YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 06019 7 84

, f. Hobart.
The american citizen's manual of reference,
New York, 1840.

SSI

YALE
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

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THE
AMERICAN CITIZEN'S
MANUAL OF REFERENCE:
BEING A COMPREHENSIVE
HISTORICAL, STATISTICAL, TOPOGRAPHICAL, AND
POLITICAL VIEW
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA,
AND OF THE
SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.

CAREFULLY COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AUTHORITIES,
AND PUBLISHED BY
W. HOBART HADLEY,
NEW- YORK.
Stereotyped by Vincent L. Dill, 128 Fulton-street.
Printed by S. W. Benedict, 128 Fulton-street.
1840.

CONTENTS.
Page.
Declaration of Independence, ... 1
Constitution of the United States, ... 5
Amendments to the Constitution, - 16
Washington's Inaugural Address, - - 19
Washington's Farewell Address, - -22
Jefferson's Inaugural Address, ... 36
Biography of the Presidents, 40
Explanation of the American coat of Arms, - 41
General statistics of the united states government, 42
Treasury Department, 44
Exports and Imports within the commercial year 1839, 45
Of the Public Debt, .... 47
Issue and redemption of Treasury Notes in 1839, - 48
Imports into the United States from the 1st of October
1821, to the 30th of September 1838, - - 51
Exports of the United States for same period, - - 53
Statistics of the United States Navy, 57
Statistics of the United States Army, - - 63
Post Office, - - - -lb.
Value of foreign coin in money of the United States, - 64
Statistics of the Press, .... H,.
Principal Executive and Judiciary Officers, Foreign Min
isters, &c. ----- 65
Population of the United States, - - - 68
General Statistics of the individual States, - - 69
Qualifications of Officers and appointment of Judges, &c.
in the several States, - - - 73
Military Force — Revolutionary Pensioners, - 78
Universities and Colleges in the United States, - 79
Religious Denominations, 80
Principal Rail Roads finished and in progress, - 81
Principal Canals, " " " 82
Indian Warriors near Western Frontier, Ministers, Con
suls, Diplomatic and Commercial Agents of the
United States in foreign countries, - - 83
Topographical and Statistical Observations on the States
and Territories, ----- 89
r\\ y. I

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of
the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of
nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect of the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes
which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are cre
ated equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments
are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed ; and that, whenever any form of gov
ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right ofthe
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government,
laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its pow
ers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that gov
ernments long established, should not be changed for light and
transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience has shewn that
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable,
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they
are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to re
duce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their
duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance
of the colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains
them to alter their former systems of government. The history
of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated in
juries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish
ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this,
let facts be submitted to a candid world :
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and ne
cessary for the public good.

DECLARATION OF

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his
assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utter
ly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the
right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to
them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un
comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public re
cords, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance
with his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppos
ing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected : whereby the legislative powers, incapable
of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their ex
ercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ;
for that purpose, obstructing the laws of naturalization of for
eigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migration
thither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their
salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub
stance. He has kept among us, in time of peace, standing armies, with
out the consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and su
perior to, the civil power.
He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ;
giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us.
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these
states :
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world :
For imposing taxes on us without our consent :

INDEPENDENCE. . 3
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury:
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended
offences :
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbor
ing province, establishing there an arbitrary government, and
enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example
and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into
these colonies :
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments :
For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection, and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time, transporting large armies of foreign merce
naries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny,
already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarce
ly paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy
the head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the
high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the exe
cutioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by
their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en
deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the mer
ciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undis
tinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for re
dress, in the most humble terms. Our repeated petitions, have been
answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is
thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to
be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British breth
ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of the attempts,
by their legislature, to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over
us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emi
gration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native
justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the
ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which
would enevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consan
guinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which de-

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of
mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of
America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Su
preme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions,
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies
are, and of right out to be, free and Independent States ; that
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and
that all political connexion between them and the state of Great
Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free
and Independent States, they have full power to levy war, con
clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all
other acts and things which Independent States may of right do.
And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each
other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
The forgoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engross
ed and signed by the following members :
JOHN HANCOCK.

New-Hampshire.
Joseph Bartlett,
William Whipple,
Mathew Thornton.
Massachusetts Bay.
Samuel Adams,
John Adams,
Robert Treat Paine,
Elbridge Gerry.
Rhode Island.
Stephen Hopkins,
William Ellery.
Connecticut.
Roger Sherman,
Samuel Huntington,
William Williams,
Oliver Wolcott.
New- York.
WiUiam Floyd,
Phillip Livingston,
Francis Lewis,
Lewis Morris.

New-Jersey.
Richard Stockton,
John Witherspoon,
Francis Hopkinson,
John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
Pennsylvania.
Robert Morris,
Benjamin Rush,
Benjamin Franklin,
John Morton,
George Clymer,
James Smith,
George Taylor,
James Wilson,
George Ross.
Delaware.
Caesar Rodney,
George Read,
Thomas M'Kean.
Maryland.
Samuel Chase,
William Paca,
Thomas Stone,

Charles Carroll, of
Carrollton. Virginia.
George Wythe,
Richard Henry Lee,
Thomas Jefferson,
Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas Nelson, Jr.
Francis LightfootLee,
Carter Braxton.
North Carolina.
William Hooper,
Joseph Hewes,
John Penn.
South Carolina.
Edward Rutledge,
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
Arthur Middleton.
Georgia.
Button Guinett,
Lyman Hall,
George Walton.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare,
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our poster
ity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United
States of America. ARTICLE I.
Sec I. — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen
ate and House of Representatives.
Sec II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed
of members chosen every second year, by the people of the
several states : and the electors in each state shall have the quali
fications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of
the state legislature.
2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at
tained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citi
zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
inhabitant of the state in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among
the several states which may be included within this union, ac
cording to their respective numbers, which shall be determined
by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those
bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not
taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration
shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term
of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The
number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty
thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative :
and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New-
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts eight ;
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one ; Connecticut five ;
New-York six ; New- Jersey four ; Pennsylvania eight ; Delaware
one ; Maryland six ; Virginia ten ; North Carolina five ; South
Carolina five ; Georgia three. •
4. When vacancies shall happen in the representation from

6 CONSTITUTION OF THE
any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec
tion to fill such vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and
other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
Sec. III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be com
posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature
thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence
of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be,
into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class
shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the se
cond class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class,
at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be
chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation
or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state,
the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until
the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such va
cancies. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained
the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen ofthe United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that
state for which he shall be chosen.
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be Presi
dent of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally
divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers and also a presi
dent pro-tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when
he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach
ments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or
affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried
the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment, shall not extend fur
ther than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and
enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, under the United
States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and
subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according
to law.
Sec IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holdino- elec
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each
state, by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may, at any
time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the
places of choosing senators.

UNITED STATES. 7
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year ;
and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, un
less they shall by law appoint a different day.
Sec. V. — 1. Each house shall be judge ofthe elections, returns
and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each
shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number
may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel
the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under
such penalties, as each house may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings,
punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the con
currence of two-thirds, expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in
their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the
members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of
one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, with
out the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,
nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be
sitting. Sec VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and
paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all
cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi
leged from arrest, during their attendance at the session of their
respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ;
and for any speech in debate in either house, they shall not be
questioned in any other place.
2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the
authority of the United States, which shall have been created,
or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during
such time ; and no person holding any office under the United
States, shall be a member of either house, during his continuance
in office.
Sec VII.— 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in
the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or
concur with amendments as on other bills.
2. Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Repre
sentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be pre
sented to the President of the United States, if he approve, he
shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to
that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the
2

O CONSTITUTION OF THE
objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it.
If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree
to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other house, and if approved by two- thirds of that house, it shall
become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the per
sons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on the journals
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by
the President, within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man
ner as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by their adjourn
ment, prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence
of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary
(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the
President of the United States : and before the same shall take
effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him,
shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Re
presentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in
the case of a bill.
Sec VIII. — The Congress shall have power —
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to
pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general
welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises
shall be uniform throughout the United States.
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States :
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the
several states, and with the Indian tribes :
4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform
laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United
States :
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign
coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures :
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the secu
rities and current coin of the United States :
7. To establish post-offices and post-roads :
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se
curing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive
right to their respective writings and discoveries :
9. To consitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court :
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on
the high seas, and offences against the law of nations :
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and
make rules concerning captures on land and water :

UNITED. STATES.

12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of
money to that use, shall be for a longer term than two years :
13. To provide and maintain a navy :
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the
land and naval forces :
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws
of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions :
16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the mili
tia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in
the service of the United States, reserving to the states respect
ively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train
ing the militia, according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.
17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever,
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by
cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, be
come the seat of government of the United States, and to exer
cise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of
the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other need
ful buildings : And
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper, for
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other pow
ers vested by this constitution in the government of the United
States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Sec IX. — 1. The migration or importation of such persons
as any of the states, now existing, shall think proper to admit,
shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thou
sand eight hundred and eight : but a tax or duty may be imposed
on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus
pended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public
safety may require it.
3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed.
- 4. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro
portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to
be taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any
state. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of
commerce br revenue to the ports of one state over those of an
other ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to
enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse
quence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement

10 CONSTITUTION OF THE
and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money
shall be published from time to time.
7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ;
and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them,
shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present,
emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
Sec X. — 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin mo
ney ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin
a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-
facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant
any title of nobility.
2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any
imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be ab
solutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the
nett produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on im
ports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Uni
ted States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and
control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of
Congress, lay any duty of tonage, keep troops or ships of war, in
time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with anoth
er state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu
ally invaded, or in such iminent danger as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II.
Sec I. — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Presi
dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office
during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-Presi
dent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :
2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole
number of senators and representatives to which the state may
be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or
person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States
shall be appointed an elector.
3. [Annulled. See Amendments, art. 12.]
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elec
tors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day
shall be the same throughout the United States.
5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the
United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any per-

UNITED STATES. 11
son be eligible to that office, who shall not have attained the age
of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within
the United States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of
his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and
duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi
dent ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of re
moval, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and
Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President,
and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re
moved, or a President shall be elected.
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services
a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished
during the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he
shall not receive, within that period, any other emolument from
the United States, or any of them.
8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take
the following path or affirmation : —
" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute
the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best
of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of
the United States."
Sec. II. — 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the
army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the
several states, when called into the actual service of the United
States : he may require the opinion in writing, of the principal
officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject
relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have
power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the
United States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the sen
ators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors,
other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the supreme court,
and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be astab-
lished by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appoint
ment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the Presi
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com
missions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
Sec III. — 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress

12 CONSTITUTION OF THE
information of the state of the union, and recommend to their
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex
pedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses,
or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such
time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors, and
other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith
fully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the Uni
ted States.
Sec IV. — 1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil of
ficers of the United States, shall be removed from office on im
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high
crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III.
Sec I. — 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be
vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the
Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their
offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive
for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office.
Sec II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in
law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the
United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under
their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime ju
risdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a
party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a
state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different
states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under
grants of different states, and between a state, of the citizens
thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the su
preme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases
before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris
diction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under
such regulations as the Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment
shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where
the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com-

UNITED STATES. 13
mitted within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places
as the Congress may by law have directed.
Sec III. 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies,
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of
treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same
overt act, or confessions in open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment
of treason, but no attainder of treason, shall work corruption of
blood, or forfeiture, except during the life ofthe person attainted.
ARTICLE IV.
Sec I. — 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state,
to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every oth
er state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the
manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be
proved, and the effect thereof.
Sec II. — 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.
2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state,
shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from
which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having
jurisdiction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or la
bor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such
service or labor may be due.
Sec III. — 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress in
to this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected with
in the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed
by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without
the consent of the legislature of the states concerned, as well as
of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all
needful rules and regulations, respecting the territory or other
property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this
constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of
the United States or of any particular state.
Sec IV. — 1. The United states shall guarantee to every state
in this union, a republican form of government, and shall protect
each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the legisla-

14 CONSTITUTION OF THE
ture, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be con
vened,) against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V.
1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution,
or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the
several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments,
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as
part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-
fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths
thereof, as the one, or the other mode of ratification may be pro
posed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which
may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and
eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the
ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI.
1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before
the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the
United States under this constitution, as under the confederation.
2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which
shall be made in pursuance thereof: and all treaties made, or
which shall be made under the authority of the United States,
shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every
state shall be bound thereby ; any thing in the constitution or laws
of any state, to the contrary notwithstanding.
3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the
members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several
states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this con
stitution, but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi
cation to any office or public trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII.
1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be
sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the
states so ratifying the same.

UNITED STATES.

15

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states
present, the seventeenth day of September,- in the year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of
the Independence of the United States of America, the
twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed
our names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
President and deputy from Virginia.

New-Hampshire.
John Langon,
Nicholas Gilman.
Massachusetts.
Nathaniel Gorman,
Rufus King.

Pennsylvania^
Benjamin Franklin,
Thomas Mifflin,
Robert Morris,
George Clymer,
Thomas Fitzsimons,
Jared Ingersoll,
James Wilson,
Governeur Morris.

Connecticut.
Wm. Samuel Johnson,
Roger Sherman. Delaware.
George Reed,

Virginia.
John Blair,
James Madison, Jr.
North Carolina.
William Blount,
Richd. Dobbs Spaight,
Hugh Williamson.
South Carolina.
John Rutledge,
Charles C. Pinckney,

New-York. Gunning Bedford, Jr.Charles Pinckney,

Alexander Hamilton. John Dickerson,
Richard Bassett,
New-Jersey.
William Livingston,
David Brearley,
William Patterson,
Jonathan Dayton.

Pierce Butler.

Jacob Broom.
Maryland.
James M'Henry,
Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer,
Daniel Carrol.

Georgia.
William Few,
Abraham Baldwin.

Attest,

WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.
3

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

Art. I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establish
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern
ment for a redress of grievances.
Art. II. — A well regulated militia being necessary to the se
curity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear
arms shall not be infringed.
Art. III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Art. IV. — The right of the people to be secure in their per
sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons
or things to be seized.
Art. V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war
or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be
compelled, in any criminal case, to be witness against himself, nor
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without
just compensation.
Art. VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury ofthe
state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and
to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be
confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory
, process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the as
sistance of counsel for his defence.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 17
Art. VII. — In suits of common law, where the value in con
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved ; and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be other
wise re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord
ing to the rules of the common law. <•
Art. VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces
sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Art. IX. — The enumeration in the constitution, of certain
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retain
ed by the people.
Art. X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by
the constitution, nor prohibited to it by the states, are reserved
to the states respectively, or to the people.
Art. XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced
or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of an
other state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.
Art. XII. — 1. The electors shall meet in their respective
states, and vote by ballot, for President and Vice President, one
of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state
with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person vo
ted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for
as Vice President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all per
sons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice
President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of govern
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ;
the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the
votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest num
ber of votes for President, shall be President, if such number be
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if
no person have such majority, then «from the persons having the
highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for
as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme
diately, by ballot, the President. — But in choosing the President,
the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each
state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of
a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma
jority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the
House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day
of March next following, then the Vice President, shall act as

18 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa
bility of the President.
2. The person having the greatest number of votes for Vice-
President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a ma
jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no
person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on
the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number
of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be neces
sary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of
President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United
States. Art. XIII. — If any citizen of the United States shall accept,
claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honor, or shall
without the consent of Congress, accept or retain any present,
pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any
emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease
to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of
holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them.

WASHINGTON'S
INAUGURAL AND FAREWELL ADDRESSES.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS,
April 30, 1789.
Fellow Citizens of ihe Senate and House of Representatives :
Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have
filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notifica
tion was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th
day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned
by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with venera
tion and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fond
est predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable
decision, as the assylum of my declining years, a retreat which
was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to
me by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent inter
ruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed on it by
time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the
trust to which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient
to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a
distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but over
whelm with despondence, one, who, inheriting inferior endow
ments from nature, and unpractised in the duties of civil admin
istration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies.
In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that it has been my
faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every
circumstance by which it might be effected. All I dare hope is
that if in executing this task I have been too much swayed by a
grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate
sensibility to this transcendant proof of the confidence of my fel
low citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity
as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before
me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me,
and its consequences be judged by my country with some share
of the partiality with which they originated.
Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience
to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would
be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent

20 Washington's inaugural address.
supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe
— who presides in the councils of nations — and whose providen
tial aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may
consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the
United States a government instituted by themselves for these
essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed
in its administration to execute with success the functions allot
ted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the great author
of every public and private good, I assure myself that it ex
presses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my
fellow citizens, at large less than either. No people can be bound
to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the
affairs of men, more than the people ofthe United States. Every
step by which they have advanced to the character of an inde
pendent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of
providential agency ; and in the important revolution just accom
plished in the system of their united government, the tranquil
deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct commu
nities, from which the event has resulted, cannot be compared
with the means by which most governments have been establish
ed, without some return of pious gratitude, along with an hum
ble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to
presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have
forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.
You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none un
der the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free
government can more auspiciously commence.
By the article establishing the executive department, it is made
the duty of the President " to recommend to your consideration
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The
circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from
entering into that subject farther than to refer to the great con
stitutional charter under which you are assembled, and which, in
defining your powers, designates the objects to which your atten
tion is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circum
stances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate
me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular
measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and
the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and
adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold the surest
pledges, that, as on one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no
separate views, nor party animosities will misdirect the compre
hensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great as
semblage of communities and interests : so, on another, that the

WASHINGTON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 21
foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and
immutable principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence
of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which
can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect
of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction
which an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is
no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the
economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between vir
tue and happiness, between duty and advantage ; between the
genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the
solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity ; since we ought
to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can
never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules
of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained, and since
the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of
the republican model of government are justly considered as
deeply, perhaps as finally staked on the experiment entrusted to
the hands of the American people.
Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will re
main with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the
occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the constitu
tion is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature
of the objections which have been urged against the system, or
by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. In
stead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject,
in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official op
portunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your
discernment and pursuit of the public good ; for, I assure myself
that while you carefully avoid every alteration which might en
danger the benefits of an united and effective government, or
which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence
for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the
public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on
the question how far the former can be more impregnably forti
fied, or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.
To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will
be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It
concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible.
When I was first honored with a call into the service of my coun
try, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the
light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should re
nounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I
have in no instance departed ; and being still under the impres
sions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself

22 Washington's farewell address.
any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensa
bly included in a permanent provision for the executive depart
ment, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates
for the station in which I am placed, may, during my continuance
in it, be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good
may be thought to require.
Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been
awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take
my present leave, but not without resorting once more to the be
nign Parent of the human race, in humble supplication that, since
he has been pleased to favor the American people with opportu
nities for deliberating in perfect tranquility and dispositions for
deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for
the security of their union and the advancement of their happi
ness, 'so his divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the en
larged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures
on which the success of this government must depend.

FAREWELL ADDRESS.
September 17, 1796.
Friends and Fellow Citizens :
The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the
executive government of the United States being not far distant,
and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be em
ployed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that
important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may
conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I
should now apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline
being "considered among the number of those out of whom the
choice is to be made.
I beg you at the same time to. do me the justice to be assured,
that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to
all the considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a
dutiful citizen to his country ; and that in withdrawing the tender
of service, which silence in my situation might imply, I am in
fluenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no
deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am
supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with
both. The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office to
which your suffrages have twice called me, have been an uniform
sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference

WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 23
for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it
would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with
motives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that
retirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The
strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election,
had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to
you; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and critical
posture of affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice
of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the
idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well
as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incom
patible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am per
suaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that
in the present circumstances of our country you will not disap
prove of my determination to retire.
The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust,
were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this
trust, I will only say that I have, with good intentions, contribu
ted towards the organization and administration of the govern
ment the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was
capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my
qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in
the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of
myself; and, every day the increasing weight of years admon
ishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement is as ne
cessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any cir
cumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that while choice and
prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does
not forbid it.
In looking forward to the moment which is to determinate the
career of my political life, my feelings do not permit me to sus
pend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which
I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has confer
red upon me ; still more for the steadfast confidence with which
it has supported me ; and for the opportunities 1 have thence en
joyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faith
ful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If
benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it
always be remembered to your praise, and as instructive exam
ple in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions,
agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead — amidst ap
pearances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortunes often dis
couraging — in situations in which not unfrequently want of sue-

24 Washington's farewell address,
cess has countenanced the spirit of criticism — the constancy of
your support was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guaran
tee of the plans, by which they were effected. Profoundly pen
etrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a
strong incitement to unceasing wishes, that Heaven may continue
to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence — that your union and
brotherly affection may be perpetual — that the free constitution
which is the work of your hands may be sacredly maintained —
that its administration in every department may be stamped
with wisdom and virtue — that, in fine, the happiness of the peo
ple of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made
complete, by so careful a preservation, and so prudent a use of
this blessing, as will acquire to them the glory of recommending
it to the applause, the affection, and adoption of every nation
which is yet a stranger to it.
Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your wel
fare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension
of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like
the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recom
mend to your frequent review, some sentiments, which are the
result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and
which appear to me all important to the permanency of your fe
licity as a people. These will be offered to you with the more
freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested warnings
of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to
bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it,
your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not
dissimilar occasion.
Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of our
hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or con
firm the attachment.
The unity of government, which constitutes you one people,
is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in
the edifice of your real independence ; the support of your tran
quility at home ; your peace abroad ; of your safety ; of your
prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But
as it is easy to foresee, that from different causes and from differ
ent quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed,
to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this is
the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of
internal and external enemies will be most constantly and active
ly (though often covertly and insidiously) directed ; it is of infi
nite moment, that you should properly estimate the immense value
of your national union to your collective and individual happi-

WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 25
ness ; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovea
ble attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and to
speak of it as a palladium of your political safety and prosperi
ty ; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety ; discoun
tenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in
any event be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first
dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country
from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link to
gether the various parts.
For this you have every inducement of sympathy and inter
est. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that
country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name
of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity,
must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any
appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades
of difference you have the same religion, manners, habits, and
political principle. You have, in a common cause, fought and
triumphed together ; the independence and liberty you possess,
are the work of joint councils, and joint efforts — of common dan
gers, sufferings, and success.
But these considerations, however powerfully they address
themselves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those
which apply more immediately to your interest. Here every
portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for
carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole.
The north, in an unrestrained intercourse with the south, pro
tected by the equal laws of a common government, finds in the
productions of the latter, great additional resources of maritime
and commercial enterprize, and precious materials of manufac
turing industry. The south, in the same intercourse, benefitting
by the same agency of the north, sees its agriculture grow and
its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels the
seamen of the north, it finds its particular navigation invigorated
— and while it contributes in different ways to nourish and in
crease the general mass of the national navigation, it looks for
ward to the protection of a maritime strength, to which itself
is unequally adapted. The east, in like intercourse with the west,
already finds in the progressive improvement of interior com
munications by land and water, will more and more find a valua
ble vent for $he commodities which it brings from abroad, or
manufactures at home. The west derives from the east supplies
requisite to its growth and comfort — and what is perhaps of still
greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoy
ment of indispensable outlets for its own productions, to the

26 Washington's farewell address.
weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlan
tic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of
interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the west can
hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own sepa
rate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connexion with
any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
While therefore every part of our country thus feels an imme
diate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined can
not fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts, greater
strength, greater resource, proportionably greater security from
external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by
foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable value, they must de
rive from union an exemption from those broils and wars be
tween themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring coun
tries, not tied together by the same government, which their own
rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce ; but which oppo
site foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues, would stimulate
and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of
those overgrown military establishments, which under any form
of government are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be
regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In this sense
it is, that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of
your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you
the preservation of the other.
These considerations speak a persuasive language to every re
flecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the
union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt
whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere ?
Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a
case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper
organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of govern
ments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue of
the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With
such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts
of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its
impractability, there will always be reason to distrust the patri
otism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its
bands. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our union, it
occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have
been furnished for characterizing parties, by geographical dis
criminations — Northern and Southern; Atlantic and Western;
whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there
is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the ex-

WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 27
pedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts,
is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You
cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and
heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations ; they
tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound
together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western
country have lately had a useful lesson on this head. They have
seen in the negotiation by the executive, and in the unanimous rat
ification by the senate of the treaty with Spain, and in the uni
versal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a
decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated
among them of a policy in the general government, and in the
Atlantic states, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mis
sissippi. They have been witnesses to the formation of two trea
ties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure
to them every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign
relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their
wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the
union by which they were procured ? Will they not henceforth
be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever
them from their brethren and connect them with aliens ?
To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a government
for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, be
tween the parts can be an adequate substitute ; they must inev
itably experience the infractions and interruptions which alliances
at all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth,
you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a
constitution of government, better calculated than your former
for an intimate union, and for the efficacious management of
your common concern. This government, the offspring of your
own choice, uninfluenced and unawed ; adopted upon full inves
tigation and mature deliberation ; completely free in its princi
ples ; in the distribution of its powers uniting security with en
ergy, and containing within itself provision for its own amend
ment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Re
spect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in
its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of
true liberty. The basis of our political system is the right of the
people to make and to alter their constitutions of government.
But the constitution which at any time exists, until changed by
an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly ob
ligatory upon all. The very idea ofthe power and the right ofthe
the people to establish government, presupposes the duty of every
individual to obey the established government.

