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YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Gift of
DR. ADRIAN LAMBERT, B. A. 1930

COPTMGHT

Entered accm-ding to Act of Parliament of
Canada, hy A-rthur G. Doughty, in the office of
the Minister of Agriculture, in the year igoS.

1 Hh.

Cradle of New
France

A Story of the City
Founded by Champlain

BY
ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY

4-

SECOND EDITION

MONTREAL
THE CAMBRIDGE CORPORATION Limited
1908

TO HER EXCELLENCY
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
THE COUNTESS GREY

THE CITADEL, QUEBEC
March, 1908

CONTENTS

PAGE
Introduction  1
Jacques Cartier — Roberval — de la Roche  7
Samuel Champlain, Founder of Quebec — The Siege of
Quebec in 1629  19
The Missionaries — The Carignan Regiment — ^Wives
for Settlers  41
The Count de Frontenac — The Repulse of Phips  59
Quebec in the Eighteenth Century — Sir Hovenden
Walker  75
Official Knavery — The Intendant Bigot  91
The Battle of The Plains— Death of Wolfe and Mont
calm  113
The Battle of Ste. Foy— Defeat of British Troops  153
British Rule — Surrender of Montreal — Treaty of Paris 167
The Invasion under Arnold and Montgomery — Defeat
of the American Forces  179
Modern Quebec — The Lower Canada Rebellion  195
Notes in Quebec Chronology  219
The Monuments of Quebec  239
Hospitals and Institutions  249
The Churches of Quebec  269
Chronological List showing Contemporary Rulers in
France, England and New France  304
/

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE
Falls of Montmorency in 1830, from the drawing by
Lieut. Cockburn {Coloured)  Fro-ntispiece .
The King's Bastion, from the water colour sketch by
Lieut. Sitwell, R.E. {Coloured)  2
Jacques Cartier, from the painting at St. Malo, France. 8
The Sieur de Roberval and his Companions at the St.
Croix, from the Vallard Map, 1540  15
Samuel Champlain, from the painting by Hamel  20
The Taking of Quebec by Sir David Kirke in 1629,
from an old engraving  36
Frangois Xavier de Montmorency Laval, first Bishop
of Quebec  46
The Count de Frontenac, from the statue by Hubert . . 60
View of Quebec in 1700, from manuscript map by
Catalogne, in the Department of Marine, Paris. . . 70
Ruins of the Chateau St. Louis, from the drawing by
Coke  76
The Cathedral and Market Place in 1830, from the
drawing by Bourne {Coloured)  86
The Chateau de Candiac,near Nimes, where Montcalm
was born  98
View of Quebec from the Walls, from the drawing of
Lieut. Cockburn in 1829 {Coloured)  102
The Field of Battle, September 13, 1759  116
The Marquis de Montcalm, from a painting in the
possession of the present Marquis de Montcalm.
{Coloured)  120
The Battle of the Plains, from a drawing by Capt.
Hervey Smith, A.D.C. to General Wolfe  130
General Wolfe, from a rare engraving {Coloured)  138
Miss Catherine Lowther, from a photograph of the
miniature in the possession of Lord Barnard
{Coloured)  138

PAGE
The Death of Wolfe, from the painting by Benjamin
West, R.A. {Coloured)  146
Wolfe's Cove, from the drawing by Lieut. Cockburn
{Coloured)  150
The Chevalier de L6vis, from a photograph of the
painting in the possession of the Marquis de L^vis. 154
The Hon. James Murray of Elibank, first Govemor of
Quebec, from a photograph of the painting by
Ramsay, 1742, in the possession of Lord Ehbank . 160
Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester), Govemor of
Quebec, 1768  175
Prescott Gate, Mountain HiU — demolished in 1871
(Coloured)  184
Review on the Esplanade, from the drawing by
Bourne {Coloured)  191
General Richard Montgomery, who fell at Quebec,
1775  196
View of Quebec, taken from Point L6vis  204
River St. Charles, from the Ramparts, after the draw
ing by Lieut. Sitwell, R.E. (Coloured)  210
The Monuments of Quebec (1)  240
Map of Quebec, engraved for this book, shewing the
principal places of interest in the city, the site
of the Battle of the Plains and of Ste. Foy. End of 'Vol.

(1) In addition to the monuments included in this plate,
there is the statue of Laval, on Mountain HiU; of
Queen Victoria in Victoria Park; of the heroes who
feU in South Africa, on the Esplanade; and the
Sacred Heart Monument.
The events of 1775 are recorded on tablets in the lower
town. It is the intention of the Govemment to
mark aU historic sites.

Introduction
A S the voyager ascends our great river
^^ for the first time and rounds the
Point of Orleans, a scene opens out before
him not easily to be forgotten. The
noble Saint Lawrence suddenly widening
its channel forms here a spacious basin,
from the western side of which arises
the majestic promontory of Quebec,
crowned with monument, turret and spire ;
while higher still and dominating the
whole, looms the grim fortress of Cape
Diamond. On the southern shore stand
out in bold rehef, the heights of Levis;
to the north, sloping towards the Lauren-
tians, are rich pastures and woodlands,
dotted with homesteads, and in the
midst the ancient and picturesque village
of Charlesbourg.

2 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
To the student the name of Quebec
will recall some of the most attractive
pages in the story of the New World:
the achievements of great discoverers;
the devotion and self-sacrifice of Christian
missionaries; the feats of arms of Captains
whose mihtary genius entitles them to
rank with the heroes of antiquity.
It is not difficult to recognise in Quebec
the key to the Saint Lawrence, the natu
ral stronghold of New France. Natura
fortis, reads the motto of the city. From
the earhest time he who held possession
of Quebec was regarded as the master of
the country. Here therefore the defen
sive forces of the country were concen
trated. But Quebec was also for a long
time the centre of inteUectual activity.
Under the protection of her ramparts
projects were conceived for the civiUza
tion of the northern part of the continent.
The founders of more distant colonies and
settlements, those who followed in the
footsteps of the pioneers, Ungered at
Quebec as the storehouse of the know
ledge necessary for the success of their

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The King's Bastion — By Lieut. Sitwell, R.E.

INTRODUCTION. 3
enterprise. Quebec is unique. There is no
rival in situation nor any in the varied
interests of her history. The civiUzation
of the Old World is stiU eloquent in
monuments, which record her triumphs
and adversities. In the New World, it
is the city founded by Champlain that
is most eloquent of the glories of the past.
The gates and ramparts, the quaint
streets and terraced slopes, the churches
and convents, the coUeges and adjoining
Plains, bring vividly to the mind deeds
of bygone chivalry and devotion. The
three centuries of her existence are
thronged with detail, for from the bastion
of Cape Diamond have been unfurled to
the breeze the flags of two great countries.
The birth of letters in North America
must be traced to Quebec. It was on
the banks of the Saint Charles that
Jacques Cartier spent the dreary winter
of 1535, gathering those impressions
which were to give to Europeans their
first knowledge of our shores. And it
was in Quebec that Champlain com
posed the wonderful narrative — wonder-

4 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
ful in fulness of detaU, in vividness and
simple good faith — ^which revealed to the
Old World the wealth and extent of the
New. But Quebec has another claim to con
sideration. It was here that the experi
ment was tried of welding two powerful
nations opposed aUke in poUtical and
reUgious culture and habits — an experi
ment of surpassing interest crowned with
signal success.
For one hundred and fifty years under
the flag of France, and for one hundred
and fifty years under that of England,
Quebec has played her part in the de
velopment of the national Ufe; and the
most momentous questions in the history
of North America have been brought to
issue under the shadow of her waUs.
Rich in memorials of the past and stiU
retaining the impress of the old regime,
it is Quebec that wiU ever impart to the
historic imagination of Canadians the
most powerful impulse. Canada with
the new blood of the twentieth century
coursing in her veins, cannot more nobly

INTRODUCTION. 5
assert the largeness of her views and the
elevation of her spirit than by cherishing
the city of her birth, the rock of her
defence.

CHAPTER I.
JACQUES CARTIER.
The researches of modern times lead
one to beUeve that the continent of
America was known to the Old World long
before the days of Columbus. Hereafter,
perhaps, we may learn that the white
man inhabited the banks of the Saint
Lawrence before the advent of the dusky
warriors encountered by Jacques Cartier.
It is unimportant. FoUowing in the
train of Columbus in the south and
Cartier in the north, a new civiUzation
sprang up which was destined to react
upon the older nations, and to change
in a comparatively short period the in
teUectual, material and moral aspects
of the world.

8 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
It was in the year 1534 that Jacques
Cartier made his first voyage of dis
covery; passed through the Straits of
Belle Isle, landed at Gaspe, and sailed
up the river as far as Anticosti, being at
that time under the impression that he
had found a passage to Cathay. Return
ing to France with glowing accounts of
the New World and of its all-undeveloped
sources of wealth, he made iinmediate
preparations for a second voyage, and
on the ninth of March, 1535, again sailed
from the Breton port of Saint Malo. On
the festival of Saint Lawrence the three
vessels of the expedition entered a smaU
bay opposite the island of Anticosti, and
in honour of the day the name of the
saint was given to the bay and afterwards
extended to the gulf and to the great
river beyond. Continuing their passage,
the voyagers passed the mouth of the
Saguenay, He aux Coudres, the pro
montory of Cap Tourment, and at last
came to anchor off the Island of Orleans,
then thickly covered with grape vines,
to which Cartier gave the name He

Jacques Cartier.

JACQUES CARTIER. 9
Bacchus. On the fourteenth of September,
the ships entered a narrow river flowing
into the Saint Lawrence, now known to
us as the Saint Charles. Upon the banks
of this winding stream stood the village
of Stadacone, presided over by the
warrior-chief, Donnacona. At a short
distance, upon the heights, were other
villages peopled by the Iroquois. These
were the A j oaste, Starnatam, Tailla ;
and upon the bank of the river stood the
village of Stadin, with whose inhabitants
Cartier became acquainted. Having
chosen a place for a temporary shelter
he explored the Saint Lawrence as far as
the Indian settlement of Hochelaga, and
returned to Stadacone to pass the winter.
His ships found a harbour in the
Lairet, a tributary of the Saint Charles,
and near the confluence of the two
rivers he built a rude fort, mounted it
with cannon and encircled it with a
paUsade. The winter proved disastrous.
Twenty-five of his companions perished
from scurvy, and on the opening of navi
gation he prepared to return to France.

10 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Before leaving our inhospitable shores
he planted a rough cross — symbol of the
Christian reUgion — on the brink of the
Lairet where he had passed the winter.
The date was Thursday, the third of
May, 1536. The cross was thirty-five
feet in height. Over the intersection of
the arms was placed a shield charged
with the UUes of France, and above the
shield was a scroll, bearing this in
scription: Franciscus Primus Dei Gratia
Francorum Rex Regnal.
These are the circumstances attending
the first European settlement in Canada
that history has recorded. The brave
men who made it Uved their Uves under
perpetual menace of destruction, facing
the perils of the deep to meet stiU greater
dangers from pestilence or savage hordes
on land. Alone in a strange country,
cut off from every form of civiUzation
by a wildemess of ice, their ranks
thinned by loathsome disease, and yet
prepared with the return of spring for
fresh deeds of bold adventure. Un
daunted, heroic, steadfast; yielding only

JACQUES CARTIER. 11
to the last grim enemy death — such
were the discoverers of old.
Three days later Cartier returned to
France, taking with him the great chief,
Donnacona. Although his efforts to colonize New
France had proved abortive, he did not
abandon the project, and a few years
later he found a patron for it in the Sieur
de Roberval, who undertook to provide
a number of settlers. In the month of
May, 1541, buoyant with hope, Cartier
sailed for Canada on his third voyage,
expecting that Roberval and his cdlonists
would follow immediately. In August
he passed the site of Quebec, the grave
yard of his first adventure, and anchored
at Cap Rouge, where he proposed to try
the experiment of colonization. Leaving
the ships he explored the river as far as
the rapids above Hochelaga, and re
turned to join his companions at Cap
Rouge. His disappointment and dismay
can be imagined on learning that Rober
val had not arrived. Once again he was
doomed to spend a winter in Canada

12 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
under trying circumstances, and one can
sympathize with his determination to
abandon the scheme on the opening of
navigation. Roberval arrived in the harbour of
Saint John's, N'f'd, on the eighth of June,
1542, with three vessels and two hundred
colonists. At that season of the year
the country presented a charming picture.
On the crests of the hiUs snow and ice
stiU concealed every sign of verdure,
while on the slopes the sun of June had
warmed into Ufe and beauty the luxuriant
foUage of primeval vegetation. The
scene was novel, and must have fired
the enthusiasm of the youth on board
who had come to extend the dominion
of -France beyond the sea. It was a
picturesque group; men of wealth and
station, artisans and men of commerce
who, untrammeled by experience, were
fortified with hope.
As the vessels were riding at anchor,
three ships were perceived passing the
mouth of the harbour. A few weeks
earlier the sight of a sail would have

JACQUES CARTIER. 13
been hailed with deUght; but to Roberval
it was the warning of impending disaster.
They were the ships of Jacques Cartier.
EstabUshing communication with their
commander, Roberval begged, insisted,
commanded him to alter his course and
return. Apparently he consented to
obey, but under cover of the night he
spread every sail to the wind, and in the
morning the ships had vanished. Two
winters of pestilence and privations in
Canada had cooled the ardour of the
daring navigator. Roberval was in great
perplexity. Well might it have been for
him if he had shifted his sails and fol
lowed in the wake of Cartier. But no,
he decided to remain and tempt fortune
at Cap Rouge. The summer was before
him; his passengers had already endured
a tedious voyage, and the love of adven
ture overcame every other consideration.
StartUng adventures were at hand for
at least three of his company.
On board the vessel were many young
women of rank, and amongst them Mar
guerite, a niece of Roberval. On board

14 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
also was a youth whom the maiden had
loved, not wisely, but too weU. Roberval
who had become acquainted with her
conduct, decreed a heartless form of
punishment. As the ship approached
the Isle of Demons, he cast anchor,
landed his unfortunate relative with her
nurse upon the desolate island, and
abandoned her to her fate. Her lover,
however, who at least had courage, threw
himself overboard and succeeded in gain
ing the shore with a weapon and a supply
of ammunition.
Here on this island of ill-omen, the
three wretched inhabitants found shelter
as best they could; and in the course of
time an infant added to their cares.
Dismay fiUed the soul of the youth.
He sickened and died. The child soon
foUowed, and then the nurse, and the
unhappy Marguerite was alone on the
desolate isle. Two years and five months
after the date of her landing, the crew of
a small vessel out at sea perceived smoke
arising from the Demon Isle. As they
approached they beheld a female form

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JACQUES CARTIER. 15
waving a signal from the shore. It was
Marguerite. Taking her on board they
conveyed her to France and restored
her to her friends, to whom she told the
story of her terrible adventure.
Having confided his niece to the care
of the demons, Roberval sailed up the
river and landed his company at Cap
Rouge. The men set to work vigorously
to build a fort and cultivate the land.
Summer passed into autumn, and at its
close, comfortable quarters had been
provided. Soon followed the winter, and
the whole colony found shelter under one
roof. Then discord commenced. Pro
visions were scarce, disease broke out,
the men swore, the women scolded, and
enthusiasm for adventure gave place to
discontent. The winter wore away; but by the
time the snows began to melt more than
two-thirds of that promising settlement
had succumbed to disease.
Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to
rescue the survivors,but does not appear to
have attempted any further exploration.

16 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE
With the passing of Cartier and Rober
val, France abandoned her efforts to
obtain a foothold in Canada for more
than half a century; and sUence fell over
the whole region between Stadacone
and Hochelaga. On the banks of New
foundland, however, the fishermen stiU
pUed their craft. In the year 1578
there were one hundred and fifty French
vessels engaged in the trade, and pro
bably a greater number belonging to the
EngUsh, the Spanish and the Portu
guese. France had tried the experiment of
colonizing Canada with men of rank;
she now undertook to repeat the experi
ment with men of crime.
On the 12th of January, 1598, Troilus
du Mesgouez, Marquis de la Roche, with
the title of Lieutenant-General of Canada
and a monopoly of the fur trade, under
took to colonize New France with forty
selected thieves taken from the prisons
of France. Landing upon Sable Island,
he left his motley band to their own
resources, while he explored the coast

JACQUES CARTIER. 17
in search of a suitable place for per
manent settlement. His vessel, unfor
tunately, was overtaken by a gale and
driven before the wind for days.
When at length the storm abated he was
far out at sea and continued his passage
to France without troubUng himself about
the men he had left behind him.
The wretched convicts, thus abandoned
to their fate, watched through days and
months for the return of their com
mander, suffering severely from want,
exposure and disease. Five years later
the survivors, twelve in number, were
rescued and taken to France, where the
king provided them with means to em
bark in the fishing trade between the
two countries. Thus another enterprise
had miserably failed.
The Edict of Nantes, which gave to
the Huguenots in France the same privi
leges as to CathoUcs, opened up the
NewAVorld to Protestants. Pierre Chau-
vin, Sieur de Tontuit, a Calvinist, taking
advantage of the terms of the Edict,
sought and obtained a monopoly of the

18 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Canada trade. He then entered into a
partnership with one Pontgrav^, who
had previously visited the Saint Lawrence.
Associated with him in this enterprise
of trade and colonization, were Pierre
Dugast, Sieur De Monts, and several
merchants. The expedition left France
in the spring of 1600, and a smaU settle
ment was established at Tadoussac. The
managers, however, were more intent
upon gain than careful of the welfare of
their men, and the affair terminated in
suffering for the settlers and in financial
loss for the promoters. A permanent
foundation for settlement and French
rule had yet to be laid.

CHAPTER II.
SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN.
Sixty-eight years had passed since
Jacques Cartier related his thrilUng story
to the French court, and still no perman
ent settlement marked the scenes of his
discoveries. The Breton fisherman sel
dom went further abroad than the Banks
or the Gulf of the Saint Lawrence, and the
fur trader who bartered with the Indian
during the summer deserted his post at
the approach of winter. Colonization
and the spread of Christianity which the
court endeavoured to enforce and the
trader invariably succeeded in evading,
had become mere adjuncts to the trading
monopoly. None had yet brought to
bear upon the New World any other mo
tive than the cupidity of the merchant or
the roving spirit of the adventurer.

20 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
In the year 1602, however, Aymar de
Chastes, governor of the town of Dieppe,
received a commission from the French
Crown to embark upon a project of coloni
zation. A company was formed at Rouen,
but de Chastes decided "to find out what
those engaged in the task should do" be
fore launching the scheme. For this
preUminary expedition Pontgrav6 was
chosen on account of his experience,
and with him was associated the ever
memorable Champlain. The project
itself, it will be seen, was cut off
before it reached maturity, by the death
of its chief promoter; but it served
as an apprenticeship to the future buUder
of New France. This was the first visit
to our shores of the founder of Quebec,
Samuel Champlain was born at Brou-
age, a viUage in the province of Saintonge.
From a youth spent with his father as a
wandering mariner, he derived his love of
adventure and the knowledge of the sea
that served for incentive and resource in
the career now about to open. At the age
of twenty-six he abandoned for a time

'f '/

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 21
a life on the ocean, to serve under Marshal
d'Aumont, one of the chief commanders
in the CathoUc army against the Hugue
nots, When the army was disbanded in
1598, he returned to Brouage and awaited
a favourable opportunity of advancing his
fortune. The career of a soldier did not
appeal to him; he loved the Ufe of a mar
iner, and towards the end of the year
received a commission to proceed to
Spain on a voyage of commercial investi
gation. Chance, however, directed his
course westward to the New World.
While at Seville, he was given the com
mand of a vessel to the West Indies in an
expedition against the EngUsh. We read
that he visited Puerto Rico and proposed
to cut a canal through the isthmus of
Panama. On his return to France he re
newed his acquaintance with Aymar de
Chastes under whose orders he had served
during the later years of the war of the
League. On the fifteenth of March, 1603,
Champlain and Pontgrave sailed from
France for the New World.
The Uttle expedition arrived at Tadous-

22 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
sac on the 24th of May. Here Champlain
busied himself in making sketches of the
country and exploring the Saguenay for
fifteen leagues. But there were lands
beyond, up the great Saint Lawrence ; and
rounding the point of Orleans, Champlain
caught his first gUmpse of the bold pro
montory of Quebec. It was here he made
sketches and plans which were afterwards
incorporated in the pubUshed narrative of
the voyage. After continuing his explo
rations as far as the Sault Saint Louis, and
recording the geographical features and
resources of the country, he rejoined his
companions at Tadoussac and returned to
France. The death of Aymar de Chastes in 1603
brought the project of the settlement to
an untimely end. About this time, how
ever, the Sieur de Monts received from
the King a patent as Lieutenant-
Governor of La Cadie and Canada, and
Champlain, Pontgrave and the Baron de
Poutrincourt were invited to accompany
him to his new domain. Champlain
embarked at Havre de Grace in the month

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 23
of April, 1604, and as Tadoussac was dis
carded as a place of settlement, the party
cruised for several weeks about the shore
of what is now the Bay of Fundy, and
at last took up their quarters for the
winter on the Island of Saint Croix in the
country of the Etchemins. In the spring
they crossed the Bay and fixed upon a
spot for their settlement named by
Champlain, Port Royal. De Monts re
turned to France to look after the interests
of the Uttle colony; Pontgrav6 was left in
command of the post, while Champlain
with his usual vigour explored the country,
made sketches of its striking features and
formed plans for the future.
In 1606 Pontgrav6 was replaced by
Poutrincourt in the governorship of Port
Royal. Among the settlers were Les-
carbot the historian, Louis Hubert an
apothecary, and several men of sterUng
character who looked upon the new
country as their future home. For the
first time in the history of the colony there
appeared to be a reasonable prospect of
settlement on this elusive shore. But the

24 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
hour had not yet come, and one more
failure was to be added to the long Ust.
In the month of May, 1607, a smaU vessel
commanded by one ChevaUer, sailed into
port with the overwhelming news that the
monopoly of the fur-trade granted to De
Monts had been withdrawn. The hopes
of the colony were crushed. Once more
the settler had been sacrificed to the mer
chant. Poutrincourt was advised there
fore to abandon the settlement; and by
the end of August, Champlain and the rest
of the colony were on the bosom of the
deep bound for France, A few fishermen
only remained in La Cadie.
A brighter day was soon to dawn.
On his return to France, in 1607, Cham
plain set about the task of colonization in
a new spirit. He had previously tried to
persuade De Monts that his exertions in
La Cadie were misdirected, and that the
real development of the country must be
gin on the banks of the Saint Lawrence.
He was now about to test the accuracy of
his judgment.
On the 5th of April, 1608, two ships

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 25
sailed from Honfleur, the Don-de-Dieu,
under command of Champlain, and the
Levrier, under command of Pontgrave.
The Levrier was the first to make the
Saint Lawrence. Here Pontgrave feU
into the hands of one Darache, a Basque
fisherman, who had continued to trade
with the Indians at Tadoussac, contrary
to the king's command. The vessel was
boarded, the guns and ammunition were
removed andPontgrav6 was thus rendered
helpless. On the arrival of Champlain,
however, the situation was changed.
Darache was forced to sign an agreement
not to molest Pontgrave, and to refer all
differences to France. After the con
clusion of this arrangement the carpenters
of the expedition fitted out a smaU barque
to convey Champlain and his Uttle band
to Quebec.
Let us follow this lonely craft as it sails
up the Saint Lawrence amidst the solem
nity and ethereal charm of this summer
morn. All nature is in her loveliest mood,
for from the banks of the river to the
purple mountains beyond, her creations

26 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
are untouched by the hand of man. To
Champlain the scene is famiUar; to most
of his followers it is mysterious and novel;
but none of them could have conceived
that the outcome of their mission
would mark an epoch in the world's
history. It is the third of July, 1608, the
real birthday of the Canadian nation; and
yet no traveUer greets this heroic band on
its way to glorious achievement; no salvos
thunder forth a welcome as the frafl barque
enters the basin; but yonder, as if to
check further advance, looms the silent
sentinel of the Saint Lawrence, the
majestic rock of Quebec.
Enthroned upon the heights through
centuries of silence. Cape Diamond has
beckoned in vain the tardy adventurer to
pass the golden portals. Gorgeous in the
mantle of the snow, in the verdure of the
spring, in the varying tints of autumn,
the mute appeal has passed unheeded
save by the untutored chfldren of the
forest. A change, however, is at hand;
the soUtude is broken by the plash of oars,
the grounding of boats and the sound of

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 27
human voices. The founder of Quebec
appears. With the hour has arrived the
man. Upon the narrow belt which skirts the
promontory, men of strange garb and
tongue are assembled; the pioneers of an
advancing host who from this place will
push forward through trackless forests
and by the margins of unnamed lakes to
the confines of unknown seas; pausing
not in their march until they have
conquered a glorious heritage for posterity
and founded a great empire.
The leader who has just stepped from
the boat, surrounded by a few axemen, is
Samuel Champlain, of Brouage, the foun
der of New France. Let us see what
manner of man he was.
On the site of the old Fort Saint Louis,
where he Uved and died, a noble monu
ment has been raised to his memory.
Upon the tablets many of his services are
recorded. But a more enduring memorial
than bronze or stone is the fair Dominion
of to-day, the heritage bequeathed to us by
the immortal Saintongeois.

28 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
The French regime in Canada has
passed away. The drama enacted upon
the heights of Abraham by Wolfe and
Montcalm brought about a change of rule,
and the Union Jack replaced the flag of
the Bourbons. But Canadians wiU never
be unmindful of the brave deeds done in
our untamed forests by the men sent
forth from France.
It is the third of July, 1608. There, on a
narrow ledge thickly covered with walnut
trees, stand the first settlers. Above them
frown the cUffs; beyond them is a vast
soUtude, the extent of which they know
not. But they are not dismayed. Soon
the crash of faUing trees echoes along the
heights of Levis. The work of the foun
dation has begun.
A few weeks pass, and within a strong
wooden enclosure may be seen a modest
building, rudely fashioned into a fort — the
"Abitation de Quebec." To this dweU
ing, which appealed to the Indian as a
marvel of architectural skiU, a warehouse
was added for the merchandise of France
and the furs of Canada. Here at least

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 29
was security and shelter from the blasts of
winter. But even in this Uttle commu
nity, sedition is already rife, and a plot is
developing to murder the commander and
deUver Quebec into the hands of the
Basques and Spaniards at Tadoussac.
Darache is seeking revenge for the inter
ference of Champlain. Duval, a lock
smith of the expedition, is the chief con
spirator. By promises of reward and
freedom of trade, he has persuaded his
companions to further his designs. One
of the men, however, seems to have
repented, and disclosed the plot to the
pilot, who in turn communicates the
scheme to Champlain. Forewarned, the
Governor takes prompt action. The ring
leader is seized; his trial is brief; the
next day he is strung up on a gibbet, while
his head is displayed on a pike, -pour
encourager les autres.
On the 18th of September, Pontgrav6
safled for France with the conspirators on
board, leaving Champlain, with twenty-
eight men, to brave the dangers of the
approaching winter. How they spent

30 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the dreary months shut off from the world
beyond, we know not; but eight only
were Uving in the spring. Scurvy had
once more reaped a harvest in the New
World. The long looked for succor came
at last. The welcome sight of a sail is
seen rounding the point of Orleans;
communication with the mother land is
estabUshed, and men and suppUes are at
hand for the distressed colony. Cham
plain appears to have forgotten aU about
the hardships of the winter, for hearing
that Pontgrav6 was at Tadoussac, he
hastened thither to arrange for a voyage
of exploration, eager to meet fresh danger.
His courage was soon put to the test.
During the previous autumn he had
pledged his word to assist the Hurons and
Algonquins in their warfare against the
Iroquois, and now the opportunity oc
curred to redeem his promise. With two
Frenchmen and sixty Indians, he followed
the trail to the shore of what has since
been known as Lake Champlain. Here
he encountered a band of the Iroquois.
The struggle was brief. Champlain

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 31
brought down three of the chiefs with one
shot. His men wrought further des
truction, and the Iroquois, astounded at
this novel method of dealing death,
turned and fled.
Criticism has been directed against the
founder for having become involved in
Indian warfare ; but with a knowledge of
the condition of trade and of the critical
situation of the few Frenchmen, his action
appears to have been in the best interests
of the country.
Leaving Chauvin in command at Que
bec, he crossed the ocean to report to his
royal master. The King was at Fontain-
bleau, and here Champlain related the tale
of his adventure. His story met with
approval, but his appeal for settlers was
not successful. The fur traders were
opposed to any extensive plan of coloniza
tion. Canada was stiU to be regarded as
a trading colony, and a sufficient number
of people to faciUtate the operations of
trade was all that was thought desirable
at this time. Champlain, on the contrary,
desired above all things to extend the

32 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
domain of France, to Christianize the
Indians and to see a prosperous settle
ment on the banks of the St. Lawrence
in the full enjoyment of trade.
For many years,theref ore, his efforts were
crippled by the mistaken poUcy of the
French court. Instead of offering encour
agement to vigorous men and women to
seek homes in the New World, France
bestowed her favours upon rich corpora
tions in search of fortune. The monopo-
Ust looked askance at any movement that
gave freedom to the humble settler, and
Champlain received Uttle encouragement
to make his colony self-supporting. France
was quite content that the settlement
should depend for subsistence upon the
annual suppUes from the mother country.
During a visit to his native land in 1610
Champlain married H61ene Boul6, a girl
then only twelve years of age. After the
marriage ceremony Madame Champlain
returned for ten years to the care of her
parents ; but from 1620 to 1624, she resided
at the Fort Saint Louis, and in this brief
period acquired a useful knowledge of the

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 33
Algonquin language, sufficient to enable
her to devote her leisure to the instruction
of Indian children.- Foflowing the cus
tom of ladies of rank at that time Madame
Champlain carried a small mirror attached
to a chain; and the Indians, happy to
bear her company, were often astonished
to behold their own features reflected on
the surface. This increased their esteem
for the wife of the Governor. For they
said that a lady so beautiful, who loved
them so much as to wear their image close
to her heart, must be a superior being.
In the year 1615, four members of the
R^coUet order, Jamet, Dolbeau, le Caron
and Plessis, arrived in Quebec, and
from this time the character of the colony
was determined. "They were the first
missionaries to convert the North Ameri
can Indian," says Dr. Douglas, "and in
those days, when the regular clergy were
few, and the cures were missionary priests,
the R^coUets held each his separate 'cure
of souls' in the small isolated villages along
the Saint Lawrence, exposed to all the
dangers of Iroquois attack."

34 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
A year later, the first real settlers
reached Quebec — Nicolas Pivert, Pierre
Desportes, Abraham Martin, Louis
Hubert, with their famiUes. These may
be regarded as the pioneers of New France,
the men and women who had come to
found homes, and riot merely to exploit
the country and return to their native
land. Under the encouragement of
Champlain a thriving village sprang up
about the fort and year by year the people
became more attached to the land of their
adoption. Their children were given
in marriage, and the numerous off
spring of the habitants soon became pro
verbial. From this time the colony prospered,
and Champlain, who desired to see a
greater New France than that which was
included under the name of Quebec, made
frequent visits to the mother country to
promote emigration. There was stfll
much work for the founder to do. The
country must be explored, the Indians
must be appeased, and above aU there was
the danger of foreign invasion.

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 35
The rude buildings at the foot of the
cUff had served the needs of the settle
ment so far; but with the return of each
spring the governor had misgivings, for
powerful nations were already viewing
this Uttle fortress with covetous eyes. In
1626 the fort was abandoned for the more
pretentious structure on the heights
known as Fort Saint Louis.
Evfl days, however, were in store for
Quebec. The avarice of the fur trader
was demoraUsing the inhabitant and
matters grew worse when the privileges
of trade enjoyed by the Saint Malo Com
pany were transferred to the Huguenot
brothers, WilJiam and !^mery de Caen.
At this time only a few settlers had
cultivated the soil sufficiently to derive
subsistence therefrom; the majority were
stiU dependent upon France for the
necessaries of Ufe, and pending the settle
ment of differences between the old
traders and the new, supphes from the
mother country were cut off. Famine
threatened the inhabitants, and to add to
the woes of the governor, quarrels arose

36 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
between the Protestants and the CathoUcs
touching methods of worship. Praying
and psalm-singing in too vigorous a man
ner on the part of the Huguenots were the
grievances of the CathoUcs, and the
sailors were forbidden to indulge in these
exercises on the Saint Lawrence. The
seamen refused to obey, and a compromise
was effected whereby the singing was
discontinued. This arrangement did not
improve the situation, because the energy
hitherto devoted to the psalms was now
employed to give emphasis to the prayers
and Champlain adds "it was a bad bar
gain, but we made the best of it we could."
Nothing seemed to flourish under the
monopoly of the Caens, if we except the
singing. The disputes between the old
traders and the new became serious and
Champlain despatched a representative to
France to endeavour to adjust the differ
ences. At last RicheUeu put an end to
the difficulties by organizing the powerful
Company of New France, which was to
exercise feudal proprietorship over all the
French possessions in North America.

The Siege op Quebec in 1629

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 37
The first charge of the new company
was to send men and suppUes for the
reUef of the famishing colony, and in the
month of Aprfl, 1628, a fleet of transports
sailed from Dieppe with ample stores.
But while these vessels were on the ocean
a hostile fleet had spread sail for Canada
under the command of Sir David Kirke,
or Kertk.
InteUigence reached Quebec on the 9th
of July, that six vessels were in the har
bour at Tadoussac, and the next day a
Basque fisherman appeared before Cham
plain with a letter from Kirke who was
then at Tadoussac, demanding the sur
render of the fort. The governor refused,
and although he had only sixteen men to
arm the fort and less than fifty pounds of
gunpowder, sent a courteous reply to the
effect that he would defend the garrison
to the last.
A few weeks later the hopes of the
people were revived by the news that the
provision boats had been sighted below
Tadoussac. The summer wore away and
the autumn, and stiU there was no sign of

38 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
either friend or foe. The condition of
Quebec through the following winter was
desperate. A handful of pease or a few
roots were doled out daily to the starving
community. On the opening of naviga
tion it became known that the transports
had fallen into the hands of the enemy,
and then the prospect of rehef was aban
doned. It was not untfl the 19th of July
that the fate of Quebec was determined,
when Louis Kirke with three vessels
anchored before Quebec and demanded
the surrender of the place. Resistance
would have been futile, and on the twen
tieth terms of capitulation were signed,
under which Champlain was conveyed
to England. The British flag waved
over Fort Saint Louis and Quebec fefl
under EngUsh rule.
The new regime continued untfl the
twenty-ninth of March, 1632, when Canada
was restored to the French by the Treaty
of Saint Germain-en-Laye. On the
fifth of July, Kirke was reUeved of
his administration by ^mery de Caen.
A year later, Champlain, under a new

SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN. 39
commission from RicheUeu, received the
keys of the Fort, and Quebec was once
more governed by its founder.
During the next two years the colony
was reorganized, fresh emigrants arrived
from Europe, agriculture was promoted
and an era of prosperity seemed assured.
From the heights of Fort Saint Louis
Champlain beheld with pride the evidence
of material progress. Near by could be
seen the steeple of Notre Dame de la
Recouvrance which he had built in ful
fiUment of a vow. Along the Beauport
shore was the picturesque hamlet grouped
about the seigneury of surgeon Robert
Giffard, and on the banks of the Lairet the
Jesuits had commenced a seminary and a
residence. With this pleasing prospect
before him Champlain felt that he was
about to enjoy the fruits of his labours.
Providence, however, willed it otherwise
and he was called to his rest on Christmas
Day, 1635.
It is difficult to estimate the loss of his
services to the colony. For twenty-seven
years he had been the devoted soldier and

40

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

servant of New France, ever thinking
more of her welfare than of his own. Brave,
honest, steadfast in purpose and free from
the vices of the age, he stands out in the
pages of history as a noble type of a
soldier, a governor and a citizen.

