YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY I Hi llliu ill in iiii in iii min n 3 9002 05350 6391 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY In Memory of RUSSELL LORD Yale 1910S from the fund established in 1928 by his mother MRS. JOHN BRACKETT LORD juSB# SKETCHES OF THE Inter- Mountain States TOGETHER WITH BIOGRAPHIES OF MANY PROMINENT AND PROGRESSIVE CITIZENS WHO HAVE HELPED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY- MAKING OF THIS MARVELOUS REGION 1847 Utah Idaho Nevada 1909 ILLUSTRATED Published by THE SALT LAKE TRIBUNE Salt Lake City, Utah 1909 Copyrighted by SALT LAKE TRIBUNE PUB. CO. 1909 NOTE. — No copyright restrictions will be urged against newspapers or magazines in the United States, and they are hereby waived, except as to the reproduction of the frontispiece. The Publishers. A WORD IN ADVANCE The purpose of this volume, primarily, is to lay before the leading newspaper publishers of the United States some facts concerning many of the leading men who are, or have been, active in the work of develop ing the States of Utah, Idaho and Nevada. It is believed that the material herewith will be highly valuable to every newspaper of con sequence in the United States, and that the value thereof will increase with each succeeding year. Copies will also be placed in the library cars of limited trains that are used in Western traffic as a guide to those who seek investment or who contemplate a change of residence. The leading boards of trade and public libraries will also be supplied with copies, as will a number of great commercial agencies in the United States, England and France. A special effort has been made to eliminate any and all matter in reference to the peculiar local contentions, and it is for this reason that the publishers have refrained from presenting even the briefest sketch of the State of Utah, which, as is generally known, has been a storm center for the entire inter-mountain region. The Publishers. HE story of Utah is a story of ^pioneer effort, personal suffer ing and sacrifice, political and religious struggles the like of which no American State has witnessed, barriers broken down, marvelous progress and permanent successes. The development of no State has been hampered by greater obstacles, but the credit for the great work accom plished, as the years roll by and men deal toward each other with more fairness, is distributed where it rightfully belongs— with the progressive men of the old days as well as to the enterprising ones of the new. There is no proper place in this publica tion for a recital of the bitter strife between the "Saints" and the "Gentiles." In the upbuilding of Utah commercially the fanati cism of neither party works a helpful part. Mormon and non-Mormon have learned some expensive lessons in the past, and each, with increasing enthusiasm, joins the other in bringing into use the remarkable resources of this splendid State. Utah was settled in 1847. It matters not to the present age and to Utah's future great ness whether Brigham Young and his hardy followers were directed to the Salt Lake val ley by divine revelation or located here by chance. They came, they toiled; their settle ment attracted many of their faith, and many more who did not accept that faith. A fine city was established, a Territory was organized, the mountain streams were diverted from nature's causeways, enlivening the soil of the an valleys, awakening interest in agricultural pursuits, while the moun tains themselves were made to yield a part of their fabulous wealth. This generation is enjoying those early efforts. The men and women of to-day are perfecting the work begun by the men and women of yesterday. And so accommodating is Nature that all who call find ample means, if not abundance, the reward of their industry. Utah became a State in 1895. Her prestige has grown in a more marked degree from that date than throughout all the years before. Cities have sprung up, valleys have been dotted with countless homes, the rock-ribbed hills have been probed for the riches within. Capital has found its way into every section of the State and has been profit ably employed. New population in a continuous stream pours into Utah, adding wealth and bettering the condition of all. A more healthful section has not been found. Neither is there a State where greater attention is given to education than here. The per centage of illiteracy is remarkably low. All religions are represented. Utah contains 87,750 square miles. About one-third the area is capable of cultivation, or is a range for sheep and cattle. Probably three-fifths of the area is occupied by mountain ranges, filled with precious metals, coal, salt, iron and building materials. The remainder is arid. Great though the total of the mineral product is in Utah, the product of the farms, orchards and ranges is greater, and the annual increase of the irrigated area of the State promises to keep pace with the swift development of the mines. Utah promises to become one of the greatest fruit-growing States in the Union. There are opportunities for all in Utah. BITS OF INFORMATION Utah mines have paid a little more than $80,000,000 in dividends. There are 2,135,000 acres of land under irrigation, with 10,000,000 more that may be irrigated. About two-thirds of Utah's population engages in agriculture. Utah produces annually about 265,000 barrels of salt. There are 7,424,792 acres of national forest in Utah; and for the year ending July 1, 1908, they brought $32,152 cash returns. There are 8,000 miles of public roads in Utah; 3,000 of them in the mountains. Population of Salt Lake City, 1908, according to R. L. Polk & Company, 112,346. Salt Lake City streets are 132 feet wide. The building front of each block is 660 feet. No congestion, no darkness. Business street surface all asphalt— no cobbles. Salt Lake has 150.054 miles of paved sidewalks and 50 miles more are being constructed. Area of Salt Lake City (including reservation), sq. miles 47 Miles of streets 330 Miles of streets graded, 311.35 ; and paved, 18.65 . . . 330 Railroads entering city 6 Miles electric street railway 105 Miles public sewers 106 Miles gas mains 90 Miles water mains laid 167 Capacity of water supply per day (av.), gals 39,000,000 Electric street lights 663 Daily newspapers 5 Church bodies 15 Church buildings 44 Volumes in free public library, January 1, 1909 . . . 33,140 Acres in Liberty Park 100 Acres in Pioneer Park 10 Thermal and mineral springs 4 Public schools 27 Teachers in public schools . 464 School population 20,114 Per cent, in attendance 94.2 Value of school property $1,461,897 Cost of City and County Building $955,000 Cost of Mormon Temple $1,326,241 Annual death rate per thousand 13 Tax rate, State 5 Tax rate, State school 3 Tax rate, city, mills 13 Tax rate, city schools, mills 9 Tax rate, county 4.5 Tax rate, county schools 2.5 Tax rate, State, city and county, total mills 37 Assessed value Salt Lake City's real and personal property $48,896,349 PROGRESSIVE AND BEAUTIFUL SALT LAKE CITY By C. C. Goodwin Progress is in the very air of Salt Lake. Solomon's Temple arose without the sound of axe or hammer in its immediate vicinity, but it was seven years in building and a longer time in preparation. Salt Like can beat Solomon's Temple now, and were it planted here in all its pristine splendor, it would be voted a squatty affair. And where now there are unsightly structures, in a year's time there will be palaces, which by comparison would make that temple of Solomon's look like a bungalow. We are speaking, thus far, only of the grand edifices, those of marble and onyx and woven steel, but they are not the strength or promise of Salt Lake's future greatness, they are but evidences of a greatness already here, for such structures can only exist where the hosts outside are working for the wealth that makes the work of the few possible. Go outside ; on every street there will be heard the ring of hammers, the rhythm of saw and trowel; the hurry, hurry to prepare for those here, and for those who are coming. And why not ? Commerce and trade have made this a central station, Education has made this a central seat. Music has reserved this place for her divine harmonies. This is the spot to which the sullen mountains send their treasures to have them transfigured. Here is where the sunlight and the pure air make a natural sanitarium. Here is where all creeds meet to wrestle and decide which is serving best men below and Omnipotent above. Here is where nature fixed her perfect bathing resorts, and the city cannot keep up with the demand for homes and business places. Then, after all, the city does not compare as yet with its surround ings. In the long ago some vagrant artists from summerland strayed away, bringing with them some of the dyes which they use above and whi,ch are immortal. Being dusty through travel when they found Great Salt Lake they determined upon a bath. They laid down their paints and brushes, folded their wings and dove into the clear waters. At first the salt got in their eyes and throats, but they took in the situation quickly, and it was close upon sunset when they came out radjant, their wings once more as white as when they left Paradise^ and their appetites were renewed. They had brought along a few pint bottles, but it was then as it is now, they could not get a cracker or a piece of cheese on Sunday in any "public place" in Zion and that time the places were all public. But their bottles helped them out. Just then the setting sun hung over the desert to the west and its refracted rays turned the snow on the Wasatch to purple and gold, even after the sun had disappeared. And these visitors, enchanted, seized their brushes and dipping them in the immortal dyes painted the mountains, the lake, the valley; and the picture they made lingers still and makes this a place of enchantment, and when it shall be a little more seen the whole world will want to come and make a home here. MINING AND ITS SUCCESSES By Hoeace Dunbar Contained within, the States of Utah, Idaho and Nevada is a vast mineral empire, whose resources, imperfectly demonstrated as they are in proportion to the possibilities, are as abundant and varied as could be found in any three of the richest and more thoroughly developed States of the Union. Although mining has been carried on in these three States for many years, there was an extremely wide field to be covered, and it was a field which sorely tried, but never daunted, the hardy pioneer. Lack of proper transportation facilities, of adequate mine equipment, of a ready' market for the product of the mines and the doleful scarcity of nature 's great boons to mankind— food and water— all have combined to retard the proper exploitation of this immense storehouse of mineral wealth. And even at this late day, when one wonders if there really is any pio neering possible in the West, a person does not need to go far beyond the railroad tracks to find himself in a wilderness of opportunity untouched and unclaimed by the hand of man, and equally in a wilderness where all the comforts of life are wanting. Gold, silver, copper and lead comprise the main mineral produc tion of Utah, Idaho and Nevada. In the early days Nevada was dotted from one end to another with silver camps. Utah witnessed the climb and fall of innumerable gold and silver districts which had made most honorable history for the West, and Idaho as well has suffered in many spots from declines in mining. The hardships of early mining were responsible for this. There are numerous camps of the West holding mining properties equipped with extensive and expensive machinery. Much of this machinery was brought round the Horn by sailing vessels, thence transported across the deserts by ox teams at a cost of eight cents per pound. The nearest smelter was in Swansea, Wales, and quite naturally only the highest grade ore could be mined and marketed. When silver began receiving death blows at the hands of the govern ments of the world all the famous camps were abandoned, and not until recent years has capital entered into what at one time were scenes of extensive mining operations which were productive of countless millions of dollars, which formed the foundation for the majority of the greatest fortunes of the United States. On investigation it was found that all the old camps were teeming with ores developed by the early operators, but whose comparatively modest metallic contents precluded sale under former conditions. Modern metallurgical knowledge and newly installed reduction works brought these resources into instant availability, and the rejuvenation of abandoned camps began on all sides. The early operator also recog nized only a few formations which he knew were productive of the sort of mineral results he desired. To-day geological formations which he 13 -despised are producing returns which surpass results the old-timer achieved. Instead of equipping individual mines with their own reduction works, capital wisely centered its energies on selecting a central point where smelting operations could be carried on in a manner equally beneficial to all. This policy gave to Salt Lake City the distinction of being the smelting center of the United States. Within sight of the city the American Smelting and Refining Company, the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company, the Utah Consolidated Com pany, the Bingham Consolidated Company, and the Yampa Company, all were operating smelting plants up to 1907. In answer to litigation instigated by the farming element in the Salt Lake valley, the courts closed practically all these plants late in the year mentioned. It was asserted that the fumes from the stacks destroyed vegetation and animal life. This necessitated improved devices to prevent smelting operations from injuring the surrounding farm usefulness, and right successfully have the smelting companies met the issue. Out of the wrecks have risen new smelters, until to-day, early in 1909, the American Company at Murray is operating a lead- silver smelter, and one of the greatest copper smelters in the world at Garfield, on the shores of the Great Salt Lake, near Salt Lake City. The United States Company is smelting silver and lead ores at Bingham Junction. The Yampa Company is treating its own ores at Bingham, and in Tooele County, near the Great Salt Lake, the International Smelting and Refining Company is spending millions of dollars in rushing to completion one of the largest and most modern copper smel ters in the world. In addition, there is a silver-lead-copper smelter in Tintic, Utah, and a copper smelter at Ogden. Among the old camps once famous, and now revived to tremendous activity and success are Bingham, Utah, and Ely, Nevada, both copper •camps of magnitude. In each camp huge mountains of low-grade copper ore are being eaten down by scores of steam shovels, the ore being hurried via special railroad lines to mammoth concentrating plants, where the low-grade porphyry ore is concentrated to a grade which admits of profitable smelting. Pioche, Nevada, a one-time richly productive silver-lead camp, to-day is answering the call of capital with splendid ore developments, while in all the three States new camps spring up from day to day, which illustrates how imperfectly the field has been covered. Idaho stands out distinctively as one of the great lead-producing States of the Union, the Coeur d'Alene district being the most famed lead camp in the world. Unlike most lead camps, whose heavy metal values give way at depth to copper or some other metal, nothing but lead, and in ever increasing quantities, has been found with the deepest of work. Nevada during the past five years has astonished the world with its discoveries of new gold fields, following closely on which finds have been the extensive and successful development of silver, lead and copper camps. 15 ib-GLIMP&er ^T TWO MILLING The following statistics will show the mineral standing of the three States, the figures being taken from the year 1907, owing to the incom plete statistical record for 1908: In 1907 Utah stood fifth in rank of the gold-producing States of the Union, producing 247,758 ounces— value, $5,121,600; second in silver production, with an output of 11,406,900 ounces— value, $7,528,500; third in lead production, with an output of 54,738 tons ; fourth in copper, with an output of 68,333,115 pounds. Idaho ranked ninth in gold, with an output of 60,754 ounces— value, $1,255,900; fifth in silver, with an output of 7,888,400 ounces— value, $5,206,300 ; second in lead, with an output of 111,697 tons ; seventh in copper, with an output of 11,471,101 pounds. Nevada ranks fourth in gold, with an output of 745,507 ounces— value, $15,411,000 ; fourth in silver, with an output of 8,280,500 ounces —value, $5,465,100 ; sixth in lead, with an output of 3,400 tons ; eleventh in copper, with an output of 1,462,450 pounds. The first large, low-grade, low-cost copper producer of Utah to emphasize its merits by entering the dividend-paying column was the Utah Copper Company of Bingham. Following closely on its heels is the Boston Consolidated Company, with the Ohio Copper Company on the verge of operations in its new milling plant. These great mines are just coming into their own, and the year 1909 should find the copper output for Utah reaching well above the 100,000,000-pound mark. Throughout the State are numerous new copper camps which are developing fast, and vast sections are known to exist where nothing but the wise application of capital will open red metal mines of magnitude. In Ely, Nevada has one of the mammoth low-grade copper camps of the world, and gigantic concentrating plants and smelters near the mines are now in highly successful operation. The next extensive copper camp of Nevada is known as the Yerington District, but legally named the Mason Mining District. Yerington, unlike Bingham and Ely, contains straight smelting copper ores which require no prelim inary treatment before they are fit for the smelter furnaces. This dispenses with the installation of expensive concentrating mills, taking less capital to reach the coveted goal of production. Other copper sections of Nevada are being brought prominently to the attention of the world, and that there are other Elys and Binghams in the two States is demonstrated by the liberal expenditures of money now seen on all sides. Recent developments in heretofore untouched portions of Idaho prove that an enormous field awaits the activities of the prospector and investor in its mineral-ribbed mountains. New railroads and new wagon roads continually are being built to sections which once were inaccessible. In addition to their wealth of mineral deposits, the hills of Utah are seamed with high-grade coal, another undeveloped field which needs only the magic hand of capital to add millions each year to the output of the State. Regarding the coal deposits of Utah, the seventh report 17 L, u! Epi Eb 'fet'1 ^ ffilpilft rn:! pc pp: kf - ^p: rh t fr i IE Pp; pip [PC pt tan fan ' mm m* •__ «^, || :p HD fpr- jrSj rt' rr | -<.- -:\ r--:l II BE IP IB jam, ; MSB Exa ; tra Idd THE NEW KEAENS BUILDING, SALT LAKE CITY of the Bureau of Statistics of the State of Utah, for 1907-1908, uses the following language : "The coal-mining industry as reported by Mr. Petitt, State Coal Mine Inspector, is in a most thriving condition, due in a great measure to the settled labor conditions which have been maintained in the various mining camps for the past few years. The production has increased in quantity and value during the past five years. There is, however, much room for improvement in these respects, more particu larly when one considers the enormous extent of the coal areas of the State. "The coal area known as the Book Cliff (Wasatch field), extend ing east and west from Castle Dale, in Carbon County, to the Colorado line, and south to the southeastern part of Sevier County, covering approximately 1,600 square miles, is considered both in respect to thickness and development the most important coal field in the State. Other coal areas are: The Coalville or Weber River field in Summit County; in the northeastern portion of the State, the Henry's Fork and Ashley Creek coal area; large coal areas in Uintah County; the Henry Mountain District, and in the southwestern portion of the State the Colob plateau, showing the wide distribution of coal lands in the State. ' ' In eastern Utah lies one of the most valuable and extensive hydro carbon deposits in the world. One of the principal products from this seldom-mentioned field is asphaltum, while from these deposits are made paints, mineral rubber, medicines and numerous other materials which find their way into the world's commerce. Oil of the finest quality, and in a sufficient quantity to justify the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars annually, is being developed in San Juan County, Utah, while the Virgin field in southern Utah gives promise of becoming an important oil center of the West. The "Mining World" of Chicago, in its issue of April 3, 1909, gives the names of forty-one dividend-paying mining companies in Utah; twenty-five in Nevada and seven in Idaho. In the Silver King Coalition Mines Syndicate of Park City, Utah, the State during the first quarter of 1909 held the greatest silver-lead dividend-paying company in this hemisphere. Considerably over one hundred millions of dollars have been distributed to stockholders in the shape of dividends by Utah mining companies since any record was taken, which excludes close corporations not giving to the world their profit sharing. In spite of the great production of the three States which compose this empire, and in spite of the many new fields continually springing into fame, a virgin territory awaits the man of money and brains within their boundary lines. New problems confront the mining and metallurgical engineer, offering a remunerative opening for numerous experts from year to year, which cannot help but attract the young and ambitious the world over. These States are merely in the bud, and present an ideal opportunity for safe and constant investment. 19 UNITED STATES SMELTING, REFINING AND MINING COMPANY This corporation, which has its head offices in Boston and has a capitalization of $75,000,000, operates its various mines, mills and smelters under local titles. Its lead and copper mines at Bingham, Utah, are operated under the title of the United States Mining Com pany; its concentrator and lead and copper smelter at Bingham Junction, Utah, as the United States Smelting Company; its mines at Eureka, Utah, as the Centennial Eureka Mining Company, and the Bullion Beck & Champion Mining Company; its lime quarry as the United States Lime Company, and its Stores Department as the United States Stores Company. At its smelting plant at Bingham Junction, near Salt Lake City, it receives custom ores from all the inter-mountain States. It has developed at this plant its secret process for the handling of smelter fumes, so that, whilst it daily treats from 1200 to 2000 tons of ore, its stacks are free from fumes or elements that are in any way damaging to vegetation. It has recently made improvements in its method of concentrating ores by which it will separate, electro-statically, the zinc from the iron, thus effecting, by a new process, a large saving of zinc that heretofore has been wasted. In addition to these Utah properties, the United States Company owns the Mammoth Copper Mining Co., which operates the Mammoth mines and copper smelter at Kennett, California ; also the Richmond-Eureka Mining Co., of Eureka, Nevada. Its bullion output is shipped to its own refineries and smelters at Grasselli, Indiana, and Chrome, New Jersey, operating under the title of the United States Metals Refining Company. In Mexico the com pany operates in a vast territory, with mines and mills at Pachuca and Real del Monte, under the corporate title of the Compania de Real del Monte y Pachuca. Altogether the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Company has an up-to-date organization and a name for fair dealing with its customers that has resulted in the development of an enormous metal business which is constantly expanding. It is ready with a competent field engineering staff to examine any and all mining properties of merit as well as to mill, smelt, refine and market all grades of ore, bullion, metallurgical products and metals. Its principal office is at 55 Congress Street, Boston, Mass., and its local office is located on the ninth floor of the Newhouse Building, Salt Lake City, under the control of Geo. W. Heintz, its general manager for Utah, etc. 20 DEEP CREEK MINING DISTRICT Deep Creek is a mining district of unsurpassed mineral wealth. It is situ ated in the western part of Tooele and Juab counties, Utah, and is about one hundred and twenty-five miles distant from Salt Lake City. It is reached by the new Western Pacific Railway, now practically completed between Salt Lake City and San Francisco, California. The most heavily mineralized section of the country is in the Deep Creek mountains, although the mines begin with the Dugway range and continue .westward to the Nevada line. The Deep Creek range is some fifty miles in length and is heavily timbered and well watered. Some of the higher peaks have an elevation of 12,000 feet. The mines of this region have been producing for the past thirty years, and millions of dollars worth of ore has been treated or placed upon the dumps. In the earlier history of the country, several small smelters were operated; but with the gradual decline in the price of silver, they were forced to close. Lead- silver was the only ore treated in those days, and little effort was made to develop the other resources of the country. But during the past few years, mining operations have been extensive, and some of the most remarkable ore bodies ever opened in the State have been developed. Gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc and iron have been found to exist in immense quantity; while bismuth, tin, nickel, antimony, tungsten and molybdenum are all found, particularly in the north end of the range. This is the only section of Utah where tin has ever been found. A large body of bismuth-gold ore has been developed on the property of the Lucy L. Mining and Milling Company. This is probably the only prop erty in the United States that has bismuth ore in quantity and of commercial value. The vein is a very large one and is developed to the depth of over three hundred feet. The Lucy L. Company has upon the same property a monster copper vein. It has been developed to the depth of five hundred feet and is two hundred and fifty feet in width. The ore is mostly a sulphide. Assays from the veins of the Lucy L. mine, from miscellaneous samples, run from $1.34 to $33,365.00 gold; from seven to forty-seven ounces silver; from twenty to sixty-eight per cent, bismuth ; from two to twenty-seven per cent, cop per; from sixteen to thirty-eight per cent, lead; tin, one and sixty-five hun dredths per cent; nickel, sixty-five hundredths per cent. The general office of the Lucy L. Company is in Salt Lake City. The con trolling interest is held by Wilson Brothers, Prank L. "Wilson and Clyde H. "Wilson, whose interests extend through forty miles of the Deep Creek range. It has been largely through the instrumentality of the "Wilson Brothers that the Deep Creek section has been so extensively developed; and no one is more familiar with the mineral wealth and possibilities of that country, which is amply demonstrated by their splendid properties. The Clifton Copper Belt Mining Company, whose property is on the same mineral belt and a mile south of the Lucy L., is in many respects similar to the Lucy L. The ores are gold, silver, copper, lead, bismuth, tin, nickel and molyb denum. The ore bodies most extensively developed are copper-gold and silver- lead. Some of the richest ores in the district are found in this property. The average ore is of uniformly high grade. The Seminole Copper Company adjoins the Clifton Copper Belt on the south end and the mineralization is practically the same as upon the Copper Belt. The company owns two hundred and forty acres of patented ground in the Clifton District. There is probably no other property in the Deep Creek section of greater merit. The "Wilson Consolidated Mining Company has twelve claims, about two hundred and thirty acres. Six of the claims are in the Clifton District and six in the "Willow Springs District, adjoining Clifton on the south. The ores are copper, lead, silver and gold, and large bodies are exposed. The Western Pacific Copper Company is located in the higher part of the Deep Creek range, in the Willow Springs Mining District. The property is well watered and timbered and is splendidly located for the economical extrac tion of the large bodies of ore. This property has the distinction of being the earliest shipper of high-grade copper ore from the Deep Creek country. The ore averages thirteen per cent, copper; twenty-five per cent, lead; twenty- four per cent, iron, and some silver and gold. It is the most extensively devel oped property in the Willow Springs District. Since better transportation facilities are now offered, the greatest activity prevails in the different districts, and it is confidently believed that one of the greatest mining booms in the history of the West is just beginning. 21 UTAH FUEL COMPANY Among the many natural resources of the State of Utah which have tended to make the State one of the most prominent and most desirable are its coal beds, which are the richest and largest in the West. That these huge beds and strata of coal have merely been scratched, as it were, is apparent, and that the coal industry in this State will ere long become one of the biggest propositions in the State is generally acknowl edged by all those conversant with the geological conditions existing in the coal belt. In 1882 the Pleasant Valley Coal Company was incor porated at a time when the magnitude of the coal belts was first appre ciated. This company, with offices in Salt Lake City, began to mine the product and supplied the entire State with fuel for both domestic and commercial purposes. In the year 1900 the Utah Fuel Company was organized and that to-day it is one of the biggest propositions in the country is due largely to the foresight of those who organized and who have so successfully developed the mines. The capitalization of the company is $10,000,000 and some idea of the magnitude of the company and its properties may be gained when it is known that the properties ship this necessary fuel to Utah, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana and California. While a greater part of the business is confined to the States of Utah and Colorado, still the company ships large quantities of the black diamonds to the States mentioned because of the fact that the coal mined here is of a superior grade and is eagerly sought for by dealers in the other inter-mountain States. The mines of the company are located at Clear Creek and Castle Gate, from which places comes a superior grade of domestic coal, and at Winter Quarters and Sunnyside. The last named camp is where the coke industry of the company is carried on exclusively. This is one of the busiest camps of the company, and the activity evidenced there is truly remarkable. In Colorado the company has a mine located at Somerset. From this mine a large tonnage is extracted every year and most of the coal from it is used in that State. Conservatively speaking, it is estimated that the tonnage of all the properties of the company is about 2,000,000 tons annually. This shows the magnitude of the company's properties, and, as the coal deposits are seemingly inex haustible, it is safe to predict that the business of the company will increase wonderfully. The coke production is also very large, amount ing to 350,000 tons, all of which comes from the hundreds of coke ovens at Sunnyside. At the present time the company employs approximately 2300 men and this number will be increased as the mines are further developed. The company has its own houses in all of the camps mentioned, and the employes have modern and up-to-date structures to live in at a very small rental and everything done for them that can be done for their comfort and good living. The officers of the Utah Fuel Company are : E. T. Jeffrey, presi dent, New York City ; C. H. Schlacks, vice-president, Denver, Colorado ; A. H. Cowil, vice-president, Salt Lake City; H. G. Williams, general manager, Salt Lake City ; W. O. Williams, auditor, Salt Lake City ; W. B. Williams, general superintendent, Salt Lake City; M. P. Braffet, general solicitor, Salt Lake City ; A. C. Watts, chief engineer, Salt Lake City, and E. A. Greenwood, assistant treasurer, Salt Lake City. 23 INDEPENDENT TELEPHONE BUILDING UTAH INDEPENDENT TELEPHONE COMPANY The Utah Independent Telephone Company is a Utah corporation having an authorized capital of $1,000,000. The company was organ ized in January, 1903, and one year later the business was established and the company prepared to furnish service. The company has grown steadily from the beginning, and its Salt Lake Exchange at the present time is considered to be one of the largest and best equipped exchanges in the Middle West country. The executive officers of the company are : H. A. Harvey, president ; Fred B. Jones, general superintendent ; D. B. Mackintosh, auditor ; and Benjamin R. Howell, secretary and treasurer. The directors are: Waldemar Van Cott, managing director; H. A. Harvey, Lawrence 24 Green, S. F. Fenton, Heber M. Wells, James H. Moyle, Geo. T. Odell, John D. Spencer, and Heber J. Grant. The company owns its buildings and real estate in Salt Lake City, Ogden, Park City and Eureka. The company's buildings are con structed of brick, with steel frames, and are all of modern fire-proof construction. It maintains thirteen exchanges, at the following points : American Fork, Bingham Canyon, Brigham City, Eureka, Logan, Mur ray, Ogden, Park City, Payson, Provo, Salt Lake City, and Spanish Fork, Utah; and Preston, Idaho, and has established connection with over sixty-five villages and towns in the States of Utah and Idaho. It employs approximately two hundred persons in Salt Lake City alone, and as many more throughout the territory which is served by the company. The company began business with about 1500 telephones actually installed and at the present time has ten times this number in use. The company has recently established a system of operating between Salt Lake City and Ogden which is known as the ' ' two-number operating, ' ' whereby the residents of either city are enabled to call each other by number instead of by name, and the aid of the long distance operator is eliminated, thereby giving the most rapid service between the two municipalities. The rapidly increasing use of this class of service by the public is an evidence of the satisfaction with which it has been .received. The company has made a specialty of private branch exchanges for business houses, and the rapid growth of this feature of the company's business is an evidence of its popularity with the company's sub scribers. These exchanges have latterly been rapidly installed in the business houses in the principal towns and cities of the State which the company serves, and are giving most excellent satisfaction. The company furnishes operators for the exchanges, who are taken from the ranks of the experienced employees of the company at the time the system is installed. Business men who have tried this system have never in any case been otherwise than satisfied with the investment. The company's headquarters in Salt Lake City are at 115 South State Street and a visit to them amply repays the time spent. The entire system of the company is conducted on the strictest of business principles, and the result of this policy is shown by the rapidly grow ing popularity of the company. The company 's progress to date consti tutes a splendid monument to the efficient management of the com pany's affairs and the energy and ability of its executive officers. Strict attention to business, uniform courtesy and frank dealing with the public is required of each and every employee of the company through out the entire system. This policy has gone far toward the upbuilding of the institution. 25 UTAH-IDAHO SUGAR COMPANY The Utah-Idaho Sugar Company is perhaps the largest institution in the United States devoted to the manufacture of sugar from beets. The growth of the company has been remarkable. It now has six large factories and it has planned for the year 1909-10 to produce over 1,000,000 bags. The product last year was 987,013 bags. The capacity of the plants and their location follows : Lehi, Utah, 1000 tons daily; Garland, Utah, 600 tons daily; Idaho Falls, Ida., 600 tons; Sugar City, Idaho, 800 tons; Blackfoot, Idaho, 600 tons ; Nampa, Idaho, 600 tons ; or a total daily capacity of 4200 tons. This company has an authorized capital of $10,000,000 preferred stock, and $3,000,000 common stock. It has issued $8,102,180 of its preferred stock and the entire amount of its common stock. The officers of the company follow : Joseph F. Smith, president ; Thomas R. Cutler, vice-president and general manager; Horace G. Whitney, sec retary and treasurer. The board of directors is composed of Joseph F. Smith, John Henry Smith, John R. Winder, Thomas R. Cutler, Heber J. Grant, John C. Cutler, W. S. McCornick, George Romney and C. W. Nibley. The offices of the company are at Salt Lake City, Utah. 27 IRRIGATION IN UTAH There are few big farms in Utah upon which diversified crops are grown. There are large farms which grow nothing but grain, but these are known as dry or arid farms. Those farms which are under irrigation are necessarily small farms, for the product is extraordinarily large. Three crops of alfalfa are harvested. One acre of ground will return a net profit of $100 if sugar beets are raised. Eighteen hundred bushels of onions are produced to one acre of ground. Eight hundred bushels of potatoes have been grown on an acre. Fruit growers get returns of one thousand bushels of peaches, that is, twenty-five hundred boxes from an acre, other fruits in like proportion. All this is due to irrigation. Utah is the mother of irrigation. The first irrigating canals were constructed in Utah, more than 50 years ago. One that carries water a distance of 40 miles from Utah Lake to Salt Lake City, built more than 40 years ago, still furnishes water for irrigation for Salt Lake City. Originally, irrigation plants were constructed in Utah by private individuals. The projects at the end of the year 1909 under construction in the State will reclaim 700,000 acres of land. The total cultivable acreage of land in Utah has been estimated at twenty millions. Of this 2,114,634 acres are under cultivation, while the remainder of acres irrigated is two and a half millions. And the produce from the culti vated lands in 1908 aggregated over eighteen and a half million dollars, and this upon 22,000 farms. These figures in brief give some idea of what irrigation has done for Utah. The report of the State Board of Land Commissioners for the year 1908, the last available report, shows that applications have been made to borrow money for reservoir projects to an aggregate amount of a half a million dollars beyond that which the board has money to supply. The predominating influence upon home life in the irrigated districts is that contentment which comes with the assurance of success. Hopes materialize here, and ambitions are satisfied. To properly work an irrigated farm does not require toil from sunup in the morning until sundown at night, and then an hour or two of evening chores. To the young man, irrigation farming offers a wide field for his energies. The rewards are certain and commensurate with his ambitions. To the men who have reached middle age and see approaching the leisure time of life, it offers the opportunity to enjoy old age in a sunny climate, in a quiet, fertile valley, where the fields smile in their abundance and the lofty mountain peaks in the distance give inspiration to the mind and uplift to the hopes that spring eternal in the human soul. The quest for gold lured men into the desert, but they never dreamed of the wealth those barren deserts would produce. Those early Argonauts thought the desert would yield nothing except nuggets washed from the sands, or quartz torn by the pick from fissures of rock. To-day, a small desert valley will in a short time yield more wealth than a whole mining camp will produce. Utah can never overproduce itself in farm products. Only eleven per cent. of its entire area is available for cultivation ; eight per cent, is now under culti vation, and there remains only three per cent, to be placed under cultivation. Mining, manufacturing, and other industries are still in their infancy, but they already consume far more than this eight per cent, of producing land can fur- 31 nish. The product of the remaining three per cent., when it comes upon the market, will make no change in the relations of a short supply against a demand which sustains the market prices upon all farm products at the highest figures. In Utah, conditions surrounding irrigation differ in many respects from other sections of the arid region, the difference being in the physical features. The average Utah farm is about twenty-five acres. One cubic foot of water has sup plied seventy-five acres of land, while the cost of water is less per acre to the Utah farmer than elsewhere in the arid region, ranging from twenty-five to sixty cents per acie. In a few instances it has cost $3 per acre, but it seldom reaches a dollar. At present the Government has but one project; that, the Strawberry Valley. There are several big reservoir schemes— the Hatchtown, one which will cost $100,000, and which will bring under cultivation five thousand acres of land in Garfield County ; and the Piute reservoir project, which will bring under culti vation twenty thousand acres. When the scientific Western farmer first turned his attention to irrigation, with the whole of the Western lands to pick from, and with the most favorable tracts lying adjacent to deep rivers, the pioneer irrigator could bring his land under the irrigating ditch at a surprisingly low cost; but as the water supply was taken up, and the lands lying in favorable location became harder and harder to secure, the cost of putting water on the lands has constantly risen, and irri gated lands will always increase in value, for the reason that they are yearly in demand and the supply is limited. Later on land will be placed on the market by irrigation companies at $500, and even $1,000 per acre, for already many Utah irrigated farms are held at these figures, and find ready purchasers. In some instances it has been possible to put water on the land and place the same on the market at $50 per acre, while the bare cost of watering other lands would be ten times as much, so one can readily see where the reserve supply of lands is coming from, and what the cost will be. Future irrigation plans will include immense reservoirs in the moun tains, great water storages which will be built at fabulous cost, and these water systems will water high-priced lands. On January 1, 1908, there were 180,000,000 of acres of land unsettled in the United States. These figures are staggering to the unthinking man, and seem enough for farms for the whole world for years to come, but the thing to really stagger one is that in 1907 the demand was for 20,000,000 acres more land than was cultivated in 1906, so at this rate the entire 180,000,000 of acres will easily be settled within the next nine years. Mariy authorities believe that the entire amount of lands now held open to settlers will be exhausted within the next five years, and with the great trend of Western immigration, and the marvelous growth of Western cities, and the unprecedented demand for irrigated farms, five years seems a fair estimate of time to place on the final limit when public lands will no longer be open to the settler. Utah, which was the pioneer of irrigation, has been made to blossom as the rose. Sage-brush plains have become fertile fields, all due to the conserva tion of the waters, impounding of the water in great reservoirs, and, when needed, a scientific distribution made. This is what has made Utah and what ultimately, with the great treasures stored in the mountain forests, will make it one of the greatest States in the Union. 35 ¦ ¦¦— r -.- P. W. MADSEN'S SALT LAKE BUSINESS HOUSES UTAH S GREAT SLAUGHTERING PLANT, SALT LAKE CITY m&^ ;a^ r rn y si » ¦j i y | n sflviriiypr^ ^iftiiHMHiinHBtM Ill ml 11. ill! ¦"•••.» .**f..V ',l.(]\"l ill II! '«! *£%, „ Rl(9 \.-l H — i o co H c -H Hijs ^w ,96 ^§m^Mm ZION'S CO-OPERATIVE MERCANTILE INSTITUTION Z. C. M. I., the initials of the largest and most important commercial establishment in the Rocky Mountain region, are well known in business and financial circles throughout America and Europe. Organized October 16, 1868, business commenced in March of the following year, the first year's sales amounting to $1,230,700. Since that time the total sales have reached the enormous sum of $130,000,000, averaging more than $3,000,000 per annum for over forty years. In 1908 the sales were almost $6,000,000. Since the period of organization the cash dividends have aggregated $3,369,598.15, an average of more than 9 per cent, for the entire period, although for several years past a dividend of 12 per cent, has been paid. The stock is held by about 600 stockholders, who reside in all parts of the world. The store originally occupied 50 x 315 ft. A store of similar size was soon added, and later a store 60 foot front was built to the north. The Institution now covers a floor space of 200,000 square feet, and a further extension is now being planned. Retail departments occupy the ground floor, the basement and two upper floors being used for wholesale and offices. The building is heated throughout by exhaust steam and lighted by electricity from its own plant, the steam boilers being located in a separate building in the rear of the premises, and the engines and elec trical machinery in the basement of the factory building. Recently a sprinkling system, the first in Utah, was installed at a cost of $26,000, to safeguard the building against fire. The essential feature is a valve made of fusible metal, which melts at a temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit, and throws water at the rate of 125 gallons a minute, completely saturating every inch of space within a radius of from 9 to 12 feet per sprinkler head. There are 3,700 of these. sprinkler heads, placed eight feet apart, over 300,000 feet of pipe being necessary to install the system. In 1905 a warehouse 120 x 200 feet, having three floors, was erected on Fourth West Street, convenient to both railway depots, just south of Second South, at an expense of $40,000. Over 500 employees are on Z. C. M. I. 's pay-roll, the salaries totaling over $30,000 a month. In connection with the store a shoe factory was established in 1870, and in 1878 a clothing factory. The factory building, located in the rear of the store, is 50 x 165 feet in size, and contains four floors and a basement. The capacity is 500 pairs of shoes and 100 dozen denim garments daily. The Institution has branches at Provo, Utah, and Idaho Falls, Idaho. The officers and directors are : Joseph Smith, president ; George Romney, vice-president; Thomas G. "Webber, secretary; A. W. Carlson, treasurer. Directors : Heber J. Grant, John R. Winder, John R. Barnes, John Henry Smith, Francis M. Lvman, Anthon H. Lund, Wm. H. Mclntyre, Reed Smoot, T. G. Webber, L. S. Hills, A. W. Carlson; Thomas G. Webber, general manager. 47 THE MINE & SMELTER SUPPLY COMPANY This company, having branch houses in Denver, Colo., Salt Lake City, Utah, El Paso, Texas, and the City of Mexico, Mex., with general offices at 42 Broadway, New York City, is the largest concern in the world handling mining and smelting machinery and supplies exclusively. Their territory covers the entire Rocky Mountain mining districts from British Columbia to the Isthmus of Panama. The Salt Lake branch was opened in 1898, having taken over the business of the Utah & Montana Machinery Company, which had been doing business in this city for a number of years. Like the other branches located in Denver, El Paso and the City of Mexico, this company has made a reputation in Utah in the machinery and smelter supply line which has placed it in the front rank of similar concerns throughout the entire country. During the last eleven years the Salt Lake branch has become the distributing point for mine sup plies in- Utah, Montana, Idaho and Nevada. The Mine & Smelter Supply Company owns control and manufac tures the Wilfley concentrating table and the Wilfley slime table. These machines are in use almost exclusively in every mining district in the world where concentration is necessary. This company is the exclusive representative in its territory of a number of large Eastern manufacturers who manufacture machinery and supplies covered by their line, such as the Henry R. Worthington Pump Co., the Knowles Steam Pump Co., Deane Steam Pump Co., Blake Steam Pump Co. in their pump line ; the Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., air compressors; Frost Manufacturing Co., boilers and engines; the Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., concrete machinery; Revere Rub ber Co., rubber goods. They have the exclusive sale of the Mine & Smelter Supply Com pany's assay balance, manufactured for them by Wilfred Heusser in Salt Lake City, which is without a doubt the highest-grade instrument of the kind made. This balance has a number of improvements which appeal to the users of this class of instruments. The Mine & Smelter Supply Company 's stock includes all the requirements of mine, mill and smelter from assay supplies to the heavy machinery used in milling and smelting plants. The Salt Lake office and salesroom of the company are located at No. 121 to 125 West Second South Street and the warehouse is located on Third South and Fifth West Street. The Salt Lake branch is under the management of J. W. Gates. 49 THE CULLEN HOTEL Among the hotels of Salt Lake City, none is more popular, none more famous than is the CuUen, which is run upon the European plan. Modern in every way, with all the conveniences necessary to make guests comfortable, it enjoys a patronage second to none in this great inter-mountain empire. Situated in the heart of the business center of Salt Lake, convenient to all the theatres, it has long been a favorite with the traveling public. The Cullen contains two hundred rooms with telephones and run ning water, and there are one hundred rooms with private baths. The sample rooms are very large and commodious, thus assuring comfort and convenience to commercial men. The Cullen is equipped with a modern sanitary cleaning plant, by which no dust ever arises in hall or room, the cleaning being done by compressed air. It is the only house in Salt Lake that is equipped this way. Attached to the Cullen is a popular-priced cafe" with a cuisine that is as unexcelled as is the service. The cafe has its own refrigerating plant and all the other conveniences which are so necessary to perfec tion in the art of cooking. The office is large and is equipped and furnished in a manner that insures comfort and luxury for guests. No more popular hosts live than B. B. Heywood and John Condon, while the office force is made up of practical hotel people who know how to care for patrons. The Cullen is the oldest hotel in Salt Lake ; it is the most modern ; it is most centrally located; it is convenient to all railway stations, all cars to which pass the hotel. All this makes it a desirable place to live when sojourning in Salt Lake City. 53 ROCKY MOUNTAIN BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY One of the pioneer business institutions of the West, and one that has created a big industry in the inter-mountain country, is the Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company, which maintains comprehensive local and long-distance telephone service throughout Utah, Idaho, Mon tana and Wyoming. The company's history is interesting. It was started as a small local concern in Utah only a few years after the telephone had been developed to the point where it gave promise of becoming a commercial utility, and has grown steadily until now its lines reach to all parts of the four States that constitute its territory and connect with other lines extending through other States. It has achieved remarkable success in an unusually difficult terri tory, where it has covered more area in proportion to population than any other telephone company in the country. Its territory embraces almost every condition of topography and climate to be found in the United States and it has met and solved successfully many problems that it had to meet without the benefit of a precedent in the telephone business anywhere. It has been a conspicuous factor in the development of its field, commercially and socially, by providing the right sort of quick com munication between all portions of its territory. It is now operating eight thousand miles of long-distance pole lines, connecting 1200 dif ferent points in the four States, thus furnishing the universal telephone service that alone is adequate to meet the needs of a busy and growing region. The thoroughness with which it has developed its territory in the face of so many adverse physical conditions is regarded as mar velous by the leading telephone men of the country. It has been quick to take advantage of every improvement of merit developed in the business, and is engaged continuously in extending its system to meet the growth of the territory and in improving existing plants in order to cover the field properly and to be able to give the right sort of service at all times. The company was formed by Western men under the laws of Utah, and it remains a Utah corporation to this da'y. Its stock- is still held largely by persons living in its own territory, thus making it essentially a "home" institution, while at the same time it has, through its affilia tion with the American Telephone & Telegraph Company, the advantage of connections with other Bell telephone companies and the benefit of the advice and services of the best minds in the telephone field. Its financial organization is sound and conservative and its rates have always been so adjusted as to earn only a fair return on the money invested in the plant. The general offices of the company are at Salt Lake City, where the company owns one of the finest fire-proof buildings in the West, built especially with a view to providing ideal facilities for the conduct of the telephone business. The company also owns and occupies its own build ings at twenty-five other cities in the four States. 