firmament of the Constitution, to shine like stars for ever and ever, the immortal principles of truth and justice that all men, white or black, shall be free and stand equal before the law. ¦ Then came the questions of reconstruction, the public debt, and the public faith. " The Republican Party has finished its twenty-five ye.ars of glory and success, and is here to-niglit to ask you to launch it on another lustrum of glory and victory. How shall you do it ? Not by assailing any llepublican. [Cheers.] The battle tin:; year is our Therinopyla;. We stand on the narrow isthmus, an I the little Spartan band must meet all the Greeks whom Xerxes can bring against them, aud then the stars in their courses will fight for us. [Applause.] To win the victory we want the vote of every Grant Republican, and of every Blaine man, and of every anti-Blaine man. We are here to take calm counsel together, and to inquire what we shall do. We want a man whose life and opinions embody all the achievements of which I have spoken. " I am happy to present to you and to name for your consid eration a man who was the comrade, the associate, and the fiiend of nearly all those persons whose faces look down upon us in this building to-night ; a man who began his career in the politics of this country twenty-five years ago; whose first ser vice was done iu the (lays of peril on the plains of Kansas, when the first red drop of that blood-shower began to fall, which in creased into the deluge of gore in the Rebellion. He stood by voung Kansas then aud returned to his seat in the national legislature. Through all the subsequent years his pathway has been marked by the labors which he had performed in every de partment of legislation. If you ask me for his monument, I point to twenty-five years of the National Statutes. There is not one great, one beneficent st;it,iite on your books within that time that has been placed there without his intelligent and powerful aid. He was one of the meu who formuUited the laws that 236 APPENDIX. raised our great armies and navies and carried us through the war. His hand was in the workmanship of the statutes wliii-h biought back the unity and married calm of these States. His hand was in all that great legislation which created the great wark currency that carried us through, and in the still greater work that redeemed the promise of the Government and made it good. [Applause.] •• At last he passed from the halls of legislation into a high executive office, aud there he displayed that experience, intelli gence, firmness, and power of equipoise which throngs a stormy period of two and a half yeais, with half the public press howl ing and crying ' Crucify him,' carried him through unswerved by a single hair from the line of duty. lie has improved the resources of the Government and the great business interests of the country, and has carried us through in the execution of that law without a jar, in spite of the false prophets and Cassandras of half the continent. [Applause.] He has shown himself able to meet in the calmness of statesmanship all the great emergencies of government. For twenty-five years he has trod that perilous height of public duty, and against all the shafts of malice he has borne his crest unliarnied, and the blaze of that fierce light which has been upon him has found no fiaw in his lionor. no stain on his shield. I do not present him as a better Republican or a better man than thousands of others whom we honor and revere ; but I present him for your deliberate consid eration. I nominate John Sherman, of Ohio." GARFIELD'S INFORMAL ACCEPTANCE. Chicago, June 7. — About midnight the committee appointed to wait on Garfield and -Arthur, and infoim them of their nomina tion, found them tit the Grand Pacific Hotel, and Senator Hoar, its chairman made an appropriate speech. Garfield responded : '• Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen : I assure you that the infor mation you have oflicially given me brings the sense of very grave responsibility, and especially so in view of the fact that I was a member of your body, a fact that could not h.ave exist ed with propriety had I had the slightest e\|)ectation that my name would be connected with the nomination for the office. ¦• I htive felt, with you, great solicitude concerning the situa tion of our party during the struggle ; but believeing that you are correct iu assuring me that substantial unity has been reached iu the conclusion, it gives me a gratification far greater than any iiersonal pleasure your announcement can bring. APPENDIX. 237 " I accept the trust comitted to my hands. " As to the work of our party and as to the character of the campaign to be entered upon, I will take an early occasion to reply more fully than I can properly do to-uight. " I thank you for the assurance of confidence and esteem you have presented to me, and hope we shall see our future as prom ising as are the indications to-night." GARFIELD IN THE LIGHT OF PHRENOLOGY. (From thi New Yoi'k Tribune of August Ist.) The August number of Tlie Phrenological Journal contains a sketch of General Garfield which begins with the following analysis of his mental characteristics, based upon an examina tion from the phrenologist's point of view. As many persons attribute no little value to such phrenologiciil statements, this analysis will undoubtedly be read with interest : " James A. Garfield is a man of very strong physical consti tution, with broad shoulders, deep chest, and a good nutritive system, which serve to sustain with ample vigor his uncom monly large brain ; standing fully six feet high, and weighing 220 pounds. The head, which is twenty-four inches in circum ference, seems to be very long from front to rear, and then the length seems extreme from the centre of the ear to the root of the nose ; it is also long from the ojiening of the ear backward. The whole back-head is large, and the social group amply indi cated, but the reader will observe the extreme length anterior to the opening of the ears, especially across the lower part of the forehead, in which are located tho organs of the perceptive in tellect, those which gather and retain knowledge, and bring a man into quick sympathy with the external world, and also with the world of "facts as developed in science and literature. " Perhaps there are not two men in a hundred thousand who are intelligent and educated, who will see as much and take into account so many of the principles involved in what he sees as the subject before us. Nothing escapes his attention ; he remem bers things in their elements, their qualities, and peculiarities, such as form, size, aud color. He would make an excellent judge of the size of articles, and also of their weight, by simple observation. He has a talent for natural science, especially 238 APPENDIX. chcmisty and natural philosophy. His memory, indicated by the fulness in the middle of the forehead, is enormously de veloped, aiding him in retaining vividly all the impressions that are worth recalling. " The superior portion of the forehead is developed more prominently in the analogical than in the logical. His chief intellectual force is in the power to elucidate and make sub jects clear ; hence he is able to teach to others whatever he knows himself. " He has the talent for reading character ; hence he addresses himself to each individual according to his peculiar characteris tics, and reaches results in the readiest and best way. His language is rather largely indicated ; he would be known more for specific compactness thau for an ornate and elaborate style, because he goes as directly as possible from the premises to the conclusion, and never seems to forget the point at issue. " The side-head is well developed in the region of Order, Constructiveness, sense of the beautiful and of the grand. It is also strongly marked in the region of Combativeness and Destructiveness, which give force and zealous earnestness iu the prosecution of that which he attempts to do. He is able to compel himself to be thorough, and to hold his mind and his efforts iu the direction required until he has made himself master of the subject. Industry is one of his stiong traits. He is finn, positive, determined, and the middle of the top- head indicates strong religious tendency. We seldom see so large Veneration ; he is devout, respectful toward whatever he thinks sacred, whether it relates to religion or to subordinate topics ; he would reverence ancient places made memorable in story and song ; he is respectful to the aged, polite to his equals, and especially generous and friendly toward those who are his inferiors in age or culture. Thus, young men and even children have ready access to him by his invitation and permis sion. His stiong social affection makes his face and his voice a standing invitation toward confidence, and he has great famil iarity in his treatment of the young. " His method of studying subjects is instinctive ; he consid ers all the facts, every condition, that will be brought into ques tion, and combining these by means of his logical force, his conclusions seem clear, are vigorously stated and influential. He has a strong physiognomy ; that broad and high cheek-bone indicates vital power ; that stiong nose indicates determina tion, courage and positiveness ; the fulness of the lips shows warmth of affection and of sympathy. APPENDIX. 23'.) " There are few men who are as well .adapted to comprehend the length and depth and details of business, and hold their knowledge where it will be ready for use when it is required ; hence, as a lawyer or statesman, he should be able to impart to people his knowledge effectively and exhaustively whenever re quired. He is naturally qualified to be master of turbulent men, and to meet force by force, aud to stand his ground in the midst of hardships, difficulties and opposition." ADVERTISE.MENTS. JOSEPH ^ILLOTrS ^ steeiUpens. THE FAVORITE NUMBERS. 303,404. 332,351, 170, ^ AND HIS OTHER STYLES SOlDByAU.PEA!.ERSTiiHPUGaounHE WORLD* Esterbrook's Celebrated Steel Pens. For Sale by All Stationers. Of Standard and Superior Quality. 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FOR 8.VLE HEKTOGRAPH CO., B7 ALL stationers. 