YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE GEORGE E. IDE MEMORIAL FUND OLD MACKINAW; THE FORTRESS OF THE LAKES ITS SURROUNDINGS. BY W. P. STRICKLAND. philadelphia: James Challen & Son, New York: CAKLTON & POKTEK.— Cinclnxati : POE & HITCHCOCK. Chicaoo: W. H. DOUGHTY.— Detroit: PUTNAM, SMITH & CO. Nashville: J. B. McFEKEIN. 18 60. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year, 1860, by JAMES CHALLEN & SON, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. PHILADELPHIA: STEREOTYPED BY 8. A. GEORGE, 607 5ANSOM STREET. -PREFACE. In the preparation of this volume a large number of works have been consulted, among which the author desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following : " The Travels of Baron La Hontan," published in English and French, 1705; "Relations des Jesuits," in three vols., octavo ; "Marquette's Journal ; " Schoolcraft's works, in three volumes ; " Shea's Catholic Missions and Discovery of the Missis sippi;" "American Annals;" "Lanman's His tory of Michigan;" "Parkman's Siege of Pon- tiac;" "Annals of the West;" "Foster and Whitney's Geological Report;" "Ferris' Great West;" "Disturnell's Trip to the Lakes;" "Lanman's Summer in the Wilderness ;""Piet- zell's Lights and Shades of Missionary Life ;" (3) 4 Preface. "Life of Rev. John Clark;" "Lectures before the Historical Society of Michigan;" "Mans field's Mackinaw City ;" " Andrews' Report of Lake Trade;" "Heriot's Canada ;" "Presbyte rian Missions," &c.,&c. He desires particularly to mention the works of Schoolcraft, which have thrown more light on Indian history than the productions of any other author. He also desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to Wm. M. Johnson, Esq., of Mackinac Island, for his valuable contributions to the history of that interesting locality. The statistics in relation to that portion of the country embraced in the work are taken from the most recent sources, and are believed to be perfectly re liable." We are indebted to J. W. Bradley, of Phila delphia, the publisher of " The North American Indians," for the beautiful frontispiece in this work. Mr. Catlin, the author, visited every noted tribe, and, by residing among them, was initiated into many of their secret and hidden mysteries. It is a valuable work. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE Mackinaw ana its surroundings — Indian legends — Hiawatna — Ottawas and Ojibwas — Pau-pau-ke-wis— San-ge-man — Kau-be-man— An Indian custom — Dedication to the spirits — Au-se-gum-ugs — Exploits of San-ge-man — Point St. Ignatius — Magic lance — Council of peace — Conquests of San-ge- man 9 CHAPTER II. Indian spiritualists — Medicine men — Legends — The spirit-world — Difference between Indian and modern spiritualists — Chuscothe spiritualist — School craft's testimony of — Mode of communicating with spirits — Belief in Sa tanic agency — Interesting account of clairvoyance 19 CHAPTER III. Marquette's visit to Iroquois Point— Chapel and Fort — Old Mackinaw — The French settlement in the Northwest — Erection of chapel and Fort — The gateway of commerce — The rendezvous of traders, trappers, soldiers, mis sionaries, and Indians — Description of fort — Courriers des Bois — Expedi tion of Marquette and Joliet to explore the Mississippi — Green Bay — Fox River — Wisconsin — Mississippi — Peoria Indians — Return trip — Kaskaskia Indians — St. Xavier Missions — Mission to "the Illinois" — Marquette's health declines— Starts out on return trip to Mackinaw — Dies and is bur ied at month of Marquette River — Indians remove his remains to Macki naw — Funeral cortege — Ceremonies — Burial in the chapel — Changes of time — Schoolcraft on the place of Marquette's burial — Missilimackinac — Name of Jesuit missions 39 CHAPTER IV. La Salle's visit to Mackinaw— English traders— La Hontan's visit— Macki naw an English fort — Speech of a Chippewa chief— Indian stratagem — Massacre of the English at the fort— Escape of Mr. Alexander Henry — Early white settlement of Mackinaw — Present description — Relations of the Jesuits— Remarkable Phenomena— Parhelia— Subterranean river 61 (5) 6 Contents.CHAPTER V. PAQB IslandNof the giant fairies— Possession by the English— Erection of govern ment house— French remain at Old Mackinaw— Finally abandoned— Ex tent of the island— History— Description— Natural curiosities— Arch Rock —Sugar Loaf Rock— Scull Rock— Dousman's farm— Davenport's farm- Robinson's folly— The Devil's Punch Bowl — Healthful atmosphere — Transparency of the waters— Compared with Saratoga, Cape May, and Mt. Washington as a point for health and recreation — Description of a travelerinl854 — Arrival of steamers and sailing vessels at the port during the year — Mr. Johnson's reminiscences — Indian name of island — Myth ology — Three brothers of the great genii — Visit to the subterranean abode of the genii — Vision — Apostrophe of an old Indian chief — Old buildings — Door of Marquette's chapel — John Jacob Astor and the fur trade — Present support of the place — Fort Mackinaw — Fort Holmes — Fine view — Interest ing localities — War of 1S12 — Death of Major Holmes — Soil of the island.... 83 CHAPTER VI. Lake Superior— Scenery — Transparency of its waters — Climate — Isle Royale — Apostles' Islands — La Point — Thunder Cape — Cariboo Point — A won derful lake — Romantic scenery — Pictured rocks — Rock-Castle — The Grand Portal — The chapel — Fluctuations in the waters of Lake Superior — Curi ous phenomena — Retrocession of the waters — Mirage — Iron mountains and mines — Description of — Products — Shipments — Copper — Immense boulders — Produce of the mines for 1857 — Shipment of copper from the Lake for 1858 — Centre of the mining country — Iron mountains — Copper mines of Great Britain — Coal — Mackinaw a great manufacturing point — Key to the Upper Lakes — Commerce of lakes— Growth of cities 105 CHAPTER VII. Lake Huron — Eastern shore of Michigan — Face of the country — Picturesque view — Rivers — Grand — Saginaw — Cheboy-e-gun — Natural scenery — Fort Gratiot — White Rock— Saginaw-Bay— Thunder Bay— Bois Blanc Island — Drummond's Island — British troops — St. Helena Island — Iroquois Wo man's Point — Point LaBarbe — Point aux Sable— Point St. Vital— Wreck of the Queen City — St. Martin's Island — Fox Point — Moneto pa-maw — Mille an Coquin — Great fishing places — Cress village — Catholic convent... 127 CHAPTER VIII. Three epochs— The romantic — The military— The agricultural and commer cial—An inviting region— Jesuit and Protestant Missions— First Protest ant mission— First missionary— Islands of Mackinac and Green Bay— La Pointe— Saut St. Mary— Presbyterians— Baptists— Methodists— Revival at Fort Brady— Ke-wee-naw — Fon du Lac— Shawnees — Pottawatimies— Eagle River— Ontonagon— Camp River— Iroquois Point— Saginaw Indians —Melancholy reflections— Number of Indians in the States and Terri tories ... Contents. CHAPTER IX. page Indian name of Michigan — Islands — Lanman's Summer in the Wilderness — Plains — Trees — Rivers — A traditionary land — Beautiful description — Official report in relation to the trade of the lakes — Green Bay — Grand Traverse Bay — Beaver Islands — L'Arbre Croche — Boundaries of Lake Michigan — Its connections — Railroad from Fort Wayne to Mackinaw — Recent report of — Amount completed — Land grants 159 CHAPTER X. Mackinaw, the site for a great central city — The Venice of the lakes — Early importance as a central position— Nicolet — Compared geographically with other points — Immense chain of coast — Future prospects— Temperature — Testimony of the Jesuit fathers — Heal thfuln ess of the climate — Dr. Drake on Mackinaw — Resort for invalids — Water currents of commerce — Surface drained by them — Soil of the northern and southern peninsulas of Michi gan — Physical resources— Present proprietors of Mackinaw — Plan of the city — Streets — Avenues — Park— Lots and blocks for churches and public purposes — Institutions of learning and objects of benevolence — Fortifica tions — Docks and ferries — Materials for building — Harbors — Natural beauty of the site for a city — Mountain ranges— Interior lakes— Fish— Game 173 CHAPTER XI. The entrepot of a vast commerce — Surface drained — Superiority of Macki naw over Chicago as a commercial point — Exports and imports — Michigan the greatest lumber-growing region in the world — Interminable forests of the choicest pine — Facilities for market — Annual product of the pineries — Lumbering, mining, and fishing interests — Independent of financial crises — Mackinaw the centre of a great railroad system— Lines terminating at this point— North and South National Line — Canada grants— Growth of Northwestern cities — Future growth and prosperity of Mackinaw — Chi cago — Legislative provision for opening roads in -Michigan — The Forty Acre Homestead Bill — Its provisions 205 CHAPTER XII. The Great Western "Valley— Its growth and population— Comparison of At lantic with interior cities — Relative growth of river and lake cities — Cen tre of population — Lake tonnage — Progress of the principal centres of population 228 CHAPTER XIII. Michigan Agricultural Reports for 1854— Prof. Thomas' report — Report of J. S. Dixon — Products of States — Climate — Army Meteorological Reports. 255 CHAPTER XIV. Agricultural interest — Means of transportation — Railways and vessels — Lumber — Vessels cleared — Lake cities and Atlantic ports — Home-market 8 Contents. PAGE — Breadstuffs— Michigan flour — Monetary panics — Wheat — Importations —Provisions— Fruit— Live stock— Wool— Shipping business— Railroads- Lake Superior trade — Pine lumber trade — Copper interest — Iron interest —Fisheries— Coal mines — Salt— Plaster beds 272 CHAPTER XV. Desirableness of a trip to the Lakes — Routes of travel — Interesting localities — Scenery — Southern coast — Portage Lake — Dr. Houghton — Ontonagon — Apostles' Islands — Return trip — Points of interest — St. Mary's River- Lake St. George — Point de Tour — Lake Michigan — Points of interest — Chicago 395 Fold out CHAPTBE I. Mackinaw and its Surroundings — Indian legends — Hiawatha — Ottawas and Ojibwas — Paw-pau-ke-wis — San-ge-man — Kau-be-rnan — An Indian custom — Dedication to the spirits — Au-se-gum-ugs — Exploits of San-ge-man — Point St. Igna tius — Magic lance— Council of Peace — Conquests of San-ge- man. Mackinaw, with its surroundings, has an interest ing and romantic history, going back to the earliest times. The whole region of the Northwest, with its vast wildernesses and mighty lakes, has been traditionally invested with a mystery. The very name of Mackinaw, in the Indian tongue, signifies the dwelling-place of the Great Genii, and many are the legends written and unwritten connected with its history. If the testimony of an old Indian chief at Thunder Bay can be credited, it was at old Mack inaw that Mud-je-ke-wis, the father of Hiawatha, lived and died. Traditional history informs us that away back in (9) 10 Old Mackinaw. a remote period of time, the Ottawas and the Ojib- was took up their journey from the Great Salt Lake towards the setting sun. These tribes were never stationary, but were constantly roving about. They were compared by the neighboring tribes to Paw-pau-ke-wis, a name given by the Indians to the light-drifting snow, which blows over the frozen ground in the month of March, now whirling and eddying into gigantic and anon into diminutive drifts. Paw-pau-ke-wis signifies running away. The name was given to a noted Indian chief, fully equal in bravery and daring to Hiawatha, Plu-re-busta, or Man-a-bosho. The Ottawas and Ojibwas dwelt for a time on the Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron. While the tribes dwelt here, two distinguished Indian youths, by the name of San-ge-man and Kau-be-man, re markable for their sprightliness, attracted the atten tion of their particular tribes. Both were the young est children of their respective families. It was the custom of the Indians to send their boys, when young, to some retired place a short distance from their village, where they were to fast until the mani- toes or spirits of the invisible world should appear to them. Temporary lodges were constructed for their accommodation. Those who could not endure Old Mackinaw. ll the fast enjoined upon them by the Metais or Medi cine-men, never rose to any eminence, but were to remain in obscurity. Comparatively few were able to bear the ordeal ; but to all who waited the ap pointed time, and endured the fast, the spiritual guardian appeared and took the direction and con trol of their subsequent lives. San-ge-man in his first trial fasted seven days, and on the next he tasted food, having been reduced to extreme debility by his long abstinence, during which his mind be came exceedingly elevated. In this exaltation his spiritual guide appeared to him. He was the spirit of the serpent who rules in the centre of the earth, and under the dark and mighty waters. This spirit revealed to him his future destiny, and promised him his guardianship through life. San-ge-man grew up and became remarkably strong and power ful. Prom his brave and reckless daring he wag both an object of love and fear to the Ottawas. About this time, as the legend runs, the former inhabitants of the Manitoulin Island and the ad joining country, who have the name of the Au-se- gum-a-ugs, commenced making inroads upon the settlements of the combined bands, and killed several of their number. Upon this the Ojibwas and Ottawas mustered a war party. San-ge-man, 12 Old Mackinaw. though young, offered himself as a warrior ; and, full of heroic daring, went out with the expedition which left the Island in great numbers in their canoes, and crossed over to the main land on the northeast. After traveling a few days they fell upon the war path of their enemies, and soon sur prised them. Terrified, they fled before the com bined forces ; and in the chase, the brave and daring youth outstripped all the rest and succeeded in taking a prisoner in sight of the enemies' village. On their return the Ojibwas and Ottawas were pursued, and being apprised of it by San-ge-man, they made good their escape, while the young brave, being instructed by his guardian spirit, allowed himself to be taken prisoner. His hands were tied, and he was made to walk in the midst of the war riors. At night they encamped, and after partaking of their evening meal, commenced their Indian ceremonies of drumming and shaking the rattle, ac companied with war songs. San-ge-man was asked by the chief of the party, if he could che-qwon- dum, at the same time giving him the rattle. He took it and commenced singing in a low, plaintive tone, which made the warriors exclaim, "He is weak-hearted, a coward, an old woman. Peigning great weakness and cowardice, he stepped up to the Old Mackinaw. 13 Indian to whom he had surrendered his war club ; and taking it, he commenced shaking the rattle, and as he danced round the watch-fire, increasing his speed, and, gradually raising the tone of his voice, he ended the dance by felling a warrior with his club, exclaiming, ." a coward, ugh!" Then with terrific yells and the power of a giant, he continued his work of death at every blow. Affrighted, the whole party fled from the watch-fire and left him alone with the slain, all of which he scalped, and returned laden with these terrible trophies of vic tory to join his companions who returned to the Island. San-ge-man having by his valor obtained a chief tainship over the Ottawas, started out on the war path and conquered all the country east and north of Lake Huron. The drum and rattle were now heard resounding through all the villages of the combined forces, and they extended their conquests to Saut St. Mary. Por the purpose of bettering their condition they removed from the Island to the Detour, or the mouth of the St. Mary's river, where they occupied a deserted village, and there separated, part going up to the Saut, which had also been de serted, and the other portion tarrying in the above village for a year. 2 14 Old Mackinaw. At the expiration of this time San-ge-man led a war party towards the west, and reached the present point St. Ignatius, on the north side of the straits where he found a large village. There was also an other village a little east of Point St. Ignatius, at a place now called Moran's Bay, and still another at Point Au Chenes on the north shore of Lake Michigan, northeast of the Island of Mackinaw. At these places, old mounds, ditches, and gardens were found, which had existed from an unknown period. Prom this point a trail led to the Saut through an open country, and these ancient works can be distinctly traced to this day though covered with a heavy growth of timber. After a hard fight with the inhabitants of these villages, San-ge-man at length succeeded in conquer ing them, and after expelling them burned all their lodges with the exception of a few at Point St. Ig natius. The inhabitants of this village fled across the straits southward from Point St. Ignatius and located at the point now known as Old Mackinaw, or Mackinaw City. In the mean time, San-ge-man had returned to the Detour and removed his entire band to Point St. Ig natius. In the following spring while the Ottawas were out in their fields planting corn, a party of Old Mackinaw. 15 Au-se-gum-ugs crossed over from Old Mackinaw, on the south side of the straits, and killed two of the Ot tawa women. San-ge-man at once selected a party of ¦tried warriors, and going down the straits pursued the Au-se-gum-ugs to the Kiver Cheboy-e-gun, whither they had gone on a war expedition against the Mush- co-dan-she-ugs. On a sandy bay a little west of the mouth of the river, they found their enemies' ca noes drawn up, they having gone into the interior. Believing that they would soon return, San-ge-man ordered his party to lie in ambush until their return. They were not long in waiting, for on the following day they made their appearance, being heated and weary with their marches, they all stripped and went into the Lake to bathe previous to embarking for Mackinaw. Unsuspicious of danger they played with the sportive waves as they dashed upon the shore, and were swimming and diving in all direc tions, when the terrific yell of armed warriors broke upon their ears. It was but the work of a moment and one hundred defenseless Indians perished in the waters. When the sad intelligence came to the re mainder of the tribe at Mackinaw, they fled towards the Grand Eiver country. The village now deserted possessing superior at tractions to San-ge-man and his warriors, the Otta- 16 Old Mackinaw. was crossed the straits and took possession, and here he remained until after he unfairly succeeded in obtaining the magic lance. It was while here that a large delegation of In dians of the Mush-co-dan -she-ugs from the Middle village, Bear Biver, and Grand Traverse came to shake hands and smoke the pipe of peace with him. They had heard of his fame as a mighty warrior. The occasion was one of great rejoicing to the inha bitants of Mackinaw, and all turned out to witness the gathering. San-ge-man and his warriors ap peared in council, dressed in richest furs, their heads decorated with eagle feathers, and tufts of hair of many colors. Among all the chiefs there assembled, for proud and noble bearing none excelled the Otta wa. A fur robe covered with scalp-locks hung carelessly over his left shoulder leaving his right arm free while speaking. As the result of these deliberations the bands became united and thus the territory of the Ottawa chief was enlarged. It was from this point that he sallied forth every summer in war excursions toward the south, con quering the country along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, extending his conquests to Grand Eiver, and overrunning the country about the present site of Chicago. It was here that he received reinforce- Old Mackinaw. 17 ments from his old allies the Ojibwas, and ex tended his conquests down the Illinois Biver until he reached the " father of waters." From this place he went, forth to the slaughter of the Iroquois at the Detour, and expelled them from the Island of Mackinaw and Point St. Ignatius. Prom hence he went armed to wage an unnatural war against his relatives the Ojibwas, and was slain by the noble chief Kau-be-man, and it was to this place that the sad news came back of his fate. Thus much for the Indian history of Old Mackinaw. Equally romantic is the history of the early mis sionaries and voyagers to this great centre of the Indian tribes. On the far-off shores of the north western lakes the Jesuit Missionaries planted the cross, erected their chapels, repeated their pater nosters and ave marias, and sung their Te Deums, before the cavaliers landed at Jamestown or the Puritans at Plymouth. Among the Ottawas of Saut St. Marie and the Ojibwas and Hurons of Old Mackinaw, these devoted self-sacrificing followers of Ignatius Loyola commenced their ministrations upwards of two hundred years ago. They were not only the first missionaries among the savages of this north western wilderness, but they were the first discov erers and explorers of the mighty lakes and rivers 2* 18 Old Mackinaw. of that region. In advance of civilization they penetrated the dense unbroken wilderness, and launched their canoes upon unknown rivers, break ing the silence of their shores with their vesper hymns and matin prayers. The first to visit the ancient seats of heathenism in the old world, they were the first to preach the Gospel among the hea then of the new. CHAPTER II. Indian Spiritualists — Medicine men — Legends — The Spirit- world — Difference between Indian and Modern Spiritualists — Chusco the Spiritualist — Schoolcraft's testimony of — Mode of communicating with spirits — Belief in Satanic agency — Interesting account of Clairvoyance. The earliest traditions of the various Indian tribes inhabiting this country prove that they have practiced jugglery and all other things pertaining to the secret arts of the old uncivilized nations of the world. Among all the tribes have been found the priests of the occult sciences, and to this day we find Metais, Waubonos, Chees-a-kees and others bearing the common designation of Medicine men. In modern parlance we would call them Professors of Natural Magic, or of Magnetism, or Spiritualism. The difference however between these Indian pro fessors of magic and those of modern date is, that while the latter travel round the country exhibiting their wonderful performances to gaping crowds, at a (19) 20 Old Mackinaw. shilling a head, the former generally shrink from notoriety, and, instead of being anxious to display their marvelous feats, have only been constrained, after urgent entreaty and in particular cases, to exhi bit their powers. The Indian magicians have shown more conclusively their power as clairvoyants and spiritualists, than all the rapping, table-tipping me diums of the present day. Numerous interesting and beautiful Indian le gends show their belief in a spiritual world — of a shadowy land beyond the great river. Whether this was obtainedjjy revelations from their spiritual mediums, or derived from a higher source of inspi ration, we know not ; but most certain it is, that in no belief is the Indian more firmly grounded than that of a spirit-world. The Indian Chees-a-kees or spiritualists had a different and far more satisfactory mode of commu nicating with departed spirits than ever modern spiritualists have attained to, or perhaps ever will. Forming, as they did, a connecting link or channel of communication between this world and the world of spirits, they did not affect to speak what the spirit had communicated ; or, perhaps, to state it more fully, their organs of speech were not em ployed by the spirits to communicate revelations Old Mackinaw. 21 from the spirit world; but the spirits themselves spoke, and the responses to inquiries were perfectly audible to them and to all present. In this case all possibility of collusion was out of the question, and the inquirer could tell by the tones of the voice as as well as the manner of the communication, whether the response was genuine or not. Chusco, a noted old Indian who died on Bound Island several years ago, was a spiritualist. He was converted through the labors of Protestant Mis sionaries, led for many years an exemplary Christian life, and was a communicant in the Presbyterian Church on the Island up to the time of his death. Mr. Schoolcraft in his "Personal Memoirs," in which he gives most interesting reminiscences, running through a period of thirty years among numerous Indian tribes of the northwest, and who has kindly consented to allow us to make what extracts we may desire from his many interesting works, says that " Chusco was the Ottawa spiritualist, and up to his death he believed that he had, while in his heathen state, communication with spirits. When ever it was deemed proper to obtain this communi cation, a pyramidal lodge was constructed of poles, eight in number, four inches in diameter, and from twelve to sixteen feet in height. These poles were 22 Old Mackinaw. set firmly in the ground to the depth of 4wo feet, the earth being beaten around them. The poles being securely imbedded, were then wound tightly with three rows of withes. The lodge was then covered with ap-puck-wois, securely lashed on. The structure was so stoutly and compactly built, that four strong Indians could scarcely move it by their mightiest efforts. The lodge being ready, the spir itualist was taken and covered all over, with the exception of his head, with a canoe sail which was lashed with bois-blanc cords and knotted. This being done, his feet and hands were secured in a like firm manner, causing him to resemble a bundle more than anything else. He would then request the bystanders to place him in the lodge. In a few minutes after entering, the lodge would commence swaying to and fro, with a tremulous motion, accom panied with the sound of a drum and rattle. The spiritualist then commenced chanting in a low, mel ancholy tone, gradually raising his voice, while the lodge, as if keeping time with his chant, vibrated to and fro with greater violence, and seemed at times as if the force would- tear it to pieces. In the midst of this shaking and singing, the sail and the cords, with which the spiritualist was bound, would be seen to fly out of the top of the Old Mackinaw. 23 lodge with great violence. A silence would then ensue for a short time, the lodge still continuing its tremulous vibrations. Soon a rustling sound would be heard at the top of the lodge indicating the presence of the spirit. The person or persons at whose instance the medium of the spiritualist was invoked, would then propose the question or ques tions they had to ask of the departed. An Indian spiritualist, residing at Little Traverse Bay, was once requested to enter a lodge for the purpose of affording a neighboring Indian an op portunity to converse with a departed spirit about his child who was then very sick. The sound of a voice, unfamiliar to the persons assembled, was heard at the top of the lodge, accompanied by sing ing. The Indian, who recognized the voice, asked if his child would die. The reply was, " It will die the day after to-morrow. You are treated just' as you treated a person a few years ago. Do you wish the matter revealed." The inquirer immediately drop ped his head and asked no further questions. His child died at the time the spirit stated, and reports, years after, hinted that it had been poisoned, as the father of the deceased child had poisoned a young squaw, and that it was this same person who made the responses. 24 Old Mackinaw. Old Chusco, after he became a Christian, could not, according to the testimony of Schoolcraft, be made to waver in his belief, that he was visited by spirits in the exhibitions connected with the tight- wound pyramidal, oracular lodge; but he believed they were evil spirits. No cross-questioning could bring out any other testimony. He avowed that, aside from his incantations, he had no part in the shaking of the lodge, never touching the poles at any time, and that the drumming, rattling, singing, and re sponses were all produced by these spirits. The following account of Chusco, or Wau-chus-co, from the pen of William M. Johnson, Esq., of Macki naw Island, will be found to be deeply interesting : "Wau-chus-co was a noted Indian spiritualist and Clairvoyant, and was born near the head of Lake Michigan — the year not known. He was eight or ten years old, he informed me, when the English garrison was massacred at Old Fort Missilimacki- nac. He died on Bound Island, opposite the vil lage and island of Mackinaw, at an advanced age. " As he grew up from childhood, he found that he was an orphan, and lived with his uncle, but under the care of his grandmother. Upon attain ing the age of fifteen his grandmother and uncle Old Mackinaw. 25 urged him to comply with the ancient custom of their people, which was to fast, and wait for the ma nifestations of the Gitchey-monedo, — whether he would grant him a guardian spirit or not, to guide and direct him through life. He was told that many young men of his tribe tried to fast, but that hunger overpowered their wishes to obtain a spiritual guardian ; he was urged to do his best, and not to yield as others had done. " Wau-chus-co died in 1839 or '40. He had, for more than ten years previous to his death, led an exemplary Christian life, and was a communicant of the Presbyterian .Church on this Island, up to the time of his death. A few days previous to his death, I paid him a visit. ' Come in, come in, no- sis I" (grandson) said he. After being seated, and we had lit our pipes ; I said to him, ' Ne-me-sho-miss, (my grandfather,) you are now very old and feeble ; you cannot expect to live many days ; now, tell me the truth, who was it that moved your chees-a-kee lodge when you practiced your spiritual art ?' A pause ensued before he answered: — 'Nosis, as you are in part of my nation, I will tell you the truth : I know that I will die soon. I fasted ten days when I was a young man, in compliance with the custom of my tribe. While my body was feeble from long 3 26 Old Mackinaw. fasting, my soul increased in its powers; it appeared to embrace a vast extent of space, and the country within this space, was brought plainly before my vision, with its misty forms and beings — I speak of my spiritual vision. It was, while I was thus lying in a trance, my soul wandering in space, that ani mals, some of frightful size and form, serpents of monstrous size, and birds of different varieties #nd plumage, appeared to me and addressed me in hu man language, proposing to act as my guardian spirits. While my mind embraced these various moving forms, a superior intelligence in the form of man, surrounded by a wild, brilliant light, influ enced my soul to select one of the bird-spirits, re sembling the kite in look and form, to be the emblem of my guardian spirit, upon whose aid I was to call in time of need, and that he would be always prepared to render me assistance when ever my body and soul should be prepared to receive manifestations. My grandmother roused me to earth again, by inquiring if I needed food : I ate, and with feeble steps, soon returned to our lodge. " ' The first time that I ever chees-a-keed, was on a war expedition toward Chicago, or where it is now located — upon an urgent occasion. We were afraid that our foes would attack us unawares, and as we Old Mackinaw. 27 were also short of provisions, our chief urged me incessantly, until I consented. After preparing my soul and body, by fasting on bitter herbs, &c, I en tered the Chees-a-kee lodge, which had been pre pared for me : — the presence of my guardian spirit was soon indicated by a violent swaying of the lodge to and fro. " Tell us ! tell us ! where our enemies are?" cried out the chief and warriors. Soon, the vision of my soul embraced a large extent of coun try, which I had never before seen — every object was plainly before me — our enemies were in their villages, unsuspicious of danger; their movements and acts I could plainly see ; and mentally or spirit ually, I could hear their conversation. Game abounded in another direction. Next day we pro cured provisions, and a few days afterward a dozen scalps graced our triumphant return to the village of the Cross. I exerted my powers again frequently among my tribe, and, to satisfy them, I permitted them to tie my feet and hands, and lash me round with ropes, as they thought proper. They would then place me in the Chees-a-kee lodge, which would immediately commence shaking and swaying to and for, indicating the presence of my guardian spirit: frequently I saw a bright, luminous light at the top of the lodge, and the words of the spirit would be 28 Old Mackinaw. audible to the spectators outside, who could not un- derstand what was said ; while mentally, I under stood the words and language spoken. " ' In the year 1815, the American garrison at this post expected a vessel from Detroit, with sup plies for the winter — a month had elapsed beyond the time for her arrival, and apprehensions of star vation were entertained ; finally, a call was made to me by the commanding officer, through the traders. After due preparation I consented ; the Chees-a-kee lodge was surrounded by Indians and whites ; I had no sooner commenced shaking my rattle and chant ing, than the spirits arrived ; the rustling noise they made through the air, was heard, and the sound of their voices was audible to all. " ' The spirits directed my mind toward the south ern end of Lake Huron — it lay before me with its bays and islands ; the atmosphere looked hazy, re sembling our Indian Summer ; my vision terminated a little below the mouth of the St. Clair Biver — there lay the vessel, disabled ! the sailors were busy in repairing spars and sails. My soul knew that they would be ready in two days, and that in seven days she would reach this Island, (Mackinaw,) by the south channel, [at that time an unusual route,] and I so revealed it to the inquirers. On the day I men- Old Mackinaw. 29 tioned the schooner hove in sight, by the south chan nel. The captain of the vessel corroborated all I had stated. " ' I am now a praying Indian (Christian). I ex pect soon to die, Nosis. This is the truth : I pos sessed a power, or a power possessed me, which I cannot explain or fully describe to you. I never attempted to move the lodge by my own physical powers — I held communion with supernatual beings or souls, who acted upon my soul or mind, reveal ing to me the knowledge whioh I have related to you.' " The foregoing merely gives a few acts of the power exhibited by this remarkable, half-civilized Indian. I could enumerate many instances in which this power has been exhibited among our Indians. These Chees-a-kees had the power of influencing the mind of an Indian at a distance for good or evil, even to the deprivation of life among them: so also in cases of rivalship, as hunters or warriors. This influence has even extended to things mate rial, while in the hands of those influenced. The soul or mind — perhaps nervous system of the indi vidual, being powerfully acted upon by a spiritual battery, greater than the one possessed more or less by all human beings." 3* 30 Old Mackinaw. In Schoolcraft's " American Indians" an interest ing account is given of a woman-spiritualist, who bore the name of the " Prophetess of Che-moi-che- goi-me-gou." Among the Indians she was called " The woman of the blue-robed cloud." The account was given by herself after she had become a member of the Methodist Church and renounced all con nection with spirits. The following is her narra tive : — " When I was a girl of about twelve or thirteen years of age, my mother told me to look out for something that would happen to me. Accordingly, one morning early, in the middle of winter, I found an unusual sign, and ran off, as far from the lodge as I could, and remained there until my mother came and found me out. She knew what was the matter, and brought me nearer to the family lodge, and bade me help her in making a small lodge of branches of the spruce tree. She told me to remain there, and keep away from every one, and as a diversion, to keep myself employed in chopping wood, and that she would bring me plenty of prepared bass-wood bark to twist into twine. She told me she would come to see me, in two days, and that in the mean time I must not even taste snow. Old Mackinaw. 31 "1 did as directed; at the end of two days she came to see me. I thought she would surely bring me something to eat, but to my disappointment she brought nothing. I suffered more from thirst than hunger, though I felt my stomach gnawing. My mo ther sat quietly down and said (after ascertaining that I had not tasted anything), ' My child, you are the youngest of your sisters, and none are now left me of all my sons and children, but you four1 (allud ing to her two elder sisters, herself and a little son, still a mere lad). ' Who,' she continued, ' will take care of us poor women ? Now, my daughter, listen to me, and try to obey. Blacken your face and fast really, that the Master of Life may have pity on you and me, and on us all. Do not, in the least, deviate from my counsels, and in two days more, I will come to you. He will help you, if you are determined to do what is right, and tell me, whether you are favored or not, by the true Great Spirit ; and if your visions are not good, reject them.' So saying, she departed. " I took my little hatchet and cut plenty of wood, and twisted the cord that was to be used in sewing ap-puk-way-oon-un, or mats for the use of the family. Gradually I began to feel less appetite, but my thirst continued ; still I was fearful of touching the snow 32 Old Mackinaw. to allay it, by sucking it, as my mother had told me that if I did so, though secretly, the Great Spirit would see me, and the lesser spirits also, and that my fasting would be of no use. So I continued to fast till the fourth day, when my mother came with a little tin dish, and filling it with snow, she came to my lodge, and was well pleased to find that I had followed her injunctions. She melted the snow, and told me to drink it. I did so, and felt refreshed, but had a desire for more, which she told me would not do, and I contented myself with what she had given me. She again told me to get and follow a good vision — a vision that might not only do us good, but also benefit mankind, if I could. She then left me, and for two days she did not come aear me, nor any human being, and I was left to my own reflections. The night of the sixth day, I fan cied a voice called to me, and said : ' Poor child ! I pity your condition; come, you are invited this way ;' and I thought the voice proceeded from a cer tain distance from my lodge. I obeyed the sum mons, and going to the spot from which the voice came, found a thin, shining path, like a silver cord, which I followed. It led straight forward, and, it seemed, upward. After going a short distance I stood still and saw on my right hand the new moon, Old Mackinaw. 33 with a flame rising from the top like a candle, which threw around a broad light. On the left appeared the sun, near the point of its setting. I went on, and I beheld on my right the face of Kau-ge-gag-be- qua, or the everlasting woman, who told me her name, and said to me, ' I give you my name, and you may give it to another. I also give you that which I have, life everlasting. I give you long life on the earth, and skill in saving life in others. Go, you are called on high.' "I went on, and saw a man standing with a large, circular body, and rays from his head, like horns. He said, ' Fear not, my name is Monedo Wininees, or the Little man Spirit. I give this name to your first son. It is my life. Go to the place you are called to visit.' I followed the path till I could see that it led up to an opening in the sky, when I heard a voice, and standing still, saw the figure of a man standing near the path, whose head was sur rounded with a brilliant halo, and his breast was covered with squares. He said to me: 'Look at me, my name is O-shau-wau-e-geeghick, or the Bright Blue Sky. I am the veil that covers the opening into the sky. Stand and listen to me. Do not be afraid. I am going to endow you with gifts of life, and put you in array that you may withstand and 34 Old Mackinaw. endure. Immediately I saw myself encircled with' bright points which rested against me like needles, but gave me no pain, and they fell at my feet. This was repeated several times, and at each time they fell to the ground. He said, ' wait and do not fear, till I have said and done all I am about to do.' I then felt different instruments, first like awls, and then like nails stuck into my flesh, but neither did they give me pain, but, like the needles, fell at my feet as often as they appeared. He then said, 'that is good,' meaning my trial by these points. 'You will see length of days. Advance a little further,' said he. I did so, and stood at the commencement of the opening. 'You have arrived,' said he, 'at the limit you cannot pass. I give you my name, you can give it to another. Now, return! Look around you. There is a conveyance for you. Do not be afraid to get on its back, and when you get to your lodge, you must take that which sustains the human body.' I turned, and saw a kind of fish swimming in the air, and getting upon it as directed, was carried back with celerity, my ha*ir floating be hind me in the air. And as soon as I got back, my vision ceased. " In the morning, being the sixth day of my fast, my mother came with a little bit of dried trout. Old Mackinaw. 35 But such was my sensitiveness to all sounds, and my increased power of scent, produced by fasting, that before she came in sight I heard her, while. a great way off, and when she came in, I could not bear the smell of the fish or herself either. She said, ' I have brought something for you to eat, only a mouthful, to prevent your dying.' She prepared to cook it, but I said, ' Mother, forbear, I do not wish to eat it — the smell is offensive to me.' She accordingly left off preparing to cook the fish, and again encouraged me to persevere, and try to become a comfort to her in her old age, and bereaved state, and left me. " I attempted to cut wood, as usual, but in the effort I fell back on the snow, from weariness, and lay some time ; at last I made an effort and rose, and went to my lodge and lay down. I again saw the vision, and each person who had before spoken to me, and heard the promises of different kinds made to me, and the songs. I went the same path which I had pursued before, and met with the same reception. I also had another vision, or celestial visit, which I shall presently relate. My mother came again on the seventh day, and brough me some pounded corn boiled in snow-water, for she said I must not drink water from lake or river. After taking it, I related my vision to her. She said it 36 Old Mackinaw. was good, and spoke to me to continue my fast three days longer. I did so ; at the end of which she took me home, and made a feast in honor of my success, and invited a great many guests. I was told to eat sparingly, and to take nothing too hearty or sub stantial; but this was unnecessary, for my absti nence had made my senses so acute, that all animal food had a gross and disagreeable odor. " After the seventh day of my fast (she con tinued), while I was lying in my lodge, I saw a dark, round object descending from the sky like a round stone, and enter my lodge. As it came near, I saw that it had small feet and hands like a human body. It spoke to me and said, ' I give you the gift of see ing into futurity, that you may use it for the benefit of yourself and the Indians — your relations and tribes-people.' It then departed, but as it went away, it assumed wings, and looked to me like the red-headed woodpecker. " In consequence of being thus favored, I assumed the arts of a medicine- woman and a prophetess: but never those of a Wabeno. The first time I exercised the prophetical art, was at the strong and repeated solicitations of my friends. It was in the winter season, and they were then encamped west of the Wisacoda, or Brule Biver, of Lake Superior, Old Mackinaw. 37 and between it and the plains west. There were, beside my mother's family and relatives, a consider able number of families. They had been some time at the place, and were near starving, as they could find no game. One evening the chief of the party came into my mother's lodge. I had lain down, and was supposed to be asleep, and he re quested of my mother that she would allow me to try my skill to relieve them. My mother spoke to me, and after some conversation, she gave her con sent. I told them to build the Jee-suk-aun, or pro phet's lodge strong, and gave particular directions for it. I directed that it should consist of ten posts or saplings, each of a different kind of wood, which I named. When it was finished, and tightly wound with skins, the entire population of the encamp ment assembled around it, and I went in, taking only a small drum. I immediately knelt down, and holding my head near the ground, in a position as near as may be prostrate, began beating my drum, and reciting my songs or incantations. The lodge commenced shaking violently, by supernatural means. I knew this by the compressed current of air above, and the noise of motion. This being re garded by me, and by all without, as a proof of the presence of the spirits I consulted, I ceased beat- 4 38 Old Mackinaw. ing and singing, and lay still, waiting for questions in the position I at first assumed. " The first question put to me was in relation to the game, anywhere it was to be found. The response was given by the orbicular spirit, who had appeared to me. He said, ' How short-sighted you are ! If you will go in a west direction, you will find game in abundance.' Next day the camp was broken up, and they all moved westward, the hunters, as usual, going far ahead. They had not proceeded far be yond the bounds of their former hunting circle, when they came upon tracks of moose, and that day they killed a female and two young moose, nearly full- grown. They pitched their encampment anew, and had abundance of animal food in this new position. " My reputation was established by this success, and I was afterward noted in the tribe, in the art of a medicine-woman, and sung the songs which I have given to you." CHAPTEB III Marquette's visit to Iroquois Point— Chapel and Fori-^Old Mackinaw — The French Settlement in the North west— Erec tion of Chapel and Fort — The Gateway of Commerce -The Rendezvous of Traders, Trappers, Soldiers, Missionaries, and Indians— Description of Fort — Courriers des Bois — Expedition of Marquette and Joliet to Explore the Missis-'i sippi — Green Bay — Fox River — Wisconsin — Mississippi- Peoria Indians — Return Trip— Kaskaskia Indians — St. Xa- vier Missions — Mission to "the Illinois" — Marquette's Health declines — Starts out on Return trip to Mackinaw — Dies and is Buried at mouth of Marqiiette River — Indians remove his Remains to Mackinaw — Funeral Cortege— Cere monies — Burial in the Chapel — Changes of time— School craft on the Place of Marquette's Burial — Missilimackinac — Name of Jesuit Missions. In the year 1670, the devoted and self-sacrificing missionary, Jean Marquette, with a company of Indians of the Huron tribe, subsequently known as the Wyandots from the Georgian Bay, on the northeastern extremity of Lake Huron, entered for the first time the old Indian town on the northern (39) 40 Old Mackinaw. side of the Mackinaw Straits. During the time he was planting his colony, and erecting his chapel at Iroquois Point, which he afterward de signated St. Ignace, he resided on the Mackinaw Island. In 1671, he furnished an account of the island and its surroundings, which was published in " The Belations Des Jesuits" He says : " Missilimackinac is an island famous in these regions, of more than a league in diameter, and elevated in some places by such high cliffs as to be seen more than twelve leagues off. It is situated just in the strait forming the communication be tween Lakes Huron and Illinois (Michigan). It is the key, and, and as it were, the gate for all the tribes from the south, as the Saut, (St. Marie) is for those of the north, there being in this section of country only those two passages by water, for a great number of nations have to go by one or other of these channels, in order to reach the French set tlements. "This presents a peculiarly favorable opportu nity, both for instructing those who pass here, and also for obtaining easy access and conveyance to their places of abode. "This place is the most noted in these regions for the abundance of its fisheries ; for, according to Old Mackinaw. 41 the Indian saying, 'this is the home of the fishes.' Elsewhere, although they exist in large numbers, it is not properly their 'home,' which is in the neigh borhood of Missilimackinac. " In fact, beside the fish common to all the other tribes, as the herring, carp, pike, gold-fish, white-fish and sturgeon, there are found three varie ties of the trout — one common ; the second of a larger size, three feet long and one foot thick ; the third monstrous, for we cannot otherwise describe it — it being so fat that the Indians, who have a peculiar relish for fats, can scarcely eat it. Besides, the supply is such that a single Indian will take forty or fifty of them through the ice, with a single spear, in three hours. " It is this attraction which has heretofore drawn to a point so advantageous, the greater part of the savages, in this country driven away by fear of the Iroquois. The three tribes at present living on the Baye des Puans (Green Bay) as strangers, formerly dwelt on the main land near the middle of this island — some on the borders of Lake Illinois, others on the borders of Lake Huron. A part of them, called Sauteurs, had their abode on the main land at the West, and the others look upon this place as theix country for passing the winter, when there are 4* 42 Old Mackinaw. no fish at the Saul. The Hurons, called Etonontath- ronnons, have lived for some years in the same island, to escape the Iroquois. Four villages of Ottawas had also their abode in this quarter. " It is worthy of notice that those who bore the name of the island, and called themselves Missilimack inac, were so numerous, that some of the survivors yet living here assure us that they once had thirty villages, all inclosed in a fortification of a league and a half in circuit, when the Iroquois came and de feated them, inflated by a victory they had gained over three thousand men of that nation, who had carried their hostilities as far as the country of the Agnichronnons. " In one word, the quantity of fish, united with the excellence of the soil for Indian corn, has always been a powerful attraction to the tribes in these regions, of which the greater part subsist only on fish, but some on Indian corn. On this account many of these same tribes, perceiving that the peace is likely to be established with the Iroquois, have turned their attention to this point so conve nient for a return to their own country, and will follow the examples of those who have made a be ginning on the islands of Lake Huron, which by this means. will soon be peopled from one end to Old Mackinaw. 43 the other, an event highly desirable to facilitate the instruction of the Indian race, whom it would not be necessary to seek by journeys of two or three hundred leagues on these great lakes, with incon ceivable danger and hardships. "In order to aid the execution of the design, signified to us by many of the savages, of taking up their abode at this point, where some have already passed the winter, hunting in the neighbor hood, we ourselves have also wintered here, in order to make arrangements for establishing the mission of St. Ignace, from whence it will be easy to have access to all the Indians of Lake Huron,. when the several tribes shall have settled each on its own lands. "With these advantages, the place has also its inconveniences, particularly for the French, who are not yet familiar, as are the savages, with the diffe rent kinds of fishery, in which the latter are trained from their birth ; the winds and the tides occasion no small embarrassment to the fishermen. "The winds: For this is the central point be tween the three great lakes which surround it, and which seem incessantly tossing ball at each other. For no sooner has the wind ceased blowing from Lake Michigan than Lake Huron hurls back the 44 Old Mackinaw. gale it has received, and Lake Superior in its turn, sends forth its blasts from another quarter, and thus the game is played from one to the other — and as these lakes are of vast extent, the winds cannot be otherwise than boisterous, especially during the au tumn." " Old Mackinaw," the Indian name of which is Pe-quod-e-non-ge, an Indian town on the south side of the Straits, became the place of the 'first French settlement northwest of Fort Frontenac, or Cada- raeque on Lake Ontario. The settlement was made by father Marquette, in 1671. Pe-quod-e-rfbn-ge, as we have seen in a previous Chapter, with its coasts and islands before it, has been the theatre of some of the most exciting and interesting events in In dian history, previous to the arrival of the " white man." It was the Metropolis of a portion of the Ojibwa and Ottawa nations. It was there that their Congresses met, to adopt a policy which ter minated in the conquest of the country south of it — it was there that the tramping feet of thousands of plumed and painted warriors shook Pe-quod-e- non-ge, while dancing their war dances — it was from there that the startling sound of the war yell of these thousands was wafted to the adjacent coast and islands, making the peaceful welkin ring with Old Mackinaw. 45 their unearthly shouts of victory or death. In process of time a Chapel and Fort were erected, and it became a strong-hold and trading post of the greatest importance to the entire region of the northwest, being the gateway of commerce between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi, and also the grand avenue to the Upper Lakes of the north, and the rendezvous of the traders, merchants, trappers, soldiers, missionaries and Indians of the whole northwest. Villages of Hurons and Ottawas were located in the vicinity of the Fort and Chapel. The Fort inclosed an area of about several acres, and was surrounded with cedar pickets. The remains of the fort and buildings can still be seen. On an emi nence not far from the fort, the Ottawas erected a fortification. Within the inclosure of the Fort and adjoining the Chapel, the Jesuits erected a College, the first institution of the kind in the Western country. Tt was also the great depot for the Qour- riers des Bois, or rangers of the woods, who, from their distant excursions, would congregate here. The goods which they had brought from Canada, for the purpose of exchanging for furs with the In dians of Green Bay and Illinois, and along the shores of Lake Superior, and the region lying be tween that and the banks of the Mississippi, had to 46 Old Mackinaw. be deposited here, and they were usually on hand a long time before they could be disposed of and transferred to the distant marts of trade. In the year 1672, while Marquette was engaged in his duties as priest at the Chapel, the site of which now bears the name of St. Ignatius, and also employed in instructing the Indian youth of the villages, he was visited by Joliet, a member of the same order who bore a commission from Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, empowering him to select Marquette as a companion and enter upon a voyage of discovery. The winter was spent by these men in making preparations to carry out the commands of their superiors. The specific object of their mis sion was to explore the Mississippi, which was sup posed to empty into the Gulf of California. That all possible information might be gained in regard to this unknown river, Marquette -held conversations with all the noted Indian explorers and trappers, as well as the rangers of the woods within his reach. From the information thus gained he made out a map of the river, including its source and direction, and all the streams known to empty into it. Spring at length came, and on a bright, beautiful morning in the month of May, having bid adieu to his charge at his mission, and commended his flock Old Mackinaw. 4/ to God, Marquette and his companion, with five others selected for the purpose, entered their bark canoes with paddles in hand, and St. Ignatius was soon lost to the sight of the devoted missionary for ever. After sailing along the Straits they entered Lake Michigan, and continued their voyage until they arrived at Green Bay, passed the mouth of the Menominee Biver, finally reaching that of the Fox River. On the 7th of June, having sailed upwards of two hundred miles, the voyagers reached the mission of St. Francis Xavier. They had now reached the limit of all former French or English discoveries. The new and unknown West spread out before them, and the thousand dangers and hardships by river and land, heightened by tales of horror related to them by the Indians, were pre sented to their imagination. Resolutely determined to prosecute the enterprise committed to their charge, they knelt upon the shore of Fox River to renew their devotions and obtain the divine gui dance and protection. Encouraged by past success, and urged on by a strong faith, they launched their canoes upon the bosom of the Fox River, and breaking the silence of its shores by the dip of their paddles, they sailed up its current. When they reached the rapids of that river, it was with diffi- 48 Old Mackinaw. culty they were enabled to proceed. There was not power enough in the paddles of the two canoes to stem the current, and they were obliged to wade up the rapids on the jagged rocks, and thus tow them along. Having made the voyage of the Fox they arrived at the portage, and taking their canoes con taining their provision and clothes upon their shoulders, they reached the Wisconsin and launched them upon that stream. They had no longer to breast a rapid current, as the waters of the Wiscon sin flowed west. With renewed courage they pro secuted their voyage, and after ten days their hearts were made glad at the sight of the broad and beau tiful river which they were entering, and which they supposed would bear them to the far-off west ern sea. They had reached the "father of waters." No sight could be more charming than that which presented itself to their vision as they beheld on either side, alternately stretching away to a vast distance, immense forests of mountain and plain. At length, on the 25th of June, as they were sailing along near the eastern shore, they disco vered foot-prints in the sand. At sight of these they landed and fastening their canoes, that they might again look upon the face of human beings, they followed an Indian path which led up the Old Mackinaw. 49 bank. They were not long in finding two Indian villages, which proved to be those of the "Pewa- rias" and " Moing-wenas." In answer to a question proposed by Marquette, who addressed them in In dian, and inquired who they were ; they answered, " We are Illinois." After an exchange of friendly greetings with these peaceable Indians, the voyagers re-embarked and passed on down the river. They continued on their downward passage until they reached the mouth of the Missouri, which poured its turbid flood into the Mississippi; and still fur ther until they passed the mouth of the Ohio, and then on down until they passed the Arkansas, and arrived within thirty miles of the mouth of the Mississippi. It was not necessary to proceed any further to satisfy the explorers that the river"entered into the Gulf of Mexico, instead of that of Cali fornia. Having accomplished the end of the expedition, the company started out upon their return trip on the 17th of July. When they reached the mouth of the Illinois river, they determined on returning by that route to Mackinaw. Arriving at the por tage of that river they fell in with a tribe of In dians who called themselves the Kaskaskias, who kindly volunteered to conduct them to Lake Michi- 5 5o Old Mackinaw gan, where in due time they arrived. After sailing along the western shore of the lake they again found themselves at Green Bay, and were heartily welcomed by the brethren at the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Worn down with fatigue, Mar quette determined to remain here to recruit his health before returning to his missionary labors. He spent his time at this mission post in copying his journal of the voyage down the Mississippi and back, which he accompanied by a map of the river and country, and sent by the Ottawa flotilla to his superiors at Montreal. The return of this flotilla brought him orders for the establishment of a mis sion among the Illinois, with whom he had so friendly an interview on his exploring voyage. Having passed the winter and succeeding summer at the St. Xavier mission, he started out in the fall for Kaskaskia. The difficulties of the journey were such, it having to be accomplished by land and water, that his health, which had been greatly en feebled by his former voyage, was not sufficient to enable him to endure the cold winds of winter which had set in before the completion of the jour ney. On reaching the Chicago River it was found closed, and he did not consider it prudent to under take an over-land journey. He therefore- resolved Old Mackinaw. n to winter at that point, and giving his Indian com panions who accompanied him the proper instruc tions and pious counsel, he sent them back to Green Bay. Two Frenchmen made an arrangement to remain with him during the winter. The nearest persons to their lodge were fifty miles distant. They were French trappers and traders, one of whom bore the title of a doctor. This latter person being informed of Marquette's ill-health paid him a visit, and did what he could for his relief. He also re ceived friendly offices from the Indians in the neigh borhood, a party of whom proposed to carry him and all his baggage to the contemplated mission at Kaskaskia. His health, however, was such that it did not allow him to accept their kind offer, and he was obliged to remain in his camp during the winter. Spring at length returned after a long and dreary winter, and Marquette, with some Indian compa nions, started out for the upper waters of the Illi nois River. In about two weeks he reached Kas kaskia, and at once entered upon the duties of his mission. After having instructed the Indians, so as to enable them to understand the objects of his mission to them, he called them all together in the open prairie, where he had erected a rude altar sur- 52 Old Mackinaw. mounted by the cross, and adorned with pictures of the Virgin Mary. The chiefs and warriors, and the whole tribe, were addressed by him in their native tongue. He made a number of presents to them, the more effectually to gain their affections and confidence, and then related to them the simple story of the cross, after which he celebrated mass. The scene was truly impressive, and the effect upon the sons of the forest was all that the missionary could desire. Bright and cheering were the pros pects of converting the Kaskaskias to Christianity, but the devoted missionary was doomed to disap pointment. His former malady returned, and as sumed a type of so alarming a nature, that he was satisfied his labors on earth would soon come to an end. Thoughts of his beloved mission at Mackinaw, where he had spent so many days in preaching to Ottawas and Hurons, and in teaching their youth Christian science, filled his mind ; and the Christian, not to say natural, desire of his heart, was again to bow in the Chapel of St. Ignatius, and again behold the parents and children of his former charge. Having received the last rites of the church he set out to the lake, accompanied by the Kaskaskias who sorrowed much at his departure, but who were Old Mackinaw. 