55 < oo \Ao mQHCCCO sWH O COH aH o H O THE BRICK AND BRICK-MAKING A brick is such a common, such a plebeian thing that the average person has perhaps never given it a second thought. Inquiry would probably develop the fact that he had a somewhat hazy idea that it was made of earth and baked in some way— perhaps like a baked potato or a pan of biscuits— and that was about all he knew about it. If this average man were told that there is a concern in Salt Lake making 200,000 brick per day— enough to build ten modern five- room houses— he would probably be incredulous and want to be "shown," and yet it is true. The Salt Lake Pressed Brick Company is that concern, and in the number of employees and value of product it stands well up in the list of large JOHN P. CAHOON, GENERAL MANAGER 57 manufacturers in Utah. Its extensive plant is located at Fourteenth South and Eleventh East Streets, Salt Lake City. "When the original plant was built, in 1891, it was only after exhaustive explorations for and tests of clay beds con taining suitable brick material throughout the valley generally, from points in Davis County on the north to the vicinity of Sandy on the south. Time and experience have justified the wisdom of the selection then made. Not only has the clay proved admirably adapted to the manufacture of the finest brick, but it has been found to exist in unexpected quantities. The beds are in some places fourteen feet thick and are known to extend east from the factory for a mile and a half and to considerable distances in other directions. The company now owns 150 acres of these clay iands, and has the material to make brick for years to come. The plant itself covers nearly ten acres of ground. In its con struction 10,000,000 brick were used, more than were required in building any ether structure or plant in Utah, the great Garfield Smelter alone excepted. The whole plant is lighted and operated, so far as power can be applied, by elec tricity generated by two water-propelled power plants, one located in Big Cottonwood Canyon and one in Mill Creek Canyon. The first brick plant built by the company had a capacity of 20,000 brick per day which has now grown to 200,000 per day, and it is harder to keep up with the demand now than it was then. Such success is not usually achieved without merit, the product of the company being a superior article, whether the high-grade white or red pressed brick of which so many handsome buildings in Salt Lake are constructed ; or the common brick used in inside and back walls. This superiority is due to perfect material, adequate equipment and efficient management combined with "knowing how." These things have given the brick produced by this company a wide fame throughout the inter-mountain country and they are extensively used all over Utah, Nevada, southern Idaho and western Wyoming, going as far west as Goldfield, Nevada, and Boise, Idaho, and north to Butte, Montana. Twenty-five of the largest school buildings in Salt Lake City, besides scores of other large buildings and many hundreds of residences, have been built from the product of this factory. There is a rail road switch to the factory from the Park City line, affording good shipping facilities. The clay is plowed from the beds where nature placed it and scraped to the loading chutes where it falls into cars each holding enough to make 2,000 brick, and is run by mule power on an easy down grade to the clay sheds which have a storage capacity sufficient to run the factory through any period of rainy weather that may occur. From here the clay is carried by a system of endless belt conveyors and elevators through automatic machinery which grinds, screens and tempers it, finally depositing it in bins above the presses, which are to foim it into brick. From these bins it drops by gravity down a chute into the presses. These are of two types, the mold presses which shape each indi vidual brick separately under enormous pressure, and the wire cut press in which the continuous column of compressed clay forced from the orifice of the machine is automatically sliced into brick, twenty at a clip. Of the first type of machine there are four in use, two of six molds each and two of four. These are used for making the better grades of pressed brick and their combined 59 capacity is 110,000 brick per day. Of the wire cut type there is but one machine in use, but it is a hustler, turning out approximately 100,000 common brick per day. In the new kiln, where the common brick are made, the handling of the brick by hand is all but eliminated. This new kiln was built late in 1907, but was not put into service until the summer of 1908. It is an immense affair, 1160 feet in length, including the storage space, and 110 feet wide. It is what is called an open-top, continuous kiln, and was built from designs original with Mr. J. P. Cahoon, manager of the company. Its capacity is 4,000,000 brick. It consists of a double row of kiln chambers and over each row travels a huge electric crane which picks up 2000 brick at a time and gently deposits them either in the drying department, in a kiln chamber for firing, in the storage space, or in the railroad car for shipping, as may be desired. The brick are handled in crates and the breakage is less than it would be by hand, while the saving in labor can hardly be estimated. Another feature of the new kiln is that it has no stack, there being substituted for it to create the necessary draft, an enormous fan, driven by a fifty-five horse-power electric motor. The finest pressed brick are burned in the Kessler kilns, six in number and holding about half a million brick. These brick are burned from twenty-two to thirty days and are heated to a white heat. There is one Hoffman continuous kiln having twenty-two chambers and a capacity of 700,000 brick, and one tun nel continuous kiln with eighteen chambers and a capacity of 550,000. The aggregate capacity of all the kilns is 5,750,000 brick, or 220,000 for every work ing day, the time required in drying, burning and cooling the brick being about thirty days. In other words, in thirty days from the time a brick is molded it is ready for the market. A continuous kiln is one in which the fire is burning all the time. It con sists of a series of connected chambers arranged either in the form of an oval or in two parallel rows, and the fire passes slowly from chamber to chamber, so that some chambers are being filled, others are burning and others are being emptied, all at the same time. This system economizes fuel, and this economy is carried further by utilizing the waste heat from the burning chambers in drying the freshly molded brick. Crushed coal, or slack, is used for fuel and is fed into the kilns through small holes in the top, about a teacupful being put into each hole every half hour. An intense, even heat, that can be regulated perfectly is thus secured and maintained as long as desired. As they come from the kiln all brick except the common are sorted, or shaded as it is called, to secure absolute uniformity of color and quality. Certain red clay produces the red brick, other clay produces the white brick, and the color is also somewhat affected by differences in burning. The company employs about 200 men and has $30,000 invested in teams engaged mainly in delivering brick throughout Salt Lake City. A roomy, con venient and up-to-date brick office building is now under construction and will be ready for occupancy in a few weeks. A down-town office is maintained at 126 Main Street, where an interesting display of the products of the factory may be seen. John P. Cahoon is president and manager of the company ; George Curley, vice-president; Wm. S. Simkins, treasurer. 61 1- — .- - -¦_ i"v? 5>oi|B N0J.50Q c£J> J_N3HX£3/VN!°tfNV*3-LV.L'¦ -...--¦ J. H. MOYLE JAMES II. MOYLE James H. Moyle, one of Utah's most representative attorneys, is a native of Salt Lake City, having been born there September 17, 1858. His father, James Moyle, was a successful builder and contractor, and his mother was Elizabeth Wood Moyle. J. H. Moyle was educated in the district schools of Salt Lake City, and later took a course at the Uni versity of Utah, graduating in 1881. He subsequently took the course at the University of Michigan Law School, from which he graduated in 1885, and was a student for three years also at the University of Michi gan in its School of Political Science. Mr. Moyle was admitted to the bar of Utah and of Michigan in 1885, and later to the Supreme Court of the United States. He was Assistant City Attorney and Deputy County Attorney for one year, and was elected County Attorney in 1886, and re-elected in 1888. The same year he was elected a member of the State legislature. He was chair man of the committee in 1889 which visited the principal Reform Schools of the United States, and upon whose report our Territorial Reform School was established. He was chairman of the Democratic State Committee in the campaigns of 1898 and 1899, and his party was victorious in both. During the last day of the legislature in 1899, Mr. Moyle was the caucus nominee of the Democratic Party for United States Senator ; but no Senator was elected because of so many mem bers being held by obligations to A. W. McCune, from which he would not release them. Hence the deadlock. Mr. Moyle was the choice of the Democrats as their candidate for governor in 1900 and 1904, and in the latter campaign led his ticket in number of votes received by him. He also has taken a keen interest in live stock, its conventions and organizations, and was for many years a director of the Utah Fair Association. He was also for many years a trustee of the Reform School, and for two years was president of the Board of Trustees of that institution. While Mr. Moyle is active in business, farming, live stock, and mining, he has been more attentive to his large legal practice. The law firm was originally Richards & Moyle ; later on, Moyle, Zane & Costigan ; and at the present time, Moyle & Van Cott, and their clientage and law business is one of the largest in the State. Mr. Moyle is a director in the Consolidated Wagon and Alachine Company, the Deseret Live Stock Company, the Utah Commercial and Savings Bank, the Silver Brothers' Iron Works Company, the Inter- Mountain Packing1 Company, the Utah Independent Telephone Com pany, the Utah Consolidated Plaster Company, the Blackfoot Stock Company, and many other important enterprises, especially mining- companies, too numerous to mention. Mr. Moyle was married to Alice E. Dinwoodey, November 17, 1887, and they are the parents of eight children, of whom six are living, namely: Henry D., Alice E., Walter G., Gilbert D., James D., and Sarah Virginia Moyle. Mr. Moyle is a member of the Commercial Club and president of the Utah Democratic Club. He resides at 405 East First South Street, Salt Lake City. 153 DAVID ECCLES DAVID ECCLES David Eccles, one of the most prominent, progressive and best known citizens of the entire inter-mountain region, was born at Paisley, Rentfrashire, Scotland, on the 12th day w-iv y' i? ,' the,same year that g°ld was first discovered in California. He is the son of ™m £ocles' who was a wood-turner by trade, and of Sarah Hutchinson Eccles. Mr. Eccles received a common-school education in Scotland; and in the spring of 1863 when fourteen years old, emigrated with his parents, brothers and sisters to America, arriving at Ogden City, Utah, in October of the same year. Mr. Eccles first made his home in that city, but soon moved to Ogden Valley, and became the sole support of his father's family, working for wages in the timber and on the farms. In 1867 Mr. David Eccles decided to go farther West and went into Oregon. After looking around for a location, he finally settled at Oregon City, and thereupon went to work for a couple of years in the adjacent forests of Oregon and Washington. In 1869 Mr._ Eccles returned to Ogden Valley, resumed his work in the timber, until in 1873, by thrift and economy he had saved enough money to be able to invest in a sawmill. He thereupon entered into partnership with Messrs. Gibson and Van Noy, who in 1874, under the firm name of Gibson, Eccles & Van Noy. opened a lumber yard upon the present site of the great lumber business now owned by Mr. Eccles in Odgen" City. This firm continued in existence until 1880, after which Mr. Eccles continued the business alone until 1889. when he organized the present Eccles Lumber Company. In the meantime, however, Mr. Eccles had not lost sight of the very promising lumber prospects of the State of Oregon. He felt satisfied that the forests of tliat State and of the State of Washington presented excellent opportunities for profitable investments; and, acting upon that idea, Mr. Eccles again went to Oregon in 1886, and there began the many lumber and other interests he now owns in the State. Among other things, Mr. Eccles built two railroads in the State of Oregon; one (the Sumpter Valley Railroad) running from Baker City into the John Day country, and the other (the Mount Hood Railroad) running from Hood River City toward Mount Hood. Mr. Eccles' interests in the West are so many and so varied that it is perfectly safe to assert that no other man in Utah is engaged in so many important and successful business enterprises as he is. Mr. Eccles is president of several banks, prominent among which are the First National Bank of Ogden and the Ogden Savings Bank, besides being heavily interested in many other banks throughout the State. He is also president or principal director of the Amalgamated Sugar Company, the Lewiston Sugar Company, the Ogden Rapid Transit Company, the Sumpter Valley Railroad Company, the Eccles Lumber Company, the Oregon Lumber Company, the U. O. Lumber Company, the Mount Hood Railroad Company, and many other smaller industrial and mercantile institutions. Lately Mr. Eccles and his associates purchased the Sparks-Harrell ranches in Nevada and Idaho, at a cost of about a million dollars, and organized the same under the name of Vineyard Land and Stock Company, of which corporation Mr. Eccles is president and principal stockholder. Mr. Eccles is also president of that gigantic and well-known railroad-constructing corporation, the Utah Construction Company, which is now building a railroad for the Western Pacific from Utah ; to California, constituting the largest railroad contract ever let to any one company west of Chicago; and this immense undertaking was largely made possible by Mr. Eccles' financial standing and personal integritj', which was and is so well known in railroad . circles both East and West. On December 27th, 1875, Mr. Eccles married Miss Bertha N. Jensen, a native of Den mark, and he is now the father of a large family of boys and girls. Despite Mr. Eccles' many interests, he has nevertheless found time to serve the community in which he has resided. From 1885 to 1887 he served as alderman, and from 1887 to 1889 he was mayor of Ogden City, and it was because of his push and enterprise that the present City Hall was built during his administration. Though Mr. Eccles is accounted among the wealthiest men in the State of Utah, he is quite unassuming and easy to approach. He is a man with a generous and kind disposition; one who bears malice toward none, and his charities are many and unostentatious. Indeed, he is in every respect a model citizen, a splendid business director, and a man of great value to the community. 155 LAFAYETTE HOLBEOOK LAFAYETTE HOLBROOK Among the most prominent of Utahans is Lafayette Holbrook of Provo, who was twice mayor of that city, serving from 1893 to 1897. Mr. Holbrook is a native of Utah, born in Salt Lake City, September 7, 1850. His ancestors were early New Englanders, his grandfather, Moses Holbrook, being a native of the Bay State, born in Sturbridge in 1779. His father, Chandler Holbrook, who was an engineer, and his mother, Eunice Dunning, were born in New York and were pioneers of Utah. They resided in Salt Lake City until 1852. When Lafayette Holbrook was two years old they removed to Fillmore, where the sub ject of this sketch resided until 1880. During his residence in Fillmore he engaged in farming and stock- raising, particularly the latter. In 1871 he purchased cattle in the region around Abilene, Kansas, and drove them to Utah, and in 1873 he visited Texas, where he purchased cattle and drove them also through to Utah. In October, 1873, Air. Holbrook went to Europe. During his sojourn there he visited France, but spent most of his time in the British Isles, returning to Utah in 1875. In 1876 he was, on October 9th, married to Emily A. Hinckley. Ten children were born to them, seven of whom are living. They are: Lafayette H., Jean Clara, Eunice A., Ora L., Florence L., Ruth and Lincoln Holbrook. Those dead are Emmet G., Ava Luvile and Lillian M. In 1877 Mr. Holbrook was elected assessor and collector of Millard County, which office he held four years. In December, 1880, he removed from Fillmore, going to Frisco, in Beaver County, where he for seven years engaged in merchandising and mining. He has retained his interest in a number of mining and industrial companies which he developed and built up, both in Utah and in other States. He is an official in many of these and manager of several. In 1890 Mr. Holbrook removed from Fillmore to Provo, where he still resides. He was proprietor for seven years of the Roberts House, one of the best known hostelries in Utah. He has aided in the devel opment of many Utah County enterprises. In 1896 Mr. Holbrook was the Republican nominee for congressman, but with his party was defeated, due to the battle waged for silver in the State. His oldest son, Lafayette H., has spent three and one-half years abroad, going around the world, departing from Vancouver, British Columbia, and returning via New York. AVhile on his tour he visited many of the islands of the Pacific, Australia, the Holy Land and many other places in the old world. His three eldest daughters, Jean Clara, Eunice A., and Ora L., have visited Europe, Jean Clara remaining there for two years. Mr. Holbrook has ever been alive to the moral and material interests of the communities in which he has resided. 157 WM. H. KING WILLIAM H. KING Prominent among the legal talent of Salt Lake City is William Henry King, formerly associate justice of the Supreme Court of Utah, and for a number of years closely identified with public life in the State. Mr. King was born in Fillmore City, Utah, June 3, 1863. His father was William King, and his mother Josephine Henry. At the age of seventeen he was graduated from the Brigham Young Academy, and later he attended the University of Utah. After spending two and one-half years in Europe, he began the study of law in the University of Michigan, graduating from the law department of that school in 1888. April 17, 1889, he was married to Annie Lyman, and about the same time he began the practice of law in Provo City. Judge King, as he is known in Salt Lake City, was early drawn into public life, and from time to time he has been elected and appointed to various offices of trust in Utah. He has served three terms in the legislature of the State, also a term as president of the Senate, in Territorial days. In 1894 he was appointed by President Cleveland to the position of associ ate Justice of the Supreme Court in Utah, and in 1896 he was elected to represent his State in Congress. He refused the nomination for the same office in 1898, but was a candidate for the senatorship that year. A deadlock occurring, no one was elected. Air. King was again elected to Congress at a special election held April 3, 1900. That same year, and again in 1902, he was the unanimous choice of his party for nomination to Congress, but failed of election. Since then he has taken a prominent part in the leadership of the Democratic party in Utah, and in 1908 he was dele gate to the National Convention at Denver, and later was the choice of his party in the Utah legislature for the United States Senate. Mr. King is senior member of the legal firm of King & Burton, one of the best known law firms in the West. Personally he has a host of friends in every part of the inter-mountain country, and he has at all times been regarded as representing the highest type of American culture and ability. 159 TONY JACOBSON COLUMBUS CONSOLIDATED MINING CO. Alany years ago the Little Cottonwood mining district of Utah, better known as Alta, was one of the most generous ore-producing sections of the West. The little camp lay hidden in precipitous moun tains, and it was this fact that killed the camp for a great many years after a record of splendid merit. Snowslides cleaned the town out completely, killing scores of people, and the desertion of the camp was complete. In 1902, Tony Jacobson, a practical miner, prospected Alta thor oughly, and he discovered mineral in such quantity that he determined to rejuvenate the camp, snowslides or no snowslides. In April, 1902, he organized the Columbus Consolidated Mining Company, interesting some of the strongest banking talent of Salt Lake City in the company. The property necessarily was developed by means of tunnels, and the main tunnel has given a great vertical depth on the resources. The ores occur on the upper levels as lead-silver carbonates, and at depth these have given way to the sulphides, while considerable gold and copper values have entered the ores. During 1907 the company began paying dividends, distributing a total of $212,623.50 until a great fault threw the resources into the unprobed heart of the mountains. Since that time the management has been engaged in developing still deeper into the hills, fighting against great odds incident to an abundance of water on the lower levels and the distance from railroad transportation. Early in 1909 the elusive remainder of the known ore bodies were discovered, 400 feet below the main tunnel, and since that time the company has been a regular contributor of ores to the Salt Lake smelters. Dividends will in all probability be resumed during 1909. ; The story of the Columbus Consolidated Company illustrates the way in which man will fight the elements to gain success. Mr|. Jacob- son has had to contend against bad camp history, yearly snowslides, steep mountain roads, which prevent ore hauling during the winter months, and many other difficulties which would have discouraged a less persevering man. His efforts have succeeded in reviving ' the dis trict, and Alta to-day is looked upon as one of Utah's big camps. Air. Jacobson is general manager of the company. The officials are: Chas. A. Walker, president; B. F. Chynoweth, vice-president; S. A. Whitney, secretary and treasurer. Tony Jacobson and Louis A. Jeffs complete the Board of Directors. The property is one of the most thoroughly equipped in the State, having its own milling plant at the tunnel mouth to treat the ores not rich enough to ship without preliminary treatment. 161 A. 0. JACOBSON ALFORD 0. JACOBSON Of the numerous young men which Salt Lake has given to the world, as leaders in the sphere of finance and business, none is better known than Alford 0. Jacobson. Born in Salt Lake City in 1871, he has, perhaps, of all others engaged in the mining industry, the proud right of saying that he knows it from the bottom of the shaft to the gallows frame, with all its allied branches. Mr. Jacobson received his early education at St. Mark's, but at the age of thirteen began working in the mines which were just then begin ning to attract the attention of the world at large to Utah and its store of precious metals. Beginning his career at this early age, he literally worked his way through all the gradations of the industry, acquiring at each step a thorough knowledge of that particular phase of the work, until he finally became qualified through the hard school of experience, as one of the best informed and experienced mining men of the country at large. Men with properties on their hands which needed development at the hands of an expert were not slow in learning of Mr. Jacobson 's abilities, and many a despondent stockholder has been raised from the depths of despair by the information that A. 0. Jacobson had taken charge of the property in which he was interested. From the moment that he entered the mines as a boy, Mr. Jacobson has never deserted the field, and, while improving and developing the properties of others, he has not been slow to acquire interests of his own in properties which he believes have a future in store for them. For twelve years he has been identified with a number of propositions in the Tintic District, while at the same time he has been the superin tendent of the Columbus Consolidated, at Alta. This mine now has a well-equipped plant, but when Mr. Jacobson took charge, it fell to his lot to set up and run the compressors and sharpen his own drills. This he did until ore was reached, and this unflagging zeal in the service of others is perhaps the real secret of his success. At the present time he is not only superintendent of the Columbus Consolidated, but of the Columbus Extension, and is a director of the South Columbus. Mr. Jacobson has served as a justice of the peace in the Alta Dis trict with energy and efficiency. Although not college-bred, he is an educated man of marked intelligence and well abreast of the times. A man of honesty and integrity of purpose, he is one of Utah's most useful citizens. 163 C H. DOOLITTLE CHARLES HORACE DOOLITTLE Among the prominent and progressive mining engineers who have won fame and distinction for themselves in the inter-mountain country and elsewhere is Charles H. Doolittle, who is the able manager of the Bingham-New Haven mining interests in Utah. Air. Doolittle is descended from an old New York family, and was born at Wappinger Falls, New York, December 4, 1861. He is the son of Dr. Frank W. Doolittle and Mary C. Doolittle. He received his early education in the schools of his native place, and subsequently attended Columbia University of New York City, from which he graduated in 1885 with the degree of mining engineer, and that profession he has followed ever since. Air. Doolittle is an expert chemist, assayer, and surveyor, and for the past quarter of a century has been permanently connected with the mining and smelting business, and has operated all the way from British Columbia to Old Mexico, spending several years in the latter country following his profession. During that period he has developed and surveyed many very valuable mining properties. He was for merly one of the superintendents of the American Smelting and Refin ing Company, and is thoroughly qualified in the practical side of the min ing industry. Mr. Doolittle has been a resident of Salt Lake City since 1903, and has represented several important mining companies during that period. Air. Doolittle is married, and is the father of "two. children; one deceased, Frank W., and cue living, Dorothy C. Doolittle. He is a mem ber of the Alta Club and also of the Country Qlub of Salt Lake. Mr. Doolittle is a man who, by his natural versatility and his extensive knowledge of mining, is especially fitted for a successful operator and promoter. He is of excellent executive ability and keen perception, and these qualities have given him a remarkable reputation in mining circles throughout the inter-mountain country. He resides at 366 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City. 165 J. T. EICHAEDS JOSEPH T. RICHARDS Joseph T. Richards was born at Ogden, Utah, December 8, 1871. His parents were Franklin S. Richards, the prominent lawyer, and Emily S. Richards. He married Alattie Sells, and now has three chil dren, Martha, Josephine and Edward. Mr. Richards was educated in the grade schools, at the University of Deseret and at Cornell University. After graduating in June, 1892, he was admitted to the bar and immediately commenced the active practice of law, as a member of the firm of Richards, Moyle & Richards, which continued only a year or two, and the firm of Richards & Richards was formed, of which Mr. Joseph T. Richards was the junior member. In 1898 he became a member of the firm of Bennett, Harkness, Howat, Bradley & Richards, and in 1900 upon the dissolution of that firm, became the senior member of the firm of Richards & Ferry. For the last seven years the firm has been Richards, Richards & Ferry, con sisting of Franklin S. Richards, Joseph T. Richards and Edward S. Ferry, and is one of the most able and prominent law firms in the State. In 1893, Mr. Richards was appointed Assistant United States Attor ney for the Territory of Utah, under Mr. Cleveland's second adminis tration, and made an enviable record in that position. He has devoted his time almost exclusively to the practice of his profession, in which he has distinguished himself. His practice has been very active and varied. Mr. Richards has successfully conducted litigation of great importance, involving large interests and many difficult questions. Though his energies have been devoted to professional matters almost exclusively, Mr. Richards has become associated with various industrial enterprises, and has devoted considerable attention to mining, so that he is not only widely and favorably known as a lawyer, but has a reputation as a business man of judgment and integrity, and is prominent in both spheres. Mr. Richards is a member of the Alta Club, University Club, Com mercial Club and Country Club. He is very fond of outdoor sports, and his hours of recreation are devoted to amusements of this class. 167 WINDSOE V. EICE WINDSOR V. RICE Among the careers of the really big men of the West none stand out more brilliantly than that of Windsor V. Rice, the subject of this sketch. Born in the little town of Riceburg, near Montreal, Canada, in 1850, young Rice received his earlier education in the public schools of that village and of Montreal, and at an early age gave promise of a mechanical genius which later was to place him in the foremost ranks of his profession, that of mechanical engineer. His father was Alartin Rice, for years connected with various iron works in Canada, and his mother, Permilla Vincent Rice. In 1863 the young man removed to the State of Michigan, and at the age of sixteen he began his active career. He spent eight years in Michigan, where he continued his studies and at the same time gained the practical knowledge which enabled him to assume his duties as manager of the Ottawa Iron Works at Grand Haven. In 1871 he returned to the scenes of his boyhood days in Canada, and there in partner ship with a brother, under the style of Rice Brothers, he engaged in the foundry as well as sawmill and gristmill business. These enterprises were notably successful, but an overpowering ambition for wider fields possessed him, and soon caused him to seek new fields of action. In 1897 he came West, and located in Park City, Utah. At that time the Ontario and Daly mines were the only producing prop erties in the camp, and having a thorough practical knowledge of mechanics and machinery, it was not strange that mining should attract his attention. Air. Rice soon worked ^fito a position where his practical knowledge and experience were early demonstrated, and in an incredibly short time he formed a connec tion with the Anchor Mining Company, subsequently becoming connected with the Woodside, the Quincy, the • famous Silver King and Steamboat Mining Companies. Later he assumed the management of the Park City waterworks, and at one time was the principal owner of the electric light plant. Through the purchase of a block of stock of the First National Bank of that city, Mr. Rice became identified officially with that institution, from which time on he continued to make investments in Park City, all being very successful. When attention was called several years ago to the undeveloped mineral resources of Nevada, Mr. Rice was among the first to enter that State and apply his capital to the mining industry. His interests have expanded until in Gold- field, Rhyolite, Fairview and Yerington he is recognized as one of the fortunate operators of that rich State. Air. Rice is .a director of the Silver King Coalition Mines Company of Park City, one of the greatest dividend-paying organizations of the country. He is president of the Nevada Hills Company, another divi dend-paying mining proposition, and he is treasurer and director of the Nevada Douglas Copper Company, one of the largest straight copper-smelting companies of Nevada. Colorado and Idaho as well have attracted him, and even in far- off British Columbia the name of Windsor V. Rice is known and appreciated as representing one of the really big men of the mining West. In Salt Lake City, where he has a beautiful residence and an ideal home life, Mr. Rice has been one of the most faithful pillars of numerous charitable institutions, his unostentatious support of educational and relief associations for the uplifting of humanity stamping him one of the most desirable and intel ligent of philanthropists. Possessed of a large circle of friends, Mr. Rice is no less prominent in social than in business circles. Well informed on current events and widely traveled, he is a delightful companion, easily approached and one from whom knowledge and optimism are to be obtained. Fortunate in the possession of physical strength, and more than ever convinced of the greatness of the West, Air. Rice bids fair to be even more successful and a power for a good many years to come. 169 WILLAED F. SNYDEE Willard F. Snyder is a native son of Utah, having been born at Woods Cross, Davis County, about ten miles north of Salt Lake City, September 22, 1863. His father was George G. Snyder who was born in Watertown, Jefferson County, New York, in 1819, and his mother Martha Snyder. George G. Snyder's boyhood was spent on a farm, and during the first few years of his manhood he was engaged in the potash industry in New York and Canada. In 1844 he came West, settling in Jefferson County, Alissouri. When the California gold excitement stampeded the country in 1849, the father of our subject joined the overland west bound tide. He went by the way of Salt Lake City and spent the winter 170 in Salt Lake valley. He reached Sacramento in the fall of 1850, and soon after that went to Diamond Springs, where he built a hotel, and conducted it successfully for four years. Having amassed considerable wealth in the gold fields of California, he set out to return to the East, but on the way stopped again in Salt Lake City. He had previously joined the Mormon Church, and having many friends in the valley, concluded to remain here. He engaged in business in Salt Lake and Davis counties for several years, later going to Cache County, where he built a sawmill and operated it with success. In 1864 he moved to Summit County, where he engaged in ranching and the stock business, and in freighting, livery, merchandising and mining. He was one of the earliest settlers in Park City, and laid out a portion of the town. He served as probate judge of Summit County for six years, and remained a resident of Park City until his death, in 1887. His wife died in March, 1891. The Snyder family came originally from Ger many. They settled first in Pennsylvania, being among the earliest set tlers of that State. George G. Snyder's father was Isaac Snyder, and his mother Louisa Comstock Snyder. The Comstocks were of English descent, the first American member of the family having come over in the "Mayflower." Our subject spent his boyhood in Summit County and his education was obtained mainly in the public schools of Park City. Growing up in a mining atmosphere such as that pervading so prosperous a mining center as Park City has always been, he became half -unconsciously well versed in mining matters, and consequently well fitted in early man hood to engage in the mining business intelligently and successfully. He has been actively engaged in this work for twenty years, and has achieved an enviable position in the Salt Lake and Utah mining field. He is president and a director of the National Development Company, with offices on the fourth floor of the new Judge Building, Salt Lake City, and holds similar positions in the official family of the Yerington Malachite Copper Company, whose mines are at Yerington, Nevada. He is vice-president and a director of the famous Cliff Alining Com pany, with mines at Ophir, Utah, and is interested as a stockholder and officially in many other mining concerns in the inter-mountain country. Mr. Snyder is a prominent figure in the large and growing group of energetic and successful mining men who have been and are now doing so much to make Salt Lake the mining center of the country. Mr. Snyder is a member of the Salt Lake lodge of Elks, the Alta Club, the Commercial Club, and the Country Club. He is married and is the father of six children, the family residing in a commodious and handsomely appointed new and modern home at 643 East Second South Street, Salt Lake City, Utah. 171 GEO. W. MOEGAN GEORGE W. MORGAN One of the men who have risen through their own efforts to positions of prominence in the business and mining world of the West is George W. Morgan, proprietor of the Vienna Cafe", one of the best known restaurants between Denver and the Coast, and the president of the Imlay Mining Company, the headquarters of which are in Salt Lake. Mr. Morgan was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, July 7, 1863, but, while still a boy, his parents removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where the young man received his earlier education. His father was Frederick H. Morgan, a well-known manufacturer and carriage builder of Cincinnati, and for a time the young man was connected with this line of business. On August 16, 1892, he was married to Miss Kate Fanning, of Butte, Montana, and in December, 1898, he removed to Salt Lake City, and has since made it his home. One of Mr. Morgan's earlier business ventures in Utah was the Vienna Cafe", at that time a little-known eating house, on Main Street, Salt Lake's principal business thoroughfare. By sheer force of per sonality and strict attention to business, Mr. Morgan succeeded in building up a large and profitable business before he began to turn his attention to other fields of industry. The mining business early attracted him, and, in addition to his large interest in the Imlay Mining Company, he is also vice-president of the West Quincy Mining Com pany, with properties in Park City, and is a director and member of the Executive Board of the Clayton-Daynes Music Company, a director of the Capital Electric Supply Company, vice-president of the Sunny- brook Coal Company, and vice-president and managing director of the Reno Wholesale Grocer Company. The Vienna Cafe" of recent years has become the headquarters for mining and professional men of the inter-mountain region, and here its genial proprietor is to be seen at his best. While Mr. Morgan's rise in a business way has been rapid and substantial, in the social life of the city he is almost equally well known. He is a member of the Alta Club, the Elks, and the Commercial Club of Salt Lake, and is a thirty-second degree Mason, a Knight Templar and a Shriner. He occupies a handsome residence at 311 East Fifth South Street, where Mr. and Mrs. Morgan have achieved a more than local reputation for lavish entertainment and open-handed hospitality. Notwithstanding the wide and varied nature of his interests, Air. Morgan has been enabled to give close attention to the affairs of each of the industries with which he is connected. Under his management the Imlay Mining Company has made rapid strides along the lines of success and the Reno Wholesale Grocer Company, through its conserva tive management and up-to-date methods, has succeeded in building up a splendid volume of business. The Sunnybrook Coal Company is regarded as one of the promising enterprises of the State, while his other interests enjoy an equal measure of prosperity. In the eleven years which he has been in Salt Lake, Mr. Alorgan has made a host of friends, all of whom are enthusiastic in their admiration of what he has so far accomplished. 173 L. N. MOEEISON One of the best known and prominent mining men of Utah, who has won prominence through his wonderful capabilities and efficiency, is Lorin N. Morrison. That all of his mining interests are in the State of Utah shows what faith he has in the future of this wonderful indus try, in this State. Mr. Morrison's career has been one of activity, and he, like many others, has learned the lesson that the secret of success lies in hard and consistent plugging, and not in lying down when beset with adversities. Mr. Morrison was born on the 3rd of June, 1855, in the town of Black Brook, Clinton County, New York. He is the son of Bradley Morrison and Mary Ramsdell Morrison. His father was a lumber and 174 iron contractor, and the young man, when yet a boy, became interested in the lumber business. It was the experience that he received in his extreme youth that stood him in hand when he went out into the world to earn his own fortune. He was educated, or received his early training, in the schools of Dannemora, Clinton County, and Chateaugay, Franklin County, New York. School not appealing to the boy, at the age of fourteen he left home and went to Menominee and engaged in the lumber business, and then in the charcoal business. From the above place he went to Marquette and was engaged in the same lines. He ' worked for many years in this country and became very prominent and respected by all of those with whom he came in contact. He always had a desire for the West, and as soon as he deemed it wise he started for this country. He first located in Hilliard, Wyoming, where, in company with his brothers, he engaged in the charcoal trade. At this time they found that business very profitable and were soon looked upon as the charcoal men of that country. For a long time he with his brothers supplied the Flagstaff mines and smelters with over one hundred thousand bushels of charcoal a month. This business proved to be a very lucrative one, and they were content to stay there for some time. Mr. Morrison, however, having had a desire to engage in the mining industry, came to Utah on leaving Hilliard, and, arriving here, became engaged in the industry at Frisco, Utah. He was very successful from the outset, and, after putting a great deal of time in the promotion of this property, he soon began to interest himself in other properties throughout the State. He promoted, in conjunction with others, the Comet, Blackbird, Yankee Con, Gold Development, Indian Queen, Con and King David Mining Companies. All of these companies are too well known to speak of them here, other than to say that Mr. Morrison has been uniformly successful in all of these ventures and exemplified the f oresightedness and the aggressiveness for which he had gained such a reputation in whatever country he had been engaged in business. To-day this gentleman is looked upon in the State of Utah, where all of the mines in which he is interested are located, as one of the best men in the game, and his friends say that he is deserving of all the credit that is given him. His domestic life is a most happy and congenial one. He was married to Miss Kate Kennedy on the 7th of April, 1881. The union has been blessed by two children, Lorin E. and Laura Morrison. A man of domestic tastes, his whole life is wrapped up in his home, and his beautiful residence at 437 South Fourth East is frequently the scene of delightful house parties. He is not identified or affiliated with any clubs or societies, and he has never craved political prestige. He is an indefatigable worker, and when his work is done, he seeks the quietude of his own fireside. 175 •J. A. HEADLTJND JOHN ALFRED HEADLUND Salt Lake City at the present time is one of the busiest cities in the United States, and the building interests are contributing more to the welfare and fame of that magnificent city than any other department of progress. Active in all movements to increase the general prosperity, they have kept pace with the most rapid strides in their own line, while at the same time participating in the general advancement of the com munity. John A. Headlund, one of the most successful architects in Utah, was born in Engelholm, Sweden, May 30, 1863, and there received his early education in the public and high schools. He came to this country thirty years ago, and first settled in Kansas City, Missouri, securing employment with the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, doing general work in the engineering department. He next went to Colorado Springs, Colorado, under employ of Van Brunt & Howe, architects, as superin tendent for said firm. He was also superintendent of the late W. S. Stratton 's building enterprises, and soon won distinction for himself and for his work. In 1889 Mr. Headlund came to Salt Lake City for a short time and returned. . In 1891 he went into the profession of architecture exclusively, and has ever since been very successful. He surrounded himself with a competent force of assistants, and has been instrumental in erecting many of the most important busi ness blocks, private dwellings, and imposing structures of Salt Lake City. His work includes the McDonald Candy Company's plant, L. & A. Simon Block, First Baptist and Third Presbyterian churches, the Young Men's Christian Association Building, the remodeling of the Scott Building, the S. B. Milner residence, Dr. E. H. Woodruff's resi dence, and others, and most of the large school buildings throughout the county, Park City and Heber City, and also a school in Idaho. Mr. Headlund has always had a natural inclination for geometrical design ing and carving, and has received instructions from some of the best masters in the world. He began when he was fifteen years of age, and his natural aptitude has doubtless been the cause of his success. Air. Headlund was married in 1891, at Colorado Springs, and is the father of three boys, Wallace, Colin Frazer, and Alorris Andrew. Mr. Headlund is interested in numerous mining companies in Utah and Nevada, also industrial companies in the East and AVest. He has never held any political office, and has no aspirations in this con nection. Air. Headlund has built about four hundred buildings in Utah, Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming. 177 EOBEET EOEEESTEE ROBERT FORRESTER Robert Forrester, one of the most eminent and progressive geolo gists and mining engineers in the United States, and one whose serv ices are constantly in demand, owing to his superior knowledge of minerals and rock formation, is a native of Balmalcolm, Kings Kettle, Fifeshire, Scotland, at which place he was born, November 22, 1864. He inherits from his father, John Forrester, his aptitude in geology and mining, and from childhood he made it a study, until to-day he has perfected himself so thoroughly in his chosen profession that he is considered an absolute authority and expert in geology, mining engineering, and in the coal industry, of which he has made a special study. Mr. Forrester was educated in the common schools of West Calder, and later took the course at the University of Edinburgh, from which he graduated with honors. He emigrated to this country in 1887, going first to Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, where he made a thorough study of the coal industry. In 1888 he superintended the building of a street railway in Kansas City, Mo., and while there had charge of the first mining exhibit ever held in that city. He came to Utah in December, 1889, and became associated with the Pleasant Valley Coal Company. In 1892 he was appointed United States Inspector of Mines for Utah, which duties required much careful investigation, and it is fair to state that everything recommended by him was indorsed and promptly carried out. Mr. Forrester is consulting engineer for the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, by whom his services are greatly valued, and he is geologist for the Utah Fuel Company, the most important concern in the coal industry in the West. Mr. Forrester has opened the Sunnyside, Linierset, Castle Gate, Clear Creek, and Winter Quarters coal mines of the Utah Fuel Company; the Diamond Coal and Coke Company, owned by the Amalgamated Copper Company; the Morrison Mine, for the Sterling Coal and Coke Company; Persions Peak Mine, for the Calumet Fuel Company of Colorado; and the Home Fuel Company's Mine, at Coalville. Mr. Forrester has made a special study of geology and the economic fea tures of engineering, and in the performance of his professional duties has always applied good business tact and judgment as well as his scientific knowledge and technical skill. Mr. Forrester enlisted in the Second Volunteer Cavalry in the War with Spain, in 1898, and was mustered out in October, as a sergeant. He is a member of the F. G. S. E., N. Geological Society; A. A. A. S. Col. Sci. Society; A. I. M. E. and the M. M. S. A. ; also of the Alta Club, Commercial Club, and Den ver Athletic Club. He was married September 11, 1890, to his first wife, and to his present wife June 8, 1903. 179 F. J. HAGENBAETH FRANCIS J. HAGENBARTH Francis J. Hagenbarth is of Austrian ancestry, in wliich country his grandfather on his maternal side was one of the imperial judges of the city of Vienna and prominent in the professional circles there. His paternal grandfather was also prominently identified in business and was a successful brewer, and this industry his son, father of Frank J., took up and located in the inter-mountain country, having a very extensive business in Denver Virginia City, Salt Lake City, and throughout tlie inter-mountain States. He settled first in Wisconsin in 1859, the possibilities of which State were at that time attracting the attention of men who had the courage to brave the hardships aud privations of pioneer life and the intelligence to foresee the promising future of a section of our country so rich in natural advantages. Having received a military training in his native land, and being a man of patriotic impulses, Mr. Hagenbarth, shortly after the breaking out of the Civil War, was instrumental in raising a company for service on the Union side. He served as captain of the Ninth Wisconsin Regiment Of Volunteers during the period of hostilities, and won honorable distinction. He died at Loon Creek, Idaho, in 1870, and his widow,' Catherine Hagenbarth, subsequently married the late J. D. Wood, who was an Idaho pioneer widely known, highly respected and successful in the mining and live-stock business in the inter- mountain region. Francis J. Hagenbarth was born at Leesburg, Lemhi County, Idaho, and was favored by a liberal education by his step-father by whom he was much 'beloved. He took a course m mining and engineering at Notre Dame University in Indiana, and upon his graduating he entered the employ of the Salmon River Smelting" Company of Clayton, Idaho, as mining engineer, and in 1897 he accepted a similar position at Custer, Idaho. The following year he left the mining profession and entered the live stock business in Idaho and Montana, in which industry he rapidly rose to a leading position, becoming vice-president and general manager of the Wood Live Stock Company. In 1902 he bought the Palomas Ranch in Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico, in association with J. D. and H. C Wood and W. S. McCornick, and organized the Wood-Hagenbarth Cattle Company, owning 2,500,000 acres of land and about 37,000 head of cattle, and he was made vice-president and general manager. In 1903 Mr. Hagenbarth was elected president of the National Live Stock Association at Portland, Oregon, succeeding Hon. John W. Springer, of Denver, and he was subsequently re-elected in 1904 for a second term. Mr. Hagenbarth declined the tendered honor of a re-election to that important office. Mr. Hagenbarth took an active interest in protecting the wool interests of Idaho during the discussion of the Wilson Tariff Bill in 1892-1893, and has always been a moving spirit in all the activities of his time, although he never occupied a political position excepting the office of Labor Commissioner in Idaho in 1903-L and as a Presidential elector from Idaho in 1905. He is a director of the Daly-West Mining Company of Park City, president of the Yerington Consolidated Copper Company, vice-president and member of the Executive Committee of the Continental Life Insurance and Investment Company, and president of the Western Securities Company, of Salt Lake. The Wood Live Stock Company is the largest wool-growing company in the United States. It was this company which originated the shipment of lambs in large quantities from the Western ranges to the Eastern markets. It is also the only company in this country which grades its wool on the range on the Australian plan, so that the product goes directly from the sheep's back into the woolen mills. The Wood Live Stock Company installed the first plant in the United States for the shearing of sheep by machinery and many innovations in the handling of mutton were introduced by Mr. Hagenbarth. The annual product of the Wood Live Stock Company is upwards of $500,000. Mr. Hagenbarth is prominently and favorably known in social life, as he is in the business world. He is a member of the University, Alta, Countr}' and Commercial Clubs of Salt Lake City, and of the Athletic Association of Chicago, Jonathan Club of Los Angeles, Toltec Club of El Paso, Texas, the Y. M. C. A. of Salt Lake, and the Rocky Mountain Club of New York. He was married at Melrose, Montana, to Miss Mary E. Browne, daughter of General James A. Browne, one of Montana's oldest pioneers. They have four children, Mary Catherine, David, Catherine and Francis Hagenbarth. At this time Mr. Hagenbarth is president and manager of the Wood Live Stock Com pany, president of the Wood-Hagenbarth Cattle Company, president of the J. D. Wood Company, and vice-president and director of the Union Stock Yards, Portland, Oregon. 181 G. W. BAETCH GEORGE W. BARTCH Typical in every respect of the success that comes from high ability, integrity and hard work is the subject of this sketch. The Hon. Geo. W. Bartch is a native of Pennsylvania, born of sturdy English-German blood that figured prominently in the early history of the Quaker State. His father, Rev. John G. Bartch, was a noted Evangelical clergyman of his time. Both Judge Bartch's parents died while he was yet a boy, but to the influence the life of his father exercised over him he ascribes the foundation upon which he built his pro nounced success. After the death of his father his boyhood days were spent with an elder brother, on a farm in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. At the 'age of sixteen he began life as a teacher in the country schools, where he displayed great ability, and after graduating and receiving the academic degree of Master of Science, was shortly made superintendent of the eity schools of Shenandoah, Pa., a position which he retained for ten years. But his natural bent was toward legal work and during the time that he was winning fame as an educator he was in his spare moments gaining a knowledge of law, with the result that he early achieved success at the bar of Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1886 he removed to Canon City, Colorado, where he maintained the high reputation previously attained, ln 1888 he settled in Salt Lake City, and there he gained an enviable position as one of the leaders among the brilliant members of the bar. During President Harrison's term, Mr. Bartch was appointed Probate Judge of Salt Lake County. Under the same administration he was later on named as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Utah, and when the territory became a State, Judge Bartch won a sweeping victory as a nominee for the same position on the Republican ticket. During the last two years of this five-year term he was Chief Justice, and in 1900 was re-elected a member of the Supreme Court, and again .became Chief Justice in January, 1905, holding the office until Oct. 1, 1906, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation for the purpose of looking after his large personal interests and resuming the practice of law. Judge Bartch's work on the bench has made him famous throughout Utah. No one ever questioned his fairness, his uprightness, or his integrity, and his decisions have been almost universally upheld by the court of last resort, and in no case where he has written the original opinion on the subject has the case been reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States. His decisions on the Supreme Court bench have been clear and comprehensive. They are especially strong in the application of equitable principles and upon questions of irrigation and mining. On the subject of irrigation he has pointed out forcibly and logically the modification of the common law respecting riparian rights in the arid regions of this country necessitated by the peculiar conditions existing in those regions, and his opinion in the case of the Grand Central Mining Company is regarded as one of the ablest that has yet been written upon the subject of mining. It is strong alike in the application of legal and scientific principles. Respecting that decision, the "Mining and Scientific Press" of San Francisco, Cal., under date of March 17, 1906, speaking editorially, said: "In deciding the case of the Grand Central against Mammoth Mining Company, the Supreme Court of Utah has given us a valuable treatise on the law of mines. Not since Justice Field wrote the decision in the Eureka-Richmond case have we had anything comparable to it, especially in clearness of statement, in fullness and breadth of treatment and in the vigorous way each issue is exhaustively discussed and conclusively decided." And in Shamel's "Mining, Mineral and Geological Law," the author says: "The most important mining decision of recent years is that in the Grand Central-Mammoth litigation, delivered by the Supreme Court of Utah, Oct. 11, 1905. The chief question in the controversy was the definition of a vein with reference to apex, extralateral rights, etc., and the decision contains one of the best discussions, based on the latest investigations and theories of vein formation and ore deposits, that has ever been presented on this feature of the mining statutes by a court." His opinion in the case of Weyeth H. & M. Co. vs. James-Spencer-B. Co., delivered Jan. 12, 1897, is a strong exposition of the powers and rights of private corporations as to their corporate property; and likewise his opinions in the cases of Herriman Irrigation Co. vs. Keel, decided July 19, 1902, and Salt Lake City vs. Salt Lake City W. & El. P. Co., decided April 1, 1903, ably represent the law respecting the appropriation of water and riparian rights in the arid region. He resigned as Chief Justice, October 1, 1906. Since resuming the practice of law, Judge Bartch has, within a short time, built up an extensive and lucrative high-class practice, giving special attention to mining, irrigation and corporation business. 