82 & S4 cnurch St., New York. ADVERTISEMENTS. International Review. The Review is about to enter upon its eighth year of existence with an encouraging access of popularity and better prospects than it has ever before enjoyed. No effort will be spared to increase its merits and deserts and to place it at the head of American periodical literature. The design is not to attract attention by the use of distinguished names or sensational writing ; but the editors will sedulously aim to have all subjects of popular interest treated by writers who will, in every case be selected on the ground of their peculiar knowl edge and fitness for discussing the topic in hand. By this process it is expected to make each article a valua ble and trustworthy contribtition to the general knowl edge of the age ; and there will be few persons who will not find in every number some Tnatter of interest to them ably and agreeably treated. PARTIAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Henry W. Longfellow, E. A. Washburn, D.D. Willtie Collins, Wm. CuUen Bryant, John Bigelow, Ernest Curtius, E. L. Godkin, Prof. Sumner, Baron F. von Holtzendorff, J. G. Whittier, Charles Tennyson, A. R. Spofford, Edwin P. Whipple, Richard H. Proctor, A. S. Hill, Theodore D. Woolsey, Walter Besant, Mark Hopkins, D. D., James McCosh. Thomas Hughes, P. A. Chadbourne, E. A. Freeman, D. C. L., Thomas Brassey, M. P., Noah Porter, Philip Gilbert Hamerton, Alex. H. Stephens, Pres. M.igoun, g?};?'lTaylor, Horace White, Samuel Osgood. Ph.l.p Schaff, D.D., Gen. 1. H. Wilson, Dr. J. P. Thompson, John Hall, D.D., David A. Wells, Dr. E. DePressense. Subscription, $5,00 a Year. Price, 50 cents a Number. A Specimen Copy sent to any address on receipt of 15 cents. A.. S. BARNES & CO., Publishers, New York. ADVERTISE.MENTS. 1850. Thirtieth Year. 1880 MANHATTAN LIFE INS. CO., 156 & 158 Broadway, New Tork. NEW FEATURE. 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For sale only by first-clas3 stationers from whom every purchaser can rely on getting the genuine with the inventor's name (D. MACKINNON,) stamped on the barrel. Beware of inferior imitations. A brief history of the "MACKINNON Pen" and its uses, with prices, &c. mailed free to any address. MACKIlSiNON PEN CO., 200 Sroadway, Xeto York, CEO. H. MORRILL & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF Printing iliitliograplaic Inks. Highest Award to American Printing Inks at Paris Exposition, 187S. 25 Rose Street, Mew York. ADVERTISEMENTS. THE ATLAS SERIES OF ESSAYS. No. Price. 1. The Currency Question. By Amasa Walker, LL.D. $0.20 2. Men of Mark. Biographical and Critical Essays on Bryant, Longfellow, Poe, Charles Tennyson, Macaulay, Freeman, Curtius, Sumner, Ticknor and Mill. By E. P. Whipple, E. A. Freeman, J. H. Ingram, Noah Porter, and others .60 3, The Liahor Question. Political and Social Essays on Co-operative Stores, Wages in England, Etc. , Grangerism, The Indian Question, The Chinese Question, Republicanism in America, Republicanism in Europe. By Thomas Hughes, Thomas Brassey, Judge Cooley, Francis Walker, Francis Whartin and others 40 4. The Centennial !Exhibition. A Criticism. By Gen eral Francis A. Walker .20 5. European Exhibitions. By M. Gindriez, of Paris, and Prof. J. Morgan Hart 2C 8. The Gold Koom, Stock Exchange ancl Clearing House. Three Essays by Kin AHAN Cornwallis . . .20 9. Higher Education. Essays hy Dr. James McCosh, P. G. Hammerton and others, on International Communica tion by Language, Reform in Higher Education, Upper Schools, Study of Greek and Latin Classics, Universities in Italy, Universal Education, Industrial Art Education . .40 10. The Country ancl the Government. An Indict ment of the Beaconsfield Ministry. By Rt. Hon. Wm. E. Gladstone 10 11. Theological Unrest. Essays on Science and Religion. By James Anthony Froudb, Prof. P. G. Tait of the Uni versity of Edinburgh, and Rev. E. A. Washburn, D.D., of New York . , _ _2/> A. Cremation. By an Eye-witness. Illustrated. . . .15 B. New Departures in College Culture and Con trol. By Prof. Caleb Mills, of Wabash College . . .30 *** Any of the ahoi-e sent post-paid on receipt of price. FOR SALE BY EOOKSELLEr.S AND NEWSDEALERS. A. S. BARNEC & CO., Publishers, m .-.ml 113 WiKi.nm St., Kcw York. ADVERTISEMENTS. BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION, By HENRY B. CARRINGTON, M. A., Col. U. S. Army. Lai^e 8vo., cloth, 712 pp. Third edition. Illustrated with 41 full page topographical maps. Price, $6.00, ***Among the many testimonials to the value and interest of this work is the following from the accomplished author of the Life and Times 0/ Sir IVilliam Johnson.^ and The Campaign 0/ Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne., &c. ; * * * "Although, perhaps, it may be deemed impertinent, when you have not solicited my opinion, to write you upon your able work on the Battles 0/ the American Revolution,, yet, as a brother author, and enthusiastically interested in two of the battles you describe — those of September 19th and October 7th, 1777 — I feel tbat I must, nolens volens^ express to you the pleasure it has afforded me to read your bock. Of the accuracy of all of the battles you relate I cannot of course speak ; but in regard to those which were fought between General Gates and General Burgoyne 1 can confidently — inasmuch as Burgoyne's campaign has been a hobby of mine for many years — I having visited Germany in 1857, especially to study the original papers of Major-General Riedesel, which, as you know, I afterwards translated. "Judging by the masterly manner in which you have treated those battles, the keen insight ycu have shown in respect to the causes which led to the strategic movements of the opposing forces, and the remarkable power you have evinced in analyzing those movements on the field of battle — regarding which I pretend to some knowledge—I do not hesitate to say that if your gr.iphic descriptions of