53 comforted by the dying missionary, who assured them that another would soon be sent to take his place. When they reached the shore of Lake Mi chigan the Indians returned, and with his two French companions Marquette embarked in a canoe upon its waters. As they coasted along the eastern shore of the lake the health of Marquette continued to fail, and he at last became so weak that when they landed to encamp for the night they had to lift him out of the canoe. Much further they could not proceed, as the journey of life with the mis sionary was rapidly drawing to a close. Conscious of his approaching dissolution, as they were gently gliding along the shore, he directed his companions to paddle into the mouth of a small river which they were nearing, and pointing to an eminence not far from the bank, he languidly said, "Bury me there." That river, to this day, bears the name of the lamented Marquette. On landing they erected a bark cabin, and stretched the dying missionary as comfortably as they could beneath its humble roof. Having blessed some water with the usual ceremonies of the Catholic Church, he gave his companions directions how to proceed in his last moments. He instructed them also in regard to the manner in which they were to arrange his 5* 54 Old Mackinaw. body when dead, and the ceremonies to be per formed when it was committed to the earth. He then, for the last time, heard the confessions of his companions, encouraging them to rely on the mefcy and protection of God, and then sent them away to take the repose they so much needed. After a few hours he felt that he was about taking his last sleep, and calling them, he took his crucifix and placing it in their hands, pronounced in a clear voice his profession of faith, thanking the Almighty for the favor of permitting him to die a Jesuit Mis sionary. Then calmly folding his arms upon his breast. with the name of Jesus on his lips, and his eyes raised to heaven, while over his face beamed- the radiance of immortality, he passed away to the land of the blest. In conformity with the directions of the deceased, in due time his companions prepared the body for burial, and to the sound of his Chapel bell bore it slowly and solemnly to the place designated, where they commit ted it to the dust, and erected a rude cross to point out to the passing traveler the place of his grave. James Marquette was of a most ancient and hon orable family of the city of Laon, France. Born at the ancient seat of his family, in the year 1637, he was, through his pious mother, Rose de la Salle, Old Mackinaw. rr allied to the venerable John Baptist de la Salle, the founder of the institute known as the Brothers of the Christian Schools. At the age of seventeen he entered the Society of Jesus, and after two years of study and self-examination had passed away, he was, as is usual with the young Jesuits, employed in teaching, which position he held for twelve years. No sooner had he been invested with the priesthood, than his desire to become in all things an imitator of his chosen patron, St. Francis Xavier, induced him to seek a mission in some land that knew not God, that he might labor there to his latest breath, and die unaided and alone. His desire was grati fied. For nine years he labored among the Indians, and was able to preach to them in ten different lan guages ; but he rests from his labors, and his works follow him. He died, May 18, 1675. The Indians of Mackinaw and vicinity, and also those of Kaskaskia, were in great sorrow when the tidings of Marquette's death reached them. Not long after this melancholy event, a large company of Ojibwas, Ottawas, and Hurons, who had been out on a hunting expedition, landed their canoes at the mouth of the Marquette river, with the inten tion of removing his remains to Mackinaw. They had heard of his desire to have his body interred in 56 Old Mackinaw the consecrated ground of St. Ignatius, and they had resolved that the dying wish of the missionary should be fulfilled. As they stood around in silence and gazed upon the cross that marked the place of his burial, the hearts of the stern warriors were moved. The bones of the missionary were dug up and placed in a neat box of bark made for the oc casion, and the numerous canoes which formed a large fleet started from the mouth of the river with nothing but the sighs of the Indians, and the dip of the paddles to break the silence of the scene. As they advanced towards Mackinaw, the funeral cortege was met by a large number of canoes bear ing Ottawas, Hurons, and Iroquois, and still others shot out ever and anon to join the fleet. When they arrived in sight of the Point, and beheld the cross of St. Ignatius as if painted against the northern sky, the missionaries in charge came out to the beach clad in vestments adapted to the occasion. How was the scene heightened when the priests commenced, as the. canoe bearing the re mains of Marquette neared the shore, to chant the; requiem for the dead. The whole population was out, entirely covering the beach, and as the proces sion marched up to the Chapel with cross and prayer, and tapers burning, and laid the bark box Old Mackinaw. cy beneath a pall made in the form of a coffin, the sons and daughters of the forest wept. After the fune ral service was ended, the coffin was placed in a vault in the middle of the church, where the Catholic historian says, "Marquette reposes as the guardian angel of the Ottawa missions." "He was the first and last white man who ever had such an assembly of the wild sons of the forest to attend him to his grave. "So many, stirring events succeeded each other after this period — first, the war between the English Colonists, and the French ; then the Colonists with the Indians, the Revolutionary War, the Indian Wars, and finally the War of 1812, with the death of all those who witnessed his burial, including the Fathers who officiated at the time, whose papers were lost, together with the total destruction and evacuation of this mission station for many years, naturally obliterated all recollections of the transaction, which accounts for the total ignorance of the present inha bitants of Point St. Ignatius respecting it. The locality of his grave is lost; but only until the Archangel's trump, at the last, shall summon him from his narrow grave, with those plumed and painted warriors who now lie around him." The Missionaries who succeeded Marquette, at 58 Old Mackinaw. Mackinaw, continued their labors until 1706, when, finding it useless to continue the mission, or struggle any longer with superstition and vice, they burned down their College and Chapel, and returned to Quebec. The governor, alarmed at this step, at last promised to enforce the laws against the disso lute French, and prevailed on Father Marest to return. Soon after the Ottawas, discontented at De troit, a French post, which was served by the Re collects, and where the blood of a Recollect had been shed in a riot, began to move back to Macki naw, and the mission was renewed. In 1721, Char levoix visited this mission, and this is the last we hear of it. Nearly two hundred years have passed away since that event. The Chapel of St. Ignatius has passed away, and with it the Chapel, and Fort, and College at Old Mackinaw. Nothing is left but the stone walls and stumps of the pickets which sur rounded them, and which may be seen to this day. To the Catholic, this consecrated spot, the site of one of their first Chapels, and their first College in the great northwest, must possess unusual interest. As there is a difference of opinion in relation to the burial place of Marquette, whether it was on the north or south side of the Straits, we give the Old Mackinaw. 59 following from "Schoolcraft's Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi." He says : " They car ried his body to the Mission of Old Mackinaw, of which he was the founder, where it was interred. It is known that the Mission of Mackinaw fell on the downfall of the Jesuits. When the post of Mackinaw was removed from the peninsula to the island, which was about 1780, the bones of the Mis sionary were transferred to the old Catholic burial ground, in the village on the island. There they remained till a land or property question arose to agitate the Church, and when the crisis happened the whole grave-yard was disturbed, and his bones, with others, were transferred to the Indian village of La Crosse, which is in the vicinity of L'Arbre Croche, Michigan." There is a difference of opinion also as to the point from whence Marquette and his companions started for the discovery of the Mississippi. Schoolcraft says: "Wherever Missilimackinac is mentioned in the Missionary letters, or in the history of this period, it is the ancient Fort on the apex of the Michigan peninsula that is alluded to." In his In troduction to the above work, he says, that " Father Marquette, after laying the foundation of Missili mackinac, proceeded in company with Sieur Joliet, 60 Old Mackinaw. up the Fox River of Green Bay, and crossing the portage into the Wisconsin, entered the Mississippi in 1673." It is an established fact, that Marquette organized the Mission at Old Mackinaw, in the year 1671, subsequently to that at the opposite point, and that he remained there until the year 1673, when he em barked with Joliet on his exploring tour of the Mis sissippi. Charelvoix places the Mission of St. Ig nace, on the south side of the Straits, adjoining the Fort, and has made no such designation on the north side, showing at least that this mission was more modern than the other. Nearly all the Jesuit Mis sions bore the name of St. Ignatius, in honor of their founder, as those of the Franciscans bore the name of St. Francis. Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier were the founders of these sects. CHAPTER IV. La Salle's visit to Mackinaw — English traders — La Hontan's visit — Mackinaw an English fort — Speech of a Chippewa Chief — Indian stratagem — Massacre of the English at the fort — Escape of Mr. Alexander Henry — Early white settle ment of Mackinaw — Present description — Relations of the Jesuits — Remarkable phenomena — Parhelia — Subterra nean river. In the summer of 1679 the Griffin, built by La Salle and his company on the shore of Lake Erie, at the present site of the town of Erie, passed up the St. Clair, sailed over the Huron, and entering the Straits, found a safe harbor at Old Mackinaw. La Salle's expedition passed eight or nine years at this place, and from hence they penetrated the coun try in all directions. At the same time it continued to be the summer resort of numerous Indian tribes who came here to trade and engage in the wild sports and recreations peculiar to the savage race. As a city of peace, it was regarded in the same light that 6 (61) 62 Old Mackinaw. the ancient Hebrews regarded their cities of Refuge, and among those who congregated here all animosi ties were forgotten. The smoke of the calumet of peace always ascended, and the war cry never as yet has been heard in its streets. In Heriot's Travels, published in 1807, we find the following interesting item : 'In 1671 Father Marquette came hither with a party of Hurons, whom he prevailed on to form a settlement. A fort was constructed, and it afterward became an important spot. It was the place of general assemblage for all the French who went to traffic with the distant nations. It was the asylum of all savages who came to exchange their furs for mer chandise. When individuals belonging to tribes at war with each other came thither, and met on com mercial adventure, their animosities were sus pended." Notwithstanding San-ge-man and his warriors had braved the dangers of the Straits and had slain a hundred of their enemies whose residence was here, yet it was not in the town that they were slain. No blood was ever shed by Indian hands within its pre cincts up to this period, and had it remained in possession of the French the terrible scenes subse quently enacted within its streets would in all prob- Old Mackinaw. 63 ability never have occurred, and Old Mackinaw would have been a city of Refuge to this day. The English, excited by the emoluments derived from the fur trade, desired to secure a share in this lucrative traffic of the northwestern Lakes. They, accordingly, in the year 1686, fitted out an expedi tion, and through the interposition of the Fox In dians, whose friendship they secured by valuable presents ; the expedition reached Old Mackinaw, the "Queen of the Lakes," and found the El Dorado they had so long desired. The following interesting description, from Park; man's "History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac," of a voyage by an English merchant to Old Mackinaw about this time, will be in place here : "Passing the fort and settlement of Detroit, he soon, enters Lake St. Clair, which seems like a broad basin filled to overflowing, while along its far distant verge a faint line of forests separates the water from the sky, He crosses the lake, and his voyagers next urge his canoe against the current of the great river above. At length Lake Huron opens before him, stretching its liquid expanse like an ocean to the furthest horizon. His canoe skirts the eastern shore of Michigan, where the forest rises like a wall from the water's edge, and as he advances onward, an 64 Old Mackinaw. endless line of stiff and shaggy fir trees hung with long mosses, fringe the shore with an aspect of deso lation. Passing on his right, the extensive Island of Bois Blanc, he sees nearly in front the beautiful Island of Mackinaw rising with its white cliffs and green foliage from the broad breast of waters. He does not steer toward it, for at that day the Indians were its only tenants, but keeps along the main shore to the left, while his voyagers raise their song and chorus. Doubling a point he sees before him the red flag of England swelling lazily in the wind, and the palisades and wooden bastions of Fort Macki naw standing close upon the margin of the lake. On the beach canoes are drawn up, and Canadians and Indians are idly lounging. A little beyond the fort is a cluster of white Canadian houses roofed with bark and protected by fences of strong round pickets. The trader enters the gate and sees before him an extensive square area, surrounded by high palisades. Numerous houses, barracks, and other buildings form a smaller square within, and in the vacant place which they enclose appear the red uniforms of British soldiers, the grey coats of the Canadians, and the gaudy Indian blankets mingled in picturesque confusion, while a multitude of squaws Old Mackinaw. 65 with children of every hue stroll restlessly about the place. Such was old fort Mackinaw in 1763." La Hontan, who visited Mackinaw in 1688, says : " It is a place of great importance. It is not above half a league distant from the Illinese (Michigan) Lake. Here the Hurons and Ottawas have each of them a village, the one being severed from the other by a single palisado, but the Ottawas are beginning to build a fort upon a hill that stands but one thou sand or twelve hundred paces off. In this place the Jesuits have a little house or college adjoining to a church, and inclosed with pales that separate it from the village of the Hurons. The Courriers de Bois have but a very small settlement here, at the same time it is not inconsiderable, as being the staple of all the goods that they truck with the south and west savages; for they cannot avoid passing this way when they go to the seats of the Illinese and the Oumamis on to the Bay des Puanto, and to the River Mississippi. Missilimackinac is situated very advantageously, for the Iroquese dare not venture with their sorry canoes to cross the stright of the Illinese Lake, which is two leagues over; besides that the Lake of the Hurons is too rough for such slender boats, and as they cannot come to it by water, so they cannot approach it by land by reason of the 6* 66 Old Mackinaw. marshes, feus, and little rivers which it would be very difficult to cross, not to mention that the stright of the Illinese Lake lies still in their way." As rivals of the French, the English were never regarded with favor by the various Indian tribes. Constant encroachments by the English from year to year, though they were lavish of their gifts did not tend to soften the hostility of the tribes. Thus matters continued until Mackinaw passed into the hands of the English, which event took place after the fall of Quebec in the year 1759. This transfer of jurisdiction from a people that the Indians loved to one that they experienced a growing hate for during three-quarters of a century, filled them with a spirit of revenge. Such was the dislike of the Indians of Mackinaw to the English, that when Alexander Henry visited that place in 1761, he was obliged to conceal the fact that he was an English man and disguise himself as a Canadian voyager. On the way he was frequently warned by the Indans to turn back, as he would not be received at Macki naw, and as there were no British soldiers there as yet, he was assured that his visit would be attend with great hazard. He still persisted, however, and finally, with his canoes laden with goods he reached the fort, which, we have before remarked, was surrounded Old Mackinaw. 67 with palisades, and occupied the high ground imme diately back from the beach. When he entered the village he met with a cold reception, and the inha bitants did all in their power to alarm and dis courage him. Soon after his arrival he received the very un pleasant intelligence, that a large number of Chippe- was were coming from the neighboring villages in their canoes to call upon him. Under ordinary cir cumstances this information would not have excited any alarm, but as the French of Mackinaw as well as the Indians were alike hostile to the English trader, it was no difficult matter to apprehend dan ger. At length the Indians, about sixty in number, arrived, each with a tomahawk in one hand and a scalping knife in the other. The garrison at this time contained about ninety soldiers, a commander and two officers. Beside the small arms, on the bas tions were mounted two small pieces of brass can non. Beside Henry, there were four English mer chants at the fort. After the Indians were intro duced to Henry and his English brethren, their chief presented him with a few strings of wampum and addressed them as follows : " Englishmen, it is to you that I speak, and I de mand your attention. You know that the French 68 Old Mackinaw. King is our father. He promised to be such, and ws in turn promised to be his children. This promise wu have kept. It is you that have made war with this our father. You are his enemy, and how then could you have the boldness to venture among us, his children. You know that his enemies are ours. We are informed that our father, the King of France, is old and infirm, and that being fatigued with making war upon your nation, he has fallen asleep. During this sleep you have taken advantage of him and possessed yourselves of Canada. But his nap is almost at an end. I think I hear him already stir ring and inquiring for his children, and when he does awake what must become of you? He will utterly destroy you. Although you have conquered the French you have not conquered us. We are not your slaves. These lakes, these woods and mountains are left to us by our ancestors, they are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, cannot live without bread, and pork, and beef, but you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us in these spacious lakes and on these woody mountains. Our father, the King of France, employed our young men to make war upon your nation. In this Old Mackinaw. 69 warfare many of them have been killed, and it is our custom to retaliate until such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in one of two ways ; the first is by the spilling the blood of the nation by which they fell, the other by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the resentment of their relations. This is done by making presents. Your king has never sent us any presents, nor entered into any treaty with us, wherefore he and we are still at war, and until he does these things we must consider that we have no other father or friend among the white men than the King of France. But for you, we have taken into con sideration that you have ventured among us in the expectation that we would not molest you. You do not come around with the intention to make war. You come* in peace to trade with us, and supply us with necessaries, of which we are in much need. We shall regard you, therefore, as a brother., aud you may sleep tranquilly with out fear of the Chippewas. As a token of friend ship we present you with this pipe to smoke." Henry was afterwards visited by a party of two hundred Ottawa warriors from L'Arbre Croche, about 70 Old Mackinaw. seventy miles southwest of Mackinaw. One of the Chiefs addressed him thus : — " Englishmen : We, the Ottawas, were some time since informed of your arrival in this country, and of your having brought with you the goods we so much need. At this news we were greatly pleased, believing that, through your assistance, our wives and children would be able to pass another winter ; but, what was our surprise, when a few days ago we were informed the goods which we had expected were intended for us were on the eve of departure for distant countries, some of which are inhabited by our enemies. These accounts being spread, our wives and children came to us crying, and de siring that we should go to the Fort to learn with our ears the truth or falsehood. We accordingly embarked, almost naked as you see, and on our arrival here we have inquired into the accounts, and found them true. We see your canoes ready to depart, and find your men engaged for the Mis sissippi and other distant regions. Under these cir cumstances we have considered the affair, and you are now sent for that you may hear our determina tion, which is, that you shall give each of our men, young and old, merchandise and ammunition to the amount of fifty beaver skins on credit, and for which Old Mackinaw. 71 I have no doubt of their paying you in the summer, on their return from their wintering." The demands of the Indians upon the English, and their dissatisfaction arising therefrom, had the effect to rouse the different tribes, and they were noticed assembling from the surrounding country in great numbers, and gathering in the vicinity of Mackinaw. One night four hundred Indians lay around the Fort, evidently plotting mischief. A Chippewa chief apprised Henry of the impending danger; but when the suspicions were communi cated to the Commandant of the Fort, Major Ethe- rington, he took no notice of it, supposing that the Indians only resorted to this for the purpose of in timidation. The next day being the King's birth day, the Indians proposed to celebrate it by a game of laggatiway. It was played with bat and ball, and the contestants were the Chippewas and Sacs. Major Etherington was present at the game, and bet largely on the side of the Chippewas. In the midst of the game, when all were in a high state of ex citement, a warrior struck the ball and sent it whiz zing over the palisade into the Port. Instantly the Indian war yell was heard, and the savages rushed within the gate, not however for the ball, but to tomahawk and scalp every Englishman within the 72 Old' Mackinaw. Fort. The French stood by as silent spectators of the bloody scene, and were not attacked. Henry witnessed the dreadful slaughter from his window, and being unarmed he hastened out, and springing over a low- fence which divided his house from that of M. Langlade, the French Interpreter, entered the latter, and requested some one to direct him to a place of safety. Langlade hearing the request, replied that he could do nothing for him. At that moment a slave belonging to Langlade, of the Pawnee tribe of Indians, took him to a door which she opened, and informed him that it led to the garret where he might conceal himself. She then locked the door and took away the key. Through a hole in the wall Henry could have a complete view of the Fort. He beheld the heaps of the slain, and heard the savage yells, until the last victim was dispatched. Having finished the work of death in the Fort, the Indians went out to search the houses. Some Indians entered Langlade's house and asked if there were any Englishmen con cealed in it. He replied that he did not know, they might search for themselves. At length they opened the garret door and ascended the stairs, but Henry had concealed himself among a heap of birch-bark vessels, which had been used in making Old Mackinaw. 73 maple sugar, and thus escaped. Fatigued and ex hausted, he lay down on a mat and went to sleep, and while in this condition he was surprised by the wife of Langlade, who remarked that the Indians had killed all the English, but she hoped he might escape. Fearing, however, that she would fall a prey to their vengeance if it was found that an Englishman was concealed in her house, she at length revealed the place of Henry's concealment, giving as a reason therefor, that if he should be found her children would be destroyed. Unlocking the door, she was followed by several Indians, who were led by Wenniway, a noted chief. At sight of him the chief seized him with one hand, and bran dishing a large carving knife, was about to plunge it into his heart, when he dropped his arm, saying, " I won't kill you. My brother, Musinigon, was slain by the English, and you shall take his place and be called after him." He was carried to L'Arbre Croche as a prisoner, where he was rescued by a band of three hundred Ottawas, by whom he was returned to Mackinaw, and finally ransomed by his Indian friend Wawatam. At the capture of the place only one trader, M. Tracy, lost his life. Captain Etherington was carried away by some Indians from the scene of slaughter. Seventy of the English 7 74 Old Mackinaw. troops were slain. An Englishman, by the name of Solomon, saved himself by hiding under a heap of corn, and his boy was saved by creeping up a chimney, where he remained two days. A number of canoes, filled with English traders, arriving soon after the massacre, they were seized, and the tra ders, dragged through the water, were beaten and marched by the Indians to the prison lodge. After they had completed the work of destruction, the Indians, about four hundred in number, entertain ing apprehensions that they would be attacked by the English, and the Indians who had joined them, took refuge on the Island of Mackinac, Wawatam fearing that Henry would be butchered by the sa vages in their drunken revels, took him out to a cave, where he lay concealed for one night on a heap of human bones. As the Fort was not destroyed, it was subsequently reoccupied by British soldiers, and the removal to the Island did not take place until about the year 1780. Old Mackinaw, the theatre of so many thrilling scenes and tragic incidents, has a history as a white settlement, reaching back to 1620, the year of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. W. M. John son, Esq., of Mackinac Island, in describing its his tory, says: "Mackinaw City," for such has become Old Mackinaw. 75 the name of this wonderful point, " with its coasts and the islands before it, has been the theatre of some of the most exciting and interesting events in Indian history, previous to the arrival of the 'white man.' It was the metropolis of a portion of the Ojibwa and Ottawa nations. It was there that their Congresses met, to adopt a policy which terminated in the con quest of the country south of it ; it was there that the tramping feet of thousands of plumed and painted warriors shook Pe-quod-e-nonge — the In dian name — while dancing their war dances, it was from thence that the startling sound of the war yell of these thousands was wafted to the adjacent coast and islands, making the peaceful welkin ring with their unearthly shouts of victory or death. "How remarkable, in reflecting upon the early and sound judgment of the Indians in seizing upon the points commanding all the natural avenues and passes of the Lakes, when it is considered that there selections must necessarily have been the result of an intimate knowledge with the geogra phical features of the country! This has been yearly proved by the re-occupation of posts and places long neglected, but the importance of which has become evident in proportion as we have set a just value upon the Indian's judgment, with the 76 Old Mackinaw. natural advantages of the country. Perhaps in no instance, is this more strikingly exemplified than in Mackinaw City, the commanding position of which. although always known to the Indians, Traders, and Missionaries, and lately confirmed by Military Sci entific Europeans ; but as yet not perceived by our Go vernment. It is the only point which can control the passage of the Straits of Mackinaw, and also the Indians living in numerous villages south of the Straits. The Island of Mackinac was merely occu pied by the English to escape a second massacre as in 1763 ; and which occupancy our Government has blindly followed, believing it, as an evidence of English military skill and judgment in the selec tion of commanding posts, while they at that period did not make this selection with any reference to a future hostile maritime power who might wish to pass, or force a passage through the Straits. "The land rises gradually from the water at Mackinaw City, until it reaches an elevation of se venty-five feet, from which beautiful and picturesque views are obtained of the waters of the Straits, with the numerous Islands sleeping on its bosom. The prospect from the City is beautiful, beyond descrip tion — the Battery at New York can only be com pared to it, which is like it in its location. The g D GAR-LOAF— M ACKIH AC . MACKINAC ISLAND , LoTer'a Leap. *2. Harbor. 3. Village. 4. Fort. S. Signal. 6. Sugar Loaf. 7. Mission, 8. Robinson's Folly. 77 Old Mackinaw. visitor will enjoy the view presented of the Islands, Points, and adjacent shores; especially on a calm day, for the lake, and the greeri woods upon isle and promontory, lie with a sleepy stillness before him, enhancing the beauty of the prospect ; and when the mind contemplates the events of two hundred and fifty years ago, when thousands of the red sons of the forest passed and repassed the site upon which he now stands, he will appreciate more fully the rapid strides of civilization. " Two hundred and fifty years ago, bark canoes only dotted the surface of the Lake ; this spell of quiet was then broken a few years afterward by the boisterous Canadian Voyageur with his songs, as he rowed or paddled his bateaux and large northwest canoe. Now,, the roaring noise of the wheels of steamers, the shrill whistle of the propeller, and the whitening sails of hundreds of vessels have succeeded to the past age of darkness and quiet. Civilization and commerce have broken the charm which beautified Indian scenery in years forever gone by." A work, published under the auspices of the Canadian Government, in three large octavo vo lumes, French, entitled "Relations of the Jesuits," containing the most remarkable events that tran- 78 Old Mackinaw. spired in the missions of the Jesuits in New France, furnishes valuable information of the missions in the Mackinaw region. Among the remarkable phe nomena which came under the observation of the Jesuit Fathers in Mackinaw, was the appearance of a parhelion on the 21st of January, 1671. This remarkable phenomenon occurred about two hours before sunset. It presented the form of a great cres cent with its points turned toward the sun. At the same time two other suns appeared, equidistant from it, partly covered by a cloud having all the colors of the rainbow, very luminous and dazzling to the eye. The Indians said it was a premonition of great cold, which followed soon after. On the 16th March the same parhelion appeared, and was seen from three different places more than fifty leagues apart. The observer at the Mackinaw mis sion saw three suns distant some half league from each other. They were seen twice the same day, one hour before sunrise and one hour before sunset. In the morning they were on the south side of the true sun, and in the evening on the west side. That on the south side was so accurate that it was difficult to distinguish it from the true sun, excepting Chat it was partly surrounded by a scarlet band on the side toward the sun. That on the other side had more Old Mackinaw. 79 the appearance of an oval iris than a sun, neverthe less it was an image like those which painters adorn with golden rays, giving it a very magnificent ap pearance. The same parhelion was seen on the island of Manitou in Lake Huron, and accompanied by a very remarkable appearance. Three suns appeared in the west, parallel with the earth. They were equal in size, but not in beauty. The true sun was west- by-southwest, and the false sun on each side. At the same time were seen parts of two circles parallel to the horizon, having the colors of the rainbow, be side a fourth part of the circle perpendicular to the horizon, having nearly the same color, touched the false sun, which was in the southwest, and cutting the half circle parallel to the horizon, was mingled and lost in its rays. The false suns disappeared from time to time, and even the true sun. Finally, a fourth sun was seen placed in a right line. When the false suns disappeared they left after them two rainbows, as beautiful as their own light. The In dians, who attributed all these signs to the Genii, and who believe that they are married, wanted to know of the missionary if these were not the wives of the sun. At this question it occurred to him that a favorable opportunity was presented for explaining 80 Old Mackinaw. to them the mysteries of the Trinity. On the next day the Indian women, who before would not come to hear prayers, came and presented their children to be baptized. At the Saut St. Mary, seven false suns appeared around the true sun. The true sun was in the centre of a circle formed by the colors of the rainbow. On either side were two false suns, and also one above and one below. These four were placed on the cir cumference of the circle, and at equal distances di rectly opposite from each other. Beside this, another circle of the same color as the first, but much larger, rested the upper part, of its circumference in the centre of the true sun, while below and on either side were the false suns. All these eight luminaries made a grand spectacle. Auroras, even in midsummer, are of frequent oc currence, and exhibit a brilliancy and extent rarely observed in lower latitudes. The phenomena which most frequently occur are the following: A dark cloud tinged on the upper edge with a pale lumin ous haze, skirts the northern horizon. From this streaks of orange and blue colored light flash up, and often reach a point south of the zenith. They rapidly increase and decrease, giving to the whole hemisphere the appearance of luminous waves and Old Mackinaw. 81 occasionally forming perfect corona. They com mence shortly after sunset and continue during the night. The voyagers regard them as the precursors of storms and gales, and our own observations have confirmed the result. Occasionally broad belts of light are seen spanning the whole arc of the heavens, of sufficient brilliancy to enable one to read. In the winter these phenomena are much more frequent, and the ground appears tinged with a crimson hue. We find in these relations of the Jesuits other matters of equal interest. The fathers of the mis sions in and around the Straits of Mackinaw gave it as their opinion, that the waters of Lake Superior entered into the Straits by a subterranean passage, and in support of it, mention the wonderful fact that the current floats against the wind, and not withstanding it drives furiously in one direction, ves sels are enabled to sail in a contrary direction as rapidly as though the wind were not blowing. In addition to this, they refer to the constant boiling up of the waters. Without admitting this theory, they affirmed that it was impossible to explain two things. The first is, that without such subterranean passage it is impossible to tell what becomes of the waters of Lake Superior. This vast lake has but one visible outlet, namely, the river of the Saut, 82 . Old Mackinaw. while it receives into its bosom the waters of a large number of rivers, some twelve of which are of greater dimensions than the Saut. What then, they ask, becomes of all these waters if they do not find an issue through a subterranean river. The second reason for their belief in this theory is the impossi bility to explain from whence come the waters of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan? But very few rivers flow into these lakes, and their size is such as to justify the belief that they must be supplied through the subterranean river entering into the Straits. CHAPTER V. Island of the Giant Fairies — Possession by the English — Erec tion of Government house — French remain at Old Mackinaw — Finally abandoned — Extent of the Island — History — De scription — Natural curiosities — Arch Rock — Sugar Loaf Rock — Scull Rock— Dousman's Farm — Davenport's Farm — Robinson's Folly— The Devil's Pnnoh Bowl— Healthful at mosphere — Transparency of the waters — Compared with Sa ratoga, Cape May, and Mt. Washington as a point for health and recreation — Description of a traveler in 18&4 — Arrival of steamers and sailing vessels at the port during the year Mr. Johnson's reminiscences — Indian name of Island— My thology — Three brothers of the great Genii — Visit to the sub terranean abode of the Genii — Vision — Apostrophe of an old Indian Chief — Old buildings- — Door of Marquette's Chapel- John Jacob Astor and the fur trade — Present support of the place — Fort Mackinaw — Fort Holmes — Fine view— Interest ing localities — War of 1812 — Death of Major Holmes— Soil of the Island. The old fort having been deserted by the English, as we have noticed in a previous chapter, and they having fled to the Island of Mackinaw, which, in the (83) 84 Old Mackinaw Indian name, signifies Island of the giant fairies, pre parations were made for a settlement. Sir Wm. Johnston called a grand council with those Indians who had been engaged in the massacre at Old Macki naw. By this council, which was held in 1764, the spring -following the siege, a way was opened for St. Clair to negotiate for the island, and also for the grants previously made by the Indians to the French for military purposes. The first thing done after the island had been obtained was the erection of a government house. The French and others who still remained" at Old Mackinaw, amounting only to about three hundred, continued a few years, when they finally left, and everything was suffered to go into decay. A desolation reigned over it for many years, and, on account of the bloody siege, that point, which was the most attractive as well as the most important to Indians, French, and English in all the Lake region was, as if by common consent. abandoned. The "New Mackinaw," as it is called, distant seven miles from the Old, is on an island about nine miles' in circumference, and covers an area of six thousand acres. Its extreme elevation above the lake is about three hundred and twelve feet. The village and for tress are situated on the southeastern extremity of BOCK CASTLE— PICTCBED BOOKS. Old Mackinaw. 85 the island, where there is a good harbor protected by a water battery. The island remained in possession of the British until 1793, when it was surrendered to the United States. It was retaken in 1812, but re stored again by the treaty of Ghent, in 1814. It is sit uated in North lat. 45° 54', West Ion. 84° 30' from Greenwich, being 7° 30' west from Washington. It is three hundred and fifty miles north of Chicago and about three hundred miles north from Detroit, and about two hundred and fifty miles west of Col- Hngswood, Canada. The fort stands on an elevated ground about two hundred feet above the water. The town contains at present three hotels, six board ing houses, eight dry-goods stores, and seven groce ries. Its public buildings are a Court House, Jail, Custom House, Post Office, and Express Office. There are two Churches, the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian. The first thing we shall notice as a natural attrac tion on the island, is what is called " The Arch Rock." This is a natural arch projecting from the precipice on the northeastern side of the island, about a mile from the fort, and elevated about one hundred and forty feet above the level of the water. Its abut ments are formed of calcareous rock, and have been produced by the falling down of great masses of 8 86 Old Mackinaw. rock, leaving a chasm of eighty or ninety feet in height, and covered by the arch which spans it of fifty or sixty feet sweep. The scene presented by cliff and chasm is one of wild grandeur. Like the Natural Bridge of Virginia, it possesses an attraction to all fond of natural curiosities, sufficient of itself to justify a visit to the northern lakes. The view from the beach is particularly grand. Before you is a magnificent arch suspended in mid air. Indian tradition says that this wonderful arch was formed by the giant spirits who inhabited this island. Geo logical tradition, however, indicates that it was formed by the action of the waters, which were at a remote period much higher than at the present time. The next object which strikes the attention of the visitors is the " Sugar Loaf Bock," a high, isolated, conical rock which, resting upon the elevated pla teau that forms the next highest point of the island from that of Fort Holmes, exhibits a- rise of some sixty to eighty feet. This is but little less than the elevation of the ridge which forms the crowning plan of the island, and upon which the dismantled post of Fort Holmes is seen, being separated there from by a distance not exceeding one hundred and fifty yards. By what violent throe of nature it Old Mackinaw. 87 has become severed from the adjacent ridge, of which it no doubt, formed a part, is matter of curi ous inquiry. Has nature done this by gradual re cession, or by the slow upheaval of the land ? On inspection, this rock is found cavernous, slightly crystalline, with its strata distorted in every con ceivable direction. In its crevices grow a few ce dars and vines. As the visitor approaches it by the road side its effect is grand and imposing; still more so, perhaps, when beheld from the top of the ridge, where its isolated position with its bold form, breaking the outline of the island, strikes the be holder with wonder and admiration. Bobinson's Folly is a high bluff, northeast from the village of Mackinaw, half a mile from the mis sion house. Soon after the settlement of the modern Mackinaw, Capt. Robinson, of the English army, then commanding this port, had a summer house built on the brow of this bluff; now called Bobinson's Folly, for the purpose of enjoying the prospect from that cool and elevated spot. Often he and his brother officers resorted there during the summer days, to while away lonely and tedious hours. Pipes, cigars, and wine, were brought into requisition. No Englishman at that period was without them ; in fact, no hospi tality or entertainment was complete without them. 88 Old Mackinaw. They were indeed isolated ; the nearest white settle ments being then Detroit, Green Bay, Saut St. Mary, and Chicago. Communications with these places were not frequent. A few years after, from the action of the elements, the brow of the bluff, where Bobinson's Folly stood, was precipitated to the base of the rock, where the fragments can now be seen, which disastrous event gave rise to its name. The " Scull Bock," half a mile or three quarters northwest from the rear of Fort Mackinaw, is chiefly noted for a cavern, which appears to have been a receptacle for human bones, many 'of which were still to be observed about its mouth a few years ago. The entrance is low and narrow, and seems to promise little to reward the labors of exploration. It is here probably that Alexander Henry was secreted by the chief Wawatam after the horrid massacre of the British garrison at Old Mackinaw. Chimney Bock well repays the trouble of a visit, with the other points of interest on the island. Dousman's Farm, two miles west from ,the Village of Mackinaw, consists of a section of land ; the road to the English or British landing passes through it, also to Scott's or Fl inn's Cave, which is on the northwestern portion of the farm. There are three Old Mackinaw. 89 springs of cold delicious water on this farm, two of them are shaded by beech and maple trees. This farm yields yearly from eighty to one hundred tons of hay, besides a large quantity of potatoes and other farm produce. Davenport's Farm, about one and a half miles from the village, is situated on the southwestern por tion of the Island. At the base of the bluff, on the south part of this farm, is the Devil's Caves, and near them is a beautiful spring of clear cold water, shaded by evergreens and other trees. Half way up the bluff, which is nearly, if not fully, three hundred feet high at this point ; stands out, detached from the lime stone, an isolated rock, in appearance similar to the Sugar Loaf Rock, which some persons have called the Lover's Leap ; it is worth the trouble of a visit, which a few minutes walk from the vil lage accomplishes. There are several points called Lover's Leap, so called by romantic visitors, within the last few years. A gentleman from Chicago, has purchased this farm, and report says that several summer-houses are to be built upon it, which will enhance the beauty of this locality. Wm. M. Johnston Esq., furnishes the following tradition of Lover's Leap : "The huge rock called the ' Lover's Leap' is situated 8* 90 Old Mackinaw. about one mile west of the village of Mackinaw. It is a high perpendicular bluff, one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet v in height, rising boldly from the shore of the lake. A solitary pine tree formerly stood upon its brow, which some Vandal has cut down. " Long before the pale faces profaned this island home of the Genii, a young Ojibwa girl, just ma turing into womanhood, often wandered there, and gazed from its dizzy heights and witnessed the re ceding canoes of the large war parties of the com bined bands of the Ojibwas and Ottawas speeding south, seeking for fame and scalps. " It was there she often sat, mused and hummed the songs Ge-niw-e-gwon loved ; this spot was en deared to her, for it was there that she and Ge-niw- e-gwon first met and exchanged words of love, and found an affinity of souls existing between them. It was there she often sat and sang the Ojibwa love song — ' Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum, Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum, Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-mo-shane, Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-mo-shane, A-nee-wau-wau-sau-bo-a-zode, A-nee-wau-wau-sau-bo-a-zode. ' I give but one verse, which may be translated aa follows : Old Mackinaw. gj A loon, I thought was looming, A loon, I thought was looming : Why ! it is he, my lover, Why I it is he, my lover ; His paddle, in the waters gleaming, His paddle in the waters gleaming. " From this bluff she often watched and listened for the return of the war parties, for amongst them she knew was Ge-niw-e-gwon ; his head decorated with war-eagle plumes, which none but a brave could sport. The west wind often wafted far in advance the shouts of victory and death, as they shouted and sang upon leaving Pe-quod-e-nong (Old Mackinaw), to make the traverse to the Spirit, or Fairiy Is land. " One season, when the war party returned, she could not distinguish his familiar and loving war shout. Her spirit, told her that he had gone to the Spirit-Land of the west. It was so : an enemy's ar row had pierced his breast, and after his body was placed leaning against a tree, his face fronting his enemies, he died ; but ere he died he wished the mourning warriors to remember him to the sweet maid of his heart. Thus he died far away from home and the friends he loved. '' Me-she-ne-mock-e-nung-o-qua's heart hushed its g2 Old Mackinaw. beatings, and all the warm emotions of that heart, were chilled and dead. The moving, living spirit of her beloved Ge-niw-e-gwon, she witnessed con tinually beckoning her to follow him to the happy hunting grounds of spirits in the west — he appeared to her in human shape, but was invisible to others of his tribe. " One morning her body was found mangled at the foot of the bluff. The soul had thrown aside its covering of earth, and had gone to join the spirit of her beloved Ge-niw-e-gwon, to travel together to the land of spirits." Another point of interest and curiosity is the Devil's Punch Bowl, situated south from the gate way, as you enter the farm of the late J. Dousman, Esq. This Island which rises like a gem on the brow of the lakes, is favored by the clearest and most health ful atmosphere, and washed by the purest and most transparent water in the world, imparting the most pleasurable sensations imaginable. When this en chanting region shall become fully known, Saratoga, Cape May, and Mount Washington will be forgot ten by those who fly from the heat and dust of our inland cities, to breathe a pure air and drink health- giving waters. Old Mackinaw. go A traveler in 1854, thus describes this interesting locality, " Everything on the island is a curiosity, the roads or streets that wind around the harbor or among the grove-like forests of the island, are na turally pebbled and macadamized, the buildings are of every style, from an Indian lodge to an English house, the island is covered with charming natural scenery, from the beautiful to the grand, and one may spend weeks constantly finding new objects of interest, and new scenes of beauty. The steamers all call here on their way to and from Chicago, and hundreds of small sail vessels in the fishing trade have here their head quarters. Drawn upon the pebbled beach, or gliding about the bay, are bark canoes, and the far-famed Mackinaw boats, without number. These last are the perfection of light sail boats, and I have often been astonished at seeing them far out in the lake, beating up against winds that were next to gales." We are indebted to Mr. Johnston for the following official list, giving the number of sail vessels and steamers that have passed through the Straits of Mac kinaw during the day time, as reported to the Reve nue department, for six months, ending September 30th, 1859. 94 Old Mackinaw. Barques. Brigs. Schr's. Steamers. April, 14 9 101 47 May 9 11 177 82 June, 15 13 221 194 Next3mon's98 61 764 353 136 94 1263 586 Total, 2079. It would be a pretty correct estimate to add at least one-third more of the .total number for those that passed during the night, — which would be a very low estimate of the shipping passing through our straits. But few of the vessels passing through the straits leave the main channel, and go to the island some miles out of the way. The lake traffic has of late years become per fectly enormous, the increase of the western naviga tion being unprecedented. For example, three thousand and sixty-five steamers passed up from Lake Erie to Lakes Huron and Superior, by Detroit, in 1859, and three thousand one hundred and twenty- one passed down. The greatest number up in a single day was eighty-five — down seventy-three. Detroit statistics show that five steamers, five propellers, four barques, seven brigs, and eighty -five schooners have been more or less engaged in the Lake Supe rior trade during the past season. Forty vessels left Old Mackinaw. gr during the season for European and seaboard ports, some of which have returned, and one has taken her second departure. Navigation at Detroit opened March 14th, and closed December 15th. William Johnston, Esq., who has long resided on the island, says: 'The Indians, from the earliest times, have always regarded the Island of Mackinaw with veneration. The Indian name is 'Moc-che-ne- mock-e-nug-gonge,' which, as before stated, signifies Island of Great or Giant Fairies. " Indian mythology relates that three brothers of great or giant Fairies, occupied different Islands in this section of the country. The eldest occupied the Is land Missillimackinac, the second lived on the Island Tim-au Bin-ange-onge, in Lake Michigan, now called Pottawattime Island, the youngest inhabited an Island called Pe-quoge-me-nis, in Lake Huron. The heathen Indians, to this day, look upon them with awe and veneration, and in passing to and fro, by their shores, still offer to the Great Spirits to- bacco and other offerings, to propitiate their good will. The stories they relate of these Great Fairies, are very interesting and worthy of record. "The present southern gate of Fort Mackinac overlooks the spot, where in olden times a door ex isted, to the entrance of the subterraneous abode of g6 Old Mackinaw. these Giant Fairies. An Indian Chees-a-kee, or spiritualist, who once encamped within the limits of the present garrison, related, that some time during the night, after he had fallen asleep, a fairy touched him and beckoned him to follow. He obeyed and his spirit went with the fairy ; they entered the sub terraneous abode, through an opening beneath the present gate near the base of the hill. He there witnessed the giant spirits in solemn conclave in what appeared to be a large beautiful wigwam. After being there some time, lost in wonder and admiration, the chief spirit directed one of the lesser ones, to show the Indian spirit out and conduct him back to his body. This Indian could never be in duced to divulge the particulars of what he witnessed in his mysterious visit. An old Indian chief upon leaving this island, to visit his friends in Lake Superior, thus soliloquized, as he sat on the deck of McKnight's splendid steamer, the Illinois, while the darkness began dimly to shadow forth the deep blue outlines of the island : " ' Moc-che-ne-mock-e-nug-gonge, thou Isle of the clear, deep-water Lake, how, soothing it is from amidst the curling smoke of my opawgun (pipe), to trace thy deep blue outlines in the distance ; to call from memory's tablets the traditions and stories connected Old Mackinaw. 97 with thy sacred and mystic character, how sacred the regard, with which thou hast been once clothed by our Indian seers of gone-by days ; how, pleasant in imagination for the mind to picture and view, as if now present, the time when the Great Spirit al lowed a peaceful stillness to dwell around thee, when only light and balmy winds were permitted to pass over thee, hardly ruffling the mirror surface of the waters that surrounded thee. Nothing then dis turbed thy quiet and deep solitude, but the chip- pering of birds, and the rustling of the leaves of the silver -barked birch ; or to hear, by evening twilight the sound of the giant Fairies as they with rapid step, and giddy whirl, dance their mystic dance on thy lime-stone battlements.' "Several old buildings are now standing, the frames of which were brought from old Mackinaw in the year 1764, which gives an odd and venerable appear ance to the village. Mr. Schoolcraft had the door of Marquette's Chapel pointed out to him, which had been brought over from Mackinaw, and hung to one of the edifices of the town. " The village formely received its greatest support from the fur trade, when in the hands of the late John Jacob Astor, Esq., being, at that time, the out fitting and furnishing place for the Indian trade. His g8 Old Mackinaw. outfits extended then to the head waters of the Mississippi, on the northwest, south to Chicago, southwest by the way of Green Bay, to the Mis sissippi, and Missouri Rivers, in fact his business was carried on throughout all the then northwest Indian country. This trade became extinct in 1834, when Mr. Astor, sold out to Ramsey Crooks, Esq., of New York, and others, but it lacked the energy and con trolling influence which had been characteristic of Mr. Astor's business, and after languishing a few years, the new company became involved and their outposts were discontinued. " The place since then has been mostly supported from the fisheries, which are excellent and exten sive. It is estimated that twenty thousand barrels of white fish and trout are exported from this coun try alone annually, estimated worth, at this point, about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. A material support is also derived from the immense amount of trade. " The population is fluctuating, owing to the influx of strangers seeking health, traders, and Indians ; but the permanent inhabitants of the village are about one thousand and fourteen, as per census of 1854. "Fort Mackinac stands on a rocky eminence im mediately above the town, and is at present gar- Old Mackinaw. gg risoned by a company of United States troops : a chaplain (Episcopalian) is attached to the garrison, and services are held there every Sabbath. Fort Holmes occupies the highest bluff of the island, and is not at present occupied : this fortress was erected by the English, while they held possession of the island, during the last war, and by them named Fort George. But after the surrender of the island in 1814, the name was altered in compliment to the memory of Major Holmes of the United States Army, who fell in the unfortunate attack upon the island by Col. Croghan. The gallant Holmes was killed a little below the rise of ground, as you descend to ward the Dousman farm-house, on your way to the British landing. On Fort Holmes is a triangular station for the government engineers, who have been at work some years in the straits. "Visitors mounting the station on a still clear day, have a view of this island, the straits with its curves, islands and points, and the adjacent shores, which well repays them, especially on a calm day, for the lake and green woods lie in stillness before them, taking the mind for hundreds of years back, to the time when thousands of warriors occupied the pro minent points brought within view. " Off to the northwest, some four or five miles, lies 100 Old Mackinaw. the mixed Canadian and Indian settlement of Point St. Ignace and Moran Bay, with a few farms, which give a more agreeable view to the otherwise same ness of wood and water. There the Indians, called the Au-se-gum-ugs, lived until driven away by the Ojibwas and Ottawas, as they extended their con quests south and west. There also the Iroquois were permitted to locate and live before the French reached and settled on the St. Lawrence, there some of the Iroquois were massacred and driven off by the Ojibwas and Ottawas. North of this can be seen the outlines of the bluff called " Babbit Sitting," northeasterly the St. Martin Islands, the entrance of the Chenoux, and the dividing ridge between this and the Saut St. Mary. On the northeast can be seen the Detour, and to the south, Bois Blanc Light- House, and the Cheboy-e-gun ; and on the west the Straits of Lake Michigan, with Waugoohance Point and Light-House. " To the northwest of the ridge, where the woods slope by a gradual descent to the shores of the Island, is the place at which the English in the last war (1812), from six to eight hundred strong, composed of a few English, Canadians, the majority being In dians, landed at night, and having secured Michael Dousman's cattle, at his farm adjoining the landing, Old Mackinaw. 