YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 07086 2223 , U/" ! ^' ''t--' .s„ tl, ^-rt^uf-^t. ''i'fUliF{{^!fMLIi.!iliihijJliiLii' - C|^ ^0rt^ Run % Bmtl : A STATISTICAL VIE¥ OP THE CONDITION OP THE FREE AND SLAVE STATES. Br HENRY CHASE, A. M., CHAELES W. SANBOEN, M. D. COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY. CLEVELAND, OHIO : H. P. B. JEWETT. NEWYOEK: SHELDON, BLAKEM.*.N, AND COMPANY. 1856. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachuaetts. Ct 5^. i€c LITHOTYPBD BY THE AMERICAN STEREOTYPE COMPANY, 28 Phcekix Botlding, BoaTOH. PRINTED BY D. S. SOBD AND CO. PREPACE, It is the object of this work to compare the condition of the slaveholding and non-slaveholding States — the North and the South — as to territory, population, industry and wealth, educa tion and inteUigence, religion and moral advancement, and general progress. The authorities used are the official docu ments of the General Government and of the individual States. The calculations are, for the most part, for the year 1850, and based on the census returns for that year, as compiled by J. D. B. De Bow, and published in his Compendium of the Seventh Census. This work, prepared with much labor, is the only one of the kind within our knowledge. We' think there is public neces sity for it, and submit it without further remark. CoNCOKD, Mass., September, 1856. (Ill) INTRODUCTORY. The slaveholding States, fifteen in number, including the semi- slave States of Delaware and Maryland, have an area of eight hun dred and fifty-one thousand, four hundred and forty-eight square miles. In latitude, they extend from 25° to 40° north, and, in lon gitude, from 75° to 107° west. This vast empire of nearly a thousand miles square has a sea and gulf coast . of seven thousand miles in extent, and is drained by more than fifty navigable rivers. Through its centre flows the longest river of the globe, with its thousands of miles of navigable waters. The free States, sixteen in number, have an area of six hundred and twelve thousand five himdred and ninety-seven square miles. Exclusive of California, they extend, in latitude, from 37° to 47° north, and, in longitude, from 67° to 97° west. With California, they constitute a territory of nearly eight hundred miles square, with two thousand miles of Atlantic seacoast. A dozen navigable rivers flow from this territory to the Atlantic, two of them finding a passage to the sea through the far-extending bays of the slave States. By the great lakes and their outlets, its northern products find their nat ural channel to the ocean — ice-bound for several months in the year — through the territory of a foreign power ; whUe, borne on the Mis- sissipiii for more than a thousand miles through the domain of slavery, its western products seek a passage to the ocean by the Gulf of Mexico. WhUe the rivers of the slave States are never closed to ^navigation by the rigors of climate, those of the free States are closed by ice during the winter months of each year. In climate, the slave States excel, and in soil equal, the free. Certain productions, moreover, of great importance are mostly con fined, by the laws of temperature, to the slave States. Among these are cotton, cane-sugar, rice, and tobacco. Thus, for agriculture, the slave States have a fertile soil, a climate 1* (v) VI INTEODUCTORT. adapted to the productions of tropical and temperate latitudes ; for manufactiffes, are exhaustless motive power distributed throughout its whole extent, with the raw materials of cotton, wool, iron, lumber, etc., abundant and readily accessible, while coal, salt, and other precious metals are found in several of these States ; for internal commerce, numerous rivers drain the whole territory; for external commerce, thousands of miles of sea and gulf coast with excellent harbors. The rigorous climate of all, and the sterile soil of some of the free States, render them less fitted for agriculture than the slave States, while the transportation of the raw material afiFects the success of manufacturers. For the purposes of commerce, the North has a moderate extent of seacoast and several good harbors, whose remote ness, however, from the producing and consuming regions afiect disadvantageously the interests of trade. The great lakes, when not closed by ice, furnish good facilities for internal commerce. In the origin of their population and the date of their settlement, the North and the South are pretty nearly alike. Geographically, it wiU be seen that the old and new free States are nearly separated by the projection of Canada and northern Vir ginia, while the Paoiflc State of California is separated from the other free States by two thousand mUes of unsettled country. The slave States, old and new, on the other hand, lie in a compact body. Re sulting from these difierent geographical positions were the facts that the emigration from the older free States must seek, by extended and circuitous routes, a passage to the new ; whUe the emigration from the slave States had only to cross a border line, of a thousand miles in extent, to find itself at once on its new territory. THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. CHAPTER I. teekitokt. As the basis for future comparisons, in this work, the follow ing table is introduced, showing the area of the several States, together with that of the two great sections, the North and the South: TABLE I. Showing the Area of the Slave and the Free States. SLATE STATES. Area in Sij. Miles. FREE STATES. Area in Sq. Miles. 50,72252,198 2,120 59,26858,000 37,680 41,255 11,124 47,156 67,38050,704 29,38545,600 237,504 61,352 155,980 4,674 Illinois 55,405 33,809 Iowa 50,914 Maine 31,766 7,800 Massachusetts TVTarvlarid Michigan 56,243 MississiBDi New Hampshire New York 9,280 47,000 8,320 Ohio 39,964 46,000 Ehode Island 1,306 Vermont 10,212 Wisconsin 53,924 Total 851,448 Total 1 612.597 m 8 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. It will be seen by the above table that the area of the fifteen slaveholding States, is 851,448 square mUes ; and that of the sixteen non-slaveholding States 612,597 square miles ; a differ ence of more than 238,000 square mUes in favor of the Slave States.* Let it be remembered, therefore, that the area of the Free States is considerably less than three-fourths that of the Slave States. By the purchase of Louisiana, in 1803, and of Florida, in 1819, were added to the national domain 966,479 square miles ; an area greater than the entire area of the United States at the time of gaining their independence.f By the annexation of Texas, in 1846, were added 318,000 mUes more, and by a treaty with Mexico at the close of the war, 522,955 square miles ; making an aggregate of 1,807,434 square miles. This, of course, is exclusive of the 308,052 square miles to which our title was " confirmed " by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The expense of these purchases and conquests cannot be exactly determined. The territory of Louisiana, purchased of France, cost $15,000,000 ; that of Florida, purchased of Spain, $5,000,000 ; amount paid Texas, about $27,000,000 ; expenses of Mexican war, $217,175,575; paid for New Mexico, by treaty, $15,000,000. Making an aggregate of more than $270,000,000, which, together with interest on the same, the expense of the Florida war, about $100,000,000, and nearly the same amount paid for the extinguishment of Lidian titles, etc., etc., make a sum, little if any short of $1,000,000,000. The manner in which this territory has been apportioned to the two sections is given by Mr. Clay, in his speech in the Senate in 1850. (See Appendix to Congress. Globe, vol. 22, part 1, page 126.) * The estimates here made are according to the Compendium of tlie United States Census. In the Quailo Edition the area of Texas is given as 325,520 square miles ; which would make the area of the Slave States nearly 100,000 square miles more than here given. t See Compendium United States Census, p. 32. A STATISTICAL VIEW. 9 He says : " What have been the temtorial acquisitions made by this country, and to what interests have they conduced? Florida, where slavery exists, has been introduced. All the most valuable parts of Louisiana have also added to the extent and consideration of the slaveholding portion of the Union.'' " AU Louisiana, with the exception of what lies north of 36° 30';" "aU Texas, all the territories which have been ac quired by the Government of the United States during sixty years of the operation of that Government, have been slave territories — theatres of slavery — with the exception I have mentioned lymg north of the line of 36° 30'." California has since been admitted a Free State. The other States, formed from territory thus obtained, and admitted into the Union, are Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas — five Slave States. The area of California is 155,980 square mUes ; that of the five Slave States named, 457,605 ; being 302,625 square mUes more, and very nearly in the ratio of three to one. Indeed, the area of these five purchased Slave States is greater than that of all the Free States, if we except California. It wUl be seen by tables VH and "VJli, that the number of Representatives in Congress from California is two, which, together with two Senators, entitle that State to four electoral votes. The number of Representatives from the five Slave States is sixteen, which, together with ten Senators, make twenty-six electoral votes, being in the ratio of six and one-third to one, and a majority of twenty-two. There is (of territory inhabited and uninhabited) north of the old Missouri Compromise line an area of 1,970,077 square miles, and 966,089 south of it. It wUl be noticed, in passing, that the area of Virginia is not quite four thousand mUes less than that of aU New England, and is larger than that entire section if we except Connecticut. It is also larger than the four States of New York, Massachu setts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Maryland contains over 10 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. three thousand square mUes more than Massachusetts, and is considerably larger than either New Hampshire or Vermont ; Pennsylvania and New York are each smaller than either North Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Arkansas, or Alabama ; whUe Ohio and Indiana are still smaller. Ohio has but two thousand two hundred and eighty-four square mUes more than Kentucky, to which it is very similar m surface, soU, and pro ductions. South Carolina is almost four times as large as Massachusetts, and three-fourths as large as Ohio. CHAPTER II. POPULATION. The following tables give the aggregate population of the several states in 1790, 1820, and 1850. (For a table showing the population at each decennial census, see Appendix.) la connection with this are also here given, the area, the number of inhabitants to a square mile in 1850, and the population at the present time, the last being taken from a late communication to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury : TABLE n. Statement of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and 1856, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square mile, in 1850, of the several Slave States. SLAVE STATES. Area in Sa-Miles. PopiUatioa in 1790. Population in 1820. Population in 1850. Densityin 1850. Population in 1856 Alabama ...... Arkansas Delaware Honda Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland . Mississippi Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia 50,722 52,198 2,120 59,268 58,000 37,680 41,255 11,124 47,156 67,38050,704 29,385 45,600 237,504 61,352 59,09682,54873,077 319,728 393,751249,073 35,791 748,308 127,901 14,273 72,749 340,987 564,317 153,407 407,350 75,448 66,586 638,829502,741 422,813 1,065,379 771,623 209,897 91,53287,445 906,185982,405 517,762 583,034 606,326682,044869,039 668,507 1,002,717 212,592 1,421,661 15.21 4.02 43.18 1.48 15.62 26.07 12.55 52.4112.8610.1217.14 22.7521.99 0.89 23.17 835,192 253,117 97,295 110,725 935,090 1,086,587 600,387 639,580671,649831,215921,852705,661 1,092,470 500,000 1,512,593 Total 851,448 1,961,372 4,452,780 9,612,769 11.28| 10,793,413 (11) 12 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE in. Statement of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and 1856, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square Mile, in 1850, of the several Free States. PKEE STATES. Area in Sq.Milea. Population in 1790., Population in 1820. Population in 1850. Density Population in 1850. in 1856. California .... Connecticut . . . Illinois Indiana Iowa 155,980 4,674 55,40533,809 50,914 31,766 7,800 56,243 9,280 47,000 8,320 39,964 46,000 1,306 10,212 53,924 238,141 96,540 378,717 141,899 340,120 184,139 434,373 69,11085,416 275,202 55,211 147,178 298,335 523,287 8,896 244,161 1,372,812 277,575 581,434 1,049,458 83,059 235,764 92,597 370,792 851,470988,416192,214 583,169994,514 397,654317,976 3,097,394 489,555 1,980,329 2,311,786 147,545 314,120305,391 .59 79.33 15.37 29.24 3.78 18.36 127.50 7.07 34.26 65.9058.84 49.55 50.26 112.97 30.76 5.66 335,000401,292 1,242,9171,149,606 325,014 Maine Massachusetts . Michigan New Hamps'ire New York .... New Jersey . . . Ohio 623,862 1,133,123 509,374 324,701 3,470,059 «69,499 2,215,750 Pennsylvania . Ehode Island . Vermont Wisconsin .... 2,542,960 166,927 325,206 552,109 Total 612,597 1,968,455|5,152,372 13,434,922 21.93 15,887,399 From these tables it will be seen that, in 1790, the popula tion in the present non-slaveholding States was 1,968,455 ; and in the present slaveholding States, 1,961,372 ; showing a dififer- ence of 7,083 in favor of the non-slaveholding States. This difference, at first so slight, only 7,000, we find constantly increasing, nntU in 1820 (thirty years from that time) it be comes 699,592 ; the population of the slaveholding States being at that tune 4,452,780, and that of the non-slaveholding States 5,152,372. In thirty years more (1850), the popu lation of the fifteen Slave States is 9,612,769, and of the sixteen Free States 13,434,922 ; a difference of 3,822,153 in favor of the Free States. Thus, from having a majority of less than four-tenths of one per cent in 1790, the Free States had in A STATISTICAL VIEW. 18 1850 a majority of more than thirty-nine per cent. And this, notwithstanding 87,000 inhabitants were added to the Slave States by the annexation of Louisiana and Florida, and a large population by the annexation of Texas. The average number of inhabitants to a square mUe, in the Slave States, is 11.28, and in the Free States 21.93 ; almost exactly two to one. On examining this table a little in detaU, we notice the fol lowing, among many other interesting facts : The area of Virginia is 61,352 mUes ; that of New York is 47,000, or over 14,000 square miles less than that of Virginia. The population of Virginia, in 1790, was 748,308, and in 1850 it was 1,421,661. It had not doubled in sixty years. The population of New York in 1790 was 340,120, in 1850 it was 3,097,394 ; thus. New Yoirk .had multiplied her population more than nine times in the same p^od. Kentucky has an area of 37,680 square miles, and Ohio 39,964, a httle over two thousand miles greater. Kentucky had in 1850 a population of 982,405, and Ohio 1,980,329, or nearly a million more than Kentucky. Kentucky was admitted into the Union in 1792, and Ohio in 1802. The area of Mississippi is 47,156 square mUes, that of Pennsylvania, 46,000. The population of Mississippi was, in 1850 (in round numbers), 606,000, that of Pennsylvania, 2,300,000. The number of inhabitants to a square mUe in North Carohna was, in 1850, a little over seventeen, and in New Hampshire thirty-four ; in Tennessee twenty-one, and in Ohio forty-nine ; in South Carohna twenty-two, and in Massa chusetts one hundred and twenty-seven. These comparisons are based upon the population as it was in 1850. The tables likewise show the present population, as given in a recent communication to Congress, by the Secretary of the Treasury. By this it wUl be seen that the ratio of in crease stUl continues ; there being now a majority of 5,093,986 or over forty-seven per cent, in favor of the Free States 2 14 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. According to the same ratio, in less than three years more than two-thirds of the entire population of the Union wiU be found in the Free States. The entire white population of the two sections, at each decennial census, from 1790 to 1850, is as follows (for a statement of white population at each census, see Appendix) : Slaveholding States. Non-slaveholding States. In 1790 1,271,488 In 1790 1,900,976 1800 1,692,914 1800 2,601,509 1810 2,192,706 1810 3,653,219 1820 2,808,946 1820 5,030,377 1830 3,633,195 1830 6,871,302 1840 4,601,873 1840 9,557,065 1850 6,184,477 1850 13,238,670 The difference of increase here may perhaps seem more remarkable than in the aggregate population. The white popu lation of the present Slave States was, in 1790, 1,271,448, and of the present non-slaveholding States, at the same time, 1,900,976, a difference of 629,488 ; not quite fifty per cent, in favor of the non-slaveholding states. In 1850 that difference had become 7,054,193, or over one hundred and fourteen per cent. In other words, the white population in the Free States had become 869,716 more than double that in the Slave States. The population of the latter being 6,184,477, and that of the former 13,238,670. How far this difference, both of population and its increase, in the two sections, is due to foreign immigration, may be seen from the following statement ( Census Oompendium, p. 45) : " There are now 726,450 persons living in slaveholding States, who are natives of non-slaveholding States, and 232,112 per sons living in non-slaveholding States, who are natives of slave- holding States. There are 1,866,397 persons of foreign birth in A STATISTICAL VIEW. 15 the non-slaveholding States, and 378,205 in the slaveholding." There are then 494,338 more natives of non-slaveholding States in slaveholding States, than there are of slaveholding in the non-slaveholding States; whUe there are 1,488,192 more persons of foreign birth in the non-slaveholding than in the slaveholding States ; which gives less than a million more per sons residing in non-slaveholding States, who were not bom there, than in the slaveholding States, nearly aU of whom are white inhabitants. The difference is nearly 4,000,000 in the aggregate, and more than 7,000,000 in the white population, and is not therefore due to this cause. The foUowing tables show the white population of the several States in 1790, 1820, and 1850: TABLE IV. White Population of the Slave States in 1790, 1820, and 1850. SLAVE STATES. 1790. 1820. 1850. Alabama Arkansas Delaware Horida Georgia Kentucky .Louisana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina . South Carolina , Tennessee Texas Virginia 85,451 426,514 12,579 162,189 46,310 55,282 71,169 47,203 52,886 189,566 521,572 61,133 434,644 761,413 73,383 255,491 208,649 260,223 417,943 42,176 295,718 55,988 592,004 288,204 419,200 553,028 140,178 237,440 274,563 32,013 339,927 756,836154,034 442,115 603,087 894,800 Total 1,271,488 2,808,946 6,184,477 16 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE V White Population oftJie Free States in 1790, 1820, and 1850. FREE STATES. 