28 Washington's farewell address.
AU obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations
and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the
real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular de
liberations and action of the constituted authorities, are destruc
tive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They
serve to organize faction ; to give it an artificial and extraordi
nary force ; to put in the place of the delegated will of the na
tion, the will of party, often a small, but artful and enterprizing
minority of the community ; and according to the alternate tri
umphs of different parties, to make the pubhc administration the
mirror of the ill concerted and incongruous projects of faction,
rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans, di
gested by common councils, and modified by mutual interests.
However combinations or associations of the above descrip
tion may now and then answer popular ends, they are' likely, in
the course of time and things, to become potent engines by which
cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to sub
vert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the
reigns of government; destroying afterwards the very engines
which have lifted them to unjust dominion.
Towards the preservation of your government, and the per
manency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only that
you steadily discountenance irregular opposition to its acknow
ledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of
innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretext.
One method of assault may be to affect in the forms of the con
stitution alterations which will impair the energy of the system,
and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In
all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time
and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of
governments, as of other human institutions ; that experience is
the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the ex
isting constitutions of a country ; that facility in changes upon
the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual
change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion ; and
remember especially, that from the efficient management of
your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a gov
ernment of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect secu
rity of liberty, is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a
government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its
surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the
government is too feeble to withstand the enterprizes of faction
to confine each member of society within the limits prescribed

Washington's farewell address. 29
by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoy
ment of the rights of person and property.
I haye already intimated to you the dangers of parties in the
state, with particular reference to the founding of them upon
geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more compre
hensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against
the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally.
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, hav
ing its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It ex
ists under different shapes in all governments, more or less
stifled, controlled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form
it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
The alternate domination of one faction over another,
sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissention,
which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most
horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads
at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The dis
orders and miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of
men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an in
dividual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some prevailing fac
tion, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this
disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of
the public liberty.
Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which
nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common
and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to
make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and
restrain it.
It serves always to distract the public councils, and enfeeble the
public administration. It agitates the community with ill-found
ed jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part
against another ; foments occasional riot and insurrection. It
opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a
facilitated access to the government itself, through the channels
of party passion. Thus the policy and will of one country are
subjected to the policy and will of another.
There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful
checks upon the administration of the government, and serve to
keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is
probably true ; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriot
ism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit
of party. But in those of popular character, in governments
purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From the na
tural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that

30 Washington's farewell address.
spirit for every salutary purpose ; and there being constant dan
ger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion to
mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to quenched, it demands a
uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead
of warming, it should consume.
It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free
country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its admin
istration, to confine themselves within their respective constitu
tional spheres ; avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one de
partment, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroach
ment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in
one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real
despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and prone-
ness to abuse it, which predominate in the human heart, is suf
ficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity
of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by di
viding and distributing into different depositories, and constituting
each the guardian of the public weal against invasions of the
other, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern ;
some of them in our country, and under our own eyes. To
preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in
the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the
constitutional powers be, in any particular wrong, let it be cor
rected by an amendment in the way in which the constitution
designates. But let there be no change by usurpation, for though
this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the
customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed.
The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent
evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any
time yield.
Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political pros
perity, religion and morality are indispensible supports. In vain
would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor
to subvert these great pillars of human happiness — these firmest
props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician,
equally with the pious man, ought to respect and cherish them.
A volume could not trace all their connexion with private and
public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for
property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obliga
tion desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation
in courts of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the suppo
sition that morality can be maintained without religion. What
ever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on
minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid

Washington's farewell address. 31
us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of re
ligious principles.
It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessary
spring of popular government. The rule indeed extends with
more or less force to every species of free government. Who
that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon at
tempts to shake the foundation of the fabric ?
Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institu
tions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as
the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is
essential that public opinion should be enlightened.
As a very important source of strength and security, cherish
pubhc credit. One method of preserving it, is to use it as spa
ringly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating
peace, but remembering, also, that timely disbursements to pre
pare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements
to repel it ; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only
by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in
time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars
have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the
burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of
these maxims belongs to your representatives ; but it is necessary
that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the per
formance of their duty, it is essential that you should particularly
bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be
revenue ; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes
can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and un
pleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment, inseparable from the
selection of the proper objects, (which is always a choice of dif
ficulties,) ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction
of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit
of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the
public exigencies may at any time dictate.
Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate
peace and harmony with all : religion and morality enjoin this
conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin
it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant
period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and
too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted jus
tice and benevolence. Who can doubt but that in the course of
time and things the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any
temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence
to it 1 Can it be that Providence has connected the permanent
felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is
5

32 Washington's farewell address.
recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature.
Alas ! it is rendered impossible by its vices !
In the execution of such a plan nothing is more essential than
that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations,
and passionate attachment for others, should be excluded ; and
that in the place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all
should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards an
other an habitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some de
gree, a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection,
either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its
interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, disposes each
more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes
of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental
or trifling occasions of dispute occur.
Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody
contests. The nation, prompted by ill will and resentment, some
times impels to war the government, contrary to the best calcu
lations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the
national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason
would reject ; at other times it makes the animosity of the na
tion subservient to the projects of hostility, instigated by pride,
ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace
often, sometimes, perhaps, the liberty of nations has been the
victim. So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for anoth
er produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite na
tion, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in
cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one
the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation
in the quarrels and the wars of the latter without adequate in
ducements or justification. It leads, also, to concessions to the
favorite nation of privileges denied to others, which are apt doub
ly to injure the nation making the concessions, by unnecessarily
parting with what ought to have been retained, and by exciting
jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to retaliate in the parties from
whom equal privileges are withheld ; and it gives to ambitious,
corrupt, or deluded citizens, (who devote themselves to the fa
vorite nation,) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their
own country without odium, sometimes even with popularity;
gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation to
a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal
for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, cor
ruption, or infatuation.
As avenues to foreign influence, in innumerable ways, such at-

Washington's farewell address. 33
tachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and
independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to
tamper with domestic factions, to practice the art of seduction,
to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils !
Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great
and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the
latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, (I con
jure you to believe me, fellow citizens,) the jealousy of a free peo
ple ought to be constantly awake, since history and experience
prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of re
publican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be
impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very influence
to be avoided, instead of a defence against it. Excessive partial
ity for one foreign nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause
those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and
serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other.
Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are lia
ble to become suspected and odious ; while its tools and dupes
usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender
their interests.
The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations,
is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as
little political connexion as possible. So far as we have already
formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith.
Here let us stop.
Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none,
or a very remote relation. Hence, she must be engaged in fre
quent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign
to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to
implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitude of
her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her
friendships or enmities.
Our detached and distant situation, invites and enables us to
pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an
efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy
material injury from external annoyance ; when we may take
such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time
resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected ; when belligerent
nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us,
will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may
choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall
counsel. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why
quit our own to stand upon foreign ground 1 Why, by inter-

34 Washington's farewell address.
weaving our destiny with Chat of any part of Europe, entangle
our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, ri-
valship, interest, humor or caprice?
It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with
any portion of the foreign world ; so far I mean, as we are now
at liberty to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of
patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the max
im no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that hon
esty is always the best policy. I repeat, therefore, let those en
gagements be observed in their genuine sense. But in my opinion,
it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them.
Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establish
ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to
temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies.
Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recom
mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our com
mercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither
seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting
the natural course of things ; diffusing and diversifying by gentle
means the stream of commerce, but forcing nothing; establish
ing with powers so disposed, in order to gi\ e trade a stable
course, to define the rights of our merchants, a.id to enable the
government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse,
the best that present circumstances and natural opinion will per
mit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time, abandon
ed or varied, as experience and circumstance? shall dictate ;
constantly keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for
disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay with a por
tion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that
character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in the
condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet
of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more.
There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon
real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion which experi
ence must cure, which a just pride ought to discard.
In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old
affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
lasting impression I could wish — that they will control the usual
current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the
course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But
if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive of
some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now
and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit ; to warn
against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue ; to guard against the

Washington's farewell address. 35
impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full-re
compense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have
been dictated.
How far in the discharge of my official duties I have been
guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public
records and other evidences of my conduct must witness to you
and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own con
science is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by
them. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my Proclama
tion of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanc
tioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representa
tives in both houses of Cofogress, the spirit of that measure has
continually governed me ; uninfluenced by any attempts to deter
or divert me from it.
After deliberate examination, with the aids of the best lights I
could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the
circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in
duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I
determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with
moderation, perseverance and firmness.
The considerations which respect the right to hold this con
duct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only ob
serve, that according to my understanding of the matter, that
right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers,
has been virtually admitted by all.
The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without
any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity
impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to
maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other
nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct, will
best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With
me, a predominant motive has been to endeavour to gain time to
our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and
to progress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and
constancy, which is necessary to give it, humanely speaking, the
command of its own fortune.
Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
unconscious of intentional error ; I am nevertheless too sensible
of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed
many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the
Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend,
I shall also carry with me the hop&that my country will never

36 JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
cease to view them with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five
years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal,
the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion,
as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest.
Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated
by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man who
views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for seve
ral generations ; I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that re
treat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the
sweet enjoyment of partaking in the midst of my fellow citizens,
the benign influence of good laws, under a free government ; the
ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust,
of our mutual cares, labors and dangers.

JEFFERSON'S
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
March 4, 1801.
Friends and Fellow Citizens :
Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office
of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of
my fellow citizens which is here assembled, to express my grate
ful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to
look towards me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task
is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious
and awful presentiments, which the greatness of the charge, and
the weakness of my powers, so justlv inspire. A rising nation,
spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with
the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with
nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to
destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye ; when I contemplate
these transcendant objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and
the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue and the
auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation ; and hum
ble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly
indeed should I despair, did not the presence of many whom I
here see remind me, that, in the other high authorities provided
by our constitution, I shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue,

Jefferson's inaugural address. 37
and of zeal, on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then,
gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legisla
tion, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement
for that guidance and support which may enable us to steer with
safety the vessel in which we are all embarked, amid the con
flicting elements of a troubled world.
-During the contest of opinion through which we have passed,
the animation of discussion and of exertions has sometimes worn
an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think free
ly, and to speak and to write what they think ; but this being now
decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the
rules of the constitution, all will of course arrange themselves
under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the
common good. All too will bear in mind this sacred principle,
that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that
will, to be rightful, must be reasonable ; that the minority pos
sesses their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to vio
late, would be oppression. Let us then, fellow citizens, unite with
one heart and one mind, let us restore to social intercourse that
harmony and affection, without which liberty, and even life itself,
are but dreary things. And let us reflect, that, having banished
from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so
long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we counte
nance a political intolerance, as despotic, as wicked, and capable
of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During the throes and con
vulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of in
furiated man, seeking through blood and slaughter his long lost
Uberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows
should reach even this distant and peaceful shore ; that this should
be more felt and feared by some and less by others ; that this
should divide opinions as to measures of safety ; but every dif
ference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have
called by different names brethren of the same principle. We
are all republicans ; we are all federalists. If there be any
among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change its
republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the
safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated, where rea
son is left free to combat it. I know indeed that some honest
men fear that a republican government cannot be strong ; that
this government is not strong enough. But would the honest
patriot in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a gov
ernment which has so far kept us free and firm, on the theoretic
and visionary fear that this government, the world's best hope,
may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself? I trust not.

38 JEFFERSON S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest government on earth.
I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the laws,
would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions
of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it
is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of him
self. Can he then be trusted with the government of others ?
Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him ?
Let history answer this question.
Let us then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own
federal and republican principles ; our attachment to our union
and representative government. Kindly separated by nature
and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter
of the globe ; too high minded to endure the degradations of the
others ; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our
descendants to the thousandeth and thousandeth generation ; en
tertaining a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own
faculties, to the acquisitions of our industry, to honor and confi
dence from our fellow citizens, resulting not from birth, but from
our actions and their sense of them ; enlightened by a benign re
ligion, professed indeed and practiced in various forms, yet all of
them inculcating honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the
love of man, acknowledging and adoring an overruling Provi
dence, which, by all its dispensations, proves that it delights in
the happiness of man here, and his greater happiness hereafter ;
with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a
happy and prosperous people ? Still one thing more, fellow citi
zens — a wise and frugal government, which shall restrain men
from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to re
gulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall
not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This
is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the
circle of our felicities.
About to enter, fellow citizens, on the exercise of duties which
comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, it is proper
that you should understand what I deem the essential principles
of our government, and consequently those which ought to shape
its administration. I will compress them within the narrowest
compass they will bear, stating the general principle, but not all
its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever
state or persuasion, religious or political : peace, commerce, and
honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none :
the support of the state governments in all their rights, as the
most competent administrations for all our domestic concerns,
and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies : the

Jefferson's inaugural address. 39
preservation of the general government in its whole constitu
tional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safe
ty abroad : a jealous care of the right of election by the people ;
a mild and safe corrective of abuses, which are lopped by the
sword of revolution, where peaceable remedies are unprovided :
absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital
principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the
vital principal and immediate parent of despotism : a well discip
lined militia, our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments
of war, till regulars may relieve them : the supremacy of the
civil over the military authority : economy in the pubhc expense,
that labor may be lightly burthened : the honest payment of our
debts, and sacred preservation of the public faith : encourage
ment of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid : the dif
fusion of information, and arrangement of all abuses at the bar
of public reason ; freedom of religion ; freedom of the press ;
and freedom of person, under the protection of the habeas
corpus ; and trials by juries impartially selected. These princi
ples form the bright constellation which has gone before us,
and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reforma
tion. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our heroes, have
been devoted to their attainment : they should be the creed of
our political faith ; the text of civil instruction ; the touchstone
by which to try the services of those we trust ; and should we
wander from them in moments of error or alarm, let us hasten
to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads to
peace, liberty, and safety.
I repair then, fellow citizens, to the post you have assigned '
me. With experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen
the difficulties of this, the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect
that it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from
this station with the reputation and the favor which bring him
into it. Without pretensions to that high confidence you repose
in our first and great revolutionary character, whose pre-eminent
services had entitled him to the first place in his country's love,
and destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful
history, I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and
effect to the legal administration of your affairs. I shall often go
wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be
thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view
of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors,
which will never be intentional ; and your support against the
errors of others, who may condemn what they would not, if seen
in all its parts; The approbation implied by your suffrage is a
6

40 biography of the presidents.
consolation to me for the past ; and my future solicitude will be,
to retain the good opinion of those who have bestowed it in ad
vance, to conciliate that of others by doing them all the good in
my power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom
of all.
Relying then on the patronage of your good will, I advance
with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever
you become sensible how much better choices it is in your power
to make. And may that infinite Power which rules the destinies
of the universe lead our councils to what is best, and give them a
favorable issue for your peace and prosperity.

BIOGRAPHY OF THE PRESIDENTS.
George Washington, " The Father of his Country," and first
President of the United States, was born at Bridges Creek, in
the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February,
1732. He was elected President in 1789, which office he held
eight years. He died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of Decem
ber, 1799, at the age of 68 years.
John Adams, the second President of the United States, was
born at Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He was cho
sen President in 1797 — continued in office four years. Died 4th
of July, 1826, aged 91 years.
Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States,
and author of the Declaration of Independence, was born at
Shad well, Albemarle county, Virginia, April 2, 1743. He was
elected President, 1801 — continued in office eight years. Died
on the 4th of July, 1826, aged 83 years.
James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, was
born March 5, 1751, in Orange county, Virginia. He was elect
ed President in 1809 — continued in office eight years. Died on
the 28th of June, 1837, at the age of 86 years.
James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, was
born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, on the 28th of April,
1758. He was chosen President in 1817 — continued in office
eight years. Died July 4th, 1831, at the age of 73 years.
John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States,
was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1767. He was elected
President in 1825 — continued in office four years.
Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was
born on the 15th of March, 1767, at Waxsaw, South Carolina,
inaugurated President in 1829 — continued in office eight years.
Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States,
was born on the 5th of December, 1782, at Kinderhook, Colum
bia county, New- York. He was elected President in 1837.

AMERICAN COAT OF ARMS.

The device for an armorial Achievement and Reverse of a
great seal for the United States in Congress assembled is as fol
lows: " Arms. — Paleways of thirteen pieces, argent and gules, a chief
azure ; the escutcheon on the breast of the American bald eagle
displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive branch, and
in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper ; and in
his beak a scroll inscribed with this motto, ' E pluribus unum.'
" For the crest. — Over the head ofthe eagle, which appears
above the escutcheon, a glory, or, breaking through a cloud pro
per, and surrounding thirteen stars forming a constellation, ar
gent, or an azure field.
" Reverse. — A pyramid unfinished.
" In the zenith an eye in the triangle surrounded with a glory,
proper. Over the eye these words, 'Annuit Cceptis.'
" On the base of the pyramid, the numerical letters mdcclxxvi,
and underneath the following motto, ' Novus ordo seclorum.'
" Remarks and explanations of the device. — The escutcheon
is composed of the chief and pale, the two most honorable ordi
naries. The thirteen pieces paly represent the several states in
the union, all joined in old solid compact, entire, supporting a chief
which unites the whole, and represents Congress. The motto
alludes to this union.
" The pales in the arms are kept closely united by the chief, and
the chief depends on that union, and the strength resulting from
it for its support, to denote the confederacy of the United
States, and the preservation of the Union through Congress.
" The colors of the pales are those used in the flag of the Uni
ted States of America. White signifies purity and innocence,
red hardiness and valor, and blue, the color of the chief, signifies
vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The olive branch and ar
rows denote the power of peace and war, which is exclusively
vested in Congress.
" The crest or constellation denotes a new state taking its place
or rank among other sovereign powers.
" The escutcheon borne on the breast of an American eagle,
without any oAer supporters, to denote that the United States
of America ought to rely on their own virtue.
" The pyramid on the reverse signifies strength and duration.
" The eye over it, and the motto (' annuit coeptis,' ' he pros
pers our endeavors,') allude to the many signal interpositions of
Providence in favor of the American cause.
" The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Indepen
dence, and the words under it signify the beginning of the New
American ^Era, which commences from that date."

General Statistics ofthe United States.
The principal details pertaining to the several states, will be
found in their appropriate places, in the latter part of this
work. This article will therefore, be chiefly confined to such
matter as relates to the general government, and to the United
States in its confederate capacity.
GOVERNMENT.
The government of the United States is a Federal Represen
tative Democracy, in which all power belongs to the people. The
legislative power is vested in a Congress, composed of a Senate
and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of two
members from each state, chosen by the legislatures respective
ly, for a period of six years. The terms of service are so ar
ranged, that one-third of the whole Senate is renewed every
two years. Every senator must have attained the age of thirtv
years, and have been nine years a citizen of the United
States, and, when elected, an inhabitant of the state from which
he is chosen. The present number of senators is fifty-two.
The Senate has the sole power to try impeachments. The Vice
President of the United States is President of the Senate, and
has a casting vote only.
The House of Representatives is composed of members elect
ed in the several states by the people, for a term of two years.
Each state is entitled, under a law passed in 1832, to send one
Representative for every 47,700 inhabitants. The present num
ber of members is 242, besides delegates from Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Florida. A Representative must have attained the age of
twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the
United States. The pay of each member of Congress during
the Session is $8 per day, and $8 for every twenty miles travel
to and from the seat of government.
The President of the Senate pro tern, (who is chosen in the
absence of the Vice President) and Speaker of the House of
Representatives, receives $16 per day.
The House of Representatives choose their own Speaker and
other officers, and have the sole power of impeachment. All
bills for raising revenue must originate in the House.
No person can be a member of Congress and hold any office
under the United States at the same time.
Congress has power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and
excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence
and general welfare of the United States :
To borrow money on the credit of the United States :
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the
several states, and with the Indian tribes : To establish an uni
form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States :

general statistics. 43
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin,
and fix the standard of weights and measures : To establish
post-offices and post-roads : To secure to authors and inventors
copy-rights and patents :
To punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,
and against the law of nations : To declare war, grant letters
of marque and reprisal ; raise and support armies ; provide and
maintain a navy ; to regulate the land and naval forces : To ex
ercise exclusive legislation over the District of Columbia, and
over all places purchased for the erection of forts, magazines,
arsenals, dock-yards, &c.
The Executive power is vested in a President ofthe United
States of America.
The President is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy
of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states,
when called into the actual service of the United States ; he has
power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the
United States, except in cases of impeachment.
He has power, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators
present concur : and he nominates, and, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, appoints Ambassadors, other public
Ministers, and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all
other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not
otherwise provided for.
The Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, of one Chief
and six associate Justices ; of 33 District Courts, of one Judge
each, except that six of the states are divided into two Districts
each ; and of 7 Circuit Courts, composed of the Judge of the
District and one of the Justices of the Supreme Court.
The Judges both ofthe Supreme and inferior Courts, hold their
office during good behaviour. The judicial power extends to all
cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, the laws
of the United States, and treaties made under their authority :
to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and
Consuls : to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction : to
controversies to which the United States is a party : to contro
versies between two or more states ; between citizens of dif
ferent states ; or between a state, or the citizens thereof, and
foreign states, citizens, or subjects.
The principal Executive officers, are the Secretaries of State,
of War, and of the Navy, the Post-Master General, and the At
torney General. The Secretary of State conducts the negocia-
tions with foreign powers, and corresponds with the public Min
isters of the United States abroad, and with those of foreign
states near the United States. He has the charge of the United
States Seal, preserves the originals of the laws and treaties, and
of the public correspondence growing out of the intercourse be
tween the United States and foreign nations ; he grants pass
ports to American citizens visiting foreign countries ; has the
control of the the Patent Office, and preserves the evidence of

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

REVENUE AND MEANS FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF TRUSTS AND THE
POST OFFICE.
The balance in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 1839, which
could be considered available for general pur
poses, was  $2,466,961 95
The receipts from customs, the first three quarters, $ 1 8,328,393 50
Receipts from lands the first three quarters, in
cluding also some collected last year in Trea
sury notes  5,417,286 31
Miscellaneous receipts  125,208 78
Estimated receipts for the fourth quarter from
all those sources ... 5,700,000 00
Receipts on some of the debts against banks not
available on 1st January, 1839, but since paid 1,322,686 00
From the third issue of Treasury notes under
the act of March 2, 1839 - - - 3,857,276 21

Aggregate means 37,217,812 75

EXPENDITURES FOR 1839, EXCLUSIVE OF THE POST OFFICE AND
TRUSTS.
Civil, foreign, and miscellaneous, for the first
three quarters  $3,649,508 23
Military, for the first three quarters - - 10,791,799 21
Naval, for the first three quarters - - 4,713,701 57
Estimate for all, during the fourth quarter - 5,600,000 00
Funded debt for the year - - - 14,658 98

24,769,667 99

Redemption of Treasury notes in the first three
quarters, interest as well as principal - 9,891,859 83
Estimated amount of notes redeemed in the
fourth quarter  1,000,000 00
Aggregate payments 35,661,427 82
Leaving an ^available balance of money in the
Treasury on the 31st of December, 1839, of 1,556,384 93
37,217,812 75

TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 45
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS WITHIN THE COMMERCIAL YEAR 1839.
The exports during the year ending September 30, 1839, are
computed to have been $118,359,004. This is $9,872,388 more
than those in the year 1838.
Ofthe whole exports only $17,408,000 were of foreign origin,
and ofthe excess in exports over 1838, only about five millions
were domestic produce.
The imports during the same year were about $157,609,560,
being the very large excess of $43,892,156 over those during
the previous year. * The difference between the imports and ex
ports, being $39,250,556 in favor of the former.
ESTIMATE OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FOR 1840.
It is computed that the aggregate of receipts available, for pub
lic purposes, will not exceed $18,600,000, viz : from
Customs  $15,000,000 00
Lands  3,500,000 00
Miscellaneous  100,000 00
Add to these the balance available and applica
ble to other purposes, which it is supposed
will be in the Treasury on the 1st of January,
1840.  1,556,385 00

The efficient means in that year will then amount )
xv. x x 20,156,385 00
in the aggregate to ) ' '
If Congress should make appropriations to the
extent desired by the different departments,
the expenditures for 1840, independent of the
redemption of Treasury notes, are estimated
at  20,000,000 00
Including all the Treasury notes to be redeemed,
the aggregate expenditure would be about 22,750,000 00
This would leave a deficit in the Treasury at the
close of the year, amounting to - - 2,593,615 00
But there will be due from the United States
Bank, in September next, on its fourth bond,
about  2,526,576 00
The principal now due on the Treasurer's de-
posites in the other banks, which suspended
specie payments in 1837, is - 1,149,904, 00
Should all these claims be collected in 1840,
they would prevent a deficiency, and leave an
available balance in the Treasury of nearly 1,082,865 00

46 TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
According to the opinions of the different depart
ments, as to the sums of money proper for each,
and which constitute the basis of the estimates
submitted to Congress, the new appropriations
required for the next year will equal the sum
of ---*..-. $18,280,600 55
Viz:
Civil, foreign intercourse, and miscellaneous $4,981,344 19
Military services, pensions, &c. - 8,213,610 74
Naval service  5,085,645 62

Receipts and Expenditures ofthe United States for the year 1838.
Balance in the Treasury on the 1st January,
1838 - - - - - - $37,327,252 69

RECEIPTS.