101 and succeeded during the night in reaching the hol low, which may be seen on the way from Fort Mackinac to Fort Holmes, a little northwest of the present parade-ground, or nearly opposite the north west rear gate of the present fort, with their cannon, which by daylight, was placed in battery on the knoll south of the hollow before alluded to, which by its position completely commanded the western gate and the garrison itself, took their station. "At dawn the citizens of the village were roused, and told to flee to a place called the Distillery, west of the present village, as the English troops were about to attack the American fort, and that the English commanding officer had pledged his word for the safety of the lives of those citizens who would flee to the place designated. This was the first inti mation the citizens had of war being declared be tween the United States and Great Britain. Soon a cannon shot was fired over the fort, its booming being also the first intimation the American garri son had of the country being in a state of war. An English officer appeared with a flag to summon the garrison to surrender, stating the overwhelming force they had in command. The American garri son, being short of one full company of men, was surrendered, and the few troops taken and sent to 9* i.o2 Old Mackinaw. Detroit on parole. After this the English built and occupied Fort George, (now called Fort Holmes) be tween the years 1812 and 1814. The English gov ernment paid ten thousand pounds as prize-money to the volunteers and soldiers, and merchandise and arms to the Indians. In the year 1836 I examined the list or pay-roll for this prize-money ; the names of all those who participated in the taking of Fort Mackinac were there enrolled, the money was di vided according to rank, and each person receipted for his individual share. " It is worth knowing, that by the treaty of Paris, of 1783, acknowledging the independence of the United States, and fixing its boundaries, Fort Mackinac fell under the jurisdiction of the United States, and was surrendered, according to McKenzie, in 1794. In 1812 it was taken, as before stated, by the English and their Indian allies. It resisted an attack from a strong detachment of the American army and navy in 1814, under Col. Croghan, and was finally restored to the United States by the treaty of Ghent. "In 1814 Col. Croghan landed at the English Land ing, under cover of the guns of the American ves sels. The troops moved from the landing, and had reached Mr. M. Dousman's farm-house. The skirm Old Mackinaw. 103 ishing with the English and Indians had already commenced. East from the house is a ridge over which the road lay. On this ridge and back of it, also on each side of the road, the English were posted in force. The gallant Major Holmes, on reaching the clearing near the house, formed his men for a charge upon the enemy posted on the ridge. To encourage his troops he led the charge. The English and Indians, seeing the strong force, had commenced retreating, when an English ser geant thought he might as well discharge the cannon before retreating with his comrades, so accordingly applied the match. At this instant, Major Holmes was either killed by a grape shot, or by an acciden tal musket ball. His death threw the Americans into a panic, and they immediately commenced a retreat, which ended in confusion. " When the fleet first appeared before the island, there was only one company of troops in the fort — had Col. Croghan then summoned it to surrender, it would have been given up; but he sailed away, went and burnt the trading-houses at Old St. Jo seph's Island, and from thence sent an expedition to the Saut St. Mary, under Major Holmes, who burned the North West Fur Company Houses on the Canada side( and carried away all the personal properly of 104 Old Mackinaw. individuals on the American side. Thus ten or twenty days were lost. In the mean time, the In dians had come to the defense of Fort Mackinac/ and, on the second appearance of Col. Croghan, they were prepared, and our troops shamefully de feated. " This island, although the bluffs present the ap pearance of sterility, is covered with a strong soil, which is continually renovated by the spontaneous decomposition of calcareous rock. The common growth of trees on the island are the sugar-maple, beech, birch, white and yellow pine, white and red spruce, balsam fir, white cedar, iron wood, and the poplar ; the trees now seen are the second and third growth. On the northwestern part of Mr. Dousman's farm, a few of the old patriarchs of the forest are still standing." CHAPTER VI. lake Superior — Scenery— -Transparency of its waters — Cli mate — Isle Royale — Apostles' Islands — La Point — Thunder Cape — Cariboo Point — A wonderful lake — Romantic scenery — Pictured Rocks — Rock Castle — The Grand Portal — The Cha pel — Fluctuations in the waters of Lake Superior — Curious phenomena — Retrocession of the waters — Mirage — Iron mountains and mines — Description of — Products — Shipments — Copper — Immense boulders — Produce of the mines for 1857 — Shipment of copper from the Lake for 1858 — Centre of the mining country — Iron Mountains — Copper mines of Great Britain— Coal — Mackinaw, a great manufacturing point — Key to the Upper Lakes — Commerce of Lakes — Growth of cities. Lake Superior, though it possesses not all the vastness of the ocean, is yet equal in sublimity. In gazing upon its surface, whether spread out like a vast mirror reflecting the varying tints of the sky, or ruffled by gently curling waves, or lashed into fury by the tempest, one is impressed with the idea of the Infinite. It is known to be the largest body of fresh water on the globe, being nearly four hun dred miles long from east to west, and one hundred (105) 106 Old Mackinaw. and thirty wide. It is the grand reservoir from whence proceed the waters of Michigan, Huron, and Erie. It gives birth to Niagara, the wonder of the world, fills the basin of Ontario, and rolls a mighty flood down the St. Lawrence to the Atlantic. This lake lies in the bosom of a mountainous re gion, where the Indian yet reigns and roams in his wonted freedom. Except an occasional picketed fort or trading house, it is yet a perfect wilderness. The entire country is rocky and covered with a stunted growth of ^vegetation such as is usual in high latitudes. The waters of this lake are mar- velously clear, and, even at midsummer, are exceed ingly cold. Mr. Charles Lanman, who has written a most admirable book, entitled "Summer in the Wil derness," says, "In passing along its rocky shores, in my frail canoe, I have often been alarmed at the sight of a sunken boulder, which I fancied must be near the top, and on further investigation have found myself to be upward of twenty feet from the danger of a concussion. I have frequently lowered a white rag to the depth of one hundred feet and been able to discern its every fold or stain. The color of the water near the shore is a deep green ; but off soundings it has all the dark blue of the ocean." Old Mackinaw. 107 Speaking of the climate, he says: "In midsum mer it is beyond compare, the air is soft and bracing at the same time. A healthier region does not exist on the earth, an assertion corroborated by the fact, that the inhabitants usually live to an advanced age, notwithstanding the many hardships. The common diseases of mankind are here comparatively unknown, and I have never seen an individual whose breast did not swell with a new emotion of delight as he inhaled the air of this northern wilderness." The largest island in Lake Superior is Isle Roy ale. It is forty miles in length and from six to ten miles in width. Its hills reach an altitude of four hun dred feet. During the winter season it is entirely uninhabited, but in the summer it is frequently visited, particularly by copper speculators. Near the western extremity of the lake are the Apostles' Islands, which, are detachments of a peninsula run ning out in the same direction with Keweenaw, which is known as La Point. The group consist of three islands, which rise like gems from the water. There is a dreamy summer about them which make them enticing as the Hesperides of the ancients. The two most prominent peninsulas are Thunder Cape and Cariboo Point. Thunder Cape is about fourteen hundred feet high. It looms up against the io8 Old Mackinaw. sky in grandeur, and is a most romantic spot. Ca riboo Point is less lofty and. grand in its appearance, but is celebrated for its unknown hieroglyphics painted upon its summits by a race which has long since passed away. In the vicinity of the bluff are found the most beautiful agates in the world. In the northeastern part of the lake is an island situated about twenty miles from the Canadian shore, which has a wonderful lake in its centre, about one mile in length. It is as beautiful as it is wonderful. It is imbosomed in the fastnesses of perpendicular cliffs, which rise to a height of seven hundred feet. It has but one outlet and is impass able even to a canoe. At the opening of this nar row chasm stands a column of solid rock which has a base of about one hundred feet in diameter. The column rises, gradually tapering until it reaches a height of eight hundred feet. A solitary pine sur mounts the summit, of this wonderful column. There it stands like the sentinel of this calm, deep lake, whose silence and solitude are rarely ever broken, and whose, tranquil bosom has never been ruffled by the slightest breeze. The scenery on the shores of Lake Superior is in some places of the most romantic character. About one hundred miles west of Saut St. Mary, a range THE CASTLES. Old Mackinaw. 109 of cliffs are to be seen, what has been called the " Pic tured Bocks." They are a series of sandstone bluffs extending along the shore of the lake for about five miles, and rising, in most places vertically from the water, from fifty to two hundred feet in height. These towering cliffs have been worn away by the action of the lake, which for centuries has dashed an ocean-like surf against their base. The surface of these rocks has been, in large portions, strangely colored by bands of brilliant hues, which present to the eye of the voyager a singularly pleasing appear ance. One of these cliffs resembles so much the turreted entrance and arched portal of some old feu dal castle that it has been called "Bock Castle." Beyond this is another architectural curiosity, deno minated "The Grand Portal," which consists of an arched opening in the rocks. The cliff is composed of a vast mass, of a rectilinear shape, projecting out into the lake six hundred feet, and presenting a front of three hundred feet, and rising to a height of two hundred feet. An entrance has been excavated from one side to the other, opening out into large vaulted passages which communicate with the great dome, some three hundred feet from the front of the cliff. The Grand Portal, which opens out on the lake, isi of magnificent dimensions, being one hundred feet 10 no Old Mackinaw. high, and one hundred and sixty-eight feet wide at the water level. The distance from the verge of the cliff, over the arch to the water, is one hun dred and thirty-three feet, leaving three feet for the thickness of the rock above the arch itself. The ex treme height of the cliff is about fifty feet more, making in all one hundred and eighty-three feet. It is impossible, adequately, to describe this wonderful scene. The vast dimensions of the cavern, the vaulted passages, the rare combination of colors, the varied effects of the light as it streams through the great arch and falls on the different objects; the deep, emerald green of the water, the unvarying swell of the lake, keeping up a succession of musi cal echoes ; the reverberation of one's voice coming back with startling effect, must all be seen and heard to be fully appreciated. Not far from this point is " The chapel" of the voy agers which nature has cut out of the cliff thirty or forty feet above the lake. The interior consists of a spacious vaulted apartment. An arched roof from ten to twenty feet in thickness rests on four gigantic columns of rock. These columns consist of finelv stratified rock, and have been worn into curious shapes. At the base of one of these pillars an arched cavity or niche has been cut, access to which Old Mackinaw. ill is had by a flight of steps formed by the project ing strata. The arrangement of the whole resembles very much the pulpit of a church, while the arched canopy in front, opening out to the voluted interior, with a flat tabular mass rising to a convenient height for a desk, and an isolated block resembling an altar, all fashioned as appropriately as if formed by the hand of man, constantly impresses one that he is within the walls of a church. In the Geological Beport, made by Foster and Whitney, to Congress, we find the following remark : " It is a matter of surprise, that so far as we know, none of our artists, have visited this region, and given to the world representations of scenery, so striking and so different from any which can be found elsewhere. We can hardly conceive of any thing more worthy of the artist's pencil, and if the tide of pleasure-travel should once be turned in this direction, it seems not unreasonable to suppose, that a fashionable hotel may yet be built under the shade of the pine groves near the chapel, and a trip thither become as common as one to Niagara now is." Beyond the grand portal, the rock, being less exposed to the force of the waves, bears fewer marks of their destructive action. The entrance to Chapel 112 Old Mackinaw. river is at the most easterly extremity of a sandy beach, which extends for a quarter of a mile, and affords a convenient landing place, while the drift terrace elevated about thirty feet above the level of the lake, being an open pine plain, affords ex1 cellent camping ground, and is the most central and convenient spot for the traveler to pitch his tent, while he examines the most interesting localities in the series which occur in the vicinity, particularly the Castle and the Chapel. One who had resided upon the shores of Lake Superior for several summers says, " Our attention has been directed to the fluctuations in the level of its waters, and while we have failed to detect any ebb and flow corresponding with the tidal action, we have on the other hand noticed certain extraordi nary swells, which appear to be independent of the action of the sun and moon." The Jesuit Fathers in 1670-1, had their attention called to these extraordi nary swells. In their " Relations," they say, " We found at one time the motion of the waters to be re gular and at others extremely fluctuating. We have noticed however, that at full moon and new moon, the tides change once a day for eight or ten days, while during the remainder of the time there is hardly any change perceptible. The currents set Old Mackinaw. 113 almost invariably in one direction, namely toward Lake Michigan, and they almost invariably set against the wind, sometimes with great force." Mackenzie who wrote in 1789, relates a very curious phenomenon, which occurred at Grand Port age, on Lake Superior, and for which no obvious cause could be assigned. He says, "the water with drew, leaving the ground dry, which had never be fore been visible, the fall being equal to four per pendicular feet, and rushing back with great velo city' above the common mark. It continued thus" rising and falling for several hours, gradually increa sing until it stopped at its usual height." Professor Mather, who observed the barometer at Copper Harbor during the prevalence of one of these fluctuations, remarks, "As a general thing, fluctuations in the barometer accompanied the fluc tuations in the level of the water, but sometimes the water level varied rapidly in the harbor, while no such variations occurred in the barometer at the place of observation. The variations in the level of the water may be caused by varied barometric pres sure of the air on the water, either at the place of observation or at some distant points. A local in creased pressure of the atmosphere at the place of observation would lower the water level, where 10* 114 Old Mackinaw. there is a wide expanse of water ; or a diminished pressure, under the same circumstances, would cause the water to rise above its usual level." In the summer of 1834, according to the report of Foster and Whitney, made to Congress, in 1850, an extraordinary retrocession of the waters took place at Saut St. Mary. The river here is nearly a mile in width, and the depth of the water over the sandstone rapids is about two and a half feet. The phenomenon occurred at noon. The day was calm but cloudy ; the water retired suddenly, leaving the bed of the river bare, except for the distance of about twenty rods where the channel is deepest, and remained so for the space of an hour. Persons went out and caught fish in the pools formed in the rocky cavities. The return of the waters was sudden and presented a sublime spectacle. They came down like an immense surge, roaring and foaming, and those who had incautiously wandered into the river bed, had barely time to escape being overwhelmed. A similar event occurred in 1842, when the current set back from the rapids, and the water rose upward of two feet above the usual mark. In 1845, Foster and Whitney, while coasting in an open boat between Copper Harbor and Eagle River, observed the water rise up, at a distance of a Old Mackinaw. "5 fourth of a mile to the northwest, to the height of twenty feet. It curled over like an immense surge, crested with foam and swept toward the shore. It was succeeded by two or three swells of less mag nitude, when the lake- resumed its former tranquillity. At the same time the mirage was beautifully dis played, and imaginary islands were seen along the horizon. In 1849, they witnessed at Rock Harbor, ..Isle Royale, the ebbing and flowing of the water, recurring at intervals of fifteen or twenty minutes, during the entire afternoon. The difference between the temperature of the air and the lake, gives rise to a variety of optical illu sions known as mirage. Mountains are seen with inverted cones, headlands project from the shore where none exist. Islands clothed with verdure or girt with cliffs rise up from the bosom of the lake. On approaching Keweenaw Point, Mount Houghton, is the first object to greet the eye of the mariner. In peculiar stages of the atmosphere, its summit is seen inverted in the sky long before the mountain it self is visible. On the north shore the Paps, two ele vated mountains near the entrance of Neepigon Bay, at one time appear like hour glasses, and at another like craters, emitting long columns of smoke, which gradually settles around their cones. 116 Old Mackinaw. The mines and minerals of the northwest consti tute the most striking feature of the country, and at the present time one of the great sources of its wealth. The centre of the mining country is called the Supe rior country, or the northern peninsula of Michigan, but there is no reason to believe it is confined to this region. Coal and iron, the most valuable of all mine rals are found in various places in the northwest. The principal and most valuable minerals found west, of Mackinaw, are iron, copper, and lead. A gene ral view of the mineral region may be found in Owen's Geological Survey of Iowa, Wisconsin, Min nesota, and Superior. Great beds of iron are found in ridges or cliffs, some of which rise up to an im: mense height. Some of these ore-beds of Lake Super ior are fifteen feet in thickness, and one of them con tains iron enough to supply the world for ages. Above them are immense forests, suitable for char coal. The discovery of the iron mountains and mines of Lake Superior was made in 1846, but they were not fully developed until the year 1855, when the ship canal at Saut St. Mary was completed. The mines are from three to sixteen miles from Mar quette, a thriving village of upward of one thousand inhabitants, overlooking the lake, about one hundred Old Mackinaw. 117 and forty miles above the Saut. The mine nearest the lake is about two and a half miles distant from Marquette, and bears the name of Eureka. The ore is said to be of surpassing richness, and yields an iron of the best quality, adapted to cutlery. The Jack son iron mountain, and the Cleveland iron moun tain, are fourteen and sixteen miles distant. They send to Marquette an aggregate of one thousand tons per week. These mountains rise gradually to the height of six or seven hundred feet, and are a solid mass of iron ore, yielding from 50 to 60 per cent, of the best iron. The New England iron mountain is two and a half miles beyond the Cleveland moun tain, and abounds with ore of equal richness. A mile or two further is the Burt mountain, and the same may be said of this, both as it regards quantity and quality, as of the others. A railroad has been constructed from Marquette to the iron regions, and immense quantities of ore and iron are transported over it daily. All the hills and mountains surrounding Lake Superior, abound in valuable minerals of which cop per is the most abundant. It exists in every variety of form. According to the opinion of the lamented Houghton, this region contains the most extensive copper mines in the known world. The native cop- 118 Old Mackinaw. per boulder discovered by the traveler Henry in the bed of the Ontonagon river, and now in Wash ington, originally weighed thirty-eight hundred pounds. A copper mass of the same material, found near Copper Harbor, weighed twelve hundred pounds. At Copper Falls, there is a vein of solid ore which measures nine feet in depth, and seven and a half inches in thickness. At Eagle river a boulder was found weighing seventeen hundred pounds. The number of mining companies in opera tion on the American shore is upward of a hundred; The Minnesota mine, fifteen miles from Ontonagon, during the year ending January 1, 1857, produced 3,718,403 pounds of copper. The Cliff mine during the year, produced 3,291,229 pounds of copper. The Portage Lake District, including Isle Boy ale, Por tage, Huron, Quincy and Pewabic shipped 539 tons of copper in 1857. The Lake Superior miners estimate the total ship ment of copper mineral from the lake during the year 1858, at 6,008 tons, of an average purity of 67 per cent — making the product of ingot copper about 4,000 tons, worth in the market at present $1,840,000. Estimating the population of the copper region at 6,500 persons, this gives an annual product of about $280 for each man, woman and child. -The ship- Old Mackinaw. ng ments were as follows: From Keweenaw Point 2,180 tons: from Portage Lake 1,152 tons; from Ontonagon District 2,676 tons ; total 6,008 tons./ The extent and importance of the copper mines of Superior, in relation to the general trade in that metal, may be estimated by the following account of the amount of pure copper produced in other parts of the world. The United Kingdom of Great Bri- tian 14,465 tons, Norway 7,200 tons, Russia 4,000, Mexico 500, Hesse Cassel 500, Hartz Mountains 212, Sweden 2,000, Hungary 2,000, East Germany 443 ; making a total, out of America, of 30,820 tons. The single District of Ontonagon can produce as much copper as the entire Kingdom of Great Britain. The copper mines of the United States, are doing their part as effectually in adding to the solid wealth of the country, as the gold mines of California, or the silver mines of the Arizonia. The copper mining countries are another illustration of the principle upon which success is based, namely, that concen trated talent, effort and capital are necessary to a development of the resources of a country. When we look into the manufacture of this arti cle, we shall find a new element in the future growth of towns to arise in this region. At present, a large portion of this copper is shipped abroad to be smelted. 120 Old Mackinaw. But is there not every reason, as well of economy as of material, for carrying on smelting, and all other manufacturing processes, at the point of production ? The cost of transporting the raw material is greater than that of carrying the manufactured product. But when all the elements of successful manufactur ing exist where the raw material is found, then the. economy of the process is doubled. Of metals, of navigation, of food, we have shown there is an inex haustible supply. But there is also coal near enough to supply the last and only material which might be supposed wanting. Coal is found in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, in abundance and of good quality. This coal is found at Jackson and at Lan sing. This was a matter of so much importance that Prof. Douglas, of the State University, pro ceeded immediately to analyze it. The following are the principal results of his analysis. It was made chiefly in reference to the manufacture of gas : — " The-coal was of the bituminous variety, having a jet black color and slaty structure. It was readily ignited, burning with a dull flame and smoke, the fragments comminuting more or less by the heat. It had a specific gravity of about 1.25. 100 parts gave violatile matter 50.780, sulphur Old Mackinaw. 121 4.028, iron 4.400, ash 8.400, carbon (not volatilized) 41.600. The value of coal for the manufacture of gas is usually estimated by the amount of volatile matter it yields' at a full red-heat." Of ten samples of English coal, this had more volatile matter than six. Of American coals, it had more of the burning principle than any, except one. The quality of this coal is unquestionably good, and its distance from Mackinaw is no objection, since ac cess can be obtained both by water and railroad. Both the coal and iron used in the manufactures of Cincinnati are brought from places distant from one hundred to five hundred miles; and yet scarcely any place in America has prospered more by manu factures than the Queen of the West. Mackinaw has more than the advantages of Cincinnati for ma nufactures. It not only has iron and coal, but cop per and lead, near enough for all the purposes of successful manufacture. Favorable indications of coal exist within fifty miles south of the Straits, and indications also exist of lead. When we consider these facts, and the vast extent of country, of inland oceans, and of streams around it, why should not Mackinaw be a point of concentration for manufac tures, as well as of distribution for commerce ? 11 122 Old Mackinaw. Mackinaw is centrally situated in the mineral re gion, and with coal and hard wood for charcoal in perpetual abundance, and the cheapest possible mode of transportation, will become a great manufacturing point, and be able to manufacture innumerable ar ticles, which are now made in Europe, and which our people have been compelled to import for use, simply because the material hitherto employed has been of a quality unsuitable for such purposes. Be sides the healthful and bracing temperature of this locality, when compared with Ohio and Pennsyl vania, whose summers are found to be exceedingly enervating, especially to those employed in the manufacture of iron, affords advantages, and offers inducements which cannot be overlooked, since in the physical strength and comfort of the workmen, is involved the all-important question of economy. If it should be asked, is the site such that a great city can be built upon it, without imperial wealth, like to that of St. Petersburg, or with the artificial foundations like to those of Chicago, or bankrupting successive companies like Cairo on the Ohio,— the answer is at hand and decisive. At Mackinaw there are no marshes to fill up or drain, no tide sands, no flood- washed banks, no narrow and isolated rocks or ridges, to intercept the progress of commercial Old Mackinaw. 123 growth and activity. On the contrary, the lake rises under the heaviest rains but little, and breaks its waves on a dry shore rising gradually far above its level. There is no better natural site for the foundation of a city in the world, nor one possessing more inviting or beautiful surroundings, and when we consider its available resources, it is evident that nothing can prevent its rise and progress. The straits are so completely the key of the Upper Lakes, Mackinaw must, as in the days of the fur trade, un lock the vast treasures of the entire northwest. The shore of Lake Superior, being but about fifty miles north of Mackinaw and dependent on a canal navigation, annually navigable sixty days less than the straits, on account of ice, to say nothing of break age, it is perfectly obvious that there can be no com peting city further north. The following from the Toledo Blade shows the immense importance of this point as a key position : " The immense commerce of the lakes, the growth of which has been unparalleled by anything in the the history of the world, and the vast mineral, timber and agricultural resources of their shores, which are even now, only beginning to attract attention, may well awaken a desire on the part of enterprise to get possession of the key position which is to command 124 01d Mackinaw. and unlock the future treasures of this vast empire. Already, six important commercial cities, with an ag gregate population of about 350,000 inhabitants, have sprung up on these island waters, and are the most flourishing of any away from the Atlantic coast. Others are struggling into notoriety on the borders of Lake Superior, and must, at no very distant time, become important and active places of business. But the place of all others, where we would expect a city to spring up and grow rapidly into importance, is still undeveloped. " The Straits of Mackinaw, four and a half miles wide, make the only natural ferry communication between the great peninsula, enclosed by the lakes and the rich mineral region lying on the southern bor der of Lake Superior ; and must, hence, be the ter minus of all the great railroad lines that traverse Michigan longitudinally and compete for the trade north of the straits, now rapidly growing up into im portance. It must therefore be the point of radiation, eastward, through Canada; westward through the mineral region ; and southward, through Michigan. Canada has already made grants of land for several important roads which must ultimately reach the straits ; and lines are also provided for by govern ment grants, from the straits through the Northern Peninsula, and from the straits southward to Fort Old Mackinaw. 125 Wayne by the way of Grand Rapids, and to Toledo, through Lansing. The culminating point being thus settled for several roads, all others will naturally centre at the same crossing, even if the coast line had not made such a thing inevitable. " The point which projects northward into the lake, from the Michigan Peninsula, to form this strait, is admirably located for a great city. It is the site of old Fort Mackinaw, and in health and commercial position, can have no rival in those southern waters. This point has been selected by a company of capi talists, on which to plant the commercial city of the north ; the Venice of the Lakes, foreshadowed in the extract which we have placed at the head of the arti cle. This new city is to bear the name of the an cient fort and strait, and to be called Mackinaw. It will hold the key of all the northern lakes ; and should its growth be marked by energy and enter prise, will command the trade of the greatest mining region in the world ; be the chief depot of the north ern fisheries ; the outlet of an immense lumber trade ; and the focus of a great network of railways, communicating with tropics on the south, and stretch ing out its iron arms, at no distant day, to the Atlantic on the east, and Pacific on the west. The proposed city will have the advantage of the 11* 126 Old Mackinaw. most salubrious climate to be found in the temperate zone, and will be the resort of those seeking health, as well as those seeking wealth. It has a northern position, being on the same parallel as Montreal; but the winters are equable, and the summers though short, are mild and pleasant, being modi fied by the great body of water which stretches out on every side, except at the south. As a manu facturing point it may well command universal at tention. The Lake Superior iron is known to be the best in the world, and coal and wood are at hand in the greatest abundance; while communication by water is so wide as to leave nothing to desire on that head. It should be as famous for smelting as Swan sea, in England, for it must have unbounded supplies of iron and copper ore. " But we have no space to speak of its commercial position. It must be seen at a glance that, as all the produce which flows through Chicago, Milwaukee, and the great West must sweep by on its way to the East, and all the goods and merchandise of the East, must be borne by its wharves on their way to the West, that it cannot fail to be a point which must spring at once into importance. The government, too, must have a fort, a light-house, and custom house there, which with the fisheries, must supply a large profitable business to its earlier population." CHAPTEB VII. Lake Huron — Eastern shore of Michigan — Face of the country — Picturesque view — Rivers — Grand — Saginaw — Cheboy-e- gun — Natural scenery — Fort Gratiot— White Rock — Saginaw Bay— Thunder Bay— Bois Blanc Island— Drummond's Island — British Troops — St. Helena Island — Iroquois Woman's Point— Point La Barbe — Point aux Sable — Point St. Vital- Wreck of the Queen City — St. Martin's Island — Fox Point — Moneto pa-maw — Mille au Coquin — Great fishing places — Cross Village — Catholic Convent. Lake Hurox, which, with Lake Erie and St. Clair, washes the eastern boundary of the. southern peninsula of Michigan, is two hundred and fifty miles long and its average width is about one hun dred miles. Its depth is about eight hundred feet. The southeastern shore of Michigan presents a level surface covered with a dense forest, at points meet ing the edge of the bank. The trees of this heavily- timbered land, with their massive shafts standing close together, " cast a gloomy grandeur over the scene, and when stripped of their foliage appear like (127) 128 Old Mackinaw. the black colonnade of a sylvan temple." In advanc ing into the interior, a picturesque and rolling coun try opens to view, covered with oak-openings or groves of white oak thinly scattered over the ground, having the appearance of stately parks. The appear ance of the surface of the country is as if it was covered with mounds, arranged without order, some times rising from thirty to two hundred feet in height, producing a delightful alternation of hill and dale, which is sometimes varied by a rich prairie or burr-oak grove. The principal rivers of the State are the Grand, St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, the Raisin, the Clinton, the Huron, and the Rouge. The Grand is two hundred and seventy miles in length, and has a free naviga tion for steamboats which ply regularly between Lake Michigan and Grand Rapids, a distance of forty miles. The Saginaw empties into Lake Huron and is navigable for sixty miles. These, with the others we have named, interlock their branches run ning through different parts of southern Michigan, and while they beautify the landscape they afford water-power and fertilize the soil. The river Cheboy-e-gun is the largest stream in the northern portion of the lower peninsula and empties into the Straits of Mackinaw opposite Bois Old Mackinaw. 1 2g Blanc Island. At its mouth is a village containing two steam saw mills and one water saw mill. A light-house stands a mile or two east from this point. Brook-trout, bass, pike, pickerel, and perch, are caught at the entrance of the river. In the fall and spring numerous water-fowl resort to the upper forks of the river and to the small lakes forming its sources. These lakes also abound with a great variety of fish, which can be taken by spearing. The natural scenery of Michigan is imposing. The extensive tracts of dense forests, clothed with the richest verdure, fresh as when it first came from the hands of the Creator ; the prairies and lakes which abound, the wide parks, whose soil is entirely cov ered for miles with large and rich flowers, present a striking and agreeable contrast. The beech and black walnut, the elm, the maple, the hickory, and the oaks of different species and large size, the lind and the bass-wood, and various other kinds of forest trees, plainly indicate the fertility of the soil from whence they spring. Grape vines often hang from the branches a foot in circumference, clustering around their trunks, or thickening the undergrowth along the banks of rivers; and, while the glades open to the sun like cultivated grounds, the more thickly-timbered forests, shut out from the sky by 130 Old Mackinaw. the mass of vegetation, present in summer a gloomy twilight. In traveling along the main roads of Michigan, splendid tracts of park-like lawns sweep along the path for miles covered with flowers, broken by prairies, thick forests, and lakes. Fort Gratiot stands at the foot of Lake Huron and commands the entrance to the upper lakes. Ad vancing along the western shore of this lake the voyager sees a long, alluvial bank covered with a forest of pine, poplar, beech, and hemlock. On advancing further the banks become more ele vated until they rise to forty feet in height. About fifty miles from Fort Gratiot, a large rock rises to the surface of the lake, a mile or so from the shore, which is called the " White Bock." From the ear liest period this rock has been regarded as an altar or a landmark. It was to the early voyagers a bea con to guide them in their course ; but to the In dians it was a place of oblation, where they offered sacrifices to the spirits of the lakes. Saginaw Bay is a large indentation of the shore line like to that of Green Bay in Lake Michigan, but not so large. Near its centre are a number of small islands. Twenty miles from its mouth stands the thriving town of Saginaw. From the north- Old Mackinaw. 131 westerly cape of Saginaw Bay to Flat Rock Point, the shore of Lake Huron presents a bank of alluvial soil, with a margin of sand along its border inter sected with frequent masses of limestone rock, in some places ground to fragments by the surging of the waves. Thunder Bay is also another indentation made by the Lake. It was thus called from the impres sion that at this point the air was more than ordina rily charged with electricity. Bois Blanc Island, at the head of Lake Huron, stretches in the form of a crescent between the Island of Mackinac and the lower peninsula of Mi chigan. It is from ten to twelve miles in length by three or four in breadth. The lower part of this island is sandy, but the larger portion of it is covered with a fertile soil bearing a forest of elm, maple,- oak, ash, white-wood and beech. It has been surveyed and a government light-house stands on its eastern point. In the northern part of Lake Michigan are located Beaver Islands. There are five or six of this group bearing different names. Big Beaver is the most considerable, and contains perhaps forty square miles. These islands all lie in the vicinity of each other, and within a few miles northwest of Grand 132 Old Mackinaw. and Little Traverse Bays in Lake Michigan. The Big Beaver was, up to July, 1856, in possession of the Mormons, who claimed it as a gift from the: Lord. Another interesting locality is Drummond's Island, between the Detour and the False Detour. It was taken possession of by the British troops when they surrendered Fort Mackinaw in 1814. On this island they built a fort and formed quite a settlement. Upon an examination of the boundary line between the United States and Great Britain, it was ascer tained that this island was within the jurisdiction of the former, and it was accordingly evacuated by the British in 1828. The British subjects living on the island followed the troops, and the place was soon deserted and became a desolation. St. Helena Island is a small island near the Straits of Mackinaw, not far from the shore of the northern peninsula, containing a few acres over a section of land. It is a great fishing station, and enjoys a good harbor protected from westerly winds. Its owner, who has exiled himself a la Na poleon, spends his time in fishing, and other pursuits adapted to his mind. In addition to the numerous islands constituting the surroundings of Mackinaw there are a number Old Mackinaw. 133 of interesting localities denominated " Points, that we must not omit to mention. The first, because the most important, and one which is connected with many historic associations which we shall direct attention to, is the " Iroquois Woman's Point," the Indian name for Point St. Ignatius on the opposite side of the straits from Mackinaw, distant between three and four miles, about the same as from the Battery at New York to Staten Island. The origi nal inhabitants with their descendants have long since passed away. Its present occupants are prin cipally Canadians. It has a Catholic chapel. Point La Barbe, opposite to Green Island Shoals and Mackinaw, is a projection of the upper penin sula into the straits. It is four miles distant from Gross Cape, and derives its name from a custom which prevailed among the Indian traders in olden time on their annual return to Mackinaw of stop ping here and putting on their best apparel before making their appearance among the people of that place. About half way between Mackinaw and Cheboy- e-gun, a projection from the lower peninsula into the straits, is Point aux Sable. Point St. Vital is a cape projecting into Lake Huron from the south eastern extremity of the upper peninsula. There is 12 134 Old Mackinaw. a reef of rocks off this point where the steamer Queen City was wrecked. On a clear day this point may be seen from Fort Holmes, and it presents an enchanting view. The St. Martin's Islands are also in full view from this point. In the southwestern part of the straits, about twenty miles distant from Mackinaw, is Fox Point. A light-house has been erected on a shoal extending out two miles into the lake. Moneto-pa-maw is a high bluff still further west, on the shore of Michi gan, where there are fine fisheries, and is a place of con siderable resort. Further west, near the mouth of the Mille au Coquin river which empties into Michi gan, there are also excellent fisheries, and to those who are fond of this kind of sport apart from the profit connected with it, there is no place in the world possessing half the attractions as Mackinaw and its surroundings, while the " Mackinaw trout," with the "Mackinaw boat" and the "Mackinaw blanket," are famous over the world. Between Little Traverse and Mackinaw is the vii-: lage of Cross, or La Crosse. The following interest ing account of a visit to that place is taken from the Mackinaw Herald in 1859 : " The name of this village — ' Cross,' recalls to one's mind, some reminiscences connected with the early Old Mackinaw. 135 history of the Indian Missions. Suffice it to observe, that it derives its name from the circumstance of a large cross having stood for many years on the brow of the hill, on which the present Indian village stands, planted there by some of the followers of James Marquette, during their explorations and missions in this part of the country. The old cross was of oak, and was still standing about forty-five years ago. Recently it has been replaced by another. An old Indian, called The Short-Arm, over whose head some eighty winters had passed, was still living in 1836, and who, when a little boy, recollected to have seen the last Missionary of this place. ' I am old, my children,' said the aged Missionary, ' and I wish to die among my own people — I must leave you.' He left ; and in the course of time the Arbre-Croche Indians relapsed into Paganism. They continued in this state until a young Christian Ottawa, named Aw-taw-weesh, who had just returned from among the Catholic Algonquins in Canada, appeared among them and taught religion. He became also, in some respects, what Cadmus was of old, or Guess among the Cherokees — the first teacher of letters, among his people. As writing paper was then scarce, at least among the Indians, he taught them to write on birch bark, with sharpened sticks, instead of pens. 136 Old Mackinaw. This man is still living. He is now old,- poor, al most entirely blind ; and although having been a real benefactor to his people, he may go down to his grave, unpitied, and unknown. "But awakened by his teachings, the Indians after ward called loudly on Missionaries to come among them, and they have had them during the past thirty or forty years. " At this day two Catholic Clergymen and a Con vent of four Brothers and twelve Sisters — being a religious community, of the Third Order of St. Francis — are stationed at this place. But, to return : As rough voyaging generally gives keen appetite, so the party did ample justice to the eatables, which had been prepared by the Indians. Perhaps some reader at a distance might suppose this supper to have been taken in a wigwam; with the fire-place in the centre, a hole above for the escape of smoke ; and the party squatting down upon the ground, with legs crossed in tailor fashion, around a single dish : no, no ; but it was prepared in a good, substantial house ; on a table with a table-cloth, with crockery, dishes, tea-cups and saucers, and knives and forks, such as are used by common white folks. Then there stood the waiters, ready to assist the double- handed manipulations going on at the table. At a convenient hour, the party separated for the night; Old Mackinaw. 137 the agent was put in possession of the clergyman's house, then temporarily absent on a mission, by the Rev. Mr. Weikamp, the Superior of the Convent. • " The next day, after the forenoon services of the church at the village, the agent and party, according to previous invitation, went to the Convent for dinner. Arrived there, they were introduced first into a log cabin, situated at some distance in the rear of the convent, occupied by the four Brothers, be longing to the order, and the Bev. Superior. He occupies a single room, in real new-settler style. This is his sitting-room, library, study and bed -room. He has traveled in Europe, and some parts of Asia ; he has various objects of curiosity ; and among these is a silver coin of about the size and value of a Mexi can quarter of a dollar, which he brought with him from Jerusalem. This piece of money is said to be one of the kind of which Judas received thirty pieces, from the chief priests and magistrates, the price for which he sold his Divine Master. Another thing, is a Turkish pipe, with its long, pliable stem, with which the lover of the ' weed' could regale himself without being annoyed by the smoke, as usual ; for the pipe, which is made somewhat in the shape and of the size of a small decanter and half-filled with water is so arranged that while the wet tobacco :.- 12* 138 Old Mackinaw. burning in the cup on the top, the smoke, during suction at the stem, descends through a tube into the water, and none of it escapes visibly, into the open air. The Rev. Mr. Weikamp, the Superior, is a German, and speaks English fluently. He is in the prime of life, and is full of energy and persever ance. He is not one of those who, from the fact of be longing to a religious order, may be supposed to be gloomy, with head bowed down, not hardly daring to cast his eyes up into the beautiful light of the heavens; but he converses with freedom, ease and assurance ; and he relishes a joke as well as any man, when it comes a propos. A fanciful peculiarity, though nothing strange in it, attends his steps wher ever he goes, in the shape of a small black dog called "Finnie," with a string of small horse-bells round his neck. "Finnie" has two black, watery and glistening spots in his head for eyes, which seem ready to shoot out from their sockets, especially when spoken to. When told in German, to speak, 'Finnie' begins to tremble — he shakes his head — jingles his bells; and utters a kind of guttural snuff ling, and half-suppressed growl or bark. But, as we are not acquainted with the German language, we cannot say, that " Finnie" pronounces it well ! "Dinner being announced at the convent, the party Old Mackinaw. I3g went over with the Superior to partake of it. Every thing about the table was scrupulously neat — an abundance of the substantials of good living had been prepared by the Sisters. Some time after dinner the vesper bell rang at the convent ; and by special permission, the party were shown into the choir usually occupied by the Brothers alone during the services of the church. This was on one side of the altar ; and on the other, was a similar choir for the sisters. In the body of the church, the Indians or others are admitted. For a few moments after entering, all was silence ; — but the priest having in toned the vespers, the sweet tones of a large melo- deon suddenly swelled through the sanctuary, ming ling with the voices of the sisters. This for a time had a singular effect. To hear music in these wild woods, far away from civilized society where instru mental music forms part of the ordinary pleasures and amenities of life, served to recall to one's memory other days and other climes. After vespers, the Superior of the convent conducted the party through the building to view it. The dimensions are : 160 feet long, 80 wide, and 28 feet high. There are two court yards, each 40 by 40 feet, and the church also 40 by 40, placed between them. When finished, this building will contain 108 bedrooms, a large school- 140 Old Mackinaw. room, carpenter and blacksmith shops, dining-rooms, kitchen, store-rooms, halls, corridors, &c. It will be separated into two parts ; one to be occupied exclu sively by the Sisters, and the other by the Brothers. At the time of this visit, there were some cultivated flowers yet in bloom in the court-yard. So much for the material building : and now a hasty sketch of this religious order may not be unacceptable to some of our readers. " This religious community, is the Third Order of St. Francis, of Assisi, instituted in Europe by this saint in 1221. It was established for persons mar ried or single living in the world, united by certain pious exercises, compatible with a secular state. It soon spread over all Europe, and even kings and queens on their thrones vied with the poorest pea sants in eagerly entering this order, to share the labors of the mission within its sphere, and to parti cipate in its spiritual benefits. Among the persons of this order, who were expelled from their cloister homes during the revolution which agitated Europe in 1848, was Sister Teresa Hackelmayer. This nun, at the proposal of a missionary father in America, and by permission of her Superior, came to New York in the winter of 1851, to establish a com munity of her order in that State. But meeting Old Mackinaw. 141 with disappointment there, she finally established a convent at Oldenburg, in the State of Indiana. In 1851, a second convent of this order was founded at Nojoshing, four miles from Milwaukee, on Lake Michigan. In 1853, the Rev. J. B. Weikamp founded, in West Chicago, the third convent of this order, and also formed a community of Brothers ; — and in October 1855, with the understanding of Bishop Baraga, then Vicar Apostolic of Upper Michi gan, he transferred those two communities to. ' Cross Village' — his present location. The company having ranged through the building, as observed, took a walk outside. From the south side of the convent, a broad walk is laid out reaching to an inclosure of some forty feet square, at the dis tance of about fifteen rods. Another and narrower walk through the centre of this inclosure leads to a small square building, on the opposite side, having a four-sided roof meeting in a point, and surmounted by a cross. On entering this building, a lounge or settee, stands in front, and on the wall above it, hangs a piece of board or canvass, painted black, on which are human skulls of different sizes, each with two cross bones painted in white. A trap-door is raised from the floor, and a deep, spacious vault is opened to view : this is the place of burial for the Superior of 142 Old Mackinaw. the convent. On the outside, the spaces on either side of the little walk are intended to be the last resting- places of the brothers and sisters. It is a solemn thought to see men thus prepare deliberately for Death ! But as the party retraced their steps in such cheerful, good humor, loitering toward the convent, one might have supposed that the beautiful weather, the bright sunshine, and the bracing air had, for the time, scattered away all thoughts of death. Among the questions proposed to the Superior was, ' Whe ther at any time the brothers and sisters were al- ' lowed to have social, familiar intercourse with each other?' The Superior answered, in substance, that they were not ; nor even allowed to speak to each other, without permission of the Superior. 'Then according to your principle,' some one rejoined, ' the world would soon come to an end!' The remark raised a general laugh, in which the Superior him self joined heartily." CHAPTER VIII. Three epochs— The romantic— The military— The agricultural and commercial — An inviting region— Jesuit and Protestant missions — First Protestant mission — First missionary — Islands of Mackinac and Green Bay — La Pointe — Saut St. Mary — Presbyterians — Baptists — Methodists — Revival at Fort Brady — Ke-wee-naw— Fon du Lac — Shawnees — Potta- watimies — Eagle River— Ontonagon — Camp River — Iroquois Point — Saginaw Indians — Melancholy reflections — Number of Indians in the States and Territories. The history of this region, in the language of one, exhibits three distinct and strongly marked epochs. The first may be properly denominated the romantic, which extends to the year 1760, when its dominion passed from the hands of the French to the English. This was the period when the first beams of civiliza tion had scarcely penetrated its forests, and the pad dles of the French fur trader swept the lakes, and the boat songs of the voyageurs awakened the tribes on their wild and romantic shores. (143) 144 Old Mackinaw. The second epoch is the military, which com menced with the Pontaic war, running down through the successive struggles of the British, the Indians, and the Americans, to obtain dominion of the coun try, and ending with the victory of Commodore Perry, the defeat of Proctor, the victory of General Harrison and the death of Tecumseh, the leader of the Anglo- savage conspiracy on the banks of the Thames. The third may be denominated the enterprising, the hardy, the mechanical, and working period, com mencing with the opening of the country to emi grant settlers, the age of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, of harbors, cities, canals, and railroads, when the landscapes of the forest were meted out by the compass and chain of the surveyor, when its lakes and rivers were sounded, and their capacity, to turn the wheel of a mill or to float a ship, were demonstrated, thus opening up avenues of commerce and industry. Its wild and savage character has passed away, and given place to civilization, religion, and commerce, inviting the denizens of over-crowded cities to its broad lakes and beautiful rivers, its rich mines and fertile prairies, and promising a rapid and abundant remuneration for toil. We have alluded to the labors and sacrifices of the Jesuit missionaries in the early period of the Old Mackinaw. 145 history of the northwest, and it is right and proper that the labors of the Protestant missionaries, though of a much later period, should not be forgotten. The Jesuit fathers were not alone in sacrifice and toil in introducing the Gospel among the tribes of the northwest. The first Protestant missions estab lished in this region, as far as we have been able to learn, were those of the Presbyterian Church on the Island of Mackinac and at Green Bay. The first missionary who visited Mackinaw was the Bev. David Bacon, father of the Rev. Leonard Bacon, D. D., of New Haven. He was sent out by the Connecticut Missionary Society in 1800, and commenced his mission in Detroit, where, after re maining a year or two, he relinquished his field to a Moravian missionary, Rev. Mr. Denky, and visited the Indians on the Maumee. From this he returned to Detroit, and from thence went to Mackinac, where he remained until the missionary society was com pelled, from want of funds, to recall their mis sionary. The following interesting account was given by C. J. Walker, Esq., before the Historical Society of Detroit : " The Connecticut Missionary Society is, I believe, the oldest Missionary Association in America. It 13 146 Old Mackinaw. was organized in June, 1795, the General Associa tion of Connecticut, at its annual meeting that year, having organized itself into a society of that name. Its object was 'to Christianize the heathen in North America, and to support and promote Christian knowledge in the new settlements within the United States.' For some years its efforts were principally directed to sending missionaries ' to the new settle ments in Vermont, New York, and Pennsylvania,' and subsequently 'New Connecticut,' or the West ern Reserve of Ohio, became an important field of its operations. The trustees, in June, 1800, deter mined ' that a discreet man, animated by the love of God and souls, of a good common education, be sought for, to travel among the Indian tribes south and west of Lake Erie, to explore their situation and learn their feelings with respect to Christianity, and so far as he has opportunity to teach them its doctrines and duties.' A very sensible letter of ' Instructions' was adopted and a long message ' to the Indian tribes bordering on Lake Erie' prepared, showing very little knowledge of Indian mind and character. Mr. David Bacon presented himself as a candidate for this somewhat unpromising field of labor. His son says he was one of those men who are called visionary and enthusiasts by men of more Old Mackinaw. 147 prosaic and plodding temperament. He had not a liberal education, but was a man of eminent intellec tual powers and of intensely thoughtful habits, and beside a deep religious experience, he had endeavored dilligently to fit himself for a missionary life, the self-denying labors of which he ardently coveted. On examination Mr. Bacon was accepted. " On the 8th of August, 1800, Mr. Bacon left Hart ford on foot with his pack upon his back, and on the 4th of September he was at Buffalo, having walked most of the distance. On the 8th, he left on a vessel for this city, which he reached after a quick and pleasant voyage on the 11th. He was made welcome at the house of the commandant, Major Hunt, where, I believe, his first religious services were held. Gen. Uriah Tracy, of Litchfield, Conn., General Agent of the United States for the Western Indians, was then here, and, together with the local Indian agent, Jonathan Schieffelin, took an active interest in the mission of Mr. Bacon. John A skin, Esq., the same liberal-minded merchant, who so es sentially befriended the Moravians twenty years be fore, and Benjamin Huntington, a merchant here, formerly of Norwich, Conn., rendered him valuable information and assistance. Learning from these sources that the Delawares at Sandusky, were about 148 Old Mackinaw. to remove, that the Wyandottes were mostly Catho lics, and that there were no other Indians ' south and west of Lake Erie,' among whom there was an inviting field of labor, his attention was turned to the north, and, with the advice of these judicious friends, on the 13th of September, he took passage with General Tracy in a government vessel bound for Mackinac, and went to Harson's Island, at the head of Lake St. Clair, near which there was quite an Indian settlement. Although only forty miles distant, he did not reach there until the 17th, being four days upon the voyage. Jacob Harson or Hars- ing, as it was originally spelled, the proprietor of this island, was an Albany Dutchman, who, in 1766, on appointment of Sir Wm. Johnson, came to Nia gara as Indian blacksmith and gunsmith, and his original commission or letter of appointment, written by Sir William, is now before me. On the breaking out of the Revolution, finding Mr. Harson friendly to the Americans, the British stripped him of his property and sent him, sorely against his will, to this frontier. He established himself upon the island as early as 1786, where his descendants now reside, acquired great influence with the In dians, and lived in a very comfortable manner. He received Mr. Bacon in this beautiful retreat, with Old Mackinaw. I4g great kindness and hospitality, and he thanks the Lord that he is provided a comfortable house, a con venient study, and as good a bed and as good board as I should have had if I had remained in Connecti cut. I know of no place in the State of New York so healthy as this, I believe the water and the air as pure here . as in any part of New England, and I have never been before where venison and wild geese and ducks were so plenty, or where there was such a rich variety of fresh-water fish. There were many Indians in the vicinity. Mr. Harson encour aged the establishment of a mission, and Mr. Bacon deemed it a most favorable opening. Bernardus Harson, a son of Jacob, was engaged as interpreter. He returned to Detroit on the same vessel with General Tracy, Sept. 30th, to attend an Indian Coun cil which was held here on the 7th of October, when he was formally introduced to the Indians by General Tracy, and was most favorably received. He re turned to the island and remained until the Indians departed for their winter hunting grounds, when he left for Connecticut, where he arrived about the middle of December. He was soon ordained to the ministry, and I believe married, for he returned with a young wife of whom nothing is heard previously. "Late in January 1801, Mr. Bacon commenced his 150 Old Mackinaw. return journey with his wife and her brother, Beau mont Parks, Esq., now of Springfield, Illinois, a young man who came with him to learn the Chip pewa language and to become a teacher. The sleighing leaving them they remained at Bloomfield, Ontario county, New York, until spring, and did not reach here until May 9th. Mr. Bacon's plan was to remain at Detroit, until he became so familar with the Indian language that he could successfully pro secute his mission. He remained here until the spring of 1802, holding regular religious services in the Council House. For a time he preached twice upon the Sabbath, but the afternoon attendance be ing thin, he accepted a call from the settlement on the river Rouge to preach to them half a day. To aid in defraying expenses he commenced keeping a school in the house where he lived on St. James street, just in the rear of the Masonic Hall, and in this he was as sisted by his wife. One at least 'of our present fel low citizens was a pupil of Mr. Bacon, and has plea sant memories of that little school. Amid many discouragements the study of the Chippewa was pursued by this missionary family, and although they made ' but slow progress' and it was ' hard work to commit their words to memory' and "'extremely dif ficult to construct a sentence according to the idioms Old Mackinaw. in of their language,' they ' hope and expect we shall be able to surmount every difficulty.' "While thus toilfully but hopefully preparing for his anticipated work, getting acquainted with Indians, their life and character, and as yet uncertain at what precise point to commence his mission, Mr. Denhey, a Moravian missionary, desired to occupy the field upon the St. Clair Biver, which Mr. Bacon in some measure occupied the year before, and to this Mr. Bacon assented. His attention had been called to Mackinac and L'Arbre Croche, but he resolved to visit the Indians upon the Maumee, and ascertain by personal interviews and examination what encourage ment there was for a mission in that vicinity. For this purpose, with his brother-in-law and a hired man, on 29th of April, 1802, he left in a canoe for the ' Miami,' as the Maumee was then called. He found most of the Indian chiefs engaged in a drunken debauch, and it was not until the 14th of May, and after repeated efforts, that he succeeded in gathering a full council, and addressing them upon the subject of establishing a mission among them. He felt it his duty to have translated the message sent to the Indians by the Missionary Society. The poor savages listened courteously to this long piece of abstruse theological narrative and argument, but 152 Old Mackinaw. they must have been terribly, bored, notwithstand ing Mr. Bacon's efforts to ' express the ideas in lan guage better adapted to the capacity and more agreeable to their ways of speaking.' No wonder that Little Otter was ' too unwell to attend in the afternoon.' After this translation. Mr. Bacon made a well conceived speech of considerable length, set ting forth the advantages which the Indians would derive from a mission. There was no little point in the polished reproof of Little Otter, in the commence ment of his speech, who said: 'Now brother, if. you will listen to us we will give you an answer. But it is our way to be very short. Our white brothers, when they make speeches, are very lengthy. They read ; and write so much that they get in a great many little things. But it is not so with your red brothers. When we go on any great business and have any great things to say, we say them in a few words.' With no little ingenuity, but with apparent courtesy, these sons of the forest declined a mission in their midst. The gist of the reply is contained in the following sentence : ' Brother, your religion is very good ; but it is only good for white people. It will not do for Indians, they are quite a different sort of people.' " On the following day Mr. Bacon started for De- Old Mackinaw. 