other battles are as faithful, your book, not only must remain ths authority on which it treats, but the hackneyed phrase, so often meaningless, is, in the case of your book emphatirally true — that no library of American history can be said to be complete without it. * ? * " Believe me, dear Colonel, " Very faithfully yours, "Col. H.B. Carrington." "WILLIAM L. STONE." PRINCIPLES AfJD ACTS OF THE REVOLUTION IN AMERICA ; Or, an Attempt to Collect and Preserve some of the Speeches^ Orations and Proceedings., with Sketches and Remarks on Men and Things^ and other Fugitive or Neglected Pieces belonging to the Revolutionary Period in the United States,, dfc. _ By Hezekiah NiLES. Dedicated to the Young Men of America. Large 8vo, cloth. Price, $3 00. Mr. Nilcs' pages read like prophecies. One marvels at every step, at the wonderful insight, the almost inspired grasp of the future which was displayed by men of olden times. Scarcely a difficulty or a danger which has beset our national progress but what was foreseen in its full extent, by some one of these backwoods statesmen, its remedy suggested, or the means of avoid ing it clearly laid down. And one wonders in going over the work, if in the tremendous advance of general education, which has elevated the masses, and made the diffusion of knowledge so wide in these later days, we have not lest the individual excellencies so valuable in all critical periods. We look in vain for leaders. We seek financiers who shall point the way out of the dreary waste of monetary uncertainty in which we wander without a guide. Wc look in vain for the broad and far-seeing wisdom which shall harmonize and reconstruct our conquered empire. And yet our fathers were equal to emergencies even greater than these. THE POETS OF CONNECTICUT. With Bioghaphical Sketches. Edited by Rev. Charles W. Everest. Sixth edition, iimo., cloth. Price, $1.75. *«* This work presents a complete survey of the poets and of Ihe poetical literature o Conr.ccticut, a Slate which from the days of Barlow and Dwight has continued to exercise a profound influence on American Literature. Mr. Everest's selections are made with great taste and judgment ; and the biographical sketches are models of that very difficult, but very interesting species of writing, literary biography. AMERICAN BtOCRAPHY. The Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. izmo., cloth. Price, $1.50. *«*A eeneral knowledge of the distinguished men whose names nre set to the Declaration of Independence should i-t all times Le considered desirable ly the young men and using generations of the Union. , ... . r i- 7 Sent post-paid tj any address on receipt 0/ price ly the publishers, A. S. BAR.'^ES & CO., New York and Chica-go. ADVERTISEMENTS. A GREAT HISTORICAL WORK ! History of the City of New Yoric: Its Origin, Rise and Progress, By Mrs. M:AKTHA .T. LA-MB. Illustrated with sixteen full-page engravings in tint ; nine rare and valuable maps of the City at different periods ; and one hundred and thirty-three engravings scattered through the text, all by the most eminent artists and engravers in the country. Published in 32 Parts, at 50 Cents each Part. 26 Parts Now Ready. Sold only by Subscription. Price in Cloth, gilt tops, uncut edges, $10; Sheep, $11 ; Half Morocco, $12 ; Full Morocco, $15. " The author of this work is showing herself a worthy historian of this glis tening and fecund metropolis, which is in reality one of the most interesting cities of the world, though all of its residents are not aware of the fact. It has enjoyed many changes, political, social, and organic, during the two-and a-half centuries of its existence ; it has been the home of many famous men ; it has passed through many experiences, warlike and peaceful ; it is gravid v.'lth associ ations and traditions that deserve to be more familiar than they are to its people ; it has peculiar features of character and phases cf society that can be understood only by those who can trace their development since the times of May, Verhulst, Minuit, and Wouter Van Twiller. All the details of its history, all the traits of its life, all the forces of its growth, all the notable persor.ages who have figured in its career, are admirably delineated by Mrs, Lamb. With the close of the present volume she reaches the period of the Revolution of 1776, and she handles the larger questions and prominent leaders of the politics of that period as clearly and skillfully as she docs the minor matters of local pr family interest. Why should not the author of such a history take her place among the other historians who have adorned American literature ? The work is admirably printed, in large type, on heavy cream-colored paper, and it is profusely illustrated with maps and engravings. Mrs. Lamb's ' History of the City of New York ' bhouio BE IN THE LIBRARY OF EVERY OLD NEW YORKER." — N. Y. Sun, Oct. 12, l377 No more desirable, inexpensive or appropriate present can be made to a friend than a copy of tliis book. A. S. BARNES & CO., Publishers, 111 William Street, New York City. ADVERTISE.MENTS. A Brain and Nefve Food, VITALIZED PHOSPHATES. THIS DIFFERS FROM ALL OTHER TONICS BECAUSE IT IS COMPOSED OF THE VITAL OR NERVE-GIVING PRINCIPLES OF THE OX BRAIN AND WHEA T GERM. Physicians have found it so necessary that they alone have prescribed 200,000 packages. 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