Customs ... - $16,158,800 36

Lands .... 3,081,939 47

Second and third instalments due

from the Bank of the United
States - - - . 4,542,102 22
Miscellaneous items - - 369,813 29
Treasury notes - - - 12,716,820 86
Trust funds - - - 2,149,906 40
37,019,382 60
76,346,635 29
EXPENDITURES.
Civil, miscellaneous, and foreign
intercourse - - - $5,666,702 68
Military - - - 19,936,311 57
Naval ... . 5,941,381 94
Public debt - - - 2,217 08
Treasury notes redeemed, inclu
ding interest - - - 5,603,503 19
Trust funds - - - 2,305,321 89
 39,455,438 34
Balance on the 1st January, 1839 36,891,196 94
76,346,635 29
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 47
Of the public debt.
¦*
The payments on account of the (old) funded and unfunded
debt, since the 1st December, 1838, have been as follows :
1. On account of the principal and interest of the funded
debt: Principal  $13,012 48
Interest  1 000 34

14,012, 82

Leaving unclaimed and undischarged - 311,50801

Viz:
Principal - - - $62,941 99
Interest .... 248,566 02

2. On account of the unfunded debt - - $646, 16
Leaving the amount of certificates and notes pay
able on presentation  $36,267 24

Viz:
Certificates issued for claims du

ring the revolutionary war, and

registered prior to 1798

$26,652 15

Treasury notes issued during the

late war -

5,295 00

Certificates of Mississippi stock

4,320 09

Debts of the corporate cities of the District of Columbia, as
sumed by the United States, viz:
Of the city of Washington .... $1,000,000 00
Alexandria .... 250,000 00
Georgetown * 250,000 00
$1,500,000 00

The payments during the year 1839, on account
of the interest and charges of this debt, amount
ed to  $76,374 77

48 TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
Statement of the issue and redemption of Treasury notes from the
1st of January to the 20th of November, 1839.
The Treasury notes issued during the period
above mentioned, under the acts of the 21st
May, 1838, and 2d March, 1839, amounted to $3,857,276 21
Amount redeemed during the same period :
1. Of notes issued under the act
of the 12th October, 1837, there
have been entered in the books
of this office - - $4,148,848 98
And there are at present, under
examination by the accounting
officers of the Treasury, notes
which had been received in
payment for duties and lands,
amounting to 126,413 65
 4,275,262 63

2. Of notes issued under the acts of
21st May, 1838, and 2d March,
1839, there have been entered
in the books of this office 5,845,979 18
And there are at present, under
examination by the accounting
officers of the department 508,017 26

6,353,996 44
". 
Total amount redeemed since the 1st January, ) .„ „_„ g „
1839 )

Note — The Treasury Department was established in 1789. The Secretary superin
tends the fiscal concerns of the government, and is required to report to Congress an
nually the state of the finances : He recommends such measures as he thinks proper
for improving the condition of the revenue. This department comprises the offices of
Secretary, two Comptrollers, five Auditors, the Register, the Treasurer, and the So
licitor of the Treasury.
The revenue is chiefly derived from duties on imports, the sale of public lands, post
offices, lead mines, &e. The revenue on imported goods is the most important.
One great source of revenue to the United States is the public lands, consisting of
tracts of territory ceded to the general government by the several states ; of lands in
Louisiana, purchased from France ; and those in Florida, acquired by treaty from Spain.
A great portion of this land is occupied by the Indians, who are considered as pro
prietors of the soil, till the goverment extinguish their title by purchase.
By the Convention of France, of the 3d of April, 1803, the United States paid for

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

49

A statement exhibiting the value of imports and exports during
the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1839.

Year end

VALUE OP IMPORTS.

ing 30th
of Sep
tember.

Free of duty

Paying duty
ad valorum.

Paying spe
cific duties.

Total.

18341835 1836
1837
1838
1839

$68,393,180 77,940.493
92,056,48169,250,03160,860,00572,040,719

$35,608,208 45,817,740 59.343,38837,716.374
27,090,480
42,563,739

$22,519,944 26,137,509 38,580,166
34,022,812
25,766,919
43,005,102

$126,521,332 149,895,742
189,980,035140,989,217113,717,404157,609,560

Year end

VALUE OF EXPORTS.

ing 30th
of Sep
tember.

Domestic produce.

Foreign
merchan dise.

Total.

Value of
imports.

1834 1835
18361837
1838 1839

$81,024,162 101,189,082 106,916,680 95,564,414
96,033,821
100,951,004

$23,312,811 20,504,49521,746,360
21,854,962 12,452,795
17,408,000

$104,336,973 121,693,577
128,663,040117,419,376108,486,616
118,359,004

$126,521,332 149,895,742
189,980,035 140,989,217113,717,404
157,609,560

Louisiana in stock and money, $15,000,000. Interest on stock up to time it was re
deemable, $8,529,353 43. Total, $23,529,353 43.
By the treaty with Spain of the 22d of February, 1819, there was paid for the Flori
das $5,000,000 00. Interest on stock till paid off, $1,489,768 66. Total, $6,489,768 66.
Paid, and stipulated to be paid by the United States, to the several Indian tribes, for
lands ceded by them since the year 1794, $84,549,254 81.

50

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

Imports into the United States from the first of October, 1821,
the 30th September, 1838.

to

Value re-

Cotton

Total value
ained in the
manufac
Woollens.
Wines.
Spirits.
of imports.
country for
2onsumption.
tures.
$62,585,724
$41 ,2S3,236
$7,788,514
$7,238,954
$1,873,464
$1,804,798
83,241,511
60,955,309
10,680,216
11,752,595
1,864,627
2,450,261
77,579,267
50,035,645
S,869,482
7,953,451
1,291,542
1,791,419
80,549,007
55,211,850
9,157,667
8,086,S53
1,050,898
2,642,620
96,340,075
63,749,432
12,509,516
10,876,S73
1,826,263
3,135,210
S4,974,477
60,434,865
8,348,034
7,886,826
1,781, 1S8
1,587,712
79,484,068
56,084,932
9,316,153
S,231,515
1,621,035
1,651,436
88,509,824
66,914,807
10,996,230
8,097,559
1,507,533
2,331,656
74,492,527
57,S34,049
8,362,017
6,558,235
1,564,562
1,447,914
70,S76,920
56,489,441
7,862,326
5,598,634
1,535,102
658,990
103,191,124
S3,157,59S
16,090,224
12,668,028
1,673,058
1,037,737
101,029,266
76,989,793
10,399,653
9,762,262
2,397,479
1, 365,01 S
108,118,311
88,295,576
13,262,509
7,660,449
2,601,455
1,537,226
126,521,332
103,208,521
10,145,281
7,379,328
2,944,388
1,319,245
149.895,742
129,391,247
15,367,585
10,023,520
3,750,608
I,632,6S1
189',9S0,035
16S,233,675
17,876,187
12,758,430
4,332,034
1,917,381
140,9S9,217
119,134,255
11,150,841
4,243,548
4,105,741
1,470,802
113,717,404
101,264,804
6,599,330
6,967,530
2,318,282
1,476,918
Teas.
Salt.
Molasses.
Iron and
steel.
Crockery ware.
Silks.
$1,322,636
$609,021
$1,719,227
$3,212,861
$629,032
$4,486,924
! 1,860,777
625,932
2,398,355
5,210,056
1,107,264
6,840,928
! 2,361,245
740,866
2,634,222
5,0S3,351
1,095,126
6,71S,444
I 2,786,252
613,4S6
2,413,643
4,5S4,134
856,326
7,204,588
> 3,728,935
5S9,125
2,547,715
5,820,517
1,011,826
10,299,743
i 3,752,281
677,058
2,S38,72S
5,451,333
1,239,050
8,327,909
1 1,714,882
535,201
2,818,982
6,002,206
1,091,757
6,712,015
i 2,451,197
443,469
2,788,471
7,2S6,033
1,485,652
7,686,640
) 2,060,457
714,618
1,484,104
5,752,925
1,229,817
7,192,698
) 2,425,018
671,979
995,776
5,930,070
1,168,477
5,932,243
I 1,418,037
535,13S
2,432,488
7,192,979
1,516,435
11,117,946
2 2,788,353
634,910
2,524,281
8,804,832
1,857,542
9,248,907
3 5,484,603
996,418
2,867,986
7,742,763
1,669,336
9,498,366
1 6,217,949
S39,315
2,989,020
8,534,458
1,372,800
10,998,964
5 4,522,806
665,097
3,074,172
8,965,889
1,697,682
16,677,547
5 5,342,811
724,527
4,077,312
12,892,648
2,709,187
22,980,212
7 5,902,054
S62,617
3,444,701
11,119,54S
1,823,401
14,352,823
3 3,497,156
1,028,418
3,865,285
7,418,504
1,233,536
9,812,338
Coffee.
Sugar.
Spices.
Lead.
Linen.
Hemp.
1 $4,489,970
$3,553,582
$310,281
$284,701
$2,564,169
$510,589
2 5,522,649
5,034,429
505,340
266,441
6,840,928
1,054,764
3 7,098,119
3,268,689
580,956
155,175
3,803,807
674,454
4 5,437,029
5,165,800
369,140
107,494
3,046,920
241,107
5 5,250,828
4,282,530
626,039
301,408
3,645,125
431,787
6 4,159,558
5,311,631
594,568
265,409
2,720,565
551,757
7 4,464,391
4,577,361
322,730
303,615
2,360,880
635,854
8 5,192,336
3,546,736
432,504
298,544
2,471,352
1/375/243
9 4,5SS,5S5
3,622,406
461,539
52,146
2,480,181
655,935
0 4,227,021
4,636,342
457,723
20,396
2,485,053
200,33S
1 6,317,666
4,910,S77
279,095
52,416
3,145,797
295,706
2 9,099,464
2,933,688
306,013
124,63)
3,391,503
866,865
3 10,567,29£
4,755,856
919,493
89.01E
2,352,085
470,973
4 8,762,65'
5,538,097
496,562
JS3.76J
301,502
514,743
5 10,715,466
6,806,425
712,638
54,1 IS
5,932,568
528,981
6 9,653,05;
12,514,718
1,028,039
37,521
8,271,213
815,558
7 8,657,766
7,203,206
847,607
17,S7<
4,851 ,85'
483,792
81 7,640,21'
7,586,825
438.25S
10,49'
t 3,583,346
512,506
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

51

fc.ed

Specie and
bullion.

FROM
Great Britain
and depen
dencies.

FROM
France and
dependencies

FROM
Spain and
dependencies

FROM
Netherlands and depen
dencies.

FROM
Sweden and
dependencies

182118221823182418251826 1S271828182918301S311832 183318341835 1836 1837
1838

$8,064,890 3,369,846
5,097,896 6,473,0956,150,765 6,SS0,9668,151,130 7,489,7417,403,6028,155,964 7,305,945
5,907,504 7,070,368
17,911,63313,131,447 13,400,881
10,506,414 17,747,116

$29,277,938 39,527,829 34,072,57S32,732,34042,394,812 32,212,35633,056,37435,591,484
27,582,08226,804,98447,956,717 42,406,92443,085,86552,679,298 65,949,307 86,022,91552,289,55749,051, 1S1

$5,900,581 7,059,3426,605,343 S,120,763
11,S35,5S1 9,588,896 9,448,562
10,287,505 9,616,9708,240,885
14,737,585 12,754,61513,962,913 17,557,245
23,362,584 37,036,235
22,497,817 18,087,149

$ 9,653,728
12,376,841 14,233,59016,577,156 9,566,2379,623,4209,100,3698,167,456 6,801,3748,373,681
11,701,20110,863,290 13,431,20713,527,46415,617,14019,345,690 18,927,87115,971,394

$2,934,272 2,708,162
2,125,5S72,355,525 2,265,3782,174,181 1,722,0701,990,431 1,617,3341,356,7651,653,031
2,358,4742,347,3432,127,886 2,903,718 3,861,5143,370,828
2,194,238

$1,369,869 1,544,907 1,503,050 1,101,7501,417,598 1,292,182 1,225,042
1,946,7831,303,959 1,398,6401,120,7301,150,8041,200,8991,126,541 1,316,508
1,299,6031,468,878 900,790

FROM
Denmark and
dependencies

FROM
Portugal and
dependencies

FROM
China.

FROM
Hanse Towns

FROM
Russia.

FROM
West Indies
generally.

1821
182218231824 1825
1826 18271828
1829 18301831
1832 18331834
1835 1836 18371838

$1,999,730 2,535,406 1,324,532
2,110,666 1,539,592
2,117,1642,340,1712,374,0692,086,177 1,671,2181,652,216
1,182,708 1,166,8721,684,368
1,403,902 1,874,3401/266,9061,644,865

$748,423 881,290
533,635 601,722 733,443
765,203659,001433,555
687,869471,643 397,550
485,264555,137 699,122
1,125,713 672,670928,291725,058

$3,111,951 5/242,556 6,511,4255,618,502 7,533,1157,422,1863,617,183
5,339,1084,680,847 3,878,1413,083,205
5,344,907 7,541,5707,892,327
5,987,187 7,324.816
8,965,337
4,764,356

$ 990,165
1,578,7571,981,026
2,527,8302,739,5262,816,545 1,63S,55S
2,644,3922,274,275 1,873,278
3,493,301
2,865,0962/227,726 3,355,8563,841,943
4,994,8205,642,2212,847,358

$1,852,199 3,307,328
2,258,7772,209,6632,067,1102,617,1692,086,0772,788,3622,218,995 1,621,899 1,608,328
3,251,852
2,772,5502,595,8402,395,2452,778,5542,816,116 1,838,396

$3,727 1,590 7,123 188
9,579 120167
1,860
3,314 7,386
10,69112,740 4,4602,183 217

FROM
Texas.

FROM
Mexico.

FROM
Columbia.

FROM
Central
America.

FROM
Brazil.

FROM
Argentine Republic.

1821 18221823
1824 182518261827 18281829 1830
18311832 1833
1834 1835
18361837 1338

$163,384 165,718

$4,044,647 3,916,198
5,231,8674,814,258 5,026,7615,235,2415,166,745 4,293,5945,452,818 8,066,068 9,490,446
5,615,819 5,654,002 3,500,709

$1,837,050 2,079,724 1,550/2481,484,8561,255,310 1,120,0951,207,154
1,439,182 1,524,6221,727,188 1,662,7641,696,6501,567,3451,615,249

$ 56,789
204,270251,342204,770 311,931302,883 198,504
288,316267,746 170,968
215,450 195,304163,402155,614

$ 605,126
1,486,567
1,214,810
2,074,1192,156,707 2,156,678
2,060,971 3,097,752
2,535,4672,491,4602,375.829 3,890,845
5,089,6934,729,9695,574,4667,210,190
4,991,893 3,191/238

$749,771 522,769 80,065
317;466
912,114
1,431,883 92S.103
1,560,1711,377,1171,430,118 878.618
1,053,503 989,442
1,010,908

52

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

FROM

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

(fl

Chili.

Maine.

New-Hamp

Vermont.

Massachu

Rhode Island

>-

shire.

setts.
1821

$ 980,294
$350,021
$15,987
$14,826,732
$1,032,968
1822
—
943,775
330,052
60,897
18,337,320
1,884,144
1823
—
891,644
371,770
62,242
17,607,160
1,412,953
1824

768,443
245,513
161,854
15,37S,758
1,388,336
1825
$229,509
1,169,940
331,244
109,021
15,845,141
907,906
1826
629,949
1,245,235
348,609
228,650
17,063,4S2
1,185,934
1827
184,693
1,333,390
302,211
144/07S
13,370,564
1,241,828
1S2S
781,863
1,246,809
299,849
177,539
15,070,444
1,128,226
1S29
416,118
742,781
179,889
205,392
12,520,744
423,811
1830
1S2,5S5
572,666
130,828
140,059
10,453,544
4SS,756
1831
413,758
941,407
146,205
166,206
14,269,056
562,161
1832
504,623
1,123,326
115,171
214,672
18,1 18,900
657,969
1833
334,130
1,380,308
167,754
523,260
19,940,911
1,042,286
1834
787,409
1,060,121
11S,695
322,S06
17,672,129
427,024
1835
917,095
883,389
71,514
217,853
19,800,373
597,713
1836
811,497
930,086
64,354
456,846
25,681,462
555,199
1837
1,180,156
801,404
81,834
342,449
19,975,667
523,610
1838
942,095
899,142
169,9S5
258,417
13,300,925
656,613
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
Connecticut.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania
Delaware.
Maryland.
1821
$312,090
$23,629,246
$ 17,606
$ 8,15S,922
$ 80,997
$4,070,842
1822
507,094
35,445,628
103,190
11,874,170
216,969
4,792,4S6
1823
456,643
29,421,349
5,933
13,696,770
60,124
4,946,179
1824
581,510
36,113,723
637,518
11,S65,531
12,080
4,551,442
1825
704,478
49,639,174
27,688
15,041,797
18,693
4,751,815
1826
736,194
3S,115,630
4S,004
13,551,779
10,009
4,92S,569
1827
630,004
38,719,644
338,497
11,212,935
6,993
4,405,708
182S
485,174
41,927,792
706,872
12,8S4,40S
15,260
5,629,694
1829
309,538
34,743,307
786,247
10,100,152
24,179
4,804,135
1830
269.5S3
35,624,070
13,444
8,702,122
26,574
4,523,866
1831
405,066
57,077,417
—
12,124,083
21,656
4,826,577
1832
437,715
53,214,402
70,460
10,678,358
23,653
4,629,303
1833
352,014
,55,918,449
170
10,451,250
9,043
5,437,057
1834
3S5.720
73,1S8,594
4,492
10,479,268
185,943
4,647,483
1835
439,502
88,191,305
18,932
12,3S9,937
10,611
5,647,153
1836
46S,163
118,253,416
24,263
15,068,233
107,063
7,131,867
1837
318,849
79,301,722
69,152
11,680,111
66,841
7,857,033
1S3S
343,331
68,453,206
1,700
9,360,371
1,348
• 5,701,869
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
INTO
District of
Virginia.
North Caro
South Caro
Georgia.
Louisiana.
Columbia.
lina.
lina.
1821
$398,9S4
$1,078,490
$200,673
$3,007,113
$1,002,684
$3,379,717
1822
470,613
864,162
25S,761
2,2S3,5S6
989,591
3,817,238
1823
275,083
681,810
183,958
2,419,101
670,705
4,283,125
1824
379,95S
639,7S7
465,836
2,166,185
551,888
4,539,769
1825
277,297
553,562
311,308
1,892,297
343,356
4,290,034
1826
269,630
635,438
367,545
1,534,483
330,993
4,167,521
1827
327,623
431,765
276,791
1,434,106
312,609
4,531,645
1828
1 SI ,665
375,23S
26S,615
1,242,048
30S,669
6,217,881
1829
205,921
395,352
2S3.347
1,139,618
380,293
6,857,209
1830
168.550
405,739
221,992
1,054,619
282,346
7,599 ,0S3
1831
193,555
4S8,522
196,356
1,23S,163
399,940
9,766,693
1832
1SS/047
553,639
215,184
1,213,725
253,417
8,871,653
1833
150,046
690,391
198,758
1,517,705
31S,990
9,590,505
1834
196,254
S37,325
222,472
1,787,267
546,S02
13,781,809
1835
111,195
691,255
241,981
1,891,805
393,049
17,519,814
1836
111,419
1,106,814
197,116
2,801,361
573,222
15,117,649
1837
102,225
813,823
271,623
2,510,S60
774,349
14,020,012
1S38
122,748
577,142
1 290,405
2,318,791
776,068
9 496,808
TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

53

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

INTO

X.cd

Missis

Alabama.

Ohio.

Michigan.

Tennes-

Kentucky

Missouri

Florida.

><

sippi.

see.
1821
—

$ 12
$ 29,076



$ 13,270
1822
—
$ 36,421
190
18,377

—
—
6,877
1823
—
125,770
161
2,159

—
—
4,808
1824
—
91,604
—
1,886

—
—
6,986
1825
—
113,411
—
5,695

—
—
3,218
1826
—
179,554
—
10,628

—
—
16,590
1827
—
201,909
—
3,774

—
—
257,994
1828
—
171,909
—
3,440
—
—
—
168,292
1829
—
233,720
293
2,957
—
—
—
153,642
1830
—
144,823
262
21,315

—
—
32,689
1831
—
224,435
217
27,299

—
—
115,710
1832
—
107,787
12,392
22,648

—
—
306,845
1833
—
265,918
8,353
63,876
—
—
$5,881
85,386
1834
—
395,361
19,767
106,202
—
—
—
135,798
1835
—
525,954
9,808
130,629
$13,796
—

98,173
1836
$5,650
651,618
10,960
502,287
36,015
—
3/227
121,745
1837
—
609,385
17,747
490,784
27,401
$17,782
305,514
1838
—
I 524,548
j 12,895
256,662
527
8,932
15,921
168,690
Exports of the United States, commencing on the 1st of October,
1821, and ending on the 30th of September, 1838.
VALDE OF EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED
STATES.
VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES.
siOJ
Total.
Domestic.
Foreign.
Cotton.
Tobacco.
Manufac tures.
1821182218231824 182518261827 1828182918301831
1832 1833 1834183518361837 1838
$ 64,974,38272,160,387 74,699,03075,986,657
99,535,388 77,595,322
82,324,82772,264,686 72,358,671
73,849,50881,310,58387,176,94390,140,433
104,336,973 121,693,577128,663,040117,419,37610S,486,616
$ 43,671,89449,874,18547,155,40850,649,500 66,944,745
53,055,7105S,921,69150,669,66955,700,193
59,462,029 61,277,05763,137,47070,317,69881,034,162
101,189,082 106,916,680 95,564,41496,033,821
$21,302,488 22,286,20227,543,62225,337,157 32,590,643
24,539,61223,403,136
21,595,017 16,65S,47814,387,479
20,033,526
24,039,473 19,822,735
23,312,81120,504,49521,746,36021,854,962 12,452,795
$20,157,484 24,035,05820,445,52021,947,401 36,846,649
25,025,21429,359,54522,4S7,22926,575,31129,674,88325,289,4S2 31,724,68236,191,105
49,448,402 64,661,302 71,284,92563,240,102
61,556,811
$5,648,962 6,222,8386,282,672
4,855,566 6,115,623
5,347,208 6,816,1465,480,707
5,185,3705,833,1124,892,38S 5,999,7695,755,96S6,595,3058,250,577
10,058,640 5,795,647 7,392,029
$2,752,631 3,121,0303,139,598
4,841,3835,729,7975,495,1305,536,6515,548,3545,412,320 5,320,980
5,086,890 5,050,6336,557,080 6,247,8937,694,0736,107,5287,136,997
8,397,078
54

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

VALUE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES — cont'd.

EXPORTED FROM

(fl t-lOJ

Specie and
bullion.

Flour.

Lumber.

Maine.

New-Hamp shire.

Vermont.

1S21
1S221823 1S2418251826 1827
182S 18291830 183118321833 1S34
183518361837 1838

$10,478,059 10,810,180 6,372,987 7,014,522
8,797,0554,663,795 8,014,SS0S,243,4764,924,020
2,178,773 9,014,9315,656,3402,611,7012,076,758 6,477,7754,324,3365,976,249 3,513,565

$4,29S,043 5,103,2804,962,3735,759,176 4,212,1274,121,4664,434,S81 4,2S3,6695,000,0236,132,129
10,461,728 4,974,1215,642,602 4,560,3794,394,777 3,572,599
2,987,269 3,603,299

$1,512,808 1,307,670 1,335,6001,734,586 1,717,571
2,011,694 1,697,1701,821,9061,680,4031,836,0141,964,195
2,096,7072,569,4932,435,314 3,323,057
2,860,691 3,155,9923,116,196

$1,040,848 1,036,642 S95.501
900,195
1,031,1271,052,5751,070,134 1,019,517 737,832670,522805,573
981,443
1,019,831 834,167
1,059,367 850,986955,952935,532

$260,765 199,699
237,705 1S5,3S319S.680 167,075177,398124,433105,740 96,184
111,222115,582155,258 80,870
81,681 15,520
34,64174,670

$263,330 257,694236,140 208,25S 396,166884,202
1,259,441 239,610 808,079658,256925,127 349,820
377,399 334,372328,151188,165 138,693132,650

Rice.

Pork, hogs,
&c.

Fish.

Massachu setts.

Rhode Island

Connecticut.

1821 1822
18231824 1825182618271828
1829 1S30
1S311S321833183418351S3618371S3S

$1,494,307 1,563,4821,820,9851,SS2,9821,925,245
1,917,445
2,343,9082,620,6962,514,370 1,986,824
2,016,2672,152,3612,774,4182,122,2922,210,3312,548,750
2,309,279 1,721,819

$1,354,116 1,357,8991,291,322
1,489,0511,832,6791,892,4291,555,6981,495,8301,493,6291,315,2451,501,6441,928,196
2,151,558 1,796,0011,776,7321,383,3441,299,7961,312,346

$ 973,591 915,838
1.004,800i;i36,7041,078,773 924,922987,447
1,066,663 968,068756,677929,834
1,056,721 990,290863,674
1,008,534 967,S90 769,840
819,003

$12,484,691 12,598,52513,683,23910,434,32811,432,98710,098,S62
10,424,383 9,025,7858,254,9377,213,1947,733,763
11,993,768 9,683,122
10,148,82010,043,79010,384,346 9,728,1909,104,862

$996,828 862,363933,114872,89967S,467781,540804,187722,126390,3S1
278,950 367,465534,4594S5,4S1
501,626296,003
228,420 4SS/258
291,257

$376,187 485,312 482,061575,852689,270708,893
590,275521,545457,970 389,511
4S2,8S3430,466427,603422,416519,270438,199532,590543,610

Beef, cattle,
Sec.

Butter and
cheese.

Skins and
furs.

New York.

New Jersey.