1790 1820 1850 232,581 96,002 373,254 141,111159,954 314,142 424,099 64,689 85,144 267,161 53,788 145,758 297,340 516,419 8,591 243,236257,409 1,332,744 576,572 1,017,094 79,413 234,846 91,635 363,099 846,034 977,154 191,881 jMaine 581,813 985,450 395,071 New Hampshire 317,456 465,509 ?few York 3,048,325 Ohio 1,955,050 Pennsylvania 2,258,160 Hhode Island 143,875 313,402 Wisconsin 304,756 Total 1,900,976 5,030,377 13,238,670 The whole number of slaveholders in the Slave States, in 1850, was 346,048 ; and of this number 173,204 hold less than five slaves each, leaving 172,844 who are holders of more than four slaves ; and, if we deduct the numbers holding less than ten slaves each, there wiU remain 92,215. The whole number of slaveholders, then, is less than 350,000, including females and minors. The number of voters in this class is therefore much smaller. But, counting them aU as voters, they are less than the number of freemen who voted at the last Presidential election in New England, even without including Vermont. They are less than the number who voted in either Pennsyl vania or Ohio, and less than two-thirds the number who voted in New York. The annexed table shows the free colored population of the United States. It wUl be seen that the number of free colored inhabitants in the Free States is 196,016, and in the Slave States 2** A STATISTICAL VIEW. 17 228,128, mingled with a white population of less than half that of the Free States. This, of course, does not include the Dis trict of Columbia, in which there are over 10,000 free colored persons ; while the number in the Free States includes those in New Jersey, in which there are over 23,000, of whom 20,000 were bom in the State. Indeed, if we examine the table giving the nativities of the free colored persons, we shall see that the number who stUl reside in the States where they were bom is 354,470, out of the whole number, 454,495, which is over eighty-one per cent. On page 81 of the Census Compendium, in connection with a table showing the occupation of the free colored males over fifteen years of age, it is stated that in New York city there is one in fifty-five engaged in pursuits requiring education ; whUe in New Orleans one in eleven is engaged in similar pur suits. In Connecticut, one in a hundred is thus employed, and in Louisiana one in twelve. These are the only cities and States compared in this way in the Census. It may be a fact a little surprising to some, that, while the ratio of the free colored inhabitants engaged in pur suits requiring education in Louisiana is one-twelfth of the whole, the ratio of the entire white male population engaged in the pursuits in the same State is less than one-eighteenth of the whole. The increase in the present slaveholding States, from 1840 to 1850, is 10.49 per cent., and in the non-slaveholding States 14.98 per cent. ; being four and a half per cent, greater in the Free than in the Slave States. The proportion of free colored persons to the total population, in some of the States, is quite considerable ; being greatest in Maryland and Delaware, — in the former twelve, and in the latter nineteen per cent. Had we not the example of De Bow's Compendium, we might be uncertain how to regard the slaves, whether as men, 18 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE VI. Free Colored Population of the United States in the years 1790, 1820, 1850 Slate States. 1790 1820 1850 Tree States. 1790 1820 1860 Alabama Arkansas Delaware I'lorida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina . 3,899 898114 8,043 4,975 1,801 361 12,766 571 59 12,958 2,769 10,47639,730 458 347 14,612 6,8262,727 36,889 2,266 G08 : 18,073 932 2,931 10,011 17,462 ! 74,723 1 930' 2,618 27,463 8,9606,422 397 54,333 California Connecticut. . . . Illinois Indiana. 2,801 538 5,463 630 2,7624,6646,5373,469 256 7.844 457 1,230 929 6,740 174786 12,46029,279 4,723 30,202 3,654 903 962 7,693 5,436 11,262 333 1,3589,0642,583 520 23,810 49,06926,27953,626 3,670 718635 Massachusetts . . Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey .... New York Tennessee Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island. , . Vermont Wisconsin Virginia 32,367 128,412 228,128 27,109 99,281 196,016 to be enumerated as so many inhabitants, or as so much prop erty, estimated at so much 23er head ; or, taking a middle course, to consider them three-fifths inteUigent man, and two-fifths un intelligent property ; thus realizing what was anciently but a fabulous monster, the Centaur, having the head of a man and the body of a horse. These three plans are all adopted in the Census Compendium. The number of slaves in the present slaveholding States was as follows : In 1790 1800 853,851 1810 1,158,459 1820 1,512,553 1830 2,001,610 1840 2,481,632 1850 3,200,304 From this it wiU be seen that there has been a constant in crease, untU there were, in 1850, over three millions ; being almost one-third of the entire population of the Slave States, — more than double the population of either Norway or Den- A STATISTICAL VIEW. 19 mark, — greater than that of Netherlands, Switzerlaind, Scot land, or Sweden, — and not quite three hundred thousand less than that of Portugal. Some very interesting facts may be gathered from the census tables with regard to this class. If we examine, for instance, the table with regard to the " Increase and Decrease per cent. of the Slave Population of the several States at each census " (see Appendix), we shaU see, what is indeed remarked in the Census Compendium, that "the increase of slaves in the southern Atlantic States has only averaged about two per cent per annum in fifty years, though averaging eighteen per cent per annum in the Gulf States, etc., for the last twenty years." Thus, in South Carolina this increase diminished from thirty- six per cent in 1790 to seventeen per cent in 1850 ; and, indeed, in 1840 it was but three per cent. In North Carolina it is about the same. In Maryland, from an increase it has become a decrease, and that, too, at a rapid rate. In Virginia the ratio of increase has diminished from seventeen to five per cent, and generally the ratio of increase has been of late less than that of the white population. In the Gulf States, on the other hand, the increase has in many instances been immense, and much more rapid than that of the white population. The cause of this is given by those who have the best opportunity to know the facts, as follows : Hon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, in a speech, in 1829, before the Colonization Society, says : " It is believed that nowhere in the farming portion of the United States would slave labor be generaUy employed, if the proprietors were not tempted to raise slaves by the high price of the southern markets, which keeps it up in his own." Professor Dew, once President of William and Mary CoUege in Virginia, in his review of the debates in the Virginia Legis lature in 1831-2, says: "From aU the information we can obtain, we have no hesitation in saying that upwards of six 20 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. thousand [slaves] are yearly exported [from Virginia] to other States." Again: "A fuU equivalent bemg thus left in the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an advantage to the State, and does not check the black population as much as, at first view, we might imagine ; because it furnishes every inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to encourage breeding, and to cause the greatest number possible to be raised. * * Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State for other States." The extent of this domestic slave trade is not given in De Bow's census tables, but we may, by an easy computation from the tables, arrive at something near the truth, so fax as they are rehable in suet matters. On page 87 of the Compendium, we find the decennial in crease of Slaves in the United States to be as foUows : between 1790 and 1800, 27.9 ; between 1800 and 1810, 33.4; between 1810 and 1820, 29.1 ; between 1820 and 1830, 30.6 ; between 1830 and 1840, 23.8. The average of these ratios is 28.96. In 1840, the slave-exporting States, Delaware, Maryland, Vir ginia, North and South Carohna, Kentucky, and Tennessee, contained 1,479,601 slaves. Had they increased in the ratio of 28.96 per cent., the number in 1850 would have been 1,908,093. The actual number given is 1,689,158, being a diflference of 218,935, or 21,893 for each year, to be accounted for. Applying the same rule to the slave-importing states, we have the foUowing result : Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisi ana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Missouri contained in 1840 1,002,031 slaves. Increasing in the ratio of 28.96 per cent, their number m 1850 would have been 1,292,219. The number given in the census is 1,453,035 ; a diiference the other way of 160,816, or 16,081 per year, which they had received by im portation. The diflTerence of nearly 6,000 between the import and export may be accounted for by the foUowing : A writer in A STATISTICAL VIEW. 21 the New Orleans Argus, in 1830, says : " The loss by death in bringing slaves from a northern climate, which our planters are under the necessity of doing, is not less than twenty-five per cent." And the planters in those States, when advertising for sale a plantation and a lot of negroes, always mention dis tinctly the fact that they are " acclimated" (if that be the case), as enhancing their value. The number which the figures would seem to indicate as sold from the North to the South is no doubt very low ; it certainly is so, if we take the estimate of Southern men. The Virginia Times, in 1836, estimates the number of slaves exported for sale during a single year at forty thousand. In 1837, a committee was appointed, by the citizens of MobUe, to investigate the causes of the existing pecuniary pressure. In their report they say : " So large has been the return of slave labor, that purchases by Alabama of that spe cies of property from other States, since 1833, have amounted to ten mUUons of doUars annuaUy." Eev. Dr. Graham, of- FayetteviUe, North Carolina, said in 1837 : " There were nearly seven thousand slaves offered in New Orleans market last winter. From Virginia alone, six thousand were annuaUy sent to the South ; and from Virginia and North Carolina there had gone to the South, in the last twenty years, three hundred thousand slaves." Mr. Gholson, of Virginia, in a speech in the Legislature of that State, January 18, 1831, says : " It has always (perhaps erroneously) been considered, by steady and old-fashioned people, that the owner of land had a reasonable right to its annual profits ; the owner of orchards to their annual fruits ; the owners of brood mares to their product ; and the owners of female slaves to their increase. We have not the fine spun inteUigence nor legal acumen to discover the technical distinctions drawn by some gentlemen. The legal maxim of partus sequitur ventrem is coeval with the existence of the right of property itself, and is founded in wisdom and 22 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. justice. It is on the justice and inviolability of tlois maxim that the master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her nursed and attended during the period of her gestation, and raises the helpless infant offspring. The value of the property justifies the expense, and I do not hesitate to say that in its increase consists much of our wealth." The foUowing, copied from a recent number of the Richmond Dispatch, wiU show the present condition of the trade : "High Peice foe Slaves. — There has been a greater demand for slaves in this city, during the months of May, June and July, than ever known before, and they have commanded better prices during that time. The latter is an unusual thing, as the summer months are generaUy the duUest in the year for that description of property. Prime field hands (women) wiU now bring from~$l,000 to $1,100, and men from $1,250 to $1,500. Not long since, a likely negro girl sold in this city, at private sale, for $1,700. A large number of negroes are bought on speculation, and probably there is not less than $1,000,000 in town, now, seeking investure in such property." From the above, and similar sources of information, we may safely estimate the number of slaves annually sold from the Northern Slave States to the Southern at 25,000. An interesting feature of this traffic wiU appear on examination of the Qmsv^ Table, showing the "ratio of ages of the slaves in 1850." * In the States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carohna, and South Carohna, the average number of slaves between twenty and thirty years of age is 16.72 per cent. In the States of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, Arkansas, Louisi ana, and Texas, the number between the same ages is 19.29 per cent. In Uke manner, in the four first-mentioned States the average number between thirty and forty years of age is 10.27 per cent, and in the seven last mentioned it is 11.94 per cent. * See Census Compend., pp. 89-90. A statistical view. 23 On the other hand, the number between sixty and seventy years of age is, in the four exporting States, 2.76 per cent, and in the seven importing States, 1.94 per cent ; also, between seventy and eighty years old, the number is, in the first four 1.16, and in the others but .55 per cent. Showing that in the slave-importing States the number of slaves between twenty and forty years of age is at least fifteen per cent greater than in the exportmg ; whUe, on the other hand, in the slave-ex porting States, the number of slaves between sixty and eighty years of age is more than fifty per cent greater than in the importing. This is the more remarkable, since exactly the reverse is true of the free colored population in those same States, as wUl be seen by a similar analysis of the table on page 75 of the Compendium. Another fact with regard to the slave population of the South, and one which must soon become of great interest, is the increasing ratio of the slave to the free population. By a table on the 85th page of the Compendium* it wiU be seen that, in the words of the Census Report, " whUe the proportion has been increasing for the slaves in the Southern States gen eraUy, it has decreased in Virginia, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Missouri." Indeed, it has increased in most, untU it has become in Arkansas (omitting fractions), 22 per cent ; in Alabama and Florida 44 per cent ; in Louisiana 47 per cent ; in Mississippi 51 per cent ; and in South Carolina 57 per cent of the whole population ; whereas it was, in 1800, in Mississippi but 39 per cent, and in South Carolina but 42 per cent ; and a similar increase of the ratio of the slave to the entire population wUl be found in aU the Southern Slave States. * See Appendix, CHAPTEE III. popular eepeesentation. The foUowing tables present the subject of Popular Repre sentation in a very plain and simple manner, showing the white population, free colored, and total free population, and the popular vote cast in 1852. They also show the number of representatives in Congress, and the electoral votes, both as they now are and as they would be were freemen only represented. TABLE VII. Political View of the Slave States. Slave States. 1 . hi ij li li n ft ¦ g g 1 W If 5 Alabama Arkansas Delaware Elorida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana. . ; ... Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina. South Carolina. Tennessee Texas 426,514162,189 71,169 47,203 621,572 761,413 266,491417,943 295,718 692,004663,028274,663 766,836 154,034 894,800 2,265 608 18,073 932 2,931 10,01117,46274,723 930 2,618 27,463 8,9606,422 397 54,333 428,779162,797 89,242 48,136 524,503 771,424 272,953492,666296:648694,622580,491283,523 763,258 164,481949,133 41,91919,57712,673 7,193 51,366 111,139 35,902 75,153 44,424 65,586 78,861 115,916 18,547 129,645 7211 8 10 46 5 786 10 2 13 52 1 1 69363 77 392 11 94 33 1012 687 9 10 8 12 4 15 74338 11 586 995 11 4 13 Virginia Total 6,184,477 228,128 6,412,605 807,800 90 76 120 105 24 a statistical view. 25 TABLE VIII. Political View of the Free States. Fees States. 1 li II 5* F PI il =•1 o ill m California Connecticut . . Illinois Indiana 91,635 363,099 846,034977,154191,881581,813985,450395,071 317,456465,509 3,048.325 1,955,060 2,258,160 143,875 313,402 304,766 962 7,6935,436 11,262 333 1,856 9,0642,583 620 23,810 49,069 25,27953,626 3,670 718 635 92,597 370,792 851,470 988,416192,214583,169994,514397,654 317,976489,319 3,097,8941,980,329 2,311,786 147,545 314,120 305,391 74,73666,768 155,497183,134 16,84682,182 132,936 82,93952,83983,211 522,294353,428 386,214 17,00543,83864,712 24 9 11 2 6 11 4 35 3321 25 2 33 24 1012 27 12 646 362327 24 3 46 11 13 48 13 6 5 7 352327 4 6 5 46 12 14 4 Maine Massachusetts Michigan N. Hampshire. New Jersey . . . New York 9 14 7 6 8 38 26 Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . Vermont Wisconsin .... 29 465 Total 13,238,670 196,016 13,434,686 2,318,578 144 159 176 191 It wiU be recoUected that the area of the Slave States is 851,448 square mUes, and that of the Free States 612,597. The white population of the Slave States is 6,184,477, and of the Free States 13,238,670. The number of free inhabitants in the Slave States is 6,412,605, and in the Free States 13,434,686. The number of freemen in the Free States is, therefore, over 600,000 more than double the number in the Slave States. The representation in Congress is, from the Slave States ninety members, representing the 6,000,000; and from the Free States one hundred and forty-four, representing the 13,000,000. This discrepancy between population and repre sentation arises from the fact that, in determining the number of representatives to which each State is entitled, five slaves are reckoned equal to three freemen. The 3,200,304 slaves, therefore, in the Slave States are reckoned equal to l,920,182f 3 26 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. freemen, and are represented accordingly. The slaves of the South have, therefore, a representation equal to that of the Free States of New Hampshii-e, Vermont, Connecticut, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Without the representation allowed to slave property, the number of representatives from the Slave States would be seventy-five, insteated of ninety; and fcom the Free States one hundred and fifty-nine, instead of one hundred and forty- four ; a gain of thirty in favor of the Free States, makmg their representation double that of the Slave States, even without the representation of Ehode Island, Wisconsin, California, and Iowa.* By such a change, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Tennessee, would lose one representative each ; Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, and Mississippi, two each ; and South Caro lina three. Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, New Hamp shire, New Jersey and Vermont would each gain one ; Ohio and Pennsylvania two, and New York three. The free population of the whole fifteen Slave States is not 9,000 more than that of the three States of New York, Penn sylvania and Massachusetts. These three States have now sixty-nine representatives. The popular vote cast at the last Presidential election, (1852) in the Slave States was 807,800 ; in the Free States 2,318,578 — a majority in favor of the latter of 1,510,778, and a ratio of almost three to one. The aggregate vote of the foUowing eleven States, viz : Maryland, Virginia, North Caro lina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Ar kansas, Delaware, and Texas, was less than that of the single State of New York ; the total vote of aU these States being 515,159, while that of New York was 522,294; and yet, * It will be seen that in the late serere contests in the House of Repre- sentatires, had freemen only been represented, the question would inTari- ably have been decided in favor of the North. A STATISTICAL VIEW. 27 according to the present system of representation, these States are entitled to seventy-nine electoral votes, and New York to only thirty-five. The three States, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, or even the two States of Pennsylvania and New York, cast a popular vote larger, by more than 60,000, than all the Slave States. The three first named States have sixty-three electoral votes ; the last two have sixty-two ; and the fifteen Slave States one hundred and twenty 1 In the North, 93,296 freemen and 16,101 voters are required to elect a representative to Congress. In the South, only 71,251 freemen and 8,976 voters. A President elected by the Northern votes over a candidate receiving the Southern votes would have a popular majority of 1,510,778 votes, or about twice the number of votes ever cast by the South. A President elected by the South, with the votes of States enough in the North to elect him, would not be chosen by the majority. Then, suppose a candidate to receive every vote in the South (one hundred and twenty electoral votes), and the votes of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Ehode Island (thirty electoral votes), this would give him one hundred and fifty electoral votes to one hundred and forty-six against bim ; but the popular majority against him would be almost a miUion of votes, or more than the whole Southern vote, as wiU be seen by the table, the South having 807,800 voters, and the Free States mentioned, 284,962; being a total of 1,092,762 votes ; whUe the remaining Free States, casting but one hundred and forty-six electoral votes, would have a popular vote of 2,033,616, which is a majority of 940,854. If a President were so elected, would the North and the Northwest be justified in dissolving the Union therefor ? Or, again : suppose a President elected by the vote of the South and the vote of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the electoral vote would be one hundred and fifty-four for him and 28 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. one hundred and forty-two against him ; the popular vote would be 1,277,225 for him, and 1,849,153 against him — or a majority of 571,928 votes, which is about three-quarters of the whole vote of the South. Would the Northeast and Northwest probably dissolve the Union on such a result ? CHAPTER IV. AGEICULTURE. The tables found in this chapter show the Condition of agriculture in the United States for the year ending June, 1850, when no other date is given. These tables show the number of farms and plantations, acres of cultiva,ted land, value of the same, value per acre, value of farm implements and machinery, and whole area, in acres, of the several ^ree and Slave States. CaUfomia is necessarUy omitted from the Ust of the Free States, because of the defective returns of the marshals for that State. This omission can only be suppUed by taking the State valuation for 1852, the first made by the State authority. In that year there were assessed for taxation in California, 6,719,442 acres of land, valued at $35,879,929, or $5.34 per acre. In Table X., there is an evident and remarkable error — either of the marshals, or of the compUer of the census returns — in regard to the value of farms in South Carolina. This table, carefuUy copied from the Compendium of the Census, gives for South Carolina : Acres unproved and unimproved land, . . 