CHAPTER III.
THE MISSIONARIES.
THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT.
The prospect of crossing the ocean at
this time was not inviting, nor had Canada
many inducements to offer to the emi
grant. All the avenues to wealth and
influence thrown open to the favourites
of the court were closed to that class most
needed in New France. And so after the
stirring history compressed within twenty-
seven years, eighty souls formed the
entire population of Quebec. The colony
was to be made a source of wealth to swell
the coffers of the rich, and the fortunate
in trade who joined the great commercial
companies were given letters of noblesse.
Love of adventure, or visions of a larger
freedom beyond the sea, might tempt a
few hardy spirits to leave their native land;

42 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
but their example was seldom foUowed.
Settlers began to reaUze that wealth for
them was a condition they might con
template but never attain.
Amongst the inhabitants of Quebec,
however, were men of enterprise andseU-
reUance, who had sufficient initiative to
undertake the task of colonization with
Uttle aid from France. Within the next
three years surgeon Robert Giffard was
instrumental in bringing fifty excellent
famiUes to settle on the banks of the
Saint Lawrence, and Quebec now began
to assume the aspect of a thriving settle
ment. Montmagny, who had succeeded
Champlain, turned his attention to the
civic affairs of the community. New
streets were laid out and lots were set
apart for future buildings; an ofl&cial
residence, henceforth to be known as the
Chateau Saint Louis, was constructed
near the fortifications ; a few soldiers were
drilled to man the fort, whilst the Gover
nor, always attended by a mihtary escort,
reflected in the New World the pomp of
the Old.

THE MISSIONARIES. 43
The Jesuits had opened a college for
boys, and it was mainly through the
circulation of the reports, or"Relations" of
the order, that the reUgious communities
were attracted to Canada. The first
fruits of the movement were the founda
tion in 1639, of the UrsuUne Convent, at
Quebec, and the Hospital, under the
direction of the Hospitah^res. These two
institutions owed their estabUshment to
two women of noble birth, Madame de la
Peltrie and Madame d' Aiguillon, and
from the first exercised a salutary in
fluence upon the Ufe of the little colony.
The Jesuits in Canada were, without
exception, men of brilliant mental power.
In France they had held high and respon
sible positions which they reUnquished to
carry on their work amongst the children
of the American forest. They went
bravely into the viUages of the Indians,
Uved with them in their smoky huts,
conformed as nearly as they could to
their customs, shared with them the pains
of hunger, the winter's cold and the
fatigues of the march ; built a Uttle church.

44 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
baptized young children, told the story of
the cross, and aU too often, gave their
lives to seal their devotion.
The Society of Jesus and its methods in
Europe have been criticised from many
points of view; but the history of the
order in America is a wonderful record of
fearlessness and resolution, and, in the
words of Parkman, "the grandeur of their
self-devotion towers conspicuously over
aU." It was by the pupils of the Jesuits
that Corneille's masterpiece, Le Cid, was
presented on the 31st of December, 1646.
This appears to be the first record of a
dramatic performance in the New World.
Life in Quebec, however, was still very
primitive, though the people, it seems,
were happy and contented. With the
rapid increase of the population by emi
gration, and the large famiUes which
blessed the union of the early settlers, it
became expedient to devise more effective
means for their subsistence. France was
still wilUng to dole out provisions; but
Montmagny was determined to satisfy the
legitimate ambition of the people to trade

THE MISSIONARIES. 45
in the products of the country. After
repeated efforts in the face of strenuous
opposition, the exclusive privileges enjoy
ed by the Company of a Hundred Associ
ates were curtailed, and the humble
individual was permitted to engage in
commerce. In 1640, the church of Notre Dame de
la Recouvrance, the residence of the
Jesuits and Champlain's Chapel were
destroyed by fire. In the Chapel the
remains of the Founder of Quebec were
buried, and until this day the exact site of
his tomb is undetermined.
Montmagny was a Knight of Malta, and
a souvenir of his regime may be seen in
the Maltese cross over the entrance of the
Chateau Frontenac. This stone, found
by workmen in the wafls of the Chateau
Saint Louis built during his term of office,
was placed by Haldimand over the gate of
the ChMeau Haldimand in 1784.
A few years later, under the administra
tion of Louis de Coulonge D'Ailleboust,
we find the government of Quebec en
trusted to a Council, composed of the

46 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Governor, a Jesuit and two of the leading
inhabitants. Authority was given to
this body to enact local laws, to regulate
commerce and to arbitrate the differences
of private individuals. For a people so
long under the tutelage of a great mono
poly, it may appear singular that one of
the ordinances passed by the councfl gave
the privilege of keeping a hotel to one,
Jacques Boisdon, to the exclusion of aU
others. But the language of the instru
ment is vague. He was to settle in the
square, opposite the parish church, so
that aU might go there to warm them
selves, but whether visitors were expected
to derive warmth from the stove, or from
the potions suppUed by Boisdon, or from
both, is uncertain. No one, however, was
to be aUowed to remain in the hotel
during the services of the church.
The population of Quebec at this period
was about five hundred souls, and the
total number of Europeans in the colony
was not more than two thousand five
hundred. Until the year 1659, the ecclesiastical

.^7'ra^ <^n-<-e u^.d^^ru^e,,^^^^^yu/:^^

THE MISSIONARIES. 47
jurisdiction of 'New France had been in
the hands of the missionary priests. The
people, however, were dissatisfied, and
representations had been made to France
for the presence of a bishop in their midst.
The Pope for various reasons decUned to
create a see in Canada, and it was not till
1674, after much controversy, that the
first paflium was granted to the Bishop of
Quebec. Anne of Austria presided over the
destinies of France at this time during the
minority of Louis XIV, and the selection
of a prospective bishop was left by her to
a Jesuit missionary. Father Le Jeune.
His choice was Laval, and it was in 1659
that he arrived as Vicar ApostoUc in
Quebec. Frangois Xavier de Montmorency-
Laval, Abbe de Montigny, was a descend
ant of one of the most iUustrious famiUes
of Old France. From his earhest youth
he had been attracted to the Church, and
by a severe course of disciphne was well
quaUfied to exact obedience from others.
One of his first acts in Canada was to

48 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
provide a native clergy, and to further this
end he founded the Seminary of Quebec.
This institution was placed under the
direction of a superior chosen by himself.
It was charged to provide for its members
in health and in sickness, and to care for
them in old age. To meet the wants of
the foundation Laval obtained grants of
land which he sold or exchanged, and to
this day the Seminary of Quebec and the
University of Laval, its offspring, are the
most powerful institutions of the Roman
CathoUc Church in Canada,
The mission of Laval was a difficult one.
The Church was in its infancy, without
form or organization. DiscipUne had
been almost unknown and a firm hand
was necessary in the effort to centraUze
the extraordinary powers which had been
allowed under such unsettled conditions
to fall into the hands of minor clerics. In
the pursuance of his policy Monseigneur
Laval had to encounter many elements of
opposition, and there were those who did
not hesitate to censure his conduct. The
impartial historian, however, vdth the

THE MISSIONARIES. 49
Ught now thrown upon the history of the
period, is incUned to admit that he was
the one man who could successfuUy
estabUsh the church in Canada, and the
perfection of the organization which he
left at his death is, for most, sufficient
justification for his numerous acts of
authority. It was during the absence of Laval in
Europe to lay his complaints against
D'Avaugour the governor, touching the
sale of brandy, that a terrible convulsion
of the earth fflled the people with alarm.
Strange signs were seen in the heavens
which were accepted as the indications of
impending doom.
On the fifth of February, 1663, writes
Father Lalemant, " everybody was in
the streets; animals ran wildly about;
children cried; men and women, seized
with fright,knew not where to take refuge,
expecting every moment to be buried
under the ruins of the houses, or swallowed
up in some abyss opening under their feet.
Some on their knees in the snow cried for
mercy, and others passed the night in

50 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
prayer, for the earthquake continued
without ceasing, with a motion Uke that
of a ship at sea, insomuch that sun
dry persons felt the same qualms of
stomach which they would feel on the
water. In the forests the commotion
was far greater. The trees struck one
against the other as if there was a battle
between them, and you would have said
that not only their branches, but even
their trunks started out of their places
and leaped on each other with such noise
and confusion that the Indians said the
whole forest was drunk, "
Several writers refer to the severity of
the shocks, and it was weU on towards the
close of the summer before the earth
resumed her wonted calm.
In the year 1665 there was great re
joicing in Canada for Louis XIV had
resolved that New France should be
united to the Old by stronger ties. The
letters of the Jesuits, the visit of Laval,
and the representations of the governor
D'Avaugour in 1663 as to the poUtical
possibiUties of the country, had each in

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 51
turn kindled the enthusiasm of the court,
and a signal mark of royal favour was to
precede the dawn of a brighter era.
In the spring four companies of the
regiment of Carignan-SaUeres, the first
regular troops sent from France to
Canada, had arrived in Quebec. The
presence of this fine body of men, bronzed
by service in the Turkish wars, had in
spired the struggUng colony with hope.
A year previously, under the monopoly of
the powerful Company of the West Indies,
commercial enterprise was threatened
with extinction; but the powers of the
company had been curtailed and the
people were confident of still greater
concessions under the new regime that
had been inaugurated.
The thirtieth of June was a day long to
be remembered. Two ships had come
to anchor in the basin of Quebec, and
from the mast of one fluttered the royal
standard of France, a sign that the king's
representative was on board. Crowding
the decks of the other vessel were the
soldiers of another detachment of the

52 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
famous Carignan regiment, which had
come to augment the forces already in
the colony.
From the bastion of Saint Louis cannon
thundered out a welcome, while the
inhabitants in hoUday attire, eager and
expectant, thronged the quay to pay
homage to the Marquis de Tracy, Lieu
tenant-General of aU the King's possess
ions in North America, as he stepped
ashore. In the train of the Marquis were a
number of young nobles who had sailed
with him to explore the mysteries of the
New World. Soon a gorgeous pageant
headed by twenty-four men in the king's
Uvery wended its way through the streets
of the lower town, and cUmbed the moun
tain path, where Laval and the priests of
the Seminary, in their vestments, awaited
the Lieutenant-General.
Such a spectacle had never before been
seen in New France. The enthusiasm of
the people was unbounded, for the im
pressive scene in their midst formed a Unk
between them and the motherland.

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 53
But there were fresh evidences of the
good-wiU of the monarch. In the autumn
R6my de CourceUes the new Governor,
with Jean Talon the Intendant, arrived
at Quebec, foUowed by a third detach
ment of the Carignan regiment under
Colonel SaU^res. This famous body of
troops was raised at Savoy in 1644 by
the Prince de Carignan. In 1652 it
served under Cond6 at Porte Saint
Antoine, and in 1664 fought with distinc
tion as a part of the French army in the
Austrian war against the Turks. In
Canada, under Tracy and CourceUes,
the men did good service in the Mohawk
war, and when their presence was no
longer urgently required, four companies
were told off for garrison duty, and the
remainder had the choice of either re
turning to France or settUng in the new
country. To each soldier who remained, a grant
of land and one hundred Uvres were set
apart. The officers received larger tracts
of land and the soldiers became tenants
under their former commanders. They

54 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
were a fine body of men, and exercised a
permanent influence on the character of
the community. Many of the officers
settled along the path of the Iroquois on
the banks of the RicheUeu, and in several
of the flourishing towns of to-day their
names are preserved.
The male element now predominated
in Canada, and the problem for the
Governorwas to find wives for the settlers.
An appeal was made to the paternal
govemment of France and one hundred
girls of the poorer class were sent over in
1665. Among them were ten or fifteen
demoiselles from Dieppe and RocheUe,
who soon found husbands. Some of
the officers were fastidious and required
wives of higher social rank. The king,
ever wiUing to obUge, ordained that a smaU
consignment of demoiselles bien choisies
should be despatched to New France. It
was a somewhat deUcate enterprise, for the
mothers of Canada had marriageable
daughters of their own whom they were
wiUing to bestow upon the gaUant officers.
The charms of the jolies brunettes canadi-

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 55
ennes appear to have been irresistible and
the intendant wrote that it was inexpedient
to send any more of the superior class as
he stiU had a supply on hand. The
demand for maidens of more humble
origin, however, was stiU great.
Marriage in those days was a matter
not of incUnation but of duty. A girl
must be wed when she was fifteen, and a
boy before he had reached the age of
twenty. For the bachelor there was no
sjonpathy; single blessedness was not
popular in high places.
Before the arrival of the ships with
marriageable damsels, all bachelors were
warned that their hunting privileges
would be canceUed unless they chose a
partner for Ufe within fifteen days after
the arrival of the vessels. This somewhat
indecorous method of disposing of the
girls left scanty time for courtship, and
the most presentable youth had the best
chance of securing the most attractive
girl for his bride. The laggard, no doubt,
met with his desert. There appears, how
ever, to have been quite a scrimmage

56 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
amongst the bachelors to obtain a point
of vantage.
The king manifested a hvely interest in
the increase of the population. Writing
to the Intendant upon one occasion he
predicted that there would be eleven
hundred births in Canada during the
next year. These calculations iq France
may account for the discrepancies be
tween the census of the king and the
figures suppUed by the governor.
The officers charged with the administra
tion of New France at this period were
for the most part men of sterhng character
To the Intendant Talon, especiaUy, was
due much of the material and inteUectual
development in the httle colony. The
king himself, "regarding his Canadian
subjects almost as his own children," as
Colbert wrote to the governor, "wishes
them to enjoy equally with the people of
France the mildness and happiness of his
reign." Talon was directed to "solace
them in all things and encourage them to
trade and industry." "Seeing that noth
ing can better promote this end," con-

THE CARIGNAN REGIMENT. 57
tinned the royal instruction, "than enter
ing into the details of their households
and of all their Uttle affairs, it wiU not be
amiss that he visit all their settlements
one after another in order to leam their
true condition, provide as much as possible
for their wants and performing the duty
of a good head of a family, put them in
the way of making profit," Lands were
cleared and brought under the plough, a
tannery and a hat factory were built in
Quebec, flax was grown in the country
and the girls were taught to weave.
Talon himself was the patron of arts,
science and industry, and his hand
appeared now and again in more common
place measures,as some thought,of doubt
ful expediency. It was he who built the
first brewery in Quebec on the spot after
wards occupied by the Intendant's Palace.
But these were days of fur trade and
brandy disputes, French spirits were
too strong for colonial morals, and too
expensive, no doubt the Intendant
thought, for colonial thrift. After all, the
Uttle brewery in the lower town may have

58 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
served a useful purpose.
Despite the quiet progress, however,
there was a feeUng of unrest in the colony
and some were beginning to fear disaster
from without. The Iroquois were again
on the war path. CourceUes, though a
good soldier and an upright governor, had
met with reverses on the field and asked
for his recaU. The need was felt of a
strong hand at the helm to restore con
fidence. Much would depend upon the
new govemor, and that the king's choice
was a wise one^was amply proved by the
subsequent history of New France.

CHAPTER IV.
FRONTENAC.
Louis de Buade, comte de Frontenac,
who succeeded de CourceUes, had received
an early training on the field of battle.
At the age of fifteen he served under the
Prince of Orange, and in his twenty-first
year held the command of a Norman
regiment in the ItaUan wars. While stiU
a young man he married Anne de la
Grange Trianon, a girl of sixteen. His
matrimonial experiences were not happy.
Had they been more fortunate New
France might have been deprived of the
services of a mostefficient,though ofttimes
troublesome, govemor.
The exploits of the youthful countess
during the civil war of the Fronde may be
briefly related.

60 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
MademoiseUe de Montpensier, grand
daughter of Henry of Navarre, had
espoused the cause of Conde, and when
Orleans was threatened by the royal army
she set forth to hold the city for Cond6
and the Fronde. In her company were
the countess of Frontenac and two other
ladies of rank. When this feminine
expedition reached Orleans the gates
were closed and the authorities refused to
open them. Threats and promises proved
of no avail; but at length a crew offered
their assistance to the ladies in their
predicament. The princess eagerly ac
cepted their aid and with fair words and
fairer deeds urged the men to force the
gates. The men renewed their efforts
and at last a breach was effected when the
princess carried by the men was thrust
through the opening, followed by her
companions in the siege. Once within
the gates they were received with enthu
siasm and conducted in triumph through
the streets. Thus was Orleans won for
the Fronde by three spirited ladies and a
few no less gaUant boatmen.

Frontenac
Governor of New France

The Intendakt Talon

FRONTENAC, 61
For this daring adventure MademoiseUe
de Montpensier was banished from the
court for a time, and in her wanderings
was followed by the countess Frontenac,
The count, her husband, was a man of
uneven temper, inclined to quarrel with
any one who did not fall in with his views.
It is not surprising, therefore, that he dis
agreed with his wife. After giving birth
to a son the countess confided the child
to the care of a nurse and foUowed again
the fortunes of Mademoiselle de Mont
pensier. Frontenac in the meanwhile
had retired to his estate on the Indre
where his extravagance soon involved him
hopelessly in debt. In 1669, however, he
was chosen by Turenne to aid the Vene
tians against the Turks in Candia. At the
close of the campaign it appears that he
had obtained some distinction in arms
but httle reUef for his shattered fortunes.
He was now fifty-two years of age,
ready for any emergency and fully pre
pared to uphold in the New World the
dignity of his office. He had many lessons
to learn, however, each of which must

62 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
have sorely tried his rugged temper.
One of his first acts whereby he sought to
create the three estates of clergy,
nobles and people, called forth a minister
ial rebuke. To give a corporate form of
existence to the inhabitants was opposed
to the absolutism of Louis XIV. Fron
tenac was therefore admonished not to
attempt to revive conditions in the New
World which the king discountenanced
in the Old.
Although the governor could not dictate
to the court of France he could exercise
his authority in Quebec, however, and he
soon became involved in quarrels with
the church and Talon's successor, the
Intendant Duchesneau.
In that staunch churchman, Laval, es
pecially, the Governor found a strenuous
opponent to whose dominant wiU he was
forced to yield. The sale of brandy to
the Indians, which the Bishop condemned,
was a cause of bitter strife. The question
was attended with difficulty. If the
French refused to supply the Indians with
brandy, there was the danger that the

FRONTENAC. 63
English or the Dutch at New York would
supply them with rum: an alternative
that the Govemor wished to avoid at aU
costs. Again, the revenue of the colony
was increased by the sale, and this was an
important consideration. On the other
hand the traffic had too baneful an in
fluence on the morals of the people wil
fuUy to be overlooked.
It was not only in Quebec that the
governor's poUcy was opposed, nor was
the brandy question the sole grievance.
Frontenac disagreed with the court as to
its methods of colonization. He was
impatient to explore the country and
throw open new lands for settlement.
The king, however, desired to consoUdate
the inhabitants and to confine them to
tawuB and viUages in order that they
might the more readily unite for purposes
of defence.
The free open hfe of the forest, more
over, had many attractions for the youth
of Canada, and the example set by the
coureurs de bois rendered the situation
difficult to deal with. Frontenac had

64 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
received strict instructions from France
to suppress these outlaws, but notwith
standing the fact that the regulations
against them were very stringent and the
punishment death, the Govemor found
himself quite unequal to the task of keep
ing them under control. There were
stories indeed that the bankrupt Governor
had an interest in their trade with the
Indians, but these charges may be traced
to the Intendant with whom the Govemor
had long been at loggerheads. The
quarrels had now come to an open rupture.
To maintain peace the king was compeUed
to recall them both and once again the
country was in danger from the red man.
The Iroquois had just completed a
victorious expedition to the south; they
now threatened to invade the west and
take the war path against Montreal or Que
bec, Lefebvre de la Barre, who succeeded
Frontenac, was utterly unfitted to cope
with the situation. He organized a hasty
expedition and marched at the head of
his men to meet the enemy; but his troops
were cut down by fever, the crafty

FRONTENAC. 65
Iroquois soon surmised the true state of
affairs, and the Governor had much ado to
make an honorable peace.
Two years later he was recaUed to
France, Under Denonville, his succes
sor, affairs went from bad to worse and
culminated finaUy in the disastrous mas
sacre of Lachine on the sixth of August,
1689, By this time the king had decided
that a strong Governor was necessary at
any cost. On the tenth of October, 1689, the
boom of cannon and the firing of musketry
announced the return of the Count de
Frontenac, who had been re-appointed to
the govemment of New France, At eight
o'clock in the evening a torch-Ught pro
cession was formed headed by the mem
bers of the Sovereign Council and the
principal inhabitants, to conduct the
Govemor to the Chateau Saint Louis,
The streets were iUuminated and in the
square the civil and reUgious corporations
were assembled to give him an enthusi
astic welcome.
Many improvements in Quebec might
have been observed at this time. The

66 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
houses destroyed by fire in 1682 had been
rebuilt, and a notable addition was the
Uttle church soon to bear the name of
Notre Dame de la Victoire, The brewery
buflt by Talon had been abandoned and
converted into a palace for the Intendant,
with accommodation for the Sovereign
Council, It was situated on the brink of
the river and the ground which now
surrounds the site was reclaimed from the
bed of the river Saint Lawrence many
years later. There is Uttle remaining to
day to remind one of its former propor
tions or of the splendour of Bigot's court
held within its walls, •
In the year 1690 there were disquieting
rumours of the invasion of Port Royal and
a possible attack upon Quebec, Fron
tenac although unprepared to defend his
position, was not surprised at the in
teUigence, During his previous adminis
tration spies had frequently been sent to
Quebec from New England to report on
the condition of the country, and one
more daring than his feUows had been
captured and sent to France, He had

FRONTENAC, 67
therefore urged the king to place the
colony in a condition to withstand as
sault. Little heed had been paid to his
request and at length the people, aroused
to a sense of their danger, proposed to
construct a palisade about the city at
their own expense. The paternal govern
ment of France apparently weary of the
constant demands for aid, seized the
occasion to overwork the wiUing horse:
the minister wrote to the Intendant —
"The king having heard that the in
habitants of Quebec propose to enclose
that place with a paUsade, they must be
obUged to lose no time in proceeding
therewith," The work was pushed for
ward during the summer, but Frontenac
does not appear to have had any idea
that a powerful fleet under Sir WilUam
Phips had already set safl for the Saint
Lawrence, Sir WilUam Phips was bom in New
England and spent his early years
on a frontier plantation. In 1676, he
removed to Boston where he acquired a
knowledge of ship-buflding and formed a

68 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
project to recover the wreck of a Spanish
treasure ship. The English government
placed a vessel at his disposal and in the
course of time his efforts were successful.
For his services he received the sum of
sixteen thousand pounds and knighthood
at the hands of the king. When the
people of Massachusetts decided to make
a descent on Acadia, Phips was given the
command of the expedition. Port Royal
surrendered without resistance, and after
securing the aUegiance of the people to
the Crown of England and piUaging the
town he returned to Boston. During his
absence Massachusetts had been actively
engaged in preparing for the invasion of
Quebec. Thirty vessels and over two
thousand men were now placed under the
command of Phips, and on the ninth of
August the fleet sailed from Nantasket
for the Saint Lawrence.
Frontenac was in Montreal when the
news' was communicated to him of the
approach of the vessels. Giving an order
for afl the men who could be spared from
the defence of Montreal to march to

FRONTENAC. 69
Quebec, he took boat and arrived in the
city on the 14th of October. On the 19th
the British fleet was seen off the Island of
Orleans. Temporary works had been
thrown up on the first intimation of dan
ger, and the city, which readily lends itself
to defence, presented a formidable front.
The scheme of fortification was by no
means complete. Phips brought his
vessels to anchor opposite the mouth of
the Saint Charles and a few hours later a
boat put off from the Admiral under a
flag of truce vrith an officer charged to
demand the surrender of Quebec. A
canoe was sent to meet the boat in mid
stream. The messenger's eyes were
bandaged and he was conducted ashore
and through the town over many obstacle
and false barriers to the governor's chll-
teau. Here the bandage was removed and
he found himself in the presence of an
imposing group of civil and miUtary
officials, far greater than he had expected
to meet. The officer deUvered the letter
to the govemor demanding the surrender
of the "forts and castles, undemoUshed,

70 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
and the king's and other stores, unem-
bezzled, with a reasonable deUvery of
captives  which if you refuse forth
with to do, I am resolved by the help of
God in whom I trust, by the force of arms
to revenge aU wrongs and injuries offered
and to bring you under subjection. "
To this letter Frontenac repUed verbal
ly at some length. The messenger, how
ever, requested a written message . ' 'No, ' '
the govemor repUed, "the only answer I
wiU give will be from the mouth of my
cannon and musketry, that he may leam
that it is not in such style that a man of
my rank may be summoned." The eyes
of the officer were again bandaged; he was
conducted over the same false barricades
to the lower town and returned to his ship
with the governor's defiant message.
This was not the style of answer that
Phips was prepared for. He had expected
surrender; but met with contumacy.
The governor of Quebec was evidently of
sterner metal than the complaisant com
mander of Port Royal. There was noth-
thing left but to fight. The admiral had

MOXI'K .'i
I'KiXK

View op Quebec in 1700, from the Flan of Catalogne

FRONTENAC. 71
planned to land at Beauport a body of
men who were to work their way into
Quebec across the Saint Charles. A
landing was effected, but before the men
had advanced a hundred yards they were
met with a galUng fire from Frontenac's
men under cover and were forced to retire
in haste with four kiUed and sixty
wounded. The French lost but one
kiUed and one man wounded.
The land forces having been repulsed,
the Admiral changed his tactics and tried
the effect of a bombardment of the town.
Four vessels were brought to bear on the
works, but the batteries on the ramparts
were brought into play and wrought
havoc amongst the ships. During the
engagement the flag of the Admiral's ship
was shot from the mast and captured by
the French. The siege was maintained
for a few days with no advantage to the
enemy, and within a week from the
commencement of operations the ships of
the invaders had vanished,leaving Quebec
the proud possessor of the Admiral's flag
and several pieces of cannon. The total

72 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
loss to Frontenac had been nine men killed
and fifty-two wounded.
With the departure of the New England
fleet Quebec resumed its normal condition
and days of weeping gave place to days of
song. The Te Deum was sung in the
cathedral, solemn processions were held
in the streets, and the little church in the
lower town was dedicated to Notre Dame
de la Victoire.
The repulse of Phips had increased the
prestige of the Governor, and his demands
for means to fortify the town now met
with a favourable response. Frontenac's
wafls, the first to enclose Quebec, crowned
the water front for about three quarters
of a mile, crossing the plateau near Ste.
Ursule Street and forming a circuit of
about a mile and a half. The total area
within the walls was less than haU of the
ground that is enclosed by the present
town Unes. From time to time vast sums
were expended upon the fortifications by
the French government; but the works
were never of a durable character.
In 1696 Frontenac, then seventy-five

FRONTENAC. 73
years of age, led an army with all his
former vigour against the Onondagas.
In return for his services during this
expedition he received the Cross of Saint
Louis, The honour was a tardy one for
the distinction was already enjoyed by
some of his subordinates. The Iroquois
had not been whoUy subdued, but they
were inspired with a salutary dread of the
old Governor when at length he passed
away in 1698,
He had served his country faithfuUy
according to his hght, "His ambition,"
says the Abb6Verreau, "was to be in New
France the reflection of the great monarch
who mled in Old France, "

CHAPTER V-
QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY.
One hundred years had passed since
Champlain's axemen cleared the forest in
the lower town for the "Abitation de
Quebec." Along the water front to
the river Saint Charles, might now be seen
a Une of substantial buildings, the most
pretentious being the palace of the
Intendant. Upon the mountain hiU lead
ing to the upper town were clusters of
sohd houses occupied by the professional
class. Crowning the heights, the Bishop's
Palace, the Jesuits CoUege, the H6tel
Dieu, the Convent of the UrsuUnes, the
Cathedral and the Chateau Saint Louis,
gave the place an air of importance.
Houses were often huddled together in
somewhat incongruous proximity; but in

76 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
those days the formation of the rock
presented serious difficulties to the buflder,
who chose the place where the least
excavation was needed, A ghmpse of
civic conditions is obtained from the
regulations in force at the time. Each
inhabitant was required to make a gutter
in the middle of the street before his
dwelhng. Smoking in the streets was
prohibited. A dog was on no account
allowed to roam the streets after nine
o'clock, and at the sound of the fire beU
each man was to hasten to the scene with
a bucket of water. In the confusion
arising from this method the fire usuaUy
took its own course. At the burning of
the Seminary in 1701, the engineer had
three hundred assistants; he reports that
he would have been better off with thirty.
The inhabitants had obtained permission
to import a Dutch pump for extinguishing
fires; but as the means to purchase this
invention did not accompany the royal
sanction, the inhabitants clung to the
leather buckets.
Towards the close of the summer, after

King's Bastion — Ruins of Chateau

QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY. 77
the arrival of the merchant vessels from
France, the shops in the lower town were
resplendent with novelties from the
mother country. Ribbons, laces, silks and
jewellery were spread out by the astute
merchants to captivate the ladies, while
the male portion of the population could
purchase useful articles required in their
trade. The demand for ribbons and
laces seems to have been excessive,
and we find one writer expressing the wish
that the importation of these articles
might be prohibited. He was probably
a disappointed bachelor or a jaded
husband. On the approach of winter the
habitants from the scattered settlements
came to Quebec to make their annual
purchases. On their departure the prin
cipal shops were closed and the season of
amusement began,
Charlevoix, the historian, has left a
description of the social Ufe at Quebec
during the early years of the eighteenth
century, "There is a httle select society
here, " he writes, "which wants nothing to
make it agreeable. In the salons of the

78 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
wives of the Intendant and the Governor
one finds circles as briUiant as in other
countries. Everybody does his part to
make the time pass pleasantly vdth games
and pleasure parties. In the summer,
drives and canoe excursions; in winter,
skating and sleighing. The news of the
day amounts to very Uttle indeed as the
country furnishes scarcely any, whfle that
from Europe comes aU at once. Science
and the fine arts have their turn, and
conversation does not fafl. The Cana
dians breath from their birth an air of
Uberty which makes them very pleasant
in the intercourse of life, and our language
is nowhere more purely spoken. "
Some years later, however, we find that
a few EngUsh words had crept into the
language, and an EngUsh traveller gives
the foUowing amusing account of his
attempt to procure some vegetables in
Quebec. " Our object on going on shore was not
so much to gratify our curiosity, as to
procure some vegetables ; and as the
Captain of the ship could not speak a

QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY, 79
word of French, as indifferent a French
man as you know me to be, I was obUged
to be the interpreter on this occasion, I,
however, made the inhabitants under
stand me very weU, tfll I asked for some
potatoes, by the usual school term of
pommes de terre, and by which I under
stand they are caUed in France; yet,
notwithstanding the Canadians are al
lowed to speak as pure French as at Paris,
I could not make them comprehend what
it was I wanted, the man continuaUy
sajdng, Monsieur, je suis bien fache de ne
pouvoir comprendre ce que vous souhaitez;
at the same time expressing great un
easiness, as I repeatedly assured them,
que fetois bien sur qu'il en avoit, which
seemed to vex him stiU more. However,
in walking over his plantation, I happen
ed to see a parcel in the corner of a shed ;
pointing to it I said, Voila ce que je
demande, upon which, with great joy in
his countenance, he exclaimed. Oh! Mon
sieur, ce sont des putat, putat; adding, with
great heartiness, Qu'il etoit bien aise d'etre
en etat de me satisfaire. Upon my[telling

80 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
him, in England we called them pommes
de terre, he added, with a remark which I
should not have expected, Qy£ ce nom
leur convenoit mieux que tout autre. As I
paid him very liberally for the vegetables
we had of him, he said, with great expres
sion of gratitude, Ah! Monsieur, je me
souviendrai toujours de vos bontes et des
pommes de terre, "
Quebec was not permitted to enjoy any
lengthy season of repose. In the year
1711, while the inhabitants were following
their peaceful occupations, an expedition
was being fitted out in Boston for the
capture of the French stronghold. On
the 30th of July nine ships of war, sixty
transports and a number of smaUer craft,
carrying in all twelve thousand men
under Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, set
sail for the Saint Lawrence, But the
elements fought for Quebec. On the
evening of the 22nd of August the fleet
was caught in a heavy gale, and a dense
fog enveloped the river. AU through the
night the vessels were driven before the
storm and neither the Admiral nor his

QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY. 81
crews knew anything of the dangers in
their path. Before the dawn, eight trans
ports had been dashed to pieces on the
rocks off Egg Island, and nearly nine
hundred men had found a watery grave.
When the storm abated the Admiral was
less confident of taking Quebec, and after
hovering about for a few days shifted his
sails and returned crestfallen to Boston.
The Governor had been warned of the
approach of the fleet early in the month
of August, and made what preparations
he could to withstand a siege. Anxious
days followed; but it was not until
October that the news of the disaster
reached the city. Great was the rejoicing
of the people and marvellous were the
tales told of the magnitude of the ex
pedition and of the losses of the enemy.
A mass was ordered to be sung every
month for a year, the citizens returned
thanks for the miracle wrought on their
behalf, and the name of the church of
Notre Dame de la Victoire was changed
to Notre Dame des Victoires.
In the month of September, 1712,

82 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Michel B6gon was appointed Intendant
of New France. He took up his residence
at the Palace, which he furnished in a
manner befitting his rank. Four months
later, however, the contents of the bufld-
ing, valued at forty thousand crowns,
were destroyed by fire. The Intendant
and his young wife escaped from a vrindow
in their robes de chambre; but two of
their attendants perished in the flames.
A new palace was constructed upon the
site as an administrative building with
quarters for the Intendant. B6gon,
who appears to have been a man of
independent fortune, Uved in great state,
and whilst the new palace was in the
course of erection, resided at the Maison
de la Montague, or Beaumanoir, as it was
named in after years. Tradition has
associated this dwelUng, situated on the
Charlesbourg road, with the last Intend
ant, Francois Bigot, possibly through a
similarity of the names B6gon and Bigot.
The ruins are stiU pointed out as those of
the Chateau Bigot.
A simple act performed in the UrsuUne

QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY. 83
Convent during B6gon's administration
forms an interesting link between the old
r^me and the new. Before a statue of
the Virgin in the Chapel of the Saints,
bums a votive lamp which was first trim
med by a young novice, Marie Madelaine
de Repentigny, in 1717, and ever since
has been kept steadfastly burning by the
sisters of the Convent. MademoiseUe de
Repentigny, one of the beautiful girls of
her time in Canadian society, was engaged
to an officer who died on the eve of her
marriage. From henceforth the young
girl decided to adopt the Ufe of the cloister
and requested permission to give this
lamp in testimony of the joy and consola
tion that came to her in that sanctuary.
Her brother, the father of the ChevaUer
de Repentigny who fought under Mont
calm and L6vis, paid to the nuns the sum
of three hundred Uvres for the mainten
ance of the lamp as a perpetual memorial
of his sister.
Mademoiselle de Repentigny died be
fore the battle of the Plains and the pass
ing away of French sovereignty in Canada ;

84 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
but the lamp she Ughted under the old
regime to which her family was devoted,
StiU burns as brightly as of yore, under
the new.
In the year 1903, Miss Anthon, a
descendant of the famfly, donated the
present silver lamp which hangs in the
chapel. Begon proved an able administrator
and was particularly successful in develop
ing home industries. At the close of his
official career in 1726 it was observed that
he had not "profited at the expense of the
king. "
Hocquart, Intendant of New France
from 1731 to 1748, turned his attention to
ship building and the improvement of the
harbour by constructing a breakwater at
the Saint Charles. Between the year
1732 and 1733 twenty vessels ranging
from forty to fifty tons burthen, were
built in the docks for the coasting trade.
It was during Hocquart's administration
that a proposal was made to erect an
archives building, a scheme which was not
carried out in Canada until the year 1906.

QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY. 86
GaUssonni^re's administration of New
France from 1747 to 1749, forms yet
another chapter in the material and
inteUectual progress of the country.
Placing himself at the head of a few
cultured men he formed an Academy of
Science. With the assistance of Canon
GosseUn, a herbarium of Canadian plants
was prepared for the museum in Paris.
CoUections were made of native seeds and
minerals. The Jesuits discovered the
ginseng, the annual shipments of which
soon exceeded half a milUon francs.
Dr. Sarrazin, another member of the
Academy, made known to Europe the
curative properties of Saracenia in cases
of smallpox, and Dr. Gaulthier discover
ed the plant Gaultheria procumbent, or
wintergreen. GaUssoni^re was a progressive adminis
trator, and would have extended the
dominion of France to the Ohio Valley.
In the Canadians he recognized a vigorous
race capable of expansion. "If other
colonies produce more wealth, " he wrote,
"this one produces men, a far more

86 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
valuable possession for a king than sugar
or indigo or even aU the gold of the
AntiUes." His administration was aU
too brief for France was to feel the need of
such men, ia the dark days that foUowed.
The Marquis de la Jonquifere, his
successor, was a man of a different mould.
Peter Kalm, the Swedish scholar who was
on a visit to Canada at this time, has left us
an account of the governor's triumphal
entry into Quebec. La Jonqui^re was
dressed in scarlet and gold, and before
him marched twenty-four men in the
King's Uvery; while every beU in the city
was set ringing and cannon and musketry
thundered forth a welcome from the
ramparts. La Jonqui^re, however, was
soon suspected of enriching himself by
trade with foreign countries, and his
departure from Canada gave the habitants
Uttle cause for regret.
In the summer of 1746, Quebec was
thrown into a state of alarm by rumours of
a threatened invasion. Eight battahons
of EngUsh troops were to rendezvous at
Louisbourg, and, joining the New England

*^5a<'^.

The Cathedral, 1S20

QUEBEC IN THE 18th CENTURY. 87
forces, were to sail up the Saint Lawrence
and attack the fortress of Quebec. There
were at this time about fifty prisoners in
the barracks, who had been captured at
Louisbourg the year before, and these
men were repeatedly interrogated as to
the designs of the EngUsh. No satis
factory account could be obtained from
them, however, although it was evident
that they expected speedy deUverance.
The summer wore on and throughout
Canada there was a feeUng of uneasiness.
The Indians too were becoming restless.
In La Cadie they were already on the war
path. At last, however, it became known
that danger had been averted through
the delays of the British ministry. For
a season Quebec enjoyed the blessing of
peace, while the Indians in the neighbor
hood relapsed into their accustomed
indolence. Indian Ufe in the vicinity is thus
described by an observer. "If the Epi
curean definition of happiness is just, that
it consists in indolence of body and
tranquiUty of mind, the Indians of both

88 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
sexes are the happiest people on earth;
free from care, they employ the present
moment, forget the past and are without
soUcitude for the future. In summer,
stretched upon the verdant turf, they
sing, they laugh, they play, they relate
stories of their ancient heroes to warm
their youth for war. In winter, wrapped
in the furs which bounteous nature
provides them, they dance, they feast and
despise the rigours of the season, at which
the more effeminate Europeans tremble.
War being, however, the business of their
lives, and the first passion of their souls,
their very pleasures take their colour
from it ; everyone must have heard of the
war dance, and their songs are almost aU
on the same subject. On the most
dihgent enquiry I find but one love song
in the language which is short and simple,
though perhaps not inexpressive : —
I love you,
I love you dearly,
I love you aU day long.
An old Indian told me that they had songs
of friendship, but I could never procure a

QUEBEC IN THB 18th CENTURY. 89
translation of one of them. On my
pressing this Indian to translate one for
me, he told me with a haughty air, the
Indians were not used to make transla
tions, and that if I choose to understand
their songs I must learn their language.
By the way their language is extremely
harmonious, especiaUy as pronounced by
their women, and as well adapted to
music as ItaUan itself. I must not here
omit an instance of their independence of
spirit, which is, that they never would
submit to have the service of the Church,
although they prefer the Romish religion,
in any other language than their own.
The women, who have in general fine
voices, sing in the choir with a taste and
manner that would surprise you, and
with a devotion that might edify more
poUshed nations. "

CHAPTER VI.
OFFICIAL KNAVERY.
Within the colony itself meanwhile
there were ominous signs of weakness.
The administration was confronted with
a danger which threatened ultimately to
accompUsh its ruin. Official corruption
was undermining every branch of the
pubhc service, and so skilfuUy were the
plans laid that those who might have
checked its development were ignorant of
its extent. When the last French Governor,
the Marquis de Vaudreuil was appointed,
corruption had already vitiated the
official hfe of the colony, perhaps beyond
the power of any one man to remedy,
even if the Governor himself had been so
incUned. The career of Vaudreufl, how
ever, is inexpUcable, and the most charit-

92 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
able verdict that history can record is,
that while he acted as a knave, perhaps
after aU, he was only a fool. On his
appointment he was received with open
arms. So imphcit was the confidence
reposed in him, that in the change which
was slowly creeping over New France,
and sapping its energy, the people bowed
to what they beUeved to be inevitable,
instead of rising in revolt against a r^me
of tyranny and oppression.
The outbreakof the war, regarded by the
inhabitants as a calamity, was looked
upon by Bigot as a most fortunate event.
Whether he accepted office intent upon
plunder and piUage, we know not, but it
is evident that he regarded the resources
of the colony as lawful prey, not only for
himself but for his associates. One of his
henchmen, Vergor, who was afterwards
placed by Vaudreuil, it may be remember
ed, in command of the one weak spot in
Quebec by which Wolfe ascended to the
Plains, had already been accused of selUng
a fort to the English. "Profit by your
place, my dear Vergor," Bigot wrote to

OFFICIAL KNAVERY, 93
him, "cut and sUp, you are free to do as
you Uke, so that you can come soon to
join me in France and buy an estate near
me, " Vergor, it may be said, profited by
this advice to the best of his abiUty; but
he was too smaU a man for the Intendant.
Bigot was colossal in all things, and at
last he found a genius for peculation in
Joseph Cadet, the son of a Quebec butcher
and later, the Baron de la Touche
D'Avrigny. In the scheme which was
carried out at Quebec, Bigot and his
companions played the part of knaves
while Vaudreuil acted the part of their
protector. Whatever the measure of Bigot's
knavery, however, legend and romance
have interwoven with his name many
stories which have little foundation in
actual fact. Most of the tales indeed are
associated with the Chateau Bigot, a
house that was never occupied by the
Intendant. In one legend Bigot is re
presented as a mighty hunter active as a
chamois, brave as a hon. Upon one
occasion during a hunting expedition he

94 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
had lost his way in the dense forest
surrounding the Chateau. The sun had
gone dovni and night crept on apace.
Worn out with fatigue and hunger the
king's representative sat down upon a
faUen tree to ponder over his misfortune.
By the Ught of the moon he beheld a
mysterious figure approaching, clad in a
long white flowing robe. Then very
ungaUantly he seized his musket and
prepared to fire. At the moment, how
ever, the figure assumed a human form
and before him stood CaroUne the Algon
quin Maid, The Intendant was capti
vated by her beauty and asked her, as she
was famihar with the forest, to conduct
him to the Chateau, CaroUne was made
a prisoner, and henceforth the visits of the
Intendant to Charlesbourg were frequent.
But one night, a few years later, during
a ball, the household was alarmed by a
piercing shriek from the girl's appart-
ments and upon reaching the scene found
CaroUne with a dagger plunged through
her heart. The mystery of her assassina
tion was never solved. CaroUne was

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 95
buried within the walls of the Chateau,
and a stone engraved with the letter C is
said to have marked her grave.
But perhaps the most popular legend
gathers about the Chien D'Or, a house
which several years ago stood near the
site of Laval's monument. Over the
door had been placed a stone which may
stiU be seen in the walls of the Post
Office, bearing this inscription : —
JE SVIS VN CHIEN QVI RONGE l'oS
EN LE RONGEANT JE PREND MON REPOS
VN TEMS VIENDRA QVI n'eST PAS VENV
QVE JE MORDERAY QVI m'avRA MORDV.
The occupant of the house, Nicolas
Jacquin Phihbert, had become involved
in a quarrel with the Intendant Bigot and
being unable to derive any satisfaction
from him had placed the stone with its
hungry looking dog and its ominous in
scription, over his door to annoy the
king's representative. The Intendant in
the meantime had fitted up the Hermitage
or the Chateau Bigot as a country resi
dence. Here also dwelt in seclusion the

96 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
beautiful daughter of the Baron de St.
Gastin. There were frequent revels at
the Chateau, and in the course of time the
guests began to discuss the meaning of
the inscription over PhiUbert's house,
hinting that their host should cause
its removal. The Intendant, although
powerful, had no desire to become a party
to a quarrel with a citizen of high repute;
but from that moment the pious mer
chant's fate was sealed. At Bigot's
table might be seen the gilded youth of
the city, and one of them, Le Gardeur
Repentigny, became the instrument of his
vengeance. Riding furiously through the
market place one morning, considerably
under the influence of vrine, Repentigny
ran down a poor cripple who was in
conversation with the merchant. Phih
bert interfered and handled the horse
man somewhat roughly. At this moment
one of the women of Bigot's court rode up
and taunted Repentigny with aUowing a
ruffian to assault him; whereupon the
youth drew his sword and thrust it to
the hilt through the body of Phihbert.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 97
The facts relating to the death of Phih
bert as gathered from official documents
are these : —
On the nineteenth of January, 1748, nine
months before the appointment of Bigot
as Intendant, Pierre Le Gardeur de Repen
tigny, who resided with Madame La
Palme, received a command to take up his
quarters at the Golden Dog, occupied by
the army contractor, Phihbert. This
arrangement does not appear to have
been satisfactory to the contractor, and
he endeavoured to persuade Madame La
Palme to keep her lodger. The two
were unable, however, to come to terms
and an altercation arose. In the midst
of it Repentigny entered the apartment
and a fight ensued, Repentigny was
struck on the head and Phihbert received
in return a sword thrust from which he
died the next day. Two months later
Repentigny was condemned to death;
but in consideration of his rank, justice
was satisfied by the execution of the
prisoner in effigy, "a picture to be placed
for the purpose on a pole in the public

98 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
square," The sentence was duly carried
out on the twentieth of March, 1748, and
in September the King pardoned Repen
tigny and restored him to his former rank.
Bigot was not appointed Intendant
until the month of October, 1748, and the
inscription over PhiUbert's house had
been set up many years before.
After the declaration of war in 1756,
the desultory struggles between the rival
colonies gave place to the sterner contest
of two imperial powers in a war of con
quest, Quebec as the seat of government
was the centre of activity and from it
were directed the plans for the ensuing
campaigns, A new sphere of action
affording even a wider scope for his
nefarious schemes was thus open to the
Intendant, The powers of Bigot were
great already, but now that the security
of the country was threatened, his author
ity became absolute. Some years previ
ous to this date he had formed a partner
ship with a house in Bordeaux, through
which he purchased suppUes for Canada.
If the provision boats were permitted to

Candiac — The Home of Montcalm

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 99
arrive safely the goods were declared free
of duty for the king's service. Some of
the vessels, however, had an unfortunate
habit of running on the rocks when near
their destination, and the salvage was
sold to the Intendant's friends to be
repurchased for the king's store. On the
capture of an English vessel. Bigot dis
posed of the entire cargo for eight hun
dred thousand francs, and repurchased
one-eighth for his majesty for the sum of
one million francs. By further manipula
tions he cleared a profit of two miUion
francs from this elastic cargo.
Some time later he launched out in the
retail business under the name of a con
federate, and his warehouse was soon
distinguished by the appropriate name of
La Friponne or "The Cheat." Even
thus the profits do not seem to have been
sufflcient for the Intendant. He there
fore devised a scheme to ensure a con
tinuous and graduafly increasing revenue.
It was his duty as Intendant in control of
finance, to provide for the maintenance
and transport of the troops, the construe-

100 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
tion of works of defence and in fact for
every need of the service. In the month
of October, 1756, he entered into a
contract with Cadet, giving him a mono
poly for nine years for the supply of pro
visions for the army whose posts extended
from Gasp6 to the Ohio. Cadet's first
achievement was to gather up all the
grain in the country in the king's name to
be shipped to confederates in Paris. In
the days of famine for which he was pre
paring and plotting, it would be con
venient to buy back the grain at whatever
price might be expedient. SuppUes were
needed at distant posts and the cost of
transport woifld involve a large expendi
ture. The question was solved in a
simple and ingenious manner. Every
man in the colony was Uable for active
service without remuneration. Those
who possessed vehicles were exempted
from miUtary duty on condition that they
signed a receipt for the conveyance of
suppUes to whatever point they might be
directed. As the cost of transportation
was often greater than the price of the

OFFICIAL KNAVERY, 101
goods, a substantial revenue was derived
from this scheme.
There was nothing too small or too
great for the consideration of Bigot and
his associates. For an outbreak of smaU-
pox amongst a few Indians he debited the
Treasury with one milUon francs. Large
profits were made even out of the soil.
Earth was required for the fortifications,
especiaUy about Quebec, where the rock
is near the surface. This was paid for by
the load. The contractor's conception of
a load was a handful of earth. Requisi
tions and vouchers were insisted upon,
for this fraudulent business was conducted
on business principles. Requests were
sent to Cadet from distant posts for
supphes. The goods were put up,
enumerated on a list and promptly
despatched. When the courier arrived
the officer in charge of the post signed the
Ust, but he was given only a part of the
goods. The operation was repeated at
the next post ; a share of the articles was
dehvered and a receipt obtained for the
whole. At the end of the journey there

102 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
were several signatures on the list and the
king was duly charged for a fuU supply to
each. This scheme, which was carried on
successfully throughout the war, proved
highly remunerative.
These are a few examples of the
methods by which Bigot and his com
panions made large fortunes. And yet
while these scoundrels were enriching
themselves the condition of the people
was desperate. Bands were told off to
gather in the harvests; but a large share
of the manual labour was performed by
women whose husbands, sons or brothers
were engaged in the service of the king;
or to be more exact, in helping Bigot to
make his fortune. A Uttle later the
Intendant on the pretence of famine
slaughtered every avaflable horse for
food, when cattle were to be obtained in
abundance; heavy loads to supply the
army had to be dragged over rough roads
by women and children. The condition
to which these people were reduced was
Uttle better than slavery, while in the
palace of the Intendant there was a

fM

O!

^li'afBfO^iJ'mL;

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 103
carnival of corruption in the midst of
oriental luxury.
Bigot having launched his schemes with
the assistance of the loyal Cadet, "whose
faith unfaithful kept him falsely true,"
had time to devote some attention to a
more congenial form of pillage. In fact
the most of his devices were so regularly
irregular that they worked automatically.
Amongst the officers of the army there
were men of ample fortune. To the
rapacious Bigot even this was a tempta
tion, and he resolved to have his share.
It is true that there were already rumours
that aU was not weU at the Palace; but
the genial manner of the host disarmed
suspicion. People merely shrugged their
shoulders and still revered the Intendant,
while the Governor looked on com
placently. Vaudreufl saw no harm in Bigot, both
were representatives of the king and the
king could do no wrong.
Bafls were frequent, and as many as
eighty ladies from the city were present
in an evening. Amongst them were a few

104 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
plastic captivating women who were not
averse to gambhng, and the Intendant
set the pace. The gaiety of the Palace
was reflected in the homes of the rich.
In the year 1756 Montcalm wrote, "On
Wednesday there was an assembly at
Madame Varin's. On Friday the Che-
vaher de Levis gave a baU. He invited
sixty ladies and got only thirty, and a
great crowd of men. Rooms weU Ughted,
excellent order, plenty of refreshments of
every sort aU through the night; and the
company stayed until seven in the morn
ing. As for me, I went to bed early, I
had that night eight ladies at a supper
given to Madame Varin, To-morrow I
shall have half a dozen at another. The
gallant chevaUer is to give us stiU another
baU," Heavy stakes were won and lost whilst
the people outside were crjdng for bread.
Towards the fall the rations of the troops
were reduced. More horses were slaugh
tered, and horse flesh was prescribed from
December until spring. Twelve hundred
horses were slaughtered during the winter.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY, 105
And yet a year later after the British
army had Uved on the country for nearly
four months. General Murray declared
that there was an abundance of cattle.
Horses had evidently been slaughtered as
a cloak for the knavery of the Intendant.
The inhabitants, moreover, were becoming
troublesome and by depriving them of
their horses they were kept at home.
Gambhng increased in the army; Mont
calm became alarmed and gave an order
that play in the lower town should be
stopped. It was useless; the fever had
seized the soldiers. "The Intendant",
writes Montcalm, "has received a big
company. The music was as good as
could be expected. The gambhng had
been so great and so much beyond the
means of the players, that I thought I
was looking at fools, or rather at people
sick with a burning fever. I don't think I
have ever seen a bigger game except the
king's game. There were three tables
which would accommodate eighty guests,
the rooms were weU Ughted, and every
thing would have been perfect if the lord

106 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
of the house, munificent in all details, had
shown more tact and been more attentive
to have his splendid supper served earher.
But the game held him so fast that in spite
of his taste for feasting and his desire to
please his guests, the supper prepared for
nine was served only at twelve. "
Madame de P6an, the vrife of one of
Bigot's associates in fraud, was the presiding
spirit at the tables. The Intendant had
been captivatedby her charms, and she was
now all powerful with him. In the New
World Bigot was another Louis XV, whfle
Madame P6an was another Pompadour.
A Uttle later we learn that the Intend
ant had just left a game where six hun
dred and fifty pounds was at stake, and
"the tone of breeding, of poUteness, of
society, is banished from the house where
it should reign. " Montcalm paid a visit
to the Palace only once a week after this.
The news of revelry had reached France
and the king sent an order forbidding
play. But the stakes increased. Fifteen
hundred pounds were lost in three quarters
of an hour.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. 107
Montcalm placed one of his officers
under arrest. This had some effect
upon the army. Soon after, however,
balls and furious gambhng became the
order of the day. The slaughter of horses
continued, the cattle grew fat and multi
pUed, and some of the people were re
duced to eating grass.
With the return of spring there was a
halt, and the city regained its normal
condition. During the winter there was
Uttle fear of attack because the ships of
an invader could not approach by the
frozen river, and attack by land was
impracticable; but on the opening of
navigation hostihties would be resumed
and the army would be beyond the reach
of the enemy within the gate. Bigot was
still in the confidence of the Govemor, and
the Governor enjoyed the esteem of
the people. Complaints had indeed
been made to France; for there were
those in Quebec who deplored the
social ruin which seemed to threa
ten the colony. None, however, seems
to have suspected that the misery of

Missing Page

Missing Page

no CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
their return to France. On the twenty-
second of August, 1763, after a lengthy trial
Bigot was found guilty and the finding of
the court was in these words :
"In reparation the said Frangois Bigot
is condemned to make the amende honor
able before the principal gate of the
Tuileries, whither he shaU be escorted by
the pubhc executioner in a tumbrel having
a rope about his neck and bearing in his
hand a hghted torch of yeUow wax, two
pounds in weight. On his chest and on
his back shall be placed a placard with
this inscription The Public Adminis
trator Perfidious Thief, And there
kneehng, bare headed and with bare feet,
clad only in his shirt, he shall declare in a
loud and intelligible voice that during his
administration of New France, in peace
and in war, he has been guilty of the
frauds, extortions and thefts set forth in
the indictment," He was also to restore
eleven milhon francs to the Treasury, his
property was to be declared confiscated to
the crown, and finally he was to be con
ducted to the Place de Grdve and executed.

OFFICIAL KNAVERY. Ill
This terrible sentence was commuted
by the final judgment whereby he was
ordered to restore one milUon six hun
dred thousand francs. His property was
seized and he was banished from the
realm. Cadet, who was cast into the
Bastille, restored eleven milUons to the
Treasury. Three others paid six hun
dred thousand each. Pean compounded
for six hundred thousand and others
restored smaUer sums. Vaudreuil was
acquitted. Cadet was released after a
short term as his presence in Canada was
needed to unravel the skein of fraud.
Ten years later, however, after having
given large sums to aid some of his friends
in Canada, he had stiU sufficient wealth
to purchase the Barony de la Touche
D'Avrigny. His letters of noblesse were
granted to him upon the recommendation
of the Marquis de Vaudreuil.
Thus pass from history two notorious
characters. The dominant mind of Bigot
controlled the destiny of New France for
several years. Endowed with marked
administrative abihty, wit and intellectu-

112

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

al vigour he might have become her
dictator in peace and her deUverer in the
hour of need. He chose rather to para
lyse the colony by his knavery. Even
when the crisis came he made no effort to
avert her min.

CHAPTER VII.
THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS
OF ABRAHAM.
Sunt lachrymae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.
The siege of Quebec, great in itself,
and greater in its consequences, is per
haps the most important event in the
history of the eighteenth century. And
yet it is only within recent years that
students have realized its significance.
"The most momentous and far reaching
question," says Parkman, "ever brought
to issue on this continent was — shaU
France remain here or shall she not?"
The answer to that question was given
on the thirteenth of September, 1759, when
Wolfe and Montcalm met upon the
heights of Abraham.

114 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
We need not make more than a brief
reference to the events preceding the
final stmggle for supremacy in America.
The French had possessed themselves
by right of discovery and mihtary occu
pation of vast stretches of territory which
under a wiser colonial pohcy they might
have continued to hold. Contiguous to
these lands were the settlements of the
British, inhabited by a people bent pri
marUy upon making homes for them
selves, but determined to expand as
necessity should arise,
ColUsions were inevitable, and confficts,
at first local in their character, termin
ated in the declaration of war in 1756,
The progress of mihtary events from
that date untfl the close of the campaign
of 1758, resulting in the reduction of
Louisbourg and of Duquesne and the
destruction of Fort Frontenac, had been
encouraging to the British, and Pitt de
termined in 1759 to foUow up the advan
tages already gained, by the capture of
the stronghold of Canada,
The army of attack was to be divided in-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS, 115
to two bodies. The first was to approach
by the river Saint Lawrence; the second
was to come through Lake Champlain and
down the Richelieu. Sir Jeffery Amherst
was appointed commander-in-chief of the
forces in America at the head of the se
cond body, and it was expected that his
movements would draw off the enemy to
some extent from Quebec, or that if
weakly opposed he would push on to
unite with WoKe, who has been given
command of the land forces destined for
the expedition to the Saint Lawrence.
James WoKe was born at Westerham
in Kent, in 1727. In 1741 he received
his first commission, as second heutenant
in his father's regiment of marines. His
miUtary career commenced at a time
when the prestige of the army was low.
During the period of peace which foUowed
the Treaty of Utrecht there was httle
demand for the services of the soldier,
and when at length England found it
necessary to prepare for war, she had te
recruit her men from the plough to con
tend with the weU discipUned troops of

116 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
France, In 1742 Wolfe was given a
commission as ensign in Durore's Regi
ment of Foot; a year later he served with
his army in Germany, and at the battle
of Dettingen his company was drawn
up in the first line. After his retum
from his seventh campaign, in 1748, he
was appointed major, and within twelve
months, heutenant-colonel of the Twen
tieth Regiment of Foot.
Although his services entitled him to
recognition, it was only in defiance of
rank and claims of seniority that he was
chosen by Pitt to operate with the fleet
against Quebec, The expedition by way
of the Saint Lavia"ence had no at
traction for the older generals, to whom
also it was some satisfaction that Wolfe's
commission as Major-General appUed
only to service in America. Pitt, on the
other hand, wanted none of the older
generals. The miserable failure of Mour-
dant at Rochfort, and the exasperating
conduct of Loudon at Louisbourg, where
he "exhausted the patience of His Majes
ty's troops in fighting sham battles and

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Field of Battle, Sept. 13, 1759
BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 117
planting cabbages in the face of the
enemy for a month," had been sufficient
for the British minister. Self-rehance,
activity, resource and courage were the
quahties required in a leader, and Pitt
recognized these quahties in Wolfe. He
was so unhke the average soldier of the
day that it was remarked in the presence
of the king, "That feUow Wolfe is mad."
"Mad, is he," said the monarch, "then
I wish he would bite some of my generals."
Wolfe was not given the number of
men he demanded for the attack on Que
bec, but he was aUowed to select several
of his chief officers. His selection was
exceUent : Townshend, Monckton, Murray
and Carleton were men of courage, re
source and sound judgment.
On the fifteenth of Febmary, 1759,
sixty transports, six sail of the hne and
nine frigates sailed from Portsmouth for
America, and three days later Admiral
Saunders, with General WoKe on board,
embarked on the Neptune, It was not
until the first of June, however, that
the fleet which had assembled at Louis-

118 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
bourg, spread safl for Quebec with an
army of less than nine thousand men.
Passing the Traverse in safety, the ships
cautiously approached the city and came
to anchor off the Island of Orleans on
the evening of the twenty-sixth of June,
A few months before, Vaudreuil, the
Governor, had assured the French Gov
ernment that special precautions had
been taken to oppose any hostile landing.
One wonders if he recafled his blatant
promise when he saw a formidable fleet
almost under the ramparts, and the tents
of a well trained army on the foUowing
morning beginning to dot the upper ex
tremity of the Island of Orleans. The
situation probably caused Uttle embar
rassment to the Governor. No doubt he
had, as usual, an excuse in readiness.
For a year Montcalm had been urging
the necessity of sending more regulars
to the colony, and BougainviUe had been
despatched to France by Montcalm to
explain more fully the serious and dis
tressing condition of affairs. The Gov
ernor, whfle recommending the messen-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 119
ger officially, addressed a private com
munication to the minister assuring him
that Bougainville had httle grasp of the
situation and, moreover, that he was a
creature of Montcalm's,
Under the circumstances Bougainville
met with httle encouragement at Court,
and when he became importunate the
minister had told him that one did not
concern oneself vrith the fate of the
stable when the house was on fire. This
treatment of the question was not encour
aging to BougainviUe, He may perhaps
have derived some satisfaction from his
retort, "that at any rate the Minister
did not talk like a horse."
On the first intimation of the approach
of the enemy the engineers began to
fortify the Beauport shore from the
river Saint Charles to the Falls of Mont
morency, while Vaudreuil finding him
self no longer able to cope with the situ
ation hastened to summon Montcalm
from Montreal to direct the campaign.
Louis Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon was
bom at the Chateau de Candiac, near

120 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Nimes, on the twenty-ninth of February,
1712. At the age of fifteen he took part in
the sieges of Kehl and PhiUpsbourg, and in
1745 he had risen to the rank of colonel
in the regiment d'Auxerrois. From
1744 to 1748 he fought in the ItaUan
campaigns. Under the walls of Piacenza,
where he twice ralhed his regiment, he
received four wounds. Being taken pris
oner, he was sent on parole to France;
shortly afterwards an exchange was effec
ted and he rejoined the army with the
rank of brigadier, A year later we find
him once more fighting in Italy, and
dangerously wounded. Towards the
close of 1749 he was given the command
of a cavalry regiment, which does not
appear to have been called into active
service, and for a period of six years he
was able to spend most of his time with
his family.
The Baron Dieskau, who had been ap
pointed commander of the troops in
Canada at the outbreak of the war, had
been tried and found wanting. By bad
generalship he had faUen into the hands

MARQUIS De MONTCALM

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 121
of the enemy and had been conveyed to
England, The choice of a successor
was in the hands of the king, who selec
ted Montcalm, For three years his
career in Canada was attended with suc
cess, but from the commencement he
had to contend with colonial prejudice.
He was tried even more, however, by
the absurd pretensions of the Governor,
who, devoid of mihtary skill, still under
took to exercise the function of an expert
in the art of war. The hour, however,
is approaching when he is to meet the
man with whom he is to be associated
in death by a common glory.
When Montcalm arrived from Mont
real he was accompanied by five bat
tahons of regular troops, and he im
mediately began to strengthen the
works of defence, A boom was thrown
across the mouth of the Saint Charles,
and a bridge of boats constructed higher up
the St .Lawrence, Batteries were mounted
in the Lower Town, barricades were set
up and guns were placed at every point
of vantage. The works undertaken ex-

122 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
tended over ten miles, and their successful
completion within a few weeks seems to
justify the assertion that the activity
of the defenders of Canada at this time
was unexampled. And yet France failed
to reaUze that while she had one hundred
thousand men upon the tented field in
Europe fighting for new found friends,
her deserted colony, amidst famine, de
feat, oppression and disaster, was bring
ing more glory to her arms than the
troops who were marching to and fro
under her banner across the Rhine.
Wolfe had an army of less than nine
thousand men, but his troops were all
regulars. Montcalm had a force of over
fourteen thousand men, but it was made
up of regulars and the soldiers of the
colony, unaccustomed to each other's
methods. The forces may, therefore, be
regarded as about equal, although Mont
calm had the advantage of acting on the
defensive and holding the strategic key
of the situation.
To the invader the prospect was not
inviting. Establishing his camp on the

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS, 123
Island of Orleans he saw the works of
the enemy spread out before him along
the Beauport shore. Up the river, to
bar his progress, were engines of des
truction known as fire ships; and waving
over the rock in the distance was the flag
he must capture before his success would
be complete. Batteries in the lower
town opposed his landing; batteries on
the ramparts overlooked and anticipated
every move in the camp below. This is
what the eye of Wolfe took in from his
camp at Orleans.
The Governor, always rash in time of
peace, had proposed to attack the in
vaders as they approached. When the
enemy was in sight he was content to
accept the advise of Montcalm, who, con
fident in the strength of his position,
dechned to run unnecessary risks.
Vaudreuil, however, had evolved a
magnificent scheme for the destruction
of the fleet at anchor. A number of old
vessels had been purchased from the
notorious Cadet at an enormous cost, and
had been filled with explosives. They

124 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
were placed under the command of one
Delouche, a hare-brained creature of
little courage, "They have cost a mil
lion and vriUbe of Uttle good, "said Mont
calm, He was a true prophet. The fire
ships started on their mission of destmc
tion; Delouche became excited and fired
his ship too soon, and the result was
death to several sailors, a grand display
of fireworks, amusement to the British
tars; but no damage to the fleet. There
was one hero among the French sailors,
however, Dubois de la Multiere, whose
name should be preserved from obUvion,
When the others abandoned their vessels
he stuck to the burning raft, hoping to
overtake the fleet, and at last perished
in the flames,
A few days later Wolfe opened his
batteries at Levis to demolish the town.
His shots fell short, and it was now the
turn of the French to be amused. The
sailors came to the rescue, and the guns
were replaced by sea mortars. With the
greater elevation thus obtained, shells
were thrown over the ramparts, working

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 125
terrible destruction. Whilst the bom
bardment of Quebec was kept up Wolfe
crossed the river and formed a camp at
Montmorency, being separated from his
rival by the waters of the FaU. Here he
might annoy the enemy, but he could do
httle harm. Montcalm was too experi
enced a general to be drawn from his
entrenchments. On the south shore there were frequent
encounters vrith the inhabitants, who
caused the British considerable annoy
ance. On the twenty-fffth of July,
as a body of troops were marching to
wards their camp, a Canadian and his
son, a boy of twelve years, crossed their
path. One of the soldiers fired at the
man, who, notwithstanding the fact that
he was surrounded by a hundred men,
made a stand, returned the fire and killed
a soldier of Eraser's company. He was
immediately taken prisoner, but on ac
count of his bravery his hfe was spared,
and he was treated with kindness.
A month passed without any advan
tage to the British. Wolfe was becoming

126 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
i mpatient, and on the thirty-first of July he
made an assault on Montmorency. His
plan was to attack one of the redoubts on
the beach, beheving that the enemy
would descend to defend it, and in this
way he might bring on a general engage
ment. This, he thought, was the only
chance of success. The scheme was weU
planned, but badly executed, through
the blunders of the navy, who miscalcu
lated the tide. One body was to cross
the ford at Montmorency and another
was to be rowed over partly from Orleans
and partly from Levis, to unite in a
general assault. On the land there was
to be marching and countermarching to
draw the attention of the enemy from the
object of attack. Two vessels had been
run in near the shore at high tide, and
these were to protect the landing opposite
the redoubt; but they swerved around
and their fire was useless, and the C&nr-
turion, anchored at some distance below
the Falls, shipped her cable and was put
out of service. More unfortunate stiU
were the smaU boats conveying the troops