153 troit, and remained here until June 2d, when, with his family, he removed to Missilimackinac, then the great centre of Indian population in our Territory. Here he remained until August 1804, perfecting himself in the language, teaching, preaching and pursuing the other labors incident to his mission. He very clearly saw that a successful Indian mission involved no inconsiderable expenditure in establishing schools and in educating the Indians in agriculture and the ruder arts of civilization. These expendi tures were too large for the means of the Missionary Society, and in January, 1804, they directed the mission to abandoned, and that Mr. Bacon should remove to the Western Reserve. The intelligence of this reached Mr. Bacon in July, and in August he removed and became the first founder of the town of Tallmadge, Ohio. Thus ended this first Protestant effort to convert the Indians of Michigan to the faith of the cross. It was while Mr. Bacon was residing here that Rev. Dr. Bacon was born. We may there fore, with pride, claim him as a native of our beau tiful city." Sometime after a mission was established at La Pointe near the southern extremity of Lake Supe rior. The Mission at Mackinac was subsequently revived and continued until 1837, when the popu- 154 Old Mackinaw. lation had, so entirely, changed, and the Indians had discontinued their . visits for purposes of trade, that it ¦ was deemed best to abandon it, which was done, and the property sold. The Rev. Mr.Pitezel, in his " Lights and Shade of Missionary Life," who visited the island in 1843, thus speaks ."of this mis sion: "We visited. the mission establishment once under the care of the Presbyterian Church, but now abandoned. It is a spacious building, and was once thronged with native and half-bred children and youth, there educated at vast expense. Little of the fruit of this self-sacrificing labor is thought now to be apparent, but the revelations of eternity may show that ' here was a necessary and a very impor tant link in the chain of events, connected with the Christianization of benighted .pagans." , During the time of Mr. Pitezel's "visit, a large number of Indians of different tribes had assembled at the island, for the purpose of receiving their annuity, among which were several Christian, Indians,' from Saut St: Mary, Grand Traverse, and elsewhere. The Rev. Mr. Daugherty, a Presbyterian minister, from the latter place, accompanied his Indians, and had his tent among them for the purpose of keeping his sheep from the hands of the woolfish white man, who Old Mackinaw. 155 would first rob him of his religion, and then of' his money. In 1828, the Baptists established a mission at Saut St. Mary. This mission was opened under the most favorable auspices by the Bev. A. Bingham, and continued in a state of prosperity for many years. In 1843 it was still under the superintend ence of the Rev. Mr. Bingham, who for twenty years had been laboring to bring the Indians under Chris tian influence. Indian children were boarded in the mission establishment, and a school was kept up, which, in the language of one, would have been a credit to any land. The Bev. Mr. Porter, a Congre- gationalist missionary, also labored here. The la bors of these missionaries were greatly blessed, and numbers of officers and soldiers at the fort and gar rison, as well as Indians, were converted. The Baptist missionaries extended their labors to various points on the northern peninsula and on the shores of Lake Superior. The Methodists commenced a mission at Saut St. Mary, under the labors of "John Sunday," a con verted Indian, soon after that established by the Baptists. In 1831 a portion of the Oneida Indians removed to Green Bay, and the Rev. John Clark was sent out as a missionary among them the following 156 Old Mackinaw. year. In a report made by the missionary to the Board, he thus describes his. field of labor :_. "The white settlement is located on the left bank of the Fox River, extending up the river about five miles from the head of the bay. The population is about one thousand, but greatly amalgamated with the Me nominee Indians, over whom it is said they have great influence. The Indian settlement is about twenty -five miles from this place, on the left bank of the Fox river." Mr. Clark preached at this set tlement and at Green Bay on alternate Sabbaths. Messrs. Marsh and Stevens, of the Presbyterian church, were located here, laboring among the Stock- bridge Indians and kindly welcomed Mr. Clark among them. These Indians emigrated from Stock- bridge, Mass., and were at one time under the pas toral care of Jonathan Edwards. While this distin guished divine was missionary among these Indians, at Stockbridge, he wrote his famous " Treatise on the Will." Mr. Clark was cordially received by the Indian agent, Mr. Schoolcraft. In 1833, he visited Saut St. Mary, and found a revi val in progress. Nearly all the officers, and thirty or forty soldiers, in Fort Brady had been converted. The command was soon after removed to Chicago, and was succeeded by another. A gracious revival Old Mackinaw. 157 followed his labors at the fort, and officers and sol diers were seen bowing at the same altar, happy in the enjoyment of a common salvation. Still holding his connection with Green Bay, he visited that place and preached in Fort Howard and also among his Indians who had removed to Duck Creek. At Ke-wee-naw, John Sunday commenced a mis sion among the Chippewas, and in 1834 Mr. Clark visited that interesting field. He continued to su perintend the missions in this region, until he volun teered as a missionary for Texas, and the superin tendence of the Indian mission was given to the Rev. W. H. Brockway. The Rev. Mr. Pitezel la bored at Ke-wee-naw with great success for several years, preaching at the different mines on the shores of Lake Superior. The Methodists also established a mission at Fon du Lac near the east • shore of the Winnebago Lake. In the year 1830, a branch mission was organized 'among the Wyandottes and Shawnees on the Huron river, and also one among the Pottawatimees at Fort Clark on the Fox river, at which place, in 1837, upward of one hundred were converted. In 1847 a mission was established at the Cliff Mine, on Eagle River, a stream which empties into Lake Superior, about twenty miles west of Copper 158 Old Mackinaw. Harbor. The Methodists have missions also at On tonagon and Carp River, all of which are more or less prosperous. At present this church has maintained mis sions and schools among small bands of Indians collected on reserves in Isabella and Oceana counties in the lower peninsula of Michigan. The Indians at the old mission in the vicinity of Saut St. Mary, are assembling at Iroquois Point at the lower end of Lake Superior, and are supplied with a missionary. A mission was also established in the Bay Shore Reservation, among the Saginaw In dians, which still exists. It is a matter of melancholy reflection, that the immense tribes, each of which could muster thou sands of warriors in this vast region, have dwindled down to small and feeble bands. The same re mark will apply to all the tribes in North America- The race is rapidly passing away, and the nation, like that of Edom, will at no distant day become entirely extinct. The last report of the Secretary of the Interior, states, that the whole number of Indians within the limits of the States and Territories of the Union, does not now exceed three hundred and twenty-five thousand. CHAPTER IX. Indian name of Michigan — Islands — Lanman's Summer in the wilderness — Plains — Trees — Rivers — A traditionary land — Beautiful description — Official report in relation to the trade of the lakes — Green Bay — Grand Traverse Bay — Beaver Islands — L'Arbre Croche — Boundaries of Lake Michigan — Its connections — Railroad from Fort Wayne to Mackinaw — Recent report of — Amount completed — Land grants. The Indian name of the State of Michigan, is Michi-sawg-ye-gan, the meaning of which in the Algonquin tongue is the Lake country. Surrounded as it is almost entirely by water, it possesses all the advantages of an island. It has numerous streams which are clear and beautiful, abounding in fish. The surface of the western half (we allude now to the lower or southern peninsula) is destitute of rocks, and undulating. In the language of Lanman in his " Summer in the Wilderness," " It is here that the loveliest of lakes and streams and prairies are to be found. No one who has never witnessed them (159) i6d Old Mackinaw. can form any idea of the exquisite beauty of the thousand lakes which gem the western part of Michi gan. They are the brightest and purest mirrors the virgin sky has ever used to adorn herself. On the banks of these lakes, grow in rich profusion, the rose, the violet, the lily and the sweet brier. " A great proportion of Michigan is covered with white-oak openings. Standing on a gentle hill, the eye wanders away for miles over an undulating sur face, obstructed only by the trunks of lofty trees, — above you a green canopy, and beneath, a carpet of velvet grass, sprinkled with flowers of every hue and form. , " The prairies are another interesting feature of Michigan scenery. They meet the traveler at every point, and of many sizes, seeming often like so many lakes, being often studded with wooded islands, and surrounded by shores of forests. This soil is a deep black sand. Grass is their natural production, al though corn, oats and potatoes flourish upon them. Never can I forget the first time I entered White Pigeon Prairie. Sleeping beneath the shadows of sunset, as it was, the effect upon me was like that which is felt on first beholding the ocean, — over powering awe. All that the poet has said about these gardens of the desert is true. Old Mackinaw. 161 "Burr Oak Plains. The only difference be tween these and the oak openings, is the character of the trees and the evenness of their surface. The soil is a mixture of sand and black loam. They have the appearance of cultivated orchards, or English parks ; and on places where the foot of the white man has never trod, a carriage and four could easily pass through. They produce both wheat and corn. "The wet prairies have the appearance of sub merged land. In them the grass is often six or seven feet high. They are the resort of water-fowl, musk- rats, and otters. " But the best and most fertile soil in Michigan is that designated by the title of timbered land. It costs more to prepare it for the plough, but when once the soil is sown it yields a thousand-fold. And with regard to their beauty and magnificence, the innumerable forests of this State are not surpassed by any in the world, whether we consider the va riety or grandeur of their production. This timber is needed for prairie States, Lake cities, and exports. " A friend of mine, now residing in western Michi gan, and who once spent several years in Europe, thus writes respecting this region : " ' Oh, such trees as we have here ! Magnificent, 14* 162 Old Mackinaw. tall, large-leafed, umbrageous. Vallombrosa, the far-famed Vallombrosa of Tuscany, is nothing to the thousand Vallombrosas here! A fig for your Italian scenery ! This is the country where nature reigns in her virgin beauty ; where trees grow, where corn grows ; where men grow better than they do anywhere else in the world. This is the land to study nature in all her luxuriant charms, under glorious green branches, among singing birds and laughing streams ; this is the land to hear the cooing of the turtle-dove, in far, deep, cool, sylvan bowers ; to feel your soul expand under the mighty influences of nature in her primitive beauty and strength.' " The principal inland rivers of Michigan, are the Grand River, the Kalamazoo, the St. Joseph, the Saginaw, and the Raisin. The first three empty into Lake Michigan, and are about seventy miles apart. Their average length is about two hundred and fifty miles, and they are about thirty or forty rods in width. At present, they are navigable about half their length for small steamboats and bateaux. Their bed is of limestone, covered with pebbles. I was a passenger on board the Matilda Barney, on her first trip, — the first steamer that ever ascended the St. Joseph, which I consider the most perfectly beautiful stream that I ever have seen. I remember Old Mackinaw. 163 well the many flocks of wild turkeys and herds of deer that the ' iron horse' frightened in his winding career. The Indian canoe is now giving way to the more costly but less beautiful row-boat, and those rivers are becoming deeper and deeper every day. Instead of the howl of the wolf, the songs of husband men now echo through their vales, where may be found many comfortable dwellings. " The Saginaw runs toward the north and empties into Lake Huron, — that same Huron which has been celebrated in song by the young poet, Louis L. Noble. This river is navigable for sixty miles. The river Raisin is a winding stream, emptying into Lake Erie, called so from the quantity of grapes that cluster on its banks. Its Indian name is Numma- sepee, signifying River of Sturgeons. Sweet river ! whose murmurs have so often been my lullaby, mayst thou continue in thy beauty forever. Are there not streams like thee flowing through the para dise of God ? " Notwithstanding the comparative newness of Michigan, its general aspect is ancient. The ruin of many an old fort may be discovered on its borders, reminding the beholder of wrong and outrage, blood and strife. This was once the home of noble but oppressed nations. Here lived and loved the Al- 164 Old Mackinaw. gonquin and Shawnese Indians ; the names of whose warrior chiefs — Pontiac the proud, and Tecumseh the brave — will long be treasured in history. I have stood upon their graves, which are marked only by a blighted tree and an unhewn stone, and have sighed deeply as I remembered their deeds. But they have gone — gone like the lightning of a summer day! " It is traditionary land. For we are told that the Indian hunters of old saw fairies and genii floating over its lakes and streams, and dancing through its lonely forests. In these did they believe, and to please them was their religion. "The historian, James H. Banning, Esq., of this State, thus writes, in alluding to the olden times : ' The streams rolled their liquid silver to the lake, broken only by the fish that flashed in their current, or the swan that floated upon their surface. Vege tation flourished alone. Roses bloomed and died, only to be trampled by the deer or savage ; and strawberries studded the ground like rubies, where the green and sunny hillsides reposed amid the silence, like sleeping infants in the lap of the forest. The rattlesnake glided undisturbed through its prai ries ; and the fog which hung in clouds over its stag nant marshes spread no pestilence. The panther, Old Mackinaw. 165 the fox, the deer, the wolf, and bear, roamed fearless through the more remote parts of the domain, for there were none to dispute with them their inherit ance. But clouds thickened. In the darkness of mid night, and silenceof the wilderness, the tomahawk and scalping knife were forged for their work of death. Speeches were made by the savages under the voice less stars, which were heard by none save God and their allies ; and the war-song echoed from the banks of lakes where had never been heard the footsteps of civilized man.' " Then followed the horrors of war ; then and there were enacted the triumphs of revenge. But those sounds have died away ; traced only on the page of history, those deeds. The voice of rural labor, the clink of the hammer, and the sound of Sabbath-bells now echo in those forests and vales. The plough is making deep furrows in its soil, and the sound of the anvil is in every part. A well-endowed Univer sity, and seminaries of learning are there. Railroads and canals, like veins of health, are gliding to its noble heart. The red man, in his original grandeur and state of nature, has passed away from its more fertile borders ; and his bitterest enemy, the pale face is master of his possessions." From a report made, by order of Congress, by 166 Old Mackinaw. Israel D. Andrews, in 1853, in relation to the trade of the great lakes and rivers, we extract the follow ing : — " Michigan is the second of the great lakes in size, being inferior only to Lake Superior, and in regard to situation and the quality of the surround ing soil and the climate is, in many respects, prefer able to them all. Its southern extremity, rising south in fertile regions, nearly two degrees to the south of Albany, and the whole of its great southern peninsula being imbosomed in fresh waters, its cli mate is mild and equable, as its soil is rich and pro ductive. The lake is three hundred miles long by sixty in breadth, and contains sixteen thousand nine hundred and eighty-one square miles, having a mean depth of nine' hundred feet. On the western shore it has the great indentation of Green Bay ; itself equal to the largest lakes in England, being one hundred miles long and thirty broad. It is well sheltered at its mouth by the Traverse Islands, and has for its affluent the outlet of Winnebago and the Fox Biver. " Grand Traverse Bay is a considerable inlet of Lake Michigan, which sets up into the lower peninsula, one hundred miles south from the Island of Macki nac. It is a good farming and lumbering country. There are two mission stations and six or seven steam and water mills located at this point. It is Old Mackinaw. 167 now an organized county called Grand Traverse. The county seat is at Grand Traverse City, West Bay, where they have a court-house and jail. " L'Arbre Croche Village is an old Indian town, situated about twenty-five miles southwest from Mackinaw, on the lower peninsula. It is composed mostly of Indians. It has a Catholic Church and a Home Mission Station, with a teacher and other assistants to instruct the Indians in the English lan guage. It has extensive clearings for miles, along the banks of the lake shore, and extending from one to six miles back into the interior, indicating that once a large population must have inhabited this section of the country. " The principal tributaries of Lake Michigan are the Manistee, Great Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph's rivers, from the southern peninsula of Michigan, the Des- Plaines, the O Plaines and Chee rivers, from Indiana, Illinois, and from the northern peninsula, the Meno minee, Escambia, Noquet, White Fish and Manistee rivers. The lake is bounded to the eastward by the rich and fertile land of the southern peninsula, send ing out vast quantities of all the cereal grains, equal if not superior in quality to any raised in the United States. It is bounded on the south and southwest by Indiana and Illinois, which supply corn and beef of 168 Old Mackinaw. the finest quality, in superabundance, for exporta tion. On the west it is bounded by the productive grain and grazing lands and lumber district of Wis consin, and on the northwest and north by the invalu able and not yet half-explored mineral district of northern Michigan. " The natural outlet of its commerce, as of its wa ters, is by the Straits of Mackinaw into Lake Huron, thence by the St. Clair River down to the lower marts. Of internal communications it already pos sesses many, both by canal and railroad, equal to those almost of any of the older States, in length and availability, and inferior to none in importance. First, it has the Green Bay, Lake Winnebago, and Fox River improvement connecting it with the Wis consin River, by which it has access to the Missis sippi River, and thereby enjoys the commerce of its upper valleys, and its rich lower lands and prosper ous States ; — and second, the Illinois and Michigan canal, rendering the great commercial valley of the Illinois tributary to its commerce. By railways, perfected and projected, it has, or will soon have, connection with the Mississippi in its upper tributa ries and lead regions by way of the Milwaukee and Mississippi, and Chicago and Galena lines. To the eastward, by the Michigan Central and Southern Old Mackinaw. 169 Railroad, it communicates with the lake shore road, and thence with all the eastern lines from Buffalo to Boston. To the southward it will speedily be united by the great system of projected railroads. " A road is now in progress extending from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Mackinaw. From a recent re port made of this road, which will prove of vast importance in developing the immense resources of Michigan, we extract the following : — "The distance from point to point, as measured by the engineers, are as follow : "From Fort Wayne to the 'Air-line Bailroad, In diana, 28 miles; the Air-line railroad, to Wolcottville, 6 ; Wolcottville to Lagrange, 10 ; Lagrange to Lima, 5; Lima to Sturgis, Mich., 5J; Sturgis to Mendon, 14 ; Mendon to Brady, 8 ; Brady to Kalamazoo, 12 ; Kalamazoo to Grand Rapids, 47 ; Grand Rapids to Laphamville, 13 ; Laphamville to Little Traverse Bay, 169 ; Little Traverse to the Straits of Mackinaw, 27. Total ; 344. " The work of construction now performed, is mostly between Wolcottville and Kalamazoo. Be tween Lagrange and Sturgis the earth- work and bridges are nearly done — $1,500 will complete it for the ties. About one-fourth of the earth-work, bridges and ties, of the remainder of the line from Wolcott- 15 170 Old Mackinaw. ville to Kalamazoo, is done. Between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids, work to the amount of $8,000 has been. done. " The construction of the road bed, bridging, ties, ballasting, &e, from Kalamazoo' to the north bank of the Muskegon River, one hundred and three miles, is let to Daniel Beckel, Esq., of Dayton, Ohio. Near two hundred hands are engaged on the work — on the twenty miles north of Grand Rapids. It is the intention of the company, as we "are informed, to complete this twenty miles early the coming sum mer. - ' • " We are informed by the annual report, that on July 21st, $216,316 18 had been collected and ex pended. ;.' The land grant made by Congress is of great value. The" portion of the road to which it attaches, extends from Grand Rapids to Little Traverse Bay ; the precise ¦ length;. of . which is, as adopted .by the proper departments at Washington, one hundred and eighty-two miles and three thousand and sixty- seven feet. Under the rules of adjustment adopted- by the department, the quantity of lands granted will be somewhere from 600,000 to 674,164 acres. "These lands are generally timbered farm lands — of the best quality, in timber, soil and water. Some Old Mackinaw. 171 are pine lands, some pine and hard wood mixed ; and a small portion are cedar swamp lands. But there is none too much of either description for the value of the lands and the prosperity of the country. Nature has distributed and interspersed them in such proportions as will best contribute to the support of a populous and well improved agricultural country. The great bulk of these lands are what are generally denominated 'beech and sugar-tree lands.' The soil is generally rich sandy loam. The estimated value of the lands, when the road is completed, has been put, by different parties, from $4 to $10 per acre. " The lands granted are the odd numbered sections within six miles of the line ; and if any such sections are sold or pre-empted, then the company has the right to select other sections outside of the six miles and within fifteen miles of the road, to make up such deficit. " The odd numbered sections, outside of the six- mile limits, and within the fifteen-mile limits, are set apart to this company, out of which to select lands to make up any deficit that may occur in the six miles. " By those best acquainted with the value of these lands — and who are familiar with that portion of the 172 Old Mackinaw. State — they are estimated at $10 per acre, on the completion of the road. This will give the company the sum of $6,600,000. And if the road when fully equipped costs $30,000 per mile, then the gross cost will be $10,500,000 ; which by the proceeds of the land grant will be reduced to the sum of $3,900,000, and will reduce the actual cost of the road to $11, 142,85 per mile. Anything like fair success in the construction of the road will enable the company to do it, after applying the proceeds of the land grant, for about eleven thousand dollars per mile. Such a result will not only give to the country all the advantages of this much-needed work ; but when done the capi tal stock must prove to be a good paying invest ment." CHAPTER X. Maokinaw, the site for a great central city— The Venice of the lakes — Early importance as a central position — Nicolet — Compared geographically with other points — Immense ohain of coast — Future prospects — Temperature — Testi mony of the Jesuit fathers — Healthfulness of the climate — Dr. Drake on Mackinaw — Resort for invalids — Water currents of commerce — Surface drained by them — Soil of , the northern and southern peninsulas of Michigan — Physi cal resources — Present proprietors of Mackinaw — Plan of the city — Streets — Avenues — Park- — Lots andblocks for churches and public purposes — Institutions of learning and objects of benevolence — Fortifications — Docks and ferries — Mate-' rials for building — Harbors — Natural beauty of the site for a city — Mountain ranges — Interior lakes— Fish — Game. Ferris, in his " States and Territories of the Great West," says : "If one were to point out, on the map of North America, a site for a great central city in the lake region, it would be in the immediate vicini ty of the Straits of Mackinaw. A city so located would have the command of the mineral trade, the fisheries, the furs, and the lumber, of the entire 15* (178) 174 Old Mackinaw. North. It might become the metropolis of a great commercial empire. It would be the Venice of the Lakes." Mackinaw, both straits and peninsula, was so naturally the key point of the great system of northern lakes and their connection with the Mis sissippi, that while the New England colonies were yet but infant and feeble settlements, the Indians of the northwest, the Jesuit missionaries, the French voyagers, all made Mackinaw the point from whence they diverged — in all directions. When Philadel phia and Baltimore had not begun, and when the sites of Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis were unknown places in the wilderness, Nicolet took his departure from Quebec in search of the mysterious river of the west. In passing to meet the Indians at Green Bay, he was the first to notice the Straits of Mackinaw. About thirty years after, James Mar quette established, on the northern shore of the straits, the Mission of St. Ignace. Here, amidst the wilds and solitudes of the North American for ests, and on the shores of its great inland seas, Marquette and Joliet planned their expedition as we have already described, and it was Mackinaw and not New Orleans or New York that the lines ra diated from to the earliest settlements of the west. Mackinaw presents one of the most remarkable Old Mackinaw. 175 geographical positions on the earth. Constantinople on the Bosphorus, the Straits of Gibraltar, Singa pore on the Strait of Malacca, and the Isthmus of Panama, are the only ones which seem to present a parallel. The two former have been for ages re nowned as the most important in the commercial world. Singapore has rapidly become the key and centre of Asiatic navigation, at which may be found the shipping and people of all commercial nations, and Panama is now the subject of negotiation among the most powerful nations with a view to the ex ceeding importance of its commercial position. Geographically, Mackinaw is not inferior to either. From the northwest to the southeast, midland of the North American continent, there stretches a vast chain of lakes and river dividing the continent nearly midway. This chain of Lakes and rivers is in the whole nearly three thousand miles long. At the Straits of Mackinaw the whole system of land and water centres. The three greatest lakes of this sys tem, Superior, Huron, and Michigan, are spread around, pointing to the straits, while between them three vast peninsulas of land press down upon the waters until they' are compressed into a river of four miles in width. On the north is the peninsula of Canada, on the south that of Michigan, and on the 176 Old Mackinaw. west that of the copper region, all of which are divided only by the narrow Straits of Mackinaw.- Here are three inland seas of near eighty thousand square miles and about five thousand miles of coast. From coast to coast and isle to isle of this immense expanse of waters, navigation must be kept ' up, in-, creasing with the ever-increasing population on their shores till tens of millions are congregated around. Of all this vast navigation and increasing commerce, Mackinaw is the natural centre around which it exists, and toward which it must tend by an inevitable law of necessity. Superior, Huron, and Michigan have no water outlet to each other but that which flows through- the Straits of Maoki- naw, and its geographical position is unrivaled in America. Whoever lives twenty years from this time will find Mackinaw a populous and wealthy city, the Queen of the Lakes. If any serious objection be made to the site of a fiity at this place, it can only be that the climate is Supposed to be cold. But, what is climate ? Climate is relative and- composed of many elements. The first is temperature, as determined by latitude. The Straits of Mackinaw are in the latitude of 45° 46'. North of this lies a part of Canada, containing at least a million of inhabitants. North of this lati- Old Mackinaw. 177 tude lies the city of Quebec in America ; London, Paris, Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna, Warsaw, Copen hagen, Moscow, and St. Petersburg, in Europe; Odessa and Astracan, in Asia. North of it, are in Prussia, Poland, and Russia, dense populations, and a great agricultural production. The latitude of Mackinaw, therefore, is in the midst of that temperate zone, where commerce, population, cities, and the arts have most flourished. The climate, however, is actually milder than the latitude represents. The isothermal line, which passes through Mackinaw, also passes in Wisconsin, nearly as low as 43°, and in the east .also deflects south. This is the true line of vegetation ; and thus it appears that the actual climate of Mackinaw is about that of 43° 30'. The same isothermal line, passes through Prussia and Poland, the finest grain countries of Europe. The climate of the straits is, therefore, as favorable as that of most civilized States, either for the produc tion of food or the pursuits of commerce. The Marquette Journal gives some items relative to the winter of that locality. The mercury was not below zero until the evening of January 8th, and then only 2° below. The highest point reached in January, was 20° above, and lowest 16° below zero. In February, the highest point was 55° above, the 178 Old Mackinaw. lowest 20° below zero. The average temperature for the three winter months had been about 15° above zero. In the " Belations of the Jesuits," 3d. vol ume, 1671, it is stated that that the " winter in Macki naw is short, not commencing until after Christmas and closing the middle of March, at which time spring begins." ¦ The Lake Superior Journal for February 23, 1859, says: — < " We are now within five days of the first spring month, and have scarcely had a brush of winter yet. But very few days has the thermometer been below zero, and but a single day as" low as ten degrees be low. Most of the time it has been mild. For two weeks past, there has been a blandness and mellow ness in the atmosphere, which was enough to cause the moodiest heart to * sing, for; joy. ..There was a flare-up, however, for a single day (the 20th), when the storm descended, the wind blew, and there was great commotion in the elements, but the next day all was calm and delightful as before. We have quite a depth of snow on the ground, have had,' fine sleighing since the 10th of November. But our bay has not been closed more than a week at a time this winter, and but a few days in all. It is open now, Old Mackinaw. 179 and 'the stern monarch of the year,' seems to be melting away into spring. - • " In regard to. the healthfulness of- Mackinaw, it may be remarked that ;the northern regions of the earth are everywhere the most healthy. Yet there are differences in situation and exposure which make differences in health. Mackinaw'has now been known and settled for two hundred ; years, a period long enough to have both tested its healthiness, and created a permanent reputation. The Jesuit Missionaries, the frontier traders, and the : French voyageurs, have lived and died there ; yet we have.never heard of any prevalent disease, or local miasm. It seems to have been the favorite resort of all the frontiers men, who inhabited or hunted in the region of the Northern Lakes. In recent years, it has been visited by men of science, and accomplished physicians, and their report has been uniformly in favor of its superior healthiness. Dr. Drake, who visited Mackinaw in 1842, for the express purpose of examining the cli mate and topography, says, "From this description, it appears, that the conditions which are held to be necessary to the ' generation of autumnal fever, are at their minimum in this place ; and when we consider this fact, with -its latitude nearly 46°, and its altitude above the sea, from six to eight hundred feet, we are 180 Old Mackinaw. prepared to find it almost exempt from that disease; and such from the testimony of its inhabitants is the fact, especially in reference to the intermittent fevers, which, I was assured by many respectable persons, never originated among the people, and would cease spontaneously in those who returned, or came with it from other places.' "Speaking of this region as a place of resort for- invalids, the same writer says : " ' The three great reservoirs of clear and cold water, Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, with the: Island of Mackinac in their hydrographical centre, offer a delightful hot-weather asylum to all invalids who need an escape from the crowded cities, paludal exhalations, sultry climates and officious medication. Lake Erie lies too far south, and is bordered by too many swamps to be included in the salutiferous group.' " ' On reaching Mackinaw, an agreeable change of climate is at once experienced.' 'To his jaded sensibilities all around him is fresh and invigorating." Dr. Drake looked upon Mackinaw as one of the healthiest portions of the whole Northwest, and to which, in time, tens of thousands of persons, even from the furthest south, would resort to be reinvi- gorated in body, refreshed in mind, and delighted with the contemplation of the sublime and beautiful Old Mackinaw. 181 scenery in that region of expansive waters, of rocky coasts, of forest-bearing lands, and distant islands. " Here the great currents, which are the natural lines of movement for the people, commerce, and produc tions of half North America, concentrate around a single point. No other place has the same advan tage of radial lines. Quebec is relatively on the At lantic. The upper end of Lake Superior is compara tively on an inhospitable land. Chicago is at a lateral point on the south end of Lake Michigan, — three hundred miles from the main channel of com merce. At Mackinaw concentrate all the radial lines of water navigation in the upper lakes. Which will be seen, if we take the following distances of direct navigation from this point to the principal points on the upper lakes : " From Mackinaw to Fon du Lac (west end of Lake Superior), 550 miles ; to Chicago, 350 ; to east end of Georgian Bay, 300 ; to Detroit, 300 ; to Buffalo, 700 ; to Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1,600. " Here are two important points to be observed. Any city which, by competition, or the rivalry of production, or the power of wealth, can be supposed to interfere with the growth of Mackinaw, must arise on Lakes Michigan or Superior; for there, only can be any commercial mart to receive and distribute 16 182 Old Mackinaw. the products around those immense bodies of water. But in consequence of the form and surface of those lakes, no lines of transit to the waters of the St. Lawrence can be made so short or cheap as the water transit through the Straits of Mackinaw. The concentration of products will, therefore, be ultima tely made at Mackinaw, for all that immense dis trict of country which lies around the upper lakes. Again, it will be seen that" as the water transporta tion to that point is the best, so the radial line from that point to the Atlantic by water, is much the shortest. A steam propeller, leaving any one of the principal points on the upper lakes for either Buffalo or the Gulf of St. Lawrence, must, as compared with Mackinaw, pass over the following lines of transit, viz., From Fon du Lac (west end of Lake Superior) to Buffalo, 1,250 miles; Chicago, 111., 1,000; Mackinaw, Michigan, 700 ; Fon du Lac to the Gulf of St. Law rence, 2,150; Chicago to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1,900 ; Mackinaw to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1,600. " It must be granted, at once, that for any water communication with the ports of the Atlantic, Mack- naw has greatly the advantage over any commercial point in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Northern Illinois, Northern Michigan, or Northwest Canada. How great this advantage is, we shall see from the 'con- Old Mackinaw. 183 sideration of the surface drained by the water cur rent of Mackinaw. An inspection of the map will show that from Long Lake, above latitude 50°, to the south end of Lake Michigan, below latitude, 40°, and from the Lake of the Woods, longitude 95°, to Saginaw Bay, longitude 83°, the country is entirely within the drainage of lakes and river whose currents concentrate at the Straits of Mackinaw. This surface comprehends a square of over six hun dred miles on the side, or nearly four hundred thousand square miles. Deducting the surface of the lakes, it is enough to make eight States as large as Ohio. In . that whole surface, there is not a single point which Can rival Mackinaw as a point of distribution for the products of that country. That the advantage, by water lines is in favor of Mackinaw, we have shown. That it will be equally so by railroad, is evident, from the fact that Mackinaw city to Port Huron, and thence to Buffalo, need not exceed four hundred miles, while that from Chicago to Buffalo, in a direct line is five hundred and fifteen miles. " From any other point of Lakes Michigan or Supe rior, where a city can be built, it is further. Mack inaw is, therefore, the natural centre of drainage and distribution for a surface equal to that of eight large States, and whose products, whether of field, fruit, 184 Old Mackinaw. or mines, are superabundant in whatever creates commerce, sustains population, or affords the ma terials of industry. " We are now considering Mackinaw in a state of nature, and must look to its natural products as the first and greatest elements of success. We have con sidered its climate, its water currents, its lines of navigation, and the surface drainage for its support. The latter within a space where there can be no com petition, we have found to be but little less than 400,- 000 square miles. Vast as this is, it could not support a great commercial city, if that were a barren plain. " Hence, we must now consider how far the products of the earth will sustain the city, which such lines of navigation, such means of commerce, and such an extensive surface leads us to anticipate. " The soil is the first thing to be examined. The peninsula of Michigan — that of Wisconsin and the Copper region — of Minnesota and Canada, which make up the larger portion of surface drained by the currents of Mackinaw, has been supposed to be cold and wet. But is it more so than northwestern Ohio or northern Illinois, which, but twenty years since, were scarcely inhabited, but now are found to afford some of the richest lands in the country ? On this point, we have numerous and competent witnesses, Old Mackinaw. 185 and whatever character they give to the country, we shall adopt as the true criterion of its producing re sources. " First of the Superior Country, the least agricul tural portion of this district, we have the concur rent testimony of geologists, miners, settlers, and travelers, that it is one of the richest mining districts in the world. But in the midst of it are found some fertile sections. Of these, Mr. Ferris, in his account of the Great West, says : ' The surveyors report some good agricultural lands (of which many townships are specially enumerated), and these tracts of fertile land will become of great value, when the rivers shall have been opened and a mining popula tion introduced, creating a sure and convenient home market for the productions of the farm.' " Dislurnell, an accurate authority, speaking of the Superior region, says : ' The traveler finds the whole district to within a few miles of Lake Superior, abounding in every resource which will make a country wealthy and prosperous. Clear, beautiful lakes are interspersed, and these have plenty of large trout and other fish. Water and water powers are everywhere to be found, and the timber is of the best kind— maple groves, beech, oak, pine, etc. No thing is now wanted but a few roads to open this 16* 186 Old Mackinaw. rich country to the settler, and it will soon teem with villages, schools, mills, farming operations, and every industrial pursuit, which the more southern portion of our State now exhibits.' " Turning to the immense territory north and north west of Superior and the Straits, now constituting^ portion of the British Dominions, and every part of which must be tributary to Mackinaw, we find that it affords, like Prussia and Poland, a fine agricultural region for all the breadstuffs and vegetables which are raised in the northern part of Europe. A writer iu the Toronto Globe, exhibiting the value of a canal from Georgian Bay to Toronto — (a canal, the whole commerce of which coming from the northwest, must first have passed the Straits of Mackinaw) says: 'Westward we possess vast and fertile countries adapted to all the pursuits of agriculture life, countries susceptible to the highest cultivation and improve ment. Between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods (above 49° of latitude), we possess a country of this description, in soil and character inferior to no part of Minnesota, and bordering upon this ter ritory lies the valley of the Assinibone, or the Red River, as it is sometimes called. As a wheat grow ing country, it will rival Canada. It does so now in soil and climate.' The writer is here speaking of British possessions north of Lake Superior, and Old Mackinaw. 187 several degrees north of Mackinaw. He says they are as fertile and grain-growing as Canada, and Canada we know already produces not only its own breadstuffs, but large quantities for exportation. The valley of the Assinibone, referred to, and the whole region west of Superior to the Lake of the Woods and the Red River, can have no market outlet ex cept through Lake Superior, and thence near the Straits of Mackinaw. The writer sees this, and says : ' The future products of these immense countries must seek the seaboard, and all the canals and rail roads which can be constructed will scarce suffice to afford facilities for the products of the West.' " Let us next examine the Southern Peninsula of Mi chigan. If the country far north of it is so productive, it can scarcely happen that this can be very deficient, , although not ranked among the most fertile districts. On this point, we need only cite the same accurate au thority to which we have referred. He says : ' The numerous streams which penetrate every portion of the peninsula, some of which are navigable for steam boats a considerable distance from the lake, being natural outlets for the products of the interior, ren der this whole region desirable for purposes of set tlement and cultivation.' Even as far north as the Straits of Mackinaw, the soil and climate, together 188 Old, Mackinaw. with the valuable timber, offer great inducements to settlers ; and if the proposed railroads under the re cent grant of large portion of these lands by Con gress, are constructed from and to the different points indicated, this extensive and heavily timbered re gion will speedily be reclaimed, and become one of the most substantial and prosperous agricultural por tions of the West.' After speaking of the timber in that country, the same writer adds : ' But as the tim ber is exhausted, the soil is prepared for cultivation, and a large portion of the northern part of the south ern peninsula of Michigan will be settled and culti-" vated, as it is the most reliable wlieat- growing portion of the Union.' The Detroit Daily Tribune of 1857, says : "Michi gan is greatly undervalued because greatly unknown. The tide of emigration sweeps past us to Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, because the public do not know — what is but the sober truth — that Michigan possesses advantages unrivaled by any sister State in the Northwest, and an undeveloped wealth that will far exceed any one of those named. This is not a random statement, originating in State pride or self-interest, but the simple truth which is slowly being found out by the shrewd among men. We propose to speak of some of the advantages Old Mackinaw. i8g which we possess in the northern half of our lower peninsula, as yet almost uninhabited and unknown. " ' No other State can boast of such valuable forests of such perfect timber. Already our lumber trade exceeds in value and importance that in any other staple products, not excepting wheat, while if it were to increase in the ratio of the past five years, in five years more it would exceed all the other staples united, excepting only copper. But such a rate of increase would exhaust the pine timber to a great ex tent within ten years' time. Yet the demand for pine lumber is absolutely unlimited, and cannot be met. " Look for a moment at the vast region depend ing upon the pineries of Michigan for its supply of lumber for building purposes of every kind — houses, fence and shelter of every description. The great States of Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, and the Terri tory of Minnesota, depend almost solely upon Michi gan, and must do so. The present season, lumber has been taken from the forest of southwestern New York and northern Pennsylvania, and sold in the market of St. Louis, so urgent is the demand and so entirely inadequate are the present or prospective rates of supply for that demand. We have before us the statistics of the lumber trade of the different igo Old Mackinaw. States, and the principal markets in the country, but of what use is a parade of figures when a simple fact will show that the value of the pine forest of Michi gan must be ? Take the State Iowa alone. If every quarter section, were to be enclosed with a common post and board fence, it would take every foot of pine on the soil of Michigan ! Leave out of sight the great Territory of Minnesota, which can find but a mere drop of supply from the pineries of the Up per Mississippi. Leave out of sight the great State of Illinois, which depends upon us wholly. Forget entirely that villages are springing up like magic all along the lines of a dozen railroads running from' Lake Michigan to the Mississippi ; that cities are growing and spreading with unprecedented rapidity — and that every .town and village, and city, and farm, must have its dwellings, and that the cheapest and best material for construction is pine. Leave all these out of the calculation, and remember only that one of these States would consume all our vast forests of pine in fence boards alone, and the dullest compre hension can . perceive, with all these other demands of which we have spoken, in all those other regions, the value of the pine region is as certain as though it were a gold mine. And when we consider the pressing need for material whereof to build Old Mackinaw. igi over all the western prairies, the wealth of northern Michigan cannot be put at any low amount. It must be immense — untold. "After the timber shall have been removed in obedience to the pressing demands of a cash market and high prices, the value of northern Michigan will just begin to be developed. The soil possesses riches of which the heavy growth of timber is the outcrop ping. Rich as any prairie land, even more substan tial in the elements of fertility, with a genial climate, southern Michigan, itself a garden, we predict will have to yield the palm of productive wealth to this portion of the State. Any one who will take the trouble to examine a map of this half of the State, projected on an extended scale, cannot fail to be struck with the superabundant water privileges that exist. It is literally covered with navigable rivers, and their tributaries, large streams, like the veins in the human system. These waters reach the remotest part and thread every portion, affording unfailing supplies and thousands of valuable sites for mills of every description and of all magnitudes. The State is divided near its geographical centre by a slight ridge, sufficient to divide the course of its streams. Two of the largest rivers of the State, the Manistee and the Eastern Au Sauble, rise within about three Old Mackinaw. 192 miles of each other, run parallel, southward, for twenty miles or more, approaching then within half a mile of each other, then turning abruptly almost due east and west, emptying into Lakes Michigan and Huron respectively on almost the same parallel of latitude. " The Grand Traverse region, embracing the val ley of the Manistee, is also one of the finest agricul tural regions of the State'; lying in the northerly portion, this region still has a mild climate, and the finest grains and fruits are raised at the settlements, as far north as the bay. " Much might be said of other counties throughout this region. The whole slope of the peninsula em bracing the courses of the Muskegon and Manistee Riyers, and from Grand River to Mackinaw, is a re gion of rich soil excellent timber of all kinds, good climate, and of easy access. " The counties in the eastern part of the State, Alpena, Alcona, Iosco, Arrenac, and others north of Saginaw Bay, well situated, having a large extent of coast on Lake Huron, are not so well adapted for agricultural purposes, there is much good farming land in them all ; but the forests of pine extending to within a few miles of the coast, render them very desirable. Alcona county, watered by Thunder Bay Old Mackinaw. 193 River, with some smaller streams emptying into Lake Huron, is almost wholly a pine region. Some of the finest specimens of yellow, or Norway pine, in the whole State are found in this country. The white and yellow pine is nearly equally distributed in this region, extending also into the counties south, and reaching Rifle River in Saginaw and Arrenac coun ties, having an outlet oh Saginaw Bay. " This part of the State, upon whose advantages we have not space to particularize as we would like, will be very soon penetrated by railroads. "There are three roads contemplated by the Act of Congress granting lands to this State at its last ses sion. These, if built, will add more to the develop ment of the natural wealth of Michigan than any thing heretofore proposed in the way of public im provement. " The different routes pass through some of the best counties in the State, and the opening of such thoroughfares will induce a tide of emigration, such as will soon render northern Michigan what it ought to be, one of the most important point in the West. " The State of Michigan is in all respects more fa vorably situated than any of the Western States, being surrounded by the lakes and with railroads extending in every direction, affording the most ex- 17 194 Old Mackinaw. traordinary opportunities to reach markets of every class, great or small. " With these natural advantages of transportation considered with the immense natural resources of this region (soil and timber) no one will doubt the very great value of Michigan lands. "Fruit of all kinds is abundant in every part of this State. AU our exchanges from the interior are acknowledging presents of luscious peaches, plums, pears, apples, etc., etc. This is as it should be. May they all, each succeeding year, be remembered in like manner. " What is here said of the northern part of Michi-, gan, is directly applicable to Wisconsin, the north ern half of which must contribute directly to Mack inaw. Of the agricultural capacity of this new State, we need say no more, than that it has already at tained half a million of inhabitants, and pours forth its surplus products though the ports of Lake Michi gan. "Of Minnesota, and its productiveness, less is known. As three-fourths of that rich and beautiful country, and the regions around the heads of the Mis sissippi, must contribute to the commercial importance of Mackinaw, let us glance at its agricultural capacity and prospects. Minnesota, of which we heard but Old Mackinaw. ig^ yesterday, has now two hundred thousand inhabi tants, produces this year two millions of bushels of wheat. St. Paul, its principal town has fourteen thousand inhabitants, and /far to the northwest from St. Peters to the Red River, and Assinibone, the settlers are crowding in to till farms and create towns, where but recently the wild wolf and the wilder savage, alone possessed "the face of the earth. In latitudes higher than that of Mackinaw, Michigan or Canada West, settlements are forming, and it re quires no flight of imagination to see that beautiful land of lakes, rivers, forests, and prairies, — cold as it .. may be in winter — settled, tilled, and civilized. The fact of its rapid progress in population, is sufficient proof of its agricultural capacity ; but we shall again refer to the testimony of actual observers. Turning to Mr. Ferris's first description of the Northwest, we find his summing of the climate, and agricultural advantages of Upper Minnesota. ' Minnesota is de fined to become a great agricultural, and grazing re gion. Its upland and lowland plains would support a dairy that would enrich an empire. All the prin cipal grains, and roots thrive there in great vigor, as high toward the north as Pembina, below the dividing line between the United States and British America. Latitude does not always indicate the 196 Old Mackinaw. climate as has already been shown. The character of the soil has great influence upon the temperature of the air. A quick warm soil makes a warm at mosphere. The autumns of Minnesota are greatly lengthened out by the Indian summer, that smoky, dreary, balmy season, which protects the surface from frost, like a mantle flung upon the earth. The cold nips the vegetation, about as early along the Ohio, as along the St. Peters. The winters of Minnesota are cold ; but then they are still and calm, and the icy air does not penetrate, as it does in a windy climate.' " In the brief review of the agricultural advantages of that great northwestern region, whose centre of commerce must ever be at Mackinaw ; we have ar rived at the certain fact, that except small portions of the Superior country, where mining and mines absorb all other interests, no country in the northern part of America or Europe, has greater advantages. It is filled with inexhaustible springs, and streams ; fertile in soil, rich in production, and only needs the cultivating hand of man, to render it capable of sus taining such dense populations as now inhabit the same isothermal parallel in Prussia and Poland. "Let as now turn to its forests, mines, fisheries and resources, which though not bread, are those Old Mackirlaw. ig7 from which the implements, conveniences, and much of the wealth of civilization is derived. Of forests, furnishing almost illimitable quantities of timber and lumber — this is the very centre. Of this, we have evidence in the wharves of Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, and far down the lakes. The testimony of actual observers on this point, is so strong as to seem almost incredible. We shall cite but two or three unquestionable authorities. The peninsula, of Michi gan is at the present moment, one of the greatest depositories of lumber in the world. Mr. Ferris says : ' On going toward the north, the lumber be comes more and more plentiful. Beeches begin to mingle with the oaks, and in a day or two beeches and maples will predominate over other varieties of tim bers ; large white-woods and bass-woods will be seen towering above the forest. , The white ash, the shag bark, the black cherry, will have become abundant. The woods will seem to have been growing deeper and denser every mile of the way. Soon the travel er will doubt, whether Omnipotence himself could have planted the trees larger, taller, and thicker to gether, than they are' " Pressing still forward, the emigrant will enter the great pine woods of the- north. For a while, however, before reaching them, he will have been 17* ig8 Old Mackinaw. wandering through groves of oak, and along the borders of natural meadows, and through clumps of beech and maple. But soon, as with a single step, the timber has become all pine — yellow pine, moan ing overhead, darkening all the ground, shutting out the sun, shutting out the wind." The tall trunks support the dark green canopy full fifty feet above the earth. This belt of pine woods, stretches across the peninsula of Michigan from Saginaw Bay. After a while as you proceed further to the north, the pine grows thinner, and is succeeded by other tim ber. " The level lands again become covered with beech and maple, of a full and convenient growth, with here and there a gigantic Norway pine, six feet through without limb, till it begins to stretch up half its length above the surrounding trees. In northern Wisconsin, we find another great pinery, in which, in one year, was sawed not less than two hundred millions of feet of pine timber, The same authority to which we have frequently re ferred, says : " Still further north and northwest, is one of the finest tracts of pine land in America, through which the streams tumbling down frequent falls, afford an incalculable amount of water-power, just where it is most needed for the manufacture ii lumber. The Wisconsin forest of ever-greena ip Old Mackinaw. lgg perfectly immense, covering one-third the State. The prairies of the Upper Wisconsin and its tribu taries? are at the present most extensive, and those are distinguished still more for the fine quality, than for the inexhaustible quantities of the tim ber." In the same manner, an immense forest extends over the upper part of Minnesota, while far to the northwest in the British possessions, extend deep forests of pine, spruce, and hemlock. It is evident, therefore, that on the great current of the Straits of Mackinaw, there will float for generations to come, all the timber and lumber, which are necessary for the markets of commerce, or the uses of a growing population. Nor are the fisheries to be neglected, in any right estimate of the natural resources of that region. Not only do the one hundred thousand square miles of lakes and streams, furnish illimitable quantities of fish; but they furnish varieties, which are no where else to be found, and which an epicurean taste has long since pronounced among the richest luxu ries of the palate. The lake trout, the Mackinaw trout, the Muskelunge, and the white fish, are cele brated throughout America. Good fishing grounds occur all along the north shore of Lake Superior, 200 Old Mackinaw- affording a bountiful supply. On the south shore, there are fisheries at White Fish Point, Grand Island near the Pitcairn's Rodes, Keweenaw Point,, La Point, and Apostles' Islands, and at djffer!; ent stations on Isle Royal, where large .quans tities are taken and exported. Mackinac Island alone exports yearh^ a quarter million of dollars' worth. The site of Old Mackinaw, now the county .seat of Emmet county, and its surroundings, belonged to the Government of the United States until the year 1853, when Edgar Conkling, Esq., of Cincinnati, real izing its importance as a vast commercial centre, and one of the finest positions for a great city, formed a company consisting of seven persons, and entered at the Land Office in Ionia, Michigan, near one thou sand eight hundred acres. In 1857 that portion em bracing the ancient site of Old Mackinaw was sur veyed and divided into lots. Mr. Conkling has, re cently, become the sole proprietor of the city, and intends devoting his energies to its development. A pamphlet, published some time since, describes it as follows : " The streets of the city are laid out eighty feet in width, and the avenues from a hundred to a hun dred and fifty feet respectively. In the deed of Old Mackinaw. 