Pennsylvania

1821 1822
1823 182418251826
1827 1828 182918301831183218331834 1835183618371838

$69S,323 844,534
739,461 707,299
930,465 733,430772,636 719,961674,955 717,683
829,982 774,087
958,076 755,219638,761
699,166585,146528,231

$190,287 221,041 192,778
204,205247,787
207,765 184,049176,354176,205 142,370
264,796290,820258,452 190,099164,809114,033 96,176
148,191

$766,205 501,302 672,917
661,455524,692582,473441,690
6 26,235
526,507641,760 750,938
691,909841,933797,844 759,953
653,662651,908636,945

$13,162,917 17,100,48219,038,990
22,897,134 35,259,261
21,947,79123,834,13722,777,649
20,119,011 19,697,983
25,535,14426,000,94525,395,11725,512,014 30,345,264
28,920,43827,338,41923,008,471

$33,711 83,551
26,064
28,989 47,213 37,965
25,627 1,892
8,0228,324
11,430
61,794 32,753 8,131
74,041
62,80944,21728,010

$7,391,767 9,047,8029,617,192
9,364,S93
11,269,981 8,331,722 7,575,833
6,051,480
4,089,935 4,291,793
5,513,713 3,516,066
4,07S,951 3,989,746
3,739,2753,971,5553,841,5993,477,151

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

55

EXPORTED FROM

— Continued.

vj
Delaware.
Maryland.
District of
Virginia.
North Caro
South Caro
eg
Columbia.
lina.
lina.
1821
$ 85,445
$3,850,394
$ 898,103
$3,079,209
$400,944
$7,200,511
1822
168,592
4,536,796
1,043,430
3,217,3S9
585,951
7,260,320
1823
53,837
5,030 ,22S
SOI ,295
4,006,7S8
482,417
6,898,814
1824
18,964
4,863,233
722,405
3/277,564
588,733
8,034,082
1825
31,656
4,501,304
75S,367
4,129,520
553,390
11,056,742
1826
35,195
4,010,748
624,231
4,596,732
581,740
7,554,036
1S27
9,406
4,516,406
1,182,142
4,657,938
449,237
8,322,561
1828
29,395
4,334,422
707,443
3,340,185
523,747
6,550,712
1829
7,195
4,804,465
928,097
3,787,431
564,506
8,175,586
1S30
52,258
3,791,482
753,973
4,791,644
399,333
7,627,031
1831
34,514
4,308,647
1,220,975
4,150,475
341,140
6,575,201 *
1832
16,242
4,499,918
1,154,474
4,510,6504,467,587
342,041
7,752,731
1833
45,911
4,062,467
1,002,816
433,035
S,434,325
1834
51,945
4,168,245
820,394
5,4S3,09S
471,406
11,207,778
1835
88,826
3,925/234
517,639
6,064,063
319,327
11,338,016
1836
74,981
3,675,475
326,874
6,192,040
429,851
13,684,376
1837
40,333
3,789,917
469,209
3,702,714
551,795
11,220,161
1838
36,844
4,524,575
373,113
3,986,228
545,223
11,042,070
Georgia.
Ohio.
Kentucky
Tennessee.
Alabama.
Indiana.
1821
$6,014,310
—


$ 108,960

1822
5,484,870
$ 105
—
—
209,748

1823
4,293,666
—
—
—
200,387

1824
4,623,982
—
—

460,727

1825
4,222,833
—
—

692,635

1826
4,368,504
—
—

1,527,1121,376,364

1827
4,261,555
—
—
—
—
1828
3,104,425
—
—

1,182,559

1829
4,981,376
2,004
—

1,693,958
—
1830
5,336,626
—
—
—
2,294,594
_
1831
3,959,813
14,728
—
—
2,413,894
—
1832
5,515,883
58,394
—
—
2,736,387
—
1833
6/270,040
225,544
—
—
4,527,961
_
1834
7,567,327
241,451
—
—
5,670,797
—
1835
8,890,674
97,201
—
—
7,574,692
—
1836
10,722,200
3,718
—
—
11,184,166
—
1837
8,935,041
132,844
— -
—
9,671,401
—
1838
8,803,839
139,827
—
—
9,688,244
—
Michigan.
Mississippi.
Louisiana.
Florida.
Missouri.
1821
$53,290
—
$ 7/272,172
—
—
—
1822
649
—
7,978,645
$ 1,777
—
—
1823
1,010
—
7,779,072
1,510
—
— •
1824
—
—
7,928,820
216
—
—
1825
—
—
12,582,924
2,865
—
—
1826
—
—
10,284,380
209
—
—
1827
1,320
—
11,728,997
57,486
—
—
1828
—
—
11,947,400
60,321
—
—
1829
—
—
12,386,060
56,086
—
—
1830
1,588
—
15,488,692
7,570
—
—
1831
12,392
—
16,761,989
30,495
—
—
1832
9,234
—
16,530,930
65,716
—
—
1833
9,054

18,941,373
64,805
—
—
1834
36,021

26,557,524
228,825
—
—
1835
64,830
—
36,270,823
61,710
—
—
1836
61,231
—
37,179,828
71,662
—
—
1837
69,790
$304,831
35,338,697
90,084
—
— .
1838
125,660
—
31,502,248
122,532
—
—
56

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

EXPORTED TO

»

Sreat Britain

Netherlands

Sweden and

Denmark and

rt

and depen

France and

Spain and de

and depen

dependen

dependen

>t

dencies.

dependencies

pendencies.

dencies.

cies.

cies.

1821

$26,522,572

$ 6,474,718

$7,218,265

$6,092,061

$777,407

$2,327,882

1822

30,041,337

7,075,332

8,438,212

5,801,839

921,434

2,434,046

1823

27,571,060

9,568,924

10,963,398

7,767,075

55S,291

1,955,071

1824

2S,027,845

10,552,304

15,367,278

3,617,389

569,428

2,183,252

1S25

44,217,525

11,891,326

5,S40,720

5,895,499

569,550

2,701,088

1S26

2S,9S0,020

12,106,429

6,687,351

4,794,070

358,380

2,412,875

1S27

32,870,465

13,565,356

7,321,991

3,S26,674

850,877

2,404,822

1S2S

27,020,209

12,098,341

7,204,627

3,083,359

1,106,954

3,348,167

1S29

28,071, 0S4

12,832,304

6,888,094

4,622,120

957,948

2,311,174

1830

31,647,881

11,806,238

6,049,051

4,562,437

961,729

2,014,085

1831

39,901,379

9,8S2,679

5,661,420

3,096,609

540,078

2,000,793

.1832

37,268,556

13,244,698

6,399,193

6,035,466

515,140

2,207,551

1S33

39,7S2,240

14,424,533

6,506,041

3,566,361

420,069

1,839.834

1834

60,797,650

16,111,442

6,296,556

4,578,739

494,741

1,857,114

1S35

60,167,699

20,335,066

7,069,279

4,411,053

602,593

1,780,496

1836

64,4S7,550

21,441,200

S,081,668

4,799,157

700,386

2,122,469

1837

61,217,485

20,255,346

7,604,002

4,285,767

507,523

1,640,173

1838

5S,S43,392

16,252,413

7,684,006

3,772,206

355,852

1,299,927

Portugal and

China.

West Indies
dependencies
(a)
Hanse Towns
Russia.
generally.
Texas.
1S21
$435,700
$4,290,560
$2,132,544
$62S,894
$560,513
—
1S22
427,491
5,935,368
2,505,015
529,081
540,060
—
1823
246,64S
4,636,061
3,169,439
648,734
613,690
—
1824
51S,836
5,301,171
1,863,273
231,981
599,8S4
—
1825
408,160
5,570,515
3,121,033
2S7.401
669,668
—
1826
313,553
2,566,644
2,116,697
174,64S
617,869
—
1827
357,370
3,864,405
3,013,185
382,244
466,860
—
1828
291,614
1,482,802
2,995,251
450,495
460,197
—
1829
322,911
1,354,862
3,277,160
386,226
369,619
—
1830
279,799
742,193
2,274,880
416,575
247,121
—
1831
294,383
1,290,835
2,592,172
462,766
635,627
—
1S32
296,21S
1,260,522
4,088,212
582,682
562,954
—
1833
442,561
1,433,759
2,903,296
703,805
367,773
—
1S34
322,496
1,010,483
4,659,674
330,694
408,643
—
1835
521,413
1,868,580
3,528,276
585,447
450,516
—
' 1836
191,007
1,194,264
4,363,882
911,013
513,996
1837
423,705
630,591
3,754,949
1,306,732
467,557
$1,007,928
1S3S
232,131
1,516,602
3,291,645
1,048,289
339,052
1,247,880
Central
Argentine
Mexico.
Columbia.
America.
Brazil.
Republic.
Chili.
182]



$1,381,760


1822
—
—
—
1,463,929


1823
—
—
—
1,341,390


1S24
—
—
2,301,904

, 
1825
$6,470,144
$2,239/255
$ 99,522
2,393,754
$573,520
$ 921,438
1826
6,281,050
1,952,662
119,774
2,200,349
379,340
1,447,498
1827
4,173,257
944,534
224,772
1,863,806
151,204
1,702,601
182S
2,886,484
SS4,524
159,272
1,988,705
154,228
2,629,402
1829
2,331,151
767,348
239.S54
1,929,927
626,052
1, 421,134
1830
4,837,45S
496,990
250,118
1,843,238
629,887
1,536,114
1831
6,178,215
658,149
1,117,024
306,497
2,076,095
659,779
1,368,155
1832
3,467,541
335,307
2,054,794
923,040
1,221,119
1833
5,408,091
957,543
575,616
3,272,101
699,728
1,463,940
1834
5,265,05;
795,567
184,149
2,059,351
971,837
1,476,355
183c
9,029.221
1,064,016
183,793
2,608,656
708,918
941,884
1S36
6,041,63J
S29,25f
189,518
3,094,936
384,933
937,917
183'
3,SS0,32;
1,080,U£
157,663
1,743,209
266,008
1,487,799
1S3S
1 2,164,09'
724,73£
243,046
2,267,194
236,665
1,370,264
(a) Before the revolution we had no trade with China ; but it gradually became im
portant, and in 1821 aud 1822 had swelled in exports to Canton to five millions of dol
lars. According to a report of the British Parliament, made in 1833, (and some Ameri
can captains were examined as to the facts,) it was ascertained that our trade was equal
to three-fourths of that of the East India Company.
NAVY DEPARTMENT.

OFFICERS SALARIES, Sec.

Grade.

CAPTAINS 
Senior captain in service - -
Do do on leave, &c. -
Captains of squadrons - -
Do do on other duty
Do do off duty - .

COMMANDERS ......
Do in sea service - - - - -
Do at navy yards, or other duty
Do on leave, 8cc 

LIEUTENANTS - -
Do commanding
Do on other duty
Do waiting orders
SURGEONS

DoDoDo
Do
Do
Do DoDoDo
DoDoDo
DoDoDoDoDo
DoDoDo

first five years after date of commission
do at navyyards, &c. 
do in sea service 
do of the fleet 
second five years 
do at navy yards, &c 
do in sea service .......

do of the fleet
third five years ........
do at navy yards .......
do in sea service 
do of the fleet 
fourth five years ----....
do at navy yards .......
fourth five years in sea service - - .
do of the fleet 
twenty years and upwards ....
do at navy yards .......
twenty years and upwards in sea service
do of the fleet 

Number in
service.

55

55

290

61

PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEONS

ASSISTANT SURGEONS

Do

do

Do

do

Do

do

Do

do

Do

do

Do

do

PURSERS

waiting orders - -
at sea ....
after passing, &c. -
at sea, after passing
at navy yards, &c.
do after passing

CHAPLAINS 
Do in sea service
Do on leave, &c,
PASSED MIDSHIPMEN

DoDo

do do

on duty - -
waiting orders

MIDSHIPMEN - . - .
Do in sea service
Do on other duty
Do on leave, 8sc.

17
53

51 13

191

231

Pay per
annum.

$4,500 3,5004,000 3,500
2,500

2,5002,100 1.600

1,8001,500
1,200

1,000
1,2501,333J1,5001,2001,500
1,6001,800
1,400 1,7501,S66S
2,100 1,600
2,000 2,133*
2,400 1,800
2,2502,4002,700

650
950850
1/200 950
1,150 480

1,200 SOO

750
600

400 350
300

Rations.

I!

rt fl
P-S

'« %

|1

fe to

-60

5-3" '•I •

58

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

OFFICERS SALARIES, &c.

Grade.

Number in
service.

Pay per
annum.

Rations.

MASTERS 
Do of a ship of the line at sea
Do on other duty - -
Do on leave, &c.
PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS.
TEACHERS AT NAVAL SCHOOLS
PROFESSORS, Sec. 
TEACHERS, Sec. ....
BOATSWAINS, GUNNERS,CARPENTERS,SAILMAKERS, Do DoDo
Do

AND Sec. .

of a ship of the line
of a frigate
on other duty
on leave, Sec.

29

17

32
37
24
25

1,1001,000 750

1,200 *480

750600
500 360

' Teachers receive, in addition, two rations per day, at 20 cents each.

oj cj co c£
few P; rt
rt i» te cj o-
O™ oj<*-2
.J? OJ JZ ° XZ
a > — t-*«!
°-2^ g,S
x. cj rt ^ >*
cj a ?* fcn-r;
a> F n rt
o=3.H'B S
ssgt2

MARINE CORPS.

Grade.

Number in

Pay per

service.

month.

1

$75

1

60

4

50

•13

40

20

30

20

25

tio

4

9

1

4
Rations pr.
day,20cts.
COLONEL COMMANDANT
LIEUTENANT COLONEL
MAJORS CAPTAINS 
FIRST LIEUTENANTS
SECOND LIEUTENANTS
12 54444
NAVY AGENTS - - 
TEMPORARY AGENTS ....
NAVAL STOREKEEPERS . - -
CHIEF NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR - -
NAVAL CONSTRUCTORS 
VESSELS OF WAR - - -
* Three of these Captains are in the staff, as Paymaster, Quartermaster, and Adiu-
tant and Inspector, and receive pay as Majors.
f Commissions not to exceed $2,000 per annum.
SECRETARY OF THE NAVY AND NAVY COMMISSIONERS.
Name.
Duty,
Place of
birth
Where a
Citizen.
When
appointed.
Salary.
James K. Paulding
Isaac Chauncey
Charles Morris
Aix. S. Wadsworth
C. W. Goldsborough
Sec'y of the Navy.
Pres. of the Board
Commissioner -
Do. - - -
Secretary
N. York
Conn.Conn.
Maine Maryl'd.
N. York
N. York
N. York
Maine Maryl'd.
1 July, 1838
5 June, 1833
13 July, 1832
17 May, 1837
10 Nov. 1823
$6,000 00
3,500 00
3,500 00
3,500 00
2,000 00
NAVY DEPARTMENT.

59

Captains, in number, 55.

Name.

Date of present
Commission.

State where
born.

State of
which a
citizen.

Duty or Station
for 1840.

James Barron 22 May, 1799 Virginia
Charles Stewart - 22 Apr. 1806 Penn.
Isaac Hull - - 23 do do Conn.
Isaac Chauncey 24 do do Conn.
5 Jacob Jones - - 3 Mar. 1813 Delaware
Charles Morris 5 do do Conn.
Lewis Warrington 22 Nov. 1814 Virginia
William M. Crane 24 do do N. Jersey
James Biddle 28 Feb. 1815 Penn.
10 Charles G. Ridgley do do Maryland
John Downes - - 5 Mar. 1817 Mass.
Jesse D. Elliott 27 Mar. ISIS Maryland
Stephen Cassin - 3 Mar. 1825 Penn.
James Renshaw - do do Penn.
15 Aix. S. Wadsworth do do Maine
George C. Read - do do Ireland
Henry E. Ballard do do Maryland
David Deacon - 24 Jan. 1826 N. Jersey
Samuel Woodhouse 3 Mar. 1827 Penn.
20 Edmund P.Kennedy 24 Apr. 1828 Maryland
Alexander J. Dallas do do Penn.
John B. Nicolson do do Virginia
Jesse Wilkinson 11 Mar. . 1829 Virginia
T. Ap Catesby Jones do do Virginia
25 Wm.Compton Bolton 21 Feb. 1831 England
William B. Shubrick do do S. Car.
Alexander Claxton do do Penn.
Charles W. Morgan do do Virginia
Lawrence Kearney 20 Dec. 1832 N. Jersey
30 Foxhall A. Parker 3 Mar. 1835 Virginia
Edw. R. McCall do do S. Car:
Daniel Turner do do N. York
David Conner - do do Penn.
John Gallagher 22 Dec. do Maryland
35 Tho. Holdup Stevens 27 Jan. 1836 S. Car.
William M. Hunter 9 Feb. 1837 Penn.
John D. Sloat - - do do N. York
Matthew C. Perry do do R. Islaud
Charles W. Skinner do do Maine
40 John T. Newton do do Virginia
Joseph Smith - - do do Mass.
Lawrence Rousseau do do Louisiana
George W. Storer do do N. Ham.
Beverly Kennon - 9 Feb. 1837 Virginia
45 Edward R. Shubrick do do S. Car.
Francis H. Gregory 18 Jan. 1838 Conn.
John H. Clack - 28 Feb. do Virginia
P. F. Voorhees do do N.Jersey
Benjamin Cooper do do N. Jersey
50 David Geisinger - 24 May do Maryland
Robert F.Stockton 8 Dec. do N.Jersey
Isaac McKeever - do do Penn.
John P. Zantzinger 22 Dec. do Penn.
Wm. D. Salter - 3 Mar. 1839 N. York
55 Chs. S. M'Cauley 9 Dec. do Penn.

Virginia N. Jersey
Conn.
N. York
Delaware N. York
Virginia
N. Jersey
Penn. Maryland
Mass. Penn.
Dis. Col.
Penn.Maine Penn.MarylandN. Jersey
Penn.
VirginiaPenn.Virginia VirginiaVirginiaDis. Col.
S. Car.
Penn.
VirginiaN. Jersey
Virginia
S. Car.
R. Island
Penn.
Maryland S. Car.
Penn.N. York
N. York
VirginiaN. York
Mass. LouisianaN. Ham.
Virginia S. Car.
Conn.
VirginiaN. Jersey
N. York
Maryland
N. Jersey
Penn.
Penn.N. Jersey
Penn.

Waiting orders.
Com't. Navy Yard, Phil.
Com'g Med'n. Squadron
President Navy Board.
On leave.
Comm'r. Navy Board.
Com't. N. Y'd, Norfolk.
do. N. Y. Portsmouth.
Gov. Nav. Asylum, Phil.
Ap. to Com.Brazil Squa.
Com't. N. Yard, Boston.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com't. N.Yard, N.York
Comm'r. Navy Board.
Com'g. E. India Squad.
Com'g . N'l Station, Bait
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com't. N.Yd. Pensacola.
Com'g. Brazilian Squad.
Waiting orders.
On leave. [wine.
Com'g. Frigate Brandy-
Com'g. W. I. Sqadron.
Com'g. Pacific Squadron
Waiting orders.
Com'g. Frigate U. States
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com'g. Fr. Constitution
Waiting orders.
Com'g. Rec. ship at N.Y.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com'g. S'm. Ship Fulton
do. R'g. Ship at Norfolk.
Waiting orders.
Commanding Ohio, (74.)
Waiting orders.
Com'g. R'g. S. at Boston
Com'g. Fr. Macedonian
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com'g. sloop Lexington.
Waiting orders,
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
On special duty.
Com'g. sloop Falmouth.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.

30

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

Commanders, in number, 55.

Name.

Date of present'State where
Commission. ] born.

State of
which a
citizen.

Duty or Station
for 1840.

Thos. M. Newell 3 Mar.
Elie A. F. Vallette do
William A. Spencer do
Thomas T. Webb do
5 JohnPercival ¦ do
John H. Aulick do
William V. Taylor do
Bladen Dulany - do
Silas H. Stringham do
10 Isaac Mayo - 20 Dec.
William K. Latimer 2 Mar.
William Mervine 12 June,
Thomas Crabb 3 Mar.
Edw. B. Babbit do
15 Thomas Paine - do
James Armstrong do
Joseph Smoot - do
Samuel L. Breese 22 Dec.
Benjamin Page, Jr. do
20 John Gwinn - 9 Feb.
Thos. W. Wyman do
Andrew Fitzhugh do
Abraham S. Ten Eick do
John White - do
25 Hiram Paulding - do
Jona. D. Williamson do
Uriah P. Levy . do
Charles Boarman do
French Forrest - do
30 Wm. J. Belt - do
Wm. Jamesson - do
Wm. Boerum . do
Chas. L. Williamson do
Chas. Gauntt - - do
35 William Ramsay do
Ralph Voorhees - do
Henry Henry - do
Saml. W. Downing 23 Sept.
Henry W. Ogden 31 Jan.
40 Eben'r. Ridgway 28 Feb.
Thomas A. Conover do
John C. Long - do
John H. Graham do
Jas. Mcintosh - do
45 Josiah Tattnal - do
Hugh N. Page - do
Wm. Inman - 24 May,
Stephen Champlin 22 June,
Joel Abbot - - 8 Dec.
50 Lewis E. Simonds 22 Dec.
John M. Dale - 12 Feb.
H. H. Cocke - - 3 Mar.
Wm. J. McCluney 9 Dec.
John B. Montgomery do
55 Horace B. Sawyer do

1831 do dododo

Georgia
VirginiaN. York
Virginia Mass.

dodo
do do
1832

Virginia
R. Island
Virginia
N. York
 [Maryland
1833 Maryland
1834!Penn.

1835 dodo
do do
dodo
1837 do
dodododo
dodo
dodo
dodo
dodo
dodo
dodo
18371S3S dododododo
dodo
dodo
1838 do
1839 do
dododo

MarylandMass.R. Island
KentuckyMaryland
N. York
England Maryland Mass.Virginia
N. Jersey
Mass.
N. York
N. Jersey
Perm.
Maryland
MarylandMarylandVirginia
N. York
N. Jersey
N. Jersey
Virginia
N. Jersey
Maryland
N. Jersey
N. Jersey
Mass.
N. Jersey
N. Ham.
Vermont
GeorgiaGeorgia
VirginiaN. York
R. Island
Mass.Mass.Penn.Virginia
Penn.N. Jersey
Vermont

GeorgiaPenn.N. York
Virginia
Mass. VirginiaR. Island
Virginia N. York
MarylandMaryland
N. York
Penn.Mass.Georgia
Mass.MarylandN. York
N. York
Maryland
Mass. Virginia
N. Jersey
Mass.N. York
N. Jersey
Penn.VirginiaDis. Col.
MarylandVirginia
N. York
N. Jersey
Penn.Dis. Col.
N. Jersey
Penn.
N. Jersey
N. Jersey
N. Ham.
N. Jersey
N. Ham.
N. York
GeorgiaGeorgiaVirginia
N. Jersey
Conn.
R. Island
Mass.
Penn.VirginiaPenn.
N. Jersey
Vermont

Waiting orders.
Com'g. R'd'zvous, Phil.
Com'g. Sloop Warren.
Com'g. R'vous, Norfolk.
On his return from the
comd. sip. Cyane, Medi.
Navy Yard , Washingt'n.
Com'g. sloop Erie.
Waiting orders.
Navy Yard, New York.
Com'g U. S. s'r. Poinsett
Com'g sloop Cyane
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com'g.R'd'vous,Boston.Com'g. sloop Levant.
Com'g. Rd'zvous Bait.
Com'g. R'vous, N.York.
Navy Yard Phila.
Com'g. sl'p JohnAdams.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Com'g. sloop Ontario.
On leave.
Com'g. sloop Fairfield.
Com'g. sloop St. Louis.
Com'g. sloop Marion.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting- orders.
Waiting orders.
N.Y'd,Portsmouth,N.H .
Waiting orders.
On leave.
Waiting orders.
Navy Yard, Norfolk.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Navy Yard, Boston.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.
Waiting orders.

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

61

Vesssels of War qf the United States.

Name.

^ate.

Where built.

When built.

Situation.

Where. t

SHIPS OF THE LINE.

Suns.