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 127
from Levis, which stranded in the shal
lows in mid stream, leaving the troops
exposed to a heavy fire from the land
for the space of nearly three hours.
When at last the men got off they
made a mad rush for the redoubt, which
they carried, and pushed forward to
scale the heights without waiting for
support. A storm of shot from the white
hne of the French above beat them back,
and the foremost rank feU lifeless into
the arms of their companions beneath.
Darkness was creeping on, a thunder
storm burst in all its fury over the whole
scene, rendering further operations diffi
cult, and when Wolfe caUed a halt, his
forces had been reduced by nearly five
hundred men. Montcahn was victorious.
Vaudreuil, who had taken no part in the
affair, was dehghted, and wrote to Bourla-
maque: "I have no more anxiety about
Quebec. M. WoKe, I am sure, wiU make
no progress." Montcalm was not so
sanguine. On the day preceding the battle of
Montmorency,CaptainDavidOchterloney,

128 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the briUiant and popular commander of a
company in the second battahon of Royal
Americans, fought a duel vrith a German
officer, and although he came out vic
torious, having succeeded in disarming
his antagonist, he had himseK received
a painful wound under the right arm.
In the morning, when a portion of the
regiment was ordered to the attack, he
was urged by his friends to remain in
camp and give his wound a chance to
heal. This proposition he firmly resisted
on the ground that when his country
required his services his honour could not
suffer the results of a private quarrel to
stand in the way. This forcible argu
ment could not be controverted in the
hght of the spirit of the time, and so Cap
tain Ochterloney marched to battle utter
ly obh vious of the pain of his wounds.
Accompanying this dauntless captain
was his brother officer and friend Ensign
Peyton, shortly afterwards promoted to
a heutenancy. Ochterloney, as his name
would show, was from Scotland, while
Peyton was an Irishman and a worthy

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 129
representative of that green isle, the
cradle of warriors. In the attack on the
French position both men had the mis
fortune to be wounded, Ochterloney
through the lungs, while a bullet had
shattered the smaU bone of Peyton's left
leg. They were near together when they fell
and, although disabled, were in a position
to converse. Through the awful rain
storm which drenched the combatants
these officers and hundreds of the soldiers
lay, while the noise of the conffict roared
in their ears as the British struggled in
vain to oust their opponents from the
masterful position they occupied. So
hot had been the French fire that there
was not even an opportunity to remove
the wounded to a place of safety, and
almost before the British began to retreat
towards their camp, the Indians were
among the fallen, kifling, stabbing and
scalping with the deviltry of which they
alone were capable.
The Highlanders passed close to where
Ochterloney and Peyton lay and imme
diately began to make preparations to

130 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
carry them off the field. But, strange
to say, the Scottish captain rejected their
advances. Again his "honour" inter
posed, and he gravely assured his would-
be rescuers that his honour would not
permit him to leave the field after such
a signal repulse. Reahzing the impossi
biUty of moving the captain from his
determination, the soldiers turned to
Peyton. From him they received the
answer that Captain Ochterloney was
his friend and that whfle he hved he
woifld remain by his side. Such self-
sacrificing devotion as that of this young
Irish officer accords but iU with the selfish
spirit of the times, and in civil hfe would
have been scorned and ridiculed. But
in the army there still Ungered the best
relics of the Crusader's chivalry, and
these memories had been preserved by
the gallant seK-forgetfulness of thousands
of his Uneal successors. No wonder
the traditions of the British army are
cherished. Its high ideals are fostered
by just such officers and men as Ensign
Peyton, and in modern days by the heroes

The Battle of the Plains

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 131
who wear on their breasts the bronze
cross "For valour."
The offers of aid rejected, the High
landers marched towards the fast deep
ening ford below the FaUs of Montmor
ency, and in the gathering shadows of
the evening these two officers found
themselves left to the horrors of sohtude
or the far more fearful vengeance of the
Indians. Ochterloney, who beheved his
wound fatal, had protested most strongly
against Peyton's sacrifice, but in vain.
The young ensign could not be moved,
and it can be readily imagined with what
pride and pleasure the Scottish captain
learned the strength of the attachment
that bound this young officer to him. A
man who for the sake of friendship can
look death in the face deserves im
mortal fame; but he who can await not
only death but torture at the hands
of fiends in human form, shows a di
vine unseKishness, No monumental
brass, no pyramid of granite could ade
quately preserve his memory. It must
hve forever in the hearts of his sue-

132 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
cessors as a bright page in the annals
of the army.
Having given themselves up to die, the
two men awaited the outcome vrith
the calmness of despair. For a time
they were not noticed, but towards seven
o'clock two Indians and a French soldier
discovered the men and advanced to the
attack, Ochterloney, beUeving that so
long as the Indians were accompamed by
a French soldier there was no danger of
outrage, caUed out to the soldier and
offered to surrender, asking that he and
his companion be treated honorably as
prisoners of war. The soldier paid not
the sUghtest attention to this, but took
the captain's money, his watch and his
gold laced hat and left the two men to
the tender mercies of the Indians, The
savages attacked vigorously. One of
them clubbed his musket and struck at
the captain's head, but the blow feU upon
his shoulder. At the same time the other
Indian shot him in the breast and sprang
forward to complete his bloody work with
a knife. In the meantime Peyton

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 133
crawled to where a double-barrelled mus
ket was lying and shot one of the Indians
dead. The other advanced, and Peyton
fired again but missed, when his opponent
sought to despatch him with his bayonet.,
Peyton seized the weapon, pulled the
Indian towards him, and with the other
hand stabbed him with a dagger. A
terrible straggle foUowed, but in the end
the Indian was slain. Ochterloney had
become unconscious, and in a short time
was picked up by a soldier of the regi
ment of Guienne and taken to the General
Hospital. At about the same hour Cap
tain Macdonald with a party of High
landers had returned to look after the
wounded, and perceiving Pej^on on the
beach succeeded under a withering fire,
in getting him to the boats.
Two days later, on the second of August,
the French sent an officer with a flag of
truce to the British hnes requesting that
Captain Ochterloney's effects be sent to
him at the hospital. At the same time
Admiral Saunders received the details of
the captain's rescue from the Indians

134 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
and information as to his condition. Gen
eral WoKe was much moved at the story,
and sent with the French officer a gKt
of twenty pounds to the soldier of Guienne
by whose humanity and kindness Octher-
loney had been saved from a fate worse
than death. On the fourth of August
another flag of truce came from the tovm,
the bearer of which returned the money to
General WoKe, as the Marquis de Vau
dreuil decUned to accept money on behalf
of his soldiers, who simply carried out
the orders given to them. General Wolfe
took advantage of the opportunity to
address a letter to Madame de Ramesay,
Directress of the General Hospital, thank
ing her for the attention paid to the
wounded officer and assuring her that if
fortune favoured his arms he would ex
tend his protection to her and to the
community. Ochterloney died on the
twenty-third of August, much to the
regret of the good nuns. And Wolfe's
promise was faithfuUy carried out when,
three weeks later, the British entered
Quebec.

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 135
The summer was shpping away. Wolfe
was discouraged, his men were discon
tented and the brigadiers, always loyal,
though treated vrith scant courtesy, be
gan to think that the campaign would
not add lustre to British arms.
In the month of August Saunders had
passed a few ships above the town with
httle damage, and anchored at Cap Rouge.
This caused a division of the French
forces, and BougainviUe at the head of
two thousand five hundred men was
ordered to foUow the movements of the
vessels. A new danger threatened the invaders
at this time. The inhabitants, who had
hitherto remained neutral, now became
aggressive, and Wolfe, after repeated
warnings, burnt several villages, sparing
only the churches. This increased the
distress of the people, but it did not aid
his own cause. On the contrary, the
French, seeing the enemy reduced to this
expedient, looked calmly on, since it con
fined the activities of the British, for a
time at least, to the opposite shore. To-

136 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
wards the end of August Wolfe was
suffering from a slow fever, and feehng
himself unable to direct the campaign,
requested his brigadiers to propose a plan
for continuing the siege.
In the meantime Murray had made a
descent at Deschambault with a view
of forcing his way into Quebec by the
high road. But beyond capturing "one
hundred and fifty ladies of rank" and
securing a quantity of cattle and plunder,
which the Highlanders rushed on board,
his efforts were not crowned with success.
The ladies were taken on board the vessels
at anchor at Cap Rouge and entertained
by the General and his officers at a supper
given in their honour. A flag of truce
was sent to the town the next morning
with a message from Wolfe offering to
suspend hostihties for six hours and to
return the ladies safe and sound, provided
that a boat conveying the sick to the
hospital at Orleans were allowed to pass
the ramparts unchaUenged. The French
consented, but a diarist adds, "we noticed
several other boats containing cattle and

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 137
plunder." The Scot is always credited
with securing what belongs to him. It
is even said that sometimes he is not
averse to "a wee bit more." One there
fore can imagine the glee of the High
landers in charge of this huge cargo of
plunder as they looked into the muzzles
of the guns, foUo'wing in the wake of that
innocent httle boat with its white flag.
The brigadiers agreed upon a scheme
to effect a landing about twelve miles
above Quebec, and Wolfe acquiesced.
Preparations were made to carry out the
plan, but hea-vy rains prevented opera
tions for several days.
On the first of September the camp at
Montmorency was broken up and Wolfe
took up his quarters at Levis, brooding
over the result of the summer's work.
On the ninth of September he was feehng
somewhat better, and without taking his
brigadiers into his confidence prepared
to carry out his own scheme for reducing
Quebec — a scheme that he considered
too hazardous to entrust to others. The
French, however, were on the alert.

138 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
Montcalm, unable to understand the
object of the British above the town, had
decided to send the regiment of Guienne,
composed of picked men of the army, for
service in the vicinity of the Foulon, or
Cove, two miles above the city, where
WoKe eventuaUy landed. Vaudreufl,
with his superior knowledge of mihtary
tactics, ordered the regiment back to
camp and placed in command of the post
a man who had already been tried by
court martial for trafficking -with the
French fort at Beausejour.
On the morning of the tweKth the
three brigadiers, who had not been ad
vised of any change of plan, addressed
a letter to the General asking for par
ticulars of the place or places they
were to attack on the morrow. To
this communication WoKe rephed in
the evening that it was not the
business of inferior officers to ask ques
tions; that it was his duty to attack
the French army ; and that he had
chosen a place where he thought he
would succeed.

MINIATURE OF WOLFE

MINIATURE OF MISS LOWTHER

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 139
A melancholy interest attaches to the
miniature, reproduced on the opposite
page, of Miss Katherine Lowther, to
whom WoKe was to have been married.
The original was given by Wolfe on the
eve of the battle to John Jervis, by whom
it was returned to WoKe's mother after
the fatal thirteenth. The first paragraph
of WoKe's wifl, which was entrusted to
Jervis at the same time, was found to
contain these touching words: "I desire
that Miss Lowther's picture may be set
in jewels to the amount of five hundred
guineas and returned to her,"
WoKe's plan was to land at the Cove,
gain possession of the ground above, and
get in between the two divisions of the
French army. The scheme was a bold
one, but he had not left as much to chance
as is generally supposed. Above the
town, in the vicinity of Saint Nicholas,
were over a thousand men whose move
ments had engaged the attention of
Bougainville for the past ten days. By
day the men were encamped on the south
shore; by night they passed up the river

140 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
in ships. On the eve of the tweKth, after
embarking on the vessels as usual, the
men were lowered into the smaU boats,
while the ships, minus the troops, pro
ceeded on their way, followed by the
vigilant Bougainville towards Pointe aux
Trembles, distant from Quebec over
twenty miles.
At midnight the troops dropped down
the river in smaU boats and landed on
the beach in the early hours of the morn
ing. By this time Bougain-viUe was far
beyond the reach of sound from musket
or cannon,
AU through the night the batteries
at Le^vis kept up a fierce cannonade
against the to^wn to draw the attention
of the enemy from the operations of
Wolfe, while Saunders made several move
ments with the ships to create an impres
sion that he intended to make a descent
on the Beauport shore.
Under cover of this demonstration a
body of men led by Carleton marched
along the south shore to a place opposite
the Cove, to be in readiness to cross the

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 141
river to support Wolfe if he were success
ful in scahng the heights.
The first embarkation landed without
difficulty, and the men commenced to
cUmb the most inaccessible point of the
rock in order to surprise the post and
leave the winding path free for the re
mainder of the troops; whilst the empty
boats crossed the river to bring over
Carleton's men.
The post at the Foulon was surprised,
and by the break of day WoKe had three
thousand men upon the heights of Abra
ham. A detachment was then told off
to capture the battery at Samos, a short
distance from the Cove, and the main
body marched straight across the plateau
to the Sainte Foy road, which commanded
a view of the Beauport shore, then wheel
ed to the right and followed the road till
they came to the house of Borgia, near
Maple avenue. The grenadiers took pos
session of the house, and the remainder
of the troops deployed across the plateau
as far as the site of the present gaol, thus
forming a hne paraflel with the walls of

142 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the city, which were less than a mile dis
tant, Montcalm had spent an anxious night
in the French camp. The thunder of the
batteries through the night and the
ominous movements of the fleet on the
eve before, kept him alert. Fearing sur
prise, he had again sent the regiment of
Guienne to patrol iu the vicinity of the
Cove, Once more Vaudreuil had inter
fered, saying "we 'will see to-morrow
whether the regiment shall camp at the
Foulon," On the morrow Wolfe occupied
the place of the regiment.
The firing of a gun at Samos had been
heard at Beauport, but soon all was quiet
in that direction. At last one of the
defenders of the post above the Cove had
straggled into the town and informed
the commander of the fort that a detach
ment of the British had landed . A courier
was sent in haste to Vaudreiul, who was
on the other side of the Saint Charles.
He received the inteUigence about six
o'clock in the morning. Now was the
opportunity for him to distinguish him-

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS, 143
seK and make good his many promises
to France. He preferred, however, a
safer course. Addressing a letter to Bou
gainville, whom he knew to be in the
rear of the enemy, he -wished him good
morning and asked for intelUgence, say
ing that in the meantime he had sent
Montcalm to the scene with one hundred
men. Alas, for the fate of Quebec. There
is no longer anything in his letters about
fighting to the last ditch, or perishing
under the ashes of the city.
Montcalm, who was in the centre of
the camp several miles further off, re
ceived the news from Vaudreuil and at
once hastened along the Beauport road
¦with his little band. On the banks of
the Saint Charles, at the bridge of boats,
he met Boish6bert hurrying to join the
camp. For six weeks past Boish^bert
had been a patient in the general hospital
and now for the first time was venturing
forth. "What news?" asked Montcalm.
"From the windows of the hospital," said
Boish^bert, "I have seen the British
drawn up in Une of battle in front of

144 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Borgia's house." "This is serious," Mont
calm repUed; and giving an order to
Johnstone, his aide-de-camp, to hasten up
more men, he gaUoped towards the city,
passing over the bridge of boats, along
the lower road, gaining the heights near
Saint John's Gate. Pushing forward to
the crest of the hiU at Buttes k Ne^vue,
which screened him from the foe, he
saw spread out before him the scarlet
hne of the enemy. Between the crest of the
hiU and the walls of the city his own
forces were now assembhng, and along
the Beauport road he could see the white
uniforms of the regulars with their bay
onets glistening ia the sun.
By nine o'clock he had four thousand
men outside the waUs. There was no
time to be lost. Wolfe would be master
of the situation unless he were dislodged
immediately. The British were now in
command of the easiest approach to the
heights. The sailors below were landing
guns, and there was nothing to prevent
every available man from the fleet backing
up the land forces. Bougain-viUe, whom

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 145
Montcalm beUeved to be only a few miles in
the rear, had not been heard of and might
possibly be cut off, and on the Beauport
shore Saunders was making a feint to
land. It was e^vident that a crisis was at
hand. A council of war was held upon
the field, and the verdict was for an im
mediate attack.
It was ten o'clock. The troops, headed
by Montcalm, advanced and halted be
hind the crest of the hill. Here they
were formed into two bodies, the regulars
in the centre and the soldiers of the colony
on either side. Skirmishes had been
frequent for some time between the ad
vanced parties, and a determined at
tempt had been made, but without suc
cess, to dislodge the British from Borgia's
house. In front of the British lines WoKe was
passing up and down, urging his men to
keep cool and to withhold their fire until
vrithin forty paces of the enemy. Twice
he had been wounded within the hour, and
the new uniform he had donned that
morning made him an easy target. But
10

146 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
he was not disabled. On the left, near
the Ste. Foy road, was the Fifty-eighth
Regiment. Towards the Saint Lawrence
the Thirty-fKth; and between these two
extremes were the Highlanders, the Forty-
seventh, the Forty-third and the Twenty-
eighth; -with Webb's regiment in reserve.
BougainviUe might now be expected
to appear on the scene, and WoKe sent
a detachment of the Sixtieth to protect
the landing place.
Montcalm, having made his disposi
tions, now gave the order to advance.
The regiments of La Sarre, Languedoc,
Beam, Guienne and Royal RoussiUon
were in the centre, and on either side the
soldiers of the colony.
The French were eager for the fray
and pressed forward with enthusiasm;
but in a moment there was temporary
disorder in the ranks. The soldiers of
the colony had fired, and, according to
their custom, had thro^wn themselves
on the ground to reload, to which method
the regulars were unaccustomed. Order
was restored and the whole body ad-

Death of Wolfe

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 147
vanced, firing as they approached, untfl
within forty paces of the foe.
At this moment the order was given
by WoKe to fire! Along the hne the
order was passed, and a voUey of musketry
was deUvered which rang out hke the fire
of cannon. A cloud of smoke and fear
ful gaps in the French hne foUowed this
order of the British general. Five or six
minutes elapsed while the British were re
loading, ere the smoke cleared sufficiently
to aflow the commander to see what havoc
had been wrought. Then in sharp, de
cisive tones the order was given to ad
vance. But scarcely had WoKe uttered
this command when a baU passed through
his groin, and he was carried to the
rear to die. His men knew nothing
of his fate, and were already hot in
pursuit. Montcalm, with his face to
the foe, tried to rafly his men, but
the onslaught of the Highlanders was
too fierce ; he was borne with the
tide of the retreating army towards the
gates, and a moment later received a
mortal wound.

148 I CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
The pursuit had now become general,
the fugitives making, some for Saint Louis
Gate and others for the Saint Charles.
Near Saint John's Gate a body of Cana
dians had ralhed and made a gaUant
stand under cover of a clump of trees.
The Highlanders tried in vain to force
them over the cUff. At last reinforce
ments came up, and stiU, foot by foot,
the Canadians disputed the ground to the
valley beneath. This fight at close range
was maintained for an hour, when out of
that Uttle band over two hundred had
been cut to pieces.
The brave stand made by the Canadians
saved the Uves of many of the regulars,
who in the meantime had made good
their escape over the bridge of boats.
Shortly after WoKe f eU, Monckton re
ceived a wound and was carried off the
field. The command now devolved
upon Townshend. Never did a general
act "with greater prudence at a critical
moment. In the pursuit his forces
had been scattered over the field
and in the valley below, and in their

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 149
eagerness the men would have foUowed
the enemy over the river. Townshend
caUed them off and immediately re
formed on the ground first chosen by
WoKe. He was not a moment too soon,
for as he was mounting cannon to protect
his position, BougainviUe appeared in
the rear with over two thousand men.
Townshend, however, was master of the
situation, and after a brief engagement
BougainviUe was forced to retire.
The battle was not quite over when
Vaudreuil appeared upon the heights.
He claims to have endeavoured to raUy
the troops. He had stfll several thousand
men in the camp at Beauport who had
not been engaged. But battles on paper
were the only ones in which he exceUed.
He chose the course of those who wish to
fight — another day; and leaving the dying
Montcalm, he inarched with the whole
of the army to Jacques Cartier, many
mfles distant. Here from a place of se
curity he dispatched a courier to the few
soldiers and war-stricken inhabitants in
the garrison, urging them to hold out;

150 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
whilst he had withdravm from them the
support of the army by which alone re
sistance might have been effective.
On the British side nine officers and
forty-nine non-commissioned officers and
men were kiUed, while five hundred and
forty-two non-commissioned officers and
men were wounded. The officers were
General WoKe, Captain Ross of Eraser's,
Lieutenant WilUam Cooper of Bragg's,
Lieutenant Mason of Otway's, Lieuten
ant Seymour of LasceUes, Lieutenant
Roderick McNefl and Lieutenant Alex.
McDonnell of Eraser's, Lieutenant Jones
of the Louisbourg Grenadiers, and En
sign Tottenham of Anstruther's.
The losses of the French were more
severe. Nearly every general officer was
kifled, including Montcalm, Brigadier-
General Sennezergue, Brigadier St. Ours,
Brigadier de Fontbonne, Brigadier-Gen
eral Malartic, Brigadier Beauchatel, and
between seven and eight hundred non
commissioned officers and men. The
difference in the losses of the two armies
is accounted for by the thin red line of the

o
u

BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 151
British, which stretched across theplateau
with spaces between ; whereas the French
came on in a sohd body and became an
easy target for the enemy.
Victory was vrith the British, but the
general who had planned the attack and
had seen it put into operation was cold
in death. Montcalm Ungered a few hours,
passing away before the dawn of another
day. Shortly before his death he penned
this letter to Townshend: — "Oblige de
c6der Quebec a vos armes, j'ay I'honneur
de demander a votre Excellence ses bontes
pour nos malades et blesses et de lui de
mander I'execution du traits d'echange
qui a et6 convenu entre Sa Majeste Tres
Chretienne et Sa Majesty Britannique,
Je vous prie d'etre persuade de la haute
estime et de la respectueuse conside
ration avec laqueUe J'ay I'honneur
d'etre. Monsieur, votre tres humble et
tres obeissant serviteur, Montcalm,"
Montcalm, so often the -victor, was at
length vanquished. Brave, honest and
patriotic, he had yielded up his Ufe in
the service of his country. By the side

152 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
of the corrupt Bigot and the vainglorious
Vaudreuil, he towers aloft. And the tri
bute paid to his memory by an EngUsh
governor many years after wiU be ap
proved to the end of time.
HoNNEUR k Montcalm
Le Destin
En lui derobant la Victoire
L'a recompense
Par une Mort gloeieuse.

CHAPTER VIII.
THE BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY.
For all may have,
If they dare try, a glorious life or grave.
Five days after the Battle of the Plains
the city capitulated t© Saunders and
Townshend; the British flag was hoisted
at the Chateau and British rule began.
The ChevaUer de Levis was at Montreal
when he received the first intimation of
the loss of Quebec, and he proceeded at
once to join the fugitive army at Jacques
Cartier. When he received here a more
circumstantial account of the defeat he
did not hesitate to criticize the faint
hearted Governor for withdrawing the
troops from the support of the garrison.
Leaving Vaudreufl to his own reflections,

154 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the gaUant Chevaher pressed on to the
"vfllage of Lorette, a few miles distant
from Quebec, to consult with Bougain-
"ville, who had remained in the -vicinity.
He proposed an iinmediate attack; but
learning that the British were in posses
sion of the city, decided to put the army
into -winter quarters and renew opera
tions in the spring.
In the meantime Montcalm had been
carried to his rest (*) and the body of WoKe
was bome across the sea in the plaid of
of Donald McLeod. (f) The British garri
son under the command of Murray, made

(*) Montcalm died in the house of Surgeon Amoux
on St. Louis Street and was buried in the Chapel of the
Ursulines. (t) Donald McLeod was bom on the 20th of June,
1688. At the age of seventy he enlisted in the army
which was then about to sail for America. During the
siege of Louisbourg he did good service and was severely
wounded at the Battle of the Plains. He was assisted to
retire behind the line, and was there informed that Wolfe
was dying. The old soldier tendered his plaid to carry the
general off the field and he accompanied the remains to
Portsmouth on board the Royal William. During the
next two years he served in the colonies and retired from
the service in 1764. When he had reached the age of one
hundred and two his eldest son was eighty-three and his
youngest only nine. He sat for his portrait at the age of
one hundred and ten, and was then in good health.

./.in,,/ 1Kj/,:lt Jc

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 155
the best of its miserable quarters, for
scarcely a house remained intact. The
winter was severe, the clothing of the men
unsuitable, and the good nuns had done
their best to reheve distress by knitting
long woolen stockings to supplement the
short kflts of the Highlanders, The
city was alert. Sentinels paced the ram
parts; squads of men patrolled the streets
and the roU of the drum was heard by day
and by night. The officers fared no
better than the men. Captain Knox, the
-historian of the campaign, was quartered
in a stable where he made himself "toler
ably comfortable," The sick were re
moved to the General Hospital, "where
they were indeed rendered inexpressibly
happy," The nuns -with heroism and devotion
had remained in the city throughout the
siege to nurse the sick and wounded and
as far as possible, to protect their property.
When the British batteries opened fire at
Levis in July, one of the first sheUs thrown
into the upper town crashed through the
roof of the Hotel Dieu, The trace of the

156 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
shot is stiU -visible in the old woodwork.
The nuns in alarm wrote to the Bishop
who resided at Charlesbourg, but his
answer was not encouraging. He ad-
¦vised them not to mind a few shells ; that
the sick and wounded could not do with
out their aid ; that he himseK might be
brought to the hospital, adding the com
forting words that he did not think there
would be more than two nuns kiUed
during the whole siege. It has already
been noticed with what kindness Captain
Ochterloney was treated during his iU
ness by the sisters in the General Hospital,
where he died in the month of August,
1759. Wolfe, who was much touched
by the accounts he had received from the
officer, wrote a letter to Madame de Rame
say, the superioress, thanking her for her
attention and assuring her that K fortune
favoured his arms, the possessions of the
nuns would be held inviolate. His suc
cessors fulfiUed his promise, and their first
care on entering the city was to place a
special guard about the communities,
making it a crime punishable by death

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 157
for anyone to pass the barrier. From the
date of WoKe's letter the convents were
considered a place of safety, and many
inhabitants deposited their valuables
therein. Although the garrison was in a constant
state of apprehension,the people made the
best of the situation and even found
means of amusement. A Ueutenant of
the Highlanders who spent the first ¦winter
in Quebec after the siege, writes thus to a
friend: "It is surprising with what ease
the gayety of their tempers enables them
to bear misfortunes which to us would
be insupportable. FamiUes, whom the
calamities of war have reduced from the
height of luxury to the want of common
necessaries, laugh, dance and sing, comfort
ing themselves with this reflection, fortune
de guerre. Their young ladies take the ut
most pains to teach our officers French,
¦with what view I know not, if it is not that
they may hear themselvespraised, flattered
and courted without loss of time."
Murray proved a friend to the poor dur
ing the hard winter months. In some

158 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
cases the British officers and men even
denied themselves of their scanty wages
to furnish the inhabitants with means to
purchase the necessaries of IKe. As the
winter wore on, however, scurvy broke out
among the soldiers themselves, and before
the spring the effective strength of the
garrison had been reduced by haK.
On the twentieth of April, 1760, L^^vis
marched from Montreal with over six
thousand men, joined by other troops
as he advanced. On the twenty-sixth his
army reached Saint Augustin, threw a
bridge over the river Cap Rouge and
moved upon the British post at Lorette.
The EngUsh troops feU back upon Sainte
Foy, pressed closely by L6-ris, whfle the
garrison was unaware of the serious dan
ger by which it was threatened. The
intelhgence was made known to the Brit
ish in a singular manner. During the
night an officer on board a frigate which
had wintered in the Saint Charles, heard
a cry of distress from the river and sent a
boat amidst the floating ice to ascertain
the cause. It was too dark to perceive

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 159
any object, but guided by the cries the
men were fortunate to find a man clinging
to a block of floating ice. The poor feUow
who was haK frozen, proved to be a soldier
in the army which was advancing on Que
bec . At Cap Rouge in attempting a land
ing his boat had overturned and he had
saved himself by clambering upon the ice.
He was conveyed ashore, and after his
wants had been attended to was conducted
to the presence of the Governor to whom
he told the story of the approach of L6^vis
with twelve thousand men.
Murray was now in a similar position to
that occupied by Montcalm the year be
fore, and he adopted exactly the same
tactics as the French general in going out
to meet the foe. Three thousand men
were aU that he could muster and many of
these were unfit for service. With Mur
ray at their head the troops marched out
from Saint Louis Gate dragging with them
over the half melted snow twenty pieces
of ^cannon. It was slow work but at last
they reached the crest of the hfll where a
few months before Montcalm had drawn

160 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
up his hne. It is weU to observe the im
portance attached to this position by
Montcalm and Murray, because fifty years
later, when the methods of defence were
greatly improved in every part of the
world, the British proposed to defend the
situation ¦with a Une of block houses, con
tending that whoever held this ground
was master of Quebec . When the scheme
was abandoned the present Martello Tow
ers were constructed across the plateau.
Murray was undecided when he march
ed forth that moming whether to give
battle or intrench himseK behind the
ridge. As there was no enemy in sight he
advanced down the slope to the spot
where WoKe had first formed on the
thirteenth of September. Here he caUed
a halt and, ascending the hfll upon which
the gaol stands, made a survey of the sur
rounding country. About two miles in
front he saw the troops of Levis marching
towards SiUery woods. Taking in the
situation he decided to give battle. His
Une was composed of eight battalions,vrith
pieces of cannon between each. The

General The Hon. James Murray, First Governor
OP Quebec
From the painting by A. Ramsay, 1742

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 161
whole body moved forward in a diagonal
Une across the plateau and when near the
Belvedere road the cannon opened fire and
cut up the French ranks. L^vis gave the
order for his right to f aU back on the Sfl-
lery woods. This movement deceived
Murray who pushed forward to Du-
mont's mill on the Sainte Foy road.
The ground now became impassable for
cannon and they were only an encumber-
ance. The left wing of the French were
in the rear of the mill which was occupied
by an advance party. Here a fierce engage
ment at close quarters took place and the
French fell back. Murray, anxious to
f oUow up his advantage, gave the order to
advance. But in the meantime the right
of the French suddenly reappeared from
the woods and drove the hght infantry on
Murray's left, before them. The French
regained possession of the mill, only to be
driven out a short time afterwards. For
an hour the fight was maintained in this
vicinity by the British right. The left,
however, had been terribly cut up, and at
last Murray gave the order to fall back on
11

162 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the city. The French pursued, and the
British, who were forced to abandon their
cannon, made for Saint Louis Gate. This
was a difficult operation and here the
courage of Murray was put to the test.
By placing cannon on the ridge, in the
centre and on the site ofthe Ross Factory,
he had ensured the safety of his men K
they could gain this point ; but there was a
considerable distance to traverse before
this position could be reached, and the pur
suit was hot. The right ¦wing of his army
had not been as vigorous as the left, and
had it not been for the exertions of the
General the result of the battle might
have been even more disastrous. He was
ever in the thick of the fight ; his clothing
was riddled by musketry and two horses
were shot under him. In the retreat he
saved the situation by making a stand at
WoKe's redoubt, a half finished work on
the site of the present gaol. Here he
raUied his men, and Le^vis being under the
impression that it was a complete work,
checked the advance for a time. This
timely stand gave the British a brief

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 163
breathing speU and permitted the disabled
to reach the garrison. A stubborn fight
was made at the redoubt; but by clever
tactics Murray succeeded in gaining the
city -vrithout further loss and was himseK
the last to enter the gates.
The fight had lasted for two hours and
had been creditable to both sides. Mur
ray had lost a thousand men and the
French loss had not been less.
The British were within the walls; but
without, on the Plains, L6^vis was prepar
ing for a siege. The walls were in a feeble
state ; but Murray had strengthened them
considerably by a barricade of snow barrels
which formed a waU of ice and deadened
the shots. The guns on the ramparts
kept the besiegers at a respectful distance,
but both sides reaUzed that it was
only a question of how long the city could
hold out. It was the first week of May.
Na^vigation was open and at any time a
vessel might be expected in the river.
But would the first ship to arrive carry the
flag of England or the flag of France?
These were days of alternate hope and

164 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
despair. Men scanned the river from
mom till night. On the ninth a ship was
observed from the ramparts rounding the
point of Orleans. The colours were run
up at the flag staff on the heights and aU
eyes watched for 'the answer to the signal.
The fate of Quebec trembled in the bal
ance. The fleur-de-lys would mean sur
render; the cross of Saint George would
inspire them with hope. At last the
colours were run up to the masthead and
the British flag was unfurled to the breeze.
Great was the joy of the miserable garri
son, for seldom had a flag been such a wel
come sight. L^^vis was not alarmed. At
any moment the fleet of France might
arrive, and he continued the siege. But
when, a week later, two more British
vessels sailed up the Saint LavsTence and
joined the other ship in an attack on the
pro^vision boats, he reahzed that the situa
tion was serious. The French had two
frigates and four other vessels in the river
under the command of Vauquehn. This
gallant officer fought his ship bravely, and
when his last shot had been fired, refused

BATTLE OF SAINTE FOY. 165
to strike his flag. He was taken prisoner,
but was treated with honour by his captors.
L^^vis now saw that the cause was lost
and hastily raised the siege. On the
morrow when Murray marched out from
Quebec at daybreak vrith a hundred and
fifty pieoes of cannon, the enemy had
disappeared. Thus ended the siege of Quebec under
L^vis, which although unsuccessful, did
honour to French arms.

CHAPTER IX.
BRITISH RULE.
The result of the siege of Quebec was
disheartening to the French in their critic
al position. The blockade of the Saint
Lawrence had shattered hopes of rein
forcements; their provision boats and
miUtary suppUes had been captured, and
three divisions of the British army were
mo-ving on Montreal. The forces under
Murray were to proceed from Quebec,
Ha-viland's division by way of Lake
Champlain, while Amherst was to conduct
his division down the Saint Lawrence
from Lake Ontario.
On the 15th of July, 1760, Murray
embarked at Quebec with over two thou
sand men, foUowed shortly afterward

168 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
by three thousand troops from the gar
rison at Louisbourg. On their passage
up the river proclamations were distri
buted in the parishes promising protec
tion to the inhabitants who remained
neutral, and threatening the destruction
of the property of those who took up
arms. Vaudreuil followed -with counter-
proclamations decreeing death to the
Canadians who joined the ranks of the
enemy, and the destruction of the houses
of those who refused to take up
arms in the cause of France. The world
ly goods of the poor Canadians were
therefore threatened whichever cause they
espoused. Vaudreuil was still confident.
"I am taking the most just measures to
unite our forces," he wrote, "and if our
situation permits, to fight a battle or
battles. But if we succumb in the battles
we shall fight, I shall apply myseK to ob
taining a capitulation which may avert
the ruin of the people  It is with this
-view that I shall remain within the town,
the Chevaher de Levis having repre
sented to me that it would be an e-vil past

BRITISH RULE. 169
remedying if anything should happen to
me," Once safely within the wafls, the Gov
ernor seems to have thought no more of
the battles. He was very industrious,
however, in preparing articles of capitu
lation, several clauses of which refer to
his own personal comfort. Five days
before the arrival of Amherst he intim
ated to Murray that he was prepared to
discuss terms with him; but the Enghsh
general refused to entertain them in the
absence of the commander-in-chief. At
length, on the eighth of September,
Montreal surrendered to General Am
herst, The terms of the capitulation
caused no httle vexation to the French
monarch, "His Majesty was not less
surprised than displeased," wrote the
minister, "at the conditions, so httle
honourable, to which you submitted, es
peciaUy after the representations made
to you by the Chevaher de Levis," There
was scanty justice, perhaps, in such criti
cism at such a time, for the cause of
France was already lost. But Vaudreuil's

170 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
boastful letters of a few weeks before,
foUowed immediately by a copy of the
capitulation, naturaUy caused some
irritation and surprise at the French
court. The French troops were now vrith-
drawn from Canada. Bigot and his com
panions returned to France to meet a just
fate, and the dovm-trodden inhabitants
found at last a rehef from oppression.
The conduct of the people during the
r^me of Bigot affords a marked in
stance of the deep-rooted loyalty of
Canadian character. Strangers to the
meaning of pohtical Uberty, reduced to
an indescribable condition of misery and
starvation not whoUy the outcome of
the war, but of dehberate plotting, they
steadfastly refused the bribes of the
enemy and remained loyal to France at
a time when treachery would have been
profitable and revolt justified.
Three years of mihtary rule foUowed the
capitulation of Montreal, and in 1763
Canada was ceded by treaty to Great
Britain.