2b i dedication to the public, of these streets and avenues, provision is made for side- walks fifteen feet in width on each side, to be forever unobstructed by improve ments of any kind, shade trees excepted, thus secur ing a spacious promenade worthy of a place destined to become a principal resort for health and pleasure. Provision is also made for the proper use of the streets and avenues by railroad companies adequate to the demands of the business of a city. The lots, with the exception of those in fractional blocks, are fifty by one hundred and fifty feet, thus affording ample room for permanent, convenient, and orna mental improvement. The park, now laid off and dedicated to the city, embraces the grounds of Old Fort Mackinaw, sacred in the history of the country. These grounds, now in their natural condition, are unequaled for beauty of surface, location, soil, trees, etc., by any park in any city in the country, and when the skillful hand ¦ of the horticulturist has marked its outline and threaded it with avenues and paths, pruned its trees, and carpeted its surface with green, it will present the very perfection of all that makes a park delight ful. The character of the soil, being a sandy loam, with sand and gravel underlying it, renders it cap able of the easiest and most economical improve- 202 Old Mackinaw. ment, securing walks always dry, hard, and smooth. The park, with suitable blocks and lots for county and city purposes, such as public buildings, school- houses, etc., will be duly appropriated to those uses, whenever the proper authorities are prepared to select suitable sites ; and lots for churches, institutions of learning, and charity, will be fully donated to parties contemplating early improvements. Thus the proprie tor proposes to anticipate, by avoiding the errors of older cities, the wants of Mackinaw city in perpe tuity, and free forever its citizens from taxation for any grounds required for the public good. He also designs to place it in the power of the General Government, to secure, by like donation at an early day, the grounds necessary for such fortifications as the wants of the country and commerce may require, on the simple condition of speedy improvement. This liberal policy will best promote the true inter ests of the city and country, and at the same time be productive of pecuniary profit to the proprietors and all who may make investments at that point. The proprietor intends also to expend a large por tion of the income from sales in providing for the public wants by the construction of docks at the most important points, and the establishment of ferries, for which he has purchased the land on Old Mackinaw. 203 the opposite side of the straits. He intends to make loans also, as his means will justify, to aid parties in the establishment of manufactories. Building materials of great variety and in abund ance are at hand. Lumber can be had for the mere cost of preparation, and the soil, at no distant point, is suitable for making bricks; while for immediate use, Milwaukee can furnish the articles of the best kind in any quantities. The shores of Lake Supe rior abound with exhaustless quantities of granite, sandstone and marble ; the limestone and sand are on the spot. Three fine harbors adjoin Mackinaw ; the one on the east being the most spacious, and the best pro tected. The new United States charts show the depth of water sufficient for vessels of the largest size navigating the lakes. As many as thirty ves sels have been at anchor in this harbor. The coun try in the rear of Mackinaw rises gradually until, at the distance of a mile or two, it rises into an eleva tion of high table land, from points of which there is a fine view of the straits and surrounding islands. A mountainous riclge extends up to within two miles of Mackinaw, covered with a dense forest of hard wood. The southern extremity of this range reaches to the head waters of the Grand and Sagi- 204 Old Mackinaw. naw rivers. Prom two to ten miles south of Macki naw are several beautiful lakes, surrounded by a rich, warm soil of great fertility and covered with a heavy forest of hard wood, some of which has attained a gigantic growth. These lakes abound with fish of different varieties. Turtles have been taken from them, measuring from one and a half to two- feet in diameter. Almost every kind of game can be found in the woods bordering upon these lakes, such as the black bear, raccoon, martin, fox, lynx, rabbit, ducks, partridges and pigeons. CHAPTER XI. The entrepot of a vast commerce — Surface drained — Superi ority of Mackinaw over Chicago as a commercial point — Exports and imports — Michigan the greatest lumber-grow ing region in the world — Interminable forests of the choicest pine — Facilities for market — Annual product of the pineries — Lumbering, mining and fishing interests — Inde pendent of financial crises — Mackinaw, the centre of a great railroad system — Lines terminating at this point — North and South National Line — Canada grants — Growth of north western cities — Future growth and prosperity of Mackinaw — Chicago — Legislative provisions for opening roads in Michi gan—The Forty Acre Homestead Bill — Its provisions. The physical resources of this region are of such a nature and variety as to make Mackinaw city the entrepot of a vast commerce. This will appear, if we consider that it is the nearest point of that extensive district, including the entire north of the lakes inaccessible to Chicago. When all the lines of internal communication are completed, and the different points on the lakes settled down upon, 18 (205) 206 Old Mackinaw. then the real limits of Mackinaw will drain a geo graphical surface of three hundred thousand square miles; deducting the surface of the lakes from which, there will remain two hundred and eighty thousand square miles of country, with all the re sources of agriculture and mining in the most ex traordinary degree. It will be nearly three-fold that which can be drained by Chicago, and in point of territory, whether of quantity or quality, Macki naw is vastly superior, as a commercial point. With the exception of a small portion of the mineral re gion, the agricultural advantages of Michigan, Up per Wisconsin, Minnesota, Canada West, and the Superior country, are at least equal, at the present time, to the district shipping at Chicago, while it is more extensive, and will have a large home market in a country affording diversity of employment. Nothing can be more obvious, than the superior ad vantages of Mackinaw, as a manufacturing point, over any other on the lake coast. The value of exports and imports which flow through the Straits of Mackinaw and the Saut St. Mary was estimated a year or two since at over one hundred millions of dollars. But, who can estimate a commerce which every year increases in many fold ? In 1856> there were sent through the Old Mackinaw. 207 St. Mary Canal 11,000 tons of raw iron, 1,040 tons of blooms, and 10,452,000 lbs. of copper ; and the commercial value of what passed through the canal amounted to upward $5,000,000. But perhaps the most correct idea of the rapid increase of commerce in Lake Superior may be taken from the arrivals at Superior City for the last three years, taken from the Superior Chronicle of January, 1857. In 1854 there were two steamboats and five sail vessels. In 1855 there were twenty-three steamers, and ten sail vessels ; and in 1856 forty steamers and sixteen sail vessels. We thus see that in three years the increase was seven-fold. It is scarcely possible to imagine ..the limits of northwestern commerce on the lake, when a few years shall have filled up with inhabitants the surrounding territories. According to the testimony of Senator Hatch, made on the floor of Congress on the 25th of Feb- rury, 1859, there were over one thousand six hun dred vessels navigating the northwestern lakes, of which the aggregate burden was over four hundred thousand tons. They were manned by over thirteen thousand seamen, navigating over five thousand miles of lake and river coast, and transporting over six hundred millions of exports and imports, being 208 Old Mackinaw. greater than the exports and imports of the United States. The State of Michigan is the greatest lumber- growing region in the world, not only on account of its interminable forests of the choicest pine, but in the remarkable facilities for getting it to market. With a lake coast, on the lower peninsula alone, of over one thousand miles — with numberless water courses debouching at convenient distances into her vast, inland seas — she enjoys advantages which mighty empires might envy. Her white-winged carriers are sent to almost every point of the com pass with the product of her forests, which, wherever it may go, is the sign of improvement and progress, while by the large expenditures involved in the ma nufacture, and the employment of thousands of hardy laborers, the general prosperity is materially enhanced, and a market opened within her own bor ders for a considerable share of the surplus produc tion of her own soil. The annual product of the pineries alone amount to the sum of ten and a half millions of dollars. The lumbering, mining, and fishing interest combine to furnish by far the best home market in the Union, and one which in seasons when a large surplus is not compelled to seek a market, can boast its inde- Old Mackinaw 209 pendence of the " bulls" and " bears" of the great commercial metropolis. The dense forests in the inte rior of the State have not yet been reached, and when the contemplated roads are made, a field will be pre sented for the investment of capital of a most remu nerative character The government has already taken such steps as will soon make Mackinaw the centre of a great rail road system. We need only refer to the actual facts in order to make this clear. Congress, by an act passed in 1855-6, granted to the State of Michigan a large body of land for railroad purposes, designat ing four routes. 1. From Little Noquet Bay to Mar quette, in the Superior country. 2. From Amboy, on the State-line of Ohio, throngh Lansing to or near Mackinaw. 3. From Grand Rapids to Macki naw. 4. From Grand Haven to Port Huron. It will be seen that this plan is formed on the basis of a direct line from Lake Superior through the mine ral , regions to Lake Michigan. The law fortunately permitted the last two companies to make their lines at or near Traverse Bay, and as Mackinaw is but comparatively a short distance, both companies have wisely concluded to terminate their lines at Macki naw. It is at once evident that the Michigan line, centering at Mackinaw, must be met there, by rail- 18* 210 Old Mackinaw. roads penetrating various sections of the northern peninsula. This is evident, and we understand is already foreseen, and measures will be adopted to accomplish that end. In the mean time, let us ex amine the prospects and influence of the, two long lines of Michigan railway terminating at Mackinaw. The whole amount of land granted to the Michigan railways is estimated to be about 3,880,000 acres. From this, however, there will be some deduction in consequence of lands already selected, and which may not be supplied by the quantity within the limited distance. The deficiency will not be great, and we understand that the amount estimated for the two Mackinaw roads will scarcely be less than two mil lions of acres. Of the quantity and value of these lands, we give the estimate made by these roads, as well as the cost of construction. The estimate made by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad is as follows : " The proximity to lake navigation ; having sev eral navigable rivers passing through them, the abundance of hydraulic power, the healthfulness of the climate, the fertility of the soil; and lying immediately on the line of this road, are facts which contribute to enhance the value of these lands. " The length of this road from the Straits of Macki- Old Mackinaw. 211- naw to Fort Wayne, will be about three hundred and fifty miles. If the company meet with as good success as the merits of the enterprise deserve, the entire cost of the road should not be over $25,000 per mile, which makes an aggregate sum of $8- 759,000." On the supposition that the minimum amount of land is obtained and sold, at half the price above stated, there will yet be broad enough basis to se cure the construction of the work. The Amboy and Lansing Company are equally confident of success. They have also located a large quantity of land, and expect their value to be equi valent to the construction of their road. Accord ingly, they have put a portion of their road under contract, and have obtained large local subscrip tions. Both these lines of railroad will terminate at Mackinaw, on the north, and Cincinnati on the south ; hence they will be carried south till they ter minate at Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, and Pen- sacola, thus forming the grandest and most exten sive system of railroads on the continent. Nothing in America equals it — nothing in Europe can com pare with it ! When all the links shall have been 212 Old Mackinaw. completed, it will stand out the greatest monument to human labor and genius which the world presents. The single line from Mackinaw to Pensacola has been looked upon as one of the most important un dertakings of the age. We extract from the " Ex- positon of its Plan and Prospects," by E. D. Mans field, Esq., some of the facts, which exhibit its importance, and bearing, and influence on Mackinaw City. " To illustrate," says the Exposition, " the value of this North and South National Line, by its power of producing commerce, mark, in a tabular form, the natural products of each degree of latitude, thus : — States. Latitude. Productions. Florida, - 31 . deg. - Oranges. it - 31 a - Sugar. t( 31 it Cotton. Alabama, 32 it tt tt 33 tt a a 34 it - Cotton, Corn. Tennessee, 35 tt tt tt n 36 tt - Cotton, corn, tobac., iron. Kentucky, ¦ ¦87 tt - Corn, tobac, coal, iron. n 38 tt - Corn, -wh't, cat. tob. h'rnp. Ohio, - - 39 tt - Corn, -wh't. cat. h'gs;wine. Old Mackinaw. 213 States. Latitude. Productions. - 40 " - Wh't, c'rn, h'gs, cat., flax. " 41 " Wheat, corn, cattle. Michigan, 42 " Wheat, cattle, hay, wool. " 43 " - Pine, cedar, coal. " - 44 " Pine, cedar, coal. " 45 " Pine, hemlock, cedar. " 46 " - Pine, copper, lead, fish. This statement is enough to show an extraordi nary stimulus to commerce, on a line of railway. The length of the entire line will be less than half that which is proposed to be made from Cincinnati and other cities to San Francisco; yet, will pass through varieties of production, which that line cannot have. In two days, every inhabitant on that line may be supplied, from their native source, with sugar, cotton, corn, wheat, tobacco, iron, coal, lead, copper, pine, cedar, with wool, flour, hemp, and fruits of every description ; with fish of the sea and fish of the lakes ; with bread, and oil, and wine ; in fine, with everything that supports, clothes, or houses man; with everything that supplies his wants, or contributes to his material happiness." It is obvious, that such a line of railroad as this — peculiar in its resources, vast in its comprehensions, and embracing in its grasp all the products of tro- 214 Old Mackinaw. pic or of temperate climes — must, of itself, rear, at its termini, commercial towns of great importance: But, this is not all. The road from Grand Haven to Port Huron will intersect the Amboy and Lans ing line about mid-way, and then a railroad will at once be made in the direction of the Canada lines and Buffalo — completing the radii from the far northwest through Mackinaw, to the eastern Atlantic. The natural point of termini for the Northern Pa cific and Canada Railroads is also at the Straits of Mackinaw. The one giving financial strength and business to the other, connecting Portland with the mouth of Columbia by the nearest possible route. Canada has already granted four million acres of land to railroads running to Saut St. Mary. Those having the management of the Northern Pacific railroad will do well to consider the -propriety of co-operating and uniting with the Canada and Pacific. Railroad at the Straits. The following from the New York Daily News is valuable in this connection. It is from the pen of E. Conkling, Esq. : — "You will please excuse me for calling your at tention, not to the importance of a Pacific railroad, for that is conceded, and our country is suffering from want of it, but to the mode of getting the means to Old Mackinaw. 215 construct the Northern Pacific railroad. I don't re member to have noticed as yet any allusion to this method, or any other practical one, aud I trust you will consider the suggestions, and add thereto any other methods. " The railroads now provided for and made to St. Paul, and Crow- Wing from Chicago and Milwaukee will have exhausted local means, State aid and avail able land grants. However desirable it may be to sustain those roads by a business beyond that, and to the country beyond that, by extending the North ern Pacific Railroad, yet for want of means it cannot be done, unless foreign capitalists can be induced by land grants, at least to invest sufficient to make the road finally, and be made to see that their present large unproductive investments in Canada railroads can. be made productive in the use of more of their capital. Canada railroads lie too far North to receive any benefit in business from railroads terminating from the northwest as far south as Chicago, and but little from the railroads terminating at Milwaukee, as the cost of transhipment and delay to cross by steam ferry eight months yearly at Milwaukee with eighty- five miles ferriage, must divert the trade and travel either to the north or south end of Lake Mi- 216 Old Mackinaw. chigan, and every year will render that delay and cost more unpopular. And yet to get that trade the Great Western Railroad of Canada have permanently invested $750,000, in the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, and recently loaned a half a million more, demonstrating the idea I shall advance, that to make good present investments more means can be had. The State of Michigan itself will furnish a good trade to roads through it and to roads east of it. "The Straits of Mackinaw is the great natural ferry of about four miles wide for roads of Michigan and Canada to centre, the point necessarily for the passage of lake commerce, and for a large population north of it to cross, naturally attracting and com bining elements of great importance to railroads^ " Land grants are now made to the straits from the south. The Grand Trunk and Great Western Rail roads of Canada can go to the Straits of Mackinaw, aided by those grants. The Ottawa and Huron Railroad to Saut St. Mary, may also go to the Straits, aided by land grants from Saut St. Mary. From there the three Canadian railroads, aided by land grants yet to be made, can go to Crow Wing or near there, and there form a junction with the Chicago roads — thence to the Pacific, aided by land grants. " By affording the Canada interest a chance for a Old Mackinaw. 217 portion of the Pacific trade, and thus making present Canada investments profitable, it is made the in terest of foreign capitalists to make our Northern Pacific railroad. " This protective interest to Canada railroads is the greatest inducement to be offered them. " They will not invest in the road beyond Crow Wing, simply for the sake of grants of lands, made valuable only by the outlay of their money; even should the lands finally redeem the previous outlay for the road, that is no object, because the road will not pay more than cost of running and sustaining it, and if it should some beyond that, it will be frittered away by bad management and stealing. At least it is fair to suppose so, and hence they must be assured of enough of land grants to finally make the road, which of itself will pay nothing, only in the way of affording the roads east of Crow Wing, owned by them, fair dividends. This consideration will of it self induce them to furnish capital to the Pacific, and it is in the power of the government thus to interest them. No other proposed route can claim foreign aid because of .such good reasons. Our government can aid only in lands ; in valueless lands she is or may be wealthy. No bill can pass Congress, only by affording equal aid in lands to the Northern, 19 21 8 Old Mackinaw. Central and Southern routes, each standing on their commercial merits before capitalists. "The chance for us thus to enlist them, is but for a limited time. Soon they will become committed to the North Canada Pacific Road, north of Lake Superior,- when they will not help ours, and thus protract ours for want of means and competing road. At present, two of the most important Canada roads can be enlisted in the above views, because if the Canada road north of Lake Superior is made, it will divert the trade from them, they being too far south to be benefited. But by going to the Straits of Mackinaw, they secure a division of the Western trade — among the three roads. The road through the mineral regions will develop that country and afford a good market for the produce of the country west of it. " Chicago is no more on the direct route from the East to Iowa, than is Mackinaw city on the direct route to the northwest from New York. " Lake Michigan naturally forces such a division of the Western and Northwestern trade, and the Strait of Mackinaw is most favorably situated for crossing. Cars can be transferred by ferry boat from point to point, without delay or cost of tran shipment. Old Mackinaw. 219 That country is nearer to market than any other Western State; cheaper lands and good soil, and healthy climate, and a superior wheat country, af fording employment in lumbering, fishing, mining, manufacturing, &c, offering great inducements to foreigners, and of interest to New York, to be set tled." 'The history of the West has presented some re markable facts, contrary to the ordinary experience of human progress. It is assumed, as an historical fact, in European or Asiatic progress, that the growth of towns and states must be slow. It requires gene rations to bring them to maturity, and even imperial power has failed to create cities, without the aid of time and gradual increase. But, this has been re versed in America. We cannot take it for granted that because the natural site of a town is now clothed with the .forest, and remote from habitations, that it will not become a prosperous city, within a half-dozen years. For, we know that in the North west, cities have arisen on a substantial basis, to a numerous population, in a space so brief that history has no record of their existence, and the school maps no name for the place of their being. Chicago which commenced its growth in 1834, had a population in 1857, of 100,000, Milwaukee in 220 Old Mackinaw. twenty-one years rose to 50,000, St. Paul in fifteen years to 15,000 ; Keokuk in eighteen years to 15,000, Grand Rapids in twelve years to 8000 ; Saginaw city in twenty-two year 4000, and Superior city in the short space of two years to 4000. We thus see, that, in the Northwest, cities do grow up, in the midst of the wilderness, and the wilderness itself soon blooms as the rose. To say, then, that a point affording every natural and commercial ad vantage for the growth of a large city is not now &- city, is to say nothing against its position or pro spects. Within the memory of a generation the five great States, (which have heretofore been termed the Northwest,) contained less then a half a million of people, and Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, were not even dots on the map of States. A mission or a military fort was all they could boast. These States now contain six millions of inhabitants, and the towns on the lake shore two hundred and fifty thousand. But to present the point of growth, in the clearest point of view, let us consider it dependent wholly on that of the surround ing country. This we can tell almost precisely. We know the rate of growth in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Canada West. Canada West in 1840, had a population of 640,000, Old Mackinaw. 221 in 1850, of 982,000, and in 1857, 1,100,000, Michi gan in 1840, was 212,000, in 1850, 397,000, and in 1857, 700,000. The population of Wisconsin in 1840, was 30,000, in 1850, it was 305,991, and in 1857, it was 600,000. The increase in Minnesota in seventeen years was 200,000. The annual increment from 1840 to 1850, was 50,000 per annum, or about six per cent. The an nual increment from 1850 to 1857, was 172,000, or about twelve per cent. The ratio of increase is, therefore, increasing, and we may assume it will not be less than ten per cent, per annum till 1860. This will give 3,380,000 for 1860, or fourfold the popula tion of 1840 ! At a diminishing ratio the territory round -Mackinaw will contain 5,400,000 in 1870, and (8,000,000) eight millions in 1880. The princi pal city of the district (wherever it may be) must then contain about one hundred thousand inhabitants. Of the cities and towns we have above enume rated, the greatest and most rapid in its development is Chicago, whose first warehouse lot was sold in 1834, and which, in 1857, is said to contain near one hundred thousand inhabitants. Let us, for a moment, compare the material advantages and resources of that place, with those of Mackinaw city. Dean Swift said, that a large city must combine the resources of 19* 222 Old Mackinaw. agriculture, commerce and manufactures. Cities have risen, however, to large size almost exclusively on commerce. Witness Tyre and Palmyra. But commerce, we concede, when left to itself, is so fluc tuating, that the cities it builds, like Tyre and Pal myra, may, in the decay of commerce, be left to ruin and desolation. Cities may, likewise, be built up almost exclusively on manufactures, such as Bir mingham and Sheffield ; and it is quite remarkable that the oldest and most stable cities have depended largely on manufactures. Damascus, the oldest his torical city- — which has resisted all the destructive influences of time and revolution — has always been a manufacturing town. Paris, Lyons, Lisle, the great interior towns v of France, depend very largely on the manufacture of fine and fashionable articles, distributed throughout Europe and America, Of the great elements of civic success, we consider manufac tures the most important ; but, to make a city of the first magnitude, it is obviously necessary to have all the resources of food, industry and commerce. Chicago is remarkable chiefly as a grain city — like Odessa, on the Baltic. But, whence is the grain de rived? By the construction of railroads, at that point, from Indiana, Illinois. Missouri, Wisconsin and Iowa, the whole mass of surplus grain in that Old Mackinaw. 223 region — amounting to more than twenty millions of bushels per annum — has been exported from Chicago. But, this is the drainage of three hundred thousand square miles, two-thirds of which will not expori through Chicago when railroads extend directly east to Milwaukee, Superior and Mackinaw, from Wis consin and Iowa, and connect, from the south, at Cairo, with Missouri and Illinois. Reduced to its own proper limits, the agricultural resources of Chicago must be confined to half the surface of Il linois, Missouri and Iowa, or about one hundred thousand square miles. This is but little over one- third the surface drained of agricultural products to ward the Straits of Mackinaw. Will it be said that this new region of the Northwest is less productive in agriculture ? The contrary, for the great element of breadstuffs, is likely to be true. Attentive ob servers of agricultural production have remarked, that the different grains produced most on the northern edge of the belt,, in which they will grow at all. Is if not so in Europe? The isothermal line of Mackinaw passes in the midst of those countries which alone produce the surplus grain of Europe, viz., Prussia, Pomerania, Poland, Southern Russia. As if to place this beyond a doubt, the crops of Canada West have, in fact, failed much less frequently than those of 224 Old Mackinaw. Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. In regard to agricul tural production, it will be difficult to show that the country drained by Chicago, has any advantage over that which will be drained by the Straits of Mack inaw. In regard to commerce — the natural position of Mackinaw is far superior to Chicago. Mackinaw is at the head of Lake Michigan — Chicago, at the foot. Mackinaw is at the junction of three great lakes; Chicago at the foot of one. Mackinaw will concen trate the navigation of eighty thousand square miles of water surface; Chicago of twenty-four thousand. Mackinaw is three hundred and fifty miles nearer the Atlantic by water ; three hundred miles nearer the upper extremity of the lakes, and as much nearer any of the Eastern Lake ports which are points of distribution. The comparison need be made no fur ther, for whoever looks upon the map will see, that, while Chicago touches one end of a single lake, a world of waters gather round Mackinaw. For an internal water commerce, it has no equal. It will be said, that railroads now carry commerce. This is true, but, railroads do not carry commerce over the surface of lakes, and the multiplication of vessels on the lakes proves that that commerce will ever be great and increasing. But what railroad Old Mackinaw. 225 commerce can be greater than that which will con centrate at Mackinaw, when it connects, in a direct line, not only with the cities of the Ohio Valley, but with those of the far South. To Cincinnati, to Louisville, to Charleston, Savannah, and Pensacola, will the cars move, laden with the people and pro ducts of the North. Lastly, neither Chicago nor any other point can be superior to Mackinaw in the elements necessary to support manufactures, the great support of cities, these elements we have already exhibited in detail. Copper, iron, lead, coal, wood, timber, bread, in fine, everything which can feed machinery, give material for its work, or feed the people who gather in the great workshops of indus try, and distribute the products of labor. Here ma terials all lie near enough for the purposes of either work or distribution. Birmingham, Manchester, Lyons, and Cincinnati, have their materials no nearer. There, if anywhere, is a site peculiarly proper for a manufacturing town. But, neither agriculture, commerce, nor manufac tures are the only things necessary, to build up a large city. Healthiness is more important than either. Here again, Mackinaw has more advantage over Chicago. Mackinaw has been proved by two hun dred years experience to be one of the healthiest 226 Old Mackinaw. points in America. Chicago is generally healthy, but is subject to more severe epidemics. The cholera visited it in in 1832 and in 1849, with fearful force ; while its very low position and muddy streets ex pose its inhabitants to those diseases which arise from damps. The Legislature of Michigan, recently passed a bill to provide for the drainage and reclamation of the swamp lands of the State by a system of State roads, accompanied by a lengthy and able report. The bill provides among others, a road from Ionia north to the straits, and whence to Saut St. Mary. They also passed a bill entitled the " Forty Acre Homestead Act." This act requires the commis sioners of the State Land office to issue a certificate of purchase to every settler on the swamp lands be longing to the State, for forty acres of said lands, whenever such settler shall have resided upon it for five continuous years, and when he has drained the same so as to comply with the provisions of the Act of Congress making this grant to the State. Before the settler can acquire the right thus to occupy and drain any of the swamp lands, he is required to file with the commissioner his application, accompanied by an oath of his intention to settle upon and drain it for the purpose of obtaining a title thereto. And Old Mackinaw. 227 he must also make oath that he is not already the owner of forty acres of land in any State of the United States. It is also expressly provided that he shall not cut or carry away any timber from said land, unless it be to clear it for cultivation, under such penalties as are now prescribed for trespassing upon State lands. It will be seen, therefore, that the object of the law is to provide homes for the homeless, and at the same time promote the actual, permanent settlement of the northern portion of the State. No man who possesses forty acres of land either in Michigan or anywhere else, is entitled to the benefits of the act. It is emphatically a law for the poor man. To all such it secures a home, with out money and without price. All it requires of him is to settle upon and cultivate it. How many are there in Detroit and other portions of the State, who will avail themselves of this beneficent republican measure ?" CHAPTER XH. The Great Western Valley — Its growth and population — Com parison of Atlantic with interior cities — Relative growth of river and lake cities — Centre of population — Lake tonnage — Progress of the principal centres of population. The following chapter on the population and growth of the Great Western Valley is taken from De Bow's Review: — The westward movement of the Caucasian branch of the human family from the high plains of Asia, first over Europe, and thence, with swelling tide, pouring its multitudes into the New World, is the grandest phenomenon in history. What American can contemplate its results, as displayed before him, and as promised in the proximate future, with out an emotion of pride and exultation ? Our nation has the great middle region of the best continent of the world, and our people are descend ants from the most vigorous races. Western Europe, (228) Old Mackinaw. 229 over-peopled, sends us her most energetic sons and daughters, in numbers augmenting with each suc ceeding decade. Asia is beginning to send forth a portion of her surplus population to our shores. Though of inferior race, the Eastern Asiatics are industrious and ingenious cultivators and artisans. A large influx of these laborers, though it may lower the average character of our people, will, it is hoped, in a greater degree elevate theirs ; and thus, while adding to the wealth and power of a nation, do something toward the general amelioration of the race. While, then, we contemplate with patri otic pride the position which, as a nation, we hold in the world's affairs, may we not indulge in pleasant anticipations of the near approach of the time, when the commercial and social heart of our empire will occupy its natural place as the heart of the continent, near the centre of its natural capabili ties? New York has long been, and for some decades of years it will continue to be, the necessary chief focal point of our nation. But, in all respects, it is not the true heart. In its composition and dealings, it is almost as much foreign as American. Located on our eastern border, fronting the most commercial and the richest transatlantic nations, and of easy ac- 20 230 Old Mackinaw. cess to extensive portions of our Atlantic coast, it is the best point of exchange between foreign lands and our own, and for the cities of the sea border of our Republic. As Tyre, Alexandria, Genoa, Venice, Lisbon, and Amsterdam, in their best days, flour ished as factors between foreigners and the people of the interior regions, whose industries were repre sented in their markets, so New York grows rich as the chief agent in the exchange-commerce between the ocean shores and the interior regions of our con tinent. As our numbers have swelled, since we be came a nation, from three and a half millions to thirty millions, so New York, including Brooklyn and other suburbs, has increased in population and wealth still more rapidly, to wit, from twenty-five thousand to more than one million. While the na tion has increased less than tenfold, New York has grown more than fouf times tenfold. In 1790 the city of New York contained thirty-three thousand, and the State of New York three hundred and forty thousand — the city having less than one-tenth of the people of the State. Believing that this most prosperous of the Atlan tic cities will be eclipsed in its greatness and glory by one or more of the interior cities of the great plain, we have selected it as the champion of the Old Mackinaw. 231 Atlantic border, to hold up its progress during the thirty years from 1830 to 1860, the most prosperous years of its existence, in comparison with the pro gress, during the same period, of the aggregate cities and towns of the plain. The result of our investi gation, the summing up, will be found in the follow ing table. It will be seen that many of the items are put down in round numbers — no document be ing accessible or in existence to furnish the exact number of many of the new towns, in 1830. The estimate for 1860 may, in some instances, be above the figures which the census will furnish, but the over-estimate for 1830 is believed to be in a larger proportion to actual numbers at that time. Making a liberal allowance for errors, the result of the ag gregate cannot be materially varied from that at which our figures bring us : 1830. 1860 Est. Increase. New York, including Brook lyn and other suburbs 234,438 .... 1,170,000 . . 5 times. Cities and chief towns of the great plain 270,094 2,706,300 . . 10 " nearly Leaving out the exterior cities of the plain, to wit, New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, Quebec and Montreal, the comparison between New York and 232 Old Mackinaw. suburbs, and the interior cities of the plain will be shown by the following figures : 1830. 1 860 Est. Increase. New York and accessories .... 234,448 .... 1,170,000 .... 5 fold Interior cities and town of the plain 172,000 2,346,000. . .13 " The five largest cities of the Atlantic border ex hibit a growth, as compared with the five largest cities of the plain, as follows : 1830. 1860 Est. New York and dependencies 235,000 .... 1,170,000 Philadelphia " ..170,000.... 700,000 Baltimore '¦ 83,000 250,000 Boston " 80,000 . . . 200,000 Charleston " 31,000.... 60,000 599,000 2,380,000 Cincinnati and suburbs 28,000 .... 250,000 New Orleans " 47,000.... 170,000 St. Louis " 6,000.... 170,000 Chicago " 100 150,000 Pittsburg " 17,000.... 145,000 98,000 885,000 This table shows the five Atlantic cities to have quadrupled, and the five cities of the interior plain have increased nine times. Is this relative rate of increase of the exterior and interior cities to be changed, and, if it is to be changed, when is Old Mackinaw. 233 the change to commence ? We can foresee no cause adequate to that effect, or tending toward it. On the contrary, it seems to us certain as any future event, that the rate of growth of the interior cities, compared with those on the Atlantic border, will be increased. The proportion which their present numbers bear to the numbers of the rural population does not ex ceed one to six, whereas the urban population of the Atlantic border is not less than one to three of the rural. This disproportion of city and rural popula tion will hereafter change more rapidly in favor of the interior than the Atlantic cities, because of the greater fertility of soil producing more food from an equal amount of labor ; and also, by reason of the more rapid growth of the general population, of which an increasing proportion will prefer city to country life. Will it not be so ? Will not the gene ral increase of population be greater in the interior States? Will not the productions of the soil in crease faster ? And can there be a doubt that the large disproportion in the distribution of the popu lation between city and country, in the interior, will be lessened, so that, instead of being, as now, only one to five or six, they will rapidly approach the proportion of one to two or three ? Here, then, are 20* 234 Old Mackinaw. the sources of superior increase so obviously true, as to need only to be stated to insure conviction. Let us now compare the growth, for the thirty years since 1830, of the five largest Atlantic cities, with the five largest cities of the plain, and, by its side, extend the comparison to 10, 15, and 20 of the largest city of each section : 1830. 1860 Est. New York and accessories 235,000 1,170,000 Philadelphia " 170,000 .... 700,000 Baltimore " 83,000.... 250,000 Charleston " 31,000.... 60,000 599,000 2,380,000 Increase 4 times. 1830. I860 Est. Cincinnati and suburbs 28,000 250,000 New Orleans " 47,000 .... 270,000 St. Louis " 6,000.... 170,000 Chicago " 100,... 150,000 Pittsburg " 17,000.... 145,000 98,000 2,885,000 Increase 9 times. Let us now compare the ten largest of each sec tion. Old Mackinaw. 235 Atlantic. 1830. The aggregate of the five largest as above 579,000 . . Providence 17,000. . Lowell 6,500. , Washington 19,000 . . Albany 24,000 . . Richmond 16,000. . . 2,370,000 55,000 40,000 60,00065,000 35,000 661,000 2,625,000 Increase 4 times. Interior. 1839. I860 Est. Aggregate as above 98,000. . . . 885,000 Buffalo 9,000 .... 100,000 Louisville 10,500. . . . 80,000 Milwaukee 50. . . . 75,000 Detroit 2,000. . . . 80,000 Cleveland 1,000.... 70,000 120,550 1,290,000 Increase 10 7-10. Aggregate of the ten, with five more' of each sec tion added, added, to wit : 1830. 1860 Est. Aggregate as above. 661,000 2,625,000 Troy 11,500. . . . 35,000 Portland 12,500 30,000 Salem 14,000 25,000 New Haven 10,000 30,000 Savannah 7,500.... 15,500 716,500 2,760,500 Increase 3 8-10 times. 236 Old Mackinaw. 1830. Aggregate as above 120,550... Toronto 1,700. . . Rochester 9,000. . . Mobile 3,000. . . Memphis 1,500. . . Hamilton 1,500. . . i860 Est. 1,290,000 65,00050,000 30,000 25,00025,000 137,000.... 1,485,000 Increase 16 7-10 times. Aggregate of the fifteen, with five more added in each section : 1830. Aggregate as above ; 716,500. . Springfield, Mass 7,000. . "Worcester, " 4,500.. Bangor, Me 3,000. . Patterson, N.J 5,000.. Manchester, N. H 50 . . I860 Est. 2,760,500 24,000 24,000 23,00022,00022,000 736,500.... 2,875,500 Increase 3 8-10 times. 1830. Aggregate as above 137,250. Dayton 3,000. Indianapolis 1,500 . Toledo 30. Oswego 3,200. Quincy 1,500. I860 Est. 1,48^,000 24,000 22,000 20,00020,00020,000 149,700.... 1,591,000 Increase 10 6-10 times. From the above tables, we see that the city of Old Mackinaw. 237 New York, with its neighboring dependencies, will have made in growth in thirty years, between 1830 and 1860, increasing its population 5 times. During the same period, The 5 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, in cluding New York, increased 4 1-10 times. The 10 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, in cluding New York, increased 4 The 15 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, in cluding New York, increased 3 8-10 " The 20 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, in cluding New York, increased 3 8-10 " And that the 5 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 9 " And the 10 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 10 7-10 " And the 15 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 10 7-10 " And the 20 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 10 6-10 " If the number of cities and towns of each section were increased to twenty -five, thirty, and thirty-five of each section, the disparity would increase in favor of the interior cities, most of these to be brought into comparison, having come into existence since 1830. We commend the comparison between the old and the new cities so far back as 1830, to give the 238 Old Mackinaw. former a better chance for a fair showing. If a later census should be chosen for a starting point, the advantages would be more decidedly with the inte rior cities. In the article on the great plain, in the May num ber of this Review, we gave prominence to the two great external gateways of commerce, offered to its people in their intercourse with the rest of the world : that is to say, the Mississippi river entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, and the outlet- of the lakes through St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers. These constitute the present great routes of commerce of the people of the plain, and draw to the cities on the borders of the great lakes and rivers the trade of the surrounding country. Between the cities of the great rivers and lakes there has of late' sprung up a friendly rivalry, each having some peculiar ad vantages, and all, in some degree, drawing business into their laps for the benefit of their rivals. That is to say : river cities gather in productions from the surrounding districts which seek an eastern mar ket through lake harbors ; and lake cities perform the same office for the chief river cities. Each year increases, to a marked extent, the intercourse which these two classes of cities hold with each other ; and it may be safely anticipated that no long period will Old Mackinaw. 239 elapse before this intercourse will become more im portant to them than all their commerce with the world beside. In comparing the interior cities of the great plain, situated on the navigable rivers, with those located on the borders of the lakes, two considera tions bearing on their relative growth should be kept in view. The river cities were of earlier growth, the settement from the Atlantic States hav ing taken the Ohio river as the high-road to their new homes, many years before the upper lakes were resorted to as a channel of active emigration. This gave an earlier development to country bor dering the central rivers, the Ohio, Wabash, Illinois, and Lower Missouri. The States of Kentucky and Tennessee, also, had been pretty well settled, in their more inviting portions, before any considerable in road had been made on the wilderness bordering on the upper lakes. Owing to these and other circum stances, the river cities, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louis ville, and others of less note, were well advanced in growth, before the towns on the lakes had begun, in any considerable degree, to be developed. Another advantage the river cities possessed in their early stage, and which they still hold ; that of manufactur ing for the planting States bordering the great rivers. 240 Old Mackinaw. For many years, in a great variety of articles of ne cessity, they possessed almost a monopoly of this business. Of late, transportation has become so cheap, that the planters avail themselves of a greater range of choice for the purchase of manufactured ar ticles, and the lake cities have commenced a direct trade with the plantation States, which will doubt less increase with the usual rapidity of industrial development in the fertile West. If we claim for the upper lake country some supe riority of climate for city growth over the great river region, we do not doubt that the future will justify the claim. More labor will be performed for the same compensation, in a cool, bracing atmosphere, such as distinguishes the upper lake region, than on the more sultry banks of the central affluents of the Mississippi, where are the best positions for the chief river cities. Refraining from further comment, let us bring the actual development of the interior cities — on the navigable rivers and on the lakes — into juxtaposition for easy comparison. As our comparison of Atlantic cities with the cities of the plain has been made for thirty years, from 1830 to 1860, we continue it here for the same period, between the river cities and lake cities. We select twenty cities, now the largest of Old Mackinaw. 241 each region, and put down the population in round numbers as nearly accurate as practicable. That for 1860, is of course, an estimate only, but it is cer tainly near enough to the truth to illustrate the growth, positive and comparative, of our interior cities. This table exhibits a growth of the interior cities on the navigable waters of the Mississippi and its affluents, which brings their population, in 1870, up to 11 4-10 that of 1830. This is, unquestionably, much beyond the expectation of their most sanguine inhabitants, at the commencement of that period, be ing three times that of the chief cities of the Atlantic border. Yet even this rapid development is seen, by our figures, to fall far behind that which has characterized the cities created by lake commerce during the same period. Interior Eiver Cities 1830. 1860. Cincinnati and dependencies 25,500 250,000 Pittsburg, " 15,500 155,000 St. Louis, " 6,000 180,000 Louisville, " 11,000.. '. 80,000 Memphis, " 2,500 25,000 Wheeling, " 6,000 20,000 New Albany " 1,500 20,000 Quincy, " 1,000 19,000 Peoria, " 800 18,000 Galena, " 2,000 18,500 Keokuk, " 50 16,000 21 .... 16,000 .... 15,000 15.000 r- eo<= .... 13,000 .... 8,000 ... . 8,000 914,000 o o o o i-l o oo oo CO 800 1,550 1 «l-H oo'oo'ooo o oo OtOIMlO-^tDOOOOcOWOO O O N ,— i CO CI O =D « lO lO w mow -^ r-( CO~ C*f ,-T r-T of tff CNp CO~ r-T COO 2 - 'O -^ ¦§". of «„- E CO C S -a Ph := s in .=o « 5 ,5 -h> JS s * 9, ¦ o" -fi g ® . o .- . 3 Sf .5 o o -^^oo-So u J *g 1 * | 2 ¦§ 1 Hi h3 » i? 3 .2 o o ^ d d d a a O o - 03 3 ""o a * •so W Old Mackinaw. 243 These, according to the table, exhibit a growth which makes them, in 1860, more than twenty-three times as populous as they were in 1830. This is double the progress of the river cities, and more than five times that of the cities of the Atlantic coast. In the face of these facts, how can intelligent men con tinue to hold the opinion that New York is to con tinue long to be, as now, the focal point of North American commerce and influence ? Yet well in formed men do continue to express the opinion that New York will ever hold the position of the chief city of the continent. Every one at all familiar with the location and movement of our population, knows that the central point of its numbers is moving in a constant and almost unvarying direction west by north. An able investigator, now Professor of Law in the University of Michigan, Thomas M. Cooley, five years ago, entered into an elaborate calculation to ascertain where the centre of population of the United States and Canadas was, at that time. The result showed it to be very near Pittsburg. It is generally conceded that it travels in a direction about west by north, at a rate averaging not less than seven miles a year. In 1860, it will have crossed the Ohio River, and commenced its march through the State of Ohio. As our internal commerce is more than 244 Old Mackinaw. ten times as great as our foreign commerce, and is increasing more rapidly, it is plain that it will have the chief agency in building the future and per manent capital city of the continent. If the centre of population were, likewise the centre of wealth and industrial power, other things being equal, it would be the position of the chief city, as it would be the most convenient place of exchange for dealers from all quarters of the country. But this centre of wealth and industrial power does not keep up, in its western movement, with the centre of population I nor, if its movement were coincident, would it be at or near the right point for the concentration of our domestic and foreign trade, while traversing the in terior of Ohio. If we suppose our foreign commerce equal to one fifteenth of the domestic, we should add to the thirty- three millions of the States and Canadas, upward of two millions of foreigners, to represent our foreign commerce. These should be thrown into the scale represented by New York. This, with the larger proportion to population of industrial power remaining in the old States, would render it certain that the centre of industrial power of our nation has not traveled westward so far as to endan ger, for the present, the supremacy of the cities cen tral to the commerce of our Atlantic coast. Until Old Mackinaw. 245 the centre of industrial power approaches a good harbor on the lakes, New York will continue the best located city of the continent for the great ope rations of its commerce. That the centre of wealth and consequent industrial power is moving westward at a rate not materially slower than the centre of population, might be easily proved ; but, as those who read this article with interest must be cognizant of the great flow of capital from the old world and the old States to the New States, and the rapid increase of capital on the fertile soil of the new States, no special proof seems to us to be called for. The cen tre of power, numerical, political, economical, and social, is then, indubitably, on its steady march from the Atlantic border toward- the interior of the conti nent. That it will find a resting place somewhere, in its broad interior plain, seems as inevitable as the continued movement of the earth on its axis. The figures we have submitted of the growth of the prin cipal lake cities plainly show great power in lake commerce, so great as to carry conviction to our mind that the principal city of the continent vnll find its proper home and resting-place on the lake border, and become the most populous capital of the earth. A full knowledge of the geography of North America will tend to confirm this conviction in the 21* 246 Old Mackinaw. mind of the fair inquirer. The lakes penetrate the continent to its productive centre. They afford, during eight or nine months of the year, pleasant and safe navigation for steam-propelled vessels. Their waters are pure and beautifully transparent, and the air which passes over them exceedingly invigorating to the human system. Their borders are replete with materials for the exercise of human industry and skill. The soil is fertile and very productive in grains and grasses. Coal in exhaustless abund ance crops out on or near their waters, to the extent of nearly one thousand miles of coast. The richest mines of iron and copper, convenient to water trans port, exist, in aggregate amount, beyond the power of calculation. Stone of lime, granite, sand, and various other kinds suitable for the architect and the artist, are found almost everywhere convenient to navigation. Gypsum of the best quality crops out on the shores of three of the great lakes, and salt springs of great strength are worked to advantage, near lakes Ontario and Michigan. Timber trees in great variety and of valuable sorts, give a rich border to the shores for thousands of miles. Of these, the white oak, burr oak, white pine, whitewood or tulip tree, white ash, hickory ar.d black walnut, are the most valuable. They are of noble dimensions, and Old Mackinaw. 247 clothe millions of acres with their rich foliage. No where else on the continent are to be seen such abundance of magnificent oak, and the immense groves of white pine are not excelled. Heretofore little esteemed, the great tracts of timber convenient to lake navigation and to the wide treeless prairies of the plain, are destined soon to take an important place in the commercial operations of the interior. Already, oak timber, for ship-building and other purposes, finds a profitable market In New York and Boston. The great Russian steamship " General Admiral," was built in part from the timber of the lake border. A great trade is growing up, based on the products of the forest. Whitewood (Dirioden- dron tulipifera) oak staves, black and white walnut plank, and other indigenous timber, are shipped, not only to the Atlantic cities, but to foreign ports. The lumber yards of Albany, New York, Philadelphia, as well as those of Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland and Buffalo, receive large sup plies from the pineries bordering the great lakes. Cincinnati and other Ohio river cities, receive an in creasing proportion of pine lumber from the same source. These great waters are also, as is well known, stocked with fish in great variety, whose fine gas tronomic qualities have a world-wide reputation. 248 Old Mackinaw. As before stated, these lakes penetrate the conti nent toward the northwest as far as its productive centre. They now have unobstructed connection with the Atlantic vessels of nine feet draft and three hundred tons burden, by the aid of sixty-three miles of canals overcoming the falls of the St. Mary, Nia gara and St. Lawrence Rivers, with a lockage of less than six hundred feet. By enlarging some of the locks and deepening the canals, at a cost of a very few mil lions, navigation for propellers of from one thousand to two thousand tons may be secured with the whole world of waters. The cost is much within the power of the Canadas and the States bordering the lakes, and will be but a light matter to these communities when, within the next fifteen years, they shall have doubled their population and trebled their wealth. The increase of the commerce of the lakes, during the last fifteen years, is believed to be beyond any example furnished by the history of navigation. A proportionate increase the next fifteen years, would give for the yearly value of its transported articles, thousands of millions. According to the best authori ties it is now over four hundred millions. In 1855, that portion of the tonnage belonging to the United States was one fifteenth of the entire tonnage of the Union. During the same year the clearances of vessels from Old Mackinaw. 249 ports of the United States to the Canadas, and the entrance of vessels from the Canadas to ports of the United States, as exhibited in the following table, show a greater amount of tonnage entered and cleared than between the United States and any other foreign country : Clearances from ports in the United States to ports in Canada in 1855 : Number of American vessels - - - 2,369 Canadian " - - % 6,688 Whole number - - - 9,067 Tonnage American - - 890,017 Canadian - - - 903,502 Total cleared from the States, - 1,793,519 The registered tonnage of all the States, the same year, was 2,676,864; and the registered and enrolled together, 5,212,000. The value of lake tonnage was, in 1855, $14,835,- 000. The total value of the commerce of the. lakes, the same year, was estimated, by high authority, (in cluding exports and imports) at twelve hundred and sixteen millions ($1,216,000,000.) This seems to us an exaggerated estimate, though based principally on official reports of collectors of customs. Eight 250 Old MacKinaw. hundred millions would, probably, be near to the true amount. It will surprise many persons to learn that the trade between the United States and Canadas, carried on chiefly by the lakes and their connecting waters, ranks third in value and first in tonnage, in the table of our foreign commerce ; being, in value, only below that of England and the French Empire, and in tonnage above the British Empire. American goods to Canada - - $9,950,764 Foreign goods - - 8,769,580 $18,720,344 Canadian goods to the States, - - 12,182,314 $30,902,658 We here append a table showing the progress, from decade to decade, of the principal centres of population of the plain since 1820. It has been made with all the accuracy which our sources of informa tion enable us to attain. There are in it, no doubt, many errors, but it will be found, in the main, and for general argument, substantially correct. For future reference, it will be valuable to persons who take an interest in the development of our new ur ban communities. Included in each city are its out- rt c M cj t— 1 o bo * a O o O •73 a ¦§ « * £& ax fl CJ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO o o o OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O O O O O O O O O O O^Oo o oo^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^ oo"cTou^o"o"<^o"^o~oo"^o"^^^^li^c^O) o" o"* o o""o OJlQQOir. WO050000t-t'L-OlQ^WlN(NCS(NWINN(NW(NlN rH CM r-( rH i-H -H •X'COO^^^OOi^^Ot'OoOOO'-HOcCt-t-COCOOCJOc^iSlO t- O OS W N O i-^O^O^CC^io ^ji i^C$^tt^&<^£-<£T-4£-C$n oo" O" 6" 00" H O* (N Oi-H(MOC0WOi-leH C3 CD H-> o CJ !z C3 CD 0 '3 .H o .3 2 O 02 bo O H f-h' *> *j oo O O : d s cu fl a ^- v i^S'gS| £ o ^ -g J s | g -g 2 --ti B ° °^3" o o ^ -3 ° * » .