16,217,600 Valued at, $82,431,684 " per acre, $5.08 Now the true value of lands in South Carolina is shown by its State valuation to difier essentiaUy from this. Thus, in 1851, there were assessed for taxation in South Carolina (American Almanac for 1853, p. 278) : Acres of land, 17,073,412 Valued at, $23,952,679 " per acre, • $1.40 3* (29) TABLE rx. Statement showing the Number of Farms and Plantations, Acres of Improved and Unimproved Land, Cash Value of Farms, Average Value per Acre, and Value of Farming Implements and Machinen/, in the several Free States, with the whole Area of each, according to the Census Returns for 1850. IUKFl STATES. Number of Farms and Planta tions. Acres of Improved Land. Acres of Unimproved Land. Cash Value of Farms. Average Value per Acre. Value of Farming Im plements and Maoliinery. Whole Area of States in Acres. 22,44576,20893,896 14,805 46,76034,069 34,08929j?2923,905 170,621143,807127,577 5,385 29,763 20,177 1,768,1785,039,5455,046,543 824,682 2,039,5962,133,436 1,929,110 2,251,488 1,767,991 12,408,964 9,851,493 8,623,619 356,487 2,601,409 1,045,499 615,701 6,997,8677,746,879 1,911,382 2,515,797 1,222,576 2,454,780 1,140,926 984,955 6,710,1208,146,0006,294,728 197,451 1,524,413 1,931,159 $72,726,422 96,133,290 136,385,173 16,657,567 54,861,748 109,076,347 51,872,44655,245,997 120,237,511 554,548,642 358,M8,603407,876,099 17,070,802 63,367,227 28,528,563 $30.50 7.99 10.66 6.09 12.04 32.50 11.83lfi.28 43.67 29.00 19.99 27.27 30.82 15.36 9.54 $1,892,541 6,405,5616,704,4441,172,869 2,284,5573,209,5842,891,371 2,314,125 4,425,503 22,084,926 12,750,585 14,722,541 497,20r 2,739,282 1,641,568 2,991,360 35,459,200 21,637,760 32,584,960 20,330,240 Massachusetts Michigan . , 4,992,000 35,995,520 New Hampshire New Jersey 5,939,2005,324,800 New Yorlt 30,080,000 Ohio 25,576,960 Pennsylvania Bhode Island 29,440,000 835,840 6,535,680 34,511,360 Total 877,736 57,688,040 50,394,734 $2,143,344,437 $19.83 $85,736,658 292,234,880 CO© naO Ha HWO TABLE X. Statement showing the Number of Farms and Plantations, Acres of Improved and Unimproved Land, Cash Value of Farms, Average Value per Acre, and Value of Farming Implements and Machinery, in the several Slave States, with tAe whole Area of each, according to the Census Returns for 1850. SLAVE STATES. Number of Farms and Planta tions. Acres of Improved Land. Acres of Unimproved Land. Cash Value of Farms. Average Value per Acre. Value of Farming Im plements and Machinery, Whole Area of States in Acres. Alabama. 41,964 17,758 6,063 4,304 51,759 74,77713,422 21,860 33,960 54,45856,96329,967 72,735 12,198 77,013 4,435,614 781,530580,862 349,049 6,378,4795,968,270 1,590,025 2,797,9053,444,358 2,938,425 5,453,975 4,072,551 5,175,173 643,976 10,360,135 7,702,0671,816,684 375,282 1,246,240 16,442,90010,981,478 3,399,018 1,836,4457,046,061 6,794,245 15,543,008 12,145,04913,808,84910,852,36315,792,176 $64,323,224 15,265,24518,880,031 6,323,109 95,753,445 155,021,262 75,814,39887,178,54554,738,63463,225,54367,891,76682,431,68497,851,212 16,550,008 216,401,543 $5.30 5.87 19.75 3.974.19 9.03 13.7118.81 5.226.49 3.24 5.085.16 1.44 8.27 $5,125,663 1,601,296 510,279658,795 5,894,150 11,576,938 2,284,5572,463,443 5,762,927 3,981,5253,931,5324,136,354 5,360,210 2,151,704 7,021,772 32,462,080 Arkansas 33,406,720 1,356,800 Florida 37,931,520 Greorgia* . , 37,120,000 24,115,200 26,403,200 Maryland . , 7,119,360 30,179,840 Missouri 43,123,200 North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 32,450,560 18,806,400 29,184,000 Texas 152,002,560 Virginia 39,265,280 Total 564,203 54,970,427 125,781,865 $1,117,649,649 $6.18 $65,345,625 544,926,720 !?McnH M Cl 32 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. In 1854 (American Almanac for 1856, p. 293), there were assessed for taxation : Acres of land, Valued at, " per acre, ...... By Table IX. it will be seen tha,t the whole area in acres of the Free States, not including California, is ... . Number of acres under cultivation, " of acres not under cultivation. Value of the lands under cultivation, " per acre, . . . - Whole area of the Slave States (including South Carolina, according to the incorrect census figures) Number of acres under cultivation, " of acres not under cultivation, . Value of the land under cultivatio% 17,289,359 $22,836,374 $1.32 292,231,880 108,082,774184,149,106 2,143,344,437 $19.83 . 544,742,926180,572,292 364,170,634 . $1,117,649,649 « per acre, $6.18 As to general results, the error in the South Carohna return and the omission of California wUl about balance each other. Including only the lands under cultivation in the two sections, the value per acre in the North is more than three times that_ of the South. Including the whole area, the proportion is still larger. The value per acre of land in the States, on the dividing line between freedom and slavery, is suggestive — thus, in the Free States, the value of farms per acre is as foUows, viz : New Jersey, $43 67 Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, . lUitiois, . 27 27 19 99 10 66 7 99 Average, $22 17 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 33 In the border Slave States the value is as foUows, viz : Delaware, $19 75 Maryland,Virginia, . Kentucky, Missouri, 18 81 8 27 9 03 6 49 Average, $9 25 Take those Slave States which, by position, population, or intercourse, feel least the influence of the Free States. Thus, value of farms p North Carolina South Carolina, Tennessee,Florida, . er ac] re is. in $3 24 1 32 5 16 3 97 Georgia, . Alabama,Arkansas, Texas, . 4 19 5 30 5 87 1 44 Mississippi, 5 22 Average, $3 74 Table XI. shows the value of the agricultural pro ductions of the several Free States and Slave States for the year 1840. It is taken from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances for 1854^-5. It is understood that the articles of wheat (54,770,311 bushels in the Free States and 30,052,961 bushels in the Slave States), sugar (31,010,234 pounds m the Free States and 124,090,566 pounds in the Slave States), and molasses, are not included. Table XII. has been prepared with great labor. In the first two columns are given the amount and value of Hve stock, and the amount of agricultural products, in the Free and Slave 12 34 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE XI. Statement of the Value of the Agricultural Productions of the Free and of the Slave States for the year 1840. FBEE STATES. Connecticut 611,201,618 Illinois 11,577,281 Indiana 14,484,610 Maine 14,725,615 Massachusetts 14,371,732 Micliijian 3,207,048 New Hampslriro 10,762,019 New Jersey 15,314,006 New Yorli 91,244,178 Ohio 27,212,004 Pennsylvania 51,232,204 Ehode Island 1,951,141 Vermont 16,977,664 Iowa 688,308 Wisconsin 445,559 Total $285,394,987 SLAVE STATES. Alabama $23,833,470 Arkansas 4,973,655 Delaware 2,877,350 Georgia 29,612,436 Kentucky 26,233,968 Louisiana 17,976,017 Maryland 14,015,665 Mississippi 26,297,666 Missouri 9,755,615 North Carolina 24,727,297 South Carolina 20,555,919 Tennessee 27,917,692 Virginia 48,644,905 Florida 1,817,718 Total $279,239,373 States, for the years 1840 and 1850. In the third and fourth columns are given the values accordiag to the calculations of De Bow, in which the products of the North and the South are calculated at the same prices, which calculation is unfavorable to the North. As to those products whose value is given by De Bow ( Census Compendium, p. 176), in the aggregate, their value has been distributed as follows, viz : ^ggs and feathers, according to the relative amount of poultry in the North and South in 1840. Milk, according to amount of butter and cheese in each sec tion in 1850. Annual increase of stock and cattle, sheep and pigs, under one year old, according to value of hve stock in 1850. Residuum of crops, manure, etc., according to population. Small crops, as carrots, etc., one-fourth to the South and three-fourths to the North. A STATISTICAL VIEW. 35 In the fifth and sixth columns are given the values according to the prices in Andrews' voluminous Report on Trade and Commerce, made August 19, 18.j2. The prices are the same for the two sections. The aggregate products have been dis tributed according to the best authorities and information which could be obtained. In the seventh and eighth columns are given the average crops per acre in the two sections as returned by the marshals m 1850. "The quantity of wheat in 1850," says De Bow, "is be lieved to be imder-stated, and the crop was also short.' " Investigations undertaken by the State legislatures and agri- cultm-al societies," says Andrews f Report, p. 696), "prove that the aggregate production of wheat reported in the census tables was below the average crop by at least 30,000,000 bushels." It seems fair to add to our table for "understatement" the amount of 15,000,000 bushels,* which distributed according to production would give Free States, 10,823,899 bushels ; value $10,823,899; Slave States, 4,176,101 bushels; value, $4,176,101. Of hemp and flax, De Bow says : " It is impossible to reconcile the hemp and flax returns of 1840 and 1850. No doubt in both cases, tons and pounds have often been con founded. In a few of the States, such as Indiana and Illinois, the returns of 1850 were rejected altogether for insufficiency." * The following are the census returns of wheat, in five large wheat- growing counties in Ohio, for 1850, and the returns made by the State authorities for the same year : Counties. Census Returns. State Returns. Stark, bushels, 590,594 1,071,177 Wayne, " 571,377 1,020,000 Muskingum, " 415,847 1,003,000 Licking," " 336,317 849,116 Coshocton " 416,918 852,809 2,331,053 4,806,193 TABLE XII. Amount of Live Stock (and its Value in 1850; and Agricultural Productions of the Free and Slave States, with the Value of the same (/or 1850;, according to De Bow and Andrews, for the years 1840 and 1850; and also the Average Crops, per Acre, of certain Products, according to De Bow. j i < f CO Amount of Live Stock and Agricultural Productions in the United States, for the years 1840 and 1860. Free States. 1850 Asses and Mules 1850 Horses, Asses, and Mules 1840 Working Oxen 1850 Milch Cows 1850 Other Neat Cattle 1850 Total Neat Cattle 1840 Sheep 1850 „ " 1840 Swine 1850 " 1840 Value of Live Stock 1850 Value of Animals Slaughtered 1850 Wheat, bushels 1860 " " 1840 Bye, " 1850 " " 1840 Oats, " ..' 1850 " 1840 Bailey, " 1850 " " 1840 Indian Corn, bushels 1850 " " 1840 Irish Potatoes, " I860 Sweet . " " ,.... 1850 Irish ind Sweet Potatoes, bushels. . . 1840 Buckwheal^ bushels 1850 " " 1840 Hay, tons 1850 " " 1840 Hops, pounds 1850 '* • " 1840 2,310,984 46,840 2,097,305 881,607 3,626,2854,237,928 7,667,220 14,691,999 14,144,478 9,605,978 10,086,160 $286,374,541 S66,990,247 72,319,491 54,770,31112,680,78214,321,15896,699,002 80,056,173 7,966,110 4,002,463 242,735,176125,167,662 59,320,970 1,122,330 89,048,092 8,560,6186,806,600 12,693,661 9,403,8283,463,191 1,213,418 Slave States. 201,661518,933 2,236.219 82i:976 2,832,526 6,079,3097,401,092 6,635,0765,166,190 20,807,40316.211,470 $253,728,687 $64,886,377 27,903,42630,062,961 1,608,240 4,324,409 49,882,97343,015,168 161,907 169,041 348,992,271252,374,317 7,705,.362 37,145,65819,254,968 406,347386,143 1,137,784 844,780 83,78019,084 Value ac cording to De Bow's prices. Free States. 1850. $56,990,247 72,319,491 6,919,403 29,009,701 5,576,277 121,867,588 23,728,388 561,166 6,669,482 88,856,627 1,212,117 Value ac cording to De Bow's prices. Slave States. 1860. Value ac cording to the prices in An drews' Report. Free States. 1850. $54,386,377 27,903,426 884,532 14,964,892 113,335 174,496,135 3,082,145 18,572,779 316,in 7,964,448 11,823 $72,319,491 11,196,851 42,647,561 4,779,666 145,641,106 89,490,727 897,864 4,276,309 168,660,762 688,742 Value aC' cording to the prices in An- drews'Keport. Slave States. 1860. $27,908,426 1,431,334 21,948,608 97,144 209,395,363 5,779,021 29,716,446 202,673 14,222,290 6,743 Average Crops per Acre. Free States. 12.3515.6526.2023.7031.14 118.53 19.62 1.21 Ave'ge Crops per Acre. Slave States. 9.35 10.50 16.6318.93 112.60164. 8.501.19 Dui.iier, PDuaos *........> loau Oheeae, " 1860 Value of Dairy Products 1840 FeaA and Beans, bushels 1850 Produce of Market Oardens 1850 " " " " 1840 Value of Orchard Products 1850 " " " " 1840 Beeswax and Honey, pounds 1860 Value of Poultry, (estimated) 1850 " " " 1840 Cords of Wood 1860 " " " 1840 Flaxseed, bushels 1860 Flax, pounds 1860 Hemp, tons 1860 Hemp and Flax, ions 1840 Maple Sugar, pounds , 1850 Cane Sugar, pounds 1860 Cane and Maple Sugar, pounds 1840 Molasses, gallons 1860 ?Cotton, bales of 400 pounds 1850 " " "^ 1840 Rice, pounds . .'. 1860 " " 1840 Tobacco, pounds 1850 " " 1840 Wool, pounds, 1860 " " 1840 Silk Cocoons, pounds 1850 Wine, gaUons 1850 Feathers Milk Annual Increase of Live Stock Cattle, Sheep and Pigs under 1 year old. Residuum of Crops not consumed by Stock, Corn-Fodder, Straw, Seed, Cotton, Manure, &c : Value of Small Crops, as Carrots, Onions, &c., Orchard and Garden Pro ducts, of Cities — Milk, Butter, Cows, Horses, &c., in Cities and Towns 104,077,677 $27,494,806 1,660,326 $3,780,832$1,774,123 $6,347,757$4,836,685 6,889,010 $4,287,883 3,247,814 358,923 2,948,278 198 26,816 32,164,799 none. 81,010,234 660,928 14 none. 14,762,387 9,202,043 39,651,84627,569,135 5,468 174,629 1,384,490 $6,292,202 7,687,031 $1,377,260 $827,073 $1,365,927$2,420,219 7,964,780 $5,053,435 1,839,790 203,384 4,760,208 34,67368,435 2,086,687 237,133,000 124,090,666 12,146,745 2,446,7791,976,198 215,813,497 80;841,422 184,991,406 20'9,966,267 12,793,219 8,242,980 5,375 44,262 5,203,879 968,963 3,780,332 6,347,757 1,002,242 5,969,411 12,767,697 538,384294,828 29,793 1,608,240 110,187 665 1,032,667 11,896,554 2,734 349,368 2,463,422 918,371 5,630,745 92,760,69826,500,17158,726,71815,000,000 4,778,1441,377,2601,365,9271,274,365 7,030,589 7,232,403 306,076476,021 5,217,246 104,284 12,378,860 2,429,149 98,603,165 4,000,000 12,949,398 3,837,966 2,687 88,504 2,704,073 1,081,629 1,369,266 82,249,40223,499,82941,274,282 6,000,000 6,244,655 1,240,260 36,000,000 6,847,757 1,377,802 9,000,000 13,500,000 466,600176,897 26,938 1,608,240 none. 137,732 560 885,143 19,825,923 2,734 87,314 Included 1,200,000 11,600,00071,693,635 82,269 6,109,624 12,000,000 1,365,927 1,592,9566,000,0006,500,000 264,399285,612 4,715,528 104,284 9,485,3208,036,436 97,831,160 7,320,669 11,099,484 6,396,609 2,687 22,126 with milk. 800,000 3,500,000 63,430,922 75,000,000 25,000,000 Included in market gardens. 20. 11.75 8.76 1.02 16.67 Total . I $709,177,627 | $634,670,057 | $846,686,297 | $627,101,316 | _L * In this Table the product Cotton is found in quantity nearly two and a half millions of bales, worth almost a hundred millions of dollars. Let the word Cotton never be mentioned as an article of value, without saying, that it is owing to the invention of a Northern man, stolen by law and without it, by Southern planters, that it is found in any large quantities among the agricultural products of the United States. For the treatment of Whitney, see a subsequent page. 38 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. Add, then, for "iosufiiciency" of returns, to the amount of hemp and flax for these two States enough to make their production in 1850 equal it ia 1840, and its value will be, at six cents per pound, $1,225,138. With these corrections, the grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the United States, for the year endiug June, 1850, will be, using Andrews' prices, — Free States, $858,634,334 Slave States, 631,277,417 Total, . $1,489,911,751 The following is a list of the prices of leading products in the foregoing table, by De Bow, and Andrews : Indian com, bushel, Wlieat,Oats, Irish potatoes. Sweet " Eye,Peas and beans, Cotton, bale of 400 pounds, Cane sugar, hhds. of 1000 lbs Maple sugar, pound, Butter, « Eice, « Hay, ton. Hemp, " Wool, pound, Tobacco, " Flax, « 50 1 0030 40 50 55 621 40 32 52 20 ' 5'. li- 2 7 00 150 47 30 7 10 $ 60 1 0044 758089 80 40 00 40 00 5 20 3 4-10 12 50 136 0050 66 A glance at the prices of De Bow will satisfy any one that, if they be fan for Virginia, Tennessee, and the South gener aUy, and for Illinois, Missouri, and the West, they cannot be for New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, A STATISTICAL VIEW. 39 Thus of Indian com, which De Bow calls 50 cents per bushel. If Southern and Western corn be worth that price where it is raised, Northern and Eastern corn must be worth at least 75 cents. So of wheat, which De Bow puts at a dollar. If that be fair for Tennessee, Missouri, and Hhnois, a dollar and twenty-five cents is a moderate price for the North- em and Eastern States mentioned. So of oats, rye, potatoes, hay, wool, peas and beans, and some other products. There should be added then to De Bow's aggregates, for the products of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania,' as follows, viz : Indian corn. 56,639,174 bush, at 25 cts. $14,159,793 Wheat, 31,183,273 " 25 7,795,818 Oats, 59,570,301 " 15 8,935,545 Eye, 11,779,509 " 20 2,355,902 Potatoes, 44,204,441 " 35 15,471,554 Hay, 9,471,369 tons, $7 00 66,299,573 Wool, 22,283,776 lbs. 10 2,228,377 Peas and beans, 1,261,732 bush. 50 630,866 Total, $117,877,428 This list might be extended still further. Adding this amount to the aggregates, according to De Bow's figures, and the total amount will be, — Free States, $827,054,955 Slave States, .... 634,570,057 Total, $1,461,625,012 This is not essentiaUy different from the result arrived at by taldng Andrews' prices. By neither mode of calculation is full justice done to the North. VALUE OF AGEICULTUKAL PRODUCTIONS, PEE ACEE, IN 1850. The value of agricultural productions per acre for 1850 is 40 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. obtamed by dividing the total product by the number of acres of land under cultivation. Thus, — PEEB STATES. Number of acres in farms, .... 108,193,522 Agricultural product, $858,634,334 Product per acre, ...... $7,94 SLAVE STATES. Number of acres in farms and plantations, . 