183 J. A. CUNNINGHAM The story of the rise of Utah from a desert to one of the greatest wealth centers of the Union naturally involves an account of numerous important citizens who have assisted in this evolution process, and who have benefited themselves generously while working out the destiny of the region. Such a person is James A. Cunningham, one of the best known mining and business men of Salt Lake City. Mr. Cunningham was born at Quincy, Illinois, on June 14, 1842. His father was a well-to-do farmer, his mother was Lucinda Rawlins, of Bedford, Indiana. The Cunningham family lived in Illinois until 184 James was five years old, then they removed to the State of Iowa. The elder Cunningham took a large tract of farming territory located about twenty miles above Council Bluffs, where the family lived until the spring of 1848, when all faced the West on a long and tedious wagon journey to Utah. This part of Air. Cunningham's life is indelibly impressed on his mind, although the party passed across the plains and mountains without untoward incident. Only once did the Indians interfere with progress, and a liberal distribution among them of tobacco and foodstuffs quickly secured safe passage through their lines. Mr. Cunningham during his first few years in the new territory followed farming, and afterwards became a freighter in and out of Montana. Those were thrilling days for the young man, but he passed through many adventures none the worse for his experiences. In 1874 he turned his attention to mining, buying a prominent interest in the Mammoth Mine in the Eureka District of Utah. He served as presi dent for several years, and was vice-president and a director for twelve years, and still is connected with this famous property. Up to the past ten years, he had much to do with the active management of the organ ization. To date the Mammoth company has paid in dividends the sum of $2,220,000. Mr. Cunningham for three years was president and manager of the Bullion Beck Mining Company, another liberal dividend-payer of the State. In a less prominent way, Air. Cunningham has been identi fied with numerous successful mining companies of the AVest, and for many years he was noted as one of the big sheep men of the Western plains. At one time he was the owner of 32,000 head of sheep, but when wool was placed on the free list he began gradually to free himself from what was proving to be a losing venture. Associated with his sons, Mr. Cunningham is the owner of a 40,000-acre sugar plantation in Mexico, where he spends half of his time each year. This plantation is one of the most valuable in that republic. By perseverance and hard work from the early days, Mr. Cunning ham has accumulated a fortune, and is one of the wealthy men of Utah, yet one of the most unassuming and approachable to be found any where. He is filled with the conviction, pounded into him by years of roughing it on desert and mountain, of man's equality as far as he deserves such consideration. He has a wide circle of friends throughout the AVest and South who have learned to know him as a healthy- brained, strong-willed and strong-muscled gentleman of that fast dis appearing type known as the old school. Mr. Cunningham owns a beautiful home in Salt Lake City, where with his family he is happy and content. He has five daughters and two sons now living. 185 F. L. WILSON FRANK L. WILSON The Deep Creek section of the State of Utah is destined to become one of the most important in the entire inter-mountain country, abound ing, as it does, in mineral wealth and fertile lands. It has a greater variety of the useful metals than any other section of the United States, including gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc and iron; bismuth, tin, nickel, antimony, tungsten and molybdenum. This part of Utah is being rapidly developed and has already made fortunes for a large number of persons who had an early knowledge of the wonderful mineral resources of that section. Among the fortunate ones who have done wonders towards the development o'f the natural mineral resources of this rich country are the Wilson Brothers, who are prominent and favorably known mining operators and developers of many excellent mining properties in the Deep Creek District, including the well known Lucy L. Alining and Milling Company, which is probably the only mining company in the United States that has a large body of bismuth ore of commercial value; the Clifton Copper Belt Mining Company, the Seminole Copper Company, the Western Pacific Copper Company, and the Wilson Consolidated Mining Company. Frank L. Wilson was born February 18, 1859, at London, Nemaha County, Nebraska. His father, William F. Wilson, was a general con tractor and merchant, and was a native of Brighton, Pennsylvania. His mother, Anna M. McKenzie Wilson, was born at Vanport, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. Mr. Wilson received his early education in the common schools of Nebraska, and later at the University of Nebraska. After leaving the University, Mr. Wilson turned his attention to mining, and in November, 1889, came to Salt Lake and commenced operations. He has been uniformly successful ever since, his principal interests at present being in the great Deep Creek section, where he has acquired several very valuable mining properties. Mr. Wilson was married July 29, 1901, to Wilhelmina Rasmussen, who was a native of and educated at Ephraim, Utah. Four children have blessed their union, namely: Frank L., Jr., Robert H., Helen J., and John H. Mr. Wilson is a resident of Salt Lake City, and a mem ber of the firm of Wilson Brothers, mining operators, with offices in the Brooks Arcade. 187 H. P. CLAEK HARRY P. CLARK Prominent in banking circles in Salt Lake City, and, in fact, in the entire inter-mountain region, is Harry P. Clark, president of the Mer chants' Bank of Salt Lake City. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on Feb ruary 9, 1859, his father was Asa A. Clark, a prominent newspaper man of that city, and his mother Elizabeth Borton Clark. Mr. Clark received his earlier education in the public schools of his native city and when yet a young man he came AYest, locating in Kansas, and later settled in San Francisco, where he became connected with the Bank of Wells, Fargo & Company. Seeing the possibilities afforded a young man in the inter-mountain region, Mr. Clark came to Salt Lake City in June, 1903, as an officer of the Wells, Fargo & Company bank at this place, remaining with them until they retired from the banking business, when he accepted a position of prominence and trust with the Commercial National Bank, now the Continental National Bank, of which institution he was cashier until a short time ago. In his connection of cashier of the Commercial National he made a host of friends as a result of his good judgment and conservative methods. Under his efficient management the patronage of the bank grew to splendid volume, and his success with the new institution will, it is expected, be just as marked. Possessing to a marked degree all the attributes of a successful business man, it is perhaps not to be wondered at that Mr. Clark should have accomplished as much as he has. Although he has devoted practically all his life to the banking industry, he has also found leisure to interest himself in the local real-estate situation. This, too, was a promising field to Mr. Clark, and since coming to Salt Lake he has become treasurer of the Fairmount Springs Realty Com pany, and also of the Salt Lake Realty Company. He is treasurer of the Green River Valley Land & Water Company, which controls 400,000 acres along the Green River and comprises one of the largest irrigation projects within the State. He is vice-president of the Bingham State Bank, in addition to being connected with numerous other business and financial institutions in and around Salt Lake City. Mr. Clark is also quite prominent in local club life, being a member of the Alta Club, the Commercial Club, and the Press Club. He is a Free Mason, a member of the Wasatch Lodge, and a member of the Utah Chapter, Utah Commandery, and El Kalah Temple. He main tains a handsome residence at 303 South Seventh East Street, where Mr. and Mrs. Clark frequently entertain. Mr. Clark was married on Alay 28, 1884, his family consisting of his wife, a son, Asa Alan Clark, and a daughter, Miss Florence Mar garet Clark. Personally, Mr. Clark is a man of genial personality, whole-souled and generous to his friends. His success in life up to this time has been gained through a strict adherence to business principles and a rigid observance of the ethics of commercial life. Possessed of a comfortable fortune earned by his own industry, he will probably con tinue for many years to be an active factor in his chosen walk of life. His success is regarded merely as a logical outcome of well-directed effort, and there are those who predict for him an even brighter future. 189 LE GEAND YOUNG Le Grand Young, born December 27, 1840, in Nauvoo, 111., was the third son and fourth child of Joseph Young and Adeline Bicknell Young. Joseph Young was a preacher of the gospel. He arrived in Utah with his family in 1850. After such schooling as a boy could obtain in Utah at that early period, Le Grand Young, at about twenty- four years of age, commenced the study of law. He afterwards became a student in the law office of Hoge & Johnson in Salt Lake City. Mr. Young was admitted to the bar in 1870 and commenced the practice of law. He afterwards went to Ann Arbor Law School and graduated from there in 1874. 190 In 1863 Le Grand Young married Grace Hardie, the daughter of John Hardie, a ship captain of Scotland, who died in that land. His widow, Janet Downey Hardie, came to Utah with her family in 1856, having been converted to Mormonism. There were six children born to Mr. and Mrs. Young, two sons and four daughters. Joseph Hardie Young, the oldest son, is having a successful rail road career, and is now with the Southern Pacific. Le Grand Young, Jr., is a young man who is also engaged in the railroad business, and is now with the Emigration Canon Railroad. Mr. Young's daughters are all accomplished women, and three are married as follows: Grace Young Kerr, whose husband is Kenneth C. Kerr, of the Salt Lake Route ; Lucille Young Reid, whose husband is Wm. Reid and is with the American Smelter Company; Jasmjine Young Freed, whose husband is the well known Lester D. Freed, in the furniture business in Salt Lake City. The remaining daughter, Afton, is unmarried. Le Grand Young has always been a Democrat in politics. In 1895 in the first Democratic Judiciary Convention under statehood, Air. Young was nominated as one of the judges of the District Court of the Third Judicial District in the State, while he was absent from home. He was afterwards elected to that office. He took his seat Jan uary 1, 1896, but he resigned the following May, for the reason that the salary was inadequate. Mr. Young has always had a good law practice. He is now the senior member of the law firm of Young & Moyle. He is also president of the Emigration Canon Railroad Company, an electrical railroad making connection with the lines of the Utah Light & Railway in the eastern part of the city, and running practically to the head of Emi gration Canon. Mrs. Young, after living with her husband for nearly forty-five years, died in March, 1908. She was a noble woman, a woman delightful to know, and a mother and wife whose equal is seldom found. The home at Eleventh East Street and Harvard Avenue, mostly through her influence, was always a bright and happy one, but it received a sad blow when without warning, and having been in her usual perfect health, this noble wife and mother was stricken with paralysis and expired March 14, 1908. Desolation is the word that best expresses the shadow cast by this sad event over this family. Not one of them had the slightest premonition of the sudden taking away of wife and mother that was to break on the home, and when every member of the family was gathered together from far and near she expired, surrounded by them all. Le Grand Young is actively engaged with his law practice, but he finds time to give some attention to the general offices of the railroad of which he is the president. 191 H. W. WALKEE HENRY W ALTER WALKER Prominent among Salt Lakers in a business and social sense is Henry Walter Walker. Mr. Walker was born in Salt Lake City, Feb ruary 12, 1868. He is the son of David F. Walker, who was a pioneer of Utah and one of the foremost citizens of the State, and Emeline Holmes, who died when Mr. Walker was nine years old. The young man obtained his early education in the public and private schools of Salt Lake City, and later attended school in Prince ton, N. J., and Berkeley, Cal., and at an early age gave evidence of a promising career. After completing his education he returned to Salt Lake to take up the duties which were rightfully his. In June, 1890, he was married to Grace L. Putman, and a family of six children have since arrived to bless the union. The children are: Erminie, Ralph Putman, Ethlene, Natalie, Vern Randolph, and Carlton Holmes. Mr. Walker has numerous local business interests, and in addition has various investments throughout the entire State. He is one of the principal owners of the Keith-O'Brien Company, Salt Lake's leading department store. For some time past he has been manager of this institution, and through his ability, integrity and painstaking attention he has succeeded in building one of the foremost business establishments of its kind in the West. Along other business lines, Mr. Walker has been equally successful. At various times he has interested himself in different mining companies with excellent success, and has at all times occupied the foremost place in the public welfare of the commonwealth. A prominent clubman, Mr. Walker's name appears on the member ship rolls of two of Salt Lake's best known institutions, namely, the Alta Club and the Commercial Club, and he is prominently identified with the Y. M. C. A. He is also a Mason, and in other respects has identified himself with the public life of the city. He occupies a hand some home at 1265 East First South Street, where in the bosom of his family, Mr. Walker is to be seen at his best. Tactful, well-informed, with a graceful and pleasing personality, Mr. Walker is possessed of a host of friends, all of whom are fully alive to his many good qualities. Ever ready to extend the helping hand of friendship to a comrade in distress, Mr. Walker, during his business career in Salt Lake, has built up a reputation for justice, integrity and unselfishness which is regarded by many as one of his principal assets. In the years which have followed his return from college and his entry into business life, good fortune has ever been at his elbow, but in all that he has accom plished hard work and close application are responsible entirely for his success. At the present time Mr. Walker occupies an enviable position in the ranks of the men who do things in Salt Lake City, and those whose privilege it has been to know and appreciate the depths of his per sonality do not hesitate to predict for him a future of even greater achievement. 193 JOS. E. CAINE. The AVestern type, with the buoyant air and hustling, though self- contained manner, cannot be more thoroughly exemplified than in the person of Joseph E. Caine, of Salt Lake City. Born and raised in the City of Zion, he has seen the town in which he first saw the light of day, advance with wondrous strides, and more than that he has been instrumental in making it what it is to-day. Mr. Caine was born April 16, 1864, he being the son of Hon. John T. Caine and Margaret Nightingale Caine. His father was one of the pioneers of this country and was at one time delegate to Congress. Mr. Came's education was varied and complete. He attended first the University of Utah, and while there acquitted himself very creditably, his scholarship being of a very high standard. After completing his course of instruction here he attended the Maryland Agricultural Col- 194 lege, after which he was a student at the United States Military Acad emy at West Point, New York. Coming West to his home, Mr. Caine immediately upon his arrival took up newspaper work and spent some time on the "Tribune," "Democrat" and "Herald." That he was a success in that profession is attested by all who know him and were in the city during this period in his life. When the sound of drums and martial music was heard, in 1898, and the call for volunteers resounded on every side, the love for his country and patriotic fire, burning deep into his soul, could not be quieted, and, leaving his chosen profession, he went to the front. He served as captain of the First Troop Utah United States Volunteer Cavalry. This troop played a prominent part in the war, and many times it has been said officially that the troop of which Mr. Caine was the captain was the finest troop of one hundred men in the United States Army. After the war was over, Mr. Caine decided that he would branch out a little and not go into the newspaper game again. He became identified with several mining properties, and he has been uniformly successful in all his mining operations. His knowledge of this industry he gained through his varied experience through this country and he is recognized to-day by the mining men in the inter-mountain country as being keen and far-sighted, but always honest and manly in his dealings. Mr. Caine 's domestic life is a very happy one. He was married November 26, 1888, to Miss Annie Hooper, daughter of Captain Wil liam H. Hooper, former delegate to Congress. The union has been a most happy one and has been blessed with four children: William Hooper, Joseph Nightingale, Robert Warrack and Hooper Caine. The home life is ideal and the beautiful residence at 67 B Street is frequently the scene of parties and entertainments where the many friends gather in a social way. Mr. Caine at the present time is vice-president and manager of the Yerington Copper Company, and also of the Wheeler Gold Mines Com pany. He is also manager of the Caine & Hooper Company, which is well known in this city. Although his many interests keep him very busy, he has time to boost and work for the city in which he was born. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Commercial Club, and is now serving his second term. Ever since that organization was founded he has been one of the prime movers in it, and that to-day it is one of the greatest commercial organizations is a lasting tribute to Mr. Caine and those who worked so hard with him for its success. He is also a member of the University Club and the Press Club, and is an active worker in both of these. Politically Mr. Caine has not gained much prominence because he never had much leaning that way. He was, however, at one time a member of the Board of Public Works, and while in that office he worked unceasingly and untiringly for improvements. Still a young man, Mr. Caine has been very successful, and through his manliness and integrity has earned an enviable reputation among his fellowmen. 195 JOHN C. SHAEP JOHN C. SHARP John C. Sharp, son of Joseph Sharp, youngest brother of the late Bishop John Sharp, and Jeannette Sharp, was born on the Kaw River, Kansas, May- 28, 1850, and arrived in Salt Lake in the arms of his mother August 28th of the same year. Joseph Sharp, the father, was a well-known freighter across the plains and the owner of a large amount of live stock. John C. Sharp was educated in the schools of Salt Lake City, and on February 12, 1872, was married to Bethula Palmer. Two sons were born of this union, Joseph Palmer Sharp and James Palmer Sharp. Joseph Sharp seems to have begun to grow rich as soon as he landed in New Orleans with his elder brothers, John and Adam, for he is found to have been the owner of a freighting train with many teams before he started to cross the plains. After his arrival in Utah the Sharp brothers were given the contract by Brigham Young for all the stone for the Tabernacle, the Tithing House and the old Council House, where the Deseret News Building now stands. All this time he had many teams at work on various public and other enterprises and had gone steadily forward increasing his live-stock interests. In addition to being the father of John C. Sharp, he was the father of Joseph C. Sharp, the present sheriff of Salt Lake County. Joseph Sharp died in 1864. The year he was married John C. Sharp moved to Vernon, in Tooele County, where an ecclestiastical ward had been organized, and he was ordained as bishop, and he held the place twenty -five years, the ward growing in numbers and wealth continuously. At Vernon John C. Sharp rapidly became a well-to-do man. He had acquired lands and cultivated them successfully ; he had flocks of sheep and herds of cattle and they thrived and multiplied and brought him constantly increasing returns. Meantime, in the capital city of the State, he was acquiring heavy holdings in the Deseret National Bank, Z. C. M. I., State Bank of Utah, First National Bank of Ogden, Commercial Bank of Provo, Utah and Idaho Sugar Company, Alaska Ice and Storage Company, Inter- Mountain Sand, Brick & Cement Company, and other enterprises. He has served for years as president of the State Board of Sheep Com missioners. In 1897 he transferred a large portion of the extensive sheep business he had been doing in Utah to Idaho, and there continued it with success until 1906, when he sold most of it. He still retains a controlling interest in a ranch in Idaho, which he uses for breeding cat tle and thoroughbred horses^horse-breeding having been his specialty. The uniform success of these extensive operations has placed Air. Sharp in affluent circumstances. John C. Sharp is president of the Inter-Mountain Sand, Brick & Cement Company and of the Alaska Ice & Storage Company, and his elder son, J. Palmer Sharp, is secretary and treasurer of both com panies. The younger son, James Palmer Sharp, is manager of his father's ranch at Bruneau, Idaho, where he still has cattle and horses and a large ranch with ample water rights. The residence of John C. .Sharp is at 26 E Street, Salt Lake City. 197 C. A. QUIGLEY CHARLES ANDREW QUIGLEY Charles Andrew Quigley was born June 6, 1862, in Dubuque, Iowa, son of John P. and Margaret A. Quigley, the elder Quigley being a physician and surgeon. Charles A. Quigley was educated in the schools of Dubuque, Iowa, and came to Utah in 1893 to assume charge of the business in Utah and Idaho of the Studebaker Bros. Company, now the Studebaker Bros. Company of Utah. On March 2, 1898, he was married to Miss Effie Elinore Gee, and they have two children, Charles G., aged ten, and Frederick, aged six. Mr. Quigley has been a popular man since he came West, and this, com bined with his sterling business qualities, accounts for the large measure of success he has achieved for himself as well as for the interests he represents. He is a member of the Alta Club, the Elks Club, the Salt Lake Commercial Club, the Country Club, the Salt Lake Press Club, and the Commercial Club of Boise. His home is at 204 East Third South Street, Salt Lake City. One of the great characteristics as a citizen is his civic usefulness. Every public question that comes up receives his attention, and his opinion on any subject is valued. His participation in polities is limited to voting, and he has never sought or held political office. The company whose business he manages with distinguished ability is one of the heaviest patrons of the railroads in the State, both transcontinental and local, and his house, like other commercial institutions in the State, has gone into the fight for better freight rates for the inter-mountain country in earnest. Air. Quigley has been a member of the Commercial Club from its organization seven years ago, and was instrumental and, in fact, the leading force in organizing the traffic bureau of the club, and m securing the services as traffic director of S. H. Babcock, for many years traffic manager of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad system. Mr. Quigley was chosen unanimously as president of the traffic bureau, and his work is now beginning to bear fruit, the Interstate Commerce Commission having taken official notice of the complaint of unfair treatment of Utah shippers by the railroads, and ordered an investigation. As an evidence of Mr. Quigley 's activity in the expansion of the business of the Studebaker Bros. Company of Utah since his arrival here and his assump tion of its management in 1893, the following list of branch houses he has established in that time is cited: Utah- American Fork, Spanish Fork, St. George, Vernal, Bountiful, Brigham City, Coalville, Heber City, Junction City, Logan, Alt. Pleasant, Morgan, Murray, Nephi, Fillmore, Ogden, Payson, Park City, Provo, Price, Richfield, Idaho-American Falls, Blackfoot, Idaho Falls, Mackay, Pocatello, Rexburg. In the headquarters at Salt Lake and in the larger branches the stocks car ried are enormous and include all classes of farm machinery, automobiles, farm wagons, electric trucks of all capacities, electric runabouts and phaetons, gasoline touring cars, harness, and all kinds of light and heavy vehicles, for speeding or hauling, including drays and furniture vans, and a great variety of smaller articles. 199 H. P. TAYLOE -¦v •: - ¦: -. .-. .'¦ ' _ii_i^aix HARRY P. TAYLOR A striking example of what a determined and energetic young man can accomplish in a short time is exemplified in the wonderfully suc cessful career of Harry P. Taylor of Salt Lake City, who recently cleaned up a neat fortune out of the Engineers' lease on the Florence- Goldfield Company's property at Goldfield, Nevada. Air. Taylor gave his entire attention and ability to the development work and production of the ore from this lease, with the result, as every one in the mining world knows, of great success and fortune for himself and associates. Harry P. Taylor was born February 10, 1876, in Salt Lake City, Utah. He is, therefore, one of the younger generation of "pioneers." He is the son of Gilbert H. Taylor and Eliza Jane Taylor, both of whom were natives of New York State. Mr. Taylor educated himself, attend ing Oberlin, Cornell, and the Colorado School of Mines. From the latter he graduated with the degree of "Engineer of Mines" in 1900, and at once entered upon the duties of his profession. His first work was as superintendent of properties of a mining com pany in Oregon, where he remained one year ; next he managed proper ties in Northern Nevada, Idaho and Alontana for a period of four years, in the meantime gaining practical experience that was useful to him later on. Mr. Taylor is now actively connected with the Sevier River Land and Water Company, whose lands are located in Juab and Millard counties, Utah. It is conservatively estimated that this company is watering 100,000 acres of land in this State. Harry P. Taylor was married to Lois M. Nesmith of AVarren, Pa., and they are the parents of three children, namely, Georgia, Jack and Jerry Taylor. Mr. Taylor is a member of the Alta Club of Salt Lake City, and is now a resident of Los Angeles, California. The offices of the Sevier River Land and Water Company are in the Newhouse Building, Salt Lake City, Utah. 201 ALEX. H. TAEBET ALEXANDER H. TARBET Alexander H. Tarbet, one of Utah's most prominent mining operators, was born July 21, 1861, at Iowa City, Iowa. He is a son of Alexander and Delia Tarbet, who were of Scotch-Irish descent. Mr. Tarbet received his education in the common schools of Iowa and Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, and at the Colorado State School of Mines at Golden. He came to Utah in 1875, and for three years following lie divided his time between his father's mines, The South Star and Titus at Alta, and Salt Lake City. It will be remembered that over this mine was waged the famous case of Tarbet vs. Flagstaff, which was carried for final decision to the Supreme Court of the United States, which established the principle that under conditions the "end lines" become the "side lines." The balance of the time he attended the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute. While at the mine, young Tarbet, being of a receptive age, was almost constantly in the mine with the miners and helping the blacksmiths and timbermen on the outside, and what interested him most were the operations of timbering up and protecting bad and caving ground, which knowledge acquired was the real basis of his after success, and when serious caving occurred in the Colusa Mine (then the property of the Montana Copper Company, but now the chief asset of the Boston and Montana), the superintendent acknowledging his inability to stop same, C. T. Header, the general manager, put Mr. Tarbet in charge of the work of stopping the caving, the con tinuance of which would mean the destruction of the shaft as well as the falling in of the hoisting plant. Tarbet succeeded after continuous work for thirty-six hours by filling in and false setting, in safely securing the ground. Mr. Meader then put Tarbet in control of all mining operations. Mr. Tarbet is associated with many important mining companies in Utah and Idaho and has been a great power in the development of Utah's mineral resources. He is connected with the Idaho Consolidated Power Company, of which he is a large stockholder; this company lights Poeatello and other cities and towns of Idaho. He owns a controlling interest in the Pittsburg Consolidated Mining Company, and is interested in other important mines in Utah and Idaho. When Mr. Tarbet was but twenty years of age he became superintendent of the Bell Mine of Butte, Montana, which was then and is to-day one of the biggest properties in the Butte District. There he remained, for two years, when he becaime superintendent of the Parrott Mines, where he remained for the following year; in the meantime he developed the famous "Wake up, Jim" Mine, a property worth a million dollars; but at this critical period the Bell Mine failed, and as Mr. Tarbet had a large amount of stock in it, he lost all he had, and, being inexperienced in handling large finances, and not wishing to let any one know of his great find in the "Wake up, Jim" Mine, he sacrificed his interests, and at the age of twenty-one found himself $14,800 in debt, instead of being a millionaire, as he thought he was. Nothing daunted, however, Mr. Tarbet began work all over again and took contracts for hauling ore, and inside of two years he had paid off all of his indebtedness and had also built the Summit Valley Railway, used principally for the purpose of hauling ores from the Parrotr and Virginia mines to the Parrott Smelter. Mr. Tarbet was the principal owner of this railway, and from its inception it was successful. He afterwards determined to widen his knowledge of minerals, and entered the State School of Mines at Golden, Colorado, where he took a special course in metallurgy, chemistry, geology and surveying". In 188.3 Mr. Tarbet joined with A. J. Shoemaker in the conduct of a smelter at Argenta, Montana, and in 1886 he went to the Coeur d'Alene country, and within sixty days procured an option on the Sunset Mine, and later sold his interests to Senator Clark and brothers. In May, 1887, he successfully managed the Tiger Mine and other great mining properties in the district, cleaning up a neat fortune. He then went into real estate as a speculation, in wliich he also profited greatly. In 1890 he became interested in the Le Roi Mine at Rossland, B. C, and early, in i891 he and Oliver Durant secured the Centre Star and Idaho mining claims in the same camp, adjoining the Le Roi. The former was sold in 1898 for $2,000,000 cash, $1,600,000 of which went to Durant and Mr. Tarbet as their share. The Idaho was retained until 1906, at which time it was sold for $400,000, the owners having refused at one time an offer of $1,000,000 for the same property. Mr. Tarbet put some $300,000 into the Salt Lake City Water Power and Electrical Company, which, after many vicissitudes, was sold to the Telluride Power Company. Mr. Tarbet constructed the tunnel for power under the Oregon Short Line Railroad, on the west side of Snake River, at American Balls, Idaho, which is 430 feet long by 13 feet in diametei, now the property of the Idaho Consolidated Power Co. Mr. Tarbet expects the Humming Bird and Pittsburg properties to develop into great producers in the near future. In 1889 Mr. Tarbet married Emma Easton of' Fall River, Mass., and he is the father of a fine young son, Alexander Stirling Tarbet. Mr. Tarbet is the owner of the "Inter-Mountain Catholic," which was established by him in 1899. He also purchased a three-quarters interest in the "Colorado Catholic," pub lished in Denver since 1884, which he merged with the "Inter-Mountain Catholic" of Salt Lake City. Mr. Tarbet financed the paper, and when it was on a paying basis turned the whole control and operation over to the church, which receives all the profits. The "Inter-Mountain Catholic" has a big patronage and is in a prosperous condition. Mr Tarbet is a very charitable man, and his donations to the church have been liberal. He has contributed largely to the St. Ann's Orphanage, and made a subscription of $10,000 to the Cathedral recently. 203 J. E. BURTON JOSEPH FIELDING BURTON In the front rank of the army of men who are fighting for the cause of progress in the inter-mountain region, and establishing there a mighty com mercial empire, which, great already in achievement, but many times greater in its possibilities and promise, is Joseph Fielding Burton, general manager, secretary and treasurer of the Utah Implement-Vehicle Company. As an added incentive to the promotion of industrial activity in the great region lying between the Rockies and the Sierras, Air. Burton brings to his natural energy and business capacity an innate love for his "mountain home." He has the native son's affection for his beautiful surroundings to a degree which few who have come here from other sections of the country are permitted to equal in intensity. For Air. Burton was born at Marriott, Weber County, Utah, March 3, 1861, of a pioneer family, and his life history is intimately connected with the advance that Utah and the inter-mountain territory have made in the past half century. Mr. Burton is the son of William Walton Burton, a retired merchant, and Rachel Fielding Burton. The boy received most of his education in Ogden, the metropolis of Weber County, and there he spent the most of his life, until twelve years ago, when he came to Salt Lake City. In Logan, Utah, he was mar ried, March 31, 1886, to Mary A. E. Driver, second daughter of AVilliam and Charlotte Emblen Driver. To that union eight children have been born : Rachel Emblen, Joseph Howard, Lee Driver, Ida May, Vilate Pearl, Charlotte, Mary Ellen and Margaret. Like many another man who has attained success in business circles in the inter-mountain country, Mr. Burton gained his first experience with the Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution, serving in the Ogden branch for six years. He then engaged in the mercantile and implement business in Ogden, Utah, with his father, under the firm name of Burton, Herrick & White, subsequently incorporated under the name of the Consolidated Implement Company, and now known as the Consolidated Wagon & Machine Company. In the year 1903, however, Mr. Burton severed connection with the latter company, for the purpose of devoting his entire time to other interests. From such a compara tively humble beginning, his activities have spread out in the past quarter of a century, until now he is interested in many industrial enterprises in three States. In addition to holding the important position with the Utah Imple ment-Vehicle Company, already mentioned, Air. Burton is vice-president of the W. W. Burton & Sons Company of Ogden; vice-president of the Burton Mer cantile Company of Montpelier, Idaho, and of Afton and Freedom, Wyoming; vice-president of the Burton Creamery Association, which has offices and plants in the same cities. Nor have his activities been entirely confined to the realms of business. Mr. Burton has found time, despite his many duties in connection with these important industrial enterprises, to serve his fellow-citizens of the inter-moun tain country by taking a prominent and influential part in the public affairs of the day. Especially has he been interested in the cause of education, and for three years, 1904-5-6, he was a member of the Board of Education of Ogden, representing the Fifth Ward of that city. Air. Burton has a beautiful and comfortable home at 385 Fifth Avenue, Salt Lake City, and he is as highly respected for his social qualities in his large circle of friends, as he is esteemed for his capacity and energy among those with whom he has business relations. 205 JOS. S. WELLS JOSEPH S. WELLS Prominent among the native-born Salt-Lakers is Joseph S. Wells, who for a number of years has occupied the position of general manager of the Utah Light & Railway Company. Mr. Wells was born Alay 25, 1862, his father being Daniel H. Wells, a well- known lumberman and farmer, and prominent among the business men of his time. His mother was Martha G. Harris. Mr. Wells began his education in the public schools of Salt Lake City, and later attended the University of Deseret, from which in due time he graduated. Alarch 14, 1888, he was married to Anna E. Sears. Five children were born to the couple : Alice Francis, Herman Joseph, Byron Sears, Richard Harris, and Geneva. In 1903 his wife died, and on June 20, 1907, he married Mamie E. Lovell, who has one child, Margaret. Mr. Wells has long been regarded as one of the prominent railroad and business men of the inter-mountain region. He went into the railroad business first upon leaving school. For a number of years he filled a clerical position with the Ogden branch of the Z. C. Al. I. Leaving this, he engaged in the insurance business as an employee of Heber J. Grant & Co. On Alay 1, 1889, he returned to the railway service, becoming secretary of the Salt Lake City Railroad Company, now the Utah Light & Railway Company. He retained con tinuous connection with that concern, and as a result of his efforts, in Novem ber, 1907, was appointed general manager of the system. Air. Wells has long been prominent in local business life, and at this time is a director in the Zion's Benefit Building Society; and president and director of the Victor Consolidated Mining Company. He is also interested in the Wilson Publishing Company, besides having half a dozen other minor business interests. Like his father, who for ten years was mayor of Salt Lake City, Mr. Wells has always been an advocate of the introduction of modern methods into every branch of industry. Under his efficient management, the affairs of the Utah Light & Railway Company have been highly prosperous. In private life the influence of his personality has been just as potent among his large circle of friends. Mr. Wells occupies a handsome residence at 257 Second Avenue, and it is here that this genial business man is seen at his best. From the standpoint of success achieved at a comparatively early age, Air. Wells is enabled to look back upon a past wherein failure has had no place and forward on a vista of many years of promise. For years past Mr. Wells has been recognized as one of the prominent mem bers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He now holds the position of first counselor to President R. W. Young, of Ensign Stake, and he has long been recognized as a sincere and earnest churchman and a man who is of real value to the church. 207 WALDEMAE VAX COTT WALDEMAR VAN COTT Waldemar Van Cott was born December 11, 1859, in Salt Lake City, his father being John Van Cott, a farmer, and his mother, Laura L. Aran Cott. Air. Van Cott obtained his education in the University of Utah and the University of Alichigan. He was married to Miss Ella Quayle in Salt Lake City, August 17, 1881, and five children were born to them, three daughters and two sons. They were Pearl, Nora and Helen, the last of whom is not living. Nora is married to John Crombie Niven, a mining engineer. The sons are Waldemar Q. Van Cott and John Daire A" an Cott, the former of whom is attending college in the East. Air. Van Cott is an attorney-at-law, having been admitted to practice at the Utah bar in 1885. He is the head of the legal firm of Van Cott, Allison & Riter, being Waldemar Van Cott, E. Al. Allison, Jr., and W. D. Riter. Mr. Van Cott is a member of the Alta Club of Salt Lake, and of the Hol land Society of New York City. This society is one of the oldest on the conti nent, its founding being coincident with the first arrival of Hollanders at New Amsterdam. Air. Van Cott's great-great-great-great-grandfather was Claes Nickolas Cornelissen Van Cats, born in Schoonhoven, Holland, in 1640, emi grated to New Amsterdam in 1652, married July 23, 1670, to Catalina Jans. His great-great-great-grandfather was Johannes Claessen Van Cats, born in New Tork, October 14, 1674. His great-great-grandfather was Nickolas Van Cats, born at Flushing, L. I., 1715, and married to Jannetje Woertman. His great-grandfather was Johannes (John) Van Cott, born April 22, 1747, at Oyster Bay, L. I., and married to Maud Jemima Titus. His grandfather was Losee Van Cott, born in Washington, Dutchess County, New Tork, November 14, 1789. His father was John Van Cott, born in Canaan, Columbia County, New Tork, September 7, 1814, and his mother was Laura Lund. His father became a convert to Mormonism in New Tork State, and was among the earli est of those to move to Nauvoo and on to Utah. The subject of this sketch, though born in a Mormon family, has never affiliated with that Church. His father died in February, 1882, in the sixty-eighth year of his life. The ancient history of the Van Cott family shows that in 1304, during the war between Flanders and Holland, Lord Van Kats, who by Lord Guye had been appointed chatelaine of the Castle Schoonhoven, arriving in that city to see what was happening there, was arrested and imprisoned by the burghers, which was reported to Lord Witte at Dordrecht ; who thereupon appeared with a force before Schoonhoven, but the son of Lord Klass Van Kats, who had remained in the castle, would not surrender it and it was invested. Tonker Willen, son of the Count of Holland, immediately joined the forces of the besiegers of the castle where the following ruse was employed: A tower (even- hoge) was moved up against the wall of the castle. At the extremity nearest the castle the old and imprisoned Lord Van Kats had been fastened: The old lord had claimed that he would, in that position, be the first to receive the arrows and stones of the_d«fenders. This moved the young lord, and to avoid being the cause of his father's death he surrendered the fort on the condition that all lives within would be spared. The evenhoge was a wooden tower built of any prac tical height on wheels and was the same implement used for the same purposes by the Romans under the name sambuca. In the records of the Reformed Dutch Church at Oyster Bay there are many entries of births of the Van Kats, and the marriages between them and other Dutch families. 209 J. M. WILFLEV JOHN M. WILFLEY One of the foremost among Salt Lake's prominent business men is John M. Wilfley, who first saw the light of day in St. Joseph, Missouri, September 21, 1863. Born in the stirring days of the Civil War, Mr. AVilfley early showed an energy and earnestness of purpose which are largely responsible for his achievement in a business way during the years which have followed. His father was Eedman Wilfley, a retired miller of St. Joseph, Mis souri, and his mother Maria L. Baker. He was educated in the public schools of Kansas City, and later entered business life in the State of his nativity. In 1903 he came to Salt Lake City, where he has since made his home. In December, 1887, he was married to Miss Lucy Fopping by whom he has two children, namely : Louis T. and Frank T. He married Louise Betty in 1898. Mr. Wilfley is a man of wealth and has long been regarded as one of the substantial business men of the State. He is the owner of the Wilfley apartments which are among the more fashionable apartment houses of Salt Lake City and is also the owner of other local real estate, in the handling of which he has been uniformly successful. Mr. Wilfley was for some time interested largely in the well-known Minnie Moore Mining Company of Bellevue, Idaho, which company attained an enviable reputation under the management of Mr. Wilfley and his associates. As a builder he is well and favorably known, and in every line he has attempted success has smiled upon his efforts. While fully alive to the duties of his position, Mr. Wilfley is a man of modest tastes and an unostentatious bearing which have gone far to endear him to his large circle of friends. He is a member of the Commercial Club, and has always taken a foremost place in such public functions as he considered it his duty to take part in. Mr. Wilfley makes his home at the Wilfley apartments where he lives quietly and happily in the bosom of his family. Well posted on current events, and with a fund of information and knowledge of human nature gained through years of association with the better element of Western business men, Mr. Wilfley is at once a jovial companion and an interest ing and entertaining conversationalist. So far during his interesting business career he has been eminently successful, and should he again turn his attention to the more active pur suits of life, his friends predict for him an even greater measure of fame. 211 W. D. LIVINGSTON WILLIAM D. LIVINGSTON The saving of the West, as it were, has been brought about by means of irri gation, and surely on every side we see vegetation where but a few years ago a barren waste existed. That irrigation is just in its infancy it is easy to sup pose, and what changes it will make in this country of ours, and what bearing it will have on the growth and prosperity of the country, is hard to calculate. In the Western States, Utah is considered first when it comes to irrigating, and as it is a science, Utah has the enviable reputation of having mastered it. Among the many prominent men interested in irrigation projects in this Western coun try, and more especially in this State, is William D. Livingston. Air. Living ston is considered to be an authority on irrigation, and that he gives his entire time to this industry, you might say, and is interested in several projects, attests this to be a fact. Mr. Livingston was born in Salt Lake City on the 26th of Alarch, 1871. He is the son of William Livingston and Lilias Livingston. He received his educa tion in the common schools of this city. Being very ambitious and particu larly bright and capable of applying himself to whatever task presented itself, he was successful from the start. When yet a young man he went to Alanti and became very prominent in Sanpete County. He entered politics there and became county recorder and county attorney of Sanpete. As a lawyer he was eminently successful, and after he had filled the above offices so capably he was elected district attorney of the Seventh Utah District. It is a well-known fact that as district attorney he filled the office creditably and efficiently. About this time he began to interest himself in the varous irrigation proj ects which were then demanding the attention of the Western people. He became an enthusiastic worker and soon was looked upon as one of the pioneers in the great projects then on foot. His ideas and views while connected with these schemes proved to be so valuable that he was sought as an adviser and officer in about all of the companies which were being organized and of those which at the present time are being floated. While most of his operations have heen in Utah, he is interested too in projects in Nevada, and his whole time is being devoted to the success of the companies of which he is an officer. He has often remarked that the salvation of the West must be in the irrigation of the arid lands, and this is an evident truth. At the present time Mr. Livingston is general manager, secretary and treasurer of the following companies : Abra ham Irrigation Company, Spalding-Livingston Investment Company, Gunni son Valley Reclamation Company, Aloapa Garden Company, Beaver Land Com pany, Price Valley Irrigation Company, and the Gunnison Irrigation and Irri gation Investments. As much of Air. Livingston's work is in the southern part of the State, he maintains two homes, one at Manti and the other at Salt Lake City. He is prominently identified with the Commercial Clubs of Salt Lake, Alanti and Gunnison and he is a live wire in all three of these. Although a very busy man, he is very domestic in his habits and tastes. His domestic life is a very happy one and he devotes much of his time to his chil dren, seven in number. They are: William R., Ernest E., Annie L., Leland V., Urban Stanley, Wendell A., and Lettie Lucile. He has a beautiful resi dence at 958 E Street, Salt Lake, and this is the scene of many pretty house parties. Mr. Livingston is looked upon by his fellowmen as being honest, capable and progressive, and the future holds much in store for him. 213 JOSEPH LIPPMAN JOSEPH LIPPMAN Prominent among Salt Lake's legal fraternity, and a resident of the State since 1882, is Joseph Lippman. Mr. Lippman, who was born in Mobile, Alabama, in June, 1858, was left fatherless when but six years of age. His father had been a cotton planter and slave owner, and in the war of the Rebellion espoused the Southern cause. In 1875, when but seventeen years of age, he -was graduated from the Philadelphia High School, and immediately began the study of law in the office of Eli K. Price, at that time one of the leading lawyers of the Philadelphia bar. In 1879 he was a member of the graduating class of the University of Pennsylvania in its law department, and after a six months' sojourn in Europe returned to Phila delphia where he practiced his profession, thence going to Chicago, and thence to Colorado. In the years which have followed, Mr. Lippman 's career has more than ful filled its early promise. As a lawyer he was successful almost from the start, and, had he seen fit to adhere entirely to the practice of his profession, there are perhaps no heights to which he might not have attained. But Mr. Lippman 's entry into Utah was at an eventful period in the State's history, and,1 like most of the public-spirited men of the time, he was early drawn into public life. Mr. Lippman 's first venture was in the newspaper field, and here too he met with signal success. He has the unique distinction of having published and edited the first Gentile evening newspaper in the then Territory of Utah, namely, the "Chronicle," which was officially born in October, 1882. In this connection it is interesting to note that the franchise secured from the Associated Press for his paper at that time was the last issued by that corporation in Salt Lake City and is now controlled just as obtained by Air. Lippman by the Salt Lake "Tele gram." It was not long, however, before Mr. Lippman saw the need of a wider field for his talents than that afforded through the medium of a recently started evening daily under conditions such as existed at that time, and in 1884 he decided to throw in his lot with the ' ' Tribune, ' ' of which paper be became city editor, and later telegraph editor. This connection he retained until 1889, when the practice of the law again claimed his attention. In 1895 he became a member of the law firm of Powers, Straup & Lippman, which connection he retained until 1902, when the partnership was dissolved on account of the various interests of the members. During his entire career in Utah Mr. Lippman has taken an active interest in politics, and at all times has stood for his principles shoulder to shoulder with many of the men who in the past have helped to make the political history of the State. A staunch Republican at heart, he found on his arrival in Utah no such party to which he could ally himself, and he devoted himself and his paper to the Liberal cause, which was opposed to church interference in politics, and from then on to the time of its dissolution took an active part in the campaigns of the Liberal Party. He was one of the founders of the American Party in Utah, in 1904. In July, 1904, he assumed the general managership of the "Tribune," in which he was financially interested, and retained that position until October, 1905. He was United States district attorney from June 8, 1902, to July 4, 1906. He was Territorial librarian and statistician from 1890 to 1892, and was county recorder of Salt Lake County in 1893 and 1894. In private life Mr. Lippman may be described as one of the quiet, home-loving kind. He has resided for twenty years past at 603 Third Avenue with his family, consisting of his son, Marc Blaine Lippman and two stepdaughters. In private as well as in public life fortune has smiled upon Air. Lippman. 215 S. S. PORTER SAM S. PORTER In Sam S. Porter, manager of the Kenyon Hotel, Salt Lake City has an example of that younger set of business men which plays such an important part in industry, and particularly in Western industry; for it is often a matter of remark that much of the success of the West is due to the fact that young men are at the head of its important institutions. Mr. Porter is a native of Chicago, where he was born in 1876. His father is Don H. Porter, proprietor of the Kenyon Hotel, a man of strictly business affairs, who is of a benevolent disposition, and a man widely known, particularly as "mine host of the Kenyon," and Sam has been raised "to the manor born" and drilled on the lines that the hotel business does not entirely mean a mere livelihood, but to know it well and to make it— justly and liberally— a profession and an art. The Porters came to Salt Lake City about 1892 or 1893, and their son received his education in the Salt Lake City public and high schools and at the University of Utah. Of an active disposition, and possessed of a good physique, Air. Sam Porter at college was interested in athletics, and won early distinction for himself as a member of the All Hallows College and University football teams. Later he played with the T. AI. C. A. team. He also joined the National Guard of Utah, and was captain in that body for four years. When the Spanish-American War broke out, Mr. Porter was quick to answer the call of his country, and he served as quartermaster sergeant in the first Utah Volunteer Cavalry, Troop A. In the business world, Air. Porter got his start as a clerk with the Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company, leaving that to go to the war. Returning, he joined forces with his father in the Kenyon Hotel, and as manager of that hos telry he is well known to the traveling public from every part of the Union. The energy he has shown, and the popularity he has attained in his present posi tion, presage for him a future full of success and promise. Mr. Porter's activities have by no means been confined to the hotel field. True to a trait that is characteristic of the Western business man, he has branched out along many lines. Among the more important positions he holds with other enterprises are those of member of the Executive Committee of the Pittsburg-Salt Lake Oil Company, secretary and treasurer of the Rexall Silver and Copper Mining Company, and vice-president of the AVasatch Electric Com pany. And not only in the business field have Air. Porter's qualities won for him both popularity and success. From his college days to the present he has been a. leader in the social sets in which he has moved. He is a well-known and popu lar member of the Country Club, and in the Commercial Club his business acumen and energy have long been recognized. Mr. Porter was married to a Chicago girl, Miss Amy F. Bersbaeh, and they have two baby daughters, Helen Alay Porter and Lilian Claire Porter. His pretty residence, in the fashionable quarter of the city, East South Temple Street, has been the scene of many an enjoyable and select social function. 