BRITISH RULE. 171
The Peace of. Paris marks an epoch in
the world's history. It gave to England
the French possessions in Canada, and
to the citizens of the neighbouring states
the security that formed the prelude of
independence. In Quebec there were
stiU those who cherished the hope that
Canada would be restored to France, but
the majority welcomed the change. The
French population in Canada in 1763
was about sixty thousand, and the ques
tion was asked how British rule would
affect the King's "new subjects," for such
was the name appUed to the French in
habitants. EngUshmen were beginning
to arrive in the country, and amongst
them were those who considered that they
were entitled to special favours at the
hands of the Govemor. But ideas of
justice and generosity prevailed with
Murray, a brave soldier, who now that
he was invested with authority was not
unmindful of the sterUng character of
his former foe. From the first he im
pressed the French with the fact that
they were now British subjects, entitled

172 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
to the rights of citizens U-ring under the
British Crown,
To carry on the administration Mur
ray named a council; but as the regula
tions passed by that body naturaUy
apphed chiefly to the larger or French
portion of the populace, complaints were
carried to England by the smaU British
minority, of the tolerance of the Gover
nor, The home government, K it real
ised the situation, fafled to suggest a
remedy, and it was e-vident that many
years must elapse before harmony would
reign. One serious disadvantage to the British
in the early days was the language of the
country, Murray was a fair French
scholar, but few of his officers were
equally accompUshed. Petty quarrels and
delays often occurred simply through the
want of comprehension. The French at
that time, as now, were eager to learn
the English language, but the English
man, who seldom took the trouble to
acquire a knowledge of French, frequently
found himseK in some embarrassment.

BRITISH RULE. 173
A note in a dual language caused con
siderable perplexity to two tradesmen of
Quebec. The story is told by de Gaspe
in connection -with Colonel Murray, a
nephew of the General. The Colonel had
purchased a house on the banks of the
Saint Charles, to which he had given the
name "Sans Bruit." Soon after taking
possession he addressed a note to a firm
in Quebec, -with a Ust of articles. It read
as follows :
Gentlemen, You wWl send me as soon as
convenient the following goods. . .
MUBKAY.
Sans Bruit, June 1st.
" 'Here is a queer order,' said one of
the merchants. 'Does he take us for
smugglers that he wishes the goods to
be delivered secretly, -without noise?'
'Never mind,' said his partner, 'those
Enghsh are such eccentric characters that
I am never astonished at anything they
may do or say. In -winter we wear our
wooflen stockings inside our shoes; they

174 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
on the outside. We wear our waistcoats
under our coats ; they over. Fortunately
the night is dark, and I wiU undertake
to dehver the goods unseen and un
known.' "It might have been one o'clock in the
morning when one of the merchants en
tered the yard of 'Sans Bruit,' where
silence reigned. Tapping gently at the
steward's door and receiving no response,
he grew bolder and knocked hard. Fi
nally the steward, who had imbibed freely,
opened the door and demanded an ex
planation for the intrusion. On being
told that he wished to dehver some goods
he was told to go to the de-vil; the door
was closed and the steward sought his
couch. The merchant was not to be
turned away, and he persisted in knock
ing. At last the Colonel opened the
window and asked if Quebec was on fire
or an enemy at the gate, that he was thus
disturbed; adding that the merchant
needed sleep and that he had better go
to bed. 'Why should I go to bed?' re
pUed the merchant. 'I'm simply carry-

o/^l,iyy fco

y

BRITISH RULE. 175
ing out your orders.' 'Carrying out my
my orders?' said Murray; 'do you mean
to say that I have requested you to come
in this mysterious manner in the middle
of the night?' 'Here is your order,'
repUed the merchant. 'You shall send
the goods sans bruit, or I do not
understand my mother tongue. It would
have been difficult to have brought them
over secretly during the day, but thanks
to the darkness, I assure you that no one
has seen what has occurred.' Murray
was greatly amused, and explained that
'Sans Bruit' was the name of his house
and that it did not mean that the goods
were to be deUvered without noise."
Quebec had now recovered from the
havoc wrought by shot and sheU; build
ings were restored, improvements were
made in the streets, and for a time the
people settled down to make the best of
their new conditions.
Under an ordinance passed by Murray
the French were confirmed in the free
exercise of their rehgion, which had been
secured for them by the Treaty of Paris.

176 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
In November, 1764, the Governor in
Council further enacted ' 'That in actions
relative to the tenure of land and the
rights of inheritance the French laws and
usages should be observed as the rule of
decision." Three years after the capitu
lation of Quebec there were only one
hundred and forty British and Protestant
famiUes in the district of Quebec, so that
the minority was in a pecuUar position.
The question of rehgion was a difficulty
which the Enghsh governors had to face.
The idea of gi-ving pri-vfleges to CathoUcs
was foreign to the British mind, especiaUy
at a time when a CathoUc in England was
debarred from office; and the fourth
article of the Treaty of Paris had expressly
included the stipulation "as far as the laws
of Great Britain permit ." The conditions
of land tenure and the rights of the setgfn-
eur were also fruitful themes for dis
cussion. Murray, however, had obtained
a clear idea of the conditions of the coun
try, and appears to have acted impartiaUy .
His opponents, nevertheless, referred their
complaints to England and asked for his

BRITISH RULE. 177
recaU. In 1766 he was summoned to
England to explain his administrative
acts, and though he retained the nominal
governorship for two years longer, he
never returned to Quebec. In 1768 Sir
Guy Carleton, who had been quarter
master under WoKe, was appointed gov
ernor. Carleton, in taking up the threads of
government, had many of the difficulties
of his predecessor to encounter and to
overcome. The English who had op
posed Murray reaUsed that they had not
profited by the change. The more en
hghtened, however, were loyal in their
adherence to the new comer, while the
French had every reason to regard
him as a benefactor and to cherish
his memory. Petitions, addresses, dis
cussions — on questions of law, on ques
tions of rehgion — became the order
of the day, until at last the aspirations
of the people found expression in the
Quebec Act of 1774. The new act
provided for the use by the French of
their o-wn civil laws and customs, the
12

178 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
administration of Enghsh criminal law,
and the appointment by the Crown of a
Legislative Council. But before the
working of the act could fairly be tested,
Quebec was again in a state of siege.

CHAPTER X.
THE INVASION UNDER ARNOLD
AND MONTGOMERY.
Early in the month of May, 1775, a
band of Americans under Ethan AUen
inarched from Connecticut and surprised
the fort at Ticonderoga. Following up
their success they captured the httle
garrison at Crown Point, and sent a de
tachment do-wn Lake Champlain to St.
John's on the Richeheu. Here they
seized a British vessel, and, elated with
their achievement, prepared to penetrate
into the heart of Canada. The Continen
tal Congress took a hand in the affair, and
General Schuyler, at the head of two
thousand men, was appointed to invade
British territory. Carleton in the mean
time prepared to check their advance by

180 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
fortifying the pass at St, John's, and
detached the Seventh and the Thirty-sixth
Regiments to support the position. To
wards the end of September AUen occupied
a few houses at Longue Pointe, and pro
posed to make a descent on Montreal,
Carleton assembled the citizens on the
Champs de Mars, and found about a
hundred and fifty volunteers. With these,
and a small band of regulars from the
Thirty-sixth, he marched to Longue
Pointe, dislodged the rebels and took
Allen with thirty of his men prisoners.
Schuyler's command was brief. After
a few weeks he was replaced by Richard
Montgomery, a former captain in the
British army, who had joined the Con
tinental forces with the rank of general.
Montgomery's men were industrious in
sowing the seeds of rebeUion amongst the
inhabitants of the south shore, assuring
them that the British would be forced to
surrender and promising them exemp
tion from every form of taxation. A
short time afterwards the fort at Cham
bly fell into the hands of the enemy.

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 181
This was foUowed in a few weeks by the
surrender of St, John's, The men of
the Thirty-sixth who were in St. John's
at the time of its capture were conveyed
as prisoners to Hartford. Canada at
such a time could ill afford the loss.
Meanwhile Montgomery had been
advancing upon Montreal, Carleton
with scarcely a hundred and twenty-five
men was ill prepared to offer resistance.
After destroying the pubhc stores he left
Montreal as theAmericans were entering it.
Brigadier Prescott who accompanied him
was intercepted at Sorel; but Carleton in
an open boat with muffled oars passed
at night through the American floating
batteries and made his way to Quebec,
By the twenty-fifth of September Arnold
had commenced his famous march of three
hundred miles through the state of Maine
and down the vafley of the Chaudiere to
Point Le-vis, where he arrived in the first
week of November -with over one thou
sand men. The situation was critical.
On the fourteenth of November Arnold's
men appeared on the heights of Abraham,

182 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
less than half a mile from the walls of
the city. Montreal was in the hands of
the enemy; and Carleton himself, cut off
between the two divisions of the invading
army, was not able to make good his
escape to Quebec untfl the nineteenth of
November. The strength of the garrison
on the first of November was only one thou
sand eight hundred men. In the suburbs
of Saint Roch, along the south shore and
at the viflages of Sainte Foy and SiUery, the
enemy held advantageous positions. Que
bec was thus surrounded, and the Gov
ernor was not in a position to saUy forth
to give the enemy battle. The winter
had set in early. Arnold's men, however,
clad in coarse Unen coats, seemed in
sensible to cold. "V^tu en toile," said
the inhabitants; the phrase, passing
from mouth to mouth, was chang
ed to "v^tu en tole," and so the
rumour spread far and wide that the rebel
army was clad in iron. The garrison
was confined to the city, and the people
beyond began to regard the foe as the
future master of Quebec.

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY 183
The defences of the city were weak.
Murray, Townshend, Carleton, each in
turn had represented to the government
that the wafls would not withstand a
siege. So far the authorities had pro
vided only temporary works of defence.
Carleton had made the best of the situ
ation by erecting barricades, at weak
points, but he was forced to trust more
to the courage of his men than to the
strength of the works.
Montgomery occupied the Holland house
on the Sainte Foy road, and parties of his
men were fortified in outlying buildings.
On the sixth of December Montgomery
addressed a communication to Carleton
ad"vising him to surrender and asserting
the folly of resistance. The Governor
disregarded the admonition and proceed
ed to strengthen his position. There
were some desertions from the garrison
and a few also of the inhabitants were en
ticed from the city to swell the rebel
ranks. One Jeremiah Duggan, a barber
of Quebec, was placed at the head of five
hundred men, with the rank of major;

184 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
proclamations and warnings were shot
over the walls and every provocation
was given to draw the garrison beyond
the gates. On the eighth of the month
Montgomery had a narrow escape. As
he stepped from a cariole drawn up in
front of a tavern to the west of the city,
a shot from a cannon kiUed the horse
and shattered into splinters the vehicle
from which he had ahghted.
The enemy grew bolder. During the
night of the ninth a battery was thrown
up ¦within eight hundred yards of Saint
Louis Gate, and soon four guns were
pouring shot into the city. To add to
the terrors of the siege, smallpox broke
out and claimed many ¦victims, both
amongst the inhabitants and in the ranks
of the enemy. December wore on.
Montgomery was despondent, and his
men were looking forward to the end of
the year, when their time would expire.
A rumour was circulated that the Amer
ican general had promised his troops that
they would eat their Christmas dinner in
Quebec or in the nether regions. "We

Prescott Gate

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 185
are determined that they shall not dine
with us as their own masters," writes a
British officer; but from the character
of the general we are inchned to beheve
that the words were lent to him.
In their efforts to open a breach in
the waUs the Americans were foiled
through the good service of the British
guns, which destroyed some of their
batteries. The enemy next prepared to
try the effect of scaUng ladders. That
project, also, proved too hazardous and
was soon abandoned. From the twenty-
fourth to the twenty-ninth there was
httle acti^vity in the rebel camp. This
did not deceive the British. Carleton,
who had taken up his quarters at the
R^coUets, slept in his clothes, while the
garrison remained under arms. On the
thirtieth an Irishman, who had deserted
from Arnold's di^vision, entered the city
with the news that "the rebels were three
thousand strong and had a supply of
sheUs from Montreal." The same night
Arnold kept up a hea^vy fire against the
town and made a movement as if he

186 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
intended to storm Saint Louis Gate.
This feint was for the purpose of favour
ing the movements of Montgomery in the
lower to^wn.
The story of the assault on the thirty-
first is quoted from the manuscript of a
soldier who was present.
"About four o'clock in the morning.
Captain Eraser, of the Royal Emigrants,
on his rounds saw many flashes of fire
without hearing any report; the sentries
told him that it had hghtened for some
time towards the heights of Abraham;
the sentinels between Port St. Louis and
Cape Diamond had seen hghts ranged in
straight lines, hke lamps in a street.
These appearances being very uncom
mon, and the weather being in favour of
an attack. Captain Eraser ordered the
guards and pickets on the ramparts to
stand to their arms. The drums beat,
the bells rang; in a very few minutes the
whole garrison was under arms, even old
men upwards of seventy were forward
to oppose the attackers. Two sky rockets
sent from about the foot of Cape Dia-

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 187
mond were immediately followed by a
hea^vy and hot fire from a body of men
posted behind a rising ground ¦within
eighty yards of the guard house on Cape
Diamond. By the flashes from the mus
kets we saw their heads; their bodies
were covered. We briskly returned their
fire. At the same time a body of men
supposed to be Canadians appeared in
the suburbs of Saint John, From Saint
Roch shells were thrown. Captain Cald
weU led a detachment of the British
miUtia to reinforce Cape Diamond, It
had been said by some deserters that it
was Mr. Montgomery's opinion that an
escalade might be easily effected there.
The colonel ha-ving posted his men under
proper officers, retumed to the corps de
reserve on the parade to wait the gener
al's orders,
"The rockets were the signal. On seeing
them Arnold's men immediately rushed
forward from under cover of the canotrie
and attacked our works at Sault-au-
Matelot; there were nine hundred men,
Mr, Montgomery advanced towards the

188 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
works at Pr^s-de-viUe with seven hun
dred of his best soldiers, Arnold's party
was obliged to pass close under the pickets
behind the Hotel Dieu and Montcalm's
house, where they were exposed to a
dreadful fire which the saflors poured
down upon them as they ran along , Arnold
was here wounded in the leg and carried off.
His men proceeded, forced our guard and
took possession of the battery at Sault-
au-Matelot, They penetrated about two
hundred yards farther to a barrier where
we made a stand, A brisk fire began on
both sides. The rebels fired under cover.
We saw only those who ventured to run
from one house to another. In this way
they advanced.
"General Carleton, cool and attentive
to the most minute manoeuver of the
enemy, skiUed in miUtary operations,
saw in a moment and instantaneously
improved the advantage the rebels had
given him over them. He sent Captain
Laws ¦with sixty men by Palace Gate to
attack their rear, and Captain Macdougal
of the Royal Emigrants was sent a httle

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY, 189
later with sixty more to support him.
Captain Laws advanced too hastily,
anxious to be at them; he got before
his men, and, afl alone, commanded a
group of men to surrender. Seeing him
unattended, they surrounded him and
disarmed him. Captain Macdougal's men
on coining up found Laws's men in pos
session of the Sault-au-Matelot battery.
The Captain put himself at the head of
both detachments, marched forward and
released Captain Laws. As the general
had planned, the enemy was effectuafly
hemmed in. To advance they dare not;
to retreat they could not. They there
fore laid down their arms and cried for
quarter. Captain Laws and Captain
Macdougal acquired much honour by
their conduct on this occasion.
"At Prds-de-ViUe the sentries had seen
the flashes very early; the guard was
posted expecting an attack. Captain
Barnsfair, master of a merchant ship, had
charge of the guns that morning; he had
his men at quarters vrith hghted matches
in their hands. A close look out was kept.

190 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Men were at last seen approaching. A
band advanced ¦within fifty yards of the
battery. Here they stood as K in con
sultation. A moment later they sprang
forward. Captain Barnsfair caUed Fire!
Shrieks and groans foUowed the dis
charge. Our musketry and guns con
tinued to sweep the avenue leading to
the battery for some minutes. When
the smoke cleared away there was not a
soul to be seen. Much has been said
about Mr. Cofiin's cool beha"riour. His
example at Pres-de-ViUe had a noble ef
fect on his feflow soldiers. They behaved
with the greatest spirit. Those who were
engaged at the batteries were reinforced
by two detachments from the parade.
Major Nairns, of the Royal Emigrants,
led the first. He and Major Dambourges
of the same corps attracted the atten
tion of everybody by their gaflant
behaviour. The rebels got possession
of a house which commanded Lym-
burner's battery and one of the prin
cipal streets. They mounted ladders
and intrepidly forced their way by

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 191
the ¦windows and drove the rebels out
at the doors.
"The Canadian mihtia showed no kind
of backwardness. A few of them stood
to the last at a httle breast-work near the
Sault-au-Matelot battery. When they
were in very great danger of being sur
rounded they retreated to the barrier.
"The flower of the rebel army fefl into
our hands. We have reason to think
that many of Arnold's men were kflled
whfle advancing, and many were kifled
and wounded whfle endeavouring to get
back. Our fire from the pickets gall
ed them exceedingly. We made prison
ers one heutenant-colonel, two majors,
one adjutant, one quartermaster, four
volunteers, three hundred and fifty rank
and file.
"The prisoners say that Mr. Mont
gomery's men had not behaved with the
same spirit as T^nold's men. They im
agined that K they had boldly advanced,
the strength of the garrison must have
been divided; that the two bodies of the
rebels would have driven us before them

192 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
to the market place where they would
have had us between two fires. The pris
oners had shps of paper pinned to their
hats bearing these words — ^LIBERTY
OR DEATH. We had kiUed Captain
Anderson and four privates. Wounded
fourteen. "A genteel coffin has been ordered by
the Lieutenant Governor for the inter
ment of Mr. Montgomery. Those who
knew him formerly in this place sincerely
lament his late infatuation. They say
that he was a genteel man and an agree
able companion. "
Another battle had been fought and
won at Quebec. Carleton, who sixteen
years before had waged war upon the
heights under Wolfe, now led both French
and EngUsh against the enemy at the gate.
Shoulder to shoulder stood one time friend
and foe in the defence of the British fiag.
Differences there were and would be, for
it would be unreasonable to suppose that
a change of aUegiance would be unattended
¦with regret. At the caU of duty, however,
aU other considerations were waived and

ARNOLD AND MONTGOMERY. 193
men fought bravely for their common
king and their common country.
Montgomery, a bold leader in a mis
taken cause, had died hke a soldier. His
body was laid out in the httle house on
Saint Louis Street, since known by his
name. On the next day his remains
were foUowed to the grave by the EngUsh
governor. The battle was over, although
Quebec was by no means secure. For
months the invading army hovered near,
but on the twentieth of Aprfl, 1776, the
Forty-seventh regiment, conveyed by the
Niger frigate, sailed from Hahfax to the
rehef of Quebec . The next day the Isis, of
fifty guns, the Surprise and Triton frigates,
and the Martin sloop-of-war with the
Twenty-ninth Regiment arrived in the
Saint Lavsrrence, coming to anchor before
the city on the sixth of May. The appear
ance of reinforcements put an end to the
hopes of the rebels, who abandoned their
guns and fled.
Thus ended the blockade of Quebec in
1775-76.

13

CHAPTER XI.
MODERN QUEBEC.
The Act of 1774 provided for the
establishment of a Legislative Council, a
form of government which did not com
mend itseK for long to a people who were
rapidly developing ideas of poUtical free
dom. For several years therefore there
was a movement on foot towards repre
sentative institutions. In the meantime
Carleton, the champion of the rights of
the "new subjects," had returned to Eng
land, and the government was entrusted
to Sir Frederick Haldimand. Being a
soldier his first care was to place the
colony in a state of defence. The British
authorities were inchned to listen to rea
son after the events of 1775, although
they were stiU dangerously slow for these

196 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
stirring times. The master of the Ordin
ance in England at this period was George
Townshend, Wolfe's second Brigadier,
who being famihar with the country gave
a ready support to Haldimand's demands.
Funds were placed at the disposal of the
Governor to construct a temporary citadel
beyond the present lines. The remains
of the works undertaken by Haldimand
are stfll -visible, but have given rise to a
curious error. For over haK a century
it has been contended that the fortifica
tions on the cove fields were of French
origin. The original plans made by the
Royal Engineers after the Battle of the
Plains show that there were no ruins what
ever at that time; whfle the drawings of
Haldimand's works constructed between
1779 and 1783 are exactly upon these hnes.
Haldimand had a difficult r61e to play.
He was a soldier above afl; and being per
haps less diplomatic than his predecessor,
was less popular. Few Governors, how
ever, were more zealous than he for the
cause of the king, or had the real interest
of the people more at heart. His energy

/?.v.

^.^^^^.^.^^

MODERN QUEBEC. 197
was untiring. His correspondence cover
ing a remarkable variety of topics must
still be drawn upon by those who would
form an accurate judgment of a most
interesting period of Canadian history.
A gUmpse of the home life of the Cana
dian of the time is given by a British officer.
"The Canadians of the higher class are
very poUte and attentive to strangers; a
few days since, I was in-vited to dine with
one of the principal merchants, chez
Monsieur Roberdeau; the dinner was
entirely after the French fashion, and
displayed with much taste, but such was
the perverseness of my EngUsh stomach,
that it could not reUsh one of the made
dishes ; and although I endeavoured to eat
out of comphment, the master of the house
perceived I did not do it with any gusto ;
he then said. Ah! Monsieur, vous ne faites
que d'arriver dans ce pays; quand vous
aurez ete avec nous un certain temps, vous
aimerez beaucoup notre cuisine. Je suis
bien fachS que dans ce moment il ne se trouve
rien d votre goM, mais quand vous me ferez
I'honneur de venir une autrefois chez moi,

198 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
j'aurai soin d'avoir du ROAST BEEF et
du PLUMB PUDDING que les Anglois
aiment tant. When the desert came,
which was before the cloth was removed,
I made amends for my not being able to
eat at dinner, which the master of the
house observing, said. Ah! Monsieur, ce
n'est pas que vous ne vous souciez pas de
viandes, mais c'est que vous 6tes un peu
comme les enfants, vous aimez les friandifes;
when, fearful lest I should be displeased
at his raillery, -with a poUteness truly
French, he ffiled his glass, and added,
Allons, Monsieur, versez et vive le Roi
d' Angleterre," In the year 1786 Carleton returned to
Quebec as Governor -with the title of Lord
Dorchester. At this time a terrible
scourge, known as the disease of Malbay,
was ravaging the country, and one of the
first acts of the Governor was to cope -with
it. Reports were made and pubhshed
and instructions were scattered broad
cast. As there were few medical men in
the pro-vince, remedies were put up and
distributed to the curSs and seigneurs.

MODERN QUEBEC. 199
One influential inhabitant in writing to the
Governor for a supply of the cure considers
himseK very fortunate in ha-ving "a piece
of a doctor in his -vicinity . ' ' The outbreak
proved very difficult to overcome, and
legislation was proposed to prevent its
recurrence. The people meanwhile re
garded Lord Dorchester rather as a friend
than as a governor, and came freely to him
in all their httle troubles for encourage
ment and advice.
The Governor who had been instru
mental in passing the Quebec Act of 1774,
and had abohshed the Test Oath, now
devoted his energy to securing a larger
measure of pohtical freedom. The Act
of 1791, which di-vided Canada into two
pro-vinces, gave to Quebec a Legislative
Council and a House of Assembly, elected
by the people. The new constitution was
put into operation and for a time satisfied
the ambition of afl classes. It was -with
in the walls of the Bishop's Palace that
the king's "new subjects" received their
first lessons in popular government.
B6dard, who was the first to advocate

200 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
responsible government; Papineau the
elder, and his son, who was to make the
name famous; Panet, Valh^res, de Saint
Real, might have been mistaken for sea
soned parhamentarians, so weU did they
grasp the principles of British institutions.
A great change had taken place in Quebec.
Thirty years before, under the iron heel of
Bigot and the paternal govemment of
France, the people were strangers to every
form of popular representation. Per
mission was necessary for holding a friend
ly meeting. The words of Louis XIV,
"It is God's will that whosoever is born a
subject should not reason but obey,"
were stiU to them an unwritten law.
Now the inhabitants were asserting their
independence and voting boldly for the
men of their own choice.
The influence of Dorchester upon the
colony was beneficial. Of strong per
sonaUty and independent character, al
ways ready to sympathize vrith distress
and quick to scorn the mean and dis
honourable, he enjoyed the confidence of
the community during the sixteen years

MODERN QUEBEC. 201
of his administration. His name is cher
ished even to this day.
In 1764 a press had been estabhshed in
Quebec, and through this medium the
colony was brought into touch with the
world beyond.
In 1806 a few of the members of the
Parhament of 1791 estabhshed the first
pohtical newspaper in Canada, Le Cana-
dien, the poUcy of which was to advocate
the claims of the French population, then
assailed by the Mercury, an Enghsh paper
estabhshed at Quebec. Fierce waxed the
battle under the regime of the brave,
honest, though choleric Governor, Sir
James Craig. The talent of both sides
was brought out in the controversy untfl
the Governor, who had somewhat des
potic ideas in the matter of administra
tion, suppressed Le Canadien, and com
mitted the unlucky printer to jail. Under
Sir George Prevost peace was restored in
Quebec, but there were soon rumours of
war vrithout. Great Britain had become
involved in a war with the United States,
and Canada was cafled upon to play her

202 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
part. When the invasion of Canada be
came imminent bothhouses met in Quebec,
and voted subsidies for the repulse of the
common foe. Quebec was spared the
calamity of a siege in 1812-13, as the
principal scene of action was in Upper
Canada, and to the east and west of
Montreal. It was at the battle of Cha-
teauguay, however, that de Salaberry
won honour for his Pro-vince.
The constitution of 1791 had been tried
and found wanting. Papineau who had
been the first to proclaim its superiority
over pre-vious forms of government, now
became its most strenuous opponent . Po
htical agitation ran high and -violent
attacks were made on the British Govern
ment and on the Pro-vincial Executive.
The Upper House at this time was com
posed of nominees of the Crown, whilst
the members of the Legislative Assembly
were mainly of French origin . There were
no ministers responsible to the people and
the whole system hinged on the supreme
authority of the Governor, supported by
the Legislative Council. Papineau was

MODERN QUEBEC. 203
elected Speaker and became -vigorous in
his denunciations of the system of govern
ment. His appointment as speaker was
rejected by the Governor Lord Dalhousie,
but he was at once re-elected by the peo
ple. To overcome the difficulty, Dal
housie proposed to unite Upper and
Lower Canada under one parhament.
Papineau and Neilson, the editor of the
Quebec Gazette, who were sent to Eng
land to oppose the measure, were success
ful in their mission. The presence of
Neilson and other Enghsh members in
Papineau's camp proved that the opposi
tion was not purely racial. It is e-vident
that there were wrongs to be redressed,
but at the same time it was not reasonable
to suppose that the methods adopted by
Papineau would bring about remedial
legislation. The presence of a diplomat
on the scene during these stormy days
would probably have contributed more to
the cause of reform than the efforts of
excitable pohticians.
Agitation and discontent reached their
cUmax under Lord Aylmer who followed

204 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the pohcy of his predecessor. Within the
precincts of the House there were fre
quent scenes of turbulence: when Lord
John RusseU proposed to give the Gover
nor the power to expend pubhc money
without the vote of the Assembly, there
was open rebelhon. A revolutionary
movement was on foot and gradually the
more sober minded representatives sever
ed their allegiance to Papineau. Most
men were eager for reform, but they were
not prepared to try to accomplish it by
resorting to arms.
But while these pohtical disputes were
embroihng various sections of the com
munity, Quebec was as gay as ever. Dur
ing Dalhousie's administration there was
a constant round of festi-vities. And it is
a fact worthy of note that during this
period of party strife, both races sub
scribed to the granite column which was
set up in the Governor's garden to the
memory of WoKe and Montcalm, the
-victor and the vanquished.
Quebec had now become the strongest
fortress in the world. Enormous sums

ox

MODERN QUEBEC. 205
were expended by the British Govern
ment on the citadel and Unes of defence
which still present a formidable appear
ance and are a monument to the skiU of
the engineers Durnford and Mann.
In those days the penalty of desertion
from the citadel was death, and a record
is preserved of how the punishment was
carried out. "On a beautiful morning in
June, the whole garrison of Quebec turned
out at five o'clock to -witness the a-wful
ceremony in the ditch of the Citadel.
When the fatal moment arrived, the pris
oner, attired in white, and supported by
two Roman Cathohc clergymen, vrith his
coffin carried before him, moved slowly
out of the great gate of the fortress into
the fosse, and proceeded past the long line
of troops; whilst the band played a
funeral dirge, and a firing party brought
up the rear of the melancholy procession.
The sound of the mournful music was
heard by the assembled garrison long be
fore the head of the party became visible ;
thus the doleful tones of the Dead March
had fuU time to produce their utmost

206 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
effect, on aU present, before the prisoner
came in sight; and certainly nothing could
have been more impressive than the
whole painful scene. When the sentence
of the Court Martial had been read, and
the last rehgious rites were concluded, the
poor wretch knelt on his coffin two yards
from the muzzles of a dozen muskets.
The Priests retired, the awful word 'Fire '
was uttered, and the hfeless body lay
doubled across the coffin,"
Canada had now been under British
rule for three quarters of a century, and it
looked as if the French were to become
involved in a quarrel with England
through the fierce and eloquent declama
tions of one passionate man, Quebec,
however, fought shy of its former idol, and
the scene was changed to Montreal.
After the general elections in the autumn
of 1834 each candidate was called upon to
declare whether or not he was in favour of
an elective council. Seventy-nine mem
bers favourable to the change were elected,
whfle the opposition elected only nine.
The House opened in February 1835.

MODERN QUEBEC. 207
For some time pre-rious to this date there
had been a want of harmony between the
members of the leading party, which soon
developed into a marked di-rision in their
ranks. The strife was maintained in the press
and upon the hustings. There were
frequent quarrels over merest trifles.
The members of the House gave only a
haK-hearted support to Papineau who
never missed an opportunity of making
personal attacks upon the Governor
and his Councillors. In the heat
of argument as his influence began to
wane, he gave expression more and
more frequently to the most dangerous
sentiments. The affairs of the Pro-vince, which were
now centered in Quebec, grew worse.
Lord Gosford, in the capacity of a Royal
Commissioner was sent out to investigate
the affairs of the colony. His efforts to
calm the turbulent spirits were fruitless.
The Legislative Council threw out meas
ures passed by the Assembly, and the
Assembly in retahation refused to vote

208 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
supphes. Heated discussions, into which
were drawn questions of language and
questions of reUgion, became the order of
the day. The clergy in Quebec and in
other places did their utmost to restore
order; but the inflammatory speeches of
the agitators and the attitude of a certain
section of the press, fostered a spirit of
rebelhon. The torch was hghted at the
meeting held at Saint Ours on the seventh
of May, 1835. Le Canadien, the organ
of the French, protested against the
methods of Papineau, and eight thou
sand people assembled in Quebec to
condemn the agitation. The crisis
came, however, when it became known
that Great Britain had rejected the
resolutions which had been sent over.
The details of the stormy days in
Montreal, the issue of a warrant for
the arrest of Papineau, his escape
to the United States; the defeat of
the rebels at Saint Charles, Saint John's
and Saint Denis, and the proclama
tion of martial law, are matters of
pro-vincial history.

MODERN QUEBEC. 209
The rebelUon, incited by a few rash
indi-viduals, who fled at the approach of
danger, was deplored by the French
Canadians as a body.
In 1838 the Constitution of 1791 was
suspended. These were sad days for
Quebec. The rebelUon had paralysed
commerce, and the future of the pro-vince
was a grave cause for anxiety. Darker
stiU was the outlook when the pro-vinces
were united in 1840. John Neilson and
other patriots began an agitation which
was crystalUzed in a petition to the Queen.
The Act, however, was put in force, and
the patriotic intelhgence of Baldwin and
Lafontaine brought out of the constitu
tion a fuU measure of poUtical Uberty.
In the change Quebec lost the seat of
Government, which was transferred to
Kingston. The struggle of the people against
pro-vincial misrule, which was converted
by Papineau into an attack on the Home
Government, is almost forgotten; but two
memorials of the period -will not pass
away. One is the monument to WoKe
14

210 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
and Montcalm in the Governor's garden,
with its unique inscription :
MORTEM VIRTUS COMMUNEM
FAMAM HISTORIA
MONUMENTUM POSTERITAS
DEDIT
and the other a marble slab over the
tomb of Montcalm.
These monuments were erected by men
who bore the brunt of Papineau's abuse.
While feuds were in progress in Quebec
the historic Chateau Saint Louis was
destroyed by fire, and the country was no
longer governed from the spot where
Champlain hved and died.
Whatever charges Papineau may have
to answer at the hands of posterity, we
may safely acquit him on one count, the
theft of a ham, brought against him by a
facetious army surgeon. The doctor had
returned from an early constitutional,
prepared for a hearty breakfast in which
there were visions of a certain WestphaUa
ham; when, horresco refer ens, there was
everything else on the table, but, "in the
middle a place where the jambon was not,"

MODERN QUEBEC. 211
"0, misery of miseries, the whole succu
lent and dehcious ham, manifest product
of some high caste graminivorous pig,
which had hved aU its life under the shade
of oaks and chestnuts browsing upon their
nuts, had been feloniously abstracted
from the larder by some -vile Philistine.
"O, Louis Joseph Papineau! To our
dying day we -will hold thee responsible
for this outrage. Whilom, before thy
pestilential politics corrupted thy simple
countrymen, ironmongers and locksmiths
starved, for in our rural districts doors
were only latched. Securely reposed our
clothes drjdng in the garden or before the
oven, our viands in the open cupboards,
our fish in the tubs, for theft was not.
But when thy compatriots were taught —
and thou didst sedulously instil and re-
instil the lesson — that they were oppress
ed and plundered by strangers who had
conquered them, and that resistance to
the " base Bretons," was wise and patri
otic — ^when thou didst urge them to re-
tahate on their oppressors in every safe
and practicable way — is it not a palpable

212 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
induction that they should have ffiched
our much regretted ham?"
For some years Quebec suffered from
the fanaticism of Papineau; but the des
cendants of the old French in North
America were always loyal to the British
Crown, Two great factors, the clergy and
the seigneurs, assured the loyalty of the
French to England, It was the aim of
the clerics after the Cession to render their
flocks obedient to the new order and to
accept the accomplished fact recognized
by France and confirmed by the Treaty
of Paris. The tenets of their religion and
their traditional training led them to
exact submission to constituted authority.
The most influential class after the clergy
were the seigneurs. To them it was a
simple matter to transfer their allegiance
from one sovereign to another. With
the nobles of old France, ideas of king and
country were associated, and often the
monarch overshadowed every other con
sideration. Strong monarchical con-vic-
tions therefore inclined them towards the
EngUsh king, and Papineau had said in

MODERN QUEBEC. 213
1820 that the change of allegiance caused
no regret, considering the superiority of
the character of George III over that of
Louis XV,
After the Union of 1842, the seat of
government was moveable, Kingston,
Montreal, Toronto and Quebec each in
turn became the capital. In 1864, the
delegates of the North American Pro-
¦vinces met in Quebec to discuss the
federal union, and at the inauguration of
Confederation in 1867, Quebec was named
as the seat of the Provincial Government,
Although Quebec was deprived of her
prestige as a centre of national influence
she has never ceased to play an important
part in affairs of the country. Her sons
are still heard in the councils of the
nation. The -withdrawal of the Imperial troops
from Quebec in 1871 was a loss to Cana
dian society and a severe blow to the mer
chant classes. It was estimated that at
least half a million dollars were circulated
annually during the residence of the per
manent forces.