180,572,392 Agricultural product, $631,277,417 Product per acre, ...... $3.49 VALUE OF AGEICULTUEAL PEODUCTS, PER HEAD, IN 1850. No enumeration was made in 1850 of the whole number of persons engaged in agriculture, as was done in 1840, and the returns for the latter year must therefore be the basis of our calculation for 1850, as to the number, and the consequent value, of the products per head in the two sections of our country. Assuming, then, that in the North the proportion of the whole population of those engaged in agriculture was the same in 1850 as in 1840, and that in the South the proportion of the free population thus engaged was no larger than in the North, we have the foUowing result, viz : FREE STATES. Whole number engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,509,126 Value of agricultural products, . . . $858,634,334 Value per head, ...... $342 SLAVE STATES. Number of free population engaged in agricul ture in 1850, 1,197,649 Number of slaves engaged in agriculture in 1850, , 2,500,000 Total, 3,697,649 Value of agricultural products, . . . $631,277,417 Value per head, $171 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 41 De Bow says of the slave population of 1850 (Census Com pendium, p. 94), there are "about 2,500,000 slaves directly employed in agriculture." This is a smaU estunate, and the number given above (1,197,649) of the 6,412,605 free popula tion of the South engaged in agriculture is very smaU. With the Uttle manufactures and commerce of the South, what are the people of that region engaged in ? But, under protest, we adopt the above conclusions. This, then, is the grand result in the department of agriculture, the pecuUar province of the South : The North, with half as much land under cultivation, and two-thirds as many persons engaged in farming, produces two hundred and twenty-seven millions of dollars worth of agricultural products in a year more than the ^outh ; twice as much on an acre, and more than double the value per head for every person engaged in farming. And this, while the South, paying nothing for its labor, has better land, a monopoly of cotton, rice, cane sugar, and nearly so of tobacco and hemp, and a climate granting two and sometimes three crops in a year. Nor does a comparison of the products of 1850 with those of 1840 afford any ground for hope for the South. A recurrence to Table XI. wUl show that, excluding wheat, sugar, and molasses from the aggregate? the production of the South for 1840 was nearly equal that of the North. Perhaps in 1830 it was greater. Table XTTT. gives the population, white and slave, number of acres of land, value of farms, value of land per acre, number of students and scholars in pubUc and private schools, and the number of whites over twenty unable to read and write, in the counties in the several States on the dividing line between the Free and Slave States, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. The statistics are from De Bow's Compendium of the Census of 1850. The table is an important one, and deserves a more extended consideration than can be given it in this work. TABLE Xin. A Statement of Population, White and Slave, Number of acres of Land, Value of Farms, Value of Farms per acre, Number of Students and Scholars in Public and Private Schools, and the Number of Whites over 20 years of age unable to read and write, in the Counties on the dividing line between the Free and the Slave States, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, with the like Statistics of the Remaining Counties of the respective States. Border Counties and Remaining Counties of their several States. Kg. I Counties of Delaware adjaeent to New Jersey . The rranaining County of Delaware Counties of New Jersey adjacent to I)elaware . Remaining Counties of New Jersey County of Pennsylvania^adjoining Delaware . . Counties of Maryland adjoining Pennsylvania Remaining Counties of Maryland Counties of Pennsylvania adjoining Maryland. Counties of Virginia adjoining Pennsylvania . . Remaining Counties of Virginia Counties of Pennsylvania adjoining Virginia. . Remaining Counties of Pennsylvania Counties of Virginia adjacent to Ohio Counties of Ohio adjacent to Virginia Remaining Counties of Ohio Counties of Kentucky adjacent to Oliio Counties of Ohio adjacent to Kentucky Counties of Kentucky adjacent to Indiana. . . , Remaining Counties of Kentucky Counties of Indiana adjacent to Kentucky . . . Remaining Counties of Indiana Counties of Kentucky adjacent to Illinois .... Counties of Illinois adjacent to Kentucky Remaining Counties of Illinois 50,849 20,32047,486 418,023 23,122 315,282102,661830,688 64,540 830,260 128,927 2,129,233 38,26197,963 1,858,087 81,749 261,724106,473 664,940134,609842,645 27,44318,101 828,983 OO ^ P'E>M. S B O P'>-M. ahsgr 741 1,649 17,430 72,938 627 472,001 9,672 28,731 182,251 6,908 .601,667 454,667386,720 2,366,226 105,569 1,615,2273,019,1232,799,532 732,913 25,419,898 1,373,119 13,546,228 980,219848,645 17,153,948 926,151 1,069,8081,653,014 15,296,746 1,276,989 11,516,433 627,218 236,716 11,801,696 CR 3 I Is? a $15,848,760 3,541,560 14.553,731 105,683,781 9,067,082 47,861,61541,790,873 106,136,277 9,512,647 218,910,668 32,985,617 374,890,482 5,543,.3469,354,429 349,404,174 66,923,361 34,577,48817,260,889 142,839,410 14,480,233 121,904,940 2,918,4191,093,685 95,039,604 $31.59 2,075 10,696 7.79 80 3,620 37.63 185 10,642 44.66 10,129 78,633 85.89 303 5,142 29.63 10,386 42,885 13.84 1,628 17,562 37.66 3,245 77,376 12.98 867 10,505 8.42 9,644 99,206 24.74 1,330 31,283 27.68 26,941 466,828 5.65 160 6,677 11.09 762 22,374 20.37 17,911 489,904 18.27 942 12,327 32.34 5,994 48,102 10.44 2,764 16,267 9.34 11,721 114,660 11.34 1,114 26,665 10.69 6,140 193,369 4.66 SS8 6,235 4.64 none. 2,307 8.06 4,686 179,662 18,707 7,902 17,628 148,263 8.320 105;229 42,488 123,613 24,368 320,897 49,360 775,320 15,61438,463 719,170 30,944 91,90639,303 263,596 45,667 353,635 11,086 7,384 323,079 Si 6,2923,4851,120 11,667 422 19,268 19,158 11,473 4,001 83,382 3,708 47,675 3,845 4,998 51,960 4,422 8,334 5,252 62,107 7,075 62,370 2,7001,861 33,676 a!z|Ow w antats o W A STATISTICAL VIEW. 43 In proportion to the white population, these border counties of the Slave States contain the foUowing per cent of slaves, viz : Delaware, ..... 1 per cent. Maryland, 5 " Virginia, 2 " Kentucky, 21 « The remaining counties of the same States give the foUow ing, viz : Delaware, 8 per cent. Maryland, 71 " Virginia, ..... 59 " Kentucky, 31 « The value of lands per acre will be seen by an examination of the table ; and it wiU be noticed, that, with the exception of the broken region of Virginia, which Ues adjacent to Ohio, and that of Kentucky, which Ues adjacent to lUinois, the value of lands per acre in the counties of the Slave States adjoining the Free is greater than that of the remaining counties of their respective States. The opposite is true, generaUy, of the border counties of the Free States. Thus, the effects of freedom and slavery on the value of the adjacent lands is reciprocal. The neighborhood of slavery lessens their value in the Free States ; the neighborhood of freedom increases it in the Slave States. To such an extent is this true, that, in Vir ginia, for examplp, the lands in counties naturaUy poor, are, by the proximity of freedom, rendered more valuable than those unequaUed lands in the better portions of the State. In deed, this table shows the fact that the lands in the border counties of the Slave States are worth more per acre than the remaining lands in the same States, with the addition of the value of the whole number of their slaves at $400 per head. And this, be it remembered, while the value of lands in the balance of the counties of the border Slave States is double that of the lands in the Slave States not adjacent to the Free. It is for the interest of the Slave States to be hedged m by a 44 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. circle of Free States. If Tennessee had been a Free State, her lands would have been worth as much as those of Ohio, — $19.99 per acre, instead of $5.16 as now, — and who cannot see that, in that event, the lands of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia would have been worth more per acre than the sums of $3.24, $1.40, $4.19, respectively. Not only could Tennessee afford to sacrifice the whole value of her slaves for the sake of freedom, but even North CarpUna, South Caro lina, and Geoi^ia could afford to sacrifice the whole value of their own slaves, and pay for aU of the slaves in Tennessee for the sake of having a free neighbor. The increased value of lands would more than compensate for the sacrifice. The figures prove this. Tennessee has 18,984,022 acres of land under cultivation, worth $5.16 per acre. Multiply this number of acres by $14.83 (the difference between the value of lands in Tennessee and Ohio), and the amount is, ... $281,533,046 Tennessee has 239,459 slaves ; value, at $400 each, 95,783,600 This leaves the respectable margin of . . 185,749,446 North Carolina, South CaroUna, and Georgia have 60,891,774 acres of land, worth $3 08 per acre. Multiply this number of acres by $15.73 (the difference in value between the lands in these States and the border Slave State of Maryland), and the amount is . $957,827,605 Number of slaves in these States, . . . 1,055,214 Value at $400 each, $422,085,600 Value of slaves in Tennessee, as above, . . 95,783,600 Total, $517,869,200 Deducting this from the increased value of lands, and the balance in favor of free neigh bors is the sum of $439,958,405 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 45 Thus, the figures show that Tennessee could afford, for the sake of freedom, to sacrifice the whole value of her quarter of a mUUon of slaves, and pay in addition the sum of $185,749,446. For the sake of a free neighbor, and to bring up their lands to the value of those of Maryland, the States of North and South CaroUna, and Georgia, could afford to sacrifice the whole of their own slaves, pay for those of Tennessee, and make $439,958,405 by the bargain, which sum is considerably more than twice the present value of aU their lands. Nay, these States could afford to send off, singly, every slave within their limits, in a coach with two horses, and provisions for a year, if they could but bring up the value of their lands to that of the land in northern Maryland. Indignation, and patriotism, and dissolution of the Union, indeed, if a fugitive now and then be not reclaimed ! South Carolina could afford to pay every year more money than she spent in the whole Revolutionary war, to make her whole number of slaves fugitives ; and then make money enough by the transaction to fence in the whole State with a picket fence, to prevent their return. NEW ENGLAND, SOUTH CAEOLINA, AND VIEGINIA. Comparisons between portions of the North and the South can be made to any extent. A few are added, with such sug gestions as seem proper. Table XTV. is a comparison between the States of Rhode Island and Connecticut, and an equal extent of cultivated lands in certain counties of South Carolina. The table includes the city of Charleston. The comparison extends to the value of lands, population, value of agricultural and manufactured pro ducts, commerce, and education. The value of lands in the South CaroUna counties is the fictitious one of De Bow's Com pendium, and not the real one of the State valuation. The portions compared in Table XIV. are of equal age as weU as extent. The free portion has eleven times the white popu lation ; nearly four times the total population of white and slave. Its lands are worth six times as much, and twice as much after 46 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. c2 s 9^ S ¦ ft^ '^ -« ^ cc^ o .S a Crj Ln Ti 1 (5 ^ ^ ^ ^ III R Hipq II t? R, .s S ¦TS ¦^ iS S 1 .§ y CO 33 !:2 •Si ;^ Scholars in Public Schools, 1850. Students in Colleges, Academies, and Pri vate Schools, 1850. Tonnage built dur ing the year ending June 30j 1855. Tonnage owned June SO, 1855. CO CD Value of Manufactures in 1850. Value of Agricultural Products in 1850, according to De Bow, Value of Slaves at $400 each. Value of Slaves per acre, at $400 each. Slaves in 1850. White Population in 1850. Cash Value of Farms per acre, 1850. ooot-COrH_0CQlQ tocoCOCO0(MOO CSOSr-' tOlO (N Tt* t^ t- tS OOOOOtHW COCD»OaOl3i»I3rHOCOCJSt-CO «^t- ¦*^-* -# i---:,cn,t>:.t-^'5H 1-H CO -* c4'co'(^f¦*'c4~od"cQ¦»o¦»o¦*'o'co'co"(^f 1 White Population in 1850. b-TtlCOCDeOOr-HCDO'sHCnOOlO 1 Cash Value of Farms per acre in 1860. COr-tUSCDiH«PD-rHIMiCQ0CDrt!^ i s Cash value of Farms in 1860. $734,771 820,070 2,850,908 3,420,990 2,635,628 1,097,948 427,173 600,096 1,068,103 1,717,090 1,252,031 1,110,673 982,939 562,052 E2 g 1 Acres of Unimproved Land in 1850. CibOO3a^00O«Dl~WCDC0L~OCD to i T-T Acres of Improved Land in 1850. g'sgllg^^sTl^sttt S8 cq" Counties in Virginia of area equal to the State of Ma«eachu6ett3, 1 Patrick Henry Pittsylvania. . Halifax Mecklenburg Brunswick . .. Greenville ... Southampton Nansemond . Norfolk PrincessAnne Isle of Wight 1 50 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. its commercial capital. Tonnage owned, Massachusetts twenty- eight parts, Virginia one part ; tonnage, built in 1855, Massa chusetts thirty-seven parts, Virginia one part. Education, scholars, Massachusetts twenty-one parts, Virgmia one part. TABLE XVr. Population, Crops, and other Statistics of Plymouth and Norfolk Counties, in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland Counties, in Virginia, for the year 1850. Population, Crops, &c. Plymouth County, Mass. James City County, Va. Norfolk^ County,' Mass. . Westmore land County, Va. Whites Free Colored Slaves Total Dwellings Whites between the ages of 5 and 20 Pupils in public & private schools Natives unable to read and write, over 20 years of age Number of Farms Acres of Improved Land Acres of Unimproved Land Value of Farms Value of Farms per acre Number of Horses and Mules. . . . " " Neat Cattle " " Sheep " " Swine Wheat, bushels Eye, " Oats, " Indian Com, bushels Irish Potatoes, " Sweet Potatoes, " Peas and Beans, " Barley, " Buckwheat, " Butter, pounds Cheese, " Hay, tons Hops, pounds Clover Seed, bushels Other Grass Seed, bushels Tobacco, pounds Cotton, bales Wool, pounds Beeswax and Honey, pounds Value of Animals slaughtered. . . . Value of Produce of Market Gard's " " Orchard Products Wine, gallons Manufacturing Capital Number of Hands Annual Product Value of Domestic Manu£ictures . 66,241 466 56,697 9,606 17,34211,249 50 2,447 101,135114,254 6,048,442 $28.08 2,458 11,855 6,3844,574 251 17,143 26,809 105,243208,402 871 3.267 239 874,816130,478 28,532 12 162 16,643 3,852 $176,102 $13,502 $19,205 21 $2,897,305 8,024 $6,713,906 1,489 663 1,868 4,020 396 540 315 62 129 21,25144,132 $561,931 $8.69 534 2,365 1,2174,009 26,47622,040 102,430 2,7895,730 300 17,785 8 2,197 $14,339 $644 78,643 249 78.892 12;64523,46018,252 64 2,637 107,884 67,444 3,748,505 $78.41 8,311 12,656 680 8,209 368 17,42314,939 112.132 253,158 3,952 5,462 454 347,089 90,16041,588 81 879 1,047 $289,809 $136,796 $55,458 91 $5,433,300 16,628 $13,323,696 $25,702 3,376 1,147 3,557 36T 443 68,627 6,450 1,132,197 $8.70 1,1016,225 3-,676 8,237 82,774 502 7,897 269,115 4,970 6,176 1,360 28,437 32 129 1,346 3,700 $41,740 $26 $512 2 $3,330 19 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 51 Table XVI. is a comparison between the counties of Nor folk and Plymouth in Massachusetts, and the counties of West moreland and James City in Virginia, as to population, educa tion, agriculture, etc. James City Co. is the county in which are situated James town, the Plymouth of Virginia, and WilUam and Mary's CoUege, the rival in age of Harvard University. Jamestown now contains two houses, and of WUUam and Mary's CoUege it is said that it seldom has more than forty students (the Census Compendium gives it thirty-five in 1850). Westmore land Co. is the native county of Washington. Of the Massa chusetts counties, Norfolk is the county of the Adamses, and Plymouth that of the PUgrim settlement. VALUE OF LAND IN NORTHEEN AND SOUTHEEN COUNTIES. The value of land per acre in some of the counties in the South, where there is the largest proportion of slaves, is as foUows, viz : Charles Co., Maryland (whites 5,665 ; slaves 9,584), $10.50. -AmeUa Co., Vu-gmia (whites, 2,785 ; slaves, 6,819), $7.60. Beaufort, CoUeton, and Georgetown Co.'s, South Carolina (whites, 14,915 ; slaves, 71,904), $7.30. The value of land per acre in some Northern counties is as foUows, viz : Hudson Co., New Jersey, $178 ; Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, $86. No more tables will be given in the department of agricul ture. Some further comparisons and Ulustrations are given. Virginia, free, and as thickly settled as Massachusetts, would have had, in 1850, 7,751,324 whites instead of 894,800. Massachusetts, a slave State, and as thinly populated as Virginia, would have had in 1850, 102,351 white inhabitants instead of 985,450. Virginia, free, would have had an annual product of manu factures amounting to $1,190,072,592. instead of $29,705,387. 52 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. Massachusetts, a slave State, would have had manufactures amounting to $3,776,601, instead of $151,137,145. Virginia, free, would have been worth in real and personal property (on the basis of the census estimate), $4,333,525^367, instead of (value of slaves deducted) $203,635,238. Massachusetts, a slave State, would have been worth $48,604,335 mstead of $551,106,824. Boston, with slavery, according to the increase of population in Virginia, would have contained 3,489 people instead of 136,881. In the whole South there are less than fifty cities with a population of 3,500. Eichmond, Virginia, free, according to the increase of popu lation in Massachusetts, would have contained 1,076,669 free people instead of 17,643. If Virginia had not a settler within her territory, and should be opened at once to free settlement, in ten years she would have nearly as many white inhabitants as she now has, two hundred and fifty years after her settlement, and in twenty years she would have nearly as many whites as the whole number of slaveholding States now have, provided 60,000 settlers should go in the first year, and that the rate of increase should be as great as that of Wisconsin, Iowa, or Minnesota- Even with this population of twenty years, she would not be so densely peopled as Massachusetts was in 1850. The figures prove our statements : thus, Wisconsin had, in 1840, 30,749 whites; in 1850, 304,756. Eatio of increase 89.11 per cent. Assume 60,000 whites in Virginia at the close of the first year, and the rate of increase as above, then in ten years she would have 594,660 white inhabitants, and m twenty years 5,793,475. Number of whites in Virginia m 1850, 894,800 ; in the slave- holding States, 6,184,477. Thus, as to population, slavery in two hundred and fifty years has done the work of twenty. As to the value of lands, it has done stiU worse. Thus, in Uttle more than ten years, Wisconsin had brought up the value of A STATISTICAL VIEW. 53 her farms per acre to $9.54 ; Virginia in two hundred and fifty years had barely raised the price of her lands to $8.27. We give below, from difierent authorities, the past and present condition of the lands of the Free and Slave States. " New England" (says " A perfect description of Virginia," pubUshed in London in 1649) "is in a good condition of UveU- hood ; but for matter of any great hope but fishing there is not much." Compared to Virginia, "it's as Scotland is to England, so much difference, and Ues upon the same land northward as Scotland does to England ; there is much cold, frost, and snow ; their land is barren, except a herring be put into the hole you set the corn in, it wiU not come up ; and it was a great pity all those planters, now about 20,000, did not seat themselves at first at the south of Virginia, in a warm and rich country, where their industry could have produced sugar, indigo, ginger, cotton, and the like commodities." Said Sir Thomas Dale, in 1612, speaking of Virginia, "Take four of the best kingdoms in Christendom, and put them aU together, they may no way compare with this country either for commodities or goodness of soU." Says Beverley at a later period : " In extreme fruitfulness, it (Virginia) is exceeded by no other. No seed is sown there but it thrives, and most of the northern plants are improved by being transplanted thither." Says Lane, the Governor of Ealeigh colony, in 1585, speak ing of Virginia and CaroUna: " It is the goodUest soU under the cope of heaven, the most pleasing territory of the world. The cUmate is so wholesome that we have not one sick since we touched the land. If Virginia had but horses and kine, and were inhabited with English, no realm in Christendom were comparable to it." Such was the country which slavery took two hundred years ago : and any quantity of testimopy to its fertiUty could be I quoted. Mark the change which slavery has made. Says Washmgfon (letter to Arthur Young, Nov. 1, 1787), 5* 54 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. " Our lands, as I mentioned fo you, were origmaUy very good, but use and abuse have made them quite otherwise." Says Olmsted (Seaboard Slave States, pages 63 and 65), speaking of the lands, stock, and vehicles of a certain locaUty in eastern Virginia in 1855: "Oldfields' — a coarse, yeUow, sandy soU, bearing scarce anything but pine trees and broom- sedge. In some places, for acres, the pines would not be above five feet high — that was land that had been in cultivation, used up, and ' turned out ' not more than six or eight years before ; then there were patches of every age ; sometimes the trees were a hundred feet high. At long intervals there were fields in which the pine was just beginning to spring in beauti ful green plumes from the ground, and was yet hardly noticeable among the dead brown grass and sassafras bushes and black berry vines, which nature first sends to hide the nakedness of the impoverished earth. " Of Uving creatures, for mUes, not one was to be seen (not even a crow or a snow-bird), except hogs. These — long, lank, snake-headed, hairy, wild beasts — would come dashing across our path, in packs of from three to a dozen, with short hasty grunts, almost always at a gaUop, and looking neither to the right nor left, as if they were in pursuit of a fox, and were quite certain to catch him in the next hundred yards." (Num ber of swme in Virgmia m 1850, 1,829,843.) " We turned the comer, foUowing some slight traces of a road, and shortly afterwards met a curious vehicular estabUsh- ment, probably belonging to the master of the hounds. It consisted of an axle-trCe and wheels, and a pair of shafts, made of unbarked sapKngs, in which was harnessed, by attachments of raw-hide and rope, a single smaU ox. There was a bit made of telegraph wire in his mouth, by which he was guided, through the mediation of a pair of much knotted rope-reins, by a white man — a dignified sovereign wearing a brimless crown — who sat upon a two-bushel sack (of meal, I hope, for th|l hounds' sake), balanced upon the axle-tree ; and who saluted A STATISTICAL VIEW. 55 me with a frank ' How are you ?' as we came opposite each other." Said Henry A. Wise, in 1855, during his canvass for Gov- enor, speaking to the Virginians : " You aU own plenty of land, but it is poverty added to poverty. Poor land added to poor land, and nothing added to nothing makes nothing ; whUe the owner is talking poUtics at Eichmond, or in Congress, or spending the summer at the White Springs, the lands grow poorer and poorer, and this soon brings land, negroes, and aU, under the hammer. You have the owners skinning the negroes, and the negroes skinning the land, until aU grow poor together. " You have reUed alone on the single power of agriculture, and such agriculture ! Your sedge-patches outshine the sun ; your inattention to your only source of wealth has scared the bosom of mother Earth. Instead of having to feed cattle on a thousand hiUs, you have to chase the stump-taUed steer through the sedge-patches to procure a tough beef-steak." (Number of neat cattle m Virginia, in 1850, 1,076,269.) " I have heard a story — I wiU not locate it here or there — about the condition of the prosperity of our agriculture. I was told by a gentleman in Washington, not long ago, that he was travelling in a county not a hundred mUes from this place, and overtook one of our citizens on horseback, with perhaps, a bag of hay for a saddle, without stirrups, and the leading line for a bridle, and he said, ' Stranger, whose house is that ? ' ' It is mine,' was the reply. They came to another. ' Whose house is that?' 