217 N. E. LILJBNBEEG N. EDWARD LILJENBERG Nils Edward Liljenberg, one of Utah's leading architects, is a native of Sweden, where he was born in 1869. Of sturdy, thrifty, prosperous parents, he was given as many educational advantages as the schools of his native place afforded, and later on he attended the Polytechnic Institute in Sweden, from which he graduated in 1888. In order that he might perfect himself more in his chosen profession as an architect, he subsequently took an additional course in New York City, and then readily found employment there, where he remained for a time, serving as chief draughtsman and having charge of much important work. He was next engaged by an American firm and sent to Europe, and was chief architect for the building of military barracks at Stockholm, Copen hagen, and St. Petersburg. He was successful, and later figured the barracks at Mukden, Manchuria, for the Russian army. He next built portable cottages, which were shipped to the Transvaal, South Africa, for the use of the troops. In 1902 he arrived in Salt Lake City, and for a time was employed as draughtsman for the Oregon Short Line Railroad, but subsequently resigned to go into business for himself. He did considerable work, including the designing of the building of the Y. M. C. A. He designed and had entire charge of the building of the Westminster College, which enterprise is under the direction of the National Board of the Presby terian Church. This work cost in the neighborhood of $300,000. He also designed the Murdock Academy, the I. X. L. Furniture Com pany's building, and many others, including public schools, high schools, and many private residences in and around Salt Lake City. Beside his architectural profession, he is also interested in numerous mills and wholesale business houses. Mr. Liljenberg was married to Miss Anna Sundh of Salt Lake City, and they are the parents of three children, Irene, Melva, and Stanley Liljenberg. Mr. Liljenberg 's residence is at 120 O Street, Salt Lake City. Mr. Liljenberg is a member of the Knights of Pythias and of the Order of Odd Fellows. 219 MARTIN HARKNESS People who live in the mountain region and on the Pacific slope occasionally meet an individual wearing in the lapel of his coat a golden emblem of a bear. Years ago there were hundreds who wore the golden badge, but the ranks have thinned, the closing up as a comrade fell has been such that there is but a handful left, and in a few years later they will be in memory only; for the wearer of this distinctive badge was an Argonaut. Not one of those who sailed on the good ship Argo with Jason in search of the golden fleece, but who braved dangers and perils and untold hardships in voyages around the Horn or across the plains, the Great American Desert, in search of the yellow metal in California —the Forty-niners. 220 In Utah there is but one individual who wears this emblem or who can wear it. That man is Martin Harkness, pioneer of the gold coast, pioneer of Utah, one of the class of people who made the great West habitable for millions. Born at Pelham, Alassacliusetts, November 19, 1831, educated at Amherst, he left home in October, 1848, at the age of seventeen, with an elder brother, for Chicago, at that time a town of 18,500 souls. While in the Illinois metropolis, as it was then the metropolis of the West, stories of gold finds on the Pacific slope found their way East. These stories of the finds of the yellow metal on the Rio Sacramento and its tributaries resulted in a fever among many to see the new Gol- conda. Martin Harkness and his brother were among the number. The Mississippi River was the dividing line westward. Twenty-five hun dred miles through a trackless waste, and then— gold. Thousands made the trip around the Horn, and hundreds crossed the plains. Martin Harkness was of the hundreds. The journey across the plains was over the trail from St. Joseph, via Fort Kearney, thence up the South Platte River to its junction with the North Platte, thence up that river and the Sweetwater to near its fountain head at South Pass, then to Fort Bridger, and to Salt Lake. From Zion over the old Fort Hall trail and down the Humbolt River to Goose Lake, thence to Lassen ranch on the Sacramento River and the old Lassen trail. Sixty days was required to reach Salt Lake. Sixty- one more to the Mecca on the Coast, and then riches— no, just a living. Twenty years Martin Harkness remained in the mining region of central and northern California. Then in 1860 he went to Esmeralda County, Nevada, where he resided for nine years. Then a year was spent in the Puget Sound country, where he prospected for mineral. In 1870 Mr. Harkness returned to Salt Lake City, through which city he had passed twenty-two years before, coming to Zion via the Boise trail, and since then he has been a prominent figure in Salt Lake. Mr. Harkness was made a Mason in California. He now affiliates with the Argenta Lodge of Salt Lake ; is also a member of the Scottish Rite Orient of Salt Lake, and a thirty-second degree Mason. He has seen Salt Lake City grow from a hamlet to a magnificent city. He has seen the development of more than two-thirds of the United States. He is, at the age of seventy-eight, a hearty, vigorous man. 221 DUNCAN MAC VICHIE DUNCAN MAC VICHIE Prominent among the successful mining men, and one who, by his own efforts, has risen to a position of importance in the mining world, is the subject of this sketch, Duncan MacVichie, who is consulting engi neer for the Bingham Mining Company's properties of Utah, which properties are among the largest and most productive in the inter- mountain region. Duncan MacVichie was born September 20, 1858, at Lancaster, Glen- gary County, Canada, and is the son of Peter and Margrette MacGregor MacVichie. His father was a farmer in moderate circumstances. Dun can was educated at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and arrived there in 1877. His first mining experience, which he was naturally adapted to, was in the Lake Superior region, where he remained for several years acquir ing a practical knowledge of every detail of mining work, which he decided to follow. He came to Utah in 1897, and his record here has been one of continual advances and successes. In July of the same year he was given charge of the De Lamar Mercur mines, where he remained until 1901, and since that date has done as much as any man in the mining business towards developing the great mineral resources of this country. He has equipped a number of mining properties in Utah, Idaho, Montana, and California, and his important connection with the Bingham Consolidated Mining Company is an evidence of his invaluable worth as a mining expert and as managing director of these immense properties. He is recognized as one of the foremost mining authorities in the inter-mountain country. Still in the prime of life and great use fulness, Mr. MacVichie may well feel satisfied with the career in which he has attained pronounced success. Mr. MacVichie was married in Michigan in 1893, and is the father of two children, Helen C. and Bell D. MacVichie. His residence is at 702 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City. Mr. MacVichie is also interested in other mining, banking, and stock raising companies, with which his time and attention are well taken up. He is a member of the Alta and Commercial clubs of Salt Lake City. ?23 JAS. D. MURDOCH JAAIES D. AIURDOCH When one reaches the half century mark after a life in which there were no cessations from hard and arduous labor and looks over the years of toil, but of the kind that spell success, one can surely say that it was -worth while and the surest way to reach the stage is by fair dealings, honesty, integrity and hard work. This is the case of James D. Alurdoch, a well-known and respected citizen of this city. Born on the 3rd of January, 1850, in Cronberry, Parish of Auchinleck, County of Ayr, Scotland, he was the son of Williani Murdoch and Janet Len nox. His father was coal mines manager at Muirkirk, County of Ayr, Scotland. Mr. Murdoch was educated in the Muirkirk Iron Works School, and at the Glasgow Mechanics Institution, Glasgow, Scotland. Having learned the machin ist trade he decided to seek his fortunes in America and when twenty years of age he arrived in New Tork, in May of 1870. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, seemed to he the Mecca for mechanics at that time and there went the young man.' For nine long years he worked at his trade in the ' ' Smoky City, ' ' and then he decided that he wanted to see some of the great United States. Accordingly he came West in 1879 and located in Park City. That he was successful in the mining industry in his city would be to put it mildly. He was one of the fore most figures in the camp for- twenty-two years and to-day he can count his friends in that camp by the score. His first work there was with the Ontario Alining Company. Like other men of his perseverance and honesty, he began at the bottom, starting in as a machinist, at the Ontario Mill. His rise was a rapid one, and his knowledge of the technical as well as practical end of the industry made his services indispensable. For twelve years he was chief engineer for the Ontario and Daly Alining Companies, and as such did much towards making that property famous the world over. In 1900 Air. Alurdoch, who had amassed a goodly share of the riches of this world, decided that he had worked long and hard enough and retired from active business, although still busying himself with a few interests. He is connected with Air. Thompson, known as the firm of Thompson & Alur doch, is identified with the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, and is a director in the State Bank of Utah. Still in the prime of life, Mr. Murdoch is honored and respected by those who know him and by those who have dealings with him. He has been successful by earnest application and by his straightforwardness and honesty. His domestic life is a most happy one. He was married to Aliss Lizzie Lindsay, at Park City, January 1, 1883. His wife died, however, in 1896, and he was married again, to Lyde Thackeray, of Croyden, Morgan County, Utah, on the 14th of November, 1898. These unions have been blessed by seven children, William W., Effie L.. Ruby E., James D., Helen J., Gwendolyn T., and Margaret E. Mr. Murdoch is very much of a home man, and, while socially he. does not aim at the highest pin nacle, his beautiful residence at 541 South Main Street is very often the scene of parties and entertainments. Mr. Murdoch takes a deep interest in municipal matters, and has done so ever since he came to the State. He was a member of the city council at Park City for two terms, and made an enviable record for himself while in office. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of Utah. At the present time he is in the Salt Lake City council from the first ward. He is a prominent member of the Commercial Club and a Past Grand Alaster in the Masonic Order. Much could be said of this gentleman, who is held in high esteem by reason of his ideals and his successful career. 225 GUSTAVUS S. HOLMES G. S. Holmes came to Salt Lake City because he had faith in the city, and because he had faith in its future. He came from Cincinnati to Denver for his health ; went from there to Colorado Springs. Soon after he took up a ranch where Cripple Creek now stands. He rode the range for four years, and was captain of the round-up, where he recovered his health. Then he knew that his mission was to be a Boni face, to keep a hotel, all of his ancestors having been hotel-keepers. He sold out in Colorado, came to Salt Lake, became a landlord, is still a Salt-Laker, is still a landlord, and the head of one of the best hotels in the country, the Knutsford. Mr. Holmes has passed through many vicissitudes during his resi dence in Salt Lake. He came here with men connected with the building of the Colorado Midland Railroad. All took options on and bought blocks of vacant land. In 1889 the others sold at a great advance. Air. Holmes held his on account of prospects. He held on when the boom collapsed, and got caught in the panic of 1893, owing over $200,000. He had taken up the Knutsford Hotel scheme as an east side project when others on the west side were endeavoring to build the Ontario, which was to be a million dollar hotel, but the west side enterprise never got beyond the foundation. The present Commercial Club build ing stands on the Ontario site. The ground where the Knutsford stands was purchased by Messrs. Holmes, Ricketts, and others, for $85,000, and donated to the men who erected the Knutsford. Mr. Holmes then leased the hotel and expended $150,000 in furnishing it. He is still the owner. He has been successful in business affairs and can safely figure his wealth by seven figures. It is estimated that he is the fifth or sixth largest tax-payer in Salt Lake County, and one of the few who never lost hope or faith in the city's future, and is still buying and improving property. He is liberal to a fault, is engaged in various enterprises, and is always awake to every interest of importance. He is a member of the clubs and of nearly all if not every secret organization ; and inter ested in the National Bank of the Republic and various mines. He has traveled extensively, and is known by more people and knows more peo ple, perhaps, than any other man in the West. He is a self-made man and is hopeful of living to see Salt Lake City occupy her proper position as one of the four great commercial cities west of Chicago. He is a native of Ohio, born at Lynchburg. He was educated in the Hughes High School in Cincinnati, the school that President Taft attended and one of the same years. He has four chil dren, two sons and two daughters. 227 JAS. A. POLLOCK JAMES A. POLLOCK Probably one of the most successful business men in Salt Lake City to-day, and one who is respected and admired by all on account of his scrupulously honest methods and fair dealing is James A. Pollock, president of the Salt Lake Stock and Mining Exchange and also of James A. Pollock & Company, bankers and brokers. That this latter business is the largest in the inter-mountain region is proof positive of the wonderful keenness and aggressiveness of the man. Born in Pike County, Missouri, forty-one years ago, he was educated in St. Louis. He-remained in that city until 1889, when he went to Denver, and in the following year came to Salt Lake, where he has been ever since. At the time that he came here "the Salt Lake Stock and Mining Exchange had just started, and Mr. Pollock was made secretary. The opportunity for a bank and brokerage firm appealed to Mr. Pollock, and within a year after his arrival here he established his business. At the time of the establishment of the company there were very few Utah stocks which were known outside the State, but with the foresight that characterized all of his acts, he set to work to make Utah stocks known all over the country. In this he has been eminently successful and those in a position to know state authoritatively that Air. Pollock has done more than any other one man in placing before the Eastern investing public the many excellent propositions within the boundaries of this State. His place of business on West Second South Street is always a scene of great activity. Realizing the possibilities of the city and State and the necessity for things modern and up to date, Mr. Pollock, in 1903, established the first private wire system in the inter-mountain country, and to-day there is not an important financial center in the country with which he is not connected. Always alert and eager to boost the city of which he is so proud, Mr. Pollock has by his efforts brought more millions into the State than any other one man. Mr. Pollock does not bother in politics, but is an ardent worker for anything that is for the building up of the city. The only office which he holds is the presidency of the Salt Lake Stock and Alining Exchange. He has held that office for many years and the members of the Exchange do not seem disposed to let him retire, as he is recognized as an authority on all Western securities. Socially Mr. Pollock is well known and belongs to many clubs, both here and in California. He is a member of the Alta, Country Club, and also of the Country clubs of Pasadena and Santa Barbara, California, at which places he spends a portion of each year. Although a young man, Mr. Pollock has been uniformly successful in all of his ventures, and he is to-day one of the prosperous men of Salt Lake. He has a legion of friends and they predict for Mr. Pollock a future full of successes. 229 VAN D. SPALDING VAN D. SPALDING Among _the interesting careers which have ripened to perfection in Salt Lake City is that of Van D. Spalding, ranch-owner, business man and mining expert. - Mr. Spalding was born in Monroe, Mich., in 1863, his father being Don 0. Spalding, and his mother Anna Bradford. His father was a prosperous farmer in the community, who, in 1868, decided to move westward to Montana, and Van D. Spalding, then a boy of five years, made the trip in his parents' company on a steamboat up the Mis souri River. After a journey of seven weeks, the little party reached Fort Benton, after which the trip was continued by team to Aladison County, where the family located. From 1868 to 1874 was spent by the young man in the ordinary pursuit of childish joys, and in the latter year the young man returned to Monroe County, where he attended school, until 1885. In that year he returned to the home of his parents and began the business of ranching. Always interested in matters of geology, his thoughts naturally turned towards mining, although it was not until some few years later that he began actively to interest himself in the pursuit of wealth from this source. He arrived in Salt Lake City in June, 1906, having married just a few months previously. His family consists of his wife and one daugh ter, Anna Ethlyn Spalding. He occupies a handsome residence at 321 E Street, where he frequently entertains, and where, surrounded by his family, Mr. Spalding is to be seen at his best. Mr. Spalding is heavily interested in the Spalding-Livingstone Investment Company, the Goldfield Daisy Mining Company, the Irri gated Lands Company, and is one of Salt Lake's prominent real- estate operators. Mr. Spalding is a member of the Elks' Club and the Commercial Club of Salt Lake City. Possessed of good natural ability, coupled with a keen discernment and unusual far-sightedness, it would be strange indeed if Air. Spal ding's career had been other than the success it has been. His invest ments have been the result of close study of conditions, and in every case the success achieved has justified Air. Spalding's conclusions. Personally he is popular in both business and social circles, well read, and well posted on current events. He is at all times a delightful com panion and a staunch-hearted friend. Jovial and good-humored, he has at all times shown himself to be ready to help a comrade in mis fortune, and there are many among his friends who predict for him a future which shall even overshadow his success to date. 231 CHAS. B. STEWART CHARLES B. STEWART Charles Biekley Stewart was born July 20, 1870, at Draper, Salt Lake County, Utah. He is the son of Tsaac M. and Elizabeth (White) Stewart. His father was a farmer, who came to Utah with the early pioneers, and assisted materially in building up the State, being especially noted as a leader in the educational matters of the State, and took great pride in educating his children. Air. Stewart is a descendant of Puritan stock, and his grandfather, Biekley Stewart, during the whole period of the Revolutionary war, carried his musket in the defense of his country. The subject of this sketch spent his early days on the farm and attended the district school during the winter months ; he later attended the State Univer sity, and was a public school teacher for a number of years. In 1890 he entered the University of Alichigan and graduated from the law department of that insti tution in June, 1893, and was admitted to the bar the same year. Since that time he has been constantly engaged in the practice of his profession, being a member of the well-known law firm of Stewart & Stewart of Salt Lake City. At the age of twenty-six years, Air. Stewart was married to Katherine Rom ney, daughter of George and Margaret Romney. Aliss Romney was known as an accomplished musician and attained considerable prominence in musical circles throughout the State. As a result of their union they have seven children, viz : Charles, Alargaret, Katherine, Elizabeth, Isaac, Josephine and George. Mr. Stewart is a lover of home, and is a strong believer in that oft-repeated maxim : "The home is the foundation of the State and nation, and without purity of home life no nation can long exist." As a large sheep-owner, Air. Stewart brought much credit to himself in 1907 by bringing about a friendly relationship between the sheepmen and cattlemen of western Wyoming, a fact that was highly beneficial to both interests. This agreement promises to continue indefinitely, and it seems to have permanently eliminated the friction formerly prevalent on these ranges. Air. Stewart has always taken a deep interest in the political and social life of the country, and has held several positions of trust in his native State. He is not only a successful practitioner at the bar, but he has attained considerable promi nence in waging the battles of commerce, and, although comparatively a young man, he is actively and officially connected with some of the most flourishing business enterprises in the State of Utah, among them being the Stewart-Hard ing Sheep Company, Salt Lake & Jordan Mill & Elevator Company, Western Wyoming Land & Livestock Company, Utah Coal & Supply Company, Salt Lake Real Estate & Title Company, Summit County Alercantile Company, Stewart Ranch, and Crystal Lime & Cement Company. He is also connected with the University Investment Company. Since its organization, he has been secre tary and director of the Wool Growers' Association. Air. Stewart's residence is at 217 Twelfth East Street, Salt Lake City, Utah. 233 F. C. RICHMOND FREDERICK C. RICHMOND Of the younger generation of prominent and progressive men of the inter-mountain States none are more prominently identified with the growth and development of their resources and industries than is the subject of this sketch. Frederick C. Richmond first saw the light of day at New Bedford, Alassacliusetts, on the 19th day of November, 1862. He is a son of James H. C. and Hannah Katherine Courtis Richmond, who were of English ancestry. His father was a whaler of New Bedford, Massa- chusetts, noted the world over for that industry. Mr. Richmond received his early education at private schools of his native place, and later on at the Quaker College at Providence, Rhode Island. In 1897, at the age of thirty-five, he arrived in Salt Lake City, and has been prominently identified with business ever since. He is the president of the F. C. Richmond Alachinery Company, one of the most progressive and best known concerns in the West. They are job bers of everything in the line of mining and power machinery, and their business covers the entire Western country. They are also the general agents for the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company of Chicago, the largest concern of its kind in the world ; also for the Alamo Alanu- f acturing Company, manufacturers of hoisting machinery and engines ; and for the Charles A. Schieren Company of Brooklyn, New York, manufacturers of leather belting, also one of the largest manufacturers of leather belting in the United States. Mr. Richmond is one of the most active and energetic of Utah's business men, and, besides his many connections with large manufacturing corporations, he is actively identified with many mining corporations and their operation; among them being a director in the Scott Mines Company of Pioche and the Tri-Metallic Mining Company. Mr. Richmond was married on July 16, 1885, to Aliss Laura Trelore Osborne of Shullsburg, Wisconsin, and to them have been born three children, Frederick Courtis, Laura Gladys, and Marguerite Richmond. He is a member of the Commercial Club, is a Knight Templar and thirty-second degree Mason. He resides at 512 East Second South Street, Salt Lake City. 235 P. W. MADSEN PETER WILHELM MADSEN Peter W. Madsen, one of the representative merchants, financiers, and pub lic-spirited citizens of Salt Lake City, Utah, is a native of Denmark, where he was born November 4, 1852. His early education was obtained at the public schools in Denmark, and at Kiel, Germany. He is a son of Hanz Aladsen, who was a cabinetmaker, and of Louisa Tatner Madsen. P. W. Aladsen arrived in Salt Lake City, July 23, 1875, and on August 2, 1875, he was married to Elsie C. Larsen. To them have been born eight chil dren, namely: Richard W., Emil W., Louise C, Laura AL, Viggo R., Harry IL, Florence C. and Peter W. Madsen. The business interests of Air. Aladsen are many and important. He is presi dent of the Western Loan and Savings Company, one of the leading financial institutions of Salt Lake City. This company was incorporated in 1892, with Frank Armstrong as president, by Air. Aladsen, and has a capital of $100,000 and a surplus of $22,000, with an authorized capital of $5,000,000, of which $4,000,- 000 has been issued. The company has paid ten per cent, on its capital from its beginning, and has been instrumental in the building of thousands of homes in Utah and Idaho for its members, who would not own their homes to-day were it not for the company's easy terms. The Western Loan and Savings Company is at present earning for its stockholders from six per cent, to twelve per cent. Mr. Aladsen gives his entire time to this company, his furniture business being practically managed by his sons. Associated with Mr. Madsen in the Western Loan and Savings Company are the following well-known men of Salt Lake City: Dr. John T. White, secretary; Captain Samuel G. Paul, director; R. W. Madsen, vice-president; James Engebretsen, attorney; and H. AI. H. Lund, assistant secretary. Mr. Aladsen is also a director in the Utah Commercial and Savings Bank, president of the Salt Lake Livery and Transfer Company, president of the Century Gold Mining and Milling Company, president of the Utah Stove and Hardware Company, and is a charter member of the Commercial Club, and one of the first fifty to co-operate upon its organization. Mr. Madsen first started in the furniture business at 18 South Alain Street, then at 42 South Main Street, and in 1884 built the present store. Air. Aladsen was one of the original organizers of the Utah Commercial and Savings Bank, and lias been identified with its interests ever since. He was also one of the organizers of the Lehi Commercial Bank, bf which he was a director for many years. He was also an organizer of the Springville Banking Company, of which he is now a director. He was also organizer of Mt. Pleasant Commercial and Savings Bank, one of the organizers of the Western Shoe and Dry Goods Company, and the Utah Alattress Manufacturing Company. The furniture company of P. AV. Alad sen carries one of the largest stocks of any house west of Denver. The highest standard of excellence is consistently maintained by Mr. Madsen, who does all his own buying, and twice a year visits the furniture manufacturing centers for that purpose. 237 W. P. NOBLE WORDEN P. NOBLE Worden P. Noble was born December 24, 1847, in Sacketts Harbor, New Tork, his father, William Noble, a farmer; his mother, Jane A. Payne. Mr. Noble was educated in the public schools and in the Bryant & Stratton College at Watertown, New Tork. He came West late in 1865, and reached Omaha, Nebraska, in 1866, where he was employed as clerk in the Herndon Hotel, then the Union Pacific headquar ters. In 1867 he went to Fort Laramie and engaged in the mercantile business for one year. He then moved to South Pass, Wyoming, and went into the freighting business, running ox-teams for nine years. It was in South Pass he met Alargaret Halloran, whom he married there in 1869, and who has borne him four children, all of them living. In the order of their birth they are, Ida, Fred, Edith and Alargaret. He disposed of his freight ing outfit at a big figure, and put the entire fortune in sheep and cattle, running them successfully for twenty years, during all of which time he kept up an active trade with the Shoshone Indians, selling them what they needed at frontier prices, and getting otter skins, beaver, fox, bear, and other valuable pelts, furs and hides, including the buffalo, at his own prices. He brought his family to Salt Lake in November, 1883, established them in a home here, and went back to Wyoming, establishing the Bank of Noble at Lander, Wyoming, which is still running, and of which he is president. At the same place, Noble & Lane have a big general merchandise store, and another at No wood by Noble & Bragg, the same company handling 50,000 sheep. Noble and Carmody are running another bunch of 20,000 sheep near Lander, Wyoming. He is president of the Clover Valley Land & Live Stock Company, the ranch being at Golconda, Nevada. His son, Fred Noble, is the manager of the ranch, the cattle and 30,000 sheep. There are a number of prominent Salt Lake men who are interested as shareholders with Air. Noble in this enterprise. He is the owner of much very valuable improved and unimproved real estate in Salt Lake, and is vice-president of the Continental National Bank, the successor of the Commercial National Bank. Mr. Noble was a member of the legislature of Wyoming from Lander County in 1877, and was county commissioner of Sweetwater County for eight years. When he returned to Salt Lake he was elected to the chairmanship of the Board of Public Works in 1892 for one term. Under the second Liberal Party admin istration, after the Police and Fire Commission had been created, he was elected to the chairmanship, and held that office until the commission was dissolved by legislative enactment. He is a member of the Alta Club and the Salt Lake Com mercial Club. Mrs. Noble died about twelve years ago. The two eldest daughters are mar ried, Ida to L. C. Robinson, traveling auditor of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, and Edith to Robert G. Smith of the Continental National Bank, until recently the Commercial National Bank. Margaret, the youngest, is unmarried. The home of W. P. Noble and his family is at 629 East Brigham Street. 239 W. C. OREM WALTER C. 0REA1 Walter C. Orem, one of the best known mining operators in Utah, is a native of Missouri, and was born in Ray County, May 23, 1873. His father, A. J. Orem, was a school-teacher, and of old English ances try, his ancestors coming to this country in the renowned ' ' Alayflower. ' ' His mother, who was Martha A. Leabo, was also of English ances try. Mr. Orem was educated in the schools of Kansas City, finishing his schooling at seventeen, at which age he arrived in Salt Lake City in 1890. His first occupation was that of a traveling salesman for a dry- goods house, and there he remained for seven years. This occupation did not satisfy his ambition and he entered the mining industry, which, with its seemingly unlimited possibilities, appealed to him. With others he soon secured an interest in the Red Wing Mine, a copper and lead property at Bingham, and about two years later he took the manage ment of the mine, together with the York properties, both of which had a past history and a fair productive record, but there was little in sight at that time. The York was later absorbed with a number of surrounding properties and is now well known as the Utah Apex Mine, of which he was general manager for the first six years of its existence, resigning this position to give his time to properties in which he had a larger personal interest. The plans of expansion and development were carried out by Mr. Orem. Mr. W. C. Orem is vice-president of and has charge of the operating department of the firm of A. J. Orem & Co., who are successful mining operators on quite a large scale throughout the AVestern States, and they have as associates many prominent capitalists in New York, Bos ton, and London, England. The company now owns and controls large properties at Yerington, Nevada, chief of which is the Nevada-Douglas Copper Company, where they are developing and producing much high grade copper ore. Of this the late J. D. Wood was president. Con servative experts agree that the present developed ore in these prop erties will go into the millions. Mr. Orem is largely interested in the Nevada-Douglas Copper Company, of which he is general manager ; and is also interested in many other mining properties in the mter- mountain States. Mr. Orem was married at Wapello, Idaho, December 19, 1894, to Miss Mabel Emery, and to them have been born four children: AVilliam Walter, Gladys M., Margaret R., and Albert E. Orem. He is a mem ber of the Commercial Club, and resides at 663 Third Avenue, Salt Lake City. 241 E. 0. LEE EDDY ORLAND LEE Eddy Orland Lee, one of the leading lawyers of Salt Lake City and a member of the prominent and successful law firm of Booth, Lee & Badger, is a native of Canada, and was born at Hatley Village, Prov ince of Quebec, September 16, 1855. His parents were Josiah Lee, who was a farmer by vocation, and Rockselana (Davis) Lee, who was of old Yankee Revolutionary stock. Mr. Lee's family moved to Illinois in 1866, where young Lee worked in the summer months and attended school in the winter, until 1871, when he went to high school at Mount Carroll, Illinois, riding seven miles and back each day for two years. In 1873 his father sold the farm and young Lee was sent to the Illinois State University, at Champaign, Illinois, from which institution he graduated in 1878, after missing one year, during which time he taught school and thereby earned money with which to complete his education. From 1878 to 1879 he taught school at Elizabeth, 111. He next studied law in the office of Hon. James Shaw, ex-Speaker of the House of Representatives of Illinois, at Mount Carroll, where he remained until March, 1881, at which time he was admitted to the bar. He practised in Illinois courts until 1885, and then went to Sidney, Nebraska, where he followed his profession until January, 1891, when he came to Salt Lake City. After his arrival he formed the law firm of Lee & Post. In 1892 the firm of Booth, Lee & Gray was formed and continued until the fall of 1898, at which time Mr. Gray withdrew, and M. L. Ritchie was admitted and remained until his elevation to the bench, when he retired, in 1905, and the present firm of Booth, Lee & Badger was formed. Mr. Lee was married August 20, 1884, to Miss Jennie Cummings, a native of Illinois. They reside at 963 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah. He is a member of the University and Com mercial clubs, the Odd Fellows, and is affiliated with the Alethodist Church. 243 WILL G. FARRELL WILLIAM GEORGE FARRELL Will G. Farrell, one of the most successful life insurance men in the Western country, was born in Logan, Cache County, Utah, Alay 24, 1864, and has been a life-long resident of this State. His father, George Lionel Farrell, was a native of England, a descendant of the AIcFarrells of Scotland. He emigrated in his youth to America with his mother and three sisters, first going to Iowa, and later settling in Utah, where he became the original "dry farmer" and president of the Farmers' Union in Cache County, Utah, being the first man to be successful with that form of farming which has since grown to marvelous proportions, and is indispensable in the inter- mountain country. His mother was the daughter of a well-to-do Swedish mechanic and inventor, Solomon Lunberg, who made his home in Utah in 1860. The elder Farrell first conceived the idea that the rich lands of Utah could be made to produce crops by proper tilling without irrigation, and he set about to prove it, and did. And he lived to see the arid wastes displace the watered fields, and Utah leading out to teach Western civilization to utilize her dry and fruitless wastes. Will G. Farrell was educated at the University of Deseret, now the Uni versity of Utah, where he took the normal course, having passed the examination in 1880. After graduation his first occupation was as clerk to his father in the bishop's storehouse of the Mormon Church at Logan, Utah. Later he held the position of secretary and treasurer of the Oneida Mercantile Union of Franklin, Idaho. He was recorder of deeds at Cache County for several years, and up to 1896 was official abstracter of land titles in the same county. Pie next became traveling auditor for the Co-operative Wagon and Machine Company, and later held the same position with the Studebaker Bros. Company, of Utah. He had studied insurance a great deal, and he decided next to enter that field and turned his attention in that direction, achieving such success as to attract the attention of the managers of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company of Phila delphia, who, in 1904, offered him a co-partnership in the general agency for Utah, and he has successfully represented that company ever, since. He devotes most of his time to life-insurance underwriting, and in 1907 his agency stood third in production, of legal-reserve Eastern companies doing business in Utah. Air. Farrell is also secretary and treasurer and director of the Iosepa Agricul tural and Stock Company, a Utah corporation; and vice-president and director of the George L. Farrell Corporation, "Dry Farmers," also a Utah corporation. He attends to the business end of both companies. Mr. Farrell held the position of United States court commissioner under President Grover Cleveland. Mr. Farrell spent several years in the Sandwich Islands, and speaks the Hawaiian language. He is a member of the Com mercial Club, B. P. 0. Elks, president of the Utah Association Life Underwriters, chairman Executive Committee of the Hawaiian Alissionary Society, and direc tor of the Civic Improvement League, all of Salt Lake City. Air. Farrell was married to Aliss Florence Nightingale Caine, a daughter of Hon. John T. and Margaret N. Caine. They have two children, William Caine Farrell and Fred erick Nightingale Farrell. 245 HARRY S. JOSEPH H. S. JOSEPH One of the best-known mining men in Utah, and in tact in the entire inter- mountain region, is Harry Sheridan Joseph, who first saw the light of day in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 14, 1866. His father was Solomon Joseph, a well-known merchant of Cincinnati, and his mother Augusta Bamberger Joseph. The young man received his earlier education in the public schools of his native State, and later attended and graduated from the University of Cincinnati, with degree of civil engineer. Energetic, industrious and quick to learn, the young man gave early promise of a successful career. At a comparatively early age, he decided upon the West as a field for future endeavor, and in 1887 he settled upon Utah, arriving in Salt Lake on June 10th of that year. On February 21, 1894, he was married and since has occupied a handsome residence where he frequently keeps open house for his friends at No. 80 H Street. Up to 1893 Mr. Joseph was associated with Simon Bamberger as chief engineer of the railroad and other enterprises. Mr. Joseph has since been actively engaged in mining, but his versatile train ing and wide knowledge of men and events soon led him into public life, which held for him always a remarkable attraction. He has held the position of county surveyor of Salt Lake County and also of Davis County, has served two terms in the Utah legislature, the last of which was concluded in 1907 with Air. Joseph as speaker of the lower house. For some time past he also has been president of the State Industrial School Board and for a number of years past has been actively connected with the Salt Lake Stock and Alining Exchange, as well as being a member of the Elks Club, the Commercial Club and the recently formed Ohio Society, in the last of which he is recognized as one of the moving spirits. In the mining world Mr. Joseph holds an enviable position for his numerous signal successes in the face of difficulties which might well have daunted a hardier spirit, among them being the Carisa, Lower Alammoth and Beck Tunnel of the Tintic District. Notable among the companies in which he is interested is the Silver Shield Alining and Milling Company, a property which is regarded as having one of the most promising futures of any mine in Bingham. Located just south of the great United States Mine, the same geological conditions which obtain in that well-known producer are also apparent in the Silver Shield. Air. Joseph is heavily interested in a number of Park City properties, as well as in the Tintic District and Bingham, in addition to controlling a number of valuable interests in the Terington and Goldfield districts of Nevada. Up to now Mr. Joseph's efforts have been attended with marked success, but there are those among his friends who do not hesitate to predict for him an even greater future. Possessed of a jovial, whole-souled manner and a disposition of which generosity and public-spiritedness form the keynote, Air. Joseph is at once a witty and a clever conversationalist and a man of experience and excep tional judgment. 247 P. E. MARCY FRANK E. MARCY Frank E. Marcy was born at Newfane, Vermont, June 11th, 1872. His father was Rodney Marcy and his mother Rosette Wellman Marcy. The young man was educated in the district schools of his native State and later attended the University of Kansas, from which insti tution he in due time graduated. At an early age he gave promise of marked ability along engineering lines and from the time he first formed a connection with the Amalgamated Copper Company of Butte, in 1900, his rise has been steady and rapid. During the time he was with this company he held many important engineering posts and along certain lines achieved a splendid reputation for resourcefulness and ability as an engineer. In 1905 he joined the Allis- Chalmers Com pany, for which concern he is at present manager of the Salt Lake and Spokane offices. The territory includes the States of Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, eastern Oregon, AVashington, and a part of Wyoming. For the past few years he has maintained his headquarters at Salt Lake City. The wonderful record of the Allis-Chalmers Company in the West is generally admitted to be due, to a large extent, to the indefatigable efforts of Mr. Marcy. Always well known, the company has built up a business throughout the Western States which, comparatively speaking, is little short of remarkable. Always interested in the mechanical side of his profession, Mr. Marcy has worked early and late for the company which he represents and the result achieved is not out of proportion to the effort put forth. The Allis-Chalmers Company maintains a heavy stock of machinery in Salt Lake and has traveling and other representatives constantly in the field. Through close application and strict attention to business as well as equitable dealing and business-like methods, the company has established a reputation for its goods which goes far to account for its successful record in the West. It is known and regarded as one of the prominent business institutions of Salt Lake and as such has always occupied a foremost place in the business life of the city. Mr. Marcy is a member of the Alta Club and of the American Institute of Engineers, and has always been foremost in every move ment looking to the upbuilding of his chosen city. He has done much to improve his company's products, and some of the most desirable lines of machinery were invented and designed by him. Well educated, well read, and of a pleasing personality, Mr. Marcy is a business man of high order and ability. His success in life so far has been entirely due to his own efforts and those who know him do not hesitate to predict a still more brilliant future. 249 W. E. HUBBARD WILLIAM E. HUBB RD William E. Hubbard, the energetic manager and treasurer of the Hubbard Investment Company of Salt Lake City, belongs to that type of the successful men who make and upbuild communities. And it is due to men of the character and ability possessed by Mr. Hubbard that such rapid strides in real estate and building are made. Of English descent on the paternal side, Mr. Hubbard is a son of Solomon and Alary Hubbard, and was born at Nora, Illinois, October 21, 1862. His mother was a native of Indiana. Young Hubbard was sent to school at an early age, and subsequently attended Earlham College at Richmond, Indiana, and later the Rush Medical College at Chicago, Illinois. It was his intention to follow the medical profession, but his natural inclination turned to real estate, perhaps imbibing his preference in that direction from having given his earlier attention to farming. Later on he added mining to his life work, and in both mining and real estate he has been very successful. His mining opera tions have been quite extensive, but chiefly confined to Bingham, Ophir, and Tintic districts ; while Salt Lake City has been his real estate field of activity. Mr. Hubbard is an up-to-date hustling man of affairs, and besides being manager and treasurer of the Hubbard Investment Company, he is a director in the Lion Hill Consolidated Mining Company, the Bing ham Central Standard Company, president of the Bingham-Buttte Consolidated Alining Company, vice-president of the West Temple Realty Company, president of the Salt Lake Realty Owners' Company, and is interested in numerous other business enterprises of import ance. Mr. Hubbard is a member of the Commercial Club, B. P. 0. E., the Knights of Pythias, the Masonic Fraternity, and the Mystic Shriners. He is one of the most active members of the Real Estate Association, and is considered an expert on anything pertaining to real estate and investment, of which he has made a study for years. His advice is often asked in extensive real estate deals, and his judgment is unerring. He is an enthusiastic advocate of Salt Lake realty, a believer in the pros perous future of the city, for the promotion of which he is always working faithfully and conscientiously. He is regarded as one of the best-informed men on ground and structure values in Salt Lake City, and he is also a prominent factor in mining circles. 251 M. R. EVANS MORRIS R. EVANS Among the mining men of Salt Lake City whose efforts have been attended with signal success is Morris R. Evans, known as one of the pioneers of the Deep Creek mining district of the State and prominently identified with many of the prominent ore producing camps. Mr. Evans was born August 24th, 1849, at Lockport, N. Y., his parents being Morrison W. and Lucinda A. Evans. His father was for years a prominent manufacturer of Lockport and later carried on a private banking business, making a specialty of bonds and mortgages. Mr. Evans arrived in Salt Lake from San Francisco on March. 9th, 1871, and three years later, in October, 1874, was married to Alice A. Vincent of Salt Lake City. The union has been a happy one in every respect and the family consists of six children, namely: Charles M., Lucinda O, Agnes E., William N., Henry S., and Chester 0. Evans. While for a number of years past Mr. Evans has made his head quarters in Salt Lake City, he has also resided in a number of points in the State and has traveled over practically all of it. In 1871-2 he gave his full time and attention to mining, but a year later settled at Ashley Fork, and in that vicinity was engaged in the cattle raising business individually for ten years. For a short time he was a member of the firm of Carter Evans & Co. in this line, and from 1882 was for five years the principal partner in the firm of Evans & Spencer, which firm he succeeded and afterwards continued the business for thirteen years. It was about 1890 when Mr. Evans first turned his attention to the Deep Creek Mining District. A number of previous visits had satis fied him of the possibilities of the region and a thorough exploration convinced him of the splendid results which might eventually be expected to crown his efforts. In this he was not disappointed and at this time his name is prominently identified with the district as perhaps its foremost pioneer and one of its most prominent mine oper ators. In other localities, notably at Chafey, Nevada, in a property with W. J. Craig, Mr. Evans has been equally successful as a mine operator, and his name is prominently identified with several of the best-known mining properties of the State. Notwithstanding his close attention to the mining business he has yet found time to interest himself in other lines and in nearly all of his ventures he has been uniformly successful. Mr. Evans occupies a beautifully situated residence at 701 South Temple Street. He is a prominent member of the Salt Lake Commer cial Club and personally has a host of friends and few enemies. He has always shown himself willing to help a fellow being in distress or take a stand against anything which did not fully come up to his own rock-bound ideas of justice and honesty. Socially and in a business way he has reaped the rewards of his industry and integrity and the future for him holds only bright promises of new fields and a yet greater measure of success. 253 W. M. BRADLEY WILLIAM MALLORY BRADLEY A local attorney with an enviable record is William Mallory Brad ley, who came to Utah in September, 1883, and has since made his headquarters in Salt Lake City. Mr. Bradley is a graduate of the law school of the University of Wisconsin of the class of '83 and imme diately upon gaining possession of his sheepskin he turned his face to the West, arriving here a few months later. Prior to beginning the study of law he was educated at the Elkhorn high school of Elkhorn, Wis consin. He is a son of Henry and N. Jane Bradley, the former of whom at the ripe old age of 85 years is still hale and hearty. In December, 1886, Mr. Bradley, then a comparatively young man, was married to Miss Luella AI. Brewster and the couple has since resided almost continuously at number 12 Fourth East Street. Three children have blessed the union, Henry F., Brewster M., and Allen P. Bradley. While for many years prominently engaged in the practice of law, Air. Bradley has always been closely interested in various mining operations throughout this State and Nevada, and is now prominently identified with such well-known producers as the Daly-Judge Mining Company, the Mason Valley Alines Company and a number of others. In addition to this he owns shares in various mining ventures many of which give promise of a splendid future. Both socially and in a business way, Air. Bradley has always occu pied a prominent place in Salt Lake City. While realizing to the full the vastness of the field offered by Utah politics and the possibilities of a splendid distinction to a man of his ability and experience, Mr. Bradley has always held aloof from the political game and although many times solicited has always consistently declined to be a candidate for office of any kind. In a business way in his chosen walk of life he has been successful to a degree and in a social sense no less so. For some years past he has been among the prominent clubmen of the city and at this time his name appears on the membership rolls of the Alta, the Commercial, the University and the Rocky Mountain clubs as well as the Bear River Duck Club and others. Personally, Mr. Bradley has nearly all the qualities which make for success. Hale and hearty in mind and body, his cheery manner is a delight to his acquaintances and a panacea for all ills among his friends. Possessing a mind of unusual power he has found time to assimilate and room to store a fund of knowledge of remarkable range and scope. While prominent in club and social life, it is in his own home, sur rounded by his family, that Mr. Bradley is seen at his best. In this as in everything else Dame Fortune has been kind, and fromlhe stand point of a still comparatively young man he is enabled to look out uppn a past replete with the successes of life and a future serene in its promise of even better things to come. 255 A. J. BETTLES ALFRED J. BETTLES Alfred J. Bettles is one of the best known and most competent .mining men in the entire inter-mountain country. He is associated with the largest and most productive mining enterprise in Utah in an active and official capacity; as mill manager of the Boston Consolidated he has his hands full, and his services are invaluable to that import&nt company. Mr. Bettles is of English birth, having been born in Bedford shire, England, July 14, 1856, a son of John and Charlotte Dixie Bet tles. His father was a farmer. Young Bettles received his early education in the common schools of Ontario, Canada, and his knowledge of metallurgy and mining was obtained by his own efforts, never hav ing attended any academy or college of mines for that purpose. He acquired a practical knowledge of metallurgy, chemistry and assaying, and to-day is one of the foremost in his line in the inter-mountain country. When a boy he was engaged in the mercantile business for seven years at Chatham, Ontario, and in 1881 he went to Colorado and com menced working on mill construction. It was while thus engaged that he became interested in the study of metallurgy and mining. And, being ambitious to succeed, he devoted all of his spare time from then on to those particular studies, and with what success we in Utah all know. In 1884 Mr. Bettles went to Montana, and in 1885 he took charge of the Granite Mountain Mining Company's reduction works, and there remained until 1897, when he came to Utah. While at the Granite Mountain reduction works he had complete charge of their various reduction plants for the treatment of gold and silver ores. Mr. Bettles is connected actively and officially with various mining companies in Utah, Nevada and British Columbia, also with the United Grocery Company of Salt Lake; Bettles, Mathez & Co., assayers and chemists ; and has many ranch interests in Alberta, Canada. Mr. Bet tles designed and superintended the construction of the large con centrator in connection with the Newhouse Mines and Smelters at New- house, Utah, and also the concentrator of the Boston Consolidated Company which is one of the largest plants of its kind in the West. Mr. Bettles was married in Colorado in 1883, to Miss Grace A. Kennedy of Michigan, and to them have been born six children, four of whom are living; namely: Charlotte May (Catrow), Grace, Gordon M., and Helen. Mr. Bettles is a member of the Alta Club, Commercial Club, Engineers' Society of Utah, and of the Masonic Lodge of Granite Mountain. He resides in a handsome residence at 53 Sixth East Street, Salt Lake City. 257 R. J. EVANS RICHARD J. EVANS One of Utah's most successful and progressive mining operators is Richard J. Evans, who was born at Rockland, Ontonagon County, Alichigan, January 27, 1865. His father, James Evans, a prosperous mining man, and his mother, Eliza Gundiy Evans, were bcth of English ancestry and settled in Alichigan at an early age. Mr. Evans senior organized the first working men's club in Calumet, which is now one of the wealthiest clubs in the world, and for many years was one of its Executive Committee, up to the time of his death. His wife, the mother of our subject, was before her marriage Aliss Eliza Gundry, a native of England, her father being a prosperous foundry man of that country. Our subject obtained his early scholastic education in the common schools of Calumet, and in 1888 gave up, for a time, his mining operations and entered the International Business College at Saginaw, Alichigan, from which institution he graduated, and in 1891 took charge of the college as manager. After severing his connection with the college, he took charge of the Saginaw "Courier-Herald," a Republican paper. He has to his name the credit of running the first exclusive newspaper train across the State of Alichigan. He was in charge of the "Courier- Herald" for five years, at which time he decided to follow the mining business, and with that object in view he came to Salt Lake City and commenced opera tions, and was uniformly successful from the outset. At the age of sixteen young Evans entered the employ of the Calumet and Hecla mines, conceded to be the most perfectly developed and richest copper mines in the world. It was here that Air. Evans received his practical knowledge of mining, which afterwards made him so successful in his various undertakings. He' served his apprenticeship, working with pick and shovel, and it was the practical lessons learned as a commcn miner that have qualified him so well to judge the real value of a mine. He successfully promoted the American Falls Canal and Power Company. at Snake. River, Idaho, from 1902 to 1904. which is to-day in active operation and one of Idaho's important industries. Air. Evans is president of the Inter- Mountain Securities Company of Salt Lake City, the Seven Troughs Alining Company, of Seven Troughs, Nevada, and is interested in the Federal Ely Cop per Company, of Ely, Nevada. He is also actively identified with the Seven Troughs Coalition Mining Company, the Tintic Alines Company, the Cannon Ball Consolidated Mining and Milling Company, secretary and treasurer of the St. George Electric Company, owner of Evans's Addition to Poplar Grove, and several prominent industries through the inter-mountain country. Air. Evans is a member of the American Alining Congress, the Commercial Club, the Masonic Fraternity, is a thirty-third degree Alason, a member of El Kalah Temple Mystic Shrine of Salt Lake City. Air. Evans was married in 1893, to Aliss Bertha Alay LaDue, of Saginaw, Michigan, and their union has been blessed with three children, Gladys Alay, Richard J. Jr., and Shirley LaDue Evans. Air. Evans occupies commodious offices in the D. F. AValker Building, and is a resident of Salt Lake City. Mr. Evans is always striving to interest capital, not only in inter-mountain mines, but in all classes of sound investments in the great inland empire, and he has demonstrated the value of forethought, pluck and energy by building up a profitable business. 