Franklin - -
74
Philadelphia
1815
[n ordinary
New- York.
Washington -
74
3ortsmouth,N.H.
1816
[n ordinary '
New- York.
Columbus
74
Washington
1819
[n commission
Rec'g ship at Boston.
Ohio - - -
SO
¦Jew- York - -
1820
[n commission
Mediterranean.
5 North Carolina
80
Philadelphia
1820-
in commission
Rec'g ship at N.York
Delaware
80
Gosport, Virginia.
1820
in ordinary
Norfolk.
Alabama - -
SO
On the stocks
Portsmouth, N. H.
Vermont . -
so
.. . - . .
On the stocks
Boston.
Virginia - -
80
. .
On the stocks
Boston.
10 Pennsylvania -
120
In ordinary
Norfolk.
New- York
80
On the stocks
Norfolk.
Independence, (Razee.)
 1
Frigates, 1st Class.
54
Boston
1814
In commission
Coast of Brazil.
United States
44
Philadelphia
1797
In commission
New- York.
Constitution -
44
Boston - -
1797
In commission
Pacific.
15 (Suerriere - -
44
Philadelphia
1814
In ordinary
Norfolk.
Java - -
44
Baltimore - -
1814
In commission
Rec'g ship atNorfolk
Norfolk.
Potomac
44
Washington
1821
In ordinary
Brandywine
44
Washington
1825
In commission
Mediterranean.
Hudson
44
Purchased - -
1826
In ordinary
New- York.
20 Santee - -
44
- - -
On the stocks
Portsmouth, N. H.
Cumberland -
44
. . .
On the stocks
Boston.
Sabine - -
44
On the stocks
New- York.
Savannah - -
44
.
On the stocks
New-York.
Raritan
44
On the stocks
Philadelphia.East Indies.
25 Columbia
44
Washington
1836
In commission
St. Lawrence 11
44
On the stocks
Norfolk.
Frigates, 2d Class.
Constellation
36
Baltimore - -
1797
In ordinary
Boston.
Macedonian -
36
Captured, 1812,
<•
rebuilt - -
1836
In commission
West Indies.
SLOOPS OF WAR.
John Adams -
20
Charleston, S. C.
1799, rebuilt -
1820
In commission
East Indies.
30 Boston - -
20
Boston - - -
1825
In ordinary
New York.
Lexington - •
20
New- York -
1825
In commission
Pacific Ocean.
Vincennes - -
20
New- York - -
1826
In commission
Explor'g Expedition.
Warren - -
20
Boston - - -
1826
In commission
West Indies.
Natchez - -
20
Norfolk - -
1827
In ordinary
New- York.
35 Falmouth - -
20
Boston - -
1827
In commission
Pacific Ocean.
Fairfield - -
20
New- York ¦
1828
In commission
Coast of Brazil.
Vandalia - -
20
Philadelphia
1828
In ordinary
Norfolk.
St. Louis
20
Washington
1828
In commission
Pacific.
Concord
20
Portsmouth
1S28
In ordinary
Boston.
40 Cyane - - -
Levant - -
20
Boston - - -
1837
In commission
Mediterranean.
20
New- York - -
1837
In commission
West Indies.
Erie
IS
Bait. 1813, rebuilt
Norfolk - -
1820
In commission
West Indies.
Ontario
18
Baltimore - -
1813
In commission
West Indies.
Peacock - -
18
New- York - -
1813
In commission
Explor'g Expedition.
45 Decatur
16
New- York - -
1839
Prepar'g for sea
New York.
Prebble - -
16
Portsmouth, N.H
'1S39
Prepar'gforsea
Portsmouth, N. H.
Yorktown
16
Norfolk - - -
1839
Prepar'g for sea
Norfolk.
Marion - - •
16
Boston - - -
1839
In commission
Coast of Brazil.
Dale - - -
16
Philadelphia -
1839
Prepar'g for sea
Norfolk.
21
62

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

Vesssels of War — Continued.

Name.

Rate.

Where built.

When built.

Situation.

Where.

PRIGS.

Guns.

50 Dolphin
10
New- York - .
1836
In commission
Coast of Brazil.
Porpoise - -
10
Boston - •
1836
In commission
Explor'g Expedition.
Baltimore.
Pioneer
Boston - -
1836
Receiv'g vessel
Consort
Boston ... •
1S36
In commission
Survey of Southern
\
Harbors.
SCHOONERS.
Grampus
10
Washington
1821
In commission
Coast of Africa
55 Shark
10
Washington
1821
In commission
Pacific.
Enterprise
10
New- York -
1831
In commission
New- York.
Boxer
10
Boston
1831
In commission
Pacific Ocean.
Experiment
4
Washington Transf'd from the
War Dept.
TransPd from the
War Dept.
Transf'd from the
War Dept.
1831
In commission
Rec'g vessel, Phila.
Flirt
In commission
Coast of Florida.
60 Wave - .
In commission
Coast of Florida.
Otsego -
Sea Gull )
Flying Fish J
 8
In commission
Coast of Florida.
Purchased in 1838
-
Tenders to the Ex
ploring expedition.
Steam ship Ful
ton -
New- York - -
1S37
[n commission
Atlantic coast.
Steamer Poinsett
4
Transf'd from the
War Dept.
Philadelphia
In commission
Norfolk, Va.
65 ShipRelief(store ship)
'
1836
n commission
Explor'g Expedition.
Sea Steamer
Building at Phila.
Sea Steamer
Build'gatN.York
Rank and Command.
Commission Officers of the Navy of the United States are divided into the following
rank and denominations : Commodores, commanding squadrons. Captains, commanding
tngates and vessels of 20 guns. Masters Commandant, commanding sloops — Lieuten
ants. Commodores are to wear their broad pendants at all times on board the ship they
command. The order of precedence and command m a ship is as follows : 1. Captain or Com
mander. 2. Lieutenants, agreeably to the date or number of their commissions. 3.
Masters. 4. Master's Mate. 5. Boatswain. 6. Gunnner. 7. Carpenter. 8. Mid
shipmen. Salutes.— When the President shall visit a ship ofthe United States Navy, he is to
be saluted with 21 guns. Vice President, 19 guns. Heads of Departments, Governors
of states and territories, and Foreign Ministers, 17 guns. Major Generals, 15 guns.
Brigadier Generals, 13 guns.
The Fourth of July, and the anniversary of Washington's birth day are to be cele
brated by salutes of 17 guns. »
United States' ships of war are not to strike their topsails, nor take in their flags in
any part of the world, to any foreign ship or ships, unless such foreign ship or ships
shall have first struck, or shall at the same time strike their flags and topsails to the
ships of the United States ; nor are they within the limits and jurisdiction of the Uni
ted States, to salute any foreign ships whatever.
Commanders rank with Brigadier Generals. Masters Commandant rank with Ma-
jors. Lieutenant in the navy rank with Captains in the army.
UNITED STATES ARMY.

According to Oflicial Reports, the United States Regular Army in January, 1840,
amounted to 12,577. The principal organization is as follows :

General Staff
Medical Department
Pay Department
Purchasing Department -
Corps of Engineers

57 S3 19 3
43

Corps of Topographical Engineers
Ordnance Department
Two Regiments of Dragoons
Four Regiments of Artillery
Eight Regiments of Infantry

Total
The principal Officers are.

Major General
Brigadier Generals
Adjutant General
Colonels

Lieutenant Colonels
Majors Captains
First Lieutenants

36
322
• 1,4983,020
7,496
12,577

18
26
172
208

The total non-commisioned officers, musicians and privates are 1 1 ,804.
There are two great Military Divisions, divided by a line commencing at the mouth
of the Mississippi — following up the river to Cassville, in Wisconsin Territory, thence
north to the boundary line between the United States and Canada. All west of that
line is called the Western Division, all east of it the Eastern Division.
The total number ofthe militia of the United states is about 1,400,000. The militia
comprises all able-bodied white males from 18 to 45 ; and when called into actual-ser
vice, they receive the same pay as the regular army.

POST OFFICE.

The following table exhibits the general condition of the Post Office Department, at
different periods from 1790 to 1839, inclusive. Exten' of | Miles annual

17901800
1810182018301835 18361837 1838
1839

No. of
Post-
Offices

75
903
2,300
4,500 8,450
10,770 11,09111,767 12,51912,780

Rec'ts, being
total am't of
postage.

Total ex
penditures

$ 37,935
280,804 551,684
1,111,9271,919,300
2,993,556 3,408,323
4,100,6054,235,077
4,476,638

$32,140 213,994
495,969
1,160,926 1,959,109
2,763,0412,841,766 3,532,1634,621, S37
4,624,117/ 

Balance in
favor of de
partment.

$ 5,795
66,810
55,715

230,515655,557
56-8,442

Balance
against de
partment.

$ i8,999
39,809

36S,759 147,479

Post^oads

mail transport

it miles.

ation.

1,875

9,375

20,S17

3,057,964

36,406

4,694,000

72,492

8,800,000

115,176

14,500,000

112,774

25.S69,4S6

118,264

27,578,620

141,242

32,597,006

134,818

34,580,202

133,999

34,496,878

The extent of mail transportation stated in the above table, is exclusive ofthe dis-
tance it is carried by steam boats and other vessels. The business is conducted in the
Post Master General's office, by himself, his three assistants, and fifty-s.x clerks and
messengers, whose aggregate salaries amount to $79,000. And m the Auditor's ofl|ce,
by himself and fifty-two clerks and messengers, whose aggregate salaries amount- to
64 980 The communications received in the different offices, excluding the Auditor's
office, amount to a daily average of about 900 for the working days, equal to 281,700 a
year; the communications sent, to about 500 daily, equal to 136,500 a year; and the
cases actually decided by the Post Master General, to 50 daily, equal to 15,650 a year.
9

64

VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS  STATISTICS OF THE PRESS,

Value of Foreign Com in money of the United States.

\\

Countries.

Gold Coins.

Value in
dollars.

Silver Coins.

Value in
dollars.

Austria

Sovereign

3 33

Rix dollar - - -

Ducat -

2 29

do Convention

95

Belgium

William

3 10

Ducatoon - -
Florin 1S16 - -

1 19
40

Bengal

Gold mohur

S 16

Sicca Rupee - -

47

Bremen

Ducats

2 25

Rix dollar specie

1 06

Brazil -

Pataca 1S01
704
Denmark
Ducats specie
2 25
Rix dollar - -
Rix Bank dollar
1 04i52*
England - -
Guinea
5 09
Crown, new - -
1 OS*
Sovereign -
4 863
France
Louis -
3 85
Five franc p. -
92»
Geneva
Genovina
15 40
Scudo 1796
1 23
Hamburg
Ducat
2 26
Rix dollar
1 07
Holland
DucatRyder
2 29
6 04
Gilder or florin
391
Madras
Star Pagoda
1 79
Rupee 181S - -
m
Naples
Oncetta
2 50
Ducat 181S
794
Portugal
Half Johannes
4 36
Crusado 1809 -
534
Prussia
Frederick
3 97
Rix dollar convention
964
Russia
ImperialCarlino
7 S2
Ruble 1S02
734
Sardinia
9 44
Scudo
874
Sicily
Ounce 1751
2 50
Scudo - -
93i
Spain - -
Doubloon - -
16 47
Pistole 1S01 -
3 88
Dollar
99i
Sweden
Ducat
2 22
Rix dollar
1 04*
Tuscany
Rusp ne
6 91
Sequin - -
2 29
Francesco Leopoldoni
1 04
Turkey
Sequin fonducli
1 82
Piaster 1818 -
18
Venice
Sequin
Ducat - - -
2 29
1 43
Ducat
754
Statistics of the Press.
Number if newspapers, magazines, and periodicals, published in the United States on
 the 1st of July, 1839.
Maine - 41
New-Hampshire . 26
Vermont - 31
Massachusetts (at Boston 65) . 124
Rhode Island 14
Connecticut - 31
New. York (at New- York cKy 71) 274
New-Jersey - - - - 39
Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia 71) 253
Delaware - - - 3
Maryland (at Baltimore 20) - . <tg
District Columbia (at Washington 11) 16
Virginia (at Richmond 10) - - 52
North Carolina - - 30
South Carolina 20
Georgia
Florida Territory -
Alabama -
Mississippi Louisiana (at New Orleans 10)
ArkansasTennessee
KentuckyOhio at (Cincinnati 27)
MichiganWisconsin Territory
Iowa Territory
IndianaIllinois - - -
Missouri
33 9
3436
26 4
5031
164 31 5 3
69 33
25
1555
Ofthe above, 116 are published daily ; 14 tri-weeWy -, 39 semi-weekly ; 991 once a
week. The remainder are issued semi-monthly, monthly and quarterly  principally
magazines and reviews. Many of the daily papers issue tri-weeklies, semi-weeklies,
and weeklies. Thirty-eight are in the German language, four itv the French, and one in
the Spanish. Several of the New Orleans papers are printed in French and English.
Hunt's Magazine.
65

PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY OFFICERS, FOREIGN MINISTERS,
&c, OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH DATES OF
APPOINTMENT, SALARIES, AND PLACES OF RESIDENCE.

Presidents. Salary, $25,000.
George Washington, (Va.,) 1789 to 1797.
John Adams, (Mass.,) 1797 to 1801.
Thomas Jefferson, (Va.,) 1801 to 1809.
James Madison, (Va.,) 1809 to 1817.
James Monroe, (Va.,) 1817 to 1825.
John Quincy Adams, (Mass.,) 1825 to 1829.
Andrew Jackson, (Tenn.,) 1829 to 1837.
Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.,) 1837 to

Vice Presidents. Salary, $5,000.
John Adams, (Mass.)
Thomas Jefferson, (Va.)
< Aaron Burr, (N. Y.)
) George Clinton, (N. Y.)
i George Clinton, (N. Y.)
i Elbridge Gerry, (Mass.)
Daniel D. Tompkins, (N. Y.)
John C. Calhoun, (S. C.)
J John C. Calhoun, (S. C.)
( Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.)
Richard M. Johnson, (Ky.)

Secretaries of State. Salary, $6,000.

Thomas Jefferson, (Va.,) Sept. 26, 1789.
Edmund Randolph, (Va.,) Jan. 2, 1794.
Timothy Pickering, (Pa.,) Dec. 10, 1795.
John Marshall, (Va.,) May 13, 1800. •
James Madison, (Va.,) Mar. 5, 1801.
Robert Smith, (Md.,) Mar. 6, 1809.

James Monroe, (Va.,) Nov. 25, 1811.,
John Q. Adams, (Mass.,) Mar. 5, 1817.
Henry Clay, (Ky.,) Mar. 8. 1825.
Martin Van Buren, (N. Y.,) Mar. 6, 1829
Edward Livingston, (La.,) 1831.
Louis McLane, (Del.,) 1833.
John Forsyth, (Ga.,) 1834.

Secretaries of the Treasury. Salary, $6,000.

Alex. Hamilton, (N.Y.,) Sept. 11,1789.
Oliver Wolcott, (Conn.,) Feb. 3, 1795.
Samuel Dexter, (Mass.,) Dec. 31, 1800.
Albert Gallatin, (Pa.,) Jan. 26, 1802.
G. W. Campbell, (Tenn.,) Feb. 9, 1814.
Alex. J. Dallas, (Pa.,) Oct. 6, 1814.
W. H. Crawford, (Ga.,) Mar. 5, 1817.

Richard Rush, (Pa.,) Mar. 7, 1828.
S. D. Ingham, (Pa.,) Mar. 6, 1829.
Louis McLane, (Del.,) 1831.
William J. Duane, (Pa.,) 1833.
Roger B. Taney, (Md.,) 1833, (uot
firmed by the Senate.
Levi Woodbury, (N. H.,) 1834.

Secretaries of War. Salary, $6,000.

Henry Knox, (Mass.,) Sept. 12, 1789.
T. Pickering, (Pa.,) Jan. 2, 1795.
James McHenry, (Md.,) Jan. 27, 1796.
Samuel Dexter, (Mass.,) May 13, 1800.
R. Griswold, (Conn.,) Feb. 3, 1801.
H. Dearborn, (Mass.,) Mar. 5, 1801.
William Eustis, (Mass.,) Mar. 7, 1809.
J. Armstrong, (N. Y.,) Jan. 13, 1813.
James Monroe, (Va.,) Sept. 27, 1814.

W. H. Crawford, (Ga.,) Mar. 2, 1815.
Isaac Shelby, (Ky.,) Mar. 5, 1817, (declined
the appointment.
J. C. Calhoun, (S. C.,) Dec. 16, 1817.
James Barbour, (Va.,) Mar. 7, 1825.
P. B. Porter, (N. Y.,) May 26, 1828.
J. H. Eaton, (Tenn.,) March 9, 1829.
Lewis Cass, (Mich.,) 1831.
Joel R. Poinsett, (S. C.,) 1837.

Secretaries of the Navy. Salary, $6,000.
[The Navy Department was not established until the year 1798.]
George Cabot, (Mass.,) May 3, 1798, (de- Benjamin W. Crowninshield, (Mass.,)
clined ) 19, 1814.
Benjamin Stoddart, (Md.,) May 21, 1798. S. Thompson, (N.Y) Nov. 30, 1818.
Jacob Crowninshield. S. L. Southard, (N. J-,) Dec. 9,1823.
Benjamin Stoddart, (continued in office.) John Branch, (N. C.,) Mar. 9, 1S29.
Robert Smith, (Md.,) Jan. 26, 1802. Levi Woodbury, (N. H.,) 1831
Paul Hamilton, (S. C.,) Mar. 7, 1809. Mahlon Dickerson, (N. J.,) 1834.
WUliam Jones (Pa.,) Jan. 12, 1813. J. K. Paulding, (N. Y.,) 1838.

66
Post-Masters General. Salary, $6,000.

S.Osgood, (Mass.,) Sept. 26, 1789.
T. Pickering, (Pa.,) Nov. 7, 1794.
Joseph Habersham, (Ga.,) 1791 to 1S02.
Gideon Granger, (Conn.,) 1802 to 1814.

R. J. Meigs, (Ohio,) 1814 to 1823.
John McLean, (Ohio,) 1823 to 1829.
William T. Barry, (Ky.,) Mar. 5, 1829
Amos Kendall, (Ky.,) May 1, 1835.
John M. Niles, (Ct.) May, 1840.

Chief Justices.
John Jay, (N. Y.,) Sept. 26, 1789.
John Rutledge, (S. C.,) July 1, 1795,
(not confirmed bv the Senate.
William Cushins, (Mass.,) Jan. 27, 1796.
O. Ellsworth, (Conn.,) Mar. 4, 1796.

Salary, $5,000.
John Marshall, (Va.,) Jan. 27, 1801.
Roger B. Taney, (Md.) Judge Taney was
nominated 28th Dec, 1835, confirmed by
the Senate, March 15, 1836.

Associate Justices, Salary, $4,500.

J. Rutledge, (S. C.,) Sept. 26, 1789.
W. Cushing, (Mass.,) Sept. 26, 1789.
R. H. Harrison, (Md.,) Sept. 26, 17S9.
James Wilson, (Pa.,) Sept. 26, 17S9.
John Blair, (Va.,) Sept. 26, 17S9.
James Iredell, (N. C.,) Feb. 10, 1790.
Thomas Johnson, (Md.,) Nov. 7, 1791.
W. Patterson, (N. J.,) Mar. 4, 1793.
Samuel Chase, (Md.,) Jan. 27, 1796.
Bushrod Washington, (Va.,) Dec. 20, 1789.
William Johnson, (S. C.,) Mar. 24, 1804.
Brockholst Livingston, (N. Y.,) Dec. 17,
1806.
Thomas Todd, (Va.,) March 2, 1S07.

Levi Lincoln, (Mass.,) Jan. 3, 1811, (de
clined the appointment. )
John Q. Adams, (Mass.,) Feb. 22, 1811,
(declined the appointment.)
Gabriel Duvall, (Md.,) Nov. 18, 1811.
Joseph Story, Mass., Nov. 18, 1811.
S. Thompsom, N. Y., Dec. 9, 1833.
Robert Trimble, Ky., May 9, 1826.
John McLean, Ohio, Mar. 7, 1829.
Henry Baldwin, Pa., Jan. 6, 1830.
J. MTWavne, Ga., Jan. 7, 1S35.
P. P. 'Barbour, Va., Mar. 15, 1836.
John McKinley. Ala., 1837.
John Catron, Tenn., 1837.

Attorneys General. Salary, $3,500.

E. Randolph, Va., Sept. 26, 1789.
Wm. Bradford, Pa., .Tan. 27, 1794.
Charles Lee, Va., Dec. 10, 1795.
Levi Lincoln, Mass., Mar. 5, 1801.
J. Breckenridge, Ky., Dec. 23, 1805.
C. A. Rodney, Del., Jan. 20, 1S07.
Wm. Pinckney, Md., Dec. 11, 1S11.

Richard Rush, Pa., Feb. 10, 1814.
Wm. Wirt, Va., Dec. 16, 1817.
J. McP. Berrien, Ga., Mar. 9, 1829.
Roger B. Taney, Md., 1S31.
Benj. F. Butler, N. Y., 1833.
Felix Grundy, Tenn., 183S.
H. D. Gilpin, Pa., 1840.

Speakers of House of Representatives.

F. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., 1st Congress, 17S9.
Joua. Trumbull, Conn., 2d Con., 1791.
F. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., 3d Con., 1793.
Jona. Dayton, N. J., 4th Con., 1795.
Tona. Dayton, N. J., 5th Con., 1797.
Theo. Sedgewick, Mass., 6th Cou., 1799.
N. Macon, N. C, 7th Con., 1801.
J. B. Varnum, Mass., 8th Con., 1803.
N. Macon, N. C, 9th Con., 1S05.
J. B. Varnum, Mass., 10th Con., 1807.
J. B. Varnum, Mass., 11th Con., 1S09.
Henry Clay, Ky., 12th Con., 1811.
Henrv Clav, Ky., 13th Con., 1SI3.
L. Cheves,' S. C., 13th Con., 1814.
Henry Clav,,Ky., 14th Con., 1815.
Henrv Clay, Kv., 15th Con., 1S17.

Henry Clay, Ky., 16th Con., 1819.
J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 16th Con., 1820.
P. P. Barbour, Va., 17th Con., 1821.
Henry Clay, Kv., 18th Con., 1823.
J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 19th Con., 1825.
J. W. Taylor, N. Y., 20th Con., 1827.
A. Stevenson, Va., 20th Con., 1828.
A. Stevenson, Va., 21st Con., 1829.
A. Stevenson, Va., 22d Con., 1831.
A. Stevenson, Va., ? 05j n„„
John Bell, Tenn., \ 23d Con-
James K. Polk, Tenn., 24th Con., 1835.
James K. Polk, Tenn., 25th Con., 1S37.
James K. Polk, Tenn., 25th Con., 1838.
Robert M. T. Hunter, Va., 26th Con., 1839.

MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Salary, $9,000. Outfit, $9,000.
Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary.
Thomas Pinckney, S. C, to England, Jan. 12, 1792.
Gouverneur Morris, N. Y., to France, Jan. 12, 1792.
John Jay, N. Y., to England, April 19, 1794.

67
James Monroe, Va., to France, May 28, 1794.
Thomas Pinckney, S. C, to Spain, Nov. 24, 1794.
Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 20, 1796.
David Humphreys, Conn., to Spain, May 20, 1796.
John Q. Adams, Mass., to Portugal, May 30, 1796.
Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, to France, Sept. 9, 1796.
Ministers Resident.
William V. Murray, Md., to the Netherlands, March 2, 1797.
David Humphreys, Conn., to Portugal, Feb. 21, 1791.
William Short, Va., to ihe Netherlands, Jan. 16, 1792.
William Short, Va., to Spain, May 28, 1794.
John Q. Adams, Mass., to the Netherlands, May 30, 1794.
Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary.
Charles C. Pinckney, S. C, to France, June 5, 1797.
Elbridge Gerry, Mass., to France, June 5, 1797.
John Marshall, Va., to France, June 5, 1797.
Oliver Ellsworth, Conn., to France, Feb. 26, 1799.
Patrick Henry, Va., to France, Feb. 26, 1799.
William V. Murray, Md., to France, Feb. 26, 1799.
James Monroe, Va., to Great Britain, April 18, 1803.
William Pinckney, Md., to Great Britain, May 12, 1806.
James Monroe, Va., to Great Britain, May 12, 1806.
William Pinckney, Md., to Great Britain, Feb. 26, 1808.
Robert R. Livingston, N. Y., to France, Oct. 2, 1801.
John Armstrong, N. Y., to France, June 30, 1804.
John Q. Adams, Mass., to Great Britain, Feb. 28, 1815.
Joel Barlow, Conn., to France, Feb. 27, 1811.
William H. Crawford, Ga., to France, April 9, 1813.
Albert Gallatin, Pa., to France, Feb. 28, 1815.
George W. Erving, Mass., to Spain, Aug. 10, 1814.
William Eustis, Mass., to the Netherlands, Dec. 10, 1814.
Thomas Sumpter, S. C, to Portugal, [in Brazil] Mar. 7, 1800.
John Q. Adams, Mass., to Russia, June 27, 1809.
James A. Bayard, Del., to Russia, Feb. 28, 1815.
William Pinckney, Md., to Russia, April 26, 1815.
Richard Rush, Pa., to Great Britain, Dec. 6, 1817.
James Brown, La., to France, Dec. 9, 1823.
John Forsyth, Ga., to Spain, Feb. 16, 1819.
Hugh Nelson, Va., to Spain, Jan. 15, 1823.
John Graham, Va., to Portugal, [in Brazil] Jan. 6, 1819.
Henry Dearborn, sen., N. H., to Portugal, May 7, 1822.
H. Clay, Ky., to Prussia, Special Commissioner to conclude a Treaty, 1828,
George W. Campbell, Term., to Russia, April 16, 1818.
Henry Middleton, S. C, to Russia, April 6, 1820.
Richard C. Anderson, Va., to Colombia, Jan. 27, 1823.
Caesar A. Rodney, Del., to Buenos Ayres, Jan. 27, 1823.
Heman Allen, Vt., to Chili, Jan. 27, 1823.
Rufus King, N. Y., to England, May 5, 1825.
Albert Gallatin, Pa., to England, May 10, 1826.
James Barbour, Va., to England, May 23, 1828.
Alexander H. Everett, Mass., to Spain, Mar. 9, 1825.
Albert Gallatin, Pa., } Agents upon the Umpirage relating to the North Eastern Bound'-
Wm. P. Preble, Me., $ ary of the United States, May 9, 1828.
William H. Harrison, to Colombia, May 24, 1828.
John W. Forbes, Fa., to Buenos Ayres, Mar. 9, 1825.
Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, to Mexico. Mar. 8, 1825.
Richard C. Anderson, Va., ? To the Assembly of American Nations, proposed to be held
John Sergeant, Pa., ' S at Panama, Mar. 14, 1826.
Joel R. Poinsett, S. C, to the same Assembly, Feb. 12, 1827.
Condy Raguet, Pa., to Brazil, Mar. 9, 1825.
William Tudor, Mass., to Brazil, Dec. 27, 1827.
William Miller, N. C, to Guatemala, Mar. 7, 1825.
John Williams, Tenn., to Guatemala, Dec. 9, 1825.
Louis McLane, Del., to Great Britain, 1829.
William C. Rives, to France, 1829.
William Pitt Preble, to the Netherlands, 1829.
Cornelius P. Van Ness, to Spain, 1829.
Thomas P. Moore, to the Republic of Colombia, 1829.
John Randolph, Va., to Russia, 1831. ^»
Edward Livingston, La., to France, 1833.
William Wilkins, Pa., to Russia, 1834.
Andrew Stevenson, Va., to England, 1836.