214 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
In 1872, the Earl of Dufferin became
Governor General of Canada. He was
much impressed -with the magnificent site
of Quebec and proposed an elaborate
scheme for its restoration. Amongst the
improvements he suggested a -vice-regal
residence on the Terrace in the style of a
Norman Chateau. Iron bridges were to
span the streets to form a continuous drive
about the ramparts. The gates were to
be restored -without interference vrith
traffic, and pleasure grounds were to be
laid out. The plan was found to be too
expensive and was considerably modi
fied , The Terrace however was extended,
and the present Saint Louis and Kent
Gates were built. In all the improve
ments which have been made to meet the
demands of commerce Quebec has not
been robbed of its ancient form. The
modern city is indebted to the Hon, S.N.
Parent for many permanent works and
picturesque spots with which unsightly
objects have been replaced. Hon. Mr.
Parent's successor in office, the present
mayor, has already shown that he is deter-

MODERN QUEBEC. 215
mined to maintain for the city its unique
position as a model of ci-vic administra
tion. During Lord Minto's term as Governor,
the ground known as the race course was
purchased by the Federal Government as
a public park, and Lord Grey has success
fully launched a scheme for the preserva
tion of historic sites as a national memorial
of the foundation of the city by Cham
plain. For one who has known and loved Que
bec there is no fareweU. Amongst the
many beautiful places in the Dominion
old Stadacon^ stands foremost as the city
of historic memories. Before it hes a
brilhant future. Behind it hes a glorious
past. From the arrival of Jacques Car-
tier down to the present day it is bound up
-with the most significant events in our
annals. Let us look back once more, for
its walls and stones, grey and war-worn
in the strife of centuries, still tell of some
thing great and high. There upon the
rock stands the lonely figure of Champlain,
contemplating the vast scene upon which

216 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the hand of the white man has never left its
impress. Then follow the band of mis
sionaries who have rehnquished ties of
home to carry their message to the chfld
ren of the forest and to seal their devotion
with their blood. Here appear the stern
features of Montmorency de Laval the
founder of the Church in the most North
ern parts of America. Close to Laval
stands the chivalrous Frontenac, his com
patriot and sometime opponent, revi-ving
and strengthening Champlain's incipient
colony. Yonder is the battery from
which he answered Phips' summons to
surrender. Beyond the walls the scene develops into
a vaster and more impressive theatre,
as one pictures the stirring events that
gather about Wolfe and Montcalm on the
Plains of Abraham, Beneath the city
waUs we note the spot where the brave
Montgomery feU when French and Eng
hsh, lately contending for supremacy,
fought shoulder to shoulder in defence of
the British Flag, Here we leave the
reader to trace out for himseK in quaint

MODERN QUEBEC.

217

streets and monuments the more ample
story of Quebec, begun three hundred
years ago.

NOTES IN
QUEBEC CHRONOLOG/
1535. Jacques Cartier passes the -winter on the
banks of the Lairet beside the Indian vil
lage of Stadacon^. The site of the village
is now included -within the limits of Quebec
city.
1540. Frangois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval,
a wealthy nobleman of Picardy is made
by Francis I 'Lieutenant-General, chief
leader and Captain ' of an expedition to
New France,
1541. Cartier, commissioned by Roberval, in
command of five ships passes the -winter
at a small fort he had built at Cap Rouge
a few miles above Quebec.
1542. Roberval with abundance of supplies and
a new company of adventurers reaches St.
John's, Newfoundland, where he encounters
Cartier on his homeward voyage, Rober
val passes a disastrous winter at Cartier's
old fort.

220 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
1543-1607. Breton, Norman and Basque fisher
men frequent the Banks and the Lower St.
Lawrence. In 1578 a hundred and fifty
French vessels, and two hundred English
and Spanish, engage in Canadian trade or the
fisheries inNewfoimdland waters. No perma
nent settlement is founded during this period.
1588. January 14. La Jannaye and Nouel
receive from Hemy III the grant of a
monopoly of the fur-trade in the
St. Lawrence for twelve years. They
receive permission to take out sixty
criminals a year as colonists and workmen.
This monopoly is revoked by letters
patent on July 9, 1588.
1598. La Roche is appointed by letters patent,
Lieutenant-General for Henry IV in
* Canada, Hochelaga and Ne-wfoundland.'
His settlers, composed of French criminals,
are left to their fate on Sable Island.
1603. Champlain, with three small ships, visits
Canada for the first time in the service
of de Chastes. He sails up the St. La-wrence
as far as the Sault St. Louis,
1608. Foundation of Quebec, Champlain builds
here his "Abitation,"
1615. Four of the R6collet fathers, a branch
of the Franciscans and the first order of the
Church in Canada, arrive at Quebec, The
foundation of the first convent chapel was
laid in 1620.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 221
1617. Couillard and Hubert are the first habitants
in Canada. They are the first to till the
soil in the neighbourhood of Quebec.
The first marriage in Canada was that
of Hubert's eldest daughter Anne to Stephen
Jonquest in the autumn of 1617. Father
Le Caron ofiiciated.
1625. Six Jesuits arrive at Quebec. They are
given shelter at the monastery of the Re
collects for two years until their o-wn quar
ters are completed at Notre Dame des Anges.
1627. April 29, The viceroyalty of New France
and Florida vested in the Oompagnie de
Oanada — the "Cent Associ^s" — commis
sioned by Cardinal Richelieu to exploit the
fur-trade and encourage settlement.
1629, April, Peace declared between French
and English by the Treaty of Suz6,
Aug. 9. The British flag raised for the first
time over Quebec, Four months after the
Treaty of Suz4, but before the news of peace
had reached the New World, Sir Da-vid Kirke
and two of his brothers take the city in the
name of Charles I. It is held for three
years in security for the dowry of the Queen,
Henrietta Maria of France,
1632. March 29. Quebec restored to the cro-wn
of France by the treaty of St. Germain-en-
Laye. The Jesuits who had left in 1629 re
sume their work in Quebec in 1632. The
R^collets are not allowed to return.

222 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
1633. Return of Champlain as governor of New
France.
1634, January 14. M. Giffard, a surgeon,
receives from I'assembUe gSnirale a grant
of Beauport 'en toute justice et seigneurie,'
This was the first seigniory granted in Can
ada,
1635. Champlain dies on Christmas Day. Que
bec has less than a hundred inhabitants and
not more than four or five public buildings,
Champlain's "Abitation," buUt in 1608, is
replaced by the Fort St. Louis begun in 1620
on the site of the present Chateau Frontenac;
the storehouse of the Cent Associ^s stood in
- Ste. Anne street, and the parish church of
Notre Dame de la Recou-vrance stood on
the ground now occupied by the Basilica.
From the belfry of Notre Dame Champlain
caused the Angelus to be rung three times
a day. The custom is still observed in the
churches of Quebec.
1636-1639. Wars with the Iroquois under the
governorship of Montmagny, Knight of Mal
ta. Towards the close of Montmagny 's ad
ministration the privileges of trade are
thrown open to the habitants.
1639. The Ursulines arrive in Quebec in August,
and Madame de la Peltrie begins the
erection of a convent, L'H6tel Dieu had
already been founded by the Duchesse
d'Aiguillon,

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 223
1640. June, Church of Notre Dame de la Re-
cou-vTance destroyed by fire. In this chapel
had been buried the remains of Champlain,
but in the fire every trace of the exact spot
was obUterated.
1646. December 31. CorneUle's Le Oid the first
play performed in Canada is presented by
the Jesuit pupUs in the storeroom of the
Cent Associes on Ste. Anne Street.
1648. Jacques Boisdon is appointed the first
inn-keeper in Canada on condition that he
" settles in the square in front of the Church"
and "keeps nobody in his house during High
Mass, sermons, the cathechism or Vespers."
1656-1660. The Iroquois after overrunning the
country of the Hurons and the Ottawas
continue their ravages as far as the Fort of
Quebec.
1659. June 16th. Laval, Vicar Apostolic of New
France and Bishop of Petr^e, arrives at
Quebec.
1663. January 26th, " The great earthquake" in
Canada, when " doors opened and shut of
themselves" and "beUs rang without being
touched. ' ' Shocks of varying intensity were
felt over a period of seven months.
1663, Laval founds Le Petit Seminaire de Que
bec. Five years later Le Grand Seminaire
is founded for the teaching of theology.
In this year also the charter granted in
1627 to the Cent Associ6s (now reduced to

224 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
forty-five members) is withdra-wn, and Que
bec is declared by Louis XIV the capital of
the royal pro-vince of New France.
1665. Four companies of the regiment of Car-
ignan-Sali^res arrive at Quebec, These men
are the first regular troops in New France,
On June 30, Marquis de Tracy, Lieutenant-
General of all theKing's possessions in North
America, is received at Quebec with great
pomp and rejoicing. With him comes an
other detachment of the Carignan Regiment.
A third detachment arrives in the autumn,
with CourceUes the new Governor.
In 1665 also, Jean Talon, the great In
tendant, inaugurates a period of settlement
and progress. About thirty men of rank
and fortime and over six hundred other
settlers arrive from France, In 1670 there
are more than 700 births in the colony,
1672. Frontenac enters upon his first governor
ship of Canada.
1674. October 1st, Laval made first bishop of
Quebec. Joliet and Father Marquette cross Lake
Michigan and saU do-wn the Mississippi as
far as the Arkansas.
1682. End of Frontenac's first administration.
His successor. La Barre, proves quite un
equal to the task of dealing with the Iroquois.
La SaUe foUows the Mississippi to its
mouth.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 225
1688. Laval resigns his bishopric and is succeed
ed by St. Valier.
1689. Raids by thelroquois and massacre of La-
chine, July 26, Frontenac returns to Que
bec to begin his second administration,
1690. October 9, Sir Wm, Phips and his fleet
from New England appear before Quebec.
Frontenac replies "from the mouth of his
cannon" to Phips' summons to surrender,
Phips retires with loss,
1693. Frontenac encircles Quebec for the first
time with a waU or palisade.
1698. November 28. Death of Frontenac at the
age of seventy-eight.
1711. British fleet against Quebec under Sir
Hovenden Walker, -wrecked off Egg Island
duruig the storm of August 22.
The church of Notre Dame de la Victoire,
so caUed after the victory of 1699, is now
called Notre Dame des Victoires.
1712. February 29. Birthday of Louis-Joseph
de Montcalm-Gozon, lord of Saint-V6ran,
Candiac, Tornemire, Saint-Julien d'Arpam,
baron de Gabriac. In 1438 Jean de Mont
calm wedded Jeanne de Gozon, grand-daugh
ter of the famous knight Deodat de Gozon,
Grand Master of the illustrious order of
Saint John of Jerusalem. The famUy as
sumed the name of Gozon in 1582.
1721, A regular postal service at fixed rates is
proposed between Quebec and Montreal,

226 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
M. LanouiUer is granted by Intendant B6gon
a monopoly of the posts for twenty years.
The scheme, however, is not carried out.
1727, January 2. Birthday of James Wolfe, son
of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Wolfe, brig
ade Major of the army in the Low Coun
tries commanded by Marlborough.
1729-1739, A decade in New France of calamities
from floods, earthquakes and smaUpox,
Population of New France in 1739 is 42,700.
1743, The V6rendrye brothers travel westward
to the Rocky Mountains.
1756. The beginning of the Seven Years' War.
1758. Final capture of Louisbourg by the British,
1759. June 26. The British fleet under Admiral
Saunders, bearing General Wolfe with 9,000
men, anchors before Quebec.
— June 27. Landing of British troops on the
Island of Orleans.
— Jime 28. The fiasco of the fireships. Seven
vessels prepared by VaudreuU at a cost of a
miUion li-vxes are set adrift by the French
and are leisurely towed ashore by British
saUors.
— June 29. Point Levis occupied by Briga
dier General Monckton.
— July 9. Batteries at Levis open fire upon
the to-wn.
—July 16. The Upper To-wn is set on fire by
a sheU from the British batteries. Nine
houses are destroyed.

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY, 227
— July 26. "Another chain of fire rafts"
intended to go down the south channel
"ended as the former, aU in show without
doing any damage." It was towed ashore
upon the Isle of Orleans,
— JiUy 31, A British attack at Montmor
ency ends in disaster. It is foUed by
the tide, a hea-vy shower of rain and an
overwhelming fixe from the French en
trenchments.
— ^Aug. 9, The Lower To-wn set on fire in
two places. "By eight o'clock it was burnt
to ashes, aU but four or five houses."
— Sept. 3, The British evacuate their posi
tions at the Montmorency,
— Sept. 7. A detachment of the British fleet
moves up the river to Cap Rouge.
— Sept. 12. Bougain-viUe with 1,200 men is
decoyed above St. Augustin, whUe the troops
under Wolfe drop do-wn the river in smaU
boats,
— Sept. 13. Landing of Wolfe some hours
before daybreak at the Foulon (Wolfe's
Cove), Battle of the Plains and death of
Wolfe,
— Sept. 14. Death of Montcalm at four
o'clock in the morning. Shortly before his
death he wrote to Townshend: "Oblig^ de
c6der Quebec h vos armes, j'ay I'honneur
de demander k votre ExceUence ses bontes
pour nos malades et blesses, , . Je vous prie

228 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
d'etre persuade de la haute estime et de la
respectueuse consideration avec laqueUe j'ay
I'honneur d'etre. Monsieur, votre tr^s humble
et tr&s obeissant ser-viteur, Montcalm."
— Sept. 18. Capitulation of Quebec to Ad
miral Saunders and General To-wnshend.
At four o'clock in the afternoon the British
flag was hoisted on the citadel.
— Oct, 8. General Murray issues his first
proclamation as Governor,
1760. AprU 17. Le-vis begins his march from
Montreal to Quebec,
—AprU 28. Second "Battle of the Plams " on
the Ste. Foy road, in which the French
under Levis are -victorious. The British
retreat within the waUs.
— ^May 1 . Levis has his batteries planted against
the city. Ultimate -victory is to be decided
by the first arrival of reinforcements.
— ^May 9. The Lowestoff frigate rounds the
headland of Point Le-vis. In response to
the signal from the citadel the British fiag
is run up to the mizzen peak.
— ^May 15, Two other British frigates arrive
at Quebec,
— May 16. Two French frigates and several
other vessels above the town are destroyed
or forced ashore,
— ^May 17, Le-vis raises the siege and re
tires to Jacques Cartier on his way to
Montreal,

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 229
— Sept. 2. VaudreuU offers to surrender
Montreal, but Murray refuses to negotiate
before the arrival of Amherst.
— Sept. 8, Surrender of Montreal to General
Amherst,
1763. Feb. 10. Canada formaUy ceded to
Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris. Gen
eral Murray is left as MUitary Governor at
Quebec.
1764. June 21. The Quebec Gazette, the first
newspaper in "Canada," is printed with the
first printing press in Quebec, for one hun
dred and fifty subscribers.
— Sept. 17. An ordinance is passed by the
Governor in CouncU directing judgment
to be given in Court of Common-Pleas
' agreeable to equity, ha-ving regard never
theless to the Laws of England, as far as
the circumstances and present Situation
of Things will admit, untU such Time as
proper Ordinances . . , can be established , . ,
agreeable to the Laws of England'.
1766, General Murray returns to England on
leave, and is replaced by Sir Guy Carleton
as Lieutenant General,
1768, Sir Guy Carleton becomes Governor in
succession to Murray,
1774. The Quebec Act passes the Imperial
Parliament. Quebec retains French civU
laws and customs and the free exercise of
the Roman Catholic religion 'as far aa

230 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
the Laws of Great Britain permit', English
law is administered in criminal cases and a
legislative councU is appointed by the
Crown,
1775. Revolt of the American colonies.
— November 9. Arnold arrives at Point Levis
after his famous march from the Kennebec
with colonial force destined for the captm'e
of Quebec,
— ^November 19. Carleton arrives from Mont
real.
— December 1. Montgomery and Arnold
unite their forces at Pointe-aux-Trembles.
— December 8. Narrow escape of Mont
gomery from the bursting of a sheU. His
horse was kUled and the cariole from which
he had just alighted was shattered into
splinters,
— December 31. Defeat of Arnold by the
French and English at Sault-au-Matelot
Barricade, Montgomery at the Pres-de-
ViUe Barricade is defeated and killed.
1776, AprU 20. iViger frigate with the 47th Regi
ment saUs from Halifax for Quebec.
— May 6. The Isis, of 50 guns, the Surprise
and Triton frigates and|the Martin sloop-
of-war, bearing the 29th Regiment, anchor
before Quebec. The Americans abandon
their guns and flee.
1783. The second Treaty of Paris and Inde
pendence of the American States, About

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 231
40,000 United Empire Loyalists migrate to
Canada. In 1783 the first British works, a
temporary citadel beyond the waUs towards
the Plains, were buUt at Quebec.
1784. His Majesty King WiUiam IV., then a
naval officer in H.M.S, Pegasus, is the first
member of the Royal FamUy to visit Quebec.
A sham battle is held in his honour on the
Plains of Abraham.
1791. The Constitutional Act passes the Brit
ish Parliament. Canada is divided into
an Upper and a Lower Province, with a
Legislative Assembly (by popular election)
and a Legislative CouncU (by royal appoint
ment) in either province. The Assembly
in Quebec in 1792, under Lord Dorchester
(Sir Guy Carleton), was the first parliament
in the Empire to sit outside Great Britain
and Ireland, under the direct authority of
a Governor General.
The debate on the Constitutional Act
was the occasion of the famous rupture
between Burke and Fox,
1791-4. H.R.H. the Duke of Kent, grandfather
of King Edward VII., spends three years
in Quebec (at Kent House) in command of
the 7th Royal FusUiers.
1793. Foundation of the Anglican see of Quebec,
1799. Monseigneur Plessis, Vicar - General,
preaches a sermon in the BasUica (on the
site of Champlain's old parish church, Notre

232 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Dame de la Recou-vrance) to celebrate
Nelson's victory at the NUe. The Bishop's
Mandement ordains a general thanksgiving
for the blessings of British rule.
1804. The Anglican Cathedral is completed
under the encouragement of H.M. King
George III. Many of the vestments and
pieces of plate are royal gifts. Dr. Ran
dall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury,
preached the centenary sermon in 1904.
1809. "The steamboat Accommodation has
arrived -with ten passengers. , . , No wuid
or tide can stop her. The price of the pas
sage is nine dollars up, and eight do-wn. The
wheels are put and kept in motion by steam
operating within the vessel." — Quebec Mer
cury, November 3.
The Accommodation was the second steam
boat buUt on this continent. Fulton's boat
sailed the Hudson in 1807,
1812. War with United States. Many of the
French and English who fought at Queens-
ton Heights (October 13th) and Chateau-
guay (October 26, 1813) were quartered at
times duruig the war at Quebec. The street
buUt on the slope which separated the
English and French lines on the morning
of September 13, 1759, is caUed after
de Salaberry. General Brock lived for a
time in the third house from the top of
Fabrique Street,

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 233
Population of Lower Canada m 1814 is
335,000.
1824. The Literary and Historical Society of
Quebec, the senior leamed society in Can
ada, is founded by a Royal Charter
granted by King WUliam IV, The King
hunself had visited Quebec thirty-seven
years before.
1832. The construction of the present citadel
and walls, begun in 1823, from plans
made by Durnford and Mann, is completed at
a cost of $35,000,000. In this work was
used one of the earliest railways in Canada.
There was a double track from the wharves
to Cape Diamond. A stationary engine,
near what is now the AUan line wharf, drew
up one car loaded whUe the other came
down empty.
1833. The Royal William, of which Mr. Samuel
Cimard was one of the owners, was buUt
and saUed from Quebec. She was the first
ship to cross the Atlantic altogether under
steam, and the first steamship to fire a shot
in action. May 5th, 1836.
1837-8, . Canadian rebeUion under Papineau,
NeUson and WiUiam Lyon MacKenzie,
1838. February 10. — ^The suspension of the
Constitution.
— ^May 29.-November 3. Lord Durham's
administration as Governor-General and
High Commissioner.
16

234 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
1839. Durham makes his famous report. The
phrase "responsible government" is used
for the first time in an ofliicial docu
ment.
1841. The Union Act, passed in the British
Parliament in 1840, goes into effect Febru
ary 10th. Upper and Lower Canada are
united, and the government is made " re
sponsible" to a Pro-vincial Legislature in
which the two provinces are equaUy repre
sented. The first joint parliament meets at
Kingston, June 13th,
1852. Foundation of Laval, the first French-
Canadian University, caUed after the first
- Bishop of New France. In 1852 the seat
of government is moved to Quebec.
Populationof Lower Canada is about890,000.
The first raU is laid in the Grand Trunk
Railway.
1854. Commutation of the system of Seignior
ial Tenure in Canada, There were at this
time about 160 seigneurs and more than
70,000 rent-payers,
1855. Seat of government transferred from
Quebec to Toronto.
1857. June 26. The Montreal, a river steam
boat plying between Quebec and Montreal,
is destroyed by fire near Cap Rouge, with
a loss of 250 lives,
1858, Ottawa is selected as the capital of the
two Canadas,

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 235
1859, Seat of government transferred from
Toronto to Quebec,
1860. August 18. Prince of Wales (now King
Edward) lands at Quebec from H,M,S, Hero.
H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh visits Que
bec in the foUowing year.
1861. The Great Eastern steamship -visits Quebec.
1864, The Charlottetown Convention is ad
journed to Quebec, at the in-vitation of the
Canadian Government. October 16-28,
the "Fathers of Confederation" draw up
their first scheme for the union of British
North American Pro-vinces,
1866, The Reciprocity Treaty, signed June 5,
1854, is repealed,
1867. July 1, The birth of the Dominion of
Canada. Under that name the Provinces of
Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), Nova
Scotia and New Bnmswick are united by
the British North America Act. Viscount
Monck, Governor General of Canada, be
comes the first Governor General of the
Dominion.
1870. Quebec, under H.R.H. Duke of Con-
naught, is under arms to repel the Fenian
raids,
1871. The Royal Canadian ArtUlery, the first
regular troops under the Canadian Govern
ment, has its first parade at Quebec.
1876. Opening of the Intercolonial raUway
from Quebec to Halifax.

236 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
1872-8, Many improvements at Quebec pro
moted by the Earl of Dufferin, The
Terrace was extended to Cape Diamond
Redoubt, gi-ving it a total length of
1,400 feet,
1875, The 100th anniversary of the victory
over Arnold's troops in 1775 is celebrated
in Quebec by the Literary and Historical
Society and the Institut Oanadien.
1883, First visit to Quebec of the present
Prince of Wales, then Prince George of
Wales.
1884, 300 Canadian voyageurs for the NUe
expedition rendezvous at Quebec,
1889. The Ursulines and Hospitalih-es celebrate
the 250th anniversary of the foundation of
the Ursuline Convent by Madame de la
Peltrie, and of the Hotel Dieu by the
Duchesse d'AiguiUon.
1897. Celebration of the Queen's Diamond
JubUee in Quebec. Lord Aberdeen un-
veUs the statue of the Queen in Victoria
Park.
1898. Monument to Champlain on the terrace
unveUed by Lord Aberdeen,
1899. The first Canadian contingent for
service in South Africa embarks at
Quebec,
1901. Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and
Duchess of Cornwall and York reach Que
bec in their tour of the Empire,

QUEBEC CHRONOLOGY. 237
1902. Fiftieth anniversary of the founding of
Laval University by Royal Charter signed
at WestmiQster on December 8th, 1852.
1908. UnveUing of monument to Mgr. Laval,
first bishop of Quebec,
1908. Tercentenary of the founding of Quebec
by Champlain.

APPENDIX I.
MONUMENTS OF QUEBEC.
Wolfe's Monument,
When Wolfe feU mortally wounded on the
13th of September, 1759, he was carried to the
rear of his line and died before the close of the
battle. In 1772 the British officers had an
obelisk erected in his honour in the City of New
York; but for seventy-three years no monument
in Quebec marked the scene either of the victory
or of the General's death. In 1832 Lord Aylmer
erected at his own expense a simple monument
a short distance to the north-west of Quebec
gaol, to commemorate the spot where Wolfe
expired. Through the generosity of the British
ofiicers in the Garrison of Quebec this was re
placed in 1849 by a simple monument, which
is stUl in existence. It is a plain round column
surmounted by a sword and helmet. On one

240 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
side of the pedestal appear in relief these words
on a plate attached to the base of the column :
HERE DIED
WOLFE
VICTORIOUS SEPT. 13
1759
On the other side: THIS PILLAR
WAS ERECTED BY THE
BRITISH ARMY
IN CANADA 1849
HIS EXCELLENCY
LIEUTENANT GENERAL
SIR BENJAMIN d'uRBAJST,
G,C.B., K.C.H., K;.C.T.S., ETC.,
COMMANDER OF THE FORCES
TO REPLACE THAT ERECTED BY
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LORD AYLMER, G.C.B.
IN 1832
which was broken and defaced
and is deposited beneath.
The Wolfe-Montcalm Monument.
This monument was erected under the ad
ministration of Lord Dalhousie. It is situated

Alx Braves
Pkre Massii

Wolfe Jacqles Cartier
Champlain Short-Wallick
Wolfe-Montcalm

APPENDIX I. 241
at the entrance to the Governor's Garden, facmg
the river. The first meeting of citizens was
held on the 1st November, 1827, under the
presidency of the Governor, On the 15th of the
same month. Lord Dalhousie laid the corner
stone bearing this inscription: HUJUSCE
MONUMENTI IN MEMORIAM
VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM
WOLFE ET MONTCALM
FUNDAMENTUM P. C.
GEORGIUS COMES DE DALHOUSIE
IN SEPTENTRIONALIS AMERICAE PARTIBUS
AD BRITANNOS PERTINENTIBUS
SUMMAM RERUM ADMINISTRANS ;
OPUS PER MULTOS ANNOS PRAETERMISSUM
(quid DUCI EGREGIO convenientius)
auctoritate promovens, exemplo stimulans
munificentia FOVENS
DIE NOVEMBRIS xva
A.D. MDCCCXXVn
6EOEGIO rv BRITANNIAEUM eege.

242 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
The ceremony concluded with the firing of a
salute from the Citadel and the singing of the
national anthem " God save the King. "
A committee appointed for the erection of the
monument, opened a competition and offered a
medal for the best inscription. It was won by
J. Charlton Fisher, LL.D., and is as foUows:
MORTEM VIRTUS COMMUNEM
FAMAM HISTORIA
MONUMENTUM POSTERITAS
DEDIT
(Translation)
valour gave them a common death
history a common fame
and posterity a common monument,
The Ste, Foy Monument.
This monument was made after a design by tie
Chevalier Charles BaUlarge of Quebec, It col-
sists of a column of fluted bronze mounted upon
a pedestal, the four corners of which support four
mortars also of bronze. The front of the pedestal
facing Ste. Foy Road bears the foUowing inscrip
tion: "Aux braves de 1760 — ^Erige par la
Societe St. Jean Baptiste de Quebec, 1860, " On
the side towards the city, the name of Murray
stands out in relief above the arms of Great
Britain; on the side of Ste, Foy, the name of

APPENDIX I. 243
Lfvis is placed above the emblems of OldFrance.
In the rear a bas-relief represents the famous
wind-mUl of Dumont, which was held in turn by
the English and the French, and finaUy carried
by the Grenadiers de la Reine under M. d'Aigue-
belles, after a furious battle with the Scottish
Highlanders, commanded by Colonel Eraser.
The monument itself is sixty-five feet in
height and is surmounted by a statue of BeUona,
ten feet high, the gift of Prince Jer6me NapoMon,
cousin of Napoleon III,
In 1854 the human bones found on the site of
Dumont's mUl were transported with much
pomp to the Quebec Cathedral, After Arch
bishop Turgeon, in a solemn ceremony, had
pronoimced the words of hope and faith in the
resurrection, the remains of the rival warriors
were buried on the Ste. Foy Road, It is upon
this spot that the monument now stands.
General Rowan, the administrator and acting
governor of Canada, laid the corner stone on the
18th of July, 1855, in the presence of M. de
Belv^ze, commander of the corvette " La Capri-
cieuse," the first French man-of-war that had
sailed up the St. La-wrence since 1759,
Jacques Cartier Monument,
This monument to the Discoverer of Canada
and to the Jesuit Fathers de Brebeuf, Masse and
Lalemant was unveUed on the 24th of June, 1889.

244 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
On the face of the monument is the foUowing
inscription : JACQUES CARTIER
ET SES HARDIS COMPAGNONS
LES MARINS
DE LA GRANDE HERMINE
DE LA PETITE HERMINE ET DE l'SM^IRILLON
PASSilRENT ICI l'hIVER
DE 1535-36.
Translation — JACQUES CARTIER
AND HIS BRAVE COMRADES
THE MARINES
OF LA GRANDE HERMINE
OF LA PETITE HERMINE AND l'eM^RILLON
PASSED HERE THE -WINTER
OF 1535-36.
On the side facing the city, it is recorded that
on the 3rd of May, 1536, Jacques Cartier erected
at the spot where he had spent the winter a cross
35 feet high, bearing a shield with fleurs-de-lys,
and the inscription: FRANCISCUS PRIMUS
DEI GRACIA FRANCORUM
REX REGNAT,

APPENDIX I. 245
On the east side of the monument appear the
names of Fathers Jean de Brebeuf, Ennemond
Masse and Charles Lalemant, who, on the 23rd
of September, 1625, solemnly took possession of
the ground kno-wn as Fort Jacques Cartier at the
confluence of the rivers St. Charles and Lairet to
erect thereon the first residence of the Jesuit
missionaries in Quebec.
On the side facing the river Lairet, above the
cypher of the Society of Jesus, in the centre of a
large palm, are inscribed the names of the princi
pal martyrs of the Society of Jesus in Canada:
Brebeuf, Lalemant, Jogues, Gamier, Buteux,
Masse, Daniel and de None.
Champlain Monument,
This monument was designed by the sculptor
M. Che-vre and the architect M. LeCardonnel, of
Paris. The contract was signed on the 23rd of
May, 1896.
Work on the foundation was begun about the
15th of June, 1898. All the materials were
brought from France, The monument was
unveUed by Lord Aberdeen on the 1st of August,
1898. The steps are of granite from the Vosges,
and the pedestal of stone from the Chateau
Landon. On the summit stands Champlain, hat
in hand, salutmg the soU of Canada, The statue
is 14 feet 9 inches high and weighs 6,927 pounds.
On the pedestal is a superb bas-relief in bronze.
A woman representing the city records on a

246 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
tablet the works of the founder; on her right, the
genius of navigation, in the form of a chUd,
recalls the fact that Champlain was a saUor be
fore he was a govemor; above this group, Fame,
with outspread wings and a trumpet, proclaims
the glory of the great Frenchman and beckons
the youth of Quebec to emulate the founder of
their city.
In the distance may be seen the outline of the
cathedral of Quebec, surmounted by a cross.
Several cartouches with the arms of Canada, of
Quebec,and of Brouage, Champlain's native city,
complete the monument.
The inscription is as follows:
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
Nii A. BROUAGE EN SAINTONGE, VERS 1567;
SERVIT X L'aRMEE sous HENEI IV
EN QUALITE DE MAEilCHAL DES LOCIS ;
EXPLORA LES INDES OCCIDENTALES DE
1599 A 1601,
l'acadie de 1604 A 1607;
FONDA QUilBEC EN 1608;
DilCOUVRIT LE PAYS DES GRANDS LACS;
COMMANDA PLUSIEURS EXP^JDITIONS
CONTRE LES IROQUOIS
DE 1609 A 1615;
FUT SUCCESSIVEMENT LIEUTENANT-GOUVEENEUR
ET GOUVEENEUR DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE,
BT MOUEUT A QUEBEC, LE 25 DfiCEMBRE. 1635.

APPENDIX I. 247
The Monument to Fathee Mass^.
This monument is erected at SUlery on the site
of the chapel, buUt by the Commandeur de SiUery,
in memory of Father Ennemond Masse, the first
Jesuit missionary of the St. Joseph Mission. It
was inaugurated on the 26th of June, 1870.
The monument occupies a very pretty site. It
consists of a column in the shape of an obelisk of
cut stone, twenty feet high, and surmounted by
a white marble cross. The column stands on a
white brick vault containing the remains of
Father Masse, Inside the palisade, stone posts
with chains indicate the outline of the main nave
and sanctuary of St, Michael's church.
The inscription reads :
the inhabitants of SILLEEY
have eeected this monument to the memoey
of pieeee ennemond mass6, 8. j.
FIEST MISSIONARY IN CANADA
BURIED IN 1646
IN THE CHURCH OF ST. MICHEL
ON THE DOMAIN OF SAINT JOSEPH OF SILLERY.