259 HENRY CATROW HENRY CATROW Prominent in mining circles in the inter-mountain country and especially in Utah is Henry Catrow, one of the youngest mine operators in this country. Although he has been a resident of the State but a few years, he has earned for himself an enviable place among the min ing men here. His connection with the Ohio Copper Mine at Bingham and his success in handling this property is well known to all conver sant with the mining business in Utah and elsewhere. The fact that this mine to-day is one of the biggest propositions in the great camp of Bingham and will soon be shipping a tremendous tonnage by virtue of the fact that a campaign of development was waged by Mr. Catrow 's suggestion will stand as a monument to his keenness and far-sighted ness. Born in Miamisburg, Ohio, on the 22nd of June, 1878, he received his early education in the public schools of Miamisburg. He after wards attended the Pennsylvania Military College at Chester, Penn sylvania, and finished his course at the University of Michigan, gradua ting from the law department. In June, 1903, after finishing his education he came to Salt Lake City. Soon after his arrival here he became interested in the Ohio Copper. He immediately started to promote the mine and it has been truthfully said that he was the father of this big proposition. He received the financial backing of Ohio capitalists and the work on the property started in with new vigor and vim. Although a couple of years ago F. Aug. Heinze received control of the property, Mr. Catrow still was a large shareholder and never ceased to interest himself in its development. He has given his time and attention to its development from the time when the Columbia tunnel was being worked on the Bingham side and the ore was being treated at the Winamuck Mill to the present time when the big connection has been made through the Alascotte tunnel and the Ohio Copper shaft, and the erection of the huge 3000-ton mill at Lark. That this mine will in a very short time be one of the great producers in Bingham has always been Mr. Catrow 's contention. Mr. Catrow was married on the 7th of April, 1904, to Miss Charlotte Alay Bettles, a well-known and prominent young lady pf this city. The union has been a most happy one and has been blessed by two children, Alfred Newton and Henry Catrow, Jr. While a man of domestic tastes, Mr. Catrow is identified with sev eral organizations, namely the University Club, Commercial Club and is a thirty-second degree Mason. He bothers very little with politics although he is always alive to the growth and development of this city and State. Besides being a large stockholder in the Ohio Copper he is interested in the Utah Copper Company of Bingham. Mr. Catrow is looked upon as one of the progressive young men m the State and his many successes so far attest this to be a fact. 261 JACOB MORlTZ JACOB MORITZ Jacob Moritz, who is the energetic and progressive vice-president, treasurer and general manager of the Salt Lake City Brewing Company, is a native of Germany, born at Ingenheim, Rheinpfalz, February 22, 1849. His father, Isaac Moritz, was a merchant and hotel proprietor in the old country. Jacob attended the schools of his native city, and subsequently graduated from a business col lege in Mannheim, Germany, and immediately entered upon a business career. September 14, 1866, he emigrated to America and soon secured employment with the F. M. Schaefer Brewing Company, one of the best in New Tork, where he remained for two years, acquiring much knowledge of the business in that short time. His next place was with the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Company in St. Louis, where he remained for a short time and then determined to try the mining business. He went to Helena, Alontana, and engaged in that work until 1871, when he came to Salt Lake City. About that time he started the Alontana Brew ery, under the firm name of Aloritz & Richter, near Warm Springs, and con ducted a successful business there for four years, when the new brewery was built within the city limits. Success still followed him, until to-day the plant of the Salt Lake City Brewing Company is without doubt the largest in the inter- mountain country, having a capacity of four hundred barrels a day, and bottling one thousand three hundred dozen per day. The brands are American Beauty, Pilsener, and Export, and also an excellent Porter Triple. In 1875 Air. Aloritz purchased the interest of Air. Richter, and also the interest of Mr. Jonnasson in the Tenth Ward Brewery, of which Air. Aloritz was brew- master and manager. He then formed a partnership with Aaron Keysor, which ran until 1881, at which time the Keysor interest was purchased by Matt Cullen and the firm was changed to Aloritz & Cullen, and continued as such until 1883, when the company was incorporated as the Salt Lake City Brewing Company, which it is called to-day. The capacity is about 125,000 barrels per annum, shipping to Idaho, Wyoming, Alontana, Nevada, Colorado, and California. They employ about one hundred men, and the brewery is equipped with all modern machinery in the plant, and everything known in the modern science of brewing beer is employed. The plant is a model one in every respect, and the output as pure and good as capital and brains can make it. The brewery in point of excel lence is second to none in the country, and has a complete electrical equipment. Air. Aloritz served a term in the State legislature, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention, and in many ways has evidenced a keen interest in the welfare of his party and the city of Salt Lake. In Alay, 1889, Air. Moritz was married to Lahela Louisson, who was born in Honolulu, of Prussian ancestry, and they reside in Salt Lake City. Mr. Moritz is a man of energy, unassuming in manner, and a keen observer of human nature. Besides his connection with the brewing company, he is inter ested in the Burning Moscow Aline and Milling Company, a director in the Lit tle Chief Mining Company, and is a large holder of real estate in Salt Lake City. 263 C. W. SAXMAN C. AV. SAXMAN When the management of a big proposition is offered to the ordinary man and it has been a sort of a bug-a-boo for years and years, he hesitates a long time and tries to figure whether or not he will be more successful than his predeces sors. • The Tampa Smelting Company and the Tampa Mine, owned by the Tintic Mining Development Company of New Tork, both of which are located in Bing ham, Utah, were generally conceded by all those conversant with the conditions in that camp as propositions which were bound to be failures. Two years ago a young man of quiet demeanor came out from the coal fields of Pennsylvania, where he had been operating, and took hold as general manager of the two properties mentioned, his name being Charles W. Saxman. He was a young man, born on the 22nd of November, 1871, in Latrobe, Penn sylvania. He received his preliminary education in Swathmore College, Phila delphia, and finished in Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. He came West immediately after graduating from the above-named university and for many years engaged in mining in all the boom camps from Cripple Creek to Gold- field. After gaining a wonderful experience in these camps when they all were in their infancy, as you might say, he went back to the coal fields of Pennsyl vania, where his father had been an operator for many years. At this time, two years ago, the directors of the Tampa Aline and Smelter as well as of other properties throughout the State and British Columbia, began to look around for a man who could, as it were, save the properties, especially in Bingham, and make them paying propositions. Finally the proposition was put up to Air. Saxman, then a man of thirty-six years of age. He came out here quietly and without ostentation. He spent a great deal of his time right on the ground, and that to-day the Tampa Mine yields a tonnage of 800 tons a day, and the Smelter treats from 800 to 1000 tons a day against 250 tons when he assumed charge, shows conclusively his ability and aggressiveness. To-day the Tampa Smelter is considered by all smelting men one of the most complete and best-equipped plants in this or any other State. It would take a book to go into details and show in what way this young man wrought changes in the smelter and mine. They were consummated so quickly and with such lack of show or dis play that the people in the camp did not realize what was going on until the reports began to spread that twice the number of men were being employed and the capacity of the plant had almost quadrupled. This smelter and mine, instead of being a drain on the stockholders and those interested in its welfare, soon began to put back into the coffers of the company the money which had been put out for years to keep it running. A couple of months ago Mr. Saxman resigned as manager of the Tampa Smelting Company and the Tintic Alining and Development Company, as all the things mentioned were not done without hard and consistent labor. He is now taking a much-needed rest and shortly will take up his work in other fields. Sociallv Air. Saxman is well known and liked. He is a member of many organizations, both locally and in New Tork City. He resides, when m Salt Lake, at the Alta Club and is also a prominent member of the Commercial Club. In New Tork City he is a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Alining Congress, the Harvard Club and the American Geographical Society of that city. Since Mr. Saxman has been m the city he has made many friends, and his fairness in all matters and the high standard of integrity which he has established in all his dealings have earned for him an enviable reputation. 265 LOUIS D. GORDON LOUIS D. GORDON When one looks around in this Western country and sizes up the conditions, he cannot fail to wonder at the young men; by that is meant those between the ages of twenty-five and thirty, who are holding responsible positions and filling them with the same good judgment and prudence which we would expect from men many years their senior. Especially is this true in the mining industry. Perhaps in no place in the world are there so many young men holding positions of respon sibility as in this inter-mountain region. Mayhap it is because the country where the young men are sent is a virgin one and not the places where older men with families could go with convenience. Not withstanding all this, the fact remains that these positions are held by men still in their "twenties," and the statistics show that some of the most brilliant successes have been achieved by these same boys. Louis D. Gordon, son of George I. Gordon, a retired banker, can be placed in the category of the young men who have been successful in the mining business. Mr. Gordon was born in Nevada on the 23rd of June, 1883. He received his early training in the schools of San Francisco, California, and Annapolis, Aid., at the latter place receiving a training in engineer ing that has fitted him for the work which he took up upon his return to the AVest. During the excitement in Nevada a few years ago, Mr. Gordon was one of the first on the ground, and though still a boy, you might say, he succeeded in consummating many propositions which would have done credit to men with older heads. Especially in the Bound Alountain Mining Company, Mr. Gordon distinguished himself and he is now heavily interested in that property. After the boom had spent its force in that Nevada town, Air. Gor don came to Salt Lake and invested in real estate. Mr. Gordon is interested heavily in several properties in the State, especially in the Tintic and Beaver County sections, whose mines have been some of the best dividend payers in the inter-mountain region. In all his ventures Mr. Gordon has been uniformly successful. He is a hard worker, and, although a young man, he has learned and appreciates the lesson that in the mining industry as well as all others, the road to success is assured if a man works hard and faithfully, and is manly and straightforward in all his dealings. He is, besides being an energetic worker in the Salt Lake Commer cial Club, a member of the famous Montezuma Club of Goldfield, the Alta Club of Salt Lake City, and the New York Athletic Club. Those who have been following his career predict one which will be crowned with success, as he has the stamina, the ambition and all the necessary qualifications which spell success. 267 W. E. JENSEN WIGGO F. JENSEN One of the most experienced creamery men and a recognized authority on everything pertaining to dairying in the world is the subject of this sketch. Mr. Jensen is a native of Germany, and was born at Osterlinnet, Schleswig, November 28, 1871. He is a son of Jacob Jensen, who was of Danish ancestry, and Marie Vieland Jensen. The elder Jensen was a farmer, and also conducted a creamery. 'Young Jensen decided to follow that vocation, and has risen to become one of the leading creamery men in the country. Wiggo F. Jensen was educated in the Skebelund College, Wejen, Denmark, graduating in 1888. He then went back to his father's creamery, where he remained until 1891. He then went to Denver, where he engaged in the produce commission business until 1893. He then went to Superior, Nebraska, and took charge of a creamery where he remained till 1895, going to Beloit, Kansas, where he remained for five years, starting the Jensen Creamery Company. In the spring of 1900 Mr. Jensen went to Topeka, Kansas, where he became vice- president of the Continental Creamery Company, and later assumed the presi dency of the company, it being the largest creamery in the world. During Air. Jensen's residence in Topeka, Kansas, he, with his brother, formed the Jensen Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of dairy machinery, and the leading firm of the kind in the United States. Air. Jensen remained in Topeka until the spring of 1908, when he removed to Salt Lake City, and incorporated the Jensen Creamery Company, with the following officers: W. F. Jensen, presi dent; I. N. Parker, vice-president; A. P. Henningsen, secretary and treasurer; with branches at Pocatello, Idaho, the average output of both places being 3,000,000 pounds of butter per annum, with a capacity doubling that amount. The entire product, including cream, eggs, cheese, and poultry, is purchased from the farmers of Utah and Idaho. It will be seen, therefore, that the Jensen Creamery Company is an important element in the development of our resources and industries. The business of the creamery extends throughout the entire inter-mountain country, and to California, Oregon and Washington. The company gives employment to nearly two hundred men, and does a busi ness of over a million dollars a year. Mr. Jensen was married June 24, 1901, to Matilda R. Brandt, of Kansas, and they have one son, Ethelbert W. Jensen. Mr. Jensen is president of the Jensen Creamery Company of Utah and Idaho, secretary and treasurer of the Reno Creamery Company of Nevada, director of the Jensen Alanufacturing Company of Topeka, Kansas, and a director in the Western Printing and Publishing Company of Topeka. Mr. Jensen is a member of the Commercial Club of Salt Lake City, and of the Commercial Club of Topeka, and was its president at one time. He is also a member of the B. P. O. E., the Odd Fellows, the Masonic Fraternity, and the Saturday Night Club of Topeka, Kansas. He resides at 1203 Third Avenue, Salt Lake City. 269 ARTHUR A. SWEET ARTHUR ALONZO SWEET Among the younger generation of business men of Utah there is none more prominent and progressive than the subject of this sketch, who has been very prominently identified with the growth and develop ment of the resources of Utah for the past thirteen years, and who has achieved the success and distinction in his endeavors that seldom come to a man of his years. Arthur A. Sweet was born at Ellsworth, Ellsworth County, Kan sas, January 10, 1881. He is a son of Alfred A. Sweet, retired mer chant of that city, and his mother was Mary Sweet. Air. Sweet received his earl}- education in the schools of his native city and at the Rus sell High School, at Russell, Kansas. At the age of fifteen he came to Salt Lake City, and has been very successful since his arrival. He was the promoter and organizer of the Independent Coal and Coke Company, which concern is at present shipping eight hundred tons of coal per day. He is also general manager and a director of the Con solidated Fuel Company, one of the largest in the West. This com pany is now shipping three thousand tons of coal per day, and has opened up the largest coal field in Utah. Mr. Sweet is also general manager of tlie Southern Utah Railway, which is twenty-one and one- half miles in length, running from Price, Utah, into Emery County, Utah, opening up a large coal and farming community that will in time yield great wealth to the people interested, and will be of ines timable benefit to the citizens of Utah in the development of the great mineral resources of the State. Mr. Sweet is also prominently identi fied with numerous other companies of the inter-mountain country. Air. Sweet was married August 31, 1900, to Miss Frances Mary Wade, and two children have been born to them, namely: Marcella and Harold Arthur Sweet. He has never held any political office, being too busy with his numerous industrial enterprises to bother with politics. Air. Sweet is a member of Lincoln Lodge, Knights of Pythias, also of the Commercial and Automobile clubs of Salt Lake City, and the American Alining Congress, and he resides at 853 First Avenue, Salt Lake City. Air. Sweet, though one of the youngest business men of Utah, has shown executive ability and good business judgment in all of his under takings, and a prosperous and successful future is predicted for him. There is much to develop in the inter-mountain country and plenty of work for the younger business men to do, and no doubt Air. Sweet will yet be heard from in larger undertakings than he has yet attempted. 271 AUGUST ROLAND AUGUST ROLAND August Roland, president and treasurer of the Murray Meat and Live Stock Company, was born and educated in Germany, and emi grated to this country in 1871. Mr. Roland followed in the footsteps of his father, who was a successful dealer in live stock in the old country, and it was from him that August inherited his universal knowledge of that industry. It is doubtful if there is a man in the inter-mountain country with a more practical knowledge of the meat and live stock business than Mr. Roland. He first settled in Grand Rapids, Michigan, engaging in the wholesale meat business, and remained there until 1881. He next furnished the Denver & Rio Grande and Colorado Midland railroads with beef during the completion of their contracts for construction, which kept him busy until 1889. He then came to Salt Lake City, secured a partner and started in the wholesale meat business, under the firm name of Roland and Sampson. This enterprise lasted two years. In the meantime Mr. Roland held a flock of sheep on tlie Utah range near Grand Junction, and on account of the tariff being taken off wool on the passage of the Wilson bill during President Cleveland's administration, Mr. Roland sustained a loss of about two dollars per head, which proved quite a setback to him. As he had about thirty-two thousand head of sheep, he lost a fortune. However, with rare courage, he returned to Salt Lake and started the Murray Meat and Live Stock Company in 1893. Since then the plant has been improved and shows equipment and sanitary conditions unsurpassed by any of the big packing houses in the East. The company does its own slaughtering, the cattle coming from the principal cattle raising sections of the inter-mountain country. Every animal bought is inspected before and after slaughter, in accord ance with the strictest inspection regulations, and any that do not pass the most rigid inspection are condemned. The plant is always open to inspection by visitors, which has always been encouraged and invited. Mr. Roland in a marked degree is a man of courage and determina tion, with perseverance and an earnest endeavor to succeed in business and to do what is right by everybody. He is a man of practical ideas, and through his business experience and travel and observation, he has become a man of broad general information and of progressive views, and has made an untarnished record in all his business con nections. Socially he has a happy faculty of making friends and enjoy ing their respect and esteem. 273 P. S. HATCH . FRED S. HATCH Prominent in the affairs of one of the chief industries of the State, few men are better known in Western business circles than Fred S. Hatch. As general manager of the Inter-mountain Packing Company of Salt Lake City, Utah, he has a large acquaintance, not only among stock men, but in the commercial world at large. Mr. Hatch is a native of New York and was born at Portville, that State, December 24, 1869. He is a son of George AV. Hatch, a farmer, born at Farmersville, New York, and Livera A. Stevens Hatch of Geneseo, New York. Air. Hatch was educated at Portville Academy and at AVestbrook College, Olean, N. Y., where he graduated in 1889. After leaving school he became a bookkeeper for J. S. Bishop & Son, Olean, N. Y., and afterwards became connected with W. H. Granger & Company, whole sale grocers at Buffalo, N. Y. While employed with this firm, his business ability attracted the attention of F. B. Keeney, a large dealer in hay and grain, who secured the services of Mr. Hatch as his pur chasing agent at Belvidere, N. Y. Mr. Hatch held this position for five years, until 1894, when he purchased a farm in Wyoming County from Air. Keeney. His next venture was in the mercantile- business in Eden, Erie County, N. Y., where he continued until 1898. In this year he removed to Olean, N. Y., where he was in business until April 12, 1902. Entering the employ of Armour & Co. as a salesman, in 1902, he rose rapidly in the estimation of the firm, and in July, 1903, was placed in charge of the extensive interests of the Armours at Boise, Idaho. Here he remained until 1905, when he was transferred to Portland, Oregon, and placed in charge of the branch there. His next move was to Butte, Mont., where he remained until 1906, when at his own request he was sent to Salt Lake City as manager of the Armour interests. He held this position until August, 1907, when he was placed in charge of the house at Oakland, Cal., remaining there until August 1, 1908, at which time he returned to Salt Lake •City. In December of the same year, the Inter-Mountain Packing Company, a Utah corporation, seek ing for a man of thorough business and executive ability was fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Hatch as general manager, which posi tion he holds at the present time. Organized in the fall of 1905 as the Utah Packing Company, the Inter-Mountain Packing Company is purely a home industry, the officers of which include some of the State 's most progressive capitalists. Its officers when the company assumed its present title were: James A. Eldredge, president; D. L. Evans, vice-president; C. R. Long, sec retary; W. S. McCornick, treasurer, and F. A. Danielson, manager. The present officers are: James A. Eldredge of Bountiful, Utah, president; D. L. Evans, Malad, Ida., vice-president; AV. S. McCornick, Salt Lake, treasurer; O. O. Whitney, Salt Lake, secretary; F. S. Hatch, general manager. The directors are James A. Eldredge, D. L. Evans, James H. Moyle, J. C. Leary, George C. Crawford, William Mclntyre, Samuel Mclntyre, George C. Whitmore and W. S. McCornick. 275 JOHN ROUNDY JOHN ROUNDY John Roundy is a type of the practical mining man who has won success through his own ability as a good mining man. He is one of Jesse Knight's most valued men, and has been instrumental in devel oping more valuable properties in the Tintic district than any other man. John Roundy was born May 18, 1864, at Springville, Utah. His father, Loren H. Roundy, was a farmer and stock raiser, and his mother was Jane Koyle Roundy. Young Roundy was educated in the public schools of Springville, and his future knowledge was gained by practical experience with the world. Mr. Roundy is interested in the numerous Knight properties and superintendent of same at Tintic. He has been interested in mining matters since he was seventeen years of age, and has operated in Nevada, Arizona and Utah, and at the present time is holding some good properties in Nevada. Among the noted mines that are good producers and valuable properties in the Tintic district that Air. Roundy developed and assisted in the development of, are the Humbug, the Beck Tunnel, the Iron Blossom, the Colorado, the Black Jack and Uncle Sam. On February 14, 1889, Mr. Roundy was married to Eleanor McEwan, and to them have been born seven children ; namely : Nellie, John M., Amanda, lone, Clayton Fern, Bert Lincoln, and Lorin H. (deceased). He is a member of the Commercial Club of Provo, and resides with his family at 146 South Academy Avenue in one of the finest residences in Provo. 277 R. C. GEMMELL ROBERT C. GEMA1ELL Among the mining engineers who have achieved success and distinction in their chosen profession, none stand out more conspicuously, nor have accom plished more in real development work in this and other countries, than has Robert Campbell Gemmell, resident of Salt Lake City and at present occupy ing the important position of general superintendent of the Utah Copper Com pany's interests in Utah. Mr. Gemmell was born at Port Alatilda, Pennsyl vania, July 5, 1863, a son of Robert Brown and Anna Eliza Campbell Gemmell. The elder Gemmell was a railroad man of prominence and was superintendent of the telegraph service of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, and as a youth was employed by the Pennsylvania Railroad, in the service of the late Thomas Scott. R. C. Gemmell finished his education at the University of Alichigan, from which institution he received two degrees, one of Bachelor of Science in civil engineering in 1884, and the other of Civil Engineer in 1895. From 1884 until 1890, Mr. Gemmell was employed in the engineering department of the A. T. & S. F. Railroad, surveying and constructing some of its branch railway lines. From 1890 until the summer of 1893 he was engaged in the practice of hydrau lic and mining engineering in the Northwest, in the States of Oregon, AVash ington, and Idaho. Mr. Gemmell came to Salt Lake City in November, 1893, and since then has been actively identified in the mining world and its develop ment. Mr. Gemmell was engineer for Captain De La Alar from 1896 until 1901, having charge of his engineering work in a general way, and making examina tions of properties in various parts of the country. In 1901 Air. Gemmell went to Mexico as general manager of the Mexican Alining Syndicate and during his stay there examined and developed a number of mining properties, remain ing with that company for about two years. He was then employed by the Guggenheim Exploration Company, and examined and developed some of their properties in Mexico during the following two years. In 1905 Air. Gemmell 's services were retained by a New Tork syndicate of capitalists, and he was sent to Spain for the purpose of examining some gold mining properties in their interests. Mr. Gemmell then returned to Salt Lake City, and on January 1, 1906, assumed the position he now occupies as general superintendent of the Utah Copper Company. Mr. Gemmell was a member of the city council of Salt Lake City, and was for two terms, from 1898 to 1901, inclusive, State engineer of Utah. He is a member of the Alta Club and the Country Club of Salt Lake City, Utah ; also of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Alining Engineers, and the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America. Air. Gem mell was married October 17, 1888, to Aliss Belle E. Anderson, and they reside at the Bransford apartments, Salt Lake City. 279 A. W. SCOTT ( SCOTT MINES CO.) THE SCOTT MINES COMPANY The Scott Mines Company, while a Nevada corporation, has on its Board of Directors a number of Salt Lake City business men whose standing in the community is such that they have the unbounded confidence of their associates. This company was organized October 30, 1908, with an authorized capital of 5,000,000 shares of the par value of $1 per share. It is organized as a holding company, with all of the stock in the treasury. The purpose of organization was to finance and secure control of the Boston & Pioche Mining Company, the Rawhide Northern Mines Company, and other companies through the exchange of stock. The members of the Board of Directors are: A. W. Scott, president and treasurer; R. Van Buggenhoudt, vice-president and secretary; Emile M. Maertens, T. A. Snyder, J. L. Scott, Judge J. W. Burton and P. C. Richmond. Mr. A. W. Scott, president and treasurer of the company, is a very well-known man in the mining world because of his success in a number of mining enterprises in Nevada to which he pinned his faith. The properties controlled by the Scott Mines Company, without liabilities, are the following : The Boston & Pioche Mining Company, operating in Pioche. Nevada; the Rawhide Northern Consolidated Mines Company, operating in Rawhide, Nevada; the Pioche & Arizona Copper & Gold Mining Company, operating in Bouse, Arizona. Among other Nevada holdings, the Scott Mines Company owns the Baby Fraction, in Ely, Nevada. The Boston & Pioche Mining Company's property at Pioche, owned by this company, comprises the following: Yuba East Mine, the Boss Mine, the Nevada Homestake, North Pole, North Pole Fraction, East Peavine, Simpson, Boston, Massachusetts, Fannie, and Mary Ann, all of which constitute the Pioche group. These holdings cover approximately one mile on the famous Yuba Dike. The Boston & Pioche Mining Company owns also, in the Highland Mining District, the following properties: Mollie Gibson, Augustine, Fargo, Great West, Great Western, Hottentot, West Yuba, and a. one-quarter interest in the Florence group, comprising the Florence, Florence No. -2, Florence No. 3 and Florence No. 4. In the Ely Mining District, the Boston & Pioche Mining Company owns the Louise, adjoining the Prince Consolidated Mining Company, and the Mazeppi Fraction. In the Bristol Mining District it owns the MeFadden Mine, and 158 acres of water land, which is patented. Since the Scott Mines Company acquired these properties development work has been carried forward night and day. Ore is being extracted and placed in the bins. They are developing the ore bodies, but are not extracting the ores save in development work. They purpose to sink to the 1,000-foot level, and will ship steadily as soon as shipments are begun. The property now being developed by the Scott Mines Company is on the same strike as- the famous Yuba East Mine, which has produced $40,000,000. The same porphyry that produced this ore is on the Scott Mines Company's holdings. The Boston & Pioche Mining Company is fully equipped with modern power machinery, air compressor, air drills, blacksmith shop, carpenter shop, sawmill, a boarding house and sleeping quarters for thb men. In Rawhide the Scott Mines Company owns the control of the Rawhide Northern Con solidated Mines Company, incorporated for $2,000,000, which owns twelve claims in Esme ralda and Elko counties, Nevada, and owns all the stock of the Last Chance Mining & Leasing Company, and a majority of the stock of the Rawhide Northern Mining Company. The first named company of this group owns the Alta Fraction, and Leases Nos. 1, 2 and 4 on the Last Chance Company's ground in Rawhide. The lease extends three years from this date, and all of the stock was taken over by the Rawhide Northern Consolidated Mines Company, which is now developing the property. The Morrissey Lease is fully equipped with modern machinery. Excellent values in gold are found in the 300-foot shaft, which is timbered throughout. About 335 feet of work has been done on this level'. Leases 2 and 4 are being explored. The Scott Mines Company is also interested in the Rawhide Northern Mines Company, owning 59 acres of ground, all lying in the heart of the gold- bearing region. This ground is being developed by leasers, who have agreed to go to a depth of 550 feet. Rawhide has four mills in operation and one under construction. A railroad is graded and steel is being laid. It will connect Rawhide with Shurz, on tho Goldfield branch of the Southern Pacific. The company building the road proposes to build a 400-ton custom mill at Walker Lake, on this line, for Rawhide ores, and available ores now on the dump will be treated more economically than could be done heretofore. The Scott Mines Company recently acquired control of the Pioche & Arizona Copper & Gold Mining Company, owning six claims in Bouse Mining District, Arizona, known as the Heart's Desire group. This property is in the lower foothills of the Plumosa Range, five miles west of Bouse, and two and one-half miles south of the A. & C. Railway, a branch of the Santa Fe A wagon road connects the mines with the railroad. Surface indications on this property indicate an enormous copper deposit. A general sample of the ore shoots exposed, taken across the vein for a distance of 400 feet, gave returns of 20% copper and $6.80 per ton gold. The Scott Mines _ Company has begun active work on this property recently with a view to getting it into shipping condition. From these details it may be seen that the Scott Mines Company, under the management of its president, who is also its general manager, will certainly make good and prove itself one of the most successful mining companies in the West. 281 ^su** HE territory comprised within the State of Idaho was the last in the Union to be trod den by the foot of the white man. Originally claimed by Spain under her claim to the whole of the New World, and lying between what was later acknowledged Spanish terri tory on the south and the territory on the north claimed first by France and later held by England, it was not reached by the early Spanish explorations which in the two and a half centuries follow ing the voyages of Columbus penetrated some part of the country now included in each State south of the forty- second parallel and west of the Mississippi River. Following Magellan's passage around South America in 1520, the wave of exploration quickly rolled up the west ern coast of the New World, and was soon followed, at first by a few and later by increasing numbers of trading vessels intent on barter with the natives. But this wave rolled back from the rugged coast line like the ebb of the tide or the retreat of the great storm waves baffled and broken after flinging themselves in impotent fury against the rocky barrier. These traders barely touched the coast, their penetration of the interior being confined to finding some sheltered inlet affording safe anchorage for the ship while bartering with the inhabitants of the coast and such tribes as came down from the interior for that pur pose. These men never passed even the Cascade Range, and that any of them ever saw any portion of the present State of Idaho is improbable. The real explorers of the interior of that part of the North . American continent now included in the United States and Canada were the French and French Canadian "voyageurs," those hardy men of the lake, stream and forest who at first under French, and later under English auspices and leadership, came by the way of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, and traversed the continent from the mouth of the Mississippi to that of the McKenzie, and from Newfoundland to Vancouver. Sometimes they went as missionaries, fired with religious zeal; more often 283 as trappers bent on obtaining by any means at their command the wealth of furs this great region then afforded. Both by training and by habit they were travelers by water rather than by land. They were expert in the building and handling of the canoes and light boats so well adapted to the navigation of the rivers and lakes so numerous in the interior of the continent, especially in the region of the Great Lakes and the vast expanse of country to the west and northwest of them. They so much preferred traveling by water that it was only with great reluctance and when the point desired could not be reached in any other way, that they could be induced to travel overland. From the northern shores of Lake Superior there is, through a marvelous network of lakes and rivers, an almost unbroken water route northwest down the McKenzie to the Arctic Ocean, and up the Peace and Athabaska, western tributaries of the McKenzie, and the two branches of the Saskatchewan, falling ultimately into Hudson's Bay, to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. This fact, coupled with the other important one that the animals whose furs were most sought were more numerous and more easily caught along the. streams than away from them, accounts for the deflection of the early explorations from this source to the northwest instead of going directly west across the continent in the latitude of Idaho. Thus it happened that Idaho, walled in on "the east, west and north by giant mountains, and penetrated only by rivers flowing to the Pacific and the Great Salt Lake, was passed by, while the continent was crossed and recrossed both north and south of it. Many Spanish expeditions from the time of the bombastic Balboa had reached the Pacific overland, but none of them north of the Bay of San Francisco. Alexander McKenzie, in the employ of the Northwest Fur Company, after having in 1789 first explored to the Arctic Ocean the river which has since borne his name, started late in 1792 from his base at Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabaska in an endeavor to reach the Pacific. He proceeded up Peace River, and, after wintering 500 miles to the southwest, where the party almost perished from cold, he continued up the river and by a short portage across the Rockies and down a tributary of the Frazer and the main stream itself to near the Blackwater, u. branch coming in from the west, thence overland to the Pacific at North Bentinck Arm. He returned by the same route, arriving at Fort Chipewyan in September. The early accounts of many regions are largely traditional, . and in them a little truth is so blended with fable or gross exaggeration that it is often a difficult matter to winnow the kernels of historical fact from the chaff in which they are concealed. This is true of Idaho, but in u comparatively small degree only. The first mention of the Rocky Mountains in the latitude of Idaho is found in La Hontan's account of his pretended "journey up the long river'' in 1688. He tells of having met four men who informed him they lived in "the country farthest to the north and west then known, and beyond moun tains six leagues broad, and so high one must cast an infinity of windings and turnings before he can cross them," and that their principal river "runs a great way westward" and empties into a vast salt lake. It is supposed the "long river" is tlie Missouri, the mountains one of the numerous ranges of the Rocky Mountains and "the river flowing west" the Columbia or possibly the Colorado. The first Europeans to see the Rocky Mountains in this latitude were undoubtedly the members of Verendrye's party of French and Canadian explorers, traders and hunters, who, having proceeded . westward from Lake Superior to a distance much greater than that at which they expected to find the moun tains, were in January, 1743, confronted by the rugged, snowy ranges of western Montana, and, despairing of reaching by that route the ocean they were seeking, turned south and east, returning by the way of the Yellowstone River. It is probable that the first white man who set foot on the soil of Idaho was one of those adventurous fur traders or trappers who pushed out far in advance as the Hudson Bay and Northwest companies extended their operations across the continent. Most 284 of these men were of French descent, many of them halfbreeds, and after they became engaged in this work they knew no home but the wilderness. They took Indian wives, lived among the Indians, and to u large extent adopted the Indian mode of life. But they left no story of their travels, no description of the new regions visited. Trained to reticence along this line, and to deception if too closely questioned, they never told what they had found, for the reason that each desired to preserve for himself or his company the desirable new hunting and trapping grounds he had discovered. Consequently they do not count, either as a matter of history or so far as the world of to-day is concerned. Eliminating these trappers and fur traders, it remained for the Lewis and Clarke government exploring expedition of 1805-06 to first penetrate this region of towering moun tains, vast forests, extensive plains, dark, silent lakes and mighty rushing rivers, and give the story to the world. Having passed the winter of 1804-05 on the Missouri River near where Bismarck, North Dakota, now stands, the Lewis and Clarke party of thirty-two persons proceeded up the river to the junction of Horse Prairie Creek with Reed Rock Creek, between where the towns of Red Rock and Dillon, Montana, now are. Here the canoes were abandoned, and, horses having been bought from the Indians, they advanced over practically the present Salmon stage route up Horse Prairie-. Creek, crossing what is now the Idaho State line on the ridge of the divide and down Agency Creek, emerging into Lemhi valley near where Fort Lemhi was later built. Thus did the first white men who have left their story to posterity enter the State of Idaho. Their course was north down the Lemhi, their intention being to follow the stream until they reached the Columbia. When the rapids below Salmon City were encountered a party was sent by land to explore the river further down. They reported it impassable for canoes. The attempt was then made to follow the Salmon by land, but after a trial of two or three days the country became so rugged the horses could go no further and this, too, had to be given up. With difficulty the party found its way over the Bitter Root Mountains north of Slioup, went down the Bitter Root valley to the Lolo Fork, thence up that stream, over the Lolo pass, and, proceeding between the North and Middle Forks of the Clearwater, emerged into the prairie. At the junction of the North Fork of the Clearwater with the main stream they constructed canoes and embarked on the river on their way to the mouth of the Columbia. The party had entered Idaho at the head of Agency Creek on the 12th of August, and it was the 10th of October when their canoes crossed the western boundary at the junction of the Clearwater and the Snake. They had traversed only territory now embraced in the counties of Lemhi, Idaho and Nez Perce. In May and June of 1806 Lewis and Clarke were again on the Clearwater, on the return trip. They did not touch Lemhi County on the return, following the Nez Perce or Lolo trail over Lqlo pass and almost directly east by way of the Blaekfoot River, reaching tlie Missouri River north of where Helena now is. Lewis and Clarke found the Indians of Idaho in possession of articles of European manufacture, which had been obtained mostly from trading vessels along the coast, and had been passed in barter from tribe to tribe until they had reached this remote region. As time went on the number of traders and trappers who visited the countiy year by year increased, as the fur trade of the interior of the continent gradually pushed west ward over the mountains. In 1809 the trading post of Fort Henry was built on the Henry or North Fork of the Snake in Fremont County. It was the first footing estab lished by white men in what is now Idaho, and has the distinction of being the first post planted, by citizens of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. It was built by Agent Henry for the Missouri Fur Company, but, owing to Indian hostilities, was aban doned in 1810. In 1811 Astor's Pacific Fur Company established a, fort at Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, and several' at' interior points in Washington and Oregon. The war of 1812 stopped all American activity in the Northwest, and everything American, including 285 Astoria, was taken possession of by the English and the English fur companies, and the authority of the United States was not re-established until 1818. Within the next fifteen years the American fur companies and traders and trappers from the United States traversed the country each year and the fur trade grew to enormous proportions. But little of historical value concerning this period has come down to us in authentic form. In 1834 Nathaniel J. Wyeth established a settlement at Fort Hall, fhe first permanent white settlement in Idaho. The first location was on .the south side of the Portneuf River not far from the Snake, but was soon changed to the east bank of the Snake, just above the mouth of the Portneuf. This was the location of the famous old Fort Hall of early Idaho history. Many years later the location was again changed to the one ten miles east of Blackfoot, which was in turn abandoned only four or five years ago for the present site at Rossfork. Located at the crossing of the Oregon trail and the later route from Utah to Montana, and being also the point of divergence from the Oregon trail of the early route to California, Fort Hall assumed great importance, becoming one of the most prominent posts in all the inter-mountain region. For more than a generation it was a haven of rest and a, port of safety for the weary traveler, emigrant and hunter, jaded and worn with the hardships of desert or mountain travel, or perhaps suffering from hunger, or despoiled and threatened by savage foes. On this trip Wyeth's party twice met that of the picturesque Bonneville, the "Bald Chief," as he was called by the Indians — once in Bannock County near where Soda Springs now is, and later in the Grand Ronde valley, in eastern Oregon. In 1836 Rev. H. H. Spaulding, a Presbyterian missionary, established, under the auspices of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, a mission post and school at Lapwai in the beautiful valley of a tributary of the Clearwater, about twelve miles east of where Lewis- ton now stands. This was the first mission in the State, and here was set up and used the first printing press in Idaho. In the same year the Hudson Bay Company established Fort Boise on the west bank of the Snake, just above the mouth of the Boise River. Fort Boise was located on neutral ground, and was for ten years an important post, being the annual meeting place of the Indians for 500 miles in every direction for the purpose of trading and indulging in the horse-racing and athletic contests of which they were pas sionately fond. This fort was abandoned in 1847. For eighteen years following the expedition of Fremont through the State in 1843 thousands of emigrants, gold-seekers and adventurers passed through the State over the Oregon and California trails, but few of them settled in it. In fact, the country now embraced within the State was practically without population until 1860, when placer gold was discovered on the Clearwater by a party of prospectors consisting of Hiram Pierce and five companions. That the State was slow in settling is not to be wondered at when the conditions then existing are considered. The impression of Idaho that was obtained by the traveler at this period over the old Oregon emigrant road must have been a good deal like that forced upon the passenger on an Oregon Short Line train between Poeatello and the western limits of the State in the first fifteen years of the opferation of that road. Both saw for the most part, as a foreground, a dreary waste of sand and sagebrush, with here and there jagged outcrops of basaltic rock and an occasional curi ously split lava island, while the background consisted of the distant rim of enclosing mountains, sometimes so far away as to be scarcely discernible above the horizon. It was not an alluring prospect, not such as to invite the emigrant to plant himself there to rear a home. It is true, that was not the real Idaho, but the fact that the main roads and later the principal railroads across the State traversed the treeless and almost waterless sage plain of the Snake delayed the agricultural development of the State a generation. The man, for instance, in Fremont's time— or for twenty-five years after, for that matter— who would have suggested that the great Snake River would one day 287 be diverted from the bottom of its 600-foot canyon and spread upon the plain, and that the vast desolate wastes of sand would be covered with fields of waving grass and grain, with smiling gardens and bending orchards, and dotted with thriving cities, would doubt less have been considered a fit subject for an insane asylum. What may be called the modern history of Idaho begins with the gold discovery on the Clearwater heretofore mentioned. The following account covering the gold rush and the organization of the Territory • is from an Idaho official publication by the State Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics : "From this time (1860) until 1868, when Idaho was carved into its 'present form by the Federal Government, historic events came so thick and fast that the minds of the. historians have become somewhat confused, and scarcely two of them can be found who agree. The principal features, however, are matters of record that cannot be destroyed, and they provide some very interesting reading. The great rush of miners, propectors, traders, gamblers, and fortune-seekers of all classes and from all countries that followed the discovery of gold in 1860 has but few comparisons in the world's history of mineral discoveries. The overflow from the gold diggings of California, which were discovered ten years previous, and where a horde of people had congregated from all parts of the world, all flocked to the Idaho diggings. Many had been unfortunate in their California venture; some had become homesick and left as a sort of relief; others followed the throng simply through the spirit of adventure, while others were out strictly for gain; and it is not to be wondered at, when one considers the exciting conditions under which this crowded mass was drawn together, the manner in which they lived, the nervous strain that was con stantly over them, that more or less tragedy crept into the events, and many accounts of tragic bravery and hardships have been recorded. The countiy wTas in the hands of this population when, on March 3, 1863, the Federal Government organized a Territory comprising all that is now embraced in the States of Idaho and Montana, and including most of Wyoming, and named it Idaho. It had an area of more than 300,000 square miles, and was born into the world surrounded by most exciting conditions, and embracing a country that was filling the minds of the world with wonder and amazement. Important events quickly followed the organization of the Territory. The mining industry had become permanently fixed in this region and was yielding millions in gold. Settlements sprang up at favorable points in the valleys along the streams. Trading points were established, great stocks of merchandise of all kinds were shipped into the country, and the foundations of what are now prosperous cities and towns were laid. New gold fields were being discovered on all sides and the population was shifting from one point to another, following the richest diggings. The great gravel bars, with their rich deposits, that were being worked in the Boise basin were yielding up millions in gold, and were attracting the greatest population of any point in the State. The vote in Idaho City at the presidential election in the fall of 1864 exceeded 16,000. A great, eager, wandering crowd of miners, prospectors and adventurers had come into the country from every section of the Union." Lewiston was designated the capital until the Territorial legislature should determine otherwise, and the first legislature, consisting of but twenty members, met there in November, 1863. As the Boise basin section of the Territory was already the most populous, the fight for the removal of the capital to Boise was begun at the first session of the legislature. It failed at that time, but was renewed on the convening of the legis lature a year later, passed and signed by the governor. Lewiston resorted to litigation, some of which developed some humorous features, to prevent the removal, but it was finally accomplished. The feeling between the northern and southern sections of the State, growing out of this contest, and others over matters that arose later, was acute for many years, but happily it has now practically disappeared. In 1868 Idaho was reduced to its present form and size by an act of Congress creating the Territories of Montana and Wyoming. After the country east of the main range of the Rocky Mountains was thus cut off, Idaho