<« .2 t*- d !zj P. c? C" c03 - 2 ro P. __ „ bDAl *w C3 cS ^ r^ -^ nJ o CD rrj CO 1 s O CS EH N ca ©0©0©©©©0©0©0©0©©©©0 oo©ooooo 00©000000000©000©0©00©0000000©©©©0©00000000 ©^ © o ©_ O ©^ ©^ o_ o^ o_ o^ ,o_ o i-i,^ ^^0„^^^^co©_0°."^ M. "^ © ^txrco"c^c4"f^OCO"co"l^CO"CNCO"^CO~^* C0~r4 oa CO o ^ t~ r— I 22S2 So £ o o. m o, « <= o rt Cf CO ¦* r- rH rH ^C -ooo _ - _- o o o us e^ c^ m ir^ co IO CO" rH r-T rJ ooo o o o_ oo to o o . o . o . co rH It- oo o_ oo us CN cm" r— r ¦*" cm" cm" cm" r-T O O iO Ci © © © O rH t- o o ©_ O 00 O "* ©. c4" CN* r-T ffq" rH © O co o 3 co *i o °. © » © S S © © -tf©©000©©© OiOCO^OOOOirtOO °.. N C^ CO_ CO IN CN N « r- ( UT^ i-I' cq** cq" r-4 csf o o o © o © O o o o © © o o oo co co io o cq oo ©o o o © ooo O IN CM c3 o3 1+3 ^ M"r- CD k a>w a H= P M 11 g- J in hH -h> £ -a a 3 « .2 ^ 03 ~ « .2 t. O o 3 P 3 M 1)*H • O ,T3 ,= SO Cm 0,SifiMRBO t- co CD .co -e ¦- ed I— 1 p ja !s> _ca g S Q O 5 s -2 J PQ O §¦81 HH CB C! Old Mackinaw. 1830. Houston, " Erie, Pa 1,260 Lexington, Ky 4,500 Ogdensburg 1,500 Natchez, Miss 2,000 Three Rivers, O. E. 800 Racine, Wis Waukesha Marshall, Mich 200 Pontiac, " 150 P't Huron " 100 Jackson " 150 Kalamazoo " 150 Mineral Pt., Wis 500 Kenosha " Eon du Lac, " Janesville " Beloit " Madison " Elgin " Oshkosh, " Monroe, Mich 400 Lansing " Columbus, Miss. ..... 800 Jacksonville, 111 800 Waukegan " Lasalle " 50 Joliet Jefferson City, Mo. . . 1,000 St. Joseph " Independence " Iowa City, Iowa Muscatine " Springfield, Ohio 1,080 Newark " 1,000 22 1840. 500 3,500 6,997 3,000 3,001. 2,000 1,000 200 1,200 1,300 400 1,000 900 800500 1,000 1,200 500100 100 2,000 100 1,500 1,500 800 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 500 400 2,094 2,705 1850. 3,000 5,858 9,180 6,500 4,434 4,000 5,1112,313 2,8222,820 2,313 3,051 2,363 2,584 3,055 3,451 2,782 2,732 1,500 2,359 2,5002,813 1,229 2,611 2,745 2,949 3,201 2,659 3,000 2,5573,5001,582 2,540 5,1083,654 253 I860. 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 9,000 8,0008,0008,000 8,0006,000 6,000 6,0008,0006,0007,0006,0007,0005,0006,0005,0005,0005,000 5,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 5,000 5,0006,0005,000 6,000 8,0007,000 1850. I860. 3,210 7,000 3,483 5,000 3,266 6,000 3,711 7,000 2,718 7,000 254 CMd Mackinaw. 1830. 1810. Hamilton " 800 1,409 Lancaster " 1,000 2,120 Akron " 800 1,664 Mt, Vernon " 800 2,363 Tiffin " 728 TJrbana " 400 1,070 3,414 6,000 Massillon " 600 1,300 2,697 5,000 Lawrenceburg, la 600 ( 2,000 3,487 6,000 Richmond, la 500 1,000 1,443 5,000 Knoxville, Tenn 1,800 .... 2,076 6,000 The preceding table is instructive, showing, as it does, the steady and rapidly increasing tendency of the people of the plain to seek a home in cities and villages, notwithstanding the great temptation which fertile, cheap, and easily-improved lands hold out to become tillers of the soil and growers of cattle. Stock farming is largely remunerative, but our western people — wild and uncultivated as they are supposed to be by those unacquainted with their true charac ter — prefer homes where the advantages of education and social intercourse is a constant enjoyment. No where in the world are educational establishments on a better footing or more universally accessible than in some of the new States of the centre, as in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and other States." OHAPTEE XII. Michigan Agricultural Reports for 1854 — Professor Thomas's Report — Report of J. S. Dixon — Products of States— Climate — Army Meteorological Reports. From the Agricultural Eeports of the State of Michigan we take the following : — "From old Fort Mackinaw to the Manistee River, the land immediately upon the lake shore, and not un- frequently extending back for many miles, is con siderably elevated, and occasionally rises very ab ruptly to the height of from one hundred to three or four hundred feet. The country (more particu larly the northern portion) continues to rise as we proceed into the interior, until it attains an elevation equal to any other portion of the peninsula. " This is more particularly the case in the rear of Traverse Bay, where this elevation continues for many miles into the interior, giving to the landscape a very picturesque appearance when viewed from some of the small lakes, which abound in this as well as in the more southern portion of the State. (255) 256 Old Mackinaw. " The tract of country under consideration is based on limestone, sandstone, and shales, which are cov ered, excepting at a few points, with a deposit of red clay and sand, varying in thickness from a few inches to more than four hundred feet. The interior of the northern portion of the peninsula, west of the meridian, is generally more rolling than that on the east. It is interspersed with some extensive cedar swamps and marshes, on the alluvial lands, and in the vicinity of heads of streams and some of the lakes. The upland is generally rolling, has a soil of clay, loam and sand, and is clad with evergreen timber, intermixed with tracts of beech and maple, varying in extent from a few acres to several townships. Several of the most extensive of these tracts are in the vicinity of the Cheboygan and Tahweegon rivers, their lakes and tributary streams. There are also large tracts of beech and maple timber lying be tween the head of Grand Traverse Bay, and the Manistee and Muskeegon rivers. * " The elevated portion of land on the shore of- Lake Michigan, known as the 'Sleeping Bear' as well as Manitou Island, (see latitude 45) which, when viewed from a distance, has the appearance of sand, is found to be composed of alternate lay ers of highly -marly clay and sand. The clay is of Old Mackinaw. 2C7 a deep red color, and in many places its strata are much contorted. "The hilly region, to which allusions have been made, is mostly heavily timbered with beech, maple, bass, oak, ash, elm, birch, etc., interspersed with an occasional cedar swamp. In the vicinity of Grand Traverse Bay, this character of country extends into the interior for many miles, bordering on a series of small and beautiful lakes, which vary in length from two to eighteen miles, and are generally free from marsh and swamp. This country, as also that in the interior from Little Traverse Bay, is well adapted to the purposes of agriculture. " Passing south of this rolling district, the country becomes less elevated and more variable, the soil assuming a more sandy character, and being gener ally clad with evergreen timber. There are, how ever, exceptions to this in some fine tracts of beech and maple near the lake coast, also, in the vicinity of some of the streams in the interior. " It is nevertheless true, that there are many ex tensive swamps and marshes in this part of the penin sula, but it is doubted whether, upon the whole, they exceed the quantity or extent of those of the more southern part of the State. " In point of soil and timber, this portion of the 22* 258 Old Mackinaw. State is not inferior to the more southern — aud such are the advantages it offers to the settler, that the day is not distant when it will be sought as a place of residence by the agriculturist. " The beauty of its lakes and streams is not any where surpassed. Such is the transparency of their waters as to permit objects to be distinctly seen at the depth of more that thirty feet. "That part of the peninsula situate north of Grand Eiver is usually regarded by many of the in habitants of the more southern part of the State, as being either an impenetrable swamp, or a sandy barren waste, and as possessing too rigorous a cli mate to admit of its successful application to pur poses of agriculture. " This is an erroneous opinion, and one which will most certainly be corrected, as the facts with regard to this part of our. State come more fully to be known. The inhabitants of Flat, Eoyale, Muske gon and White Eivers, and the Ottawa Indians, living on the Grand and Little Traverse Bays, and on the Manistee Eiver, have extensive cultivated fields, which uniformly produce abundant crops. " The country on Flat and Eoyale Eivers is gener ally rolling, interspersed with level and knobby tracts ; but none is so rough as to prevent it from being Old Mackinaw. 259 successfully cultivated. The timber in the vicinity of the streams consists of black, white, and burr oak, which is scattering, and forms what is denominated openings and plains ; small traats of pine barrens, beech, maple and oak lands, interspersed with tracts of white pine. "Settlements are rapidly advancing in this part of our State, and much of the land under cultiva tion produces excellent crops of wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, etc., and so far as experience has been brought to the test, is not inferior to, or more sub ject to early frosts in the fall, than more southern counties of the State. " The soil varies from a light sand to a stiff clay loam. " The country on the Muskegon is rolling, and may be considered as divided into beech and maple land, pine lands, pine barrens, oak openings, plains and prairies. Small tracts of the latter are situated near the forks of the river, about forty -five miles from its mouth, and between thirty and forty-five miles north of the Grand Eiver. "Crops of corn, oats, wheat, etc., were here as flourishing as those of the more southern part of State. The soil of the prairies and openings is 260 Old Mackinaw. sandy, while that of the beech and maple lands is a sand and clay loam. " The Indians on Grand and Little Traverse Bays and vicinity, also obtain good crops of corn, pota toes, squashes, etc. Some of the most intelligent Indians informed me that they were seldom injured by frosts in the fall or spring. They also have many apple trees which produce fruit in consider able quantities. " The soil is strictly a warm one, and, exposed as the whole country, bordering on Lake Michigan, is to the influence of the southern winds during sum mer and parts of spring and fall, it seldom fails to be productive." Professor Thomas, Geologist, has placed in our hands the following report of the Geology of Macki naw, Michigan : " From the site of old Fort Mackinaw, at the very extremity of the peninsula, south to the Manistee Eiver, a direct distance of about one hundred and forty miles, the immediate shores of the lake are almost invariably considerably elevated, sometimes rising abruptly to a height of from three to four hundred feet. "The soil of the vicinity, in consequence of the large amount of calcareous matter which enters into Old Mackinaw. 261 its composition, possesses a fertility that a superficial observer would scarcely ascribe to it. "The limestone chiefly consists of an irregular assemblage of angular fragments united by a tufa- ceous cement. These fragments usually appear at first sight to have a compact structure, but a more minute examination shows them to contain minute cells, sufficiently large to admit water, which, by the action of frost, subjects the rock to rapid disintegra tion. Portions of the rock may, nevertheless, be selected partially free from this difficulty, and which are possessed of sufficient compactness to render them of value as a coarse building stone ; horn-stone, striped jasper (imperfect); hog-toothed spar, calca reous spar, and fluor spar, are imbedded in the rock, although the latter is of rare occurrence. " Lime rock again occurs at the Straits of Macki naw, and in the vicinity, it appears upon the Island of Mackinac, together with the Bois Blanc, Eound, and St. Martin's Islands, as also upon the northern peninsula north from Mackinaw. "Gypsum occurs on the St. Martin's group of islands, and also upon the northern peninsula be tween Green Bay and Mackinac. " Mackinaw Limestone. — The rock is of a light color, and the fragments of which it is composed 262 Old Mackinaw. frequently contain numberless minute cells. These were undoubtedly once filled with spar, which has been washed out of the exposed part of the rock by the action of water. The upper part is unfit for building purposes, but the lower is more compact, and has marks of regular stratification. " Coal. — The coal is highly bituminous, a charac ter in common with all that has been seen in the State, and it may safely be said, that none other may be looked for in the peninsula. " From the facts now before me, I am led to hope that coal will be found in the elevated hills of the northern part of the peninsula, easterly from Little Traverse Bay, a circumstance which, should it prove to be the case, will add much to the value of that portion of the State." — Houghton' Geological Reports of Michigan. " Foster and Whitney, United States Geologists, in their Eeports to the Government, laid down the On- ondago Salt Group of rocks as extending over a por tion of the southern part of the northern peninsula of Michigan, not a great distance from Mackinaw, and also as existing on the St. Martin's and Macki naw Islands. " Onondaga Salt Group. — As a whole, it is an immense mass of argillo-calcareous shaly rocks, Old Mackinaw. 263 inclosing veins and beds of gypsum ; hence this has been designated by some as the ' gypseous shales.' "Four divisions have been distinguished in the description of the Onondaga Salt Group, though the lines of separation are by no means well de fined. " 1. Eed and greenish shales below. " 2. Green and red marl, shale, and shaly lime stone with some veins of gypsum. " Shaly, compact, impure limestone, with shale and marl, embracing two ranges of plaster beds with hopper-shaped cavities between. " 4. Drab-colored, impure limestone with fibrous cavities ; the ' magnesian deposit of Vanuxem.' Of these, the third is the only one that has yielded gyp sum in profitable quantities. The included masses of gypsum, though, for the most part, even-bedded at their base, are usually very irregular at their upper surface, often conical. The plaster beds are supposed to be separations by molecular attraction from the marl. " This third division contains not only the gypse ous beds, but is most probably the source of all the salt so extensively manufactured at Onondaga, Ca yuga, and Madison ; at least Vanuxem informs us that, except in these gypseous beds, there is no evi- 264 Old Mackinaw. dence of salt existing in the solid state in any of the other divisions of the Onondaga Salt Group. "The fourth division is remarkable for a fine columnar structure, or needle-formed cavities, dis persed through the mass. " In the middle counties of New York, the entire thickness of the Onondaga Salt Group must be from six hundred to a thousand feet. Notwithstanding its great thickness, this formation is very barren in fossils. The corals and shells of the Niagara group suddenly ceased to exist, perhaps, as Hall suggests, being overwhelmed by a sudden outbreak of a buried vulcano at the bottom of the ocean, by which the waters became surcharged not only with argillaceous sediment, but became contaminated, either with free sulphuric acid, or sulphate of magnesia and soda. "The country through which the Onondaga Salt Group extends, is usually marked by a series of low, gravelly hills, and clayey valleys, on which a stunted growth of timber prevails, known by the name of 'Oak Openings.' Small portions of sul phate of strontia, galena, and blende, with rhomb spar, occur in the upper portion of the group. Gyp sum and salt are, however, the only minerals of eco nomical value : of the former many thousand tons are excavated. Several acidulous springs issuing Old Mackinaw. 265 from these deposits, have been found to contain free sulphuric acidJ'— D. D. Owen's Review of the K Y. Geological Reports. Jules Marcou, in his Geology of the United States, places the northern portion of the southern penin sula of Michigan in the Terrain Devonian. Eeport of J. S. Dixon and others, on Grand Tra verse Bay, p. 523, in Michigan Agricultural Eeports for 1834, says : "The atmosphere is moist and wholesome — no disease, and healthy as any portion of country. It is a well established fact, that water cools first on the surface, then sinks while the warm water rises, and consequently ice never forms till the whole body of water has been cooled to thirty degrees. Now, from this fact, the philosopher will at once deduce the climate of this region. Traverse Bay is front one hundred to nine hundred feet deep and the water never cools to thirty-two degrees till the middle of February, and in Lake Michigan in the middle never, and so long as the water in these continuous reser voirs is warmer than the air, the former must ob viously warm the latter. " It is accordingly well known that in England, on the east side of the Atlantic 7° or 8° farther north than Traverse Bay, the climate, as it regards 23 266 Old Mackinaw. cold in winter, is about equal to that of Washington City, and so it is on the east side of the Pacific ocean, in Oregon. Hence it is evident that the seasons on the east side of Lake Michigan must be uniform. " Around Traverse Bay the frost seldom kills ve getables till in November, and seldom occurs in spring later than the 1st of May. In November it gets cold enough to freeze. The vapors arising from the lake and bay fall in snow and cover the ground before the frost has penetrated it at all ; it accumu lates several months till it is two feet deep, some times deeper, and remains till April ; and when it goes off, cattle find enough to eat in the woods. This region is much more sunny between the middle of March and December than southern Michigan, and every vegetable physiologist will at once state that the influence of this on vegetation must be very great, and accordingly spring crops grow with such rapidity that corn is fit to be cut by the 1st of Sep tember. From December to March, as above, the atmosphere is hazy, cloudy, and frosty, though the thermometer never sinks so low as in the south of Michigan by ten or .twelve degrees (8 or 10 degrees below zero, being the lowest yet known), and a win ter thaw is unknown here. Hence we never have mud in winter, and but little at any season. Old Mackinaw. 267 "With the very defective cultivation hitherto used here, yield of crops are as follows : — Potatoes, free of rot, 150 to 300 bushels to the acre ; oats 25 to 60 ; corn 25 to 50 ; wheat (spring) the largest yet raised 27 bushels. Wheat raised here is much more plump than in southern Michigan, and there is no instance of its being smothered or injured by snow, because the snow never thaws and alternately freezes into a hard crust, or ice, so as to exclude the air from the wheat, as in other places. "We confidently predict that this will become the most prolific wheat region in the west ; rust and insects are unknown. All experience goes to prove that this will be a great fruit country. The Indian apple and peach trees, although few in number bear well every year; and as to wild blackber ries and raspberries, both as to size and flavor, there is absolutely no end. They serve all the inhabitants and millions of pigeons for several months." United States census, 1850, shows products of States. Average per acre of Wheat. Oats Corn. Potatoes. Michigan 10 Bushels 26 32 140 Illinois 11 " 29 33 105 Indiana 12 " 20 33 100 Iowa 14 " 36 32 100 268 Old Mackinaw. Average per acre of Wheat. Oats Corn. Potatoes 21 36 35 3020 25 27 Ohio 12 Wisconsin 14 Pennsylvania 15 New York 12 Climate. — Council Bluffs is in latitude 41|°, Du buque 42f °, Green Bay 43|°, and Mackinaw City about 46°. By reference to the following tables of temperature, it will be seen that these points are about on the same isothermal line, practically remov ing, by these tables, the prejudices generally exist ing against the climate of northern Michigan — see" Blodgett's Climatology and Army Meteorological Eeports of United States. Quebec, Canada, average in January above zero, 13° Montreal, " .'... " " Hampden, Maine " " Portland, " " " Cannel, " " Burlington, Vt " " Deerfield, Mass " " Granville, N. Y " Potsdam, " ".. " Pittsburgh " " Gouverneur, " " Lowville, " " Oneida, " " Buffalo, " " Silver Lake, Pa " Concord, N. H " 16 17 2115192122 18 2020 22 22 23 22 22 t Boston, Mass. Albany, N. Y. Old M average ac in dnaw. January above zer tc n i a n t a a ( it tt a it i tt n t u ii ( a it i a n t a ll it tt 26 0, 28° ' 24 Chicago, Illinois Ottawa, " ' 24 ' 23 Muscatine, Iowa Detroit, Michigan Pittsburgh, Pa. Philadelphia, " Cincinnati, Ohio Green Bay, Wis. 20 ' 27 ' 29 ' 32 ' 30 ' 19 Dubuque, Iowa, . Council Bluffs ' 20 ' 19 Mackinaw City ' 19 These extremes of latitude of Philadelphia and Mackinaw include the principal agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and commercial interests of America, elements naturally pertaining to Michigan, and second in their variety and extent to no State of the Union. Archangel, Bussia, in January, averages above zero 6.60° St. Petersburg, " Christiana, Norway, St. Bernard, Switzerland,. . Moscow, Bussia Erzeroum, Turkey, Taganwa, Sea of Azof, Astracan, Caspian Sea,... Kasow (Volga) Russia, Stockholm, Sweden Cracow, Poland, Pekin, China, Odessa, S. Russia, Berlin, Prussia 23* 15.70 21.30 14.4013.6018. 20.70 21.30 3.50 24.30 23.4026.00 25.2027.70 270 Old Mackinaw. Extremes below zero, 1835. Bangor, Maine January 4, Bath " Portland, " " Boston, Mass " Salem, " " Chicago, 111 February 8, St. Louis, Mo " Cincinnati, 0 " Lexington, Ky " Nashville, Tenn " Huntsville, Ala " Philadelphia, Pa " Lancaster, Pa " Washington City " Clarksville, Geo " Army Meteorological Eeports for 1854. January. Range. Mean. Max'ni. miu'iu. Port Hamilton, N. Y. 31.49° 50. 12. Port Niagara, " 25.04 48. 6. Alleghany, Pa 29.08 64. 5. Fort Delaware, Md 32.38 54. 10. Cincinnati, Ohio 31.78 54. 1. Port Snelling, Min 1.30 45. 36. " Leavenworth, Kan. 24.68 67. 8. " Mackinaw, Mich. 13.09 34. 15. below 40° ' 40 ' 21 ' 15 ' 17 ' 22 ' 22 ' 18 ' 20 ' 10 • 9 ' 6 ' 22 ' 16 ' 15 above below mean. mean. 18.5 19.5 23. 19. 34.9 24.1 21.6 17.4 22.2 32.8 43.7 37.3 32.3 32.7 10.9 28.1 Blodgett's and Army Eain Charts, showing rain and snow in inches for a series of years. Jan. Peb. M'oh. Dec. Total in year. Mack'w Island, Mich. 1.25 .82 1.14 1.24 23.87 Fort Kent, Maine .. . 3.73 2.60 1.77 3.36 36.46 Portland, " ... 3.37 3.39 2.92 4.17 45.25 Old Mackinaw. 271 Jan. Charleston, Mass 2.66 Montreal, Canada.. 2.84 Fayetteville, Vt 3.93 Cincinnati, Ohio,... 3.35 Green Bay, Wis 1.19 Detroit, Mich 2.18 St. Louis, Mo 1.93 Fort Hamilton, N.Y. 2.98 Pittsburgh, Pa 2.18 Philadelphia, Pa.... 3.09 Feb. M'ch. Dec. Total in year. 2.22 4.08 2.27 35.83 1.84 2.69 2.58 47.28 3.91 4.07 3.55 53.99 3.51 3.93 4.29 46.89 0-87 1.70 1.30 34.65 1.38 2.86 1.30 30.07 3.37 3.82 1.99 41.95 3.67 3.65 3.84 43.65 2.17 2.70 3.13 34.96 2.94 3.43 4.03 43.56 CHAPTEE XIII. Agricultural interest — Means of transportation — Railways and vessels — Lumber — Vessels cleared — Lake cities and Atlantic ports — Home-market — Breadstuffs — Michigan flour — Mone tary panics — Wheat — Importations — Provisions — Fruit — Live stock — Wool— Shipping business — Railroads — Lake Superior trade — Pine lumber trade — Copper interest — Iron interest — Fisheries — Coal mines — Salt — Plaster beds. We copy from the Detroit Tribune of 1860, a somewhat elaborate and lengthy article containing recent and highly important information in regard to the industrial interests of Michigan. Though there are portions of this article which we have to some extent anticipated in some of our previous chapters, we consider it highly important to extract largely from it, because of its more recent date. To all interested in the development and future growth of the Northwest, it will prove most valuable. The writer, Mr. Kay Haddock, commercial editor of the Tribune, says : — (272) Old Mackinaw. 273 " We know of no similar extent of country on the globe so highly favored by nature ^,s our own State, which but twenty-three years since emerged from the chrysalis condition of a territory, but which to day, by the quickening influence brought to bear upon her natural advantages by an enterprising and enlightened people, possesses elements of wealth and greatness that might well be coveted by empires. The characteristics for which she is pre-eminent are neither few in number nor ordinary in character. She occupies the very front rank in respect to im portant minerals, as well as in the extent and quality of her forest products, while her fisheries are altoge ther unrivaled, and, like her mines and forests, are the source of exhaustless wealth. With regard to the extent and diversity of her natural resources, it would indeed seem difficult to over-estimate them. Predictions that seem visionary to-day, are to-mor row exceeded by the reality, as some new treasure is revealed. A glance at the map is of itself the most eloquent commentary that could be presented with reference to her geographical position. As nature does nothing in vain, the shipping facilities afforded by the noble inland seas that clasp our shores, are a sign and promise of the commercial greatness that awaits us in the future. We mav well be proud of the 274 Old Mackinaw. condition of our agricultural interest — that great in terest which underlies every other ; which alike gives to the wealthy his opulence and the beggar his crust. Our farmers have unmistakably indicated their determination to accept of no secondary position in the quality of their wheat, and their wool is not only rapidly gaining the first rank as respect the amount produced, but is sought for with avidity for its superior quality by all the principal manu facturers of the country. Pomona, too, has thrown her influence in the scale. The region that has thus far been devoted to the culture of fruit, in propor tion to its extent, cannot be surpassed in the Union, if indeed it can be equaled. Such is a faint picture of the ' Peninsular State.' " The snail-like progress hitherto made in the set tlement of a large share of the State, is an enigma to those not versed in our early history. While oc cupying the position of a dependent of the central power at Washington, we were so unfortunate in some instances as to have men placed over us with whom personal interests were paramount to the great interests of the territory, which, at the critical period when the seeds of prosperity should have been planted, was fatal to our advancement. Next came the era of Utopian projects of internal improvement, by which Old Mackinaw. 275 our people were saddled with an onerous load of debt. In the mean time immigrants were misled by false reports concerning the character of the soil in the in terior of the State, and there were no roads by means of which they could satisfy themselves of the true character of the country. They therefore passed on to find homes upon what then seemed the most attrac tive prairies of the far West. But there is at last a great change in the tide of affairs. The value of our timber is justly regarded as greatly overbalancing the doubtful advantage of settling upon prairie land, and the active demand that has recently sprung up for it must constantly make a still greater difference in our favor. Lands long held in the iron grasp of speculators are rapidly coming into the possession of actual settlers. Our State is being intersected by a system of roads, which will ere long demonstrate the necessity of an extension of the system. Our course is indeed onward and upward. " Having seen a statement, given upon the author ity of some gazeteer, to the effect that about six mil lion dollars were invested in this State in manufac turing, which we felt assured was a libel upon the State, we have taken steps to procure statistics of the more important industrial establishments throughout the entire State. We find that in the manufacture 276 Old Mackinaw. of pine lumber alone, there are about seven million dollars invested, exclusive of the standing timber of proprietors, which perhaps might properly be in cluded as part of the capital. Such indications of thrift, enterprise, and prosv perity in a region that twenty-four years ago was a howling wilderness, it may be safely said, is with out a parallel. The other counties, we are tolerably safe in estimating, will swell the amount to $10,000,- 000, making, with the lumber manufactories, and the $2,148,500, invested in the iron manufacture, more than twenty million dollars ! The apathy of the citizens of Detroit in availing themselves of the magnificent advantages possessed by the city for prosecuting manufacturing upon an extensive scale, is wholly inexplicable. There is n mine of unproductive wealth in our midst that might at once be placed at compound interest. It now lies dormant in the sinewy arms of men and the nimble fingers of women and children. There is thus a moral aspect in this question that addresses itself with peculiar earnestness to the philanthropic. But it were a philanthropy that would lay up treasures on earth. Daily, almost hourly, raw material takes its departure from our city destined to be received at eastern manufactories, there to be worked up and Old Mackinaw. 277 returned to us for our consumption, by which we are taxed with the freight both ways, in addition to losing the profit of the manufacture. Every pro perty holder has a direct interest at stake. If a liberal sum were to be subscribed to-morrow for in vestment in this important branch of enterprise, the direct benefit that would accrue to the real estate of the city would be at least double the amount in vested. The Western States look with deep interest to the Grand Trunk Eailway, and are hopeful that it may prove a great benefit to them in enabling producers to reach the markets of European consumers at a cheap rate for carriage. Unquestionably great bene fits will grow out of the opening up of the great thoroughfare. At the same time there are questions of grave importance to shippers which will soon have to be met, and nothing can be lost, while some thing may be gained, by meeting them at the out set. We set out, then, with the proposition that the bulky products of the West must be carried by water and not by rail, and will state a few facts that in our humble opinion will place this proposition be yond all cavil. So far as figures can be obtained, and correct calculations made, it has been demonstrated 24 278 Old Mackinaw. that freight cannot be moved on American railroads for less than one cent per ton per mile. This is ac tually the first cost, even in the coal regions of Penn sylvania. It is therefore fair to presume that the Grand Trunk, with conceded advantages of superior and economical management, cannot move freight at a less cost, and that the figure named will yield no thing to the stockholders in the shape of dividend. It is true that freight has been carried at an actual loss, and, as we are about to show, the same thing will to some extent be done again, but if persevered in this can only result in ruin, and no one will assert that it ought to be taken as a legitimate basis for future calculations. It follows, then, that $8,80 is the lowest sum for which a ton can be moved from De troit to Portland, the distance between the two cities being eight hundred and eighty miles. This show ing may not be relished by those most immediately interested in the Grand Trunk Eailway, nor may it be palatable to the producers of the West, who have built high hopes on this road as an outlet to the At lantic, but it is useless to attempt to shut our eyes to obvious facts. The West has for years possessed shorter and consequently cheaper routes to the sea board, and in winter the cost of reaching the At lantic cities has always been and now is from 100 to Old Mackinaw. 270 200 per cent, greater by rail than during the navi gation season by the cheaper mode. This is easily proved. Let us look at the distance by the old route by the way of Suspension Bridge : Detroit to Suspension Bridge, is 232 miles; the Bridge to Albany, 300 ; Albany to Boston 200 ; total 732. Thus we see that the whole distance from Detroit to Boston is seven hundred and thirty-two miles, or one hundred and forty-eight less than from Detroit to Portland. As regards shipments from Detroit to Boston, via the Grand Trunk, the matter is worse, for we have to add one hundred and three miles from Portland to Boston, making the old route two hun dred and fifty-three miles shorter to that point than by the newly opened road. It is evident therefore, that the West is not likely to gain anything per manently by the new route, except in so far as it may open up some local trade, which, inconsider able at first, may eventually assume considerable importance. Of course, what is true regarding Detroit, is also true with respect to every point west of us. Every one conversant with trade must admit that goods can be carried as cheap from any port in Europe to New York as to Portland. The distance from New York to Detroit, via Albany and Suspen- 280 Old Mackinaw. sion Bridge, is six hundred and eighty -two miles, or one hundred and ninety-eight miles less than from Portland to Detroit. Goods ought certainly to be carried cheaper from New York to Detroit than by a route near two hundred miles further. We learn that the New York Central Eailroad Company are now perfecting a plan for ticketing passengers and goods from any point in the Western, Southern, and Southwestern States, and vice versa. Thus at least one important advantage to the West is already apparent, growing out of the comprehen sive action of the Grand Trunk managers, while the action of the New York Central is the sure precur sor of a momentous era in railroad annals. The pre sent year is likely to witness the first battle in a war for the European and domestic trade of the West, that may in the end turn the entire current into other channels. It will be a strife of giants, and the prize the most magnificent ever battled for, either in the tented field or in the nobler contests of nations for commercial supremacy. That prize is the car rying trade of an empire fast rising into manly vigor, and destined to attain to a point during the present generation that will dazzle the world with its vastness and grandeur. On one side, will be arrayed the Grand Trunk Eailway, with its sixty Old Mackinaw. 281 million dollars of capital, backed by the government of Canada, and sustained by every merchant of the British North American colonies, aided by powerful friends in Europe — men of character, standing and capital, who will strain every nerve to supply their darling road with business, in which they will have the sympathy of, the whole English people — for in both England and Canada the Grand Trunk is looked upon as a great triumph of national engi neering skill, while at the same time it gratifies the national pride, as it gives the world one more con vincing proof of that indomitable pluck that is the chief secret of the great celebrity attained by the merchants of the " fast anchored isle" for commer cial enterprise. On the other side will be marshaled the forces of the " Grand Trunk" lines of railroad leading to the Western States from the Atlantic sea-board. The most prominent on the list is the New York Central Eailroad, with her natural allies, the Great Western of Canada, the Hudson Eiver Eailroad, and the Western Eailroad of Massachusetts. Next in order, as parties in the struggle, are the New York and Erie, the Pennsylvania Central, and the Balti more and Ohio Eailroad, not to speak of the local 24* 282 Old Mackinaw. roads in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, that will be affected more or less in the contest for supremacy. The Grand Trunk will fight under one banner, and that banner will carry on its broad folds the commercial prestige of the British Empire, and will have the sympathy of the British people. This, which will probably carry with it, as a coincident, plenty of the " sinews of war," will be decidedly a vantage ground to stand upon. The American interests will come into the field under different leaders, having no unity of action, and hating and fearing each other ; who have never had confidence in each others' words or actions; who have never displayed any generosity toward each other; whose dealings with each other have been marked by cheating and bad faith, as the breaking of all convention treaties has proved. Under such a load of demoralization, all of them combined are perhaps not more than a match for the Grand Trunk. One of the American roads will have to stand in the van and sustain the first onset, and the elected one will be the New York Central. In every point of view it is the one best able to do so. It is managed and controlled by men of largo experience and iron will — men who do not know Old Mackinaw. 283 what defeat is, and who, come what may, will show that their metal has the true ring. The result of such a contest none can foresee; albeit after the smoke of the battle is cleared away, the wreck will only show that it has been a costly and useless fight for the stockholders, and the con viction that God's highways are superior to man's will gain strength, insomuch as to assume far more practical importance than it has hitherto attained. The only method of carrying on a successful trade between the Western States and the seaports of Eu rope, is by water, and to this conclusion all must come, in the end, on both sides of the Atlantic. In order to make the trade productive of sub stantial benefit to all interested in it, the West must have free course down the St. Lawrence, and an en largement of the Canadian canals, so that vessels of say eighteen hundred tons can pass down to the ports of Montreal and Quebec without unloading, and continue on their way to Europe without break ing bulk. A depth of fourteen feet water, with locks of corresponding capacity on the canals would accomplish this important end. The multifa rious and rapidly increasing products of the Great West, her timber, flour, wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar ley, pork, beef, butter, lard, cheese, meal, and every 284 Old Mackinaw. description of agricultural produce could then be laid down in the ports of England so cheaply that it would greatly reduce the cost of the necessaries of life, and give a new impetus to the manufacturing interest of Great Britain. At the same time it would directly tend to cheapen every article that the West requires to import, thus proving of double advantage to our producers. In both cases the pro ducer and consumer would be brought face to face, to the obvious advantage of all concerned. The manufacturing prosperity of England depends upon an unlimited supply of cheap labor, and that supply cannot be had unless she can supply such laborers with an unlimited supply of cheap food. The West has the capacity not only to furnish an inexhaus tible quantity of cheap food, but it can purchase and consume a larger amount of the productions of English skill and labor than any other section of the world. Why, then, cannot both parties hit on some scheme that will bring them more closely into the fellowship of trade? It can be done, if both will unite to obtain an unimpeded outlet via the St. Lawrence for vessels and steamers of heavy burden. So far as Quebec and Montreal are concerned, it is very difficult to say whether the consummation of the proposed enlargement would redound most Old Mackinaw. 285 to their benefit, or to that of our Western lake cities. In both cases the gain would be beyond computation. The two important Canadian cities named would become at once important seaports. They would become two of the depots for the vast commerce of two continents, and would derive great benefits from the opening up of a local traffic with the West, which at present amounts to but very little, so far as they are concerned. Our lake cities would all become . large commercial centres, and would supply the population of the region tribu tary to them, respectively, with dry goods, crockery, hardware, paints, oils, and all kinds of imported merchandise, at a cheaper rate by a considerable per centage, than they could be purchased at New York, or any city on the Atlantic. Detroit would be much nearer Liverpool than Buffalo now- is by the usual route, and Chicago and Milwaukee would be almost as near, practically. A few figures will show the decided advantage of water over rail as a medium of transporting the bulky products of the West to market. It has already been shown that a ton of any kind of freight cannot be laid down at Portland from Detroit, by rail, under $8.80, without a loss to the stockholders, nor to Boston under $9.65, except 286 Old Mackinaw. with the same result; nor at New York via the Great Western, New York Central, and Hudson Eiver roads under $6.82, without actual loss to those roads, so that the case would stand thus : — Detroit to Portland, per ton, via G. T. E., $8.80; Detroit to Boston, do. do., $9.85 ; Detroit to New York, $6.82. Add $4,00 per ton for ocean freights, and we have in each case respectively, $12.80, $13*85, and $10.82 per ton to Liverpool. Now we maintain that a screw steamer of 1800 tons burden, costing, when completed, $150,000, can carry much cheaper than a road like the Grand Trunk, costing $60,000,000, or the New York Cen- tral and its connections. A steamer of that capa^ city would carry 1,500 tons of freight ; 600 tons of coal would run her across the Atlantic, and she could coal from Chicago or Detroit to Newfound land, and from the latter point to Liverpool. By doing this, she could carry 300 tons more freight than if she coaled for the entire voyage from Chi cago to Liverpool. All the principal exports and imports of Michigan, Indiana, Western Ohio, Ken tucky, &c, would find their way to Detroit, and this point would of necessity become the great centre of the direct trade between Europe and the States above mentioned. Old Mackinaw. 287 Two steamers per week could be run with profit on the route during the season of navigation ; each steamer would make two 'round trips and a half per season of seven months' navigation, allowing two months for each round trip. At this rate sixteen ocean steamers would be required to make up a semi- weekly line, and were the Canadian canals en larged and ready for use by the middle of next April, there would be at once sufficient trade to sus tain them, at much cheaper rates for freight and passage than is now charged by any route or com bination of routes in existence, as the following will show conclusively : Each round trip would give the following sums for freight and passage : — 1500 tons of freight at $6 per ton, $9,000 ; 40 cabin passengexs at $50 each, $2,000 ; 50 steerage do. do. $25 each, $1,250. Total for the trip out, $12,250. Inward bound : — 600 tons feight at $6, $3,600; 75 cabin passengers at $60, $4,500; 300 steerage do. do., $30, $9.000— $17,100. Add outward receipts, $12,250. Total, $29,350. The total cost of the trip, including insurance, would not exceed $14,000. Total net profits, $15,250. It will be seen by the above figures that our staple products can be carried to England in the 288 Old Mackinaw. right kind of vessels, at one half the cost that rail roads and connecting steamers can perform the same service, even when the latter carry at a rate that brings no profit to the shareholders, while the former would pay large dividends. At the rates- named for passage (but little more than one-half the present cost of going from Detroit to England) crowds of the European settlers in this country would flock to the mother country to see dear friends and relatives, and tens of thousands of the Ameri can people would embrace the opportunity to be hold the tombs and temples and wonders of the land from whence their ancestors came. A feeling of friendship of the true stamp would spring up spon taneously between the Anglo-Saxon races on each side of the Atlantic that never could be severed, and which would alternately shed the blessings of Christianity and civilization to every corner of _the world. Such free intercourse would show that to be appreciated by each other they only need to be better acquainted. And it is our firm belief, that the day that beholds the commencement of direct trade between the old world and in the inland seas of the Great West, by vessels of the class named, will see a day of glory and promise brighter and greater than has ever yet dawned on any efforts put Old Mackinaw. 289 forth to subdue the world by human means, to peace and universal brotherhood. Our readers are aware that a trade of great im portance has sprung up within two or three years between Detroit and other lake ports, and the lead ing seaports of Europe. The particulars of its inau guration are already familiar to the public. Of the vessels which cleared hence in this trade in 1858, one was owned and sent out by a merchant of this city ; another was loaded by a Cleveland house ; the others were all owned or chartered by Capt. D. C. Pierce, the enterprising pioneer of the trade. His first ven ture on the Kershaw, notwithstanding some few inci dental circumstances that worked to his disadvantage, was productive of some direct profit, but a much greater profit inured to himself, and those who fol lowed him in this important commerce, by his be coming well versed in the European trade, insomuch as to be enabled to avail himself of the peculiar ad vantages offered by each market, as well as in determi ning the character of freight most profitable to carry. The cheapest, best and safest means of transporting the diversified products of the West, and particularly the region of which Detroit is the centre, to the Euro pean markets, reurning with foreign fabrics in ex change, had long challenged the attention of capital- 25 296 Old Mackinaw. ists, who saw in it the germ of a mighty commerce, but seemed to lack the practical knowledge and tact to put the ball in motion. Last year twenty-one vessels cleared from the different lake ports, mostly from Detroit. Another important point which is now in a fair way to be gained, is the making of European con sumers acquainted with the fact that their wants can be supplied to any desired extent. When this inibrmation becomes general the consumption must be vastly stimulated, affording one of the most in viting fields for enterprise known in the commercial annals of the world. The resources of the State are amply sufficient to afford employment for half a century to a tenfold larger number of vessels than have yet engaged in it. By a carefully compiled estimate, it has been ascertained that in prosperous times the annual product of our pineries is hard upon ten million dollars. Large as this sum is, it is the opinion of those who are well qualified to form an estimate, that it may easily be surpassed by the product of our hard timber. Take for ex ample the region around Saginaw Bay, which is perhaps the most remarkable locality in the world as respects the quality and variety of hard wood timber. Here, for near a hundred miles in extent, Old Mackinaw. 291 upon streams debouching into the bay, are dense forests of the choicest oak, with a profusion of hick ory, black walnut, white ash, whitewood, and other desirable varieties. The manufacture of agricultu ral implements, as well as many other articles that afford employment to the toiling millions of the old world, must receive a new impetus when it is found that wood admirably adapted to their construction can be had direct from our forests at the moderate rate at which it will bear transportation. So of birds-eye maple for cabinet ware, red elm for car riage hubs, and other varieties applicable to specific uses. We have designated only such as abound in great plenty. The profusion of the growth is in fact equaled only by its accessibility, the whole country being so permeated by streams that it can be floated off with very little trouble. The Saginaw District, important and extensive as it is, comprises but a small portion of our hard- wood lumber region. In addition to numerous almost in terminable forests in the north, equally accessible and almost equally valuable, there are extensive re gions in the interior where timber abounds of such choice quality as to abundantly warrant railroad transportation hither. Although some of the ship ments last season were of the far-famed Canada oak, 292 Old Mackinaw. shippers all concur in assuring us that the Michigan timber was held in as high estimation, if not higher, than any other offered in the foreign market. A most significant fact, coming right to the point, came under our observation a few months since. In the summer of 1858, five passenger cars for the Michi gan Southern Eoad were built at Adrian, which un prejudiced judges pronounced the finest ever built in the United States. Every foot of timber in them — as well as every pound of iron — was of Michigan production. Last spring, after being in use some twenty months, these cars were for the first time overhauled for repairs, along with a number of eastern cars which had been in use for a like period of time, when it was found that the latter, owing to the inferior quality of timber, cost for repairs nearly as many dollars as the Michigan cars did cents ! We have the authority of gentlemen of the highest re- spectablity for stating this as a literal fact. The following is a complete list of the vessels which cleared for European ports the past year, to gether with the character of their cargoes, respec tively, and the port to which they sailed : — Bark D. C. Pierce, Staves, Liverpool. " Allies, Lumber and staves, Cork. " W. S. Pierson, Lumber and staves, Greenock. Old Mackinaw. 293 Bark Massillon, Lumber and staves, Liverpool. Brig J. G. Deshler, Staves, Glasgow. " Caroline, Lumber and staves, Liverpool. " Black Hawk, Staves, London. Schr B. H. Harmon, Staves, Liverpool. " J. F. Warner, Staves, Liverpool. " Gold Hunter, Staves, Cork. " Dousman, Staves, London, " Valeria, Lumber and staves, Liverpool. •' Vanguard, Staves, Liverpool. " Grand Turk, Lumber, ' Hamburg. " St. Helena, Lumber and staves, Cork. " Chieftain, Lumber and staves, London, " C. H. Walker, Lumber and staves, Liverpool. " M. S. Scott, Lumber, Hamburg, " B. Bates, Lumber and staves, Liverpool " H. Barclay, Staves, London. " Bepublican, Lumber and staves, Cadiz. " Messenger, Staves, &c. Calais. Of the above, Messenger cleared from Buffalo ; the Pierson and Eepublican hailed from Milan, Ohio; the Massillon and Valeria from Cleveland ; the Scott loaded at St. Joseph, and was sent out by a Milwaukee house ; all the others either loaded at this port, or were owned or chartered here. Eight of the number were chartered by Messrs. Aspinwall & Son, and two of the others were owned here. The following is the aggregate amount of lumber and staves shipped to Europe the past year, exclusive of the cargoes from Cleveland, Milan, and Buffalo : — 294 Old Mackinaw. West India staves No 692,057 Standard pipe staves, No 142,662 Lumber, feet 474,693 [A Qtiebec standard pipe is equal to four West India staves.] The Lily of Kingston, was the first vessel that ever passed down from the lakes to the ocean, bound to an European port. Her destination was Liverpool. This was about the yearj.847. She after ward sailed in the Quebec and Liverpool trade, but was lost, we believe, on her third ocean voyage. As collateral to this trade, an important commerce has sprung up between the lake cities and the At lantic ports which promise to increase rapidly, Prior to 1857, the passage of vessels from the Wel- land Canal to the ocean was of very rare occurrence. As a matter of curiosity, we present a complete state ment of the vessels which have passed through the canal bound for Atlantic or European ports, with the year of sailing, avoiding a repetition of the list above given. The Dean Eichmond, and those clearing in 1857 and 1858, all sailed for "Europe. Those desig nated in this list as having sailed in 1859, all cleared for Atlantic ports : 1847. . .American steam revenue cutter Dallis. " ... Canadian barque Arabia. 1848 . . . American barque Eureka. 1850. . .Canadian schooner Scotia. Old Mackinaw. 1854. . .Canadian schooner Cherokee. 1855. . . Canadian bark Beindeer. 1856. . .American schooner Dean Eichmond. 1857 American bark C. J. Kershaw. " English schooner Madeira Pet. 1858. . .American brig Black Hawk. " . . .American schooner E. H. Harmon. " . . .American schooner Col. Cook. " ... American schooner Correspondent. " ... American bark D. C. Pierce, " ... American schooner D. B. Sexton. " . . .American schooner John E. Warner. " ... American bark H. E. Warner. " American bark C, J. Kershaw, " American schooner C. Eeeve. " . . .American schooner Harvest. " ... American bark Parmelia Flood. 1859. . .American bark Magenta " . . .American brig Sultan. " .. .American brig Indus. " . . .American brig Kate L. Bruce. " ... Canadian schooner Union. " ... American schooner Kyle Spangler. " . . .American schooner Muskingum. " American schooner Adda. " . . .American schooner Clifton. " . . .American schooner Metropolis. " ... American schooner Energy. " American schooner W. B. Castle. " .. .American schooner Alida. " ... American tug Uncle Ben. " . . .American tug Cushman, " . . .American schooner Typhoon. " . . .American schooner Sarah Hibbert. 295 296 Old Mackinaw. Presuming that those who may hereafter become interested in this commerce, would like the benefit of the experience of those who have already em- barked it, we have procured some valuable informa tion for their benefit. First, as to the kind of timber most profitable to ship : Although black walnut ap pears to be growing in favor, and where once it has been used is again inquired for, yet a decided pre ference is given to oak, with the qualities of which all are entirely familiar. Choice, selected oak com mands more money for cabinet purposes in all the foreign markets than the same quality of black wal nut. Contrary to previous expectation, it is not likely that the latter can ever be brought into general use in Great Britain. It is the greatest mahogany market in the world, and that wood is in universal use, particularly the common or cheap kind. If ever so common, it is not liable to warp, which cannot be said of black walnut, although, as we have before intimated, those who have worked it, praise it very highly. Beech, elm and ash, are used for a great many purposes, and are in good demand, but oak commands more money than either of them, and is therefore the most profitable to ship at present. The fact is notg enerally known, but the informa tion has been purchased at a dear rate, that the pur- Old Mackinaw 297 chase of lumber for the foreign market by board- measure, instead of cubic, involves a heavy loss. In European markets all lumber is sold by the cubic foot, so that the cost of sawing is completely thrown away. Black walnut, for example, cannot be laid down in Detroit, or any lake port, under $18 to $20 per M., while the lumber can be obtained for $125 to $150 per M. cubic feet, 1,000 feet cubic measure being equal to 12,000 feet board measure. Thus in purchasing by cubic measure, the buyer pays only $125 to $150 for an amount that by board measure would cost $216 to $240, making a clear difference of ninety dollars upon only one thousand cubic feet, equal to $900 upon a cargo of some of the vessels engaged in the trade last year. The same rule would apply substantially to other kinds of lumber.- Independent of this, a decided preference is given to lumber in the log, owing to the good condition in which it can be delivered. There is one more point which manufacturers as well as shippers should bear in mind. The value of much of the lumber sent out was greatly impaired by being attached to the heart, which is the most porous part of the tree, and therefore most liable to crack. To obviate this ob jection the saw should pass upon each side of the heart, thus leaving the whole of it attached to a 298 Old Mackinaw. single piece of timber, instead of one or more pieces, and thereby making only one cull. By observing this rule a difference will be made in the market of thirty or forty per cent. Are staves or lumber the more profitable to ship ? This depends upon circumstances. Last year it was very dull for both. For staves especially the season could not, for various reasons, have been more unfa vorable. In the first place, the grape crop was a very short one, not only in France, but in all the vine countries, including the Canaries. This, of course, greatly lessened the demand for staves, and there were consequently very few taken from England to France, although French vessels are in the habit of taking them for ballast at a merely nominal rate, ow ing to the difficulty they experience in procuring return freights from England. The short crops in Canada and the great scarcity of money, forced an unusual number of laborers in that country into the stave and lumber business. Under advices that heavy shipments were in prospect, coupled with the general check upon business on account of the war, prices became depressed. Notwithstanding all this, the shipments hence, being early in the market, sold to advantage, and may therefore be considered as a signal success, under the circumstances. The Old Mackinaw. 299 smallest vessel going out from here netted a freight of $3,500. The most striking feature with regard to Detroit, in a commercial point of view, is her admirable loca tion, which constitutes her the metropolis of a vast region, than which no city off the sea-board can boast one equally grand or important. The region embraces a circuit of some three thousand miles, composed of land and water, which both seem to vie with each other in contributing to the material prosperity of our city, while every interest involved is benefited in some degree by her. In the far north, where the rugged coast of the upper penin sula is lashed by the waters of the monarch of lakes, Detroit enterprise assists in redeeming the hidden treasures of the earth from their state of profitless inertion. There is not a hardy delver in the mines who is not familiar with the skill of Detroit ma chinists, nor an echo in all the majestic wilds skirt ing that noble expanse of waters, that has not been awakened by Detroit steamers. Further down upon the limpid waters of Lake Huron, where the army or rather the navy of fishermen set their nets for the capture of the finny tribes, here, too, our city possesses an interest almost as direct as if the canvas of their tiny crafts were spread within sight of her 300 Old Mackinaw. spires, the product comprising one of the most im portant staples in her multiform commerce. Last, but not least, is the great lumber region with which the prosperity of Michigan is so largely identified. The population of this region, as well as of the others we have referred to, raise almost literally no thing for their own consumption, their respective pursuits being inconsistent with that of tillers of the soil, so that in addition to the usual stores required by farmers, they have to purchase their breadstuffs and similar supplies. The bulk of these are bought of our dealers, this being not only the most con venient, but the cheapest and best market, as is amply proven by experience. Under the appropriate head will be found a com plete and authentic statement of the commerce of the Saut St. Mary Canal, by which it will be seen that the aggregate value of the upward-bound freight is estimated at $5,298,640. The up-freight nearly all carried by steamers, of which the number running the entire season was seven, three from Detroit, one from Chicago, and three from Cleveland. The De troit boats have generally been loaded to their utmost capacity,- while we have the word of the Cleveland captains to the effect that two-thirds of their cargoes are usually taken on at this port. We Old Mackinaw. 301 must therefore be clearly within bounds in claiming that three-fourths of the above amount is part and parcel of the commerce of our city which would show our Lake Superior exports to be $3,960,000. In seasons in which the crops of our Canadian neigh bors partially fail — a common occurrence within the past few years, but which we hope may never occur again — they naturally become our customers ; and since the partial destruction of the wheat crop in Ohio last summer by frost, there have been con siderable shipments of breadstuffs to Cleveland, To ledo, Sandusky, etc., which may very properly be included in the home traffic. The shipments of flour and grain for the supply of our home trade by lake craft, from the opening of navigation for the year 1859, as appears by the books of our Custom House, are as follows : Flour. Port Huron 10,885.. Saginaw 3,790 . . Cleveland 6,155.. Thunder Bay 106.. Green Bay 175.. Northport 175.. Sandusky 705. . Huron, 0 660.. Toledo 665.. Lake Superior 11,321. . 26 • Wheat 253 30 28,057 616 Corn. 6,916 1,146 302 Old Mackinaw. Other Amrican ports 245 . . Maiden 1,289... Chatham 3,671 . . Wallaceburg 705 . . Goderich Saugeen 168. . . Bayfield.. * Other Canadian ports 1,330. . , 160 1,736 318200 95 Corn. 14,548 1,274 749 There were also 7,446 bushels pats to Port Huron, and 588 bushels do. to other ports, beside 3,400 bushels corn, and 11,962 bushels oats which were included in the heavy shipments to Lake Superior. We give the places for which vessels cleared ; many of the shipments were for intermediate ports. _ Be sides the flour and grain there were large shipments of pork, butter, lard, meal, etc., etc. The above were all by water. There were in addition large local shipments to various points on the Great Western, the Detroit and Milwaukee, and other roads, that may with equal propriety be re garded as pertaining to the home trade. The article of corn is one to secure customers, for in Canada it is not essential there should be short crops there. Large amounts are taken for the sup ply of the numerous distilleries on that side. A single house in our city has sold the past year 100,000 bushels for that purpose. Old Mackinaw. 