68
James Buchanan, Pa., to Russia, 1831.
Martin Van Buren, N. Y., to Great Britain, 1831, (not confirmed by the Senate.)
Anthony Butler, N. Y., to Mexico, 1829.
Emanuel J. West, 111., to Peru, 1829.
Ethan A. Brown, Ohio, to Brazil, 1829.
John Hamm, Ohio, to Chili, 1829.
William T. Barry, Ky., to Spain, 1835.
John H. Eaton, Tenn., to Spain, 1835.
Lewis Cass, Mich., France, 1836.
William T. Barry, Ky., to Spain, 1835.
John H. Eaton, Tenn., to Spain, 1836.
George M. Dallas, Pa., Russia, 1837.
Henry Wheaton, R. I., to Prussia, 1837.
Powhatan Ellis, Miss., to Mexico, 1837.
H. A. Muhlenberg, Pa., to Austria, 1838.
David Porter, Md., to Turkey, 1839. (Salary, $6,000.)

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Maine, New-Hampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,
Rhode-Island, Connecticut,
New- York,
New-Jersey,Pennsylvania,Delaware,
Maryland,Dist. of Columbia
Virginia,
N. Carolina,
S. Carolina,
Georgia,
Florida,Alabama.Mississippi,Louisiana, Ohio,Kentucky,
Tennessee,Michigan,Indiana, Illinois,Missouri, Arkansas,

Population.

Slaves,

Pop. to

1330.

1830.

Sq- M.

399,955

12

269,328

28

280,652

27

610,408

81
97,199
17
75
297,665
25
62
1,918,608
75
40
320,823
2,254
40
1,348,233
403
29
76,748
3,292
36
447,040
102,994
41
39,834
6,119
40
1,211,405
469,757
IS
737,987
245,601
15
581,185
315,401
19
516,823
217,531
9
34,730
15,501
309,527
117,549
6
136,621
65,659
3
215,739
109,588
4
937,903
24
687,917
165,213
18
681,903
141,603
16
31,639
32
343,031
10
157,455
"747
3
140,445
25,081
2
30,388
4,576
12,866,020
2,009,618
* Not slaves, but " Indented" colored servants.
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73

QUALIFICATIONS OF GOVERNORS, SENATORS, REPRE
SENTATIVES, AND VOTERS, AND MANNER OF APPOINT
ING JUDGES, IN THE SEVERAL STATES.
MAINE. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States, five
years a citizen of the State, and thirty years of age. Senators — Five
years a citizen of the United States, one year of this State, and 25
years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the United States five
years, and an inhabitant of this State one year, and 21 years of age.
Electors, or Voters — Residence in the State three months preceding
any election. Paupers excepted. Judges are appointed by the
governor, by and with the consent of his council, and hold office
during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Governor— A citizen of the State seven
years, owning an estate of 500 pounds, (one half a freehold) and
thirty years of age. Senators — A resident of this State seven years,
owning a freehold estate worth £200, in the State, and thirty years
of age. Representatives — Two years an inhabitant of this State, and
owning an estate worth £100, one half of which must be a freehold.
Electors, or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and paying taxes.
Judges are appointed by the governor and council, and hold office
during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.
VERMONT. — Governor — A citizen of the State four years.
Senators — A qualified voter, and 33 years of age. Representatives —
Persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, and who have resided in
the State two years. Electors, or Voters — One year's residence in
the State, of a quiet and peaceable disposition, and will vote as he
shall judge to conduce to the best interests of the State. Judges
are appointed by the house of representatives, in conjunction with
the council, annually.
MASSACHUSETTS.— Governor— A citizen of the State seven
years, owning an estate of 1000 pounds, and of the Christian religion.
Senators — Five years a citizen of the State, owning a freehold of the
value of £309, or rateable estate of the value of £600. Representa
tives — A citizen of the State one year and owning a freehold of the
value of £100, or a rateable estate worth £200. Electors, or Voters-
One year's residence in the State, and have paid a State or county
tax, and six months in county before election. Judges are nomina
ted by the governor, and appointed by him, by and with consent of
his council during good behavior.
RHODE ISLAND. — Governor — Must be a native citizen and free
man. Senators — Must be a native and resident of the district where
he is chosen, and a duly qualified freeman. Representatives — Must
be a freeman, and resident of the town which he represents. Elec
tors, or Voters — Must be a resident of the State three months, and
own a freehold of $134. Judges are chosen by the legislature for
one year.
CONNECTICUT. — Governor — An elector and thirty years of age.
Senators' — Any person who has a right to vote, is eligible to a seat
in the seriate. Representatives — Any person who is an elector is
eligible as a representative. Electors, or Voters — Must have gained

74
a settlement in the State, own a freehold of $7 per annum, or have
done military duty, paid a State tax, and taken the prescribed oath.
Judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good
behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.
NEW YORK. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States,
five years of this State, a freeholder, and thirty years of age.
Senators — A qualified elector, and a freeholder. Representatives —
The constitution of this State is silent as to any qualifications re
quired of representatives. Electors, or Voters — A male citizen, of
the age of 21 years, an inhabitant of the State for the last year, and
a resident, of the county for ths last six months ; a colored man
must own a freehold of $250, have paid taxes thereon, and been
three years a citizen. Judges are nominated by the governor, and
appointed by him, by and with the consent of the senate, and hold
office, during good behavior, or until the age of sixty years. Inferior
judges five years.
NEW JERSEY. — Governor — Some fit person within the State.
Senators — The council in the legislature of this state supply the
place of a senate. Representatives — -One year a citizen of this state,
and worth £500, proclamation money, in real and personal property.
Electors, or Voters — A citizen of this State, one year, and paid a
tax. Judges are appointed by the legislature for seven years.
Judges of common pleas for five years.
PENNSYLVANIA. — Governor — A citizen ofthe State seven years,
and thirty years of age. Senators — A citizen of the State four years,
and for the last year of the district for which he is chosen, and 25
years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the State three years,
and for the last year of the city or county for which he shall be
chosen. Electors, or Voters— A citizen of the State two years, paid
a State or county tax. The sons of persons so qualified, between
the ages of 21 and 22, may vote although they have paid no tax.
Judges are appointed by the governor, judges of Supreme court for
15 years, presidents of courts of common pleas 10 years, associate
judges 7 years.
DELAWARE. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twelve
years, and the last six of this State, and thirty-six years of age-
Senators — Three years a citizen of the State, and own a freehold of
200 acres, or 1000 pounds in real and personal property, and 27
years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the State three years,.
and 2-i years of age. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of the state one
year, and paid a State or county tax. The sons of persons so qual
ified, between the ages of 21 and 22 years, may vote, although they
have paid no tax. Judges are appointed by the governor, and hold
office during good behavior.
MARYLAND. — Governor — A resident of the State above five
years, and above twenty-five years of age. Senators — Men of the
most wisdom, experience and virtue, who have resided in the State
three years and 25 years of age. Representatives — The most wise,
sensible, and discreet of the people, who have resided in the county
for which they shall be chosen one year. Electors, or Voters — One
year's residence in the State preceding election, and six months in
the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with the
consent of the senate and hold office during good behavior.

75
VIRGINIA.— Governor — A native citizen of the United States, and
of the State for five years, and thirty years of age, ineligible for
three years after first term. Senators — A resident and freehoj ]er
in the district for which he is chosen, and thirty years of 'ige.
Representatives — A resident and freeholder in the county for wnich
he shall be chosen and twenty-five years of age. Electois, or
Voters — Own a freehold of the value of $25, or having been ahause-
keeper one year, and been assessed. Some other small qualifica
tions are required of those who have no freehold, but they amount
to almost universal suffrage. Judges are appointed by the It gisla-
ture and hold office during good behavior.
NORTH CAROLINA.— Governor— A resident of the State five
years, owning a freehold in the State above the value of 1000 pounds,
and thirty years of age. Senators — One year a citizen of the county
for which he is chosen, and owning 300 acres of land. Representa
tives—One year a citizen of the county in which he may be chosen,
owning 100 acres of land in fee, or for the term of his life. Electors,
or Voters — A citizen of the State 1 year, who has paid taxes may
vote for the members of the house of commons, but must own 50
acres of land to vote for a senator. Judges are appointed by the
legislature and hold office during good behavior.
SOUTH CAROLINA. — Governor — A citizen of the State ten years,
owning an estate of the value of fifteen hundred pounds sterling,
thirty years of age, and clear of debt. Senators — A citizen of this
State five years. If a resident of the election district must own a
freehold estate of £300 sterling ; if not, of £1000, and 30 years of
age. Representatives — A citizen of this State, 3 years, own 500
acres and 10 negroes, or £150 sterling in real estate ; and if a non
resident of the district a freehold worth £500 sterling. Electors, or
Voters — Residence in the State two years, and in the district where
he shall offer his vote six months. Small property qualification.
Judges are appointed by the legislature, and hold office during good
behavior. GEORGIA. — Governor — A citizen of the United States 12 years,
and of the State six years ; owning 500 acres of Jand, and other
property to the amount of $4000, besides discharging his debts, and
thirty years of age. Senators — Nine years a citizen of the United
States, and 3 years of this State, a freeholder of $500, or taxable
property of $1000, over and above his debts, have paid all legal
taxes, and 25 years of age. Representatives — Seven years a citizen
of the United States, and three years of this State, owning a free-
hold of $250, or taxable property of $500, over and above his debts,
and having paid all legal taxes. Electors or Voters — A citizen of the
State, and six months residence in the county where they offer to
vote, and must have paid all taxes imposed on them. Judges are
chosen by the legislature for three years. Inferior judges elected
by the people.
ALABAMA. — Governor — A native citizen of the United States,
and of this State for four years, thirty years of age, and ineligible
for more than four successive years. Senators — A citizen of tne
United States, and of this State two years, and one year of the
district for which he shall be chosen, and twenty-seven years of age.
Representatives — A citizen of the United States, and of this State

76
two years, and one year of the county for which he shall be chosen,
and 21 years of age. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of the United
States, one year of this State, and three months residence in the
county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed by the
legislature, for six years.
MISSISSIPPI.— Governor— A citizen of the United States twenty
years, and of this State five years, and thirty years of age, and inel
igible for more than 4 successive years, and must be a freeholder of
the value of $2000. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and
of this state four years, the last year of the district for which he
shall be chosen, and be 30 years of age. Representatives — A citizen
of the United States, and of this state two years, and the last year
of the county for which he shall be chosen, and 21 years of age, and
a freeholder of the value of $500. Electors, or Voters — A citizen of
the United States, and residence in this State one year, and in the
county six months, and having done military duty or paid taxes.
Judges are appointed by the legislature and hold office during good
behavior for six years.
LOUISIANA.— Governor — A citizen of the United States, and of
this State six years, owning landed estate of the value of $5000,
and thirty-five years of age. Senators — A citizen of the United
States, and of this state four years, and one year in his election dis
trict, owning landed property of the value of $1000, and 27 years of
age. Representatives — The same as those in Alabama except that
they must own landed property to the amount of $500, and 21 years
of age. Electors or Voters — Residence in the county where he offers
his vote one year, and having paid taxes within the last six months.
Judges are appointed by the governor, with advice of the senate,
and hold office during good behavior.
TENNESSEE.— Governor— A citizen of the United States and of
this State seven years, and thirty years of age. Senators — A citizen
of the United States, three years residence in this State, and in the
county for which he shall be elected, one year, and thirty years of
age. Representatives — A citizen of the United States, of the State
3 years, one year's residence of the county, and 21 years of age.
Electors or Voters — A citizen of the United States, and six months
in the county where he shall offer his vote. Judges are appointed
by the general assembly ; those of the supreme court for twelve
years ; those of the inferior courts for eight years.
KENTUCKY. — Governor— A citizen of the United States, and of
this State six years, and thirty-five years of age, and ineligible for
more than one term in 7 years. Senators — A citizen of the United
States, and of this State six years, the last year in the district for
which he is chosen, and thirty-five years of age. Representatives —
A citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the
last year in the county for which he may be chosen, and 24 years of
age. Electors or Voters — Two years residence in the State, and in
the county in which he offers his vote, one year next preceding the
election. Judges are nominated by the governor, and appointed by
him by and with consent of the senate, and hold office during good
behavior. OHIO. — Governor — A citizen of the United States twelve years,
and an inhabitant of this State four years, and thirty-five years of

77
age. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and two years of
the district or county in which he may be elected, have paid a State
and county tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives — A citizen
of the United States, an inhabitant of this state, and one year of the
county in which he may be chosen, have paid a State or county tax,
and 25 years of age. Electors or Voters — One year's residence in
the State, next preceding the election, having paid or been charged
with a State or county tax. Judges are appointed by the joint ballot
of the two houses of the general assembly, for seven years.
INDIANA. — Governor- — A citizen of the United States ten years,
and of this State five years, and thirty years of age. Senators — A
citizen of the United States, and of this State two years, and the last
year of the county or district for which he may be chosen, have paid
a State or county tax, and twenty-five years of age. Representa
tives — A citizen of the United States, an inhabitant of this State and
of the county for which he may be elected, one year, have paid a
State or county tax, and 21 years of age. Electors or Voters — One
year's residence in the State immediately preceding the election,
entitles him to vote in the county where he resides. Judges of the
supreme court are appointed by the governor, with the consent of
the senate ; presidents of the circuit courts by the legislature ; as
sociate judges by the people ; each seven years.
ILLINOIS. — Governor — A citizen of the United States thirty
years, and two years of this State, thirty years of age, and ineligible
for two successive terms. Senators — A citizen of the United States,
the last year of the district where he may be chosen, paid a state or
county tax, and 25 years of age. Representatives— A. citizen of the
United States, and an inhabitant of the State and of the county
where he may be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and
21 years old. Electors, or Voters — Residence in the State six
months, but can vote only in the county where he actually resides.
Judges are appointed by the general assembly and hold office during
good behavior.
MISSOURI. — Goverr.or — A native citizen ofthe United States, and
resident of this State four years, and thirty-five years of age.
Senators — A citizen of the United States, and of this State four
years, and of the district one year, and havingpaid a State or county
tax, and thirty years of age. Representatives — A citizen of the Uni
ted States, and of this State two years, of the county where he may
be chosen one year, paid a State or county tax, and 24 years of age.
Electors or voters — A citizen of the United States, and one year's
residence in this State, next preceding the election, and three months
in the county. Judges are appointed by the governor, by and with
consent of the senate, and hold office during good behavior.
MICHIGAN. — Governor — A citizen ofthe United States five years,
and a resident of the State for two years immediately preceding the
election. Senators — A citizen of the United States, and a qualified
elector in the county he represents. Representatives — A citizen of
the United States, and qualified electors in the counties they repre
sent. Electors or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and six months
¦residence next preceding election. Judges of the supreme court
are appointed by the governor, by advice and consent of the Senate,
for the term of 7 years, other judges by the people, for 4 years.

78
ARKANSAS. — Governor — A native of Arkansas or of the United
States or a resident of Arkansas ten years, previous to the adoption
of the constitution, and a resident 4 years before election. Sena
tors — A citizen of the United States, a resident of the State one
year, and 30 years of age. Represe?itatives — A citizen of the United
States, a resident of the county he represents, and 25 years of age.
Electors, or Voters — Twenty-one years of age, and a resident of the
State the six months preceding election. Judges of the supreme
and circuit courts are appointed by the general assembly ; the former
for 8 years, and the circuit court for 4 years.

MILITARY FORCE, APPORTIONMENT OF ARMS FOR 183S, (UNDER THE
ACT QF 1808, FOR ARMING AND EQUIPPING THE WHOLE BODY OF THE
MILITIA,) AND REVOLUTIONARY PENSIONERS.

,' Date of

Number of

No. oi arms

Revolutionary

Deaths

States and Territories.

[ return.

militia,.

apportioned

male pensioners

in

in muskets.
living Nov. 1839.
1839.
Maine,
1838
43,901
462
1,695
87
New Hampshire,
1S38
28,185
297
1,588
113
Massachusetts,
1S38
46,354
488
3,124
232
Vermont,
1824
25,581
270
1,961
130
Rhode Island,
1832
5,488
£9
636
54
Connecticut,
1838
29,950
315
1,899
6,844
89
New York,
1838
179,276
1,887
273
New Jersey,
1829
39,171
413
960
44
Pennsylvania,
1S34
202,181
2128
2,100
76
Delaware,
1827
9,229
' 98
18
1
Maryland,
1839
46,864
494
200
16
Virginia,
1838
102,574
1,079
1,974
111
North Carolina,
1838
65,218
6S6
1,260
54
South Carolina,
1833
51,112
538
574
10
Georgia,
1838
48,569
512
4S4
4
Alabama,
1838
29,632
312
347
2
Louisiana,
1830
14.80S
155
32
Mississippi,
1838
36,084
380
49
Tennessee,
1830
72,991
768
1,777
68
Kentucky,
1S38
75,926
799
1,930
70
Ohio,
1836
173,214
1,823
2,114
25
Indiana,
1833
53,913
567
676
9
Illinois,
1831
27,3S6
288
263
13
Missouri,
1S35
6,170
65
183
3
Arkansas,
1S25
2,028
22
33
Michigan,
1831
5,476
57
125
1
Florida Territory,
1831
2,413
25
17
3
Wisconsin Territory,
no return.
4
58
District of Columlia,
1832
1,249
13
1,424,943
15,000
32,925
1,588
79

LIST OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.

Name.

Bowdoin College
Waterville* DartmouthUniversity of Vermont
Middlebury Norwich. University
Harvard do.
WilliamsAmherstBrown University
Yale '
Washington!Wesleyan UniversityjJ:
ColumbiafUnionHamilton Hamilton Lit. & Theol.*
Genevaf
University of N. York
Brockport*College of N. Jersey
RutgersUniver. of Pennsylvania
Dickinsonf
JeffersonWashingtonAlleghany^
Western University
PennsylvaniaLafayette
Marshall
Newark St. John's
St. Mary's§
Mount St. Mary's§
Mount Hope
University of Md.
Georgetown§
Columbian* •
William and Maryf
Hampden Sidney
WashingtonUniversity of Virginia
Randolph-MaconJ
University of N. Carolina
DavidsonCollege of S. Carolina
Charleston
University of Georgia
OglethorpeUniversity of Alabama
Lagrange!Spring Hill§
Jefferson Oakland
MississippiKemper Louisiana
Jefferson GreenvilleWashingtonUniversity of Nashville
East Tennessee
Jackson TransylvaniaSt. Joseph's§
Centre
Augusta| Cumberland
Bacon* \\

Place.

Stu
dent,

Brunswick,
Waterville, Hanover,
Burlington, Middlebury,Norwich, Cambridge,
Williamstown, Amherst,Providence,
New-Haven, Hartford,
Middletown,New- York,
Schenectady, Clinton,
Hamilton,Geneva,New- York,
Brockport,
Princeton,
N. Brunswick
Philadelphia, Carlisle,Canonshurg,
Washington,
Meadville, Pittsburg,Gettysburg,
Easton,
Mercersburg,Newark,Annapolis,
Baltimore,Emmetsburg,

Me. do.
N. H.
Vt. do. do.
Mass. do.do.
R.I. Ct.
do.do.
N.Y. do.
do.do. do.do. do.
N.J. do.
Penn. do.do. do.
do. do. do.
do.
do.
Del. Md. do.do.

Near Baltimore, do.
Baltimore, Georgetown,
Washington,Williamsburg,Prince Ed. Co.,
Lexington,Charlottesville,
Boydton,Chapel-Hill,

do.
D. C.
do.
Va. do. do.
do.
do.
N. C.

Metklenb'g Co., do.^
Columbia,Charleston,
Athens,
Midway, Tuscaloosa,
Lagrange,
Spring Hill,
Washlngtqn,Oakland, Clinton, Kemper Co.,
Jackson, St. Jas. Park,
Grepnville,
Wash. Co.,
Nashville, Knoxville,
Near Columbia,
Lexington, Bardstown,Danville,Augusta,
Princeton,Georgetown.

S.C. do.
Ga. do.
Ala. do.
do.
Mi. do.do.
do. La.
do.
Tenn. do. do.
do.do. do.
do.do.do.do.

124 SO
231 105 157 80
219 120
206 187
403 54
135 99
301 101 6528
226 240 93
107128171107 38
118 724955
108
190 131 45
134 40
111 60
40
230 103145150
127
101144 85
50
100 60
25
138 43 35
125 90
100 62
130 6675
72
203

Llbr's- *&¦

8,0004,500 6,0006,200
2,330 1,000
44,000 3,000
4,3006,000
10,500 2,000 3,0008,000
5,350
2,500 1,6001,200

7,0003,000
2,400 3,000 1,000
2,400 8,000 225 000
425600
2,700
12,000 7,000

12,000 4,000 3,600
5,000 1,500
15,000 3,000
10,000 4,5003,500 200
2,000 1,000

1,2001,008
4,000 500
2,200 3,000 1,250
2,4005,000 1,600
2,000 500
1,200

1794
1S201770 1791
1800
1834 1638 17931821
176417001824 1831
1754 17951812181918231831 1833
1746 1770175517831802
180618151820 1832
18261836183317841799 183018321812
17991821
1693177418121819
18311791 1837
1804
1785
1785
18381828
1831
18301802
18311830

18251831
17941794
180618071830
17981819
1822182318251836

80

LIST OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES.— Con-
TTKUED.

St. Mary's§
University of Ohio
Miami University
Franklin
Western Reserve
KenyonfGranville*MariettaOberlin Institute
CincinnatiWoodward
Indiana South Hanover
Wabash
IllinoisShurtleff*M'KendreanJ
M'DonoughUniver. of St. Louis§
St. Mary's§
Marion ColumbiaSt. Charles^
Fayette
Michigan Univer.
Marshall

Stu
dents

Marion Co.,
Athens,Oxford,
New Athens,
Hudson,Gambier
Granville,
Marietta, Oberlin,CincinnatiCincinnati,
Bloomington,South Hanover,
Crawfordsville,Jacksonville,
Upper Alton,
Lebanon,
Macomb, St. Louis,
Barrens,
New Palmyra,
Columbia,St. Charles,
Fayette,
(Ann Harbor,

do.

Ohio.

41

do.

8b

do.

83

do.

51

do.

56

do.

12

do.

50

do.

95

do.

84

do.

10

Ind.

120

do.

120

do.

95

111.

64

do.

60

do.

70

do.

Mo.

200

do.

124

do.

33

do.

do.

70

do.

75

Mich.

do.
1,3001,618 500
3,500
4,643 3,0003,000
600
1,500 1,000
7,500
6,000 1,000
ded.
182218211824
18251826 18261832 1832
18341819
182718291833
18301835 1834
18371829183018311835
1837
Remarks.— The Colleges marked thus (*) are under the direction of the Baptists ; thus (tj Episcopal!.
ans ; thus (I) Methodists ; thus (§1 Catholics.
SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES.
Denominations.
Ministers.
Churches or
Congrega tions.
Members or
Communicants.
Population.
Baptist, A Free-Will,
" Seventh-Day,
" Six-Principle,
Methodists, " Protestant,
Presbyterians, ' Cumberland,
" Associate,
" Reformed.
" Associate Reformed,
Congregationalists,Catholics,
Episcopalians,Universalists,Lutherans,
Dutch Reformed,
Christians, German Reformed,
Unitarians, " Memnonites,
Friends, Tunkers,
Jews,Moravians or United Brethren,
Mormonites,Shakers,
New Jerusalem Church,
4,239 612 46 10
3,296 400
2,225 450 8720
116
1,150 550 849
463
267 192
800 180
250
40 33
45 33
6,319 753 42 16
2,807 600 1S3 40
214
1,300 812S50792750197
1,000 600225200
500 4024
15
27
452,000 33,876 4,5032,117
740,459 \
50,000 s
274,0841 50,000 16,000 \
3,000
12,000 J
160,000
700,000
62,226
22,515
150,000 30,000
30,000 3,000
5,745
12,000 6,000
4,300,0003,000,000
2,475,000
1,400,000 800,000
600,600 600,000
540,000450,000 300,000
250,000 180,000
120,000100,000 30,00015,00012,000
12,000 6,000
5,000
81

PRINCIPAL RAILROADS FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE
UNITED STATES.

Names.

Places Connected.