consisted of seven counties, viz: Nez Perce, Sho shone, Idaho, Boise, Alturas, Owyhee and Oneida. In 1864-65 Idaho was the center of attraction through all the West, owing to the numerous rich placer discoveries. In the half dozen years succeeding there was u, great influx of people into the Territory, many of whom had seen service in the Civil War, and many agricultural settlements sprang up. In this period many rich quartz discoveries were also made, and new mining camps came into existence. This increase of population led to numerous county divisions, until the number of counties has grown from seven, in 1864, to twenty-three in 1909, the last two to be 'created being Bonner and Twin Falls, in 1908. The former is the northernmost county in the State, and was created by detaching a portion of Kootenai, while the latter was formerly the western end of Cassia County, and was made possible by the great Twin Falls irrigation project. Idaho was admitted to the Union July 3, 1890, adding the forty-fifth star to the flag. Hon. Geo. L. Shoup was at that time Territorial governor, and he continued in the office until the first State legislature met, when he resigned and was elected to the United States Senate. Hon. Norman B. Willey was appointed to fill the unexpired term of Governor Shoup, and he held the office until January 1, 1893, when he was succeeded by Hon. J. W. McConneU, who had been elected for the regular term. Since the admission to statehood the growth and development of Idaho have been steady and rapid. The population of Idaho, as shown by the Federal census of 1870, was 15,000; in 1880 it was 32,000; in 1890, 84,000; in 1900, 162,000, and it is believed at this time to be not far from the 300,000 mark, as the growth from immigration alone has been for some years past at the rate of about 15,000 annually. Up to 1900 the population of Idaho was almost wholly rural, and it is still largely so, but in the past nine years the urban population has increased at an astonishing rate. Boise has grown from 5"000 to more than 20,000, Lew iston from a, few hundreds to 10,000, Idaho Falls from 1200 to 8000, while near Shoshone Falls, in the plain where six years ago there was not a sign of civilization, nothing but an expanse of sagebrush as far as the vision extended in every direction, now stands Twin Falls, a well-built, substantial city of more than 5000 people. Poeatello, Nampa, Caldwell, Coeur d'Alene, Payette, Blackfoot and other cities have made a fine growth, while scores of prosperous villages have sprung into existence. The rural growth is shown by the vote of Kootenai County. In 1904 the total was 5608, while in 1908 it was 11,451 in the same territory, the county having meantime been divided. Idaho has an area of 84,600 square miles, 510 of which are covered by the waters of lakes, the largest of which are Bear, Pend D'Oreille, Coeur d'Alene and Priest's lakes. The State lies in the form of an irregular triangle, the longest dimension from north to south measuring 487 miles, while the breadth from east to west along the southern border is 309 miles, and on the northern boundary forty-eight miles. Owing to the extremely rough and mountainous character of the central portion of the State, wliich has not yet been pierced by a north and south railroad, the routes of travel from the southern to the "pan handle" or extreme northern part of the State are circuitous, thus accentuating the really great length of the State from north to south. A facetious individual once remarked that "Idaho is bounded on the south by the forty-second parallel and on the north by the aurora borealis," an assertion that any one who has ever traveled from Oneida or Bear Lake counties to Bonner is not disposed to dispute. The largest county in the State is Idaho County, of which Grangeville is the county seat. It has an area of 10,800 square miles. The smallest is Bear Lake with an area of 864 square miles. Idaho presents many striking physical features. With the exception of a small section in the southeastern part of the State, drained by the Bear River and its tributaries into the Great Salt*Lake, the entire area of the State slopes as a whole to the west and is drained 289 into the Pacific through the Columbia and its affluents The State s as it W the uppei portion of the western roof of the continent, the comb of the roof being the Bitter Root ranoe of mountains, wliich forms the greater part of the eastern boundary of the State, and for Cch of that distance also forms" the continental divide, separating the waters flowing to the Atlantic from those flowing to the Pacific. As would follow from this condition, the lowest point in the State is found at Lewiston, on the western border, at the confluence of the Clearwater and the Snake, where the elevation above sea eve I is but ,50 feet while the crest of the Bitter Root range on the eastern border is about 10,000 feet The Sawtooth, the highest interior range, approximates 12,000 feet, Mt. Hyndman, the highest peak, reach ing an elevation of 12,078 feet. Considered from the standpoint of its physical features, the State naturally divides itself into two divisions, roughly separated by a line irregularly drawn across the State from east to west between the forty-fourth and the forty-fifth parallels. The northern sec tion is in the main a region of mountain, lake and forest, with in some parts deep, fer tile valleys, in others a country of low, rolling hills, well adapted to the raising of grain, and in vet others a semi-prairie country originally covered with grass and dotted with ornves of forest trees. The mountains are almost everywhere wooded to their summits, and on their lower slopes the same splendid timber which has made Oregon and Wash ington famous, is abundant. In the counties of Idaho, Nez Perce, Shoshone, Latah and Kootenai is what is said to be the largest and finest virgin forest of white pine timber now known in the world. There are also millions of acres of pine, fir, cedar, tamarack and hem lock timber that are less accessible, but will be drawn up when the need arises. In this section of the State are also located the great lead and silver mines — lead mines that sup- ply half the lead product of the United States. The mineralized region ofj Idaho is very large, covering thousands of square miles, most of which is practically unprospected, and those best informed on the geology of the State predict the opening in this new region of some of the greatest gold and. silver mines in the world. One feature that especially distinguishes this section of the State from the southern section is the more abundant rainfall which is iii most parts of it sufficient for the produc tion of crops without irrigation. In some localities the precipitation reaches thirty-five inches and over most of the section exceeds eighteen inches, against a precipitation in the southern section of from seven to twelve or fifteen inches. This condition is accounted for by the configuration of the land and the prevailing warm ocean winds. These bring the mois ture from tlie Pacific over tlie lower land to the west, and on approaching the higher and cooler mountain region the moisture is condensed and falls as rain or snow. The high interior mountain ranges intervening thus reduce the rainfall of the southern section. The most distinctive, the most striking, and to the student of the phenomena of nature perhaps the most interesting, portion of Idaho is that great southern and southeastern section known as the Snake River valley and especially its central part, known as the Snake River plain, formerly called the "Snake River desert." The Snake is the one great river of Idaho. It drains not only all the southern section of the State, except a small area in the southeastern corner, but much of the northern section as well, its drainage basin including about seven-eighths of the State. Having its sources in the perpetual snows of the lofty mountains in and about the Yellowstone National Park, and flowing in a great semi-circle, concave to the north, through or touching the eastern, southern, and western portions of the State for more than 600 miles, this stream is at once the State's greatest wonder and the life and vivifying power of the vast arid plain on either side. Its course in Idaho until the mouth of the Weiser is reached is through a generally level plain, varying in width from fifty to 100 miles and flanked by rugged moun tains. In this plain is located most of the irrigated land of the State, and it is also the scene of the stupendous irrigating projects now under way and others in contemplation. From an elevation of about 2000 feet at the western border of the State the great plain of the Snake gradually rises to an elevation in the Teton basin on the Wyoming line of 6000 feet. At Milner, Cassia County, the point of diversion for the Twin Falls North and South side canals, the river, whose banks to this point have been generally low, enters the famous canyon, and in the next thirty miles makes a descent of over 1000 feet, the three princi pal falls being Twin Falls, Shoshone Falls and Auger Falls, their respective heights being 134 feet, 210 feet and 139 feet. These falls, with other falls and rapids of less height along the stream both above and below, afford the finest and greatest power sites in the United States, Niagara alone excepted. Extensive power plants are now in operation at Idaho Falls, American Falls, Shoshone Falls and Swan Falls, with several others under construction or in contemplation. A few miles below Weiser the river enters one of the 290 most remarkable canyons in the United States, comparable only to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in grandeur, and in some places exceeding it in depth, and flows through it for about 200 miles. In obedience to natural laws the growth and progress of irrigation in this arid section has been along the lines of least resistance. The earliest settlers, having the whole region from which to select, established themselves mainly along the smaller streams where the water could be diverted to fertile lands near at hand with the least labor and expense. In that way the narrow valley and scattered spots of fertile soil at tlie base of the mountains, marking the emergence of the smaller streams from the canyons, were settled, and with them favored spots along the larger streams, including the upper courses of the Snake itself. As settlement progressed opportunities for individual accomplishment in this line became fewer, and for it was substituted community or company effort, many persons uniting in the construction and maintenance of a canal, and sharing the waters it conveyed. In this way lands aggregating hundreds of thousands of acres were brought under water. These operations entirely exhausted the natural flow of many of the smaller streams, while the problem of making available the still abundant waters of some of the larger streams, and especially the Snake, was such a stupendous one that it seemed impossible of solution. Then out of the needs of the situation came the Carey act, and later the national irrigation law, or reclamation act, under which the Government undertakes the irrigation of the land and allows the settler ten years in which to repay the cost. Until after these laws were enacted the only really large and compact irrigated areas in Idaho were those in the upper Snake River valley, from a few miles above St. Anthony to a short distance below Blackfoot, and those along the Boise, Payette and Weiser rivers in western Idaho. Now, however, additional hundreds of thousands of acres of the parched and thirsty desert lands along 500 miles of the winding course of the mighty Snake have yielded up their somber covering of greenish brown sagebrush and substituted for it smiling fields of grass, grain and vegetables, dotted here and there with thriving towns, and the groves, orchards, country homes, schools and churches of a prosperous and happy people. The near future will see wrought on other hundreds of thousands of acres the same transformation, for irrigation in Idaho is yet in its early stages. The Twin Falls, North and South sides, Minidoka, American Falls, Marsh Creek, Glenn's Ferry and Clover Creek projects, which have been practically completed and settled since the passage of the Carey and reclamation acts, cover 700,000 acres. Then the Payette-Boise, Big Wood River, Richfield and Salmon River tracts, all approaching completion, cover 500,000 acres more, while projects on which work has begun or will begin soon are the Big Lost River, Twin Falls- Bruneau, West End Twin Falls, Owyhee, Goose Creek, Raft River, and many' others, aggregating probably 1,000,000 acres. If the record of what has already been done in this line is almost beyond belief, the future indeed staggers the imagina tion, for, reckless as the statement may seem, irrigation in Idaho is yet in its early stages. When its full fruition has been reached the Gem State will have under irrigation an area rivaling that of the Nile valley, where to the portion irrigated by the natural overflow of that great river has been added 5,000,000 acres of former desert land, the watering of which was made possible by the gigantic dam at Assuan and the lesser one at Assuit. Beginning in Fremont County, at the extreme northeastern comer of the State, is a belt of volcanic country that stretches southwest across Idaho and Nevada and into Cali fornia. It is 1000 miles long and in some places exceeds 100 miles in width. All oyer it are scattered unnumbered craters, or vents, from which at intervals through a period covering perhaps tens of thousands of years streams of molten lava were sent, the remains of which are still found over most of its area. Over most of the belt in Idaho these lava flows are very ancient, most of them occurring before or during the geologic period when the most of what is now the Snake River valley was a vast lake or succession of lakes. In some places the lava is not found, due in some instances probably to the lava flow never having reached those spots and in others to its having been removed by erosion. In the ages that have passed this lava has, by the action of the elements, become to a large degree decomposed and disintegrated on the surface and at all exposed points and this matter, oy commingling with the material brought down from the mountains and the later decaj ing vegetation of centuries, has formed the fine, ashy, sandy soil whose fertility is the marvel of the present day. One of the wonders of this Snake River soil is the exceeding fineness of its particles and the remarkable uniformity of its distribution over great areas of the underlying lava. This is explained by the fact that it is largely a wind-blown soil neither more nor less than the deposits of centuries of dust-laden winds Over the lava, sometimes between successive flows, and covering much of the plain, are the ancient lake deposits of sand, gravel, clay, etc. These are in some places 100 feet thick, usually much less and mostly underlie or are mingled with the dust deposit. Such a soil without watei is a 291 desert. Give it water, and not even the soil of the valley of the Nile in the time of the Pharoahs was richer in the essentials of plant growth. The five chief industries of Idaho in order of their importance as to value of product are mining, agriculture, stock-growing, lumbering and horticulture. The lands of the State have not been fully surveyed, but the State authorities have approximately classified the acreage as follows : Agricultural lands 11,000,000 Grazing lands 20,000,000 Timbered lands 20,000,000 Mineral lands 6,000,000 The mines yield about $25,000,000 annually, more than two-thirds of which is produced in Shoshone County. The mineral resources of the State are enormous, and that the mining industry will assume much greater proportions in the near future seems certain. The State has produced $250,000,000 in gold from its placers alone. Lead is now the most important product, but the State is also rich in gold, silver, copper and coal. Coal has not been mined, except in a few localities for local consumption, but recent discoveries have proved its exis tence in large quantities in several places. The value of agricultural products of the State approximates $20,000,000 annually, and this amount is increasing by leaps and bounds, not only in the newly irrigated sections, but also in the rich agricultural valleys and plains of the Clearwater and other streams in the northern part of the State. On account of the great stock industry, hay, principally alfalfa, is the leading product, followed in order of value by wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and flax. Statistics show the average yield of cereals per acre in Idaho to be nearly double the average yield for the United States. The agricultural conditions in the humid and. irrigated sections of the State are, of course, entirely different, but both are equally flourishing and prosperous. About half the agricultural land of the State is in the irrigated section and half in the humid northern section. The "Man with the Hoe" is an important individual in Idaho, and he will carve his name large and high on the rock typical of her future greatness. Idaho's earliest industry was placer mining and her first population miners. Then she became a great horse and cattle range, but with the coming of the railroads in the early eighties came the sheep man, and he flourished so exceedingly that now the sheep outnumber all other domestic animals and exceed either the cattle or the horses in value. The value of the live stock of the State now approaches thirty millions of dollars, the sheep being valued at about one-third of the amount. The conditions for stock-raising in the State are ideal, and the industry has been and continues to be exceedingly prosperous and profitable. This industry and that of general farming are now much more closely allied than they were even ten years ago, and the bond of union and interdependence will doubtless continue to grow stronger as the State becomes more closely settled. The lumber industry in Idaho is yet in its infancy, but it is one that in the near future promises to attain considerable proportions. The annual product of the mills is now close to three millions of dollars, two-thirds of which is in the two counties of Kootenai and Bonner, in the extreme north end of the State. There is comparatively little timber in the southern section of the State, the forest growth occurring mainly in scattered patches on the north slopes of the various mountain ranges, although there is considerable good timber in the mountains along the Wyoming border of the State. The magnificent white pine forests, as well as the millions of acres of fir, cedar, tamarack and hemlock in the counties of Shoshone, Nez Perce and Idaho are without railroads and practically untouched. They will, when the march of development reaches them and puts their prod uct on the market, make Idaho famous as a lumber State. « x1"* fP'te °f the W01lderfulIy rapid advance of all Idaho industries in recent years that of horticulture has doubtless relatively outstripped them all. This industry was late in getting a start for the reason that few of the early population, miners and stock men, ever planted a tree except for shade, so that it was twenty years after the settlement of the State before it was realized that Idaho was well adapted to horticulture and fruit raising. It is now known that Idaho is certainly destined to become one of the fore most fruit-raising States in the Union. The moderate altitude, the fertile soil, the genial climate, and, more than all, the almost constant sunshine throughout the growing and ripemng season produce a perfection in texture, flavor and coloring that makes Idaho fruit in great demand m all the best markets of the country. One %f the distinguishing features of Idaho fruit that have commanded attention is its soundness and remarkabl? freedom from insect pests. This is especially true of the arid southern half of the State. Apples, pears and most berries thrive and yield abundantly in all the agricultural parts 292 of the State, and peaches, plums, prunes, apricots, cherries and grapes are equally suc cessful where the elevation is not too great. Idaho is a State of young orchards, probably not more than half the trees in the State having yet reached bearing age, and thou sands of acres are being set out every year. Latah, Nez Perce, Washington, Canyon, Ada, Cassia and Bingham have heretofore been the largest fruit-growing counties, but the recent irrigation activity in Twin Falls, Lincoln, Canyon and Ada counties, and the perfect adaptation of these new lands to fruit-raising on a commercial scale, have stimulated orchard-planting to a degree hitherto unknown. The result of all this will be that in the very near future the extent and importance of the horticultural industry in Idaho will far exceed even the wildest dreams of the intelligent and enthusiastic men who laid its foundations. The climate and healthf ulness of Idaho are one of her chiefest joys. If not strictly a cash asset, the comfort and pleasure they afford her inhabitants and the sojourner within her gates, certainly render them an asset of no mean value. With an altitude varying from 750 feet to 12,000 feet above the sea level almost any temperature desired can be found. On the plains and in the ldwer valleys the winters are not severe and the summers, though warm, are not enervating because of the cool nights. Destructive storms are unknown. In the higher altitudes among the mountains the winters are long and cold and the snowfall very heavy, often from seven to ten feet. Here the summers are short and pleasant. Everywhere the air is remarkably dry, pure, clear and invigorating, and in the arid region the high percentage of sunshine invites to an outdoor life, all of wliich is highly conducive to continued good health and longevity. Idaho is also favored in the matter of magnificent scenery. Her beauties of mountain, lake, stream and forest are not surpassed anywhere, even in storied Switzerland and Italy. Her far-famed Shoshone Falls exceed Niagara in height and have a weird gran deur all their own, while her canyons, dark, deep, and of vasi extent, are second on this continent only to those awful abysses along whose bottom plunges the Colorado. y\\ ,>.(*- p-r % HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE WOOD LIVE STOCK COMPANY, LIMITED, SPENCER, IDAHO In the early '80's the late J. D. Wood, who was at that time mining in Idaho, began the acquirement of land in Custer and Fremont counties with a view to developing a small live-stock interest. In his youth and early manhood he had bought cattle throughout Missouri and Illinois and driven them to the Chicago market, thus acquiring a knowledge and taste for the live-stock business which at a later date bore abundant fruit. Mr. Wood's original intention was to engage in the cattle business, but, owing to the extremely high price of cattle at that time, he decided to try sheep. His first venture was the bringing overland by trail from Umatilla County, Ore., of 0,000 head of young ewes. These he placed upon the range near his ranch in Pahsimaroi Valley, a tributary to Salmon River, Custer County, Idaho. In 1887 Mr. Wood sold a one-fourth interest in his live-stock business to his step-son, F. J. Hagenbarth, who assumed the management of those interests. The business steadily grew until 1896, when the company was incorporated as the Wood Live Stock Company, at which time Mr. H. C. Wood and J. Barnett acquired interests in the property. The years 1893 to 1896, inclusive, were very lean years for sheep husbandry, owing to the passage of the Wilson Bill, which removed the duty from wool. However, in 1896, Mr. Wood and the others interested, being firm believers of the election of Mr. McKinley and of the inauguration of a protective tariff era, had trailed up from Oregon over 50,000 head of young ewes, The sheep were bought at an average price, laid down in Idaho, of $1.35. Immediately after the election, during the months of November and December, the company disposed of a large number of these sheep at $3.50 and $4.00 per head. The following years were very prosperous, and in 1900 the capital stock of the company was increased to $500,000, fully paid up. During the interim since the beginning of the business, the company began the systematic acquirement of lands and had extended their operations so as to cover parts of Custer and Lemhi counties and had acquired interests in Bingham, Blaine and Fremont counties. One reason of the great success attained by Mr. Wood and associates in the live-stock business was their early realization of the fact that young lambs four months old could be shipped from the Western ranges to the Eastern markets and sold at approximately as high a price as two- or three-year-old wethers. The company engaged in this business on a large scale and were shipping many train-loads per annum. The present year, 1909, the company will sell on the Chicago market upwards of 60,000 head of young lambs, which will net them, all expenses paid, about $3.50 per head. In conjunction with the growing of lambs for the mutton trade the company has imported from England into the United States the best strains of mutton blood obtainable in England. They now have on their range, near Spencer, Idaho, the largest and best flock, size considered, of pure registered Hampshires in the world. The lambs from this flock readily top the Eastern market. The Wood Live Stock Company was the first concern to introduce on the open range the shearing of sheep in large numbers by the use of machinery. They had in operation last year three of these plants, two in Idaho and one in Montana. Since 1900 the company has extended the area of its activities into Madison and Beaver Head counties, Montana, where they have acquired extensive real-estate and range holdings. At the present time it owns in fee simple and controls by lease or otherwise, around 100,000 acres of choice farming and grazing lands in Idaho and Montana. The summer range is located along a spur of the Rocky Mountains lying southwesterly from the Yellowstone National Park. The headquarters and general offices of the company are at Spencer, Idaho. The company practically owns this town where it has erected a large three-story office and commissary. building and has built cottages for the use of the foremen and their faimhes Its buildings can be readily distinguished by their color, which is uniformly yellow trimmed with white. Here the organization and system which prevail throughout the activities of the company can be readily noticed. The commissary department in itself is interesting. Everything that could be required for use on the range or ranch is there to be found in quantity. Canned stuffs, sugar, etc., are bought in carload lots and distributed from this point. Hardware, machinery, wagons, etc., are kept in quantity. The company manufactures its own sheep wagons, which are models of convenience and comfort. In addition to the sheep interests, the company is engaged m a large way m the breea- ing of horses and the handling of cattle. They were likewise largely interested in tne •cattle and lamb business in Old Mexico. These interests have, however, been recently sold The personnel which comprises the actual management of the company at the present time is as follows: F. J. Hagenbarth, president and manager (Mr. Hagenbarth succeeded (Concluded on Page 297) 295 H. C. WOOD the late J. D. Wood as president) ; Mr. H. C. Wood, vice-president and assistant manager; Mr. J. Barnett, treasurer; Mr. C. W. Hardy, secretary; Mr. John W. Hart, director and ranch superintendent; Mr. Sam Sample, range superintendent. At the present time the net resources of the company amount to about $2,000,000. The annual output in the way of wool, mutton, cattle, horses and products of various kinds from the ranches will approximate $500,000. The annual pay-roll and expense account is about $200,000. The brief history of this company is the best possible commentary that could be had on the opportunities and possibilities of acquiring wealth and permanent interests that have been and are still afforded by the magnificent State of Idaho. Mr. J. D. Wood's original investment in the ranch and live-stock business, when inventoried in 1885, amounted to only $20,000. HUGH C. WOOD Mr. Hugh C. Wood was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, September 5th, 1874. His father was the late J. D. Wood, prominent in mining and live stock circles in the inter-mountain region. His' mother was Catherine Wood, who was a pioneer in the early history of Denver, Salt Lake City and Virginia City, Montana. Mr. Wood's primary education was acquired in the public schools of Idaho and later he spent two years at All Hallow's College in Salt Lake City, and completed his education at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. In 1899 he married Rosa Hulaniski of Ogden, Utah, a daughter of Hon. E. T. Hulaniski. The union has been a happy one and is abund antly blessed by two sons, David Edmond and Francis Hugh, and a daughter, Marcia. Since leaving college Mr. Wood has been prominently and actively identified in the various interests held by his father, J. D. Wood, and his brother, F. J. Hagenbarth. He maintains a summer home at Spencer, Idaho, where he is largely interested in the Wood Live Stock Company, and the Wood-Hagenbarth Cattle Company. Mr. Wood has never held any political office except that of com missioner of Labor in the State of Idaho, though he has at all times been prominently identified with the interests of and been an active worker in the ranks of the Eepublican party of Idaho. Mr. Wood and his wife are both of a social bent and are well known in society circles both in Ogden and Salt Lake City. He is a member of the Alta Club of this city, and has attained a high rank in the Masonic fraternity, having taken all but the last degree. At the present time Mr. Wood is vice-president and assistant mana ger of the Wood Live Stock Company, vice-president of the Wood- Hagenbarth Cattle Company, treasurer and director of the J. D. Wood Company and holds directorships or official positions in many of the larger mining companies of this State and Nevada. He is a young man and has early fulfilled the promise of a bright youth, and as his tory is made he will no doubt enroll his name high among the illus trious native sons of the West. 297 A SHEEP RANCH AND ITS OWNER Mrs. Elizabeth Bonnemort is without doubt one of the most remarkable women of the inter-mountain country. She is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and came from the land of "Bobby" Burns direct to Utah in 1861. She made the journey alone, but here joined her father, who had preceded her to America. In 1868 she married James Ferguson, then a telegraph operator in the employ of the Government, and stationed at Camp Floyd in Cedar Valley, Utah County, about forty-five miles southwest of Salt Lake City. Soon after the young hus band and wife took up a homestead in the beautiful and fertile Deep Creek Val ley, near Ibapah, not far from the Nevada State line, and there established a home. Remote as the region now is from centers of population and from com munication by rail, it is not nearly so much so as it was then. Strong indeed must have been the nature and resolute the character of the young woman thus transplanted from a populous city of the Old World to this oasis in the vast reaches of desert and mountain in the interior basin of the North American con tinent, not to have quailed at the isolation as well as at the want of the comforts, conveniences and privileges necessarily absent in a new community having a population so few in numbers and so widely scattered. But there was no fal tering. They had each other and their small circle of friends, they felt that their worldly affairs were on the road to prosperity, and as time went by the comfortable home was brightened by the advent of four little daughters. Thus their affairs ran on smoothly and happily until interrupted by the death of the husband and father in 1881. For some years before Mr. Ferguson's death he had been engaged in the sheep business, and following that sad event the widow continued the business with success under her own direction for three years, when she married Edgar Bonnemort, also engaged in the sheep business. Some four years later the property on Brigham Street, Salt Lake City, on which the handsome Bonnemort home now stands, was purchased and from that time the family resided in Salt Lake most of the time. From time to time land adjoining the original homestead in Deep Creek Valley was acquired, until the ranch now consists of 800 acres, well improved and well stocked, with an ample supply of water for irrigation taken from Deep A TYPICAL SHEEP RANCH HOUSE 298 Creek and an abundant supply for domestic and stock purposes from flowing wells. In addition to the grazing and other varied products of the ranch, about 400 tons of hay are cut annually. This is fed mostly to cattle, large numbers of which, together with many horses, are kept. Most important, however, are the many thousands of sheep which in the winter range in the valley and the adja cent low hills and plains, and in summer are taken to the summer ranges in the hills and mountains of northern Utah and southern Idaho. This branch of the business has been especially successful and profitable. Mr. Bonnemort died in 1899. An ordinary woman, situated as Mrs. Bonne mort then found herself, and possessed of her abundant financial resources, would have sold the flocks and the ranch and devoted her life to the enjoyment of a well-earned rest and a well-deserved respite from business cares. But Mrs. Bon nemort is not an ordinary woman. She sold neither the flocks nor the land, but COZY NOOK IN BONNEMORT RANCH HOUSE has continued through the ten years of her second widowhood to increase the one and improve the other. She oversees personally the large volume of business this entails, and that she has been continuously successful proves the possession of rare business ability. She makes occasional trips to the ranch and the ranges, and keeps constantly in touch with every phase of the extensive business. _ Nor is her business activity maintained at the sacrifice of the social side of life. Her beautiful home at Brigham and Eighth East Streets is the center of a social life and hospitality as remarkable for its breadth as for its tasteful ancl elegant simplicity. What she quietly and without ostentation dispenses each year in charity would be considered by the average man a snug annual salary. Her four daughters are married, their names ancl residences being as follows : Mrs. Ira Hillman, Mammoth, Utah; Mrs. N. A. Dunyon, Salt Lake City; Mrs. R. V. Chamberlain, Provo, Utah ; Mrs. F. L. Albritton, Kalispell, Montana. 299 „™=^ STOEY OF ONE BANK From a modest beginning in a frontier town to the largest and strongest institution in a wealthy and growing State is an enviable record, but such is the history of the Boise City National Bank. The bank was organized in April, 1886, by Alfred Eoff, H. B. Eastman, Joseph Perrault, and others, with a capital of $100,000. Mr. Eoff, (well known to the bankers of the Pacific Coast) was elected cashier and manager and occupied that position for over twenty years, and until the sale of the stock of the bank to the present management in July, 1906. In the death of Mr. Eoff last year the community suffered the loss of a valuable citizen and the banking fraternity a sound financier of the old school. The other officers were : Henry Wadsworth, presi dent; H. B. Eastman, vice-president; Joseph Perrault, assistant cashier. In July, 1888, Mr. Perrault resigned and Walter S. Bruce was elected to succeed him. The only changes in the officers from this time until the change in the control was the election of H. B. Eastman as presi dent in January, 1904, to succeed Mr. Wadsworth, and the election of Mr. Began as vice-president. In July, 1906, the control of the bank passed into new hands, all of the old directors retiring except Mr. Regan and Mr. Eastman. The new officers elected were : F. E. Coffin, president ; Timothy Eegan, vice- president ; J. E. Clinton-, Jr., cashier ; Fred Brown and B. W. Walker, assistant cashiers. The business and influence of the institution has steadily increased and the management has established a reputation for being progressive and conservative. This bank is one of the few institutions that can show an uninterrupted period of growth. During the financial flurry of last year their deposits showed a marked increase, and they were enabled to extend aid to a great number of banks in southern Idaho. This fact, together with the general policy of caring for their correspondents and customers, has given them connections with nearly every point in the Northwest. The Boise City National Bank is the government depository for the State of Idaho and has been specially designated as depository for the post office department. Their capital is now $250,000, with a surplus and profits of $150,000. A recent statement shows their deposits two million and a quarter; loans over a million and a half, and cash and sight exchange one million, making their reserve over 40 per cent. The bank occupies its own modern office building, a massive stone structure worth a quarter of a million dollars. The entire fourth floor of the building is occupied by the Boise Commercial Club, it having been prepared for them especially by the bank. 301 THE BANK OF NAMPA Among the towns of Idaho which are fast coming to the front and which are making that State one of the most desirable in the West is Nampa. It is here that business is carried on in an energetic and open-handed way ancl the merchants of that city are strictly up-to-date and progressive. That merchants do make a town is generally con ceded and after one discovers the hustling, bustling stores, it is natural to inquire as to the status of the home bank. The Bank of Nampa is the oldest bank in the city and one of the best known in the State. The report of this bank shows conclusively that it can be ranked with any of the banks throughout the country in comparison with population. It was founded in 1899 and the capitalization is $50,000. The directors of the company are all men of sound business ability and alive at all times to the opportunities afforded to those who come to Idaho. They wanted a good sound banking institution and when the Bank of Nampa was organized these men gave it their full support, both moral and financial. The officers are all men drilled in the hard school of experience and men who have studied the banking business from ground up. It is that fact, coupled with the sure-to-win methods of fair dealing and prudent, progressive policy that have made this bank one of the strongest and most substantial in the entire Gem State. The officers have at all times been willing to advance money on the .legiti mate enterprises which the State affords, and their experience in the business has qualified them to distinguish between the legitimate and the doubtful projects, an absolutely safe policy being at all times the one followed. The officers of the bank are: John W. Givens, president; J. A. Givens, vice-president; T. E. Munhall, cashier; C. E. Lore, assistant cashier. All of these men have been from ten to twenty years learning the many intricacies of the business and the success of the institution can be traced to the strict business principles, and honest and fair methods employed and the progressiveness of the men at the helm. Far-sighted to a degree, they have built the business up from a small country bank to one of prominence and importance. The directors, namely, John W. Givens, J. S. Hickey, C. E. Hickey, J. A. Givens, and Eugene Emerson, are all men prominent in business circles in Nampa and of the State, and they have helped to make the bank what it is to-day. They all have faith in the future of Idaho, and naturally of Nampa, and that this town will some day be one of the biggest in the State is their prediction. Banking on this and being assured that this will be soon, they are building up one of the foundations for a big city, a bank ing institution which is worthy of the name and of the men who are behind it. 3^2 THE BOISE STATE BANK There is no business institution in Idaho that is better known or is on a more solid basis than the Boise State Bank of Boise. Although one of the newer banking houses, having been organized in 1906, it has taken rank with many of the older ones and is enjoying great pros perity. The capital of the Boise State Bank is $50,000. The officers at this time are: president, Edward Payne, a wealthy and retired sheepman ; vice-president, Arthur Pence, prominent as a stockman and well known in Idaho politics ; cashier, E. S. Clapp, formerly a Michigan banker and for a number of years cashier of the First Bank of Council, Idaho. Eecently the Boise State Bank began its occupancy of fine quarters in a building on one of the most prominent corners of Boise. 303 F. B. GOODING FRANK E. GOODING Frank E. Gooding was born October 16, 1859, in England, his father being John Gooding, a farmer, his mother Elizabeth Gooding. While he was still a child his parents emigrated to America, settling in Michi gan, and he was educated in the common schools of that State. He came West in the seventies and settled in Idaho, where he engaged in the live stock business. Idaho was admitted a State in 1890. Mr. Gooding was elected to the fifth legislature and in 1904 he was elected Governor of the State as a Eepublican. Two years later he was re-elected to the same office. He was married in Idaho in 1880. The result of his union was three children, John M., Maud Elizabeth, and Louise, all living. It was during his second administration that the celebrated case of Pettibone, Moyer and Heywood, came up for trial. These men were leaders of the Western Federation of Miners, who were charged with being the instigators of the assassination of ex-Governor Frank Steu- nenberg at the gate of his own home in Caldwell, Idaho, by the explosion of a bomb. The result was the acquittal of the three men, although Governor Gooding and his administration used every effort to secure a conviction. Governor Gooding retired from office on January 1st, 1909. He resides at Gooding, a town named after him, in Lincoln County, Idaho. G. H. OLMSTEAD GEOEGE H. OLMSTEAD George H. Olmstead, one of the most prominent railroad men in the United States and for over forty years connected with various rail roads throughout the country in important positions, is a native of New York State, having been born in Vestal, Broome County, August 18, 1848," a son of Eichard and Elizabeth Olmstead, of that town. The elder Olmstead was a farmer. George H. Olmstead received his early education in the public schools and subsequently attended the Susque hanna Seminary at Binghamton, New York, from which he graduated. After leaving school he went West, and his first occupation was as an engineer on the Napa Railroad in California, where he stayed from 1868 to 1870. He then went with the California Pacific until 1873, and with the Central Pacific Eailroad during the years 1873 and 1874. He then came East and entered the service of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailroad, where he remained until 1882, and was then made general foreman of the motive power department at Sanborn, Iowa, a position he held until 1883. He next became a conductor on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailroad, where he remained from 1885 until 1887. From 1889 until 1899 he was in the service of the C. B. & N. Eailroad, and then accepted the position of traveling con ductor of the Montana and Utah divisions of the Oregon Short Line on May 1, 1899. He was promoted to trainmaster March 15, 1900, and as acting superintendent of the Montana division, October 13, 1900, until July 13, 1901, when he was advanced to the position of super intendent of the Montana division. He was made superintendent of the Utah division in addition to his other position, July 7, 1903, to March 31, 1904, and was appointed superintendent of the Idaho division June 1, 1905. On October 28, 1908, Mr. Olmstead was granted a leave of absence on account of ill health, and on February 1, 1909, was appointed superintendent of the Montana division, which position he now holds. During the years 1874 and 1875 Mr. Olmstead traveled extensively through South America and on the Isthmus, and gained much knowl edge of conditions there at that time. Mr. Olmstead was married February 17, 1879, and has been a resident of Idaho since 1899. He first arrived at Helena, Montana, November 10, 1866. He is a director in the Bannock National Bank of Pocatello, Idaho ; a member of all Masonic bodies and of the Silver Bow Club of Butte and resides at No. 15 Harrison Avenue, Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho. 307 H. B. EASTMAN, BOISE HOSEA BEADFOED EASTMAN Hosea Bradford Eastman, who is one of Idaho's leading citizens, is of old Eevolutionary stock. His grandfather, Ebenezer Eastman, fought in the Eevolutionary war, and his ancestors were all of great prominence. Mr. Eastman's father was Caleb Eastman, a farmer, and his mother was Tabitha Aldredge Eastman. His early education was obtained in the public schools of Whitefield, New Hampshire, where he was born November 21, 1835. At the age of twenty he went to work in a saw mill and logging camp, where he remained for five years in his home country. In the fall of 1861 he went to California, where be worked for about one year and six months on a stock farm. In the winter of 1863 he went to Auburn, Oregon, where he engaged in mining for a couple of years, and then came to Idaho, and built and ran the Idaho Hotel in Silver City, until November, 1877, when he bought tlie Overland Hotel at Boise City, and was also interested in real estate. He conducted the hotel until 1892, when he leased it. Mr. Eastman's brother, B. M. Eastman, was also interested with him in business. Mr. Eastman was one of the organizers of the Boise City National Bank in 1886, and was vice-president of the bank until 1906, when it w'as sold. He is still a director. He is also general manager of the Boise City Artesian Hot and Cold Water Company. He also formed the Eastman-Teller Hardware Company in 1902, which company is now run by his son, B. S. Eastman. Mr. Eastman was a member of the City Council and of the school board of Boise City, and was one of the organizers of the Commercial Club and a charter member of lodge No. 310, B. P. 0. E. He is interested with Mr. Regan in the Overland Building, the finest office building in Boise City. September, 1872, H. B. Eastman was married to Mary A. Blackinger of Idaho, and they have two children : Frank M. and Ben S. Eastman. Mr. Eastman with his family resides at 1215 Warm Springs Avenue, Boise, Idaho. 309 J. H. HAWLEY JAMES H. HAWLEY Mention of Idaho would be incomplete did it fail to include the name of James H. Hawley, politician, lawyer and public servant of the Gem State since his admission to the bar of Idaho in 1871. James H. Hawley was born in Dubuque, Iowa, January 17th, 1847, his father being Thomas Hawley and his mother Annie Carr. The young man received his earlier education in the Dubuque high school, but early showed a tendency to seek western fields for the outlet of his ambition and a short time after completing his schooling he settled in Idaho. For a number of years Mr. Hawley was a miner, making his headquarters at Quartzburg, Idaho, completing his education in the rough and ready school of western adversity. During these years, however, he was not idle and in 1871 he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. In 1875 he was married to Mary E. Bullock, but long before this he had distinguished himself in public life, having been a member of the lower house of the Idaho legislature in 1870-1 and of the upper house in 1874-5. During the period from 1879 to 1883 he filled the position of district attorney of the 2nd judicial district and from 1884 to 1887 he was United States attorney for Idaho. Upon his retirement from that office Mr. Hawley proceeded to devote his full time and attention to the practice of law and early reaped a rich reward in his chosen field of endeavor. At all times regarded as one of the foremost legal lights of his State, he has been prominently identified with some of the most important legal actions which have ever taken place within the confines of Idaho. His success has been rapid and far-reaching. Early known as an orator of force and strength, as a pleader he has achieved brilliant success. At this time he is the head of what is perhaps the best-known legal firm in the Gem State and in the years which have followed his early efforts he has estab lished a record for success which is the pride and envy of the entire State. Gifted with a lively imagination and with a positive, forceful tem perament, well read and well posted on current events, Mr. Hawley is at once a delightful companion and a marvel of intellectual ability. In the practice of law and by means of such business ventures as have claimed his attention, he has accumulated a comfortable fortune of this world's goods. He has, however, stood ready at all times to assist his less fortunate neighbor in any way which lay within his power. While no longer young, Mr. Hawley is possessed of the same tireless energy and indomitable courage which in his earlier years went so far towards establishing him upon the high road to the success which he has since achieved. In recent years, however, his life has been quiet as compared with the period of his early struggles for recognition. He is the owner of a well-appointed home in Boise, where surrounded by his family Mr. Hawley is to be seen at his best in every respect. Should he decide to re-enter public life, however, a still further measure of success is constantly assured him by his many friends throughout the entire State. 311 JOHN E. YATES JOHN ELVIN YATES The history of Idaho is an interesting one, and no State in the Union has made more rapid progress than this important section of the inter-mountain region. It would be impossible to write the history of Idaho without including the name of the subject of this brief biography. John Elvin Yates was born in Bristol, Maine, February 4th, 1845. He is the son of John Yates, who was a sea captain, and of Sophia Blunt Yates. Mr. Yates received a common school education at Bristol, Maine, and later emigrated to Idaho, arriving there in 1892, and since then has been permanently and actively identified with many of the most important financial institutions and other corporations in Idaho. Mr. Yates was at one time president of and one of the principal owners of the Yates and Corbus Live Stock Company; was an original stock holder and director of the Bank of Commerce, and for several years its president. He was also a former director in the Idaho Trust and Savings Bank, and a director in the Farmers' Bank of Star, Idaho. All of these positions Mr. Yates resigned upon his determination to retire from an active business career, which he did during the past year, after sixteen years of an honorable business career during which time he did much for the general welfare of Idaho, and was, and is, considered one of the leading and most public-spirited citizens of Boise City. Mr. Yates' first wife was Roxanna Cox, of Bristol, Maine, and to this union no children were born. His second wife was Georgia Town- send, to whom he was married at Sycamore, Illinois, and they are the parents of eight children, namely: Dorothy, Margaret, Marjorie, John T., Oscar T., Frederick T., William T., and Stephen T. Yates. Mr. Yates was a member of the sixth session of the Idaho legislature, and a member of the Boise City council for two years. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Though Mr. Yates takes much pride in his achievements during his life in his adopted State, he has, however, a warm spot in his heart for the State of Maine, where he first saw the light of day within sight of the sea. Being descended from a race of sailors he went to sea himself as a boy for seven dollars per month, and with the assistance of such friends as he made himself he became the commander and part owner of as fine a ship as ever sailed the seas in the Oriental trade in the days of sailing ships ; and can refer to this day to the builders of the ships and to those whose business and money he handled in all parts of the world. EDWAED PAYNE, BOISE Edward Payne, who is one of the best-known business men of Idaho, has been a citizen of Boise since 1882. The greater part of his wealth was accumulated during a long period while engaged in sheepraising. He retired from this business two years ago and is now president of the Boise State Bank of Boise, president of the Bank of Commerce of Arco, Idaho, and is a director of the First Bank of Council, Idaho. 