'Mine, too, stranger.' To a third, 'And whose house is that?' 'That's mine, too, stranger; but don't sup pose I'm so darned poor as to own aU the land about here.' " Wise was speaking at' Alexandria, in Fairfax Co., the county of Mount Vernon, and the farm of Washington. In certain parts, this county has been wonderfuUy improved by Northern emigrants, who have purchased lands and appUed free labor and skiU to them. So much have they improved their 56 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. portion, that the Patent Office Eeport says, « A traveUer who passed over it ten years ago would not now recognize it." Says the Hon. WiUoughby Newton, of Virginia, in_ his agri cultural address, in 1850 : " I look upon the introduction of guano, and the success attending its appUcation to our barren lands, in the Ught of a special interposition of Divine Provi dence, to save the northern neck of Virginia from reverting into its former state of wUdemess and utter desolation. UntU the discovery of guano — more valuable to us than the mines of California — I looked upon the possibUity of renovating our soU, of ever bringing it to a point capable of producing remu nerating crops, as utterly hopeless." Is Virginia to be saved by guano ? Mr. Newton recommends the appUcation of two hundred pounds per acre. Number of acres of land under cultivation in Virginia in 1850, 26,152,311. Amount of guano requisite to cover this land, at the rate of two hundred pounds per acre, 2,615,231 tons. This, at $50 per ton, would cost $130,761,550. Guano must be appUed every other year. This would give the annual amount 1,307,615 tons, and the annual cost $65,380,775. Where is the money to pay this annual tax to come from ? How long would it take the perma nent registered toimage of Virginia (9,246 tons in 1855) to import enough for one year's use ? And then the spectacle of this magnificent fieet (of eighteen vessels of five hundred tons, or thirty of three hundred), officered by the chivalry, and manned by slaves, toting bird-manure around Cape Horn, in quantities enough to cover the worn-out surface of the Old Dominion ! Of North Carolina, the Patent Office Eeport for 1851 says (communication of G. S. SuUivan, of Lincoln Co.), "We raise no stock of any kind except for home consumption, and not hah" enough of that ; for we have now worn out our lands so much, that we do not grow food enough to maintain them." Of Alabama (communication of N. B. Powell) : " We are A STATISTICAL VIEW. 57 the most dependent people in the Union, rely mainly, as we do, upon our neighbors of the West for nearly all our suppUes." Says Olmsted (page 475) of the threshing of rice in South ¦ CaroUna : " Threshing commences immediately after harvest, and on many plantations proceeds very tediously, in the old way of threshing wheat with flaUs by hand, occupying the best of the plantation force for the most of the winter. It is done on an earthen floor in the open air, and the rice is cleaned by carrying it on the heads of the negroes, by a ladder, up on to a platform, twenty feet from the ground, and pouring it slowly down, so that the wind wiU drive off the chaff, and leave the grain in a heap under the platform." Threshing machines have, however, been introduced on some large plantations. Of Alabama, says Hon. C. C. Clay, Jr., a politician and leading man, in an address in 1855 : " I can show you, with sorrow, in the older portions of Alabama, and in my native county of Madison, the sad memorials of the artless and ex hausting culture of cotton. Our slnaU planters, after taking the cream off their lands", unable to restore them by rest, manures, or otherwise, are going farther west and south, in search of other virgin lands, which they may and wUl despoU and im poverish in like manner." "In 1825, Madison county cast about 3,000 votes; now she cannot cast exceeding 2,300. In traversing that county, one wUl discover numerous farm-houses, once the abode of indus trious and inteUigent freemen, now occupied by slaves, or tenantless, deserted, and dUapidated; he wUl observe fields, once fertile, now unfenced, abandoned, and covered with those evU harbingers — fox-taU and broom-sedge; he wiU see the moss growing on the mouldering waUs of once thrifty vUlages ; and will find ' one only master grasps the whole domain ' that once furnished happy homes for a dozen white famiUes. In deed, a county in its infancy, where fifty years ago scarce a forest tree had been feUed by the axe of the pioneer, is already exhibiting the painfiil signs of senility and decay, apparent in 58 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. Virginia and the Carolinas ; the freshness of its agricultural glory is gone ; the vigor of its youth is extinct, and the spirit of desolation seems brooding over it." Enough of these extracts to show the bUght of slavery in the department of agriculture ; no extracts are needed to show that the farms in the Free States increase in value with every succeeding year. It is not now necessary " that a herring be put into the hole " with com, " or it wUl not come up." CHAPTEE V. MANUPACTUEES. The tables' in this chapter, compUed — when no other authority is given — from the Compendium of the Census of 1850, show the state of manufactures in tte United States for the year ending June, 1850. The tables for 1850 are preceded by tables (from the annual Eeport of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances, for 1855) giving the population, and value of the manufactures, of the several Free and Slave States for the years 1820 and 1840. The retums for 1820 were defective in some particulars, and the article of sugar is included among the manufactures for 1840. ^ TABLE XVn. Population and Value of Manufactures in the Free States, for the years 1820 and 18'4'0. rEEB STATES. Population in 1820. Population in 1840. Value of Manufiictures for 1820. Value of Manufiictures for 1840. Connecticut 275,202 55,211 147,178 298,335523,287 8,896 244,161277,575 1,372,812 5Sl,434 1,049,458 83,059 235,764 309,978 476,183 685,866 43,112 501,793 737,699212,267 284,574373,306 2,428,921 1,519,4671,724,033 108,830 291,948 30,945 $2,413,029 100,983 397,814486,473 2,523,614 100,460 747,959 1,175,1399,792,0725,290,4276,895,2191,617,221 890,353 $21,057,523 8,021,582 9,379,586 483,700 Maine 14,525,217 Massachusetts Michigan 73,777,837 3,898,676 New Hampshire . . . New Jersey New York Ohio 10,523,313 19,571,496 95,840,194 31,458,401 Pennsylvania Rhode Maud 64,494,960 13,807,297 6,923,982 Wisconsin 1,680,808 Total 5,152,372 9,698,922 $32,430,763 $375,444,572 (59) 60 the north and THE SOUTH. TABLE XVni. Population and Value of Manufactures in the Slave States, for the years 1820 and 1840. SLAVE STATES. Population in 1820. Population in 1840. Value of Manufactures for 1820. Value of Manu&ctureg for IbiO. Alabama 127,901 14,273 72,749 340,987 564,317 153,407 407,350 75,448 66,586 638,829502,741 422,813 1,065,379 590,756 97,574 78,08554,477 691,392 ¦779,828 352,411 470,019375,651383,702 753,419 359,000 829,210 1,239,797 $101,207 56,408 1,318,891 607,751 2,296,726 272,500 5,027,336 none. 297,443 445,398 168,666 2,352,1276,686,699 $4,975,871 2,614,889 2,709,068 915,080 5,324,307 13,221,95811,378,383 13,509,636 3,562,3705,946,7597,234,5675,638,8238,517,394 20 684 608 Arkansas Delaware Horida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi . , Missouri North Carolina . . . South Carolina . . . Tennessee Virginia Total 4,452,780 7,055,321 $19,631,152 $106,233,713 Taking tables XX. and XIX. -without the modifications sug gested hereafter, and the relation of the North and South to manufactures in 1850, was as foUows, viz : In the North. In the South. Capital iuvested in manufactures $430,240,051 $ 95,029,879 Value of raw material used 465,844,092 86,190,639 Number of hands employed, males. . . 576,954 « 140,377 " " " females. 203,622 21,360 Annual wages 195,976,453 83,257,560 " products 842,586,058 165,413,027 " profit 376,741,966 79,222,388 " profit percent 42 44 " wages per hand, males and females 251 206 " product " " " 1^079 1,029 " profit " " " 484 489 From this aggregate of Southern manufactures should be deducted the manufactures of certain counties where there is a large or predommating free population bom out of the Umits of TABLE XIX. A Statement of the Number of Individuals and Establishments engaged in Manufactures, the Amount of Capital invested in such Establishments, the Value of the Raw Material used, the Number of Hands employed, the Annual Wages paid, the Annual Product and the Annual Profit of such Manufactures, in the several Free States, according to the Census Retums of 1850. "^ FKEB STATES. Number of Indi-yidualB and Estab lishments. Capital. Value of liaw Material used. Hands Employed. Annual Wages. Annual Product. Annual Profit, according to Male. Female. De Bow. 1,003 3,482 3,164 4,288 522 3,977 8,259 1,963 3,211 4,108 23,553 10,622 21,605 853 1,849 1,262 $1,006,197 23,890,348 6,385,3877,941,602 1,292,875 14,700,452 83,357,642 6,534,250 18,242,114 22,184,73099,904,405 29,019,538 94,473,810 12,923,176 5,001,377 3,382,148 $1,201,154 23,589,397 8,915,173 10,214,337 2,356,881 13,555,806 85,856,771 6,105,561 12,745,466 21,992,186 134,655,674 34,677,93787,206,377 13,183,889 4,172,552 5,414,931 3,964 31,287 11,63213,677 1,687 21,856 96,261 8'930 14,103 28,549 147,737 47,054 124,688 12,837 6,8945,798 16,483 433 665 20 6,222 69,677 360 12,989 8,762 51,612 4,435 22,078 8,044 1,551 291 $3,485,820 11,695,236 3,826,2492,809,116 473,016 7,502,916 39,784,116 2,387,928 6,123,8769,202,788 49,131,000 13,467,660 37,163,232 5,008,6562,202,348 1,712,496 $12,862,522 45,110,102 17,236,073 18,922,651 3,551,783 24,664,135 151,137,145 10,976,894 23,164,50339,713,586 237,597,249 62,647,259 155,044,910 22,093,258 8,570,920 9,293,068 $11,661,368 Connecticut 21,520,705 8,320,900 Indiana 8,708,314 1,194,902 Maine 11,108,329 Massachusetts 65,280,374 4,871,333 New Hampshire . . . New Jersey New York Ohio 10,419,037 17,721,400 102,941,575 27,969,322 Pennsylvania Ehode Island 67,838,533 8,909,369 4,398,368 3,878,137 Total 93,721 $430,240,051 $465,844,092 576,954 203,622 $195,976,453 $842,586,058 $376,741,966 Q TABLE XX. A Statement of the Number of Individuals and Establishments engaged in Manufactures, the Amount of Capital invested in such Establishments, the Value of the Raw Material used, the Number of Hands employed, the Annual Wages paid, the Annual Product and the Annual Profit of such Manufactures, in the several Slave States, according to the Census Retums of 1850. 05 SLAVE STATES. Number of Individuals andEstablish ments. Capital. Value of Kaw Material used. Hands Employed. Annual Wages. Annual Product. Annual Profit, according to De Bow. Male. Female. 1,026 272531 103 1,527 3,609 1,017 3,708 877 3,0292,604 1,431 2,861 309 4,741 $3,450,606 324,065 2,978,945 547,060 5,460,483 12,350,734 5,318,074 14,753,143 1,833,420 9,079,6957,252,2256,056,8656,975,279 539,290 1S,109,993 $2,224,960 268,564 2,864,607 220,611 3,404,917 12,170,225 2,958,988 17,326,734 1,290,271 12,446,738 4,805,463 2,809,534 4,900,952 394,642 18,103,433 4,399 873 3,227 876 6,660 22,445 5,581 22,641 3,065 15,997 10,693 5,935 11,154 1,042 25,789 539 30 651115 1,7181,940 856 7,483 108 873 1,7511,074 878 24 3,320 $1,106,112 169,356 936,924 199,452 1,712,304 4,764,096 2,086,212 7,374,672 775,128 3,184,764 1,796,7481,128,432 2,277,228 322,368 5,413,764 $4,538,878 607,436 4,649,296 668,335 7,086,525 24,588,483 7,320,948 32,477,702 2,972,038 23,749,265 9,111,245 7,063,513 9,728,4381,165,538 29,705,387 $2,313,918 338,872 1,784,689 447,724 a 681 608 Florida Georgia Kentucky 19 418 5'^8 Louisiana 4 .^61 960 Maryland 15,140,968 1,682,767 11,302,527 4,305,7824,253,9794,827,486 770,896 11,601,954 Mississippi North Carolina .... South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Total 27,645 $95,029,879 $86,190,639 140,377 21,360 $33,257,560 $165,413,027 $79,222,388 HIo nam m Od H w A STATISTICAL VIEW. 63 the several States in which the counties are situated. The amount of the manufactures, and the character of the popula tion, as regards birth, of the most important of these counties, is sho-wn in the foUo'wing table. Even this deduction leaves too large a balance for Southern manufactures, proper, for everywhere throughout the South the most thriving manufac tures were founded, or are sustained, by Northern capital, skill, or labor. TABLE XXI. A Statement of the Number bf Free Inhabitants bom within and without cer tain Counties of the Slave States, in which there is a large or predominating exotic Population, with the Arnount of Capital invested in Manufacture, Number of Hands Employed, and the Annual Product thereof in 1850. COinSITIES. ? s s.? is Capital. Annual Product. Newcastle, Del. . . Baltimore, Md. . Ohio, Va Charleston, S. C. Muscogee, Geo... Richmond, Geo.. Mobile, Ala Orleans, La Galveston, Texas. Davidson, Tenn.. Shelby, Tenn. . . . Jefi'erson, Ky... . St. Louis, Mo. . . . Total 13,801 61,472 9,020 7,844 2,589 3,252 10,87968,525 2,907 7,716 9,077 30,17471,617 28,555 142,456 8,822 21,225 7,833 6,183 V 32,867 908 16,991 7,720 18,74627,394 $2,593,830 9,929,332 1,184,111 1,487,800 713,217775,600 522,800 2,969,660 46,450 855,015424,130 4,115,582 5,215,716 3,235 23,863 2,4931,413 719 995 -540 3,134 131 1,219 789 8,865 10,239 $3,946,399 24,540,014 2,401,4342,749,961 738,580 1,020,651 1,261,4504,470,464 207,100 1,075,287 840,789 11,002,103 16,046,521 298,373 326,565 $30,833,143 57,636 $70,296,743 This table includes the counties in which are situated the cities of Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville, St. Louis, New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, and some others. It -wUl be seen that, in these counties, the free population bom -within and without the limits of each State, respectively, is nearly equal. The manufacturing establishments in these counties are generally confined to their cities, and a table showing the origin of the free population of the cities only, would give 64 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. a large preponderance of persons bom without the limits of their respective States. The means of constructing such a table are not accessible. There are, besides, other counties of smaller size which should be included with those in the fore going table. These are necessarily omitted. Deducting the aggregates of this table from the total manu factures reported for the South, and there are left for the manufactures of the Slave States, Capital, $64,196,736 Hands employed, males and females, 104,101 Annual product, .... $95,116,284 Annual product per head, . . . 914 Adding the aggregates of table XXI. to those reported above for the manufactures of the North, and the total manufactures of the free population of the United States, will be : Capital, $461,073,194 Hands employed, males and females, 838,212 Annual product, .... $912,882,801 Annual product per head, . . 1,089 Further amendment of these aggregates should be made by adding for CaUfomia — in which State the marshal's retums for 1850 were generaUy defective, and for the most important locaUties lost or destroyed by fire — the following estimates, based on the returns of the State census for that State, taken in 1852, and ordered by Congress to be m'ade a part of the National census, viz ; Capital, $5,942,526 Annual product, .... 30,000,000 The true total, then, of the manufactures of the free popula tion of the United States for 1850 will be : Capital invested, .... $467,015,720 Hands employed, males and females, 838,212 Annual product, .... $942,882,801 Thus, then, in seven times the capital invested, in eight A STATISTICAL VIEW. 65 times the number of hands employed, in ten times the annual product, is the triumph of freedom over slavery seen in the department of manufactures. And this, after allowing to slavery millions of the capital of the North, thousands of its intelligent mechanics and operatives, and hundreds of its in ventions and improvements, scattered throughout the South, wherever machinery is in motion, or labor skillfully apphed to it. And this stagnation and sleep of slavery beneath the thundering of its thousands of waterfalls, and beside its mil lions of cotton bales. "WeU did Governor Wise say to the Virginians : " You have the line of the AUeghanies, that beautiful ridge which stands placed there by the Almighty, not to obstruct the way of people to market, but placed there in the very boimty of Providence, to Tnillc the clouds, to make the sweet springs which are the sources of your rivers. And at the head of every stream is the waterfaU, murmuring the very music of your power. And yet commerce has long ago spread her sails and sailed away from you ; you have not as yet dug more than coal enough to warm yourselves at your own hearths ; you have no tUt-ham- mer of Vulcan, to strike blows worthy of gods in the iron foundries. Tou have not yet spun more than coarse cotton enough to clothe your o-wn slaves. Tou have had no com merce, no mining, no manufactures." (Speech at Alexandria, 1855.) Table XXTT. contains a Ust of those counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest relative amount of manufactures. The areas given are from Baldwin and Thomas' Gazetteer of 1854; the value of the land is ascertained by di-yiding the value given in the Census Com pendium by the whole area. The Southern counties taken are such as have no large admixture of exotic population. In these counties are included the important cities of WUmington, N. C, Lynchburg, Va., and ClarksviUe, Temi. 6* 66 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE XXTT. Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest rela tive Amount of Manufactures. Counties in Free States. Area in Square Miles. Popula tion. Value of Eanns. Annual Product of Manu&c- tories. Value of Land per Acre. Average Product of Manufactures per head of whole pop ulation. Bristol, Mass. . . . Essex, Mass Middlesex, Mass. Norfolk, Mass Kent, R. I Hartford, Conn. . N. Haven, Conn. . Essex, N. J Passaic, N.J 617600830620180807 620 450270 76,192 131,300161,883 78,892 16,06869,967 65,68873,950 22,669 $7,101,582 9,582,992 19,417,796 13,748,506 1,951,111 14,004,68310,413,662 7,219,566 3,302,051 $12,595,696 22,906,80526,548,93213,323,596 2,620,788 10,888,78011,283,81616,293,198 4,213,699 $21.46 29.95 36.55 41.3117.80 27.12 26.24 25,0719.11 8165 174164169174 166 172220187 Total 4,684 694,909 SRfifi 741 Q4fil ffii9/i «7R Qna S28.94 $174 Counties in Slaves States. 