Eastern Railroad.
Boston and Lowell,
Boston and Worcester,
Providence and Stonington,
Norwich and Worcester,
Hartford and New Haven,
Utica and Schenectady,
Troy and Ballston,
Mohawk and Hudson,
Saratoga and Schenectady,
Utica and Syracuse,
Auburn and Syracuse,
Lockport and Niagara Falls,
Buffalo and Niagara Falls,
Tonawanda,
Ithaca and Owego,
New York and Erie,
Jersey City and Paterson,
Jersey City and Trenton,
Camden and Amboy,
Philadelphia and Trenton,
Philadelphia and Columbia,
Philadelphia and Baltimore,
Philadelphia and Norristown,
Philadelphia and Reading,
Central, e
Lancaster and Harrisburg,
Westchester,
Baltimore and Susquehanna,
Williamsport and Elmira,
Reading and Port Clinton,
Little Schuylkill,
Cumberland Valley,
Wrightsville and Gettysburg,
Newcastle and Frenchtown,
Baltimore and Ohio,
Baltimore and Washington,
Winchester, Richmond and Potomac,
Richmond and Petersburg,
Petersburg and Roanoke,
Portsmouth and Roanoke,
Roanoke and Greensville
Raleigh and Gaston,
Wilmington and Raleigh,
South Carolina,
Central,
Monroe, Georgia, Tuscumbia and Decatur, •
Montgomery and Chattahoochie
Vicksburg, Jackson and Brandon,
Grand Gulf and Port Gibson,
New Orleans and Nashville,
Clinton and Port Hudson,
St. Francisville and Woodville,
Memphis and La Grange,
Mad River,
Lexington and Ohio,
Central,
Detroit and Pontiac,
Erie and Kalamazoo,
Madison and Lafayette,
Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis,

Mass. Mass.Mass.R. Land Con.
Mass. & Con.
Con.N.Y.
N.Y. N.Y.N.Y.N.Y.N.Y.N.Y.
N.Y. N.Y.
N.Y.N.Y.N.J.
N.J.N.J.Pa. and N. J.
Pa. Pa. De. & Md.
Pa.Pa. Pa.
Pa.Pa.
Md. and Pa.
Pa. Pa.
Pa. Pa.Pa. De.Md.Md. and D. C.
Va. Va.
Va.Va. and N. C.
Va. and N. C.
Va. and N. C.
N.C.N.C. C.
Ga.Ga.Ga.
Aa.Aa. Mi.Mi.Mi. La. and Mi.
La.La.Ten.0.
Ky.Mic.
Mic.Mic.Ind.Ind.

Boston and Newburyport.
Boston and west line of the state

Albany and Schenectady.

Rochester and Attica.
Hudson River and Lake Erie.

Danville and Pottsville.
Westchester and Columbia R.R
Baltimore, through York to
Wrightsville.

Port Clinton and Tamaqua.
Harrisburg and Chambersburg.

Completed to Harper's Ferry.
Winchester and Harper's Ferry.
Richmond and Potomac River.
Petersburg and Blakely.
Portsmouth and Weldon.
Hickford and Gaston.
Wilmington and Halifax.
Charleston and Hamburg.
Savannah and Macon.
Macon and Forsyth.
Augusta and Decatur.
Montgomery and West Point.
Vicksburg and Jackson.

Dayton and Sandusky City.
Louisville and Lexington.
Detroit and St. Joseph's.
Toledo and Marshall.

82

PRINCIPAL CANALS FINISHED OR IN PROGRESS IN THE UNITED
STATES.

Names.

States.

Places Connected.

Miles.

Cumberland and Oxford,

Me.

Portland and Sebago Pond,

20

Middlesex,

Mass.

Boston and Lowell,

27

Blackstone,

Mass. & R.I.

Providence and Worcester,

45

Farmington, Hampden, &c.

Mass. & Con.

New Haven and Northampton,
Hudson River and Honesdale,

78

Delaware, Hudson, Lackawaxen,

N.Y. and Pa.

82 i

Erie,

N.Y.

Albany and Buffalo,

363

Champlain,

N.Y.

Lake Champlain and Hudson R,

63

Black River,

N.Y.

Rome and Black River,

76

Oswego,

N.Y.

Syracuse and Oswego,

38

Chenango,

N. Y.

Bmghampton and Utica,

96

Seneca,

N.Y.

Seneca Lake and Erie Canal,

Cayuga,

N.Y.

Geneva and Montezuma,

20

Chemung,

N.Y.

Elmira and Seneca Lake,

23

Morris,

N.J.

Easton, Pa., and Jersey City, op.

posite N. Y.
101
Delaware and Raritan,
N.J.
New Brunswick and Bordentown,
-^42
Delaware Canal,
Pa.
Bristol and Easton,
60
Lehigh,
Pa.
Easton and White's Haven,
66
Schuylkill,
Pa.
Philadelphia and Port Carbon,
108
Little Schuylkill,
Pa.
Port Clinton and Tamaqua,
20
Union,
Pa.
Reading at Middletown,
82
Pennsylvania,
Pa
Columbia and Pittsburg,
312
Susquehanna division.
Pa.
Juniata and Northumberland,
39
West Branch,
Pa.
Northumberland and Dunstown,
66
North Branch,
Pa.
Northumberland and Lackawana,
76
Beaver division,
Pa.
Beaver and Mercer county,
30
French Creek division
Pa.
Franklin and Erie,
46
Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal,
Pa. and 0.
Beaver River and Akron,
82
Sandy and Beaver,
Pa. and 0.
Beaver and Bolivar,
73
Chesapeake and Delaware,
Del. and Md.
Delaware and Elk R,
14
Chesapeake and Ohio,
Dismal Swamp,
Md.
Georgetown and Cumberland,
1S6
Va. and N.C.
Portsmouth and New Lebanon,
23
James River,
Va.
Richmond and Lynchburg,
150
Santee,
S.C.
Santee and Cooper's River,
Savannah and Alatamaha River,
22
Savannah and Alatamaha,
Ga.
60
Brunswick,
Ga.
Brunswick and Alatamaha River,
12
Muscle Shoals,
Aa.
Round the Muscle Shoals in the
Tennessee River,
37
Lafourche,
La.
New Orleans and La Fourche R,
85
Miami,
0.
Cincinnati and Maumee,
265
Ohio and Erie,
0.
Portsmouth and Cleveland,
306
Wabash and Erie,
Ind. and 0.
Lafayette and mouth of the Mau
mee
110
White Water,
Ind.
76
Illinois and Chicago,
11.
Illinois River and Lake Michigan
96
INDIAN WARRIORS NEAR THE WESTERN FRONTIER OF THE UNITED
STATES.
Estimated number of warriors belonging to tribes removed by government west
of Missouri and Arkansas, - ......
Estimated number of warriors belonging to indigenous tribes located immediately
west of the said states, -- -------
Estimated number of warriors of indigenous tribes within striking distance of
the western frontier, 
16,310 1,544
43,38561,239
83

LIST OF
MINISTERS, CONSULS,
' AND OTHER DIPLOMATIC AND COMMERCIAL AGENTS,
OF
THE UNITED STATES,
IN
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
April 1, 1840.

List op ministers, consuls, and other diplomatic and commercial
agents of the united states in foreign countries, and of thb
places of their residence.

BRITISH DOMINIONS.

ENGLAND.

Andrew Stevenson,
J Envoy Extraordinary and )
( Minister Plenipotentiary, J
London.
Benjamin Rush, •
Secretary
of Legation,
Do.
Thomas Aspinwall,
Consul,
London.
Albert Davy,
do.
Kingston-upon-Hull.
Francis B. Ogden,
do. -
Liverpool.
Thomas Dennison,
do. ¦
Bristol.
Robert W. Fox, -
do. -
Falmouth.
Thomas Were Fox,
do. -
Plymouth.
Robert R. Hunter,
do. -
SCOTLAND.
Cowes, [Isle of Wight.]
Robert Grieve, -
Consul,
.
Leith, [port of Edinburgh,]
Edward Baxter, -
do. -
-
Dundee.
Alexander Thomson,
do. -
IRELAND.
Glasgow.
Thomas Wilson,
Consul,
Dublin.
Thomas William Gilpin
do.
Belfast.
James Corscaden -
do.
Londonderry.
John Murphy,
do.
Cork.
Thomas M. Persse,
do.
Galway.
Horatio Sprague, -
William W. Andrews,
William Carroll,
Isaac Chase, -
W. H. H. Griffiths,
IN AND NEAR EUROPE, AND AFRICA.
Consul, - - - Gibraltar.
do. Island of Malta.
Commercial Agent, - Island of St. Helena.
Consul, ... Cape-town [Cape of Good
Hope.}
Commercial Agent, - Port-Louis, [Mauritius or
Isle of France.]
84

Thomas Leavitt,
John Morrow,
James Primrose,
John I. D'Wolf,

Wiliiam Tudor Tucker, -
John F. Bacon,
John Arthur,
Robert Munroe Harrison,
John Haly,
Moses Benjamin,
James H. Williams,

Philemon S. Parker,
Joseph Balestier, -

NORTH AMERICA.

Consul, do. do. do.

St. Johns, [New Bruns wick.
Halifax, [Nova Scotia.]
Pictou, [do.]
Sydney, [do.]

WEST INDIES.

Consul, do. do.
do.
Commercial Agent,
do.

Bermuda.
Nassau, [Bahama Islands.]
Turk's Island.
Kingston, [Jamaica.]
St. Christopher and Antigua.
Barbadoes.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Consul,

Demerara, [British Guiana.,

AUSTRALIA.

Consul,

Sidney, [New S. Wales,]

EAST INDIES.

Consul, ...
do.
Bombay. Singapore.
Churchill C. Cambreling
William W. Chew,
RUSSIA.
Secretary of Legation, - do.
Abraham P. Gibson,
Alexander Schwartz,
Edmund Brandt, -
ON THE BALTIC SEA,
Consul, do.do.
JSt. Petersburg.
Riga. Archangel.
John Ralli,
ON THE BLACK SEA.
Consul,
Odessa.
Lewis Cass
Henry Ledyard,
Daniel Brent,
Samuel Allinson,
FRENCH DOMINIONS.
FRANCE.
J Envoy Extraordinary, and J p •
\ Minister Plenipotentiary. S
Secretary of Legation. do.
Consul, do.
Paris.
Lyons.
f Reuben G. Beasley,
]' Nathan Haley,
| ^lenry P. Van Bibber,
Ceorge Strobel,
Daniel C. Croxall, -
Felix H. Suau
Philip A. de Creny,
Francis La Crouts,
POHTS ON THE ATLANTIC.
Consul - - - Havre.
do. Nantes.
do. La Rochelle.
do. Bordeaux.
PORTS ON THE MEDITERRANEAN.
Consul, . . . Cette.
do.
WEST INDIES.
Consul, do. .
AFRICA.
Consul,
Marseilles.
Pointe-a-Pitre, [Guadeloupe.]
St. Pierre, [Martinique.]
Algiers.
85

SPANISH DOMINIONS.
SPAIN.
V Envoy Extraordinary and } ,.. ¦ .
I Minister Plenipotentiary. \ Madrid.

Arthur Middleton, Jun. . Secretary of Legation.

do.

Maximo de Aguirre,

Consul,

Bilbao.

Alexander Burton,

do. ' .

Cadiz.

George Read,

do.

Malaga. Barcelona. norca.]
Port Mahon, [Island of Mi-

Joseph Borras,
Obadiah Rich,

do. do.

-

CUBA.
Nicholas P. Trist,
Consul,
Havana.
Daniel W. Courts,
do. - .
.
Matanzas.
Hiram P. Hastings,
Michael Mahon,
do. -
do. - -
PUERTO RICO.
¦
Trinidad de Cuba.
Sant-iago de Cuba.
James C. Gallaher,'
Consul,
.
Ponce.
John 0. Bradford,
do. ,
_
San Juan or St. Johns,
Richard J. Offley,
William H. Tracy,
do. - -
do. - -
.
Mayaguez. Guayama
OTHER SPANISH ISLANDS
Joseph Callen,
Consul,
Teneriffe, [Canary.]
Manilla. [Philippine.]
Henry P. Sturgis, .
do.
NIO
PORTUGUESE DOMI
NS.
PORTUGAL.
Edward Kavanagh,
Charge d' Affaires, .
-
Lisbon.
Israel P. Hutchinson,
Consul,
Lisbon.
William H. Vesey,
do. - -
-
St.Ubes, or Setuval.
PORTUGUESE ISLANDS.
Charles W. Dabney,
Consul,
.
Fayal, [Azores.]
Funchal, [Madeira.]
St. Jago, [Cape Verd.]
John H. March, •
do. - -
.
Ferdinand Gardner,
do. - -
BELGIUM.
Virgil Maxcy,
Charge1 d'Affaires, -
Brussels.
Thomas H. Barker,
Consul,
Antwerp.
DOMINIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS.
HOLLAND.
Harmanus Bleecker, - Charge d'Affaires, • Hague.
John W. Vandenbroek,
John Wambersie,
Thomas Trask,
Jacob H. D'Meza, -
Owen M. Roberts, -
Jonathan F. Woodside,
Charles F. Ryan, -
Edmund L. Raynals
George P. Todsen,
Pavid Rogers, • -
Consul, - - - Amsterdam.
do. - - Rotterdam.
COLONIES OF THE NETHERLANDS.
Consul, - - - Paramaribo, [Surinam,
South America.]
do. - • Curacao, [W. I. Island.]
do. - - Batavia, [Java, East India
Island.]
DANISH DOMINIONS.
DENMARK.
ChargS d'Affaires,
Consul, do.do. WEST INDIES.
Consul,
Copenhagen.
Copenhagen.
Elsineur.Altona. St. Crou, or Santa Cruz.
86

Christopher Hughes,

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.
Charge d'Affaires, • • Stockholm.

Charles D. Arfwedson,
C- A. Murray,
Helmich Janson, -

Consul, -
do. ...
do. ...

Stockholm.
Gothenburg. Bergen.

PRUSSIA.

Henry Wheaton, •
Theodore S. Fay, -

} Envoy Extraordinary and )
i Minister Plenipotentiary. J
Secretary of Legation,

Berlin. do.

Arnold Halbach, -
William T. Simons
Frederick Schillow,

Consul, do. ...
do. ...

Berlin.
Elberfeld.
Stettin.

AUSTRIA.

Henry A. Muhlenberg,
John R. Clay,
< Envoy Extraordinary and )
i Minister Plenipotentiary $
Secretary of Legation,
Vienna. do.
J. G. Schwarz,
George Moore,
Albert Dabadie,
Consul, do. . . - -
do. - -
do.
Trieste.
Venice.
HANOVER.
Gerhard W. Abeken,
Consul,
Embden.
SAXONY.
John G. Flugel,
Consul, do. ...
Dresden. Leipsick.
BAVARIA.
Robert de Ruedorffer,
Consul, ...
Munich.
GRAND-DUCHY OF HESSE.
Charles Graebe,
Consul,
Cassel.
GRAND-DUCHY OF MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN.
Christian F. Schultz,
Consul,
Rostock.
¦
HANSEATIC or FREE CITIES.
John Cuthbert,
Marcus Derkhem,
Ernest Schwendler,
Consul, do.
do. -
Hamburg. Bremen
Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
SWITZERLAND.
Stephen Powers -
Consul,
Basil or Basle.
SARDINIAN STATES.
Victor A. Sasserno,
Consul, ...
do -
Genoa.
Nice.
TUSCANY.
Thomas Appleton.
Consul,]
PONTIFICAL STATES
Leghorn.
George W. Greene,
James E. freeman,
Consul, do. .
Rome.
Ancona.
87

Enos T. Throop,
Alexander Hammett,
John M. Marston,
John L. Payson, -

David Porter, -
John P. Brown,
George A. Porter,
David W. Offley,
Nicholas Luca Perick,
W. B. Llewellyn,
Marino de Mattel,

KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES.

Charge d'Affaires,
Consul, do. -
do.

Naples. Naples.
Palerrflo, [Sicily.]
Messina, [do.]

TURKISH DOMINIONS.
Minister Resident,
Dragoman

Constantinople. do.

Consul, do. do.
do.
do. do.

Constantinople.
Smyrna.
Brousa.Salonica.
Isle of Stanco or Cos.
Isle of Cyprus.

George R. Gliddon,
John Gliddon, -
A. Durighello, ¦
Jasper Chasseaud,
Vincent Rosa,
D. Bonnal,

Gregory A. Perdicaris,
James Wilkin, -

Thomas N. Carr.
Samuel D. Head,
Daniel S. Macauley,

PLACES UNDER THE QOVEKNMENT OF THE PACHA OF EGYPT.

Consul, do. do.do.
do.do.

GREECE.

Consul, do.

BARBARY STATES.
Consul, do. -
do. -

Cairo, [Egypt.] .
Alexandria, [do.]
Aleppo. Said.]
Beirout, Damascus, and
Candia, [Isle of Candia.]
Canea, [do.]

Athens.
Isle of Syra.

Tangiers, [Morocco.]
Tunis, [Tunis.]
Tripoli, [Tripoli.]

DOMINIONS OF THE IMAUM OF MUSCAT,
Richard P. Waters,

Consul, do. -

Muscat. Island of Zanzibar, [near
the east coast of Africa.]

CHINA.

Peter W. Snow,

Consul,

Canton.

INDEPENDENT PACIFIC ISLANDS.

Samuel R. Blackler. ¦
Peter A. Brinsmade
James R. Clendon,

Consul,Commercial Agent,
Consul,

Otaheite, [Society Islands.]
Woahoo, [Sandwich Isl.]
Bay of Islands, [New Zea
land.]

HAYTI or SAN DOMINGO.

Ralph Higinbothorn,
Benjamin E Viall,

George H. Flood,

Elisha A. Rhodes,
Young I. Porter,
Charles S. Wailack.

Powhatan Ellis,
Thomas H. Ellis,

Commercial Agent,
do. -

Aux Cayes.
Cape Haytien.

REPUBLIC OF TEXAS.
Charge d'Affaires, - Austin.

Consul, do. -
do. -
do. -

Velasco.
Galveston. Brazoria. Matagorda.

MEXICAN REPUBLIC.
{ Envoy Extraordinary and ) M
\ Minister Plenipotentiary, J ™exico.
Secretary of Legation, - do.

88

William D.Jones,
John S. Langham,
Manuel Alvarez,
George W. Montgomery
Daniel W. Smith,
Marmaduke Burrough,
Henry E. Coleman,
Charles Russell, -
John Louis M'Gregor,
Jonathan P. Gilliam,
John Parrott,
Jose Maria Castanos,

Consul, do. -
do. -
ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE
, Consul, do. -
do. -
do. -
do. -
do. ON THE PACIFIC SIDE.
Consul do. -
do.

Mexico. Chihuahua. Santa Fe.
Tampico or Santa Anna de
Matamoras, [Tamaulipas.
Vera Cruz and Alvarado.
Tabasco.
Laguna, [Carmen Island.]
Campeache.
Monterey. Mazatlan. San Bias.

Stephen H. Weems.

CENTRAL AMERICA.
Consul, • Guatemala, [Pacific side.]

James Semple, -
Thomas W. Robeson,
Ferdinand E. Hassler,

NEW GRANADA
Charge d'Affaires, -
ON THE ATLANTIC SIDE.
Consul, ON THE PACIFIC SIDE.
Consul,

Bogota. Santa Martha.
Panama.

John G. A. Williamson,

VENEZUELA.
ChargS d'Affaires, -

Caraccas.

William J. Dubs,
Franklin Litchfield,
Benjamin Renshaw,

Consul, do. -
do. -

Maracaibo.
Puerto Cabello.
Laguayra.

Seth Sweetzer, -

EQUATOR.
Consul,

Guayaquil.

William Hunter,

BRAZIL.
Charge d'Affaires, -

Rio de Janeiro.

Charles B. Allen,
Charles J. Smith,
Joseph Ray,
George W. Slacum,
George Black, -
Lemuel Wells. -
John C. Pedrick,

Consul, do. - -
do. - -
do. do.
do. -
do.

Maranham Island.
Para. Pernambuco.
Rio de Janeiro.
Santos.
St. Catharine's Island.
Rio Grande.

URUG
Robert M. Hamilton, •

UAY or CISPLATINE ]
Consul,

REPUBLIC. Montevideo.

ARGENT
Alfred M. Slade,

INE REPUBLIC or BU
Consul,

ENOS AYRES
Buenos Ayres,

Richard Pollard,

CHILE.
Charge d'Affaires,

Sant-Iago.

George G. Hobson,
Paul H. Delano, -
Samuel F. Haviland, ¦

Consul,Acting do. -
do. ....

Valparaiso,
Talcahuano. Coquimbo.

James C. Pickett, -

PERU
ChargS d'Affaires, -

Lima. ,

Edwin Bartlet,
Alexander Ruden, Jun.

Consul, do. - • »

Lima. Paita.

TOPOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL
OBSERVATIONS.

MAINE.
The recent agitation of the public mind, growing out of the un
settled boundary question in this state, has given to Maine an un
usual degree of interest. Great Britain claims about one third of
the whole surface of this state, upon the ostensible plea, that she is
rightfully entitled to it by virtue of treaty to that effect, but doubt
less, in reality, that she may secure a direct land communication
between her provinces on the Atlantic and the Canadas ; and evi
dently, as it is believed, in contravention of former treaties on this
subject. Lumber constitutes one of the principal productions of the state.
The value of lumber cut and sawed annually, is estimated at ten
millions of dollars ; the yearly value of wool grown, is about two
millions ; that of lime manufactured in the state, one million ; annual
value of manufactures, ten millions ; upward of fifty thousand tons
of shipping are annually built.
There is in the valley of the Kennebec a fine wheat tract. Be
sides lumber, lime, and wool, beef, pork, butter, pot and pearl ashes,
dried and pickled fish, hay, marble, firewood, &c. are exported. The
constitution amply provides for the support of public schools, and
for the encouragement and endowment of academies, colleges, and
seminaries of learning.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
There is a great variety of soil in this state, much of it may be
said to be fertile, but perhaps generally better adapted to grazing
than tillage. Agricultural pursuits constitute chiefly the occupation
of the inhabitants ; and horses and cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese,
lumber, fish, pot and pearl ashes, &c, are largely exported. The
stale yields a very fine granite, which is extensively quarried, and
affords an excellent material for building. There are some large
manufacturing establishments, chiefly in the southern part of the
state. Portsmouth has one of the finest harbors in the world, afford
ing forty feet of water at low tide, easily accessible, and completely
landlocked. Common schools are established by law throughout the
state.

90

VERMONT.
A large proportion of the soil in this state is fertile, and fitted to
the various purposes of agriculture ; and this is the chief employ
ment of the inhabitants. Iron is found in great abundance, and is
extensively wrought ; .also marble of good quality is quarried and
carried out of the state. Horses and mules are sent from this to other
states, and to the West Indies. A number of cotton manufactories are
in operation. Domestic fabrics of linen and woollen are made in al
most every family. In the state a council of censors is chosen once
every seven years, for the term of one year, by the popular vote. It is
their duty to examine whether there have been any violations of the
Constitution, and whether the legislative and executive branches
have done their duty, and also to propose any alterations in the Con
stitution. Towns are divided into districts, each of which is required
by law to support a school at least three months during the year.
MASSACHUSETTS.
This is, indeed, a noble state ; and taken as a whole, the bes1
cultivated state in the Union. Its legislature and agricultural socie
ties have made great efforts to encourage a skilful and thrifty hus
bandry ; but its most important branches of productive industry are
the fisheries, navigation, commerce, and manufactures. The ship
ping belonging to this state amounts to about half a million of tons,
being greater than that of any other state, and nearly one third of
the whole tonnage of the country. In this state the first blood was
shed in resisting the oppressive acts of the mother country, and
which ultimately led to the triumphant achievement of American In
dependence — and being noted as it is for its extraordinary attention
to the education of its citizens, will doubtless be the last to submit
to oppression from any other quarter.
RHODE ISLAND.
This, although the smallest state in the Union, is not less noted
for the enterprise, intelligence, patriotism, and sound morals of its
citizens, than are the larger states of the confederacy — the climate
healthy as that of any part of America. Commerce, the fisheries,
and manufactures, rather than agriculture, constitute the principal
occupation of its inhabitants. The annual value of imports is up
ward of half a million of dollars, principally derived from the whale
fishery. Here are some large cotton and woollen mills, bleacheries,
calico-print works, iron foundries, machine shops, tanneries, &c. —
a silk manufactory in Providence — and lace is made in Newport.
In fact, no state in the Union has so large a proportion of its popu
lation and capital employed in manufactories as Rhode Island. Ten
thousand dollars a year is appropriated by the state for the support
of common schools. There are in the state three hundred and
twenty-three free schools, with nearly twenty thousand pupils.

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CONNECTICUT.