THE CHURCH OF SAINT MICHEL
¦WHICH FORMERLY STOOD ON THIS SPOT
WAS BUILT BY
THE COMMANDER OF SILLERY
FOUNDER IN 1637, OF THE SAINT JOSEPH DOMAIN.

248 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
The Shoet-Wallick Monument,
On the 16th of May, 1889, St, Sauveur sub
urbs were devastated by fire which threatened
to destroy the whole ward. Several hundred
houses, mostly of wood, had already been burnt
when the soldiers decided to blow up some inter
vening buUdings, Barrels of gunpowder were
prepared for the purpose, and Major Short of the
Royal Canadian ArtiUery, with a sergeant of the
same corps, approached the buUding when an
explosion occurred and the bodies of both were
blown into space. Moved by their tragic death,
the citizens of Quebec contributed to the erection
of a monument to their memory.
The Monument to Queen Victoeia.
This exceUent bronze, which surmounts a
stone pedestal designed by Mr. Tache, I.S.O,, is
placed towards the centre of Victoria Park, on
the banks of the River St, Charles.
The statue, the work of MarshaU Wood,
was offered to the Government for the sum of
$20,000. For some years, however, it lay in
Dufferin Avenue, but finaUy the Hon. Mr, Parent
purchased it for the sum of $1,700, and placed it
in its present position. The monument was
unveUed by Lord Aberdeen in the year 1897,

APPENDIX II,
HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS.
General Hospital.
On the 13th of September, 1692, Mgr. de
Saint Valier bought the convent of the RecoUets
on the Bank of the River St. Charles and pre
sented it to some nuns of the H6tel Dieu for a
General Hospital. By the terms of the contract
the RecoUets conveyed to the bishop one hun
dred and six arpents of land, with their church
and convent of Notre Dame des Anges.
On the 30th of October of the same year,
those who had hitherto been cared for in the
House of Pro-vidence in the Upper Town, were
transferred to this buUding. The Hospital was
enlarged ui 1710, 1736, 1740 and 1859, and was
set aside as the refuge of the homeless and
friendless poor.
Historically the General Hospital is one of
the most interesting convents in Quebec, When
ever it became necessary to succor the unfortu
nate, of whatever nationality, either in times of

250 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
epidemic or in time of war, the Hospital opened
its doors to aU in need of medical care. After
the siege of Quebec, in 1759, the wounded of the
English army were received with the same charity
as the French, The wounded soldiers of Arnold
and Montgomery were also as carefuUy attended
as if they had been in a Boston hospital.
The sacristy of the chapel contains an Ecce
Homo which is admitted by connoisseurs to be a
masterpiece. Unfortunately the name of the
painter is not known. The greater portion of
the treasures of the church date from the time of
Mgr, de Saint Valier and consist of a chalice,
altar-cruets, censer and candle-sticks of sUver
to the value of 3,000 francs, gifts of Madame de
Maintenon to Mgr, de Saint Valier,
L'H6tel Dieu du Pr:6cieux Sang,
The H6tel Dieu is the oldest monastry in Can
ada. Its foundation dates from the year 1637.
Two years later, MSre Marie Guenet de Saint
Ignace, and two other hospitaliSres, who had
been sent by the Duchesse d'AiguiUon, niece of
Cardinal Richelieu, arrived in Quebec. In the
early days of the country's history, the nuns had
to lodge temporarUy at SUlery, and afterwards
in a house in Quebec, The corner stone of the
present convent was laid in 1654, The buUding,
which contained a chapel and a hospital, was
finished in 1658; it was consecrated by M, de
Queylus, on the 10th of August, Another buUding

APPENDIX II, 251
was added to it in 1672. In 1696 considerable
additions were made to the main buUding. Two
centuries later a large wing was buUt in modern
style, intended chiefly for private patients.
The HospitaliSres nuns take care of the sick
of aU classes. Connected with the buUding is a
splendid operating room fitted with every mod
ern appliance. The medical service is performed
by a certain number of professors of Laval Uni
versity. The convent chapel contains several mural
tablets, and masterpieces by such artists as
Lesueur, the French Raphael, Coypel and SteUa.
In the H6tel Dieu are carefully preserved
several souvenirs of a bygone age, some relics
of the first Canadian martjTS, and a number of
rare pictures. Among these are The Crucifixion,
by Van Dyke; Christmas Night, by SteUa; Pre
sentation of Mary in the Temple, by Lebrun;
Visitation, by Rubens, on copper, given by the
Duchesse d'AiguUlon; St. Francis of Assisi, by
a Zurbaran; the Martyrs of the Society of Jesus
in Oanada; a fine tapestry in two pieces one of
which is the Adoration of the Shepherds, and the
other the Adoration of the Magi, given by Mr,
Dannemarche; portraits of Louis XIV, the In
tendant Talon, Louis XV, Marie Leckzinska;
Fathers Ragueneau and Charlevoix, Mother Be
nigne Ther^se de Jesus,aCarmalite,daughter of M,
de DenonvUIe, Governor of New France; Mother
St, Augustin; Mother St. Ignace, annalist of the

252 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
H6tel Dieu, and the first Canadian Superioress of
the institution.
The Archives of the H6tel Dieu contain a num
ber of old plans and manuscripts; among these
are letters from St. Francis de Sales, St. Vincent
de Paul, Talon, Montcalm, Mgr. de Pontbriand;
VaudreuU, Bigot, Maisonneuve, Madame D'AiUe-
boust, Father F. X. Duplessis; the registers re
garding aU the patients admitted to the H6tel
Dieu smce 1689, with the place of their birth;
the registers of the patients who died in the Hos
pital and were buried in the Cemetery of the
Poor from 1723 to 1867; and the manuscript
annals of the iostitution.
H6tel-Dieu du Sacre Cceur.
TheH6telDieu is an off-shootof theGeneralHos-
pital. Its establishment, in the year 1873, was
due to the efforts of the Archbishop of Quebec and
the Chevalier Falardeau, its temporal founder.
The institution, which is whoUy charitable in
character, is devoted to the care of foundlings
and of the aged and infirm.
The Jeffrey Hale Hospital.
This hospital was founded in 1865 through the
liberality of Mr, Jeffery Hale, who gave a portion
of the money required to provide ground and a
hospital for the Protestant sick. In December
of that year a property was bought, situated on
the edge of the cliff overlooking St, Roch sub-

APPENDIX II. 253
urbs, at the corner of Richelieu and Glacis streets.
The hospital was opened m 1867. In 1900 a
piece of ground was purchased between Claire
Fontaine and de Salaberry streets, on which the
present buUdmg was erected.
Asylum of The Good Shepherd.
There are several institutions under the com
munity of the Good Shepherd — the buUding on
St. Amable street, the St. Louis Academy, the
St, Charles Asylum and the Lying-in Hospital.
The first buUding was opened in 1850, and
additions have been made at frequent intervals.
The As-ylum of The Sisters of Charity.
The Asylum of the Sisters of Charity was found
ed in 1848, by Mgr. C. F. Turgeon, Archbishop
of Quebec, by means of coUections and subscrip
tions throughout the diocese. Poor as it has
always been, the community of the Sisters of
Charity, or Grey Nuns, has succeeded, by the
exercise of perseverance, in carrying out and
developing its work. They have charge of the
Asylum of St. Michael the Archangel at la Canar-
diSre, on the Beauport road, the St. Antoine
Asylum of St. Roch, and St. Bridget's Asylum
on Grande AUee.
The archives of the convent, since its founda
tion, are contained in two enormous volumes.
There are in addition ten volumes of annals, on
the History of the Institution.

254 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
St. Antoine Asylum.
On the 28th of October, 1897, the handsome
buUding on St. Francis street owned by the
Cercle Catholique of Quebec was handed over
by them to the archiepiscopal corporation.
On the 25th of March, 1898, the property was
transferred to the pastor of St, Roch. The object
of this institution is to care for the aged of the
parish. Eleven sisters of the Grey Nuns are in
charge. St, Bridget's Asylum Association,
This Association, which perpetuates the name
of the famous Abbess of Kildare, may be con
sidered to date from the spring of 1856, when a
few of the non-commissioned officers of the regi
ments of the line stationed in the garrison, col
lected the sum of seventeen pounds, which they
transferred to the ReverendFatherNeUigan, V,G.,
for the relief of the poor. This modest sum
formed the nucleus of a fund for the establish
ment of a home for destitute chUdren and or
phans. In 1858 a property on the St. Louis
Road was purchased, upon which the present
buUding now stands.
The Legislative Buildings,
The grounds on which the Parliament BuUd
ings are erected, formed a part of the old Fief
St, Frangois, which was conceded to Jean Bour
don by the Company of New France on the 16th
of March, 1646.

APPENDIX II. 255
The area of the ground occupied by the Legis
lative and Departmental buildings is 251,763
square feet, and that of Fountain Avenue,
18,000 square feet, makiog a total of 269,763
square feet. The total cost of the buUdmg was
$1,669,249. The structure is of quadrangular form with
an inner courtyard. The face of each buUding
is 300 feet in length. The tower of the campanUe
is 153 feet in height, and the crest surmounted by
an iron cro-wn is 19 feet higher, making the total
height from the ground to the summit, 172 feet.
The buUding facing Dufferin Avenue is occupied
by the Legislative CouncU and by the Legisla
tive Assembly. The other three sides of the
buUding are occupied by the Public Depart
ments. The niches in the masonry of the front of the
campanUe are to contain statues of Jacques
Cartier, the discoverer of Canada; Champlain,
the founder of Quebec; Maisonneuve, the found
er of Montreal; Laviolette, the founder of Three
Rivers; Pierre Boucher, Govemor of Three Riv
ers; Father Brebeuf, Jesuit; Father Viel, Re-
coUet; Mgr. de Montmorency-Laval; M. Olier,
founder of the Society of St. Sulpitius. The
niches already fiUed contain the statues of Wolfe,
Montcalm, Frontenac, Le-vis, Lord Elgin, and
de Salaberry, the hero of Chateauguay.
On the piers of each story, trophies, surround
ed by oak leaves, cartouches, panoplies and

256 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
floating draperies, bear, carved in relief, the
arms of the Governors and Royal Lieutenants:
Montmagny, d'AUleboust, d'Argenson, Tracy,
CaUi^res, VaudreuU, Murray, Dorchester, Pre
vost, Bagot; of the discoverers: Marquette,
JoUiet, La Verendrye, La Salle; of the intendant
Talon; of the warriors: Daulac, Beaujeu, Hertel,
d'IberviUe. The pediment of the fore-front dedica
ted to Champlain is surmounted by a fine
group in bronze, by P, Herbert, Another
group in bronze by the same artist, cro-wns
the pediment of the fore-front dedicated to
Maisonneuve. In front of the main entrance, at the foot of
the campanUe, is a monumental fountain dedi
cated to the aboriginal races of Canada. The
portico, of the Tuscan order, is surmounted by a
bronze group representing an Indian famUy.
Below, at the back of the sheet of water
formed by an eUiptical basin 45 feet long
and 28 feet wide, another bronze represent
ing an Indian spearing a fish in a cascade,
completes the ornamentation of this graceful
outwork. The H6tel De Ville.
The present City HaU stands on the grounds of
the old Jesuit CoUege, The coUege was after
wards occupied by the troops, and kno-wn as the
Jesuit Barracks, In November, 1889, a portion
of the ground was purchased for civic buildings.

APPENDIX II. 257
the old City HaU being then on St. Louis Street.
The buUding was opened in 1896, at a total
cost of about $150,000. The Prison.
The oldest prison of Quebec stood on the
grounds belonging to the famUy of Becancour,
near Fort St. Louis, on the corner of St. Louis
Street and Rue des Carrieres, nearly opposite the
main entrance to the courtyard of the Chateau
Frontenac. During the closing years of the French regime
the public prison was situated in the rear of the
Palace of the Intendant, near the river St.
Charles, at the place commonly called " the fuel-
yard. "
In 1784 vacant rooms in the RecoUet convent
served as a temporary prison. When the convent
was burnt, the prisoners were kept in buUdings
adjoining the ArtUlery Barracks, near Palace
HUl.
In 1810 the buUding of a prison was begun on
a piece of ground between St, Stanislas, Dauphin
and Ste. AngMe Streets; this prison was inaugur
ated in 1814 and was used untU 1867. It now
comprises a part of Morrin CoUege.
The present gaol was erected in 1867.
The Intendant's Palace.
When Talon fiUed the office of Intendant he
had a brewery buUt at the Palais. It was finished
in 1671, but the industry, a new one in the
16

258 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
country, did not prove as profitable as the
Intendant had expected. The brewery was
therefore remodeUed and used as the Intendant's
Palace. In this buUding sat the Superior Coun
cU. When first established, sittings of the Coun
cU were held in a house caUed the Palais at
the corner of the Place d' Armes and St, Louis
Street, on the spot where the present court house
stands. Talon's brewery was destroyed by fire on the
night of the 5th and 6th January, 1713, On its
ruins was erected the Intendant's Palace, of
which Kahn and Charlevoix speak in terms of
admiration. In this palace justice was ad
ministered in Quebec during the last years of
French rule. It was almost entirely demolished
during the siege of 1759, At the present day
the site is again used for its original purpose : on
the ruins of the old Palace stands another
brewery. The Sbnechal's Court.
The first buUding in which the Senechal's
Court sat was at the foot of Mont Carmel Street,
near the north-east end of the present Governor's
Garden. The court was afterwards transferred
to a buUding erected on the site of the present
court. The ground was given by Louis XIV
to the RecoUets in 1681, for the purpose of
erecting an asylum. The missionaries establish
ed there a branch of their monastery of Notre
Dame des Anges and it was caUed the Convent

APPENDIX II. 259
of the Castle. This convent stood a short
distance from the monastery, on the north-east
portion of the grounds now occupied by the
Anglican Cathedral.
The Court House.
This splendid buUding, on the corner of St.
Louis Street and the Place d' Armes, was opened
for the purposes of the administration of justice
in 1887.
The old Court House was destroyed by fire on
the 1st February, 1873. In the interval the
courts sat in the old mUitary hospital, in the rear
of St. Louis Street. The first Court House had
been buUt, in 1804, on the site occupied by the
dependencies of the old RecoUet convent. Pre
vious to that date, from the cession of the coun
try to Great Britain, the courts were held iu the
Jesuits' CoUege.
Laval Norm-^l School.
Laval Normal School was inaugurated on the
12th of May, 1857, ia the Old Castle, or "Haldi
mand Castle," as it was called.
The seat of Government at that time was not
fixed : sometimes it was in Kingston or Toronto,
at others, in Montreal or Quebec. From 1860 to
1865, the Normal School was required for the use
of the Public Departments. The classes were
then held in the buUding now occupied by the
Jesuits on Dauphine Street. The school returned

260 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
to the Old Castle in 1866 and remained there
untU 1892, when it was transferred to the board
ing house of Laval University. Here it remained
untU 1900. It now occupies a property on the
Ste. Foy road, just outside the city limits.
The Garrison Club.
This buUding was formerly the Engineer's
Office. A story was added and the interior
altered to meet the requirements of a modern
club. In the Engineer's Office were prepared
aU the old plans and maps of Canada which are
now preserved in the new Archives BuUding at
Ottawa.
The Chateau Frontenac.
Many circumstances combine to give the
Chateau Frontenac a peculiar interest. Its
imposing situation appeals with fresh force to
every lover of the beautiful as the seasons come
and go. Withia its precincts stood the Fort of
the Founder of la NouveUe France, and the
residence of a long line of Ulustrious governors
under the old regime and under the new.
For more than two centuries this site has been
closely identified -with the development of Canada,
The present structure serves admirably to mark
the progress which has been made in our midst
during the space of three hundred years. Here
stands a buUding unsurpassed for luxury and
refinement even in those countries which were
already old when the pioneers of New France

APPENDIX II. 261
buUt here their first mde fort to protect them
selves against the attacks of the Iroquois.
The Archbishop's Palace.
The corner-stone of this buUding, which is
situated at the top of Mountain HUl, was laid in
1844. The buUding contains a chapel, a sacristy
and a throne room. In the sacristy there are
vestments of cloth of gold valued at $3,600. In
the throne room there are paintings of aU the
Bishops of Quebec, of Pope Pius VI, Gregory
XVI, Leo XIII, His Eminence Cardinal Tasche-
reau, and Monseigneur Marois. There are also
many treasures received from Rome.
The archives comprise the registers of the
archbishopric from the time of Mgr. de Laval; old
title deeds concerning the abbeys of Meaubec
and Letree, the buUs appointing the Bishops of
Quebec; correspondence with Rome, with the
bishoprics of Canada, with the religious com
munities and parish priests; the correspondence
of the vicars-general of Canada, of the mission
aries scattered throughout the vast diocese of
Quebec previous to its dismemberment; and
several manuscripts in the Micmac, Abenakis,
Algonquin, Montagnais, Esquimaux and Outaou-
ais languages. The Quebec Seminary.
The Quebec Seminary was opened in 1668 in a
house belonging to the widow of GuUlaume
CouUlard at the entrance to the Governor's

262 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Garden. In 1678 was laid the corner-stone of
the wing that faces the garden and the junior
pupUs' playground. It was only one story high,
with attics. After the first fire, in 1701, a second
story was added. When the buUding was re
stored after the conflagration of 1866 by which
nearly one half of this -wing was destroyed, a
third story was added. After 1701 the Seminary
was enlarged, so that about the year 1714 the
total length of the buUding was 350 feet. At
present the minor Seminary proper is nearly 700
feet in length.
The greater Seminary, of recent construction,
is a splendid wing, and affords accommodation for
a hundred theological students, recmited in
many dioceses. There also the priests of the
institutions have their rooms.
A fine staircase of iron and stone, which seems
aU of one piece, leads from the basement to the
top of the buUding, and is much admired. The
buUding is fire-proof, and faces the Garden and
the rampart.
In 1800 the personnel of the Seminary consisted
of scarcely 110 persons; it is now nearly 800.
Laval University.
This institution was founded in 1852 by the
Seminary of Quebec at the request of the Bishops
of the Province. Its charter, granted by Her
Majesty Queen Victoria, was signed at West
minster in December of that year.

APPENDIX II. 263
There are four faculties: Theology, Law,
Medicine and Arts. The university degrees are
those of Doctor, Licentiate or Master, and
Bachelor. By a BuU of Pius IX, dated the 15th of AprU,
1876, Laval University received its canonical
erection from Rome , with extensive privileges.
Under this important document the University
has for its protector at Rome, the Cardinal
Prefect of the Propaganda. Supervision and
discipline, as regard faith and morals, are vested
in a superior councU consisting of the Bishops of
the Pro-vince, with the Archbishop of Quebec
as President. The Archbishop is the Chancellor
of the University.
The museums of Laval University, which are
very valuable and complete especiaUy in the
department of Physics, contain over one thou
sand instmments, including those connected
with the most recent discoveries.
In the picture gallery there are several pro
ductions by great masters, such as Teniers, Van
Dyck, Lanfranc, LeSueur, Salvator Rosa, Joseph
Vemet, Tintoretto, Poussin, Albane, Puget,
Lebmn. The gaUery proper contains 137 pic
tures, but there is in the HaU of the Literary
Course another splendid collection which be
longed to Mgr. Marois, V.G. The university and
seminary also contain many pictures and re
markable engravings, distribiited through the
rooms and corridors.

264 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
The numismatic museum contains over 3,000
coins and medals.
The library has 120,000 volumes; it is open to
visitors on certain days fixed by regiUation,
Seventeen under-seminaries and coUeges are
affUiated to the University; one only is associated;
two senior seminaries are also affiliated to it.
The Quebec Asylum.
The Quebec Asylum was instituted in 1821,
in a house on the Little River Road known as
La Maison Rouge, It was found, however, to
be too far distant from the to-wn, and in 1826
the house was sold. The work of the institution
was taken up later by the Female Orphan and
Finlay Asylums.
The Female Orphan Asylum.
In 1828 the Ladies' Committee of the female
department of the National Schools organized
the Female Orphan Asylum, and established it
in the upper story of the National School buUd
ing in 1829, This institution was incorporated
under the name of "The Church of England
Female Orphan Asylum of the City of Quebec."
On the opening of the Finlay Asylum in 1862,
the inmates at the National School were re
moved to that buUding untU their present
quarters were purchased.
The officers of the Imperial troops then
garrisoning Quebec established the Military

APPENDIX II. 265
Asylum for soldiers' widows and orphans, and
erected that substantial stone buUding on the
south side of Grande AUee near the MarteUo
Tower. The Imperial Garrison, however, was
removed from Quebec in 1871, and in 1873 the
property was purchased by the ladies of the
Female Orphan Asylum, who incorporated with
their own the work of the mUitary orphanage.
The Male Orphan Asylum.
The Quebec Male Orphan Asylum was founded
in 1832, when cholera was epidemic in the city
and provinces. The English Cathedral authori
ties caUed a meeting in July of that year for
"the purpose of taking into consideration the
cases of some forty orphans and also a number
of distressed subjects actuaUy thrown upon the
charge of the Church." A house was rented
for the purpose tUl, in 1834, a stone house was
purchased in Rue de I'Eglise, St. Roch. The
second story was fitted up for divine worship,
and the lower one for the male orphans. In
1842 the buUding was condemned, and the
boys were installed in the National School,
a part of which had been fitted up for
them. The institution was incorporated in
1857, In 1862 the Finlay Asylum was opened
in a commodious building on the Ste. Foy
Road. The eastern wing was leased to the
Male Orphan Asylum, and the chUdren re
moved thither.

266 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
The Finlay Asylum.
After the sale of La Maison Rouge in 1826,
when the old men were pensioned off and scat
tered in lodgings aU over the parish, the Quebec
Asylum became extinct. Some efforts were
made to improve this condition of things, but
nothing of a permanent nature was accom
plished tUl 1854, when a house in Lache-vroti^re
Street was rented, and the parish pensioners of
both sexes gathered thereia. This establish
ment was removed to Sutherland Street and
subsequently the house was purchased with
money bequeathed by Miss Margaret Finlay.
The institution was iacorporated by the rector
and church wardens of the Cathedral in 1857.
The foUowing year several large donations
enabled the corporation to purchase ground on
the north side of Ste. Foy Road just outside the
city limits, and to erect thereon a fine buUding,
the corner-stone of which was laid in 1860.
The Asylum is of Gothic architecture, buUt of
Cap Rouge stone, and is about 110 feet long by
55 feet wide, two stories high with basement and
attic. The system adopted in the Finlay Asylum is
that of smaU wards containing from three to six
persons. The chapel is in the centre of the
building with four rooms opening from it, so
that very infirm persons and those confined to
bed can, without leaving their rooms, join in the
daUy service in the morning.

APPENDIX II. 267
Ladies' Protestant Home of Quebec.
Amongst the many noble works undertaken
by the ladies of Quebec, the Protestant Home is
a monument. This institution has accom
plished much, and is deser-ving of aU the support
necessary for its efficient maintenance. The
act of incorporation was assented to in May,
1859. The buUding is situated on Grande
AUee.

APPENDIX III.
THE CHURCHES OF QUEBEC.
The Basilica of Quebec.
The first parish church of Quebec was that of
Notre Dame de la Recouvrance erected by
Champlain in 1633, With the sudden increase
of the population in 1634 and 1635 it was en
larged by one half, and rededicated. It was
totaUy destroyed by the fire of the Mth of June,
1640, The disaster was complete; even the beU
and chalices were melted by the heat. The
registers of the parish were burnt with aU the
contents of the church. The poverty of the
inhabitants was so great that some years elapsed
before the building of another church could be
designed. It was in October, 1645, that the
resolution was reached to begin at once the new
stmcture upon the ashes of the old. The name
chosen for the new church was, Notre Dame
de la Paix,

270 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Notre Dame de la Paix.
In September, 1644, peace was concluded
with the Iroquois at Three Rivers, and it was
probably with a view of perpetuating the mem
ory of that aUiance that the new dedication
took place. On the 23rd of September Father
LaUemant, superior of the mission, and M, de
Montmagny, the governor, laid the corner-stone;
though it was not tiU Christmas day, 1650, that
the first mass was celebrated, and not tUl 1657
that the new church was finaUy thrown open
for public worship. The buUding was one
hundred feet by thirty-three. In 1664 the
parish church was canonicaUy erected by Mon
seigneur de Laval, and united to the Seminary.
During the first himdred years of its existence
the church underwent numerous improvements
and additions. The piUars of the nave date
from 1647, the towers from 1684 and the re
mainder of the church from 1745.
During the siege of Quebec in 1759, aU the
wooden part of the church, with the exception
of the base of the steeple, was burnt in the fire.
The walls also were considerably damaged by
baUs and sheUs. The cure had to lodge at the
UrsiUines and celebrate parochial ofl&ces in the
Seminary Chapel. The work of restoration,
begun in 1769, was completed in 1771. Since
then the only changes on the outside were made
when the front was altered in 1843, and the
famous tower on the north side, stiU incom-

APPENDIX III, 271
plete, was begun in 1849. Governor Carleton
in 1775 gave a clock with three chimes for the
steeple. In 1823 it was replaced by a wooden
clock. The interior of the basUica is admired by the
stranger, not so much on account of its architec
tural proportions as for its rich paintings, bal
dachin, pulpit, and side-chapels, and the pious
souvenirs connected with it. In the sanctuary
of this cathedral lie the remains of nearly aU the
bishops of Quebec; of the cures and canons of
the French regime; of the representatives of the
Jesuits and the RecoUets, and of seven or eight
hundred laymen and women belongiag to the
first famUies of Quebec,
The Church of St, Roch.
The first stone of this church was laid in
August, 1811, by Vicar-General Descheneaux.
The fire of 1816 destroyed the buUding with the
exception of the sacristy. The work of rebuUd
ing began at once, and in October, 1818, Mon
seigneur Plessis opened this second chapel for
public worship. In 1829, St. Roch suburbs,
hitherto a dependency of the Upper To-wn, was
erected into a separate parish. The church of St,
Roch was again destroyed by fire in May, 1845;
but the convent and the catechism chapel (the
present mortuary chapel) were saved. The latter
however was destroyed twenty-five years later
in the fire of May, 1870, but was rebuUt the same

272 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
year. For some time it was used for funeral
services, but in 1882 was finaUy closed as a place
of divine worship.
The first cure of St. Roch was M. A. MaUloux,
from 1829 to 1831.
In the sanctuary of the church is the heart of
Monseigneur Plessis, which was transferred
from the General Hospital in 1847; and also the
body of Abbe Desfosses, one of the chaplains of
St. Roch.
The Church of St. Jean Baptiste.
The first church of St. Jean Baptiste suburbs
was begun in 1847, Its dimensions were 180
feet by 80. From 1849 to 1886 the church
was a branch of the cathedral and was in
charge of a chaplain. In June, 1881, it
was destroyed by the disastrous fire that
swept away one-half the suburbs, A new
and much larger church, 234 feet by 87, was
completed ia 1884. The present population
of the parish is 12,000 souls.
The interior of this church is very attractive,
but the exterior is especiaUy remarkable for its
elegant proportions and the beauty of its fagade.
The Church of Notre Dame de la Garde.
The decree authorizing the constmction of
this church is dated 9th AprU, 1877. Work
was begun at once. The buUding is of cut stone.
Its dimensions are 100 feet by 50. The style
is Roman.

APPENDIX III, 273
Notre Dame de la Garde was erected into a
parish in 1885, and detached from the cathedral
of which, untU then, it had been a branch.
Church of St, Malo.
The parish of St. Malo was founded in 1898,
the chureh being blessed in Febmary, 1899, by
Archbishop Begin. The dimensions are im
posing, 175 feet by 64, with a transept of 95 feet.
The style is Roman,
The first cure of St, Malo was Abbe Henri
Def oy, now a religious of the order of the Fathers
of the Blessed Sacrament,
Close by the church stands the convent in
charge of the Sisters of Notre Dame. The cor
ner-stone of this attractive building was laid in
1901 ; its dimensions are 80 feet by 45, and four
stories in height. The coUege, near by, buUt in
1899, is now attended by over 400 pupUs.
The parish of St. Malo has a house of Provid
ence, begun in 1902 in the old girls' school, com
prising an infant school for both sexes and a
patronage for the older girls. The latter is under
the direction of the Franciscan Nuns,
Monastery and Church of the Ursulines.
On their arrival at Quebec in August 1639, the
Ursuline nuns lodged in a poor dweUing in the
Lower Town at the place now occupied by Blan-
chard's Hotel facing the church of Notre Dame
des Victoires. It was not untU the sprmg of 1641

274 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
that they were in a position to begin a buUding
in the Upper Town, on grounds conceded to them
by the Company of the Himdred Associates, In
the foUowing year they took possession of their
new monastery. It was ninety-two feet long and
twenty-eight in width. "It is the largest and
finest house in Canada," wrote MSre Marie de
L'Incarnation. This first buUding was destroyed by fire on the
30th of December, 1650. In May, 1652, how
ever, the nuns had the consolation of opening a
new monastery even more comfortable and
spacious than the old, but this also was, destroyed
by a second conflagration in October, 1^86. The
nuns resolved at once to rebuUd forHhe third
time on the same foundation, with^he addition
of a wing already begun, caUed at^r the Holy
FamUy, The boarders were re-acfenitted in
November, 1687. From 1712 to .1715 the
monastery was again enlarged, but i-he nuns con
centrated their efforts chief y on the buUding of
a more suitable chapel.
The inner chapel of the Ursulines is of quite
recent construction, it is a splendid stmcture
of majestic proportions with a superb and richly
decorated vault. The outer chapel, which it was
at first intended to preserve as it was buUt in
1720, had to be demolished, as the roof and walls
were beginning to give way and it would have
been imprudent to rest the new inner chapel on
such a min. The plan retained the style, oma-

APPENDIX III. 275
ments, altars, pulpit, columns and carvmg of the
old buUding, The corner-stone was laid in
August, 1901, and the solemn benediction of both
chapels took place on the 21st of November, 1902,
which was the 260th anniversary of the installa
tion of the foundresses in their first monastery in
the Upper Town in 1642.
This chapel is the third that has been buUt
since the foundation of the first monastery. The
first, caUed Madame de la Peltrie's chapel, was
begun in 1656. In 1667 the Marquis de Tracy
caused a chapel dedicated toSte. Anne to be added
to the Ursuline church. It was destroyed in the
fire of October, 1686.
The second church, begun in 1720, was in
augurated in 1722 by Mgr. de Saint Valier,
During the recent work of demolition the corner
stone laid in 1720 was found. It is a fine arch-
lUce stone closed with a leaden plate bearing the
inscription : " The first stone was laid by a poor
boy representing St. Joseph to obtain the pro
tection of that great saint, 16th May, 1720, "
The Ursuline monastery possesses riches of aU
kinds: paintings, engra-vings, books and church
ornaments. Most of the paintings in the chapel
were bought in France about 1815, by Abbe
Desjardins, Vicar-General of the Archbishop of
Paris. Among the number are productions from
LeBmn, Pietro da Cortona, Ant. de Dieu,
Collin de Vermont, Claude Guy HaUe, P. de
Champagne, P, P, Pmd'hon, There are also

276 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
monuments and memorial tablets to the memory
of Montcalm and others whose bodies repose
beneath the church.
The archives contain the annals of the com
munity, the papers, and title-deeds, bearing the
signature of several French governors; the
original of the letters patent for the erection of a
monastery of Ursulines in New France with the
signature and royal seal of Louis XV, The
religious library contains 3,000 volumes; the
scientific, literary and pedagogical library con
tains 7,200.
UntU the year 1868, there was an old ash tree
standing near the entrance to the Convent under
the shade of which the venerable foundress in
structed the Indian chUdren. The wood of this
tree forms the pedestal of an old French cross
formerly on the spire of the first convent, and
now set up in the garden.
The destruction of the first monastery by fire
despoUed the Ursuline nuns of the gifts offered to
the foundresses by several important personages
in France. Nevertheless they stUl possess a
monstrance, a censer, a reliquary with a relic of
the true Cross, a massive sUver crucifix given by
Madame de la Peltrie and two altar cloths made
out of sUk damask curtains which, according to
the traditions of the Monastery, belonged to Louis
XVI, The church omaments and vestments
were worked by the first nuns and are stUl in a
perfect state of preservation.

APPENDIX III, 277
The chapel of the Saints contains a precious
souvenir of bygone days in the form of a votive
lamp, the flame of which was first kindled by
Marie Madeleine de Repentigny in the year 1717,
During the stormy days of the siege of Quebec in
1759, when sheUs wrought havoc among the
buUdings of the Upper To-wn, the Convent did not
escape. In the corridors may stUl be seen the
grim remains of those destructive messengers
which were powerless to deter the good nuns
from keeping faithful -vigU in the Chapel of the
Saints. Ten of the nuns remained at their post,
and thus throughout those days of alternate hope
and despair, the lamp was kept steadfastly burn
ing, A descendant of a branch of the famUy
recently presented to the Convent a solid sUver
lamp to replace it.
At Merici, formerly kno-wn as Marchmont,
a branch of the Ursuline convent is estab
lished. St. Patrick's Church.
For many years after the Treaty of Paris,
which gave to the Catholics of Canada " the free
exercise of the Catholic religion, as far as the laws
of Great Britain permit," the Irish CathoUcs, or
those speaking the English language in the city
of Quebec, had no special church set apart for
them. At a meeting of Irish citizens held in
the year 1819, it was resolved to honour the
Feast of their Patron Saint by the celebration of

278 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
High Mass in the church of the congregation in the
Upper To-wn. This is the first record that we
have of the observance of the day in the city.
Three years later the Irish and English-speaking
Catholics formed themselves into a congregation,
with Reverend Father McMahon in charge. The
parish church appears to have been used regular
ly for some years, but in 1828 the services were
held in the historic church of Notre Dame des
Victoires, in the Lower Town. The accommoda
tion offered by this church was totaUy inadequate
for the requirements of the English speaking
population which now numbered 6,000 souls.
The sum of $10,000 was coUected to form a fund
for the constmction of an independent church,
and the land was purchased on which the church
now stands. Owing to an epidemic of cholera
the laying of the corner-stone was delayed, but
by the summer of 1833 the buUding was suf
ficiently advanced to admit of ser-vices
being held. The first Mass was sung in July
of that year. In 1845 the church was length
ened by about 50 feet.
Hitherto St. Patrick's was considered as
a branch of the Parish Church, but in
1855 it was "constituted a body corporate
under the name of the Congregation of
the Catholics of Quebec speaking the English
language," Since 1874 the church has been under the
charge of the Redemptorist Fathers.