576 1,000 650 23,24517,668 21,045 $2,452,604 1,036,874 1,859,836 $1,839,307 1,409,5681,376,300 $6.65 1.623.86 CampbeU, Va. . . N. Hanover, N.C. M'tgomery, Ten. 879 8066 Total 2.126 61,958 84,848,314 $74 Tables XXTTT. and XXTV. show the value of the manufeo- tures of cotton, wool, iron, the fisheries, and salt, m 1850. It is to be regretted that the retums of the details of the other branches of manufactures have not yet been pubUshed by Congress. These tables wiU repay a carefiil examination. Table XXV. gives the value of the domestic manufactures in the several Free and Slave States, for the year endmg June, 1850; and gives also the annual increase of slaves in the several Slave States, with their value at $400 per head. It is to be understood that a larger proportion of slaves is bom in the slave-raismg States, and a smaUer in the slave-con suming States, than is shown by the tables. As to this product of Southem labor, or skiU, or necessity — the annual slave product — it may be classed indifferently under the head of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce. As live TABLE XXni. A Statement of the Value of the Manufactures of Cotton, Wooly Pig Iron, Iron Castings j Wrought Iron, and of the Products of the Fisheries and Salt Manufactures, in the several Free States, for the year ending June, 1850, with the average Wages per month of the Sands employed. FREB STATES. Value of Cotton Majiufac- Value of WooUen Manufac tures. Value of Manufac tures of Pig Iron. Value of Manufac tures of Iron Casting. Value of Manufac tures of Wrought Iron. Value of Products of the Pishories. Value of Salt Manufac tures. per month in Cotton Ifonufac- tures. Wages per month in Woollen Manufiic- tures. -5 ill > o ts" ill ss h3 tr' California Connecticut — ... Illinois Indiana , Iowa i^ine Massachusetts . , . . Micliigan New Hampshire.., New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvama Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin $4,257,622 44,200 2,596,356 19,712,461 8,830,619 1,109,6243,691,989 894,700 6,822,2626,447,120 196,100 86,465,216 206,572205,802 13,000 763,300 12,770,565 90,242 2,127,7451,164,4467,030,6041,111,027 5,321,866 2,881,8251,579,161 87,992 8415,600 70,200 68,000 36,616 295,123 21,000 6,000 560,544597,920 1,255,8606,0n,613 68,000 27,000 Total. 852,502,853 841,809,363189,483,866 I I 820,740 981,400 441,186 149,430 8,600 265,000 2,235,635 279,697371,710686,430 6,921,980 3,069,3506,364,881 728,705 460,831216,195 821,191,669 8847,196 81,734,483 11,760 8,908,952 20,400 1,079,676 3,758,547 127,849 9,224,256 223,650127,886 6,606,849 72,775 69,281 484,345 27,566 64,430 ' 16,875 819,330,072 89,636,479 85,600 6,000 13.02 9,700 93,860 29.3522.90 998,316182,293206,796 26.00 17.98 18.32 16.6917.8618.6015.53 811.8 6.77 12.15 13.60 18.47 9.569.68 9.429.91 12.9612.66 824.12 22.00 21.81 11.1422.5722.9521.6522.8625.2219.97 20.1419.4320.70 24.46 22.48 812.86 12.5211.05 826.80 22.06 26.00 11.7714.22 11.4714.63 8.60 11.7610.9010.4116.18 11.81 22.0027.6235.00 18.0021.2025.0024.4821.66 22.0830.00 81,452,564 27.0228.5025.74 82.3529.0030.9028.68 33.05 24.0027.4927.32 27.6529.6328.2726.73 -J TABLE XXIV. A Statement of the Value of the Manufactures of Cotton, Wool, Pig Iron, Iron Castings, Wrought Iron, and of the Products of the Fisheries and Salt Manufactories, of the several Slave States, for the year ending June, 1850, with the average Wages per month of the Sands employed. 00 SLAVE STATES. Value of Cotton Manu&c- tures. Value of Woollen Manu&c tures. Value of Mannfac tures of Pig Iron. Value of Manufac tures of Iron Casting. Value of Manufac tures of Wrought Iron. Value of products of the Fish eries. Mauu- &ctures. Wages per month in Cotton Manufac tures. ^ per month in Woollen Manufac tures. III MI'S eg " 5 H w a O 0 a B)COOn HH Alabama Arkansas Delaware . , Maryland Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri North Carolina.. South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Virginia 16,637 538,439 2,120,504 49,920 2,135,044 273,439 822,500 8271,126 8261,000 296,140 1,066,400 267,462686,000 88,750 318,819 67,300 604,037 30,600 142,900831,342 748,338 610,624 56,00023,750 314,600 12,600 1,486,384 6,310 15,000 841,013 676,100 ' 521,924 46,200 744,316 312,500117,400336,495 12,86787,683 264,325 66,000 674,416 87,600 ¦ -38,200 771,431 12,384 299,700 68,700 331,914 670,618 1,098,252 818,676 86,000 57,825 260,025 ' 95,662 6,900 700,466 $11.71 14.6115.3116.42 32.1414.5714.95 5. 11.58 9.42 5.00 7. 18.60 817,33 11" 27.4715.30 14.1011.11 14.2110.93 11.6513.94 10.94 5. 10.00 6.138.306.42 32.00 18.00 6.507.00 10.18 17.120.00 18.17 6.00 20.00 9.91 817.60 830.05 20.14iV'.ii 23.36 27.50 24.28 8.00 12.81 12.76 27.4324.8935.6087.9119.6323.4613.69 17.9643.43 19.91 Total 89,266,331 81,896,782 83,264,961 83,874,790 83,298,699 8363,703 8770,191 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 69 TABLE XXV. A Statement of the Value of the Domestic Manufactures of the several Free and Slave States for the years 1 850 ; with the average Annual Increase, and Value at $400 per head, of Slaves, for the ten years ending June, 1850. TREE STATES. Value of Do mestic Man ufactures for 1860. SLAVE STATES. Value of Do mestic Man ufactures for 1850. Annualln- crease of Slaves firom 1840 to 1850. Value at 8400 per head. California Connecticut...lEinois Indiana 87,000 192,252 1,155,902 1,631,039 221,292,513,699 206,333340,947 393,455112,781 1,280,3331,712,196 749,132 26,495 267,710 43,624 Alabama.. .... Arkansas . . ! . . Delaware Horida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi .... Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 81,934,120 938,217 38,12175,582 1,838,9682,459,128 139,232 111,828 1,164,020 1,674,705 2,086,622 909,525 3,137,790 266,984 2,156,312 8,931 2,717 31 1,359 10,074 2,872 7,636 63 11,467 2,918 4273 6,7966,640 6,8162,344 83,572,400 1,086,800 12,400 543,600 4,029,600 Maine Massachusetts. Michigan N. Hampshire. New Jersey . . . New York Ohio 1,148,8003,054,400 25,200 4,586,800 1,167,2001,709,2002,318,000 PennsylTania . 2,256,000 2,326,400 Vermont Virginia 937,600 Total 88,863,090 Total $18,631,054 n,936 828,774,400 stock raised and fattened for market, it would seem to be long legitimately to the department of agriculture ; as an article of trade, to commerce ; but a better arrangement is to class it with domestic manufactures, that class of manufactures in which it wiU be seen that the South is aiead. In this work, then, the slave product is classed with domestic manufactures, and its value — no estimate having been made by De Bow — computed from the best authorities, wiU be included in the aggregates for that branch of manufactures. The number of slaves annuaUy manufactured by the Northern Slave States for the Southem markets is given elsewhere as 25,000 ; their value at $400 per head is $10,000,000. This is a small estimate both as to number and value. As to the capital invested, the value of the raw material used, the number of hands employed, and the annual wages paid in this species of manufacture, the census tables, give no information. CHAPTER VI. COMMEECE. It is difficult to apportion the results of commerce to the several States. The statistics of the great branch of domestic or internal commerce are very incomplete ; the retums of the minor branch of foreign or external commerce are more full. De Bow suggests that " half the agricultural products and aU of the manufacturing are subjects of commerce, and that the whole commercial movement may be estimated at between $1,500,000,000 and $2,000,000,000 " annuaUy. Adoptmg this suggestion, the value of the products which enter into the com merce of the two sections, for 1850, would be as foUows, viz : Free States, .... $1,377,199,968 Slave States, .... 410,754,992 Total, $1,787,954,960 No enumeration, by States, of the persons engaged in com merce, trade, and navigation, is given in the Compendium of the Census of 1850. In 1840, however, such enumeration was made, and is found in the pubUshed census retums for that year. The number of persons engaged in commerce, navigat ing the ocean, and in internal navigation, was in 1840 as fol lows, viz : Free States, 136,856 Slave States, 52,622 Total, .... 189,478 (70) A STATISTICAL VIEW. 71 This would give, in 1850, as the number of persons engaged in commerce and navigation, — Free States, 188,271 Slave States, 70,165 Total, 258,436 Domestic commerce is carried on by the enroUed and Ucensed tonnage (with the participation, in a small propor tion, of the registered), by railroads, canals, and pubUc roads. Of enroUed and Ucensed tonnage, there were in 1850, in the Free States, 1,459,232 tons. Slave States, ..... 475,405 " Total, ...:.. 1,934,637 « Of railroads in operation in 1854, there were, mUes, in the Free States, 13,105 Slave States, 4,212 Total, 17,317 Of canals, there were in 1854, nules, in the Free States, 3,682 Slave States, 1,116 Total, 4,798 There are no statistics of the nules of pubUc roads in the two sections, or of the merchandise and produce transported over them. We may be aided in forming an estimate of the amount of our domestic commerce, by the foUowing tabular statements, from Andrews' report : 72 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE XXVI. Lake and River Commerce. 1851. Net. Gboss. Tons. Value, Tons. Value. 1,985,5632,033,400 8157,236,729 169,751,372 3,971,1264,066,800 8314,478,458 339,502,744 4,018,963 8326,988,101 8,037,926 8653,976,202 Coasting Trade, Canal and Railway Commerce. Estimate of 1852. Njst. Geoss. Tons. Value. Tons. Value. 20,397,490 9,000,000 5,407,500 81,669,519,686 694,000,000640,750,000 40,794,980 18,000,00010,816,000 83,319,039,372 1,188,000,0001,081,500,000 34,804,990 82,794,269,686 69,609,980 81,588,539,372 It is estimated by Andrews that the number of tons of ship ping engaged in the coastmg trade is 2,039,749. This is the amount of the " enroUed and Ucensed tonnage." In addition, considerable " registered tonnage " frequently en ters the coasting trade between the Atlantic ports and those on the Gulf and the Pacific. The "licensed tonnage" engaged in the lake commerce is 215,975 tons. The tonnage engaged in the river commerce is 169,450 tons. The foregoing figures are for the years 1851 and 1852. In a late report of the Committee on Commerce, it is stated that, " The lake tonnage for 1855 was 345,000 tons, which, valued at $45 per ton, is $14,838,000. The present value of lake commerce (exclusive of the ports of Presque Isle and Mackinac, not reported) is $608,310,320." A STATISTICAL VIEW. 73 Our foreign commerce is carried on by the registered tonnage of the United States, and by the tonnage of other nations. The foreign tonnage which entered the ports of the United States, in 1851, was 1,939,091 tons; the -American tonnage, 3,054,349 tons. De Bow says, of 1851, that the value of merchandise imported in " foreign vessels was $52,563,083 ; in American vessels $168,216,272." By this, it will be seen that something more than three-fourths of the value of our foreign commerce is carried on in. American vessels. The registered tonnage of the two sections, in 1850 was, in the Free States, 1,330,963 tons. Slave States, 250,880 « Total, 1,581,843 " We may now approximate the truth in regard to the com merce of the two sections of our country in three ways. First. Taking the value of the products which enter into commerce, we find the North has $1,377,199,968; the South $410,754,992, giving the North more than three to one. Second. Taking the number of persons engaged in trade, and the North has 136,856 persons, the South 52,622 persons, giving the North nearly three to one, and this on the supposi tion that the average amount of business done by merchants in the South is as great as in the North. Third. Taking the tonnage, nules of railroads, and canals : the North had, in 1850, 2,790,195 tons of registered, enrolled and licensed tonnage, the South 726,285 tons. (The amount of tonnage in 1855 was, in the North 4,252,615 tons, in the South 855,517 tons.) The North had in 1854, 13,105 miles of railroad in operation, the South 4,212 miles. The North had in the same year 3,682 miles of canals, the South 1,116 miles. This gives a ratio of something more than three to one in favor of the North. It may, we think, be fairly assumed that the amount of commerce and its profits in the two sections are quite four times as much in the North as in the South. 7 74 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. We have thus shown, from such data as could be obtained, the relative proportion of the domestic and foreign commerce of the Free and Slave States. Adopting the suggestion of De Bow (as to the value of the "commercial movement"), the domestic commerce of the United States, in 1850, was six tunes that of the foreign. The figures are as foUows : Value of manufactures and half of agricultual products, $1,787,954,960 Value of imports, 178,078,499 Total, '. . 1,966,033,459 Total value of imports and exports, . . 329,896,631 Adopting the estimates of Andrews (Eeport on Lake Commerce), the domestic com merce of the United States, in 1851-2, was nearly eight times the foreign. The figures are as follows, viz : Value of lake and river commerce, . . $326,988,101 Value of coasting trade, railway and canal commerce, 2,794,269,686 Value of imports, 1851, .... 216,224,932 Total, 3,337,482,719 Total value of imports and exports, 1851, . 434,612,943 It is, perhaps, not far from right to call the domestic com merce of this country seven times the foreign. Tables XXVII. and XXVIII. give the value of the exports and imports of the several Free and Slave States for 1850 and 1855 ; and the amount and value of toimage owned and built in the same years. The tables are compiled from the annual report on commerce and navigation. The statistics of exports and imports show the foreign commerce of the several States. The aggregates for the two years given are — Free States, $631,396,034 Slave States, 234,936,306 Total, $860,332,340 being nearly three times as much in the North as in the South. TABLE XXVn. A Statement of the Value of the Exports and Imports of the Several Free States, for the years ending June 30, 1850, and June 30, 1855, with the Tonnage owned in said States at those dates, and the Tonnage built therein during said years, with its Value. FREE STATES. • Value of Exports for the year ending June 30, 1850. Value of Imports for the year ending June 30, 1850. Value of Exports the year ending June 30, 1855. Value of Imports for the year encfing June 30, 1865. Tonnage owned June 30, 1850. Value at 850 per ton. Ton nage built for the year ending June 30, 1850. Value at 850 per ton. Tonnage owned June 30, 1855 Value at 850 per ton. Tonnage built for the year ending June 30, 1855. Value at 850 per ton. Maine N. Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut. . New York. . . . New Jersey. . . PennsylvaniaOhio Michigan Wisconsin . . . 81,556,912 8,927 430,906 10,681,763 216.265241,930 52,712,789 1,665 4,501,606 217,632132,045 8866,411 49,079 463,092 30,874,684 258,303 372,390 111,123,524 1,494 12,066,164 582,504 144,102 84,851,207 1,523 2,895,468 28,190;925 839,023878,874 113,731,238 687 6,274,338 847,143568,091174,057 547,053 8,224,066 82,927,443 17,786 691,593 46,113,774 536,387636,826 164,776,511 1,473 15,309,935 600,656 281,379 48,15964,609 5,951,379 601,422 23,098 4,530 685,442 40,489 113,087 944,349 80.300 268;039 62,46238,145 825,071,100 1,154,800 226,.500 34,272,100 2,024,4506,654,860 47,217,450 4,015,000 12,901,960 3,123,1001,907,250 91,212 6,914 77 36,836 3,5874,820 58,343 6,202 21,410 5,215 2,062 84,560.600 345;700 3,850 1,791,800 179,350 241,000 2,917,100 810,100 1,070,500 260,750103,100 806,687 30,830 6,915 970,727 61,038 137,170 1,404,221 121,020397,768 91,607 69,490 15,624 53,79792,623 3,698 840,329,350 1,516,500 345,750 48,586,360 2,561,9006,858,500 70,211,050 6,051,000 19,888,400 4,580,3503,474,500 781,200 2,689,8504,631,150 184,900 216,906 8,928 none. 79,670 7,862 14,067 115,231 10,960 44,41517,751 7,844 1,452 1,9032,118 738 810,795,250 496;400 "3,983,566 393,100 703,.550 5,76i;550 648,000 2,220,750 887.650 392,200 72,600 niiuois California 17,669 15,705 21,242 . 17,592 1,062,100 879,600 1,691 84,560 95,150 105,900 Indiana 36,900 " Total 870,720,099 8156,307,442 8167,520,693 8236,847,810 2,790,196 8139,509,760 237,368 811,868,400 4,262,616 8212,630,750 628,844 826,442,200 t-i CB M o i-l¦ aa Odw 83,977,353,946 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 83 and this after having added to the valuation of Georgia $165,000,000, on the bare conjecture of her governor. The foUowing recent State valuations wiU further iUustrate the estimates of the Secretary of the Treasury : Valuation of New Hampshire, 1856, . . $121,417,428 , « " New York, 1855, as foUows, viz: New York city and county real estate, . 337,038,526 " " " personal estate, . 150,022,312 " " " aggregate, . . 487,060,838 Remainder of State real estate, . . . 770,234,189 " personal estate, . . 143,990,252 Total valuation of the State of New York, . 1,401,285,279 Valuation of New York city, 1856, . . 517,889,201 " " Connecticut, 1854, . . 202,739,431 " " Michigan, 1853, . . 120,362,474 " " Indiana, 1854, . . 290,408,148 " Maryland, including slaves, 1851, 191,888,088 " « South CaroUna, " « 1854, 82,613,530 « " Tennessee, « « 1855, 219,011,048 « Kentucky, « « 1854, 405,830,168 It wUl be seen by tables XXX. and XXXI. that the value of real and personal estate in 1850 was as foUows, viz : Free States, .... $4,107,162,198 Slave States, . ' . . . 2,936,090,737 Deduct value of slaves, . . 1,280,145,600 True value in Slave States, . . 1,655,945,137 The total value of real and personal estate in 1856 is as fol lows, viz : Free States, .... $5,770,194,680 Slave States, .... 3,977,353,946 Deduct value of slaves in 1856, . 