314 EVADA was admitted to the Union, October 31, 1864, being the thirty- sixth in the sisterhood of States. In area she comprises an imperial domain, being almost as large as England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales combined. Her greatest length from north to south is 483 miles; the greatest width on the thirty-ninth parallel, approximately 320 miles, and the area 112,190 square miles, of which 1000 square miles are covered by the waters of lakes. Nevada was the last of the States of the Union to be permanently settled, or to have established within her borders trading or military posts, which survived until submerged by the rising tide of set tlement. The territory now embraced in the State was probably reached by some of the early Spanish exploring parties, but the earliest autbenticated visit by white men was that of a party of Spanish friars under Father Francisco Garces who at the end of the trip in January, 1776, established a mis sion post and residence at what is now Port Yuma, Arizona. There is no record of other white men having visited Nevada until 1825, when several hunting and trapping parties penetrated the State. Historians do not agree as to which of these parties eame first. Bancroft says Peter Skeen Ogden was the first to reach the valley of the Humboldt in midsummer, coming up the Owyhee from Walla Walla. Henry and Ashley with a party of free trappers came to the Humboldt later the same sum mer, from Bear River. Myron Angel, in his history of Nevada, published by Thompson & West, says Jedediah S. Smith, a partner of Ashley's, was the first to reach the Humboldt, which he called Mary's River, after his Indian wife. Smith had come from his rendezvous on the Yellowstone River in 1825, and went down the Humboldt, thence to the Walker 315 River country, and to the Tulare valley, California, through what was later known as Walker's pass. He recrossed the State on his return later, the same year. For many years the Humboldt was known as either Mary's River or Ogden River; in fact, it was always so called until given its present name by Fremont. As it is generally agreed that these several parties visited Nevada in 1825, the question of precedence by a few weeks or months is of little impor tance. After this, the State was frequently visited by trappers, and in the course of the next sixteen years its principal streams and the routes across it became fairly well known to those hardy and adventurous men of the moun tains. Joseph Walker, detached from Bonneville's expedition, crossed the State in 1833, and in December, 1843, and January, 1844, Fremont passed through the western portion of the State, skirting and naming Pyramid Lake, and bestowing on a river the name of his guide, the famous Kit Carson. This river afterward gave its name to the valley and later to the town now the capital of Nevada. The first emigrants to cross the State were those composing Captain J. B. Bartleson's party of thirty-five persons, bound for California in 1841. They came by the way of the South Pass and the Great Salt Lake, and followed the then well-known trail down the Humboldt. They had no wa.gons, all their goods being transported on pack animals. The Truckee River was so named in 1844 by a party starting from Council Bluffs in compliment to their Indian guide, who bore that name. In the summer of 1846 it was estimated that three thousand persons passed over the overland trail to Oregon and Cali fornia. The route then followed up the Platte and Sweetwater, through South Pass and thence by Bear River to Fort Hall, where the Oregon and California trails parted, the latter dropping southwest to the Humboldt and down that stream. It was in the fall and winter of this year that so many members of the ill-fated Donner party perished of cold and hunger amid the deep snows of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Up to this time Nevada had been acknowledged Mexican territory, but now came the war between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the cession by Mexico to the United States, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848, of all the country between the Gila River and the forty- second parallel, and extending from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. By agreement, the cession dated back to July 7, 1846, the date on which Com modore Sloat had raised the American flag at Monterey. In 1847, Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers settled in Salt Lake valley. In the following year gold was discovered at Sutter's mill, in California, and in 1849 the great California gold rush came and thousands of men from the Eastern States poured through Nevada on the way to the land of gold. In March, 1849, the Mormons, who had already become numerous in the Salt Lake and adjacent valleys, organized what they called the "State of Deseret," and claimed all the country now included in Nevada, Utah and Arizona, southern California to the ocean, and parts of what is now Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The so-called "State" was never recognized by Congress, but -that body, in 1850, admitted California as a State with its present boundaries, and organized Utah Territory, which included all of the present area of Nevada, except the point of the State south of the thirty- seventh parallel. In the meantime, the first white settlement in the State had been made at Genoa, in what is now Douglas County, by Mormons from Salt Lake valley. This settlement was on the road to California, and was called "Mormon Sta tion. ' ' It seems to have been first established in June, 1850, and is mentioned by many who passed that way in that year, but when Stephen A. Kinsey, of 316 Salt Lake, in the following year selected the same site for a home and trading station on the overland road, there was no one living there, and all buildings and other evidences of previous occupancy had disappeared. From this time on the settlement was permanent and within the next two or three years a number of families settled in the vicinity. The first land claims were legally filed in December, 1852, and in 1854 a saw-mill and a grist-mill were built. The place was called Mormon Station until surveyed in 1855, when the name was changed to Genoa. In 1852 a mail route was established from Salt Lake to San Bernardino, and a station on the line was erected at Las Vegas Springs, but it was abandoned after the Mountain Meadows massacre in 1857. Gold was discovered near Dayton early in 1850, but as the workings were not as rich as those of California, they never attracted a great deal of attention, and Nevada did not become noted as a mining section until the discovery of the Comstock lode in 1859, located for its gold by placer gold miners who found it in following up the pay streak. It developed into the greatest silver mine the world has ever known. It has produced $325,000,000, of which $306,000,000 was produced in the first twenty years that it was worked. There was one year in which it yielded $38,000,000. As a whole, the values consisted of about two-thirds silver and one-third gold. With the mining discoveries of 1859, there came trooping over the Sierra Nevada mountains a motley population from California and the western border of the State from Honey Lake, on the north, to Walker River, on the south, which, up to that time, had been occupied by a few scattered ranchers and placer miners, swarmed with miners, prospectors, adventurers and gamblers. This influx of people induced Congress to create the new Territory of Nevada from the western part of Utah Territory, which was done March 2, 1861. At first the eastern boundary was fixed at the 116th degree of longitude, west from Greenwich, which left all the present counties of Clark, Lincoln, and White Pine, most of Elko, and parts of Eureka and Nye in Utah. In 1862, the line was moved east to the 115th, and March 21, 1864, again east to the 114th degree, and at the same time the triangle between the 37th parallel and the Colorado River was added from Arizona, and the act passed to admit the State to the Union with its present boundaries. The general geological character of Nevada is volcanic, and it presents a more pronounced desert aspect than any other division of the Union except Arizona. With the exception of a small area in the north, which is drained by the Owyhee, Bruneau, Salmon and other streams into the Snake River, and the southeastern corner, which drains into the Colorado, the entire State lies in the great basin, and its few and comparatively feeble streams discharge into lakes or are swallowed up in sinks amid the abounding sands of the valleys and plains. This basin section of the State is the bed of an ancient sea, whose shore lines can be distinctly traced in a number of places. It is now mainly a plateau, with an average elevation of perhaps 4000 feet. On this rise numerous moun tain ranges, in most cases running north and south, and varying in elevation above the surrounding country from 1000 to 8000 feet. These are separated by valleys from one to twenty-five miles in width. This general condition is so, marked a feature of the State that its surface has been aptly likened to a cor rugated iron roof. These ranges are usually broken down or eroded at intervals, but in many cases are continuous for hundreds of miles. In many cases ranges have been worn away until only isolated peaks of the hardest material remain. The valleys are usually filled to a great depth with loose, sandy soil formed by the volcanic ash and ancient sea deposits, together with the more recent wash 317 from the mountains and the dust deposit of centuries of winds. The lowest por tion of the State is the extreme southern point, on the Colorado River, where the elevation above sea level is but slightly over 500 feet. The highest point is 13,058 feet, reached in Wheeler Peak, in the Snake Range, about half-way along the eastern border. Nevada, having but little rain and not much snow, except in the mountains, has but few rivers, and none of them are large. The Humboldt is the longest. It rises in the northeastern part of the State, and flows southwest for about 375 miles to Humboldt Lake. It has cut through all the mountain ranges in its length, thus affording the best path across the State east and west. This was first taken advantage of by the Indians and trappers, whose trails followed it. Later the emigrant wagon road took the same route, then came the Southern Pacific Railroad along the same path, and later the Western Pacific, after trying in vain to get a satisfactory line across the mountains elesewhere, was forced to get into the Humboldt yalley and parallel the Southern Pacific half way across the State. The Truckee is the outlet of Lake Tahoe, and is a clear, bold stream, which, after a short course in the plain, discharges into Pyramid Lake. Its basin includes a considerable portion of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, where the snowfall is exceedingly heavy, and its annual flow exceeds that of the Humboldt. The Carson and Walker flow into lakes of the same name in the western part of the State. In the north are several streams tributary to the Snake, and in the southeast two unimportant ones, discharging into the Colorado. Other than these, the only streams in the State are the creeks issuing from the mountains and sinking in the sands or sinks in the valleys. Many of these in spring and early summer are veritable mountain torrents that flood large areas of the adjacent valleys, forming shallow lakes many miles in extent. Then in late summer and autumn the stream-bed may be only a dry canyon, while the lake it fed soon disappears. Besides those of a temporary character, Nevada has a number of permanent and beautiful lakes. Pyramid Lalve is the largest, with a length of thirty-five miles and a width of ten miles. Lake Tahoe is on the California line, at an elevation of 6225 feet, in a region of mountain and forest. Because of its altitude, its great depth, the clearness of its waters, and the remarkable beauty of its surroundings, it is one of the foremost of American mountain lakes. It is becoming a noted summer resort and is visited each year by many tourists. Other important lakes are Walker, Winne- mucca, Humboldt, Carson and Snow Water lakes. The climate of Nevada is dry, mild and beautiful. The percentage of bright, sunny days is extremely high, and severe winds are unusual. The average temperature for January is about twenty-eight degrees ancl for July seventy-one degrees. Great extremes of either cold or heat are not common, and, when they do occur, are minimized by the dryness and tonic qualities of the atmosphere. The State is the most arid in the Union, the average precipitation being less than twelve inches, and this is very unevenly distributed as to time and locality. Nearly all the precipitation occurs between December and May. It is much greater in the mountains, especially the higher ranges, than in the valleys, and is about twice as great in the northern as in the southern half of the State. In some of the valleys rain seldom falls, and there are some sections of the southern part of the State that are practically rainless. The way the rains come in the open country of the southern triangle of the State was well expressed by a stage-driver. When asked by a passenger in what way, if it never rained there, the dry gulch the stage was wearily toiling up had been formed, he replied: "It only rains about once in fifteen years, and then we have a cloudburst that floods the country." 318 Nevada is pre-eminently a mining State. Her fame and her early prosperity as well as her present prominence, bave been clue almost wholly to her mineral treasures, although in the years following the first mining rush, stock-raising a'nd farming were developed to some extent and in recent years the latter has received additional impulse from the inauguration of important irrigation proj ects by the Goverment and by private means. So dependent has the Nevada of the past been on her mines, that the population of the State has gone up or down with the prosperity or decline of the mining industry. Twenty years fol lowing the discovery of the Comstock lode was a period of great prosperity for the mines ancl the census of 1860 showed a population of 6,857, that of 1870 showed a population of 42,491, and of 1880, 62,266. There came a period of twenty years in which the mines of the State languished, ancl in 1890 the popu lation had fallen to 45,761, while the census of 1900 showed a further decline to 42,335, which was less than the population had been thirty years before. Then, in 1901, came the new gold discoveries at Tonopah, and in 1902 the still more sensational finds at Goldfield, the wonderful richness and apparently great extent of which again centered the attention of the country on Nevada. Miners again flocked to the State, capitalists from the East as well as from the West became interested, scores of other new mineral discoveries were made, and new camps located, while old and decadent or abandoned camps were rejuvenated. And to augment all this, came the new and enormous copper development of the Ely District and copper discoveries elsewhere that hold forth great promise of future achievement. In response, the population again rose, and the number of persons residing in the State was estimated by the Governor in November, 1908, to be 132,000. The Nevada of to-day is a different, a more stable ancl permanent community than the Nevada of the early days. There are several causes contributing to this result, among them being the greater number and extent of the known mineralized areas, the improved methods of ore reduction that permit the han dling of vast tonnages of low-grade ore, the copper development at Ely, Yering ton and other places, and the impetus given to agriculture and horticulture by irrigation. In the past five years the gold production of Nevada has increased enormously. In 1906, it was $9,278,000; in 1907, $15,411,000; in 1908 over twenty millions and it is believed the production for 1909 will reach thirty millions. Goldfield, Tonopah ancl the Bullfrog districts are the largest pro ducers. The output of the mines at Goldfield alone is now running at the rate of about $15,000,000 annually, while that at Tonopah is very large, and in Bullfrog District many recent strikes seemingly assure an enormous production as soon as a sufficient stage of development has been reached. The same is true in less degree of many other gold districts of the State and new finds are constantly being made at intervals. The latest new find and one that presents every surface indication of being the equal of any other in the State is that at Salisbury wash, or Ellendale, about forty miles east of Tonopah, the discovery of which became known about the 1st of June. Nevada will easily lead all the States of the Union in gold production in 1909. The silver production of Nevada is also rapidly increasing. In 1906 the value of the silver produced was $3,450,000 ; in 1907, $5,465,000, and since then the production has been largely increased. The lead production is relatively small, the amount reported for 1908 being 3700 tons. Copper is a new and important mineral product of Nevada and one that perhaps contains more assurance of permanence than either gold or silver. The copper product of the State in 1907 was 1,998,000 pounds, and in 1908 it rose 319 to 12,241,000 pounds. At this time (July 1st, 1909) the Steptoe Valley Smelt ing Company, at McGill, in the Ely District, White Pine County, a new con cern, is turning out copper from the ores of that district at the rate of 75,000,000 pounds per year, which will be largely increased in another year, when the new works are fully completed and in full swing. The present demonstrated resources in the Ely District are sufficient to maintain this annual output for thirty years, and large areas of known copper territory yet remain to be explored. There is every indication that the copper product of Ely will exceed in value the more than $300,000,000 record of the Comstock lode. This cop per is now being produced at a cost of eight cents per pound, which, it is believed, will be reduced to seven cents as soon as the mines and reduction works are gotten clown to smooth running order. Much of this copper ore is mined with steam shovels in open cuts. There are other important copper deposits in the State, notably at Yerington, where a large amount of development work has been done, and where large reduction works will be built in the near future. The three counties showing the largest mineral output are Esmeralda, Nye and White Pine, the first including Goldfield, the second Tonopah and Rhyo- lite, and the third the Ely District. All these towns are rapidly becoming important cities. The monthly pay-roll of the mines at Goldfield is now about $200,000, and of the mines and smelters at Ely about $275,000. Every county in Nevada is mineralized and there are scores of other prosperous and promising mining districts which can not be even enumerated here. The only important city of the State which is not almost wholly dependent on the mining industry is Reno, near which are located the immense shops of the Southern Pacific Rail road. Reno is also an important jobbing point, and the distributing center for a large territory. Besides the metals, Nevada has extensive deposits of salt, borax, sulphur, soda ancl potash, while there are mountains of granite, marble, limestone, sand stone and slate. Some lignite coal has been mined in the hills along the upper Humboldt. With the development of the mines comes a larger and better home market for the products of the farmer and stockman, so that the prosperity of the one tends to develop the other. The soil of nearly all the valleys of Nevada is very fertile, but the extreme aridity of the State restricts the dry-farming area Avhile the scarcity of surface water renders the area that can be successfully irri gated very small as compared with the vast extent of the State. In the valleys of the Humboldt and its tributaries, along the Carson and Truckee, and at other isolated parts in the State, farming and fruit-raising, under irrigation, have been carried on with success for many years. One of the first irrigation projects undertaken by the Government under the Reclamation Act, was the Truckee-Carson, designed to irrigate about 350,000 acres along the lower Carson. The work is now approaching completion, and a portion of the land is already settled and under cultivation. Of the 350,000 acres, about 245,000 acres is desert land belonging to the Government and 105,000 acres was in private ownership before the project was undertaken. The plan followed was to divert the flood waters of the Truckee and store them in reservoirs on the Carson. The total storage capacity of these reservoirs is 1,375,000 acre feet, from which can be drawn annually, if needed, 830,000 acre feet. The farm unit is 40 or 80 acres. The Nevada farmer on irrigated lands can raise about the same variety and quantity of general farm products, vegetables and fruits that are produced under similar conditions in Utah and Idaho. As elsewhere in the West, alfalfa is the great forage crop, and nowhere is it more attractive in its vivid green and 320 its luxuriant growth than amid the somber sage and sand and the dull-gray volcanic ash of these plains. The raising of alfalfa seed is very successful, and will in the near future develop into an important industry. Nevada wheat is of a superior quality, and the yield is heavy, the average production per acre for the State being over thirty bushels, more than double the average yield of the Mississippi Valley States. Yields of forty to sixty bushels are not uncom mon. Potatoes and all vegetables yield abundantly, and are of excellent quality. In the valleys having the lowest altitude in the west central portion of the State, hops yield heavily, and corn, peas, beans and sweet potatoes do well. The southern end of Nevada is in the same latitude as southern Virginia and the Carolinas, and with its low elevation is almost semi-tropical in climate and productions. In the valley of the Muddy and Rio Virgin, cotton, tobacco, pea nuts, figs, etc., come to maturity. Since the construction of the Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railroad, four years ago, there has developed in the Moapa sec tion of the State a large industry in the growing of early vegetables, melons, etc., for the Utah and other Northern and Eastern markets. This section of the State promises to become famous as a melon-growing region. Stock-raising is an important industry, the number of both cattle ancl sheep in the State being very large. The business has been very prosperous, especially in the central and northern parts of the State, where are to be found the immense ranges of several cattle and sheep companies that are among the largest in the country. Nevada is crossed by two transcontinental lines of railroad, the Southern Pacific and the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake, and a third, the Western Pacific, will be completed and in operation before the end of 1909. These roads and their numerous branches reach most of the important points in the State. There is also the Tonopah & Tidewater, extending from the main line of the Santa Fe in California to Goldfield and Tonopah, and two small inde pendent lines in the western part of the State. A line across the south-central portion of the State, from Goldfield to Ely, is projected, and will probably be built within the next year or two. 321 ELWIN S. CHAFEY VIEW OF CHAFEY MINES, CHAFEY, NEVADA Elwin S. Chafey, founder of the now famous Chafey Camp, Nevada, has been a prominent mine developer, and a successful one, for several years. But he has recently developed in the rejuvenated Chafey Camp the greatest strike of his career, and no wonder he is enthusiastic, because he has a mine and a valuable and productive prop erty. There is an honorable list of the Chafey Nevada mining proper ties, gained many years before the desert operators were ever heard of and there is considerably less difficulty in wringing profits from Chafey properties to-day than there was then. In those days it cost a small fortune to have ores hauled to Winnemucca, where there was a mill, and it cost 25 cents per ton to have it treated, yet much of the rock netted $800 per ton. Then supplies were high and powder expensive and poor, and the Indians very hostile, many of the miners being killed. To-day all that is changed and conditions perfect for the devel opment and production and shipping of ore at a great profit. Experts say that there is not a greater desert camp in Nevada than Chafey, 322 and a wonderful profit is in store for that now famous camp. The early operators at Chafey did not go below 80 feet, and they walked over valuable ore year after year. E. S. Chafey went farther and became the rejuvenator of the camp. He soon developed the famous Black Hole Mine. The ledge followed was very distinct on the surface ; and • there are more of such ledges, any one of which may lead into as big a proposition as the Black Hole is to-day. Milling ores occur at Chafey in big bodies, and the new custom mill recently built will lessen the cost of production greatly. This district is fifteen miles long by four to five in width, and there is not a camp in the country with better surface showings, and no camp in Nevada can show such a record as this district, by virtue of the Black Hole operations and shipments, and Chafey gives every promise of further successes and big increase in population. The town site is perfect, climate great, and many lots are now being sold for investment pur poses. Mr. Chafey has developed the Nevada, the Black Hole and Golden Bell mines, and two other groups owned by the Chafey Mines Com pany, of which he is president and H. C. Ostler is secretary and treas urer. Mr. Chafey owns 95 per cent, of the stock, and in less than one year the mines produced $250,000, and it is estimated that there is a million dollars worth of ore in sight. Several shafts have been sunk, and the profitable ore will run a great deal more. The vein on the sur face is opened for 2300 feet, every place showing ore of milling value. The ore is silicious, the values being chiefly in gold, with just a little silver and lead. The Chafey Mines Company was incorporated in 1909 for $1,000,000, with 200,000 shares of treasury stock, making an immediate offering of only 50,000 shares, which offering was guar anteed. Elwin S. Chafey was born October 9, 1877, at Winfield, Kansas, a son of M. N. and Elizabeth W. He was married to Miss Ethel M. Cutler, November 25, 1907. He arrived at Chafey, Nevada, in May, 1908, and is the founder of the town. He discovered the Transvaal Camp, Nve County, Nevada, and developed the Diamond Queen Mine. He also started the Skiddoo Camp in California, and many other mines. Mr. Chafey is a resident of Chafey, Humboldt County, Nevada. 323 -^sEssa^awjMSEaiiiimiigS. THE NIXON NATIONAL BANK OF BENO TWO STRONG BANKING HOUSES The Nixon National Bank of Reno was organized October 20 1000 with a the assets capital of $600,000. The consolidation was con un mated on May 2*0 oi M*P T"* " ^ the banking business has from that time been tranTarted in the builrLJ f T J^ "4 occupied by the Bank of Nevada. To facilitate the ™lL,t „ f It m«l0Wn,ed and increased its capital to $1,000,000, and Th .Ban k of SKfZ^™1 Bank organized with the same ownership, and with a capi^i -' «*™»™g*Ji TrU.s.t C°,mP^y. was of both banks is carried on in the same office and In response to calls from the Comptroller of the Currencv nnrl +£ £+£ £ i n f^tdTlng Stat6mentS' Sh°Wing C°nditi0" at^'SrS^^^^ST^e THE NIXON NATIONAL BANK LIABILITIES Capital stock paid in $1,000,000.00 Surplus fund 200,000.00 Undivided profits, less expenses and taxes paid 37,932.81 National bank notes out standing 986,300.00 Due to other national banks.. 155,868.91 Due to State banks and bankers 83,785.50 Due to trust companies and savings banks 129,942.57 Dividends unpaid 956.00 Individual deposits subject to check 926,770.03 Demand certificates of deposit 28,410.86 Time certificates of deposit . . 183,559.87 Certified checks 11,742.52 Cashier's checks outstanding . . 1,770.06 United States deposits 50,000.00 Letters of credit 515.32 RESOURCES Loans and discounts $1,820,984.70 Overdrafts secured and un secured U. S. Bonds to secure circula tion U. S. Bonds to secure U. S. deposits Premiums on U. S. Bonds ..'.', Bonds, securities, etc Banking-house, furniture and fixtures Due from National Banks (not reserve agents ) Due from State banks and bankers Due from approved reserve agents Checks and other cash items . . Exchanges for clearing-house . , Notes^ of other National banks Fractional paper currency, nickels and cents Lawful money reserve in bank, viz: Specie $109,751.85 Legal-tender notes 7,025.00 Redemption fund with U. S. treasurer (5 per cent of cir culation ) Total 4,317.73 1,000,000.00 50,000.00 25,990.13 17,000.00 94,039.61 9,631.93 138,327.96 441,968.94 5,604.893,804.97 18,620.00 486.74 116,776.85 50,000,00 Total $3,797.5.34.45 $3,797,554.45 THE BANK OF NEVADA SAVINGS & TRUST CO RESOURCES Loans and discounts $315,708.12 Overdrafts (secured) 4,350.38 Other real estate owned 11,000.00 Due from banks and bankers . . 128,685.75 Cash on hand, viz: Gold coin 945.00 Silver coin 28.85 Currency 18,000.00 Total $478,718.10 LIABILITIES Capital stock paid in $100,000.00 Undivided profits $4,270.86 Less current expenses and taxes paid . .,. . 835.50 3,435.36 Individual deposits subject to cheek 485.46 Savings deposits 374,797.28 Total $478,718.10 To the heavy capitalization of these banks and to the reputations of the officers and directors, as conservative business men and strong financial factors, must be attributed their popularity with the banking public during the stringent financial times just past. Their large deposits bespeak the confidence which they enjoy from the people of their territory, and that this confidence is appreciated is evidenced by the magnitude of their loan accounts, which show that they have been meeting the requirements of their clientele. 325 HON. GEO. S. NIXON GEO. S. NIXON United States Senator Geo. S. Nixon is pre-eminently a self-made man. The record of his experience indicates how industry applied to Western opportunities enables one to be decidedly successful notwith standing the manifold obstacles one must overcome. He was born in Placer County, California, April 2, 1860, and worked on his father's farm until 19 years of age. He secured a very fair education in the schools of his native State and in 1878 he became an employee of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company at New Castle, California. After acquiring a knowledge of telegraphy in a railway station office, he was transferred in 1881 to Nevada points, serving as an operator on the Central Pacific Railroad and the Carson & Colorado Railroad. After three years of this service he was offered and he accepted a clerical situation with the First National Bank of Reno, an institution that afterwards became the Washoe County Bank. Doubtless this new vocation was Mr. Nixon's proper sphere, as he rapidly grew into prominence and public confidence and is now representing Nevada in the United States Senate. Mr. Nixon succeeded the late Senator William M. Stewart, having been elected on January 25, 1905, for the term beginning March 4, 1905. Prior to his election to the United States Senate Senator Nixon was a member of the legislature of Nevada during the session of 1891. Senator Nixon is one of the most prosperous business men of Nevada. For years he was the most active mine operator and is now largely interested in banking, stockraising and farming. He is the president of the Nixon National Bank of Reno, the First National Bank of Winnemucca and the Tonopah Banking Corporation of Tonopah. 327 FRANK MOOBE LEE FRANK MOORE LEE Frank Moore Lee is a native of California and was born in Long Valley, January 10, 1867. His father was Levi W. Lee and his mother Julia De Ette Moore. When a small boy his parents moved to Reno, Nevada, where he Was educated in the public schools. He was mar ried to Ada Finlayson at Reno, on January 18, 1892, and they have one daughter, Margerie Lee. Mr. Lee engaged in the livery and stock-shipping business during the years 1884-1886, when his father died. He then accepted a position in the First National Bank of Reno and he later became a director and assistant cashier of the Washoe County Bank, which was the successor of the First National. In 1901 he became the cashier of the First National Bank of Winnemucca which he and Senator Geo. S. Nixon had organized in 1886. In 1906 he was associated with Senator Nixon and others in organizing the Nixon National Bank of Reno, which is one of the largest capitalized institutions in the West. He is now serving the Nixon National as its cashier and has the reputation of being one of the best bankers in the inter-mountain country. Mr. Lee is now also vice-president of the First National Bank of Winnemucca and of the Tonopah Banking Corporation of Tonopah, and is secretary of the Lovelock Land and Development Company. He has held no political office. Mr. Lee is a Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner and an Elk, and is vice-president of the Reno Commercial Club. He lives at Rio Vista Heights, Court Street, Reno, Nevada. 329 J. E. DAVIS JAMES R. DAVIS James R. Davis was born in Columbus, Indiana, on the 16th day of December, 1872. His jjarents were of Scotch and English stock, and from them he inherits the characteristics of the race— grim determina tion and perseverance. Mr. Davis was educated in the public schools of Indiana and Kansas. At the age of seventeen he left home and went to Denver and from that time up to the present time he has been engaged in the mining business. The greater part of his time from 1890 to 1904 was spent in prospecting in Arizona, California, Oregon and Alaska, and while he was not successful in accumulating a fortune, he did succeed in getting experience in the mining industry which has been invaluable to him ever since. He went to Goldfield, Nevada, in 1904 when the boom was on and has been generally successful in all his mining ventures at Goldfield, Fair- view and Round Mountain, Nevada. He is at the present time president and manager of the Round Mountain Mining Company, vice-president and manager of the Great Bend Mining Company, vice-president of the Nevada Hills Mining Company, vice-president and manager of the Loftus-Davis Federated Mines Company, and vice-president of the Nevada Exploitation Company. 331 T. G. LOCKHABT THOMAS GASKILL LOCKHART Nevada and the States surrounding it have produced many millionaires and great mining magnates, some who were wealthy before they struck the new country, and others who caught the fever and, starting in with nothing, amassed fortunes. Thomas Gaskill Lockhart is known to all Nevada, and his meteoric rise and his keen insight, good judgment ancl fair dealings will always be remem bered as a tribute to him. He was born in Burlington, Burlington County, New Jersey, on the 2d of May, 1848. He attended the public schools in Burlington and Birmingham. To secure this education, he was by force of circumstances compelled to work all the spring and summer on the farm in order to get this schooling, his parents not having too much of this world's goods. When twenty-one years of age Mr. Lockhart left Philadelphia with a capi tal of $95 and arrived in Omaha, Nebraska, on March 18, 1869. The only thing to do in that country at that time was to engage in the cattle business. lie secured employment herding cattle near Fremont, Nebraska, and remained one year at this occupation. The mining industry was what he was looking at and leaving Fremont he went to Georgetown, Colorado. For thirty years he engaged in mining in this State and was considered one of the best prospectors and practical men in the State. Prospecting seemed to be very much to his liking, and in 1899 he started on a trip of this kind, going through Utah, Ari zona and Nevada. In March, 1901, he landed in Tonopah. The Nevada country was still unopened, but the conditions in this place so pleased Lockhart that he decided to settle. He took up the Tonopah Extension claim and many others, including the Unlucky 13. He worked on these for two years, and, hearing of the country in and around Goldfield, he disposed of his interests and in 1903 arrived at Goldfield. Goldfield at that time consisted of four tents and a 12x12 blacksmith shop. It was here that Mr. Lockhart "came into his own." He sized up the condi tions in this wonderful camp, and the future looked so excellent and auspicious that he decided to stake his chances there. That he was successful almost beyond measure is obvious. Among some of the properties bought by him in that year was the famous Florence property, which was at that time a ten-foot hole. A sixty per cent, interest was what Mr. Lockhart secured, and the fact that this one property has produced over $6,000,000 since that time, and $60,000 a month, is proof positive of his excellent judgment and wonderful sagacity. Mr. Lock hart at the present time is the president and general manager of the Florence Goldfield Mining Company, and president and general manager of the Jumbo Extension Mining Company, both of which are in the category of big mines in the State. The domestic life of Mr. Lockhart is an extremely happy one. He was mar ried to Miss Minnie A. Haney in October, 1886. The union has been blessed by three children, George Jerome, Myra Belle and Harry Haney. His permanent address is Goldfield, and it is natural that he desires to live in the place where he was so successful. He is a prominent Elk and a member of the Montezuma Club. Mr. Lockhart is very modest and is reticent about telling of his wonderful success or of the hardships endured before he succeeded in surmounting the barriers and reaching that goal for which we are all striving. 333 J. M. MACKENZIE, GOLDFIELD JOHN M. MACKENZIE The friends of John Mackenzie declare that if there is a man in the Western country that knows more about the mining game, or if there is any one who has had a wider or more varied experience, they have never heard of him. Every State in the inter-mountain region west to the Coast knows of him and of his success in this big industry. Mr. Mackenzie first saw the light of day in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on the 24th day of May, 1858. His father, William Mackenzie, was a blacksmith of the old type we see very little of at the present time. He believed in educating his children and sent John to the public schools in Ontario. He finished the public schools, but the wandering fever seized him and for two years he went before the mast and visited the lands across the water. After two years of the rough life at sea, Mr. Mackenzie decided to take up a course of mechanical engineering in Ontario. This training proved of invaluable service to him through the many years of hard and arduous labor that followed. After finishing his course in the engineering school, he was employed by Cook Bros., Gordon & Co., of Ontario, as inspector and purchaser of lumber and timber. After having mastered the lumber busi ness, the call of the West began to ring in his ears, and he came to Eureka, Nevada, in 1887. Having an unlimited amount of ambition, and being of the courageous Scotch blood, he worked in the mines at this camp for two years, assimilating all the time the knowledge of this business from a practical standpoint. Leaving Eureka for new- fields in which he could gain more experience, he went to Colorado in the interests of John Porter, in tho capacity of expert timberman. During the Black Range excitement of 1881 he went to that place, but soon left ancl located in the following year at Tombstone, Arizona. During all this time he was becoming an expert on matters pertaining to mining, and was successful. At that time there was very little doing at Tombstone, and, as he was being sought for at Eureka, he went back to his first love and was placed in charge of the construction crew of the Eureka Consolidated Company's plant. After the plant was completed and in operation, he assumed charge of the pumping operations then being conducted on a large scale by ihe latter company. This work being completed, the wanderings commenced again, and in 1884 he went to Butte, Montana, taking charge of the North Star Salisbury Mines. He remained in this famous copper camp for two years, and his success at the mines mentioned is well known to every one acquainted with Butte history. At the end of two years, however, he began to look towards Eureka again, and began leasing and mining in the Nevada camp. He stayed this time in Eureka four years, and in 1891 he started for the Black Hills country and took charge of the Orifino Mine and mill, situated eight miles from Deadwood. As in all his other experiences, he was successful in his supervision of the mines, but his life seemed to turn towards new and verdant fields. Cripple Creek was at the height of its boom at that time, and here went our friend in 1893. The fact that he became manager of the famous Stratton Mines, and also of the Portland Mine, is the greatest monument to his ability and his thorough knowledge of mines and mining. He left here in 1897, when the Alaska boom was on, and went to Dawson City, where he worked some placer mines and also started tlie building of the Klondyke Mines Railway which was finished in 1905. In 1899 he was engaged by the firm of Wherner, Beit & Co., of London, as manager of the old John C. Fremont grant in Mariposa County, California. He opened up the mines of this old estate, built two stamp mills, constructed a dam across the Merced River, and erected a power plant for operating mines and mills. When this work was completed, he accepted the management of Le Roi Mine ancl Northport Smelter at Rossland, B. C, and remained until the eompanv had recovered from the disastrous regime of Whittaker, Wright and associates. In the "fall of 1903 he retired from active management of this property and joined F. W. Bradley, JI. E., of San Francisco. This firm entered actively into mine examination work and acted in consulting capacity for several large properties. In 1904, M. L. Requa, a mechanical engineer of San Francisco, joined this firm. The latter had acquired options on the greater portion of the holdings of what is now known as the Nevada Consolidated Copper Company, at Ely, Nevada. The- firm opened up these properties and were heavily interested, and directed operations of the same until the Guggenheims -purchased control. The career of Mr Mackenzie for the past few years is too well known to be told ot here; suffice it to say that he is looked upon and acknowledged as one of the foremost mining men of the West. . .. _ _ . , , „ He is prominentlv identified with a great many organizations in Goldfield and ban Francisco, living as he does between these two cities. He is * member of the Pacific Union San Francisco; Montezuma Club, Goldfield; a thirty-second degree Mason, Scottish Rite and many others. As a director and general manager of the Goldfield Consolidated Mines he is a well-known figure in the State, and is loved ancl respected by all who know him. 335 J. P. LOFTUS J. P. LOFTUS Recognized as foremost among successful mine operators, J. P. Loftus is one of the best-known men in Goldfield. His work dates from the sage-brush days of that camp, and to him and his associates much that has gone to the making of Goldfield stands as a credit. Of Irish descent, he was born in 1856 in the village of Clinton, New York. His education is the result of his own unaided effort. Through the high school of Waterville, New York, he worked his way, and later through Amherst Col lege, graduating with honors in the class of '84, degree of A.B., later A.M. Though said to be a lawyer, a newspaper man and a college professor, the fact is that he has never, except incidentally in the beginning of his career, been any of those things. For twenty years he has been in the business of mining, knows every phase of it, from prospecting and hitting a drill to those departments of the work requiring the highest skill and experience. Outside of mining he professes to know nothing, and cares less ; and yet his capacity for doing things is so generally recognized, that there is scarcely a matter of importance in camp or State with which his name is not connected. With a willingness to serve, he has never sought honors or recognition of any kind. In politics a Democrat, in a State overwhelmingly Democratic, with the gov ernorship, Congress, or even the United States Senate, within his easy reach, he has never permitted his name to be used. He has no ambitions, and professes no interest in public affairs, only to the extent that he can be of service. His sole ambition is to do his own work in his own way, out in the open, to continue the career of builder — empire builder, if you please— a work for which by tem perament, capacity, courage and experience he is amply fitted. In his marriage Mr. Loftus was most fortunate. His wife, Gertrude Portia Hopkins Loftus, is herself from a long line of builders and educators,— Mark Hopkins, who built the Union Pacific, and those who have founded and directed universities in the East. They have three children, James Hopkins, Margaret Edna and Gertrude Portia. Though traveling extensively, having spent the last season in Europe, the home of the family is Goldfield. As president of the Montezuma Club Mr. Loftus served two years, the period of its greatest social and community prestige. Under his administration the splendid stone-and-steel building now the home of the club was built. He built the News building, the finest stone structure in camp. He is an owner in the "News" itself, the leading newspaper in the State. He is the principal owner and president of the Nevada Exploitation Company, a close corporation that for four years has paid a five per cent, monthly dividend, a record unpar alleled in the mining business of the State. He is president of the Great Bend Mining Company; president of the Loftus-Davis Federated Mines Company; president of the News Publishing Company ; vice-president of the Round Moun tain Mining Company,— another dividend-payer; an Elk; a member of the University Club of Denver; in fact, a man all around, that touches life on all its sides, and has touched it fortunately and happily. 337 W. E. DOWLEN WALTON E. DOWLEN Perhaps no man is better known and has done more for the upbuilding of the city of Goldfield than Walton E. Dowlen, who came to this camp in the fall of 1905. His knowledge of mines and metallurgy stood him in hand when arriv ing there and it is to his credit that the mines of that camp can now ship $25-ore at a profit, when two years before nothing but $100-ore was looked at. A repre sentative of people across the water, in Paris and in England, he utilized the moneys of his associates so judiciously that to-day his interests as well as those of his backers are some of the most important in the Goldfield District. Mr. Dowlen was born in Denver, on the 14th of July, 1872, ancl received his education ancl technical training in mining and metallurgy in London, Eng land, at the Polytechnical School of Mines in that city. When but eighteen years of age, he went to British Columbia and entered the service of the Mines Department. He remained there three years, and by his thorough knowledge of the mining industry, coupled with his persistence and perseverance, he was very successful. After remaining in this department three years, the young man went as assistant engineer with the Santa Fe Railroad, built from San Fran cisco, of which Claus Spreckles was president. He stayed with this position for two years. He then was given charge of the "Villa Rica" gold mines in Georgia, and remained with that concern until 1897. Seeing opportunities, ancl many of them, in London, England, he crossed the water, and from there was sent to British Columbia by an English syndicate. He remained here for about a year, and was very successful in the enterprise. He was recalled, how ever, to London, and a syndicate sent him to Eastern Siberia for a syndicate known as the East Siberian Syndicate of London and Paris. He remained in that country for a while, gaining all the while valuable experience, and then drifted over to Nome, Alaska, for the same company, and then returned to London. About this time the name of Dowlen, the engineer, was becoming very promi nent in the mining and metallurgical world, and the successes of the young engineer were universally known and recognized. When in London on this trip the African Founders Syndicate sent him to Central Africa, ancl it was here that he did some of his best work. He was unfortunate in contracting the African fever. He was compelled to return to London in 1901, and remained in a hospital for four weeks, suffering the ravages of the disease. The same syndicate were anxious to have him, and when he recovered from the illness he was sent to the California oil fields. He remained in that country for two years, and then returned to England, going by the way of Alberta, where he made very extensive and complete reports of the coal properties in that country, in which the famous Emil Arton was interested, who, it may be recalled, was the last of the three promoters of the Panama deal in Paris to commit suicide. His operations from this time on have been in and around Goldfield, and he has been uniformly successful in all of his undertakings. He is vice-president of the Nevada Goldfield Reduction Company, one of the biggest propositions in the State, and this plant alone is a monument to the keenness and ability of this young man. He is a prominent club man, being a member of the Montezuma Club of Goldfield, the Sports, Club of London, and an associate of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in London, as well as an associate of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers of London. His domestic life is a happy one, he having married Miss Marie Boul- frois in January, 1906. His career to the present time has been a most remark able one, and the fact that he is still a young man would indicate a brilliant future. He is a tireless worker and very straightforward in all dealings. His efforts in settling the trouble between the Mine Owners' Association and the miners while acting president, and settling everything amicably, will be a lasting monument to his fairness and honesty. 339 GEOEGE WINGFIELD At the head of the gigantic corporation bf the Goldfield Consolidated is George Wingfield, former vice-president, but who recently succeeded United States Senator George S. Nixon as the head of the concern. He is, frankly speaking, a mere youth, only a little over thirty years of age, but with a head that would do credit to a staid business man of sixty. Mr. Wingfield is known as the "Napoleon of Nevada Finance." He spent much of his earlier life in Oregon, where he turned his hand to almost anything, including punching cattle. He landed in Tonopah before che boom started, and went to Winnemucca, where he had eccentric luck. He returned to Tonopah, ready to take a chance, and made win nings that seemed fortunes to him. He then came down to Goldfield during the early rush and plunged with his stake into the stock game. He dealt in Florence, Mohawk, Kendall, Sandstorm and other securities, and Dame Fortune was invariably with him. His hundreds crept into thousands; and by judicious investment of his thousands in connection with the operations of Senator Nixon, they soon mounted into millions, and to-day he is one of the wealthiest young men in the world, and the largest individual holder of Consolidated stock, which is selling now around $8.50 per share. Mr. Wingfield recently married, and has homes in both Reno and Goldfield. 341 THE GOLDFIELD CONSOLIDATED The corporation known as the Goldfield Consolidated Mines Company heads the entire list of gold-producers in this country as a dividend-payer. Its production is immense, its acreage large, and its system of extraction and treatment of ores as nearly perfect as mining ingenuity can make it. It is, frankly, the wonder of all mining men and visitors to Nevada, not only on account of its splendid equipment, but by reason of the tremen dous bodies of ore that are visible to the eye and that insure the operation of the company for years to come, without inserting another round of shots. The first dividend of the merger was in October of 1907, when 10 cents a share was declared. This amounted roundly to $350,000. The next was at the Seline rate in the fol lowing month, with corresponding total. The first dividend since the new mill was com pleted was paid only a short time ago, and was at the rate of 30 cents per share. This meant the distribution of approximately $1,066,000 in gold. Since then another dividend has been declared payable on the last day of the coming month, and also involving, roundly, $1,066,000. It is the policy of the company to make quarterly payments at the rate of $1,066,000, or thereabouts. This would give a total for the year of about $4,250,000 in straight "velvet," to say nothing of extra dividends, such as are also contemplated. Stratton's Independence at Cripple Creek paid in one year $1,789,000, and the Home- stake paid in one year about $1,250,000 in dividends. But here is a mine on the desert with practically $4,500,000 a year dividends assured. The corporation is at present working four shafts. The Mohawk is down 600 feet, with four main levels, all working. The Cleremont shaft, on the Jumbo claim, is down 1,000 feet, and has five main levels, four of which are being operated. The Combination shaft, on the Combination claim, is down 380 feet, with six levels, all of them being worked. The famous "Hampton stope" was first picked up on the fourth level, and since then has been opened up on the fifth and sixth levels. Stoping is now in progress on the fourth and fifth levels. This stope, discovered by Hampton, is a marvel. The ledge, at its widest portion is 70 feet across, all pay ore. Thirty feet of this, from 70 to 80 feet in length, will average not far from $200 straight across, while a rich streak in the center, from 5 to 7 feet wide, will give an average value in gold of $500 to $1,100 per ton. The forma tion is of telluride character, with, at times, great splotches of free gold running all through it. This Hampton stope alone, it has been figured, would insure dividends at the present rate for three years. The Red Top shaft has attained a depth of 330 feet, with four levels all in operation. Through this bore, the Lucky Boy claim, all virgin . country, is being worked. The ledge is continuous and averages 15 feet in width. It is opened up to about 300 or 400 feet south from the Red Top shaft, and the average value across will be from $30 to $40 per ton. The Consolidated Mines Company's properties in Goldfield have at least 20 miles of underground workings. This is a camp not five years of age, and the record of a company much younger. There are 380 acres embraced in the holdings. The new mill completed some six months ago, cost, together with company's railroad running from the mines to the bins, about $900,000. For the purposes of best results from the present process, it is always aimed to keep down the value of the ore handled at the mill, by mixing the low grade with the medium, and reserving the high stuff for shipment to 'the smelters. The big mill treats an average of 635 tons a day, valued at $35 a ton; and the Combina tion mill, the old one of the company, handled 100 tons a day of the same character of rock. The company's pay roll amounts to at least $60,000 a month, or about $2,000 a day. 342 Ab-AQNOPEDDEAD- TftE FOLL OWING PAGEr^ C QNTAIN gKETCrvtS # # ANP PORTRAITS ^0]^ 0PT/\E^TUPDY MEN WAO M/e PA^5£D A/#£T BUT wio radan mp^RTAN-n PART IN Tft£J)EVEL0PMENT OP TR15 GREAT REGION-- [tmIwark tXet #* a » ACCOMPLISHED WILE ^ LIVE: LONG AFTER TftEr- §AAF^ PEAPEDINTREIB ? AEI10PY AA/E FALLEj^- TODECAY# # $ JOSEPH ROBINSON WALKER (Deceased) Joseph Robinson Walker, deceased, merchant and banker, Salt Lake City, Utah, one of the most prominent business men of the State, was a native of Yeadon, a small place near Leeds, Yorkshire, England, being born there August 29, 1836. The family line is traced back as far as 1700. Matthew Walker, his father, married Mercy .Long, and followed the vocation of u merchant in England, until the spring of 1850, when he brought his whole family, four sons and two daughters, to America. Landing at New Orleans, the party ascended the Mississippi River to St. Louis, and settled there, the head of the family going at once into business. In 1851, during the scourge of cholera, the father and two daughters were carried off by the disease. Joseph R. had received a good practical education for a boy before leaving his native land, and gave promise of being of great assistance to his father at the store in St. Louis, when the death of the father proved a terrible blow to the family and interrupted their plans. All four of the boys, however, secured positions in fancy goods and notion stores, Joseph R. going into one on Broadway, where he held a place as a bright, active and efficient young clerk for two years. 