APPENDIX III. 279
Church of Notre Dame Des Victoiees.
Amongst the churches in Quebec there is one
of very modest appearance, situated in a some
what retired spot, but endowed with a history
which recalls a multitude of glorious recoUections
for French-Canadian arms. This is the Church
of Notre Dame des Victoires.
The comer-stone was laid on the first day of
May, 1688, The Govemor was present at the
ceremony at which Mgr, de Laval officiated.
The following year the church was finished, and
dedicated to the Infant Jesus, The smaU chapel
seen on the left of the entrance was named
Ste, Genevieve.
When Phips besieged Quebec in 1690, the
ladies of the to-wn promised by a solemn vow to
make a pUgrimage to the church in the Lower
To-wn, if the Blessed Virgin obtained their
deliverance. When the invader was compeUed
to withdraw without attaining his object, the
Bishop changed the name of the church to Notre
Dame de la Victoire, and ordained that a feast
should be observed on the fourth Sunday of
October of each year.
Twenty-one years later the title was changed
after a fresh intervention of Providence. In
1711 the English fleet commanded by Admiral
Walker saUed to attack Quebec, A heavy fog
covered the waters of the St, Lawrence, defying
the skiU of the pUot, and eight vessels were
-wrecked off Egg Island, The news of this

280 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
disaster reached the city at the beginning of
October, It was received with great joy. The
entire population proceeded to the Lower Town
church to pay their devotion to our Lady of
Victory for a second deliverance of the Colony,
A portal to the church was buUt, and its name
changed to Notre Dame des Victoires,
But misfortune feU at last upon the Colony,
During the siege of 1759, the little church in the
Lower To-wn shared the fate of many other buUd-
mgs. With the exception of four or five houses
the whole of the Lower Town was in flames.
Wolfe's sheUs spared nothing, and the church
was almost completely destroyed. The walls
alone remained. An appeal to public generosity
was made to restore the church, and in 1765
divine ser-vice was held as before in the new
buUding, In 1817 the citizens resolved to finish
the interior, and the necessary repairs were then
completed. In May, 1888, the bi-centenary of the founda
tion of the church of Notre Dame des Victoires
was celebrated, A few months previously
painters had decorated the interior with the
most delicate taste. At the back of the church,
on the wall, panels in various colors set forth the
most striking facts that had Ulustrated the
history of the church during the different stages
of its existence.
In the church are preserved several relics for
the veneration of the faithful, among them being

APPENDIX III. 281
one of the tme Cross, which is publicly venerated
on Good Friday and AU Souls' Day,
Franciscan Convent,
The order of the Soeurs Franciscaines Mission-
aires de Marie was founded in 1878. The Que
bec Convent is situated at the corner of Claire
Fontaine Street, close to the site of the property
of Abraham Martin after whom the Plains were
named. The French army was dra-wn up on
this ground on the 13th of September, 1759, and
it is therefore one of the most historic spots in the
city. The inception of this institution is due to the
noble idea of the rehabUitation of infidel women
by means of the Christian woman. United to
the Order of St, Francis, from which it derives
its spiritual direction, the ordinary field of its
labours is to be foimd in foreign missions. The
mother house is in Rome, and there is the
Superior CouncU which directs the establish
ments belonging to this congregation (over one
hundred in number) scattered in almost every
part of the world.
The foundation of the Quebec Convent dates
from 1893. The Church and adjoining buUd
ings were erected in 1897-98. The interior of the
church is exceedingly attractive. One feature is
an altar of Carrara marble and Mexican onyx.
The Quebec house is chiefly a novitiate where
missionary nuns are trained for distant coun-
17

282 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
tries. In all the churches and chapels of the
Franciscans, whenever it is possible, the Blessed
Sacrament is exposed throughout the day. In
Quebec, to comply with the -wishes of the dioce
san authority, the nuns adore the Blessed
Sacrament day and night.
The Rev, Abbe Paquet is the chaplain of the
Convent.The Monastery and church of the R:6collets,
When Mgr. de Saint-Valier founded the
General Hospital in 1693 on the banks of the
River St. Charles, the RecoUets transferred their
establishment to the nuns of the General Hos
pital, who instaUed themselves there whUe the
friars lodged in the Convent of the Castle which
they had buUt in 1681. In 1693 they began
to buUd the church which Charlevoix says was
worthy of VersaUles. This church covered a
space, the eastern and western boundaries of
which would be about the centre of the upper
portion of the Place d' Armes, and the south
eastern extremity of the groimd occupied by
the Court House. The windows were fiUed
with stained glass, and in the church were pic
tures painted by Brother Luke, The lines of
the steeple were of remarkable purity. Both
the monastery and the church were destroyed
by fire in September, 1796. The remains of
four French governors and of a great many of
the most noted personages of the Colony re-

APPENDIX III, 283
posed in the church. At the cession of Canada
the British Government took possession of the
monastery and church and used the latter for
the services of the Anglican church.' After the
death of Father Felix de Berey, the last repre
sentative of the Order, in 1800, the estates of the
RecoUets escheated and the govemment took
possession of the convent grounds to erect
thereon the court house and offices for the dis
trict of Quebec, This buUding was finished in
1804. Jacques Cartier Church.
The buUding of this church was begun in the
month of August, 1851, The new edifice was
inaugurated as a chapel for members of the con
gregation of St. Roch in September, 1853. Its
dimensions were 160 feet by 60. In 1865 the
chapel was opened and in 1875 was enlarged
to its present size. In 1901 the Congregation
gave its chapel to the Archbishop of Quebec,
who named it as the parochial church of Notre
Dame de Jacques Cartier.
The Church of Notre Dame du Chemin,
This church is situated on Ste. Foye Road,
about fifty yards from the turnpike, beside
VUla Manrese which is occupied by the Jesuit
Fathers in charge of the church. Its erection
was due to the liberality of Chevalier Louis de
Gonzague BaiUarge and to the religious zeal of
many citizens of Quebec, The interior is very

284 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
attractive; it contains several remarkable paint
ings and ten stained glass windows, representing
ten saints of the Society of Jesus. The church
was inaugurated in the spring of 1895.
St, Sauveur Church.
The foundation of this church dates back
more than fifty years, but it was not
erected into a parish untU 1867. Its
present name was given to it in memory
of the first secular priest who had ar
rived in Quebec in 1634, and become in
cumbent of St. Jean's Chapel on Saint
Sauveur HUl.
The first church was 170 feet by 60. It was
destroyed by fire in October, 1866. The con
struction of the present church was begun the
foUo-wing year. The steeple, which is 100
feet in height, contains a fine peal of bells.
Attached to the church is a presbytery in
which reside the Oblat Fathers, who have the
church in charge.
Church op Notre Dame de Lourdes.
This church, or chapel, was constructed
by the Oblat Fathers in 1870. It was
consecrated in 1880. In 1882 Cardinal Tas-
chereau recognized Notre Dame de Lourdes
as the chapel of the third order of the
Franciscaines.

APPENDIX III. 285
PROTESTANT CHURCHES.
Cathedral of the Holy Trinity.
A few words must be said about those Fran
ciscan Friars called "RecoUets," who were the
former proprietors of the land on which the
Cathedral was buUt. At the invitation of
Samuel Champlain, then Govemor, the RecoUets
arrived at Quebec from France in 1615. Land
was granted them on the banks of the River St.
Charles, where they buUt a convent caUed
"Notre Dame des Anges," sufficiently^ strong
to resist the attacks of the Iroquois Indians. In
1629, Quebec was captured by the brothers
Kirke, and both Jesuits and RecoUets were
shipped back to France. At the restoration of
Canada to France in 1632, the Jesuits returned,
but the RecoUets were not accorded that per
mission untU 1670, when they came to Quebec
with the Intendant Talon. They at once set
about rebuUding what is now the General
Hospital. As Bishop St. Valier wished to insti
tute this Hospital, he purchased, in 1692, the
RecoUet property on certain conditions, giving
them in exchange a tract of land in the Upper
To-wn of the city facing the Parade, at present
called the Place d'Armes, comprising the whole
square on which the Court House, Cathedral,
and other buUdings now stand. There they
erected their church and convent which,on the
cession of Canada, became a possession of the

286 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
British Cro-wn. The few friars who remained,
however, were permitted the use of their pro
perties untU the death of Pere DeBerey, the last
superior of the order in Canada. The Friars
generously aUowed the Anglicans the use of
their church, as is shewn by a notice in the
Quebec Gazette in 1767,
The convent and church were burnt in 1796,
and the mins were razed by the order of the
government; the chancel of the Cathedral stands
on a portion of these mins which extended under
the roadway near the Court House. The Jesuit
church was then used for divine service.
The first Lord Bishop of the Diocese of Que
bec, Dr. Jacob Mountain, arrived from England
in 1793. At the solicitation of the Bishop, His
Majesty George III decided to buUd the Cathe
dral. He set apart a portion of the RecoUet
property for that purpose, and in 1799, ap
pointed a commission to carry out the under
taking. The corner-stone was laid in 1800. At the
consecration in 1804 the Bishop was presented
with letters patent of the whole property as it
now stands, surrounded by a low stone waU,
which is surmounted by an iron raUing and
closed with iron gates. The organ was im
ported from England in 1801.
The Governor General, the Duke of Richmond,
who died in 1819, lies buried beneath the chancel
of the Cathedral, a brass plate in the floor mark-

APPENDIX III. 287
ing the spot; a marble tablet erected to his
memory in the north gaUery is the finest piece of
workmanship of aU the monuments on the waUs
of the church.
Letters patent were issued in 1821 by His
Majesty George IV, erecting the parish of Quebec,
constituting the Cathedral the parish church
tiU one would be built, but likewise maintaining
intact its cathedral rights; there was also
granted a piece of ground adjacent to the
Cathedral "Close," on which are buUt the
Rectory, "AU Saints Chapel," and the "Church
HaU," When Her Majesty's Sixty-ninth Regiment
returned from repeUing the Fenian Invasion on
the Huntingdon County frontier, His Royal
Highness Prince Arthur presented them with
a new stand of colors, in June, 1870, and the old
colors were next day deposited in the Cathedral
with the usual ceremonies.
The exterior of the Cathedral is much the
same as it always was, a substantial, plain,
rectangular stone edifice, standing in the centre
of a weU kept "Close," surrounded by fine old
trees which add beauty to the environment, and
remind Englishmen of the sacred buUdings in
Britain, The interior was somewhat altered in
1857, when the buUding was repaired. The
high arched ceUing, so beautifuUy tesselated, is
made, not as many suppose, of plaster, but
entirely of wood, and is supported by eight

288 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
massive piUars of the lonic-PaUadic order of
architecture. There are twenty-seven marble
monuments and eight brass plates on the waUs
of the church, with fifteen fine memorial win
dows, aU of which add to the historic interest of
the edifice. The Govemor General's pew, sur
mounted by a brass raUing with the Royal Arms
at the front, is in the north gaUery,
The communion plate was the special gift of
King George III in 1804, and consists of ten
massive pieces of solid sUver exquisitely en
graved and embossed with the Royal Arms and
those of the Diocese, This service, which is a
masterpiece of sUversmiths' workmanship, was
made in London and attracted considerable
attention before being despatched to Quebec in
1809 in a man-o'-war.
In 1766 General James Murray, then Gov
ernor, gave in the King's name a communion
ser-vice, consisting of a large sUver paten and
chalice engraved with the King's Arms, to the
Episcopal Parish of Quebec, whenever it would
be established. The service is stiU in use in the
Cathedral. A prominent event in the annals of the diocese
was the celebration of its centenary on the first
of June, 1893, in the Cathedral. Many historic
services have been celebrated in the church,
prominent among which were the church parades
of the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Canadian
Infantry on Sunday, 29th October, 1899, and

APPENDIX III. 289
that of the Mounted Rifles and Field ArtUlery
on the 14th January, 1900, before they severally
embarked for the war m South Africa to uphold
the honor of the British Empire and the good
name of Canada. An official memorial service
was held in 1901 at the hour of the burial of
Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, and the corona
tion of King Edward was celebrated in 1902.
St. Matthew's.
St. Matthew's Church in its present form is of
recent date, but its existence dates back to 1822,
when Archdeacon Mountain instituted Sunday
evening services in a large room in the house of
the sexton of the Protestant Burying Ground,
St. John Street, The congregation grew so
rapidly that the sexton's domain was invaded,
and other quarters were obtained for him. In
1827 the building was improved, and in 1830 it
was enlarged by the addition of a transept.
In June, 1845, St. John's suburbs were des
troyed by fire, and the chapel feU a prey to the
flames; but funds were raised, and in 1848 the
comer-stone of a neat stone buUding was laid
by Bishop Mountain. Hitherto St. Matthew's
was a chapel of the Cathedral, but in 1855, it
became a separate chapel with the present dis
trict attached. The buUding as it now stands
was commenced in 1870, by the erection of the
chancel and transepts. In 1875 the old portion
of the church was puUed down, and the nave.

290 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
south aisle and vestries erected. The church
received its chime of bells in 1888, but the old
beU of 1849 stUl does duty on the western gable.
In 1875 St. Matthew's Chapel was constituted a
church, and its district a parish.
The church both without and within is now
one of the handsomest buUdings in the coimtry,
and contains many beautiful memorials of de
ceased members of the congregation.
Trinity Church,
Trinity Church in St. Stanislas street in the
Upper To-wn, was buUt as a "Chapel of Ease"
to the Cathedral, by Chief Justice Jonathan
SeweU at a cost of $16,000. The corner-stone
was privately laid in 1824. The edifice is
buUt of cut stone, is of Doric architecture,
and with the gaUeries wiU seat 600 persons.
On the waUs are five marble monuments, one
of which is an especiaUy fine work of art to
the memory of the founder of the church. The
large marble font was originaUy imported from
England in 1831 for the Cathedral. It was
there in use untU 1902 when it was presented
to Trinity church.
At the death of the Chief Justice in 1839,
Trinity became the property of his son Rev.
E. W. SeweU, who had become its pastor on the
opening of the chapel for service in 1825. For
forty-three years he ministered faithfuUy to his
congregation.

APPENDIX III. 291
In 1868 the Chapel was leased for ten years to
the British Government for a " Garrison Chapel,"
and at the withdrawal of the Imperial troops in
1872, the buUding was virtuaUy closed tUl the
expiration of the lease. The congregation, in
corporated by the Pro-vincial Government in
1881, as "The Congregation of Trinity Church,
Quebec," purchased the property in the follow
ing year, St, Peter's Church,
The origin of St, Peter's Church dates back
to 1833. In that year the rector and church
wardens of the Cathedral purchased a two story
stone buUding on Church Street, and converted
the upper story into a temporary chapel for the
use of the members of the Church of England
residing in St, Roch; the lower story was used
as a Male Orphan Asylum. The first curate
was Rev. W. Anderson.
In 1842, the buUding being found no longer
serviceable, was abandoned, and a site (the present
one) on St. Valier Street, at the foot of the Ste.
Augustine Street steps, was purchased by two
member^ of the congregation, Messrs. WUliam
Bro-wn and Robert Ward. The corner-stone of
the church was laid in July of that year. The
terrible fire of May, 1845, which devastated the
whole of St. Roch, left St. Peter's Chapel a
charred min, and many of its members homeless.
The little congregation took immediate steps to
restore the House of God, and a new building

292 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
was consecrated in September, 1846. The foi
lowing year is memorable as the year of the ship-
fever, when vast numbers of immigrants, for
the most part Irish, fell -victims to the disease.
St. Peter's Parish register for that year contains
the record of 373 interments. Mr. Chaderton,
the curate, a man of marked self-abnegation,
whUst in the discharge of his sacred office con
tracted the disease and died. A mural tablet
in the chancel bears witness to the love in
which he was held by his congregation.
Prior to 1875 St. Peter's was a chapel in con
nection with the Cathedral, but in that year it
was constituted a church, and its district the
Parish of St. Peter's, St. Paul's Church.
Many members of the Church of England resi
ded in Champlain Street, commonly known as
"The Coves." There were also many Protes
tants among the seamen on the numerous vessels
arriving at the Port of Quebec. For these the
Archdeacon held services in the moulder's loft
of Mr. Black's shipyard, and later in Mr, Munn's
store. The Archdeacon and the Cathedral au
thorities subsequently applied for and obtained
from the Government a site under Cape Diamond
where they erected the Mariner's Chapel, which
was consecrated in 1832, and named St, Paul's,
In 1888 it was constituted a church and its dis
trict a parish.

APPENDIX III. 293
The church is a neat wooden buUding
with stone foundations, and can seat
200 persons. It contains several mementos
of bygone times; the font is the original one
placed in the Cathedral in 1804; the Royal
Arms over the door formerly graced the
front of the Governor General's pew, and
the pulpit was one of the old reading desks
of the Cathedral.
But 'the marble top of the Communion
Table| is peculiarly interesting. It for
merly] [belonged to the old Jesuit Church.
After the destruction of the RecoUet Church
by fire in 1796, this buUding was used
by the Church of England. Before its de
molition in 1807, the Government, it ap
pears, gave this slab to the Bishop; but in
what capacity it was originally used is
not on record. In 1818 there was some
correspondence regarding the matter, which
established the Bishop's right to use the slab.
The Archdeacon and Cathedral clergy con
ducted the services of St. Paul's untU 1833, when
the Rev. Joseph Brown was appointed the first
incumbent. St, Michael's Church,
The increasing number of Anglicans on the
St. Louis, Ste. Foy and SUlery Roads led to the
erection of St. Michael's Chapel,
Mrs. Mary Orkney, wife of Dr, Joseph Morrin,
M.D,, who inherited a large tract of land in the

294 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
Fief St, Michael, gave a site on the St, Louis
Road on which to buUd a chapel; a sub
scription was raised and buUding operations
were begun in 1854, The chapel was conse
crated in 1856 by Bishop Mountain, and named
St, Michael's.
It is a picturesque edifice of Gothic ar
chitecture, resembling the country churches
of old England, buUt of Cap Rouge stone,
and situated on the north side of the road
opposite to the main gate of Mount Her
mon Cemetery. The interior is very neat
and pretty with its high pitched roof, and
arches of varnished oak. The chancel was
buUt by Bishop Mountain, and aU the ap
purtenances of the church are memorial
gifts. A fine brass plate on the waU in the
chancel is inscribed to the memory of the
Rev. Armine Wale Mountain, who opened
the chapel for ser-vice in 1854. A short dis
tance from the church is St. Michael's school-
house, erected in 1865 by the chUdren
of Bishop Mountain in memory of their
father, St. Andrew's Chuech.
St. Andrew's Church (Presbyterian) is one ofthe
oldest churches in Canada. Ser-vices may be said
to date from the siege, having been conducted
by the Reverend Robert Macpherson, the brave
chaplain of Eraser's Highlanders, the regiment so
highly distinguished at the battle of Louisbourg

APPENDIX III. 295
and at the siege of Quebec under Wolfe in
1759, Very soon after the capture of Quebec a
Presbyterian church was organized. The Rev
erend George Henry, an ex-mUitary chaplain,
said to have been present at the capture of Que
bec, was the first regular pastor, beginning his
duties in 1765. An apartment which was fitted
up as a chapel was set apart by the King's repre
sentative in the Jesuits' CoUege for the use of the
members of the Scottish church. This was oc
cupied untU 1807, when the buUding was appro
priated for the use of the troops quartered in the
city. In 1802, a petition was addressed to King
George III, desiring that land be granted upon
which to erect a church. This memorial was
signed by 148 persons, one of whom was Ser
geant James Thomson, who also had served
under Wolfe at the Siege of Quebec. Sixty-eight
years later, Thomson assisted Lord Dalhousie
in laying the corner-stone of the Wolfe and Mont
cahn monument. He died in 1830, aged 98
years. The buUding was completed and opened
for public ser-vice in 1810, and was named St.
Andrew's. Previous to this the congregation
was called the Scottish Church.
The old church presents a very antique appear
ance with its odd looking sky-light windows,
and stairways going up inside the buUding. There
are a number of handsome and very costly win
dows erected to the memory of departed ofiice-

296 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
bearers; also several fine old tablets, one on the
east wall bearing this inscription:
LXXIX
Cameron Highlanders
To the memory of their comrades, who departed
this life whilst serving m Canada,
A.D. 1848-1851
Cuimhue
Nan sonn nach mair eann.
The Methodist Chuech.
The first Methodist preacher in Quebec was
a Mr. Tuffey, a commissary of the 44th Regiment
which was quartered in the city in 1780, He
preached to the soldiers and such of the Protes
tant immigrants of the city as were disposed to
attend, and continued to do so untU his regiment
was disbanded and he returned home.
The first Methodist itinerant to -visit the city
was the famous, but somewhat eccentric, Lorenzo
Dow, who was sent in the year 1799 by Bishop
Asbury, of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
the United States, to form a circuit in Lower
Canada. Believing himself caUed of God to -visit
Ireland, he saUed do-wn the river to Quebec, and
while waiting for a vessel, preached as he had
opportunity. The city was not again visited by
a Methodist preacher tUl 1803, In the year 1806,
the Rev, Nathan Bangs, subsequently famous

APPENDIX III. 297
as a Methodist historian, came to Quebec, Up
to this time no effort had been made to establish
a permanent organization, Mr, Bangs set ear
nestly to work to establish Methodism in the city.
In 1814 it was found necessary to provide
larger quarters for the rapidly increasing con
gregation. A building was begun in 1815 and
completed in 1816 — the first Methodist church in
Quebec, In 1831 a second church was erected
on Champlain Street and used untU the threaten
ing appearance of the overhanging cliff made it
dangerous as a place of assembly. After the faU
of the rock in 1841 the building was abandoned
and sold. In 1839 a third church was opened in
St. Louis suburbs. It was destroyed by fire in one
of the great conflagrations with which the city
has been visited.
The steady growth of the membership of the
Society, together with the misfortunes attend
ing the smaller churches, rendered the Church
in Anne Street too smaU, and led to the erection
of the present substantial and commodious edi
fice in 1849.
Chalmees' Church.
Although the present church buUding was
opened for worship but little over fifty years ago,
the congregation has been in existence for about
a hundred years, having been organized at the
beginning of last century. The congregation
assumed the name Chalmers' Church at the
time of the opening of the present buUding; pre-

298 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.
viously it was kno-wn as St. John's. For a number
of years after organization the congregation met
in a rented house. In 1816 the foundation stone
of St. John's was laid. The church was opened
the foUowing year. The first minister was the
Rev. Clark Bentom, who was sent out to Quebec
by the London Missionary Society in response to
a petition sent home by a number of persons who
desired a minister of evangelical sentiments.
Although some of the ministers and many of
the members were Presbyterian, the church was
not formaUy connected with the Presbyterian
Church untU 1830, but was a Union or Congre
gational body. In 1844 the "Disruption" took
place. The congregation severed its connection
with the established Church of Scotland, and
became connected with the Canada Presbyterian
Church. Quebec Baptist Church.
This church was organized m the year 1845,
For some years previous the congregation had
worshipped in an upper room of the old Post
Office on Buade Street. The first pastor, Rev.
David Marsh, came from England and remained
with the church for thirty-nine years.
The buUding on McMahon Street, in which the
congregation now worships, was erected in 1853.
About twenty-five of its members are French-
Canadians who are under the pastoral care of Rev.
L. R, Dutaud of the Grande Ligne Mission. They
meet in a chapel on St. Margaret's Street, St, Roch.

APPENDIX III. 299
French Protestant Chuech.
This buUding is situated on St, John Street,
near St, Matthew's church. It was buUt about
thirty years ago.
The Salvation Army,
In Quebec, as in many other cities, there is a
Salvation Army, In the first years of its ex
istence opposition was manifested and a series
of riots attended its establishment, like those,
though on a smaUer scale, which attended the
establishment of the Army in certam districts
of London. The meetings were begun in
1886, addresses bemg delivered in French by
Mrs. Simcoe, In 1887 meetings were conducted
in the old Congregational church at the corner
of Palace and McMahon Streets, As disturbances
occurred whenever the Army paraded, they
discontmued their processions in 1888, and
confined their operations to inside meetings and
the relieving of the distressed. They also have
a refuge where the unfortunate can obtain food
and temporary shelter,
Protestant Burial Ground, St. John Street,
According to the obituary notices in the
Quebec Gazette, the mortal remains of Protes
tants were interred in divers places in the city;
some in the St. Joseph's Cemetery situated
between the Seminary and the French Cathed
ral; others on the south side of that edifice, as

300 CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE,
proved by the memorial on the westem waU of
the Presbytery, removed to that position when
the waU on Buade Street was lowered. The
gorge on the St. Louis Bastion was also used,
where, among others, was interred the Continen
tal General, Richard Montgomery, who was
kiUed when assaulting the Pres-de-VUle barri
cade in December, 1775, The General's re
mains were exhumed in 1818 by permission of
the Governor General and interred in New
York with great ceremony.
In 1771, DemoiseUe Angelique Denis de St,
Denis and her famUy (heirs of the late M.
Simon), sold a lot of land on St. John Street,
which had been purchased from the nuns of the
H6tel Dieu, to Thomas Dunn, who in turn sold
it in 1778 to the Govemment. Other portions
of the original property were purchased by the
Govemment in 1778 and 1780. These lots were
bounded on the north by St. John Street, on the
south by St. Gabriel, on the east by Ste. Augus
tine, and on the west by the garden of Justice
Kerr. The whole is surrounded by a stone waU.
It appears to have been used as a cemetery.
This land was secured in perpetuity by the
Protestant community in 1833. There was a
buUding on it used for the burial ser-vices of
both Episcopal and Presbyterian churches.
There was also a sexton's residence, but the
former church had the paramount right in the
building and appointment of the sexton. In

APPENDIX III, 301
1844 additional ground was purchased, so that
the property extended to Ste, Genevieve Street
on the west, but did not include the corner lot
and stone house on St, John Street,
After the fire of 1845 St, John Street was
widened, and the stone waU on the line of the
street rebuUt, For sanitary reasons the Gov
ernment, in 1860, closed the burial ground.
The place was neglected, and became a disgrace
to the city. There were so many parties con
cemed that it seemed nobody's business in
particular to keep the ground in order. In 1875
St. Matthew's congregation appointed a com
mittee to undertake the matter; their appeal
did not meet with much success.
For thirteen years nothing further was done
and the place feU into delapidation tiU 1888,
when St. Matthew's congregation undertook to
care for the grounds provided the trustees put
them in proper order. A successful appeal was
made to the Protestant public. The burying
ground is now weU kept. Many of the inscrip
tions on the stones are quite interesting, one
being that of a brother of Sir Walter Scott, the
celebrated novelist. He was paymaster of the
70th Regiment, and died in 1823.

APPENDIX IV.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST
SHOWING
CONTEMPORARY RULERS
IN
FRANCE, ENGLAND AND NEW FRANCE,

304

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

APPENDIX IV.— CHRONOLOGICAL LIST
IN FRANCE, ENGLAND

Year.

Kings of
England,

Kings of
France.

Governors of
New France,

1497 . . .

Henry VIL 

1509 . . .

Henry VIIL.

1515 . . .
Francis I ...
1647 . . .
Edward VI 
Mary 
Henry 11 
1553 . . .
1558 . . .
Elizabeth 
1559 . . .
Francis 11.
1560 . . .
Charles IX . .
1574 . . .
Henry Ul . . .
1589 . . .
Henry IV . . .
1603 . . .
James I. , .
1608 . . .
1610 . . .
Louis XIII, ,
(Zyieirf. Oeneral) 
1612 . . .
1616 . . .
1620 . . .
1625 . . .
Charlei I, . .
1629 . . .
1633 . . .
Kirke, Sir David, (Eng.)..
Champlain, (French) ....
Chateaufort, Marc An
1635 . . .
1636 . . .
toine Bras-de-fer de
(.Adminittrator) 
Louis XrV,
1643 . . .
1644 ...
APPENDIX IV.

305

SHOWING CONTEMPORARY RULERS
AND NEW FRANCE.

Intendants of New
France.

Viceroys of New
France.

f Soissons, Charles de Bourbon,
Comte de (fill Nov.)
Cond£, Henri de Bourbon,
[ Prince de
Thymines, marechal. Pons de
Lausiire, deputy.
Duo de
de,(«U627).
Domville, Franjois C. de Livi*
Due de
18
306

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Year.

Kings of
England.

Kings ot
France.

Governors of
New France.

1648 .

D'Ailleboust de Cou-

1649
1651 . .
Lauzon, Jean de 
1656 . . .
Louis xrv. . .
de (Adm.) 
1657 . .
D'Ailleboust de Cou
1658 .
longe, Louis (Adin.) . .
D'Argenson, Pierre de
1660 . . .
Charles 11 
Voyer, Vicomte 
1661 . . .
bois, Baron. 
1662 . . .
1663 .
SaflEray-M^sy, Augustin
1665 . . .
de
1668 . . .
R^my de
1670 . . .
1672 . . .
Buade, Comte de Pal-
1675 . . .
1682 .
La Barre, Le Febvre de
1685 . .
1686
Ren6 de Brisay, Mar
quis de 
1687 .
1689 . . .
William III and
1698 . . .
1699 . .
(Adm.) 
Calliferes, Louis Hector de
1702 . . .
APPENDIX IV.

307

Intendants of New
France.

Viceroys of New
France,

quis de
D'Estrades, le marechal, Godefroi,
Comte.
Duchesneau, Jacques 
Cham.pigny, Jean Bochart de. . . .
. . . .D'Estrees, le marechal, Jean,
Comte.
Beaubarnois, Francois de. . .
308

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Year.

Kings of
England.

Kings of
France.

Governors of
New France.

1703 . . .

1705 . . .

Rigaud, Marquis de
(Adm.) 
1707 . . .
1712 . . .
1714 . . .
George I 
Ramesav. Claude de
1715 . . .
Louis XV . . .
1725 . . .
726 ..
Moyne, Baron de
(Adm.) 
George II 
Marquis de 
1727 . . .
1731 ...
1747 . . .
1748 . . .
land Michel Barrin,
Comte de (Adm.) 
1749 . . .
La Jonqui^re, Jacques
Pierre de Taffanel,
1752 . . .
Longueuil, Charles Le
Moyne, Baron de
(Adm. tiU July) 
Duquesne-de Menneville,
Marquis de 
1755 . . .
Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Mar
quis de 
APPENDIX IV.

309

Intendants of New
France,

Viceroys ot New
France.

/ Raudot, Jacques (Jather)
\ Raudot, Antoine Denis (aon) .

B^gon, Michel  < .

D'Estries, Victor Marie, Comte (HU
1737).

Dupuy, Claude Thomas (Hil 1728)
d'Aigremont (for aome moniha in
ihe interim) 
Hocquart, Gilles 

Bigot, Francois

APPENDIX V.

311

GOVERNORS OF LOWER CANADA
AND OF THE
DOMINION OF CANADA.

Year

176017631766
1766 17681770
1771 1774
17771782
17841785178617901791
17961797
17991805 1807

Kings of
England

George III. .

Name

(1)
MuRHAT, General James 
Irving, P. Emilius 
Carleton, Guy. 
Carleton, Guy 
Cramahe, Hector Theophilus
Cramahe, Hector Theopliilus
Carleton, Guy 
Haldimand, Frederick 
Hamilton, Henry 
Hamilton, Henry 
Hope, Henry 
Dobchebteb, Lord 
Clarke, Alured 
Clarke, Alured 
Prescott, Robert 
Milnes, Robert Shore 
Milnes, Robert Shore 
Dunn, Thomas 
Craiq, Sir James Henry 

Rank

Govemor, Administrator.
Lt. Gov. and
Administrator.
Govemor.
Administrator.Lt. Gov. and
Administrator.
Governor.Govemor.Lt. Govemor.
Administrator.
Administrator.Gov. General.
Lt. Govemor.
Administrator (2).
Lt. Gov. and
Administrator.
Lt. Governor.
Administrator.President and
Administrator.
Govemor,

(1) The first British Governor in Canada was Sir David Kirke, who
held Quebec, 1629-1632.
(2) The administrators and Lt. Governors in this list from 1791 to
1840 are ot Lower Canada only; but the Govemor of Lower
Canada was styled " Governor in Chief," and as such had
a certain formal jurisdiction over Upper Canada.

312

CRADLE OF NEW FRANCE.

Year

Kings ot
England

Name

Rank

1808

Burton, Sir F, N 

1810
1811

The Regency

Dunn, Thomas 

President and

1811

Prevost, Sir George 
Pkevobt, Sir George 
Brock, Sir Isaac (3) 
Rottknburo, Francis de , . . .
Glasgow, George 

Administrator.

1811

Governor.
1812
1813
1813
Administrator.
1814
Rottenburg, Francis de 
Drummond, Sir Gordon 
Administrator.
1814
1815
1816
Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape
Richmond, Duke ot 
Governor,
1818
Gov. General.
1819
1820
1820
George IV. . .
Maitland, Sir Peregrine ....
Administrator.
Administrator.
1820
Maitland, Sir Peregrine ....
Administrator,
1820
1824
Burton, F, N. . . .
Lt. Gov, and
1828
Administrator
1830
William IV. .
1830
Aylmer, Lord 
Gov, General.
1835
Gov. Gen'l and
1835
Gosford, Lord ....
High Comm.
Gov. Gen'l and
18371838
Victoria.
Colborne, Sir John 
Dttttttam, T.nrd
mgh Comm.
1838
Gov, General.
1838
Colborne, Sir John 
Administrator,
(3) Brock received a commission as Administrator, but did not aot.
(4) Lord Amherst was appointed Governor General of Upper and
Lower Canada, but did not come to this country and never acted
in that capacity.
APPENDIX V.

313

Year

Kings of
England

Name

Rank

18381839

Victoria 

CoLBOBNE, Sir John 
Thomson, Charles Poulett . . .
Jackson, Sir R, D 

Gov. General.
Gov. General.

1839

Administrator.

1840

1840
1841
Clitherow, John 
Administrator.
1841
1841
1843
Metcalfe, Sir Charles T. . . .
1845 »
184, 1
Cathcart, Lord 
Gov. General.
1849
Elgin, Lord 
Gov. General,
Rowan, W 
A dmiTiistrn.tor,
1853
Rowan, W. 
Administrator.
1854
Head, Sir Edmund W 
Ethe, Sir William 
Gov. General.
1857
1860
Williams, Sir W. F 
Administrator.
1861
1861

MoNCK, Viscount 
Gov, General.
1865
1866
Michel, Sir John 
Administrator.
1867
MoNCK, Viscount 
Gov. Gen'l of
1868
Windham, Sir Charles A, . .
Yottng, Sir John, Bart 
Canada.
Administrat or.
1868
1869
1872
DoYLB, Sir Charles H 
1872
1874
O'Gradt Halt, Wm 
O'Geady Halt, Wm 
McDouQALL, Sir Patrick L. . .
1875

1878
A dministrator.
1878
1881
McDougall, Sir Patrick L. . .
McDougall, Sir Patrick L. .
Lansdowne, Marquis of . . . .
Russell, Lord Alex. Geo.. , .
Stanley of Preston, Lord .
1882
Administrator.
1883
1886

AHmiTiiflf.ratnr.
1888
Gov. General.