1,472,167,600 True value m Slave States in 1856, 2,505,186,346 The whole area of the Free States (Table IX.) is 392,062,080 acres ; the valuation of real and personal property in 1850, $4,107,162,198, or $10.47 per acre. The whole area (Table 84 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. X.) of the Slave States is five hundred and forty-four mUUon, nine hundred and twenty-six thousand, seven hundred and twenty (544,926,720) acres ; the valuation of real and personal estate in 1850, one bUUon, six hundred and fifty-five miUion, nine hundred and forty-five thousand, one hundred and thirty- seven ($1,655,945,137), or three doUars and four cents ($3.04) per acre. The valuation of the Free States ui 1856 was five biUion, seven hundred and seventy miUion, one hundred and ninety-four thousand, six hundred and eighty ($5,770,194,680), or fourteen doUars and seventy-two cents ($14.72) per acre ; the valuation of the Slave States in 1856 was two biUion, five hundred and five million, one hundred and eighty-six thousand, three hundred and forty-six ($2,505,186,346), or four doUars and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. Thus, in five years the value of property in the Free States advanced from ten dollars and forty-seven cents ($10.47) per acre to fourteen doUars. and seventy-two cents ($14.72), or four dollars and twenty- five cents ($4.25), being more than the whole valuation of the Slave States in 1850. The value of property in the South advanced in the same time from three doUars and four cents ($3.04) to four dollars and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. The value of the slaves in the Slave States, in 1850, at four hundred dollars ($400) each, was one bUUon two hundred and eighty mUUon, one hundred and forty-five thousand, six hun dred doUars ($1,280,145,600). The value of the farms m the Slave States in the same year (Table X.) was one bUlion, one hundred and seventeen miUion, six hundred and forty-nine thousand, six hundred and forty-nine doUars ($1,117,649,649). Excess of value of slaves, one hundred and sixty-two miUion, four hundred and ninety-five thousand, nine hundred and fifty- one doUars ($162,495,951). Thus, the value of the slaves in 1850 was one hundred and sixty-twt) miUion, four hundred and ninety five thousand, nine hundred and fifty-one doUars ($162,- 495,951) more than the value of all the improved and unim proved lands in the South. The number of slaveholders in A STATISTICAL VIEW. 85 the Slave States is three hundred and forty-six thousand and forty-eight (346,048). If we estimate their value at four hundred doUars ($400) per head, and add it to the value of the farms, it will make the value of the slaveholders and farms nearly equal to that of the slaves. The figures are : Value of farms, one billion, one hundred and seventeen miUion, six hundred and forty-nine thousand, six hundred and forty-nine ($1,117,649,649) ; value of three hundred and forty-six thouand and forty-eight (346,048) slaveholders, at four hundred dollars ($400) each, one hundred and thirty-eight milUon, one hundred and mnety-two thousand, two hundred dollars ($138,192,200), being a total of one biUion, two Uundred and fifty-six miUion, sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and forty-nine dollars ($1,- 256,068,849) ; value of slaves as above, one billion, two hun dred and eighty miUion, one hundred and forty-five thousand, six hundred doUars ($1,280,145,600). Thus has the industry and political and domestic economy of the slaveholders, in two hundred and thirty years, been able to bring the value of their lands and themselves nearly up to the market value of their slaves ; and all three together, lands, slaves, and slaveholders, to nearly half the value of the property of the Free States. The valuation of the State of New York in 1855 was one biUion, four hundred and one million, two hundred and eighty-five thousand, two hundred and seventy-nine doUars ($1,- 401,285,279), being more than the whole value of the real estate of the Slave States in 1850, which, after deducting from the aggregate the value of the slaves in Louisiana, was one billion, three hundred and thirty-two mUlion, six hundred and sixty^ five thousand, four hundred and sixteen doUars ($1,332,665,- 416). The value of the real and personal estate of Massachu setts in 1850 was more (slaves excepted) than that of the States of Virginia, North and South CaroUna, Georgia, Florida, and Texas ; the valuation of Massachusetts being five hundred and seventy-three mUlion, three hundred and forty-two thou sand, two hundred and eighty-six dollars ($573,342,286) ; that 8 86 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. of the six States mentioned being five hundred and seventy- three milUon, three hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight hundred and sixty doUars ($573,332,860.) In this calculation. South CaroUna is reckoned at its State valuation of 1854. The whole area of Massachusetts is (Table IX.) four mUUon, nine hundred and ninety-two thousand (4,992,000) acres ; value of its whole property per acre, one hundred and fourteen doUars and eighty-five cents ($114.85.) The whole area of the six States above mentioned is (Table X.) three hundred and seventeen miUion, five hundred and seventy-six thousand, three hundred and twenty (317,576,320) acres ; value of their whole property, except slaves, five hundred and seventy-three miUion, three hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight himdred and sixty doUars ($573,332,860), or one doUar and eighty-one cents ($1.81) per acre. Thus, Massachusetts is able to buy and pay for considerably more than half the great empire of slavery, and have more money left than the PUgrims landed with at Plymouth ; while Pennsylvania could easily buy out the other half. Table XXXI. shows the number of mUes of canals and raiboads in operation in 1854, (with the cost of construction of such railroads), the number of mUes of railroads in opera tion in January, 1855, and the amount of bank capital near January, 1855, in the several Free and Slave States. The first three columns of the tables are from the Census Compen dium, the last two from the American Almanac for 1856. Table XXXII. gives the total debt, amount of productive property, and the annual expenditure of the several Free and Slave States. The figures are from the American Almanac for 1856. TABLE XXXr. A Statement of the Number of Miles of Canals and Railroads in operation in 1854 {with the cost of construction), and the Miles of completed Railroads, and the Amount of Bank Capital, near January, 1855, jn the several Free and Slave States. FREE STATES. Canals, miles. 1854. Rail roads, miles in opera tion. 1864. Cost of Railroads. 1854. Rail roads, miles in opera tion. Jan'y, 1865. Bank Capital 1854r^. SLAVE STATES. j Canals, miles. 1854. Rail roads, miles in opera tion. 1864. Cost of Railroads. 1364. Rail roads, Miles in opera tion. Jan'y, 1855. Bank Capital. 1854-6. Connecticut Illinois 61 100367 60 100 11 147989 921936 669 1,262 1,127 417 1,283 601 612408 2,346 2,3671,464 60 422178 $20,857,357 26,420,000 22,400,000 12,662,64565,602,68713,842,279 16,186,264 11,536,606 94,623,785 44,927,06368,494,675 2,614,484 14,116,195 3,800,000 625 1,9641,632 54 470 1,437 699 502444 2,2S7 2,4231,690 66 666 231 $15,597,891 2,513,790 7,281,934 7,301,252 54,492,660 980,416 3,626,000 6,314.885 83,773,288 7,166,681 19,864,825 17,611,162 3,276,6561,400,000 Alabama Delaware 6114 28 486101 ¦ 184 1360 189 221 16 64 884 233117f.:i7 laG f,0 2411575 383 673 83,fi.'!''.,20S liO 11,000 2r,u,OI10 16,nSl,S72 4,',101i,9no 1,1.'!1,000 2ii.n2.1.()20 3,OT»'O001,0'HI.OOO4,inii,iiiii 11,287,033 7,600,000 12,720,421 363 2226 1,143 187 251545 67 140 563 eoR 274 80 1,023 82,296.400 1,£93,175 13,413,100 • 20,179,10710,411,874 240,165 1,216..3S86,205,073 16 60r! '>u3 lieutucky Louit^ianLi IMaryland Mississippi IMissouri 'North Carolina. . South Carolina. . ^Tennessee Massachusetts.. . Michigan New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania . . . C,U(,S4S Vermont Wisconsin jVirginia 1 14,033,833 Total 3,682 13,105 8396,982,924 15,080 8230,100,340 Total 1,116 4,212 $92,520,204 5,250 8102,078,948 1-3 2 oobSQorf^^ to :;wC^ OCTiU^OO. OS ^?l^ sill 1 to w 3"1o CO ->! o o^ *a o o ¦ o ¦ oo pi fi, ® o O --I *^ o o • 50 to m a w 3^"as '-T H- ¦ t-iborfx -.11-' ail-' 1— ' MOM'S i>S' lillil as Ot^lotoootsouitomtoOToooocn jjt OjDjU^JJiJ^jaiJID^Ot OJ2 "^J^ o OjO o o "o "o 'o 'o "o "o 'o "o "o "b ^o 'o o "b "o oooooooooooooooo ^ oooooooooooooooo & Js 1^o ilglillgailllli 1 1 1 ? " " : .^"S. e. o o Pj cp i s trip: . P B - P so m =€& h-" 1-. to f- o 1^ «3 ^Oi CD OS to b3j^-^C3Si— '0--I^J bSOiOStDCD m .... ^ a g •§ & oi 2, ™ M 03 - to 03 : "k) 1— « --X'. "b 1**- OS ^03 "ot 03 00 -a . »J^ O . O OS O t£) Oi m Gn s° • ^ ¦P ¦ P-PP^^^-P en kcj g- J? n li.^^? -a \n • "iXi "b • bi "k) b> "b* CO "as 03 ¦ to O • O CD O 03 *. 03 00 00 • -^I O • O f-i O tN3 to 00 m J* m H-l(OH- (-"tnl-'H- H-H- OS^^ ? a ;J S S'd 0 C6 ., '.^ ft J» tn i-'mCT>03O)— cwo>f^03^^o3 ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^^ y^^ c>c>^ O "b "o "b b" b> b> b> o o "b "b o o "b "b O ooooooooooooooo c =) I = o D D D o z> 3 3 3 o o ooo fcf ty fe Si, ^5= a o te) •HXnOS SHX QKV HXHON SHI 88 CHAPTER VIII. EDUCATION. — I. COLLEGES. The first college established in the Free States was Har vard University, founded in 1636 ; which was sixteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The first col lege in the Slave States was that of "William and Mary, in Vir ginia, founded in 1692, or eighty-four years after the settlement of Jamestown. The number of students in the former is now 365 ; in the latter, 82. The number of alumni of the former, 6,700 ; of the latter, 3,000.. The number of volumes in the library of the former is 101,250 ; of the latter 5,000. It will be seen by Tables XXXHI and XXXIV, taken from the -American Almanac for 1856, and showing the present con dition of the colleges in the two great sections, that the number of colleges is nearly the same in each. The comparative char acter and efiiciency of these institutions, may be in some mea sure learned from the following facts. The number of vol umes in the libraries of the Southern colleges is 308,011 ; in those of the northern, 667,297 ; over two to one. The num ber graduated at the South is 1?,648 ; at the North 47,752 ; about two and one-half to one. The number of Ministers edu cated in the Southem colleges is 747, and in the Northern, 10,702 ; a ratio of fourteen to one. It would indeed be interesting, were it possible, to compare these institutions in respect to value of buildings, apparatus, cabinets, &c. ; but the statistics of these cannot be readily ob tained. StUl more difficult would it be to compare statisticaUy the ability of professors and the standard of scholarship. 90 THE NORTn AND THE SOUTH. TABLE XXSIII. Colleges in the Slave States. SLAVE STATES. No. of Col leges. No. of In structors. No. of Alumni. No. of Min isters. Students. Volumes in Libraries. Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina . . . South Carolina . . . Georgia Alabama 2 5 10 32 5 444 8 7 5 186972 24 14 3440 16 26 39 54 44 83 607 9,528 1,406 3,124 1,359 676 252 94 838 1,342 339 42 13 146123 3 133 28 161074 130 29 137 399 1,174 469 190. 643 333315 157570700568 11,500 33,29265,875 23,700 23,80025,70023,200 Mississippi Louisiana Tennessee Kentucky Missouri 10,700 9,000 29,744 27,90023,600 Total 59 450 19,648 747 5,655 308,011 TABLE XXXIV. Colleges in the Free States. EEEB STATES. No. of Col leges. No. of In structors. No. of Alumni. No. of Ministers. Studente. Volumes in Libraries. 2 1 3 4 1 3 8 3 9 12 44 2 5 151216 47 10 43 845466 8827 30 1411 1,418 4,187 1,5369,4041,8607,407 6,888 3,855 8,298 1,958 546 257 130 8 303 883527 2,612 500 1,9561,461 837 741 644 158 79 1 274258228 807 225 669 1,080 449 959 1,191 300 245 180 30 43 150 New Hampshire . . Vermont Massachusetts . . . Ehode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Oliio 31,90021,650 122,750 34,000 91,00080,516 28,000 71,18092,191 19,60015,86013,000 2,500 Indiana Michigan Wisconsin Total 61 517 47,752 10,702 6,895 667,297 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 91 IL — PEOFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. The condition of the Professional Schools is shown by the foUowing Table, taken from the same authority as the above. From this it appears that at the South a larger proportion of professional students are in the Law Schools than at the North. Next in order in this respect is Medicine, and last,. Theology. Indeed, the Census Tables do not show where the great body of the Southem clergy are educated, since but 747 are re turned from the coUeges, and only 808 from the Theological Schools. It wUl be noticed that the number of Professional Schogls in the Slave States is 32, and in the Free States 65, or two to one. The ratio of Professors is a Uttle larger. The num ber of Students in the former is 1,807, and in the latter 4,426. The number of volumes in the Ubraries of the former is 30,796, and ia those of the latter, 175,951 ; more than five to one. The number graduated at the former, 3,812, and at the latter, 23,513 ; over sis to one. TABLE XXXV. Showing the Condition of the Professional Schools in the North and the South, from the American Almanac for 1856. SLAVE STATES J'rofessional Schools. Number of Schools. Number of Pro fessors. Number of Students, 1864-6. Number Educated. Number of Vols, in Libraries. Law 9 1310 19 75 28 231 1,307 269 3,004 808 30,796 Total 32 122 1,807 3,812 30,796 92 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. FKEB STATES. Professional Schools. Number of Schools. Number of Pro fessors. Number of Students, 1864^5. Number Educated. Number of Vols. In Libraries. 9 2234 19 152 98 240 3,095 1,091 15,950 7,563 Medicine ' ... 175,951 Total 65 269 4,426 23,513 175,951 III. ACADEMIES, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In aU the New England colonies, a law was passed in 1647, " That every township, after the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders, shaU appoint one to teach aU chUdren to write and read ; and when any town shaU increase to the number of one hundred famiUes, they shaU set up a grammar school; the masters thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." See Colonial Laws. Again, in Connecticut we find the foUowing : " Forasmuch as the good Education of ChUdren is of singular behoofe and benefit to any Commonwealth, and whereas, many parents and masters are too indulgent and negUgent of theire duty in that kiade : — " It is therefore ordered by this Courte and Authority thereof that the Selectmen of every Town, in the Several precincts and quarters where they dweU, shaU have a vigilant eye over theire brethren and neighbours to see first that none of them shaU suffer so much Barbarism in any of theire families as not to endeavour to teach by themselves or others theire ChUdren and apprentices so much Learning as may enable them per fectly to read the IngUsh tounge, and knowledge of the Capi- taU Laws, upon penalty of twenty shUlings for each neglect therein." See " Code of Laws estabUshed by the General A STATISTICAL VIEW. 93 Court of Conn., May, 1650," as recorded in Vol. II. of the Colonial Records of Conn. In the year 1671, or twenty-four years after the establish ment of pubUc schools by law in the Plymouth Colonies, and over thirty years after •Harvard coUege was founded, and a printing press set up in Cambridge, Gov. Berkley, at that time Governor of Virginia, said of that State : " I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shaU not have these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world, and printiag has divulged them, and Ubels against the best government; God keep us from both." The following Tables Nos. XXXVL, XXXVII., XXXVm., and XXXIX., show the condition of the Academies, Private and PubUc Schools ki 1850, as given in the Census Compendium : TABLE XXXVI. Academies and Private Schools in the Slave States. SLAVE STATES. Number. Teachers. Pupils. Annual Income. Scholars in Colleges, Academiesand Public Schools. Alabama 166 90 65 34 219 330 143 223 171 204272202264 97 317 380 126 94 49 318 600 354 503 297 368403 333 404 137 547 8,290 2,4072,011 1,251 9,059 12,712 5,328 10,787 6,628 ¦ 8,829 7,822 7,4679,928 3,3899,068 $164,165 27,93747,832 13,089 108,983 252,617 193,077 232,341 73,717 143,171 "187,648 205,489 155,902 39,384 234,372 37,237 11 050 Arkansas 11,125 Horida 3,129 43,299 85,914 31,00345,02526,236 Maryland Missouri 61,592 North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee 112,430 26,035 115,750 11,500 Texas 77,774 Total 2,797 4,913 104,976 $2,079,724 699,079 94 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE XXXVII. Academies and Private Schools in the Free States. PREE STATES. Number. Teachers. Pjipils. Annual Increase. Scholars in Colleges, Academiesand Public Schools. 6 202 83 131 33 131 403 37 107 225887206 524 46 118 58 5 329 IGO 233 46 232 521 71 183 453 3,136 474 914 75 257 86 170 6,996 4,244 6,185 1,111 6,648 13,436 1,6195,3219,844 49,328 15,052 23,751 1,601 6,8642,723 $14,270 145,967 40,488 63,520 7,980 51,187 310,177 24,94743,202 227,588 810,332149,392 467,843 32,748 48,935 18,796 219 Connecticut 79,003 130,411 Indiana 168,754 Iowa 30,767 Maine 199,745 Massachusetts 190,924112,382 New Hampshire New Jersey 81,237 88,244 727,222 Ohio 502,826 Pennsylvania ....... Ehode Island 440,977 25,014 100,785 61,615 Total 3,197 7,175 154,893 $2,457,372 2,940,125 TABLE XXXVin. Public Schools of the Slave States. SLAVE STATES. Number. Teachers. Pupils. Annual In come of Pub lic Schools. Alabama Arkansas Delaware Elorida Georgia Kentuclcy ...... Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina . South Carolina . Tennessee Texas Virginia 1,152 353 194 69 1,251 2,234 664898782 1,570 2,657 724 2,680 349 2,930 1,195 355214 73 1,265 2,306 822 986826 1,620 2,730 739 2,819 360 2,997 28,380 8,4938,970 1,878 32,705 71,429 25,04633,111 18,746 51,754 104,095 17,838 104,117 7,946 67,353 $315,602 43,76343,861 22,386 182,231 211,852 349,679 218,836254,159 160,770158,564 200,600 198,518 44,088 314,625 Total. 18,507 19,307 581,861 I $2,719,534 A STATISTICAL VIEW 95 TABLE XXXIX. Public Schools of the Free States. EEEE STATES. Number. Pupils. Annual In come of Pub lic Schools. California Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Massachusetts . . Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Ehode Island. . . , Vermont Wisconsin 2 2 1,656 1,787 4,052 4,248 4,822 4,860 740 828 4,042 5,540 3,679 4,443 2,714 3,231 2,381 3,013 1,473 1,574 11,580 1.3,965 11,661 12,886 9,061 10,024 416 518 2,731 4,173 1,423 1,529 49 71,269 125,725 161,500 29,556 192,815176,475110,455 75,64377,930 675,221 484,153413,706 23,130 93,45758,817 $3,600 231,220349,712316,955 51,492 315,436 1,006,795 167,806166,944 216,672 1,472,657 743,074 1,348,249 100,481176,111113,133 Total I 62,433 | 72,621 2,769,901 $6,780,337 It wiU be seen that in the South a larger proportion of the chUdren who attend School, attend at private Schools, than at the North. StUl the number of scholars in these Schools is but a sUght fraction over two-thirds as great at the South as at the North, and the amount of money paid for the support of these Schools nearly $400,000 less in the slave than in the free States. It is to be regretted that we are unable to compare these Schools in other respects, but figures can carry us no further at this time. Perhaps by comparing the difierent sections of this chapter we may be able to form a just opinion. It will be observed that the PubUc School statistics would not be materiaUy affected for purposes of comparison, were those of the private Schools added to them. The number of public Schools at the South is 18,507 ; at the North, 62,433 ; a ratio of about three and one-half to one. Teachers at the South, 19,307 ; at the Nonth, 72,621 ; almost 96 THE NOKTH AND THE SOUTH. four to one. The number of Scholars at the South is 581,861, and at the North, 2,769,901 ; nearly five to one, and over 2,000,000 more at the North than at the South. Indeed, if we compare the entire number attending aU Schools (CoUeges Academies, private and pubUc Schools,) we find in the North a majority over the South of 2,241,046, which is now more than three times the entire number attending School ia the Southern States. In other words, more than four-fifths of the children attending School in the Union are in the free States. The amount of money expended annuaUy for these Schools is, in the Slave States, $4,799,258 ; and in the free States, $9,237,709. The State of Ohio is not quite two-thirds as large as Vir ginia. Virginia has 77,764 scholars at School and Ohio has 502,826. The area of Kentucky is very nearly equal to that of Ohio, the population almost exactly one-half as great, and the number of scholars at School a Uttle more than one-sixth. Massachusetts is one-fourth as large as South Carolina, and contains nearly four times as many white inhabitants. The number of scholars attending School in South CaroUna, is 26,025 ; in Massachusetts, 190,924. The amount expended for Schools, both pubUc and private, in South Carolina, is $406,089 ; in Massachusetts, it is $1,316,- 972 ; a difference of ahnost a miUion of doUars. The whole number of scholars at School in the fifteen slave- holding States, is 699,079 ; in the single State of New York, it is 727,222. Such are the figures of the Census for 1850. Great effort has been made to obtain such statistics as to show the condition of aU grades of Schools at the present tim.e, much more fuUy than it can be learned from the census for the time when that was taken. Not enough, however, could be ob tained for purposes of just comparison, the annual repoi-ts from the Slave States being so exceedingly meagre. So far A STATISTICAL VIEW. 97 however, as such reports could be obtained, they show that the difference between the free and slave States, in regard to ed ucation, is constantly iacreasing. This arises from the want of any regular system for educa tion of the poorer classes, who are increasuig so rapidly in the Southern States. Proofs of this might be given, were it not a well known fact. On page 146 of the Census Compendium, it is said of " Georgia — no pubUc Schools strictly, but Schools receive a certain amount of aid from State funds. This is true for many Southern States." The State of South CaroUna appropriates annuaUy the sum of $75,000 to free Schools. Gov. Manning, in his message of Nov. 28, 1853, says that " imder the present mode of apply ing it, that hberaUty is really the profusion of the prodigal, rather than the judicious generosity which confers real ben efit." In the State of Arkansas, only forty Schools were reported to the Commissioner for 1854. It is of course utterly impossi ble to obtaui any reUable information with regard to the Schools there, though we may form a very just opinion concerning their character in such a community. The Commissioner says, " The great obstacle to the organization of common Schools is not so much a deficiency ia the means to sustain them, as it is the indifference that pervades the public mind on the subject of education." The amount expended by the State of Virginia, in 1854, for the education of poor chUdren, was $69,404. For the mainte nance of the public guard, $73,189. New England, whose area is less than one-twelfth greater, appropriated $2,000,000 for PubUc Schools, and felt secure without a public guard. The State of South Carolina has estabUshed one Free State Scholarship ; the State of Massachusetts has estabUshed forty- eight. 