Soil generally productive, but not highly fertile, being better
adapted to grazing than tillage. Fine rich meadows, however, adorn
its rivers, particularly on the Connecticut and Housatonic. The
farmers of this state are distinguished for their skill and industry,
and much care has been bestowed upon the cultivation of the lani ;
it resembles, in many parts, a well cultivated garden. Considerable
attention has been paid to the cultivation of the mulberry tree ; and
the breeding of silk-worms successfully prosecuted. The fisheries
are carried on with enterprize, and some fifteen thousand tons of
shipping employed in the whaling business. The manufactures are
of great value, but being principally in the hands of the people,
there are few large establishments. The income from the common
school fund (about two millions of dollars) is appropriated to that
highly important object, the education of its children.
NEW YORK.
Appropriately denominated the " Empire State," being the most
flourishing, wealthy, and populous of the Union. Unsurpassed in
the natural advantages of its soil, internal navigation, and easy ac
cess to the sea, public works, executed on a scale of imperial gran
deur, it exhibits one of those amazing examples of growth and
prosperity that are seen nowhere on the globe, beyond our own
borders. To describe the varied beauties of its diversified scenery,
its inexhaustible mineral resources, the extent of its agricultural
productions, its numerous and flourishing manufactories, its magni
ficent public works, its great commercial operations, (New York city
being after London the greatest commercial emporium in the world)
its noble institutions liberally endowed, and established for the pro
motion of the fine and useful arts and sciences, its ample provision
for the moral culture of its inhabitants, its generous contributions
towards ameliorating the condition of the helpless and destitute, the
general intelligence, and enterprising public spirit of its citizens,
would require a volume of no ordinary dimensions. In illustration
of this last particular, it may be stated that the great fire of Decem
ber, 1835, destroyed six hundred and fifteen houses, and property to
the amount of about eighteen millions, and that the buildings were
mostly rebuilt within eight months after the event.
NEW JERSEY.
A very considerable portion of this state, namely, that part ex
tending from the Raritan and Trenton to Cape May, being a great
sandy plain, is unadapted to the prominent agricultural staples of
wheat, &c. Its extensive pine forests, however, afford supplies of
fuel to the numerous furnaces of the state, and find a ready market
in the large adjacent cities. Some tracts, moreover, are found to

92
produce abundance of fine fruit, particularly the peach, and vegeta
bles, that yield a profitable return in the New York and Philadel
phia markets. But the middle section is the most highly improved
and wealthy part of the state. Valuable iron ores and other mine
rals abound in this state. Several thousand manufacturing establish
ments, of various kinds, are vigorously prosecuted. The value of
the iron manufactures is estimated at nearly two milions of dollars
annually. Many eminent men have gone forth from Nassau Hall,
Princeton ; and several high schools and academies adorn the state,
but primary education has been too much neglected.
PENNSYLVANIA.
The central position of this great state, its wealth, its natural re
sources, its grand artificial flues of communication, and its popula
tion, make it one of the most important in the Union, and have ob
tained for it the honorable distinction of being denominated the
" Key Stone of the Arch." Like Virginia, it stretches quite across
the great Appalachian system of mountains. Distinguished topo
graphers have boldly asserted that it may be doubted whether a
more 'widely diversified region exists on the face of the earth, than
Pennsylvania, or one of similar area on which the vegetable and
mineral productions are more numerous ; and, it may be added, the
climate of which is more congenial to health. Besides marble,
which it produces of a beautiful variety and excellent texture, the
state abounds with iron and anthracite coal in quantities literally in
exhaustible. This highly favored state is, moreover, emphatically
congenial to wheat, and admits a wide diversity of vegetable produc
tions, embracing, in fact, (with the exception of rice) the entire cata
logue of cerealia cultivated in the United States. Manufactures are
also carried on in great variety and extent, many of which are of
superior excellence. Improvements for internal intercommunication
have been executed on a grand scale, extending over broad and rapid
rivers, through rugged defiles, and over lofty mountains. Pennsyl
vania has the honor of having constructed the first turnpike in the
United States. Philadelphia, the most regularly laid out, and hand
somely built city in the world, is second only to New York in popu
lation, and while it is inferior only to that city and Boston (on this
continent) in commerce, it yields to none in the Union in the wealth,
enterprise, and intelligence of its citizens. Time would fail to de
scribe the number and excellence of its literary and benevolent in
stitutions. Free schools abound in the city, and the legislature in
its wisdom has not very long since perceived the importance and
propriety of extending them throughout the state. There are nine
hundred and thirty-three school districts, of these, eight hundred and
forty have accepted the provisions of the law for their support.
During the past year, there were in these accepting districts, three
thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight male teachers, one thousand
nine hundred and seventy-four female teachers, five thousand two
hundred and sixty-nine schools, one hundred and twenty-seven thou-

93
sand, six hundred and seventy-seven male scholars, one hundred and
six thousand and forty-two females. Among the distinguished citizens
of this state, who have long labored to establish the common or free
school system, perhaps no name stands so conspicuously pre-emi
nent as that of Joseph R. Chandler, Esq., whose consistent, able,
and persevering efforts in this noble cause, have justly entitled him
to the esteem and admiration of his fellow-citizens.
DELAWARE.
Delaware, after Rhode Island, is the smallest state in the Union ;
and in point of population, inferior to that state, sending but one
member to lower house of Congress. The more northern parts oi
the state are slightly undulating, but it becomes almost a perfect
level towards the ocean. The soil is generally thin and marshy, but
in some places the land is rich, and well adapted to the productions
of wheat, which may be said lo constitute the staple commodity of
the state. There were in the state, in 1833, some fifteen or twenty
cotton mills, besides machine shops, foundries, woollen manufacto
ries, paper mills, two powder mills, producing upward of a million
of pounds, twenty quercitron mills, seventy-two flour mills, produ
cing upward of one hundred and thirty thousand barrels of flour and
Indian corn meal per annum ; some forty or fifty saw mills, &c, and
Wilmington has several ships engaged in the whale fishery. The
state is divided into school districts, which are authorized to lay a
tax for the support of free schools. The number of school districts
is one hundred and thirty-three.
MARYLAND.
This state being completely, though irregularly, divided in nearly
its entire length, by the famous Chesapeake Bay, presents in what
may be termed its ground plan, a very unique and singular appear
ance. That section of the state lying east of this great estuary, and
usually denominated the " Eastern Shore," consists, for the most
part, of an extensive sandy and clayey level. It is, however, by no
means unproductive ; Indian corn and wheat being the agricultural
staples. The same articles, with tobacco, are the staples of the
western section ; the soil of which is generally non-productive, and
its broad, moist valleys, forming fertile meadows, and luxuriant pas
tures ; great quantities of flour, and Indian corn meal are annually
exported from this state. An abundance of valuable minerals is also
found, particularly ihe iron and other ores, yielding metal of excel
lent quality. Manufactures are carried on to a very considerable
extent. The herring and shad fisheries constitute an important arti
cle of trade, and yield a valuable return. Commerce is extensive,
the shipping amounting to about one hundred thousand tons. The
superiority of the Baltimore naval architecture, particularly as ap
plied to vessels of smaller construction, has long been proverbial.
The enterprise of the citizens of Maryland is conspicuously exhibit-

94
ed in its magnificent public works, most of which are on a gigantic
scale. Various scientific and literary institutions flourish in this
state ; colleges, academies, and high schools are fostered by liberal
appropriation, and considerable provision has been made for the
education of indigent children.
VIRGINIA.
This state, covering an area greater than that of England, is " the
largest and most central state in the Union; and being perhaps the
most varied in her productions, the richest in natural resources,
blessed with a most happy climate, abundantly supplied wilh noble
channels of communication, exhibiting over her spacious bosom a
pleasant interchange of the wildest and most lovely scenes, Virginia
seems to possess within herself the elements of an empire. Nor to
the American heart are the historical associations connected with
the " Old Dominion," as she is fondly called by her children, of less
interest ; here the first English colony in America was planted.
Virginia disputes the honor with Massachusetts, of having given
the first impetus to the ball of the revolution. She gave birth to the
Father of his Country ; and his mortal remains repose in her soil.
Professor W. B. Rogers's " Geological Reconnoisance," demon
strates the mineral wealth of this state to be boundless ; and the
citizens are beginning to realize now, more than formerly, the great
importance of bringing forth these hidden treasures from the bowels
of the earth. The hydro-sulphurous springs of Virginia have been
long celebrated ; their efficacy in cases resulting from derangement
of the liver, and want of function of this organ and the stomach, is,
perhaps, unsurpassed by any in the world. And the Warm and Hot
Springs, also found here, are not less salutary in rheumatic and cu
taneous diseases. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco, are the princi
pal agricultural productions, and cotton is raised in the southeastern
counties to an extent of some three hundred and fifty thousand bales
per annum. There are valuable public works for facilitatino- the
intercommunication between the different parts of the state. Prima
ry schools for instructing poor children are in part supported by the
literary fund of the state.
NORTH CAROLINA.
North Carolina, in its whole width, for about sixty miles from the
sea, is generally a dead level, supposed at no great distance of tim"
to have been covered by water, and is varied only by occasional
springs in the immense forests with which it is covered. But be
yond this a beautiful country is seen stretching west, of a fertile soil,
and adorned with forests and lofty trees. The soil and productions
of the hilly country are nearly the same as in the northern states,
Orchard fruils are produced in abundance, particularly the apple,
and peach. Grain is cultivated to some extent, and cotton is raised
in considerable quantities ; the cotton crop is about thirty-five thou-

95
sand bales. Some valuable mineral productions abound in this state,
particularly gold and iron. A mint for the coinage of gold has b,een
erected, and is in operation in this state. The pine forests .w|uch
cover nearly the whole of the eastern part of the state, yield not only
much lumber for exportation, but nearly all the resinous matter used
in ship building in the country. No system of general education
has been adopted.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
This state, for one hundred miles from the sea, presents a forest
of pitch-pine, varied only with occasional swampy tracts. Beyond
this is what is called the Middle Country, consisting, for the most
part of low, sandy hills, of an undulating appearance. Still farther
westward, the country gradually ascends, exhibiting a beautiful
alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests
and watered by pleasant streams. Gold and iron ore are found in the
western section of the state, and have yielded some valuable returns ;
but the mineral resources of the state are, on the whole, inconsidera
ble. Cotton and rice are the agricultural staples ; these great sta
ples are very extensively cultivated, the cotton crop being about sixty-
six million pounds ; and the annual exports of rice from the United
States, which are chiefly from this state, amount to nearly two hun
dred thousand tierces. There are no manufactures of any import
ance in South Carolina, but the commerce of the state is necessarily
extensive, the exports, including large quantities of the productions
of Georgia and North Carolina. The shipping belonging to the
state is disproportionate to the extent of its commerce ; the foreign
and coasting trade being mostly in the hands of foreigners and
northern ship owners. Measures, however, have recently been
adopted by a convention of delegates from several southern states,
for augmenting this branch of commercial investment, and for en
couraging the direct importations of their own merchants. Several
useful canals have been constructed, but of no great extent. A rail
road leading from Charleston to Hamburgh, opposite Savannah, one
hundred and thirty-five miles, has been some time completed. An
other great work is now being constructed, at an estimated cost of
ten millions of dollars, (the Charleston and Cincinnati railroad,) whole
distance six hundred miles. Extensive means have been created for
the education of poor children, both by the state, and various bene
volent institutions.
GEORGIA.
Georgia, in point of dimensions, is exceeded only by Virginia and
Missouri, and although the last settled of the Atlantic colonies, has
been surpassed in prosperity and rapidity of growth by none of the
eastern states except New York. This state, like the Carolinas, has
extensive swamps, but large portions of it are blessed with a strong
productive soil, and a mild and healthy climate, and is represented

96
as " being everywhere fertile and delightful ; continually replenished
by innumerable rivulets, either coursing about the fragrant hills, or
springing from the rocky precipices, and forming many cascades ;
the coolness and purity of whose waters invigorate the air of this
otherwise hot and sultry climate." Its mineral resources are very
imperfectly known. No systematic mining operations are carried
on, although copper and iron have been found. Gold is the most
valuable mineral yet produced. The sulphurous springs in Butts
county are much resorted to for their efficacy in cutaneous and
rheumatic affections. The great agricultural staples are cotton and
rice ; the other exports are tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber. The
value of exports amounts to about eight millions of dollars annually.
Of imports not much over half a million. A canal from the Savannah
to the Ogechee, is the only artificial channel of navigation. Rail
roads have been constructed to some considerable extent. The in
come of a poor school fund is divided among the counties, but there
is no system of common education.
ALABAMA.
The norlhern part of this state is somewhat mountainous, being
traversed by the Appalachian chain, yet for the most part pleasantly
diversified. The central and southern sections assume a more level
surface, consisting of some extensive plains and pine barrens, inter
spersed with alluvial river bottom, of great fertility. Cotton is the
great agricultural staple ; the crop exceeding four hundred thousand
bales. Fruits flourish abundantly. Bituminous coal and iron ore
abound, and of an excellent quality : several forges on the Catawba
are in operation. The mineral resources, however, of the state,
have never been carefully explored. The enterprise of this youthful
state has been manifested, by the construction of several important
useful works for intercommunication. Its growth has been extremely
rapid. Mobile is a flourishing commercial town. ; an idea mav be
formed of its advancement by a knowledge of the fact, that in 1830
the population of Mobile was three thousand, four hundred ; in 1 835,
five thousand, three hundred ; and by the census taken last year, it
was found to be nearly fifteen thousand. The exports of Mobile
this year, amount to upwards of seventeen millions of dollars. Am
ple means are provided in this state for the encouragement and pro
motion of learning, and for the gratuitous education of indigent
children.
MISSISSIPPI.
There are no mountains within the limits of this state, but nu
merous ranges of hills of moderate elevation, give to greater part of
the surface an undulating and -diversified character. The eastern
border is characterized by an extensive region of swamps, subject to
annual inundations. There is one tract between the Mississippi and
Yazoo one hundred miles in length, by fifty in breadth, that is an-

97
nually overflowed. The state contains a great number of running
streams, and, much excellent land exists along these streams through
out the whole state. Tobacco and indigo were formerly the staples
of Mississippi, but cotton at present is the chief production of ihe
state ; the crop is about three hundred and twenty-five thousand
bales. Some works of magnitude have been completed for facilita
ting the transportation of the bulky staple of the state. The popu
lation of Mississippi has increased with astonishing rapidity. By act
of Congress, one section of six hundred and forty acres of the pub
lic lands, in each township, was reserved for the support of common
schools in the township ; the state has also a literary fund devoted
to the same purpose.
LOUISIANA.
Perhaps it would be difficult to find on earth, a continuous tract
of equal extent, presenting a greater diversity than Louisiana. With
in its limits are included all the varieties, from the most recent, and
still periodically inundated alluvium, to hills approaching the mag
nitude of mountains ; every quality of soil, from the most productive
to the most sterile, and from unwooded plains to dense forests. A
large extent of country in this state is annually overflowed by the
Mississippi. The staples are cotton and sugar ; the latter is produ
ced cmly in the southern part of the state, and affords a crop of about
one hundred thousand hogsheads ; cotton is cultivated wherever the
soil is suitable ; the crop amounts to upward of two hundred thou
sand bales. Rice, maize, tobacco, and indigo are also produced.
Lumber is also cut for exportation; and tar, pitch, and turpentine are
prepared. Herds of cattle and horses are grazed on the fine pas
tures of the prairies. A number of valuable railroads have been
constructed in the state. New Orleans is the principal city in the
United States southwest of Baltimore ; and is the third commercial
mart in the Union. Valuable public lands have been reserved in
Louisiana for the creation of a school fund ;' and some considerable
attempts have been made to provide for the education of poor chil
dren.
OHIO.
The steady onward course of this noble and interesting state, has
furnished ample scope for the topographer's pen. The rapid growth
of its population has never been paralleled. In the census of 1800,
it ranked in the number of its inhabitants, the eighteenth state in the
Union ; in 1 830, the fourth ; and in the census to be taken this
year, it will doubtless take precedence of Virginia in this respect :
thus making it, in population, inferior only to New YoTk and Penn
sylvania. The soil is generally fertile, and highly productive. Indian
corn and wheat are staples raised with much ease, and in great
abundance. Rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, &c, and all
manner of garden vegetables, are cultivated to great perfection.
Fruits, of almost every variety, are very plentifully produced. Swine

98
is so great a staple, that Cincinnati has been denominated " the pork
market of the world." Immense droves of fat cattle are sent from
this to the eastern and southern states. The tobacco crop is esti
mated at some thirty thousand hogsheads. Numerous and important
manufactures are successfully carried on. Coal is found in great
quantities in the eastern parts. The public works are of a character
and magnitude to strike us with surprise, when we consider the in
fancy of the state. A system of general education has been organ
ized, but is not yet in efficient operation throughout the state.
INDIANA.
The soil of this state is generally productive, and most of it high
ly fertile. Much excellent timber abounds, interspersed with beau
tiful prairies. The agricultural exports are beef, pork, cattle, horses,
swine, Indian corn, tobacco, &c. The climate healthy and pleasant,
Very considerable commercial advantages are enjoyed by this state,
both by its position, and the numerous navigable streams that flow
through it. Public works of internal improvement have been con
structed on a scale commensurate with their great importance to the
prosperity of the state. Some twenty-one millions of dollars have
been appropriated to this purpose the present year. The tide of
emigration has steadily flowed into this state for some ten or fifteen
years past ; and its population has, consequently, increased with
great rapidity. In the census of 1800, it numbered two thousand,
six hundred and forty-one inhabitants ; it is now estimated to contain
but little short of one million. A reservation of public lands, for the
support of common schools in this state, has been made by Con
gress, similar to those of the other new states. The constitution of
Indiana contains the following important provision respecting gene
ral education : " It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as
soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a general
system of education, ascending in a regular gradation from township
schools to a state university, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and
equally open to all." Circumstances, however, have not yet permit
ted this noble clause to have a practical effect.
ILLINOIS.
Perhaps no state in the Union offers greater inducements to the
immigrant than Illinois. The land is admirably adapted to all the
purposes of the agriculturist, and, in many important tracts, is rich
in the extreme. Seventy-five bushels of corn to the acre, is said to
be an ordinary crop in these fine sections. Maize is the staple pro
duction of the state, and the average produce is fifty bushels to the
acre. Wheat is also raised in large quantities, and yields flour of
superior quality. Large herds of cattf'e.are kept with little trouble;
thousands of hogs are raised with very inconsiderable attention and
expense. Coal is abundant in almost all parts of the state. In the
northwestern part, where the soil is comparatively inferior, lead is

99
found in exhaustless quantities. The amount of lead smelted in a
single year, has exceeded thirteen million pounds, but the quantity
now annually smelted, does not, perhaps, exceed half that amount.
The same provision has been made by Congress for the support of
public schools in this as in the other new states, but the scattered
state of the population has as yet prevented a general system of
public education from being carried into operation.
KENTUCKY.
Though irregular and uneven in its surface, Kentucky is unsur
passed in point of fertility of soil. The region watered by the Lick
ing, Kentucky, and Salt rivers, is justly described as the garden of
the state ; an epithet to which the exceeding beauty of its scenery,
the great richness of the soil, and the fine springs and streams in
which it abounds, amply entitles it. The state is bountifully sup
plied with noble rivers, and useful streams. Iron and salt are made
in considerable quantities ; and bituminous coal is widely diffused.
Agriculture, however, is the general occupation of the inhabitants,
and Indian corn, wheat, hemp, and tobacco, are the great staples of
the state. Cotton is raised, but chiefly for home consumption. The
fine pastures afford an ample range for cattle and horses, and many
thousands of these are annually driven out of the state. Several
prominent agriculturists have contributed largely toward improving
the breed of the former, by the introduction of the Durham Short
horns : among these enterprizing citizens the honorable Henry Clay
stands pre-eminent. The spirit and bottom of Kentucky horses,
have long been proverbial. Besides the staples above enumerated,
salt beef and pork, bacon, butter, and cheese, are largely exported.
Manufactures are of considerable value, and daily growing in impor
tance. Some important works have been executed for the purpose
of extending the facilities of transportation afforded by the natural
channels. A railroad extends from Lexington to Louisville, ninety
miles. Several excellent turnpike or M'Adamised roads have also
been made. No system of popular education has been adopted in
this state, but in many of the counties common schools are sup
ported.
TENNESSEE.
Tennessee is marked by bold features. " There can be nothing,"
says Mr. Flint, " of grand and imposing of scenery, nothing striking
and picturesque in cascades and precipitous sides of mountains co
vered with woods, nothing romantic and delightful in deep and shel
tered valleys, through which wind still and clear streams, which is
not found in this state." If there is a greater proportion of land that
is unfit for cultivation in Tennessee than in some other states, it has
the advantage of possessing a soil of first rate quality in that which
is cultivated. Agriculture forms the principal occupation of the in
habitant?. Indian corn and cotton are the staples. Tobacco, hemp,

100
and wheat are also raised in considerable quantities. In East Ten
nessee grazing is much attended to, and great numbers of live stock
are driven to the eastern markets. Some valuable minerals are pro
duced, particularly iron and coal. The state has a school fund, the
interest of which is distributed to such school districts as provide a
school-house, but little has yet been done toward the establishment
of a common school system throughout the state.
MISSOURI.
In point of dimensions, this is the second state in the Union. Af
ter making ample deductions for inferior soil, ranges of barren hills,
and large tracts of swamps, the state of Missouri contains a vast pro
portion of excellent farming land. Some cotton is raised, but tobacco
is more extensively giown ; and hemp, wheat, and Indian corn, and
the other cereal grains are cultivated with success. Vast herds of
cattle, horses, and swine are raised ; the prairies affording excellent
natural pastures. The business of raising cattle is almost reduced
to the simple operation of turning them upon these prairies, and let
ting them fatten until the owners think proper to claim the tribute of
their flesh. The mineral treasures are very great. The mineral
districts are characterized by the abundance and richness of their lead.
Iron is also found in inexhaustible quantities ; likewise manganese,
zinc, antimony, arsenic, plumbago, and other minerals of minor im
portance. The people, generally, are enterprizing, hardy, and in
dustrious. The constitution of Missouri contains some salutary pro
visions for the especial benefit of slaves, granting them trial by jury,
&c, but the common school system for the education of her indi
gent children, seems to have been overlooked.
MICHIGAN.
In point of fertility this state is not surpassed by any tract of equal
extent in the world ; in the southern part, particularly, there are al
luvial lands of great extent, with a rich vegetable mould, of from
three to six feet in depth ; and although the northern part is not so
exuberantly fertile, yet it contains a large proportion of excellent
land. Scattered over the surface, embosomed in beautiful groves,
are numerous sheets of the most pure and limpid water, supplied by
fountains, and bordered by clear, sandy shores. The constitution
provides for a system of common schools, by which a school shall
be kept up and supported in each school district, at least three
months in every year ; and as soon as the circumstances of the state
will permit, shall provide for the establishment of libraries, one at
least in each township.
ARKANSAS.
This young state, though at present but thinly peopled, abounding
with extensive swamps, and some sterile tracts, yet offers many attrac-

101
Much of its land being highly productive, and
of extraordinary fertility. These attractions have not been without
effect upon the minds of the immigrating multitudes, thousands of
whom are annually swelling the population of this thriving and ra
pidly growing state. Cotton and maize are the staples. Lead, coal,
salt, and iron abound. The country is admirably adapted to grazing.
No system of common schools has as yet been adopted.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
This is a territory ten miles square, and under the immediate
government of Congress. It is divided into Washington and Alex
andria counties, and contains the cities of Washington, Georgetown,
and Alexandria. This district lies on both sides of the Potomac,
one hundred and twenty miles from its mouth, and was ceded to the
United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790. The seat of the
general government was established within its limits in 1800. The
city of Washington was laid out, under the superintendence of the
man whose name it bears, in 17fil. The plan ofthe city combines
regularity with variety, and is adapted to the variations of the sur
face, so that the spaces allotted to public buildings, occupy com
manding positions. The grand avenues are from one hundred and
thirty to one hundred and sixty feet wide, and are planted with
trees ; several of the largest unite at the hill on which the capitol is
situated : these bear the names of the several states in the Union.
Georgetown is about three miles west of the capitol, and is plea
santly situated, commanding a prospect ofthe river, neighboring city,
and the diversified country in the vicinity. Alexandria is six miles
below Washington, on the opposite side of the Potomac, and is a
place of considerable commerce. The soil in the District is gene
rally poor, but a portion of it is highly cultivated.
FLORIDA TERRITORY.
Florida resembles the low country of the southern states; the
surface being moderately uneven and barren, except along the banks
of rivers and lakes, where it is very fertile. It is interspersed with
numerous ponds, lakes, and rivers. The southern part of the penin
sula is a mere marsh, and terminates at Cape Sable in heaps of sharp
rocks. But a small portion of the country is under cultivation. Live
oak timber, which is of great value in ship building, grows to a large
size. The more fertile parts are well adapted to the production of
cotton, tobacco, sugar, and corn ; oranges, figs, dates, and pomegra
nates, are among its fruits. There are some two or three thousand
Indians, who have been carrying on hostilities against the whites for
several years past.
WISCONSIN TERRITORY.
This territory formed, until the year 1 836, the western division of
Michigan territory. Number of square miles, three hundred thou
sand ; population in 1830, three thousand, six hundred and thirty-

102
five; in 1836, twenty-two thousand, three hundred and twenty. A
large portion of this country is but little known, and is still in the
occupancy of the Indians. It is yet thinly settled ?ts great mineral
resources, fertile soil, and fine climate are, however, attracting nu
merous emigrants. Lead, copper, and iron are found in great abun
dance.
IOWA TERRITORY.
Iowa territory was organized by Congress in 1838. During the
two preceding years it formed the western division of Wisconsin.
The country so far as it has been explored, is beautiful in appear
ance, and of uncommon fertility of soil. Most luxuriant crops of
corn, wheat, and oats, are produced. Lead, the principal mineral, is
found in great abundance ; and the finest lead mines in the United
States, are those worked in the vicinity of Dubuque. Coal, iron, and
limestone also abound.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
This territory is assigned by the United States government for
the residence of those Indians who have emigrated or may emigrate
from the eastern part of the Union. The atmosphere is salubrious,
and the climate delightful. It contains coal, some lead and iron ore,
and many saline springs, suitable for the manufacturing of salt.
The most serious defect is the want of timber. The Indians devote
considerable time to agriculture. About five hundred bales of cot
ton were raised by the Choctaws in 1835. Number of square miles,
two hundred and forty thousand.
MISSOURI TERRITORY.
Missouri territory is a vast wilderness, thinly settled only by dif
ferent tribes of Indians, many of whom have no permanent residence.
It consists of extensive prairies, over which roam countless droves
of buffalo, elk, deer, and wild horses. This region is visited by
white traders who barter with the Indians for skins of buffaloes,
bears, beavers, &c, taken by them in hunting. Square miles, three
hundred thousand.
OREGON TERRITORY.
This territory is the most western part of the United States. It
extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ocean. In many
parts the soil is fertile, and well adapted to farming. Wheat, corn,
and vegetables are raised in excellent quality. Pine trees of enor
mous bulk grow on Columbia river, and many of them attain the
height of two hundred and fifty feet. Though claimed by the United
States, the territory is at present actually in the possession of Great
Britain. The traders of the Hudson's Bay Company have establish
ed forts at various points. Population eighty thousand ; number of
square miles, four hundred and fifty thousand.