303 During the year commodities have been inter changed by lake craft between Detroit and no fewer than sixty-three lake and river ports, to say nothing of the hundreds of towns and cities on the various railroads that are daily trading with us. We have not included those ports to which the bulk of our surplus produce is forwarded, but only such as come strictly within the scope of our subject. There are few places where trade develops statistics of 'si milar character, or anything approximating thereto, while there are plenty of cities of no inconsiderable pretensions, and even great advantages, that would think themselves made if they possessed one-fourth the commercial facilities we enjoy. Within the past year, by the opening up of new and most important channels of railway communi cation, our position with respect to the great railway system of the continent, is rendered all that could be desired. In that regard it is indeed difficult to point out how any improvement could be made. With respect to our local advantages, however, admirable as they are, there is yet much in store for us. The signs are far more favorable than at any former period for the rapid settlement of the State, as well as for the more adequate development of her resources. We are constantly receiving in- 304 Old Mackinaw. telligence that some new source of wealth has been revealed within our borders, or that one previously discovered is likely to surpass the expectations at first entertained. These events must not only tend directly to hasten the settlement of the State, but also add in a still greater ratio to her commercial importance and her wealth. If we were to fail to refer, in this connection, to the law passed by our legislature last winter, pro3 viding for the reclamation of the "swamp lands," technically so called, and inaugurating an admirable system of State roads throughout all the upper por tions of the State, we should be ignoring decidedly the most pregnant of the signs of promise. In adopting so well-timed and beneficent a measure, our law-givers have proved themselves worthy guardians of a commonwealth whose interests so plainly bespeak a much greater degree of wise le gislation than has heretofore been wielded for her benefit. Next in importance to these wholesome measures, is the law providing for the appointment of Commissioners of Emigration — one resident here, and the other stationed in New York. Those seeking homes in the West have only to be made aware of the unequaled inducements presented by Old Mackinaw. 305 our State, to secure immense accessions to our popu lation. Detroit does not alone reap the benefit of her advantageous position. It is shared by all interests, but perhaps by none others to so great an extent as the tillers of the soil. It is a most significant fact that breadstuffs and provisions not unfrequently bring as high prices here as in New York, giving producers all the advantages at home of a sea-board market, and virtually putting the cost of shipment into their pockets. Thus a farmer whose land pos sesses a nominal value of ten or twenty dollars per acre, can enjoy all the pecuniary advantages of a location near one of the largest eastern cities, where farms are valued at one to two hundred dollars per acre. This fact alone should go very far toward transforming our northern wilderness into cultivated fields. As a matter of interest, and to some extent of curiosity, we present a comparative statement exhi biting the ruling prices of extra Michigan flour twice a month throughout the year, in Detroit, New York and Liverpool, and also the prices in the latter market, for the corresponding dates in the year 1858 : 26* 3o6 Old Mackinaw. Jan. 1st. " 15th. Feb. 1st. " 15th. Mar'h 1st. " 15th. April 1st. " 15th. May 1st. " 15th. June 1st. " 15th. July 1st. " 15th. Aug. 1st. " 15th. Sept. 1st. " 15th. Oct. 1st. " 15th. Nov. 1st. " 15th. Dec. 1st. " 15th. Liverpool, '58. 5 76a6 74 5 76a6 24 5 76a6 24 5 52a6 00 5 52a6 24 - 5 52a6 24 5 28a5 52 5 28a5 76 5 28a5 52 5 28a5 52 5 04a5 28 5 04a5 28 5 04a5 28 5 08a5 40 5 28a5 40 5 04a5 28 5 16a5 40 5 16a5 40 5 04a5 28 5 04a5 28 5 04a5 28 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 Liv'l., '59. 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 4 80a5 04 5 04a5 28 6 00a6 24 a5 76 a5 76 a 5 04a5 28 4 80a5 52 5 04a5 52 5 04a5 52 4 80a5 52 5 28a5 76 5 28a5 76' 5 52a6 00 5 76a6 24 6 76a7 00 6 76a7 00 N. York, '59. 4 95a5 15 5 60a5 85 5 90a6 40 5 90a6 25 6 30a6 50 6 50a6 75 6 30a6 75 6 00a6 60 6 25a6 75 7 30a7 85 7 00a7 40 6 70a7 05 6 00a6 50 5 45a6 00 4 90a5 50 4 30a4 65 4 40a5 00 4 65a4 85 4 75a5 10 4 80a5 20 5 00a5 30 5 24a5 45 5 45a5 65 5 48a5 65 Detroit, '59. 5 00a5 12 5 00a5 12 5 75a6 00 6 25a6 50 6 25a6 50 6 50a6 75 a6 75 a6 50 a6 50 a8 00 a7 50 7 12a7 25 a7 25 7 00a7 12 4 75a4 87 4 50a4 75 4 62a4 75 4 25a4 50 4 62a4 75 a4 75 a5 00 a512a5 12 a5 12 The Detroit mills manufacture excellent flour, and it is to be regretted that they are not capable of making a much larger quantity of their well- known brands. There are six flouring mills of dif ferent capacities in the city, and although they are generally at full work such is the demand for flour they make, that they are very often not able to Old Mackinaw. 307 supply their customers. These mills ought to be enlarged, or others built. Detroit, the commercial metropolis of a great wheat-growing State, should be capable of manufacturing an immense quantity of flour. The increased expenditure of money, in the purchase of wheat, would be very beneficial to the trade of the city. For the last fifteen years, the exports of bread- stuffs from the United States have fluctuated very much. In 1846 they amounted to nearly twenty- eight millions of dollars, and rose in 1847 to sixty- nine millions. In 1848 they fell to thirty-seven, and in 1852 to twenty-six millions. In 1853 they amounted to nearly thirty-three millions, and in 1854 they rose to about sixty-millions, but fell in 1855 to about thirty -nine millions, and again rose in 1857 to seventy-seven millions. In 1858 they again declined to about fifty millions. We cannot accu rately detail the exports of 1859, but they have been very light on account of fall in the European market, after the termination of the war in Italy. During these years there were various causes for the remarkable fluctuations which we have noted ; namely, famine in Ireland, the Crimean war, and the failures of the harvest at home and abroad, nor have these exportations been regularly divided or 308 Old Mackinaw. spread over the various months of each year. They have increased or diminished according to the Eu ropean demand, governed by the supply at home and regulated by advices from the other side of the Atlantic. It is likely that the export of breadstuffs in 1860 will be very considerable. Michigan possesses many advantages over her sister States, and these enable her to bear up against monetary panics better than they. Her immense length of lake coast is indented with excellent har bors, which invite commerce from every quarter, and furnish excellent outlets for her surplus produce or mineral wealth. The great and diversified re sources of the State support her in the evil day, and bring her through a commercial crisis in safety. From the ushering in of the year to the close, there is not a day in which the marts of commerce are not enlivened by the contributions of grain or live stock from our fields, fish from our lakes, lumber from our forests, or ores of various kinds from our inex haustible mines. According to the census returns of 1840, the State of Michigan produced 2,157,108 bushels of wheat, there were 190 flouring mills at work, em ploying 491 hands, and producing 202,880 barrels of flour annually. In 1853 this State produced Old Mackinaw. 309 7,275,032 bushels of wheat, there were 245 flouring mills at work, employing 604 persons, and manu facturing 1,000,000 barrels of flour in a year. It will be seen that the flouring mills have increased greatly both in number and capacity since 1840, and that very large quantities of flour are now ma nufactured in the interior of the State, a circum stance which partly accounts for the comparatively small quantity of wheat that is now exported. The number of flouring mills have doubtless increased since 1853, and as steam power has been applied in many instances their manufacturing capacity must now be very great. Farmers are beginning to un derstand the importance of disposing of their pro duce near home, and having the surplus exported in a manufactured state, instead of sending away the raw material; the bran and "shorts" being very valuable for mixing with the food of horses, cattle, and swine. A flouring mill is a great benefit in a rural district, it furnishes the farmer with a home market, and when he receives the price of his pro duce, there are many domestic wants which must be supplied, and on this account we always see stores and mechanics' shops clustering around a mill, and villages springing up in places where the solitude of the forest was, until lately, unbroken by a sound. 31 o Old Mackinaw. It is evident that the mill power of Michigan is in creasing rapidly, and that in future the greater part of the surplus grain crop will be exported in a ma nufactured state. In former years the prices of grain in the United States were controlled by the European markets, and consequently the grain trade of the Western States was governed by the produce merchants in the Atlantic ports, but lately the whole order of things seems to have been reversed, as breadstuffs of every kind were dearer in the Western than in the Eastern markets. There were several reasons for this anomaly. On account of the ravages of insects, and other causes which we have alluded to, farmers were induced to place very little reliance on the wheat crop, and many were driven into other branches of husbandry, and in some places wheat became scarce. Add to this the rapid increase of the population which created a local demand for all kinds of food, and caused immense quantities of breadstuffs to be required in places where a few years before there was no market for anything. The rapid and extraordinary growth of Detroit and all the Western cities, and the formation of new settlements, created a home market for Western produce, for the population of cities being consu- Old Mackinaw. 311 mers of the fruits of the land, instead of producers, have always a wonderful effect on the markets of their localities, and the pioneers in the forest or prairie must for a time depend on the older settle ments for subsistence. From a defective system of agriculture the soil 6f the old States has been deteriorating for several years. In Massachusetts the hay crop declined twelve per cent, from 1840 to 1850, notwithstanding the ad dition of 90,000 acres of mowing lands and the grain crop depreciated 6000 bushels, although no less than 6000 acres had been added to the tillage lands of that State. In 1840 the wheat crop of New York was about twelve and a quarter millions of bushels, and only nine millions in 1850, a decrease of 25 per cent., while the Indian corn in the same State increased during the same period from about ten to twenty millions of bushels. The harvest of 1859, found several parts of the country entirely destitute of flour, and the farmers with a fixed and firm deter mination never again to allow themselves to run out of the staff of life. The number and capacity of the flouring mills have increased considerably since 1853, so that it is pro bable that there are at present more than three hun- 312 Old Mackinaw. dred of them at work in the State, and the number of hands employed by them cannot be much less than twelve hundred. It is probable that they are now capable of manufacturing 1,25,000 barrels of flour annually, and this quantity would require 5,625,000 bushels of wheat. Add to this the large quantity of seed required for sowing an increased breadth of land, and the portion of the 'crop kept for domestic use, and the result will be sufficient to ex plain the reason why so little wheat has been ex ported from Michigan this season. There are about 50,000 families in this State who depend on agri culture for subsistence ; all of these had suffered more or less inconvenience form failure of the wheat crop, and the high price of flour for the last few years, and it is no wonder that they should endeavor to secure a full supply of wheat or flour of the produce of the late harvest, and a very large portion of the crop was disposed of in this way. Since the Eeciprocity Treaty came into operation, thre has been considerable exportation of flour from Detroit to Canada on account of the repeated failures of the wheat crop in that country, and thus a new market for Michigan produce has been opened near home. Some of these sources of demand are trifling when Old Mackinaw. 313 standing alone, but the aggregate makes a very large amount. It is considered that about half the produce of the wheat crop still remains in the hands of the farmers and may be expected to reach the market gradually. Michigan wants woolen and cotton, and various other factories to provide employment for the over crowded population of her cities and villages, and to open a market for all her produce. The farmers of Great Britain and Ireland s could not pay the high rents and taxes which are imposed on them, were it not far their proximity to the great manufacturing cities of England. The cotton factories of Manches ter, the woolen factories of Leeds and Huddersfield, the hardware works of Birmingham and Sheffield, and the potteries of Staffordshire, employ hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children, who con sume the fruits of the soil, and create a steady de mand for the farmer's stock and grain. All these manufactures were fostered by protective laws until they had attained a magnitude and importance which enabled them to protect themselves by the wealth of their proprietors and the excellence of their pro ducts. Large cities always afford a market for farm produce, and on this account exert a very bene ficial influence on agriculture. The population of 27 314 Old Mackinaw. London is about two and a half millions, and they are possessed of so much wealth, and are so fastidious in their requirements, that almost every part of the world contributes to supply them with the necessaries or luxuries of life. The rapid growth of the cities of Michigan afford a home market for the fruits of the the soil. A great deal of land in the old settlements of this State has been exhausted by a too frequent repetition of the wheat crop, and is now being em ployed as pasture for sheep and cattle. After re maining in grass for a few years, this land will be in excellent condition for producing wheat, especi ally when fertilized with that plentiful supply of barn-yard dung which the raising of stock always produces. There are some varieties of wheat which are much better suited to the climate and soil of Michigan than others, as they are in a great measure able to with stand the combined attacks of wheat insects and the various diseases to which the plant is liable. These are now fast supplanting the worn out grain, and as every malady has its cure or preventive, it is proba ble that the introdtiction of the best kind of seeds, the alternation between grass and tillage, and the supply of rich manure which the raising of stock creates will have a very great tendency to improve the wheat crop of this State. Old Mackinaw. 315 It is a remarkable fact that although the wheat crop has rather declined in the majority of States, the corn crop has steadily increased in all of them. Thus in 1840, the entire corn crop of the United States amounted to 400,000,000 of bushels ; in 1850 it was nearly 600,000,000 of bushels. The crop of 1855 was between 7 and 800,000,000, and that of 1858 was fully 800,000,000 of bushels. Taking into consideration- the large breadth of land planted in 1859 and the damage by the frost, we might with safety set jlown the crop as amounting to 800,000,000 bushels. Last year our importations from Indiana were large, but since the new crop came in, that State has been shipping largely toward the Ohio Eiver, and we get comparatively little. The immense dis tilleries of Cincinnati consume a very large quantity of corn annually, and Indiana is beginning to find a good market in that quarter. The demand for Mi chigan corn is always active on account of its excel lent milling qualities, and on this account it gener ally sells from wagons as high, or a shade higher than the outside figure for Western corn from store. The corn crop of Illinois has been much injured by the frosts of June and July, and on this account the receipts in Chicago up to this date have been much 316 Old Mackinaw. lighter than usual. The European potato crop has been greatly damaged by rot, and it is probable that a large export of corn will take place from this country in order to supply a deficiency occasioned by this failure. It is said that several New York capitalists have gone west and purchased corn and provisions, storing them up until next spring, anti cipating at that time a considerable advance in price. The generality of farmers have sorted their corn carefully this year and used up the unripe and infe rior part for feeding hogs and cattle : there is a large quantity of very good corn in the * country, which will no doubt command a good price in the spring. Indian corn is one of the staple productions of Michigan, and can be raised with success in any suitable soil in the lower peninsula. According to the statistics of 1850 this State produced nearly 6,000,000 of bushels that year. It is probable that the census of the present year will show a vast increase in the amount. In 1850 the value of this crop in all the States amounted 'to nearly $300,000- 000, being about equal to the united values of the wheat, hay, and cotton crops, and it has perhaps doubled since that date. In fact the value of the corn crop to Michigan and all the other States can- Old Mackinaw. 317 not be estimated, as it is much used for the food of man and all the domestic animals, and to it the American farmer is indebted for much of his pros perity, for without it he would not be able to bring his cattle and hogs into the market at the right time and in proper condition. Heretofore the amount of pork packed has al ways been insufficient to meet the demand, and the deficiency has been supplied by importations from other cities, chiefly from Cincinnati. This season not only has there been a considerable increase in the numl»er packed, but the market opens a great deal duller than last year, when the Canada trade and the building of the Detroit and Port Huron link of the Grand Trunk Eailway induced a fair demand. Cincinnati is the greatest provision maket on the continent or in the world. At that place specula tion has been quite rife for the past two or three years, operators obtaining a controlling interest in the stock for the purpose of putting up prices. Last year the plan did not work well, owing to various causes, one of which was the small number of works in progress, such as railroads, etc., the supply of the laborers upon such works, being- the life of the provi sion trade. Heavy losses were sustained, but it is said 27* 318 Old Mackinaw. that the sufferers were a different class from that re gularly engaged in the trade. This season the specu lative fever has again prevailed. The issue has yet to be revealed. Last year nearly 1,000 head of cattle were slaugh tered here, all of which were forwarded to Lake Su perior as soon as packed. The price of mess beef has ranged from $8.50 to $12.00. About the first of July prices reached their highest point. During the fall the range has been from $8.50 to $10.00. When the marshy lands, skirting our water courses in St. Clair, Macomb, Wayne, and Monroe counties, shall have been drained, (which will, no doubt, be consummated at no distant day,) a large tract will be rendered available for grazing, which will prove equal for that purpose to any in the Union. Butter and cheese will then become a lead ing article in our commerce. Potatoes constitute another of our staple products, and, in seasons of scarcity elsewhere, large purchases are made for shipment, but being generally based on present demand, they can hardly be called specu lative. The crop of 1857 was rather meagre, and last spring and summer prices ruled high, going up to $1.20 for a short time in June. Last year we had an abundant crop, since which, under a limited Old Mackinaw. 319 export demand, prices have ruled low. The receipts at this point, from all sources, did not vary greatly from 175,000 bushels, of which 80,500 bushels were exported, chiefly to Ohio and the upper country. It is claimed, that southern Michigan produces more fine fruit than any other locality of the same extent in the United States, if not on the globe. At the same time almost every .quarter of the State is constantly improving both in quality and quan tity. This fact is creditable to the sagacity of our agriculturists, for probably in nothing else can an equal amount of profit be realized with the same outlay. Our market is not an important one for live stock, much of the greater share of the receipts by rail being through freight. Our wholesale market is mainly governed by that at the East, buyers for ship ment are always on the look-out, and whenever any thing can be purchased that affords even a moderate margin, it is promptly taken. Extra cattle are al ways sought for by our butchers, and command full rates. A spirit of emulation on the subject of fine stock is pervading the minds of our farmers, and, as a consequence, its quality is rapidly improving. At the last State Fair, the display of cattle was such as to elicit the admiration of good judges from abroad, 320 Old Mackinaw. There are so many interests claiming the attention of our agriculturists, that the idea of becoming famous as to quantity, is perhaps precluded ; if so, they may well rest content in the attainment of high rank in point of quality. The raising of fine sheep is constantly attracting more and more attention, and from the progress already made by our State, she bids fair at no dis tant day to take a position in advance of all her sister States, The year 1859 opened with rather flattering pros pects for wool-growers. The last year's stock was nearly exhausted before the new clip came into the market. Prices of woolen fabrics were advancing, and bid fair to rule high. On the eve of the wool season prices declined in the Eastern markets, al though there was no particular reason for this unfa vorable turn. It was considered at the time, that the fall in prices was occasioned by a regular combi nation among buyers to break down the market. The news of the passage of the Ticino by the Aus- trians, and the actual commencement of hostilities in Italy, arrived in this country before the wool was brought into the market, and this circumstance was seized on as a pretext for lowering the price of the new clip. Buvers were very industrious in circulat- Old Mackinaw. 321 iug reports that a general European war was com mencing, and, as it was not known how affairs would terminate, it would be unsafe for American buyers to make investments in the wool trade, except at prices that would leave a large margin for profit. It was fortunate that farmers did not take the same view of transatlantic complications, for they re fused to sell except at remunerating prices, a deci sion which caused some of the Eastern buyers to retire from the market in disgust. Almost the en tire press of Michigan supported the views of the farmers on this occasion, and declared that they could see no reason why the war in Italy should affect the prices of wool in America, especially as all the domestic clip, and a very large quantity of foreign wool would be manufactured in this country. Michigan produces excellent wool. There are nu merous flocks of French, Spanish, and Saxon Meri nos in this State, which have been selected or bred with the greatest care, and the wool produced by them cannot be surpassed in any of the Western States. There are also flocks of coarse-wooled sheep which produce heavy fleeces, and when fattened for the butcher make excellent mutton. In 1840 th'e wool clip of this State was about 150,000 lbs., in 1850 something over 2,000,000 "lbs., and 1859 it 322 Old Mackinaw. amounted to nearly 4,000,000 lbs. It will be seen by these figures that it has nearly doubled during the last nine years. There are but few woolen ma nufactories in Michigan, and the most of the wool clip of this State is purchased by Eastern manufac turers. A considerable portion of it goes to Boston and other parts of Massachusetts. We want a large woolen factory in Detroit, where everything that is necessary for its operation can be easily procured. We want more manufactories of every kind in Mi chigan. Our city is largely interested in the shipping busi ness, and its trade gives employment to a larger number of side-wheel steamboat lines than any other three cities on the entire chain of lakes. During the last season, the following regular lines of steamers were in successful operation : Detroit and Cleveland, Detroit, G. Bay and Buffalo, Detroit and Toledo. Detroit, and Lake Superior. Detroit and Sandusky. Detroit and Port Huron. Detroit and Saginaw. Detroit and Chatham. Detroit and New Baltimore. Detroit and Wallaceburg. Detroit and Maiden. Detroit and Gibraltar. Two of the above routes sustain opposition lines, and to the list might be added the line of lake stea mers to Buffalo, and the line to Goderich, which though not run last year, will probably be in sue- Old Mackinaw. 323 cessful operation the coming season, making in all sixteen lines. It is significant that the late financial revulsion, which fell with such crushing weight upon the shipping interest all over the country did not occasion the withdrawal of any of our steamboat lines, save one. As a still more striking fact, we may state that until last season none of the cities located in the vast region between the foot of Lake Michigan and the foot of Lake Erie, has for many years past sup ported a single line of steamers that did not make Detroit a terminus. Last year a line was put in suc cessful operation between Buffalo and Cleveland, and another between the latter place and Toledo, but it ought to be added that both of these were es tablished by Detroit enterprise. In addition to the line above enumerated, we have daily lines of propellers to Ogdensburg, Buffalo, Dunkirk and to the Upper Lakes, which do an im mense freighting business. We are indebted to Captain J. H. Hall, the public- spirited proprietor of the Detroit shipping-office for following statement of the number of vessels that passed Detroit in 1859 : 3H Old Mackinaw. Number of Vessels passing Detroit, 1859. No. Times. No. Times. Steamers passed up, 194 Propellers, " 492 Barks, " 273 Brigs " 295 Schooners, " 1,811 Steamers passed down, 195 Propellers, " 503 Barks, " 284 Brigs, " 314 Schooners, ," 1,825 Total number down, 3,121 Total number up, 3,065 Greatest number passed up in one day, eighty- five ; greatest number down, seventy-three. The number of entries and clearances reported at the Custom House during the year is as follows : Arrived. Cl'd. Arrived. Cl'd, Jan 48 70 Feb 49 71 March 161 288 April 334 375 May 438 586 June 458 568 July. . Aug.. Sept.Oct.. Nov..Dec. 403 597 461 519 316 481 288 319 294 316 45 71 During the past year the amount of total losses has been light, not greater, probably, than .the num ber of vessels built, so that although the classifica tion is slightly changed, there is no material change so far as concerns the aggregate tonnage. Detroit owns, therefore, nearly one-sixth of the entire tonnage of the lakes. As a matter of some interest we present a com parative statement showing the tonnage, steam, and Old Mackinaw. 325 total, of a number of the more important maritime places in the country, taken from the report of the Eegister of the Treasury on Commerce and Naviga tion : Steam tonnage. Total tonnage. New York 118,638 1,432,705 New Orleans 70,072 210,411 Philadelphia 22,892 219,851 Baltimore 18,821 194,488 Pittsburg 42,474 , 56,824 Cincinnati 23,136 26,541 Chicago 8,151 67,001 St. Louis 55,515 61,266 Boston 9,452 448,896 Buffalo 42,640 73,478 Detroit 35,266 62,485 Charleston, S. C 8,230 60,196 The following exhibits the number and tonnage of vessels owned in this district — nearly all of them in this city — on the 31st of December, 1859 : Number Tons. 95ths Steamers 73 29,175 02 Propellers 32 6,090 81 Barks 4 1,337 08 Brigs 7 1,877 75 Schooners 131 19,671 56 Scows and all others 136 4,322 68 Total 383 62,485 05 In 1857 301 52,991 50 Increase in two years 82 9,493 50 28 326 Old Mackinaw. The following was the aggregate tonnage of the lakes in December 1858 : American. 69 Side-wheel steamers register tons 44,562 110 Propellers do 45,562 70 Tugs (propellers). .'. . do 6,880 46 Barks do 18,788 79 Brigs do 22,558 711 Schooners do 166,725 109 Scows do 11,848 1194 Total 316,923 Canadian. 67 Side- wheel steamers, register tons 25,966 16 Propellers do 4,631 4 Tugs (propellers).... do 388 19 Barks do 5,697 16 Brigs do 2,988 186 Schooners do 19,311 13 Scows do 609 321 Total 59,580 The Michigan Central was the first railroad built in the State, and since its completion has been known as one of the best managed in the West. Its bene ficial effects to the region of country through which it passes, is incalculable. On its line, have sprung up a number of beautiful towns and villages as if by magic, while many of those that had an existence prior to its construction have grown into flourishing cities. Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, Jackson, Marshall, Old Mackinaw. 327 Battle Creek, Albion, Kalamazoo, Niles, and others that might properly be included, all located upon this road, are beautiful places, noted for their thrift and enterprise as well as for their rapid advances in all that pertains to well-regulated cities. Their commerce is rapidly increasing and the country along the en tire route will vie with that traversed by the great throughfares of any of the older States along the sea board. The Central was commenced and partially built by the State, but in 1844, passed into the possession of the company now owning it, who completed it to Chicago. A telegraph line has been in use for some years past along the entire line of the road, with an office at each station, by which means the exact posi tion of each train may be at all times known at each and every point. To this admirable system may be attributed in a very great degree the extraordinary exemption of the road from serious accidents, while its advantages are very great in every point of view respecting the general management. The eastern terminus of the road being at Detroit, it has the full advantages of the numerous connections at this point, the Great Western and Grand Trunk Eailways, the important steamboat route from Cleveland, the lines of Detroit and Buffalo propellers with their immense 328 Old Mackinaw. freight traffic, as well as the numerous other steam boat routes of which our city is the nucleus. At Chicago it has the advantages of connection with all the roads radiating from that flourishing city. Freight is now taken from Chicago to Portland with out breaking bulk but once. An important "feeder" is the Joliet Cut-off, by means of which it has a direct connection with St. Louis, via the Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis Eailroad. An important ar rangement was consummated last summer with the latter road, for the direct transmission of freight be tween this city and St. Louis. Fifty caTs have been diverted to this route, under the name of the " De troit and St. Louis Through Freight Line." The time between the two cities is thirty-eight hours. The advantages of this line to shippers are very con siderable, and the arrangement is adding, and will continue to add, materially to the commerce of our city. A commendable progressive spirit has latterly been evinced by the managers generally, of our rail roads, in the transmission of freight, especially live stock and grain. The improvement is a most grate ful one to shippers, who have ordinarily quite enough anxiety and vexation to suffer in the fluctuations of the market and subjection to unlooked for and Old Mackinaw. 329 onerous charges, without having superadded unrea sonable exposure and deterioration of their property while en route to market. In this movement the management of the Central has fully sympathized. Their stock and grain cars have received high com mendations from those for whose benefit they were intended. The entire equipment of the road is such as to comport with them ; the safety, comfort and convenience of the public, being constantly kept in view, regardless of the cost incurred. The three staunch and magnificent steamers be longing to the company, the Plymouth Eock, West ern World and Mississippi, owing to the hard times have been laid up at their dock since the fall of 1857, to the great regret of the public generally, as well as to the detriment of the business interest of our city. With the return of a more prosperous era they will doubtless be again placed in commission. The line formed by these boats is the most pleasant and expeditious medium of communication between the East and the West and Southwest, and cannot fail to be well patronized, especially now that the Dayton and Michigan Eailroad is completed, which will bring a large amount of both freight and pas senger traffic byway of Detroit that formerly sought other routes. 28* 33° Old Mackinaw. The rolling stock now on the- road consists of ninty-eight engines, seventy first class passenger cars, twelve second class cars ; twenty-nine baggage cars, and two thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight freight cars, making a total of two thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine cars and all of which were built in the company's own shops. This road is one hundred and eighty-eight miles long, and has been in operation throughout its whole extent since November, 1858. It is deserving of the distinctive appellation of the Back Bone Road of Michigan, having been of incalculable value in deve loping the resources of the region through which it is located, decidely one of the richest and most import ant in the West. The principal towns and cities upon its line are Pontiac, Fentonville, St. Johns, Ionia, Grand Eapids and Grand Haven. The growth of these places has received a great impetus since its completion, while numerous villages have also sprung into being as if by magic at various points along the line. These changes are plainly visible in the im proved trade of our city, and the increase from the same cause, must continue to be strongly marked. Last season over one-fourth of the wheat and wool re ceived here was by this new route, and a number of Old Mackinaw. 331 vessels loaded at the company's noble and spacious wharf for European ports direct. Within the year past, the company have com pleted one of the finest railway wharves in the world. It is 1,500 feet long by 90 broad, the west end of which is occupied by the freight house, the dimen sions of which are 450 by 132 feet. One of the most important events to Detroit and the entire West, that has transpired for many years, is the completion of this great thoroughfare. The link from Port Huron to this city was opened to traffic on the 21st of November, since which date the businesss crowding upon it has fully equaled its capacity. It is the Minerva of railways, having reached at a single bound a condition of prosperity outrivaling many of the oldest established roads on the continent. It possesses important advantages over any other road both for freight and passenger traffic. Being of uniform guage, no change of cars will be necessary from Sarnia to Portland ; and being also under the management of one corporation, it affords better facilities for the protection of passengers and the preservation of their baggage than where they are required to pass over lines under the control of dif ferent and perhaps conflicting corporations. Having 332 Old Mackinaw. only one set of officers quartered upon its ex chequer, it can afford to do business at lower pro portionate rates, than a number of shorter lines, each having a different set to salary, while the delay and vexation which not unfrequently arise from short routes, being compelled to wait upon each other's movements, will all be avoided, which is certainly no small consideration both to passengers and ship pers. The harbor of Portland is one of the finest and most eligible in the world, and our immediate con nection with a point of such importance is of itself a matter deserving particular mention. Portland district, as appears by the official statement of the tonnage of the United, States, made to June, 1857, then owned 145,242 tons of shipping, being the ninth port in the Union in point of tonnage ; she is very largely interested in the West India trade, her annual imports of molasses exceeding those of any port in the United States. She offers, therefore, to the Western States, peculiar facilities for procur ing at a cheap rate the products of the West Indies. The harbor is without any bar, and so easy of ac cess that no pilots are required, and strangers, with the sailing directions given in the American Coast Pilot, have brought their ships into it with safety. Old Mackinaw. 333 There are no port charges, harbor dues, or light house fees, excepting the official custom house fees. The Grand Trunk Eailway is likely to become the avenue through which an immense tide of immigra tion will pour into Michigan. It will be a favorite route for emigrants, who will thus avoid the rascally impositions of the swindlers and Peter Funks of New York, who have given that city an unenviable notoriety throughout the world. It is'predicted that more immigrants will hereafter come by the new route than by all others put together. There is no valid reason why this prediction should not prove strictly true. This is therefore a matter likely to be of vast importance to our State, with a large share of her territory as yet an unbroken wild, offer ing tempting inducements to the hardy settler. The completion of this stupendous bond of con nection between the Eastern and Western States, Canada and Europe, will render markets available which were before difficult of access, and enable far- distant countries to exchange, their products at all seasons. The Grand Trunk may be called the first section of the Pacific Eailboad, as it already communicates with the Mississippi through Michi gan, Illinois and Wisconsin Eailroads, and we ex pect to see the line completed from the Mississippi 334 Old Mackinaw. to California. It is not easy to form an estimate of the amount of traffic and intercourse that the 1,150 miles of Grand Trunk Eailway will bring to Michi gan and the neighboring States. A junction has been already formed with that model of western lines the Michigan Central by which freight and passengers reach Chicago and the numerous lines which diverge from that great. commercial city. It is probable that another junction will be made with the Detroit and Milwaukee Eailway by means of a branch from Port Huron to Owasso. In this case there will be a direct line across Michigan connect ing with the Milwaukee railroads by the ferry across the lake, and penetrating into Iowa, Minnesota, Ne braska, and Oregon by lines which have not yet been traced on the railway maps of the United States. The ostensible western terminus of this road is at Windsor, opposite our city, but it is practically as much a Detroit road as any that can be named. The connections with t^e other routes centering here is made by a number of ferry boats of the most staunch and powerful description. The receipts by this route of general merchandise consigned to the cities and points westward of us is immense, and it enjoys a large and growing local traffic Old Mackinaw. 335 The main line of the Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana Eailroad, which taps a rich and important portion of Michigan, is 461 miles in length. The business on this line has recently shown a decided improvement. The D. and T. Eoad, which is 65 miles in length, was opened to traffic in January 1857. It was built by the '• Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Eailroad Com pany," who leased it to the Michigan Southern Eoad. It is now an important link in the great railway system extending from the East to the Great South west, of which system, Detroit, from its favorable position, has become the centre and soul. Since the opening of the Grand Trunk, in November, a large amount of freight has passed through, billed for Liverpool direct, a species of freight which must steadily increase. L. P. Knight is agent at Detroit. The office is in the depot building of the Detroit and Milwaukee Eailway. The Dayton and Michigan Eailroad was completed last fall, placing us within a few hours' ride of the Queen City of the West. This is justly regarded as a most important, route to our city, and will de velop new features to some of our leading business interests. The consumer of our State will have the 336 Old Mackinaw. benefit of lower prices for the products of Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, and the West Indies. - The want of direct communication between Detroit and New Orleans has longN been felt. Sugars and mo lasses can now be laid down here for fifty cents per 100 lbs., including all charges from New Orleans, via the Mississippi and Ohio Eivers, and D. and M. Eailway, giving us, in a word, the benefits of as low freights in winter as in summer. With the cost of transportation thus reduced to a merely nominal standard, prices of Southern products will be upon an average no higher here than in Louisville. It is more than probable, nay, quite certain, that the ad vantages which must ultimately accrue to the State from our connection with Cincinnati per se, if not so general, will be even more marked and important than those to which we have above referred. The prices of provisions will be equalized, giving our lumbermen and miners the benefit of reduced rates throughout most of the year, and when speculation is rampant, and the price of pork, the great staple of our neighbors, reaches an extreme figure — as has been the case for two successive seasons, and will be the case again — our farmers will reap the benefit of the movement. The growth of Cincinnati is alto gether without parallel in the world, taking into ac- Old Mackinaw. 337 count the character of that growth — its quality, so to speak. All its great interests, particularly its manu factures, have kept pace with its numerical increase. It is indeed difficult to determine whether manufac tures or commerce is most intimately identified with its prosperity. The connection with her will give us new and desirable customers for some of our sur plus products, particularly our choice lumber. The entire line of the Flint and Pere Marquette Eailroad, as located, is 172J miles ; track laid and completed, 7f miles ; additional length graded 24J miles, the ties for which have all been delivered. It is thought that hereafter twenty miles per year will be completed without difficulty until the whole is completed. This road will be important in de veloping the resources of a very rich tract of coun try. On the line of Amboy, Lansing, and Grand Tra verse Eailroad, the entire distance from Owasso to Lansing, twenty-six miles, is ready for the iron, ex cept three miles. On the division from Lansing to to Albion, thirty-six miles, the work of grading and furnishing ties is progressing, and some one hundred men at work. Between Owasso and Saginaw, thirty- three miles, arrangements are nearly completed to start the work. The work of grading and prepar- 29 338 Old Mackinaw. ing for the iron is done by local subscriptions, of which $3,000 per' mile has been subscribed and is being paid. The existence of copper on the shores of Lake Superior appears to have been known to the earliest travelers, but it has been only a few years since it has entered largely into Western commerce. But the country had long been a favorite resort for fur traders, and as long ago as 1809, and perhaps still further back, the Northwest Company (British) owned vessels on Lake Superior. This organization was at that period the great trading company of the region in question, the operations of the Hudson's Bay Company being confined chiefly to the region further north. At the period of which we speak, the bulk of the trading was done by means of birch canoes, some of them large enough to carry two or three tons. With these, the traders passed up to the Indian settlements in the fall, with goods, provi sions, and trinkets, usually returning to the trading posts during the month of June with the furs which they had procured in exchange. Mackinac and the Saut were trading posts at an early day. At a somewhat later period, the Northwest Company had an agency on an island in Lake Huron, not far from the mouth of Saut river. The formation of the 339 Old Mackinaw. American Fur Company was of more recent date, that company dating its origin during the war of 1812, or soon after. Prior to the building of the canal, a number of steamers had been taken over the portage to Lake Superior, but so far as our knowledge extends, only one or two craft larger than a canoe were ever taken over the rapids, one of which was the schooner Mink. She was built of red cedar, on Lake Su perior, about the year 1816, and was of some forty tons burden. She became the property of Mack & Conant, who had her brought down the rapids. In making the descent she suffered some injury by striking against a rock, but, notwithstanding this mishap, she lived long enough to ride out many a stormy sea, running for several years in the trade between Buffalo and the City of the Straits. Shu- bael Conant, Esq., at this day an honored citizen of Detroit, was one of the firm that purchased the Mink. In the spring of 1845, the fleet on Lake Superior consisted of the schooner White Fish, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, the Siscowit, belonging to the American- Fur Company, and the Algonquin, owned by a Mr. Mendenhall. The same year, the schooners Napoleon, Swallow, Uncle Tom, Mer- 340 Old Mackinaw. chant, Chippewa, Ocean, and Fur ,Trader, were all added. In 1845, the propeller Independence, the first steamer that ever floated on Lake Superior, was taken across the portage, and the next year the Julia Palmer followed her, she being the first side-wheel steamer. In the winter of 1848-9, the schooner Napoleon was converted into a propeller. In 1850, the propeller Manhattan was hauled over by the Messrs. Turner, and the Monti cello in 1851, by Col. McKnight. The latter was lost the same fall, and Col. McK. supplied her place the next winter with the Baltimore. In 1853 or 1854, E. B. Ward took over the Sam Ward, and Col. McKnight took the propeller Peninsula over in the winter of 1852 or 1853. In the spring of 1855, the Saut Canal was com pleted, since which date the trade with that important region has rapidly grown into commanding impor tance. It will be seen by the table below that the importations of machinery, provisions, supplies, and merchandise, for the past year amounted to $5,298,- 640, while the exports of copper, iron, fur and fish amount to $3,071,069. The following are the names of the steam craft now regularly employed in this trade : S. B. Illinois. Prop. Mineral Bock. S. B. Lady Elgin. Prop. Montgomery. Old Mackinaw. 341 S. B. North Star. Prop. Northern Light. Prop. Marquette. Prop. Iron City. A number of other steam-craft made occasional trips last year, and next season it is expected that another line will be placed on the route permanently. The Detroit shipping-office has published the names of ninety-six sail vessels that have been engaged in the iron trade the past year. Eapid as this trade has increased, it is destined, no doubt, to yet undergo a still greater transformation. The latent resources of the Upper Peninsula are of a character and magnitude that defy all estimates of their future greatness. With regard to the import ance of the trade to our city, and the steps to be taken to retain it, ample comments have already ap peared in the Tribune, both editorially and in the form of communications, to which we can add nothing. The aggregate amount of tolls collected in May, July, August and September, was $10,374.18, a large increase over the corresponding months last year. Including the probable amount for the months not reported, and we have at the lowest not less proba bly than $16,000, as the tolls for 1859. Number of passengers : May, 2,493 ; June, 1,764; July, 2,116; August, 2,617; September, 1,538; Oc tober, 1^015. 29* 342 Old Mackinaw. It is now almost universally admitted that the State of Michigan possesses in her soil and timber the material source of immense wealth. While in years past it has been difficult to obtain satisfactory information concerning the real condition and na tural resources of a large portion of the surface of the Lower Peninsula, the re-survey of portions of the government land, the exploration of the country by parties in search of pine, the developments made by the exploring and surveying parties along the lines of the Land Grant Eailroads, and the more recent examinations by the different commissions for lay ing out the several State roads under the Acts passed by the last Legislature, have removed every doubt in reference to the subject. The universal testimony from all the sources above mentioned, seems to be that in all the natural elements of wealth the whole of the northern part of the Peninsula abounds. The pine lands of the State, which are a reliable source of present and future wealth, are so located and distributed as to bring almost every portion of the State, sooner or later in connection with the commerce of the lakes. The pine timber of Michi gan is generally interspersed with other varieties of timber, such as beech, maple, white-ash, oak, cherry, etc., and in most cases the soil is suited to agricul Old Mackinaw. 343 tural purposes. This is particularly the case on the western slope of the Peninsula, on the waters of Lake Michigan and along the central portion of the State. On the east and near Lake Huron, the pine districts are more extensively covered with pine timber, and generally not so desirable for farming purposes. There are good farming lands, however, all along the coast of Lake Huron and extending back into the interior. A large proportion of the pine lands of the State are in. the hands of the Canal Company, and indivi duals who are holding them as an investment, and it is no detriment to this great interest, that the whole State has been thus explored and the choicest of the lands secured. The developments which have thus been made of the quality and extent of the pine dis tricts, have given stability and confidence to the lumbering interest. And these lands are not held at exorbitant prices, but are sold upon fair and rea sonable terms, such as practical business men and lumber men will not usually object to. It is a remarkable fact that almost every stream of water in the State, north of Grand Eiver, pene trates a district of pine lands, and the mouths of nearly all these streams are already occupied witt lumbering establishments of greater or less magni 344 Old Mackinaw tude. Those lumber colonies are the pioneers, and generally attract around them others who engage in agriculture, and thus almost impreceptibly the agri cultural interests of the State are spreading and deve loping in every direction. The want of suitable means of access alone prevents the rapid settlement of large and fertile districts of our State, which are not- unknown to the more enterprising and persevering pioneers, who have led the way through the wilder ness, and are now engaged almost single-handed in their labors, not shrinking from the privations and sufferings which are sure to surround these first settle ments in our new districts. The Grand Traverse region, with its excellent soil, comparatively mild climate, and abundance of tim ber of every description, is attracting much attention, and extensive settlements have already commenced in many localities in that region. The coast of Lake Michigan, from Grand Eiver north, for upward of one hundred miles to Manistee Eiver, presents gene rally a barren, sandy appearance, the sand hills of that coast almost invariably shutting out from the view the surrounding country. North of the Manistee, however, this characteristic of the coast changes, and the hard timber comes out to the lake and presents a fine region of country ex- Old Mackinaw. 34$' tending from Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay and beyond, embracing the head waters of the Man istee Eiver. This large tract of agricultural land is one of the richest portions of the State, and having throughout its whole extent extensive groves of excellent pine timber interspersed, it is one of the most desirable portions of the Peninsula. Grand Traverse Bay, the Manistee and the Eiver Aux Bees Scies are the outlets for the pine timber, and afford ample means of communication between the interior and the lake for such purposes. The pro posed State roads will, if built, do much toward the settlement of this region. A natural harbor, which is being improved by private enterprise, is found at the mouth of the Eiver Aux Bees Scies, and a new settlement and town has been started at this point. This is a natural outlet for a consideration portion of the region just de scribed. The lands here, as in other localities in the new portions of the State, are such as must induce a rapid settlement whenever the means of communication shall be opened. The valley of the Muskegon embraces every variety of soil and timber, and is one of the most attractive portions of the Peninsula. The pine lands upon this 346 Old Mackinaw. river are scattered all along the valley in groups or tracts containing several thousand acres each, inter spersed with hard timber and surrounded by fine agricultural lands. The Pere Marquette Eiver and White Eiver, large streams emptying into Lake Michigan, pass through a region possessing much the same characteristics. This whole region is underlaid with lime rocks, a rich soil, well watered with living springs, resembling in many features the Grand Eiver Valley. Beds of gypsum have been discovered on the head waters of the Pere Marquette. The unsettled counties in the northern portion of the State, the northern portion of Montcalm and Gratiot, Isabella, Gladwin, Clare and a portion of Midland, are not inferior to any other portion. There is a magnificent body of pine stretching from the head of Flat Eiver in Moncalm county to the upper waters of the Tettibiwassee, and growing upon a fine soil well adapted to agriculture. This embraces a portion of the Saginaw Valley, and covers the high ground dividing the waters of Lakes Huron and Michigan. The eastern slope of the Peninsula embraces a variety of soil and timber somewhat different in its general features from other portions of the State. The pine lands of this region Old Mackinaw 347 are near the coast of the lake, and lie in large tracts but with good agricultural land adjoining. There are in the Lower Peninsula, in round numbers, about 24,000,000 acres of land. Taking Houghton Lake, near the centre of the State, as a point of view, the general surface may be comprehended as follows: The Muskegon Valley to the southwest following the Muskegon Eiver in its course to lake Michigan. The western slope of the Peninsula directly west, embracing the pine and agriculture districts along the valleys of several large streams emptying into Lake Michigan. The large and beautiful region to the northwest embrac ing the valley of the Manistee and the undulating lands around the Grand Traverse Bay. Northward, the region embraces the head-waters of the Manistee and Au Sauble, with the large tracts of excellent pine in that locality, and beyond, the agricultural region extending to Little Traverse Bay and the Straights of Mackinaw. To the northeast, the val ley of the Au Sauble, and the pine region of Thun der Bay. To the east, the pine and hard timber ex tending to Saginaw Bay. To the southeast, the Saginaw Valley ; and to the south, the high lands before described in the central counties. That portion of the State south of Saginaw and 348 Old Mackinaw. the Grand Eiver Valley is so well known that a de scription here would be unnecessary. Thus we have yet undeveloped over half the sur face of this Peninsula, embracing, certainly, 12,000,- 000 to 15,000,000 of acres, possessing stores of wealth in the timber upon its surface, reserving soil for the benefit of those, who, as the means of communica tion are opened, will come in and possess it, and thus introduce industry and prosperity into our waste places. We have not the figures at hand, but it is proba ble that at least one-tenth of the area north of the Grand Eiver is embraced in the pine region. The swamp lands granted to the State will probably cover nearly double the area of the pine lands proper The remainder for the most part is covered with a magnificent growth of hard timber suited to the neces sities of our growing population and commerce. The statistics herein furnished will give some idea of the importance and value of the lumber traffic in this States. The trade in pine timber, lumber, shingles and other varieties of lumber, with the traf fic in staves form one of the most important branches of manufacture and commerce in our own State, and this trade alone is now accomplishing more for the 349 Old Mackinaw. development and settlement of the country than all other causes in operation. The lumber manufactories in Detroit and its suburbs are eleven in number. The following are the names of the proprietors aud the amount cut last year by each : FT. I.DMBER. PCS. LATH. H. A. & S. G. Wight 6,500,000 2,220,000 Samuel Pills 3,500,000 482,000 — Moffat (est) 1,500,000 H. B. Benson 3,254,029 W. Warner & Co 194,370 Brooks & Adams 3,800,000 Baughman, Hubbard & Co 3,378,080 1,043,300 Kibbee, Fox & Co 3,000,000 800,000 N. Beeve 800,000 20,0000 Davis & David 2,000,000 Copeland 1,000,000 Total 29,426,479 4,745,300 The aggregate of capital employed by these mills is $1,440,000. The above amount is no criterion of their capacity. The same mills cut 46,000,000 feet in 1856, and nearly the same in 1857, and their pro bable capacity is 54,000,000. Warner & Co., run their mill only about five weeks last year, and are now about retiring from business. One of the others sustained a temporary loss of business by fire. The product will in the aggregate be doubled next season. The logs sawed in Detroit are procured from St. 30 350 Old Mackinaw. Clair Eiver, Black Eiver, Mill Creek and, Belle Eiver. As a large share of that sold here has been on contract, there has been no great fluctuation in the market at this point. On the first of July the rates by the cargo were $25a$26 for clear and $19a20 for second clear ; on the first of October, $24 for clear, and $18 for second clear. Last winter and spring were very unfavorable for lumbering. Owing to the small quantity of snow, but few logs were got out, and many of them being on small streams, owing to the failure of the usual spring freshets, were not sawed, so that upon the whole the mills of the State turned out only about half the amount of their capacity. The market opened in the spring with flattering prospects. Buyers from a number of important points in the Eastern States, previously deriving their supplies from Maine, visited our State, anxious to secure contracts for choice lumber, and the opin ion prevailed that the demand would exceed the supply. The prospect encouraged manufacturers to make unwonted exertions in turning out all the stock that could be rendered available, which in volved increased expense. In some places, as was the case at Saginaw, a very large amount was got out in the early part of the summer. About Old Mackinaw. 