9 98 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. In Kentucky, the average number of scholars at school in 1854, was 76,429. In Ohio it was 279,635. The total amount of money distributed (for pubUc schools) during the year 1854, in Kentucky, was $146,047. The amount appropriated by the State of Ohio for the same purpose, was $2,266,609 ; a difference of over $2,000,000. There are very many items of expenditure for educational purposes at the North, for which the corresponding sums at the South cannot be ascertained. Among these are Teachers' In stitutes, holden annually in every coimty in many of the Northern States ; Teachers' Associations, Normal Schools, School-houses, &c. The value of school buUdings in the State of Ohio in 1854, was $2,197,384, and in Massachusetts it was> in 1848, $2,750,000 ; even in the Uttle State of Rhode Island it is $319,293. The amount raised by taxation for educational purposes is now, in each of the three states. New York, Penn sylvania, and Massachusetts, over one miUion doUars annuaUy. The Report of the Commissioner of Public Schools to the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the year 1851, gives the foUowing facts : The value of school buildings in the city of Baltimore, is $105,729 ; New York, $552,457 ; PhUadelphia, $858,224 ; and in Boston $729,502.* The foUowing table is copied from the same report : TABLE XL. Showing the Condition of Public Schools in certain Cities. CITIES. Population. Schools Teach ers. Pupils. Cost of ¦ Tuition. Boston 138,788 517,000 409,000 169,012116,000 81,000 203207270 36 1773 353332 781138124 168 21,678 40,05548,056 8,0116,006 6,642 $237,000 274,794 Q4.1 QQQ NeM' York Philadelphia Baltimore 32 423 Cincinnati St. Louis 81,623 * Besides this there were paid for new buildings in Boston, $56,000 ; in Philadeipliia, $24,473 ; and in Cincinnati, $10,000. A STATISTICAL VIEW. 99 The population of Baltimore is 30,000 greater than that of Boston. Baltimore has 8,000 scholars at school, for whose instruction she pays $30,000. Boston has 20,000, and pays for instruction, $230,000. It would indeed be interesting, were it a matter capable of statistical comparisons, to trace the results of the superior edu cational advantages enjoyed by the children of the North ; to compare the phUosophers, orators, and statesmen, men of skUl, science, or literature, authors, poets, and sculptors, of the two sections. To see how many of those who are most disting uished at the South were born, bred, and educated at the North. DeBow, in a labored article in the Census Compendium, in behalf of the southem schools, says : " An examination of Massachusetts shows, out of 2,357 'students,' mentioned, 711, or one-third nearly, bom out of the State, and 152, or one-fif teenth, bom in the South. On the other hand a southem town, taken at random, furnished one out of three editors, four out of twelve teachers, two out of seven clergymen, born in the non-slaveholding States." The presumption is that not so large a proportion of the stu dents in Southem institutions are sent there from the North to be educated, and that, on the other hand, not so large a propor tion of the editors, teachers and clergymen of the North are of Southem birth and education. IV. — LIBKAEIES. The foUowing tables, Nos. XLI. and XLIL, are of great importance in connection with the subject of education, as show ing the Uterary tastes, habits of thought, and sources of enjoy ment, of the people. These tables also show the character of the various institutions in the two sections, more correctly than it could be ascertained from almost any other source, embracing as they do the PubUc School, Sunday School, CoUege and Church libraries : 100 A STATISTICAL VIEAV. r-1 CQ ^^ 1 e0OOOa0eDOCTt^c0(N(MC0OC« t* 1 CT(N»r5cDooeDO-T* C^ CO ¦ti' Os^tD_^l>^T)^Q0 pt^O^vO^-<#^00__CN^-d irs^ Volumes. o" t-^ oi' rS Oi <:S ia rS in Oi t^ oi'-^- .d Volumes. 0 ¦ ira • 0 Tt< cj^ ; 00^ . ¦* '^ ? J3 ,— ( . rt • r-l . . . in* o Number. Tf -lO -^O* • • -Cs CT o "O 'o»noCTcoocoTjC7ii-ia °1 1 t-^ • ia -1— ico^ocooosi-toos c oT •CTPJ COi-Hi—CTCO IT Number. ift . ^ .Os.-HCOO-^Ti*u:5ir-o.-i-^ OS inooooor- *»noo.ocooOr-H *r-icooo "osot^ CO p Volumes. i>-rHi>.oooscD |cor-mco '¦^coo' **« ia c\ w^^ '. CO rj^ c?f • c^ i-T p- CO . (N r- CD i ia oi oi -^ ia OO --"tcDiioos 'ooini— 10 Number. r-( r-l rth-l-QO (Di-I'l-I p- r* W 0 ¦ 'OO 'OWOOOOOOCC ^ 0 ¦ "oo 'ocomwooococ (N Volumes. in^ ; ; 00 00 ; 0 CO cD^^ifs^i^p-H^Tp 1-" co" • • p-T ! 0^ iD in t^ f^ oi ia g< 10 J ^ ^co^^^»r of 0 rt" cd" 0" os" TjTt-T co" CT co'ifT (N*'o co' •J r-i -# in CT I> CO t- (N ^ p A4 ^rtTh.-iC0t^»Ot^^C0T(*CD01C0^ d Number. -^ ^ l-H P-. (?q ifjrH i 1 ti 0 II ea CO 0) XcSts'^ ai|«.siS§§-rseo» .0 ¦3434 s p g-g big sss § « & ¦— < 1 5 ¦^fiS (S ^ s i ii 1 c^ e ^ fS 0 1 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. lOl ¦m ¦8 a, • oococoOCT'incooiioocoOCTrHC 5 tJ< •rHQOOO>tOrW- OS O OS^t- 00 00 00^ TtJ^ C0_^ CD^ C 3^ =1 Volumes. '. ia c^ CO la ^ ¦<^ t^ ia to (£> (ri 00 O 00 00 CD 00 CD O CD c .rH ^ ^ ^ r-r-lCOp-* ¦T ocT 4 0000 3 co" H •THCTrHCqcDWIr^OSQOCOC^JCOCDCDC >1 ^ •cDinincococDrHC^fMrHinososoit Number. •rHrHr-( {NtJH^-i*^fHO^C0C0 Os^f— 1 • ia 'O ¦ oi i>- ¦ o 00 CO lo - |TfCOCOOS'rJ td : ; ! r-T-ef 1 cf of co'^r^ ¦ of x) Zi rH . (M lO •CO -I-i 'OSCN 'CDC^CD-^COt^CO OS Number. : : : ^ : "^ or-l •OOO 'inooinoocooooc 5 CO ¦OOO '(Noot^or-t^inoooc 5 t^ Volumes. ; CD 00^*^ ; CD^ Tj*^ OS_^ OS^ O^ 00_^ IJ^ O^ O^ CM^ 0 0 in . oft-''00' - Oi -^ tr^ Oi ^ CO ^ t^ rS CO r- h" o" o • CO -co-^ rHCTcomi^-coiM CD 1 ¦"• ""^ CO •COTt*-^ .QOGOCOCO-^kneNrHrHOSC q o^ ¦O Number. - r-H cq CT --<:fTi*OrHinor- 00 , ••*(^^cDooooi^^O'-^coos^-HJ>.cD(^^r¦ ; -^ QO^tN^Os^Os^-^^^u^rH^iJ^ca^Os^O^i:^ O C H m "3 ¦l ^"^ ^ Volumes. '. ooo^^ol'SiacoCi'cDcocococociir s" od" S • COrHrH CTCD -> Tt< •jp^coiftTHrHcomomr^QOtooooa 3 ¦ CO Number. ;OQ0Q0C<|C0C0i-it^C0C0-^CTlC!C0C' V ,^ ^ , •-> ,-t ^ rH C?l (M t* •osirsooiniot^ooosmrH^OP 5 CO COr^OCDCTTpCTOOOtMCDCDr-lOCi 3 00 ;O00Q0rHCTCDTj*(MOr-c0r-(Q0ir^F- H CD 1 Volumes. ¦IfSlOrH {N-*rH-HTf00OSi:^inOlC O CO 00 rH r^ CO f Os"00 in ¦ 1 : r^ rH •¦1COOCMCDC' ) rH W r~l Oi r-l ^ O ^ SO >-> i-i &¦ J 00 Number. , i> rH CO o" 00 -osc*ia>oosi>-eDt^coc?scocot^rHC > t^ OOOCOmcCCOrHr-tOG^OCDOCDT >< Oi ,COOS>CDOOC > CO Volumes. • coia<:DQ^^tdac^cot^ia-^c^rSc^ •COCOTt< iO»ncDTfTttC7SCD00Tl*(Nr- Ol ,-1 ,-( 2 1 p4 r-l •(MOOOO-^lr*t--Ot^t^COinOcDOO' 00 Number. TfCOWi t^r^QOrJ^t^TtCDOSCNCO ° " ?Q i ¦ +3 .s.| ; § 9 §.5 •a §|i 1 i h 11 i s S OS'S II 1 1 1 102 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. From these it wiU be seen that the total number of volumes in the libraries of the South, is 649,577 ; in those of the North, 3,888,234 ; a difierence more than 3,000,000 ia favor of the free States. Sis volumes in the Ubraries of the North to one at the South. But we need not compare aggregates when the difierence is so overwhelming. Th^ Sunday School libraries of the North are nearly twice as great as the CoUege libraries of the South; and the CoUege Ubraries of the North greater than all the Ubraries of the South. Maine has more volumes in her Ubraries than South Caro lina, Rhode Island than Virginia, or even more than aU the five states, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida ; and Massachusetts more than aU the fifteen slave States. Michigan and Arkansas are very nearly equal, both ia age and territory, Michigan having been admitted into the Union in 1837, and Arkansas in 1836 ; whUe the area of Michigan is 56,243 square mUes, and that of Arkansas 52,198. Michigan has 107,943 volumes in her Ubraries, Arkansas has 420 ; a ratio of 257 to 1. The pubUc school Ubraries alone of the single state of New York, contain more than twice as many volumes as aU the libraries together of the whole South. Nor are we to suppose that because Common School Libraries, they are neces sarily inferior either in cost or character. We learn from the American Almanac for the present year, that in the State of niiQois " 690 school Ubraries, of 321 volumes each, were dis tributed throughout the state. The aggregate cost of these 221,490 volumes was $147,222, or an average of $213 for each library." If the New York common school Ubraries were purchased at a similar cost, (over sixty-sis cents per volume,) their value is doubtless greater than that of aU the Ubraries in the fifteen slave vStates. A STATISTICAL VIEW. 103 V. ¦ - ILLITEEATE. Thus far the large figures have been aU in one direction, but here the case is difierent. The South is in advance and stUl advancing. The foUowing tables, Nos XLUI. and XLIV., show the number unable to read and writ^. It wUl be seen that the number of native white citizens of this class in the free States is 248,725, and in the slave States 493,026, a number about twice as great in a population of far less than half. The number of native white adults who cannot read and write, in the State of Tennessee, is 77,017, in a white popula tion of 756,836. The number in New York, 23,241, in a white population of 3,048,325. TABLE XLin. Persons in the Slave States orver Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and Write. SLAVE STATES. Wlutcs. Tree Colored. Natives. Foreign. Native WMt s. Alabama Arkansas .... Delaware .... Florida. Georgia Kentucky Louisiana .... Maryland .... Mississippi. . . . Missouri North Carolina South CaroUna Tennessee .... Texas Virginia Total 33,757 16,819 4,5363,859 41,200 66,687 21,221 20,815 13,405 36,281 73,56615,68477,522 10,525 77,005 235 116 5,645 270 467 3,0193,389 21,062 123 497 6,857 880 1,097 58 11,515 33,853 16,908 9,777 3,834 41,261 67,35918,339 38,426 13,447 34,917 80,083 16,460 78,114 8,095 87,383 139 27 404 295 406 2,3476,271 3,451 81 1,861 340 104 505 2,488 1,137 33,618 16,792 4,1323,564 40,794 64,340 14,95017,364 13,324 34,420 73,22615,58077,017 8,037 75,868 512,882 55,230 548,256 19,856 493,026 The number in Georgia is 40,794, in a white population of 521,572, and of Pennsylvania it is 41,944, in a white popula tion of 2,258,160. 104 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. Again. The number of white inhabitants over twenty years of age, in the state of New Hampshire, is 174,232. The number of native white adults who cannot read and write, is 893, or 1 in 201. In Connecticut it is 1 in 277 ; in Vermont 1 in 284 ; and in Massachusetts 1 in 517. In South CaroUna, on the other hand, it is 1 in 7 ; in Virginia 1 ia 5, and in North Carolina 1 in 3. Such facts as these show the condition and character of the schools in the North and the South more clearly than aU other statistics combined. TABLE XLIT. Persons in the Free States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and Write. EEEE STATES. Whites. Native Wliitcs. Natives. Foreign. Free Colored. 5,118 4,739 40,054 70,540 8,1206,147 27,539 7,912 2,957 14,248 91,293 61,03066,928 3,340 6,1896,361 117 567 1,229 2,170 33 135 806 369 52 4,417 • 7,429 4,990 9,344 267 5192 2,318 1,293 35,336 69,445 7,076 2,134 1,861 5,272 945 12,787 30,670 56,95851,288 1,248 616 1,551 2,9174,013 5,947 3,265 l.,077 4,148 26,484 3,0092,0645,878 68,052 9,062 24,989 2,359 5,624 4,902 Connecticut 826 34,107 67,275 7,043 1 999 Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine Massachusetts Michigan 1,055 4,903 893 8,370 23,24151,968 41,944 981 New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont 565 1,459 Wisconsin Total 422,515 32,068 280,793 173,790 248,725 CHAPTER IX. THE PRESS. In the language of DeBow : " In every country the press must be regarded a great educational agency. Freedom of speech and of the press are the inaUenable birthright of every American citizen, and constitute the aegis of his Uberties." The earUest newspaper in North America was the Boston News-Letter, issued AprU 24, 1704. There were in 1775 but 37 Newspapers in the American Colonies.* Of these there were three in South Carolina, two in each of the States Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, and one in Georgia ; making in aU 10 in the present slaveholding States. In New Hampshire there was one, two in Ehode Island, four in Connecticut, the same number in New York, seven in Mas sachusetts, and nine in Pennsylvania ; making 27 in the present non-slaveholding States. At that time the white population in the two sections was very nearly equal. The foUowing tables show the number of papers and their circulation, in the several States, in 1810 ; also the number of papers in 1828, and of papers and periodicals in 1840. They also show the character of the newspaper and periodical press, the number of copies printed annuaUy, the number of papers, and the circulation of each class, in 1850. * It will be perceived by looking on the 54th page of the Census Com pendium, that there is a descrepancy between the several numbers and the amount given. I presume the separate numbers to be correct. (105) 106 THE NOETH AND THE SOUTH. TABLE XLV. Newspapers and Periodicals in the Slave States in 1810, 1828 and 1840. 1810. 1828, 1840 SLAVE STATES. Papers. Circulation. Papers. Papers and Peri odicals. 10 2 4 2 18 23 9 37 65 20 16 8 28 9 2 166,400 8 10 Georgia 13 1711 21 4 707,200618,800763,900 1,903,200 83,200 40 46 37 Maryland 49 Mississippi 31 35 1010 6 416,000 842,400171,600 29 21 56 Texas Virginia 23 1,289,600 34 56 Total 117 6,962,300 194 455 TABLE XLVI. Newspapers and Periodicals in the Free States in 1810, 1828, and 1840. 1810. 1828. 1840. FREE STATES • Papers. Circulation. Papers. Papers and Peri odicals. Connecticut 11 657,800 33 4 17 44 Illinois 52 Indiana 1 15,600 76 Iowa 4 Maine 29 78 2 17 22 161 66 185 14 21 41 32 2,873,000 105 Michigan 33 New Hampshire 12 8 66 14 71 7 14 624,000 332,800 4,139,200 473,200 4,542,200 332,800 682,400 33 40 New York 302 Ohio 143 Vermont 33 6 Wisconsin Total 236 14,673,000 649 1,159 A STATISTICAL VIEW. 107 TABLE XLVn. Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the Slave States, 1850. DaUy. Tri-Weekly. Semi-Weekly. Weekly. SLAVE STATES. a tf -? SI Number ofcopies printed annually. SIr Number ofcopies printed annually. Number of copies printed annuaUy. 6 869,201 5 266,500 48 9 79 37 38375446 4540 27362955 1,609.040 ¦ 62,466' 377;000 358,800 Elorida 1376 4 44 5 6 26 12 31,200 146,380 1,125,280 676,000 499,700 245,440273,000 414,310649,250 266,240525,400 1,416,550 288.600 Georgia 59 11 6 1,086,1102,243,5849,947,140 15,806,500 2,609,776 3,063,024 Louisiana 1,646,684 3,166,124 1,607,064 2,406,560 5 3,380,400 1,630,204 South Carolina.. 7 8 5,070,600 4,407,666 1,413,8802,139,644 771,524 2,518,668 Virginia 15 4,992,360 Total 72 47,803,561 63 6,435,250 3 62,400 617_ 26,296,492 TABLE XLVin. Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the Free States, 1850. Daily. Tri-Weekly. Semi-Weekly. Weekly. FREE STATES. S! SIr SI1 gg-8B S! Caliibmia 4 7 89 626,000 1,762 800 1,120;540. 1,153,092 3 30 8496 25 39 126 473543 308201261 1230 35 135,200 Connecticut. .... 4422 6 42 374,400214,600195,000577,200 302,900 351,000 62,000 2,117,232 TlHnnifj 3,576,936 2,920,736 lo^va 923,000 2,906,124 20,371,104 1,685,7.383,638,1521,900,288 4 22 3 964,040 40,498,444 1,252,000 Massachusetts.. . Michigan 11 2,070,016 3,116,360 6 5126 24 52 6 2,175,350 63,928,685 14,285,633 60,416,788 1,768,460 172,160 1,063,245 NewTork 8 10 2 776,100 1,047,930 78,000 13 "i' 21 39,205,920 Ohio 62,40025,200 228,800 13,334.204 Pennsylvania . . . Bhode Island 27,369,384 963,300 2,142,712 Wisconsin 4 198,260 1,396,992 Total 177 181,167,217 47 4,167,280 28 5,602,776 2,374 124,476,020 108 THE NOE-fH AND THE SOUTH. Newspapers TABLE XLIX. and Periodicals published in the Slave States in 1850. Semi-Monthly. Monthly. Quarterly. Aggregate.* SLAVE STATES. 1 Number of copies printed annually. "SI tf - Number ofcopies printed annually. SI s 1 Number ofcopies printed annually. 1 Number ofcopies printfed annually. 1 18,000 60 9 10 10 51 625668606151 46 6034 87 2,662,741 377.000 421,200 319,800. 6 8 228,600 160,950 4,070,8666,582,833 13 146,400 92,400 12,416,224 1 48,000 19,612,724 1,762,604 6,196,560 7 135,600 6 5 76,060 102,600 2,030,664 2 9,600 7,145,930 4 127,200 6,940,7601,296,924 3 267,600 1 24,000 1 4,000 9,223,068 Total 30 901,800 16 625,600 3 13,600 704 81,038,693 * This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last. TABLE L. Newspapers and Periodicals published in the Free States in 1850. EEEE STATES. Semi-Monthly. s«asi S D S B e^'S.i" Monthly. Quarterly. Aggregate.* gB o B gg-si" IbM California. . . . Connecticut. . Illinois Indiana Iowa Maine 43,200 48,000 6,000 147,200 900 Michigan New Hampshire . New Jersey . , . . . New York Ohio Pennsylvania . . . Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin 61,800 134,400 15,60023,040 1,704,0001,781,6406,972,000 12,600 80,000 1,367,200 123,600 18,800 24,000 86 24.60024,000 7,600 24,00013,000 7 46 107107 2949 202 583361 428261 309 193546 761,200 4,267,9326,102,2764,816,828 1,612,8004.203,064 64,820,664 3,247,736 3.067,552 4,098,678 116,386,473 80,473.40784.898;672 2,756,960 2,667,6622,666,487 Total 64 10,783,680 84 8,362,208 16 89,900 1,790 334,146,281 * This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last. A STATISTICAL VIEW. 109 TABLE LI. Character of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies printed annually in the Slave States, as given in 1850. SLAVE STATES. literary and Miscel laneous. Neutral and Inde pendent. Political. Religious. Scien tific. Alabama Arkansas Delaware Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina . South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Virginia 265,200 171,600 46,800 313,000 1,411,976 650,800657,300 14,664,000 233,480608,800 266,200474,800 206,200 350,324 247,880 747,340 260,400 3,335,100 8,400 113,750 2,140,400 503,930 148,400 1,251,9()0 1,889,169 206,400 374,400202,800 1,491,350 5,245,8888,356,2244,196,924 1,519,0246,496,2801,467,6644,310,930 6,138,680 660,400 6,698,176 158,400 117,000 239,200429,450 52,000 669,400 90,480 182,960 1,092,040 195,500137,800 1,001,112 36,972 181,000 6,300 15,600 84,000 24,800 24,000 Total . 20,245,360 8,812,620 47,243,209 4,364,832 372,672 TABLE LU. Character of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies printed annually in the Free States, as given in 1850. J'REE STATES. Literary and Miscel laneous. Neutral and Inde-~ pendent. Political. Religious. Scientific. California 135,200 489,900 721,700647,504 36,000 987,216 11,794,304 456.600 .679,480 181,640 18,449,016 3,866,880 18,515,028 280,800 208,600 130,000 626,000 3,422,4323,384,1623,569,3241,281,800 2,501,680 32.996,800 2,666,836 1,673,6723,823.138 45,463,01518,866,282 37,808,960 - 1,693,6502,025,4302,517,487 223,200 499,044100,000 7,800 438,568 4,405,200 134.400778,000 7,200 93,600 Illinois 403,770 187,200 275,600 2,033,260 74,00036,400 13,691,000 26,000 93,900 37,317,010 4,220,806 21,908,648 782,600 New York 12,438,432 3,334,240 6,588,136 1,718,000 187,200 Ohio 78,000 333,632 18,000 Total 57,478,768 79,156,733 163,583,668 29,280,662 4,621,260 10 110 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. a "S> t^OOO-<*-t--Tj CO csmoiooooo-^oor^cocOrHt^coe- in Circula U^ £N^ urj^ I>.^ -* CD^ CO CT^ 00^ TjH^ <2D^ r-^ CO^ rjl r- -^^ tion. oT oi TO cococowcor^comcorHa 00 l> V -? OOaOOrH(N»OQOOr-lrHeOO'*l- ¦* Number. CD rHrHincDiocDiocoinTtmcoa o ^ O 1ft o o ^ ^ CO Circula O (N O O s t^ co^in CO o^ 00 1 S tion. cT r- of cs rH d 1 IN oa Number. ^ -^ rH rH . f* CD t-- CO c^ in t tion. co" <>r •*" ct" rH £0^ r-t r-l CT in Tj< G^ CT u- (-H o rH Number. CN CO CO lO rH CO (N CO in t^ C oooco(?ii--ooTjft^CDrpGv Tl< Number. TP (MTfcOCOTt'TjHCOtNCOrHCC in ^ CD O O O in o o o c ^ Circula Tt< O O O t- O rH o c CO O 00 o t- 00 CO CO Tt< c« OS tion. ^ co" cn" OO^rn'rH^Tj CO If ¦"^ CO Number. ^ eo « CD r-H oi m Q^ r^ iT CO o c O ooovooooinoot^c in li Circula o c o cooc^oosot-o»ncoo- o r-l cr O) cD^os^o^o^-rrH'^rjroru:ri^ro^cD''ir 1 s (N rH CT r- r-l rH r-l Ol aa rH C^ (N OOCTCOOOt^OOOWt-C CD Number. in t i o3 p p 03 "¦ 03 t-.rftd B^ • S j3 S 05 ^ ^d'^ i S-rSoo 1 .^ o; < < c C p •J 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 c 1 'p •| A STATISTICAL VIEW. Ill >M e O *& I ai Circula tion. Circula tion. ocDco.mt-OrHl^inCO COI>-CC>COOQOOSr-rH-^l>.rH(MOSOS^(N^ -^'' ffj" oo" CO*' co" co" crT (?r o" -*" (?r lo" co" in" m co incocD(NcorHincoTt*. CO ^ CS r-ini^r^osososcooOrHoorHOcsineo ¦>*OOCN-TfOinCOin(NCOrHrHCOTt< r-l r-l (N ^ (71 CO Number. Circula tion. Number. Circula tion. Circula tion, Number. Circula tion. O O O O '^-'^rH%0 o in o o o o o o CO (N o »>. 0*-00'*000oosomcoinoo¦^o^o^co •^CO^CO^O laoj'co cDt'^iaia ¦^OOOlrH'.^rJ'COlO ooo ooo in Tf in as" o" rH lO rH CD O GO ¦(J' CO rH CN rH O cOrHoowt^coto-^in-«*o»noeorH,--o>noioocsoO"^ino-^i>-oscoOSrH^^OirHCOCOt-rHrHt'COOSOOSfNTp" rn'r-T o" os" rH^Qo" cn" o" os" os" ^-T otT co" oT COm-^CNCNt-CTCOXt'O^OOCOrHCOCq rH CO r-t C^ OOCO-*inOSOlC5CN-«:t*eOCNOO(Nr^(Nwt-ooCTCTooco(NThcoasasi-< CO OS o CO CO -^ CO in oom(NOoo*--mooooO"r ct" rn" cT co" co" rH*" tjT od" r-T tn" in" w"