344 At that time the fertile regions beyond the plains were attracting much attention, and during that period the mother and her boys discussed repeatedly the advisability of moving out to the then new Western country, ln April, 1852, the decision was made. All their household effects were disposed of, a strong and specially made wagon was bought, and the family took the long and fatiguing journey over the plains and mountains to Salt Lake City, Utah, where they arrived without serious accident, in September, 1852. Upon their arrival the entire worldly possessions of the family amounted to a small sum of money, four oxen, an Indian pony, which had been bought from the Indians en route, in exchange for a rifle and some powder, and a steer obtained the same way from a trader for a keg of powder. The oxen were soon traded for an adobe house and lot, where the family lived for several months, and then leased a log house on the spot where they subsequently buTit their magnificent residences. Provisions were dear in Salt Lake in 18.33, flour rising to $20 per hundred pounds, and the Indian pony was traded for 800 pounds of that commodity, but only half the bargain price was paid, 400 pounds. Until 1856, Joseph R. ancl his brothers worked during the winter in hauling wood from the mountains. Meanwhile, however, the Indians had begun to attack the settlements and were killing a great many people, and among the volunteers who enlisted to help protect the inhabitants of the farming regions near Salt Lake, was Joseph R. Walker. When the excitement had apparently subsided, thirteen men — Mr. Walker among the number — were detailed to drive a herd of cattle into Salt Lake City, a distance of eighty miles. The first night out they took proper precautions against surprise at night by Indians, and the result proved their wisdom. The stockade was attacked during the night by the Indians, who made several furious assaults in an effort to stampede the cattle and horses. The foe was beaten off, however, with a loss of five or six of their number, and without having damaged the stockade, but two horses and twenty cattle were shot and one of the men in the detail was wounded. The trading instincts of Mr. Walker prompted him early in his career in Utah, to obtain a mule team, a wagon, and a stock of dry goods and notions, all on credit, and to begin business on his own account. His early training then proved of value to him, and this, com bined with unusual talent and address, made him successful from the start. The entire out fit was paid for in the first few months, ancl from that time forward his progress was rapid. In 1856 Mr. Walker started for California, and in 1857 settled in Carson Valley as clerk for a trader, and later built a store at Gold Canon, in a placer-mining camp named Johns town, near the afterwards famous Comstock lode. Here lie found occupation and profit in a large trade and the exchange of goods to miners for gold dust. In August, 1858, Mr. Walker returned to Utah. General Albert Sidney Johnston had established a camp of United States troops at Camp Floyd, about fifty miles from Salt Lake, and Mr. Walker, repairing to that point, served as a clerk with the army long enough to find out what the situation was, and then with his three brothers, opened a store at Camp Floyd with a general supply of dry goods, groceries, cigars and tobacco, and such other articles as could be sold to the soldiers, all bought in Salt Lake on credit, at sixty per cent, advance on first cost and thirty cents more per pound added for freight. The first year the brothers made a profit of $20,000. Meanwhile, in Salt Lake, in 1859, the Walker brothers had opened a large general store and bank, and this business has been carried on successfully to the present day, although the four Walker brothers dissolved partnership in 1884. As at Camp Floyd, banking has always been carried on in connection with the general merchandising business. Illustrative of the difficulties Utah merchants labored under in the early times, it is stated that, when in 1864 Mr. Walker went to New York City and bought a stock of goods worth $250,000, he had to pay fifteen to twenty cents a pound for freight and found that it was impossible to get insurance on the stock while it was in transit, and when the goods were unloaded in Utah, they had cost him $350,000. Mr. Walker was always a merchant and banker, but was later largely interested in real estate in Utah and California, and in mining enterprises in both States. The first stamp mill in Utah was built by the Walker brothers in the Ophir District. „ _ , _ T , In addition to being a member of the immense Walker Bros. Dry Goods Company, Joseph R. Walker was a member of Walker Bros., Bankers, and president of the Alice Gold te feilver Mining Company, at Walkerville, Mont., and extensively interested in mines and other enterprises. While he derived great pleasure from the management of large interests he was a lover of home and familv He contributed liberally to worthy objects, and promoted all measures calculated to advance the welfare of the community m which he lived He was a strong, genial, capable man, untiring in labor, alert to opportunity, a man of ideas and always sound in counsel. He was not a politician, but a business mam, but took the lively interest in public affairs which every American citizen must feel. He < led m the eaily evening of Januarv 6th, 1001. Two years after the death of M r_ ^al^I; the^™ ^ their interest in Walker Bros.' Bank, and acquired control of Walker Bros. Dry Goods Company. 345 S. S. WALKER, DECEASED SAMUEL SHAEP WALKER (Deceased) The late Samuel Sharp Walker was the eldest of the four well- known Walker brothers, whose names are known, and honored and respected and who have accomplished so much towards the develop ment and up-building of Utah and its resources. Samuel Sharp Walker was a son of Matthew and Mercy Long Walker, and was born at Yeadon, Yorkshire, England, September 22, 1835. The elder Walker was a prominent wool merchant of Yorkshire, England, and emigrated to this country in 1850, and while on his way to Utah he died at St. Louis, Missouri. His wife survived him, and passed away in Salt Lake City in December, 1863. Samuel Sharp Walker, together with his brothers, J. E., D. F., and M. H., arrived in Salt Lake City in September, 1852. After a couple of years working in St. Louis as clerks and peddling notions they finally saved enough money to move on to Utah. The brothers were natural born merchants, and came to the notice of William Nixon, the father of general mer chandising in Utah, who gave them employment. The family settled first in the Third ward, where they afterwards purchased property, gradually acquiring possession of the greater part of a city block in the Seventh ward, where they afterwards lived, and there they built the handsome homes of the Walker brothers at the present day. Sharp Walker turned his attention to farming and engaged in agricultural pursuits until 1859, when the famous house of Walker Brothers was organized at Camp Floyd. Here he joined his brothers in conducting1 the business and supplying the United States troops with merchandise. They soon built up a large business and became wealthy. After the departure of the troops, the brothers moved their store to Salt Lake City, and the famous store of Walker Brothers has been a landmark there ever since, and has grown to be one of the largest and most complete dry goods establishments in the entire West ern country. The firm started in a small way, but soon acquired the location in wliich they are at the present day. This was in 1866. The firm afterwards engaged in finance, and the present banking- house of Walker Brothers was the outcome. Mining and other invest ments were also made, including the famous Emma mine, which was afterwards sold to English capitalists. The firm met with much suc cess and only a few reverses, notable among which was the burning of the Walker opera house July 3, 1889. After the fire the building- was remodeled and made into an office building known as the Atlas block. This was burned in 1903 and later rebuilt, and is now one of the largest office buildings in the city. The Walker brothers were substantial citizens, public spirited and benevolent in the use of their wealth, and up to the time of the death of S. S. Walker, which occurred in 1887, he was actively engaged m business in Salt Lake City. Samuel S. Walker was married January 5, 1857, and was the father of ten children, Samuel, Frederick, Elizabeth, Emma, Mercy, Nellie, Matthew Sharp, Fannie, Doris, and John Walker. 347 W. W. CHISHOLM (Deceased) WILLIAM WALLACE CHISHOLM (Deceased) It was in the year of 1864 that the late William W. Chisholm arrived in Utah, where he was destined to become one of the best-known and most representative citizens in the inter-mountain country. Residing in Salt Lake City from 1889 up to the time of his death, he was at all times a useful and public-spirited citizen, and his loss is deplored by all who knew him. He was a native of Hazel Green, Grant County, Wisconsin, and was born June 26, 1842. His father was Robert Bruce Chisholm, ancl his mother, Sarah Van Valkenburg Chisholm. Before settling in Wisconsin the elder Chisholm resided in Chicago, and was a large property owner there, including the lots upon which the Tremont Hotel stands. He was a pioneer in Chicago, and was a brick manufacturer, and was also interested in mining. W. WA Chisholm received an early education at Hazel Green, and in 1854 he went to Monona, Clayton County, Iowa, to live with an uncle, who was a cabinet-maker, which occupation young Chisholm followed for two years and then learned the printer's trade at Winona, Wisconsin, securing employment on the "Demo crat," where he worked for the first year for fifty dollars. In 1863 he went to Elgin, where his father had bought a farm, and there he made his home and attended the Elgin Academy. In 1864 father and son started for the West by stage to Omaha, and there they purchased mule teams and wagons and started for Virginia City, Montana, reaching there in September of that year. His first occupation after arrival in Utah was as a wood-chopper, and the following spring worked some mining claims, without success. Mining was then in its infancy in Utah. In the meantime the elder Chisholm had located claims in the Pahranagat Mining District, and in 1865 father and son returned East and disposed of them for cash. In the spring of 1866 W. W. Chisholm went to Chicago to follow his trade of printing, securing employment on the "Post," where he remained for three years, and again returned to the West by rail, arriving in Utah May 10, 1869, the day of the meeting of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific at Promontory. Here he joined the late Captain Woodman at Bingham, and went with him to Little Cottonwood, where the Emma Mine had been located. He assisted Cap tain Woodman in the management of that property and was, in fact, the mana ger, the Captain having so many interests to handle. He remained with the Emma until 1872, when the Walker brothers obtained control of the property ; then he retired. Returning to Salt Lake, he devoted his time to looking after his father's property, and his own mining interests throughout the State. On the 9th of February, 1876, Mr. Chisholm was married to Miss N. Jeanette Kendall, sister of J. D. Kendall, who subsequently became his most intimate busi ness associate. The same year the Centennial-Eureka Mine was located, but nothing much in the way of development and production was accomplished until September, 1884, when Mr. Kendall was put in charge. Operations then began with energy, and the mine was developed and became a great producer under his able management. By the recent death of Mr. W. W. Chisholm, which occurred at Los Angeles, March 19, 1909, Utah loses one of its most prominent mining men, as well as a useful and honored citizen. 349 JOHN SHAEP, BISHOP, DECEASED BISHOP JOHN SHARP (Deceased) One of the sturdiest characters Mormonism ever brought to Utah as a con vert, was the late Bishop John Sharp, of the former twentieth ecclesiastical ward in Salt Lake, he being elevated to that position in 1854. Born at the Devon Iron Works in Clachmannanshire, Scotland, in 1820, and going to work in the coal pit when he was but eight years old, he became an expert coal miner, ancl a singular coincidence was that with the promiscuous child-labor that prevailed in that land in those days, Jane Patterson, whom he later made his wife, went to work in the same pit at practically the same time. In 1847 he became a convert to the Mormon faith, and the same year came to America, reaching Utah, via New Orleans, in 1850, accompanied by his two brothers, Adam and Joseph Sharp, and by his wife and their two sons, John and James Sharp, then nine ancl seven years old respectively. His first activities in Salt Lake were quarrying stone for the building of the Tabernacle and the Tithing House, and he was shortly made superintendent of the quarries, and later superintendent of public construction for Salt Lake. He was a man of great intelligence ancl constructive capacity, and was the largest sub-contractor under the Brigham Young contract with the Union Pacific Railroad, building all the gracie with the Utah men and teams from Echo Can yon to Promontory. John Sharp had dictated the terms of the contract. They were that eighty per cent, of the engineers' estimates of completed work should be paid, for the men's wages, each month, and the final settlement made when the work was finished. He was making money on his contracts on the Union Pacific, and when the Utah Central Railway Company was organized he became a large subscriber for the stock and one of its directors, and he built and equipped the road and followed it up with the building of the Utah Southern Railway, reaching to Milford. In 1871 he was superintendent of the Utah Central ; in 1873 he became its president, and vice-president of the Utah South ern Railway, later becoming a director of the entire Union Pacific system, with a seat on the Executive Committee, and always with a potent voice. Bishop Sharp was physically of herculean proportions, and his activities had made him a very wealthy man, and a power in the financial circles of the Pacific railways. He had made money ever since his arrival in Utah, Brigham Young, early recognizing his exceptional abilities, placing all kinds of activ ities and opportunities before him. A pet cognomen was "The Railroad Bishop," and in everything he turned his attention to he made work for men and paid good wages always. He early acquired heavy interests in the coal lands in southeastern Utah, and supplied the Territory with its fuel. He died in the seventy-second year of his life at his home on East Brigham Street, Salt Lake City, December 23, 1891, from an aggravated attack of la grippe, after a brief illness. He left a large family, five sons and nine daugh ters, all the sons and eight of the daughters being married at the time of his death. His funeral was held at his late residence on East Brigham Street, on Sunday, December 27, 1891, and among those who attended were George Q. Cannon, Angus M. Cannon, William B. Preston, John R. Winder, Bishop Wil liam Thorn, Bishop E. P. Sheets, John E. Dooley, W. S. McCornick, S. W. Eccles, George Y. Wallace, and Judge Charles S. Zane. The directors of the Deseret National Bank and of the Z. C. M. I. were all present. The funeral address was delivered by Elder John Henry Smith, and was eloquently eulo gistic of the life of deceased. The Cambrian Glee Club rendered some of tha favorite hymns of Bishop Sharp ; the hier was buried in flowers, and during the two hours the body lay in state in the main hall of the residence hundreds of his friends and admirers passed in line to take a last view of the dead. The pall-bearers were James C. Livingston, C. H. Livingston, George Swan, Samuel H. Mill George G Bywater, John Acomb, Zebulon Jacobs and J. H. Rumel, Jr. The interment was in the city cemetery, and the procession that followed the remains to their last resting place was never greater at any funeral in Salt Lake. 351 E. MACKINTOSH, DECEASED RICHARD MACKINTOSH (Deceased) Among the pioneers of mining, both in Utah and Nevada, there is no name better known than that of Richard Mackintosh. He was the son of Captain William Mackintosh, of the 93rd Royal Highlanders, and was born in Dublin Barracks, Ireland, while his father's regiment was quartered there. Richard Mackintosh left Europe when a mere boy of nineteen, and made the long trip around the Horn from New York to California, arriving there in the later days of the great gold excitement. After cleaning up enough gold dust to con tinue his mining operations, he journeyed to Virginia City, Nevada, and took active part in the early development of the famous Comstock. Prom Nevada he came to Salt Lake in 1871, and continued his activities in mining in Utah, a field at that time comparatively new, and was the first man in this State to engage in the public commercial sampling of ores. The Pioneer Sam pler at Sandy, Salt Lake County, was his first undertaking in that line, and later as the mines near Park City proved of great value he built the Mack intosh Sampler at that camp. The sampler in Park City still belongs to the Mackintosh Estate, and is at present being operated. The Pioneer Sampler, which he had operated at Sandy for many years, was sold to Mr. A. J. Gush ing, who later disposed of it to the present Pioneer Ore Sampling Company. Mr. Mackintosh, associated with Mr. R. C. Chambers and others, in the year 1889 acquired by purchase the Diamond and Excelsior mines at Eureka, Nevada, from which a large tonnage of high-grade ores has been profitably mined continuously to the present time, ancl this output has always been and is yet shipped to the Salt Lake Valley Smelters through the Pioneer Sampler at Sandy. In the year 1880 Mr. Mackintosh was married to Miss Emma Goss, only daughter of Mr. George Goss, who was associated with the construction of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, the building of the first railroad lines into Bingham and Little Cottonwood Canyons ancl the gravity tramways to the mines. Mrs. Mackintosh was a popular and well-loved woman, widely known for her generous giving to the cause of charity. Both Mr. and Mrs. Mackintosh devoted much time to philanthropy, and Mr. Mackintosh's genial soul delighted in this use of his wealth. The couple had no children. The estate was inherited by a niece of Mr. Mackintosh, Miss Blanche L. Mackin tosh, who, since her marriage to Dr. A. E. Rykert, has resided in Paris, Prance. Richard Mackintosh was one of the Utah Commissioners to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and filled the position with great credit to himself and the State. He was a charter member of the Alta Club, and its president for four successive years. Although a public-spirited man, he was never induced to accept political office until the election for the Constitu tional Convention in 1895, to which he was elected and served through the ses sion with marked ability ancl intelligence. He thus took an active part in the framing of the fundamental laws of the proposed new State in the Territory of which he had been an active factor for many years. Mr. Mackintosh began to fail in health soon after his wife's death, in 1895. A cancer, long unsuspected, at last compelled his retirement from active busi ness life, and the end came in February, 1900, five years and two months after the death of Mrs. Mackintosh. 353 J. D. WOOD, DECEASED JAMES DAVID WOOD (Deceased) The late James David Wood was a typical representative of the self-made man, and his successful career from a poor boy to the head of the largest cattle raising concern in the United States is interesting ancl worthy of a prom inent place in the history of the inter-mountain States, where Mr. Wood spent the greater part of his long and useful career. James D. Wood was a representative of one of the first families of Vir ginia and Tennessee, and the name was very prominent socially and otherwise during Colonial times and immediately succeeding the period of the Revolu tion. His mother, Marcia Cassandra Fowler, derived her ancestry from the distinguished physician and mathematician of that name. His father, Jeptha Wood, was an early pioneer in Sullivan County, Missouri, where he was a civil engineer, and later a farmer and stock-raiser of importance; and it was there that young Wood received his first knowledge of the business that was destined to bring him fame and fortune. James David Wood was born August 27, 1841, and his education was obtained in a log cabin wherein was located a district school, and he was reared on a farm. At an early age he started out in life in the face of hard ships and many obstacles that would discourage a less determined and coura geous boy, but he plodded on and eventually embarked, in a small way, in a mercantile business, opening a village store in his native place. In 1861, at the breaking out of the Civil War, he lost all his business and had to seek new fields for his business talents ; therefore, obtaining a loan, he began the business of shipping cattle to Chicago, and it is a fact that in the early days he grazed his cattle on the very area where now stand the great skyscrapers and beauti ful residences of that city, which is a striking example of the wonderful growth of Chicago during one man's lifetime. In 1863 the placer gold mining excite ment in Montana attracted Mr. Wood and a year later he started in that direc tion, locating first at Atchison, Kansas. Then he contracted to drive a freight train across the plains to Montana, for which he obtained his board. This outfit consisted of twenty-six wagons, with six mules to draw each one. His first salary was $20 per month, and he was glad to get it, though the work was a hazardous one, and it took him seventy-three days and nights to make the journey, being frequently stampeded by Sioux Indians, then very troublesome to voyagers over the plains. Upon reaching Montana, he had sixty dollars in greenbacks, then worth fifty cents on the dollar. He turned his attention to placer mining, with varying success, until in 1868 he went to Salmon City and Leesburg, Idaho, where for a time he conducted a general retail store. In 1879 he began in the upper Salmon River country both mining and smelting. He was one of the organizers of the Salmon River Mining and Smelting Com pany, with works at Clayton, Idaho; among his partners being the Omaha and Grant Smelting Company, operators. Since that time up to his demise, he was very prominently identified with the mining and stock-raising business of Idaho, Utah, Nevada and Mexico, and his reputation for honesty and integ rity of purpose was second to none in the inter-mountain region. He was a suc cessful operator in the live-stock business, having built up the largest sheep- ranching business in the United States, operating in the States of Idaho and Montana, as well as being the principal owner in one of the largest cattle ranches in the world, the latter located in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. He was also instrumental in the development of the great oil fields m southern California Mr Wood also operated a canning factory in Utah, and was prominently and actively connected with many of the best Utah and Nevada mines, and was a factor in the upbuilding of the great mter-mountam region, of which he can truly be called one of the history-makers and a real pioneer. Mr Wood was married in 1872, and had a family of two sons and one daughter. His widow, Catharine Wood, is a lady of charming manner and unostentatious. She has seen all the rigors and hardships which only early pioneering in the West could afford. She is widely and favorably known and esteemed all through the inter-mountain region, where she has a host of friends. 355 JOHN JUDGE, DECEASED JOHN JUDGE (Deceased) The late John Judge was one of the most remarkably successful mining men that ever came to Utah. He was also one of the best liked and most popular men to be found anywhere in the inter-mountain country. His demise was much lamented by all who were fortunate enough to know him. He was a kind-hearted, generous, upright, honest man, whom everybody loved and respected. He led an active life and was one of Utah's foremost and useful citizens. He died September 14, 1892, at the height of his success, and but forty-seven years of age. John Judge was a native of Ireland, a son of John and Annie Judge, and was born in County Sligo, in 1845. He came to America when an infant, and his early years were spent in Essex County, New York State, being educated in the common schools there. His parents were successful farmers, and farming and mining were the vocations he was naturally inclined to follow. Therefore, at fourteen years of age he began work in the mines, and lived at Black Brook until he was eighteen. He then enlisted in the Union army, as a private in Co. K., Second Eegiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry, otherwise known as "The Empire Light Cavalry." He served a little over two years, being wounded and a prisoner for eight months in Shreve port, Louisiana, and in Taylor, Texas. Just after the war Mr. Judge was married at Port Henry, on November 25, 1867, to Miss Mary Harney, and to them were born five children; namely, Mrs. W. M. O'Brien, Mrs. T. A. Baldwin, Jr., Mrs. J. E. Woodward, Miss Katherine Judge, and J. Frank Judge. In April, 1876, Mr. Judge arrived in Utah, and for a time was a guard at the penitentiary, which position in those days required a man of nerve and daring. Later he became a miner at Wood Biver, Idaho. Eeturning to Utah, he went to Park City, where he prospected and worked upon some of the most valuable properties there, including the Daly mine. Mr. Judge was one of the original lessees of the May flower, from which the profit w'as placed to purchase the Silver King- claims. When the Silver King Mining Company was organized, Mr. Judge was left off the board of directors at his own request, he being in poor health at that time. The Judge estate became rich through the Silver King mine. His widow and family reside in a handsome resi dence on East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City. 357 JAMES HOGLE, DECEASED JAMES HOGLE (Deceased) The late James Hogle was one of Utah's most prominent citizens and was honored and respected by all who had the good fortune to have his friendship and acquaintance. Mr. Hogle was widely known m the mter-mountain States and counted as his friends the best ele ment of citizenship in that section of the country. He was born at Armaugh, Ireland, October 15th, 1838. When but six years of age his parents moved to Quebec, Canada, where the boy was sent to a French school until he was 15 years of age. Then the family removed to Illinois where they resided until 1859, when the Colorado gold excitement broke out and young Hogle, then about 20 years old, was stricken with the gold fever and joined the rush to Pike's Peak. He was a member of a party that started from Illinois. Most of them grew tired of the hardships of travel before the ox teams reached St. Joseph, but young Hogle resolutely kept on, driving a yoke of oxen and a mule on the wagon in which he had his earthly possessions. Only two others of the original party stuck, and they were all that remained when they reached Denver which at that time was merely a cluster of roughly built houses and no one had any idea that it was the beginning of a great city. Mr. Hogle remained in Denver four years and acted as bookkeeper for a mercantile house and resided with a French family there. In 1863 the gold craze again seized him and he pushed on to Vir ginia City, Montana, where he did mining in Alder Gulch. He first came to Salt Lake in 1864 and in the spring of 1865 went to Helena, Mont, and then to the gold placer grounds of Loon Creek, Idaho ; he returned to Salt Lake in 1871, determined to make it his permanent home, and the following year entered business in partnership with James T. Clasby, which continued successfully for several years. Upon the dissolution of the firm he entered into partnership with his brother Owen, and built up a profitable business. Mr. Hogle was an intimate personal friend of the late Marcus Daly, who repeatedly tried to induce him to go to Butte to enter business, but Mr. Hogle had formed a deep attachment for his adopted city and refused to leave it. Marcus Daly and James Hogle were friends when neither had much, and the friendship ripened as they both amassed wealth. Mr. Hogle through his mining interests and fortunate investments was able to amass a substantial fortune which enabled him to retire from active business, which he intrusted to younger hands, and during the four years preceding his death spent his time in travel and recre ation. _ At the time of his demise Mr. Hogle was sixty-nine years old. He was sincerely mourned by all who knew him for his lovable disposition, charitable nature and extreme generosity. Mr. Hogle was married to Miss Ida Elizabeth King in 1873, who survives him. One son, James A. Hogle, was born to them. He is now a mining engineer of Salt Lake City. 359 H. P. HENDEESON, DECEASED HENEY PAEEY HENDEESON (Deceased) Henry Parry Henderson was born September 22, 1843, in Otisco, Onondaga County, New York, his father being Parry Henderson and his mother Huldah Christian. While he was quite young his parents moved to Michigan and he was educated in the public schools of Mason, the high school of Lansing, and the Agricultural College at Lansing. He came to Utah in August, 1886, and was an accomplished lawyer at that time, though his only attendance at law school was con fined to a short period at Ann Arbor. He acquired his legal education by reading law in the offices of experienced lawyers, and always argued that it was the best way for a young man to obtain legal learning. Mr. Henderson held the office of county clerk of Ingham County, Michigan, was clerk of the supreme court of Michigan two years, prosecuting attorney of Ingham County two years, and served as a member of the Michigan legislature in 1879. He was elected mayor of Mason, county seat of Ingham County, and during Cleveland's admin istration he was appointed a member of the Territorial Supreme Court of Utah. He married about this time, and two children born to them died when very young. Mrs. Henderson has been a leading person ality in Salt Lake society ever since she came here and is still promi nent. She is a lady of pleasing personality, and very popular. In addition to the great law practice wliich Judge Henderson established in Utah after his advent here, he acquired holdings in many of the big mining properties of the State. He possessed social qualities highly developed and was a member of the Alta Club, the University Club and the Salt Lake Commercial Club. Judge' Henderson was a Democrat all his life. He served as a member of the city board of education from January 1, 1899, to January 1, 1901. January 1, 1903, he was again returned and served continuously until his death, being elevated to the presidency of the board on January 1, 1908, his term to expire January 1, 1911. At death he was the head of the legal firm of Henderson, Pierce, Critchlow and Barrette, composed of H. P. Henderson, Frank Pierce, E. B. Critchlow and W. J. Barrette. It was one of the strongest legal firms in the State, and enjoyed an extensive clientele in adjoining States. Judge Henderson died June 3, 1909, of pneumonia, at his resi dence at No. 32 Fifth East Street, after an illness of nearly a month's duration. In his death Salt Lake lost one of her most distinguished and patriotic citizens. 361 DAVID FALK, DECEASED DAVID FALK (Deceased) David Falk was born in Eggenhausen, Bavaria, Germany, on December 18, 1834. In 1850 he came to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he clerked in the store of Blumauer & Dottenheim. In 1859 he crossed the Isthmus of Panama and opened a store at the mouth of Sandy, near Portland. In 1862 he moved to Dalles, where he became a member of the firm of Block & Co. Mr. Falk came to Boise in 1864, when he and Mr. Block became members of the firm of Hessberg & Co., who afterwards sold out to Falk and Kraemer. He commenced the present business with his brother, Nathan, in the fall of 1868, under the firm name of D. Falk & Bro., and was continuously connected with the business, having been one of the directors at the time of his death. In 1866 at Strasburg, Germany, he was married to Miss Ernestine Weil, who, together with four children, Leo F., Henry, Mrs. Julius Steinmeir of Boise, and Mrs. E. E. Manheim of Fresno, California, survive him. He is also survived by a brother, Sigmund Falk, and two sisters, Mrs. H. Seller of Boise, and Mrs. M. Stark of Bavaria, Ger many. Mr. Falk devoted no little of his time and a great deal of his money to mining, one of his ventures in the Wood Biver country having cost him a fortune. He erected the first smelter in Idaho, in Wood Eiver, in 1881. He was also largely interested in the development of Atlanta, having been one of the owners of the Petitt mine. Mr. Falk was one of those who had unbounded faith in the resources of his State, to the development of which he gave the best years of his life. When he had done he had demonstrated possibilities that others were not slow to see, and they took up the labors where he had been forced to suspend his operations and, profiting by the results of his energy, in numerous instances were able to add many thousands of dollars to the wealth of Idaho. Mr. Falk was ever ready to show his faith in the State of his choice by his acts, and until sickness overtook him and compelled him to retire, he was actively interested in various matters in addition to the great mercantile establishment he had founded. During his long and useful career he held the confidence and high esteem of all those with whom he came in contact, either in a business or social way. Mr. Falk was a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Pioneer Society, and a charter member of the Boise Belief Society. 363 NATHAN FALK, BOISE NATHAN FALK (Deceased) History shows that in every family, in every community, and in every subdivision of our social state, there is a leader, one who plans and executes ideas beneficial to the welfare of the family or community in which he is inter ested. Such a man ancl such a leader, was Nathan Falk to the city of Boise. Nathan Falk was born in Eggenhausen, Bavaria, in the year 1848. He came to the United States when a lad of fifteen years. He spent a short time in New York City, but soon took passage for San Francisco, by way of the Isthmus of Panama. He spent a little time in San Francisco, Portland and The Dalles, Oregon, but the spring of 1864 found him in Boise, which was his home from that clay to the day of his death, July 22cl, 1903. Boise in those days was a small village, the trading point for Boise basin mines. It was clue to the foresight, the untiring energy and the business ability of such men as Nathan Falk that Boise is to-day the capital ancl metropolis of the State of Idaho, and the finest and most progressive city of its size in the United States. Many were the hardships endured by those early pioneers, and their experi ences during their overland trips to ancl from the markets would fill many a volume. Nathan Falk was a man who took a large interest in public matters, and, while never in politics, was ever ready to give up his time for the public good. A natural-born merchant, possessing a sense of justice ancl philanthropy that is given to but few men, he soon rose to control the largest business in the State of Idaho. For many years he directed the course of the Falk Mercantile Company, ancl the indelible impress of his personality to-day, six years after his death, still dominates the policies pursued by the great company which bears his name. His was a simple creed, "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you, and do it now." His sterling integrity, keen foresight and executive ability made hosts of friends for him, and his advice was eagerly sought by rich and poor alike, and given as freely and honestly to one as to the other. His life was one of unselfish devotion to his family, and his sons are to-day following in the footsteps of their father, and taking an active and leading interest in the Falk Company. At the time of his death, the "Daily Statesman," the leading paper of Idaho, said: "By the untimely death of Nathan Falk, this city and the State of Idaho sustain a loss so great that it seems almost irreparable. No city can afford to lose such a man, and the 'Statesman' voices a universal sentiment in saying there are few, if any others, whose death would create such a void. Yesterday was a day of mourning throughout the entire city, for all our people loved the dead merchant, and all feel a sense of personal loss in his taking-off. Nathan Falk was a model man of business, a model husband and father, a model mem ber of society. There is no point at which one can touch his character and disclose a flaw." 365 W. S. GODBE, DECEASED WILLIAM S. GODBE (Deceased) The subject of this sketch was born in London, England, June 26, 1833. He -was as a boy, bright, sensitive and brave, and while yet a child took in a belief that his own coun try was the greatest in the world, because his forefathers had, while maintaining them selves against the world, subdued themselves and disciplined themselves until order with them was a rule, and obedience to law a duty which might not be avoided. At the same time he discerned that, throughout all the mutations of the centuries, the one paramount thought that had become fixed in every English mind was that the freedom of the citi zen, and his inherent right to do any legitimate thing, that is, anything which did not trench upon the rights of his fellow-men or the rights of society, was an inalienable birth right. It was at a time when England had just begun her mighty expansion. Her triumphs, first under the battle canopy of Trafalgar, then at Waterloo; her lead in the manufactures of the world; her possession of more ships and money than half the world outside, were all witnesses of a measureless power and incentive for all Englishmen to make the utmost exertion for wealth and place. Then in his childhood, the genius of that mighty array of British intellectual lights, Scott, Burns, Byron, Macaulay, Keats, Coleridge, Campbell, and the others, had just attained full voice, and the first splendors of the Victorian era were shining about him. No wonder that an eager, alert soul like his should be sur charged with ambition and enthusiasm. While yet a youth, he determined to take in the world and so bound himself to a ship company, and when he sailed on his first voyage his soul was in full accord with the wild winds above and the never resting sea that rolled around him. In early youth he has read all the classics, and as he sailed from his native shore, he exulted in the thought that the life he had chosen would lead him to the lands where those who had shaken the world in the long ago, the heroes, the orators, the poets, the artists of the early ages, had lived, and wrought, and died. Then the question of the Turk and Greek was stirring the world. Byron, an Eng lishman, had just died in an effort to help the latter nation, that nation around which so much glory lingers. So he visited the Grecian isles, spent a good while in Constanti nople, went over to southern Russia and up the Danube, then across to Egypt, along northern Africa, across to Brazil, then, returning, took in northern Europe. His journeys were continuous studies; as he neared a coast, all that was famous in the history of that coast was familiar to his mind, and the voyage was but a postgraduate course in which to complete his studies. He spent a good deal of time in France, Germany and Denmark. He was more than once shipwrecked. In those years he took in more information than he could have gained in half a century on shore, and the discipline he underwent, in after life, made difficulties which would have baffled the ordinary man seem but trifles to him. At the same time, a life at sea grew, after a long experience, irksome. It was hitch ing a blood horse to a whim and driving him in a circle day after day, when his real nature was to go out and, through campaigns that taxed all his energies and strength, win his conquests. He was on the swift road to become a captain and to sail his own ship, but that meant simply an enlarged sphere; the old, narrow routine would still have been his, when he held in thought the whole world and its possibilities for him. But who can estimate what the discipline of the sea was to him in after life? He returned to England and completed his apprenticeship in a ship-chandler's office. That for him consisted mostly of . heavy physical labor, the dragging of ship stores to ships along the docks. While thus engaged he one day heard the preaching of a Mormon elder. Here was something new — an appeal for a return to primitive Christianity. The imagination of young Godbe was at once enlisted. Before, his vision had been confined to this world; now he took in both heaven and earth. He at once procured some Mormon books and the writings of Parley Pratt kindled a new flame in his soul. He became a convert, attended the Mormon meetings, "bore his testimony" with passionate fervor, for at the time he hailed the new faith as a miracle wrought for man's salvation, and his youthful fancy surrounded it with all the splendor of that light which comes from the celestial chambers, wiiere divine light is brewed. Then the martyr's spirit absorbed him; the glory that was to be in founding and building up his faith in the wilderness of America engrossed him, and he sailed from his native land to join the work. He left London as a sailor, and, reaching New York he had onlv what money he .had earned on the voyage. He struck out on foot for Utah. He walked to Buffalo then worked Hs passlge la a boat to Chicago, then again started on foot and walked to the frontier, where he obtained employment in a train loaded with merchandise for Salt Lake in 185L 367 He engaged in business with a merchant, Mr. Thomas S. Williams, and in a few years, by incessant industry and through that courage of his which never faltered, amassed a comfortable fortune. in those early days a man who understood the needs of the city, and who likewise understood the art of purchasing the best goods at the lowest prices, was essential in Salt Lake, and Mr. Godbe was exactly the man for the place. So he made annual journeys East, to purchase his own goods, and to act as the com mercial agent of the people. The day of his starting was advertised annually, and then for days his office was thronged with men and women from all over the Territory giving their individual commission for him to fill, and in the autumns when the trains arrived with these goods, the rush for them made a periodical sensation. Before the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad Mr. Godbe had crossed the plains twenty-four times to the Missouri River, besides making several trips to California by the northern, central and southern routes. These trips he made by horseback generally, but always by his own conveyance, and in some instances only one man accompanied him. This was when the Indians were bad, and he deemed it safer to travel without attract ing too much attention. He also crossed the Atlantic seventeen times. Mr. Godbe, too, was the first man in Utah to bring down the price of merchandise, adding but a reasonable percentage to cost and freight. As his fortune accumulated he built the Godbe Building, corner of First South and Main Streets, which, with Mr. William Jennings' emporium across the street, were really the first substantial buildings erected in the city. The Walker Bros, store, corner of Second South and Main, was soon after erected. By his enterprise and generosity and public spirit, Mr. Godbe had drawn to him the affections of thousands of people and the good will of all the rest. But he had at the same time become disillusioned regarding many things in relation to the church to which he had devoted his life. He found that it really was a theocracy as implacable as fate, and that its chiefs would brook no divided authority in matters either spiritual or temporal. He thought of King John and the barons, and while his devotion to the religion was as sincere as ever, he revolted at the thought that under the guise of religion any man should place any other man's mind in thralldom. The time had eome when Utah was falling behind because her greatest resource, her mines, lay dormant. The church had discouraged, almost or quite forbidden the Mormon people to engage in mining. Godbe believed this was tyranny, and he, with Mr. Lawrence and Mr. Harrison, determined to advocate mining. They had already started a magazine to begin to introduce a higher standard of literature than had before been encouraged in Utah. They at last determined to publish in this magazine an article advising the pursuit of mining. This was followed by a summons to appear before "the high church council" to show why they should not be deemed apostates. It was a furious meeting, and the lives of the men really hung upon a thread while it lasted, so fierce did the waves of fanaticism roar and rave about them. But they stood their ground, insisting that, under the laws of the land and of civili zation, and under a fair interpretation of their creed, they had done nothing which any American and good Mormon had not a right to do. The result was excommunication for them all, and, by the persecutions that followed, a loss not only of the greater part of their patronage, but of half their fortunes. But the publication was kept up until it was changed from a magazine into the "Daily Tribune." In this effort toward a greater freedom for Utah Mr. Godbe expended $50,000, but he never begrudged one cent of the money. Some time the children of the men who pursued him then will expend that amount upon a monument to his memory. What the persecution was may be understood by the fact that in two years not only was the wealthy merchant stranded, but left more than $100,000 in debt. Under that burden there were only two things left open to him, either he must leave Utah and begin anew somewhere else or he must turn into the mines, the opening of which he had advocated in the magazine. He chose the latter and, with all the energy of his nature, began the work. lt was a new occupation; to prosecute it on a large seale special knowledge and much money were needed, but he did not hesitate a moment. For some years he did more than any other man to advertise and open and work the mines, and toiled on with unabated energy, confidence and enthusiasm, until there came the complete breaking down of his health, and after some months of suffering, his worn-out heart finally ceased to beat To the last he was the friend and brother of the Mormon people. To the last he had no meaner thought toward them than to see them more prosperous, more enlightened and happier. For all the wrongs done him he never aimed one blow in retaliation, he never nursed one thought of retaliation or vengeance. 368 Of his mining career some items are of public interest. In 1865 news reached Salt Lake that gold had been discovered in the Sweetwater region in Wyoming. He was among the first to respond. There was no railroad in the West then. He secured deeds or options on some claims; he went to San Francisco, bought the first quartz mill that was ever sent to Wyoming, shipped it by sea to San Pedro, and then hauled it by wagon via Salt Lake to Wyoming — more than 1,200 miles — set it up and went to work. In 1871, he went back to his native city, organized the "Chicago Silver Mining Com pany, Lim." Returning, he opened and operated the Chicago and Queen of the Hills min ing group in Dry Canyon, Utah, near Stockton, with a capital of £75,000 sterling, the first prominent mining company, save the Ontario, Emma and Flagstaff, in Utah. He erected a fifty-ton lead-smelting furnace at Rush Lake, and later added more furnaces; he gave employment to 150 miners and smelters for years, and the men needed to supply 2,000 bushels of charcoal to the furnaces daily. The company shipped over 1,300 carloads of base (silver-lead) bullion to Eastern refineries, of a value of about $3,000,000. This company also erected a wire tramway, 6,500 feet long, in Dry Canyon, with a capacity of ten tons per hour, the first Halliday tramway erected in Utah. The smelting plant was the first plant of the kind in the Territory, and was fifty miles from any rail road. In 1877, negotiating with the Horn Silver Mine at Frisco, Utah, he erected a, fifty-ton smelter at the mine, 130 miles from a railroad, for smelting the company's ores. Later he bought other mines, notably the Cave mines, across the valley, east of Milford; also the Carbonate and Rattler mines, near Frisco, on which he erected a 100-ton per day concentrating plant, and from these shipped 1200 carloads of silver-lead bullion of a value of more than $2,500,000. To work the mines, mill and smelter, and to supply wood and charcoal, several hundred men were given employment at high wages for years. In 1879-80 he organized the Bullionville Smelting Co., and bought the Raymond & Ely tailing dump at Bullionville, Nevada, containing over 170,000 tons of rich mill tailings, valued about $20 a ton, and erected a fifty-ton smelter and a 100-ton capacity concen trator, and worked 40,000 tons of these tailings, producing in bank over a million dollars in silver-lead bullion. Here again he employed many hundred workers and consumed 1200 bushels of charcoal a day. His operations here were over 140 miles away from railroad facilities, and all hauling was done in wagons. From 1880-1886 he was the mainspring in the work of developing the gold placers of Osceola, White Pine County, Nevada, 150 miles from the railroad, where thirty-eight miles of mountainous ditches and flumes were constructed. The ranches were bought outright, to get the water needed to hydraulic the gravel, which averaged about fifteen cents per cubic yard. This work cost quite $400,000, and was the only enterprise which failed to be profitable. It was a fight against the desert just when the late dry cycle was coming on and the desert won. Not enough water to wash the gold from the gravel. All of his other enter prises were brought to successful terminations. In 1882 he took hold of the antimony mines in southern Utah, 160 miles from tlie railroad at that time.' Here he pushed development to a point of running a forty- ton con centrator plant, and made star metal, shipping it by ox teams to the railroad. His mining experiences in early days covered Cottonwood, Bingham, and Tintic dis tricts in this Stated and in 1880 he became heavily interested in the Alice Mine, in Mon tana. In 1885 he turned his attentions to the source of the rich Bullionville tai lings namely, at Pioche, Nevada, and organized the Pioche Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co., capitalized for $5,000,000, which acquired the famous Raymond & Ely, Meadow VaUey and most of the other mines in that celebrated district, and later those at Jack Babbit .and other surrounding districts. He readily saw that the millions of dollars contained m these mines could be profitably extracted with railroad facilities, and got the Union Pacific Rail road Co. to build a grade from Milford, Utah, to Pioche, Nevada, a distance of 140 miles but owing to the grlat panic of 1893, the rails were never laid until the st few jeai • This company employed hundreds of men for several years, erected *™^ ™. ;sg' concentrating works, and a large milling plant, built a narrow-gauge railroad, twenty miles long, and distributing a large fortune among the people of that section Early in 1902 he was stricken with a fatal illness, and on the 1st of August tliat '""The6 fte'going is a brief synopsis of the life of a man who from boyhood to the day that the lights of earth went out for him-more than half a ^ntury-toi Winmau my toiled only8 with high purposes and in the hope of mak mg al ' "™^™J^ °h* seeing his fellow me! of all stations in a way to make then happier, which patt ^hrougn life was lined by generous deeds; who despised anything di « « ^ ^ , SeZ's whose invincible 'spirit was never broken; whose courage was never shaken, ?£ose £ reams of good held all his fellow men in their scope; who loved W« "ulits enjoyments bu that his grave marks a sacred spot m Utah s soil. 369 INDEX Frontispiece, Sunset on Great Salt Lake A Word in Advance .... ... .... .3 ILLUSTRATIONSViews of Fort Douglas . ... 4 Salt Lake Newspapers .... .8 City and County Building and Federal Building . .... 10 Some Utah Beauty Spots ... . . 11 First Presidency and First and Present Governor ... 12 Boston Consolidated Concentrating Plant; Utah Copper Concentrating Plant ... 16 New Kearns Building .... 18 Glimpses at Local Coal Industries . . 22 Utah Fuel Company ... ... ... 22 Independent Telephone Company . . . ... 24 Utah-Idaho Sugar Company . . . .26 Typical Salt Lake Schools ... . 28 In and Around Ogden, Utah . .... 29 Salt Lake Churches and Tabernacle ... . . 30 Some of Utah's Best Crops . . . .32 Several Solid Banking Houses . . . .... 33 Some of Salt Lake's Clubs 34 Western Savings & Loan Company and P. W. Madsen's Salt Lake Business Houses. . 36 Inter-Mountain Packing Company 36 Utah's Great Slaughtering Plant ... . . . 36 Salt Air Views 37 Colonel E. A. Wall's Residence .38 Glimpses of Elegant Salt Lake Homes . . 39 Railway Stations .... 40 More Salt Lake Homes . . • .... ... 41 Cobble Crest . .42 More Residences ... 43 "Pure Streams" ... .... 44 Busy Corners in a Busy City 45 Keith-O'Brien Company's Store and Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution . 46 371 INDEX PAGE Up-to-date Business Houses . . 48 Mine and Smelter Supply Company 49 Y. M. C. A. and Packard Library 50 Newhouse Buildings . . 51 Newhouse Hotel and Cullen Hotel 52 Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company; More Churches . 54 Salt Lake Pressed Brick . ¦ 56 Utah's Educational Centers . 58 Newly Constructed Apartment Houses 60 Houston Real Estate Investment Company . .62 Interior of Mine and Smelter Supply Company Building and of Utah Implement & Vehicle Company . .... . 64 Interior of Kenyon Hotel and of Knutsford Hotel 65 Familiar Scenes in Idaho . 286 Wood Live Stock Company 294 Views of Mrs. E. Bonnemort's Ranch 298-299 Leading Financial Institutions of Idaho 300 Chafey Mines 322 Nixon National Bank 324 Goldfield Consolidated Mining Company 340 "The Honored Dead" 343 HISTORICAL SKETCHES, ETC. Utah, Past and Present . 5-7 Progressive and Beautiful Salt Lake 9 Mining and its Successes 13-19 Irrigation in Utah . 31-35 Idaho 283-293 Nevada 315-321 BIOGRAPHIES Auerbaeh, S. H. 73 Bancroft, W. H. , 69 Bank of Nampa 302 Bartch, G. W. 183 Bettles, A. J. 257 Boise City National Bank 301 Boise State Bank Burton, Jos. F. 303 Bonnemort, Mrs. E. (Ranch) 298 Bradley, W. M. . 255 Bransford, John S. 0,7 205 372 INDEX PAGE Caine, Hon. John T. . Caine, J. E. . . Catrow, Henry Chafey Mines Chisholm, W. W. (Deceased) Clark, H. P. . . . . Cohn, Louis . . . . Critchlow, E. B. Cullen Hotel Cunningham, J. A. Cutler, John C. Cutler, Thomas R. Davis, J. R. Deep Creek Mining District . Dern, John ... . . Doolittle, C. H. Dooly, John E. Doremus, A. F. . Dowlen, W. E. Eastman, H. B. . Eccles, David Evans, David Evans, M. R. Evans, R. J. Falk, David (Deceased) Falk, Nathan (Deceased) Farrell, Will G. Ferry, E. P. . . Ferry, W. Mont Forrester, Robert Gemmell, R. C. Godbe, W. S. (Deceased) Goldfield Consolidated Mining Company Gooding, Frank R. . . Gordon, Louis D. Gridley, F. P. Hagenbarth, Frank J Halloran, W. J. Harkness, Martin Hatch, Fred S. 147 . 195 201 322-323 349 189 117 129 • 53 . 185 . 101 75 . 331 21 93 105 91 115 339 309 155 . 119 253 259 . 363 305 245 111109 . 179 279307342 305 207 . 107 . 181 123 221 275 373 INDEX PAGE Hawley, J. H. . 311 Headlund, J. A . .177 Henderson, H. P. (Deceased) 361 Hills, L. S 67 Hogle, James (Deceased) 3591 Holbrook, Lafayette . . . . 157 Holmes, G. S. 227 Houston Real Estate & Investment Company . ... 63 Hubbard, W. E 251 jackling, D. C. . .... .89 Jacobson, A. O. . ... . 163 Jacobson, Tony 161 Jensen, W. F. ... . ... . 269 Joseph, Harry S. . . 247 Judge, John (Deceased) ... . 357 Kearns, Thomas ... . . . 77 Keith, David » . . . .... .71 King, Hon. W. H. . ... .159 Knight, Jesse . . . . ... . 121 Knox, Frank .... .... . 105 Lee, E. O. .243 Lee, Frank Moore . . . , 329 Liljenberg, N. E. . . 219 Lippman, Joseph _ 215 Livingston, W. D. . 213 Lockhart, T. G. . . 333 Loftus, J. P 337 Loose, C. E .113 Madsen, P. W. 237 Mackenzie, J. H 335 Mackintosh, R. (Deceased) ... 353 MacVichie, Duncan 141 Marcy, F. E 249 McCornick, W. S. . 139 Mclntyre, Samuel 135 Mine & Smelter Supply Co 49 Moran, P. J. 141 Morgan, George W. 173 Moritz, Jacob 263 Morrison, L. N. 175 Moyle, Jas. H. . -.go Murdoch, J. D. . 225 374 INDEX Newhouse, Samuel „, Nibley, Charles W. q„ Nixon, Hon. Geo. S „„. Nixon National Bank „„. Noble, W. P 239 Odell, Geo. T. . . . . 143 Olmstead, G. H 307 Orem, W. C. 241 Park, Boyd . . . 12g Payne, Edward . .... 314 Pollock, Jas. A. _ 22n Porter, Sam S. . 21^ Powers, Orlando W. . . ... 137 Quigley, Charles A. 199 Raddatz, E. J. . 149 Rice, Windsor V. 2 69 Richards, J. T. .... ... 167 Richmond, Fred C. 235 Richter, Adolph 131 Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company . . 55 Roland, August 273 Roundy, John 277 Salt Lake Pressed Brick Company . . . 57-61 Saxman, C. W 265 Scott, A. W. . . . 281 Sharp, John . . 127 Sharp, John C. 197 Silver, Jos. A. 151 Snyder, W. F. 171 Spaulding, Van D 231 Stewart, Charles B. .... 233 Sweet, Arthur A. . 271 Tarbet, A. H. ... 203 Taylor, H. P. 201 Thompson, Ezra .79 United States Smelting & Refining Company . . 20 Utah Fuel Company 23 Utah-Idaho Sugar Company 2' Utah Independent Telephone Company 25 Van Cott, Waldeman 209 375 INDEX PAGE Walker, D. F. . Walker, H. W. Walker, J. R., Sr. (Deceased) Walker, M. H. . . Walker, S. S. (Deceased) Wallace, Henry Webber, Col. Thomas G. Weir, Thomas Wells, Heber M. Wells, Jos. S. Wilfley, J. M. . Williams, P. L. Wilson, F. L. . . Wingfield, George Wood, H. C. Wood, J. D. (Deceased) Wood Live Stock Company Yates, John E. Young, Le Grand Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution 103 193 345 87 347 145 83 81 95 207 211 133 . 187 . 341 297355 295-297 313 191 47 376