351 the close of June, the market experienced a sudden and unlooked-for depression, after which prices tended speedily downward, falling to such a low point before the close of the season that manufacturers on the west coast generally suspended their shipments. Those on the east coast continued to ship, but their shipments to a very great extent still remain unsold. We are cognizant of 7,000,000 feet held in that way by only four manufacturers. The accounts this winter are very favorable, but the idea that obtains, fixing the amount at a very high figure, is vague and erroneous. The true state of the case is, that manufactures, as a general thing, in view of the depressed condition of the trade, have been making calculations to do a light business, and got out their logs sooner than they expected, and will on the whole do rather more than they had anticipated, having gone into the woods lighthanded. The most experienced judges concur in fixing the amount of logs got out this winter on Eiver St. Clair, at Port Huron and Saginaw Bay, but not including the rivers above, at 175,000,000 feet. In the Sagi- naws, it is ascertained that about 100,000,000 will be got out. Taking the entire east coast, it is thought the logs this winter would exceed those of last by fifteen to twenty per cent. 352 Old Mackinaw. By Custom House statements of shipments, added to actual receipts at one of the receiving points — Chicago — it will be seen below that for 1859 a little over 269,000,000 feet is the amount of shipments ar rived at. These figures, taken in connection with the estimates of those competent to judge, render it cer tain that the actual amount shipped out of the State did not vary materially from 400,000,000 feet. There being no penalty involved in the failure of masters of vessels to report, there is great carelessness in the matter. The Cleveland, Toledo and Sandusky ship ments, are at the outside, not more than half reported. Those reported to Buffalo, Oswego etc., are a little nearer the truth, but they fall, considerably below the mark. The amount made in 1859, did not vary materially from that shipped. In the district embracing the Eiver St. Clair, Port Huron and the Lake Shore, 6,000,000 feet more were wintered over last year than this. On the west coast it was different gene rally, so that the variation in the aggregate cannot be much either way. The capacity of the mills in the pine lumber region is 900,000,000 feet, or pos sibly a little more. As regards the amount of shingles made, even dealers are much in the dark. To add 50 per cent. to the Custom House returns would certainly be Old Mackinaw. 3^3 within bounds for the eastern coast. This would give 120,000,000 as the amount. For the west coast, if we take the amount received at Chicago, say 165,- 000,000, with an additional twenty-five per cent. for that received at Milwaukee, and then estimate that two-thirds of the whole amount were from the west coast of Michigan, which is doubtless true, we have 137,500,000 as the amount shipped by the coast, making 267,500,000 for the whole State. The improved demand for staves has greatly stimulated the production, and in localities where the production of pine lumber is decreasing, that of staves is taking its place. At Saginaw 2,500,000 were got out last year, and this year there will be full as much, or more. The greatest activity prevails, and dres sing by machinery has been started. At Lakeport, Burchville, Lexington, Port Sanilac, Forester, Point aux Barque, and Foresterville, 850,000 were got out last year ; from Port Huron and St. Clair 750,000. The amount turned out in the whole State could not have been short of 20,000,000. An immense amount of lath were turned out. A mill that can turn out three millions of lumber, gene rally makes one million of lath. On this basis about 133,000,000 must have been turned out. The sup ply generally exceeds the demand. 30* 3 £4 Old Mackinaw. The lumber on the east coast is worth at the mills $9 per M.; that on the west coast $7. At the average of $8, the amount made last year would be worth $3,200,000. The value of shingles at $2 per M., was $515,000, and the lath at $1 per M., are worth $133- 000. We are enabled to present a nearly complete list of names of owners, with the amount of capital re spectively, which will be of some interest, both at home and abroad. So far as the east coast is con cerned, the figures are in the main entirely reliable, being upon the authority of one of the best men in the State who knows whereof he advises. Those for the west coast, thought not perhaps so strictly correct as the others, will as a general thing be found within bounds. We hope the statistics will prove an incen tive to lumbermen to be more particular hereafter in furnishing information : BLACK EIVER. Name. Capital. Name. Capital. J. & J. Bayard $15,000 Davis' mill $ 8,000 Sweetser & Bayard... 7,000 B. Wadham's mills.. 10,000 Comstockmill 7,000 MILL CHEEK. Bunce's mill 4,000 John H. Westbrook. 4,000 L. Brockway 2 mills 5,000 Old Mackinaw. 355 PORT HURON. Name. Capital. Name. Capital. G.S.Lester 24,000 Avery 75,000 Haynes & Baird 24,000 Bunce 24,000 Howard & Bachelor. . 15,000 Hibbard 40,000 Pish, two mills 35,000 Black Biver mill 35,000 Welles 24,000 LOCKPORT. Farrand 10,000 BCRCHVILLE. Woods, two mills *. . . 30,000 John S. Minor 7,000 LEXINGTON. Hubbard 8,000 Stevens & Davis 10,000 Jenks&Co 20,000 Hitchcock & Co 30,000 BARK SHANTY. Oldfleld 10,000 FORESTER. Bmely 50,000 GIBRALTAR. Colin Campbell 10,000 , ALGONAC. Daniels & Eipley 15,000 Smith 24,000 NEWPORT. B.B.Ward 20,000 B. S. Horton 10,000 Bust 10,000 ST. CLAIR. Moore & Scott 20,000 Oaks & Holland, two W. Truesdale 2 mills. 60,000 mills 40,000 E.Smith 15,000 St. Clair 30,000 Smith & Chamberlin.. 5,000 356 Old Mackinaw. FORESTVILLE. Name, Capital, Name. Capital. E. B. Ward.. ... 50,000 Breckinridge 2,000 VICKSBURG, Williams & Mills, three mills 55,000 CHEAOTGAN. Three mills 100,000" CHERRY CREEK. Peninsular Bank 15,000 HURON COUNTY. Luddington 12,000 Smith & Co 50,000 Hubbard & Co 50,000 W. E. Stafford .... 15,000 Donahue 30,000 Pt Austin Company 100,000 Armstrong & Co 10,000 Crawford & Co 10,000 BAY CITY. Clark, Ballou& Co... 35,000 McEwing & Brother 30,000 Moore & Smith ..:... 30,000 Bangor mills 35,000 Geo. Lord & Co 24,000 Drake mills 24,000 Saml. Pitts 30,000 Henry Eaymond. . . 30,000 Beeson & Wheeler. . . 24,000 Catlin & Jennison.. 10,000 Beebe & Atwood 10,000 Miller & Butterfield 14,000 Henry Doty 35,000 Frost & Bradley. . . 35,000 PORTSMOUTH. J. J. McCormick.... 10,000 Partridge mill 24,000 Portsmouth mill 15,000 H D Braddack & Co 14,000 Budd's mill 14,000 Watson & Southard 14,000 ZILWAUKEE. J. J. Westervelt 35,000 CARROLLTON. Name Unknown 35,000 Old Mackinaw. 357 EAST SAGINAW. _ Name. Capital. Name. Capital. Garrison & Co 24,000 Cushing & Co 36,000 I.Hill 20,000 L.B.Curtis 24,000 Holland 10,000 Wm. Gallagher. . . 14,000 Copeland&Co 10,000 Atwater mill 30,000 SAGINAW CITY. V. A. Payne 30,000 GDWilliams&Son 20,000 Curtis & King 30,000 D. Bust & Brother 50,000 New mill 20,000 TITTIBIWASSEE, PINE RIVER AND SWAN CREEK. Eight mills 65,000 CASS, BAD, AND SHIAWASSEE RIVERS. Seven mills 50,000 LAPEER. D. Farrer 8,000 N.H.Hart 21,000 W. Williams 15,000 Sogers & Jenness. 24,000 Crofoot & Baldwin... 15,000 Smith & Jenness.. 15,000 Manwaring & Co 21,000 Smith 14,000 Wm. Peters 14,000 J.B.Wilson 14,000 Thorp's mill 14,000 James Farrell .... 10,000 H. D. Torner 8,000 White & Peter. . . 10,000 Lawrence & M'Arthur 7,000 W. H. Crapo 60,000 Wm. Peter 30,000 H.L.Hemingway.. 6,000 Sixteen small mills.. . 85,000 PINE RUN. McFarren 20,000 MONTROSE. Name unknown 30,000 ALPENA AND VICINITY. G. N. Fletcher & Co. 35,000 Smith & Chamberlain 15,000 Lockwood & Miner. . . 25,000 D. D. Oliver 5,000 Harris & Co 35,000 Whitmore & Co 25,000 358 Old Mackinaw SANILAC COUNTY. Name. Capital. Name. Capital. J. L. Woods & Co 5,000 Stevenson & Davis.. . 20,000 Mason & Luce 17,500 AU SAUBLE HIGHLANDS. Harris's mill 24,000 RIFLE RIVER, SAGANIN, CO£UALIN, AND SAND BEACH. Six mills 85,000 TUSCOLA COUNTY. A. Watson 10,000 Edmunds & North. . .14,000 W. A. Hart 10,000 Eichardson & Bro... .14,000 Perry 5,000 Holmes 5,000 Others 30,000 FLINT AND VICINITY. Eleven mills 715,000 There are also others on the east slope of the lower peninsula, representing a capital of say — $120,000. Beyond the lower peninsula, there are some very heavy manufactories, particularly around Green Bay, (Michigan) generally estimated at $1,000,000; but which it would be safe to put at — $750,000. Total capital, including Detroit, $5,360,000 WESTERN SLOPE — OTTAWA COUNTY. Name. Capital. Name. Capital. Ferry & Co 50,000 Plagger & Nyn 24,000 W. M. Ferry, Jr 50,000 Howard & Co 14,000 Joseph Weld & Co.. . . 30,000 Eyerson & Morris, 2 T. W. White & Co. . . 50,000 mills 65,000 Becker & Spoons 40,000 Chapin, Marsh & Foss 50,000 Eichard Eoberts 24,000 Smith, Forbes & Co. . . 35,000 Jno. Haire 24,000 Trowbridge, Way &, E. Jewitt 15,000 Son..... 65,000 Old Mackinaw. 359 Name. J. B. Bailey Porter & Slyfield.... C. Davies & Co Durkee, Truesdell & Co George Euddmain .... Lewis & Davis , Eldridge & Co Carletou & Co." Ferry & Son Lind & Slater Young, Savedge & Co Amos Norton Benj. Smith Bhodes, Cloyn & Co. . Hatch & Merritt C.Hart Capital. Name. Capital. 14,000 L. G. Mason & Co.... 35,000 14,000 Beidler & Co 40,000 50,000 Mears & Co 24,000 Hill & Co 24,000 40,000 Colgrove & Co 18,000 40,000 Wm. Thompson 14,000 24,000 Harris & Co 8,000 24,000 Jno. Ford 8,000 24,000 Denton & Co 14,000 40,000 Carleton & Co 10,000 50,000 Jos. Dalton & Bro. . . . 10,000 .30,000 S. Lawrence 12,000 40,000 Edward Dalton 8,000 30,000 E. W. Merrill & Co... 14,000 24,000 Beed & Co 10,000 15,000 Brown & Grist 8,000 10,000 KENT COUNTY. Jennison & Bro 14,000 W. T. Powers 2,000 Seymour 24,000 Gooch & Webber.... 5,000 A. McFarland 4,000 Thos. Myers 21,000 George Funck 8,000 S. Lapham 5,000 A. House 5,000 Parrell&Sons 10,000 J. C. Clements 15,000 T. Spencer 8,000 Dewey & Co 14,000 Eeed &Plum- 5;000 N. H. Withey 5,000 Kniekerbuck 4,000 Eobert Konkle 10,000 A. Eoberts & Son... 25,000 White, Worden & Co. 25,000 C. C. Comstock 9,500 D. Porter 5,000 Chase, Harris & Co. . 8,000 C.W.Taylor 6,000 D. Caswell 12,000 Hubbard, Hitchcock &Co 16,000 Newaygo Company. . . 80,000 Name unknown 24,000 NEWAYGO COUNTY. J. M. Wood, 2 mills. .25,000 James Botchford 10,000 360 Old Mackinaw. Name. Capital. Name. Capital. E.P.Mitchell 5,000 Amos Bigelow, 4,000 Weaver 3,000 STONY CREEK, OCEANA COUNTY. Campbell, Wheeler & Co 25,000 PERE MARQUETTE, BLACK CREEK AND BIG SAUBLE. C. Mears & Co., 3 mills 95,000 SPRING CREEK. Hopkins & Co 24,000 MANISTEE. Coles 80,000 John O.Haines 55,000 McVicker &Ingleman.24,000 John Stranch 40,000 One near Manistee. . .24.000 GRAND TRAVERSE. Hanna, Lay & Co 32,000 A. S. Wadsworth.... 15,000 WHITE RIVER. Amos Bathbone 24,000 MECOSTA. Leonard, Ives, & Co 20,000 MONTCALM COUNTY. Bruce 10,000 E. Gregory & Co 20,000 Slaght 14,000 LELANAW COUNTY. Averill & Son 2,000 BEC SCEE'S RIVER. B.Gardner 15,000 Name unknown 2,000 Chamberlin & Co 20,000 Harris & Co 10,000 IONIA COUNTY. Estimated Aggregate 100,000 All others, on West Slope, estimated 350,000 Capital Western Slope ' 2,669,500 Total Capital of State $8,029,5000 Old Mackinaw. 361 An intelligent gentleman who, at our instance, visited all the establishments around Saginaw, and procured statistics, reports the amount of lumber manufactured as follows : Place. No. of Mills. Feet. Bay City 11 20,000,000 Portsmouth 4 5,000,000 Zilwaukee 1 3,000,000 Carrollton 1 2,800,000 East Saginaw 8 19,750,000 Saginaw City 4 14,000,000 Bad Eiver 2 4,500,000 Eafted Lumber 4,000,000 Total 73,050,000 Valuation, at $8.50 per M. $620,925 Of the above lumber, 63,000,000 has been ship ped ; the rest is now on the docks. Shingles manufactured 25,000,000 at $2.50 $62,500 Lath " 5,000,000 at 1.00 5,000 Oak Staves " and shipped 2,000,000 at 30.00 60,000 Add Lumber 620,925 Total $748,425 The supply of pine in some few localities is be coming exhausted, and some few mills have ceased - operating. This is the case at Lexington, but the machinery and capital have been taken elsewhere. At the present ratio of consumption, the supply of 31 362 Old Mackinaw. pine must rapidly become diminished, but profitable employment will then be found in the manufacture of hemlock and hard-wood. Some little has already been done in the way of turning out hemlock. The manufacture of hard- wood lumber is increasing very rapidly. The copper interest of Michigan was first brought into public notice by the enormous speculations and the mad fever of 1845. The large spur of country which projects far out into the lake, having its base resting on a line drawn across from LAnse Bay to Ontonagon, and the Porcupine Mountains for its spine, became the El Dorado of all copperdom of that day. In this year the first active operations were commenced at the Cliff Mine, just back of Eagle Eiver harbor. Three years later, in 1848, work was undertaken at the Minnesota, some fifteen miles back from the lake at Ontonagon. The history of the copper mines on Lake Superior shows that even the best mines disappointed the owners in the beginning. We give the facts relative to the three mines at present in the Lake Superior region to illustrate this. The Cliff Mine was dis covered in 1845, and worked three years without much sign of success ; it changed hands at the very moment when the vein was opened which proved Old Mackinaw. 363 afterward to be so exceedingly rich in copper and silver, producing now on an average 1,500 tons of stamp, barrel, and mass copper per annum. The Minnesota Mine was discovered in 1848, and for the first three years gave no very encouraging results. The first large mass of native copper of about seven tons was found in a pit made by an an cient race. After that discovery much money was spent before any other further indications of copper were found. This mine yields now about 2,000 tons of copper per annum, and declared, for the year 1858, a net dividend of $300,000. The dividends paid since 1852 amount to upward of $1,500,000 on a paid-up capital of $66,000. The same has been experienced at the Pewabic Mine. That mine commenced operations in the year 1855, with an expenditure of $26,357, which produced $1,080 worth of copper ; the second year it expended $40,820, and produced $31,492 of cop per; in 1857 $24,484 of expenses produced $44,058 worth of copper; 1858, the amount expended was $109,152, and the receipts for copper $76,538; the total expense amounts to $235,816, and the total re ceipts for copper to $153,168, leaving an excess of expenses amounting to $82,648, which is, however, 364 Old Mackinaw. amply covered by the extensive works established above and below ground at the mine. - The Pewabic will undoubtedly take its place among the dividend-paying mines of the present year. It is scarcely ten. years that mining has been prop erly commenced in that remote region. At that time it was difficult, on account of the rapids of St. Mary's Eiver, to approach it by water with large craft. Being more than a thousand miles distant from "the centre of the Union, destitute of all the requirements for the development of mines ; every tool, every part of machinery, every mouthful of provisions had to be hauled over the rapids, boated along the shores for hundreds of miles to. the .. copper region, and there often carried on the back of man and beast to the place where copper was believed to. exist. Every stroke' of the pick cost tenfold more than in popu lated districts ; every disaster delayed the operations for weeks and months. The opening of the Saut Canal has changed all this and added a wonderful impetus to the busi ness, the mining interests, and the. development of the Lake Superior country. Nearly one hundred different vessels, steam and sail, have been engaged, the past season in its trade, and the number of Old Mackinaw. 365 these is destined largely to increase year by year, an indication of the growth of business and the opening up of the country. For the growth in the copper interest we have only to refer to the ship ments from that region year by year. These, in gross, are as follows : 1853 .. 2,535 tons. 1854 3,500 1855 4,544 1856 5,357 1857 6,094 1858 6,025 1859 6,245 The same facts of development would hold gener ally true, with regard to the other industrial interests of that vast country. It remains yet almost wholly " a waste, howling wilderness." At Marquette, Portage Lake, Copper Harbor, Eagle Eiver, Eagle Harbor, and Ontonagon, and the mines adjacent, are the only places where the primeval forests have given place to the enter prise of man, and these in comparison with the whole extent of territory embraced in this region, are but mere insignificant patches. What this coun try may become years hence, it would defy all spe culations now to predict, but there seems no reason 31* 366 Old Mackinaw. to doubt that it will exceed the most sanguine ex pectations. The copper region is divided into three districts viz., the Ontonagon, the most northern, the Kewee naw Point, the most eastern, and the Portage Lake, lying mostly below and partially between the range of the two. In the first are situated the Minne sota, the Eockland, the National, and a multitude of other mines of lesser note, profit, or promise. In the Cliff, the Copper Falls, and others. In the last are the Pewabic, Quincy, Isle Eoyale, Portage, Franklin, and numerous others. Each district has some peculiarities of product, the first developing the masses, while the latter are more, prolific in vein-rock, the copper being scattered throughout the rock. There have been since 1845 no less than 116 cop per-mining companies organized under the general law of our State. The amount of capital, invested and now in use, or which has been paid out in ex plorations and improvements, and lost, is .estimated by good judges at $6,000,000. The nominal amount of capital stock invested in all the companies which have charters would reach an indefinite number of millions. As an offset to this, it may be stated that the Cliff and Minnesota mines have returned over Old Mackinaw. 367 $2,000,000 in dividends from the beginning of their operations, and the value of these two mines will more than cover the whole amount spent in mining, and for all the extravagant undertakings which have been entered upon and abandoned. While success has been the exception and failure the rule in copper speculations, yet it must be admitted that these exceptions are remarkably tempting ones. Doubtless there is immense wealth still to be devel oped in these enterprises, and this element of wealth in the Lake Superior region is yet to assume a mag nitude now unthought of. The copper is smelted mainly in this city,.Cleve land, and Boston, the works in this city being the largest. There is one establishment . at Pittsburg which does most: of the smelting for the Cliff Mine, we believe ; one at Bergen, N. Y., and one at New Haven, Conn. There are two at Baltimore, but they are engaged on South American Mineral. The Bruce Mines on the Canada side of Lake Huron have recently put smelting works in '. operation on their location. Prior to this the mineral was barreled up and shipped to London, being taken over as ballast, in packet ships, at low. rates. The amount of copper smelted in this city we can only judge by the amount landed here, but this will 368 Old Mackinaw. afford a pretty accurate estimate. The number of tons landed here, in 1859, was 3,088. The copper yield of Lake Superior will produce between 60 and 70 per cent, of ingot copper, which is remarkably pure. The net product of the mines for 1859, is worth in the markets of the world nearly or quite $2,000,000. This large total shows the capabilities of this region and affords us some basis of calculation as to the value and probable extent of future deve lopment. Beside the amount already noticed as landed here there were 1,268 tons brought to this city from the Bruce Mines, and sent on to London. The mineral of this location is of a different quality from that of Lake Superior and not near so productive of pure copper. The price of ingot copper in New York the past season has arranged from 20J- to 23| cents per pound, averaging full 22J cents. There are indications that Michigan is slowly but surely taking the rank to which she is entitled in the manufacture as well as production of iron. The first shipment of pig iron of any consequence was made by the Pioneer Company in the fall of 1858. Dr. Bus- sell, of this city, is turning out large quantities. His works went into operation about two years and a half ago, but were burned after running sixty days. Old Mackinaw. 369 They were immediately rebuilt by the enterprising proprietor. The Lake Superior iron- has . been' , proclaimed' the best in the world, a proposition that none can suc cessfully refute. Its qualities are becoming known in quarters where it would naturally be expected its superiority would be admitted reluctantly, if at all. It is now sent to New York and Ohio, and even to Pennsylvania — an agency for its sale having been established in Pittsburg. For gearing, shafting, cranks, flanges, and, we ought by all means, to add, car-wheels, no other should be used, provided 'it can be obtained. ¦ A large amount of capital is invested in the iron interest in Michigan, as the following figures prove : Pioneer $150,000 Jackson 300,000 Collins J 150,000 - Cleveland 300,000 Lake Superior and Iron Mountain E. E. Co.... 700,000 Northern Michigan Iron Company 110,000 Wyandotte Boiling Mills 236,000 Eureka Iron Company 117,000 Dr. G. B. Russell's 60,000 Ford & Philbrick's Steam Forge 25,000 2,148,000 Marquette is the only point on Lake Superior 370 Old Mackinaw. where the iron ore deposits have been worked. There are deposits of iron in the mountains back of LAnse, but this wonderful region leaves nothing more to be desired for the present. At a distance of eighteen miles frem the lake, are to be found iron mountains named the Sharon, Burt, Lake Superior, Cleveland, Collins, and Barlow, while eight miles further back lie the Ely and St. Clair mountains. Three of these mountains are at present worked, the Sharon, the Cleveland, and the Lake Superior, and contain enough ore to supply the world for genera tions to come. The mountains further back embrace tracts of hundreds of acres rising to a height of from four to six hundred feet, which, there is every reason to believe, from the explorations made, are solid iron ore. The extent of the contents of these mountains is perfectly fabulous, in fact, so enormous as almost to baffle computation. The ore, too is remarkably rich, yielding about seventy per cent, of pure metal. There are now in operation at Marquette three Iron Mining Companies, and two blast furnaces for mak ing charcoal pig iron, the Pioneer and Meigs. The Pioneer has two stacks and a capacity of twenty tons of pig iron per day ; the Meig sone stack, capable of turning out about eleven tons. The Northern Iron Company is building a large bituminous coal Old Mackinaw. 371 furnace at the mouth of the Chocolate Eiver, three miles south of Marquette, which will be in opera tion early in the summer. Each of the mining companies, the Jackson, Cleveland and Lake Superior, have docks at the har bor for shipment, extending out into the spacious and beautiful bay which lies in front of Marquette to a sufficient length to enable vessels of the largest dimension to lie by their side and to be loaded directly from the cars, which are run over the vessels and dumped into shutes, which are made to empty di rectly into the holds. The process of loading is therefore very expeditious and easy.- The amount of shipments of ore for 1859, from Marquette to the ports below, reaches 75,000 gross tons in round numbers, and the shipments of pig iron, 6,000 gross tons more. To this must be added the amount at Marquette when navigation closed, the amount at the mines ready to be brought down, and the amount used on the spot. This will give a total product of the iron mines of Michigan for the past year of between ninety and one hundred thousand tons. These mining companies simply mine and ship the ore and sell it. Their profit ranges between seventy- five cents and one dollar per ton. The quality of the iron of Lake Superior is con- 372. Old Mackinaw. ceded by all to be the best in the world, as the analysis of Prof. Johnson, which we reproduce, shows. The table shows the relative strength per square inch in pounds. : ¦ . . Salisbury, Conn., iron 58,009 Swedish (best) 58,184 English cable 59,105 Centre county, Pa. 59,400 Essex county, N. Y., .' . . : 59,962 Lancaster, county, Pa. 58,661 Russia (best) 76,069 Common English and American. .30,000 Lake Superior 89,582 The manufacture of pig iron at Marquette will probably be carried on even more extensively as the attention of capitalists is directed to it. The follow ing may be considered a fair statement of the cost of producing One ton of pig iron at the Pioneer Iron Co.'s works : 1£ tons iron ore, at $1.50 per ton $2 50 125 bushels charcoal at 7 cents per bushel. . . . 8 75 Fluxing 50 Labor 2 50 Incidental expenses 1 00 Cost at the works 15 00 Freight on R. R. and dockage 1 37 Cost on board vessel $16 36 The quantity of wood required for charcoal for Old Mackinaw. 373 both furnaces, is immense. The pioneer furnace requires 2,500 bushels of coal in twenty -four hours ; and in blast as they are, day and night, for six months, and at a yield of forty bushels of coal to a cord of wood, it would require 15,000 cords of wood to keep them going. The company has had 120,000 cords chopped this season. This vast consumption of wood will soon cause the country to be completely stripped of its timber. Coal will then come into use. The business of manufacturing pig iron may be ex tended indefinitely, as the material is without limit, and the demand, thus far, leaving nothing on hand. These facts exhibit the untold wealth of Michigan in iron alone, and point with certainty to an extent of business that will add millions to our invested capital, dot our State with iron manufactories of all kinds, and furnish regular employment to tens of thousands of our citizens, while our raw material and our wares shall be found in all the principal markets of the world. The superior fish, found in such profusion in our noble lakes and rivers, while they afford a highly- prized luxury for immediate consumption, from one of our leading articles of export, and are very justly regarded as constituting one of our greatest interests. It is estimated by men of intelligence that the 32 374 Old Mackinaw. value of our yearly catch of fish is greater than that of all taken in fresh waters in the thirty -two remain ing States of the Union. This may at first blush seem like a broad assertion, but it is no doubt strictly within bounds. If the claim be not too much of the nature of a truism, we may add that so far as quality is concerned the superiority of our finny tribes is even more strongly marked than in regard to quan tity. In the sluggish streams that abound iu "ten degrees of more effulgent clime," the fish partake of the slimy properties of their native element ; it is only in the limpid waters of the North that they are found of flavor so unexceptionable as to please an epicurean taste, or exalt them to the dignity of a staple of commerce. Fish possess peculiar qualities to commend them as an article of food, independent of the arbitrary preference of the epicure. They are universally esteemed as a wholesome and nutritious diet. In that pleasant work, Irving's " Astoria," a tribe of Indians are described who subsisted entirely on fish, whose rotund appearance contrasted strongly with the physique of their brethren of the forest. The profusion with which the finny tribes propagate their species is a peculiarity said to be imparted to those who partake freely and regularly of them for food, a supposition which would seem to be strongly Old Mackinaw. 375 supported by facts. Fishermen are proverbial for the number of their descendants. One of the tribe who dries his nets in Sarnia, is the happy father of nineteen children, and we can cite numerous proofs almost equally striking in support of this theory. The fisheries have always been a leading subject in the government policy of sea-board nations. They are a prime source of revenue, and have been the cause of numerous wars. The serious controversy between the United States and Great Britain concerning the Newfoundland fisheries, is still fresh in the memory of our readers. Eecently the earnest attention of the French government has been directed to propositions for the artificial propagation of fish, as a means of affording good and cheap food to the people at a merely nominal cost. The gradual diminution of the species, as well as the ultimate extinction of the' large birds and quadrupeds, is everywhere a condi tion of advanced civilization and the increase and spread of an industrial population. To provide a remedy for the evil, the science of pisciculture has latterly attracted no small degree of attention, and, at this time, gentlemen prominently identified with our fishing interest have it in contemplation to stock lakes in the interior of Michigan with a view to the prosecution of the science. 376 Old Mackinaw. Most of the fish packed on Lake Huron, and riv ers St. Clair and Detroit, find their way into the Ohio market. The trade with that State has rapidly in creased, but in its early stages it had some difficul ties to contend with, to one of which we will briefly allude. Some twelve or fourteen years ago, a large quantity of fish/ not less than 8,000 to 10,000 barrels, which had been caught in Lake Superior, were in the possession of a single dealer, who had them stored in the large warehouse recently torn down at the Detroit and Milwaukee Eailway depot. He had oportunities to dispose of them at $8 per barrel, but refused to sell them for less than $10, and the result was that they were kept so long that many of them spoiled. They were complained of as a nuisance, and 1,500 barrels were turned out into the river at one time. Part of the lot was, however, sent to Ohio, and the effect was, for a time, extremely prejudicial to our trade, requiring a great deal of explanation before the Cincinnati dealers- could be again induced to stand in the position of customers. But when confidence once more became fairly restored, the circumstance seemed to have the effect to precipitate the trade between the two cities. At least it grew rapidly from that day, our neighbors purchasing freely of our staple articles and sending us sugar and Old Mackinaw. 377 molasses in return. Thus, as in Samson's time, honey was gathered from the carcass of the dead lion. Ohio has become a very large consumer of our fish, and her influence is being extended rapidly into Indiana. The habits of fish are as interesting as anything in the animal economy, constituting a beautiful study for the lover of nature ; but this branch does not come within the scope of our article, and we must content ourselves with a brief description of the prin cipal varieties, particularly such as are held in highest repute for packing, with such statistics as we have been able to procure. White-fish are more highly prized than any other kind found in our waters, being decidedly the most delicious in a fresh state, and when packed command a higher price than any other by $1 per bbl. They are found in the Straits and all the Lakes. They spawn in the fall, in the Straits, and in shoals and on reefs about the Lakes. They are caught in seines, gill nets, trap nets, and with spears ; never with hooks. Those found in Detroit river come up from Lake Erie regularly in the fall to deposit their spawn. They were found in our lakes and rivers in vast quan tities when the white men first visited their shores. They constituted, with other kinds, the principal food of the white and Indian voyagers as they coasted 32* 378 Old Mackinaw. around the lakes, and were invaluable to the first settlers of the country, who, perhaps in some cases, but for the assistance they afforded, would have been compelled to relinquish their settlements. They could catch a supply at any time, and they then had an unfailing resort when their crops failed. White- fish were a great favorite with the Indians. They would give many times their weight in trout or any other species in exchange for them. -It is said that a person can subsist longer upon them than upon any other kind. Their ordinary weight is from 3 to 5 lbs, length 15 inches, though some have been caught weighing not less than 18 lbs. They are a beautiful fish, and when first taken out of the water and struggle and flounder in the sun, they exhibit all the colors of the rainbow, but they soon expire, and when dead they are of a delicate white color. The trout, pike, and muscalonge devour them without mercy. Some of these voracious kinds have been caught with the re mains of six white-fish in them. The Detroit Eiver white-fish are more juicy and better flavored than those caught in the upper lakes, probably from the fact that they feed on more delicate food, but those found in Lake Superior sur pass all others in size. They were once so numer- Old Mackinaw. 370 ous that eight thousand were taken at a single haul. At present a haul of one or two thousand is thought a very good one. In all the rivers they are growing scarce very gradually, but surely. The ratio of de crease cannot be arrived at with any degree of pre cision. A few years ago they were mostly taken with gill nets, and when they fell of in one place, a corresponding increase would be found in another. Now they are taken with trap nets along the shore. The trap nets are a decided advantage over gill nets. They allow the fish to be kept alive, and they are taken out at leisure; they are therefore of better quality. Pickerel are also held in high esteem. They are good either fresh, or salted and dried, and for pack ing, rank next in value to white, although held. nominally at the same price as trout when packed. They generally run up the rivers and lakes in the spring to spawn, where they are caught in consider able numbers. Average weight, 2 lbs ; large, 20 lbs ; common length, 15 inches. Lake or Mackinaw trout are as voracious as pike. They are chiefly caught on Lake Huron with gill nets and hooks. Saginaw Bay appears to be a favorite resort with them. Some winters large quantities are caught in the Bay through the ice, 380 Old Mackinaw. with a decoy fish and spear. They spawn in the fall, generally in the bays and inlets. Average weight 5 lbs ; large 751bs. Siscowits are mostly found in Lake Superior, and are preferred by some to any other kind. They are of the trout family, and for fat are unequaled ; they are mostly taken in gill nets. They spawn in the fall. and are very superior for packing. They are also of some value for their oil. Common weight 4 pounds, length 16 inches. Large herrings are very good fish, found only in the straits and large lakes. They spawn in the fall ; but few are caught. Average weight If pounds; common length 10 inches. In addition to the above the muskelonge — a large and delicious variety — black and white bass, rock bass, perch, sturgeon, and at least twenty other kinds, abound in our waters ; a minute description of which we are compelled to forego. White-fish are taken _both spring and fall, chiefly the latter ; spring is the season for pickerel ; trout are taken at all seasons. Something over a year since some excitement was occasioned by a mode of fishing adopted by a party of fishermen on Detroit river, who stationed nets over a mile and a half in extent across the mouth of the Old Mackinaw. 381 stream, a proceeding that was not only calculated to destroy the value of the seine fisheries above, but which would ultimately have driven the fish out of the river altogether. A formidable opposition was of course arrayed against this unusual and unwarrant able proceeding, and the party found it expedient to desist, but the Legislature, which met shortly after, failed to pass an inhibitive measure. This action, or rather want of action, would have been considered extraordinary in a State less favored by nature. We have fortunately been able to procure esti mates of the amount of the catch at all the various fisheries, together with other leading statistics ; and with the view of imparting to the subject a more general interest, we include two or three points be yond the limits of the State. The estimates are furnished by gentlemen of intelligence and expe rience, and may be relied on as substantially cor rect : Sandusky fisheries, catch mostly sold fresh: Whiteflsh, valuation $50,000 Pickerel, bass, etc 40,000 Value of seines and fixtures 16,000 Paid for wages 37,000 Maumee Eiver, pickerel, white bass, etc., etc., mostly sold fresh. Valuation $50,000 382 Old Mackinaw. Seines and fixtures $15,000 Paid for wages 12,000 Maumee Bay and Monroe County, Michigan, white fish and pickerel : Valuation $20,000 Pounds, seines, and fixtures 9,000 Paid for wages 10,000 Detroit Eiver, nearly all white : Valuation $75,000 Seines, fishing grounds, and fixtures 40,000 Paid for wages 20,000 St. Clair Eiver and Eapids, mostly pickerel : Valuation $11,000 Cost of fixtures 2,000 Paid for wages 1,200 Port Huron to Point au Barque, 3,000 barrels, mostly white : Valuation $25,000 Au Sauble 6,000, barrels, f white, the rest trout : Valuation $50,000 Boats, nets, etc 13,000 Paid for wages 7,000 Thunder Bay and vicinity, above Sauble Eiver, 6,000 barrels, mostly white : Valuation $50,000 Saginaw Bay and Eiver, 2,000 barrels pickerel and 1,500 white and trout. Valuation $32,000 Tawas, 600 barrels, mostly white. Valuation $5,000 Old Mackinaw. 383 Between Thunder Bay and Mackinac, 500 barrels, mostly white : Valuation $4,500 Mackinac, including all brought there, 7,500 barrels, | or £ white : Valuation $62,000 Beaver Islands and neighborhood, 7,000 barrels, nearly all white : Valuation $59,000 Green Bay in Michigan, 3,000 barrels, all white : Valuation $25,500 Island between De Tour and the Saut, 1,000 barrels, | white, the rest trout : Valuation $8,000 Green Bay in Wisconsin, 2,500 barrels white and 500 barrels pickerel, all packed : Valuation $25,000 Of the catch of Lake Huron, only an inconsider able amount are sold fresh. On Detroit Eiver about 4,000 barrels were packed last year. Having procured specific information of the cost of outfit and amount paid for wages at the Sauble fisheries, we have taken such expenditures as the basis for those of all the upper lake fisheries in pro portion to the catch, which in the main will doubt less prove substantially correct. At the Sauble last 384 Old Mackinaw. season there were sixteen boats employed for two months, and eight for the rest of the season. The value of the boats was $200 each, and the nets, etc., cost an additional sum of $600 for each, making the aggregate value of the boats and their outfit about $13,000. About forty men were employed on an average during the season, receiving a probable ag gregate of $7,000 for wages. Taking these outlays, etc., as a fair average, and we have the following result : From Port Huron to the Beavers, inclusive, to gether with Green Bay in Michigan, and the Saut Islands : Cost of outfit $83,500 Amount paid for wages 45,000 Average number of men 300 The amount shipped from Lake Superior, as ap pears from the report of the Superintendent of the Saut canal is 4,000 barrels. This is probably not a tithe of what might be done. The mouth of almost every stream in that region affords good fishing grounds, which is also true of most of the islands, par ticularly Isle Eoyale, where the siscowit is very abundant. The fisheries on the east coast of Lake Michigan have for about six years past increased very rapidly Old Mackinaw. 385 in importance, some years gaining 100 per cent, on the year preceding. A few years since a party of Norwegians came on and embarked in the business, which they have prosecuted ever since with advan tage and profit. Trained in the severe school of their rugged northern home, they exhibit the great est daring, going out in their tiny craft during the heaviest gales. They frequently venture out twenty- five miles from shore, almost meeting their country men from the Wisconsin side of the lake, who are engaged in the same hazardous calling. We have the following returns : Little Traverse, 600 barrels : Valuation $4,000 300 nets and 6 boats, worth 1,800 Paid for wages 575 Big Point Sauble, 1,500 barrels : Valuation $12,000 600 nets and 8 boats 3,600 Paid for wages 1,700 Little Point Sauble, 2,000 barrels: Valuation $16,500 750 nets and 10 boats 4,500 Paid for wages 2,000 White Lake, 1,500 barrels : Valuation $12,000 500 nets and 5 boats 3,000 Paid for wages 1,600 33 386 Old Mackinaw. Grand Haven, 4,000 barrels : Valuation $32,800 800 nets and 8 boats 4,000 Paid for wages 5,000 Saugatuck, 2,000 barrels : Valuation $16,000 600 nets and 6 boats 3,600 Paid for wages 2,500 South Haven, 2,100 barrels : Valuation $16,800 600 nets and 6 boats 1,200 Paid for wages 2,500 St. Joseph's 3,500 barrels : Valuation $28,000 1,200 nets and 9 boats 7,500 Paid for wages New Buffalo, 300 barrels : Valuation $3,000 400 nets and 5 boats .' 2,600 Paid for wages 450 Michigan City, 3,000 barrels : Valuation $30,000 1,020 nets and 18 boats 8,000 Paid for wages , 4,400 Showing an aggregate of 21,000 barrels, of which about 18,000 barrels are salted; valuation $169,800; value of fixtures $43,600 ; estimated amount paid for wages, $22,000. The fishing grounds of Michigan City are almost Old Mackinaw. 387 entirely within our State. The number of barrels include those sold fresh as well as salted, there being a considerable quantity of the former, in some of the fisheries last named, Michigan City and New Buffalo especially, from whence they are sent packed in ice to the different towns in Michigan ; also to Lafayette and Indianapolis, Indiana, to Louisville, Kentucky, to Cincinnati, and also to Chicago, where they are repacked in ice, and some of them find their way to St. Louis, Cairo, etc. From St. Joseph and Grand Haven there are large quantities sent fresh to Chi cago and Milwaukee, where they are repacked in ice. At a fair estimate for the few small fisheries on this coast from which we have no return, together with those on the west coast of Lake Michigan, they are worth at least $60,000, but we have no data by which to form an estimate of the proportion packed. The number of men employed, and the consequent expense, varies according to the method employed. With seines the occupation is very laborious, and requires a much stronger force than pound nets. One set of hands can manage a number of the latter. Some of the fisheries on Detroit and St. Clair rivers use seines altogether, to draw which, horse-power is brought into requisition in some cases. A double 27* 388 Old Mackinaw. set of men are employed, working alternately day and night, and the exposure is a most disagree able feature of the business, particularly in bad weather. The great bulk of the aggregate catch continues to be taken with seines or gill nets, but pound (or trap) nets are on the increase. They have been in use below Lake Huron more or less for the past four or five years, but it is only about two years since their introduction in the upper lakes. With these nets 100 barrels of white-fish have been taken at a single haul. Of course their general use must produce a material diminution in the supply. As regards capital invested, there is in particular instances a wide difference. George Clark, Esq., nine miles below Detroit, has $12,000 invested in his grounds, owing mostly to the cost of removing obstructions. But this is an exception. The barrels for packing constitute no inconsider able item of this vast and important trade. Their manufacture is a regular branch in Port Huron, but most of them are made by the fishermen when not engaged in their regular vocation. They are made at all the villages and fishing stations on Lake Huron, pine being generally easy of access. The barrels are worth 62 J cents each ; half- barrels, 50 cents. Over two-thirds of the packages used are Old Mackinaw. 389 halves, but our estimated totals of the catch repre sent wholes. Formerly the nets used also to be made almost entirely by the fishermen, who usually procured the twine from Detroit. Latterly, many of them have been brought from Boston already made. Salt is another large item. For packing and re packing, about one-fourth of a barrel is used to each barrel of fish. For the amount packed, therefore, in the fisheries we have described, about 20,000 barrels are used. Total proceeds of Michigan fisheries $620,000 Total proceeds of all enumerated 900,000 Total capital invested 252,000 Paid for wages 171,000 Aggregate of barrels salted, say 80,000 bbls. Cost of packages 70,000 Cost of salt 22,000 The catch' at the Sauble and Thunder Bay showed a falling off last season, owing not to the want of fish, but to the unfavorable weather. At these points they congregate only from October to the close, and the weather being very rough last fall, the catch was comparatively light. Mackinac has been famous as the greatest fishing point on the lakes. Gill nets are mostly in vogue. The work in that locality is mostly done by. half- 33* 39° 01d Mackinaw. breeds, in the employ of the merchants, the latter furnishes the salt, and paying them in trade, of which the outfit generally constitutes a part. But with the late general depression, prices declined some thirty or forty per cent., and consequently the business, previously quite lucrative, lost its attrac tion for the time being. The merchants advanced the means in summer, and could not realize until the ensuing year. Small holders were obliged to sell, some of the time by forcing the market, and Ihis added to the difficulty experienced by large holders in obtaining returns. , Much has been said in reference to the coal fields of Michigan, and within the past two or three years, explorations, with a view of developing these depo sits, have been conducted in different portions of the State. There is no longer any doubt of the exist ence of a valuable field of' coal in central Michigan. There have been openings at different points in the State ; at Jackson and Sandstone, in Jackson county ; at Owasso and Corunna in Shiawassee county; at Flint in Genesee county, and at Lansing, coal has been found deposited in veins of from twenty inches to four feet in thickness. Most of the openings have been upon veins outcropping at the surface of the ground, and there has been little difficulty in Old Mackinaw. 391 procuring samples of coal from these veins in many localities in the State. These deposits of coal found at, and near the surface, are producing coal in limited quantities in different localities, but no works have been prosecuted with a view to supply ing any but a limited local demand. From the sur face evidences of a coal field on the line of the De troit and Milwaukee Eoad near Owasso, and from explorations and developments already made, some specimens of the coal having been produced and shipped to Detroit, it has been determined to prose cute the work at that point. In Jackson county, however, the matter of mining has become an enterprise of some magnitude, and we are enabled to give some facts and figures which exhibit in some measure the importance to the State of this new branch of industry. There are several "workings" of coal in the vicinity of Jackson, and several companies have been formed for the purpose of mining coal. Considerable coal has been mined and sold from these different workings and mines. The principal mine, and one which in all its arrange ments and provisions is equal to any mine in the country, is that of the Detroit and Jackson Coal and Mining Company. The works of this Company are at Woddville station on the line of the Michigan 392 Old Mackinaw. Central Eailroad, about three and a half miles west of Jackson city. The mine is situated on- the north side of the Eailroad and about half a mile from the main track. The Coal Company have built a side track from the Central Eoad -to the mouth of their shaft. The shaft from which the coal is taken is ninety feet deep, and at the bottom passes through a vein of coal about four feet in thickness. This vein has been opened in different directions for several hun dred feet from the shaft, and with a tram-road through the different entries the coal is reached and brought from the rooms to the shaft, and then lifted by steam to the surface. This coal has been trans ported to different points in the State and is rapidly coming into use for all ordinary purposes, taking the place of many of the Ohio coals and at a re duced cost. The mine to which reference is made is within four hours' ride of Detroit, on the Central Eoad, and a visit of two hours (which can be ac complished any day, by taking the morning train, leaving the city at 9 45 and returning so as to reach here at half past six in the evening,) will repay any one for the trouble. The station is called Wood- ville, and is only three and a half miles west of Jackson. Old Mackinaw. 393 Michigan, hitherto a heavy importer of salt, is in a fair way not only to have amply sufficient for her own wants, but something perhaps to spare. To aid in developing our saline resources, the Legislature wisely provided a bounty upon the production, which has already brought forth good fruits. At Grand Eapids, salt water has been discovered much stronger than that of the Syracuse springs, requiring only twenty-nine gallons to produce a bushel. — Arrangements have been almost perfected for commencing the manufacture upon a very exten sive scale. At Saginaw, within a few days, at the depth of 620 feet, copious volumes of brine were revealed. This is also stronger than any in New York. From some cause, it is sought to keep this information a secret, but it is fair to presume it would soon have leaked out. The salt both at Grand Eapids and Saginaw, is a beautiful article, of great purity. When Nature formed the Grand Eiver and Sagi naw valleys, she seems to have been engaged in an animated contest with herself. The developments are such as to warrant the conviction that other and perhaps equally valuable salt springs lie hidden in the intervening space between those valleys. These and other discoveries plainly indicate that the em- 394 Old Mackinaw. ployment of a large amount of capital in develop ing the latent resources of Michigan would amply "pay." The inexhaustible plaster beds of Grand Eapids constitute one of the prime sources of prosperity of that enterprising metropolis of the Grand Eiver Delta. Our whole State has also a great interest in the trade, the material being, it is admitted, a better fertilizer than the imported article. CHAPTEE XV. Desirableness of a trip to the Lakes — Routes of travel — In teresting localities — Scenery — Southern coast — Portage Lake — Dr. Houghton — Ontonagon — Apostles' Islands — Return trip — Points of interest — St. Mary's River — Lake St. George — Point de Tour — Lake Michigan — Points of interest — Chicago. A trip to the northern lakes, for variety and beauty of scenery to such as are seeking enjoyment and pleasure, possesses advantages over every other route of travel in the United States, and with the ex ception of the works of art and the classical associa tions of the old world, is unsurpassed by any on the globe. To such as are in quest of health, no compari son can be instituted, as it has been demonstrated that the Northwest, especially in the region of the lakes, possesses the most invigorating climate in the world. A reference to the mortuary tables removes all doubt on this point. In the town of Marquette, on Lake Superior, containing a population of over three thousand, there were during the last year but eight (395) Old Mackinaw. 396 deaths, and only a portion of that number was from Our object in this chapter is to notice the various routes of travel to the interesting localities in the Northwest. During the summer months the most pleasant mode of conveyance is by water. The Hudson Eiver boats, compared with which no inland steamers are superior, leave, every day, the foot of Courtland street for Albany. By taking passage on an evening boat, after a quiet night's rest the traveler will find himself at Albany the next morning, where he can take the cars for Buffalo, at which point he will be able to take a steamer for Detroit. From thence he can take a steamer for Superior City, pas sing through Lakes St. Clair and Huron, and up the Saut St. Mary to Lake Superior. On the route from the Saut he will pass the following points, Point Iroquois, White-Fish Point, Point Au Sable, Pictured Eocks, Grand Island, Marquette, Manitou Island, Copper Harbor, Eagle Harbor, Eagle Eiver, Ontonagon, La Point, Bayfield and Point De Tour. The usual time occupied in passing over this route is about twenty-four hours. In leaving the Saut above the Eapids the steamer enters Lequamenon, passing Iroquois Point fifteen miles distant on the southern shore, while Gros Cap, on the Canada shore, Old Mackinaw. 397 can be seen about four miles distant. The porphyry hills, of which this point is composed, rise to a height of seven hundred feet above the lake, and present a grand appearance. North of Gros Cap is Gou- lais Bay, and in the distance a bold headland named Goulais Point can be seen. Indeed the whole north shore presents a scene of wild grandeur. Near the middle of Lequamenon Bay is Parisien Island which belongs to Canada ; opposite to this island on the north is seen Croulee Point, an interesting locality in the vicinity of which are numerous islands. Still further on the steamer passes Mamainse Point, another bold headland once the seat of the works of the Quebec Copper Mining Company, but now abandoned incon sequence of their unproductiveness ; some fifteen or twenty miles further north, is located the Montreal Company's copper mine. The traveler has now fairly entered the vast mineral region of Lake Super ior, and passes along a coast hundreds of miles in extent, " abounding in geological phenomena, varied mineral wealth, agates, cornelian, jasper, opal, and other precious stones, with its rivers, bays, estuaries, islands, presque isles, peninsulas, capes, pictured rocks, transparent waters, leaping cascades, and bold highlands, lined with pure veins of quartz, spar and amethystine crystals, full to repletion with mineral 34 398 Old Mackinaw. riches, reflecting in gorgeous majesty the sun's bright rays, and the moon's mellow blush ; overtopped with ever verdant groves of fir, cedar, and mountain ash, while the back ground is filled up with moutain upon mountain, until, rising in majesty to the clouds, dis tance loses their inequality resting against the clear vault of Heaven." On the southern shore, beyond White Fish Point,- immense sand hills can be seen rising from four hun dred to one thousand feet in height. After passing Pictured Eocks, which we have elsewhere described, the steamer approaches Grand Island, the shores of which present a magnificent appearance. This island is about one hundred twenty -five miles from the Saut and is about ten miles long and five wide. It is wild and romantic. The cliffs of sandstone bro ken into by the waves form picturesque caverns, pillars, and arches of great dimensions. Forty-five miles further is the town of Marquette one of the most flourishing places on the borders of the lake, and the entrepot of the vast mineral wealth in that region. Near this place are the Carp and Dead rivers, both which have rapids and falls of great beauty. Sailing in a northwestern direction the steamer passes Standards Eock, a solitary and dan gerous projection, rising out of the lake at the en- Old Mackinaw. 399 trance of Keweenaw Bay. At the head of this bay stands the harbor of L'Anse a short distance from which are located a Eoman Catholic and Methodist mission house and church, both of which, on each sides of the bay where they are located, are sur rounded by Indian tribes and settlements. Passing along, the steamer enters Portage Lake an extensive and beautiful sheet of water extending nearly the entire breadth of the peninsula of Ke weenaw Point, which is a large extent of land jut ting out into Lake Superior, from ten to twenty miles wide and sixty in length. This whole section abounds in silver and copper ores. After passing Manitou Island, Copper Harbor, one of the best on the lake is reached. At this place there is a flourish ing village. The next points are Agate Harbor, Eagle Harbor, and Eagle Eiver Harbor. It was at this point that the lamented Dr. Houghton was drowned in October 1845. He was the State Geo logist of Michigan, and while coming down from a portage to Copper Harbor, with his four Indian com panions du voyage, the boat was swamped in a storm about a mile and a half from Eagle Eiver. Two of the voyageurs were saved by being thrown by the waves upon the rocks ten feet above the usual level of the waters. 400 Old Mackinaw. The next point, three hundred and thirty-six miles from the Saut, is Ontonagon situated at the mouth of a river of the same name. A flourishing town is located here having several churches. In its vicinity are the Minnesota, Norwich, National, Eockland, and several other copper mines of great productiveness ; silver is also found intermixed with the copper ore, which abounds in great masses. La Point, four hun dred and ten miles from the Saut and eighty-three from Superior City, which is next reached, is situated on Madeline Island, one of the group of the Twelve Apostles. It was settled at an early day by the Jesuit Missionaries and the American Fur Traders. The population is mixed, consisting of Indians, French, Canadians and Americans. It has long been the favorite resort of the " red man" as well as the "pale face," and possesses a historic interest to travelers. The adjacent islands of the Twelve Apos tles grouped together a short distance from the main land, present during the summer months a most lovely and beautiful appearance. Cliffs from one to two hundred feet, may be seen rising above the wa ters, crowned with the richest foliage. Passing Bay field, a village on the mainland, and Ashland, a set tlement at the head of Chag-wamegon Bay, and the Maskeg and Montreal Eivers, the steamer, after round- Old Mackinaw. 401 ing Point de Tour, enters Fon du Lac, a noble bay at the head of Lake Superior, twenty miles in width and fifty miles in length, on the shore of which stands Superior City, near the mouth of St. Louis Eiver. This is a flourishing place, possessing great com mercial importance, and which, at no distant day, must be connected with the mouth of the Columbia Eiver and Puget Sound. On the return trip coast ing along the northwest, the steamer passes numer ous points of interest. At the extreme west end of Lake Superior, seven miles northwest from Superior City, stands the village of Portland. Along the shore northward are bold sandy bluffs and highlands which are supposed to be rich in mineral wealth. Encamp ment, the name of a river, island, and village, is a romantic spot. Immense cliffs of greenstone are to be seen rising from two hundred to three hundred feet above the water's edge ; northward along the shore porphyry abounds in great quantity. This point is noted for the singular agitation of the mag netic needle. Hiawatha, Grand Portage, Pigeon Bay, Pie Island, Thunder Cape, and Thunder Bay, surrounded by grand scenery; Isle Eoyale, Fort William, a strong post of the Hudson Bay Company. Black Bay, Nepigon Bay, on the extreme north of the lake. St. Ignace Island, State Islands, Pic 34* Old Mackinaw". 402 Island Michipieoten Island, formely the seat of Lake Superior Silver Mining Compan^/of Canada. Mon treal' Island, Carabon Island and other points of in terest. Ee-enterfng the Saut the steamer shapes her course for Mackinaw. The Garden Eiver settlement, an Indian village ten miles below the Saut, is on the Canada shore. A mission church ' and several dwellings occupied by Chippewa Indians may be found here. The St. Mary's Eiver presents the finest scenery. A traveler in describing it says, " There, is a delicious freshness in the countless ever green islands > that dot the river - in every direction from the Falls -to .Lake Huron." The next point is Church's Landing *on Sugar Island, opposite to which is Squirrel Island belonging to the Canadians. Lake George twenty miles .below the Saut is an expansion of the Eiver which at this point is five miles wide. The steamer soon enters the Nebish Eapids, after passing Lake George, and the main land of Canada, stretching out to the north in a dreary wilderness, is lost sight of. Sugar Island which is a large body of fertile land belonging to the United States, near the head of St. Joseph's Island is next reached, and then in succession, Nebish Island, Mud Lake, another ex* pansion of the river, Lime Island, Carltonville, St. Old Mackinaw. 403 Joseph's Island, a large and fertile body of land belong ing to Canada, once the site of a fort ; Drummond Is land, belonging to the United States, and Point De Tour, at the mouth of the river, the site of alight- house and settlement. The other points of interest are Bound Island, Bois Blanc, at the head of Lakes Huron and Mackinac, all of which we have else where described. At east the steamer enters the Straits of Mackinaw, and the site of the old fort and town heave in view. These straits are from. four to twenty miles in width, and extend east and west about twenty miles. Lake Michigan now spreads out its beautiful sheet of water, second in size to Superior, and invites the traveler to sail along its shores and among its islands. The points of interest are, La Gros Cap, a picturesque headland; Garden and Hog Islands, Great and Little Beaver Islands, Fox Island, on the west of which is the entrance to Green Bay, and on the east the entrance to Grand Traverse Bay, the Great or north Manitou, and the Little or south Manitou Islands, Kewawnee, Two Eivers, Manitoulin and Sheboygan, Port Washington, Milwaukee, Ba- cine, Waukegan and other places of minor import ance. After passing the localities on the western shore, at length Chicago is seen in the distance, 404 Old Mackinaw. stretching along for miles and presenting a fine ap- pearancg. From this point the traveler can returti to New York, by way of Detroit, through Canada on the railroad, or he may if he chooses take a southern route. Such are the facilities for travel that the tourist will be at no loss during the entire season in finding excellent steamers and good accommodations. Steamers of the first class leave Cleveland on Mon days, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays of each week, for Lake Superior, touching at the various ports on the route. Persons in the West or South, who may desire to visit the lakes can thus be at any time accommodated. Should the tourist prefer taking anotheT route from Buffalo, instead of passing over Lake Erie and up the Detroit Eiver, he can go direct to Colling- wood at the foot of Georgian Bay, and from thence can take steamer for Saut St. Mary, Chicago or any other point he may desire in the Northwest. THE END. YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 06914 7917